B 3 320 054 BIOLOGY LIBRARY T Jfwib of Jjla$ter»t J}cwi$ufu«ink VOL. I. LIFE-HISTORIES THOMAS G. GENTRY, MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, AND OF THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF TORONTO. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I COPYRIGHT, 1876, BY Tnps. G. GENTRY. PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1870. H. SMITH, IMUNTKR, Germnntown^ Vhiltid'a, Pa. BIOLOGY LIBRARY 0 TO MY WIFE, THIS "V O Xi TJ 3VC IE s m0st BY HER HUSBAND, TEE A-TJTHOR. 382684 Close by the busy haunts of man, Within the shelf ring leaves Of some tall pear-tree, low down Where thorny branchlets meet, The King-bird builds her cosy nest; Without, of sticks and grasses coarse And blossomed weeds of divers kinds Variously intermingled, And in the neatest style arranged ; Within, of feathers soft, and down, The cast-off plumes of distant kin. Here she rears her tender offspring . And teaches them the mysteries Of bi rd-1 ife. Woe to the w retch In feathered dress who dares invade The realm wherein she sways the rod And sceptre! GENTRY. PREFACE. Since so much has been written upon the sub- ject of American ornithology, it becomes the author to state succinctly the reasons which have prompted him to repeat observations on supposed well-known species. The lack of anything like satisfactory information upon the food and breed- ing habits of many of the birds of Eastern Penn- sylvania, as well as the desire to reconcile if pos- sible, the contradictory statements of many authors, abundantly justify in his opinion, additional investi- gation. It is also well to record these habits again, because of the Value* of testimony to uniformity or change of habits in birds, to questions of meta- physics. The' value of exact knowledge of food to the development of the law of natural selection, as well as to agriculturists, is sufficiently obvious. The facts contained in this work are the results of observations carried through a period of six years, and have been derived from observations in the field, and careful and elaborate examina- tions in the studio. Upwards of five hundred Xll PREFACE. nests have been carefully studied as to elements of composition and periods of building; and many pairs of the species whose habits' are herein des- cribed, have been closely and diligently watched, with the view of determining the details of incu- bation, and the early history of the young. The various articles which contribute to their main- tenance have been partially derived from repeated observations upon the same species in their natural haunts, and elsewhere; but mainly from examinations of the stomachs of more than seven hundred birds. A brief synopsis of the leading items of interest embraced within its scope, cannot be amiss. Herein are found numerous facts which are un- mentioned in the latest American work on birds, besides corroborations of important statements of Audubon and Wilson which have been entirely ignored by its authors. In addition to which, a vast amount of knowledge which has not hitherto been published, and which may be conveniently ar- ranged under the following heads:— 1. Descriptions of nests which show marked deviations from normal structures, and the causes which have probably conduced to the variations. 2. Labor of nidification whether performed by the male and female separately, or conjointly. PREFACE. Xlll 3. Duration of nest-building and also of oviposi- tiori, and whether the eggs are laid on successive, or alternate days. 4. Periods of incubation and duties thereof, whether accomplished by the female exclusively, or with the assistance of the male. 5. Age of the young on quitting the nest, and the further time which elapses before they are fitted for seif-maintenance. 6. Character of the sexes both before and after incubation, particularly the male. 7. Insects, seeds, and berries which constitute their bill of fare. In the systematic portion of the work, the author has rigidly adhered to the arrangement given by Dr. Elliott Coues in his "Key to- North American Birds." Where, in his delineation of the habits of species which stop but a short time from their more northern migration, he has been necessita- ted to borrow from others, credit has been duly awarded. Before concluding this brief and im- perfect introduction, he desires to acknowledge his obligations to Prof. E. D. Cope for kindly perusing most of the manuscript and eliminating extraneous and useless matter. It is the desire of the author that this volume may receive a cordial welcome, and be instrumental XIV PREFACE. in awakening new life and vigor in this much slighted department of ornithology. The second volume of this work will in all probability be ready for the press during the coming summer. THOS. G. GENTRY. Febi'ii try 28th, CONTENTS. PREFACE, ....... xi Subclass I. AYES AERE.E, of Insessores, . .' .1 Order PASSERES. Perehers proper, . . . 1 Suborder OSCTNEK. Singing Birds, . . .2 Family TUIIUID.E. Thrushes, .... 3 Subfamily TURDJNJS, .... . 3 Subfamily MIMING, ..... 26 Family SAXICOLLLLE. Stone-chats and Blue Birds, . . 42 Family SYLYIID.E. Sylvias, .... 51 Subfamily UEGULIN^E, . . . .51 Family PARID^E. Titmice, . . . . . 57 Subfamily PAIUN.E, . . . . .58 Family SITTID.E. Nuthatches, .... 05 Family CEIITIHIDJE. Creepers, . . . .69 Subfamily CERTHIIN^E, .... 70 Family TROGLODYTIDJE. Wrens, . . . . To Family SYLVICOLIDJK. American Warblers, . . 1)0 Subfamily SYLYICOLIN.E, . . . . Ul Subfamily ICTERIIN j-;, . . . . ! (JO Subfamily SETOPIIAGIJS'.E, .... 104 Family TANAGBID^K. Tanagers, .... 177 Family ![IRUNDIKID.I:. Swallows, .... 183 Family &MPBLIDJB. Chatterers, .... 204 Subfamily AMFELIN^E, ..... x;o5 Family VIKEO^ID/^. Yireos, .... 211 Family LAXIIDJJ. Shrikes. . . ... . ^'.}'.\ Subfamily LAKIIN.I-:, .... 233 Family FBINGILLID^-:. I'iuchos, tv:c., .... 240 Family ICTEBID^E. American Starlings, . . . 351 Subfamily AGEL.HIN.E, ..... 351 Subfamily ICTEBINJE, . . . . 368 Subfamily QUISCALIN.T;, .... 383 Important Corrections, ..... 395 Index, . . . . . . .396 ERRATA. For examples read examples, line 5, page 30. knowelcdgc read knowledge, line 2 from bottom, page- 50. occasionably read occasionally, line 2, page 31. subsistence read subsistence, line 6, page 56. diverse read divers, line 8 from bottom, page 72. acilities read facilities, last line, page 92; into read OicA, line 18, paare yy. unmistakeable read unmistakable, line 13, page 100. aproxima-ting read approximating, line 4, page 136. noticable read noticeable, line 6, page 142- /or;n read/* o?;i, I in?; 2o, page 150. sotthern read southern, line 16 page, 167. trussock read tussock, line 20, page 171. requsite read requisite, line 11, page 193. worought read wrought , line 15, page 200; /rutty read frwty, line 21. page 200. hessitatc read hesitate, line 23, page 200. meteorlogical read meteorological, line 22, page 202. and line 14. pa?.e L'57. mosfj'Mifos read mosquitoes, line 29, page 202. pendant read pendent, line 17, page 213; »sff< read nt ;•?;/, lirr: 13. pug- 221 jorgeone read foregone, line 13, page 236. rctireinrj read retiring, line 5, page 251. Philadelphia read Philadelphia, line llj page 251. Fulato read Nulnto, pages 255 and 298; /JM/JC read puptc, pa^es 255 and 033. Artie read Jreiic, page 270, Allan read Allen, pages 278 and 334. whiteish read whitish, line 16, page 308; axy read flsfty, line 4, page 345, Omit 3Ir. line 8, page 386. LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. CHAPTER I . Subclass I. Aves Aereae, or Insessores. Aerial (Birds } or (Perchers, OF the three primary divisions constituting the class Aves, the above ranks as first in importance and highest in position, and embraces all existing species down to the Galling or gallinaceous birds. Without entering into a full definition of its ex- ternal characters, suffice it to say, that with rare exceptions, the toes occupy the same plane and touch the same support throughout, thus adapting them for grasping or perching. The members of this extensive group are now usually placed in five orders of which the first is the Order Passeres. (Perchers proper. The low insertion of the hind toe and its length; its great power of opposibility to the front toes, and the superior mobility of the same which is secured by the separation of its principal muscle, from that that flexes the other toes collectively, perfectly adapt the feet for grasping. The hind toe is ever present and never directed anteriorly or laterally. The feet are never zygodactyle, syn- I A LIFE- HISTORIES OF BIRDS dactyle, nor semipalmate, although the anterior toes for a part or the entire length of the basal joints, are ordinarily immovably joined to each other. For further ordinal characters our readers should ex- amine some standard work upon classification. The species belonging to the above order are the typical Insessores, and represent the highest grade of developmental structure, as well as the most complex, of the class. They possess high physical irritability, the result of a rapid respiration and circulation ; of all birds they consume the most oxygen and live the fastest. The (Passeres constituting the Insessores proper of most ornithologists, comprehending the great majority of birds, are separable into two groups ordinarily designated suborders, from the structure of the inferior larynx; in one, this organ is a com- plicated muscular vocal apparatus; while in the other, it is less developed, rudimentary or lacking. Suborder Oscines. Singing (Birds. The above constitutes the higher of the two sub- orders previously referred to; comprising species which possess a more or less complicated vocal apparatus, consisting of five sets of muscles; but many of them are unable to sing. Ornithologists are not agreed which of the numerous Oscine families, should occupy the head of the series; but Dr. Coues inclines to the belief that some member of the oscine family with the possession of nine primaries^-as the finches or tanagers — will eventu- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 3 ally assume the leading position. Here we will follow usage. Family Turdidae. Thrushes. The nostrils are nearly or quite oval, but un- covered by feathers. In all our genera, there ex- ist bristles about the rictus and base of superior mandible. The toes are deeply cleft; the inner one nearly to its base, and the outer to the ex- tremity of its basal joint. There are twelve caudal feathers, ten primaries, of which the first is considerably abbreviated or spurious, and the second shorter than the fourth. The two subfami- lies of our fauna are rigidly defined by the character of the tarsus. Subfamily Turdinae. Typical Thrushes. The Typical Thrushes are easily distinguished in the adult condition by the continuous plate, formed by fusion of all the scutella, except -some two or three just above the toes which envelop the tar- sus. Upwards of one hundred and fifty species are ordinarily assigned to this subfamily, principally referable to the genus Turdus with its subgenera. They are nearly cosmopolitan, and attain a con- siderable development in subtropical America where the subfamily is represented by forms in- timately related to the Turdus proper. More aberrant types of different genera are found in the old world. In the United States we have but one genus, to which the Robin belongs, and which em- braces several common and familiar species. They 4 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS are migratory and generally caused over the woodland regions of our country; insectivorous, but like many other insect-feeding birds, feed con- siderably upon berries and such like. Although not strictly gregarious, some, the robin for exam- ple, collect in troops during feeding, or migrate in companies. They are all vocal, and some exquisitely melodious, as the wood-thrush. Turdus migratorius. Linn. Scarcely any of our ordinary species is so abun- dant in Eastern Pennsylvania as the Robin, which is the subject of the present sketch. Within a circle of country scarcely exceeding one half-mile in diameter, sixty families have been frequently ob- served. In one particular instance, at least six occupied nests were noticed upon an acre of ground, besides a few of the cat bird, wood-thrush, song and tree sparrows, making fifteen in all. In the month of February small flocks of a dozen and even more have been observed on open grounds, flying from tree to tree, doubtless the scenes of past associations. In the small valleys among the hills of the romantic Wissahickon, where the pier- cing winds and drifting snows of winter do scarcely visit, many of these birds discover comfortable shelter. We venture this opinion for the following reason: On certain warm days in February, which remind us of jhe genial days of April, small flocks have often been seen by the author in such situa- tions. These could hardly have migrated from OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 5 more southern latitudes, for the obvious reason that the three or four days preceding their obser- vance indicated a low degree of temperature; but on the supposition that they were birds which had been left behind in the autumn, when their breth- ren had taken up their southward-bound journey for pleasanter climes, their occurrence need not excite comment or surprise. According to Dr. Brewer many of this species are permanent resi- dents in various parts of the country. Nidification commences occasionally during the middle of March, often when there is snow upon the ground, and days before the trees have donned their foliage. Ordinarily, building operations are entered into with considerable vigor about the first of April ; and by the tenth of the month every- thing is in readiness for oviposition. A pair of birds will usually construct a nest in from three to seven days, if working under the most favorable auspices. Two or three days elapse however before oviposition commences; the birds mean- while being engaged in various manoeuvres as if felicitating each other on the successful accomplish- ment of their task. Ordinarily the nest is placed upon the stout limb of an apple-tree. In the selec- tion of a site some birds manifest little judgment so to speak. Before us is a nest which was found in Northumberland County, Pennsylvaina, built in the hole of an upright post. In contour it is nearly elliptical. Last spring, our attention was directed to a O LIFE-HISTORIES ,OF BIRDS r nest which had been built upon a mass of tangled grasses and roots that had accidentally lodged within the angle formed by two branches of a grape-vine. Again, as if to show their confidence in man, a pair had selected for the site of a nest, a small vine which had been trained against the side of a door which commanded the entrance to an occupied dwelling. Still more anomalous situ- ations have fallen under our observation. A nest was discovered upon the ledge of a window of an occupied dwelling, which was carefully shel- tered from the weather by projecting eaves of considerable depth; and, lastly, another was found upon the horizontal timber which supports the rafters of an outhouse; a situation that afforded the necessary shelter and concealment. The typical nest is composed of a base of straw, leaves, grasses, mosses, roots, etc., upon which a cup-shaped fabric of clay or mud is built ; the in- terior is lined with line roots and grasses. In the last two nests referred to, the cup-shaped fabric is an unnoticeable feature. The bottoms are provided with a moderately thick layer of mud, so that they might rigidly adhere to the smoothened surfaces upon which the)' reposed. A similar layer of clay has been frequently noticed in the nests of the Wood Robin, the Turd us mustelinus of Gmelin. That compactness of structure which is so emi- nently Characteristic of the normal form was lack- ing. This is readily accounted for. In unexposed situations there seems to be no necessity for that OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 7 binding of materials together, which open places would seem to require ; consequently, the mud or clay which ordinarily constitutes the rim of a typi- cal nest and serves to join the inner and outer fabrics more intimately together, is entirely dis- pensed with. By an intelligent selection of locality the birds have saved considerable time and labor, and- also have constructed their nest none the less tastefully and symmetrically. Many nests of the Robin frequently betray un- mistakable resemblances to those of a closely allied species, the mustelinus of Gmelin. These latter are undoubtedly the unskilled labor of young birds and adults that have never risen to eminence in the art of nest-building. Many of these nests might be taken as fair samples of the workman- ship of the Wood Thrush. In this interpretation of facts, we should expect to meet with some evi- dence that migratorius is a higher type of avis than mustelinus. It is well known that the young of the former, or the Robin, has the breast spotted precisely like the latter, or Wood Thrush in its adult plumage ; but this condition of plumage is of short duration and gradually merges into the uniform tints of the mature bird. With this light upon the subject, we are pre- pared to understand why resemblances should obtain between certain nests of the Robin and the typical ones of the Wood Thrush. Among birds, as among the human species, there exist individ- uals of lazy 'and careless habits; and others, dull LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS and stupid in nature. Granting the existence of such classes, for the sake of argument, may we not assume with some show of reason that those structures which deviate materially from the typi- cal form, are the workmanship of unskilled mechanics. Oviposition commences on the third day sub- sequent to the completion of the nest. But a single egg is deposited daily. Whilst the female is en- gaged in incubation, which shortly ensues, the male is extremely devoted and attentive. He stations himself upon an adjoining tree or bush, when not engaged in supplying her physical wants, in full view of the nest. Ever on the alert he permits no intrusion within the territory over which he has chosen to exercise jurisdiction. When his dominions are encroached upon by any of his feathered brethern, with almost deafening clamor he repels the intruder. On the approach of human footsteps he instantly sounds the alarm, beats around the head of the supposed enemy with his pinions, taking due care to keep at a safe distance, and with loud and rapid cries of mingled complaint and fear, endeavors to cause him to desist from any contemplated annoyance. This watchfulness is mainly relaxed when the nest is placed, beyond the reach of danger. Whilst writing (May i2th), a nest very snugly reposes upon the window-ledge of a neighboring dwelling. But three days were spent in its con- struction. Subsequent to receiving its plaster of OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 9 mud on the inside, which in this case was much less than what more exposed nests require, the female was observed to resort freequently to a pool of water and after having1 saturated her plumage, to repair to the unfinished nest, and by a series of bodily evolutions which she practised, im- part thereto a smoothness and symmetry of outline. At the time of writing the female is engaged in sitting. Her partner seldom visits the nest, and is rarely to be discerned in the immediate vicinity. The female is compelled to provide her own sus- tenance which she regularly does every morning. Actuated by a true motherly instinct, she barely allows time to satisfy the cravings of appetite before resuming her labor. The period required for the hatching of the young ranges from 13 to -14 days. The usual complement of eggs is four. We have frequently discovered nests with three eggs, and occasionally others with five. The full number is ordinarily hatched where the female is not interfered with. The eggs are of a uniform greenish-blue color, liable to fade on exposure to light, but when fresh exhibit a bright and distinct tint. They vary in size, but the average measurement is i.iS by .81 inches. Both parents are very attentive to their helpless charges, and alternate usually in fetching food to satisfy their rapacious appetites. During; the temporary absence of the. parents on such mis- sions which occasionally occurs, the young are 10 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS objects of special regard by the Purple Grakle, which visits the nest and carries off the tender fledglings as articles of diet. The parents provide for their physical wants during a period of 18 days, when they are driven from the nest to earn their own livelihood. The following insects constitute an important part of the food of the young: Earth worm (Lum- bricus terrcstris), ground beetle (Lachnosterna qucrcind), measuring worms (Gcometra catenaria of Harris, Anisopteryx vernata, Eufitckia ribearid), Dryocampa rubicunda, rose slug (Selandria rosce), sulphur butterfly (Colias philodice], cabbage but- terfly (Pieris olcraccce), in their larval conditipn ; besides various dipterous insects as the house fly (Afusca domestica), white-lined horse fly (Tabanus lincola], stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans], mosquito {Culex t(eniorhynchus\&h& others. Add to these the fruits of the several varieties of cherry (Pnums cerasus], the strawberry {Fragaria virginiana) , and the various species of Rubus or blackberry, and you have a bill of fare not to be despised. As the young increase in size and strength other articles are added to their diet. Of all species the Robin is pre-eminently insect- ivorous. It is true that it will feed upon seeds and berries when insect-food cannot be obtained. Besides the berries mentioned above we have found it feeding upon R^tbus villosns and Rubus canadcnsis among blackberries; the wild choke- cherry (Pnmus scrotina), the cedar (jfunipems OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. I I virginiand], its near cousin the common juni- per (J.communis),z\\& the sweet gum (Liquidam- bar styraciflud] . In early spring various species of beetles constitute its principal food. An exami- nation of the stomachs of several birds, revealed traces of the folio wing coleoptera which mostly dwell underneath stones, logs and the bark of trees. For want of common names we are compelled to place before our readers their scientific appella- tions; reserving" for a future work, plain and simple descriptions of the configuration and mark- ings by which the uneducated in science may be able to identify them. The most common forms are Dicahis dilatatns, Har pains pcnsylvani- cus, H. coin-par, Pangus caliginosus, Scarites siib- terraneas, Casnonia pensylvanica, Platymts cupri- pennis; larvae and imagos of Lachnosterna qucrcina, Cratonychus cincrcus among beetles ; Musca domestica, Tabanns lincola, Stomoxys calcitrans, Cnlcx tceniorhynchiis, whose common names have been given above, crane fly (Tipidafernigincd), Syrphus obliqims and Scatophago furcata among diptera; Formica sangiiinca among hymenoptera; CEdipoda nebnlosa, (2i. snlpJnirca, Caloptenafeimtr- rubruni among grasshoppers, and the black cricket (Achcta mgra; larva; of Anisoptcryx vcrnata, Eu- fitchia ribcaria, Gcometra catenaria of Harris, corn worm (Gortyna zc slight jump rather than a hop, both feet being elevated and depressed at the same instant. Its song varies somewhat in different individuals. It is pronounced in a clear, distinct manner and with a pleasing intonation; and consists of the repetition of two short syllables pitched in the same musical key, and succeeded by others more melodious and pleasing which are uttered with a gradually rising modulation. Occasionally these last syllables are altered, thus producing a marked variety and charming effect. The following lan- guage is a tolerably accurate expression in sylla- bles of the notes of an individual which passes for a capital singer: — t-wuh-t-wuh-tcd-ec, t-wuh-t-wuh- te-oui', this last syllable has the sound of the French word oui meaning yes, moderately prolonged. Whilst feeding in low damp meadows, and even in cultivated fields, "its notes vary and sound much like the syllables te-fwuk tc-fwnh-lcce, the last syllables being uttered very sharply, and consider- ably prolonged. The ordinary call-note is a sharp twl produced at irregular intervals. Surprise is expressed by the syllables twi-ti-kl-kl-ki-kl-kl pro- nounced very quickly and with a rising intonation. Its song is chiefly heard in the morning and in the evening, but seldom during the heat of the day. It is heard more particularly during the mating season. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 13 In closing this brief but necessarily imperfect sketch, an incident which was related to us by a thoroughly reliable friend is deserving of notice. Having taken a pair of young Robins from their nest, he confined them in a cage and placed the latter upon a tree at a short distance from his residence, supposing that the old birds would supply their wants. For a brief period they were carefully fed by the latter, but after repeated unsuc- cessful efforts to free them from incarceration, early one morning the parents were seen to visit the cage and administer what appeared to be large green caterpillars of irritating properties. In a short time both birds which up to this period were full of life and energy, became lifeless bodies. A similar state ment in connection with the history of the Mocking Bird has been reported to us by reliable parties who have been eye-witnesses. But the above is the only instance of a not dissimilar action upon the part of the Robin. Turdus mustelinus, Gmelin. Unlike its near cousin whose history has been briefly delineated, the Wood Robin as the above species is fitly designated, is a rather late visitant. At least, it has never been observed by us until Spring has thoroughly re-asserted her supremacy. It ordinarily visits the latitude of Philadelphia, during the last week of April or the beginning of May ; often as late as the eleventh day of the latter month. Its presence is announced by the 14 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS agreeable gushing tinkling notes which greet the ear from the tallest tree tops, long before the sun has arisen in the East. The same delicious strains are re-assumed a little before sunset, and pro- longed for more than an hour with scarce an in- termission. It is the males who are thus occupied, doubtless, with the view of attracting their partners who have not yet arrived from their Southern homes'; for it must be born in mind that the former precede the latter by several days. This song continues in all its vigor until mating is accom- plished, when it measurably diminishes. Writers on ornithology have spoken of this Thrush as being of a shy and retired nature. In the latest work on North American birds, instances are cited where the species has displayed consider- able confidence in man by building in close prox- imity to his habitation. For several years past we have noticed greater predilection for the busy haunts of Jife, that for more sequestered situations. As time progresses, the species will become more eminently social and trustful. The current of events is tending in this direction. In thickly- wooded regions there is still a prevalence of this same feeling. Besides the haunts of man, dense forests, the outskirts of thickets, and borders of waste fields are noted places of resort. We have never known individuals to nidificate " in low damp forests, shaded by large trees," as affirmed by the writers previously alluded to, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 15 The flight of the Wood Robin is but slightly elevated, and less sustained than that of the com- mon Robin; but decidedly more graceful. Unlike the latter much of its time is spent upon the ground in foraging for food. Later in the season when caterpillars and berries are abundant, it is less terrestrial and more arboreal. Like the Robin it frequently visits our orchards while in bloom, not more for the insects that lurk in the blossoms of the cherry and apple, than for the tender stamens and immature ovaries them- selves. Besides the fruits of the above plants which it esteems a great luxury, it possesses a decided relish for those of the cultivated varieties of Fragaria and the wild Rubus. The berries of the- Red Cedar and Common Juniper are also de- voured with a gusto, together with the seeds of many of our commonest weeds and grasses. The accompanying list embraces a few of the many insects which it aids its fellow-creatures in holding in check. Among beetles may be enumerated Harpalus pensylvanicus, PL compar, Pangus caligi- nosus, Gi'atonychus cinercus, Casnonia pensylva- nica, Scarites subterraneus, Platynus cupripennis, Lachnostema quercina, Thaneroclerus sanguineus, Ptinus humeralis; among orthoptera, the young of CEdipoda sulphured, CE nebulosa, Caloptenus femur- rubriim ; among the diptera or two-winged flies, Musca domestica, Tabanus lineola, T. cinctus, Syrphus obliquus, Stomoxys calcitrans, Culex t&niorkynckus ; among lepidoptera which em- I 6 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS braces butterflies and moths, the larvae of Anisop- tcryx vernata, Eufitchici ribearia, Gortyna zc Colias philodice. Fieri s rapa\ P. brassicce, with the images of the same, besides earth-worms and ant. The nest is generally built according to our experience, upon the horizontal branch, and oc- casionally within the crotch of some species of Finns, at an elevation of less than two feet above the ground. We have taken nests at an elevation of fifteen feet above the soil ; but rarely. A normal structure is described as being chiefly composed of decayed deciduous leaves closely aggregated, as if combined while in a humid condition; the entire fabric assuming consider- able firmness and compactness. It then pre- sents the appearance of paste board that has. been soaked and compressed until thoroughly dried. These are intermingled and strengthened o o by a few dried sticks, and lined with a layer of fine roots and grasses. In lieu of the dried im- pacted leaves, a deposit of mucl is occasionally used. After careful analyses of several nests, we are satisfied that the above description which is sub- stantially that of Dr. Brewer's as given in "North American Birds," needs some modification. But in the language of one of our best ornithologists, " the horizon of one man is at the best very limited, and many ornithological facts occur that are not dreamed of in his philosophy." Our dissections of many nests clearly show OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 17 that the typical nest is constituted of a basis of leaves, chiefly of Quercus and Fagus, loosely ar- ranged in the bottom, and gradually increasing in compactness from below upward ; strengthened and secured in a partially hemispherical attitude by the aid of small twigs. This is surmounted by a superstructure which consists of a heterogeneous mass of plant-stem^ in an advanced state of decomposition, decayed fragments of wood re- sembling pine, a modicum of mud closely impacted, instead of decayed deciduous leaves according to the authority of the above eminent ornitholo- gist; over all is a layer of roots intricately ar- ranged. No further amendment seems necessary. The environment of this Thrush like that of the Robin, occasionally determines a marked deviation from the normal structure. In a nest which we have before us, which was built upon the horizon- tal branch of a species of Pinus, along a carriage drive which was daily the scene of much bustle and clatter, there is lacking the internal parch- ment-like layers. Externally there is a layer of the dried leaves of Quercus and Fagus, the inner bark of trees, and largely of the blades of grasses possibly of Dactylus glomerata or Orchard-grass ; occasionally, scraps of paper form a noticeable feature. Interiorly there is a thick lining of small roots and grasses. Five or six days of steady application by both sexes, are ample for the con- struction of a nest. The period of incubation commences not earlier 1 8 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS than the 1 2th of May and continues about thirteen days. Its duties devolve exclusively upon the female ; the male like a devoted husband mean- while attends with marked assiduity to her neces- sities. Both parents assist by turns in supplying the young with food. Earthworms, the larvae of Cratonychus cinereus, Lac hno sterna quercina, Anisopteryx vernata, Eu- fitchia rib e aria, Clisiocampa Americana or Tent- caterpillar, Colias philodice, Pieris rapce, Musca domes tica, Tabanus lineola, Tabanus cinctus or Banded-horse-fly, Scatophago furcata, Stomoxys calcitrans, Ctdex t&niorhynchus, and other dip- terous forms ; small moths and beetles when such food is adapted to their age and condition, besides the berries of Primus cerasus, P. serotina, Fragaria Virginiana, and the various species of Rubiis. The parent-birds manifest considerable solici- tude for their progeny. When the nest is assailed both birds labor vigorously by their clamor and threatening attitudes to excite fear into the assail- ant. The young are carefully nourished by their parents which vie with each other in rendering every needful attention. But a single brood is reared in a season. Nests with eggs have been taken by us as late as the 1 5th of July; but these were doubtless the labor of birds whose early efforts had been frustrated. Their departure for Central America, the home of their winter diversions, is apparently regulated by the abundance or scarcity of food-stuffs. We OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 19 have known them to remain with us as late as the first of November, when the season has been unusually propitious. The same agreeable strains are heard in the morning and evening twilight during their autumnal stay, as marked their vernal advent. The song of this Thrush is one of its most pleasing characteristics. No lover of music can fail to appreciate it ; and having ascertained its source, no one can fail to recognize it when heard again. The melody is one of great sweetness and power, and consists of several parts. The con- clusion resembles the tinkling of a small bell, though ending somewhat abruptly. Each suc- ceeding strain seems more pleasing than what went before. The following language will convey to the minds of our readers, a tolerably clear idea of its syllabic expression: — ki-ki-ke-wil-ah-tce, ke- ivil-ah-ffiil, twitikl-ke-wil-ah-twilu, ke-wil-ah-tee, ke-wil-a/i-tiiit, tur-kimllah. The ordinary call- note is twni-ku-ku pronounced very quickly and with a sharp intonation. The eggs of the Wood Thrush are usually four in number. We have never observed five in a nest, but have occasionally met with three. They are of a uniform deep blue color, with enough of yellow to impart a greenish tint. The average measurement is .99 by .75 of an inch. 7 urdus Pallcbsii, Cabanis. The "Ground Swamp Robin" or Hermit Thrush 2O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS as the above species is commonly designated, is a common visitant in the latitude of Philadelphia. At the time of writing, April, 1875, ^ 'ls unusually abundant. It migrates in small straggling parties ordinarily, but on the occasion referred to above, solitary male individuals were alone discerned. This Thrush delights in open fields and the borders of dense forests. In these situations it frequents young trees of Abies canadensis prin- cipally, among the nethermost branches of which it reposes when not engaged in foraging among the underlying leaves for the insects and seeds which constitute its diet. In one instance we captured a specimen close to our habitation. Though generally a frequenter of retired localities, it cannot be accused of shyness and timidity. Nothing is more remote from its nature. It has proved itself to be the most confiding and unsuspecting little creature with which we are acquainted, except SEgiothus linaria. When closely pursued, it is the same quiet confiding creature, as when gleaning among the fallen leaves. To test its disposition in this particular, the writer stationed himself at the termination of a clump of small trees, where a single bird was feeding, and requested a friend to place himself in its rear and to proceed directly towards the spot where he was standing. He did so, driving the bird before him. The latter advanced within a few feet of the writer, and perched upon a small twig with the utmost gravity. From this position it calmly sur- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 21 veyed us without the slightest betrayal of fear or alarm. After a few moments thus spent, the writer stretched forth his hand, when with an air of the most startling unconcern, it hopped carelessly aside. Whilst in the pursuit of food, this Thrush does not utter a single note. Its lack of Rf)fV\ during the intervals of feeding, is one of its m^.,t natural characteristics. In other species these intervals are marked by occasional articulations of short and apparently meaningless syllables. This feature of the Hermit Thrush, constitutes it an interesting exception to its exceedingly loquacious brethren of the subfamily Turdina. Several years of experience have convinced us that this species can by no means be considered as rare in this latitude. Its sojoiirn with us seldom exceeds the limit of a week, when it repairs farther north to breed. On its return in the autumn it frequents secluded situations, but its stay is of short duration. Its food consists of the seeds of grasses and various small beetles and diptera. The accompany- ing list gives a correct and tolerably complete idea of the coleopterous insects which constitute its diet during its temporary sojourn. This list is based upon careful examinations of many stomachs:— Diccelus dilatatus, Platynus cupripennis, Scarites subterraneasy Cratonychus cinereus, C. pertinax, Harpalus pensylvanicus, H. compar, Rhynchceits pini or Pine-weevil, Saperda bimttata or Apple-tree- borer, and Corymbites sEtkiops. Various species of 22 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS ants with the common earthworm are also devoured with avidity. The flight of this species is low, resembling that of Turdus mustelinus, but slightly less sustained. Its ground-movements are accomplished by short hops or jumps properly speaking, and do not differ in this respect from those so eminently char- acteristic of the Thrushes. As its habits of feeding are pre-eminently ter- restrial, and generally in secluded peaces under- neath coniferous trees, one little acquainted with its nidification might reasonably look for its nest in similar situations. In fact it is precisely in such places that it breeds according to the testimony of able writers. It may be true as a rule, though subject to some exceptions however, that the nidificating habits of a species, whether terrestrial or arboreal in character, bear a definite relation to its habits of feeding. Ground-feeders mainly construct their nests upon the soil, or among the branches of low shrubbery. On the contrary, those that seek their food among the branches of trees, or within the crevices of bark, are usually tree-builders. This Thrush does not nidificate in our latitude. According to Dr. Brewer its nest is " built on the ground, most generally either under the low bushes, or in the open ground, rarely, if ever among thick trees, and for the most part in low swampy places." It is said to resemble the nest of Turdus fiiscescens, and is " composed of decayed OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 23 deciduous leaves, remnants of dried plants, sedges and grasses intermingled with twigs, and lined with finer grasses, sedges and strips of bark. The nests are 3 inches in height and 5 inches in diameter, with a cavity 3*^ inches wide by i^ deep." The young birds are readily domesticated and become quite cheerful and playful ; but are so uncleanly in their habits as to make not very desirable favorites. When the nest is visited, these Thrushes silently retire to a short distance ; but when it is assailed by the hawk, both birds unite to drive away the intruder, uttering all the while "loud and clear chirps and peculiarly twittering sounds." The eggs vary in length and measure on the average .82 with a width of .62 of an inch, and are of a uniform bluish-green hue. Turdus fuscescens, Stephens. The Tawny or Wilson's Thursh as this species is popularly designated, revisits us not earlier than the middle of May. Being of a retired disposition and chiefly a frequenter of copses and open fields, its presence is not ordinarily observed in situations which its congeners love to visit. Its flight is moderately elevated and tolerably well-sustained. Its habits whilst feeding are both terrestrial and arboreal. In this respect it differs materially from Pallasii and approximates musteli- nus. 24 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Its diet is both vegetal and animal. The seeds of grasses and the berries of the red-cedar, com- mon-juniper, Rubus villosus, Prunus serotina, Fra- garia Virginiana, and Viburnum Lentago consti- tute the former; while the latter includes such insects as Har pains compar, H. pensylvanicus, Pang^ls caliginosus, Cratony r/ms cinereus, C. perti- nax, Platymis ciipripennis, Rhyme hceus pini, For- mica sanguinea and F. subterranea. The song of this Thrush is quaint but not unmusical; variable in character, changing from a monotonous whistle to quick and shrill notes at the conclusion. It consists of an indescribably delicate metallic articulation of the syllables ta-weel'-ah, ta-weel-ah, twU'-ah, twil'ah followed by a fine trill which renders it truly enchanting. The above syllables expressive of the language of its melody, which are those of Mr. Ridgway, are tolerbly correct representations in our judgment. Its nest is commonly built during the early part of June in a clump of grasses, so carefully hidden as to escape observation. Indeed, there would be little possibility of discovery, did the female ex- ercise the slightest degree of precaution. Instead of maintaining silence on the approach of danger, her over-solicitude betrays her, and thu^s reveals the tale. So rare is this species of Turdus that we have never discovered more than a half dozen nests in three square-miles of territory. In compactness and also in the variety of materials which are utilized, considerable variation OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 25 is observable in nests. Most nests are rather compactly built. A heterogeneous medley of fine and coarse grasses, skeletonized leaves, fragments of corn leaves and husks, are conspicuous ex- teriorly; while interiorly, there is a thick lining of slender dichotomously-divided branches of Pani- cum capillare. The dimensions vary but slightly from what has been recorded by others. A single specimen which we have by us, in details of structure and elements of composition, bear a close resemblance to a published descrip- tion of the Turdiis Pallasii of Cabanis. This nest is loosely constructed. The situation in which it was found, to wit, a tussock of grasses would seem to render a more durable fabric unnecessary. Exteriorly it is composed of the leaves and culms of coarse grasses, fragments of corn husks and leaves of the same, dried leaves of Quercus, Fagus and Castanea in abundance, inner bark of various trees, besides a species of moss probably Sphag- num squarrosum. The interior is constituted of fine leaves, slender stems of Panicum, and a superabundance of slender dark rootlets of Aris- tolochia serpentaria o r V i rgi n ia- s n ake roo t . In situ, the dimensions of the fabric vary a trifle from the typical form. The period of incubation of this species^ owing to its various and secluded habits, we have not been able to determine. The eggs, usually four in number, seldom more, are of a uniform green color, slightly tinged with 26 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS blue, and measure on the average .93 by .65 of an inch in diameter. We are convinced that its autumnal migration is much earlier than its near relatives. It has been missed by the latter part of August. In the summer of 1873, during the first week of Septem- ber, small flocks were seen along the eastern shore of Delaware Bay, feeding upon the seeds of Paspalum setacenm, which grows luxuriantly in sandy soils. On the succeeding morning, no traces of them were to be seen. It was observed on this occasion that the birds were exceedingly unsuspicious, and would permit a near approach without the least manifestation of fear or alarm. Subfamily Miminae. Mocking Thrushes. The Mocking Thrushes as a group are chiefly southern, scarcely passing beyond the borders of the United States. They attain their maximum development in Central and South America. The MimincB are properly restricted to the American representatives of the genera Mimus, Harporhyn- chus, and several closely allied forms. More than forty species are recorded, about two-thirds ot them being genuine. The genus Mimics embraces nearly one-half of the current species, while Har- porhynchus is represented, within our limits, by all known species, with a single exception. In general habits they resemble the true Thrushes. Mimus polyglottus, Boie. The Mocking Bird by which our readers most OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 27 generally recognize this species, has been rare in Eastern Pennsylvania, of late years. For- merly, it was more abundant. In some obscure and unfrequented nook, we have occasionally observed a mated pair. Such retirement as is met with in the small valleys which nestle among the Wissahickon hills, is its chief delight. Unlike its former self, it now shuns rather than courts the society of man. A friend of consider- able experience informs us, that twenty years ago it was exceedingly common in Germantown, before the arts and appliances of a spreading civilization had usurped the wild retreats of nature. Then it would occasionally charm us with its choicest songs, and favor us with its presence by building within our orchards. It certainly is a late comer; its presence being unobserved before the beginning of May. On its arrival it seeks a partner and commences nidifica- tion. But a single brood is reared in a season. In details of structure and in nest-materials, a marked resemblance to the Cat Bird, the Mimus carolinensis of Gray, is distinctly noticeable. Both parent-birds are strongly attached to each other, and extremely sedulous in their attentions to their young. During incubation and sub- sequently, they display great pertinacity and courage when assailed by enemies. Diptera, mosquitoes, butterflies, larvae of non-irritating properties, earthworms, and berries of divers kinds, constitute their dietary. The period of incubation 28 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS differs but little if any from that of the common Cat Bird. The vocal powers of the Mocking Bird sur- pass in their imitative notes and natural melody, those of any other species. Its song is full, firm and musical, and capable of considerable variation in its modulation. The scream of the Eagle, and the soft delicate notes of the Blue Bird, are imitated with great precision, and with equal facility. Notwithstanding its remarkable powers of imitation, it possesses a natural song which for sweetness, force, and volume, cannot be excelled. The eggs are mostly four in number, but Occasionally five. They vary in length from .94 to i. 06 of an inch, and in breadth from .81 to .96 of an inch. Considerable variations are exhibited in the combinations of markings and tints. The ground color is ordinarily a light greenish-blue, varying from a light to a decided blue, with a somewhat greenish tint. The markings consist of purple, chocolate brown, russet and a decided dark brown. Mimus Carolinensis, Gray. This widely detested and much persecuted species, the Cat Bird, makes its annual visit from the genial climate of Central America, in small flocks during the latter part of April; but more generally in the beginning of May. For some time after its arrival, it seeks sequestered situa- tions, spending much of its time upon the ground OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 29 among underbrush. Seemingly it prefers conceal- ment, if its actions afford any criteria. But later, when the buds begin to burst and the leaves to expand, it becomes less suspicious, and emerges from its obscurity and charms us by the sociability of its manners and the variety and loveliness of its melodies. Its flight is low, moderately firm, slightly un- dulating, and but feebly sustained. Whilst feeding it is both arboreal and terrestrial, but chiefly the latter; .never gleaning among the topmost boughs of tall trees, but among low bushes and trees of short stature. During its temporary residence it subsists upon berries and insects. Among the former, the fruits of Juniperus Virginiana, Rubus villosus, Virbwnum lentago, and the seeds of grasses con- stitute an important part of its diet. The flowers of the apple and cherry are often visited for the insects which lurk in them; possibly, the authers and ovaries are as much a source of attraction. A careful examination of the stomachs of many individuals, reveals besides perfect specimens, recognizable fragments of the following insects: — Pangus caliginosus, Harpalus pensylvanicus, H. compar, Platynus cupripennis, Ptinus humeralis, Bostrichus pint, Formica sanguined Lumbricus terrestris and a species of Tulis. The above insects constitute its food early in the season; but as it advances, and the various dipterous and lepidopterous types of articulate existences come 3O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS into being, its bill of fare is augmented. Complete" specimens of the diptera have 'been identified, of which Tabanus lineola, T. cinctus, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, and species of Ortalis and Anthomyh, are ezamples. Among lepidoptera, the larvae of Pieris rapes, Eufitchia ribearia, Gortyna ze&, Anisopteryx vernata, and others of the Phalcenoidce, Clisiocampa Americana, and the smaller Noctuids, Tortricids and Tineids. The Cat Bird's power of memory though circum- scribed and imperfectly exercised, is nevertheless very amusing. The more complicated notes it seldom attempts to copy, for when it does, it sig- nally fails. The note of the Quail, the refrain of the Towhee, the simple strain of the Pewee Fly Catcher, it imitates so faithfully that it is difficult to distinguish them from the original. Besides these, we have heard snatches of songs of the Field and White-throated Sparrows, as well as the surprise notes of the Robin. Unlike the Long-tailed Thrush when it essays a song, the Cat Bird is not over-nice in its choice of position. It generally seeks low bushes and small trees, but will occasionally like the Blue Bird pour forth its choicest strains from the ground, a de- cayed log, or perched upon a fence-rail. It is one of the earliest and most persevering of our song- sters, regaling us with its varied notes, except at brief intervals, during the livelong day. With its extensive store of notes and meagre knoweledge of the rules of harmony, it but excites amusement OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 3! • by its mirth-provoking arrangements. Its notes are often well selected; but it occasionably hap- pens that its well-tuned unisons are unavoidably marred, it seems to us, by the introduction of some misplaced or ridiculous passage. The following syllables express a tolerably accurate representation of a portion of the song of what might be deemed a capital singer: — twur- twe- i-twich-twlck-trdue-i-twiiii, £wa-we?t, kce-£kare, kweer, t'wuh-chick-liiii, pee-dee, chou, che, msc, iwiii, che-che-chc. When alarmed by an intruder, a harsh disagreeable sound which has been likened to the cry of a cat is heard; this note is also repeated on the approach of any object of fear or disgust. It may be somewhat accurately expressed by the syllable meydk. When mating is over, much time is spent in selecting a locality for building purposes. The injudiciousness of the selection is not always fore- seen, and a nest is often nearly completed before the mistake is discovered. In this predicament, instead of "making the best of a bad bargain," the birds totally ignore the site for another better . suited to their taste. Few species will tolerate for any considerable time the scrutiny of human beings whilst engaged in nest-building, but will rather suspend operations until the annoyance has disappeared. Not so with the Cat Bird; where accustomed to man, it will work fearlessly and resolutely under his very eyes. 32 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS » Ordinarily, nidification commences about the 1 8th of May. Both birds work diligently during the cooler hours of the morning and evening, until the nest is completed, which is the labor of five or six days. We have known cases where the birds have continued to labor until after dusk, but then on moonlit evenings. We have frequently amused ourselves in watch- ing for hours the building process. , When a suitable article has been found, the bird does not fly immediately to the nest and adjust the piece, but indulges in short flights from one object to an aojoining one, carefully surveying the premises all the while, until within a few paces of the nest, when she rapidly flies thither, and having satis- factorily adjusted it, goes off in quest of other materials. For building purposes a bush or small tree in close proximity to a stream of water is ordinarily selected. The common alder, spice wood, juniper, and wild Rubus, are most commonly chosen for the site of a nest. We have often observed nests upon bushes close by dwellings, and in places where travel was of common daily occurrence. "The usual materials for nests are dried leaves for a base, slender strips of long dark bark, small twigs, herbaceous plants, fine roots, and fine stems. They are lined with fine dry grasses and sedges. The nests average 4 inches in height, by 5 inches in diameter. The diameter and depth of the cavity are 3^ inches." The above description OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 33 has been borrowed from " Birds of North America" by Baird, Brewer a.nd Ridgway. In many nests which we have examined, there has been a heterogeneous commingling of various vegetable substances constituting an exterior. Leaves of Quercus, Fagus, and Populus, stems of Chenopodium album, coarse strips of the outer bark of the vine, inner bark of the poplar, husks of corn, composed the outer fabric. The strips of bark served to bind the other materials firmly together. A thick layer of rootlets constitute the inner structure. Another nest which we have examined, in addition to the above materials, exhibited frag- ments of vines of Convolvulus arvensis, a species of Bindweed, and the Wild-bean, Apios tiiberosa\ liber of trees of dingy whiteness, three-fourths of an inch in width ; and discolored pine shavings. Few leaves were noticeable in the exterior. In- teriorly, there was a close lining of the roots and stems of herbaceous plants. In contour, the nest was very irregular, with the base obliquely in- clined to the mouth. The structure bore a near resemblance to the nest of the Maryland Yellow Throat, save that it was somewhat shorter. From its marked deviation from the typical nest which is hemispherical, beautifully symmetrical and moderately compact, we presume it to be the workmanship of young birds or those of indolent habits. The ground-structure of a nest in our possession, 34 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS is mainly composed of the culms of grasses, with a slight intersprinkling of leaves and rootlets. Within, there is an excess of the stems of grasses and a few rootlets. The entire fabric is carelessly arranged with little evidence of design. But for the strips of bark that cover the outside, the nest unsupported by the branches upon which it was built, would be shivered to pieces by the gentlest breeze. The most beautiful fabric we have seen was constructed close to a human habitation. The outside of this cozy and beautiful structure is composed of wool, raw cotton, strings, fragments of lamp wick, a slight intermixture of tangled silk, fragments of lichen possibly Cenomyce rangiferina, held in situ by strands of silk. Upon this basis, is built a superstructure of fine rootlets, inter- mingled with patches of wool. For a lining internally, small dichotomously-divided branches of Panicum capillare and wool were use'd. This nest is the most unique specimen of architecture of the Cat Bird which we have ever seen. Nothing of the kind have we seen described in books. It was certainly the work of superior mechanics. The foregoing fact with others of a similar character which we have noticed, conclusively shows that birds are not the dull routine-loving beings which we have often depicted them to be; such of us as have some pet theory to support. It is evident from a thousand circumstances, that they often reason a-priori from cause to con- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 35 sequences, providently managing with a constant aim for future comfort, convenience and necessity. Let us now recur to other facts of nidifkation. The nest being completed, which is ordinarily the case in five days, a short time intervenes prior to oviposition. But a single ovum is deposited daily. After the full complement of eggs is laid, the female immediately assumes the duties of incuba- tion, which happen in the beginning of June, and continue for a period ranging from 12 to 13 days. The male bird seldom departs any considerable distance from his partner, except to provide himself and her with food; but we have never known him to relieve her during incubation. Should any being approach the nest,' he assails the intruder with commendable boldness. Various species of serpents, particularly the black-snake, the Bascanion constrictor of naturalists, have a de- cided penchant for the eggs of the Cat Bird. On occasions of visits from these snakes, the birds heedless of their own safety, frequently fly into the very jaws of their, enemy. In the case of a human foe, knowing that resistance would be futile, they seek to deter him from any supposed attack by the most discordant cries and frantic gestures. The young are not very fastidious. Earthworms, spiders, diptera, caterpillars of non-irritating prop- erties, together with such berries as the season affords, constitute their fare. In about 12 days after being hatched, the young leave the nest, and .in 6 days more are ready to be initiated into the 36 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS mysteries of flight. The duties of preceptor necessarily devolve upon the male-parent. A single brood is reared in a season. The young are the objects of parental solicitude long after they are fitted to look after their own welfare. The autumnal stay of this species is of short duration. It generally retires to the sunny South during the latter part of September. The eggs are ordinarily four in number, and of a uniform deep bluish-green color. They measure .97 in length and .68 of an inch in width. There is one trait which detracts from the character of this species. Of an exceedingly jealous and selfish nature, it persecutes in the most violent manner, other species which chance has brought within its territory. Not unlike the Blue Jay, it has a passion for fresh eggs and will not scruple to tear from their nests the young of other species during the temporary absence of the parent-birds. It is a constant source of an- noyance to the Robin as we well know. An overweening love for its young has doubtless superinduced this passion ; the destruction of the young of other species, doubtless augmented its chances of preservation in the "struggle for existence." From this habit has originated, it seems to us, the appropriation of the eggs and young of other birds as articles of diet. Harporhynchus rufus, Cabanis. A reference to my notes reveals the fact that OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 3 7 this somewhat retired species, which in popular parlance is designated the Brown Thrasher, re- visits its accustomed haunts in the beginning of May. Though a lover of sequestered localities, it does not necessarily follow that it is a shy species. We cannot perceive that it is more timid than Turdus mustelines y which commonly builds within the trees that grace our lawns. Though it delights chiefly in waste grounds overgrown with brier bushes, and heavily-timbered regions with a dense underbrush, it nevertheless lacks timidity, and permits near approaches without exhibiting the slightest fear. In early spring, the males are slightly rasorial. They may often be seen scratching away the leaves that repose upon the soil, for insects and seeds. It is arboreal as well, seldom visiting the tops of lofty trees, but mainly foraging among the leaves of shrubbery. Like most of its congeners, it is highly insect- ivorous. An examination of the stomachs of many individuals shows that its diet during the first three or four weeks of its visit, is of a coleopterous character. We have found the re- mains of HarpcUus pcnsylvanicus, H. compar, Cratonychus cinereus, Lachnostcrna quercina, Tene- brio molitor, Scaritcs subtcrraneus, Pangus caligi- nosus, Cetonia inda, Chlcenius sericeus and Platynus cupripennis. Among other types were noticed Formica sanguineus, CEdipoda sulphured, CE. nebulosa, Caloptenus femur-rubrum ; later in the 38 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS season, the larvae of Anisopteryx vernata, Eufitckia ribearia and others of the same family, Clisiocampa Americana, Gortyna zees, Colias philodice, Har- risina Americana, Callosamia pomonella, besides mature forms of the Tortricids, Tineids and Noc- tuids, which are eagerly hunted and devoured with a gusto. Various berries contribute no mean portion of its diet. The wild-cherry, Rubus villo- sus, Viburnum Lentago, Jimiperus Virginiana and y. communis constitute great luxuries. Pairing begins about the 25th of May; but a week elapses before a suitable locality is se- selected for nesting purposes. . Ordinarily a brier- bush is chosen as the site of a nest. A pile of brush, as affirmed by Dr. Brewer, is occasionally made the site of a nest. In one instance, we dis- covered a nest snugly hid away among the accumulated leaves within a patch of brier-bushes. This fabric reposed upon the bare soil, and was so artfully concealed, that its presence would have escaped detection, had not the authors unwittingly revealed its whereabouts by their worried move- ments and piteous cries. We have never observed this species to build in close proximity to human habitations. More remote situations are, however, preferred. After the selection of a suitable site, both birds set diligently to work until a nest is completed, which is the result or four of five days' steady labor. In size, the nest is nearly equal to that of the Red-shouldered Black Bird, Agelaius phosni- 6F EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 39 , and like the same is rudely constructed, but lacks its compactness. la "North American Birds" by Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, it is posi- tively affirmed that the "base is usually made of coarse twigs, sticks and ends of branches, firmly interwoven." A fair sample which we have beside us, and which may be considered as the normal type in our latitude, presents considerable variation. Dry leaves of Quercus, Fagits and Castanet sparingly, with the culms and leaf-blades of Phleiun pratense the common Timothy, and other grami- naceous plants, in abundance, constitute its basis. These are slightly interwoven; but the firmness of the fabric is due in a great measure to the previous condition of the materials utilized. Moistened with water and plastered with mud, they become firmly agglutinated so as to require great effort to detach them from the fabric. Sticks are but seldom used. The inside is lined with the stems of fine grasses, having a weather- beaten appearance. Its thickness which is nearly i y± inches, adds very materially to its firmness. Oviposition is closely attendant upon nidification, and lasts nearly a week. In the performance of the duties of incubation, the male takes no direct share. Indirectly he aids in providing his partner with food, and in exercising a rigid surveillance over the nest. The period of incubation ranges from 1 3 to 14 days. It is worthy of remark in this connection, that the time depends in an appreci- able degree upon atmospheric mutations. 4O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS The male-parent during the breeding season is bold and daring, and wreaks instant vengeance upon any feathered creature whom presumption and curiosity may have brought within his territory. Both parents are extremely fond of their progeny, and sedulous in their attentions. The larvae of beetles and lepidoptera constitute their early diet. The grubs of Lachnosterna quercina, L. hirticula, Cr atony chus cinereus, Cotalpa lanigera, and the caterpillars of Anisopteryx ver- nata, Eufitchia ribearia, Gortyna zece, Pieris rapcz, with mature forms of Tortricids and Tineids, dip- tera, and the ordinary earthworm, are notable ar- ticles of food for the young. We have never known more than a single brood to be raised in a season. The young are the objects of parental care long after they are able to supply their own necessities. The eggs are ordinarily four, sometimes five in number; but never more, according to our ex- perience. The ground-color is white, and marked with reddish-brown spots which are confluent at the larger end. In some specimens these dots constitute a broader annulus around the crown. Dr. Brewer affirms that the ground-color is some- times a light green. We have never observed this variety in the many specimens which we have seen and examined. Their length varies from ,98 to 1. 1 2 inches, with a mean of 1.05. Their breadth ranges from .77 to .87 of an inch; the mean being .82. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 4! The Brown Thrasher possesses great beauty and variety of song, which is uttered in a loud, clear and emphatic manner. It is never imitative, and can be easily recognized when once heard. It is a steady performer and sings for hours at a time without changing its posture. When in the full glory of song, the presence of a human being upon the scene, does not divert its attention one tittle from the performance. The following sylla- bles will express its song with as much accuracy as is possible for pen to do : — twe-twit-fweet, tl-weet- tur, knn, fc/nknni, twa-tur, kaw-kaw-kaw-kwa, tchku-ku-ku-, twlnn-lwlt, keah-kl, kwer-ku-oo, k&r- ker-ker-tsi, che-che-che, te-te-wa, pee-pee-pee, tse-tse- tse, kee-wa-ka-te-oo-te-oo, ka-wa, keon, koo-koo, t'wa- weet, td-kare-ke-wct, pec-wee-ie-tl-wah-te, te-w&h-tly tzveet, &c. At no time is this bird gregarious in the strict sense of the word. It arrives singly and departs as it came. When the breeding period is over, the ties which bound the sexes become dissolved, and an overweening love for self, triumphs over every other feeling. The period of departure varies with meteorological and dietetic changes, An abundance of food-stuffs prolongs its stay, while a paucity, on the other hand, perceptibly diminishes it. Ordinarily its retirement takes place in the early part of October. CHAPTER II. Family Saxicolidae. Stone-chats and Bhie Birds. The species comprehended in the above family are chiefly residents of the Old World. It is , represented in North America by one European straggler, the White-ear .or Stone-chat, which reaches the Atlantic coast via Greenland, and the North Pacific by way of Asia; and the familiar Blue Birds which are placed in the genus Sialia of Swainson. Out of the three species which inhabit this Continent, but one inhabits the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. . Of the others one is an Arctic, and the other a Western species. Sialia Sialis, Baird. The Blue Bird claims more than a passing notice. By its confidence and familiarity it wins our favor and esteem; and few species are more encouraged to build in our yards and orchards. While the Robin and Orioles do immense service in the destruction of numberless insects of inju- rious habits, they offset this good character in a measure, by the mischief which they commit to our fruit-trees in nipping the tender stamens and juicy ovaries of the blossoms, which they relish with apparent satisfaction. Not so with the sub- ject of the present sketch. We can heartily recommend it as the non-possessor of such an unenviable trait. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 43 A very early visitor, we have often observed it about the middle of February, while the ground was covered with snow, returned from its winter home, to enjoy once more the delights and asso- ciations of its northern habitat. So warmly at- tached to the place in which it has successfully reared its tender broods, it returns thither, year after year, unless driven 2w&y per force. Its soft and plaintive notes, produced in a minor key, are singularly pleasing, and awaken a sym- pathetic feeling in the bosom of relentless man. The following syllabic language is a nearly accu- rate representation of the male's song, during the season of courting: — -t&r-r-f-r-wd, tur-wuh-tur-r- r-wa, tiir-r-r-tiweet. His movements while thus engaged are perfectly amusing; after entertaining the female awhile with his best performance, he makes a few graceful movements in front of her, and then alights to ascertain what effect has been produced upon her. This is repeated at regular intervals, until the female becomes so impressed with his charms, that she is led a will- ing captive. The love of offspring is so strong and predomi- nant, that building-operations are frequently com- menced as early as the ipth of March. For the site of a nest, a decayed branch, the deserted nest of a Woodpecker, or a box which has been put up for its accommodation, is generally selected. In a few instances the security which the above places afford has not been taken advantage of. Nests have 44 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS been found by us, securely located within the forked branch of an apple-tree. Why should the Blue Bird select a hollow or perforated limb for its nest? The answer to this query is not far to reach. Being an early visitor, such situations secure the requisite warmth and shelter for the eggs and young. They also guarantee protection from rapacious birds. But other species of equal size and less brave, nidificate in open and exposed situations, without encounter- ing more than ordinary opposition. The bright azure blue of the female, which is triflingly less than that of her partner, would render her a con- spicuous object to the keen gaze of rapacious birds. Therefore, to insure security against attack, advantage has been wisely taken of hollows in the trunks and branches of trees. The female Indigo Bird contrasts as favorably with the male. Now this species constructs its nest in thick brier-bushes ordinarily, and fares equally well. May not such bushes secure the same protection? We think they do. From facts which we shall shortly present, we incline to the opinion that in primitive times, hollow trees were more generally chosen than at present, on account of the security which they guaranteed against the predacious attacks of birds and the inclemency of the weather. Sialia Mexi- cana, the nearest relative of our eastern species, according to the authorities of Drs. Cooper and Kennedy, are common in our Western Territories OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 45 during the months of November, December, and January. During the rigor of these months it cannot be doubted but that the species discovers in hollow trees the warmth and shelter which it requires. Many of our winter denizens select similar situations in order to escape the cold. It is worthy of remark here, that these to a consider- able extent, nidificate in like situations. We might instance Lophophanes bicolor, Parus atricapillus, Certhia Americana, Sitta Carolinensis, and the Picidce as dwelling in hollow trees during the inclemency of winter, and utilizing similar situa- tions for nesting-purposes. From these data we argue that our eastern species of Blue Bird, learned to build in hollow trees by first using such places for shelter during the inclemency of weather which prevailed on their early arrival; and perceiving the comfort and convenience of such situations, have come to regard them as appropriate quarters for nesting- purposes. Thus what was merely accidental, has become intuitive and habitual. Coming back from this digression, after a judicious selection of locality, the birds set to work to collect nesting-materials. Soft grasses, hair, feathers, and wool when the latter is obtain- able, are gathered and arranged with little regard to design. The time required seldom exceeds five days at the utmost. Shortly after the com- pletion of the nest, oviposition commences; the usual complement of eggs being laid within a 46 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS week. The male occasionally relieves his partner of the duties of incubation. When not thus engaged, he is very attentive to her slightest wishes, and often cheers the monotony of her task by a soft, agreeable warble. He is also now very jealous. Not a bird is permitted to trespass upon his premises; even individuals of the same species are treated with the same incivility. For his tenderness and devotion to his partner, the male is unsurpassed. We were once a witness of the endeavors of a pair of Robins to take forci- ble possession of an apple-tree in which a pair of Blue Birds had located themselves, After re- peated efforts they were compelled to abandon the purpose. The cavity which the Blue Birds occupied, had been in survice for five years; but whether or not by the same birds, we are unable to say; but judging from the strong attachment which the species ordinarily possesses for the scenes of past associations, as evidenced by recorded instances, we feel safe in concluding, that either the same pair or some of its progeny had held it during the aforementioned time. One of the most inveterate foes with which the Blue Bird has to contend, is the mischievous and half-provoking House Wren, the Troglodytes sEdon of Vicillot. While the former is absent, it enters the nest and either despoils it, or ejects the materials and remains in possession. We have known three broods to be reared in a single season, When the nest has been befouled OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 47 by the first brood, the soiled materials are thrown out, and a fresh supply introduced. Sitting com- mences about the 25th of May, and lasts until the 5th of June; thus making the period of incubation between 1 1 and 1 2 days. The young when hatched are alternately fed by each parent. Their food consists of earthworms, diptera, coleopterous and lepidopterous larvae, with berries occasionally when in season. As they increase in size and strength, their bill of fare is augmented. Beetles and moths of the smaller kinds are in great demand. When the young birds are nearly able to shift for themselves, they are entrusted to the care of the male, while the female busies herself in pre paring for a second brood. Thus it happens that the male is charged with double duty. Upon him devolve the maintenance of his mate and the care of the older children. On their arrival, the Blue Birds subsist principally upon insect-food, yet the few remaining berries of the cedar and common-juniper which may be clinging to their branchlets, together with the seeds of Chenopo- dium album, Amarantus a^is, A. hybridus, and others, are keenly relished. In the stomachs of several individuals we have discovered traces of Pangus caliginosus, Harpahis pensylvanicus, Pla- tynus cupripennis, Cr atony chus cinereiis among beetles; CEdipoda sulphurea, CE. neb^dosa among orthoptera, besides ants and earthworms. As the season advances, Musca domestica, Tabamis lineola, 48 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Stomoxys calcitrans, Scatophago furcata, and the smaller dipterous forms which swarm in the atmosphere and in humid situations; the small Noctuids which welcome returning spring the first, and which delight in waste ground and thickets; the Jortridds and Tineids together with the larvae of Eufitchia ribearia, Anisopteryx vernata, Gortyna zece, Harrisina Americana, many of the Agroti or Cut-worms, Pieris rapce, Colias philodice, and others. For two weeks after its arrival it frequents the borders of thickets and waste fields. Its habits are then terrestrial and gregarious. But as the season advances and the trees become clothed in beautiful green foliage, it deserts its former haunts for the habitations of man. The change is evidently determined by the question of food. The flight of the Blue Bird is low, less firm than the Robin's, and but slightly sustained. The exceptional nest to which we referred above, is composed externally of a few leaves, fragments of tendrils of the vine, stems of grasses and of a species otSinapis, and horse hair, variously intermingled. Internally there was noticeable, stems of Chenopodium, slender grasses, stems of a species of Poa with the seeds attached, and an intermixture of wool. An interesting episode in the life of this species cannot be out of place. A friend having placed a tomato-can upon an upright post to attract some passing avis, was amply rewarded by OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 49 seeing a pair of the Great-crested Flycatchers occupy it. A nest was soon constructed of leaves, feathers, and human hair, and the ordinary com- plement of eggs deposited. At this crisis, a pair of Blue Birds came upon the scene, and sought to expel the rightful occupants. The Flycatchers made a determined resistance. The property-owner wishing to pre- serve the latter, shot the female Blue Bird, think- ing to put an end to the disturbance. The male instantly abandoned the contest and flew away. In less than a half-hour he returned with two females and renewed the contest. Victory was soon decided in favor of the Blue Birds. ( The Flycatchers, however, did not retire until they had thrown out the nesting-materials, a portion of which they afterwards carried away to 1 use elsewhere. After the defeat of the Flycatchers, the male Blue Bird instantly selected a partner from his aids; the unfortimate female retiring into the obscurity whence she came. This fact shows that there are females which necessity compels to lead lives of solitude, and which only enter into matri- monial relationship on the creation of vacancies. The same may be, doubtless, said of the males. Or there may be males and females which prefer a life of celibacy. The proprietor of the premises, perceiving a strong predilection upon the part of the Blue Birds for the can, determined to annoy them awhile, 3 D 5O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS to ascertain the effect of such treatment. He, therefore, fastened a lath over the aperture of the can, and retired to a short distance to watch the result. The birds went to work, and by their per- severing efforts, the piece was soon dislodged. All hindrances being now out of the way, they applied themselves diligently to work, and in a short time raised a brood of five young birds. On this occa- sion it was discovered that the young were fed almost exclusively upon the larvae of Pieris olera- ce constitutes an im- mense assemblage of more than five hundred recorded species. The SylmiHd?, the typical Old World warblers, is represented in North America by a single Asiatic waif, Kennicott's Sylvia, which was discovered by Dall in our newly acquired territory of Alaska. Subfamily Regulinae. Kinglets. There are about ten species of the following genus resident in Europe, Asia, and America; two of them are quite abundant in our woods and orchards. Regulus calendulus, Licht. The Ruby-crowned Kinglet as the above species is popularly designated, is a permanent resident in this latitude. It is an exceedingly active creature, and has been observed by us from early October until the dawn of June. During 52 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS the dreary winter-months, it frequents the pine- forests along the Wissahickon, where it meets with food and shelter. Several years of experience have convinced us that hills with a southern exposure are more particularly chosen. It delights in the company of Regulus satrapa, Lophophanes, bicolor, Parus atricapillus, Certhia familiaris, Sitta Carolinensis, and Anorthura tro- glodytes wrhich are common in similar situations. Whilst feeding, it is the very impersonation of agility. Its movements contrast most strikingly with its less active congener, the Golden-crowned Kinglet. The tallest tree-tops are its delight, where it may be observed during the entire day, probing within their fissured bark for the eggs and images of insects, as the small Picidce and Cer- thiidfe do ; occasionally, it may be seen suspended head downward from the nether surface of a hori- zontal branch, after the fashion of the little Black- capped Titmouse. On occasions of feeding, its movements are hurried; scarcely remaining a minute in the same situation, but moving from branch to branch, and from tree to tree with commendable zeal. Its flight is ordinarily elevated, firm, and well sustained. In the spring it descends from its lofty eminences, to the low trees and shrubbery along water-courses. It is now less retired, and is a common visitor to our lawns and gardens, attracted to such places by the maple and cherry-blooms that afford convenient lurking-places for the small OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 53 insects upon which it feeds. We think that the tender stamens and unripe ovaries receive their share of attention. Indeed, we are confirmed in this belief, by the discovery of these floral organs within the stomachs of several individuals. In the intervals of feeding, and also when an- noyed, we are reminded of its presence by a loud, sharp, rattling noise, repeated at irregular intervals, and in a hurried, excited manner. These notes may be expressed with considerable accuracy by the syllables kl-kl-kl-kl pitched in a moderately high key, and gradually increasing in intonation to the close. The song of this Kinglet is affirmed to be an agreeable ditty, neither lacking power nor variety; it is but occasionally heard, and then just a brief time before its retirement from -.the busy haunts of civilized life. Its food varies with the seasons. During the winter it feeds upon the seeds of grasses, with the few insects which it manages to extract from creviced bark. The berries of the common-juniper and th.£ seeds of Amarantus hybridus, Ambrosia artemisicefolia, and various Paniciims, constitute its vegetable diet. In the spring, it is eminently insectivorous, and subsists upon Formica san- guinea, Casnonia pennsylvanica Rhynch&us pini, Harpalus compar, Mycetocharis basillaris, Platy- nus cupripennis, Haltica chalybea, Musca domestica, and Stomoxys calcitrans; besides the ordinary earthworm. While engaged in the procurement of food, it is 54 LiFE>HisTORi£s OF very tame and unsuspicious, and will permit a near approach without manifesting the least fear. It has often exhibited in our presence, those social traits so characteristic of the House Wren, a very distant relative. During inclement weather and the dreary winter nights, it shelters itself in the deserted nest of some species of woodpecker. When the cold is unusually severe, its presence is conspicuously scarce; but on the return of mild days, it is tolerably abundant. During the early vernal and autumnal months it freely associates with the song and tree- sparrows, and often condescends to come down from its airy heights, to grovel with the latter; and when sorely pressed will partake of the fare whicn the kind-hearted cook has thrown out for her feathered pets. We have been informed by Mr. John Strouse, of Chestnut Hill, that males and lemales of this species have been observed by him during every month of the year. \Vhen the warm days of May have returned to gladden the earth, it is no longer to be seen in our yards; but has retired to the gloomy thickets where it pursues its ever busy life. It, doubtless, breeds amid the forests that crown the hills of the Wissahickon, as it has frequently been seen in them by the gentleman just referred to, during the breeding-period. Much yet remains to be learned concerning the nesting-habits and distribution of this species during the breeding-season. It is discovered at OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 55 varying periods in all parts of North America from the Gulf to the Arctic seas, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean; but its occurrence during the productive period in northern latitudes, indicates with tolerable accuracy the extent ef its range. None of our ornithologists have ever met its eggs and nest, and are inclined to believe that it constructs a pensile nest after the manner of its European cousin. Regulus satrapa, Licht. The Golden-crowned Kinglet, like its near con- gener, whose habits have just been described, is a permanent resident. It will be found to nidifi- cate in the tall trees which crown the hills of the stream so often alluded to, as individuals of both sexes apparently paired, have been observed under very suspicious circumstances. When its nest is discovered, we shall venture to assert that it will be found to occupy a cavity in a tree, in some solitary locality, which may be the reason that it has so long escaped detection. In the winter it is an occasional companion of the preceding species; but seems to be more partial to the society of the little Parus atricapillus. When the one is alarmed and seeks security in flight, or is necessitated to change its base of sup- plies, the other does likewise. On warm sunshiny days in mid- winter, it may often be observed climb- ing along the horizontal boughs of a tall oak or pine, or clinging to their under surfaces in an inverted 56 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS manner with the pertinacity of a Creeper, in its search for eggs and small insects. Though a very active creature, it lacks, however, the nimbleness of its cousin, the Ruby-crowned. Scarcity of food impels it to visit our yards, in the company of the Black-cap, where it derives a partial subsistance from the discarded crumbs of the table. Within its natural haunts, it frequents the light of the tallest trees, and can then only be approached with the greatest caution. About the time the Red Maple arrays itself in purple gar- ments, this little creature may be seen along the borders of fields, and within our orchards and gardens, in the enjoyment of the most perfect felicity. It is now exceedingly tame and confiden- tial. Though chiefly arboreal in its habits of feeding, in the spring it freely descends from its aerial heights, to seek its food upon terrafirma. The small insects which are attracted by the blossoms of the tulip-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), which mani- fest themselves in early June, afford it a rich repast. The ova and larvae found in fissured bark are captured with nearly the skill of a Creeper, and relished with a. gusto. The following insects have been found in the stomachs of several individuals which we have examined: — Cratonychus cjnereus, Rhynch&us pini, BostricJms pini, Harpahis compar, Platynus cupripennis, Donacia metallica Chry- somela c(Kruleipennisy besides Formica sanguined. This species is an expert fly- catcher and cap- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 57 tures insects upon the wing with nearly the skill and address of the Wood Pewee. The smaller diptera and hymenoptera contribute no mean portion of its diet. Its flight is usually lofty, gracefully undulating, rapid, and tolerably well sustained. During its friendly stay around our dwellings, the only notes which we have heard it essay to utter, may be happily expressed by the syllables tsl-tsl-tsl pronounced very quickly, rather loudly and with a gently rising intonation. It lacks the ability to produce as powerful a note as the species last described. Besides the above, it possesses a succession of pleasing sounds which we have frequently heard during the most in- clement weather in mid-winter, and which have been continued with scarce an intermission for hours together. But little is known respecting its breeding- habits, and its nest and eggs have never been described. The presumption is that it builds a pensile nest like its European congener, and lays eggs finely sprinkled with buff-colored dots upon a white ground, and nearly equal in size to those of the Humming Bird. It has been inferred that two broods are reared in a season, from the fact that it spends so long a period in its summer abode, and because full-fledged young were seen by Mr. Nuttall as early as May. Family Paridae. Titmice or Chickadees. ' This family is distributed over the whole of 58 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS North America, but the crested species are rather Southern, and all but one is Western. They are mostly hardy birds and endure the rigors of win- ter without inconvenience, and, in consequence, are not migratory; musical after their own fashion, active, restless, and heedless of the presence of man. They are very prolific, laying many eggs, and rearing more than a single brood per season. The young closely resemble their parents, and there are seasonal or sexual variations of plumage. Subfamily Parinae. True Titmice. With few exceptions, they are birds of the Northern Hemisphere, and abound in Europe, Asia and North America. Larger proportion of the genera and species occupy the Old World; all these occur within our limits, except Psaltri- parus melanotis and Parus meridional} s, two Mex- ican species, which have been recently compre- hended in our systematic works; the former is a distinctive and beautiful species, while the latter is probably only a seasonal variety of Pants atricapillus.. Lophophanes bicolor, Bonap. The habits of the Crested Titmouse differ very materially, in some respects, from those of Pariis atricapillus. It is a solitary and retired species, seldom venturing within the domains of man, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 59 where its near ally loves to congregate with snow- birds, for the refuse-matter of the kitchen. The topmost boughs of the tallest trees in its natural haunts, are its delight, because there it is out of danger, and can feed upon the eggs, larvae and small insects which are found in creviced bark, with perfect complacency. It is very shy and can be approached only with great difficulty. In quest of food, its movements are imitative of the Certhiidtz and Muscicapidce. Being very agile, it moves along the branches with facility, now above and then suspended head downward; and ever and anon, darts forward with the utmost celerity to seize some luckless fly or beetle as it flits by on rapid wings. According to the authority of Mr. Ridgway, this Titmouse is pre-eminently gregarious, and often becomes a "positive nui- sance" from its vehement scolding as it appears to follow the hunter in troops through the woods. In our latitude we have always found it solitary. A noticeable feature is its protracted silence in the intervals of feeding. Its disposition to congregate with other species of birds, is chiefly noticeable during the spring and autumn, when the tide of migration has set northward. There are but few of our permanent residents that are thus addicted. We have ob- served that some which have always been regarded as eminently gregarious in certain quarters, are gradually losing this tendency, and usually pass the winter in flocks of a half dozen 60 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS while foraging, and even in isolated pairs. The Kinglets and our common Chickadee very often travel and feed in pairs ; but the Cedar Bird which is a common as well as a variable species, often collects in flocks of fifties and sixties; but this is an exceptional illustration. Where food is abundant, this disposition to flock is easily ac- counted for; but when there is a scarcity, and only obtainable under great difficulties, it is not strange a solitary life should be preferred. So extremely shy is this species, that even the slightest rustling of the forest leaves will inspire fear and lead to its hasty departure. When wounded or in danger of being captured, the most determined opposition is exhibited. With glisten- ing eyes of anger and extended claws, it bids defiance to its assailants. Its lack of song while dwelling in our midst, may possibly be attributed to the life of solitude which it leads. , Later, when the benignant influ- ences of returning spring sends the blood tingling through its accustomed channels, this Titmouse will frequently pause from its insect-pursuing labors, and essay a few notes which are uttered in aloud distant manner, and resemble peto-peto-peto. We have never heard its full song which it prob- ably utters in its more northern habitat, where it delights to nidificate. Mr. Nuttall describes it as representing the syllables whip-tom-killy-killy-day- day-da-it-tschica-dee-dee varied with kal-tee-did-did- did, etc. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 6 1 During inclement weather, it spends the day and night in hollows of decayed trees or deserted holes of Woodpeckers, and in such localities de- lights to place its nest, and has often been known to excavate a place in hard wood for this purpose. The nest is but a rude lining of soft, warm materials. A single brood is reared in a season. As soon as fledged, the young hunt in common with their parents and remain associated with them until spring. The eggs are round-oval, densely sprinkled with minute brownish dots, interspersed with larger spots of lilac upon a white back-ground. From 6 to 8 constitute a sitting, which average .74 inches in length and .56 in breadth. Its flight is lofty, moderately firm and well sustained. The food consists of the eggs, larvae, and ima- gos of Cratonychus cinereus, and perfect insects, of C. pertinax, Harpalus pensylvanicus, Platynus cupripennis, Bostrichus pini, 3&& Formica sanguinea. The seeds of various grasses constitute its vege- table diet. Parus atricapillus, Linn. The habits of the Black-capped Titmouse as this species is commonly called, are so well known as scarcely to need more than a passing notice. It is a permanent resident in our latitude. Though a lover of woodland retreats and scenery, it often ventures in the heart of winter into our yards, 62 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS and ingratiates itself into our favor and esteem by its familiar manners and winning actions; becoming so tame and fearless as even to visit our very door- ways for the crumbs which have fallen from the table, unheedful of the near approach of human beings. Again, it will descend to the ground and mingle with the common barn- yard fowls for its share of cracked corn. If the wood-house door is carelessly left open, it will gratify its curiosity by entering, and having satis- fied it quietly retire. Its appetite at these times is far from being fastidious. Almost all things edible are devoured with avidity; even the bacon which is used to grease the saw, and which is a noticeable feature of every wood-house, disappears before its keen appetite. Within its sylvan retreats it is more retired. Few species are more active in the pursuit of insects than the subject of the present sketch. It is the very impersonation of agility, and combines in a remarkable manner the twofold character of an expert Creeper and skillful Flycatcher; mov- ing circuitously up the trunk and along the horizontal branches, freely suspending itself in an inverted manner by the aid of its claws, with the nimbleness and gracefulness of the Brown Creeper. Ever restless it moves with rapidity from tree to tree. Unlike the Crested Titmouse, it generally travels in pairs which prove to be male and female. If either in its eager pursuit of food, unknowingly OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 63 strays from the other, as soon as it becomes con- scious of the fact, it utters its usual call-notes which are instantly responded to by the other, when within hearing distance. A similar succes- sion of notes is heard when a booty is discovered to which it desires to summon the other. We are informed by a friend of considerable experience, and whose reliability is unquestioned, that other species frequently respond to these calls. Its flight is high, well sustained, and character- ized by notable firmness and celerity. The syllables tschlca-dee-dee-dee repeated quite loudly and with a clear, distinct, and resonant ex- pression, are often heard in the intervals of feeding. When alarmed even by the movements of the squirrel or other small animals, these notes are exchanged for the hoarse cries of day-day-day which are often taken up by many individuals at once, producing a perfect medley of inharmonious soufids. The food of the Black-cap consists principally of insects. Their eggs, larvae and imagos are sought after and devoured with avidity. Even chrysalides, however large, do not resist its assaults. The following beetles constitute a con- spicuous portion of its diet: — Rynchoeiis pini.Bos- trichus pini, Cr atony chus compar, Chrysomela cczruleipennis, Platynus cupripennis, Harpalus cal- iginosus, and others. Among lepidoptera, Clisio- campa Americana, Anisopteryx vernata and other geometers, besides many of the Noctuidcz and 64 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Tortricidce, both in the larval and pupal stages, are eagerly devoured. The period of nidification commences during the latter part of April, or the beginning of May. For the accommodation of a nest, the hollow of a decayed tree is ordinarily selected. When this is not to be obtained, the birds will not hesitate at much expense of time and labor, to excavate one either in decayed or solid wood. We have never known it to build in trees in close proximity to human habitations, but always in well-wooded regions. That feeling of sociability which charac- terized the species during the inclement weather of winter, is now merged into the all-absorbing one of paternity. The nest is a warm, soft, felted mass of hair and fur of small quadrupeds and down of birds; fine, dry grasses and mosses line the cavity, which are placed and contracted into a purse-like opening when the cavity is unnecessarily large. The period of incubation has not been definitely determined, but we are inclined to the opinion that it does not exceed 10 days. The young birds are objects of the tenderest solicitude upon the parental part. When the nest is assailed by other than human enemies, the most determined perti- tinacity and bravery are displayed; but in the case of a human foe, the parents remain silent and passive spectators of the violence committed. A single brood is raised in a season, according to our experience; although some ornithologists consider the species double-brooded. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 65 The eggs never exceed eight in number. The ground-color is white, with reddish-brown marks which are sometimes gathered into a ring around the larger end; in others, the spots equally dis- tributed over the entire surface. Length on an average is .58 inches and width .46. A singular degree of affection subsists between the sexes, which is marked by the most endearing attentions and earnest efforts to promote each other's happiness. We have remarked that in severe winters some individuals forsake their natural haunts, driven by necessity for those of man, but afterwards re- turn thither on the approach of mild weather; but in the last great work on the birds of North America, we are told that a post or hollow tree contiguous to human habitations, are occasionally selected for nidificating purposes. This fact does not accord with our experience. Perhaps, in cer- tain sections where the forests have disappeared before the face of an advancing civilization, this is the case; but, in situations where nature has not been interfered with, and still retains its primitive form and grandeur, the old order of things pre- vails, obviously, for the security thus afforded. Such situations almost in immediate presence of man, once chosen, would continue to be occupied so long as the conditions of the environment re- main unaltered. Family Sittidae. ^tthatches. These birds differ in so many particulars from 66 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS the Creepers and Titmice, with both of which they have been affiliated, that Dr. Elliott Coues pre- ferred to give them an independent family rank. They are the most active and adroit of creepers, and scramble about and hang in every conceivable position, and even without the support of the tail, but by the aid of the entire tarsus. They are principally insectivorous, but readily subsist on hard fruits, and receive their English appellation from their habit of fastening nuts and seeds in the crevices of bark and hammering with the bill until broken. They are active, restless, and soci- able creatures, and chiefly gregarious. This family contains no less than 30 species; among them exists a single remarkable Madagas- car form, Hyphcrpes; the genus Sittella indigenous to Australia, and one confined to New Zealand, Acanthisitta. It is chiefly represented by Sitta, which embraces from 12 to 14 species; 8 or 9 of which are European, while the remainder are confined to this country; one of the latter being found in this latitude. Sitta Cat'olinensis, Gmelin. Few species display greater activity than the Carolina Nuthatch, whose habits we shall now portray. From early morning until sunset, it is busy gathering food. Its winding movements up the trunks and along the horizontal branches of trees, and the inverted suspensory position which it readily assumes, ally it in habits very closely to OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 67 the Cerlhiidcz', still there are some points of re- semblance to the Picida. Like the latter, it is occasionally seen to tap the bark of trees, then to assume a listening attitude as if to discover the whereabouts of some undermining larva, which, if successful, it endeavors to transfix by its sharp bill. Unlike the species whose history we have just described, this Nuthatch is very shy, and loves retirement. It prefers the solitude of dry, high thickets to the noise and bustle of civilized life. We have never known it to desert its solitary haunts for those of man, even during the most rigorous winters. Isolated individuals sometimes o occur, but most generally males and females are seen together. The same devotion characterizes the sexes as those of the little Parus atricapillus. Whilst engaged in feeding, it frequents the uppermost and middle branches of tall trees, seldom descending to the lower branches, as is the case with our common Brown Creeper. During the winter, great numbers of the ova and larvae of coleoptera which occupy the crevices of bark, and fully developed elaters and buprestians, the Elater cinereus of \Veber now referred to the genus Cratonychus, and Buprestis Virginica of Drury, also referred to the genus Chalcophora by Dr. Leconte, constitute an important part of its diet. As winter lapses into spring, and insect-life becomes more plentiful, its bill of fare is consider- ably enlarged ; Cratonychus pertinax, Rhynchceus 68 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS pini, Bostrichus pini, Chrysomela caruleipennis, Buprestis lurida, among beetles, and Formica san- guinea, among hymenoptera. Whilst feeding, the male keeps up his peculiar nasal cry of konk-hdnk, repeating it at irregular intervals as he climbs around the trunks and over the branches of trees. In the spring when the tulip-poplar is in blos- som, it is a constant visitor thereto, for the small insects which have been attracted thither by the honey of its flowers. Its cone-like seed vessels are freely visited during the winter for the seeds which they contain. It has 'been supposed by some writers, that this species like, its European congener, collects and stores away the fruits of nut-bearing trees. This fact cannot be disputed if we are to rely upon the statement of Mr. Strouse, of Chestnut Hill. He informs us that he has observed the fruits of various species of Quercus very securely wedged in between the bark and outer woody layers of trees, and Nut- hatches in such positions as to lead to the suspi- cion that they had placed them there. From many years of experience, we are satis- fied that the species does not breed in our latitude. We are told by Dr. Brewer that the birds labor together in the construction of a cavity for a nest; one carrying away the chips while the other is en- gaged in the perforation, and vica versa. The nest is not unfrequently placed at a depth varying from i 5 to 20 inches, and is composed of warm and OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 69 soft materials, such as fur, down, hair, and feathers, somewhat loosely thrown together. Soon after the young are hatched, we are told by the same authority, that they climb to the opening to re- ceive their food, and even venture upon the trunks to try their legs and claws, before their alar ap- pendages are prepared for use; then retire at night. The eggs present a beautiful roseate tinge when fresh, and also a reddish hue from the spots and blotches " of ferruginous and purplish with which they are closely covered; these markings vary in size, from fine points to well-marked blotches. The average clemensions are .80 by .62 of an inch. As we have never met the Red-bellied Nuthatch, a near kin of the preceding, in our latitude, we pass on to the next Family which has representa- tives in our fauna. Family Certhiidae. Creepers. This is a very small and well characterized group of a dozen species included in four or five genera, which fall into two subfamilies; one of these is Tichodromina represented by the Eu- ropean creeper, and a small number of species chiefly Australian of the genus Climacteris\ while the genus Certhia embracing five or six species and varieties, inclusive of one or two allied genera, chiefly belonging to the Old World, constitute the 7<3 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Subfamily Certhiinae. Typical Creepers. Our representative species may be readily re- cognized by its stiff acuminate tail-feathers like a woodpecker's. It is a restless little creature which obtains a living by picking insects from the crevices of bark. In scrambling about, the tail serves as a support. Certhia familiaris, Vieillot. This Creeper is one of our commonest winter occupants. It is almost exclusively confined to dense forests, remote from human habitations. It has been said by Dr. Brewer to visit the haunts of man in the city of Boston, during the winter, where it manifests all the tameness and confidence of Pa- rns atricapillus. We have yet to record a single instance in which it has shown such trustfulness. It has always proved itself, according to our obser- vations, to be a very suspicious and retired species, seeming to shun rather than to court man's society. Fond of the society of the common Chickadee and the smaller Picidce, among which it is usually found, and despising the companionship of its own kith and kiny its character appears singular and exceptional. Instances are known to us where in- dividuals have led a comparatively solitary and iso- lated existence. It is a curious and interesting fact, that its fondness for stranger species, closes with the return of night. The following testimony shows this to be the case. In ^ dense thicket called " Dunnett's Woods," on the outskirts of Phil- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 71 adelphia, stands a certain hollow birch-tree, which has afforded lodgings for a half-dozen individuals of this species, for several successive winters. On the return of night, the birds will precipitate them- selves into the cavity, and closely huddle en masse, until day-break. This habit is not the teaching of a mere blind instinct, but the prompt- ing of a reason, similar in kind but different in degree from that which human beings possess. Why so many seek the same cavity is a question which presents itself for solution. May it not be that the above number constitutes the entire family, parents and offspring of the preceding season? As a birch-tree is frequently selected for the site of the nest, this fact lends some aid to the foregoing supposition. Another query offers itself for consideration. Why does this species lead a solitary life during the prevalence of winter, and seldom, if ever, hunting in pairs as is the case with Parus atricapillus, but generally found associated with the latter, and the smaller Picida? The answer must necessarily be of a speculative character. The facility with which Woodpeckers discern the lurking places of insects, doubtless, is the cause of this singular association. Experience has taught it the wisdom of such as- sociations, and the advantages which flow there- from. That its selfish propensities should frequently triumph over its better nature, need not be a mat- ter of much surprise. When there is a scarcity of food and its procurement is attended with con- 72 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS siderable difficulty, it is natural that the feeling of affection so strong and ardent during the breeding season, should be temporarily merged into the all- absorbing pursuit of the means of support. Whilst securely intent upon feeding, the faintest noise is instantly perceived: When apprised of its cause, and danger is imminent, retreat is precipi- tate. We have often been amused while watching its movements on descrying a human being. As though unperceived, or thinking to conceal itself, on such occasions it would pass round to the op- posite side of the tree from him, and by an almost vertical course, direct its way to the topmost boughs, and, then, as if actuated by a sudden im- pulse, fly quickly away. During the rigor of winter, the eggs, larvae and imagos of coleoptera which it manages to draw from the cracks of bark, constitute mainly its diet. We have frequently seen it upon the evergreen branches of the hemlock, spruce, and the yellow- birch, feeding upon the seeds which occupy the loose cones of the former and the catkins of the latter. Later in winter and during the early spring diverse beetles are eagerly devoured. We have found in the stomachs of several individuals the remains of CratonycJms cinereus, C.pertinax, Rhyn- chcziis pini, Bostrichus pini, Platymts cupripennis, Harpalus compar, Formica sanguined and F. sub- terranea. In its rapid movements from tree to tree in quest of insects, we are reminded of its presence by its OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 73 peculiar cry which may be quite accurately ex- pressed by the syllables krec-kree-kree-krc-ep, pro- nounced sharply and hurriedly. Although a com- mon winter resident, it does not remain long enough in the spring to gladden us with a song. Its nest in more northern latitudes consists of a loose aggregation of soft warm materials, such as the fur of small animals, and feathers, with an in- termingling of decayed wood, but with so little consistency of form as to render removal without violating the structure, utterly impossible; it is placed in the deserted holes of the Woodpeckers, and in the rotten stumps and branches of trees. The birds are strongly attached to their nest, and are reluctant to leave it even when assailed by human enemies. When rifled of their treasure, they hover around the head of the delinquent, uttering the most reproachful cries. Not a trace of timidity is discoverable during such times, but an exhibition of the most reckless devotion. The eggs, when compared with the size of the bird, are proportionally small. They are almost oval in configuration, and display a sprinkling of small minute reddish-brown spots upon a grayish- white back-ground. They measure .55 by .43 of an inch. Family Troglodytidae. Wrens, This family embraces a number of forms ex- ceedingly variable and difficult of precise definition. They are intimately related to the last two fami- 74 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS lies, but are distinguished therefrom by the non-acuminate tail-feathers and exposed nostrils. The Troglodytidce, with the exclusion of the Old World forms which are ranked with the Wrens, and which are better assigned elsewhere; and excepting the European Wren and its congeners, are limited to America. There are one hundred recognized species belonging to sixteen genera or subgenera, mostly tropical American. Of the North American forms, three genera are exclu- sively western, while species of all our other genera, are common eastern birds. Thryothorus hidovicianus, Bonaparte. The above species which is commonly surnamed the Mocking Wren from its remarkable powers of mimicry, is not a rare visitor in our latitude, and has been observed on frequent occasions. In Delaware County, Pa., it is quite abundant during breeding-period, from which we infer that it breeds there. Like its congeners, it displays a lack of shyness and timidity, and permits a near approach without fear or alarm. The food of the Carolina Wren consists mainly of coleoptera, diptera, lepidopterous larvae and the small forms of neuropterous life which inhabit low aqueous situations, besides the seeds of grami- naceous plants, and the berries of Juniperus Vir- giniana. It is noted for the variety and power of its song. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 75 Remarkably imitative, the rattle of the Kingfisher, the liveliness of the Tufted Titmouse, the refrain of the Ground Robin, with the notes of the Grakles, Meadow Lark, and Blue Bird, are produced with astonishing exactness. Nidification commences about the beginning of June. Low swampy grounds ordinarily surround the tree which marks the site of the nest. This experience agrees with Audubon's. Instances have been recorded of nests being built in close proximity to human dwellings; butthese are, doubt- less, exceptional occurrences. The cavity which is occupied, measures five or six inches in depth; and the entrance is just large enough to admit but one bird at a time. The materials employed are leaves, hay, grasses, horse-hair, and feathers, on the ex- terior, with a warm and soft lining of hair and feathers. We have never known more than a sin- gle brood to be reared in a season, although the experience of others proves the species to be oc- casionally triple-brooded. The fact that sequestered situations are chosen for nidificating-purposes, is not always proof that a species is shy. Both before breeding and after it, we have observed birds in retired situations, and have not seen the least betrayal of timidity. In primeval times, when dense forests and impene- trable underbrush covered what is now arable ground, there was no choice of locality; but since their disappearance by the magic wand of civiliza- tion, some have deserted their natural haunts for 76 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS those of man, but the majority still linger in the "old beaten ruts of habit." It is probable as the en- croachment of civilization still advances, and sylvan scenes become transformed into fertile fields, the species will embrace the altered conditions, and by frequent intercourses with the " lords of creation," learn to regard them in the same light as the little House Wren which is the very impersonation of sociability. As before remarked, the Mocking Wren's nest is ordinarily placed within hollow trees and stumps, and occasionally in open situations, with no other covering than what the foliar appendages of bushes can give. When a cavity is chosen which does not secure the requisite protection and immunity from inclement weather and excessive heat, an artificial covering is appended. The eggs are usually 6 or 7 in number, and vary in dimensions and configuration. They are spheroidal-oval in shape, and measure .75 to .70 of an inch in length; the greatest breadth being .60 to .65. The ground-color is reddish-white with blotches of purple and reddish-brown, thickly and pretty equally diffused over the outer surface. Troglodytes cedon, Vieill. This bold and venturesome little creature arrives in our midst during the early part of May. At this time it is mostly paired. Whether it leaves its southern habitat already mated, we cannot say with certaintv. From evidences of a reliable OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 77 character we are inclined to think that the sexes arrive at the same time. Shortly after their arrival, they set to work to discover a suitable situation for the purposes of nidification. In this work they display little judg- ment and taste. Almost any object with a suitable aperture and a moderate capacity of interior, and well adapted to secure the requisites of shelter and comfort, is taken possession of and made to subserve its purposes. Before us is a nest of the Baltimore Oriole which is composed of strings beautifully and artistically interwoven. Within, this structure is occupied -by the nest of the species under con- sideration. The coarse sticks of the latter which are nearly one-eighth of an inch in thickness, project in every direction through the meshes of the former. At the entrance, these sticks are piled up in an unsymmetrically conical heap, with a circular opening just large enough to admit the passage of a Wren. It seems to us that so cozy a nest as the Oriole's, which the most competent connoisseur of birds' nests would certainly pro- nounce the perfection of art, would scarcely be refused by a species whose artistic skill is so decidedly inferior. But such is often the case as the present instance amply attests. Howsoever homely and uncouth the structure, the House Wren prefers its own workmanship to that of a stranger's. The Common Pewee delights to build its nest 78 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS within outhouses, and even stuck up against the rafters of porches. Before us is 'a fabric which is chiefly composed of mud-pellets with an inter- mixture of divers mosses. The cavity of a Pewit's nest is ordinarily shallow. Within the preceding nest is placed that of the Wren. As the sticks which constitute its exterior, extend nearly to the bottom of the Pewee's nest, it is obvious that a considerable moiety of the interior of the latter, has been wrought out by the Wrens to make the ^necessary room. The exteriors of both these nests are wholly composed of sticks of considerable thickness. The interiors are lined mainly \vith feathers and mosses. When constructed in a hollow or perforated tree, the property of some previously existing Wood- pecker, similar elements enter into their compo- sition. When a box, or its substitute is at hand, selec- tion is usually made thereof.. But when such is wanting, a hollow-tree is made to serve its pur- pose. When pressed by the irresistible desire to nidificate, the House Wren will not scruple to take possession of the nest of a dissimilar species, either forcibly or during the temporary absence of its rightful occupants. When the nest of a Woodpecker has been captured, the most artful stratagems are practiced to frustrate the endeavors of the injured parties to regain possession. This mischief-loving habit of the Wren has become proverbial. Its natural penchant for the commis- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 79 sion of mischief is so rampant, that while abroad in quest of food, the gratification of this unen- viable trait often brings it into trouble. The Blue Bird is especially trie object of its annoyance. During the temporary absence of the latter, the Wren will enter her home and despoil it; then, as if awakened by a sense of guilt, and fearful of detection, instantly beats a cowardly retreat. The male is quite active in building, and ap- parently executes the task alone, while his 'part- ner stands aloof with the utmost complacency; ever and anon she enters the box or cavity to in- spect the character of the work. Nidification com- mences about the i6th of May, and continues during a period of 14 days. If a hnman being or quadruped should stray into the vicinity, the most vehement scolding ensues, and the utmost efforts are exerted to expel the intruder. Oviposition closely follows nidification. A single egg is daily deposited, until the entire number which ranges from seven to nine, 'has been laid. Whilst the female is engaged in incubation, the male carefully administers to her necessities, and in times of danger, imperils his own life in her behalf. Fie is a most jealous and attentive husband. When not thus occupied, he freely enlivens her tedious moments by an agreeable ditty. Should he be disturbed while thus employed, by any of his feathered brethren, he will suddenly break off in the midst thereof, and seek to castigate the offender for his insolence and temerity. 80 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS. The period of incubation is ten days. A little longer time elapses, and .the young which are objects of the tenderest solicitude by their parents, are ready to vacate the nest. Their parents work diligently to supply their wants. At first their food consists chiefly of diptera and the larvae of the smaller lepidoptera; other kinds are added as age demands. But a single brood is raised in a season. After the young are able to shift for themselves, they are still the objects of parental care. , The House Wren is pre-eminently insectivorous, ; and destroys an immense number of insects for a bird of its size. During the early part of its sojourn, its food consists of the immature forms of G^dipoda sulphured, CE. nebulosa, Caloptenus femur-rubrum , among orthoptera; Harpalus pensylvanicus, H. compar, Platynus cuprlpennis, Bostrichus pini, Chry- somela caruleipennis, among coleopters ; Formica sanguined, and F. subterranea, among hymenoptera ; Syrphus obscurus, Tabanus lineola, Stomoxys calci- trans, Cidex t&niorhyncfms, and other dipterous forms ; and Eufitchia ribcdrid^ Anisopteryx vernata, Clisiocampa Americana, and various species of lar- val- Noctuids and Tortricids. The song of this Wren is lively and pitched in a sharp key. The following syllables express with tolerable accuracy its literal representation: — twlt- twit-twit-f chiiiii-hwlt-tim Its ordinary call note is a simple iiult. When pro- voked its cry resembles twlt-i-chce. The notes of affection which the male* addresses to his partner, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 8 1 are tilii twit-twit; disgust and petulence by chee- chee-tchecp. The song of the young is repre- sented in syllabic language by twlt-tl-tl-tl^ twiii-lwi~ twi-twl. Throughout its entire stay, it is the same cool, intrepid, and saucy little creature. Far from manifesting any shyness, it seems to prefer the society of man, for the many advantages which aresecured. Secluded situations are seldom chosen for nidification. During the latter .part of Sep- tember, sometimes earlier, it repairs to its winter- quarters, long before its appropriate food-stuffs have become scarce. The eggs are from seven to nine in number^ round-oval in configuration, and nearly as broad as long in some instances. They are usually colored white, and marked with fine points of reddish-brown, • with occasional purplish ones so as to conceal the ground-color. Some are .60 inches in length by .55 in breadth; others measure .65 inches in length with the same breadth. Anorthura troglodytes, Rennie. In our latitude, the Winter Wren is quite com- mon during its winter stay. Within the small val- leys along the Wissahickon, it has been frequently observed at this time. It leads a solitary existence ; its chances of subsistence being thereby consider- ably enhanced. Unlike the Golden-crowned Regulus, and its nearest congener, previously described, which forage among the topmost boughs of the tallest F 82 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS trees, the subject of our sketch seldom aspires to such loftiness, but rather delights in low situations, where among the small bushes that line our water- courses, it derives a scanty and precarious subsis- tence; these places it occasionally deserts for a pile of brush, or the prostrate trunk of a decayed tree. The larvae and small beetles which are found in decomposed wood, constitute an essential part of its food; the debris which accumulates in such places, affording a suitable nidus for insects. When there is a paucity of the latter, the seeds of various plants, particularly those of asters and panicums, are devoured with avidity. In valleys having a southern exposure and hemmed in by'high hills, we have seen both males and females, but always isolated from each other. It is well known that animals are prone to congre- gate in times of plenty; but when a scarcity of food-stuffs prevails, a disposition to dissolve into small parties, or pairs, or even into solitary indi- viduals, exists. In view of these facts, may it not be inferred that the subject under consideration, has been brought to its present mode of living, in conformity to the scarcity of nutrient materials in its environment? Solitary individuals in their "struggle for existence," would thus be better able to survive. When spring approaches, the sexes freely as- sociate. Pairing, however, does not take place until the breeding district has been reached. According to the opinions of leading ornitholo- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 83 gists, this Wren breeds in mountainous places. Mr. Audubon in his rambles, never discovered but a single nest; and this he found in a hollow protuberance overgrown with mosses and lichens which presented to the eye of a spectator, even at a short distance, the semblance of an excrescence. This nest was discovered in a dense forest in the state of Pennsylvania. In the small valleys which nestle among the hills of the Wissahickon, paired individuals have been seen late in the spring, when most of our resident species are engaged in niclification or incubation; from which we have been led to infer that a few individuals possibly remain to breed; but we have never discovered the slightest evi- dence of a nest. A jiest of this bird met with by Mr. William F. Hall in the central-eastern portion of Maine, is described as being "built in an unoccupied log-hut among fir-leaves and mosses, in a crevice between the logs," and was composed exteriorly of mosses, and lined internally with the fur of small quadru- peds and the feathers of birds. It was pouch- shaped with a neatly-framed entrance constructed of pine sticks. The walls were firmly impacted and interwroven, with a thickness of two inches; and the cavity possessed a width of one and a quarter inches, and a depth of four inches. The eggs are ordinarily six in number, and measure .64 of an inch in length by .48 in width. They resemble slightly those of the Black-capped 84 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Titmouse, and compared with its European congener are larger, less oval, and possess spots characterized by greater distinctness. Their ground-color is white which is spotted with clear reddish-brown and indistinct markings of purplish- slate. Its earliest appearance dates from the beginning of November. During the prevalence of unusually severe weather, which often occurs in the months of January and February, many individuals are driven from their coverts when the ground is covered with snow, and there is a consequent scarcity of food-stuffs, to seek the abodes of man. During its stay it is devoid of song. Audubon describes its song as being full of force and melody, and superior to that of any bird of a similar size of his acquaintance. Its power of endurance is affirmed to be truly astonishing. Telmatodytes palustris. B air d . The long-billed Marsh Wren as we popularly designate this species, is occasionally met with in Eastern Pennsylvania, and delights in marshy situ- ations. Among the tall sedges and grasses that thickly border the streams of Southern New Jersey, however, it is uncommonly abundant. But in the salt-water marshes of Atlantic County, of the same State, which extend landward from the beach for nearly a half-mile, it occurs in vaster numbers. Within an acre of territory at least fifty nests have been counted of recent construction. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 85 In July, 1874, during* a second visit, many oc- cupied nests were seen with many others that showed evidences of recent occupancy. As this species reaches its breeding-quarters early in May, and instantly repairs to nest-building, it is safe to affirm that these constituted second broods; the first having already matured and quitted their nests. From the character of the situation and its re- moteness from human habitations, it might be sup- posed that this Wren is exceedingly shy and timid. But this is no argument for timidity. Our ex- perience clearly shows its unsuspicious character, as in frequent instances we have been permitted to approach within a few paces of birds, as they gracefully swayed to and fro upon the flexible reeds. It is probable that the species prefers marshy situations on account of the advantages which they secure, so far as food-stuffs are concerned. Its appropriate articles of diet consist of aquatic insects as mosquitos and libellulas, besides small mollusks. In " North American Birds," the nest is described as being built in low bushes, but a few feet from the ground. Howsoever accurately this description may apply to some localities, it differs from our general experience. In a single instance we have observed a nest built upon a bush. In details of structure, all the nests which we have seen and examined to the number of fifty, compare favor- ably with the published description of the nest of Cistothorus stellaris, in the work just mentioned. 86 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS We are positive upon this point, for the follow- ing reasons. The occupancy of nests by the Long-billed Marsh Wren; the presence of eggs thickly marked with blotches and spots of a deep chocolate brown, so as to present an almost uni- form color so strikingly constrastive with the pure white eggs of C. stellaris ; and, lastly, the great numbers of T. pahistris everywhere seen ; form an array of evidence not to be lightly considered. It may be argued that the nest of a very close ally has been forcibly taken possession of. The absence of any positive knowledge tending to show the existence of such a pilfering propensity, nulli- fies any such presumption. It is true that the cavity which a hard-working Woodpecker has constructed at infinite pains, is Appropriated by a different species, in a few instances. But we have yet to meet with a case, for example, where the Baltimore Oriole has stolen and occupied the nest of Icterus spurius. This would be an anomalous occurrence. Birds, as a rule which admits of no variations, prefer their own workmanship to those of strangers'. The typical nest of -this species is described as being "made externally of coarse sedges firmly interwoven, the interstices being cemented with clay or mud." Further, it is said, "a small, round orifice is left in one side for entrance; the upper side of which is also protected from the rain by a projecting ledge." Audubon describes it as built among sedges, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 87 and ordinarily partially constructed of the sedges among which it is placed. So far his description agrees substantially with our experience. In a criticism of Audubon's description, Dr. Brewer says, "in the localities in which they" (T.palustris) "breed near the coast, being subject to irregular heights of tides, it could not be done with safety." With no wish to dispute the truth of this last statement, coming as it does from such high authority, our plea for so doing as necessitated by facts, is an earnest desire that truth and jus- tice shall prevail. Our experience confirms Audubon's published statement. As nidificating habits vary in particu- lar localities, in correspondence with surrounding conditions, this fact will, doubtless, reconcile the two statements. It seems to us that irregularities in tidal elevation cannot materially affect nidifica- tion. The nests which we have examined were mostly built in tussocks of sedges, at elevations varying from two to two and a half feet, and thickly and compactly made of interwoven grasses, with a dense lining of feathers, almost proof against the permeation of water. Before us is a fabric which was built in a tus- sock of sedges, at an elevation of two feet above the marshy ground. It was completely enveloped by sedges, many of which were woven into its structure. In shape, it resembles a'cocoanut, and is nearly of the size of a fair specimen. The 88 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS. aperture is located near the top, and in some specimens is almost entirely hidden by the en- veloping sedges, which at this point are closely arranged. On entering, the sedges are pushed aside, and carefully re-adjusted when the .bird is once in the nest. On retiring therefrom, the modus operandi is analogous. Exteriorly, the nest is constituted of the foliar appendages of Scirpus maritimus; interiorly, of the leaves of grasses of remarkable fineness ; the dermis of weeds in broad patches; and overall, a mixture of soft feathers and wool. While most of the nests we have examined, correspond in the main with the above description, we have noticed occasional exceptions. A nest in our collection bears a very close resemblance to that of Gcothlypis trichas, in being nearly oven- shape.- The opening occupies the anterior aspect, and has a breadth of two inches. The materials which enter into. its composition, vary but little on the exterior from the typical form, but, within, they consist of fine grasses and silk-like threads of vegetable origin. The peculiar shape of the nest leads us to infer the character of its site which we have reason to believe was a cavity in the earth, perhaps, at the base of a clump of grasses. The flight of this Wren is ordinarily low and but slightly sustained; having much in common with the other members of its family. Its food consists of the larvae of aquatic insects which are found abundantly in its natural haunts; OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 89 mature forms of Tabanus lineola, T. cinctiis, Tip- ula ferruginea, Culex tczniorhynchus, among diptera ; and Anisopteryx vernata, Clisiocampa Americana, Spilosoma Virginica, S. acrcza, and many of the Noctuidcz and Lyccznidce, in the con- dition of imagos; besides coleoptera and minute mollusks. The note of the Long-billed Marsh Wren is a harsh, grating cry, lacking in power and harmony, and resembling more nearly the sounds of an insect than those of a bird. It is an early, autumnal migrant, usually retir- ing to its winter quarters in the beginning of September, long anterior to the growing scarcity of food-stuffs. The eggs of this species range from six to nine in number, are oval in shape, but occasionally spheroidal. They are thickly marked with blotches of a deep chocolate-brown, so as to present an almost uniform appearance. The average length is .65 of an inch, and breadth .50. CHAPTER III. Family Sylvicolidae. American Warblers. All the Sylvicolas are small birds not one being- over six inches in length, if we except Icteria and probably a species of Seiurus. They are mostly clad in variegated colors. The sexes are gener- ally unlike, and the variations of plumage so striking with respect to age and season of the year, that most careful discrimination is absolutely essential. Some of the Warblers possess the habits of Titmice or Wrens; others, imitate the Creepers or Nuthatches; the Seiuri.m many par- ticulars, resemble the Titlarks ; while the Redstarts simulate so completely the true Flycatchers, that they were formerly classified with the Tyranni-da . The Warblers graduate so completely into the Tanagers, that they have been constituted a sub- family of Tanagridce', their affinity with the Ccerebidcz is so intimate, that a clear line of de- marcation is not possible. The Sylvic&lida as now constituted, comprehend more than a hundred genuine species, and in America to which they are restricted, may be con- sidered as representative of the Sylviida of the Old World. Dr. Coues separates them into three subfamilies: — Sylvicolincz, Icteriincz, and Setopha- gince which are distinguished from each other by certain structural peculiarities. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA* Ql Subfamily Sylvicolinae. Warblers. The above group is especially characteristic of North America; the entire genera with the major part of the species, being summer residents, which mostly winter in Mexico, West Indies, and Cen- tral America. The genus Dendrceca is character- istic of the Eastern United States. They may be classed as creeping warblers which have the poste- rior digit longer than its claw, and the anterior toes more completely united at base than in other types ; ground warblers with the feet relatively stouter than the remainder; worm-eating warblers which are devoid of rictal bristles; and wood warblers par excellence. They are all strictly insectivorous, possess some ability as songsters, particularly in springtime, and are, also, migratory. Mniotilta varia, Vieillot. This happy and genial Warbler which is known in common parlance as the Black and White Creeper, revisits us during the early part of May, and, doubtless, breeds in our midst; although we have never been able to discover the situation of its nest. In general habits it closely resembles the Certhiida, while its song which is a pleasing yet somewhat monotonous ditty, bespeaks it a posi- tion among the Warblers. Its movements whilst feeding, recall the agility of Certhia familiaris. It moves up and down the trunks of trees in a circuitous manner, along their 92 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS horizontal branches, often clinging to their under surfaces in an inverted position, and probing the creviced bark for insects that lurk therein. Ever and anon it intermits the busy task, and indulges in a rustical ditty. Whilst thus engaged, it passes from tree to tree with moderate celerity. Though mainly arboreal whilst foraging, yet an examination of the contents of several stomachs affords convincing evidence of the fact that it fre- quently descends from its lofty heights, to grovel in the dust; beetles of exclusively terrestrial habits have been found therein. Timidity and suspicion form no part of its disposition. We have fre- quently approached its within a few paces, and without the least caution being exercised, and could not discern the slightest evidence of distrust or alarm. When the tulip-poplar is in blossom, it may be seen in company with the Kinglets, glean- ing among the flowers for the small insects which have been attracted thither in quest of honey. Ex- cept when the passions are excited through amatory influences, a solitary life is preferred. It is never gregarious in the strictest sense of the word. At the termination of the breeding-period it relapses into solitude. During the entire months of June and July, paired individuals have been frequently observed within the dense underbrush that covers the Wis- sahickon hills, which fact inclines us to the belief that its nest may yet be found in such situations. In open and exposed places, there would be better acilities for discovery. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 93 The food of this species as far as we have been able to determine, is principally coleoptera. The accompanying list embraces a few of the commoner kinds: — Cratonychus cinereus, C. pertinax, Harpa- lus pensylvanicus, H. compar, Platynus cupripennis, Rhynchceus pini, Bostrichus pini, Chrysomela c&ruleipennis, Donacia metallica and Haltica cha- lybea. Earthworms, diptera, and ants, also con- stitute a share of its diet. The song is moderately loud and but slightly prolonged. It is a simple monotonous ditty which is uttered with a strong, shrill, and grating intona- tion. The following syllable will convey to the mind a pretty accurate representation of its ex- pression:— tsl-tsi-tsi-tsi-tsi-tsl. The whole is sung crescendo, and has an abrupt termination. As the season advances, the foregoing notes become more mellow and warbling; and though feeble, are yet pleasing. It commences to sing from its first ap- pearance in May, and continues its refrains, at brief intervals, until its departure in September. The nests of this bird as described by Dr. Brewer, are " strongly and compactly built externally of coarse strips of various kinds of bark, and lined within with hair and fine stems of grasses." In several instances, they have been known to be roofed over after the fashion of the Golden- crowned Thrush. Mr. Nuttall speaks of the nest as being built upon the ground "on the surface of a shelving rock," and constructed of "coarse strips of the inner bark of the Abies canadensis 94 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS externally, and internally, of soft, decayed leaves and dry grasses, and lined with a thin layer of black hair." Mr. Burroughs speaks of a nest which he discovered as being "placed upon the ground at the foot of a stump, and in such a posi- tion that the color of the young harmonized per- fectly- with the bits of bark, sticks, etc., lying about." The parents are both affectionate and consider- ate toward their young, and manifest no uneasiness in the presence of strangers. The eggs vary in configuration from a rounded to an oblong-oval. Their ground-color is a creamy- white with an apparently pinkish tinge, which is imparted thereto by the bright red dots and blotches which are scattered more or less pro- fusely over their surfaces. In size they vary from .70 to .75 in length and from .50 to .52 of an inch in breadth. Parula Americana, Bonap. The Blue Yellow-backed Warbler is one of the most attractive of its family. It arrives in Phila- delphia during the first week in May, and by the 28th of the same month, it has retired to its more northern breeding-quarters. During its early stay, it is a frequenter of high, open woods, bordering swampy grounds, where amid the blossoms and foliage of the tallest trees it delights to forage. A true Warbler in most of its attributes, it possesses many of the OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 95 habits of the Panda, in the comparative ease with which it moves along the trunks and branches of trees, and the gracefulness and freedom with which it suspends itself from a swaying bough. Few species display less timidity and suspicion. During the month of May when our ordinary Pyrus mains is in bloom, it leaves its accustomed haunts for our gardens and orchards, where it derives an ample subsistence. Mr. Audubon in speaking of this bird, alludes to -its habit of flitting over humid localities, the borders of ponds, and small streams, in quest of prey which it pursues with considerable ardor. This allusion would aptly apply to the little Maryland Yellow Throat in every particular, but has never been observed in our study of the species under consideration. It is impossible to say what course of action a change of environment would determine. During its vernal stay, we have never heard its song, although our opportunities have been many and frequent. From beginning to end it remains the same songless but energetic little creature. Its flight is generally lofty, quick, and moder- ately sustained. Its movements whilst feeding are characterized by wonderful agility. Insects constitute its principal diet ; but the pollen with the disruptured anthers of apple and pear blossoms, and others, form an important part. Thefollowinglist is but a small fraction of its volum- inous bill of fare: — Feronia chalcitcs, Platynns cupri- 96 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS iSy Thaneroclerus sanguinalis, Harpalus corn- par, H. pensylvanicus, Chrysomela cceruleipennis, Formica sanguinea, Apis mellifica, Aphis mail in profusion, and innumerable small spiders. We have often witnessed its capture of small bees and diptera, which it accomplishes with nearly the adroitness of the Muscicapidce. Mr. Trippe describes its song as being sharp and lisping, yet varied and agreeable. The nests are occasionally fastened to the trunks of trees, but more generally are^ suspended from branches at an elevation of a few feet above the ground. They are beautifully and ingeniously wrought of long grey lichens which depend from the trees upon which the fabric is built. An elabo- rate intertwining of these fibres constitutes the major part, if not the entire structure. Whilst the female is employed in incubation, when not en- gaged in the procurement of food the male devotes his spare moments to the improvement and en- largement of the nest. The eggs are four, sometimes five in number, with a few markings of reddish-brown, purple and lilac upon a pure white background. They have an average length of .64 of an inch, and in breadth range from .49 to .50. It returns during the first week in September, and remains with us until the middle of October, when it takes up its southward-bound journey. During its autumnal stay it is a resident of high woodlands, and forages among the leaves and branches of the tallest trees. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 97 Helmitherus vcrmivonis, Bonap. The Worm-eating- Warbler has never been seen by us within the precincts of Philadelphia, though we have diligently scoured the country in quest of it. In Chester County we have observed soli- tary individuals during the early part of May. It makes the most unfrequented part of the woods its home, beyond the precincts of which it is never seen. It is the most agile of its family, darting about hither and thither, wherever there is a probability of capturing a spider for which it affects a great fondness. It is principally arboreal in its predilec- tions, but occasionally descends to the ground and rummages among the fallen leaves for insect-life. Their notes and habits are said by Nuttall to re- semble those of Pants atricapillus. The same writer also reiriarks that they are continually utter- ing a call of complaint which sounds like tshe-de- de. The nest is said by Mr. Jackson of Westchester, Penn., to be located ''in a hollow in the ground," and completely concealed from view by dry leaves which thickly strewed the ground. It was com- posed externally of dead leaves, mostly of beech, while the interior was prettily lined with fine thread-like stalks of the hair-moss, (Poly trie huni). The usual complement of eggs is five, while nests have often been found with but four. "They are round-oval in configuration, with a clear G 98 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS white ground, and marked with minute spots of reddish-brown which are more numerous and confluent at the larger end. They measure on an average .74 of an inch in length and .55 in breadth. Helminthophaga chrysopteray Caban. The Golden-winged Warbler as this species is popularly called, is by no means a very common migrant in eastern Pennsylvania. It arrives among us during the first week of May, and usually lingers until the fifteenth of the same month. It is notably tame and unsuspecting, and of easy approach. It is a common visitor to our orchards and gardens, where it delights to glean among the leaves and blossoms of the apple and cherry for insect-life. It has but little preference for woodland scenery. Among the foliage and branches ftf trees it dis- plays surprising agility, and manifests many of the attributes of the Titmice and Flycatchers. It, however, measurably lacks the address of Parula Americana. Whilst feeding not even a simple call-note, much less a song does it essay to utter, during its transient stay. We have discovered in the stomachs of several individuals traces of Platynus cupripennis.Harpahis compar, Cratonychus cinereus, Ckrysomela cceru- leipennis, Formica sanguinea, Aphis mali, and others of the OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 99 The nest of this Warbler is built upon the ground, and is unusually large for so small a bird, being five inches in diameter and four inches in height. A nest discovered by the late "Dr. Alexander Gerhardt, in Georgia, was composed externally of the desiccated leaves of divers deciduous trees variously interwoven with dry sedges, black vegetable roots and fine strips of bark, and the entire structure lined with fine leaves, grasses, and roots interlacing each other. According to the authority of the lamented Ger- hardt, these nests are built under tussocks of grass, in clumps ofbusl.es, and on the ground. The eggs are from four to five in number, of a pure white, with a few reddish-brown spots en- circling the larger end. Their relative size varies with the latitude. Some measure nearly .70 of an inth in length and .53 in breadth ; others have a measurement of .63 by .48 of an inch. Dendroeca cestiva, Baird. This beautiful and attractive species, the Blue- eyed Yellow Warbler, is a not uncommon migrant. It reaches our latitude during the first week of May. Remarkably trustful it prefers man's so- ciety to the wild retreats of nature. By its agree- able ditty and familiarity it has won our favor and esteem. Within the maples and horse-chestnuts that line our principal thoroughfares it delights to dwell, making them vocal with music. Upon the IOO LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS nethermost branches just above the head of a pedestrian it frequently perches, and all enrap- tured with the spirit of sweet song, pours forth its dulcet strains unmindful of passing footsteps. Though chiefly arboreal in habits, it is sometimes driven by necessity to grovelling pursuits. It seldom aspires to lofty heights. In general habits there is a striking resemblance to Chrysomitris tristis, notwithstanding their remote affinities. The flight of this bird is low, quick, and moder- ately sustained. Among the foliage of trees its movements are rather sprightly, and betray un- mistakeable similarity to the Titmice. Its song is simple and pleasing, and sustains a close resemblance to the Maryland Yellow Throat. After a careful study we are prepared to represent its syllabic expression with considerable exactness. The syllables whlt-ft-tee-tee-tee-tee uttered loudly, forcibly, and with a gradually rising cadence, will convey a clear idea of its language. In early morning the song is heard in its full vigor, and continues until the sun has attained the zenith of his power, when it perceptibly diminishes in force and frequency. Small beetles and diptera constitute its food early in the season; but, later, the larvae and imagos of lepidoptera are in great demand. Several stomach-examinations reveal reliable evi- dences of Chrysomela cceruleipennis, Donacia me- tallica, Bostrichus pini, Platynus cupripennis, Har- palus tompar, Casnonia pennsyivanica, Haltica OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, ,:, ' lOI chalybea, among coleoptera; SyrpJms obliquus, Stomoxys calcitrant, Scatophaga furcata, Culex t&niorhynchus and Tipula ferruginea, among dip- tera; besides ants and aphides. As the season advances, the larvae of Anisopteryx vernata, Eufit- chia ribearia, Gortyna zece, Dryocampa rubicunda, and mature forms of Spilosoma Virginica, Harri- sina Americana, Lithosia miniata, Orgya leucos- tigma, Penthina pomonella, ' and many of the Tortricids and Tineids. Still later in the season, seeds and berries in great quantities are eaten. We have often observed this species subsisting upon the ripened seeds of the various species of Cirsium with Chrysomitris tristis. The berries of ^miperus Virginiana constitute a racy viand. Nidification begins about the middle of June and is the first labor of the sexes. They work with commendable diligence until the completion of their task. The nest is invariably suspended from several twigs to which it is firmly attached. It is neatly, tastefully, and skilfully constucted. A variety of materials is utilized in nest-fabrication ; though the same nest is quite homogeneous in the elements ot the composition. In a fair sample before us, this homogeneity is carried to an ex- treme degree. The exterior is almost wholly a mass of vegetable fibres, with a slight interlacing of the flexible culms of grasses. A careful ex- o amination of these fibres, exhibits remarkable structural uniformity, as if they had been plucked from a single or several closely allied plant-species. ,02 . I IFE-mst OKIES OF Two grades of fibres are readily identified, differ- ing slightly in color and texture; perhaps the pro- ducts of Linum virginianum, and possibly of usi- tatissimum which is occasionally spontaneous in cultivated grounds. The interior is lined with the woolly furze of Eriophorwn virginicum, and that of various ferns, which render the fabric both cozy and comfortable. To build a nest is the work of three days. Ovipo- sition follows close upon its completion. After the full complement of eggs islaid, incubation im- mediately follows, and continues during a period of 1 1 days. This Warbler is famous for its de- votion to its young and the anxiety which it mani- fests even when the nest is unoccupied; this latter feeling frequently betraying its whereabouts. In this latitude two broods are generally raised in a season, although instances are known, where a third has been successfully raised. The middle of September is fixed upon as the .date of their de- parture for more genial climes. The eggs of this species are ordinarily five, and occasionally six in number. They have a light green ground-color, and are variously marked with light purple, purplish-brown and lilac dots and blotches. They vary in length from .61 to .70 of an inch, and from .48 to .52 in breadth. Dendrceca virens, Baird. The Black-throated Green Warbler is rather abundant in Eastern Pennsylvania during its ver- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 103 nal migration, making its appearance not earlier than the loth of May, and then only in high open woodlands where it is a busy gleaner among the foliage and branchlets for various insects. It is an exceedingly active little creature, and in habits re- sembles both the Paridce and Vireonidtz. With the nimbleness and gracefulness of Pants atrica- pillus, it clambers about, freely suspending itself from the under surface of a branch, and ever and anon being diverted therefrom by a passing insect which it seizes with great adroitness, after the fashion of the Vireos. • Whilst in wooded regions its foraging is re- stricted to the uppermost branches, and is pro- secuted with considerable celerity, froni branch to branch, and from tree to tree. But as its stay is prolonged, it changes its base of operation; about the time the apple is in blossom, it visits our orchards and lawns for the insects which are at- tracted to their bloom. It now becomes notably tame and unsuspicious and easy of approach. Its food consists almost wholly of small beetles which it gleans among the leaves, and various small diptera which Vireo-like it captures on the wing. Although chiefly arboreal, it is not exclu- sively so, as it occasionally descends to the earth to complete a meal. We have found within its stomach, larvae of, Cr atony chits cinereus, mature forms of Chrysomela cceruleipennis, Platynus cupripennis, Cymindis viridipennis, Harpalus compar, B^strichus pini, Formica sang^dnea^ Apis melliftca, a species IO4 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS of Cynip, Aphis mail, Musca domestica, Tabanns lineola, Tipula ferruginea, Anthrax elongata and Stomoxys calcitrans. From its first appearance till its departure to more northern habitats for breeding-purposes about the 26th of May, it is the same busy, song- less creature. Its silence should not excite comment nor provoke surprise. With its attention so com- pletely concentrated upon selfish gratifications, the finer feelings of its nature, have a poor chance to develop themselves. The song of the male is de- scribed by Mr. Nuttall as a simple chant re- sembling the syllables te-de-teritse-a, with a loud, drawling and plaintive enunciation. We may add in this connection, that the birds were nesting at the time when Mr. Nuttall surprised the male thus engaged, from which we infer that, like many others, it becomes empowered with song only when actuated by amatory influences. The birds generally nidificate in tall trees within dense thickets; but Mr. Nuttall describes one which he found in a low and stunted juniper, (a somewhat unusual location). According to Dr. Brewer they are "small, snug, compact structures, built on a base of fine strips of bark, bits of leaves and stems of plants." The upper rims are a cir- cular intertwining of fine slender twigs, inter- woven with a few fine stems of the most delicate grasses. The inner portions of these nests are very softly and warmly bedded with the fine down and silky stems of plants. They have a diameter OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 1 05 of three and a quarter inches, and a height of one and a half. -The cavity is two inches in diameter and one and a half in height. The eggs are usually four in number, with numerous dots and blotches of purplish-brown upon a white or flesh-colored background, scat- tered over the entire surface, but mainly about the larger end. Dcndrceca cczrulescens, Baird. The Black-throated Blue Warbler as this species is called in unscientific language, is neither very rare nor very abundant. It arrives early in May, and retires to its breeding-quarters not earlier than the 27th of this month, its stay being prolonged a trifle over three weeks. Its habits of feeding are solitary, mostly arboreal, and* mainly restricted to dense forests, where among the smaller trees and bushes it gleans a scanty sub- sistence. When driven by necessity to the taller trees, unlike its near congener whose history we have just detailed, it never visits the topmost boughs, but restricts itself exclusively to the lower branches. As the season advances, attracted by the blos- soms of the apple and cherry, it retires from woodland scenery and seeks the haunts of man, where it fares more luxuriously, and with less outlay of strength. There is now a marked change in its demeanor. Confidence and courage have given place to suspicion and timidity. 106 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS In habits there is a closer resemblance to the Muscicapidce than to the Paridce. Along the trunks and branches of trees it moves, and freely suspends itself therefrom with comparative ease, but with less gracefulness and dexterity than is noticeable in Dendrceca castanea. In the capture of insects it particularly excels. The .peculiar clicking noise which is heard after a racy tidbit has been engulphed, is characteristic of the Fly- catchers. Its flight is moderately elevated, gracefully un- dulating, and but poorly sustained. The soncr of this Warbler which we have fre- o quently heard and carefully studied, may be fitly expressed in language by ise-ah, tse-ah, tse pro- nounced loud and quick; the last syllable ending very abruptly. Whilst feeding it will occasionally stop, peer around, utter a low, simple twlch, and resume operations. Traces of Cratonychus cinereus, C. pertinax, Haltica chalybea, Cymindis viridipennis, Chryso- mela formos a, Formica sanguinea, small spiders and various aphides have been found among the undigested contents of several stomachs. Like many others of its family-relations, the ripened anthers and immature ovaries of apple and cherry blossoms it considers a great luxury. This species is not known to breed in Pennsyl- vania. Several pairs were observed by Mr. Nutt- all among the Alleghanies near Farranville, Pa., under rather suspicious circumstances. Further OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. IOJ north in New York, Massachusetts, Nova Scotia, and south, occasionally in Cuba, according to the authority of De la Sagra, its breeding-quarters have been discovered. To ourknowledge of its nest and eggs we are indebted to Mr. John Burroughs, who with his nephew7 Mr. C. B. Deyce, first discover- ed it breeding in a thicket of hemlocks in Roxbury, Delaware County, N. Y., early in July, 1871. The nest was built in the fork of a small hemlock, at an elevation of fifteen inches above the ground. Ex- ternally it was composed of strips of decayed liber, chiefly of basswood, somewhat loosely arranged and strengthened by rootlets, fine twigs and frag- ments of wood and bark. Within this fabric was placed a compact, well-woven nest, consisting of small roots, pine-needles, twigs and hair, elaborately interwoven. The cavity was capacious, two and a third inches in diameter at the rim, and one and a half in depth. The eggs are oval in shape, narrower at one end, marked with an umber-brown circle at the larger end, with lighter markings of reddish-brown and obscure purple upon a grayish-white ground which is pinkish in the unblown egg; a few dot- tings of the above shades are sparingly scattered over the rest of the egg. They are from four to five in number, and measure .70 of an inch in length snd .50 in breadth. During the breeding-period, the parents are re- markably suspicious and endeavor by an assumed confidence to mislead intruders from the exact 'IOS LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS. location of the nest. When the nest is discovered, the birds manifest the utmost consternation, and with a recklessness that knows no bounds, throw themselves down at the very feet of their assailants. DendrcEca ccerulca, Baird. The Cserulean Warbler is an exceedingly rare species and but little known. Of its breeding- habits we need more information to enable us to detail its history with any degree of exactness. It makes its appearance in our midst during the first week of May, and retires further north, after a brief sojourn. They delight in low grounds and the borders of streams, which they occasionally desert for high wooded regions where they may be seen gleaning among the branches of the tallest trees. They are excessively timid and suspicious, and not easily obtainable. Their habits remind us of the Fly- catchers especially, although in some particulars, they imitate the Titmice. Its only note in the in- tervals of feeding is a simple cheep. We have never heard its song; the birds in this particular maintaining the most astonishing pas- sivity. Mr. Audubon speaks of it as being neither loud nor prolonged, but exceedingly sweet and mellow. The food of this species consists of the following insects: — Chrysomelaformosa, C. C(zruleipennisy Cra- tonychus pertinax, Haltica chalybea, Cymindis viri- dipennis, and others not identified, besides spiders and diptera, unrecognizable. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 1 09 The nest is described by Mr. Audubon as being built within the forks of a low tree or shrub, par- tially pensile, projecting beyond attachments superiorly, and extending inferiorly to a depth of two inches. It is composed of the stalks of herba- ceous plants, fibres of the vine, and rootlets ar- ranged circularly, and lined with the dry threads of the Spanish moss. The nest from \vhich the above description was made, was taken in the State of Louisiana. When the female is annoyed during the incubat- ing process, she is said to trail along the branches with fallen wings after the fashion of D. czstiva, uttering the while the most plaintive notes. The young have a strong partiality for tree-tops which are thickly enveloped with grapevines; occasion- ally they alight upon tall weeds and subsist upon their seeds. On retirement from the nest, they forage together in company with their parents, evincing surprising agility in the pursuit and capture of insects. The eggs are five in number, of a beautiful white, with a sprinkling of reddish spots about the larger end. Dcndrocca coronata, Gray. This species, commonly designated the Yellow- rumped Warbler, is the most abundant of all our migrants, and also the earliest, making its appear- ance often during the second week of April, but never later than the third. In small flocks of a dozen 110 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS or more it may be seen among the low trees and bushes along our water-courses. Isolated indi- viduals have been observed by us on the out- skirts of dense woods, gleaning for insects among the leaves and branches of the tallest trees.N Just before their departure, they visit our haunts in great numbers, where they derive a ready sub- sistence. Unlike the Red Poll, their stay is brief. With a most voracious appetite they hurry from tree to tree and are soon out of our midst. Its habits are those of the Muscicapida, being less expert, however, than many of its congeneric relations. The flight of this species is low, slightly undu- lating, and moderately sustained. The only note which it essays to utter during its short stay, is a simple tweet, which is heard at irregular intervals during the passage from tree to tree. Notably unsuspicious even in its natural haunts, the subject of the present sketch will permit the closest approach without betrayal of fear or alarm. During its vernal stay, its bill of fare is as various as it is voluminous. We have detected indubitable fragments of the following insects, in the stomachs of the numerous individuals which we have been permitted to examine: — Cratony- chits cinercus, C. pertinax, Sea riles subtcrraneus, • Harpalus pennsylvanicus, If. compar, Casnonia pennsylvanica, Platynus ciipripennis, Corymbites Chrysonida cce.'iileipennis, Bostrichus OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. I I I pini, Donacia metallica, Formica sanguined, Apis mellifrca, Tabanns lincola, Scalophaga furcata, Tipula ferruginea, and the common earthworm. It is evident from the many terrestrial beetles which add materially to its diet, that it is far from being exclusively arboreal. During its autumnal stay, the seeds of various weeds and grasses, with the berries ®{ Juniperus Virginiana are eagerly devoured. We can find no evidence that this Warbler breeds in the United States, although it is highly probable that future explorations will show that it does so in our northeastern States, to a limited extent. Neither Wilson, Nuttall, nor Audubon appears to have met with its nest, although the latter received one from Prof. McCulloch, of Halifax. To Dr. Brewer, of Boston, we are indebted for a description of its nest. Early in July, 1855, he obtained a nest of this species in Parsboro, Nova Scotia. It was located upon a low bush in the heart of a small village. The smaller branches of the horizontal limb upon which it reposed were interwoven into its structure, thus strengthening it materially. Exteriorly, it was formed of fine stalks of grasses, and slender twigs and roots; within of fine grasses, downy feathers, and the hair of small mammals. It measured two inches in depth, and four and a half in diameter, with a cavity one and a half inches deep, and two and a half wide. . I I 2 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS The eggs are rounded-oval in shape, and marked with reddish-brown, purple and dark- brown blotches and spots, upon a white ground- color which often presents a bluish tinge. They are six in number, and average .76 of an inch in length and .53 in breadth. During incubation the parents are exceedingly shy, and can be approached only with the greatest difficulty. Dendrceca blackburnicz, Baird. The Orange throated or Blackburnian Warbler is a very late migrant which reaches the latitude of Philadelphia not earlier that the 1 5th of May, and retires about the 22nd of the same month. Its early presence is restricted to tall open woods with a slight undergrowth, which it subsequently deserts for the borders of fields and thickets, where it may be found foraging high up in the tulip- poplar, for insects. Mainly arboreal whilst feed- ing, we have seen it busily searching a heap of freshly- turned earth for food, and even using its feet like the Brown Thrasher which is exceedingly rasorial. In woods it delights in the tallest tree-tops where it may be seen for long periods, gleaning with all the address and perseverance of a Flycatcher, and moving about with the wonted agility of aTitmouse. Few species exhibit greater activity and nimble- ness than the one under consideration. It will sometimes descend from its leafy height to mingle OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 113 with its less ambitious brethren in the lower walks of life. When driven "by necessity to humbler fields it permits the nearest approach with the least mani- festation of timidity. It is a solitary feeder, except when brought into the presence of its own kith and strangers, by the merest chance. As it comes, so it departs. The flight of this species is high, gracefully un- dulating, and tolerably well sustained. During its stay it is devoid of song. According to Mr. Audubon it has a very sweet song of five or six notes, comparatively loud for the size of the bird. Its area of reproduction is not accurately known, but its southern limit is supposed to be the high wooded regions of Pennsylvania, New York, and New England. Its most northern summer habitat is probably Greenland, as a young bird was cap- tured by Holboll, October 16, 1845, at Fredericks- haub; Dr. Bachman has discovered it nidificating in Lansingburgh, N. Y.; Mr. Audubon has found it breeding in northeastern Maine, in New Bruns- wick, in the Magdalene Islands, and in Newfound- land and Labrador; Mr. Allen supposed it to breed in the vicinity of Springfield, Mass., as in- dividuals have been obtained as late as June 24; and Prof. Verrill affirms it a summer resident of western Maine. A nest presented to Mr. Audubon by Mr. McCulloch, was built in the small fork of a tree n 114 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS at a height of five feet above the ground, and close by a small stream of water. It was con- structed, externally, of divers materials, and lined with fine pieces of bark and a dense layer of feathers and horse-hair. Another nest which was obtained in a wild, sequestered portion of Roxbury, Mass., in the summer of 1838, was located in a bush a few feet from the ground. This structure, in some par- ticulars, resembled, externally, a nest of the Maryland Yellow-throat, being formed of coarse, dry grasses; but, internally, it was more cozily lined with soft fur and feathers, than is ordinarily the case in the nests of this species. „ The eggs in this last nest were of a crystal whiteness, and marked with dark purple at their larger end; and, but for the smallness of their size, might have been readily taken for those of G. trichas. Its food consists of various small insects, mostly coleopterous, which it gathers in its hurried move- ments. We have discovered in the stomachs of several individuals, almost perfect remains of Bo$- trichus pini, Ckrysomela cceruleipennis, Cratonychus perttnax, Platynus cupripennis, Formica sangui- nea, Apis metli/ica, aphides, small diptera, and the various small spiders that infest the bark and leaves of trees. Dendroeca striata, Baird. The Black-poll Warbler though a beautiful, and OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. I I 5 familiar species in New England, is according to our experience, an occasional visitant in Eastern Pennsylvania. In Southern and South-western New Jersey it is more abundant. It makes its ap- pearance at the earliest, from the i5th to the 2oth of May, and lingers usually with us until the 5th of June when it suddenly disappears. Its habits remind us of those of the Mniotilta varia, in the facility with which it moves around the trunks of trees in quest of insects; it is, besides, an expert Flycatcher, capturing insects after the fashion of the Wood Pewee. It is an active, rest- less creature, seldom remaining any considerable length of time in the same locality. The duration of their stay depends mainly upen the abundance of insect-food. Though chiefly denizens of low swampy woods and waste fields overgrown with bushes and a few scattering trees, during the greater part of their stay, they sooner or later forsake these haunts for the habi- tation of man, where in the adjoining orchards they glean a ready subsistence. They now manifest considerable tameness, and permit an easy ap- proach. Their food consists of the larvae and pupae of insects which they obtain from creviced bark, besides, mature forms of different kinds. Among the latter, may be mentioned Chrysomela ccerulei- pennis, Cymindis viridipennis, Bostrichus pini, Aphis mali, Apis mellifica, Muse a domestica, Taba- nus lineola, Anisoptery-x vernata, and others com- mon to the season, I I 6 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Wilson regarded it as a silent bird, which has also been our experience in this latitude. A busy and solitary feeder, it seems to have no time for song. This, however, may not be the case as it nears its breeding-quarters, when it becomes actuated by amatory influences, and pours out the very soul of its being, in a flood of song. It is said to be a varied, pleasing, yet powerful singer. Mr. Trippe characterizes its song as faint and lisping, and made up of four or five syllables. We have never expected to find its nest in this latitude, although Mr. Wilson entertained such a hope. Mr. Audubon describes a nest from La- brador. Mr. Lockhart procured a nest and eggs at Fort Yukon, and they have also been taken* in the vicinity of Eastport, and at Grand Menan. They are usually placed within trees, at a slight elevation above the ground; in a few instances, they have been actually built upon the ground. According to Mr. Audubon, the nest is com- posed on the outside of green and white moss and lichens, with an intermixture of coarse grasses; and is carefully lined with dark-colored mosses, and a thick layer of soft feathers of the willow- grouse and ducks. Its internal diameter was two, and its depth one and a half inches. It was built in the fork of a small branch, close to the main axis of a species of fir, about four feet from the ground. Dr. Br.ewer describes the nest as being "built in 'thick spruce-trees in the midst of foliage so OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. I I }r dense as hardly to be noticeable." Those which he found around Eastport, and at Grand Menan, were large and bulky, nearly five inches in diame- ter, with a depth of three. They were built prin- cipally of the tender ends of the branches of firs, pines, and spruce, variously interwoven, and bound together by slender, herbaceous roots, finer carices, and elongated branches of the Cladonia lichens; strongly, compactly, and homogeneously made, and elaborately lined with fine straw and panicled grasses. Of the precise time of nidification and incuba- tion we are ignorant. Nests with eggs have been procured as early as June 9, and in a solitary instance, a nest was taken containing well- developed embryos on the first of the same month. From these data, we infer that nest-building takes place as early as the middle of May; reasonable time being allowed for the completion of the nest and the laying of the eggs. The eggs of this species are oblong-oval, beau- tifully white in ground-color, but slightly tinged with pink when fresh, and spotted and blotched with a profusion of markings of subdued lavender and profounder markings of dark-purple, inter- mingled with lighter spots of reddish-brown. They measure .72 by .50 of an inch. The usual com- plement is five, though six are occasionally found. Dendrceca castanea, Baird. The Bay-breasted Warbler, one of our most Il8 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS usual migrants, occasionally revisits us as early as the 25th of April, but generally not earlier than the first of May. It is pre-eminently solitary, and occupies chiefly high, open woodlands, where it is an active insect-hunter, and enlists the atten- tion by its agility, as it darts among the foliage, or suspends itself from twigs with fluttering wings. It frequents the loftiest trees in quest of food, occasionally descending to the lower branches as necessity impels. When it deserts its natural retreats for civilized haunts, which it not uncom- monly does, it delights in small trees, particularly the apple and cherry, amid the foliage and blossoms of which it gleans a luxurious subsistence. It manifests on such occasions very little of timidity. Instances are known to us, where visits have been paid to, trees overhanging doorways which were in daily use. Its lack of fear and of comparative clistrustfulness reminds us of the little Blue Yellow-back whose history has been previously detailed. In habits and manners, a close resemblance to Dendrceca pennsylvanica is noticeable; but it is less active. Its flight is generally lofty, and but slightly sustained. .During its brief stay of two weeks, it is devoid of song. Whilst moving from tree to tree in pursuit of insects, it does not produce a single note. It retires as it comes, singly and alone. Its food consists of the small beetles and other insects which it gleans among the branches, foliage, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 119 and blossoms of trees. The accompanying list will convey a brief though meagre idea of the essential articles of diet during its restricted stay : — Chrysomela formosa, Cymindis viridipennis> Bostri- chus pini, Harpalus compar, Cratonychus cinereus, Platynus cupripennis, Donacia metaliica, among coleoptera; the smaller ants, Selandria rosce, Apis mellifica, and Lophyrusabietis, among hymenoptera; aphides, diptera, and larvae of many of the Phalce- noidce, which appear during its stay. This species was regarded by Wilson as ex- ceedingly rare, and so far eluded the observation of Audubon as to prevent him from describing its habits. Mr. Nuttall noticed its passage through Massachusetts, about the i5th of April. It breeds in northern latitudes, eggs having been obtained by Mr. George Bush, at Coldwater, near Lake Superior; by Maynard, it is considered the most abundant of the Sylvicolidce at Lake Umbagog where he discovered it breeding. Nidification commences according to the last named authority, in June; a nest having been found on the 3rd, just completed in a tree, alongside of a cart-path, in a thicket. This was placed upon a hori- zontal branch of ahemlock,at an elevation of twenty feet above the ground. Another was built in a similar locality, but fifteen feet from the soil. These fabrics were unnecessarilylarge and bore a close resemblance to those of Carpodacus purpureus* Exteriorly they were composed of slender twigs of the hackmatack, with an intermingling of long 126 LlFt-HisTORIES OF pendent Usnca mosses. Interiorly, they were smoothly and elegantly lined with the seed-stalks of Cladonia mosses, dark fibrous roots, and a sprink- ling of hairs. They measured six inches in diame- ter, and two and a half inches in height, with a cavity three inches wide, and one and a quarter deep. The eggs are oblong-oval in configuration, and vary in length from .70 to .65 of an inch, and in breadth from .52 to .50. They are closely marked with brown upon a greenish-blue background, and generally possess an annulus of brown and lilac blotches around the larger end. We have never observed this species in the autumn, from which fact we infer that it does not stop during its southern migration. Dcndrceca pennsylvanica, Baird. The Chestnut-sided Warbler is an early migrant which appears during the first week of May, when the woods resound with the melodies of the Red- start and the Black-throated Blue. Like most of its near relatives, it is never gregarious, but feeds singly and alone. At first, it forages almost entirely among the slender branches and foliage of lofty trees, in high and open woods; but as the season advances, our gardens and orchards are the recipients of its visits, where it delights to revel amid apple and cherry blooms. Like the last described species, it manifests considerable OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 121 confidence in man, permitting near approaches without the least fear. It is extremely agile in its movements, and like its congeners, combines many of the traits of the Certhiidce and Paridce, in a remarkable degree; superadded to which, is the possession of many of the attributes of the Muscicapidcz, being able to capture insects upon the wing, with nearly the adroitness of the members of this family. Being less erratic than most of its kindred, it remains for long periods gleaning among the foliage of the same tree. Not unlike the Bay-breasted Warbler, this species certainly reserves its powers of song until it has attained its northern quarters. Not so much as a single note has it been heard to utter. Its departure usually occurs about the 22nd of May, making the length of its stay nearly three weeks. Divers kinds of insects constitute its dietary. We have detected remains of the following in the stomachs of several individuals: — Rhynchcenus strobi, Chrysomela cceruleipennis, Cratony chits, cine- . reus, Harpahis compar, Platynus cupripennis, among beetles ; Musca domestica, Tabamis lineola, Syrplms obsciirus, among diptera, besides Aphis mali, For- mica sangidnea, earthworms and a single species of cut-worm. The results of these examinations conduct to the conclusion, that in habits it is not strictly arboreal, but occasionally terrestrial. This species was formerly regarded as rather rare by our older ornithological writers. Wilson 122 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS could give little description of its habits; the most of what he says being conjectural. Audubon knew nothing of its habits or distribution; he having met but a single individual. Nuttall's de- scription is in a measure hypothetical and inaccu- rate. Its song he represents by the syllables tsh- tsh-tsh-tshyia, given at short intervals, and fre- quently responded to by the female from her nest. He perceives a resemblance to that of D. (estiva, being somewhat louder and less of a whistle. According to the authority of Mr. Allen, it breeds in western Massachusetts, where it arrives about the Qth of May, frequenting low woods and marshy thickets, and nesting in bushes. Prof. Verrill has found it breeding in western Maine, and Mr. Ridgway in the oak-openings and prairie- thickets, of 'southern Illinois. J. Elliot Cabot, Esq., was the first to discover in June, 1839, its nest and eggs, in Brookline, Mass. The nest was compactly built, elastic and shallow, and composed externally of strips of red-cedar bark, and lined with coarse hair. Mr. Welsh, of Lynn, Mass., has discovered a number of nests situated within barberry-bushes, which were constituted, exte- riorly, of the bark of the smaller vegetables loosely intertwined, reinforced by stems and fragments of dry grasses, and lined with soft hairs of the smaller animals and vegetable wool. These nests varied from two and a half to three inches in height, externally, and possessed a diameter rang- ing from three to four inches. They were securely OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 123 fastened to small branches by means of the silk of divers kinds of cocoons. The situations chosen for nidification, are affirmed to differ not materially from those selected by the Golden Warbler, being in open grounds, and also low marshy localities. The eggs are oblong-oval in shape, creamy- white in the background, and beautifully marked with shades of purple and purplish-brown princi- pally about the larger end. The dimensions are .64 by .48 of an inch. Dendrceca maculosa, Baird. The Magnolia Warbler is very abundant in eastern Pennsylvania, and one of the most attrac- tive members of its genus. It appears not earlier than the roth of May, along the borders of cultivated fields, and within our gardens and orchards, where the blooms of the apple, cherry, and maples are sources of attraction. In high open thickets, which its congeneric relatives de- light to visit, it is exceedingly rare. During the past season it might have been reckoned by fifties in cultivated sections, whereas not a single indi- vidual was observed in secluded situations. Like most of our Warblers already described with the single exception of D. coronata, it never flocks during its vernal migration, but prefers to lead a solitary existence. Few species manifest freer confidence, and less fear than the one under consideration. In this particular, it emulates 124 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Panda Americana. We have frequently advanced within three or four feet of an individual, though not unperceived, without awakening distrust or exciting alarm. In common with most of its brethren, this Warbler beautifully blends the attributes of the Parida with those of the Miiscicapidcz. Insects in their various stages, compose its diet. These it procures in its perambulations along the trunk and branches, adherent to the bark or concealed within fissures, or expertly captures \vhile on the wing. It is equally dexterous in hovering over the expanded bud and examining the opening leaves. Its flight is low, gracefully undulating, and moderately prolonged. During its entire stay it is devoid of song. Its only note is a simple twea, produced quickly and with a sharp, grating articulation, in the intervals of feeding. Dr. Brewer in speaking of its song says, it " is clear and sweetly modulated, and sur- passes that of most of this family," and is " chiefly heard during the early summer" in low woods, whilst searching Vireo-like for insects. The accompanying list will convey to the mind some idea of the services which it renders to man in the destruction of injurious insects. In several stomach-examinations we have discovered evident traces 'of C/irysomela ccesuleipsnnis, C. formosa, Cymindis viridipennis, Bostrichus pini, Harpalus pensylvaniciis, H. compar, and Platynus cupripcn- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 125 nis\ besides a variety of small spiders that reside temporarily within the flowers and upon the foliage of plants ; aphides, especially Aphis mali, and also our commonest ants. The stamens and ovaries of blossoms, with fragments of corollas, have been found within the stomachs of several individuals. This last cited fact materially lessens the esteem in which it is held, and proves in this, as in many instances, that no species can be considered as an unmixed good. We have never observed this species in the autumn, and are led to believe that it does not stop from its southward-bound journey. During the breeding-period throughout North America, it resides " east of the Great Plains between latitude 44° and Fort Simpson in the fur country," ( Vide North American Birds, page 233). Mr. Audubon describes the nest as being built of lichens and moss, externally, and lined with fibrous roots and feathers, and as being placed upon fir- tree branches, and sustained by horizontal twigs. Nidification must take place during the latter part of June, as a nest was found in Labrador by the same gentleman, in the beginning of July, with five rather elongated eggs. These are described as being of a white color, with a sprinkling of reddish clots at the larger end, and as being three-fourths of an inch in length and nine-sixteenths in breadth. A nest was obtained by Mr. Kennicott near Great Slave Lake, June 1 2, 1860, which was loosely built and placed within a small spruce, in a dense 126 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS woods, at an elevation of two feet above the ground. It was composed almost wholly of fine plant-stems, slender grasses, and a modicum of mosses, and was lined interiorly with finer stems, and black herbaceous rootlets. It measured three and a half inches in diameter, and one and a half in depth, with a cavity one inch deep and two and a half inches in diameter. The eggs are rounded-oval in form, being more pointed at one end than the other, a light ashen hue or dull white on the background, and finely dotted and blotched with light-brown ; these mark- ings being chiefly grouped about the larger end. This bird has been found breeding by R. Deane, Esq, of Cambridge, near Lake Umbagog. The nest was placed about three feet from the soil in the fork of a low spruce, and consisted externally of spruce twigs, rootlets and dry grasses, and was lined with fine black roots. The eggs were de- scribed as spherical, creamy-white, and marked with a few large blotches of umber and lilac. The female is said by Audubon to manifest great distress which is exhibited by fluttering among the branches with expanded tail and wings, when her nest is assailed. According to Dr. Brewer, they also evince much sympathy when the nests of other species are disturbed. He instances a case where the outcries of a pair of the Hudson's Bay Titmice, brought a pair of these Warblers to their aid, which displayed fully as much anxiety as the real parents. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 127 In August, Mr. Audubon observed a number of young accompanying their parents in their south- ern migration. Dendrocca tigrina, Baird. The Cape May Warbler, so called because it was discovered near the extreme southern point of New Jersey, is a rare species in this latitude. The first specimen was obtained at this point by George Ord, in 1811, and was described and figured by Wilson who never came across a second specimen. Both Nuttall and Audubon. were un- acquainted with it; the latter depended for the specimens which he delineated, upon Edward Harris, Esq., who procured them near Philadelphia. In their northern migrations, these birds reach the latitude of Philadelphia from the loth to the 1 5th of May, remaining but a few days, and sud- denly departing. They are fond of retired situa- tions, and are remarkably suspicious in disposition. In Delaware County, Pennsylvania, individuals have been shot whilst feeding within alder swamps and along the banks of streams. Their foraging is chiefly restricted to shrubbery; instances being unknown where tall trees are objects of visitation. Their movements are exceedingly active and re- mind us of both the Flycatchers and Titmice. Unlike many of its family relations, it is a hermit, and shuns rather than courts the society of man. Its flight is commonly low, undulating, and well sustained. Its movements whilst feeding are both arboreal and terrestrial, 128 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Various small beetles, diptera, and spiders, con- stitute its bill of fare. Cymindis viridipennis, Cra- tonychus cinereus, Donacia metallica, Harpalus corn-par i Tabanus lineloa, Culex tceniorkynchus, and aphides, are eagerly devoured. Their temporary stay, though brief, is unmarked by the slightest trace of song; not even a single call-note is uttered. It is very improbable that this species nidificates in the United States, although an egg obtained in Coventry, Vt, in 1836, has been attributed to this bird, from its resemblance to identified specimens from Jamaica. In this island they frequent the mangrove-swamps and river-banks for food, during the early part of their visit, but repair to the highlands for nidificating purposes. In his ornithological notes of this island, W. T. March, Esq., describes the nests as possessing long and deep cavities, and being wrought of .long and thin strips of flexible bark, stoutly and firmly interwoven, with an intermingling of lichens, mosses, and bark of deciduous trees. Interiorly, there is a lining of finer and more delicate strips than are found in the exterior. They measured three and one-fourth inches in diameter, and two and one-half in height. The eggs are oval in configuration, slightly acu- minate at one end, with various shades and tints of brown and purple blotchings upon a pinkish- white background, which are chiefly arranged in the form of an annuhis about the larger end. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 129 They are .70 of an inch in length by .55 in breadth. Dendroeca discolor, Baird. The Prairie Warbler, a not very abundant species in eastern Pennsylvania, revisits us about the latter part of April or the beginning of May. Although a denizen of open plains and thinly wooded regions, it is far from being shy and sus- picious, and will permit near approaches without manifesting the least timidity. In searching for food, they may be seen moving leisurely along the lowermost branches of trees, examining every leaf and blade of grass for insect- life, uttering at irregular intervals a brief cJrirr. Exceedingly active creatures, they resemble the Paridce, and in being expert Flycatchers, remind us of the Redstart and the Myiodioctes. Coleoptera, diptera, spiders, and caterpillars, contribute mainly to its maintenance. In the pro- curement of food, its habits are both arboreal and terrestrial. Chrysomela cceruleipennis, Platynus cupripennis, Donacia metallica, Cymindis viridi- pennis, Casnonia pennsylvanica, Haliica chalybca, Cratonychus pertinax, Tabanus lineola, Culex teenier hynchus, and larvae of Anisopteryx vernata, Clisiocampa Americana, and many of the early Nocluids, with Formica sanguined, Apis mellifica, and various aphides, and others, have been found in the many stomachs which we have examined. Mr. Nuttall speaks of the slender, filing notes i 130 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS of this bird, which he represents by the syllables ' tsh- tsh- tsh- tshea sung crescendo. The Prairie Warbler has been supposed by Cassin to breed in New Jersey, near Philadelphia, frpm the fact that young birds have been met with during the breeding-season. Nuttall de- scribes the nest as non-pensile, placed in a bifur- cating branch, and composed externally of strips of red cedar, liber, caterpillars' silk, fibres of Asclepias, with an internal lining of the down of Gnaphalium plantagineum. The eggs are de- scribed as being sharp at one end, and marked with spots of light-brown and lilac-purple upon a white background, which are chiefly annulated about the larger end. .Several nests have been found in Lynn, by Mr. Welch. One built on a wild rose, a few feet from the ground, was compactly, elaborately, and variously interwoven, principally of soft, inner bark of shrubs, with an intermingling of decayed plant-stems, woody fibres, dry rose-leaves, frag- ments of vegetables, and spiders' webs, &c.; the whole being bound together and strengthened by cotton-like vegetable fibres. The upper rim was composed of vegetable roots and bark, strongly interlacing each other. Internally, their was a layer of vegetable fibres, with a few horse-hairs. In some nests, decayed leaves ; in others, weather- beaten cocoons; and, in others, the pappus of plants are more noticeable materials than strips of bark. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 1^1 This species was found by Dr. Gerhardt to ni- dificate in northern Georgia, where its nests in position, structure and size, were similar but differed in the materials of composition; being composed, externally, almost invariably of strips of inner bark, and flax-like fibres of vegetable origin, with a lining of fine plant-stems, and in one case of the feathers of Bubo Virgianus. In Georgia almost every kind of bush or tree, is selected in which to build; whereas, in Massachusetts, open and thinly-wooded pasture lands, often not very remote from villages, are invariably chosen. In southern Illinois, in the oak barrens where it breeds, it is exceedingly rare, according to the authority of Mr. Ridgway. We have never known it to breed in Philadelphia, and are disposed to view it as only a temporary visitor. The female is very confiding and approaches the nest without the exercise of any precautions; and seeks not like many species on the intrusion of human beings, to entice them away from the site of her nest. The eggs vary from three to five and even to six in number; they are oval in form, and marked with spots of lilac, purple and umber-brown, upon a white ground. They measure .68 by .48 of an inch. Since writing the above, a nest of the Prairie Warbler has been obtained by H. D. Minot, Esq., in Northern New Hampshire, at the latitude of Mt. Washington (44^°), containing four eggs, It is 132 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS said to be a summer resident there, though Lynn, Mass., in latitude 42)^ °, has, hitherto, been generally accepted as its northern limit of breeding. Dendrceca palmarum, Baird. In its habits the Red Poll Warbler is nearly ter- restrial. In this particular, it differs very materially from its more intimate relatives. It frequents the borders of thickets and bushes along water-courses. Along the banks of the latter where projecting rootlets are visible, it gleans its daily diet. Oc- casionally, it visits the lower branches of trees, where it may be seen imitating the activity and gracefulness of the Paridce and Certhiidce. Some- times its movements are those of the Muscicapidcz, but these are exceptional. This bird is extremely shy, leads a secluded life whilst feeding, and can be approached but with the greatest difficulty. Its flight is ordinarily low, firm, but slightly undulating, and poorly sus- tained. Its song is a low, simple chirp, produced very infrequently, and resembling somewhat intimately that of a grasshopper. From its early appearance in May, till its de- parture about the I2th of the same month, it is a silent, solitary creature, wholly engrossed from morn to night, in the all-absorbing thought of self-preservation. Unlike many of its kin, it never deserts sylvan retreats for human habitations, even when pressed by hunger. During its brief stay, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 133 which varies from a week to ten days, its food consists principally of insects. Within the stom- achs of several individuals which we have ex- amined, have been noticed the following: — For- mica sanguinea, and F. subterranea, in great abundance; Scarites subterraneus, Harpalus pensyl- vanicuSi H. conipar, Casnonia pennsylvanica, larvae of Or atony chus cinereus, Platynus cupripennis, Chlcznius sericeus, Cratonychus pertinax, Musca domestica, Tabanus lineola, Cidex tceniorhynchus, and others, which we were unable to identify. The berries of yuniperus Virginiana are occa- sionally eaten. With the above a few seeds of graminaceous plants, fragments of leaves of grasses, and buds of Acer rubrum were detected. We are inclined to believe that it does not stop during its southern migration, since its non- appearance in habitual habits, is a notable fact. Ordinarily, a rare visitor in our latitude, it is very abundant at certain times, but is always observed as isolated individuals. A combina- tion of circumstances apparently determines the period of its maximum and minimum numbers. During the breeding-season, and also during mi- gration, birds are at times very differently circum- stanced. Sometimes, surer success attend their procreative and parental endeavors, and larger numbers of young are reared. Again, particular species escape more successfully the assaults of predatory birds, and the warfare of man, and are thus enabled to bring greater numbers to accus- 134 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS tomed haunts during succeeding" seasons. Per- haps, the same localities are not always annually visited by particular non-breeding species, which would also tend to numerical variations. The Red Poll generally selects a swampy thicket which is more or less open, for the purposes of nidification. The nest is invariably placed upon the ground. The walls are firmly, closely, and tastefully built of an interweaving of fine grasses, small plant-stems, slender strips of bark, Hypmim- and other mosses, exteriorly, with a warm and soft lining of feathers and down. It is usually not large, having a diameter of three and a half inches, a depth of two and a half inches, with the diameter and depth of the cavity but half an inch less. The above is substantially the description given by Dr. Brewer. A nest of this bird found by Mr. Kennicott, June 1 8, at Fort Resolution, was built on the ground on a hummock, near the base of a small spruce, in swampy ground, and contained five young birds. It, doubtless, breeds in the vicinity of Halifax, its being a summer resident there from May to September. It may possibly breed in the United States, although we can discover no evidence to justify the assertion. The eggs are rounded-oval in shape, and blotched chiefly about the larger end with purple, lilac, and reddish-brown spots, blending together upon a yellowish background. They measure .70 of an inch in length by .56 in breadth. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 135 Dendroeca pirms, Baird. The Pine-creeping Warbler has not been found in our latitude during- its vernal migration, to any considerable extent. It is mostly a denizen of pine forests and may be seen running up and down the trunks of trees and along their branches, ever on the alert for the larvae and ova of insects, which it most dexterously extracts from their hiding places. In southern New Jersey it proves to be more abundant, frequenting low marshy grounds, overgrown with shrubbery and the scrub pine. It reaches the latitude of Philadelphia during rthe latter part of April, and its visit is usually pro- longed until about the i5th of May, when it is notably scarce. During the breeding-period it is unobserved, whence we infer that it does not re- main to perform that essential business. During certain milcl and open winters, we are informed by- reliable authority, that it is common in pine forests in the vicinity of Bridgeton, N. J. An instance is recorded where a stray individual was met in Philadelphia in mid-winter. This species is both terrestrial and arboreal. It is an active, restless being, generally searching for insects among the blossoms and needles of the pine, or in the crevices of the bark, or seizing them upon the wing; occasionally, it descends to the ground for this purpose. Its movements recall those of the Certhiidce. Though chiefly restricted to pine forests, we have never known it to desert such places for open fields and orchards. 136 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Its flight is short and gracefully undulating. The song of this Warbler is lacking in compass and variety, although, far from disagreable. Mr. Nuttall characterizes it at times as aproximating the simpler trills of the canary, but, ordinarily, a reverberating, gently-increasing or murmuring sound resembling er-r-rrrrr-ah. In the spring- time it sounds like twc-twe-tw-tw-tzv-tiv-tw and sometimes like tsh-tsJi-tsh-hu-tw-tw-tw uttered with an agreeable cadence. The note of the female is said to resemble that of Mniotilta varia. Its food consists of insects in their various de- velopmental stages. Early in the spring many coleoptera are eagerly devoured. We have identi- fied in our examinations remains of Bostrichus pini, Cratonychus cinereus, C. pcrtinax, Cymindis viridipennis, Platynus cupripcnnis, besides the hy- menopterous forms of Formica sanguinca, F. sub- terranea, and others. Later, the larvae and ova of Anisoptcryx vernata, Clisiocampa Americana, Citheronia regalis, E,acles iniperialis, besides many mature forms of our early Noctuid Haltica chalybea, Chrysomela cwu/cipenms, Fero- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 1 71 nia chaldtes, Donacia confluenta, Harpahis pensyl- vanicus, and Platynus cupripennis. Besides coleop- tera, our commonest ants and small spiders are articles of diet. During its temporary sojourn, like many other migrants, it does not regale us with a song; not even a solitary call-note is it heard to utter. Its song is heard in its more northern breeding-quar- ters. In Massachusetts it is said to be very pleas- ing, and heard very infrequently, and only in certain places. There is no evidence that this species nidificates in this latitude. Audubon affirms that it retires to mountainous districts for this essential purpose. It is not easy to assign suitable reasons for such preference. An abundance of suitable diet, the absence of particular enemies, combined with force of habit, may have determined its choice of localities. The nest of this species according to Dr. Brewer, was " built in a trussock of grass, in swampy- woods, concealed by the surrounding rank vege- tation, in the midst of which it was placed." It is described as being composed of decayed leaves, grapevine bark, fine stems, and rootlets in small proportion, with an excess of pine-needles, the whole being so loosely interwoven as to render removal impracticable. It was nearly flat and measured three and a half inches in diameter. Its greatest depth in the centre of the cavity was barely a half inch. This nest was obtained by George O. Welch, Esq., in Lynn, Mass., in June, 1/2 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS 1856. Another nest which Dr. Brewer describes and which was found by the same observing naturalist, was more carefully and elaborately con- structed, and possesed greater compactness. The eggs are five in number, and marked with dots and blotches of brown and purple upon a clear white background, forming a wreath about the larger end. They measure .70 of an inch in length and .55 in breadth. It returns early in September, stops a few days from its journey when it frequent sequestered localities, and continues a silent feeder until its de- parture during the last week of September, Setophaga ruticilla. Swains. • • The Redstart is far from being a rare species. At the time of writing, June 4th, it is uncommonly abundant. It appears often as early as the 2Oth of April, but never later than the 5th of May. Ij; is never gregarious, but remains a solitary hunter until mating is accomplished. At first its foraging is restricted to high open woodlands, but as the season advances, it becomes more familiar, ap- proaches our principal thoroughfares, visits our orchards and lawns and gleans amid the blossoms and leaves. It now becomes exceedingly tame\ and suffers the nearest approach without fear or alarm. Its movements and habits are those of a .Fly- catcher. In quest of food it moves with remark- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 173 able agility, assuming a variety of attitudes; min- gles among the leaves, and anon darts forward with unerring precision, seizing an unfortunate insect which has unwittingly strayed across its line of vision. In the procurement of food it is as often Jound upon the uppermost branches of tall trees, as upon the nethermost, or small bushes. It is not strictly arboreal, having been found by us feeding upon fallow ground. At first it destroys immense num- bers of beetles which afford it a rich nourishment; • but its appetite soon cloys of such food, and clip- tera, aphides, and lepidoptera in their larval and perfect stages, constitute a happy exchange. We have detected the remains of Rhynchcenus pini, Boslrichus pini, Cralonychus cinereus, C. pcrtinax, PlatyniLs cupripennis, Plarpalus compar, Donacia confluenta, Chrysoniela cceruleipennis, among cole- op tera; Formica sanguinea, F. subterranca, Apis mellifica> Selandria rosce, S. viii, Megachile centun- cularis, several Halicti and Andrence, among hymenoptera ; Musca domestica, Syrpkus obscurus, Culcx tceniorkynchiiS) Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanus lincola, Tipula ferruginea, among diptera; Aphis roses, A. mali, and other Aphidce, the small spiders that infest the bark, leaves, and flowers of plants ; Ttgenaria domestica, Epeira diadema, and mature forms of the lepidoptera Harrisina Americana, Lithosia miniala, Spilosoma Virginica, Penthina ponwnella, Orgya leucostigma, many of the Noc- tuidce, Tortricidcc, Lyc&nida, and Tincidce, with the 174 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS larvae of Anisopteryx vernata, Eufitchia ribearia, Pieris rapcv, Colias philodice, Pieris brassiccz, Ute~ theisa bella, Eudryas grata, Catocala, cutworms of the genus A gratis, and others, The song of the Redstart resembles very closely that of Mniotilta varia, but is less prolonged and delivered more quickly and in a sharper key. It may be aptly expressed by the syllables tsi-tsi- tsiwe, the last syllable ending very abruptly. Its ordinary call-note is a simple tsich, the two final letters have the German pronunciation. A peculiarity of this species whilst singing de- serves a passing notice. As if possessed of a high degree of self-esteem and an over-anxiety to display its attractions to the best advantage, it habitually elevates and opens its wings, expands its tail-feathers with a show of affectation, all in harmony with the rhythm of its song. The females vie with the males in .their vocal powers. We are led to believe that the males migrate several days in advance of the females, as they are the first to manifest themselves. The sexes pay little regard to each other's presence at first; selfish gratifications predominating over every other motive or consideration. This species breeds mostly in retired localities, as dense woods with a thick underbrush. Oc- casionally, nidification occurs close to human habi- tations. After mating, about the 2oth of May, the birds commence to construct their nests, which is usually the case during the first week of June, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 175 sometimes during the last week of May. A small bush is selected for this purpose; most commonly Juniperus communis; the nest being seldom placed higher than from five to six feet above the ground. The labor of building devolves upon the female, mainly; the male occasionally rendering a little assistance. While his partner like a true and faithful servant plies her task with indefatigable zeal, he occasionally deserts his post close by, to inspect the character of the work, and occasionally deigns to adjust, a stray piece, or to render the structure more symmetrical. The work continues through the day, and is prosecuted with commend- able rapidity. Ordinarily, it requires a period of three days to complete a nest, which is about the time the Summer Yellow Bird devotes thereto. Whilst the female is laboring hard under the sur- veillance of her lord, the. male as if to encourage and stimulate her to greater exertions, rewards her occasionally with a juicy tidbit. The nest is built in a crotch, and held in posi- tion by nearly vertical branches. It presents, exteriorly, at a short distance, a decided resem- blance to the nest of Dendroeca (estiva-, but, upon critical examination, perceptible differences are found to exist. The periphery of the nest is com- posed of hempen fibres of Linum Virginianum and L. usitatissimutn almost exclusively, with a few spiders' webs; interiorly, there is a profusion of horse-hairs. The height is four inches, and the diameter nearly two and a half. The diameter at 176 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS the mouth and the depth of the cavity are the same, being about two inches. The structure is beautifully symmetrical, hemispherical in shape, and neatly and compactly woven. Oviposifion is closely attended upon nest-com- pletion, and proceeds at the rate of one egg per day, until the number is laid which requires a period of four days. Incubation subsequently follows, and lasts for 1 1 .days, the female performing the labor exclusively. Whilst she is thus occupied, her part- ner administers to her necessities. When not thus occupied, he remains near by, manifesting the utmost solicitude. When clanger is imminent, he comes boldly to the front, and endeavors by his clamors and mena- cing attitudes, to inspire fear on the part of the in- truders. He is bold and courageous, and like the Ruby-throated Humming Bird, darts with gaping jaws into the face of the person who dares to dis- turb his nest or mate. The female is so strongly attached to her nest, that she will, permit a very close approach before she can persuade herself to vacate. The young are objects of more than ordinary solicitude. Both parents labor unremittingly to provide them with suitable and abundant nourish- ment. They are fed upon young caterpillars and larvae of various insects which the parents procure at great distances. The larvae of Anisopteryx veniata and other geometers, Colias pkilodice, Harrisina Americana, Eiifitchia ribearia, and 67/- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. . 177 siocampa Americana; besides mature forms of Mused domestica, Tabanus lineola, Syrphus obscurus, S. obliquus, Formica sanguinea, aphides, and small spiders in abundance, are largely devoured. Late in the season, both young and old subsist in .part upon the berries of yuniperus Virginiana, and the seeds of grasses. The young leave the nest in about 12 days after being hatched, and in a week more are fitted to care for themselves. The species is single-brooded. Both young and old retire to their winter homes late in September, spending the interval of time between brood-raising and retire- ment, in cultivated fields. The -eggs are usually four in number, grayish- white, and blotched and clotted with purple and brown. They average .63 of an inch in length and .50 in breadth; they resemble slightly those of D. tzstiva. Family Tanagridae. Tanagers. This extensive and beautiful family is restricted to America. The species are chiefly tropical. Its precise position is undetermined. The single well- established North American genus Pyranga, em- braces birds of brilliant colors with marked seasonal and sexual variations in plumage. In distribution it is rather southerly, never passing beyond the limits of the United States. Pyranga rubra, Vieill. The Scarlet Tanager may be considered as one L 178 . LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS of the most conspicuous and brilliant of our summer occupants. From its appearance early in May until its departure during the first week of September, it accomplishes an immense amount of good in the destruction of many insects in their various developmental stages. Within secluded situations this species displays a certain amount of shyness and timidity, which it throws aside on its visits to the domains of man. We have frequently approached within a few paces of it without exciting undue alarm. In wooded regions it seeks the topmost boughs of the tallest trees, where it gleans for hours its daily subsist- ence. The apple and pear are its favorite trees outside of its natural haunts. In its habits of feed- ing it is far from being strictly arboreal, as we have known it to follow the plowman in company with the Robin and Purple Grakle. This species is never gregarious. Early in the season the sexes are dissociated, and lead solitary lives. From their earliest appearance, it is obvious that the male arrives in advance of the female. Perhaps the modest and unassuming garb of the female renders her a less conspicuous object of notice than her more highly favored partner. The habits of the males on their arrival confirm us in our opinion. They -seek the tops of the loftiest trees, and for an hour at least pour forth their choicest music, doubtless, with a view of at- tracting the passing females. We have known instances where a venturesome fellow had stationed OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. I ^ £ himself upon a tall tree by the side of a public road, utterly unconscious of his surroundings and aught else save the task which he had in view, and which he performed with commendable vim. Within the coverts of dense woods, the male invariably seeks the tallest tree-tops, seldom changing his position unless to seize a passing insect, or to obey the call of a kindred species. At irregular intervals he utters his simple call of chi- charr. The sounds are strangely delusive, seem- ingly emanating from a distance, when their author is evidently close by. Later in the season when the trees are covered with leaves, he is seldom observed. His gaudy dress needs to be concealed by enveloping leaves from the view of rapacious birds, which his stationary position materially assists in bringing about. In orchards and gardens adjoining occupied dwellings, it is true that his behavior is marked with less shyness and greater freedom. The less danger which such places afford, from the less frequent visits of rapacious birds thereto, doubtless furnishes an explanation to the fact. Birds of prey have a decided aversion to man, and hence the advantage which this species derives by building close to human habitations. The power of ventriloquism which is the peculiar property of the male, enables him to please his mate with sweet music, without revealing to his enemies his precise whereabouts. The song of the male which is uttered at irregular intervals, is a moderately low and pensive l8o LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS ditty, and may be quite accurately represented by the syllables chl-chl-cki-char-ee-char-ee-chi. It has been likened to the mellow notes of the Baltimore Oriole, but we are utterly unable even to trace the most distant relationship. In the mating season, and also on the approach of danger, both birds utter a low whispering warble, in a tone of marked sweetness and tenderness, as they move through the branches and foliage together. The food of this bird consists of coleopterous, lepidopterous, and dipterous insects, with their larvae. In July, various kinds of berries are eaten, and constitute an important part of its diet. In several stomachs which we have examined, have been found remains of Harpalus pensylvanicus, H. compar, H. carbonarius, Ptinus humeralis, Platynus itipripcnnis, Pangus caliginosus, Chrysomela cceru-? lefpcnnis, ' Cr atony chits cinercus and Lacknosterna hirticula in their larval forms, earthworms, ants, and small spiders. Later in the season the larvae' of Gortyiia zees, Anisopteryx vernata, Eufitchia ribearia, Harrisind Amei'icana, Eudryas grata, the dart moth, with mature forms of the above, besides Spilosoma Virginica, Lithosia miniata, Utetheisa bella,dind many of the Satyridce, • Lyccznidcz, and Tortricida:. 5 During the breeding-period which occurs late in May or the beginning of June, the male keeps : at a wary distance, and his less suspicious mate is compelled to yield the protection which he should rightfully bestow. When her nest is assailed she OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA! l8l hovers about the head of the intruder evincing the most intense anxiety and distress. Building operations are begun about the i5th of May, the bulk of the work being performed by the female. The nest is placed upon a horizontal branch of the tulip-poplar or a species of Quercns on the outskirts of a grove, or upon an apple-tree in less sequestered situations. It takes but four days to construct a nest, which is loosely put together and scarcely survives the season for which it is designed. Exteriorly, it is composed of rude sticks, with an intermixture of weeds and grasses; and is lined with roots, grass-stems, and occasionally the inner bark of Castanea or Quercus. After the completion of the nest and the usual complement of eggs is deposited, one being laid a day, incubation ensues. This duty devolves wholly upon . the female. She is also necessitated to provide her own nourishment. The time spent in sitting is about 1 2 days. The young are fed by the female principally. Their food consists of the larvae of beetles and lepidoptera, with mature forms of the same; besides, spiders, earthworms, aphides, and diptera. In about two weeks the young leave the nest, and in another week, they are thrown upon their own resources. So susceptible to cold is this species, that in unusually chilly weather, many have been known to perish. We distinctly recall a season of unusual cold in May, which succeeded very oppressive 1 82 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS weather in April, which was attended with unhappy consequences to the species under consideration. Many individuals were picked up which were so completely overpowered that life was imperilled. It departs for the South during the last week of September; sometimes, earlier, when the season is unusually severe. The eggs vary from a well-marked shade of greenish-blue, to a dull white. The spots are reddish or rufous-brown, and more or less con- fluent at the larger end. They are four or five in number, and measure about .95 of an inch in length, and .65 in breadth. CHAPTER IV. Family Hirundinidae. Swallows. The Swallows constitute a perfectly natural group, and represent among Oscines, the fissir- ostral type of structure. Their resemblance to the Cypselidce and Caprimulgida is one of analogy rather than affinity, though these birds were'for- merly placed in the artificial "order" Fissirostres. It is estimated that one hundred species of Swallows are recorded, many of which are pro- bably not genuine. They are universally distri- buted, some of them like Hirundo, being more or less cosmopolitan; each of the grand divisions of the .globe possesses its' particular subgenera; all the American groups, with the exception of Hiritndo and Cotyle being peculiar to this con- tinent. --,:.:> Formerly, Swallows bred in hollows of trees, in banks on cliffs, and like places, which is the custom with many yet; but the majority have abandoned their primitive haunts for the artificial nesting places provided purposely, or otherwise, by man. Some at present are in a transition state ; for ex- ample, the Purple Martin which still clings to its old habits of breeding in hollow trees in our Western States; while here it avails itself of the boxes which are provided for its accommodation, 184 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Stronger evidence could not be adduced to show the modifying influences which civilization has brought to bear upon indigenous birds. Hirundo horreorwn, Barton. No one of all our North American species is more abundant and better known than the subject of the present sketch. From its first appearance in early May, till its departure about the I5th of September, the immense good which it accom- plishes should prompt us to accord to it a generous welcome, and bestow upon it the full pro- tection of the laws. The myriads of insects which it destroys during its temporary stay, should com- mend it to public favor. It frequents our pastures where the cattle are grazing, and kindly relieves them of their dip- terous tormentors, even alighting upon their backs for this purpose; it puts an end to the insects that infest our fruits and vegetables, and indirectly rids man of many of his inveterate insect- foes. It may be justly characterized as an unmixed good. Not the slightest tinge of evil, we are happy to say, exists in its nature, to mar the happy results which flow from its labors. The solicitude which it manifests towards its fellows is proverbial. Who has not descerned its willingness and readiness to assist a comrade in distress, and the piteous cries of appeal which it utters when danger is imminent! These estimable traits are too well-known to require any portrayal OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 185 at our hands. The love which the male cherishes for his partner is remarkable. He feeds and caresses her; and we are informed by a reliable person, that he occasionally relieves her of the irksome duty of incubation. In the selection of a nesting- place, special regard for the shelter and comfort of the female and the young is of primary importance. To secure these requirements, a barn, porch, or wagon-house, is usually selected. In rural districts, what are familiarly known as overshoots, with which some barns are specially provided for the accommoda- tion of cattle, are called into requisition. Again, unoccupied springhouses, close by streams of water are favorite resorts. The above places are, doubtless, selected on account of the various dip- terous insects which are to be found there. Ap- petital gratification has probably dictated the pro- priety of nidificating where a ready supply of tood-stuffs can be obtained, with but little waste time and expenditure of physical strength. Nests have also been found attached to the piers of bridges. In many localities there seems to be a decided partiality for such positions. In a rural part of Germantown, upon the east bank of a small tributary of the Wissahickon creek, stands a dilapidated building which is annually resorted to by these Swallows, for nidificating purposes, At this time,"solitude and retirement are infinitely more desirable than sociality. Many birds which are pre-eminently gregarious before and after 1 86 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS breeding, manifest an utter repugnance to general society at this time. Nesting ordinarily commences during the last week of May, sometimes as early as the i5th, and as often not before the first week of June. The labor is performed jointly by both sexes, and is prosecuted with considerable diligence until the nest is completed. The time thus spent seldom exceeds a period of six days. A nest by our side which was built under an overshoot, and which may be considered a typical structure, is composed externally of ten semi-ellip- tical series of mud pellets, slightly overlapping each other in the manner of tiles, and intercalated with the culms and blades of fine grasses. Simi- lar grasses in small quantity serve to strengthen the pellets, and thus act as girders to bind the elements of the fabric more closely together. In- teriorly^ there is an inner layer of the stems of Phleum pr&tense, another compactly pressed, and succeeded by a softer layer of the leaves oi.Holcus lanatns. The cavity is nearly two and a half inches, longitudinally, and about four, transversly; its depth is hardly an inch. The shallowness is com- pensated for by the greater length in the transverse direction. For a lining, soft feathers take the place of grasses. After the lapse of two or three days, oviposition commences, and continues during a period ranging from four to six days' in accordance with the rate of laying which is one per diem. Incubation is OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 1 87 not entirely performed by the female as stated above ; it lasts for a period of 1 1 days. The male is a very dutiful husband and administers most faithfully ta his partner's wants. The young are objects of special parental regard. Their food consists of various diptera, aquatic larvae, and small lepidoptera. We have never known more than one brood to be raised in a season. The fact that some t birds are later breeding than others, has, doubtless, given rise to the impression that in some sections the species is double-brooded. The young are able to vacate the nest in about 14 clays after breeding; and in a week or ten days more are prepared to attend to their own wants. We have found the remains of the following in- sects in the stomachs of the many individuals which we have examined:— Miisca domestica, Tabamis lineola, Tabanus cinchis, Syrphus obscurus, Asihis sericeus, Stomoxys calcitrans, Scatop/iaga furcata, Culex tceneorhynchus, and Tipula ferruginea, besides the smaller dipterous forms that are found skimming over the surfaces of pools and ponds of water; Harpalus compar, Cr atony chus cinereus, Casnonia pennsylvanica, Platynus cupripennis, Donacia confluenta, Cymindis viridipennis, among coleoptera; Spiiosoma Virginica, S. acr&a> Lithosia miniata, Utetheisa bclla, Penthina pomonella, Ani- sopteryx vernata, and many of the Lyccznidce, Tor- tricidce, and Noctuidce. Its song especially during flight, is both pleasing and lively. It consists of a succession of twitter- 1 88 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS t ings repeated in a very rapid and animated manner. When alighted, the song is slower and less anima- ted, but none the less pleasing. The following syl- lables give a tolerably accurate representation: — tivlt-ti-tl-tl. Its ordinary call is simply twit. Dr. Brewer affirms in " North American Birds" that "a striking peculiarity of these nests (Barn Swallows'), is frequently an extra platform built against but distinct from the nest itsejf; designed as a roosting place for the parents; used by one during incubation at night or when not engaged in procuring food, and both when the young are big enough to occupy the whole nest." We have no reason to doubt the above facts, coming as they do from so eminent authority. The existence of such an appendage may be a noticeable feature of the nest in certain sections; but our experience has been different. When a nest is fastened to the horizontal timber of a building, and in unexposed situations, there seems to be no necessity for such an appurtenance; but in the absence of suitable protection and convenience, it may serve a pur- posed The eggs are white with a roseate tinge in un- blown specimens, and are marked with reddish and purplish-brown spots chiefly at the larger end. Their mean length is .77, and mean breadth .55 of an inch, Tachydneta tricolor, Vieill. The White-bellied .Swallow, unlike the species OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 189 last mentioned, may be considered the least abun- dant of all of our swallows in Eastern Pennsylva- nia. It reaches this latitude early in May a little in advance of the Martin, and like the latter, is known to avail itself of a box for a nest; and from its earlier arrival, frequently lays claims to boxes which the martins by virtue of priority of possession are legally entitled, so to speak. A disturbance ensues, and the latter by reason of inferior strength are forced to seek quarters .elsewhere. Where they have been induced to accept the conveniencesr of man, they soon enter on the most familiar terms 1 with him, and for the many little kindnesses and attentions which he bestows; reward him most gratefully by their eminent services in the destruc- tion of noxious insects. Its movements are exceediugly active, but less so than the barn-swallow's. Like the latter it seizes much of its food on the wing; but its foraging is more arboreal and terrestrial. It subsists upon the following insects: — Culex tceniorhynchus,AsilMs sericeuSy Scatophaga furcata, Tabanus lineola, Syr- phus obliquus, S. obscurus, Anthrax elongata, among diptera; Harpalus compar, Cymindis viri- dipennis, Chrysomela cceruleipennis among coleop- tera; and A crony eta oblinita, Spilosoma Virginica, Orgya leucostigma, Pieris rapcz, Colias philodice, ^enthina pomonella&ftd. many of the Leuccenidce "ortricidce, and Noctuidce. In Eastern Massachusetts this species breeds exclusively in martin boxes; and in the western LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS t part of the State according to Mr. Allen, it is the least abundant of the swallows; and is exceedingly careless in its selection. It has a breeding range from the 38th degree to high northern latitudes. Mr. Richardson found it breeding in trees on the banks of the Mackenzies river; Dale mentions it in Alaska, but it has not been observed in Green- land. In this latitude it is chiefly a denizen of woods, and builds almost exclusively in hollow trees. Its nest is loosely built and is composed of soft leaves, fine meadow-grasses, and^warmly lined with an abundance of down and feathers. We have never met with more than one nest in a season. Its departure for the West Indies, Central America, and Northern South America, where it winters, takes place early in September. The parents like those of the species last de- scribed, are strongly attached to. each other, and manifest the utmost devotion to their offspring. The eggs are a pure white, with a delicate pink- ish tinge \vhen unblown, and unspotted; oblong- oval in shape, and more pointed at one extremity than the other. They measure .8£ of an inch in length and .54 in breadth. Pctrochclidon lunifrons, B ai r d . The Cliff Swallow has been but occasionally observed within the limits of Philadelphia, but in Northumberland Co., to the westward, it is nearly as common as the Barn Swallow is with us. Its OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. appearance is noticed early in May. It seemingly delights in man's society, and attaches its mud-built nest to the eaves of barns and outhouses. From its first advent to its departure in the latter part of September, it is the same sociable creature. Scores of birds have been known to nidificate in dilapidated buildings, constituting well established and peaceful settlements. But most generally there is a strong aversion to such settlements, as evidenced by the many solitary nests which we have observed in comparatively out-of-the-way situations. This species, however, carries this feeling of sociability to the utmost. The most perfect harmony prevails in each set- tlement. In a colony which we observed, a few years since, there were counted at least twenty domiciles arranged in a row underneath the pro- jecting eaves of a barn; and what was truly re- markable, there was not discernible during the three weeks we spent in the neighborhood, a single exhibition of ill-nature or petulency. The song of this Swallow which has been com- pared to "an unmusical squeak," rather than a twitter, is produced with a geniality of expression which abundantly compensates for its harshness. When the birds in their hurry would jostle each other, the utmost good feeling prevailed as evi- denced by the same constant noise which they kept up. The Cliff Swallow claims our generous indulg- ences. L;ke its near relative, the Barn Swallow, LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS it is vastly destructive to insects. Building close to the barn-yard, it meets a ready supply of its favorite articles of diet, which consists of the larvae and images of Musca domestica, mature forms of Tabanus lineola, T. cinctus, and the blood-sucking Stomoxys, which delight in such places. In the adjoining fields it destroys vast numbers of Pen- thina pomonella, Anisopteryx vemata, Eujltchia ribearia, and many of the Noctuidce and Tortricida among lepidoptera; besides the young of (Edipoda sulphured and CE. nebulosa, for which it affects a peculiar fondness. Nidification commences during the last week of May or the beginning of v June. Both birds assist each other in constructing a nest; the prin- cipal part of the labor depends upon the male under the supervision of his partner. It has been affirmed that in large colonies it is a common occurrence to find several females engaged in incubation upon the same nest. We have never observed a similar circumstance, but do not doubt its authenticity. The mutual good-will which prevails in a colony would lead us to suspect the occasional existence of such a state of affairs. The nest is hemispherical in shape, with a small opening at the side just large enough to admit the passage of the female. The retort-like figure, characteristic of the primitive form of structure, has never been observed by us. The exterior of the nest is composed of divers kinds of earth, pro- cured from puddles and low shallow streams. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 193 The interior is chiefly lined with feathers, but, occasionally, with a mixture of feathers and soft grasses, especially Poa anmia. It is probable that the saliva of the birds materially aids in the agglu- tination of the particles of mud. The fact that the nests crumble to pieces with great facility, is no argument that this fluid is not utilized. They adhere so firmly to their supporting surfaces as to require considerable physical effort for their de- tachment. While intact they will endure the peltings of winter. The force requsite to separate them from the surfaces of contact, undoubtedly tends to diminish the force of adhesion resident in the mud-particles, and thus renders the structure exceedingly fragile, which has led some to believe that saliva is not used. The small twigs which compose the nest of the Chimney Swift, it is well- known, are held in situ by a viscid secretion elaborated by that species. Experience has taught us that this secretion looses its adhesive property in time, even when the nests are kept in either moist or dry situations. It is difficult to preserve a nest intact fora sixth-month. This is readily accounted for. Clay and earth of any kind being more porous and brittle than wood, it is a reasonable presumption that after the lapse of time when the saliva has lost much of its virtue, that it will yield with great readiness to natural forces. In fine, the saliva would mingle with the moisture. of the clay, which moisture would be imparted to the clay, even in the dryest places, and be equally M 194 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS distributed among its particles; and the latter, deprived in a measure, of their means of cohesion, by desiccation, would crumble to pieces. A nest is usually six days in building. Oviposi- tion succeeds its completion. In the duties of incubation which require a period of 1 1 days, the female is occasionally relieved by the male. While she is thus occupied he is very attentive, vigilant, jealous, and affectionate. A stranger is not permitted within his territory without en- countering the most unpleasant reception; the male strength of the whole community is mustered to wreak instant vengeance upon such temerity. Should a human being attempt any familiarities, he is instantly beset by numbers infuriated to the highest degree. Two broods are generally reared in a season; one appearing early in June, and the other early in August. At the close of the breeding-season the birds still linger in their accustomed haunts, where they remain until the time of their southern departure. The eggs are white and marked with reddish- brown blotches, which are chiefly placed about the larger end. They are less elongated than those of the Barn Swallow, and measure from .86 to .74 of an inch in length with an average breadth of .60. Cotyle riparia, Boie. Unlike the subject of the last article, the Sand Martin is more retired in its habits, but none the OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 195 less social in its character. It is less abundant than Hirundo korreorum, and makes its appear- ance about the middle of April, a little before the latter. Its nests are placed in excavations in the banks along streams, in cliffs by rile sea-shore, and in other suitable localities. In Philadelphia they are chiefly found in railroad cuttings, in clusters of a half- dozen or more. Though more retired than many of its family-relatives, this species cannot be said to be unusually shy and timid. It still retains much of its primitive manners. In the sites which ara chosen lor nidification, no little forecast is manifested. The insects which are so abundant in such places, yield it an ample supply of food with but1 slight entailment of physi- cal fatigue. The stagnant water-pools which are so common along railroads, outside the sleepers, are exceedingly prolific sources of insect-life. While excavating a place for a nest, the birds work by turns; neither bird intermitting- the labor until the task is accomplished. The length of time requisite to complete a cavity, depends much upon the character of the earth to be re- moved. It seldom exceeds four days, even under the most unfavorable circumstances. The re- quisite depth being attained, a circular apartment is constructed and lined with feathers. Oviposition immediately succeeds, and is closely followed by incubation which continues for 1 1 days. In the labor of sitting we are inclined to 196 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS think that the male assists. The young are fed by both parents, which vie with each other in en- dearing attentions. Their food consists of mos- quitos, small lepidoptera, and coleoptera; while their parents subsist upon larger insects. The following list embraces the bill of fare of the latter: — Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanus atratus, T. lincola, Asilus sericeu s, Tipula ferruguinea, Chryso- juela cceruleipennis, Donacia metallica, Spilosoma Virginica, Anisopteryx vernata, Penthina pomonella, and many of the Noctiiidt?, Lycrrnidtf, and Tortri- cidce; besides spiders and aphides. Like most of the Hirundinidce, the male is ex- tremely sedulous in his attentions to the female. He is also as jealous as the male Petrochelidcm InnijTons, and manifests his aversion to interfer- ence by repeated vociferations and gesticulations. Both birds are very fond of their young, as shown by the little attentions which they bestow upon them, and by the reckless bravery which they exhibit in protecting them from danger. The young are 12 days old when they leave the nest; in a week more they are able to sustain themselves. The eggs are five in number, pure white, with a roseate tinge in unblown specimens, oval in shape, and pointed at the smaller end. They measure .71 of an inch in length, and .46 in breadth. Stelgidoptesyx serripennis, Baird. The Rough-winged Swallow is by no means OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 197 abundant in our latitude, and is chiefly a denizen of eminently rural districts, where it breeds in small numbers in the excavations of the Bank Swallow, but more generally between crevices in walls and arches of bridges over running water; in some instances, less than a foot above the sur- face. It arrives about the 2Oth of. April; but in very backward seasons, as late as the 5th of June. During its early visit, it delights in the retirement of solitary streams, and then manifests consider- able shyness. Its chief concern is the procure- ment of food. Whilst foraging it is not so strictly aerial as the Barn Swallow, but has been observed on several occasions to glean among the foliage and branches of trees, but very rarely upon the ground. Its food consists principally of dipterous and lepidopterous insects, with a small percentage of coleoptera. Remains of the following insects have been found in the many stomachs which we have examined: — Anthrax elongata, Tipula ferruginea, Culex t&niorhynchiis, Tabanus iineola, Stomoxys calcitrans, Syrphus obliquus^ Musca ccesar, and smaller diptera which inhabit aqueous situations; common May- fly and other small neuropterous beings, and Spilosonia Virginica, S. acr&a, Orgya leucostigma, Utetheisa bella, Colius philodice, the smaller Argynni, with the most common of the Lycanidce, Noctuidce, and Tortricidce. Its flight resembles that of the Bank Swallow in being less firm and sustained than that of Hirundo horreorum. 198 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS This species is devoid of a song; its only notes being a few chirping calls which are easily recog- nized. Nidification takes place generally about the 1 5th of May, at least three or four days after mating; and in cases where the excavation of a Bank Swallow has been selected for the site of a nest, it is but the work of a couple of days. Where the birds are compelled tp excavate a place for them- selves, they select a cliff composed of a soft, sandy soil, which prolongs the period for two days more. But where the crevices in the walls of a bridge are chosen, for nidificating purposes, the structure being necessarily more compact, it requires the joint labor of the sexes for at least three days. The nest like that of the Bank Swallow is constructed of leaves and grasses, with a lining; of soft feathers. In 1843, in tne neighborhood of Carlisle, Prof. Baird met a number of nests of this species, built within crevices in walls, and the arches of bridges over running water; in some instances being so close to the edge of the water, as to suffer material injuries in times of rain. Again, nests have been observed in out-of-the-way-places, for example, between the boards of a building in which was a water-wheel, where the female had to pass through a nut-hole to reach the nest. Oviposition immediately follows nest-completion, an I continues for six days, one egg being de- posited daily. Incubation ensues the succeedingday and as far as we have been able to determine is OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 199 performed wholly by the female, the male provid- ing her with nourishment. It continues for a period of 1 1 days. The young are objects of special regard upon the parental part. Both birds guard them with a jealous care. Their food consists of the diptera before mentioned, spiders, and such larvae as the parent-birds are able to procure from their sur- roundings. They are able to leave the nest in from 12 to 13 days, but are still provided for by the parents; the addition of a week to this period pro- duces a marked difference in their development, and fits them for self-maintenance. In the fall these birds are gregarious especially in the daytime, but on the approach of night the flocks break up and they retire to their resting- quarters for roosting-purposes. Their departure dates from the 2Oth to the last of September. The eggs are oblong in configuration, pointed at one end, and of a pure white color. The average length is .75 of an inch and breadth .54. Progne pur pure a, Boie. The Purple Martin in some parts of Philadel- phia is not so abundant as formerly. We remem- ber, when a boy, in our neighborhood, it was a very common visitant, and every available house or box, however rude, was taken possession of, on its arrival during the last week of April. This con- dition of affairs continued for several years ; the birds being encouraged to build by the inhabitants 200 LtFE-ttlSTORitis of feikbs who often erected very costly buildings for their accommodation. At last the Blue Birds came upon the scene in great numbers, and being possessed of superior courage, and being more pugnacious and quarrelsome, the Martins were driven away, never to return. Few species are more eminently sociable and confidential, and manifest greater pleasure in man's society, where suitable building conveniences are provided, then the subject of this sketch. In Bridgeton, Cumberland Co., N. J., it appears in immense numbers, reminding us of our childhood days. Constant association with man for many years, has worught a wonderful change in its character and habits. Except in special cases, nidification no longer takes place in hollow trees in secluded situations, but is now accomplished within our gar- dens and lawns. In the selection of a place this bird is not very particular; an old tin can, or a perforated gourd, is as truely acceptable as the most costly structure which affluence can affect. When there is a scarcity of boxes, &c., it does not hessitate to dispute the right of another species; even the mis- chievous little wren often finds its efforts to bar out intruders completely foiled. What this species cannot accomplish individually, it effects by com- bination ; for in union there is strength. Like Sialia sialis it has a strong attachment to the scenes of past associations, and frequents the same localities year after year, unless driven away. Oi<' EASTERN J?ENNsYLVANtA. Its quarrels with others, frequently result from their pre-occupancy of accustomed sites. The great good which the Martins accomplish should commend them to our favor and esteem, and should be an inducement for us to extend to them our warmest sympathies and fullest protec- tion. The beetles that injure our fruits; the aphides that sap the strength of our useful as well as ornamental plants; the various dipterous in- sects as Musca domestica, Tabanus lineola, Musca ccesar, and the Ortalis and its allies whose larvae infest our raspberries and other fruits, and pro- duce the galls of many of our commonest plants. Like the Cliff and Bank Swallows, this species is fond of society. Where several apartments exist in a house, as many pairs take up their quarters; often six pairs have been known to occupy the same dwelling. The most perfect order and harmony prevail among the tenants; but woe to the feathered stranger that approaches : for the combined strength of the male portion of the entire community is summoned, to wreak instant vengeance upon him. The males are strongly attached to their part- ners; and faithful and ever attentive to their wants. We are disposed to believe that the species arrives already paired, as we have never observed the least indication of anything that would lead to a different belief. When a male has once selected a partner, we know no instance where she has been abandoned, while living, for 2O2 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS another, during the season for which * she was espoused. In some cases this alliance is dissolved at the close of the breeding-season, to be re- assumed during the subsequent spring; in others, the separation is, doubtless, permanent, another taking the place of the discarded suitor; again, the union is life-long. We believe that this relation- ship in some cases, at any rate, with the present species is life-long, unless this important business is attended to at the time of setting out from its southern home. Nest-building commences about the i5th of May, and is the joint labor of the sexes. A nest is two days in building. Scraps of paper, leaves, grasses, feathers, and bits of strings, are utilized for this purpose. The whole is quite loosely ar- ranged. Oviposition commences the day after the nest is completed, and lasts from four to five days; one egg being laid per diem. Incubation commences on the ensuing day, and continues for a period ranging from 1 1 to 12 days, according to meteorlogical vicissitudes, and the assiduity of the female. As we have not detected the male en- gaged in sitting, we presume that it is wholly per- formed by the female. While the latter is thus occupied, he is very attentive, thoughtful, and provident. They are both extremely assiduous in their attentions to the young, and feed them upon the larvae of various lepidoptera, mosquitos, small spiders, and mature forms of Tabanus line- ola, Musca domestica, and Ortalis and its allies. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 2O3 In about 1 2 days from the time of hatching the young quit the nest, but still continue to be fed by their parents for a week more, when they are prepared to provide their own nourishment; still continuing, however, to reside with their parents. Occasionally two broods are reared annually. Whilst the parents are engaged in rearing the second brood, the first is scouring the country for food; but returns in the evening to the place of common shelter, when suitable accommodations exist. In August, 1874, we were visiting in Brigeton, N. J., and had the privilege of studying very minutely the history of this species. Close by the place where we were staying, was located a house of considerable capacity, and possessing a dozen apartments. These wrere occupied by as many pairs of birds early in the season. Two broods had been successfully reared. At the time to which we refer, all the young had attained matur- ity, and were dwelling with their parents. Early in the morning, the almost deafening' clatter that emanated from the building, told that its inmates were astir and prepared to commence their daily avocation. The departure of one from the build- ing was the signal for the rest to do likewise; which they did to the number of sixty and upwards. Instead of leaving instanter, they kept circling around the house for at least ten minutes, chattering away at a fearful rate; and, then, as if by common consent, struck oft in divers directions, and were not seen again until sunset,- when they 2O4 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS returned to renew the circling movements of the morning with the same amount of noise, when one by one with as much regularity as the marching of soldiers, would drop into the building until the last had entered. A little din and chattering over the day's adventures, and all was quiet again. The presence of persons upon the scene did not cause the circle to waver in the least. Being very intent upon this sort of amusement, for such it seemed to be, nothing seemed to distract attention or cause desistance therefrom. The most un- bounded confidence in man, acquired and strength- ened by the peaceable enjoyment of his society for many years, has rendered this species exceed- ingly tame and unsuspicious. Few species mani- fest their trustfulness to such an extent. Their departure for warmer countries occurs usually about the I5th of September. Their eggs are oblong-oval, being pointed at one end, and of an unspotted, creamy-white color. They measure .93 of an inch in length, and .78 in breadth. Family Ampelidae. Chatterers. With some writers, this arbitrary and unnatural grouping of genera which agree in some, while they differ in other particulars, is placed in Clama- tores, next to the Tyrannidcz. Dr. Coues is of the opinion that this family should be dismembered. The near resemblance of the Myiadestince a sub- family, to the Turdida, as shown by Prof. Baird, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 205 suggests, beyond doubt, the dissociation of the other two subfamilies. Subfamily Ampelinae. Waxwings. This subfamily as restricted, includes but one genus with three species ; one of Asia and Japan, one of Europe and America, and one indigenous to this country. Being songless, they are in marked contrast with the Myiadestincz and Ptilogonydince. By a strange misnomer, these birds are designated ^chatterers" which are in fact the most silent of all aves, their only voice being a wheezy kind of whistle. The head is crested, and the wings are provided with curious horny appendages of the color of red sealing-wax,, the use of which is unknown. In our species the tail is tipped with yellow; the plumage very smooth and of a name- less color. The young are minus the wing orna- ments, and have a streaked plumage. Ampelis cedrorum, Scl. * The Cedar Bird, as the above species is exclu- sively called in some sections of the country, is tolerably abundant and exceedingly nomadic. It changes its quarters according as food becomes plentiful or scarce. Late in the autumn small flocks may be observed feeding upon the berries of Juniperus Virginiana, J. communis, Vaccinium stamineum, and Liquidambar styraciflua. In the middle of winter we have seen it subsisting upon the berries of J. Virginiana, J. communis, Rhus 2O6 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS glabra, Lonicera periclyiiicniun, in sheltered locali- ties, and the seeds of Panicum. At all seasons except the breeding-season, it is pre-eminently gregarious; its continuance in a place being necessarily short. It is exceedingly shy, and can be approached only with much diffi- culty; the sportsman when desiring a shot is necessitated to take advantage of the cover of bushes. Thickets of evergreens, particularly of the red cedar, are noted resorting places, on account of the requisite shelter and concealment which they secure. When changing its base of supplies, its flight is always lofty. The sight of birds being keenly developed, a lofty flight enables them to take into the range of vision broader scopes of country; and thus secures excellent facilities for food-detection. This a-priori assumption will, doubtless, account for the aforementioned habit ascribed to this species. Wfe have never observed its presence oftener than once in the same locality, during the cold weather. Late in May, when our cultivated varie- ties of Ccrasns are in fruit, it returns in large flocks, and becomes a nuisance to the farmer. Its wanton destruction of cherries renders it exceed- ingly odious. The farmer's ingenuity is taxed to the utmost in devising means to check its devasta- tion, since the species has little dread of the gun, and still less of contrivances in the guise of scarecrows. Its appetite for the juicy cherry is so perfectly OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 207 uncontrollable, that life is often sacrificed in its gratification. Early in June the flocks break up into pairs, and nidification is the all-absorbing thought. Very few remain to build in the same immediate neigh- borhood; not more than a half-dozen pairs being seen in a circle of three miles. They have now abandoned their roving habits and the greater part of their shyness, and seek the society of man. Nidification commences right after mating. For this purpose an apple-tree is usually selected; the nest being placed not more than ten feet from the ground. We have never known the species to build in low bushes. Next to the apple-tree the cedar is preferred. Their nests are rather bulky and compactly built. In "North American Birds," it is said that they generally build a strong frame- work, exteriorly, six or seven inches in diameter, and " composed of twigs, coarse stems of vegeta- bles, and grasses." Within is placed "a compact, well-made fabric of grasses, grape-vine bark, and other finer substances," the whole being lined "with leaves and root-fibres." We have examined many nests and they all dif- fer very materially from the foregoing description. The nests according to our experience are far from being bulky. They are firmly built; the external framework is strong, composed of light materials, and is seldom more than five inches in diameter. It is built of a few small twigs, the culms of grasses chiefly Poa annua and Phleum prcetense, fine roots 208 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS of grasses, slender stalks of Ambrosia, probably artemisice folia, cucurbitaceous tendrils, undevelop- ed leaves of Pyrus mains, exteriorly; and lined with soft flower-bearing stalks of Panicum capillare, and. delicate roots of grasses, internally. The above is a description of a typical nest in this latitude. In a single nest before us, a marked deviation from the normal form is noticeable. The exterior is composed of the stems of Poa annua, Phleum prcz- tense, small roots, dried leaves of Verbascum Thapsus, young green leaves of Pyrus malus and others. The entire framework is compactly bound together by long leaves of grasses, broad strips of colored rags and lint of the same, and variously colored strings. The rags and strips constitute a promenent feature of the structure. The interior is lined with strings, lint, flower-bearing stalks of Panicum capillare, fine roots of grasses, and ten- drils of Cucurbita. The nest is four and a half inches in diameter, and three in depth; the cavity being three inches wide, and two and a half inches deep. This last described nest was located upon a horizontal branch of an apple-tree near its ex- tremity, and at a distance of fifteen paces from an occupied dwelling. A pupil of ours furnished -the strings and rags alluded to. When these articles were first proffered, the birds were not slow to per- ceive the advantages which might accrue from their use. Even after he had ceased to supply the materials, the birds would fly to the bush upon OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 2OQ which they had been placed, as if to seek further favors. This they did several times. In view of these facts the strongest arguments would be re- quired to convince us that this was not an exercise of reason of a simple order. Nest-building usually requires a period of six days, and is the joint labor of the sexes; the male is chiefly occupied in fetching the materials, while the duty of his partner is the adjustment of them to their proper places; when disengaged from such services, she willingly assists her mate. Oviposition commences on the day following the completion of the nest, and continues for nVe days; proceeding at the rate of one egg per day. Then follows the next day, the essential labor of incubation, which, as far as we have been able to determine, is the exclusive duty of the female, for a period varying from 13 to 14 days. Whilst his mate is thus engaged, the male acts in the capacity of purveyor. When not thus employed, he stations himself close by the nest and keeps the most vigilant guard. The approach of enemies is sig- nalled by a low note. Unlike many other species which we have described, he lacks the courage to defend his nest and partner; but slinks silently away and becomes a passive observer of what fol- lows. The female taking the hint follows his ex- ample. It now feeds upon what berries it can procure, but more exclusively upon diptera, aphides and the larvae of various species of lepidoptera. The N 210 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS following insects constitute a portion of its bill of fare: — Tabanus lineola, T. cinctus, Stomoxys calcitrans, Musca domestica, M. ccesar, Culex tce- niorhynchus, Anthrax clongata, among diptera; Aphis malt, A. roscc, Apis mellifica, Selandria rosce, among hymenoptera; and larvae 'of C/icerodes transversata^ Angeronia crocataria, Ennomos subsig- naria, Zerene catenaria, Anisopteryx vernata, A. pometaria, Lozotcenia rosaceana, Anchylopera fra- garice, and mature forms of Utetheisa bella, Algeria titpiliforme, Limacodes scapha, and Phisia precatio- niS) among lepidoptera. In the fall it is less in- sectivorous and more frugivorous; subsisting upon Juniper us Virginiana, Vacciniumstamineuni, Lonicera periclymemim and other fruits. The young venture from the nest when twelve days old, but are not sufficiently matured until a week later, for self-maintenance. They do not, however, dissolve connection with their parents, but wander about from place to place with the latter, subsisting upon small lepidopterous larvae, diptera, and the smaller coleoptera, until there is a scarcity of such food. On the approach of cold weather, they feed, as before remarked, upon various kinds of berries. The flocks at first are made up of individuals of the same family. But later, by the continual additions of small families which are met with in roaming from place to place, a large flock is the ultimate result. Besides the low lisping call which the Cedar Bird possesses, it has a song which is uttered in a OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 211 very low key, so as to be almost inaudible at a dis- tance of twenty paces, and which may be re- presented by tze 2 produced with considerable uniformity of sound. The eggs are slate-color, with a tinge of olive, and marked with blotches of dark purplish-brown, with penumbne of light purple surrounding the darker spots. The average length is .86 of an inch, and the average breadth .65. In shape they vary from oblong-oval to nearly rounded forms. Family Vireonidae. Vireos and Greenlets. This family which was formerly united with the Laniidtz which it resembles in the structure of the bill, has structural peculiarities in the feet by which it may be readily discriminated. The Greenlets are peculiar to America, and embrace five or six genera with nearly seventy recorded species, one- sixth of them being probably not genuine. The typical genus Vireo embraces thirty species, specially characteristic of N. America, seven oc- curring in the West Indies and Central America, one being exclusively West Indian, and the rest occupants of South and Central America. Vireo olivaceus, Vieill.' The Red-eyed Vireo is one of the most abundant of our breeding species, in Eastern Pennsylvania. It arrives generally during the last week of April, but, occasionally, as late as the second week of May. It is a bold and fearless creature, entering 212 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS the principal thoroughfares of towns and cities, where its agreeable notes may be heard among the foliage, of the maple, and other trees. It only occasionally nidificates in such places, from which we infer that it is only attracted thither by the necessity of food-stuffs. A nest, however, came into our possession lately which was found sus- pended from a maple twig in a densely-populated portion of our city. In this neighborhood it nidificates almost entirely in thick woods. Its appropriate food-stuffs being more abundant in those places, it is natural to infer that it would resort therefor the purposes of nidincation. There are, doubtless, a few cases where building is performed close by occupied human dwellings, which the birds in their migra- tions would revisit under the spur of past associa- tions. If nests exist in this latitude, in such places we are not aware of the fact. In the pursuit of food wjiich is chiefly insects, this species, in some particulars, resembles the Kinglets, and in others, the Flycatchers. It oc- cupies the tallest tree-tops where it may be see'n running along the branches, and mingling among the leaves, for whatever of insect-life abounds. When not thus engaged we have seen it perched upon a branch on the alert for insects which it would seize with the address of a Muscicapa. Their food consists of various arachnids, cynips, diptera in their larval and perfect stages, hymenop- tera, lepidoptera, and small beetles. Among dip- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 213 tera they feed upon Citlex tceniorhynchus, Tipula ferruginea, Asilus sericeus, Tabanus lineola, Musca domestica, and many species of Anthomya, Ortalis, and Scatophaga. The larvae of Anisopteryx ver- nata, Zerene catenaria, Anisopteryx pometaria^ Chcerodes transversata, Hybernia tiliaria, Asopia cos talis, Halesidota tessellarisy Callimorpha Lecontei, with mature forms of Agrotis tessellata, Plusia pre- cationis, and others among lepidoptera. Selandria roscB, Apis mellifica, Megachile centuncularis, and many of the Cynipsera that puncture our oaks, producing the galls thereof, among hymenoptera; and Chrysomela formosa, Cymindis viridipennis, Haltica chalybea, and other beetles. From our knowledge of this Vireo, we are satis- fied that it prefers retirement and loves to suspend its domicile from the pendant branches of the beech, maple, and sassafras. It builds mainly on high grounds. The nests are never placed higher than ten feet from the ground and occasionally at a less elevation. While the female is incubating she is readily approached, and manifests, seem- ingly, neither timidity nor alarm. We have known instances where she would permit us almost to lay our hand upon her, without leaving the nest. She would gaze intently upon us for a few minutes, as if to learn our motives; but when con- scious of impending danger she would glide noiselessly out, and perch very demurely upon a twig close by, and become a quiet observer of our proceedings. She will permit a person to pass and 214 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS repass the nest within two feet, without manifesting much concern. Nidification is begun about the I2th of May, but, occasionally, as- late as the 2Oth of the same month. This labor is performed by both birds. For this purpose, a forked branch is ordinarily chosen, to which a beautiful pensile nest is attached. A delicate framework, somewhat purse-shaped, is first fastened to the bifurcating twig, by means of spiders' webs, long strips of the inner bark of Quercus alba, tangled masses of Hypnum squar- rosum, floss of Bombycidcz, silk of plants, and the untwisted silk of the capsules of spiders. This structure is composed mainly of strips of bark, fragments of decayed Pinus, and bits of Hypnum, which are held in sitit by spiders' webs, the webs of several species of Epeira being utilized. At this stage there is little resemblance to the perfect structure, being a long and narrow fabric. In order to give symmetry and form thereto, the birds now construct an inner nest of fragments of paper, parchment-like capsules of spiders, bits of papery material from nests of Vespa maculata, spiders' webs, inner bark of Quercus alba, which are adjusted so as to strengthen the outer fabric. It is now the duty of the female, by bodily evolu- tions, to reduce the whole to some sort of sym- metry. Narrow strips of the inner bark of Vitis cordifolia, Quercus alba, and spiders' webs, variously intermingled, constitute a cozy lining; occasionally, a profusion of white and black horse- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 215 hairs take the place of the former. In another nest which we have before us, the fabric, exteriorly, is composed of strips of rags and strings curiously woven together, and lined with spiders' webs, and the inner bark of the wild grape-vine. The period required for the completion of a nest is from six to seven days. That this species constructs its nest in the man- ner described, we have both direct and indirect evidence; direct, as furnished by our own personal observations; and, indirect, in the possession of several incomplete nests which show the primitive pensile character, without the internal structure. These incomplete nests were given to us by per- sons who had little knowledge of the appearance which a perfect nest should present. The foregoing description will be found to vary in many particulars from the one given in "North American Birds." The latter leads to the opinion that the entire fabric constitutes one structure, which may be the case in certain localities. It is obvious from our. experience, that there is an outer structure as well as an inner one, which are ultimately conjoined by interlacing bark-fibres, and the floss of spiders' cocoons. Careful examinations of many nests have convinced us that saliva is unnecessary to the agglutination of their constituent elements. The materials are so completely inter- laced and held together by spiders' webs, £c., that the requisite compactness is secured without the use of saliva. Add to this fact their tendency 2l6 LIFE-iiiSTORiES OF to become more adherent and impacted on ex- posure to the elements, and the necessity of a fluid can be dispensed with. After the nest is finished, the female commences on the ensuing day, the duty of oviposition, which proceeds at the rate of a deposit of one egg per diem, until her complement has been laid, which requires from three to four days. Incubation commences on the day succeeding the last deposit, and requires a period of 1 1 days. In this duty we have known the male to perform his share of the labor. While the one is thus engaged, the other is absent from the immediate neighborhood, either designedly, or in quest of food. When the nest is assailed, there are manifestations of un easiness; but the earnest scolding and hoarse mewing that are so peculiar to its near cousin, the Vireo noveboracensis of Bonaparte, are traits which it has not developed. The young are assiduously fed by their parents until sufficiently matured to look after their own temporal concerns. During their state of helpless- ness, they are nourished with the larvae &{ Ani- sopteryx vernata, A. pometaria, Zerene catenaria, Hybernia tiliaria, Ennomos sitbsignaria, Limacodes scapha, and mature forms of Musca domes tica, Tabanus lineola, Tipula ferruginea, aphides, and small spiders. In about 1 2 days they leave the nest, and in a week longer they are prepared to earn their own subsistence. There is but one brood in a season, although OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 217 nests have been taken early in July which con- tained eggs, and . which we attributed to birds whose early designs had been frustrated. After the cares of brood-raising are over, both old and young, the latter, in imitation of their parents, seek the tops of the highest trees in their preda- tory excursions. Occasionally, they descend from such lofty eminences to glean among the grasses, and, as if disdaining too near an approach to the earth, ultimately perch upon some tall shrub to feast upon its berries, as those of Cornus florida and Viburnum Lentago. It continues in its favorite sylvan retreats, until its departure for the South, during the last of September or the beginning of October. The song of the Red-eyed Vireo is simple, musical, and pleasing. It is uttered in short em- phatic bars in the intervals of feeding; and so unsuspicious is the male while thus occupied, that he heeds not the presence of human beings. It may be heard even during the sultry hours of noon, when most other songsters are panting in the refreshing shade of some tall tree. From its first appearance until its departure, its song is continued with . undiminished ardor. Its notes being but moderately loud, are uttered with a somewhat plaintive intonation, and may be repre- sented by the syllables te-te-tweah-we-dh-tweah- twe&h-tiveet, produced rather hurriedly. The eggs are white, and marked at the larger end with reddish-brown spots and dots. They 2l8 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS measure .82 of an inch in length, and .56 in breadth. Vireo philadclphicus, Baird. This species called the Philadelphia Greenlet is .certainly very rare, and has, doubtless, been ob- served in this latitude but once, when it was dis- covered by Cassin, in a woods near Philadelphia, in September, 1851, whilst stopping from its southern migration. There are but three speci- mens of this species known. Vireo gilvus, Bo nap. The Warbling Vireo arrives in this latitude about the 1 5th of April. It is tolerably abundant, but not so much so as Vireo olivaceus. On its arrival it frequents villages and towns almost ex- clusively, and chiefly delights in the tall tree- tops around our houses, to pour forth its song, and to suspend from their highest branches its pensile nest. From its first appearance until after sum- mer has gone, during the livelong day, its notes may be heard. It is a very sweet and constant singer, but does not possess a voice that is power- ful, but one that is melodious, flute-like, and tender. Even during the noontide heat its song is heard, while other birds are silent. From early- dawn until nightfall it is in motion, in quest of insects, and ever and anon gives expression to its jubilant feelings in the luxury of song. Its de- parture happens late in September. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA* 21$ It probably spends its winter-quarters about Orizaba, as numbers have been observed there at this time, by Sumichrast; and most likely reaches this latitude by entering Texas, and following the courses of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Like Vireo olivaceiis in habits, and equally as expert, it does immense service to man, in the destruction of vast numbers of injurious insects, as well as those that are beneficial. Its food is principally of a dipterous and lepidopterous character, and consists of Musca domestica, Taba- nus lineola, T. cinctus, Tipula ferruginea, Cnlex tczniorhynchus, and others among the two-winged flies ; and Anisopteryx vernata, A. pcmetaria, Zc- renc catenaria, Ennomos subsignaria, E^lfitchia ribearia, Angeronia. crocataria, Limacodes scaphay among lepidoptera; besides, aphides, and the hy- menopterous forms of Apis mellifica, Selandria rosce, and Megachile centimcularis. Its nest is usually placed in the vicinity of dwell- ings as previously remarked, and very often over frequented streets. We have known cases where secluded localities have been selected, but very rarely. Nidification commences ordinarily about the 1 5th of May. The nest is an elaborately woven basket-like structure, carefully, neatly, and closely built, and suspended from a forked twig near the top of a tree; and, occasionally, at the ex- tremity of an upper branch, at an elevation of thirty feet from the ground. The birds mostly select a Maple for this purpose. The nest is se- 22O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS cured to twigs by a felting of flax-Jike fibres, plant- stems, and bark,, which are carried around the outside of the nest, which is lined with flexible bark of deciduous trees, and fine stems of plants, with horse-hair, occasionally. It measures two inches in height, and three and a half in di- ameter in the centre, and narrows towards the supporting surfaces. The time spent in building is about 8 days. Oviposition follows on the day following the completion of the nest, and continues for five days ; one egg being deposited daily. Incubation com- mences the day after the last egg is laid, and lasts from 10 to ii days. In its duties the female is as- sisted by the male. His affection for his partner is very devoted, and is shown by the most endear- ing attentions. Unlike the Red-eyed Vireo, he is jealous of strangers, and will not brook their presence with impunity. Whilst his mate is incu- bating, he is close by, ready to administer to her wants, or protect her when danger is imminent The young are able to leave the nest in about 12 days, and in a week more, are able to provide for themselves. They are fed upon the larvae of the lepidoptera, diptera, and aphides, mentioned above. The eggs are a beautiful white, and sparingly marked with dark and light-brown spots at the larger end. We have never seen any unspotted specimens as Dr. Brewer alleges to have met with. Their average length is .74 of an inch and breadth '54- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 221 Vireo flavifrons, Vieill. The Yellow-throated Vireo is less abundant according to our experience than the one last de- scribed. It makes its appearance during the last of April, or the beginning of May, and confines its foraging to the tall tree-tops in retired places, generally in high woods, seldom visiting the habi- tation of man. It is more shy than even the Vireo solitarius. Like the most of its family relations, it is characterized by remarkable agility, and is a busy gleaner among the leaves for insects, which it also secures after the fashion of the Muscicapi- dce. 'Unlike the Kinglets it is a more careful nsect-hunter, thoroughly searching one tree before leaving it for another. Its food consists chiefly of diptera, hymenoptera, and the larvae and imagos of the smaller lepidop- tera, with a small percentage of beetles and berries. It feeds upon Musca domestica, Tabahus lineola, T. cinctus, Cmex tceniorhynchiis, Syrphus obliquus, S. obscurus, Anthrax elongata, among diptera; the larva* and mature forms of Thecla humuli, Calli- mosp/ia Lecontei, Cimacodes scapha, Argynnis bel- lona, Plusia precationis, Choerodes transversata, En- nomos subsignaria, Zcrene catenaria, Anisopteryx vernata, A. pometaria, Lozotcenia rosaceana, and other lepidoptera ; besides, Aphis mali, the hymen- opterous forms of Apis mellifica, Megachile cenlun- cularis, Selandria roscc, with many Andrence and Halicti, and a small number of the phyllophagous coleoptera. 222 , LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Nidification commences from the i5th to the 2Oth of May, continues for a period varying from six to seven days, and is the joint labor of the sexes. The nest is suspended from a forked twig, and is generally occupied by the female before its completion ; the external improvements, in the shape of mosses and lichens, being adjusted by the male, whilst she is engaged in ovipotition. When he is not employed in beautifying her domi- cile, his time is varied by capturing winged and creeping insects, which like a faithful and devoted husband he carries to his partner. Occasionally, he seeks to relieve the irksome duties by the vol- untary offering of a song. He is exceedingly jealous and will not permit any intrusion upon his premises without venturing the full force of his: vengeance upon the rash intruder. Sometimes the nest is so completely enveloped with mosses and lichens, as to present at a dis- tance, the appearance of a moss-grown protu- berance, which must assuredly be protective in its tendency. It is fastened to its supporting sur- faces by a combination of materials, such as spiders' webs, the thread of cocoons, ingeniously interwoven, and with an intermingling of mosses and lichens which constitute the exterior of the nest, and which are held together and strengthened by strips of bark of the grape-vine. Internally, there is a lining of fine stems, and bark of grape- vine; occasionally horse-hair. The nest is sym- metrical and well-made, measuring four inches in 4 OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 223 diameter and two and a half in height, and is placed from ten to fifteen feet above the earth. The young are objects of the tenderest solicitude upon the part of the parents. They are fed upon the dipterous and lepidopterous insects mentioned above. Between the ages of 1 1 and 1 2 days they quit the nest, but are still fed by the parents for a week longer, when they are compelled to provide their own subsistence. This species is chiefly insectivorous, and subsists mostly upon insects, with the exception of a few berries as those of the Juniperus Virgiana, until its departure for Central America, and the United States of Columbia in South America, during the last week of September. In the fall its food con- sists of the larvae of Colias philodice, Orgya Leucos- tigma, Clisiocampa Americana, and many of the Phalcenidce and Uineidtf. The eggs are white, with a slightly-roseate tinge when fresh, and are marked with blotches of red- dish-brown, more or less. The average measure- ment is .83 by .64 inches. Vireo solitarius, V i e i 1 1 . The Blue-headed Vireo arrives usually about the 1 5th of April, and, occasionally, as late as the beginning of May. It prefers most generally soli- tary situations, and unlike Vireo olivaceus, delights to nidificate on the confines of dense forests, and along roads where travel is of rare occurrence, Its favorite trees for building-purposes are Juniperus 224 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Virginiana and Veer rub rum. When the nest is built by a road-side, the red cedar is generally choseivas it affords the requisite shelter and con- cealment. On the borders of woods the red maple is its choice. In the latter situation con- siderable attention is paid to the character of the country. Comparatively low grounds being chosen. with an eastern and western exposure, as being more secure against prevailing storms and winds. Although affecting a partiality for retired situa- tions, it cannot be considered a shy arid timid species. Like many others have done, as time advances, it will become more familiar with man. It is but three years ago since we first met this species in this part of the country, in anything like great numbers. Last spring it was nearly as abundant as Vireo olivaceus. As the forests dis- appear, and new conditions are imposed upon its environment, a change of nidification will be the inevitable result. From observations extending over three years, we are satisfied that the sexes arrive together. The females being more modest and retired than their mates, and comparatively songless, are less observed. In less than a fort-night after their arrival, a site is chosen for a nest which is a matter of some moment. After a couple of days thus spent, a place is mutually agreed upon, and nidifi- cation at once begun. This happens about the 2Oth of May, and sometimes as late as the loth OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 225 of June; about the time usually when Quercus palustris has doffed its ripened catkins, which are principally utilized in the construction of its nest. Each nest is uniform in structure, and remarkably homogeneous in composition. Where the tassels of the pin-oak are used, nothing else is to be found. Where grass is the favorite article, as a species of Aira in exceptional cases is, this alone is a noticeable feature. The nest is gracefully disposed between the bifurcating branches of a twig, and presents a neat and cozy appearance. The interior is compara- tively even, and strictly symmetrically cup- shaped. The exterior with its roughened aspect, produced by the projecting catkins, is a rather imposing sight. The female adjusts the materials while the male is busy in fetching them. On the completion of the structure, which is the work of three days, the female on the succeeding day, begins to deposit at the rate of one per day, her complement of eggs, which requires from three to four days, according to the number laid. On the ensuing day, incubation takes place, and continues, from 10 to ii days, and is the sole labor of the female. While thus occupied, the male like a dutiful hus- band supplies her with nourishment. Like its near congeners, the female of this species is very unsuspicious, and lacks timidity. Persons may pass and repass underneath the nest, which is mostly placed ten feet from the ground, o 226 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS without exciting distrust or creating alarm. But when an effort is made to violate this confidence by hostile intentions, the female glides silently out of the nest and does not exert herself in the least to ward off any attack; but the male when not absent on foraging business, is close by the nest and ready by his valor to resent an injury or to deter an assault. With open bill and vehement scold- ing he hazards his own life; resembling in this respect both Vireo noveboracensis and V. gilvus.. After incubation, both parents are kept con- stantly employed in furnishing their young with suitable nourishment. Their bill of fare consists of the larvae of Anisopteryx vernata, A. pometaria, Eufitchia ribearia, Zerenc catenaria, Choerodes transversata^ Hybernia liliaris and other geome- ters which infest our trees; Tabanus lineola, Musca domestica, various species of Ortalis and Anthomya^ the common Culex, and others. Add to these the various species of Cynips that infest our oaks, and small lepidoptera, both diurnal and nocturnal, with a few coleoptera, and we have a bill of fare which cannot fail to please the most fastidious bon vivanl among avcs. When the young are able to provide their own food, which is the case in about . a week after leaving the 'nest, (they being between u and 12 days of age at the time), they are no longer depend- ent upon their parents. But a single brood is reared in a season. After the breeding-period is over, the male OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 227 becomes a selfish gourmand. His partner is now necessitated to look after her own salvation. For the purposes of subsistence they seek the solitude of dense woods, where they glean among the leaves and branches of the tallest tree-tops; some- times they may be seen perched upon a rotten twig on the alert for insects which they seize with nearly the adroitness of the Miiscicapidce. Although insects now contribute the principal part of their diet, yet the berries of Cormis florida, C. circinata, Viburnum Lentago, and V. dentatum, are eaten with a gusto. Except at breeding-time we have known this species to be of a quiet and reserved disposition, never venturing into the dis- putes of other species, and dwelling in peace and harmony with its own kith and kin. It retires for the South during the last of September, or the beginning of October. • Before closing this narrative, a few thoughts on its style of architecture. may not be amiss. As its present habit of nidification in this latitude varies materially from what has been recorded, a few hints in reference thereto may be highly interest- ing and instructive. In localities much visited by the Blue-headed Vireo, we have frequently seen masses of catkins of the pin-oak, which at a short distance were very deceptive in appearance, and bore every indication of being genuine nests. The question naturally occurs, may not some formerly existing individuals possessed of a due amount of sagacity and forethought, have dis- 228 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS cerned the utility which a nest composed of such materials would secure in a conservative point of view? It is true our smaller species have invet- erate foes which are ever on the qui vive to gratify their rapacity, and it behooves them to encircle themselves with such guards as best conduce to their preservation. • Birds of prey having been frequently deceived by masses of the kind, which they at first probably regarded as nests, would cease to regard them in such a light and pass them by. It therefore follows as a logical sequence, that the utilization of such substances in the manner of nests, from their fancied resem- blance to loose clusters of catkins, are best adapted to the security and well-being of the species, and now constitute in certain localities the typical structure. Its song differs from that of any other Vireo. It is a protracted and peculiar ditty which is heard at irregular intervals, and begins with an animated warble, which gradually increases in sound until a certain pitch is attained, when it breaks down to a falsetto note, then rises again, and ultimately ceases. The eggs are five in number, oblong-oval, and slightly pointed at one end; the ground-color is a transparent white, flesh-colored in unblown speci- mens, and chiefly marked with reddish-brown spots about the larger end. They measure .77 inches in length and .52 in breadth. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 2 2Q Vireo noveboracensis, Bonap. The White-eyed Vireo is neither so abundant nor unsuspicious as Vireo olivaceus. It arrives ordinarily during the first week of May, and at first confines its foraging to high, open woodlands, where among branches, both high and low, it gleans a ready subsistence. Later in the season, during the second week after its arrival, it is an occasional denizen of cultivated fields and gardens, where its presence is clearly indicated by its loud and peculiar song. Although more suspicious than the Red-eyed Vireo, it cannot be justly accused of undue shyness. Besides the above situations, it is a not uncom- mon occupant of wild, open grounds on the borders of woods, where there is a preponderance of thickets of Smilax, briers, and wild vines, in which it commonly delights to suspend its beauti- ful pensile nest. During our perambulations \fe have often di- verted ourselves by imitating the notes of this Vireo, with a view of eliciting a song so as to deter- mine its whereabouts, in order to witness its eccen- tric movements. On all such occasions the bird would manifest intense wonderment, and gradually approach the place whence the sound emanated, and when apprised of its source by the discovery of the author, as quickly retreat to the adjoining bushes as it came* This Vireo is one of the most conspicuous of our songsters. Its songs are louder and more 23O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS earnest than those of any of our Eastern species, and exhibit most astonishing variations. Early in the spring it begins with a low whistle, which it changes to a very quaint and peculiar succession of irregular jiotes as the season advances; some of these notes are softly and gently uttered, while others are produced with a vehemence and shrill- ness truly remarkable for so small a species. The following syllables will express with considerable accuracy, the language" of its song: — tehlck- tc hi ck-a- tee-way -ah; tchuka-wayoc ; t chick-way -ah - tchlcka-way-dc-tchick. Sometimes tchuka-way-oc- tchlck pronounced in a clear mournful manner, and so distinct as to be heard at a great distance. Again, the following syllables have been occa- sionally heard early in the mommg-.—fchuck-c/ttck mea-chuck-chuk-cheeeeee-tchick-lwnni. Like the subject of the preceding sketch, this species combines in a remarkable manner the attributes of the Paridc? and Muscicapidce. Its agility in the procurement of food surpasses that of Vireo olivaceiis. Beetles constitute a large portion of its diet during its early stay; but, later, various hymenopterous, dipterous, and lepidop- terous insects, are devoured in immense numbers. The following insects constitute a small portion of its voluminous bill of fare: — Donacia confluenta, Chrysomela cceruleipenms, Harpalus compar^mong coleoptera; Tab anus lineola, Syrphus obscurus, S. obliquus, Culex tceniorhynchus, Tipula ferruginea, Musca domestica, among diptera; Apis mellifica, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 231 Selandria rosce, S. vitis, Formica sanguined, species &{ Halictus, Andrena, and others; larvse of Eufit- chia ribearia, Chcerodes transversata, Ennomos subsignaria, Zerene catenana, Hybernia tiliaria, Anisopteryx vernata, A. pometaria, Phisia preca- tionis, Thecla humuli, Limacodes s cap ha, and mature forms of Argynnis myrina, Eudamus tityrus, Ctenucha Virginica, Halesidota tessellaris, Utetheisa bella, Anchylopera fragaricz, Clisiocampa Ameri- cana, Spilosoma Virginica, and others, especially thernost common of the Noctuidce and Tortricidce ; besides Affcs mali and other aphides, small spiders &c., which it procures from the foliar surfaces, and extracts with considerable skill from blossoms while hovering with fluttering wings before them. Nidification usually commences during the last week of May, say about the 25th, or the beginning of June, and requires a period varying from five to six days, both birds laboring with marked diligence till the completion of the nest. Ovipo- sition follows on the next day, and continues during four days, one egg being deposited daily. In the duties of incubation which then succeed and last for 1 1 days, the female is solely occupied. The male while his partner is thus engaged, occa- sionally administers to her wants by bringing her a racy tidbit. When sitting, the female is readily approached, and even remains in her nest until a hand is stretched forward to seize her, when she quietly slips out and alights upon a branch close by. Like the female of olivaceus, she gazes upon 232 LIFE-HISTORIES Op BIRDS the intruder in perfect silence, and will suffer her nest to be outraged without, seemingly, manifest- ing any anxiety. The male has never been observed by us, in the immediate neighborhood of the nest, from which we infer, that he keeps at a wary distance. But, however, he is a very atten- tive provider for the wants of his progeny. In his attentions to the latter he is unrivalled by his partner. The young are prepared to leave the nest in about twelve days after hatching, and in a week more are fitted to attend to their own neces- sities. A single brood is raised in a season. A typical nest of this species is generally sus- pended from a small bush, or the lowermost branch of a tree, seldom at a greater elevation than twelve feet from the ground. It is neatly and compactly woven, and is as beautiful an ex- ample of the pensile style of nest, the orioles' excepted, as can be conceived. Exteriorly, it is composed of leaves, fragments of decayed wood, inner bark of deciduous trees, culms of grasses, vegetable fibres, held together by impacted masses of divers mosses, which also attach the nest to the twigs from which it is suspended. Interiorly, there is a lining of fine grasses, with horse-hair, occasionally; the whole being smoothly and neatly adjusted. Tne young are fed with the larvae of the Phalce- nidcz, diptera, spiders, aphides, and ants as above mentioned. This species retires to its winter home early in OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 233 October. After the breeding season is over, it is again the same solitary being as characterized it early in May. The eggs are oblong-oval, crystalline-white, and marked at the larger end with dark-purplish and reddish-brown spots. They measure. .78 of an inch in length and .56 in breadth. Family Laniidae. Shrikes. This family is characterized by weak passerine feet, and notched, toothed and hooked bill, recalling that of a bird of prey in size, configuration and strength. Two hundred recorded species, referred to many genera, and divided into three groups, belong to this family. The following group only occurs in America. Subfamily Laniinse. True Shrikes. .The genus Collurio the only one in America, is characterized by having ten primaries in the wing, and twelve rectrices in the tail, both being quite rounded and nearly equal in length ; rictus pro- vided with stout bristles, and circular nostrils more or less hidden by thick tufts of antrorse bristly feathers. The tarsi differ from the usual oscine character, by being scutellated in front and on the exterior. In color our species are quite similar, and curiously resemble the mocking-bird. They are bold and spirited birds, quarrelling among themselves, and tyrannical towards weaker species. They are carnivorous, and subsist upon 234 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS insects, small birds, and quadrupeds which they overpower; their most remarkable habit is the impaling of their prey upon sharp twigs, and leaving them there. Various attempts have been made to account for this curious habit, but the most of them are very unsatisfactory. These birds cannot be considered as strictly migratory. The sexes are nearly alike. There are two well- determined American species, the habits of one of which we shall now proceed to portray. Collurio borealis, Baird. The Butcher Bird as we know this species of shrike, is but a temporary resident in Eastern Pennsylvania. It arrives in Philadelphia during the latter part of October, and remains with us until the last of March or the beginning of April, when it retires to more northern habitats for breeding purposes. The length of its sojourn depends very materially upon climatic conditions. It is never a very abundant species, and prefers to lead during its stay a solitary life. Early in Autumn it seeks the retirement of woods andlow valleys which are places of resort for our smaller winter denizens upon which it mainly subsists. When the ground is covered with snow, and the smaller birds ard driven by necessity to seek their own fare in the fields and yards of man, this Shrike becomes less shy and ventures boldly into such places. When not foraging it remains perched upon a dead twig for half an hour at a OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 235 time, taking a calm survey of the surrounding prospect, unless disturbed by intruders, or aroused from its apparent listlessness by the cravings of appetite, which are doubtless sharpened by the accidental appearance of a feathered stranger. When thus disturbed it utters a sharp piercing shriek and sails away to some distance ; but re- turns when the source of danger has vanished, and resumes its posture as though nothing had oc- curred. The female, like the male, also passes the autumnal and winter months in solitude. It leads a more secluded life, however, than the male, being seldom observed close to human habitations. She delights in the coverts of deep and gloomy forests where she procures her nourishment under greater difficulties than the male. She lacks, however, the spirit and daring of the latter. This species possesses remarkable powers of imitation. It imitates the cries of Melospiza melo- dia and Spizella nwnticola^ apparently to decoy them within its power; but, ordinarily, it disdains to practice such deception and prefers to await its prey, or overtake it in pursuit. Its movements recall those of our smaller hawks. When in quest of game it seldom misses it, but pursues it with notable pertinacity. Nuttall ascribes to it the power of song. He says substantially that he heard it as late as No- vember loth, uttering a low soft warble which resembled at first that of Melospiza melodia, and 236 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS which the bird instantly changed to the notes of Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Having frequently en- countered it from early November until its depar- ture for more northern quarters in April, we have never heard anything which would impress us with the idea that it is a singer. During the cold months when food is scarce, and the chief anxiety of our winter denizens is its procurement, the pleasures of song are, doubtless, forgotten. In- deed, when it is known that the greater part of the day is devoted to this essential business, it is not at all surprising that such enjoyment should be temporarily forgeone ; besides, it is possible that the dreariness of winter so effectually dampens the ardor of feeling, that song which is the result of overflowing spirits, having no stimulus to arouse it into being, dies a temporary death. The spring, with its balmy breezes, mild climate, and joyous prospects, sends the blood tingling through the arteries, re-animates the torpid feelings, and fills the brain with the most ex- hilarating impulses which manifest themselves in meaningless antics and voluptuous song. The season of cold being considerably advanced on its arrival, and everything bearing the impress of winter; and its retirement in spring being unusually early, it is obvious that its surroundings are of such a character as not to awaken joyous impres- sions. Besides, the males and females lead soli- tary lives during their stay, and depart as they come, alone; and there is wanting besides that OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 237 ardor of feeling between the sexes which exhibits itself in the power of song. With most species song is assumed about the mating-period by the males, in order to attract the females on their arrival, or to captivate them by the power of its charms. Darwin in specula- ting upon this subject, views it in this light. The most highly favored males in this respect, possess a decided advantage over their less favored brethren; and, consequently, stand the better chance to be selected by the more specially favored of the opposite sex. Thus, by natural selection, would have been developed from a few rude inharmonious sounds, that succession of agreeable notes called melody, which characterize, in an emi- nent degree, many of our aves. As a rule, though subject to some exceptions, however, beauty of song and plainness of attire are co-existent. On the other hand, a showy garb is mostly attended with lack of song. So it happens that either, separately, or the two in conjunction, are the objects of special attention by the sexes. -While song is mainly designed upon the part of the male to influence the female in the matter of choice, it is plain that it is often indulged in as a thing of enjoyment. Primitively, and at present to a certain degree, it is awakened by amatory influences. Coining back from this digression, it is probable that the species under consideration in its northern quarters is possessed of a song, and even also in certain localities where the sur- 238 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS roundings are of such a character as to inspire feelings which would naturally tend to awaken it. It has been intimated that this Shrike is exceed- ingly destructive to our smaller birds. In rapacity it rivals Falco sparverius of Linnaeus. Its captures are mostly confined to Junco hyemalis, Spizella monticola, Melospiza melodia, and, occasionally, to species as large as Passerella iliaca. Its favorite food, however, during the winter is our common Junco hyemalis, which from its abundance and apparent lack of timidity, requires but a paltry effort to capture. It has been said in "North American Birds' 'that the English sparrow, since its introduction, is an object of special regard in the city of Boston, Mass. We have never met with any illustrations of the fact, but are led to the opinion that their remarkable prevalence and astonishing tameness, would naturally render them objects of easy capture. An examination of the stomachs of several, birds, showed a remark- able predominance of the Black Snow Bird, which was clearly identified by the feathers which had been profusely swallowed. Birds are not exclu- sively eaten. Coleoptera and orthoptera in great numbers are also devoured. Among the broken fragments found in the stomachs of several indi- viduals associated with the remains of Snow Birds, were identified fragments of Lucanus dama, Lac kno sterna quercina, L. hirticula,CEdipoda nebu- losa, and CE. sulphured. But a single instance is recorded of this species OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 239 breeding within the United States, although it is possible that it may be found to do so in North- ern and Eastern Maine. Mr. Boardman met with its nest within twelve miles of St. Stephen, in the British province of New Brunswick, during the last of April, which was built upon a low spruce tree. A nest was discovered by R. R. Macfarlane, Esq., at Anderson River Fort, June n, 1863, which was a felted structure of various materials, elaborately and symmetrically worked. It was seven inches in diameter and three and a half in height, with a cavity four and a half inches in diameter and two in depth. The base is com- posed of twigs, coarse plants, and the residue of feathers of divers birds, down of Eider and other ducks, fine mosses and lichens, slender stems of grasses, &c., skilfully and artistically interwrought and strengthened by slender twigs and stems, without affecting the character of the entire structure. The eggs are six in number, light greenish ground- color, and marked and streaked with obscure purplish and rufous-brown. They measure i.io inches in length, and .80 in breadth. CHAPTER V. Family Fringillidse. Finches, &c. This is the largest North American family and comprehends nearly one-eighth of all our birds. It is the most extensive group in ornithology, and represents in round numbers 500 current species and IOD genera in nearly all parts of the world, except Australia; but in the northern hemisphere and throughout America, it attains its greatest development Any locality of the United States of average attractiveness, has its avifauna over 200 species; and, at a distance from the sea-coast unoccupied by marine birds, one-fourth of its species are ' Sylvicolida and Fringutid& together, the latter in excess. The Fringillid CE. nebulosa, Diccelusdilatatus, Pangiis caliginosus, Cratonychus cinereus, and C. pertnax, have been found in its stomach. When Acer mbrum is in blossom in March, small flocks may be seen in the lowlands and about our houses, feasting upon the stamens and pistils which they esteem great luxuries, if the eagerness with which they are devoured, affords any criterion. It is highly probable that the small coleopterous and dipterous insects which are at- tracted to the blossoms by reason of their honey- secretions, are some inducement. 246 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS During its stay it is comparatively songless. In some parts of the country it is said to resume its song before its departure. Dr. Coues has ob- served it in full song near Washington, in May. In this particular there is a close resemblance in habit to SpizeUa monticola, which for weeks pre- paratory to leaving', enlivens its surroundings by the gayety of its ditty. This has not been our ex- perience. We have observed the species in small flocks up to the period of departure, and have never heard more than the ordinary daily language. If it indulges in song, which we have no reason to doubt, it is mainly after it has attained its breeding- grounds. There may, however, be exceptional instances. The flight of the Purple Finch is affirmed by Audubon, to bear some resemblance to that of Lcxia chloris of Europe. The birds fly in close flocks with an undulating movement, and alight simultaneously. ' They remain but a brief time and then as if suddenly startled, instantly take to flight. But they soon return to the same tree after having received hope and courage, A re- newal of the fright so strongly impresses them, that a second return is not to be looked for until after the lapse of a protracted period of time. The song is said to resemble that of the Canary, being less varied and powerful, but softer, sweeter and more touching. In beauty and pathos it rivals that of the Warbling Yireo, but possesses greater power. When engaged in singing, the OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 247 male is so completely absorbed as to be oblivious to all around him. He has a peculiar habit of erecting his crest and expanding his throat. On the intrusion of a feathered stranger he ceases his song, and in a fit of anger, gives chase to the pre- sumptuous intruder. The nest of this species is placed in fir spruces, or cedars, ordinarily, but, sometimes high up in an apple-tree, at an elevation in the generality of cases, of about five feet from the ground. It is built upon a branch, and measures two and a half inches in height and three and a half inches in breadth, and has walls less than an inch in thickness. It is shallow and consists of a framework of vegetable fibres, grass-stems, strips of bark, and woody fragments. The rim is constructed of her- baceous stems, with their ends projecting into a sort of low palisade.. The inner-structure is com- posed of minute fibres closely woven together. Sometimes the nest is lined with down and feathers of birds, and fur of small animals. The eggs areoblong-oval, considerably acumi- nate at one end, and vary in size and configuration. They are a pale emerald-green, and spotted with a dark brown which is almost black in some species at the larger ^end. The ground color is brighter when fresh, but assumes a lighter shade on ex- posure to light. The average measurement is .86 by .68 of an inch. Curvirostra leucoptera, Brehm. The White-winged Crossbill is undoubtedly 248 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS a very rare visitor in Eastern Pennsylvania; very few individuals have been observed by us during the last five years. Particular species appear only in special localities in unusually large numbers, after the lapse of a certain number of years. In Southern New Jersey, however, it is encountered in flocks of a score or more. It restricts itself mostly to pine barrens, where a plentiful supply of its favorite food abounds, seldom visiting human habitations. Although preferring wooded regions for the obvious reason that supplies are more easily pro- cured in such situations, yet it must not be pre- sumed that the species is unnecessarily shy. The reverse of this will be found to be the. case. For lack of suspicion it is only surpassed \>y sEgiothus Unarms. Like the latter it will permit the sports- man to approach within a few paces, without mani- festing the slightest distrust or timidity. On account of the existence of suitable and abundant food, there is much less of that nomadic life which in so strikingly characteristic of Ampelis cedrorum, and other species. Its occupancy of a region being more permanent and stable. In winter its food consists mainly of the seeds, of Plnus inops, P. rigida, and Abies nigra. The berries of Junipzrus Virginiana, J. cdihmunis, and Lonicera periclymenum, and graminaceous seeds are occasionally eaten. These with the ova, pupae, and images of Cratonychus cinereus, C. pertinax, and mature forms of Harpalus compar, H. pensyl- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 249 tidnicus and Bos trie hus pini, constitute the larger half of its winter diet. On the approach of spring when insects become more prevalent, principally such coleoptera as Pangus caliginosus, Cyniindis viridipennis, are eaten. But its chief delight is the tender buds of the maples, and soft and fleshy cones of various species of Pinus. It arrives in our midst most generally about the 1 5th of October, and retires about the middle of March. From our experience we are satisfied that it does not remain with us to breed. Its flight resembles that of Chrysomitris pinus, and is firm, undulating, and well-sustained. Its movements along the branches and trunks of trees recall those of the little Parus atricapillus and others. Like these it moves along the under surface of a branch with body inverted, as readily as in the upright position. The plaintive cry of week which it utters while on the wing, apprises us of its approach. This sound is materially different from the full, clear call-notes of its nearest ally C. Americana. It is probable that this species breeds in Eastern Maine, as it is a permanent resident there. A nest discovered in 1868, by Dr. A. Adams, at Frederickton, New Brunswick, as described by Dr. Brewer, is "deeply saucer-shaped," and is composed of fibrous pale-green lichens, covered ex- teriorly with spruce twigs, and lined with a tKin layer of fine bark-shreds and coarse hairs. The rim is described as nearly circular; the external 250 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS diameter nearly four inches, and the cavity two and a half inches wide, with a depth of an inch and a half. The egg is said by the same eminent authority as being slightly elongate-oval, with the small end somewhat obtuse, and spattered with black and ashy-lilac dots upon a pale blue ground. It measures .86 by .56 of an inch. Curvirostra Americana, Wils. The Common Crossbill is an abundant autumnal and winter visitant, but has never been known to breed in Eastern Pennsylvania. It arrives late in October or early in November. It is quite gregarious, being found in flocks of twen- ties or thirties. During the beginning of its stay it subsists upon the berries of Juniperus Virginiana, Lonicera sempervirens , and the seeds of the various species of Panicum and Aira among gramina- ceous plants, besides those of many of the Aster and Sohdago. Among insects, CEdipoda sulphurea, CE. nebulosa, the North Carolina grasshopper, Scarites subterraneus, Diccelus dUatatus, Cratony- chiis cinereus, C. pertinax, &c.y are eagerly de- voured. During the winter it feeds almost entirely upon the seeds of various species of the Coniferce, Pinus inops, Abies nigra, and Pinus strobus, and also Betula excelsa* During the spring it subsists upon the tender cones of Pinus and Abies, and the blossoms of Acer mbriim, A. saccharinum, besides divers dip- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 251 terous and coleopterous insects. Among these Tabanus lineola, T. cinctus, and Musca domestica, of the former, and Lac Jino sterna quercina, Corym- bites sEthiops, Diccelus dilatatus, &c., of the latter. Before retireing to its breeding-quarters during the latter part of March or the beginning of April, it destroys many canker-worms and mature forms of the various species of Noctuidce which abound at the time. Within the pines of New Jersey, great numbers winter. They are always accompanied by Chry- somitris pinus which feed at the expense of its more favorite and more highly endowed yet dis- tant relative. The seeds which drop from the pine-cones and elude the skill of the Crossbills, are picked up by the Pine Finch which is waiting below. Fond of secluded situations, it seldom visits the habitations of man, unless attracted thither by the prospect of meeting coniferous trees. Pine forests for the conveniences which they afford, are gen- erally chosen for occupancy. Whilst feeding it is readily approached without evincing the slightest timidity. Its flight is lofty, graceful, undulating, and much prolonged, resembling very closly that of Carpo- dacus purpureiis Its movements whilst feeding are imitative in many particulars of those of the Black-capped Titmouse. It may be frequenly seen clinging to the under surface of a cone, busily- engaged in separating its parts by means of its curved jaw to get at the seeds concealed within. 252 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Its presence is always indicated by a low, soft tc hick- tc hick- tc hick, repeated at irregular intervals, but differing very much from that of C. leucoptera. It has a song which it is probable it does not utter, until it has reached its breeding-grounds. During its prolonged stay, we have never heard its song; the same dull monotonous note always greeting our ears. Dr. Brewer describes its song in the spring and summer as "varied and pleasing," but not powerful nor in any degree remarkable. We have no reason to believe that this species breeds in our midst, much less in any part of Pennsylvania, although Mr. Audubon inferred that it bred in pine forests in this state, from the fact that birds had been seen by him in August. This does not necessarily follow, as their breeding takes place so early as to render it possible for birds to be seen in midsummer after a migration from remote localities. Prof. Baird affirms, however, that he has seen them in the coal regions of Schuyl- kill Co., Pa., during every day of the summer feeding in pairs. This species breeds early in March, a nest and eggs having been obtained then by Mr. Charles E. Paine, in East Randolph, Vt. This nest was built upon a leafless elm-branch; the ground was covered with snow, and the weather very severe at the time. The birds were extremely tame, and refused to leave their eggs. While Mr. Paine was descending a tree with the nest in his hand, the female resumed her position as if to shelter OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 253 the eggs from the cold. The above is substantially given by Dr. Brewer in the work on " North American Birds." The eggs are beautifully blotched and dotted with purplish-brown markings upon a greenish- white ground, and measure .84 of an inch in length and .52 in width. The usual complement of eggs seems to be four. Unarms, Caban. The lesser Red Poll is a rare and occasional visitant. It is a denizen of more northern climates, only migrating as far south as Philadeiphia, during unusually severe weathe r, and when there is a paucity of food-stuffs in its northern habitats. We are told that it is chiefly gregarious. During the few times that we have observed it, in early April, it has always been alone. Mr. Wilson says that these birds were very abundant in Western New York in his time, and were called Snow Birds; Mr. Ord in a subsequent edition of Wilson, states that it rarely visits Philadelphia, but observes that during the winter of 1813-14 a flock of nearly one hundred were seen feeding upon Atriplex hastata. Mr. Nuttall wrote that numbers appeared Nov. i, 1833, in Massachusetts, which were so tame while intently feeding upon the seeds of the birch, that it was possible to strike them off the branches without their taking to wing. He says further, that they were attracted to the pines where they busied themselves in feeding upon the seeds which 254 LIFE- HISTORIES OF BIRDS the Crossbills had dislodged from their lurking- places, and which the latter had failed to secure. Mr. Verrill says it is met with in Norway, Me., in the fall, winter, and spring; and Mr. Allen claims for it an irregularand occasional visitant in Spring- field. During its brief stay it never visits our yards and gardens, but is chiefly a frequenter of low marshy grounds, and along water-courses, where, the common alder, Alnus serrulata grows luxu - riantly; and also in low humid meadows where there is a rich growth of Betula nigra. In its movements along the branches of trees and shrubs, and in the suspensory attitude which it frequently assumes, there is a marked resem- blance to Pariis atricapillus. Few species display .such a lack of suspicion as the one under consideration. When disturbed by human footsteps, the coolest indifference is manifested, as evidenced by the fearless and con- fident manner in which it passes from branch to branch, or from shrub to shrub. When intently busy in foraging, we have been able to approach within a foot of it without producing the slightest distrust; and when perceived it would only gaze into the face of the intruder with the most perfect innocence, and only shift its position when the hand was opened to receive it, and then only in the most unsuspecting and quiet manner. Unlike most species, even frequent attempts to capture it did not lessen apparently its confidence, one iota. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 255 In feeding it never visits the tall tree-tops, but rather prefers low bushes and weeds. In the cold season it feeds upon the seeds of Pinus strobus, Pinus inops, Abies canadensis, A. nigra, Betula cxcclsa, Rhus glabra, and those of various grasses, asters, and solidagos. In early spring it feasts largely upon the catkins of Alnus serrulala, and Betida nigra, and later, just before it takes its departure upon the tender and fleshy cones of the Coniferte and the buds of Acer rubmm, A. saccha- rzmtm, and Pyrus malus. Among insects, the eggs of the Aphidce and Coccidce that are adherent to the branches of the common aider and other shrubs, with the ova and pupa of. Cratonychus cinereus, C. pertinax, and other beetles, are esteemecl racy tidbits. While feeding upon the buds of alder it will not hesitate to seize what- ever of insect-life should pass athwart its vision. Its flight is graceful and undulating, and resem- bles that of Chrysomitris pimis. During its stay it is devoid of a regular song. The only note which it utters is a low soft call which resembles that of the Goldfinch, and which is produced in the intervals of feeding and during its passage from bush to bush. Dall says its only song is a few cheerful twitterings and chirpings. According to Mr. Dall it is a very abundant summer resident at* Nulata, and builds in bushes near the ground a nest which is composed of dry grasses and mosses, exteriorly, and is lined with hair on the inside. Nidification commences 256 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS about the i5th of May, the eggs are laid June ist, and the young are able to fly near the end of July. At St. Michaels, owing to the lack of trees and scarcity of bushes, the birds nidificate in grasses. Their fearless and familiar manners^ bright plumage, and elegant nests, are sufficient to make them general favorites, so says that dis- tinguished writer. Richardson affirms it to be a permanent resident in fur countries where it fre- quents the banks of lakes and rivers, to glean among the reeds that grow in such places. In British Columbia it is very rare, and occupies swampy localities where alder bushes and water plants grow,, and may be seen pecking at seed pods, or searching for insects among the flowers. Holboll speaks of it as irregularly distributed over Greenland, building near the shore in birches, willows, or alders. At the end of August it separates in small flocks and feeds upon the seed and tops of lichens. By October it has entirely disappeared. The eggs, he says, are five in num- ber, and spotted with pure brown upon a bluish- white back ground. In Europe as in America, this species nests in low bushes, from two to six feet from the ground. In habits and appearance it seems identical with our own. Mr. Yarrow, an eminent English orni- thologist, says that it is readily domesticated and can be made to breed .in confinement. He des- cribes the nest as being placed within willows and alder bushes, and as constructed of dry grssses OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 257 and mosses, with an intermingling of willow cat- kins which also form a cozy lining interiorly. The young are produced late in the season and are seldom able to fly before July i. The parents are remarkably devoted to their offspring. Pen- nant mentions a case where the female was so devoted to her duty that she refused to leave her nest and had to be taken off with the hand. When feeding upon the buds of the birch and alder, they are so intent upon their business that they are readily taken by means of a long pole smeared with bird-lime. The European eggs are five in number, pale bluish-green and marked with orange-brown, especially about the larger end. They measure .65 by .50 of an inch. American species are rounded- oval in shape, and generally dotted with ferrugi- nous upon a light bluish-white back-ground. This color is somewhat difficult to preserve in the col- lection. They measure .65 of an inch in length and .52 in breadth. Chrysomitris pinus, Baird. The Pine Finch is a very common winter resi- dent in Eastern Pennsylvania. It arrives from the north late in October usually about the 2oth and continues in our midst until the last of April, when it retires whence it came. During the autumnal months it is gregarious and scours the county in quest of food in flocks of twenties and thirties; but, as the season advances and winter ••Q 258 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS arrives and there is a consequent decrease in food-stuffs, these flocks dwindle down into smaller ones, and finally into pairs, each pair consisting of a male and a female. When spring opens with its mild weather, and plenty again reigns, the small parties re-unite into larger ones, and hunt in common. In this manner they retire to their breeding-quarters. In mid-winter when the temperature is low and the ground is covered with snow, driven by neces- sity, it seeks the habitations of man, where it mingles with the snow birds and sparrows for its share of the scraps and crumbs which have been discarded by man. At this time it is exceedingly tame and enjoys a near association with man; but when once in its favorite haunts, the woods, it relapses into its former state of shyness. When disturbed now, it easily takes to flight, and does not return to the same locality for hours after- wards. It delights most particularly in pine forests, where the dense foliage of the trees affords its rather comfortable shelter, and the fissured bark in a measure panders to its appetite. The flight of this species is lofty, graceful, and undulating. Its movements resemble those of the Carpodaci. Whilst feeding we are reminded of its presence and whereabouts by a sharp, piercing swe-er, repeated at irregular intervals. On the wing a similar note is heard, which is uttered at somewhat regular periods until the birds are com- pletely out of sight. According to Audubon its? OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 259 notes are sweet, varied, and mellow, slightly re- sembling the song of C. tristris, but quite distinct from it. Its food consists of the seeds of grasses and weeds, together with various berries. In the autumn after its arrival it subsists upon the berries of ymdperus Virginiana, J. comnmnis, Lonicera periclymenum ; and, later, upon the seeds of Pinus strobus, P. mops, Abies nigra, A. canadensis, Betula excelsa, and B. nigra. The eggs and pupae of Cratonyckus cinereus, C pzrtinax. and the eggs of many of the Aphidte and -Cocddtz. Early in the spring these birds subsist upon aphides, small spiders, and the larvae of Anisopieryx vz'r/iaia, A. pomztaria, and mature forms of the smaller Noc- tuidce and Tincidce, and Formica sanguinea. The buds of the maple, apple, and cherry, and the suc- culent cones of various species of Pinus are eagerly devoured. This species does riot breed in our midst. According to Dr. Brewer, early in May, 1859, a nest was found in the garden of Prof. Benjamin Peirce in Cambridge, Mass., by Frederick Ware, Esq. The base of this structure was a mass of loose materials, lower portions of the sides scarcely different, with the upper and inner parts impactly and neatly felted together. Externally, were noticed twigs of Thuja, grasses, carices, fine roots, fine vegetable stalks, ends of pine twigs, coarse hair, and scraps of wool. Internally, there was a close lining of fine roots of herbaceous plants, and 26O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS the hair of small animals. The nest was four inches in diameter, and three in height; with a depth of cavity and diameter at the rim of about two inches. The eggs are four in number, oblong-oval, light green, and spotted chiefly about the larger extremity with light'ferruginous markings. They measure .70 of an inch in length and .50 in breadth. CJirysomitris tristris, Bonap. The Goldfinch is moderately abundant in East- ern Pennsylvania during the dreary winter months, being to a certain extent a permanent species: It occurs mostly in .small flocks of a half-dozen, and frequently in pairs. In early autumn these flocks are rather large, and also early in April, when there is an increasing development of food-stuffs. Throughout the winter it leads a nomadic exist: ence, in consequence of the scarcity of food. It often seeks the habitations of man where it freely mingles with the snow birds and sparrows, like the subject of the preceding sketch, and derives a subsistence from the refuse matter of the kitchen. It now becomes exceedingly tame and approach- able. While enjoying our hospitalities it does not disdain its own natural food. If a bush ofLoni- cera periclymenum is close by and in fruit, it does not hesitate to enter and gorge itself to satiety. For % this fruit it affects great partiality. Like Larpqdacus piirpnrcus, it feasts upon the seeds of Raphanus sativus, Amarantus hybmdus, A. a/bus, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 261 and Chenopodium album. In forests the seeds of Abies canadensis, A. nigra, Betula nigra, and graminaceous seeds, form a considerable part of its diet. When the red maples are in blossoms we have often discerned small flocks subsisting upon the tender stamens and pistils, and the small insects which infest them. As the season advances and the trees come into bloom, the apple and cherry are objects of special attention. It is a source of annoyance to the gardener, often visiting his broken ground for the tiny beetles and earth- worms unearthed, and espying the freshly-sown salad seed, never ceases, unless driven away/^r force, until nearly every $eed has been stolen from its hiding-place. In the summer and autumn both sexes are found feeding upon the seeds of Tarax- acum Dens-leonis, Cirsium discolor, C. pumilum, C. arvense, C. altissinium, Helianthus tracheliifolius, h. divaricatus, H. annmts, H. tuber osus, the culti- vated salad, and various solidagos and asters. The Salad Bird is chiefly a granivorous species ; although having a preference for seeds, yet it destroys numbers of small insects for its own appetital gratification, as well as that of its young. The larvae of Anisopteryx vernata, A. pometaria, Chcerodes transversata, Ennomos subsignaria, Zerene catenaria, Hybernia tiliaria, and mature forms of Limacodes s cap ha, Halesidota tcsscllaris, Plusiaprecationis, and other lepidopterous species ; Musca domestica, Tabanus lincola, Stomoxys calci- trans, Anthentfa clongata, and various species 262 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS of Ciilex, among diptera; Selandria ros(e,S.zntis, S. caryce, S. till a, Apis mellijica, Formica sanguined, and various species of Cynips, among hymenoptera; besides Aphis roses, A. mali, and others. In the month of April the flocks dissolve into small parties preparatory to mating. It is quite common to see two males and one female together; the former lavishing the most endearing attentions upon the latter, and, besides, occasionally regaling her with the most delicious melodies. Whimsical and exceedingly variable, she selects one suftor, and almost the next moment discards him for the other, which at this moment is perched near by pouring out his love in the most charming manner. This condition of things lasts during a couple of days before a final choice is made. . It seems to require the utmost condescension, as well as the greatest effort for the successful suitor, to retain his hold upon her affections, for she is likely to waver in the interval of time which elapses before nidification is begun. This duty so completely engrosses her time and attention, that the tendency to flirtation, so to speak, has not time to manifest itself, and is soon abandoned. Subsequent to mating and just before nidifiea- tion, the successful mate and his partner ramble together in quest of food ; when weary of this business, they may be seen perched upon a com- mon twig, when the former with his sole energy pours out his passion in the most charming lan- guage; ever and anon turning toward the object OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 263 of his love, as if to ascertain whether it meets her approval or not. A soft low note which may be expressed by twe-yah, is her sign of recognition. The song of the male is loud and clear in intona- tion, and produced with the varied moderation of Frtngilla Canaria. The flight of this species is lofty and undulating, and resembles very closely that of C. pinus. A soft twe repeated with moderate slowness, and at measured intervals, indicates its presence when in a state of repose. In early spring it seeks- the tops of the tallest trees in very dense forests, and being gregarious, the individuals of a flock alight in a compact body. Later, low trees and bushes are its delight. It sometimes condescends to feed upon the ground. Now, as when the ground is covered with snow, it seeks the abodes of man. To our gardens and orchards it is a common visitor and commends itself to our favor and clemency, by its want of timidity, gentle demeanor, and agreeable ditty. It is not readily intimidated and permits the nearest approach without manifesting alarm. In the summer it is fond of bathing and seeks the low gravelly beds of brooks for that purpose. Its movements upon such occasions resemble those of the Canary. When confined it becomes very docile and familiar, and under proper instruction learns to rival the Canary in the compass and brilliancy -of its song. A friend of ours possesed-a male-bird 264 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS which he reared from the nest, that was trained to vary and modulate its song in time with the move- ments of the index finger, increasing and decreasing the volume of song by the elevation and depression of the finger, and accelerating and retarding the time by the lateral movements of the same. In Eastern Pennsylvania, according to our ex- perience, but a single brood is raised in a season. The time of nidification is somewhat ir- regular, commencing sometimes as early as the 1 5th of May, but generally from the loth to the 1 5th of June. Nests have been taken with eggs as late as the i2th of July, and occasionally with young during the last week of August. These delays were doubtless, due to the fact that the authors of such nests had been frustrated in their early endeavors. The destruction of a nest whilst incubation is progressing, will generally lead to the renewal of the attempt in some other place; the desire for offspring triumphing over the most insuperable difficulties. We have known instances where the same pair had been baffled four times in succession, and as often renewed the attempt. Again, where adverse circumstances have operated against the fulfilment of this important business, the birds have been com- pelled to abandon their labors unwillingly, before the consummation of the task. Perhaps an unfortunate female or male has been doomed to lead the life of a celibate, by reason of the scarctiy of individuals of the opposite sex. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 265 An event may have occurred which has placed a new aspect upon affairs. A male has died and the female deprived of his assistance deserts the home, and rambles abroad. In her flights she encounters a male, which has been compelled by due necessity, or otherwise, to lead a single life. A friendship takes place, and after a brief court- ship, the two become mated. These preliminaries ended, and a suitable time having been spent in the selection of a proper locality, a nest is built, and the subsequent duties of oviposition and incuba- tion accomplished. For nidificating purposes, a maple or pear tree is usually chosen. The nest is placed about fifteen feet from the ground; never less, but fre- quently at higher elevations. Sometimes a horizon- tal branch of the pear with diverging twigs is selected. Than the nest of the "Thistle Bird" there is no more beautiful structure of the basket in form, and the felted in texture. The structure is symmetrical in shape; delicately and neatly woven, and skilfully and finely fastened to the forked twigs between which it is placed. For beauty of design, and neatness of finish, it is a per- fect model of architectural skill. A nest before us from this neighborhood, may be considered as typical. It is placed in a crotch, and held in situ by four small upright branches which are partly wrought into the fabric. The exterior is com- posed of the tassels of Castanea vesca, stems of Polygonum, a few leaves and fragments of a fun- 266 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS gold growth, woven together, with an excess of slender vegetable fibres of Linum Virginiana, and L. usitatissimum occasionally interwrought with vegetable wool plucked from Verbascum Thapsus. The interior is lined with a commingl- ing of divers shreds of Taraxacum Dens-leonis and Cirsium neatly and cozily felted. It measures two and a half inches in diameter, and the same in height. The cavity is two inches wide at the rim and the same in depth. Another nest which we have before us from Union Co., Pa., distant 180 miles from the former site, varies materially in size and in the composing elements. It was placed when discovered between two horizontal twigs joined at right angles to a third, to which it was firmly attached by hempen strings, and still further secured to a vertical twig at right angles to the latter by similar cords. The exterior is composed mainly of twisted and un- twisted hempen strings of the color of -taw, cotton string, fine roots of grasses, spiders' webs, narrow shreds of Linum usitatissimwn, neatly and com- pactly felted together. The interior is lined with fine yellow rootlets and an excess of white horse- hair. It is hemispherical in shape with a diameter and depth of three inches each. The cavity is two inches wide at the rim and of equal depth. This nest when found about the 1 5th of August con- tained young birds. Still another nest which we have is somewhat exceptional in its position. It rests upon, a hori- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 267 zontal limb which is nearly three-fourths of an inch in thickness, with three inclined twigs situated anteriorly, to which the nest is fastened by cotton string1 and the ravellings of variously colored cotton fabrics. The outside is composed mostly of raw cotton, animal wool, hempen and cotton strings, ravellings of cotton fabrics, vegetable fibres, root- lets of grasses, finely and ingeniously interwoven. Interiorly, there is a commingling of vegetable wool and horse-hairs. The bottom of the cavity is hardly covered, the twigs which form the basis of the nest being clearly discernible. This struc- ture is two and a half inches in diameter and two in depth. The cavity is one and three-fourth inches in width at the rim and the same in depth. After the completion of the nest which ordinarily requires a period of six days, oviposition com- mences on the ensuing day. The eggs usually five in number are deposited at the rate of one egg per diem. Incubation commences the day subsequent to the last deposit, and lasts for 10 days; the chief part of its labor devolving upon the female-bird; the male meanwhile furnishing his companion Avith suitable diet. \Vhen not thus employed, he occasionally cheers the -tedium of her task with an agreeable ditty. His affection for his mate and young is unsurpassed. When the nest is assaulted by enemies, both parents become ex- ceedingly clamorous, and with fiery eyes and open jaws unite to expel the common intruder. The young are from- IT to 12 days old when 268 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS they leave the nest. The addition of a week or 10 days to this period, finds them sufficiently matured to feed themselves. At* first they are fed by both parents. Their diet mainly consists of the larvse of Anisopteryx vernata, A. pometaria, Zerene catenaria, Eufitchia ribearia, Limacodes scapha, Chosrodes transversata, and mature forms of Tabanus lineola, T. cinctiis, C^llices, Musca domes tica, Aphis mali, A. roscz, and others. Later, the smaller Noctuidce, Tortricidce, and Tineida, with Apis mellifica, Selandria vitis, S. caryce, and and many species of the Andrena and Halictus. After the young are able to provide for them- selves, they continue with their parents, and, doubtless, constitute the small flocks which are seen in September and October feeding1 upon the seeds of Cirsium, Aster, and Soli-dago. The eggs of this species are sharply accuminate at one extremity and rounded at the other, and of a uniform bluish-white color. The average mea- surement is .66 by .53 of an inch. Plectrophanes nivalis, Meyer. The Snow Bunting is an occasional winter resi- dent in Eastern Pennsylvania, appearing with the first snows in December and January. In autumn in their northern habitats, they are quite grega- rious, and seem to prefer the vicinity of water, most probably on account of the abundance of certain aquatic plants which exist in such localities, upon the seeds of which they subsist. In this OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 269 latitude we have never seen more than three of four individuals at a time, frequently less, consort- ing with Junci^s hyemalis and our common winter sparrows. On their visits about our yards in quest oi food, they betray but little timidity and behave them- selves with all the familiarity of the Black Snow Bird. In the rural districts, however, they appear less tame and affect a predilection for running water, where in early spring they may be seen feasting upon the tender catkins of the Alnus se rml at a. Their food consists of the berries of Junipenis Virginiana^ J. communis, and Lonicera periclymc- num; besides, the seeds of Pimis inops, Abies mgra, A. canadensis, Betuta nigra, and those of Amaranlus hybridus, and various grasses. In the winter they feed upon broom-seed, cracked corn, and the scraps and refuse matter which are discarded by the cook. Just before retiring in early April, the eggs and pupae of Cratonychus cihereus, C. pertinax, and other beetles are eagerly devoured. During their stay they are devoid of song; not even so much as a simple call-note have we heard them utter. In Scotland their call-note is said to be very pleasing and often repeated during their flight in a compact body. Before alighting upon the ground they make several sudden turns com- ing into contact with each other and uttering several guttural notes. They seldom perch but 270 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS. move about upon the ground with nearly the facility of Sturnella magna. Mr. Dall describes this species as building on the hillside and under the lee of a stone, in Alaska, where it is sometimes very common, and, at other times entirely absent. Richardson states that it breeds on all ou rcontinental shores from Chester- fields's Inlet to Behring Strait, the most southerly breeding place known to him being Southampton Island. The nest is usually composed of dry- grass externally, and lined with a few feathers and deer s hair. It is ordinarily placed in a creviced rock, or in a loose pile of stones, or timbers. N.est- breeding certainly takes place during the last of June, or the begining of July, as a nest was dis- covered by the last mentioned individual, July 22, which contained four young Snow Birds. In this instance the young were fed by both birds quite frequently with various grubs, A nest with young birds is said to have been taken by Kirk Boott, Esq., of Boston., In the sum- mer of 1 8 34 among the White Mountains, which was probably an accidental occurrence. The only au- thenticated nest and eggs in the Smithsonian col- lection were taken on the Artie coast east of Fort Anderson by R. MacFarlane, Esq. This nest bears the label, "Nest situated in a cave in a sand-bank." It is built of wiry grass stems externally, and lined with a few feathers. In slope it resembles a deep saucer, and has an external and an internal diameter of 3.75 and 3.00 inches respectively, with OF ' EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 2J I an outer and an inner depth of 2.50 and 1.50 inches. The eggs are five in number, dull white, and spotted with slightly yellowish-rufous markings, which are more plentiful about the larger ex- tremity. They measure .95 of an inch in length and .65 in width, The above description of nest and eggs is substantially taken from the work on "North America Birds." - Passercidus savanna, Bonap. The Savanna Sparrow is principally a maritime species, .and only occasionally found inland. In Eastern. Pennsylvania it is by no means common, and is found mainly in lowlands of a humid char- acter. It ordinarily visits this latitude from the ist to the 1 5th of April, and after a stay from a week . to ten days, retires north to breed. In habits it is pre-eminently terrestrial. We have seldom observed i,t on a bush, or tree, or even a fence -rail. It is far from being shy, and can be approached without, difficulty. In some parts of the country these birds are quite gregarious, and move in large Hocks and associate with other species, which is particularly the case about Columbia, South Carolina where they winter from October to April, according to Dr. Coues. During their short stay with us in April, we have generally observed soli- tary individuals, very seldom as many as two or three together. o 272 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Their food consists of the seeds of grasses of last year's growth which they procure in their accustomed haunts, besides various small insects which venture forth at the season of their arrival. We have detected remains of Cratonychus cinereus, Harpalus conipar, Ca$nonia pcnmylvanica, Hal- tica chalybea, of a coleopterous character, and For- mica sanguinea, and other species of ants. The flight of this species reminds us of that of the Fox-colored Sparrow in being low, undulating, and slightly sustained. Its ground movements are strikingly characteristic of the same species. In Massachusetts it is only a summer resident, in a few restricted maritime districts, according to Dr. Brewer; while in the West, Mr. Allen says, it rarely, if ever, stops to breed. In Western Maine, Mr. Verrill states it to be a common summer occupant, and as breeding there in the latter part of May. In the neighborhood of Eastport, and in the Grand Menan group of islands, Dr. Brewer affirms that they invariably nidificate in great numbers, in the depressions on the margin, or just under projecting bluffs of land close to the sea, many nests being built in close proximity to each other. They arrive there in April and retire in September, their departure being apparently regu- lated more by the scarcity of food-stuffs than by thermometric changes. Dr. Coues found this species quite* abundant in Labrador, in 1860, where it fed on the beds of eel grass, along the rocky shores, in company with the small Sandpipers and the Titlarks. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 273 Although this Sparrow affects a fondness for low, humid grounds, yet it nidificates invariably in dry and usually slightly elevated places. The nest is generally sunk into the ground and built of grasses, loosely arranged and lined with softer materials of the same. Dr. Brewer says this species is particularly wary and mistrustful when with nest. Both birds according to the same author incubate alternately, but one when not thus occupied re- mains within hailing distance, and by a given signal reminds the other of the approach of danger, when the latter glides out of the nest and runs along the ground like a mouse. The eggs are five or six in number, rounded- oval, with one end more acuminate than the other. They are partially covered with reddish-brown blotches upon a greenish-white ground-work; the blotches being more numerous and confluent about the larger extremity, constituting a corona. s In others, in addition to the above, the ground- color is almost obscured by fine ferruginous dots. They measure .67 of an inch in length, and .54 in breadth. During its autumnal migration this species is seldom observed; but when it is seen, it is a deni- zen of low, humid grounds where it subsists upon the seeds of graminaceous plants, asters, solidagos, and divers small insects which are occupants of such localities. R 274 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Pooecetes granrineus, Baird. The Bay-winged or Grass Finch is tolerably abundant in Eastern Pennsylvania during the early spring, but few remain, however, to breed. It usually makes its appearance about the i5th of March, and sometimes in very backward seasons, not before the first of April. Along the Wissa- hickon hills in unusually mild winters, in sheltered situations, we have met individuals throughout the winter months. Its stay is uncommonly pro- longed until the last of November, but ordinarily it retires about the last of October. It is partial to dry, open fields and pastures, where it procures its subsistence, and mainly de- lights to place in depressions in the ground of its own construction, with no attempt at concealment, its simple nest of grasses. It is a fearless and unsuspicious species, neither courting nor shun- ning the society of man. We have never met with its nest near human dwellings, but have frequently observed it chanting its simple and not unmusical lay, while perched upon a fence-rail by the roadside, and ever and anon stooping from its elevated position to dust, which operation it practised with seeming fondness. Its song is a simple succession of pleasing notes with some resemblance to those of the Canary, but much weaker. It is not unlike the song of Melospiza nielodia, but neither so varied nor powerful ; and like the same commences early in OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 275 the morning and after a few hours' continuance, is relaxed to be renewed at sunset. 'Its song is con- tinued until late in the season. The flight of this bird, like most of the Fringil- lidce, is low, undulating, and but slightly prolonged. Its food consists of insects and seeds of various kinds. It loves to visit fallow ground, where it derives a considerable portion of its food, being exclusively terrestrial while searching for the same. We have observed it feeding upon the seeds of Phleum prcztense, the various species of Panicum and Poa, Amarantus hybridus, A. albus, and occa- sionally upon the freshly sown seed of Raphanus sativus, and the common salad. The following insects have been found in several stomachs which we have examined in the spring-time: — Harpalus compar, Casnonia pennsylvanica, Platynus cupripen- nts, Haltica chalybea, Scarites subterraneus, Cra- tonychus cinereus, Formica sanguinea, F. subterra- nea, and Lumbricus terrestris. Later in the sea- son the larvae of Anisopteryx vernata, A.pometaria, Zerene catenaria, Eujitchia ribearia, Gortyna zees, and mature forms of Penthina pomonella, Hale- sidota tessellaris, Limacodes scapha, PLusia preca- tionis, and others. The young are feel upon the larvae of the foregoing lepidoptera, aphides, spiders, and earthworms. The fruit of Fragaria Virginica, Rubus villosus, and the wild choke-cherry are also eaten. Nidification commences during the last of April or the begining of May. The nest is mostly 276 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS placed upon the ground and is the joint labor of the sexes during a period of three days. It is composed almost exclusively of dry grass-stems, and is lined with soft materials of the same. Oviposition commences on the day following the completion of the nest, and continues for four or five days, according to the complement of eggs laid. Incubation then ensues and lasts for 1 2 days. We have never met with more than two breeds in a season. When the nest is approached, the birds seek by various stratagems to draw off the intruder, some- times counterfeiting the most astonishinglameness. The parents manifest the utmost devotion for their young. The latter are confined to their nest until they are from 12 to 13 days old when they quit it, but still continue under the watch- fulness and care of the parents from 7 to 10 days longer, when they are fitted to provide them- selves with nourishment. The eggs are oblong-oval, more acuminate at one extremity than the other, and marked with clivers tints of reddish-brown spots, lines and dots upon a light greenish-white ground-color. In some eggs the spots mainly constitute an annuhis about the larger extremity, and in others, the ground-color is scarcely distinguishable from the abundance of spots. The eggs average .85 of an inch in length and about .64 in breadth. Coturniculus passerinus, Bo nap. The common Yellow-winged Bunting is_quite OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 277 irregularly distributed. In some portions of New Jersey it is a very common species, while in East- ern Pennsylvania it is found in limited numbers' We have never known it to nidificate within the confines of Philadelphia. It is a migrant and ap- pears with the chipping-sparrow during the last of April, or the beginning of May. tit is extremely partial to low sandy fields du ring- its brief sojourn, and is mainly found upon the ground like the subject of the last sketch, search- ing for the seeds and insects upon which it subsists. Occasionally we have found it upon small bushes and weeds, but never upon trees even of moderate growth. From the manner of its occurrence we are led to infer that it is not gregarious. It is sometimes found associated with the field and other sparrows, but this association is doubtless purely accidental. Though mainly restricted to rural districts, and seldom if ever visiting the haunts of man, it may be presumed in the absence of evidence per contra, to be a shy and timid creature. Though ex- tremely unobstrusive in its manners, it manifests, however, a confidential mien, and can be ap- proached without displaying a shadow of fear or alarm. The song of this species is short and feeble, and bears a marked resemblance to that of a grass- hopper. It lacks variety and expression, and may be well characterized as an "unmusical ditty" in the language of Audubon. 278 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS It is pre-eminently terrestrial in its habits, living, feeding, and nesting on or close to the ground. It subsists upon the seeds of asters, solidagos, Aira flexuosa^Amarantus hybridus,A. albus, and various species of Panicum, during the early part of the season; and, later, upon Raphanus sativus, com- mon salad, Ambrosia artemisicefolia, and the berries of Juniperus Virginiana. Among insets we have observed the remains of CEdipoda sul- phur ea, CE.nebulosa, Diccelus dilatatus, Harpalus compar, PI. pensylvanicus, Formica sanguinea, and earthworms, besides the dipterous forms of Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrant, and Culex tczniorhynchus. Its stay is brief and lasts but a week. It retires as silently and as unexpectedly as it came. During its autumnal migration, it rarely stops, usually passing rapidly through in its southward-bound journey to Mexico and Central America where it passes the winter-months. In the vicinity of Newark, N. J., it is a very- abundant species, and nidificates in great numbers. Mr. Maynard says it breeds abundantly on the island of Nantucket, and Mr. Allan claims for it an abundant summer visitant in Western Massachu- setts where it breeds in dry fields and pastures, / and is double-brooded. Mr. T. S. Brandigee, according to Dr. Brewer, found several nests in the neighborhood of Hartford, Conn., which were built in a held of thin grass upon the ground, and nearly hidden from view. In Northfield, 111. ac- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 2 79 cording to Robert Kennicott, Esq., it breeds quite abundantly. The nest is placed on the ground, most gener- ally in a tuft of grass or in a cluster of plants, and is built of dry grasses and lined with horse-hair. The young, it is said, follow their parents for a brief period, but soon separate and care for themselves. The eggs are rounded-oval, and dashed and 'blotched with golden-brown markings upon a clear white background. They measure .74 of an inch length and .62 in breadth. Melospiza lincolnii, Baird. Lincoln's Finch, so called by Mr. Audubon in honor of Mr. Thomas Lincoln, one of his com- panions, is an exceedingly rare species in Phila- delphia, although more abundant to the westward. It makes its appearance during the latter part of April or the beginning of May, and is generally found consorted with other species of sparrows. Its habits, in some particulars, remind us of those of Melospiza melddia. Like this species it perches upon the top of a small bush or low tree, and chants its song for an hour at a time. When dis- turbed it moves quickly away and precipitates itself into the densest bush with which it meets. Unlike the Song Sparrow it is more suspicious, and can be approached only with great difficulty. It shuns rather than courts the society of man, and affects a fondness for thick bushes along water- courses, in secluded valleys. 280 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Its song is characterized for its sweetness, and surpasses in strength that of any of our ordinary sparrows. Mr. Audubon describes it as com- pounded of the notes of the Canary and the European Woodlark. The flight of this species is low, rapid, undulating, and but moderately sustained. This bird subsists mainly upon seeds and berries, although many insects are eagerly devoured. The seeds of various species of Panic-urn, Amarantus, and Solidago, among plants; besides Casnonia pennsylvanica, Harpalus compar, Platymts cupri- pennis, Formica sangiiinea, and other species of ants have been identified in several stomach- examinations. According to Mr. Audubon this species breeds in Labrador, where young birds were met with as early as the 4th of July. Dr. Hoy found them breeding near Racine, Wis., and Mr. Audubon met them during the breeding-period on the Upper Missouri. In the weedy pastures in Parley's Park, in Northern Utah, a nest with young was discovered by« Mr. Ridgway imbedded in the ground, underneath a bush. In high Arctic latitudes, it has been found breeding, and on the top of Mt. Lincoln, at an elevation of eight thou- sand feet, it has been found to be a very abundant species by Mr. Allen. Mr. Kennicott observed its nest as early as June 14, and remarked that it was placed on the ground in a clump of grasses, in an open and dry OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 28 1 place; another structure was built in a bunch of grass in the midst of a small grassy pond. The complement of eggs, according to the last named authority is five. The eggs discovered near Racine by Dr. Hoy, according to Dr. Brewer, are a pale greenish- white, and densely marked with ferruginous brown clots and blotches, to such an extent as sometimes to disguise the ground-color. They measure .74 by .60 of an inch. This species probably winters in Guatemala, and certainly in Mexico as it is quite common here in the winter. • Melospiza palustris, Baird. The Swamp Sparrow is an occasional winter resident in Eastern Pennsylvania, but is principally a migrant species, where it arrives during the last week of April or the first week of May. Among unscientific persons it is not generally known in consequence of its love of retirement and its peculiar haunts. It seldom if ever visits the habi- tations of man, but chiefly delights in low, marshy grounds, and the borders of streams. For a week after its arrival it is somewhat gregarious, the bulk retiring farther north, while a few remain here to bree Though partial to places which are seldom visited by human beings, save where a love of nature is their controlling motive, yet we are as- sured from a long experience that it manifests less 282 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS timidity than is customary with many species that frequent less quiet and more exposed localities. We can rightly claim for it as much confidence and familiarity as is possessed by Mclospiza melo- dia, a very near relative, which freely delights in the companionship of man. Unlike this last mentioned species, and other congeneric species, it rarely takes to trees while feeding, but is either found upon the ground or in low bushes. In some particulars it reminds us of Seiurus noveboracensis of Nuttall from its peculiar fondness for streams of water. The seeds and other articles of diet, which it readily discovers in low, marshy grounds and along water-courses, doubtless, operate as a strong in- centive to such predilection. Perhaps this custom is of long continuance, and the species has not yet encountered those changes in its environment, which must determine corresponding changes of habit. The abundance of marshy ground and their probable existence for years to come, have a tendency to induce this species to traverse the "old beaten road of habit." In its movements from bush to bush, or upon the ground, its only note is a hoarse cheep, uttered at irregular intervals. Its song though harsh and lively, lacks the variety and modulation which characterize that of the Song Sparrow. Its flight is low, undulating, and poorly sustained. Early in the season its food consists of the seeds of grasses and weeds, with a few insects. Among OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 283 the former may be mentioned the seeds of Poa trivialis, P. nemoralis, and Arrhenatherum arena- ceum; and, among the latter, harpalus compar, Casnonia pennsylvanica, Cr atony chus cinereus, Culex tczniorhynclms, and various dipterous and coleop- terous beetles that are indigenous to low, aqueous situations. As the season advances, Haltica chalybea, Cymindis viridipennis, Chrysomela cceru- leipennis, among coleoptera; and the larvae of Limacodes scapha, Agrotis tessellata, Choerodes transversata, Ennomos subsignaria, Anisopteryx vernata, Hybernia tiliaria, and mature forms of Plusia, Acronycta, and many of the Tortricidce and Tineidce are devoured and fed to the young. Nidification commences ordinarily about the 1 5th of May. A tussock of grass is ordinarily selected for the site of a nest. The latter is placed in a depression in the ground, and is held in position by the surrounding grasses. It is con- structed almost entirely of dry grasses which are gathered in the vicinity. It is neither so large nor so firmly woven as that of the Song Sparrow. To the labor of building both birds apply themselves with commendable assiduity. On the completion of the nest which requires not more than three days, the female commences oviposition, which proceeds at the rate of one egg daily for four days, until the complement is deposited. Incuba- tion follows the next day, and continues for a period of 1 1 days. We do not think the male takes any part in this essential operation, save to 284 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS supply his companion with food, which like a faithful and affectionate husband he willingly performs. When not thus engaged, he perches upon an ad- joining tussock or bush, and exerts his utmost to defend his mate and nest against the encroach- ments of enemies. The young are fed alternately by both parents. The solicitude of the latter for the former is truly remarkable, and continues sometimes after the young have assumed their independence. The young leave the nest 1 2 days after hatching, and in ten days more are prepared for self-maintenance. Two broods are reared in a season ; the second during the month of July, the first being fully matured and out of the way when preparations are begun for a second. After the breeding- period is over, both old and young subsist upon the seeds of meadow-brasses, sedges, rushes, and o o berries of the common red-cedar, and a few insects, until their departure during the last of October. The e£o>s are a ligfht o-reen, and are marked oo o o with reddish and purplish-brown spots which are confluent about the larger extremity, con- stituting an annulus. They measure .76 of an inch in length and .50 in breadth. Melospiza nielodia, Baird. The Song Sparrow is one of our permanent residents, and is universally distributed. In the winter it is one of our most agreeable guests, fre- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 285 quenting our yards and gardens in company with Junco Jiyemalis and Spizclla vionticola for the crumbs and scraps which have been cast away by the cook. It commonly associates with our ordinary barn-yarcl fowls for its share of cracked corn, broom-seed, and wheat-screenings. It de- lights to build in low bushes by the sides of open fields, or on the borders of thickets, and frequently in depressions on the ground surmounted by tall grasses. For weeks anterior *to nidihcation the males seek the tall tree-tops and regale us with the most delicious music. Its song is heard as early as the 1 5th of March, and continues from early morning until long after sunset with scarcely an intermis- sion. In the middle of the day when most other species are silent and have shrunk away to the refreshing shades, its song is as ardent as ever. For variation and modulation of voice it is un- excelled by few species. Some of its strains re- call to mind the delicious symphonies of Turdus imistelinus\ and others, again, bear a close resem- blance to those of Spizdla monticola. At most times its song is lively and vivacious, and occasion- ally assumes a plaintive character. The Canary's exceeds it in variety, but lacks its sweetness and pathos. The following syllables express with tolerable exactness the song of a capital singer: — tsi-lsi-tsl-fwee-tlo-tiu-tw, wha-wh&a&aa-ke-ke-ke, tsl-lsl-ts~i-twcc-twimi, tsi-tsi-tsl-twa-turrrr, tsi-tsl-tsi- f-wa-turrrr^ tsl-twd-twd-twinil-tw\ Its ordinary 286 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS call-note is a simple hwlt produced slowly and at regular intervals during feeding and perching. The same syllable pronounced sharply and hurriedly is expressive of anger and also of dis- appointment. The prelude to its song resembles nearly the first^measure of that of Spizella monti- cola and may be written twl-twt-twi-twi-twi-i-i-i-l, but is pronounced with less animation. The flight of this Sparrow is low, undulating, and but moderately protracted. Its food is principally procured from the ground and among the leaves and branches of trees and shrubs, and consists of the seeds of various plants, and divers insects. Early in the spring it is chiefly a vegetarian. An examination of the contents of many stomachs discloses but few insect-fragments, in comparison with what is found in the Phcebe bird. The blossoms of the red maple, particu- larly their stamens and pistils, the green berries of Juniperus communis, are devoured with avidity. In the months of March and April, we have de- tected in stomachs, seeds of Amarantus albus, A. hybridus, Raphanus sativus, common salad, and common beet, with the young of Acheta nigra, Caloptenus femur -rub rum, Platynus cupripennis, Donacia confluenta^ Formica sanguinea, and earth- worms. \ As spring advances into summer, the eggs and larvae of various fruits and insects are devoured with a gusto. The cultivated varieties of Prunus the wild and cultivated species of Fra- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 287 garia are especially esteemed. Among insects the larvae of Anisopteryx vernaia, A. pometara, Zerene catenaria, Eujltchia rib ear ia, Angerina cro- cataria, Ermomos subsignaria, Chcerodcs transver- satay Limacodes scapha^Asopia eostalis, Lozotcznia rosaceana, and mature forms of Thecla Jiumuli, Calliniorpha Lcconter, Lithacodesfasciola, Utetkeisa bella, Spilosoma Virginica, Lithosia miniata, Pen- thina pomonella and many of the Tineidcz. Mating commences about the 2Oth of April, or- dinarily, and nidification about the 25th of the same month, two weeks after the robin has com- menced. Instances have been met with where this business has been deferred, owing to meteorlogical conditions, until the middle of May. Young birds select for a nest a shallow cavity by the roadside, or on the border's of a field in the midst of a dense growth of grasses; while old birds, ordinarily, build in low bushes. The former soon learn to disregard such places for the security which eleva- ted localities afford. Nests constructed amid branches are generally more compact, and display better taste and skill than those placed upon the ground. The latter being less exposed to the influence of the jvvind, require less compactness than the others. .* Both birds labor with remarkable diligence until a nest is built which is the result of four days' application during the cool of the mornings and afternoons. The birds commence at sunrise and work for three hours; then desisting therefrom 288 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS and reassuming the work at 4 P. M., and continu- ing until sunset, and often later. The labor of the female seems to be the suitable adjustment of the materials supplied by her partner. Nests built in trees differ not only in compact- ness from those placed upon the ground, bnt also in dimensions; the former having a less peripheral extent, and being more neatly and firmly construc- ted. Exteriorly, the nest is composed of the culms of fine grasses so adjusted as to present a decided contrast to the nest of the Spizella monti- cola; the ends of the stems of which a nest of the latter is built, project considerably at the rim, and present the appearance of an enclosure of palisades. Interiorly, there is a lining of fine stems of Panicum, or horse-hairs. Another nest which may be considered typical and which was placed within a cluster of grasses in a cavity in the ground, consists of a framework of coarse grasses and roots of the same, leaves, fragments of paper, somewhat loosely aggregated, and held together by surrounding grasses. Within, is a neat, symme- trical, and firmly built cup-shaped structure formed of grass-stems of Panicum capillare, which is lined with horse-hair. In the work on "North American Birds" it is said that the two types of nests are similarly constructed. Our experience, especially in this section of the country, shows a marked difference. The tree-nests resemble] the cup- shaped structure of the former but are devoid of the underlying basis. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 289 Another nest which we posses, has the exterior composed of fine grasses with a slight intermingl- ing of raw cotton. The interior is lined with slender stems of Paniciun, and a few horse-hairs. The most beautiful as well as the most neatly built nest we have ever witnessed, was obtained by us in Cumberland Co. N. J., in the snmmer of 1872. It rests upon a horizontal twig and is supported by two others which incline at an angle of 60° to the former. It is composed externally of fine branches of Panicum neatly and compactly inter- woven, and lined with raw cotton, vegetable down, and the silk of Asclepias\ the entire outer surface is covered with raw cotton which almost completely conceals the grass-stems from view. This nest is hemispherical in shape, and has a diameter at the rim of five and a half inches, and a height of two and a half. The cavity is circular with a diameter of two and a half inches and a depth of two. The period of bviposition immediately follows nest- completion and continues for five days, when it is succeeded on the ensuing day by incubation which lasts about 1 1 days. During the operation the male occasionally relieves his partner. Whilst she is occupied, he provides her with nourishment; and when not employed in such matters, he stations himself in close proximity, ready to resist the slightest invasion. The tedium of the time is occasionally relieved by an agreeable ditty. Both parents are extremely devoted to their 290 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS young, unwearied in their attentions, and seek by loud cries and menaces to drive away intruders. The young are fed upon the larvae and mature forms of divers insects. The following list com- prehends a portion of their bill of fare: — Lumbricus terrestris, Anisopteryx vernata, A. pome tar ia, Zerene catenaria, Chozrodcs transversata, Hybernia tiiiaria, Leucania ilnipuncta, Agrotis tessellata, Pieris rapes, Colias philodicc, Utetheisabella, The da humuli, Gortyna zece, in thair larval stages; Musca domestica, Tabanus lineola, Culcx tceniorkyncJius, Aphis mail, A. roses, Lachnostenia quercina, in larval forms, and many of the smaller moths of Noctuidcc, Tortricidtz and Tineidcc. As they mature, food suited to their development is administered. They are from 1 2 to 13 days old when they leave the nest, and in ten clays more are able to maintain themselves. Two broods are reared in a season ; the latter during the beginning of July. After the breeding season is over both young and old collect in small flocks and feed together. We deem it highly probable, owing to the small size of these autumnal flocks, that they are com- posed of individuals of one family alone. When food becomes scarce in consequence of climatic changes, the greater number of these birds depart for the South; a few remaining as before re- marked, during the entire winter. Whether those that have been bred in the neighborhood remain it is difficult to affirm with certainty. As the winter occupants seem to be OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 29I hardier and more robust than our summer deni- zens, we incline to the opinion that the latter retire to the South in the autumn and are suc- ceeded by sparrows, from more northern latitudes. We are confirmed somewhat in this opinion by the simultaneous occurrence of these hardier sparrows with the Black Snow Birds. The song of our winter denizen commences with that of Spizella mcnticola about the middle of March, and ceases with it about the i2th of April, when both species depart. Its song is more % varied, and possesses greater sweetness and power of expression. A capital singer which we observed very closely during the past season, was capable of producing no less than ten distinct measures in regular succession. The individuals which arrive from southern latitudes in the spring, as far as our experience extends, seldom produce more than five separate measures; and the contrast be- tween the two is so great that the dullest ear can appreciate it with facility. The eggs are a dingy white, and marked with ferruginous and light purple blotches equally dif- fused over the entire surface. In some specimens these markings are so numerous as to conceal the ground-color; in others, they are irregularly scat- tered, leaving spaces unmarked. They measure .81 of an inch in length, and .59 in breadth. Junco hy emails, Sclater. The Snow Bird driven from its northern home 292 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS by the necessity of food, mainly makes its appear- ance with the snow, or a few days anterior to its advent. Its coming is unattended with any de- monstration. Silently it arrives and as quietly retires. We have occasionally discovered its pres- ence as early as the i5th of October, when the weather has been unusually severe, but its arrival is most generally in the month of November. During the early part of its stay it frequents low meadows, open fields, and the borders of forests. But when the weather, becomes more rigorous and the ground is covered with snow, impelled by hunger it seeks the abodes of man, when it becomes extremely familiar and obtrusive, and our yards and gardens are places of daily visita- tions for the crumbs and scraps which are thrown away by the cook. It becomes on familiar terms with the poultry and share their cracked corn £iid broom-seed. During the autumnal months the berries of Juni penis Virginiana> Viburnum Lcn- tago, and seeds of Ambrosia artemisicefolia^ Cheno- podium album, C. anthclminticum, Panicum, Aira, Calamagrostis, are favorite articles of. diet. Whereas in the winter it has a decided preference for the seeds of Amarantus albus, A. paniculatus Chenopodium albtun^nd. Raphamts sativus ; and the eggs and imagos of Cratonychus cinereus, C. per- tinax, and other beetles. During its vernal stay it devours with seeming relish the stamens and pistils of Acer rubrum, A. saccharinum, and others. An examination of the stomachs of several individ- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 293 uals showed besides small stones and seeds, entire specimens of Formica sanguined and fragments of Harpalus pensylvanicus, H. compar, Cratonychus cinereus, Bostrichus pini, Casnonia pennsylvanica, and Haltica chalybea. The flight of this species is low, undulating, and moderately rapid. When gleaning for food it is chiefly terrestrial, seldom visiting the tall tree-tops, but preferring small trees and bushes to the latter. While thus employed it will permit the nearest approach without taking to wing. The rustling of the leaves will infuse a momentary fear, when the flock, for the species is eminently gregarious, will instantly leave but to return quickly, on the sub- sidence of the noise, to the identical spot where it soon becomes busy again as though nothing had occurred. Its chief note in the winter is a low tslc, pro- nounced rather quickly in the intervals of feeding. When spring opens, it again seeks the retirement of open fields and the borders of forests. It now becomes less tame and friendly, but appears at the same time one of the most active and the hap- piest of the feathered creation; alighting upon a tree or bush it chants a sprightly air and is soon off to repeat the same elsewhere. Both song and movements recall to memory our ordinary Cicada canicularis. In syllabic language it may be quite accurately represented by twe-twe-twe-ah-twececee- d/i, commencing in a medium key and increasing gradually in pitch. Accentuation is sharp and the 294 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS movement allegro moderate. It resembles in part the song of Spizella pusilla, but is neither so loud nor sustained. At the time of writing, June 23, 1875, these birds are as seemingly abundant as during the winter, and manifest considerable activity .and vivacity. Their long stay is certainly due to the lateness and backwardness of the season. Their late departure would seem to indicate that their breeding-quarters cannot be far away. It is probable that these late sojourners repair to the nearest mountains for nidificating purposes. Indeed, we are led to this opinion from the following consideration. The appearance of a few mild days in April has been signalized by their complete abandonment of ac- customed haunts; but let those days be followed by others of low temperature, and they are speed- ily ushered into our presence, which could not happen did they come from places very remote. Were our mountains more thoroughly explored by. persons interested in ornithological pursuits, new facts would be brought to light of which we now have no adequate conception. To unscien- tific persons, the breeding of so common a species as the one under consideration, would attract but little notice. This species nests as far south as Virginia in mountainous regions, thence to New York, the northern portions of the New England States, nidificating only in highlands, but coming down to the plains gradually as we proceed in a northern OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 295 direction. According to Mr. Kennicott few birds were found by him breeding- as far south as Fort Resolution, but were discovered nesting rather abundantly about the 65° of latitude. Mr. Mac- Farlane found them in great numbers breeding on the borders of the barren-ground region along the Anderson river. The nests discovered by him were all on the ground and hidden by dry leaves, tufts of grasses, and projecting roots, in dense woods or in open grounds. Dr. Brewer says that it breeds more or less abundantly in nothern and eastern parts of Maine, and through- out New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and especially at Pictou, where it was observed in repeated in- stances to nidificate within out-houses. "In a woodshed connected with the dwelling of Mr. Dawson," he saw several nests "built within reach of the hand, and in places where the family were passing and repassing throughout the day." The last mentione4 writer says on his way from Hali- fax to Pictou he found them "breeding by the roadside often under the shelter of a projecting bank in the manner of the Passercuhis savanna!' In Western Massachusetts they breed in all parts of the Green Mountain range. Wilson met them breeding among the Alleghanies in Virginia, and highlands of Pennsylvania and New York. In Otsego County in the latter state, and especial!)' in the town of Otsego, they have been discovered breeding in great numbers. According to Dr. Brewer, the nest of this 296 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS species is composed externally of coarse straws, fine roots, strips of bark, and horse-hair, and is lined with the fur of small animals and fine mosses. It has an external diameter of four and a half inches, and a depth of two, and posseses a deep and capacious cavity for the size of the bird. The eggs are described by the same authority, as rounded-oval, and marked with reddish-brown spots upon a creamish yellowish-white background, which are confluent about the larger portion of the egg, but seldom covering either end. They measure .75 of an inch in length and 60 in breadth. Spizella monticola, Baird. The Tree Sparrow in some sections of the country is a very common winter resident. In Eastern Pennsylvania it is less abundant than Melospiza melodia which is our commonest species. In small numbers it consorts with the Song Spar- row and Snow Bird, arriving with the latter and like it is restricted during the autumnal months to. open fields and the borders of thickets. In these situations it manifests a certain degree of timidity, but as autumn advances into winter and there is a growing scarcity of food-stuffs, it covets the com- panionship of man, when it becomes exceedingly tame and familiar, even venturing into outbuildings for the gratification of the cravings of hunger. Its food consists of the berries of Juniperus Vir- giniana, J. communis, Vibiwnum Lentago, Lonicera periclymenum, and the seeds of divers weeds and OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 297 grasses. In our yards the crumbs and scraps that are wasted, and the cracked corn, broom-seed, and wheat-screenings which it shares with the chickens. In the u spring it repairs to open fields and the margins of forests where it varies some- what its bill of fare. Besides the seeds of grasses and other plants, it manifests a decided partiality for the tender buds, and the stamens, pistils, and ovaries of blossoms. The flowers of Acer rubrum are particularly chosen. A further advance in time with its consequent increase of sun-power, is attended by a development of insect-life which contributes an essential portion to its diet. We have detected remains of Cratonychus cinereus, C. pertinax, Harpalus pensylvanicus, H. compar, Musca domestica, Tabanus lineola, Formica sangui- nea, Casnonia pennsylvanica, Scarites subterraneus , Lumbricus terrestris, &c, in many stomach-examina- tions. The flight of this species is moderately lofty and performed in graceful undulations. When not engaged in the procurement of food it reposes upon small trees and shrubs, never seeking for this purpose the summits of larger growths. Its song ordinarily commences during the first week of April, and for fifteen minutes or more at a time, from the summit of a small tree or bush it is heard with scarce an intermission. There is a resemblance to the song of the Field Sparrow, being, however, sweeter and more varied. It consists of a repeti- tion of a simple sound, uttered sharply and quickly, 298 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS which is succeeded by a very fine trill pitched in a very high key, and sung crescendo. The following syllables will give an approximate idea of its ex- pression \--tivea-twea-twe&-twlmlu-tmi occasionally varied by iwl-twi-twl-tur-r-r-r, twmnl-tiou. Its ordinary call is a simple twl produced at irregular intervals. In the spring it deserts our yards and orchards, and frequents waste grounds and the borders of open fields and thickets, where it prefers a life of solitude. It now discards its former associates, and higher considerations engross its mind and attention. It disappears during the latter part of April for its more northern habitat. We have met this species in all the months except July and August, and are certain that it does not breed within the limits of Philadelphia. The Tree Sparrow breeds in high Arctic regions.- Mr. Kennicott found its nest on the Yukon; Mr. Dale at Nulata; and Mr. MacFarlane in vast numbers at Fort Anderson. According to the last authority the nests are mostly placed upon the ground, some few on small bushes, and only one being recorded as having been placed several feet above it. One occupied the cleft of a low willow, another was placed within a bush at an elevation of nearly four feet above the ground, while a third was but fourteen inches above the ground in a clump of willow.s; nearly all the others were posited directly upon the ground, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 299 The nests were built exteriorly of grasses and dry bark loosely aggregated, and warmly lined with feathers; and when placed upon the ground were generally hidden within a tuft of grass. The complement of eggs varies; the usual number being four or five, while some aests contain occa- sionally, six, and others, seven. The duty of incu- bation apparently devolves upon the female, her partner as in the case with others which we have mentioned, being seldom seen in the immediate vicinity. The eggs, according to Dr. Brewer, are a light green, freckled with fine foxy-brown markings which are uniformly distributed, but in such a manner as to leave the ground distinctly visible. They measure .85 of an inch in length and .65 in breadth, and are much larger than the eggs of any other species of Spizella. Spizella socialis, Baird. The Chipping Sparrow so familiar to all, is one of our most abundant, migrants. Its presence is unnoticed long after the Song and Field Sparrows have made the fields and woods vocal with their melodies. It arrives in our midst during the last week of April. Unlike its near relative Spizella pusilla, it prefers occupied and cultivated grounds, rather than waste fields and the borders of thickets. It is a cheerful and active little creature, and com- mends itself to our favor by its remarkable tame- ness and sociability. It is a frequent visitor to 3OO LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS our door for crumbs, and when the latter is thoughtlessly left open it enters with an air of con- fidence, and deliberately sets to work, even while the room is occupied by some of its rightful tenants. So accustomed does it become to man's society, that we have known individuals to present themselves regularly thrice a day for food, and even to accept crumbs from the hands of its bene- factor. Its flight resembles that of Spizclla pusilla, but is less elevated. Its movements are the very impersonation of activity. It is chiefly to be found upon small trees and bushes, when not foraging upon the ground for insect and vegetable diet. The food of this species consists mainly during the spring and summer months of the larvae and imagos of various kinds of insects. The following list embraces the most important of those which constitute its bill of fare: — Formica sanguined, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, Harpalus pensylvanicus, larvae of Cratonychus cine- reus, and caterpillars of Gdrtyna zecz, Anisopteryx vernata, A. pome (ana, Zerene catenaria, Ennomos subsignaria, Choerodes transversata, Plusia preca- tionis, Pieris rapce, P. brassiccz, Colias philodice, and mature forms of Spilosoma Virginica, Penthina pomonella, Thccla humuli, Ctenucha Virginica, and many of the Noctuidtz and Tineidce. The song is but a monotonous repetition of a single syllable. This species has very slender claims to be reputed as one of our songsters, OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 30! This simple and unpretending ditty, throughout the month of June, is kept up for hours together with scarce an intermission. The note of complaint or uneasiness is expressed by a simple chip uttered rather slowly and at measured intervals. Early in May, say about the I5th, mating com- mences; and about the i8th the birds are ready to commence nest-building. The nest is generally placed in low bushes, and but occasionally in small trees. A suitable site having been selected, both male and female apply themselves assiduously to the work, until the structure is finished, which usually requires four days. Considerable variation is discernible in the architecture of different indi- viduals; some nests are rudely constructed and are so exceedingly loose and tenuous as to be distinctly seen through; while others have much of periphery with little of thickness and depth of cavity. A typical nest is beautifully hemispherical in configuration, neatly though loosely built, and possesses a cavity artistic and symmetrical in con- tour. Exteriorly, it is composed, unless in rare cases, of fine rootlets, and is lined with black and white horse-hairs. In a beautiful domicile before us, very few roots are discernible; the bulk of the nest being composed of horse-hairs, densely and compactly interwoven, and covered exteriorly with a few twigs and lint. Again, we have nests which are made entirely of fine rootlets. A curious anomaly is sometimes met with in nest-building. When a nest is placed in a thicket of bushes and 3O2 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS well secured laterally by enveloping leaves and twigs, it is slightly inclined in position, and bears a circular aperture sufficiently capacious for the passage of the bird's body. This opening is located in the superior third of the nest. When the bird is in position its bill projects through the aperture. It is obvious that the position of the nest is designed by its authors to afford the re- quisite protection to the female and young during inclement weather; this inclination causing one side to serve as a roof. The angle which the nest makes with the supporting surfaces is about 45°. One of the most curious exceptions to the normal type of nests, was noticed by us in the spring of 1870, in Northumberland Co., Pa. This nest was located upon a small bush, at a slight elevation above the ground. It is composed, ex- ternally, of small branchlets of Draba with seed- vessels attached, a few rootlets, and is lined with white horse-hairs. It has a diameter of nearly four inches, and a thickness of three and a half inches. The diameter of the cavity at the margin is two inches, and the depth nearly two inches. It is a magnificent structure, thickly and firmly woven, and hemispherical in contour. The differences just noticed in nidification, are doubtless due to the skill of the architects. As remarked previously, birds like men, have their skilful as well as unskilful mechanics. The latter embrace besides the talentless, the immature and inexperienced. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 303 The period of time devoted to nest-building depends materially upon the style of the nest and the character of the builders. The nest being completed, oviposition commences the following day, and proceeds at the rate of one egg per day, and lasts from four to five days. Incubation ensues the succeeding day, and continues for ten days; the male occasionally relieving his mate; but the chief part of the responsibility devolves upon her. Whilst the female is thus occupied, the male carefully attends to her wants. These Sparrows are devoted parents, expressing considerable anxiety when their nests and young are interfered with. The young are fed with the larvax of small insects chiefly of a lepidopterous character. Various cliptera and coleoptera, consti- tute a meagre portion of their diet; but the cater- pillars of Anisopteryx vernata^A.poinctaria^ Zercne catcnaria, Ennomos subsignaria, are devoured in prodigous numbers, besides those of Picris rap Ambrosia artemisi&folia, and many of the asters and solidagos. In the months of April and May the flowers of Acer rubrnm, A. saccJiarinum, besides Cerasus and Pyrus> and many of our herbaceous plants. Among insects we have discovered traces of Harpalus pensyhaniais, H. compar, Casnonia pennsylvanica^ and Formica sanguinca, in many stomachs which we have ex- amined. It is only while with young that the 318 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS parent-birds destroy great numbers of noxious caterpillars. Its flight is low, firm, and but slightly sustained. Its general movements are the inpersonation of agility. It is mainly terrestrial in habits, and sel- dom attains to any considerable height in its search after food. Its ordinary call-note may be quite accurately expressed by hwl repeated at irregular intervals. A simple twlche, the last syllable repeated quite sharply, is expressive of anger; while its cry of vexation and disappointment is indicated by twl- twl-twjo, twi-twl-twoo, iterated in a harsh and dis- agreeable manner. Finally, its song lacks both variety and expression, and is in striking contrast with the songs of Melospiza mzlodia, and Spizella pusilla, and cannot fail to attract attention by its utter inharmoniousness. This bird mostly builds in a hollow tree or a box. In walls overgrown with the ivy, scores not only find comfortable shelter during the rigorous winter months, but also suitable accommodations for nesting purposes. Where the above conveni- ences are not available, actuated by a true parental instinct, a couple sometimes nidificate between the forked branches of a maple. A case in point came under our immediate observation during the summer of 1874. During favorable seasons nidification ordi- narily commences in the early part of April. The spring of 1875 being an unusually backward OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 319 one, somewhat retarded its labors. Instances have fallen under our notice where preparations were begun as early as the first week of February. On such occasions a pair of females and a single male, on warm, sunshiny days would busy them- selves for hours together in carrying dried grasses and feathers into a hollow tree. Labor would be suspended when the weather was unusually severe, and resumed on the accession of mild weather. A noticeable feature was the perfect good- will and harmony which prevailed among the individual members of this trio., We anxiously awaited the ultimate result of this tripartite covenant, but before the completion of the nest, from some cause unknown to us, the locality was abandoned and has not since been occupied. It might be presumed that as these Sparrows resort to hollow trees for shelter during cold winter nights, that the aforementioned articles were designed to render their roosting quarters more comfortable and de- sirable. A nest which we possess and which was built in a hollow branch of an apple-tree, measures fifteen inches in length and has a diameter of four inches. The basis is composed of a heterogeneous medley of feathers, clivers grasses, and various leaves, and the periphery of a thick wall of dry plant-stems intermingled with feathers. The labor of building is performed jointly by both birds. The nest just described is unusually large, and was the result of continued additions to the origi- 32O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS nal structure after each succeeding brood-raising. The authors of this nest had successfully reared three broods, and at the time of the severance of the limb from the trunk of the tree, were preparing for a fourth. From the remarkable depth of the cavity, the labor of removing the befouled mate- rials which would have been exceedingly arduous to the birds, was spared, a fresh supply of feathers being carried in for each successive brood. The preparations for a fourth brood occurred during the last week in August. . Another nest which was taken late in June, was built upon a tree of the red maple, and is com- posed externally of fine and coarse strings, from the thickness of twine to that of sewing silk; carpet rags, a few small branches of Popzdus dilatata, and rootlets. Interiorly, it is lined with a thick layer of raw cotton. It measures four and a half inches in diameter by less than two and a half in a verti- cal direction. The cavity at the rim measures three inches in width, and one and a half in depth. The outer materials of the nest are far from beino" C3 tastefully interwoven, and display but a slight de- gree of artistic skill. The cotton had evidently been found en masse, and was carelessly adjusted, if the present appearance affords any criterion. Ordinarily the labor lasts from four to five clays. The eggs are begun to be laid on the succeeding day, and are deposited at the rate of one per day, which makes the period of oviposition from four to five clays. Incubation takes place on the clay fol- OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 32! lowing the last deposit, and continues for 1 1 days. Sometimes the male bird shares with his partner the duties of sitting; but generally the burden of the responsibility devolves upon the female, while the male becomes a faithful guardian and most willing provider. He displays the utmost affection for his mate, and is indefatigable in his exertions to render her comfortable and contented. His jealousy is unbounded, and will not permit a feathered stranger to venture within his precincts, without chastising his temerity. When unable to cope with an antagonist, a cry of distress soon brings numbers of his brethren to his aid. He seldom strays any considerable distance from the nest, except when foraging for himself and partner. The most devoted affection and solicitude are manifested for the young. They are fed with the larvae of insects particularly caterpillars, and dip- tera. The principal insects which constitute their dietary are the larvae of Gortyna ze the tender buds of 326 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS plants, and the stamens and pistils of Acer rubrunt, A. saccharinum, Pyrus mains, Pnmus cerasus, &c., are esteemed great luxuries. Its movements are mostly performed in silence. Occasionally, in the intervals of feeding, a low, sim- ple call-note is uttered. The male is reputed a very fine singer; but it is an unusual occurrence to hear its song in this latitude; it probably reserving this power until it has attained its more northern habi- tat. Dr. Brewer says "his voice is loud, clear, and melodious; his notes full, rich, and varied; and his song is unequalled by any of this family that I have ever heard." It generally disappears about the time Spizella monticola takes its departure. The breeding range of this species, according to Sir John Richardson, extends to the 68th parallel of latitude. It breeds in the wooded regions of fur countries. Mr. Ball has found it breeding- abundantly at Nulatoy where it arrives from the loth to the i5th of May; and also on the Yukon river. Messrs. Kennicott, Ross, MacFarlane, and Lockhart, have discovered it breeding at various places in British America. According to the reports of Mr. Kennicott and Mr. MacFarlane, this species nidificates both on the ground and in trees; and in one instance, a nest was found at an elevation of eight feet above the ground. In structure, it is affirmed to be similar to that of Turdus alicice, Nidification evidently takes place before the middle of June, between that and the first of the same month, as complete nests were OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 327 taken before the yth. A single nest was dis- covered at the base of a clump of dwarf willows, which materially assisted to hide it from view. This was constructed out of coarse hay, a modicum of deer hairs, and fresh, young moss, variously intermingled together; and was lined with a finer quality of hay. Mr. MacFarlane, to whom we are indebted for this discovery, considers this as an exceptional nest, as all the nests he had pre- viously found, had been placed in the midst of branches of pine or spruce- trees, and had been like those of T. alicicz. Other nests were dis- covered similar in structure to the last, which seemed to make it highly probable that in certain instances, some birds had occupied old nests of T. alicicz for incubating purposes. Richardson says the nests are built in low bushes, and are composed of dry grasses, feathers, and hair. He describes the eggs as being marbled with irregular brown spots upon a mountain green background, and gives the number as five. According to Audubon who discovered several nests in Labrador, near the sea-coast, the nest is large for the size of the bird, and is ordinarily built upon the ground, surrounded by tall grass or moss, and concealed from view by the branches of a creeping fir, near the stem of which it is placed. Exteriorly, it is composed of moss and dry grass, and an inner layer of fine grasses carefully adjusted circularly. The lining consists of fine thread-like roots, and the feathers of water-fowls; in one in- 328 LIFE-HISTORIES OF stance, the down of Somateria mollissima was a noticeable feature. The eggs were found from June 1 5 to July 7, and there is but one brood in a season. The same writer says when the nest is approached, the female by affecting lameness and by the employment of the ordinary arts, endeavors to decoy intruders from its site. The eggs are oblong, and densely spotted with ferruginous upon a light bluish-white ground, so as to conceal almost completely the ground-color. The measurement is .92 by .70 inches. Euspiza Americana, Bonap. The Black-throated Bunting is tolerably abund- ent in Eastern Pennsylvania, and is chiefly a deni- zen of meadow grounds and waste-fields. It is never gregarious, but is always to be found in pairs. Exceedingly tame and unsuspicious, it can be readily approached, and when fired upon, after the lapse of a few moments, will return to the spot as though nothing had happened. It arrives from the loth to the 1 5th of May. When preparing for migration, they collect in particular localities for which they affect a predilection from some peculiar advantages which they possess ; but unlike most birds of the family to which they belong, do not associate with other groups. The flight of this species is low, undulating, and but slightly sustained. Its song is rather unmusical and makes up in quantity what it lacks in quality. For two months OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 329 after its arrival, its favorite haunts resound with its quaint serenade from sunrise to sunset. Ac- cording to Wilson its notes resemble chip-ckip- che-che-che, and in manners bear a close resem- blance to the European Ember iza citrinella. Mr. Audubon compares its song to that of Emberiza miliaria of Europe. The food of this species consists of seeds, berries, and insects which it procures from the ground, and in low bushes and low trees. We have observed it feeding upon the seeds of grasses, particularly thqse of Phleum prcetense, Triticum vulgare, Secale cereale, and those of Trifoliinn prcetense; besides the berries of Fragaria Vir- giniana, Rubus villosus, Rubus strigosus, R. occi- dentalis, Junipcrus Virginiana, and Prunus sero- tina. The following insects constitute a portion of its bill of fare: — Cr atony chus cinereus, Chryso- mela cceruleipcnnis, Cymindis viridipennis, Harpalus pensylvanicus, Formica sanguinea, aphides, and various lepidopterous larvae, which it feeds to its young, together with mature forms of the same. Nidification takes place about the 20 of May or the beginning of June, usually about five days after mating. The nest is invariably placed upon the ground, according to our experience, which has been the experience of both Mr. Ridgway and Prof. Baird; but in some localities it is placed on small bushes at a slight elevation above the ground. Dr. P. R. Hoy, according to Dr. Brewer, has never observed them to nest upon the ground, which 33O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS has also been the experience both of Dr. J. W. Velie, of Rock Island, 111., and Robert Kennicott, Esq. The nest is composed externally of divers grasses and plant-stems, and is lined with finer materials of a similar character. It is the labor of the sexes for a period varying from three to four days. The number of eggs laid is from four to five; the duty of oviposition commences on the day succeeding nest completion. A single ovum is daily deposited. Incubation commences the day following the last deposit, and continues for 12 days, and is the exclusive labor pf the female. When the nest is disturbed while she is incubating, she creeps noiselessly out, and conceals herself among the grasses, and permits her treasures to be robbed without manifesting the least outward anxiety, or without uttering- a single syllable of complaint. The young are fed upon the caterpillars of Hybernia tiliaria, Zerene catenaria, Eufitchia ri- bearia, Ennomos subsignaria, Utetheisa be Ha, Chce- rodes transversata, Colias philodice, Argynnis aphrodite, mature forms of the smaller Noctuidce, Tortmcidce, and Tincidtz, plant-lice, and diptera. At the age of thirteeen days they leave the nest, but are objects of parental care for nine or ten days longer, when they are required to shift for themselves. We have never met with more than one brood in a season. The species retires to its winter-quarters in Central America and Columbia in South America, during the last week of Sep- tember. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 331 The eggs are a uniform light blue, and present a similarity in tint to those of the Sialia sialis of Baird. They measure, on an average, .84 of an inch in length, and .65 in breadth. Euspiza townsendii, Bonap. This species which is commonly called Town- send's Bunting, has never been observed by us in Eastern Pennsylvania. Only a single specimen of this apparently well-characterized species has been observed. This bird was shot May 1 1, 1833 , by J. K. Townsend, Esq., in an old field, overgrown with cedar-bushes, near New Garden, Chester Co., Penn. Dr. Coues says: "It is a standing puzzle to ornithologists in the uncertainty whether it is a good species, or merely an abnormal plumage of the last." Nothing is know of its history. Goniaphea ludoviciana, Bowditch. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak is a somewhat rare and irregular visitor in Eastern Pennsylvania. It arrives about the I5th of May, and is mainly a denizen of high, open woods, where it delights in the tallest tree-tops. We have never observed it along water-courses, which has been the experience of others. Few species are more shy and affect greater fondness for places of retirement. While gleaning amid the branches of the tallest oaks, almost beyond the reach of effective gunshot, the presence of a human being upon the scene, infuses a feeling of dread, and leads to its hasty depart- 332 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS ure. When absorbed in feeding, or in their gambols with each other, the sexes will remain upon the same tree for hours together. This species is not gregarious, but appears to arrive already paired; for it is not an uncommon occurrence, even from its first arrival, to find the sexes feeding and rambling together, and in the intervals of gleaning, dallying together; and lavish- ing upon each other the most endearing attentions. Either the species arrives already mated, or per- forms this indispensible business immediately on its arrival. Diligent searching has convinced us that it does not breed within our limits, although these movements Avould seem to warrant the belief that it does. Why these tokens of endear- ment and affection? On the supposition that the birds arrive already paired, and are devotedly attached to each other as evidenced '-by these actions which are the promptings of an overflowing love, and which must manifest itself in some such way, when not otherwise diverted by the duties of nidification and incubation, they can be readily accounted for. We have occasionally observed a lonely male to come upon the scene in the midst of these wooings or caresses, when a conflict would ensue, which would last a long while. The female would remain a passive spectator of the struggle, not deigning to enter into .it, as long as victory seemed ready to crown her favorite. But when her partner wavered in the conflict, she would come to his rescue, and deal most summary blows upon his antagonist. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 333 Its flight is lofty, slightly undulating, and gener- ally protracted. In feeding its general movements are mainly arboreal; seldom terrestrial, unless at the time of breeding. Sir John Richardson who met with this species on the Saskatchewan, during his first trip with Sir John Franklin, describes its song as clear, mellow, and harmonious. Mr. Nuttall, who kept one in confinement, in speaking of this bird, says it is a melodious and untiring singer, frequently spending the greater part of the night in warbling its various tunes. These notes are loud and distinct at times, and at others, querulous, cheerful, and pathetic. When singing it would mount on tiptoe, as if in an ecstasy of delight at the unrivalled beauty of its own voice. Its powers of song, are by him con- sidered, as unexcelled by any species save Mimus polyglottus. Its ordinary call-note is a faint chuck. During* its stay of two weeks, it subsists upon the ova and pupa of insects, which it espies in fissured bark, mature forms of various coleopterous and dipterous insects which are found in its accus- tomed haunts, and the seeds and berries of divers plants. Before taking its leave, it feasts largely upon the tender buds of trees, the succulent cones of Pinus, and the stamens and pistils of Acer mbrum, It is said to affect a fondness for the berries of Liquidambar styracijlua. The following insects have been found among the undigested contents of many stomachs which we have examined: — Cratonychus cinereus, C. pertinax, 334 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS Ckrysomela ccenileipennis, Ptinus humeralis, Rhyn- chcenus strobi, Formica sangninea, CEdipoda sul- phurea, (E. nebulosa, and Acheta nigra. As before remarked, it does not nidificate within our limits. Mr. Allan states that it breeds in Springfield, Mass., though not abundantly. In the vicinity of Hamilton, Canada, Mr. Mcllwraith gives it a summer resident. It is common in the neighborhood of Randolph, Vt., where it is a regular breeder. In Eastern Massachsusetts, says Dr. Brewer, it arrives about the I5th of May, and nests during the first week of June. It nests, ac- cording to the same authority, in low trees on the borders of woods, often in small groves on the margins of streams. Their nests are coarsely constructed of plant-stems, bits of leaves, and waste stubble, which are intermixed with coarser stems and twigs which serve to strengthen them. The superior portion is ordinarily built of dry Usnea mosses, and a few twigs. The interior is lined with finer twigs. They measure eight inches in diameter and three and a half inches in height. The cavity is three inches wide, and is quite shal- low, being only one inch in depth. Within six miles of Racine, Wisconsin, Dr. Hoy discovered seven nests within a piece of ground not exceeding five acres. Six of these were placed in thorn-bushes in the central portion of the tops, and within six to ten feet from the ground. He was assured that the above locality was annually visited for purposes of nidification when the same OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 335 sociality existed. Upon the males mainly devolve the responsible duty of incubation. During this period the male bird is so persistent and en- thusiastic singer, even while in the presence of his partner, as to betray his nest by the power of his song. Whilst sitting he is so apparently utterly oblivious to the task he is performing, as to at- tract by his melody, intruders to his nest. The eggs are usually a light verdigris-green or greenish-white, and are marked with ferruginous spots, more or less diffused over their entire sur- face. They resemble very closely those of the Tanagers', but are generally larger. The average length is .94 of an inch and breadth .68. Cyanospiza cyanea, Baird. The Indigo Bird is quite abundant in Eastern Pennsylvania, where it arrives usually about the 1 2th of May. It prefers the borders of thickets, and fields overgrown with brier-bushes. Although an uncommon visitor about houses, we have never known it to nidificate in such places. Though partial to sequestered situations during the breeding-period, it would seem that this species is shy and suspicious; but we are convinced that it manifests but ordinary timidity during the continuance of its stay. The localities which it frequents, doubtless, possess advantages which others do not present. Arriving at a time when insect-life is. already abundant and steadily on the increase, a plentiful 336 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS supply is obtained with but a trifling outlay of physical strength. The following insects constitute no mean part of its dietary: — Musca domeslica, Stomoxys cahitrans, Tabanus lineolar Tipula tri- color, Syrpkus obscurus, S. obliquns, S. americanus S. politics, Cut ex t<$niorhyuchus, and Anopheles quadrimaculatiis, among diptera, and during the breeding-season, the larvae of Eufitchia ribearia Anisopteryx vernala, A. pometaria, Zerene cate- naria, Ennomos subsignaria, Ch&rodes transversata, Gortyna zees, Colias philodice, Theda humuli, An- chyloperafragarice, Utetheisa bella, Halesidota tes- sellaris, and mature forms of Noctuida and Tineida which are also fed to their young; besides, aphides, and small beetles. The seeds of grasses of last year's growth, and later the berries of Juniperus Virginiana, Fragaria Virginiana, Rubus villosus, R . strigosus, and the seeds of Cirsiuin altissimum, C. discolor, C canadensis, the common salad, and various species of aster and solidago among com- posite plants, and Panicum, Aira, Poa, Triticum vulgare, and Secale cereale, among graminaceous plants. The v stamens \ancl ovaries of blossoms, and various buds are also eagerly eaten. The flight of this species -is low, moderately rapid, and in graceful undulations. In gleaning for food it confines itself to bushes and low trees. It is sometimes terrestrial. While perched upon a weed or bush, we have observed its capture of insects upon the wing with considerable dexterity. Its general movements are characterized by won- derful agility. OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 337 Its song consists of a few short syllables repeated loudly and rapidly at first, but gradually diminish- ing in pitch, until it becomes almost indistinct, and finally ceasing altogether. It resembles tshe-tshe- tshe. When the male is ready for a song, it perches upon the summit of a small tree, and utters his notes with considerable vim, for hours at a time, with but brief intervals of repose. In the heat of the day, when the most of his feathered brethren are silent and have sought the cool and refreshing shade, he still iterates his musical ditty with nearly the same ardor and vigor as in the cool of the morning. Through the entire months of May and June, he continues to sing with all the power that characterized him at first, relaxing this power, however, during the ensuing months, when he is heard at irregular intervals, and before his departure becoming almost silent. Even during the breeding-period he essays an occasional ditty to relieve the ennui of his mate while engaged in incubation. The song of the Indigo Bird resembles tsewe-tslch-tsich-tse-we-tsich - tsich-tse-we-tsich, pro- duced very hurriedly and with a rather indistinct articulation. In about six days after their arrival, mating commences. This accomplished, a suitable local- ity is selected for building purposes. A nest is the joint and mutual labor of the sexes. A brier-bush in the midst of a thick cluster, is ordinarily chosen. Very7 seldom is an isolated bush selected. The centre of .a patch is available for the obvious v 338 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS security which it affords; the nest is thus placed out of the reach of viciously inclined birds, and equally mischievous boys. Both birds apply them- selves vigorously to the task until the nest is com- pleted, which requires a period from three to four days. The duty of adjusting the materials belongs to the female, while that of fetching the same appertains to her partner. On its comple- tion, very little time is wasted before oviposition commences. A single egg is deposited daily, until the complement of four eggs is laid. Incu- bation begins on the following day, and continues during a period of ten days. This labor is entirely performed by the female. While the latter is thus engaged, the male contributes his share of labor by administering to her wants; when not thus employed, he takes a position close by the nest, and exercises the most unremitting vigilance. Should the nest be assailed by intruders, with loud noises and menacing gestures, he essays to drive them off, not even hesitating in the case of human foes to offer an assault. At last conscious of his inability to prevent any contemplated depre- dation, all further efforts are desisted from, and loud and bitter expostulations are indulged in by the offended parents. Their attentions to the young are unwearied, and prompted by the purest love. * Their solicitude is unbounded. Both parents labor vigorously to provide them with suitable and abundant nourish- ment. In about eleven days the young quit the OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 339 nest, and in an additional period of ten days are compelled to feed themselves. They still continue, however, with the parents, thus constituting the small flocks which later in the season display such an appetite for the berries of Juniperus Vir- giniana. Their nest is usually built about three feet from the ground, and is composed externally of leaves, mainly, intermingled with grasses, spiders' webs, and the inner bark of deciduous trees. It is lined with fine stems of grasses. The diameter is four and a half inches, and the height about four inches. The cavity at the mouth is three inches wide and two and a half inches deep. The typical nest is firmly and cozily built; occasionally, nests are found which are characterized by a looseness of arrangement and lack of symmetry, which are undoubtedly the work of young birds, or unskilful mechanics. A much neater and firmer structure before us, has the inferior third composed of fragments of paper held together by many intertwining strings and rags, and the superior two-thirds built of the inner bark of deciduous trees and a few weeds. Interiorly, there is a thick lining of the leaves and culms of very fine grasses. Another fabric in our collection, is composed almost j: exclu- sively of narrow strips of the bark of Phytolacca decandra, with small scraps of paper, strips of rags, and a few leaves; the rim of the cavity is neatly and- firmly bound around with the leaves 34O LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS and stems of fine grasses and rootlets. The cavity is beautifully and evenly lined with black and white horse-hairs. The Indigo Bird is very abundant, and ordinarily rears but one brood in a season, in this latitude. We have, occasionally, but rarely, met with two broods. When a second brood is raised, it is un- usually late in attaining maturity, the parents being detained long after their usual time of departure, which is the last week of September, or the beginning of October. In confinement this species thrives well and readily subsists upon a mixture of rape and canary seeds. In 'time, it becomes as tame and trustful as Fringilla canaria. Old birds have been captured and caged which in a brief period displayed as much tameness and docility as those reared from the nest. Mr. John Strouse of Chestnut Hill, who has had considerable experience with birds, informs us that this species, under proper domestication, soon becomes a good singer. He has known birds when placed in close proximity to a caged canary, to imitate in a few weeks, with considerable ac- curacy, the song of the latter. The eggs are rounded-oval, light bluish-white, and unspotted. They measure .75 of an inch in length and .57 in breadth. Cardinalis Virginianus, Bonap. This beautiful species which commends itself to our favor not more by the gorgeousness of its OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 341 plumage, than by the variety and brilliancy of its song, is but tolerably abundant. . It is a perma- nent resident, and chiefly delights in low damp woods where junipers and kalmias are exceedingly abundant; in shady and secluded valleys along water-courses bordered with alder-bushes. It is a shy and timid bird, and difficult to approach. The Cardinal Grosbeak, as this species is popu- larly called, is mostly found in pairs, male and female together. From the many kind attentions and endearments which the sexes manifest towards each other, it is highly probable that a portion of the same affection that characterizes the sexes during the breeding-season, still remains and prompts to such actions. The spirit of selfishness is akin to its nature^ Its flight is low, firm, and but moderately sus- tained. Its habits of feeding are slightly terres- trial, the principal part of its time being spent in low bushes. When closely pursued, it seldom betakes itself to tall trees, even when the latter are quite convenient, but always indulges in short and rapid flights from bush to bush. The song of this species is varied and quite melodious. From the variety and power of its song, it is sometimes inaptly designated the " Nightingale of America." It lacks the copious- ness, variation, and sweetness of the European Nightingale, which is frequently known to utter twenty-four distinct combinations of harmonious sounds in rapid succession. The female bird which 342 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS is rarely the case among birds, rivals the male in the power and brilliancy of her song. On clear moonlight nights, the song of the male is often continued until daybreak. Its song may be expressed in part by the syllables hwl-chee-hwl-chee- hwl-chee, koo -che -koo -che -hwee-to-tiou -tiou - kweet pronounced rapidly and in a loud, clear, and dis- tinct manner. In case of surprise its ordinary note is a loud and sharp chip. The food of this species during the autumnal and winter months, consists of berries, and the seeds of weeds and grasses. The principal of these are the berries of Juniperus Virginiana, J. community Viburnum lentago, V. dentatum, Pyrola rotundifolia, Amelanchicr canadensis, Ga^dtheria procumbens, Liquidambar styraciflua, and the seeds of Amarantus hybrid us, A. a! bus, Ambrosia arte- misuefolia, Apios tubcrosa, and various species of panicum, aster, and solidago. During unusually severe winters when pressed by hunger, they will not hesitate to visit the farmers' cribs where for days together they will manage to eke out a pre- carious existence, by extracting the grains from the cob, through the slats. In the spring, vast numbers of the tassels of Alnus serntlata and Be- tula exceisa which are abundant along meadow streams, and in dense high thickets; and, later, the berries of Pnmus Virginiana, Rubus villosus, and Rubus strigosus, which are very prolific in their accustomed haunts, The following insects con- tribute slightly to their subsistence: — Cratonyckus OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 343 cinereus, Harpalus compar, Macrodactyla subspi- nosa, among beetles ; CEdipoda nebulosa, Calopte- nus femur-rubrum, among orthoptera; and Zerene catenaria, Halesidota tessellavis, Plusia precationis, Hybernia tiliaria, Chcerodes transversata, Anisop- teryx vernata, Utetheisa bella, Colias p kilo dice, in their larval stages ; and many of the smaller Noc- tuidcz and Tineid