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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology
L. O. HOWARD, Chief

Wuaohingtan D.C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER. February 28, 1917

LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH IN THE
~ PECOS VALLEY, NEW MEXICO.

By A. L. Quatntance, Entomologist in Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations,
and E. W. GEYER, Scientific Assistant.

CONTENTS.
Page. y Page.
RET ER OCMC DION Greta do leiars <\-icinic -aton's ce'sie = <i sto s 1 | Seasonal-history studies of 1913—Continued.
Definition of terms used..........-..--------- 2 ALNOVS DEI S GOROOd S224 som ac nce ne aoeee eee te 36
Seasonal-history studies of 1912...........--. 3 Who fins twoneravionis.o ss. ss2ssses oc ee eee 42
Mes oringwbnOoOdseaeues sce eceicnsceceesce ne 3 Egg deposition by individual moths....-..- 50
PRO minsteeneratlOoNe.ceccccescoascs cate oe 6 Thesecondyseneration== 44-22 seere ee eee eee 56
Theisecond generation-=.-2-.-+---5- -s-2--- 13 ‘heghindyeenerationes ss. =2s555--oesee eee 68
Mhethindigeneratione <= 2.92225. 220.scce sc 25 ALN OTOULUMYSeNeLab ON esas see seen eee eee ee 78
Seasonal history of the codling moth during Miscellaneous emergence of moths........- 79
IC) a casccccoc Se aatas so BOCnOoe eee Seat 31 Band records onlOls ase seesses eee aaeee eee 80
Band-record larve of 1912................. 32 Seasonal history of the codling moth during
Seasonal-historystudies of 1913..,............ 34 NOUS RS SR cisew sett eee ee sacs ah eee cee 87
Sourcelof rearing material..<--.-..-.-.--.- 34:'| USUMIMATY # Seer ow cts ob omic ceo ates eiterctere 87
MeGhodvOr PLOCedUlC a. «icc ce ses cele ses 35
INTRODUCTION.

During the past four years the Bureau of Entomology has main-
tained a field laboratory at Roswell, N. Mex., for the purpose of in-
vestigating the life history and habits of the codling moth, Carpocapsa
pomonella L., under semiarid conditions in the Southwest, and for the
purpose of carrying out experiments in orchards for its control.
Especial attention was given to the life history of the insect in that
region during 1912 and 1913 in addition to extensive spraying opera-
tions in orchards. During 1914 and 1915 the work has been limited
to orchard experiments.

The Pecos Valley, in the vicinity of Roswell, comprises an im-
portant fruit-growing section especially devoted to the cultivation of
apples and pears. The codling moth in this region, due to the mild
climate, is able to develop three and probably four broods of larve
each season and is hence extremely injurious. The present investi-
gation by the Bureau of Entomology will furnish needed information
to the orchardists of the Pecos Valley in New Mexico for the control
of the codling moth, and the results should be applicable to similar

regions in the Southwest generally.
55888°—Bull. 429—17—1

2 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

This bulletin deals with the life history and habits of the codling
moth, giving the results of observations in 1912 and 1918. Results
of spraying operations during those years have been given in Bulletin
No. 88 of this department. Subsequent experiments in orchards
will be reserved for a later publication.

During the season of 1912 investigations were conducted by Mr.
A. G. Hammar, assisted by Mr. EK. R. Van Leeuwen. Mr. Hammar
was also in dione of the work during 1913 and was assisted by Mr.
L. L. Scott and the junior author. Messrs. R. J. Fiske and H. G.
Ingerson rendered valuable assistance in connection with the prepara-
tion of the tables in the present paper. Owing to the death of Mr.
Hammar it devolved upon the writers to prepare for publication
the results of his studies and experiments.

DEFINITION OF TERMS USED.

The terms used herein are practically identical with those em-
ployed in recent former publications of the Bureau of Entomology
on the codling moth. Thus the term “brood” is used in speaking
of individuals of one generation of any stage, as egg, larva, or pupa.
A “generation”? is considered to begin with the egg stage and to
terminate with the moth, or imago, stage of the same generation,
thus including all the stages of the life cycle. The ‘complete life
cycle” includes the time from the deposition of the egg of one genera-
tion to the time of deposition of the egg of the next generation.

Since the wintering larve of the codling moth in the Pecos Valley
(as well as in other localities where there is even a partial second
brood of larvee) are from the different broods produced throughout ©
the same season, they are referred to collectively as ‘wintering
larve,”’ and include all the larve which do not transform the same
season as hatched.

Similarly, the overwintering larve when transformed in the
spring to pup may be suitably referred to as “‘spring pupe’”’ and
the resulting moths as ‘spring moths.”

The terms used in designating the separate stages May be defined
as follows:

Wintering larve may include larve of the first, second, third, and fourth broods of
the preceding season.

The spring brood of pupx include pupe resulting from overwintering larve.

The spring brood of moths include moths emerging from the spring brood of pupe.

The first generation includes:

The first brood of eggs;

The first brood of larve, which includes both transforming larve and wintering

larvee;

The first brood of pupx, resulting from transforming larvee;

The first brood of moths, which emerge from transforming pupz of the same genera-
tion.

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 3

The second generation includes:
The second brood of eggs;
The second brood of larvxe, which includes both transforming larve and wintering
larvee;
The second brood of pupx, resulting from transforming larve;
The second brood of moths, which emerge from pupe of the same generation.
The third generation includes:
The third brood of eggs;
The third brood of larve, which includes both transforming larvee and wintering larve;
The third brood of pupx, resulting from the transforming larve;
The third brood of moths, which emerge from pupeze of the same generation.
The fourth generation (not complete) includes:
The fourth brood of eggs;
The fourth brood of larvx; none of these larvee transform until the following spring.

SEASONAL-HISTORY STUDIES OF 1912.

The rearing material in the spring of 1912 consisted of a consid-
erable number of overwintering larve which had been collected at

random in near-by orchards. About 500 larve were collected in

January and early March, and later in March and in early Apri several
thousand more were secured from the same source. Some 500 larve
were transferred to ‘‘pupation sticks” (figs. 6, 7) for pupal observa-
tion, but the mortality among them was unduly high and many of
them failed to withstand the transfer and reconstruction of cocoons.
The overwintering larve in the spring were found in poor condition,
many being small and feeble, and even in the field a number of dead
ones were found in the cocoons.

A supply of larvee was transferred from the field station at Douglas,
Mich., both for the purpose of introducing the parasitic hymenop-
terous fly Ascogaster carpocapsae Vier., and to compare the time of
emergence of the moths with specimens native to Roswell, N. Mex.—
a point of interest in view of the frequent extensive shipment of
larve into localities of variable conditions.

THE SPRING BROOD.

PUPATION OF SPRING BROOD.

The few observations taken on the pupal stage of the spring orood
are not sufficient for conclusions as to the exact length of the pupal
stage, nor the degree of variation in the spring brood of pupe. The
earliest pupa was found in the field March 15, and the earliest moth
appeared in cages from field-collected material April 12, the pupation
period being approximately 31 days. Fully 50 per cent of the insects
were pupe in the field by April 2, and on May 5 about one-half of
the moths had emerged, which shows that the pupal stage for most
individuals was about one month. The pupal stage during the
latter half of the pupal period was much shorter. Records of seven
individuals from March 22 to May 14, give an average of 24.4 days for
the pupal stage.

4 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

EMERGENCE OF SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS.

The time for emergence of moths from Roswell-collected rearing
material was contrasted with that brought from Douglas, Mich., and
it was found that from the Roswell material moths emerged several
days earlier than from material mtroduced from a more northern
location, but were less regular in the number and time of appearance,
although covering almost the same length of time. The Michigan
moths showed a marked maximum of emergence about May 1; other-
wise considerable similarity is noted. In this connection 542 moths
were reared from the New Mexico material and 506 from the lot
from Michigan. The records for emergence for the spring brood are.
given in Table I+

TaBLe I.—Time of emergence of spring brood of codling moth, Roswell, N. Mezx., in
comparison with emergence of moths from material from Douglas, Mich., 1912. (See

Jig. 1.)

| Number of moths emerging. Number of moths emerging.|
Date of (| Dateof
emergence. | zi emergence.
| Roswell. | Douglas. Total. Roswell. | Douglas.| Total.
Apr.12. a eae 4 || May 7.. 36 28 64
BS Gira Seek 1 || Be 19. 15 34
145: 1 | See eae 1 Oe 28 12 40
fox Ose eres 0 HOES 13 9 | re
16. | er) (ema ee 1 1b Lae 12 9 | 21
iss Si nleaa a ae 5 1 ae 25 10 35
1Se- SW Mee aes 5 i= 23 1G= 39
19... Ayo ical Se 4 || 1] 4 0 4
20 Le he eee “a 15 || 15: 5 0 | 5
Zi 1 be Sac [ore oe 13 16.. 24 10 | 34
22-2 Ogee scree 10 iV ee 12 4 16
De te 12 1 13 18... 14 6 20
24.. 26 Oe OR 19. 8 6 14
ADE = Sh || 4 31 20. 8 3 11
26== 26 6 su 21. 8 5 | 13
IH fixes 13 4 1%, 22 oa 0 4
28 8 15 23 23 2, 2 4
29 11 36 47 24 ie ess eee 0
30 10 48 58 25 (is Meee Tee 0
May 1 32 46 78 26 22. [seas sees 2
2 11 64 75 27 ONE hae 0
3 11 62 73 28 1 Li ee ae 1
4 9 19 28
5 16 27 43 | Total 542 506 | 1,048
6 23 37 | 60 |
i i

EGG DEPOSITION OF SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS.

In order to secure deposition records on the spring brood, moths
were confined in cages after the first emergence on April 21. From
the 13 moths issuing in cage No. 1, bearing the above date of emer-
gence, the first oviposition occurred April 25—four days later—and
oviposition continued for a period of three days, the last deposition
in cage No. 1 occurring April 28, seven days after emergence. The
last oviposition recorded for the entire period covered by observations

1 EXPLANATORY NOTE.—It may be well to explain here that each table in this publication should be
considered a unit. Consecutive or successive tables are not necessarily continuations of the life history
of the same individuals. For example, it will be noted that Table XIV is a record of the length of feeding
period of 489 transforming larve of the second generation, while Table XVI includes observations on
the length of the cocooning period of only 282 larve of this generation. Differences of this character may
be due to natural or artificial causes, such as death of the insects, accidental injury, the removal of
specimens for other purposes, etc.

5

Hence the period of oviposition covered practically

By astudy of Table IT it will be noted that the average number of
days from the time of emergence to the time of first oviposition was

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.
4.4 days; the maximum time 7 days, and the minimum time 2 days.

The average duration of the oviposition period was 5.95 days; the

occurred June 2.

38 days.

oe.
a Bes it a a BL es
HED ESHSSRSe8 AS

y

4 davs.

KRERRO 'HOO
(ere
‘

From
date of

emer-
gence to

last ovi-
position.

MAN HHoOOnRS
‘ rere

Number of days—

SIQLID ATH ES HOM ID HH MMO AON NINONMO | HHA
xi

29
30
30
7
8
8

26| May 3| May 7

bees =
. es eS as

00'8s LSBs
7 ines =— so see
20S Diese soeeeo
cee zs Gt

a

1912.
27 | June

27
28
26
29

~UHEHDO

es
8S°L9 = 62
: HERE es==Senonl ss
€'09 bp
pe Ea A as a os shsreee(nl

position. | position.
Apr. 25 | Apr. 28

Date of—
First ovi-| Last ovi-

25
28
29
30
1
2
“3
5
6
7
8
9
10

Emer-
gence

ANI QIEEG 6 65 Son Soupogdsedc abo oecdseapcduce
Maximum...
Minimum

3 | o/
°, 242 HEM Ge Cees is
Peso ea I |
Soe es es a |
nmwowvsed {LETT TTT TTT

HHOW 2HRHODHONSHOHNS
een PRNROCOHHPTENHUN

Fic. 1.—Emergence curve of the spring brood of the codling moth, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912. (Original.)
days from the date of moth emergence to the date of last oviposi-
TaBLE IIl.—Egg deposition of codling moths of the spring brood at Roswell, N. Mez.,

maximum 17 days, and the minimum 1 day. The average number of
tion was 10.39 days; the maximum, 21 days; and the minimum,

6 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

LENGTH OF LIFE OF MOTHS.

Observations were made on the length of life of 335 male moths
and 393 female moths. The average life of the male moths was 6.7
days; of the female 8.47 days. The maximum length of life of the
male moth was 20 days and of the female 22 days. The minimum
number of days for each sex was identical—2 days.

The records of these observations may be found in Table III.

TaBLeE III.—Length of life of 728 individual male and female codling moths of the spring
brood, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

Male. Female. Male. Female.
Length | Number| Length | Number |) Length | Number] Length | Number
of life. | of moths.| of life. | of moths. || oflife. |ofmoths.| of life. | ofmoths.
Days. Days. Days. Days.

2 2 2 3 13 2 13 13

3 11 3 10 14 1 14 15

4 28 4 24 || 18 1 15 5

5 73 5 34 |! 20 1 16 3

6 72 6 ASN Bees Saye Peak yore oo 17 3

7 42 7 Gy eae | ee eee Pe eee 18 2

8 41 8 D4.» | ade 2s oxiea oe |lae ee 19 3

9 24 9 Al. W\ Seca eA Sees Seen 20 3
10 18 10 CY finial [HER Ae Oe Peser emia 22 1
11 14 11 23 || ————————— SSS
12 5 12 14 || 335 393

Average length of life of male moths, 6.7 days.
Average length of life of female moths, 8.47 days.
Maximum length of life of male moths, 20 days.
Maximum length of life of female moths, 22 days.
Minimum length of life of male moths, 2 days.
Minimum length of life of female moths, 2 days.

THE FIRST GENERATION.

THE FIRST BROOD OF EGGS.

Length of incubation.—Observations on the length of incubation
covered a period of one month, extending from April 26 until May
26, being the time when the eggs of this generation occurred in the
field in greatest numbers.

The average length of time from the date of deposition until the
appearance of the red ring was 4.2 days; the maximum, 7 days; the
minimum, 2 days. The average length of the duration of the red
ring was 2.47 days; the maximum, 5 days; minimum, 1 day. For
the duration of the black spot is found an average of 2.36 days, while
the maximum and minimum periods are identical with the correspond-
ing periods of the red ring.

For the period of time covering the duration of incubation, or the
time from date of deposition to date of hatching, an average of 9.05
days is found. The maximum is 13 days; minimum, 5 days. These
records may be found in Table IV.

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 7

TABLE IV. paar of incubation period of eggs of the first brood of the codling moth,
Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

Date of— Duration of—
Date of
Observation No. egg depo-
sition. Red Black Hatch- Red | Black | Incn-
ring. spot. ing. ring. spot. | bation.
Days. | Days. | Days
1s Se SNS Seeks oe cy ee a ple Apr. 26} Apr. 29| May 4] May 6 5 2 10
Paes ila Sys al Se ye aes a ae aE 26 4 7 5 3 11
Se eaetep Mie un ME fac PAL ANARS A Many vuney Uae ea edi 26 29 4 8 5 4 12
ees aN ee RN Se MUO SC RIE EIS Sy 26 29 4 9 5 5 13
CDS es eect 28| May 3 5 7 2 2 9
(TE ey eats) SPE 9 Bo oe on a 28 3 5 8 2 3 10
Tae pa PR ASG a APN Nari s eR Cea fees 28 3 5 9 2 4 11
See COMPLI VA ee Ae To aa 29 3 5 7 2 2 8
Osc ae ey ee aes Aa RS ais ae 29 3 5 8 2 3 8)
UO) Ne AL COLT Siete rae ae ee eee 29 3 5 8) 2 4 10
TSU A a BOR ee cele ca Ga a May 2 6 9 10 3 1 8
IPL SS ie EL ae ata ea gee ge 2 6 9 12 3 2 10
TUF hel er a IS A ep ry ea 3 7 10 12 3 2 9
IL ear Sea ar ern UA etic ee a Set be 2 7 10 13 3 3 10
Woes ees es BAN ARES e NE AO aa ne a ANE a ee 3 7 10 14 3 4 11
INO cos ee eS aie Se ae een a 4 10 12 14 2 2 10
Ueto ibcs es Sosa pee Ne Essa ee ean RE I 4 10 12 15 2 3 11
NG as is SSS Eee eee Ue 4 10 12 16 2 + 12
IL Rep a mbea es lads ORT Sphinn ages ane aur 4 10 12 17 2 5 13
PAD, ccc 5 SS RG See ae RG Ph ee eles pounce 5 12 14 16 2 2 11
PU ch a 8 PT SG ai ae ee ee 5 12 14 17 2 3 12
os aE ORAS aI oy NE eas (eR aaa 6 12 15 17 3 2 11
Za SAGES PN OS ARR eT en rae 6 12 15 19 3 4 13
2H GARGS OSES GOR BE OHO OS Bete ae aaae 8 14 18 19 4 1 11
2. soba GB OAS SA OO Ee BORIC ie ne pee 8 14 18 20 4 2 12
FA Oye 5 I adr A GU 9 15 18 20 3 2 aul
RE et eae ea CR LS deepal G8 9 15 18 21 3 &) 12
Pes Sere LNs EASES ENE aoa Nt re ef 10 16 19 21 3 2 11
FAD ss os Se SR oA oO ee 10 16 19 22 3 3 12
eS Ree rane parte NE iee NN T 11 18 20 21 2 1 10
tee rN AS fons saturn UNL RG I, Lie) OL oe am 12 18 20 21 2 1 9
Bes cscs A SE Atkin ee ce ES CS 12 18 20 22 2 2 10
PaaS jesse RS rae eee an os Rei eo a EO 13 19 21 23 2 2 10
OY ts es cs Se DS LE A a eh ae el oe ae a 13 19 21 24 2 3 11
BE sic Sa a a FR SoA Bays ae On Sd 15 18 20 22 2 2 7
BLO such ne Ie tay a Pa a ee EU aI a 15 18 20 22 2 2, 7
Bf e ees SESE eet gm a 16 19 21 22 2 1 6
BS SOE SS Ce EEE ot Oe aE CHEN AO RS 16 19 21 23 2 o) 7
BOs icses arcs Nes aa pune LUN ee Ha ee 17 20 22 23 2 1 6
(Errante anne eC pe aAR Aaa SN RI 17 20 22 24 2 2 7
Ai rem earagricas ae chem inmost UN yh 18 21 23 24 2 1 6
OD. scien iN Se nA i ea a Neg SG OR Na 18 21 23 25 2 2 U
YS NE es ee ora Aoenic! tonights MVE Re Ban 19 23 24 25 1 1 6
A Aislaby EUS) A ikea acy ee 20 22 24 25 2 1 5
NT eae th ERE oes Ea ae age Re ae ea 20 22 24 26 2 2 6
EUG EA IR IS ee ae ou ge 21 23 25 26 2 1 5
AUSSIE Cees pee IE IA SI ap 21 23 25 27 2 2 6
APY 1.515 A NUS Si A et ae Hey 22 24 27 28 3 1 6
EO) SSG EEE Na ERS see rc sg 22 24 27 29 3 2 7
LO ees te tet IEE Date te PU er Pie 23 25 27 29 2 2 6
GT ao Me 23 25 27 30 2 3 7
LE clas Ve Te ces Oa a I 23 25 27 31 2 4 8
BE Gea GREG Ge Si eee een a OTe Speer leas 27 30 31 | June 2 1 2 6
ES eh STG ee at AL ame ang at 27 3 31 1 a} 7
Ea chests lnk teeter fe A Wee ae a 30} June 2] June 4 6 2 2 7
AV GO, Sc NSE EY SSE NES Be As I i eM eae Roa Nd lc tal eee - 2,47 2.36 9.05
ILENE a ae Sa Tea ai ec Th Bee ee el NEN RD nN I aves |S) ena Pe bec ar 5 5 13
ATED A Aa nae ee ee ee Ee NINN es Ms fe A ee ay [Ny Se ae 1 1 5

BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Time of hatching.—By reference to Table V it will be noted that
the earliest first-brood eggs hatched May 7, and hatching continued
more or less irregularly until June 2, when the last’ observation was
made. Hence, eggs of the first brood were hatching for a period of
26 days, and were hatching in largest numbers from May 21 to May
26, reaching the maximum number on May 21.

THE FIRST BROOD OF LARVZ.

Length of feeding period of larve —The length of feeding period of
larvee of the first brood was determined from observations with 51
individuals as given in Table V. The average length of feeding was
21.52 days; maximum, 27 days; minimum, 15 days. In this in-
stance the wintering larve were not isolated from transforming
larvee of the same brood.

TaBLeE V.—Length of feeding period of larvz of the first brood of the codling moth, Ros-
well, N. Mex., 1912.

Num-| Length of feeding in specified days, being the time from

Date Of ber of hatching of egg to the leaving of fruit by larvee. Aver-| Mini- | Maxi- Total
naeohine indi- age | mum | mum | 4g.

oe wad | days. | days. | days. | C@YS-

MSe ele 16Mehal AS One 2On edie 2a ee ed | 25 | 26 | 27

May 7....- pa Bee (eee Py es (ees eel Pra xl (en [ea | eeceel eee | RE Bel ree 2 27 27 27 54

Sioa fd oe eet Meera] cece | es | ee a | paren Fane bar Pee | pec oe 24 24 24 24

124s Sec se ae coca 9 Se (rae pe el ie SM I : 11M je a et ene sd Laka belles sti) 22 26 7!

iy Eee 7S es fase [Behe sat hee HE A ete FS ee fa a (Yet VSS A T2355) 21 27 93

2OxS Sse 7A | al gig Py Ve (ieee | ees te el Fe Elio ae PAE meet ety eres ear eh Tes 17 25 | 90

Dies. 1 ei (ash Leet omega iy (SRC Ue ter. Od a Loe) Fe Se Weg De |e ead ot Lay | eas | ad PI 15 27 370

7 Ha fea AE | ee See (pepe peices (Eee el tea IE a, |e Lp ae ses fear a | ea | | 21 23 44

DReaes Dal reeled bere lei Meee |e echoes PA, | 3 Bi Ne 22.2 19 25 111

PAG es Be 9 1 2 1 2, i 7s caters | |e ed eT DP ar hae 19.3 16 22 174

Ae eee | Nhe alk eee el 2 eal ee | (pk UO Parse es | See [Ee ae 23 23 23 23

June 1-2-5 Tahoe 3 os ess leas 1 | aut 1 Ses one | SB Ue Fa 20 20 20 20

pars tt 1 2 SEE fa [Se 5 Se |e ee (oe See = |= tose) Aaa) sce 24 24 24 24

NE ome eeeneet poe tee | Rie. || apa ae | a | 2) -4:|-oitsol Be ees 1,098

Larval life in the cocoon.—The larval life in the cocoon is generally

considered to be the time required for making the cocoons, and is
calculated from the time a transforming larva leaves the fruit until
the time of pupation. The results of 41 observations show the
average time consumed in constructing the cocoon as 5.24 days. The
maximum time was 12 days; minimum, 2 days. These records may
be found in Table VI.

9

Taste VI.—The making of cocoons by codling-moth larvx of the first brood, Roswell,
N. Mez., 1912.

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

: Length of cocooning period in specified
Num-| days, being the time from the leav- aie :
: ber | ing of fruit to the time of pupation.| A ver- | Mini- | Maxi-| 794.)
Date of leaving fruit. of in- age | mum | mum | qo.
divid- days. | days. | days. | 7#YS-
LAS ee Wo) v4 | oma anes edpea |e OF| tele) a2

TUMORS ees Sees eet eiarnieie Py Ne les es eae Bal al itera Wen aes agen Bee 1] 9 6 12 18
Dense cae eee a 3 |. 1 Beale A clas ellie sen 6.3 3 10 19
Ae oe Baie ie aisiaisepsia soe tal esd | eee sea UPAR ol pea | Ue centre ee 7.9 5 10 15
LSE SHO GEE cia 5 Ne pps aC ak GS a epeverct elon arava A Mes es (ant 11 11 11
Gee ere cre ie | eerste | serail eck et Le eee bore (ee ee 6 6 6 6
UGeRopar ee ca Sere es Set NL sD eerste Based Wie listed lessen alk Ayes eg 6 6 6 9
foe yO al a RN at im nO aa (ieee ese 2] ees ees crete | ee ape aie oe 4.13 4 5 25
sO eerai Mena haa MeN oe apa [ eeateras ove at I aap ie ee callie | 1}. 6.4 4 11 32
TNC) sel sey yah eS act 1 Ws hes 3] bea eet aa DE hte cL ood a op 6 6 6 6
11) FE a 8 sa ee Ib he A ae SESH Sets lls gery eee 3 3 3 3
DI a Se Se Sea Leet ee BRA esl Boe 2 Sees eon ess earache ae 4 4 4 8
Bras Gees eA es eae Bee Sell 20 1 fe (eS as seein | Eyal ea 8% 7A) 3 5 15
ee ee PU Sel oa AGS BaZa eaters ae 2 1 Ue sca lees od eee bs Se 3.5 2 6 14
da Aes A aia on Le aes eae So ed PON) Wi eee ies dh Sede Peat einer ee) mamas 5 3 7 15
A Getter pers Secs Sal's yalleeae al [ies PJM sie oes es eee ele 4.3 4 5 13
I Tacs ee ote ae Za eine DA Aliph alae 1 DA ecg eT al he 4.5 4 5 9
Ale 2s he alli Sion eee | Pa PA ee Get 2 12 215

THE FIRST BROOD OF PUPA.

Time of pupation.—The earliest pupation of the first brood recorded
occurred June 1 and the latest July 11.
Length of pupal stage—From a total of 160 individual insects under
observation in this connection the results show that the pupal period
varied from 9 to 19 days, with an average of 12.11 days. These
figures are given in Table VII. 3

(See Table VII.)

TaBLe VII.—Pupal stage of the first brood of the codling moth, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

Length of pupal period in specified
Num- days, being the time from date of ee y
: ber pupation to the emergence of moth. | Aver- | Mini- | Maxi- Total

Date of pupation. OTD TS st a Er) OO Yall eT TIAN | TTL TTY a

days. | days. | days. | CYS:
10 | 11 | 12} 13 | 14] 15 | 16) 1

eee holes, o Seo ees tie) Uta as ol eeeelll Sac tice) pls: 13 13 13
Spyies 2: || ees BE SIEASal bee 12 12 24
apes e eae ke le poe Wad Galles esl ese (ea) Peele 13 13 13
Seal bees Rho otalljeeolice sl beset 124 12 12 12
By cetat ere ealltesee | BAIS Seat dt allsecelloneestt 4) 14 14 14
BSS BAe ieee aad NN} 1 14.2 13 16 71
Bie aa lee ers |e efi. 1 14.6 14 16 44
ee ee DWM IPs Hoe alle | ea ey de 11 19 83
ee Ise IRN add Ue | Sw 1253 11 14 209
Sel ee al aver Byles) lls eScllagoel eos Seen 12.4 12 13 62
3 SAO Ol) (Ou uaa | estes eal ae 12.6 11 14 228
Bel eel oeaee CO lS Pe 240 | sel LAN WR 12 14 344
See aaalltoreos Py Meek) |b) La 8 Gaal eeee | 13.4 12 15 161
DCEO st NS AGU ee ap) eso a en ee PAN el ootsallocol AGE meee 12.6 12 13 63
LS Sa seater ah Me nye ey Sh Ain SD irl anise Ns Sesclt | dey ee ean ce 1 cles ces ea a 13 13 13 13
HGRA asec ee a Pa) ae ent MeL I (esis legen al enter eee a Pe 11.5 11 12 23
Od Ae a as Nase ae is ects 1 Te cea fad Paes | TH PH ble? 10 12 123
Papa Nah ea ees No aera AM ea Se Seles: CsA FRRaN el [cae be] eure fey DEO as 9 oh 10.6 10 12 85
Aes enema uote ne NN gai ese ane a Wt a ef Pe oa 10.3 10 11 31
DOM Naas seaming. aan SO eae ea ee A Me 0 ieee | Re eal | 10.2 10 11 51
DO er el tact os VANE Ei ee a aga 4 Mealy EE I || NaN el ea 10. 6 10 11 53
Pe A es ame ree a ine Re Di eer lt Aenea ye tbo Sullbsoniosos|! LbH! 10 12 52
SEA SS APS eerie et AlN TA nce Dea Ss ee pee eal | ae 10.2 10 11 41
LULL Ai En a Gy sags ares se ol eel eee I nearer =| 10: 4 10 il 52
Ie arate eps 5 2) Negara fot a DA i hye Pewee lee a areata Intagde | |< Janae e sal LO) 10 10 20
ON eeu ye a ance mE eS 1 BD ee sy [al a Beale 9 9 9 9
Sie ae Ne NAS ets a ae Lk: Se Ree ee 2 Se URE pe 9 9 9 9
OP re Ve NI Si eee DS usual cote Dyes a ee | Foe lL 11 il 11 11
QS eee OSTA RE 1 as Fes Me HR Zh 1G aes Lene Sis (COS aN Rae 12 12 12 12
Ee ee asec Se pe eee aba | ee he pre acta e y 1|¢ Ate 13 13 13 13
160 | 2 | 25 | 24 | 44] 44] 14] 4] 2 1} 12.11 9 19 | 1,989

FA ES A i RO NI De eae SIMS LOE eC

10 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

FIRST BROOD OF MOTHS.

Time of emergence.—The records of emergence of first-brood moths
given in Table VIII cover observations with 786 individuals. The |
material used in this instance was secured from banded trees in _
orchards. a

The first moth appeared June 9, while a maximum emergence _
occurred June 23, with irregularly decreasing numbers thereafter until
July 22, when the last observation was made. The total emergence
of 786 moths covered a period of 43 days.

Fo /2/ A
SAUSPOON DSN VOLOOKYHH FLIES

JO.

TENG ea Pe Elle Higa:
ES
6 SEE EEE a FEEEEEEEEEE
R 2 zl PEPE EEE te Sta ae
\ Soe 5 eRe e
= es BERNER ReSeeS a
Asia Begin seeeoe Ss EB
BECEEEE EEE EEEEE PER REEEEE Hee
Wee Peegeas r AECERECH a
‘Anew ae ar SSlSeeS ey, a
VA eR eeeeS I | BEMoG
S BCC Ser NV 5 Sa
Soe es SRP eee rye 4 A BSSSseo
7a a leita iy ted MS LANE NCCE sae
A GEGEe Zak genes acss REVeNEeo0s=
AGSe 2a RSs sah eees sae sees | IW ENE

Fic. 2.—Emergence curve of codling moths of the first brood, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912. ( Original.)

A graphic description of the emergence of moths of the first brood
appears in figure 2.

TaBLE VIII.—Time of emergence of codling moths of the first brood from larvex collected
systematically from banded trees and kept in cages, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

. N
Date of emergence. e se Date of emergence. a pape

Juner9ss--ss5 ee 1 Wily: Asses es Fe 28
Pi Sse nee 6 PRAGA eee 34
12 ow ecee ae 7 Sasceseceeee 33
1 Pes Sere 15 Aeon See 29
14. Sees ee 15 § sac aaeeeee 15
1p Seer 7 Goshen eee 14
16 e 26 (ease 11
iy Ps eee 21 So eee eae 11
1k: eS ees 2 | eee 19
i Eee eersee 20 1K eee eae 11
D0 si55222Seee 32 i Ries ae aoe ee 12
Ds ra eee 16 1 DE eee 17
7 Py Re 35 Uae ery ee 11
Ddciswie ace ae 86 A eee ee 10
DAS ese 55 Gy See ee 8
DO sees OoRS fe) TGsss2e eee Se 1
26 Sasa sees 29 117 cee nee SE 9
DH aaa 30 Teoh seceneee 9
282 28 LORSsa ee eee 1
29s sStc hea 24 22 ee eae 1
5 Sarees 32

Total emergence, 786 moths.

Time of oviposition.—By reference to Table IX it will be found
that the earliest deposition by moths of the first brood was made

June 14, while the last oviposition occurred July 23.

period of oviposition was approximately 40 days.

Hence the

LIFE: HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 11

TasiE 1X.—EKgq deposition by codling moths of first brood in stock jars at Roswell, N.

Mex., 1912.
Date of— Days—

Bieta Number pase
age No. of moths e : f ‘ ime 0
percage.| Emerg: | First | Last | Before | orovi. | emery

moth. | position. | position. | position. | POS!#00- age to

st ovi-

position.
Unie eeeitocee bee 12 | June 11} June 14 | June 17 3 3 6
DP Se oa 15 13 17 27. 4 10 14
See ee ie ies, eraetay= 14 14 16 24 2 8 10
RET egg NC en 2 9 15 18 23 3 5 8
Le Soe eee ae 23 16 19 22 3 3 6
Gre ee ae eel 20 17 21 26 t 5 9
CSE Ue ie 16 19 23 24 4 1 5
Rete ee 23 20 23 27 3 4 7
eee eas ek Oh 19 21 23 28 2 5 7
DORs: coe eres 27 22 25 29 3 4 7
Dees aes e ts 39 23 25 29 2 4 6
lea a SS eee 40 24 27 29 3 2 5
IG eskaecsabneeebe 37 25 27 | July 2 2 5 7
1 1g, Ce ee este en 21 26- 28 2 2 4 6
ees cee NaE TS AS te 52 27 28 3 1 5 6
Gare eae ers topes ane 35 28 30 6 2 6 8
Cy (peti See ce ee Rae 30 29 | July 1 5 2 4 6
SS oes es es eet ens 22 30 2 6 2 4 6
QR Rem Us Soe Ghats Zor) duly? ot 2 8 1 6 7
Depress BT iN sas 36 2 4 a 2 3 5
PA tite Rea 5 Ree ae 35 3 5 8 2 3 5
Doar sare tars cher neha e 42 4 6 9 2 3 5
Joa oP ea ATS RE 40 5 8 13 3 5 8
PA os aso ee 26 6 8 14 2 6 8
De eas eR aoe 20 7. 9 12 2 3 5
Dd aes See ena 26 8 11 16 3 5 8
Dleen aee Ao sras oe 31 9 12 16 3 4 a
DSR eae oc oe 22 10 13 19 3 6 9
TAS eee a aie ee ct 14 11 13 21 2 8 10
BON reece cele crate 33 12 15 18 3 3 6
Pa Yeas eae eC ear A 9 13 17 21 4 4 8
ea eres aac 10 14 20 22 6 2 8
BRE Reo tee Seacrest 14 15 19 23 + 4 8
uA FA vente OO Se aS yee s RaApee as] Bema | Accs seeec 2.7 4.45 7.15
IM aScHTI INS 3.8 se) (Sor seat stere| aioe eisacs| [Se c.-:« «sso meee one 6 11 14
Minimepmes ete eee ce a eee noes [ene sos rele ets 1 2 5

The results given in Table [X show that on an average the first
eges were laid 2.7 days after the time of emergence of moths and that
oviposition extended on an average to 4.45 days. The average length
of time from the date of moth emergence to the last date of oviposi-
tion was 7.15 days; maximum, 14 days; minimum, 5 days.

Length of life of moths.—A summary of observations on the length
of life of 367 male moths and 411 female moths is recorded in Table X.
A study of this table will show that the longevity of the males was
shorter than that for the females. On an average the males lived
4.44 days and females 6.24 days. The maximum length of life for
the males was 16 days, and for the females 15 days.

a2 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLe X.—Length of life of male and female codling moths of the first brood, Roswell,
Nz Mex. 1912:

|
Summary of records of 778 individual Summary of records of 778 individual!
moths. moths.

|——. “Mm xc ccxq—
| } |
Male. Female. Male. Female.

ao Sa Lo a =|
Length | Number Length | | Number Length PNtniber Length Bess
oO

OF. c0k of +1 of of of
life. | moths. life. | moths, life. moths, life. moths.
Days. | Days. Days. | Days.
+ | 2 1 0 10 b 10 18
2 29 2 10 11 ] ia il 7
3 | 7 3 25 12 0 | 12 2
4 | 99 | 4 44 13 0 | 13 1
5 98 | 5 82 14 Leet 14 1
6 | 48 | 6 87 15 0 | 15 2
oe 10 | 7 57 16 ca 16 0
8 | 8 | 8 | 48
| 9 | 9 27 | | 367 | 3 ete

Average length of life of male moths, 4.44 days.
Average length of life of female moths, 6.24 days.
Maximum length of life of male moths, 16 days.
Maximum length of life of female moths, 15 days.
Minimum length of life of male moths, 1 "day.
Minimum length of life of female moths, 2 days.

LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE OF THE FIRST GENERATION.

Records of the observations on the life cycle of the first generation
show that only 7 individuals completed the stages comprising the
total life cycle of the insect. From this number an average of 51.14
days is found to represent the length of the period from date of
deposition of eggs to emergence of moths of the same generation.
The maximum period is 61 days; the minimum, 40 days. (See
Table XI.)

TaBLE X1.—Length of life cycle of first generation of codling moth, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

Nae Moths emerged in specified days from time

|

| of deposition of eggs of the same genera-

a ee tion. J "s Average | Mini-|Maxi-inotay
Date of egg deposition. aoe lads >* | mum} mum) six

vid- | | | YS- | days.| days.| ©#9*

uals, | 40 | 45 -| 46 | 52 | 56 | 58 61

op ee eis Wy ee es Been. ae ee 1 61 61| 61 61
Bese eee os 7 eee ea (Sr ae ae 1 acto) Sa gat wate hy 54 52} 56} 108
7a Sere eee 2 BL ee ee ee 42.5; 40} 45| 8
0 ee ne 1 foscote eee 1p nes Peis | os west ees 46 | 46| 46) 46

A summary of results from observations on the separate stages of
the first generation of the codling moth shows the total life cycle of
the insect when computed by individual stages to compare very
closely with the corresponding figures in Table XI. The length of
life cycle by addition of separate stages is found to be 50.62 days as
shown in Table XII, a difference of only 0.54 day.

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 13

TaBLE XII.—Summary of results from experiments on the separate stages of the first
generation of the codling moth, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

Number of days.

)

Complete life cycle of first generation.

Average. |Maximum.| Minimum.

Mn Ci atIOMOMe SES eaters rape eee scale oi At oss Nise ens ee ene 9.05 13 5
HEeCIN SApeKlOdrOllaLrvyes-saase see eets oe nce tie cise win, Dee e ema 21.52 27 15
IMaiksinl evo ff COCOONS Bee aiane Seen ene sem cao ce tise. oe CR aE R Oo eee eeieee 5. 24 12 2
PUP SCAR OS seers ace aie ota cletepolersyajab= epateiee aed saw afarnves i S Sate eters =teee te 12.11 19 9
uviTONDerOLeler oe CeDOSItIONe ss esas aces on eee eee ee eee PT 6 1
OES. Dae LSA les Ul MoS 50. 62 | 77 | Bo,

THE SECOND GENERATION.

THE SECOND BROOD OF EGGS.

Length of incubation.—Observations to determine the length of the
period of incubation of eggs of the second brood were begun June 14
and continued until late in July. Eggs were deposited in large
numbers during that period, and very accurate data regarding the
length of the separate stages observed could be obtained. The
average length of time from date of deposition to appearance of red
ring was found to be 4.92 days; maximum, 4 days; minimum, 2 days.
The average length of time from oviposition to appearance of the
black spot was 4.26 days; maximum, 6 days; minimum, 3 days.
For the period of time covering the duration of incubation an aver-

age of 5.62 days is determined; maximum, 8 days; minimum, 4 days.
“These records are found in Table XIII.

TaBLeE XIII.—Length of incubation of second brood of eggs of the codling moth at Roswell,
N. Mex., 1912.

Date of— Days for—
Num-
Observation No. ber of Appear- | Appear- I
eggs. | Ovipo- | anceof | anceof | Hatch- | Red | Black can
sition. red black ing. ring. | spot. ti ee
ring spot ‘

Ls ies 8 Ue ae ae 2 a 8} June 14 | June 16} June 20! June 21 2 6 id

P85 ie 5 OS STS EC ESR eRe 68 1 20 22 23 4 6 U

Barf iter ee eee aE Seay See On ae 17 16 20 22 24 4 6 8

Oe es AER eS Sieg Ens SS ae ee eS 56 17 20 22 23 3 5 6

Do cag SBe Org BOOS Stet eee deat agen e 40 17 20 23 24 3 6 a

6 oS anes eRe Oe OS Se SEO ene aia 15 18 20 23 24 2 5 6

Ulede see eS BORON OEE ttre ee ae ah 18 20 23 25 2 5 7

Co Ser CR Sena er or La ag 5 19 22 24 25 3 5) 6

(8) 5 Sieh cit A ne EU I eee a Ne ag 2 19 22 24 26 3 5 7

Meas eae eres, SER aa 3 20 23 24 25 3 4 5

TI ba cH tac a ee ea 18 21 24 25 I 3 4 6

1D eek aS Se te SN ee ee 70 22 25 27 28 3 5 6

118} SoS SOR SAE re cae ee 52 23 26 27 28 3 4 5

Ie OSes San ae a Se COS ae: cieranieee 27 23 26 28 29 3 5 6

IG\s s ayesha Beer Bike Pils a elie a een gene eee 42 24 27 28 29 2 3 5

IL Gee ys ca eee le Daa Vee 2 31 24 27 28 30 3 4 6

Le ahs Sepa eal rs eae Cet oe Ne 24 25 28 29 30 3 4 5

lke iy es CS SEs i 24 25 28 29| July 1 3 4 6

1) s oS cee a SS SEM ee ae eeece aa a 29 26 28 30 1 2 4 5

PD SS bE SASS oto aS ea als See ee ate ae 12 26 28 30 2 2 4 6
leg SRR GA SSR Sere ener e Oe Saeed ee 80 27 29| July 1 2 2 4 on
DOE cy 5d ACETATES NRE SET RE EG 43 27 29 1 3 2 4 6°

7 os Oboe AC AR Een on Sane tee ee 100 28 July 1 2, 3 3 4 5

14 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLE XIT1.—Length of incubation of second brood of eggs of the codling moth at Roswell,
N. Mex., 1912—Continued.

Date of— Days for—
Num-
Observation No. ber of Appear- | Appear- In
eggs. | Ovipo- | ance of | ance of | Hatch- | Red |Black is
sition. red black ing. | ring. | spot. Me a
ring. spot. ions

GH As Se Si se iat Ae i eee rae j 94 | June 28 | July 1] July 2]|July 4 3 4 6
POS i ss ON pee 42 29 2 3 4 3 4 5
AO eases erate = ov. ot Hons acl SEesion cies 27 29 2 3 5 3 4 6
POE 5 HSL AS GE EA RE a RE TE 87 30 3 4 5 3 4 5
AS a Rein oases wk via culn eames ee dolby al 3 5 6 2 4 5
IAD)S Sos GOS ER Te EE eer. 22 1 4 6 i 3 5 6
MO eee ee rere cra Saree arse ane ease 29 2 5 6 7 3 4 5
Sea Said tee hoist ams Vee eee 18 2 5 6 8 3 4 6
OO eee eer earn ett cr GN us Comite Maye er 216 3 6 7 8 3 4 5
Damen semaise He stats siscins Soles eee 3 6 7 9 3 4 6
SACP eis Cac a ae ee eal agente ne 109 4 U 8 9 3 4 5
SOR anita dies Bea Gres oe Gin eee Re EE 82 4 7 8 10 3 4 6
S10 oa ae ee ee ee Ree oe oe 304 5 8 9 10 3 4 5
Oe Sse ass So Sue Groote se 48 5 8 9 11 3 4 6
GO ee SS e eo ice cis tt aicaie See ee 187 6 8 10 11 2 4 5
OO eerie Scie’ s oe hie dacteiciow eee ee 25 6 8 10 12 2 AP nen
(AUS 5 GSS tO SRS ecine Aeris ye ae 3 16 it 10 11 12 3 4 5
ARs eee oS Hovis aie Stee MEE ee 2 zf 10 11 13 3 4 6
ADR sere Ree isa cosh ne AERA 163 8 11 12 13 3 4 5
LE Re acres ie nie oe a 21 8 11 12 14 3 4 6
BAe ss SSS KOA GO Rae oe 297 9 12 13 14 3 4 5
A eeprst: EMA sR el ae See enV 15 9 12 13 15 3 4 6
2 ps a ep re Ns ages EN pe ot dere ae 102 10 13 14 15 3 4 5
CN SES ET EL ae eee 5 eg eee 77 10 13 14 16 3 4 6
2 SS So CESS SE EEC OSE Here aa ene 43 11 13 14 15 2 3 4
A Rete Re Sets cs ars Ss Re ae Se 153 11 14 15 16 3 4 5
SOS eR No Sa oers ene een em aac 50 12 14 16 17 2 4 5
ETS eS aera Sere tae epee CA 5: 14 12 15 17 18 3 5 6
)s hee O en err ae SHI e SS A 14 13 15 16 17 2 3 4
aaa See cas Shh a Citta enn ee ans aga le 30 13 16 17 18 3 4 5
Le 3 ee eee ee eee ce reer te 67 14 16 18 19 2 4 5
Oar ats Sone BEEP wee Seen a anno 11 14 17 18 20 3 4 6
DOF na Sha teyn net tte oe oe ee ea 110 15 18 19 20 3 4 5
UBS 5 are ep eee mere a AUG a 22 15 18 19 21 3 4 6
OB eee ee ee eee 29 16 18 20 21 2 4 5
BO ete pe me no Nien nr act Mae eae 12 16 19 20 22 3 4 6
(RBs si elise Some pe rer hy Genmene ene So 82 17 20 21 22 3 4 5
GEG Rees et A Seas Sau as eee 26 aly 20 2 23 3 5 6
OD Rese tresses ee a ce Ie eS 22 18 21 22 23 3 1 5)
TB Yo tere ena Seen ct iret NaN rer 6 18 21 23 24 3 5 6
GASES Fe oe BR aes See eal 114 19 22 23 24 3 4 5
Oils So poto See eee Oma eae ae 134 20 23 24 25 3 4 5
CORSE ae eee 8 20 23 25 26 3 5 6
Beep ene ae yee es eh Om arte TREE RS 61 21 24 25 26 3 4 5
OSes seco cee ae Soe eee ee 21 21 24 25 27 3 4 6
OYE OS RG se Oren St eee RNR elses yc 5 22 26 27 28 4 5 6
PAN CT ARO 5a 5 nied ek San EG pp Sra EN es cl tema AEA MALS Aco. ese | rep Me Neer See eee 4.92} 4.26 | 5.62
1 Fes tps a0 0110 B00 epee li Pee eee | ne eR aes wie eel eae eee | ee is 4 6 8
WWE OU ON 5b 0s eee ee eae eae eran ele selene oe ole ee a aE Se Ma adallaaoeecone s 2 3+} 4

Time of hatching.—The data in Table XIII, show that the first
observation of hatching of eggs of the second brood occurred June
21, and continued quite regularly until July 28, thus covering a
period of approximately five weeks.

THE SECOND BROOD OF LARVA.

Length of feeding period.—Records on the length of feeding period
of 489 individual insects are brought together in Table XIV. This
period covered a range of from 14 to 44 days, both transforming and
wintering larve being included. The average length of feeding was
found to be 21.23 days; maximum, 44 days; minimum, 14 days.

15

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 17

Larval life wn the cocoon.—The length of the period of time which
the larve require to construct a cocoon preparatory to pupation or
wintering, is found to vary considerably when large numbers of the
larve are kept under observation. In Table XVI will be found the
results of observations on 282 individual insects. Of this number 70
larvee required 5 days, and an average period of 5.16 days is found
to exist. The maximum time was 17 days; minimum, 1 day.

TaBLE XVI.—The making of cocoons of the second generation of the codling moth,
Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

Num- Length of cocooning period in SOU days. eee alent ntaae
Date of ber of Total
: oie ie Se ; ge | mum | mum :
leaving fruit.|individ- davetltdarse dace days.
talon tl) | So s4el be Gaz 1-8) | OuktO aaa toes | 16) Lae oes: Aye) | ENS

Vibiby es asec Ne eelSes sD Ges see | psyen| aces | pees |r| nes 3.0 3 3 3
9.. De ees iaees U1 | eel eres | ceed | elt Se oer 4.5 3 7 18
ORS OF leaa er ec eal siea st Pash al eee Face 4.3 4 5 26
10 et WH |e PAN Bl eA alfa al i ae Ur res nee Eee 4.2 2 6 50
OE ee OD a See Tee Sette bolt EA ah ee ll Sele colme le : 4.0 3 5 20
aja ND Fel ee ey BUF PR a dA a Ma cea | ares | 2 | a 1 EZ 3 16 62
ligt Aes ees ee Sale| My tl Paccog | Par Gel epe | cs, eet pine ete | I 5.4 4 7 38
ijeasaee AS A 3 Bed and tLe ere | 1 IS ees eee mez 5.6 1 12 28
HG Fes t5)3| a ak 8 SPO ae teal Rl aI ER pe ot eh ec te ee 4.8 4 6 24
Ie = ee AN hah Soares a 8 IDE el 5D reel ede aes cil ces eee | pee alle Se 1 6.4 3 17 70
SBR), 1 neelleais OA Dale ecco pel | spa acca [os ees es Ieee f soe | sree Pe 6.0 3 9 72
ee ee Ler eae El Balle eoUigl ape able He scl nee eT ees eee Steet es Do 4 a 63
PA Ves OP seer MeV est Lea lee [ren eee Re | Teg eel Lee a Pca 4.8 4 5 29
Di iia =e Sioa Ses SUL yh te ial el eo ease ot | ooh 1 5.8 4 13 75
Pid eerie PAY es ales a SCPapea gl epee enc ae 1S Me eee el 5.0 5 5 10
UBS Seas 8 Es Pd A eal Oa aie SLA BR Na Pa cae tee a 2 6 30
DAN See 7a ss} LSA La RE TCS |S ta Os tm Ys 5 Pe 5.6 2 8 39
Dae as: 24 SSN YS Wt) fe Lea ee fa Web en Petal A De ca hea ae 4.8 2 10 19
PAD) ees AM CM IF Dri | bc Walk coo el cas hel pic Ce eae Dae Aa ee | I 4.3 1 8 91
Drlernaie PAL oesclocrlh Go eal dfets). {has Ives) dlls S| apres | ee as 5.4 3 10 113
Dee eas 8 |. Pale i | eseareett Sali |e dad rep [Na Beal) | eeces| | anise 6.0 3 11 48
DO Wyte ys 6 |. social Pb es les oy ab Soe leas ec 5.8 4 8 35
lie aes 8 |. PE NOT eel ee Ties fap re 6.1 4 12 49
eee CNG SeSea eee Pas tal Gulla | tet la ie arses 7.6 6 12 53
Atte ee oe. NDE res tN gee Rs} EO | epee | tsp [Pp | ome | I er 4.8 2 7 52
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eae A is ee Ryall OTe Pe ae 2 | pete INS oA eg pen | 4.8 4 6 19
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(ES By Wie ST ee 2 SH Ss Aes Baise bs ooPae pases 3.0 2, 4 15
Sie sake BI Sil epee fe ed Le Pe AUS Sate | oes toa e 8.3 6 9 25
Oe eg oat De lseoloeallose ele OPA eee ra] =| pn aL Poses | 5.7 4 Ul 17
LOE Rea PS Cee is eal Pe eh arenes eet | peep eer 9 | oA ee PA |S 4.0 4 4 8
LU eae ea Dee lhe el eS em Eaeesd | mre nef ES erat | 2 Pec lp ap 7.0 7 a 7
eee DF Nene | Ue ED |p |e | Pee Ci Sa Poe Ss ts ec ste 5.0 5 5 5
Total - 282 | 3 |14 |25 |68 |70 |53 27 |10|3)}2)1/)3}/1)/1/1 DAS Ne eescae Bereteae 1,457

THE SECOND BROOD OF PUP.

Time of pupation.—Investigations show the earliest recorded
pupation of individuals of this brood to have occurred July 14, and
the latest on August 31. Actual pupations are thus shown to cover
a period of 48 days. (See Table XVII.)

Length of pupal stage.—A record on the length of the pupal stage
was established from observations with 211 individuals, and reveals
the fact that the pupal period varied from 8 to 19 days. The average
period was 11.23 days. These records are found in Table XVII.

5

18 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TaBLeE XVII.—Pupal stage of second brood codling moth, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.
é Length of pupal period in days. = is
: See s : ‘ ‘ Aver- | Mini- | Maxi- Total
Date of pupation. ate 3 age | mum | mum} gq ays
viduals. 8 | 9 | 10/11] 12/13] 14!15|16]17\ 18]19| ays. | days. | days.
|
|
Turhy Pie ee et 15-22 fh 2a ee ap 10.4 10 12 156
aie Sena 7a es We re | ee ee cl 2 el OR 10.5 9 11
fGen. ee Fd Ee ed sl es Se 10 10 10 50
17..-.------------ 5 |---| 1] 2] 2 ].--|---]--- 10.2 9 11 51
PGE ee 7 \wcloee|eoe), hilece tae : : ll 11 11 77
ROR ee ee SO) 15 vie on ics ee 1 10. 86 9 16 1630
Dee eer are 8: ts 15. |~<-[-2-[/1075 eae ee 10.33 10 11 155
pede ee i: 14 Oe wets. 2 ee 11. 28 10 13 158
TD), oie De eae 16 7 ay 2 ee -| 10.56 9 12 169
73) eee 13 Bree FL eo : 11.07 10 12 144
Fi See eae 2 | fe EI Wy i= ee a lal eee 12.5 12 13 25
2 Urey a ae 1 | BN ss et ee; | ae ee ek Nea li 11 11 11
2G Stee eee ae 9 SE Syne ae : al Ee 11. 44 10 12 103
77) a ee eae 10[ec Ness er 1 a de 11 10: teats 110
Saat ie eee 11 eA |C SU S72 Siar Gael es 10.72 10 12 118
TOM a Ft s E 5 Bee) FS 2 1| 13.4 10 19:-|=-> 62
Shee Foe oe Sul ST VES Sa snh ses 1 ? 10 8 13 30
2 ny ales ee 2 | 2-| 23 ae 11 11 11 22
PAE eee See eee Sem ae ee 14} 1 6 Gx iiek -| 10.92 8 13 153
Dena, SME Bal ee ep eel eal a 11.33 11 12 34
Ske: Pes Se eS Racias 2 1132 10 14 39 @
ees eae Sy oil Seas a ce esc 10.66 | 10 | it 32
LE are aria he eo er Sl (ae ec By Ted : 9 9 9
ee ee 1 eso: | | Se 11.09 TES carro 122 a
LOM RRS RR eee hl 5 os pie | 2 i 11 fi: oer 22 —@
The ope en an ye re) pale Ts eae 2 11 10 12 22
eat Se aw 2 |. ae >| ae Wad tg Hips (8 11 11 ll 22 ae
GE Somes Fo ee rae 2 |e A Mae ie | SLs 11. 66 11 13 3 |
Fig, is rele 12 Na A 12 12 12 12
Oi Selgin eaten ie 2 |. Do] oo | Sea | eat ree 11.5 11 12 23. am
Deere Sosa 1|- Oe fee (Sl a eae Fs) eat fe 11 11 11 i
Die ga werk ee ae te 1 ri eae eg cs 14.5 13 16 29: ae
Dm eee eee ae ates a ee Ti 1 18 18 18 13
ree alle a 2S Paecta: © pape carpe ee st So 10 9 11 20 4
Sisco i ee oe cee) s- - eal Be a ee ta ais 10 10 10 10
Rotale tose oss. 211. |: 2-| 8 169: |86 138-7 |-4 2 PS be Sc e230 ee eee 2,314

THE SECOND BROOD OF MOTHS.

Time of emergence.—The records on time of emergence of codling
moths of the second generation may be found in Table XVIII. The
earliest emergence of this brood occurred July 18, when nine moths
emerged. Emergence continued more or less regularly until a
maximum number of 242 was reached on August 7. The last
emergence of which record was made occurred September 11.

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

1g

Taste XVIII.—Time of emergence of codling moths of the second generation, Roswell,
N. Mex., 1912.

Date of emergence.

Number
of moths.

Date of emergence.

Septiele ass sais

Number
of moths.

Moths from band record larve.—In all, 5,320 larve of the second
brood were collected systematically from banded trees in orchards
and kept in cages in order that records might be obtained on emerg-
From the total larve secured
in this way there emerged 3,848 moths, thus showing that 72.34 per
cent of the larvee under observation proved to be transforming larvee.
These records are shown in Table XIX.

ence of moths from such sources.

TaBLE XIX.—Number of codling moths emerging from second-brood larve collected
systematically from banded trees and kept in cages. Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

Date of collection.

Number
of larvee.

Number
of moths.

Date of collection.

Number

Number

of larvee. | of moths.

The rate and duration of the emergence of codling moths of this
brood is described graphically in figure 3.
| a maximum number emerged August 7, various fluctuations having
| occurred preceding that date and continuing throughout the period,

Asshownin Table XVIII,

20 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The time of oviposition in orchards may be determined with fair
precision from the combined data on the habits of the moths in
captivity and from the results of the rearmg experiments.

In conducting the experiments, the results of which are shown in
Table XX, eggs of the codling moth were readily obtaimed by con-
fining a mie of moths together in cages. It is not possible by
this method to determine the number of eggs thus produced, but the -
time and period of egg deposition can be ascertained.

AUGUST SLPTEMELEP |
nn FRIAS TACADHQLYAVG

ii CEL eRe
IM NEE Hit
Aaa ata Ht Hee
SY ONR CEE TUTE
CUBE ET
CERES SACUUE TIE

Fic. 3.—Emergence curve of codling moths of the second brood, Roswell, N. Mex.,.1912. (Original.)

NUMELER OF IO77AF

The results show the average length of time from emergence of moths
until first oviposition to be 2.2 days; maximum, 4 days; minimum,
2 days. The average length of the period for the duration of oviposi-
tion was 7.1 days; maximum, 12 days; minimum, 1 day. From time
of emergence to last oviposition the average was 9.3 days; maximum,
14 days; minimum, 6 days.

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 21

TaBLe X X.—Egqg deposition by codling moths of the second brood, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

Date of— Days—

From

Cage Nabe time of
No Cut n Emer- First Last Before | Of ovino-| _ emer:

peneee gence | ovipo- | ovipo- | ovipo- | ~sj4i ne gence to

ofmoths.} sition. | sition. | sition. : last

ovipo-
sition.
dices 26 | July 18 | July 21 | July 28 3 7 10
aiee 14 19 23 24 4 1 5)
Ber 28 20 24 26 4 2 6
4_. 26 21 24 29 3 5 8
Oke 37 22 24 29 2 5 7
Gee 30 23 26 | Aug. 3 3 10 13
Mise 36 24 26 4 2 9 11
See 32 25 27 8 2 12 14
aise 40 26 28 2 2 5 7
NOs = 40 27 29 10 2 12 14
11 43 28 30 6 2 us 9
seat 40 29 3l U 2 7 9
Caan 47 30 | Aug. L 8 2 il 9
i eae 10 31 2 12 2 10 12
15.. 43 | Aug. 1 3 r) 2 6 8
Gee 45 2 4 10 Z 6 8
17S 47 3 5 14 2 9 11
LSee 52 4 6 14 2 8 10
19e 33 5 7 11 2 4 6
20): 43 6 9 19 3 10 13
PN 40 7 9 14 2 5 7
PDB 50 8 10 19 2 9 11
PBsocc 40 9 11 23 2 12 14
2A ices 33 10 13 22 3 9 12
es 34 11 13 24 2 11 13
26 38 12 14 23 2 9 11
27 25 1153 15 23 2 8 10
28 30 14 17 22 3 5 8
29 30 15 17 24 2 7 9
30 35 16 18 29 2 My 13
31 35 17 19 25 2 6 8
32 40 18 20 27 2 7 9
33 37 I) 21 27 2 6 8
34 30 20 22 28 2 6 8
35 33 21 23 28 2 5 it
36 20 22 24 30 2 6 8
37 43 23 25 | Sept. 5 2 il 13
38 27 24 26 2 ) 11
39 20 29 27 3 2 7 9
40 17 26 28 3 2 6 8
41 32 27 29 4 2 6 8
42 17 28 30 4 2 5 7
43 24 29 31 5 2 5 Ul
44 10 31 | Sept. 3 6 3 3 6
45 16 | Sept. 2 5 8 3 3 6
AYGIE ISS GENS paG nade oo de aaa OnE SE EERE boas 2-2 7.1 9.3
WikpolenpnyGenge so obua wees a ae 4 12 14
Wibtoranbtin CEN G6 aoeo decode co dsssasstesasones- 2 1 6

22, BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Length of life of moths.—Observations in this connection were made
with a total of 1,416 moths confined in cages in order to secure
mortality records. The results obtained with this number of indi-
vidual moths give the average length of life of male moths to be
5.49 days; female moths, 7.58 days; maximum length of life of male
moths, 12 days; female moths, 24 days; the minimum length of life of
moths of both sexes is identical, 2 days. These records may be found
im Table XXI.

TaBLE XXI.—Length of life of male and female codling moths of the second brood.
Summary of records of 1,416 individual moths, Roswell, No Mer 1992:

Male. Female.
Number Number

Length of life. of Length of life. of

moths moths
Days Days

Feat Renee naa 3 yee er ee 2 Se ee Se 4
Seine Seared 54 SS Bie Be = Aaa 11
ys seine ee oe ee 132 RE ISN ee een 38
Sc ee paw Rare age 165 ns eR ee 69
G35 eee 151 Gin Se ee Seen 147
fee ee ar ee 90 7 | eee pie Sie es Nee 163
Sete oS eee 40 See hee eee 118
LD seta ert ele 9 Ob Se See ee 66
dK) Pacers oes Ai ge 8 11) pee er oe Se 53
2 Ue RS x ete CLES 3 1 ne ee ee 33
DR Re eee cee en 4 1 SO ee ee ae 25
132 he eee 0 SCR Se Seer eee ohm 7
1G ei ee Reh) ee ee 0 ARR oom SERS. oe 8
| Us Wapiewee eee BER A Ee 0 Pete = oe eee ae 8
fy eee tee a ann OE ies 0 Or Soon ss Se ee 4
Ee Sas ee 0 BRS Se NS eee 2
PL, Cae Tis AE INGE ES 0 Pepe ccak 0 gecrg een ee 1

Average length of life of male moths, 5.49 days; average length of life of female moths, 7.58 days; maxi-
mum length of life of male moths, 12 days; maximum Tength of life of female moths, 24 days; minimum
length of life of male moths, 2 days; minimum length of life of female moths, 2 days.

LIFE CYCLE OF SECOND GENERATION.

In order to secure accurate data on the length of the life cycle of the
codling moth of the second generation, observations were conducted
by means of which the length of time from the date of egg deposition
to emergence of moth could be determined. A total of 283 individual
moths were used in this test, and the results show a range of varia-
tion in the life cycle from 32 to 68 days, with an average period of
41.26 days. These results are shown in Table XXII,

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LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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5

BULLETIN 429

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LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 25

THE THIRD GENERATION.

THE THIRD BROOD OF EGGS.

Length of wncubation—In Table XXIV will be found the results
of 96 observations of eggs of the codlng moth in an endeavor to
determine the length of the several stages from time of deposition
until hatching occurs. The average length of time from date of depo-
sition to the appearance of the red ring was 3.22 days; maximum, 5
days; minimum, 2 days. The average time until the appearance of
the black spot was 4.22 days; maximum, 6 days; minimum, 3 days.
From date of deposition until time of hatching the average period
was 5.75 days; maximum, 9 days; minimum, 4 days.

TaBLE XXIV.—Length of incubation of third brood of eggs of the codling moth at Roswell,
N. Mez., 1912.

Date of— Days for—
‘ Number
Observation No. Appear-
ofeges Ovipo- Appear ance of | Hatch- | Red | Black | Incu-
sition. red ring. pinch ing. ring. | spot. | bation.
pot.

Leen eer earache 53 | July 22) July 24} July 25 | July 26 2 3 4
Dh al Pi OE Pee een ee ee 46 22 24 25 27 2 3 5
Dee CSS ES Rites eae Te 112 23 26 27 28 3 4 5
APR dps pene RIN. ae) a Sectaver® & 30 23 26 PH 29 3 4 6
Ds We eee ee ee ere etre 120 24 27 28 29 3 + 5
(0) 5 SRI ae See ee eS 26 24 27 28 30 3 4 6
USO ens ete ae Sette aioe eee 506 25 28 29 30 3 4 5
Serene coi eee Sc 42 25 28 29 3l 3 4 6
ren ies EP peeed) Serius oe Nt 401 26 29 30 3l 3 4 5
0s cto tel eae aeons 103 26 29 30 | Aug. 1 3 | 4 6
TD Ee a Oe vce eae et 342 27 30 31 1 3 4 5
DBR ares Meer sisi re telat 127 27 20 3l 2 3 4 6
MS epee te Na Ss ee be eal 192 . 28 31 | Aug. 1 2 3 4 5
Ths rN Rea ge a a ee 46 28 31 1 3 3 4 6
TADS I pi Ee eee 203 29 | Aug. 1 2 3 3 4 5
Gee hee ees BARES Ses alata 151 29 1 2 4 3 4 6
IC carter ees eae ee 341 30 2 3 4 3 4 5
Ser rete iSeays ais roi es ele ae 85 30 2 3 5 3 4 6
OB tuee yea cae e ea ak 432 dl -3 4 5 3 4 5
MU SShe Ses CCR OSE eae ace 70 31 3 4 6 3 4 6
PO eee caret sete ies eters as jaoe aes () Aug. 1 4 5 6 3 4 5
De eee rE eA ie (1) el 4 5 7 3 4 6
DBs SoS acS OSE ene eBeeee eee 195 2 5 6 a 3 4 5
PY a a co Er ee a 15 2 5 6 8 3 4 6
DAES aS Seon St et me 160 3 6 7 8 3 4 5
Pra eee pa ane ea 15 3 6 ul 9 3 4 6
Pe ert erate CLC ce Sle eae 227 4 7 8 9 3 4 5
ASS Lect a ee a a 5 4 7 8 10 3 4 6
OG RR NCL Sete e wiale Lat 158 5 8 9 10 3 4 5
Be Sal 6 SEE SOUS aes ae eee 12 5 8 9 11 3 4 6
Be eer ntact Sis ae eee aye 100 6 9 10 11 3 4 5
BY 4 CSS 6S REE CHAE ER eH Ee AEae Ee 8 6 9 10 12 3 4 6
Ca ie It a tte ae ea 100 7 10 11 12 3 4 5
ep ene a as Nm cash ad ee A 2 7 10 11 13 3 4 6
Bic ui Ree Oe mee erat eee 307 8 il 12 13 3 4 5
SORE eee inee ea Maen de 102 8 11 12 14 3 4 6
SD ee teks Mec ni ted Wiap 8k 195 9 12 13 14 3 4 5
Sh GS dE SaSO See Enea eae 12 9 12 13 15 3 4 6
oS Ot eterate ee seine ress ht eer et 300 10 13 14 15 3 4 5
AOR NC noes 200) le aes elt 16 10 13 14 16 3 4 6
AT Rr emanate cid Len oS aly ae 90 11 14 15 16 3 4 5
A oa a A ie ie ae 110 11 14 15 17 3 a4 6
AB} Sh iis saa en ean ee 104 12 15 16 17 3 4 5
AAR ita ENGNG MN Yee Rea 6 12 15 16 18 3 4 6
AS Yale Sats ee NS ae 80 13 16 17 18 3 4 5
OD ica Seer crete es ae a 180 13 16 17 19 3 4 6
AUT i Ses eles As eG eu pee epee eR 200 14 17 18 19 3 4 5
ANS StS aces iy alee iene pee Med Cea 109 14 17 18 20 3 4 6
A SE ments pc cleeesiaree a mah che 207 15 18 19 20 3 4 5
OO Mee ae ety ON eine ON oe 77 15 18 19 21 3 4 6
Ue SN ee Re SL/L) a 60 16 19 20 21 3 4 5
B)) 0 So SSeS CRIES Hee eas 80 16 19 20 22 3 4 5
GBS utHes SeauG CeseA ee ee i16 17 20 21 22 3 4 6
CB she Ea cag in 6 17 20 21 23 3 4 6

26 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE XXIV.—Length of incubation of third brood of eggs of the codling moth at Roswell,
N. Mex., 1912—Continued.

Date of— Days for—
F Number
Observation No. _ | Appear-
of eggs. | Ovipo- ee ance of | Hatch- | Red | Black | Incu-
sition rodent black ing. Ting. | spot. | bation,
©* | spots
Due eee eae Sas ea 329 | Aug. 18} Aug. 21} Aug. 22} Aug. 23 3 L 5
UN seen 3 Se 1 1 21 22 24 3 4 6
(Pee es Soest ee 137 19 22 23 24 3 . 5
3 2 Si OS Re ee ee 5 19 22 23 25 3 4 6
os Soa eee 120 20 23 24 25 3 4 5
RD) Ss 4062S ase eee 112 20 23 24 26 3 4 6
fil we SS ee ee ee 92 21 24 25 26 3 4 5
Fppe ss) Ao 2h = II5 21 24 25 27 3 4 6
Ss Sandee ee 125 22 25 26 27 3 4 5
TL) Se oe ee 31 22 25 26 28 3 4 6
no Stee 142 23 26 27 28 3 4 5
Db ho Se ee ee eee 54 23 26 27 29 3 4 6
Ui oe So a es eae 97 24 27 28 29 3 4 5
Gkeemerrte eee RE lee 7 24 27 28 30 3 4 6
Tats ee eee 302 25 28 29 30 3 4 5
ROR eee eh a ee 107 25 28 29 31 3 4 6
TEN wn) Ae Se ees eee 79 26 29 30 31 3 4 5
i Me Te Se 8 ie a 341 26 29 30 | Sept. 1 3 4 6
Bao SSeS eee 7 27 30 31 1 3 4 5
(2 3 SSS See ee eee 160 27 30 31 2 3 - 6
pe ee 24 | 28 | Sept. 1| Sept. 2 ype a 5 6
oi a age ae 8 | 28 | 1 2 A fot 5 7
Lh A aa res ee 52 | 29 2 3 4 4 5 6
MS en se ee 16 29 2 3 5 4 5 7
MRR Sh oem oe 90 30 3 4 5 4 5) 6
ROME ree ees al Be 6 | 30 3 4 6 4 5 7
pies tes A 4 | 31 4 5 6 4 5 6
A 5 SI a i ae ae 8 | 31 = 5 7 4 5 <
iS coke Sd a ieee 8 162 | Sept. 1 5 6 7 4 5 6
oul Soa Be See ere ee 46 | 1 5 6 8 4 5 7
Rune eh i oe 84 | 2 6 7 8} 4 5 6
Cio ee 16 | 2 6 7 9 4 5 7
of 5 as = SES eee ee a 10 3 7 8 9 4 5 6
Rewer ee ie 46 | 3 7 8 10 4 5 7
queen Pee goes oe Ta, 16 | 4 8 9 10 4 5 6
Re Se oC ES oe 6 4 8 9 11 4 5 7
ORs oe eer eee 10 5 9 10 Ui! 4 5 6
eer eS co ea! 4 | 5 9 10 12 4 5 7
LBs t oe SS a ee ee cae eee 4 | 6 10 11 12 4 5 6
QAR ee eee ae eee aoe 13 a 11 12 14 4 5 7
Sse nt a oe 20 | 8 13 14 16 5 6 8
OS er sek Soe Se a 7 8 13 14 17 5 6 9
pos wea wines oa ce (DS Sao Sale ee ok] oe eee a eee eee ee 5 7
TINGS oo ae Soe e | eeeee o feoee eee Ep See |e aa ee (ey rae 2
POT APO thee eo eee ae eo ee ae | ee 5 eee Aaa eo I. = S22 4.22 5.75
1

1 Exact number of eggs not recorded.

Time of hatching—According to the records in Table XXIV
hatching of eggs of this brood began July 26 and continued until
after the middle of September. A study of the table will show
that hatching in greatest numbers was found to occur between
August 1 and August 8.

THE THIRD BROOD OF LARV#.

Length of feeding period.—A total of 829 individual insects were
kept under observation in order to obtain the records found in Table
XXV. During the progress of the experiments the transforming
larve were not separated from the wintering larve, which possibly
influences the average length of the feeding period to some extent.
The records given cover a variation in the length of the feeding
period of from 15 to 56 days, or a range of variation of 41 days.
The average length of the period was 26.55 days.

27

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 29

‘Larval observations with reference to the length of the cocooning
period of this generation were limited to 26 individuals. Of this
total the greatest number, 6, completed the construction of the
cocoon in 4 days. The average length of this period was 6.48 days
as compared with 5.24 days for the first brood and 5.16 days for the
corresponding stage of the second generation. The records for the
cocooning period for the third generation are found in Table XXVI.

TABLE XXVI.—The making of cocoons of the third brood of the codling moth, Roswell,
N. Mex., 1912.

Num- | Length of cocooning period in specified days. eee lNEnicd| Meee
Date of leaving | ber of mars \ annen || ann Total
fruit. indi- aoe fave baa Roos
widualss} 2) Seale de -5rn(i 6 | “7haleSanleegua tela etn lata |e CANS | CANS-3 Cay:

PAU OM ycrcineiele 2 LE ig Dey eeaes eS es ae |bs A ||S eee leee 3.5 3 4 7
DA Verse aes eal esta 1 Des eps Sepa Re ell 2. 3 eel ate | Petes Pee a (PC 3.0 3 3 3
OD Nees SEE Dotcie Slee Be ceratteen Sis = ASUS seal ee ellis ee Sila 4.0 4 4 4
DORE eee A | arse eee Oil eyes | eke eM es Te OS ea cal ey ye eer 4.0 4 4 4
DOs sere aie ke 2 1 1 IR ere) ss eee 2s al ee eee 3.0 2 4 6
Semtelucsk 22.5220 DN ae | a Tals ste ea Tg bal aa aaa 6.5 5 8 13
Dh STS DAS he lnsecelle aac eel MWe es es aallaaaa lseaelaeeae 6.5 6 7 13
Sees ores Dio Rete le 6 rears Meare sce LA Nese yee ee 6.5 4 9 13
Cte Ly pe seen [ie Oe oilfnet ceil Secteaatd care ee = eel crotessi| eeecers 9.0 9 9 9
Besser eissisises 2 lee alee eee 1A el Sel See pe ptalkesaaligecalescrs 6.5 5 8 13
Ger eie ee tie Salers |e e| sees eeeclteee 1 tesco.) ae 9.0 7 12 27
ESS neseee ig see eyes ess | Pale Se llie 1 1 | a ese | se 9.3 8 11 28
Seer yer aele 1 Nites, | ert ree | c5<25 (seer eye oll een eo Pee | rane 4.0 4. 4 4
Die cee ale site 1 ee (a PN mt al eee cy : 1 14.0 14 14 14
LOeeasocecee Dass cise seer We eens elle, 2-75 lees seralleose.s 1 8.5 5 12 il?
26 1 ve 2h | em Oli eee: el) 4) 3 1 2 1 Gx4Sh eee ene nee 175

THE THIRD BROOD OF PUPA.

Time of pupation.—Observations on pupation in the rearing cages
extended from August 19 until September 10, and experiments in this

instance were conducted with only 17 individual insects.

The small

number available is due to the fact that large numbers of the larvee
of this brood proved to be wintering larve. Of those observed the
greatest number having a specific period completed the pupal stage
in 13 days. The average time for the entire number under obser-
vation was 14.94 days; maximum, 20 days; minimum, 11 days.
The detailed results are shown in Table XXVII.

30 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLE XXVII.—Pupal stage of the third brood of the codling moth, Roswell,
N. Mer., 1912.

| 2
Length of pupal period in speci-

Num- fied days, being the time from ae s
: ber of | Pupation to emergence of moth. | Aver- | Mini- | Maxi-| m4.)
Date of pupation. ee age mum | mum | gq
viduals. eee ays=5 days: «) riage ee
P|) 12s) PS ||P eE 7a 98/20)
PAIS SQ eee eens eee ae 1) ee eee eee, ees) = 8) Pe 1| 20 20 20 20
Soe cue eee kee se Topial ee Fe a be eee 11 11 11 11
She) DA et ee eee en 1) Pe ee | > Se eee i 11 ll 11
ie A Pela PS | eee 12 12 12 12
Sera nee sce oe Se 2 |. 1 ibs |Seeciibcee 14 13 15 28
Ae are ec se sees: Lie Whee sees 15 15 15 15
Dood ee eee anee Pa eee Poe ete ee Ree 14 14 14 28
(Dares Bi Seen 4 Re ae 2 | PAR PS |S See ease 13 13 13 26
eee is ee 3 |. 1 ees el es | 1] 1] 17.33 13 20 52
Sees elem scien ick 1 eee Pees 15 15 15 15
De Ae ee See eee sibs BR Ses epee a ie 19 19 19 19
11) Se sear aed eee Olen) eee ae me oe 1 | 17 17 17 17
TED ATES eee ae Pa 117d Wa) ae) Nee lft RR | 2 ils Zi F494) eS: eae 254

THE THIRD BROOD OF MOTHS.

Time of emergence.—The limited number of moths with which the
observations found in Table XXVIII were made is in proportion to
the decreasing number of transforming larve as the season pro-
gressed. Emergence began September 3, and continued until
September 28, thus covering a period of 25 days.

TaBLE XX VIII.—Time of emergence of moths of the third brood, Roswell, N. Mex., 1912.

Date of Number
emergence. of moths.

_
ora)
‘
f
FED eh ek ek OUND et et et et et

LIFE CYCLE OF THIRD GENERATION.

While the number of individual insects under observation to deter-
mine the length of life cycle of the third generation is notably smaller
than in previous corresponding cases a sufficient number were
observed to determine the length of the period very satisfactorily.
The range of variation was found to be from 36 to 62 days, the great-
est number, 3, having 48 days An average of 48.57 days is indicated
for the third brood, as compared with 41.26 days for the corre-
sponding period of the second brood, and 51.14 days for the first
brood. (See Table X XIX.)

sere ee ee

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 31

TasBLeE XXIX.—Length of life cycle of the third generation of the codling moth, Roswell,
N. Mex., 1912.

Num- | Moths emerged in specified days from time of deposi-

tion of eggs of the same generation. Aver-| Mini- | Maxi-
Date of egg Wee age | mum |mum.| 20tal
deposition. | viqy- days. | days. | days. | 4@Ys

als. 36 | 40] 41 |44 145 | 46] 47/ 48] 49] 50| 51] 52] 54] 55 | 60 | 62

July 24...... Dial aie etre Ue ed teak 1 43.5 41 46 87
28etene: D1 (sere a esl bis ae 1 To 5os0 48 62 110
20 Aral altel ape 2 IS SNe Gal save gfe] Pe eis be See oe 1 aL 45 60 206
Boose S| db Nestle sie moe 1/1 45.7 36 51 137
PANTS Dec aee oi aed ee a BN 2 1 ee eee 50. 3 48 55 151
ese 1 Ly eV | ke Fn) PT 47.0 47 47 47
dros ays ji | eres aU al 1 US| eee ley 8 50.5 47 54 101
Orne: 1 1 40.0 40 40 40
10.2228 1 ea el ee 1 44.0 44 44 44
TO aba Waa baler Weak Pep ae Bh aL Gea eat oat daha aie bok Giles os ee a 923

In Table XXX is brought together a condensed summary of
records dealing with the codling moth of the third generation, show-
ing the average length of the separate periods composing the life
cycle of the insect. The average of the averages secured from the sev-
eral stages recorded gives a total of 47.62. This sum when contrasted
with the results as given in Table X XIX, shows a difference of but
0.95 days.

TaBLE XXX.—Summary records on the time of development of the codling moth of the
third generation in its stages of egg, larva, and pupa, Roswell, N, Mex., 1912.

3 18 |S Length of |S | Length ofco- |d Lengthof |S | Totallength of

|S |g | feedinglarve.|.4 |cooningperiod|.4 | pupalstage. |.4 life cycle.

on 2 A=! 5 2 HH 2 oH 2 yee. OTE a
Dateofegg |° S| s/o! o Pale ele ies SENT Se

deposition. yelozl_s cole EE wo) 2. Ae les oe Bales ean elie.
ala Br) ee Eger oe BEB EIS” ae EB eee HE eRe
5 12 18 | po (gulkolS | ec feclkelS | os leciedig | ps lesjks

42a |4 2 3 4i4« ie @ is fe ays ie
ARUN PS cote eee PAN NO) ibe 24 We 35 Wy MRSS OA) Aaa aU] cil Ba alta Se lle elem salloeSde dllaceclloeoe
DIN Cae ea ine Sg ONO PLOROM MES nat 20 Slonim leede a2) loso edhe eoOulbe ana sae Allen erd Gy
2G eet 74 |) UPA ECA TRI ao OAD) | Pe eas It Bh ZI ee eee ee leneccigue allocce
7 age a PAN MP3 Ih 3 Pas (OS OR |) 2h Gh oS) I Ol leeoalls ceeenlleswallbeyelisesellecacaclléce sicac—
74 aera ee SHUSe eon |e24100l 2a Zoran Ll Olle 14a ioe | tosouleb2 Oe 21 Soa Ona galeoe
ZO ie en sane AN 24 4921-3 120) | 23) 14 | 10/08 8) 1251) 4 | 14035) 1 20). 4 | sis) 4d) 60
. Bl eesti ee 3 LS |eranhe22nOn Gn 26) ek SlOnny Shashi tbs: Onetse| is more oo On| SONG
JNUD Eger a ee ON PZ on pelea Gr |p 25 boon |> Os 2nlmegn| = OulkaSn | Oss 14a letOe i sui aie pala Salma
Soares. DS On ea ZONOE IE ZON 20h Li SS OMEESH ea Sill tas On| Lan Aas te Ae Onan eeAa7
Aer ee 3/15] 3] 23.0] 21] 27} 3] 6.7] 5] 8] 2] 15.0) 13]17] 2) 50.5] 47] 54
Drees ease Dre eLeGNON AGH TG 4. Oneal 4s eed els) |l ay yl=| eed e4 ON OF4 Onli 40
Th es ee DT on ela ZO OMe2ON 20 ial 4s Ol Meare aa ttetasO)| oes devas On ira date
SOM LGA SON 21523] 22 ee eee PAL NO OREN Son) |ooce alge ag eR) ee ee ae A Uo loeas

Average length ofincubation period in days, 5.46.
SEASONAL HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH DURING 1912.

In figure 4 a summary is given in graphical form to illustrate the
progress of the development of the codling moth in the course of
the entire season of 1912. The shaded portions are arranged to repre-
sent the periods in which the insect was prevalent in greatest numbers
as determined by the average length of the several stages. The
V-shaped characters appearing before the shaded portions show the

55888°—Bull. 429—17——3

32 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

time at which it was possible for the stage to begin, while the dotted
lines following the shaded areas represent a possible continuation
of any particular stage as shown by observations which may, in many
instances, represent extreme conditions.

MIRO — APRIL MAY SUNE SULLY AUG. SLPI- Ee
WQQHHLOQY HHTS WOSKHHO LOK HSV OY HHKHQOK HKOQ HH IY LPQe

SSAnh N

LMIERCENCE, |
OF CAT
manned | J
1

LARIAE LAV, NG PROT

1357 GENLIRPATIO LOI

OM? GENERATION -
pe ES a TEE PETIT BRAY (Se eS EER A OTE T TS RTE EI |, RRR OOS. pee ree ee

GRO GLNERATIOV

Fic. 4.—Diagram of tips seasonal history of the codling moth for 1912, Roswell, N. Mex. (Original.)
BAND-RECORD LARVZ OF 1912.

Throughout the season careful record was kept of larve collected
from banded trees in orchards, and the results of these observations
appear in Table XXXI.

Collections from field material began as early in the season as
May 26, and continued regularly every three days throughout the
season. In this way a total of 9,400 larve were collected, of which
number 6,922 transformed and emerged asmoths. Of the 6,922 moths
which comprise the total emergence for both seasons, 4,636 moths
appeared during the season of 1912, and 2,286 moths arnersed from

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 33

overwintering larve in the spring of 1913. Of all the larve collected
throughout the season of 1912, moths from the transforming larve
composed 49.32 per cent, almost one-half of the entire number.
Moths emerging from wintering larve comprised 24.32 per cent of
the total number, while 26.36 per cent of the larve died without
transforming. |

TABLE XX XI.—Band records for the codling moth for the season of 1912, Roswell, N. Mex.
Emergence records completed, 1913.

Number Number | Number} Total ;
GalleetionlNo Date of atlarvenieL moths | of moths} number | Number | Per cent
4 collecting. emerged,|emerged,| moths, | of dead. | of dead.
collected.
1912. 1913. 1912-13.
1s ce fei aS pene oN a May 26 16 Balestier 5 11 68.7
yo a selers Sia tsyaimjcvehe a mlaiela tt ors 29 59 LY | eee i 44 15 25.4
BS ae i RL UCU ARO ae eee June 1 89 (OS nil eee eres Set 63 26 29.2
A pitirianiecctinv role ay Odea: 1 eet ake ghd Wee 88 UTR ESAS abeee 7 11 12.5
odes Sete ae Ie ee mee at aia al 7 171 167 | 1 168 3 1.75
Gard tcs Seach s IV ai 10 88 BS sae ee (cloth ean Se OeES 0

U Se SABA AAS A RO ayn ee a 13 72 66 1 67 5 6.94
Sere sree ata We ey. pe Tee 16 90 POG oae ep e2 73 17 18. 88
62 Sapialterys se ears o7 5 8.06

33 27 | 1 28 5 15.1

37 Coy lh ees as 34 3 8.1

45 CRIME eee eee 41 4 9.75

32 Dials bree 25 7 21.87

39 op tale eee 22 17 43.6

AN Peers EN alice Sot aS 7 66 57 | 1 58 8 12.1
UG a ed Cee Se Ray ee Ee See 10 179 LG 2ale seer: 162 17 9.5
ICY ches EH SR i ee teh eM 13 303 248) oo koe 248 55 18.1
Ley ECS ena ty Ei eh ve SEE NE eau 16 451 Oa | icfanioateer 372 79 17.5
OH Neon E Teh BON trek Toda ede 19 411 3084 eee 368 43 10. 46
QO eel syateratesis eat icle atte. eye 22 609 530 1 531 78 12.8
DAL ire eee ads EMR pen es aC 25 678 596 7 603 75 11.06
Dea ie tee eas Riots ek 28 623 483 8 491 132 21.18
POSS ies Se Ne ON a oe a Ra ae 31 399 354 9 363 36 9.02
Dae as Ete heh Wes ks Rea Aug. 3 360 251 23 274 86 23.9
OP Netra spiin ss kerala Prana lajateimacciateta\uraye cle 6 235 159 35 194 41 17.4
PAO) ae Ak eS Cy ss A ee ea 9 261 131 53 184 7 29.5
PN tee SO RS HGRA a ene 12 232 73 86 159 73 31. 46
Oye) les Sitch as eer ae ee a 15 142 28 74 102 40 28.17
FAY) Eee ey EA OES SS Bet Ca ge 18 110 20 59 79 31 28.18
SO Mee ei eeniciaycidfabel es cere aa ee 21 88 12 49 61 27 30. 68
Ca A a ee ea ar eae 24 86 2 55 57 29 33. 72
Soiree tein eect MANS ete 27 88 1 51 52 36 40.9
Sonya WRU che UREN SLANT Ta le 30 106) eee © 54 54 52 49.05
Cy Sa AL Rs ey eh gees En ed eg Sept. 2 UBB elleera sear 79 79 54 40.6
35 127 | See 84 84 43 33.8
YAU eer e ieee 90 90 89 49.7
PAU MENS a AG ees 122 122 85 41.06

306 eee 175 175 131 42.8
230 a sjsetede 133 133 106 45.19

285) [2 aeesesee 144 144 139 49.1

PAWN ABE Ae Sede 135 135 66 32.8

212222 eee 111 111 101 47.64

74: VAR ERS in aoe 106 106 136 56. 2

2: | oe eee 59 59 53 47.3

[oD eheas sbcoe 88 88 92 51.1

I eee Sissi cloe 99 99 50 33.55

149) 523 ee 72 | 72 77 517
(il Ee cic cee 52 52 15 22.18

OL sss see 45 45 16 26.2

AOS) | cee ae 61 61 43 41.34

30) 2) See: 18 18 17 48. 56
39 Scone ee 23 23 16 41.02

DA de heats 19 19 5 20. 83

Si} eo ae 3 3 0 0
9, 400 4,636 2, 286 6,922 DAS) | Reels
|

; Per cent.

Moths irom transforming larvce/composed|:2-% <2). 52... 5. ee eee es ee 49. HS
MOUNTS rom wititerine latves COMposed.. 8 8o5 2. 2.2.2. 24. 32
ORO ai ce COM POsecets tere UU wee olin ee tl WL RS iy Pa ta SE igliled, cub sy ih 26. 36

34 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The occurrence of the larve of the codling moth in orchards as
shown by results of the band records is graphically described by
means of curves in figure 5. From this figure it may be deduced
that the greatest number of larvee of the first brood leaving the fruit
was found to occur about June 7. Larve of the second brood
appeared under the bands in greatest numbers in the neighborhood
of July 25, or practically 50 days after a maximum was found in the
first brood. With reference to the third brood it will be noted that
the greatest number of larve were found September 14, which is
just 51 days following the corresponding stage of the second genera-
tion. These figures agree very well, however, with the conclusion

AvEeusTr SEPTEMBER
WMHwaANHB~ Vhortho ~CPAVWHRLCSA

oc Cae - NOV.

UN UUNSERIQILQ agar enQ Wl QlannsinoateVannaahort aqua nwo rt auuave

°

DERE ER EERE REREAD eee eae BEBSeS

Gee EEEREE CECE Eee Eee ee eee ee ee
I eee eee
SEceeRRNESseeees Seoeeeeneeee BE RE EEEEEESRRESeee ao

2H oe 8H eH UHD

BUIEIN

F ER ESS REEET BERR SREB eS
INEBSSSRERRe

EaSEaaS

Ly Hades
BSZEaRESTRERBERE PERE EEE EES A
UBB Eb 4\SRERRD BEER EERE EEA
2B) SERRE RNS Pee ABER ERREE ES ODER eR OER a
fe EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEEEEE EEE EEE EES Be
PeCCERC CELE EE CCE CELEB PCr betel tet ah thats

Fic. 5.—Curve showing occurrence of the codling-moth larve under bands on apple trees, Roswell, N.
Mex., 1912. (Original.)

drawn from records obtained in the rearing shelter with insects in

confinement. (See summary tables on the different generations.)

SEASONAL-HISTORY STUDIES OF 1913.

The results of the 1913 life-history studies of the codling moth do
not, in general, differ greatly from those obtained the previous year.
They are, however, : somewhat more complete and detailed in certain
respects, and are Shen: more satisfactory, for the observations
during this season were conducted under more favorable conditions.

SOURCE OF REARING MATERIAL.

Rearing material consisted of wintering larve of 1912, kept m an
outside shelter and subjected to existing weather conditions, and
other material which could be considered quite normal and from
which reliable conclusions could be drawn.

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 35

The larve were from both band-record material and the results
of propagation of the several broods in the rearing shelter.
Many of the larve had been kept over winter in pieces of decayed
wood and in strips of corrugated paper. These formed a suitable
means of seclusion for the wintering larve and were kept in glass
jars with easily removable tops, from which the emerging moths
could be taken without difficulty.

METHOD OF PROCEDURE.

Immediately following emergence the moths were transferred to
large glass receptacles covered with white cheesecloth or muslin, and
there allowed to pro-
ceed with mating and
ege deposition. Fresh
pear foliage was
placed within these
receptacles daily, and
while the majority of
the eggs were depos-
ited on the leaves
and stems, frequently
the sides of the jar
would be quite thickly
studded with eggs
when the number of
females per jar was
excessive.

The leaves and the
twigs upon which the
eges had been depos-
ited were removed
from the containers
daily and placed in
a glass jar in which
a holder or basket A
made from woven Fic. 6.—Sample cage used to determine feeding period of codling-
wire of fine mesh, and mothlarve. (Hammar.)
containing a number of medium-size apples, had been inserted.
Only unsprayed fruit was used for this purpose, and care was exer-
cised to make certain that no fruit was used that had been previously
entered by larve. When the period of incubation was over the
leaves and the twigs were removed, because the presence of the
leaves frequently offered a place for cocooning and pupation, which
was not desirable. In figure 6 a sample cage is illustrated, and the
strips of wood which were prepared and dropped in to provide accept-
able hiding places during cocooning and pupation are also shown.

36 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

In order that observations might be made during the period of
cocooning and at the time of pupation without disturbing the speci-
mens in their normal manner of procedure, small strips of wood
with slight partitions between them were used, held together by
paper clips bent at a convenient angle. Over the partitions was
pasted a thin film of mica with a sprinkling of fine sawdust under-
neath. This device, described in previous publications of the bureau,
proved to suffice throughout the period of experimentation.

Figure 7 is an illustration of the strips of wood used.

Fic. 7.—Device used to obtain pupal records of the codling moth. (Hammar.)
THE SPRING BROOD.

SPRING BROOD OF PUPA.

Time of pupation.—The first record of pupation of overwintering
larvee took place March 23, and from that date pupation continued
more or less regularly for a period of 51 days, the last pupation
recorded occurring on May 13.

Length of pupal stage-—The length of the pupal period of the spring
brood has a range of from 12 to 36 days, the majority of the indi-
viduals, however, completing the stage after 26 days had elapsed.
The average for the entire time is found to be 22.97 days. (See
Table XXXIT_.)

37

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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‘toryednd jo 01eq

38 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS.

Time of emergence.—The emergence of moths of the spring brood
was found to begin as early as April 7 and to continue more or less regu-
larly until the first part of June. However, a maximum emergence
was found to occur in the 10-day period between April 17 and 27, in
which a total of 1,334 moths emerged. The emergence during this
period represents 58.33 per cent of the entire number which emerged
during 1913, covering a period of 57 days. Further examination of
Table XX XIIT will show that of 7,343 larve, the entire number col-
lected, a sum total of 5,216 moths emerged, being equivalent to 71.04
per cent of the larvee It may be noted in this connection that 56.19
per cent of the moths emerged durimg 1912, while 43.81 per cent
emerged in the spring of 1913.

09

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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40 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The time and rate of emergence of the spring brood of moths are
illustrated diagrammatically in figure 8. |

Egg deposition.—The records on egg deposition by individual moths
of the spring brood are somewhat limited, because of the 34 females
isolated in this connection only 9 gave results worthy of record, as
shown in Table XXXIV.

From a total deposition of 257 eggs it will be noted that the maxi-
mum deposition per female was 91 eggs, while the average number
per moth was approximately 28 eggs. On an average 7.33 days

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PORES On IEEE CCIE CIC) ane NN SNISN SSN SN Qa 2

Fic. 8.—Curve showing emergence of codling moths of the spring brood, Roswell, N. Mex., 1913.
; ( Original.)

elapsed from time of emergence to first oviposition. The maximum
time, however, was 12 days; the minimum, 3 days. The length of
the period of oviposition for the 9 individuals under observation
averaged 5.55 days; the maximum was 10 days; minimum, 1 day.
On an average the moths in confinement lived 12.88 days, which is
somewhat longer than the corresponding period for the female
moths of the spring brood of 1912, which gave an average length
of life of 8.47 days. In 1912 the maximum length of life of female
moths of the spring brood was 22 days; in 1913 the corresponding
period was 20 days.. .

4]

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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49 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE FIRST GENERATION. |
FIRST BROOD OF EGGS.

Time of deposition.—The earliest deposition of eggs of the first
brood in rearing cages occurred April 16, and more or less regular
depositions continued for a period of 45 days. The time for the
occurrence of a maximum deposition, however, would appear to be
near the latter part of the period, and the irregularities previously
noticeable are probably due to weather conditions.

Length of incubation.—A total of 212 observations made in this
connection show a range of variation in the length of the incubation
period of 4 to 11 days. A decrease in the length of the period was
somewhat noticeable as the season advanced, although exceptions
occur. An average period of 5.96 days is found for the entire
number. These results are shown in Table XXXY.

43

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44 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE FIRST BROOD OF LARVZ.

Length of feeding period.—The length of the feeding period of larvee
of this brood covered a range of 22 days, the greatest number, 38, hav-
ing completed the period in 24 days. The maximum time is 88 days,
and the minimum period 16 days. The average period for the entire
212 individuals is found to be 24.45 days, which is 2.93 days greater
than the corresponding period for the first brood in 1912.

Feeding period of wintering larve.—tt is generally conceded that
wintering larvee experience a longer feeding period than those trans-
forming the same season. In Table XXXVI it is shown that of 15
wintering larve of the first brood a maximum period of 31 days was
noted; a minimum period of 22 days, with an average period of 25.13
days. ‘This is an increase of but 0.68 day over the feeding period of
the transforming larve of this brood.

TaBLe XXXVI.—Length °F, feeding period of wintering codling-moth larve of the first
brood, Roswell, N. Mex., 1913.

Date of—
Observa- |
tion.
No. | Hatch- | Leaving| Days

ing. the fruit. | feeding.
1 | May 9 | June 5 27
oe | 9 5 27
3 15 6 22
ch | 16 12 27
5 16 16 31
6 18 14 27
7 27 19 23
8 | 28 21 24
9 28 22 25
10 28 23 26
11 28 24 27
125) 20 22
13 | June 2 26 24
14 27 23
15 | 4 | July 1 27

Maximum days, 31; minimum days, 22; average, 25.13; average for transforming, 24.45.

Percentage of wintering larve.—Of the larve of the first brood
under observation 15 of the 212 proved to be wintering larve, while
197 transformed the same season, showing as a result that only 7.16
per cent of the larve of this brood proved to be wintering larve.

Larval life in the cocoon.—The larval hfe in the cocoon is here
broadly considered to be the time necessary for the making of the
cocoons, and is recorded as the time elapsing between the date the
larve leave the fruit and the time of pupation. The wintering larve
of the first brood are not included here, since these remain in the
larval stage until the following spring. In Table XX XVII are found
the results of 193 observations which show a variation of from 2
to 21 days, and an average period of 5.7 days.

45

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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55888°—Bull. 429—17——4

48 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The emergence of moths of the first generation is shown in the
diagram appearing as figure 9. The larve used in these experiments
were collected regularly from May 20 until June 22 from banded
trees, and the curve in this figure represents the sum total of daily
emergence from these larve.

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Fic. 9.—Curve showing emergence of codling moths of first brood, Roswell, N. Mex., 1913. (Original.)

LIFE CYCLE OF FIRST GENERATION.

The entire length of time required for the first generation of the
codling moth to pass through the several stages and reach the adult
stage is totaled in Table XL.

49

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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50 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Of 149 individual insects under observation, 16 were found to have
a total life cycle of 45 days. Two insects required 65 days and
represent a maximum time for the brood; two specimens were found
to have completed the previous stages in 39 days, which is considered
the minimum time. An average time of 46.91 days prevails, and a
range of variation of 26 days is noted.

EGG DEPOSITION BY INDIVIDUAL MOTHS.

Mating.—Records of egg deposition by individual females in cap- |

tivity have proven of especial interest in connection with these
studies of the codling moth. Records on egg laying and mating of
the codling moth have been very limited, and statements by earlier
investigators have been largely speculative estimates. The lack of
information is due to the difficulty of getting moths to deposit eggs
in a state of captivity, especially when the individual insects are
isolated. Although many thousand moths have been under obser-
vation it has been only in rare instances that moths have been found
in copula. In 1913 these observations were made for the first brood
of moths, and in Table XLI these observations are listed under
numbers 21, 23, and 48. The moths in connection with observation
No. 21, both male and female, emerged June 22 and were found
mating at 10 a. m. on June 24. Eggs were deposited the same day.
The individuals in connection with observation No. 23, both male
and female, emerged June 24 and mated on June 27 at 8 a.m. Eggs
were deposited during the following night. The moths referred to
as observation No. 48, male and female, emerged July 6 and were
found in copula on July 7 at 9 a. m. and remained so until 2 p. m.
of the same day. The wings of this female were not fully expanded,
and this may account for the long mating, the moth when dead still
having the abdomen distended with eggs. Since the moths are very
inactive during the heat of the day it is very probable that mating
takes place at twilight, during warm nights, and in the morning.
Mating also very likely takes place under natural conditions shortly
after the moths take flight after emergence, and as the sexes en-
counter each other.

Egg depositicr.—In the course of these investigations it was noted.
that eggs were deposited in abundance when moths were confined
together in numbers in large jars. This fact led to further experi-
mentation and male and female moths were isolated, being
removed from the larger jars after two days’ confinement, and
placed in smaller jars for observation of egg deposition. The
moths were first fed on diluted sugar water placed on a small piece
of sponge, but this method invariably made the jars sticky and in
consequence the moths died prematurely. Later dried pear leaves
were placed in each jar, each leaf being daily moistened with pure
water. The dried leaves, being black, showed the presence of the
white eggs; the most of the eggs, however, were placed on the side

of the glass jars.

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LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 51

In all, 141 female moths were taken from the larger jars and
isolated, some of these being accompanied by males and others being
without males. Of these, 48 furnished oviposition records, as stated
in Table XLI, while 93 of them, or two-thirds of the number, failed.
Of the latter a few eggs resulted, though as far as observed they
were all nonfertilized, one or two being deposited a day, though the
greater number of the moths did not oviposit at all.

The confining of the moths in this manner results in a very abnor-
mal condition for the insect, and markedly different results may
occur normally in orchards. For instance, it was found that most
of the moths died before all the eggs had been deposited, the dead
females often containing an abundance of fully developed eggs.
Thus the averages here obtained are unquestionably far below what
normally occurs in the field. It is also likely that in many cases
ege laying was delayed. The results, however, show what is possible
in this connection and what might happen even under conditions
considerably removed from the normal with reference to the extent
of ege deposition and length of life of moths.

On an average the first eggs were deposited three days after the
emergence of the moths, while a maximum length of time of 6 days
and a minimum time of. 2 days prevailed. The greatest number of
egos produced by a single female was 200, and the results averaged
80.2 eges for the 48 females under observation. The moth listed under
observation No. 8, in Table XLI, escaped before the test was con-
cluded and might have deposited more eggs, as the abdomen was still
quite distended with eggs. <A total of 192 eggs were found in the jar.

As there exists a considerable degree of variation in the size of
moths also, there probably is to be found variation in the number of.
egos laid by each female. Moths of the spring brood are, as a whole,
smaller than moths of the first and second broods, and probably are
less productive than the latter.

In general the moths began ovipositing 3 days after emergence,
although the shortest. period was 2 days. The number of eggs
deposited per female per day varied from 1 to 96 and averaged 20
eggs per day for the 48 moths. Normally this number would be
greater. In confinement moths often ceased ovipositing for a day
during the period of deposition, and frequently only one egg was
deposited during 24 hours, although previously and later numerous
depositions were made. On an average, oviposition extended over
5.7 days, and the moths died on an average 2 days after final ovi-
position, although sometimes death occurred the same day. In
1912, deposition records obtained with moths of the first brood
show that the average extent of the deposition period was 4.45 days.
The average length of time from the date of emergence to that of the
last oviposition was almost identical for the corresponding broods of
the two seasons, there being a difference of but 0.55 day.

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54 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SUMMARY OF RECORDS.

A condensed summary of the records on the stages of the first gen-
eration is found in Table XLII. The average of the averages of the
different stages is found to be 47.37 days, as compared with 46.91
days in the total life cycle column, a difference of but .46 day. The
length of the life cycle of the insect of the first generation of 1912, as
obtained by addition of the separate stages, was shown to be 50.62
days. This number is 3.25 days greater than the corresponding

sum of the length of the several stages of the first generation durmg

1913.

55

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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56 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE SECOND GENERATION.

THE SECOND BROOD OF EGGS.

Length of wncubation.—Egg deposition of the second brood was
found to cover a period of practically one month, extending from —
June 11 to July 12, and only a slight variation in the length of the
several incubation observations is noted. It may be found by com-
parison that this period is practically 14 days shorter than the cor-
responding period for the first generation. In Table XLIII are
included the records for 505 observations. The length of incuba-
tion varied here from 4 to 7 days. An average of 4.9 days is described
for the entire period.

57

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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58 -—«s BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE SECOND BROOD OF LARVA.

Length of feeding period.—The feeding period of second-brood larvae —
is somewhat shorter than has been recorded for the first-brood
larve, and is mainly the result of warmer and more settled weather
conditions than were prevalent at the time the first-brood larve
were feeding within the fruit. A more advanced stage of the fruit
at this later period of the season was also probably condueive to a
shorter feeding period. Of the 505 larve of the second brood under
observation, one individual insect completed the feeding period in
14 days, the shortest time recorded, while the longest time was 34
days, thus making a range of variation of 20 days. An average of |
19.7 days is computed on the whole number under observation, —
including both wintering larve and those transforming the same
season. These records will be found in Table XLIII. The average
length of the feeding period of larve of the first brood was 24.45
days, thus making an average of 4.75 days greater than larve of the
second brood. Records on the corresponding period obtained during _
the season of 1912 show an average of 21.23 days.

Feeding period of wintering larve.—During the period of observa-
tions conducted with individuals of the second brood a total of 505
larve was used, and of this number 100 larve, or 19.98 per cent,
proved to be wintering larve. In Table XLIV it is shown that a
maximum of 34 days is found to exist for the feeding period and a
minimum of 15 days, covering a range of variation of 19 days, with
an average feeding period of 21.13 days. This period is 1.43 days
ereater than the average time for the transforming larve of the same
brood, and is found to be practically identical with the corresponding
period of the second generation during the preceding season.

59

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

S

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“CI6L “ray (N “qjamsoy ‘yjou burppoo ay) fo poog puosas ayy fo xrun) buruagquin fo poised burpaaf fo yy6uaT— ATX ATAV

60 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Larval life in the cocoon.—A comparison of the length of the cocoon-
ing period of the second generation with the corresponding period of
the first generation shows practically no difference, and a fairly con-
stant length of the period may be derived from the figures. Table
XLV records the observations with 400 individuals, and while a
maximum period is represented by 24 days and a minimum time by
2 days, giving a range of variation of 22 days, the results maintain an
average period of only 5.6 days for all larvee observed. This period
is 0.44 day greater than the length of the cocooning period as observed
with larve of the same generation during the season of 1912.

TaBLE XLV.—The making of cocoons of the second generation of the codling moth,
Roswell, N. Mex., 1913.

| Length of cocooning period in specified days, being
Num- | ths time from leaving the fruit to the time of pupa- [rake

Date of egg her, of tion. Aver- | Mini- | Maxi- Total

ees indi- age mum | mum
deposition. | Siqu- 7 a ee aa days. | days. | days. days.

saat coh balers Maer (e 8 | 9 |10/11)12 13) 14/17 |24
|

ane tho - f23les 3M nor On 2a|-- eee | abe. (es os 4.8 | 3 6 57
ADE acts 7p ie Pred eo. ee Os AREA AES) al cles Sees 2.0 4 4| _-8
15 eats 9 1...| 3°03 |. | elie Pe ee 5.1 4 9 46
14s 2 254) _ Sa 38 20 ib bab nel 2 | Sete este ae Se | ele ioee 4.0 3 6 100
Gee 14a Ci el bi -faie ee aes | E e a | 90 4 10 81
16.5252 1S ty | ae Ql 48 bake Dh ees eae ea 1 gt 5.4 | 3 13 97
Wisse. SS eaclaec CLE ASA To Sab a lebanese te nye Meese 5.8 4 12 192
eee 23 5p TOW 255 ie ealnee el eae Cae 1 5.9 54 14 137
rh! Dani SiS ae Sal Ss, Wome setae Boe al Bet a] SS 4.6 3 13 142
7a APA ada Dhl Dubs ae pk | tee eee Peete alee ee 5.5 3 9 94
Fins: 23 LAs Saat Cio POM Sees see cee seo ee Ses) bee 5.6 3 8 128
22E Se. 38|2);1)| 4]13)41)|3 2/3 PO Te ia bed Sa bred cay ics 6.3 2 12 241
Boe 26 2-8 WD: hae | 2 ee pale ects asset 6.9 4 10| 155
PAs: 263[5 22) = p88 | 405 (088 POA Tacos so) ee ee 6.0 4 10} 158
25.2 4 5 vos] 2al-2: |e. [al eee SSS | eee 6.0 5 8 30
7 eee 13 abe Dake aah Shi eens ie Ss 1 6.5 3 17 84
Ti Doe A Ae Raley 1k aba SU Speen emer 5.0 3 8 117
OSeriie 12 Er Ae ele gh oa 8 | ae oe, lel ee 5.1 4 7 62
Ca! Na ea alas eee Ee Nias yb a ese fl De ee oS eee eee |= 89 5 24 134
30sa5 6 14 Ml Gus 4) td, eS ee ee eee jawe|ebed 3) 10 71
aly toe: (ie ea a a Jal Wl ws a a) a a} Sel 4 7 31
Bae Pele cee Ss) Scale fie oe ors] Sek ae Pe ee eal eee he oo eon) 5 | 5 5
Testes Saat: Nie 2 FS ee Wea | Sa eee ee {ihe 60 5 | 8 18
(eee Qrfecrstatel kikesss|aoc|S| Esicee 22 Us 5a es eee ot Seed Moe 7 RS 4 11 15
Qoe2 = CB fe leet eg! Gal ose! nal fay a Con Bn Pal |e | ee ES eee lt 627 2:2 Soe 61
400 | 3 ji9 re ae Gs 2 32 |19 u 9/6/6/4]/1)1 | 112) 15 Ogee pagans 2,264

SECOND BROOD OF PUP.

Length of pupal stage.—The length of the pupal stage of the second
generation ascompared with that of the first generation isfound to differ
very little. Of the 400 insects under observation 1 emerged 7 days
after pupation had taken place, while the greater length of time was
found to be 20 days. An average period of 11.6 days is shown for
the entire number observed. Further reference should be made to
Table XLVI.

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 61

TasLe XLVI.—Length of pupal stage of the codling moth in days of all individuals devel-
oping from eggs deposited on specified dates, second brood, Roswell, N. Mex., 1913.

1 in days.
Num- Length of pupal stage in days Wear ean nEe:

ID aerOlee ox Cp Oni OCT: Ole, | se ee rare Le ee Total

sition. indi- days. days. [eagles
viduals.| 7} 8 | 9/10] 11 | 12] 13| 14] 15| 16] 17] 18] 19| 20 : yS- YS.

Me pblesas oe 5 A ena tae AS GTS anes seed tcc SeeFs| Ox8 10 12 129

ee ee | Saal) ae il Ue Fes eee | Fle CON Ee 9 10 19

1S) ache ee 2) a eal bee aes eee Ie Te), u[ ene seal ol FAIS 11 13 104

1 Re sae a5 ule ES in| (agai esas al Pinel fo mat ies Geciie gu eay 7 13 278

1 Seon es RAE = ole ae fee | aia) obe Fea Ol a ee et 11.6 9 15 163

1G e ee ASH Palate e416 (02° | le tetamoele cae 12.0 9 16 217

ae ee 33 eee SF 11S: (93 yy Ae ee a ee lar 12.2 8 19 401

i See la Op eee es FU elas hay peal fed th (eI a ll 12.3 10 16 283

‘1G eee eee Se eee law! TGP © HC (ce at et | es 8] eT SE Fe 11.2 9 15 349

Dt eee 7a aes ile fe eae (er jal Pes al fae Da Rs Wl ioe th, eel 2 a) 11.5 9 14 195

De eee ria) Use eal LEB ae, Lea ROIs Golf T= | | Sea eae (el = Nee Se! 11.4 10 14 263

Daa Ra BR i sae lee DOS Tas 7 (oo) |S (MOM ee oc la ob ee 11.6 9 17 451

5S Seas pegs {9 NGO Leal oe (3d hud (O08 gal fe WW HS ey 11.3 10 14 294

Ch eae Sg Gale asics Ale 7e ea eee Ss il oll Spal eee a AT 10 16 291

Die aie! Gy ae pees Del moe pate | hoes | 2" ( al Prd lu eee (ae) (ie 11.8 10 17 59

Teta aa 1223 9 peel hae AMES 3 eae one Ti eo fs eal ea 10.4 9 15 136

7 (Sea ae 78 PA bare T(E GS) PE fa SP 7 tees pode 1p HIeo 9 20 259

(3), ge I aga 7 {eel loeis Me Ae 5 eet SR ae | SA ct Vga 11.5 9 17 138

Oh) komen Noite i Gea ieee Tle Gule 45122 1 lage) |e ee 1 11.4 9 19 171

BO ata Ag | pee TE FEY eye De ee 10.8 9 12 152

Raly tes Galera |G. e POA Ae 1 es 10.8 9 14 65

Re ae 1 eT eels es eal. S| eee 9.0 9 9 9

(iy ee 2) 4 eee Dae ea (kam | SaaS | es Se ee 10.0 10 10 30

Hees es x2 D) WS iol ine Sl as 3 1 Pelee) a) ea fea 11.0 10 12 22

(0) AG ae a 7 1G Ra POS eles ere a eal 9.4 8 11 66

1b, eng ee 2 Neco Bad eae tle 1 11.0 10 12 22

400 | 1 | 2 |23 |7s [143 Gu || [11a eae lee pede (oe Wetee | ebaT eel eee ea 4,566

LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE.

The length of time elapsing from the date of egg deposition to
emergence of moth of the same generation for 407 individual insects

_is shown in Table XLVII. Of this number one insect completed the

life cycle in 28 days, while the longest time recorded was 59 days.
An average period of 41.4 days is described for the entire number
observed, being 5.5 days shorter than the corresponding period of

the first generation, and 0.14 day greater than the length of life cycle

of the second generation of the insect as observed during the season
of 1912.

62 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLE XLVII.—Length of life cycle of second generation of codling moth from time of |
egg deposition to emergence of moth, Roswell, N. Mex., 1913.

Moths emerged in specified days from time of deposi-

Num- i i u nee 3 :

Riatenere. | [perof tion of eggs of the same generation. Aver-| Mini- — Total
deposition. INO ap | S| ES =e ae roar d days.
alot nie oe | faetls.: ae ays. | days. | days. :
28 33|34/35|36|37|38|39 40/41/42 43/44/45 46/47 48/49/50 51/54/59
wane tho. 2 2. 13}-.|- Jobe} cle 4 2} 3) Ste | Aa Sah | Se Sa 7) eee eee
eee a 7 le ae Pen so) A cS 20 a De Pe SO 38] 38> 6
cee 9s reels | geese) Br pe Fa a Fe 37| 46 372
PASO Ae 26}..|..|.-| 1] 2} 1) 2} 3] 3} 5} 3} 2} 2) a..b. || }--|..]-.|.] 40.6 35} 49) 1,056
Hopes 8 14} -{--1--) ale]. -[-] 3f af al aj] 3). 2}2 aj al] 426] 35l 49] “596
16258. ae 19. .| 1| a|- TG Tsao ara ala eV al nS aaa 33]. 51] 805
Slee 34). .}..|.-] 1]--| 2} 4) 1] 1) 6] 4} 4) 3}_.| 3] 4) 2) 1) 4)._|..|._] 43.1 35| 50) 1,465
(Ween eee pr el a a _.| 1} 3} 3] a} 3] 4] 5] 2}. |._]..] a}..] a}__] 43.8 39} 54) 1,050
(p aaeeeaee 39} |2 31-1) 4) 5) ShSl 2) 6) Steeles) el he ah ee cia 34) 49) 1, 237
Paes 17}- f= 3) | Sete] VO) Se ea a a -| 43.6 | 39) 49) 742
7 Sees | a 1| 2} 2! 6 1) 6|_.|_-| 5]--|--]- .| 43.3 39) 47) 995
EIN LS OR 38}... .|.-| 1] 3] 1} 2} 3] 4/12] 6} ai} 2} a .|_-|.. .| 40.6 35| 46) 1,542
Daa ts a 7 ed eel {1-4} 5] 3] 31 4}-a] 4] 4] al .| 41.9 38} 46) 1,089
Divito a! 26|_.|_.|..| 3]...-} 3] 2} 5} 5] 2} 3} a} 2. .| 40.3 35} 45, 1,049
Tee, ee WS ret ed dfs eer ee a aa | 39.8| 36 44] “199
vices Ee Be E3[2a[i-7| Sey De) Sta aes) Abeta amie | 42.3{: 37] 49 551
Gaede Be 5 far | lr PO 7 ee err Soe -| 40.4 23} _ 47} 931
yy eae 1) ele eee MR sy Gr ep 2 | Bd yt al) -| 40.8 37| 47} 489
7d eae eae Fs ae ke ee ee ay a 1| 47.8 37} 59} 668
2 ee eee cle oa a a fe La ie ee .| 37.7 34, 44) 528
Malye Aon 2 ee a Ps fd foe) SEP .| 38.5 36] 46, 231
Heo eee 24 STE | Fe ae sales -| 34.5 33] 36,69
Grate ee Det | (a FAR | Nt orale: .| 43.3 43}. 44} 130
y Reena 2 1 aad Seleciest eet 1 41.0 Sa]. > ARlee ane
Ee aS ee ee fa OR Re Paes Mr | Fac a a le 42.1 39} 46] 295
Dey 7 ei | eal a rl Esl SE | 37.5 | =-.83| | Aa te
407| 1) 3) 4)12 15)2722;39 44 50|40)38)38 19.17 14 10) 8 3 1 1 1 41.4 2 eee 16, 856
} ! |

SECOND BROOD OF MOTHS.

Egg deposition.—A total of 38 individual female moths of the second
brood emerging in the interval between July 14 and August 17 were -
isolated in order to obtain oviposition records as shown by moths in
confinement. Reference to Table XLVIII will show that a total of
4,847 eggs were deposited by the 38 females, an average oviposition —
of 127.55 per individual. The maximum individual oviposition was
259 eggs. The average individual oviposition per day was 16.6 eggs,
and the maximum daily oviposition per female was 108 eggs. On an
-average the length of the oviposition period was 8.3 days, although —
the maximum length of the period was 16 days. It was also found —
that actual oviposition by an individual female may occur on 14
separate days, but the average number found in this connection is
7.6 days. The observations showed that it was possible for oviposi-
tion to begin as early as one day following emergence, although the
average length of time was 3.68 days. The longevity of the moths
thus confined varied considerably, one insect living but 6 days, while
another individual persisted for 21 days after emergence. The
average length of life of the moths in this connection was 12.8 days.

63

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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- §5888°—Bull. 429—17—5

BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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65

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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— 666 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SUMMARY OF RECORDS FOR SECOND GENERATION.

In Table XLIX there appears a summary of the records on the
time development of the codling moth of the second generation in
the stages of egg, larva, and pupa. The sum of the average periods
spent in the several stages totals 41.8 days as compared with 41.4
days given as the average length of the life cycle of the second genera-
tion. These figures compare very closely with corresponding data
obtained during 1912. |

67

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68 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE THIRD GENERATION.

THIRD BROOD OF EGGS.

Time of incubation —Eggs of the third brood were found in the
field July 10, and deposition continued more or less regularly until
August 11, a period of shghtly more than one month The length of
this period of deposition is found by comparison to be practically iden-
tical with that of the second brood, but is exceeded by the correspond-
ing period of the first brood by 13 days. Of 180 observations made, an
average incubation period of 5.3 daysis found. These records appear
in Table L. In comparing this period with average incubation
periods of the previous broods, it will be noted that the first brood
experienced a somewhat longer incubation period, it being 5.96 days,
while that of the second brood was somewhat shorter, 4.9 days.

69

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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70 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
THIRD BROOD OF LARVZ.

Length of feeding period.—In Table L are also found the records on |
the length of the feeding period of transforming larve of this genera-
tion. Of the 180 individual insects under observation in this con-
nection the results show that 31 of the number completed the stage
within 18 days. The maximum number of feeding days is 28, the
minimum number 15, and the average is 20 days for the whole
series. This average is found to be somewhat greater than the cor-
responding average for the second braod, but is 4.45 days shorter
than the same time for the first brood. .

Feeding period of wintering larve.—Of the 722 larve of the third
brood under observation in this connection, 542 or 75.06 per cent,
were found to be wintering larve. The maximum length of the
feeding period of the wintering larve was 35 days, as contrasted
with the maximum of 28 days, which is the longest corresponding
period for transforming larve of the same brood. The shortest
feeding period recorded is 14 days, while an average of 21.1 days ex-
ceeds the average period for the transforming larve by only 1.1
days. See Table LI.

71

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 73

THIRD BROOD OF PUPA.

— Length of pupal stage.—The observations made on the length of the
pupal stage of the third brood, as found in Table LIII, show that of
the entire number of 180 individuals accounted for, 53 of that number
completed the pupal period in 11 days. The maximum length of the
stage is shown to be 17 days and the minimum time 7 days. The
average is found to be 11.4 days and this is practically identical in
length with that of the corresponding period of the preceding brood,
11.6 days, and is exceeded only slightly by the corresponding average
for the first brood, namely, 11.76 days. The average pupal period
for the spring brood, 22.97 days, is found to be almost twice as long
as that of succeeding generations of the same season.

TasLe LITI.—Length of pupal stage of the codling moth in days of all individuals
developing from eggs deposited on specified dates, third brood, Roswell, N. Mex., 1913.

Num- Length of pupal stage in days. 2 en: Z
Date of egg ber of mA ~ Lee eee Total
deposition. indi- eee Aue ae days.
viduals. 72\98) | 9) LO iy | 12) Wash eta sas HiaGulelZ | GELS: |;CAys. | Cay.

Taal O esis): 1 2 7 2 I i Ft colt el |e 10.1 9 12 122
SL SNP RT Ae Stee 1 FI es see | peel 10. 0 10 10 10
1 Ze EA ne ean eat TA 2 1 2 8 2 De ee 11.0 9 13 154
TGs Sat arene Oe 3 8 7 1 || ae ea ee 10.3 9 12 196
IU eae ah Tf 1 5 da) a Mice ees soe 11.0 10 12 77
1 ees eos ena 11 1 7 2 Mp eps ehe S WU 10 13 124
Tsao ee ree 15 2 2 6 2 3) Ulaecce| Eee Meal 9 13 167
Chae arene eae 2 I oi DA W728 ee eee (Ee 11.0 11 11 22
PAO ECG Aaa Tae Opies sere he ppeoel ar ye Set awe 3) [2 1 1 WIL 10 17 109
7 es Beare na aS TAA 2 usec ed heey’ A 2 2 1 1 10.9 9 14 131
DPS 3 Se gle EU Vee a He LG eae egal oi epee |Sel Peal oon lla 11.0 11 11 11

Daerah SNe aes & |. 1 3 Al WS eRe eS) ab ats pees 10 12 91
PP ee eel 16 |- 2 3 3 5 7A Weta 2) ee [ues eH 11.4 9 16 183
PAS aR ERG ACR 8 |. 1 1 1 3 1 UY oe een Tree LLG) 9 14 93
PAG Beis age eR ele eee lie, te ML Fests | ieee IA apse |e tall eee MSD 10 14 61
PAT ist Nea aa PyMe DUR et (a DU ee ey lh le sso alec Al KOh() 9 11 20
2 Bmp Ses ARS ik neal] te ant 2c (Re SSIS el ten Gs 1 Be, 13 14 53
aie ea 7 1 1 iL eed TL 1 1 1 22 a 16 86
oO) us Mast Gule I rel icesse Ia esti 2, 1 1 1 oS 8 15 74
SB Geese pad eee 4 |- 1 1) eee le 2 12.0 9 14 48

NB a eR Bole al his lee elit fee 1 3 13.0 11 14 5

Bie oe i ret Dil Pal I ore ae alleegeeal =< dl 1 14.0 13 15 28
ee ene TL ies a etal hes hv es eae Bere eed ae ae 13.0 13 13 13
GEES are We 1 al cies [tau ide 3 2 14.2 10 16 100
IID beers enay ie ou wre Ze ay ES | gay 4a) es ale rp 12.0 12 12 24
180 1 WO TP SW ey MU le) IL 7 4 il UU D2: Se cleared heer ea 2,062

LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE.

A study of Table LIV will show that of 185 individual insects
which completed the life cycle of the third generation, two passed
through the several stages in 34 days, this being the shortest time
recorded. Also that one insect required a maximum time of 58 days,
and that an average of 43.11 days is found for the entire number.
This period in comparison with the average length of life cycle of
previous generations is shown to be 1.71 days greater than the corre-
sponding period for the second brood and 3.8 days shorter than the
same period for the first generation. The average period for the
length of the life cycle for the third generation during 1912 was
48.57 days, a difference of 5.46 days.

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74

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LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 15

THIRD BROOD OF MOTHS.

Time of emergence.—Because of a slight overlapping of the periods
of emergence of moths of the second and third broods transforming
from larve collected from banded trees in orchards, the records
showing the time of emergence of moths of the two broods are con-
solidated and appear in Table LV.

The data show the first emergence of moths of the second genera-
tion to have occurred July 6, and a maximum number of moths of
this brood to have appeared on August 6, or practically one month
later. Emergence continued quite irregularly until September 19,
although moths of the third brood apparently reached a maximum of
emergence on August 28. The variations in the periods of emergence
of the two broods shown by means of curves appear in figure 10, and
illustrate very concisely the features of the periods and the time of
occurrence. | ;

TaBLE LV.—Time of emergence of codling moths of the second and third broods, Roswell,
| N. Mex., 1913.

Number Number
Date of emergence. of Date of emergence. of
moths. moths.
quilyaGeseee seers 1 ATL eter oe ator 151
UNE he cc laps ae 18 Ay ie eet ce oes 146
bale a et ee 20 Laces Seen 96
6 ee eres 34 NG Az ee ees 112
LOE Gui re ie 24 iframe lere ais atts 115
UE es cs a prey 52 eat ee a 97
A Dee eieciee wee 34 LG ee re te 109
1 Re See eee 35 AON sae ius 2 59
ete ea 56 IN esp Tees Fee 52
Le Re eee 3l RA es Ae 74
LG i et 40 Doe aime Meus 40
Ife sees eo ee eee 54 DA ESS aie 33
1 RUS enemas a 40 PAB eal serra ay 60
MOREA )S woe 98 205 ner seaee 29
PAU) Aiea ta i a pa 97 DQ Ufeyy she cie as) ste © 42
AE HE is 47 Pore a 57
PAGE SSE see: 88 QO repel sek 47
PRG i A een 157 SO ee peace as 28
a Nae alas Ms aes 201 SUE ee ce eee 36
Da Tercera 125 Sep tnceh sree nea 47
QO AEE eas! 260 DH Bs tee ANS Pt 28
Dieta ea eye! 331 EE ee eee 19
Pel ees Bie yo ies 420 AN these oy 22
78 ne As hea 297 Oseaaer one 15
SOE Beer 2 Sis 431 Gari es 19
CSL EN a Sh aaa 457 IBIS estate 20
Jay Died MS rane es 404 Ros Ua 18
SES OS Ee 399 Oech eh aie 20
Sees SU 362 LO aces sie 11
ARVN S08 He Sle 473 Oa cities este 10
Beas ea el Ia 411 HD ASR ee canis 2
GRE aay 475 LS Sa Se cae NE 4
Coma ucam ate 409 Te cre ea tay aes 7
Se Bicigi les ieee 401 Misys Ga 8
Qyars ee te Se 329 LG Sete eee 3
LORE OC ANTE 301 LPP aaa eeu 1
eye ree 250 1G A 2 et 2
HDi a ays Clee e 134

SUMMARY OF RECORDS.

In Table LVI may be found a comparatively complete summary of
records on the several stages of the life cycle of the codling moth of

76 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the third generation, showing the average length of the periods —
of each stage. The sum of the averages of the stages is found to be

TST TSS ee Set ee a
SSR ee

BEE EE ELEC EEE GEE EEE EE Gera (a BERS REwASy,
Be HAS Ree SESE TNS eee Pee ase

| a el Bas Pe | Pe ee [lala lee pea
BEEP EEE EERE EES Bice ee a tee aoe Sea Sei

Pape SAD SSD PAPI ST VT Sea] aN TASS a(S [OR ESE Es es a a

v,
ERESRRERREDERS
= We
bebe 3)s( hepa a] ae al aha Lele pa aaa
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EREBRD Ae

SEE EEE ESS EEE EE SSE EE
EEE EEE ESE EES See ES
RECEP EE EERE REE CEE EE EES Se Ste sare ale ate Ste pe

Soden asstesentastestenitestenterttar sa iaitas
|_| PEELE EEE mele! BES BaP 24e |_|

®

7 BESERE
safanfantanfasfatastastarts RRS BE RE we

| Siahhe risehot T a a="

sca fssfeat eh eas (a a ekei
DUGSSRRGSRCGG0CRRERGESGBGRREGoccos 2
SESS SSS cen EReSeOSwe ese SoS oS
ECE EE ee SEC GaSe eee eee
Pe PSE SSS tS ae aes Sea
EEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE CHEE See

Fia. 10.—Curve showing emergence of codling moths of second and third broods, Roswell, N. Mex., 1913. (Original.)

| | Pe
BENDS Te ERE ReE SSaRE RECs eee |_|
SSSR ee ewe AR eee Sees ARN ARE SE SEES ESeUSY eS
ER eae eRe RRS ERR eee Sasa

42.9 days, while the average length of the total life cycle of this gen-
eration is 43.11 days, a difference of but 0.2 days.

TH

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

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BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

78

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‘NOILVYUNGAD HLYNOT AHL

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 79

FOURTH BROOD OF LARVA.

Length of feeding.—The first observation of larvee leaving the fruit was

- made September 23, after a feeding period of 28 days. Records in this

connection were kept with 125 individual insects and the last larvee were

found leaving the fruit on October 31, thus covering a period of 28

=

days. All of these individuals passed the winter as wintering larve.

The maximum length of the feeding period for larvee of this gen-
eration was found to be 53 days, and the minimum period 25 days,
covering a range of variation of 28 days. The average feeding period
for the entire time was 38.36 days, as shown in Table LVII. This
average feeding period is 17.26 days greater than the corresponding
average for wintering larve of the third generation of this season,
and 11.81 days greater than the corresponding average for all larvee
of the third generation during 1912.

MISCELLANEOUS EMERGENCE OF MOTHS.

Records of hourly observations.—In an endeavor to determine the
time of day at which the greatest number of insects leave the pupal
case and emerge as moths, experiments were conducted by using a
number of glass jars in which larvee collected from banded trees had
been, placed and on which daily emergence records were taken.
The first observations of the season were made April 28, using moths
of the spring brood. Observations were begun at 7 a. m. and con-
tinued throughout the day at intervals of one hour until 7 p. m.
Largely because of the cool weather prevailing at that early stage
of the season no emergences were found to take place until 11 a. m.,

when 1 moth was discovered. At 12 noon, however, 35 moths were

found and at this hour a thermograph within the breeding shelter

indicated a temperature of 84° Fahrenheit. At 1p. m. a total of 14
- moths was found and a temperature of 85° F. was recorded and later
noted as being the highest temperature throughout the day.

On June 24 and 25 similar experiments were again conducted
although no observations were made until 9 a. m., when the greatest
number of accumulated moths was found for any particular hour,
bemg 55 in all. Records show an average temperature of 70° F.,

for that hour on the two days. However, the highest emergence

during the more heated portion of the day occurred at 3 p. m. with
a total of 33 moths and an average temperature of 90° F., for that
hour on the two days.

On August 1 similar records were made with emerging mobs of the
second generation, and the first observation of the day was made at 7
a.m., when a total of 19 moths wasfound. The maximum emergence
of the day, however, occurred at 3 p. m., when 103 individuals were dis-
covered. The temperature records at this hour read 83° F., while the
maximum temperature of the day occurred at 12 noon and was found
tobe89°F. Emergences for other hours throughout the day on which
records were taken were found to be in varying numbers, as is shown -
m Table LVIII. Of a total of 731 records of individual emergences,

50888°—Bull. 429—17-—6

80 BULLETIN os U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
137 occurred at 3 p.m. which, according to these — can be con-
sidered the hour of maximum emergence.

TaBLe LVIII.—Records of hourly emergence of codling moths of the spring brood, and
_ Of the first and second broods, Roswell, N. Mex., 1913.

Hour of day.
Date of obseL= | FF eee Total
vation. 7 8 9 10.| 11 jh eee 2 3 4 5 6 7 ee
a.Mm./a.M.} a.m.} a.m.| a.m. ‘| p.m.|p.m.| p.m.| p.m.| p.m.|p.m.| p.m. [8°24
Spring brood: |
Tego ta ee aa [ea [aeons acd kara 1 |. 35) ss14 Ani oat 3 iby ete hee 59
First cae : }
Tine Dae eal eee es ge 7M ae EA ol Ea cea Sige * 2 1 Doe Pay es ee 10
AWN ee | cee I Ae hepa PE Wesceetsce) | IN he, ee a antes oe ere ES Sct oo 1
G7 Ue 3 (ay es aR 21 2 4 4 5 Be ee en Pode Sel Sawa ee? 43
OE 7A IRE a eee 31 6] 10 ReneS ii 5 Zils 21 102
Ci ME Seah Tp SERA CA ae tae De Pe Toc eh 2S Gh eee ae (a 1 Sete tse
C504 aL AE ee ae | pea gt NICE ES Fe BY 7 Ses Pee ee) a a Dil ind 2 ol ce a ee 2
Fiscal OD etaga eae gerne 2 1 2 1 1 [ea apes ater) rl Rees ae 9
Fa Ne fel eae ae 21 OP AS a6 9 3 8 3 Fe ee 83
Cyaan) eae | Ee a 3 1 2 1 by a 1 4 1a ee 13
sien] (ST ge NORGE ROUT eds FP UO PN 1 oeeee Aas ry ees te 1 4
Seale ae ai Bail 44) BON Foogale (25 ‘eroe ih «195i eeagorlasig 4 3). 28
Second brood: | |
Oia ee | ie 3 6 3 3 5 4f-. $412. Ao |, 294k Son 5 2] 151
iif 6 1 6 4 5 4 91 24 63-1 40g soSi enor 7) 2484
19 4| 12 7 8 Ob.) 88 | cres |. eau Sa es 9} 399
Total....| 19 4) e7| srl 41| .70 | 52| m@| 137| 8f|" 93 | aol pou meee

BAND RECORDS OF 1913.

Band records were regarded as forming an important part of the
life-history studies conducted throughout the season. |

Besides the advantage offered in the opportunity to study the
insect under natural conditions, the careful collection of accumulated
larvee from the bands at regular intervals serves to furnish valuable
data on the relative abundance of the several broods of larve through-
out the season, and provides in addition desirable material for lab-
oratory rearing experiments.

During the season of 1913, band records were conducted at dif-

ferent points within the State in an endeavor to secure possible data

on the life history and habits of the insect in more or less widely-
separated localities which represented a variety of conditions.

In addition to the band-record experiments at Roswell, similar
experiments were installed at Carlsbad, Artesia, Lincoln, and Santa

Fe. At Carlsbad some difficulty was experienced in finding suitable

trees for banding because of the scarcity of desirable trees of bearmg
age. Carlsbad and vicinity may be considered to represent one of
the points of lowest altitude in New Mexico, and largely for this
reason it was desired to install experiments there. Through the
courtesy of Mr. Francis G. Tracy, however, five apple trees were set
aside for this purpose.

No larve were reported found during May and only a total of 21
larve throughout the month of June. Partly on account of the pre-

vailing scarcity of fruit on the trees used, no collections were made = |
iz

after July 1, and later the work in this locality was abandoned.

is

7 :
i

.
|
1

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. rom

RESULTS AT ROSWELL.

Banded trees for the experiments at Roswell were selected about
May 15, although no collections are recorded until May 20. Through
the kindness of a number of orchard owners, trees for banding were
obtained as follows: Five trees on the farm of Capt. W. C. Reid, 5

_ belonging to Mr. H. J. Hagerman; 4 in the orchard of Mr. R. C.

Horner; and 3 in an orchard owned by Mr. Robert Beers. Careful
collections were made from the bands on these trees at intervals of
three days from May 20 until November 7, and an accurate record
kept of the larve found. By consulting the figures in Table LIX
it will be noted that the maximum number of first-brood larve
occurring in the field is found to be on May 29, when 833 larve were

| |
a ea a 0 a a ie ss BH B
Nea a fam ea es fa en i ee ee
en ie [i ie a pe | a se 5 a a | ei
a i ni a a if EN Ys a a a
A ent | ee ts ke

a ie i i aa fe ni fis

ia a ie en ai ee a

oa i | ee ea en | i nae aa in eo | a

a i aa ie i ss i cst if i in | ma a [pa
[| HES SRE eoae

fies Pee os r
ome 74 | a asst 7 | a i ast if at eof [io a fon ns Ja on fe MT
ams ee ama a | | |] a ae i i fe] a ees a ae Je es] af nae] ee fd ea ae mw

Fig. 11.—Curve showing occurrence of codling-moth larve under bands on apple trees, Roswell, N.
Mex., 1913. (Original.)

collected from the 17 banded trees. Of this number, 129 proved to
be wintering larve while 654 transformed and emerged as moths.
A second maximum is found to occur July 16, when 1,674 larve
were collected from the bands. Of this number 339 proved to be
wintering larve, and 1,318 transformed the same season.
The greatest number of third-brood larve collected on a specified

_ date occurred September 8, when 1,073 are recorded. The number

of larvee wintering at this time in the season is much greater, a total
of 1,062 being found, while only 3 larve transformed and emerged
the same season. Because of the overlapping of the broods of larvee
late in the season, this condition renders it impossible to determine
from these data when fourth-brood larve occurred in greatest num-
bers in the field. (See fig. 11.)

82 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
/

TaBLeE LIX.—Codling-moth larve from bands and emergence of moths, Roswell,

N. Mex., 1918.

Date of | N E | peo. | | ale

: ate o Num- mer- ero Date of | Num- | Emer- | ber of
Sbseryvation collec- | ber of gence of} winter- |} Ubsewation collee- | ber of gence of) winter-

7 tion. larvee. |moths.| ing |} ; tion. larvee. | moths.| ing

/ larvee | larvee
et gee Ne es May 20 5 3 ASO eceose ek Sf 15 315 i as 255
PE ee Seen 23 40 39 A | a Sees ares eee 18 367 110 253
SE ee eS 3 26 140 139 5 Ry | hse ee, Salen ay ee 21 295 82 213
ES poe, ee 29 833 654 JONAS ae ee 24 484 67 412
Bee ee ee June 1 517 463 bys | (as: en lees a ae 27 378 19 357
Gia 4 320 274 46 2S ee epee 30 730 11 | 719
MeAe Meet hs 7 249 150 OOM abe ees Fos Le Sept: 2 900} _ *-44 896
fo ae eee eee 10 130 113 17 yA tee Sees St ak 5 $58) | Sooeeee | $58
Os Pat =: vee 13 89 82 Vile face ce eee 8| 1,073 3 1, 062
ih (2 ge oe, Sed 16 7 70 Gui OR Ee Be Ae 11 Sl) les eee 805
Mi Rete 19 95 77 TS | PAMELA oe oe 14 SOR Nee eee 386
Rae See ee 22 94 88 3] | Ps ea pte eS 17 533 1 | 527
iS aes Sere aes 25 69 68 gL | : As A ee 20 4651s 465
Th Se eas 28 140 128 VEGA SE ee glee 23 SS ea ea | 381
Wee ook: July 1 127 112 gle | es ee re 26 Bs [seats Se 330
BGs eRe is 4 183 153 SO asc ts eee 29 1/4312 eee 174
1b (oe pete ee ee 7 274 251 pad | ele a ee eee Ovizewe BB ae 354
Lh S Gee eee S 10 654 548 LT bf CE SOE A 5 265 so eee 265
HOPE ee eek ISe}i ed sabe) 06D pag Fa | Wash ee eee 8 205 1] 35-8 205
DO vet eee toe 5 16 1,674 1,318 B39 PAG es Ss Seale 11 A182 ees 182
aes ee 19| 1,667] 1,324 HF (hi [her eee ee oe 14 193 1 192
2A AP es Sea 221 ae 510) 45258 DARED IES ee ee 17 1803) 22 eske 180
Doe eee 25 1,166 969 1G @a hos. Fo eee 20 cl tye ew oe 107
rt eee an ocie 28 652 548 OOM A5S ic 2a ee eee 23 AAG AES es 119
PAR ig Fl aas cea 31 618 434 ELE A i): | [Meg ee eee ea 26 100i 100
POS ee ee sent cee Aug. 3 510 300 PANO |e Soest eae ws ST 29 Hi eet ee ol
a ft & Sec Ea Sie 6 463 238 PSIG se 8S PS Nov, 2st 22s a eee
DO ee oe 9 458 174 QRS hoices <a 40 ee ee
DO Ree a Sy te 8 12 432 154 ryt A’ | cael Weniceg foo | 7 Rie Mem na e 65

RESULTS AT ARTESIA.

The results from the band records at Artesia proved much more
satisfactory than did those at Carlsbad, and some valuable data
were obtained.

The experiments were installed somewhat later in the season than
were those at Roswell, and in consequence the first collection of
larve was not made until June 4, on which date 33 larve were
found. This date may be considered too late in the season to serve
in determining the occurrence at this place of the maximum number
of first-brood larve to contrast with May 29, the date when the
oreatest number occurred at Roswell.

On July 10, however, 719 larve were taken from the bands and
represent the maximum number for second-brood larve. This oc-
curred just six days earlier in the season than did the corresponding
stage at Roswell.

From the figures at hand relative to the greatest number of larve qi

to be found in the field at the time of the first collection in Septem-
ber, no maximum number can be described, but from previous con-
clusions drawn from contrasts with corresponding stages at Roswell,

it would appear that the greatest number of third-brood larve would |

be found about September 2.

Regular collections were made on specified dates throughout the
- season corresponding with the collections made at Roswell and con-
tinuing until September 17, when the records were discontinued.

The records of these collections are more fully shown in Table LX.

. LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 83

TasBLE LX.—Band records at Artesia, N. Mex., 1913.
[Larvee collected by Mr. N. E. Brainard.]

Date of | Num- |‘Emer-| Win- Date of | Num- | Emer-| Win-

Record No. collec- | ber of /gence of| tering Record No. collec- | ber of |gence of] tering

tion. larvee. | moth. | larve. tion. larvee. | moth. | larvee.
Gees hose sree g June 4 33 20 LSS ie ete, Soe ree 28 284 194 90
see al Heese 7 50 27 PBI ees Game E Bone 31 179 128 51
SC See Se 10 24 21 Bay Cw oo sees Bee Aug. 3 123 72 ol
CG) acs aN Mies ee 2 13 10 8 PON PA fs hs eee 6 113 35 78
Tae 16 48 31 17 |p 2 Beers een He 9 55 27 28
TUS A Toy a 19 44 39 "| 82.0 aerate reel 12 56 19 37
12) ESS Se SO ae 22 43 30 133 | WoO eee eae 15 73 28 45
TS NE CN As ean NE 25 61 42 DS el geal sy Lie een ee 18 42 16 26
TG La ae oa ae 28 119 56 OS SSD Nr s eeke a 21 50 9 43
1c aay gases July. 1 99 66 BBL Ose Coosactese ae 24 47 2 45
ENG repens ilnrs ae akin 4 345 181 NOs ie seis rete yee are ie Miles 27 29 3 26
IL7(s Saal aa ee cee Ne 7 542 293 249))||CS Oma tees see ere 30 ile ee ee 21
Ss Eee artes 10 719 530 89%) 3 Oey e es Sept. 2 WO) [eke eee 19
Opa Nerbe S ee 13 643 406 230 ||| noe ee ae 5 2A oe nese 24
OAD Sates dts ne 16 570 431 1 SOM ROS eee ee § 103) eee 10
PAL oe SA Bee 19 423 342 S| oO eee eels 11 ke eee ee 14
2EPR A RULE SNE e aN 22 278 207 GL]; Ose Bere soe a: 14 BES Sua: 3
2B) Ay eat ae ea 25 420 261 1591) diaper ss eo 17 Walesa eee 7

Figure 12 represents graphically the results of band records at
Artesia, and in addition shows the probable time of occurrence in

ERO N\
Ge COL OE NES A CHC SS Sigg te
oa ea Ht}
coueaeme Elbe)
ea
ee

Fa, 12.—Curve showing codling-moth larve under bands on apple trees, Artesia, N. Mex., 1913.
( Original.)

the field of larvee of the first brood. While this feature is of a more
or less speculative nature, it may be regarded as being in close accord-

ance with facts.
RESULTS AT LINCOLN.

Lincoln is located 65 miles west of Roswell, between El Capitan
Mountain and Sierra Blanca peak, a northerly spur of the Sacramento
Mountains, and has an altitude of some 5,700 feet. Through the
courtesy of Dr. J. W. Laws a number of bearing apple trees were set
aside for use in banding, and these furnished larve throughout the
season. While the bands were placed on the trees early in May, no
larvee were found until June 13. Despite the fact that larve oc-
curred more or less intermittently from that date until the season
closed, November 7, it would appear that only two full broods and
a partial third are found in the higher fruit-growing regions.

The records found in Table LXI show that the maximum number
of larvee of the first brood of that season were found beneath the

84

BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

bands July 13. The greatest number.of second-brood larve occurred
August 30, 48 days later, and the very probable overlapping of this
brood with larve of the partial third brood, coupled with a decreas-
ing amount of available fruit during the late summer and early fall,

rM™OQNNL

NU &

AUGUST
~¥NO
NUNM NH DTD

STEP ST SS ofa a Tm TS] a Le a

se] TR ST AO UE ST 0 a

eal a aT TST AGT SP SETS Ti STS RST ache 21ST ONT a
EVER EESP eae ewe

SEPTEMBER

~ OM © YD
Tha

Fic. 13.—Curve showing occurrence of codlin§-moth larvz under bands on apple trees, Lincoln, N.

Mex., 1913.

( Original. )

undoubtedly was influential in producing a uniform number of larvee
from which no reliable maximum number could be determined.

T4BLE LXI.—Codling-moth larve from bands and emergence of moths, Lincoln, N. Mez.,
1913.

Record No.

Date of
collection.

[Larve collected by Mr. E. A. Engstrom.]

Num-
ber of
larve.

Mie Jee eee ee

Num-
Emer- |_ ber of
gence of| winter-
moths. | ing lar-

Ve.

Record No.

Date of
collection.

Oct.

Num-

Num-

Emer- | ber of

ber of |gence of} winter-

larve. | moths. | ing lar-
ve.
84 35 4a
100 26 74
134 24 110
156 6 150
134 Z 132
167 1 166
937/22 saaees 93
SOA Sat Se 89
88 1 87
Cpl ea 71
Lt ie Pee oe ae 56
89) pees 89
48 hone 7
5ON Rises 50
S44 fe eee 34
20} |S eeeee 20
Peek Wels Seer ie, | 28
SOME 30
2051 0e i eee 26
BAH ease ie 32
AQu sae ee 40
PASS ein aera 29
18 ie oes = 12
il Ree Sa 7
D3)h| eee ne 2S
1 ea Pench ie oa u
6:]Ressee 6
Cane ee ge 14
Gp eee Le 15

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX.

The band-record curve
found in figure 13 is in-
tended to show in a gen-
eral way the fluctuating
occurrence of larve in
the region of Lincoln,
and in addition to illus-
trate the periods when
greatest numbers of lar-
ve may probably be
present.

While the figures in
Table LXI give the num-
ber of moths emerging
from each specific collec-
tion, no dates correspond-
ing to these emergences
are included. Reference
to figure 14 will, how-
ever, furnish data show-
ing the number of moths
emerging on specified
days from June 26 until
September 20, after which
date the adults failed to
appear. The somewhat
exceptional fluctuating
feature of the emergences
is here graphically illus-
trated.

RESULTS AT SANTA FE,

Santa Fe is located
somewhat north of the
geographical center of
New Mexico, at an alti-
tude of about 7,000 feet.
While commercial fruit
growing has never been
conducted here on as ex-
tensive ascale as in many
other parts of the State,
the section has long been
settled and the growing

of fruit has been practiced

E/E/~ ROKR YHOU

NISPFILNIA
FIAYY 7

73
18
14
14

~UMEHONR
EBESEESEB

©
YS
ea
aaa

MB
N
sv
[ea
BES

+
“N
H+

5
fy
aa

ooo

»

a

A
BRIBSRSERSEEEBERE

vane

+ |
sa i i 1,
se fi H+ jay‘

BORGO Sas= 20
PECEELE EP ees 2
Saieiala

C]
sf nf | gahan Sa
Sreertareeseestose |
Loti
nals
PEER 6

On
NN

UUUUSINND tH ONDD

SUNE
hHerQKOHD
N

v
Ate

Ly)
NO/LIF7702 ~

So
YSITNIN

‘O
~

9

ly

Suk
QXy
ea
OC Say
UNE 7
6| 25
79| 95
eo

47

44

36

56

46

67

60

4/

17

70.

5 17
30

9| 25
+2| 67
4§|\) 84
100
134

24| 156
30|/67

85

Fic. 14.—Curve showing emergence of codling moths from band-record larve at Lincoln, N. Mex., 1913. (Original.)

86 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

for many years. Because of the rather exceptionally high altitude
and its possible effect on insect behavior, it was considered desirable
to make band records in this mountain locality.

Through the courtesy of Dr. James Rolls, a number of trees were
obtained for this purpose, and bands placed on them in May. How-
ever, no larve were found until June 7, when 5 were taken from the
bands, 4 of which proved to be wintering larve. The maximum
number of larvee of the first brood occurred July 16, the exact date
of the occurrence of the greatest number of larve of the second
brood at Roswell. From this date on the number collected is so
variable that no very definite conclusions can be drawn. However,
it appears probable that the overlapping of first-brood larve with a
partial second brood may have taken place about September 5.
Reference to Table L.XII will show the great number of wintering
larvee after August 1 and the number of moths emerging from band-
record larve throughout the season.

TaBLeE LXII.—Band records for the codling moth at Sania Fe, N. Mex., 1913.

[Larve collected by Mr. Alfred Rolls.]

Date of | Num- | Emer- | Winter- Date of | Num- | Emer- | Winter-
Record No. | -collec- | ber of |genceof| ing Record No. collec- | ber of |genceof| ing

tion. larve. | moths.)| larve. tion. larvee. | moths.} larve.

eee se nee June 7 5 1 DOWER REE ater es em. Aug. 24 1 USS [ee cose te 15
re eee aR ees a IC Veh esearch’ 2 Fa BNR EN ti ae SE Sasa e Serene 27 26) 25 ee 26
eae eee ST ere rte | OR eee | aa eras Core SDS a ees eee 30 DO a es es = 19
TEES ae, See a ae 2 16 DTP ess eae Te CS \omee Se ase Sept. 2 DASNY Veena fa 3 20
THES a oe ene 19 Mil (eee a PAO (emcees, Sek BMS 5 pohia IB Bh. 22
ORE Se ee oe 22 4 2 Dell OSs ace es § LOR So eee 16
IGT 3 Beene tie DN ise ake lx oe eR RUIN | eee Caen SO alee Ne ee 11 1 EY Nope ft 11
TM ee Pg eye ree 28 Dye oe ones | he eA Ohh Sa eee 14 Ve lentes di
eres see TLD yD seen gee | acetal ieecaeeen ee 2 Pe eee Lv, ial ees oe 6
Toes ree) a ae cea 4 iL | ere Seeeay 1 Bia) | Ee 5728 ea sat Re ore 20 WS Sees 17
Ly pe SS aE 7 3 Sli ee [IS ie eee Ne 23 OF xeon 9
LOSE aos, sc eee ee 10 10 8 Dia [eA Ae He 260s te rk Sh See ees
IG Eerie aad Sele ee 13 21 12 Oa eA a wee ene 29 (Pig re 4
7A as Send eae ae a a 16 38 28 LUCE it Coy ie es ea Ocky 2 Pee os 13
OA L2 eo a a Se 19 23 14 OR ee oe aoa 5 nl aa «
PPL LE URS RAO 22 24 Yi TL Fee |: 2s Rosh ace Gane UPN Sars 8 1 A Rs 12
D3 She 8 he yd 25 28 8 DOnWdge 5. soa ll fie 11
PENS DCE S at 28 19 4 ROU eee ast cp ee 14 Sil te eae 8
Depa se etree Ma 31 PAT el ee sees eee SPAS Nea Es ee Te 17 Saar 8
PAD 5 aes eae aah Aug. 3 19) SAO AES OS 2 he ho Noe 20 (Gl (eee ter Rat 6
D7 (REN See eae 6 35 i ere ea SES 2. eae ae 23 6k eee 6
Soya aha ete ergs 9 ae Fee aoe] ea aes US RUE She eye a <2 26 [se oeS | Eee eee ee
PAS) Eas ee 12 BY (aed pes eae SM BOOS Ree aoe eee 20 see eh alee aed eee
SOR scape ee oo 15 DAY Wiese uit Ea he 5 O Nea tae een INDO las 2 aaa eer
031 Boe Sat Rae ere 18 SGb esses Sia |WO see a seen Ak. oS ae. Sask ee eae
0 ATES ae pea 21 oo bl fe Forse 2 SIAN BOSaa es ee sae 7 i | Peers a 1

In figure 15 may be seen a diagram illustrating the variable manner
in which the larve were found to occur in the field at Santa Fe
during the season of 1913. .While it is difficult to account for this
evident variation, weather conditions prevailing at times during the
period of shes anteine very probably influenced the number of larvee
materially.

‘The emergence of moths from band-record larve at Santa Fe was
-more or less regular, according to the curve found in figure 16, as
contrasted with the corresponding illustration dealing with the emer-

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN. PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 87

gence of moths from band-record larvee collected at Lincoln the same
season. From a total of 260 larve removed from the bands at Santa
Fe, 169 larve, or 65 per cent, proved to be wintering larve, and 88 of
the entire number transformed the same season to emerge as moths.

SEASONAL HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH DURING 1913.

Figure 17 illustrates graphically the seasonal history of the codling
moth during 1913 with dates of the respective broods and genera-

AUGUST AK
Sin oH VOKT GAUL

Nee

Fig. 15.—Curve showing occurrence of codling-moth larvee under bands on apple trees, Santa Fe,
N. Mex., 1913. (Original.)

q
is)
nN
>
SS

=
x
8
Ww 9
14
17
eo

| aa a
Be Sees
ia | a
He 4a
Bl SSeS)

WEISER Lae
WEBB E ES ESe
eset aeleat
fy SSeeeaee

tions. Asin the case of figure 4, illustrating the seasonal history for
1912, the periods indicated by these diagrams are averaged or general-
ized, and the tables giving actual dates of occurrence should be con-
sulted when specific information is wanted. Both of the seasonal-
history charts are made on the same plan and the description of figure
4 on pages 31-32 will apply alike to both of the illustrations.

YULY AUGUST
QDANUM HES ONROHAD CLUHtHOND

~
N
HH ECC

WINTERING

NUMBER
CGNHOES BCA THA ORS J9/7

4943
LARVAE

SUDEYORDG

WoT

4
N
8
BS

ARTWMA2aUVASSONTDSOOOSN

a

|
.
Z> SRE eeSe

KaSAnS

AEBEE

TOTALS \|£60

@

Fig. 16. —Curve showing occurrence of codling-moth larvze under bands on apple trees, Santa Fe,
N. Mex., 1913. (Original.)

SUMMARY.

In the Pecos Valley of New Mexico the codling moth produced
during 1912 three complete generations. In 1913 a partial fourth
‘brood of larvee developed, and it is considered probable that this is
of normal occurrence.

Pupation of overwintering larvee in 1912 began March 15 and con-
tinued for about one month. In 1913 the first pupa was noticed
March 23 and pupation continued for 51 days.

88 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Moths of the spring brood in 1912 were first in evidence April 12
and continued to emerge to May 28. In 1913 the spring brood of
moths was out from April to early June.

Female moths of the spring brood in 1912 lived on the average 8.47
days and in 1913, 12.88 days. Male moths in 1912 lived 6.7 days.

SIARCHT = APRIL MAR SLNE SUL AUG. SEPT. OCT”

HOH H9H9H9HOHOH9HNHHNHNH OHNO HOH HOH OHOYHOHODODOHO
PRORRS PLAN GS PLL S LARS PLLA YS OLN SNL TS SQOS4S
SS
RP) pice Tae
ws OF 7OTHS | fmm |
8
N
&
Q
S
8
K
6
No
NS } } i - yell wet
N LARVAL LEAVING FRU/T
u PUBSTION | \a
S) | | | | of
t || | | ERGENCE OF 1707778 | |
R
IN
NI |
<
AS
ny
8
Q
S
ES
|
:
S
Q
a
§
x)
+

Fig. 17.—Diagram showing the seasonal history of the codling moth at Roswell, N. Mex., in 1913.
( Original.)

In 1912 oviposition of the spring brood of moths began April 16,
continuing 45 days, while in 1913 first eggs of this brood were noted
May 1. The time required for first-brood eggs to hatch in 1912 was
9.05 days, with a range of 5 to 13 days, whereas i in 1913 eggs of this

brood hatched on an average in 5.96 day Ss, with a range of from 4 to
11 days.

LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH IN PECOS VALLEY, N. MEX. 89

First-brood larve in 1912 fed on an average 21.52 days, and in 1918,
24.45 days.

The pupal stage of the first brood in 1912 averaged 12 days, and in
1913, 11 days. :

Moths of the first brood in 1912 were out June 9 and continued to
emerge until July 22. In 1913 first moths were out June 3, the period
of emergence lasting until July 10.

First-brood moths in 1912 oviposited over an average period of
4.45 days, and in 1913, 5.7.

The life cycle of the first generation in 1912 required on the average
51.14 days, and in 1913, 46.91 days.

Second-brood eggs in 1912 averaged 5.62 days for incubation, with
a minimum of 4, and a maximum of 8 days. The incubation period
of eggs of this brood in 1913 was on the average 4.9, with a minimum
of 4 and a maximum of 7 days.

The feeding period of second-brood larve in 1912 averaged 21.23
days, and in 1913, 19.7 days.

The pupal stage for second-brood pupz in 1912 averaged 11.23
days, and in 1913, 11.06 days.

The life cycle for the second generation of the codling moth in 1912
averaged 41.26 days, and in 1913, 41.04 days.

Eggs of the third brood in 1912 averaged 5.75 days for the incu-
bation period, with a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 9 days. In
1913 the incubation period for eggs of this brood averaged 5.36 days.

During 1912 third-brood larve fed on an average of 26.55 days
with a range of from 15 to 56 days, whereas in 1913 the average feed-
ing period for this brood was 20 days, the range being from 15 to 28
days.

The pupal stage of the third brood in 1912. required on an average
14.94 days, with a minimum of 11 and a maximum of 20 days. The
average length of this stage in 1913 was 11.4 days, with a minimum
of 7 and a maximum of 17 days.

The life cycle of the third generation of 1912 required on an aver-
age 48.57 days, with a range of from 36 to 62 days, and in 1912,
43 days, with a range of 34 to 58 days.

Fourth-brood eggs were in evidence in 1913 on August 20, and
oviposition Pontimied to September 8. The incubation period, on
an average, was 7.9 days.

The feeding period of fourth-brood larve in 1913 averaged 38.36
days, with a minimum of 25 days and a maximum of 53 days. All of
these larvee passed the winter as such.

Records of egg deposition by individual moths were obtained
with females of the spring brood and also of the first and second
broods. The maximum egg deposition by a female of the spring
brood in 1912 was 91 eggs, while the average number per moth was
approximately 28 eggs.

90 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The highest oviposition record established was by a female of the
second brood in 1913, with a total of 259 eggs.

Oviposition may occur two days after the emergence of moths,
and, on an average, moths of the first brood in 1913 continued ovi-
position over a period of 5.7 days.

The average incubation period for all eggs of the four generations
produced during 1913 was 6.4 days. The corresponding average for
the three generations during the season of 1912 was 6.8 days.

Studies in the insectary of the hourly emergence of moths show
that of 788 records of individuals the greatest number, 17.44 per
per cent, emerged at 3 p.m. In general the maximum period of
emergence was found to occur at the time of, or almost immediately
following, the period of highest temperature for the day. There was
some variation from this, however, earlier in the season.

Fourth-brood larvee were found leaving the fruit on September 03,
after a feeding period of 28 days. Larvee of this brood persisted as
late as October 21 in the rearing shelter, and the last collection from
bands in orchards showed larve to be present as late as November 1.

‘The wintering larvee of 1913, as illustrated in figure 17, were com-
posed of 7.16 per cent of the larvee of the first brood; of 19.98 per
cent of the larve of the second brood; of 75.06 per cent of larvee of
the third brood; and of 100 per cent a the fourth brood.

The feeding werad of wintering larve of the first brood in 1913
was 0.68 day longer than the corresponding period for the transform-
ing larvee of the same brood. Wintering larve of the second brood
fed 1.94 days longer than transforming larvee of this brood, while the
length of feeding period of wintering larve of the third brood exceeded
that of the transforming larve by 1.1 days.

The probable effect of sudden changes of temperature on the activi-
ties of the codling moth is illustrated in figure 8. Temperature
records also accompany figure 1.

Successful band records were made during 1913 at Roswell, Artesia,
Lincoln, and Santa Fe. From available data the conclusion is drawn |
that at Lincoln there occur two full generations and a partial third,
while at Santa Fe, a more northerly location, there appears to be
but one complete generation, followed by a partial second.

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