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ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY Bee THE LIFE HISTORY meg OF THE SHORTHEAD REDHORSE, Se = Moxostoma macrolepidotum, IN THE KANKAKEE RIVER DRAINAGE, ILLINOIS Michael J. Sule and Thomas M. Skelly > * ¥ reat = ti: FAT ee. a 0.60 mm in diameter) for 36 fish ranged from 9,491 (a 327-mm, 365-g, age V fish) to 26,550 (a 418-mm, 680-g, age VI fish). Not unlike that found for shorthead redhorse in the Des Moines River (Meyer 1962), fecundity averaged approximately 18,000 eggs for females that were 5-7 years old (Table 3). Six fish from the Wisconsin River (460-537 mm TL, 1.31-1.93 kg), collected 24 April held 22,000-44,000 eggs averaging 1.9 (1.6-2.1) mm in diameter (Becker 1983). No. 123 The best predictive model (r? = 0.72) of shorthead fecun- dity incorporating 4 of 12 tested variables was: In egg number = 3.9716 (Lt.) — 733.0172 In (Lt.) — 0.0027 (Lt.? )+ 0.2686 [In (Wt.?)] + 3237.1851. The r? value for fecundity expressions was not significantly improved with the inclusion of a fifth independent variable, although it improved significantly with each prior addition. Mean gonad-somatic indices (GSI)[(gonad weight/fish body weight) x 100] of female shorthead redhorse gradual- ly increased as spawning time approached. Mean GSI values for females were: 8.24 on 29 March, 10.54 on 5 April, 11.68 on 21 April, and 13.90 on 28 April 1978. The mean GSI value for seven males was 6.36 on 29 March 1978. The largest female examined from the Wisconsin River had a GSI of 13.2 on 24 April (Becker 1983). In Lake Oahe, a Missouri River reservoir, ovarian development was continuous from August through October after a late June spawn; ovary indices changed little throughout the winter, but ovarian development was rapid during May prior to the next spawn (June 1977). MOVEMENT Thirty-four of the 613 shorthead redhorse tagged dur- ing 1979 were recaptured (one fish was recaptured twice) during quarterly and supplementary sampling. One fish, caught 2.7 km upstream of the study area and released 0.6 km upstream of the study area on 3 April 1979, was recap- tured 8 days later back at its site of original collection. The manual displacement of this fish downstream toward Horse Creek, a known spawning area, may have been reversed due to a homing response, or possibly it was too early for this fish to move toward a spawning site. It may, however, have intended to spawn somewhere upstream of Horse Creek, possibly near its collection site. A gravid female, collected and released downstream of the study area, was recaptured 14 days later in the pool below the big riffle of Horse Creek, 4 km upstream of its original capture site. The recapture demonstrated that fish moved into the creek from areas of the river below its confluence with the creek. A male that was running milt was captured at the upstream end of Station 2 in Horse Creek on 10 April. On 30 April it was captured 900 m upstream on the big riffle. TABLE 3.—Fecundity estimates for shorthead redhorse collected from the Kankakee River and Horse Creek during 1977 and 1978. Length (mm) Weight (g) Egg Number Egg No./Fish Weight al (:) ee Age N Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD 5 12 388 21 611 88 18,628 3,270 30 2 6 13 395 14 651 91 18,783 4,041 29 4 7 11 396 20 645 103 17,328 3,620 27 4 5-7 36 393 18 636 93 18,287 3,622 29 4 ——< SULE AND SKELLY: THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE SHORTHEAD REDHORSE 9 Fig. 5. and 6.—Approximately 3,000 shorthead redhorse congregated in the pool-raceway area of Horse Creek (left) below this slabrock riffle (right) for spawning in late April and early May 1979 (both photographs were taken during low water in August) In six sampling periods between 24 April and 23 May 1979, 26 fish were tagged, released,and recaptured at the spawning riffle in Horse Creek. Time between tagging and recapture averaged 5.6 days for females and 11.3 days for males, indicating either a prolonged stay at the spawning site, movement to and from the spawning area, or inter- rupted spawning. Two males that were running milt when tagged at the big riffle were still in a reproductive state 5 days later when recaptured below the mouth of Horse Creek. The riffle where they were captured was approx- imately 1.2 km from the tagging site, suggesting that males may move between spawning concentrations. Migrations or spawning runs of shorthead redhorse are common in the spring (Luce 1933; Elser & Schrieber 1978; Miller & Robison 1980). Spawning runs during this study culminated in concentrations of fish in the riffles and raceways of Horse Creek. Static population estimates (calculated from cumulative mark-and-recapture data from eight collections between 10 April and 23 May) indicated that approximately 3,000 shorthead redhorse were present at the spawning area near the big riffle in Horse Creek, an area of approximately 0.6 ha. This estimate equates to a standing stock of approximately 1,800 kg of shorthead redhorse/ha. Extensive movement of shorthead redhorse was sug- gested when none of the 72 tagged specimens was recovered from Illinois rivers (Thompson 1933). Deacon (1961) recovered 4 of 36 clipped specimens: two at the original capture site, one less than 0.8 km downstream of the capture area, and another 1.6 km downstream. A lack of recovery of more than 300 individuals tagged during the present study near the big riffle of Horse Creek illustrates the extensive dispersion of fish from the study area after spawning. AGE AND GROWTH Mean observed lengths of aged shorthead redhorse (Table 4) show distinct size ranges for age I and II fish in May and August. Fish collected in November (after the growing season) exhibited some overlap in size between fish that were 2 and 3 years old. Lengths in all older age groups, regardless of season of collection, overlapped exten- sively. Growth of shorthead redhorse of ages I-III was 10 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY BIOLOGICAL NOTES No. 123 TABLE 4.—Empirical age group data for shorthead redhorse collected from the Kankakee River and Horse Creek during May, August, and November 1977-1979. Length (mm) Weight (g) Condition factor (K) Age Sex N Mean SD Range Mean SD Range Mean SD Range May 1 23 105 15 79-133 12 5 6-22 1.0 0.2 0.7-1.8 2 84 228 26 158-276 121 40 35-215 1.0 0.1 0.7-2.0 2 M 15 241 21 206-276 144 33 100-215 1.0 0.1 0.7-1.2 3 13 323 16 298-354 336 47 240-420 1.0 0.1 0.9-1.2 3 Hi 2 336 25 319-354 367 74 315-420 0.9 0.0 0.9-1.0 3 M 3 320 16 307-338 351 26 330-380 1.1 0.1 1.0-1.2 4 45 355 18 307-392 435 62 305-600 1.0 0.1 0.8-1.1 4 F 27 361 16 331-392 449 60 358-600 0.9 0.1 0.8-1.1 4 M 18 347 18 307-381 413 60 305-524 1.0 0.1 0.9-1.1 5 61 371 16 343-406 498 66 365-735 1.0 0.1 0.8-1.3 5 F 29 373 17 343-399 499 62 370-620 0.9 0.1 0.8-1.3 5 M 32 370 15 345-406 497 71 365-735 1.0 0.1 0.8-1.3 6 82 396 16 357-436 573 77 405-835 0.9 0.1 0.8-1.2 6 F 64 399 15 457-436 586 78 405-835 0.9 0.1 0.8-1.2 6 M 14 384 9 371-396 529 39 460-600 0.9 0.0 0.9-1.0 7 Fi 8 404 20 384-445 606 73 520-715 0.9 0.1 0.8-1.0 8 1 402 690 1.1 August 1 36 188 22 131-227 75 23 21-123 1.1 0.1 0.9-1.4 1 in 15 196 20 163-227 83 22 53-123 od 0.1 0.9-1.3 1 M 11 189 18 169-221 77 23 51-116 ie 0.1 1.0-1.3 2 6 309 13 284-319 323 34, 270-375 1.1 0.1 0.9-1.2 2 F 3 305 18 284-317 325 53 270-375 rho 0.1 1.1-1.2 2 M 3 313 6 308-319 321 4 318-235 1.0 0.1 0.9-1.1 3 3 356 32 322-385 443 68 375-510 1.0 0.2 0.8-1.1 3 F 1 360 510 1.1 3 M 1 322 Siok orere 375 are 1.1 Sse : 4 30 372 16 342-407 567 70 440-715 1.1 0.0 1.0-1.2 4 F 15 375 16 353-407 586 69 490-715 1.1 0.0 1.0-1.1 4 M 11 371 17 342-401 554 72 440-675 shoal 0.0 1.0-1.2 5 11 386 8 375-398 618 37 570-685 en 0.1 0.9-1.2 5 F 9 386 8 375-398 619 41 570-685 Jet 0.1 0.9-1.2 5 M 1 387 600 1.0 November 1 91 225 20 176-281 118 34 63-217 1.0 0.1 0.8-1.0 1 F 1 226 ab Bore 102 ae ses 0.9 0.1 aes 1 M 7 230 28 176-269 126 55 63-187 1.0 0.1 0.9-1.2 2 10 307 38 227-348 292 100 110-460 1.0 0.1 0.9-1.1 2 M 3 338 9 332-348 379 71 328-460 1.0 0.1 0.9-1.1 3 8 359 13 335-379 478 110 292-645 1.0 0.2 0.7-1.3 3 M 5 355 13 335-370 461 48 390-507 1.0 0.1 0.9-1.1 4 36 384 13 360-417 589 76 442-760 1.0 0.1 0.8-1.2 4 F 10 393 10 379-406 632 46 560-715 1.0 0.0 0.9-1.1 4 M 17 380 14 360-417 561 81 442-760 1.0 0.1 0.8-1.2 5 9 398 18 375-431 645 83 539-795 1.0 0.0 1.0-1.1 5 F 4 393 13 375-407 620 60 550-680 1.0 0.0 1.0-1.1 greater from May to August than from August to Novem- ber. Fish that were 4 and 5 years old had similar growth increments during both periods. Few fish collected in May had begun adding new scale material beyond the last annulus. In Iowa, young redhorses generally form annuli in June; older and larger redhorses complete annulus for- mation as late as August (Meyer 1962). Analysis of vari- ance of aged fish from 1977 and 1978 indicated that the length of shorthead redhorse differed significantly by age, season, and sex. Older fish, fish collected late in the year, and females were the largest individuals. Mean observed lengths were generally larger than those reported by Purkett (1958) and Walburg (1964). Lengths of fish at ages III and IV were similar to those observed by Meyer (1962) and to the preimpoundment data of Elrod & Hassler (1971). However, younger fish and fish older than age IV in the Kankakee River were smaller than those reported in other studies. Shorthead redhorse in Iowa (Meyer 1962) and SULE AND SKELLY: THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE SHORTHEAD REDHORSE td TABLE 5.—Mean back-calculated total lengths and growth increments with their standard deviations for shorthead redhorse growth from the Kankakee River and Horse Creek, Illinois 1977-1979. 1 2 3 Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean All fish 93 22 207 35 295 27 343 Increment 93 22 111 31 93 20 49 N 650 ae 500 nee 397 eas 371 Males 100 23 210 31 299 19 341 Increment 100 23 108 26 91 21 43 N 194 ao 176 ak 135 he 146 Females 105 23 207 37 298 30 348 Increment 105 23 99 28 91 19 51 N 225 209 205 201 South Dakota (Elrod & Hassler 1971) continued to grow throughout their lifetime, whereas fish in the Kankakee River grew little beyond 400 mm after age V. Back-calculated lengths (Table 5) indicated growth trends similar to those exhibited by the empirical data. Mean back-calculated lengths were similar for males and females through age III, after which females were consis- tently larger than males. Growth histories of individual year classes of shorthead redhorse reconstructed from back-calculated lengths of fish captured in 1977, 1978, and 1979 showed similar trends regardless of the collection year. The calculated size at specific annuli differed slightly depending on the year of the analysis, because calculations were based on different fish; however, the reproducibility of observed growth trends verified that there were growth differences among different year classes. Good first-year growth was not necessarily indicative of continued good growth; growth compensation was suggested by large second-year increments for some classes that were shorter than average after their first year of growth (Fig. 7). Members of the 1972, 1973, and 1977 year classes dominated the catch, whereas fish from 1974 and 1975 were poorly represented. Catch curves for these suckers in 1977-1979 (Fig. 8) illustrated the extreme fluctu- ations in year-class strength. The strength of a given year class was not reflected in its growth history, as is often seen in lake situations; both strong and weak classes from the Kankakee River had first-year growth above and below the average. Conse- quently, competition during the first growing season was probably not a dominant influence in the strength of year- class establishment by shorthead redhorse; whereas, specific environmental conditions, such as temperature and/or rain- fall (river discharge) during early life stages, may be impor- tant. The fact that periods of strong reproduction were separated by 4 to 5 years may be related to the time that it takes fish from one strong year class to reach sexual maturity. Barring adverse physical conditions, such a cycle Annulus ee ee Se SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD 23 368 20 390 22 396 19 402 16 28 11 23 8 20 6 14 260 161 23 1 17 364 15 378 13 374 14 25 11 21 7 20 100 52 1 25 373 21 396 23 398 19 16 28 10 22 8 19 6 149 104 21 of year-class strength could predictably be based on adult abundance. Strong year classes were also evident in Lake Sharpe, a Missouri River Reservoir (Elrod & Hassler 1971). Catch rates of suckers in a Missouri Ozark stream were significantly higher during one 4-year period than during the years before and after that period (Funk & Fleener 1974). These catch rates indicate the presence and demise of a strong year class of fish. Fajen (1975) attributed fluctu- ations in the total standing crop of golden redhorse to the erratic recruitment of successive year classes. Dramatic reductions in standing crop occur when these strong year classes leave the population due to natural mortality. 450 MEAN BACK-CALCULATED TOTAL LENGTH (mm) Year Class 139 «18 ~=0OUN 22 #135 #1 #34 «643 0=«78 Fig. 7.—Mean back-calculated total length at each annulus for individual year classes of shorthead redhorse collected from the Kankakee River and Horse Creek during 1977-1979. 12 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY BIOLOGICAL NOTES No. 123 Analysis of covariance of the In (weight) of fish, using In (length) as the covariable, indicated that sex did not have FA $ a significant effect on the length-weight relationship for =3 shorthead redhorse during 1977 and 1978. However, z2 aoe analysis of covariance of all the fish weighed and measured o 1 2 3 4 5 6 Age 77 76 73 74 73 72 71 YearClass from 1977 through 1979 (N = 954) indicated that factors such as year, season, and location of capture did signifi- cantly affect the In (weight)-In (length) relationship. Signifi- cant differences in the length-weight relationship existed 5 between fish from riverlike stations (locations 1 and 6) and 4 those from a more lentic area of the river (location 5). a Adjusted mean weights (least square means) were greater i for shorthead and golden redhorse from the slowly moving = | Gf) eae waters of lentic areas. o 123 4 5 6 7 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 Year Class The length-weight relationships also differed among years and differed very significantly (P <0.001) among seasons. Coefficients for the length-weight regression for fish captured during May deviated from those for August and November (Table 6). The lower intercept and slope 4 of the May regression probably reflects the lower weight 3 per length of fish after the spring spawn due to loss of sexual : products, decreased feeding, and increased energy require- 1979 oO la 3 4 5S 6 7 @& Age 79 78°77 76 75 74 73 72 71 YearClass Fig. 8.—Catch curves for shorthead redhorse collected from the Kankakee River and Horse Creek during 1977-1979. Ordinate units are the natural logarithm of the number of shorthead redhorse of a given age in the yearly catch. Although well represented in 1978, the 1972 year class was nearly absent in 1979, indicating that the lifespan of shorthead redhorse in the Kankakee River was 6 to 7 years. Only one 8-year-old fish was collected during the study. Most shorthead redhorse in Lewis and Clark Lake, Missouri, were less than 5 years old, with none greater than 6 years (Walburg 1964). The fish in northern regions appear to be longer lived, 8 years in lowa (Meyer 1962), 9 years in Minnesota (Eddy & Carlander 1942), 12 years in North Dakota (Elrod & Hassler 1971) and, although marked by slow growth, 12-14 years in Canada (Scott & Crossman 1973). Mean condition factors (Table 4) were 0.9-1.1, values similar to those of Iowa fish (Meyer 1962). The widest range of values was found in May, probably due to the presence of spawned and unspawned individuals. No sex or size differences were reflected in condition values. ments for spawning and associated migration. FOOD HABITS Approximately 60 invertebrate taxa and other mater- ials were consumed by the bottom-feeding shorthead red- horse. Ten general categories each accounted for at least 5 percent of the diet during at least 1 month (Table 7). Larval Chironomidae and Trichoptera were the primary aquatic insects consumed. These benthic organisms have previously been shown to be important in the diet of short- head redhorse (Sibley 1929; Rimsky-Korsakoff 1930; Nurnberger 1931; Sibley and Rimsky-Korsakoff 1931; Meyer 1962; Minckley 1963; Bur 1976; Yant 1979). The occurrence of Mollusca (Forbes 1888; Rimsky-Korsakoff 1930; Eastman 1977) and Cladocera (Eaton 1928; Nurn- berger 1931) in the diet has been noted also. The sporadic occurrence of foods like Petrophila (Parargyractis) and Deca- poda is probably the result of the contagious distribution and seasonal availability of benthic invertebrates. Several authors have noted the abundance of mud and detritus consumed by the redhorses (Sibley 1929; Minckley 1963; Smith 1977). In our study, unidentified materials acounted for 24-68 percent of the total diet by weight. Only TABLE 6.—Coefficients and standard errors of the estimates for the length-weight relationship [In (weight) = a + b In (length)] for shorthead redhorse from the Kankakee River and Horse Creek, 1977-1979. Length (mm) Coefficient of Intercept Slope Determination Period N Mean Range (a) SE (b) SE (r?) May 416 283.9 57 - 445 — 11.6560 0.0522 3.0155 0.0094 1.00 Aug 254 200.0 43 - 412 — 11.8086 0.0882 3.0595 0.0715 0.99 Nov 284 199.0 63 - 431 — 11.8597 0.0507 3.0634 0.0099 1.00 1977-1979 954 236.3 43 - 445 — 11.6899 0.0359 3.0278 0.0067 1.00 SULE AND SKELLY: THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE SHORTHEAD REDHORSE 13 TABLE 7.—Average percentage weight of gut contents of shorthead redhorse collected in 1979 from the Kankakee River. t = trace occurrence Stomach content 29 Mar® 19 Apr 10 May 19 Jun 7 Aug 14 Sep 16 Oct 12 Nov Chironomidae 52 2 7 2 17 19 6 66 Trichoptera 11 7 7 28 4 3 1 2 Unidentified organic matter 9 17 13 12 13 16 14 13 Unidentified inorganic matter 17 21 13 12 46 49 54 16 Sand 3 17 38 17 12 4 14 1 Algae t 1 4 t 1 6 2 1 Aquatic Lepidoptera [Petrophila (Parargyractis)) ors I 10 7 t Plants t 13 3 5 t t Decapoda se 6 oh He See Trichoptera cases t 7 1 7 1 t t Other 8 4 9 5 2 8 t Full stomachs 9 1 4 6 5 4 4 3 Empty stomachs 0 8 2 0 0 1 0 2 41978 collection 21-50 percent of that material, or an average of 13 percent of the total diet, was organic (ash-free dry weight). Assum- ing that this 13 percent is the detritus component of the diet, which might be nutritionally valuable, a large portion of the material ingested is poor in energy. The ingestion of bottom materials is probably the most efficient way for these fish to obtain sufficient quantities of invertebrate foods, given their limited feeding morphology. The food habits of an animal are largely a function of the habitat it occupies and the seasonal availability of foods. Shorthead redhorse were common in Horse Creek in the spring and consumed large numbers of Chironomi- dae, primarily Orthocladius but also Tanytarsini and Eukief- feriella. Fish reduced their feeding activities and then ceased feeding in April as the spawn progressed. One fish found in the Kankakee River proper was feeding during this time and consumed an assemblage of chironomids (primarily Rheotanytarsus, a swift-water genus) different from those found in Horse Creek. After the spawn, fish could be found both in Horse Creek and in the Kankakee River and were consuming chironomids typical of the habitats occupied. In late summer when shorthead redhorse were typically found near riffles, they fed predominantly on Xenochirono- mus, a chironomid known to occur in swift-water habitats. The specific chironomids eaten changed as different groups became seasonally available. In October, fish were found in a pool upstream of the reference stations and had con- sumed Chironomus, a depositional form. In November 1978, only 1 of 12 shorthead redhorse found in typical summer areas was actively feeding. In November 1979, fish were not in summer habitats but were found actively feeding in that upstream pool area. They were, however, consum- ing Orthocladius, a resource also exploited by golden red- horse. It appears that these fish seek deeper water during the winter but whether they continue feeding is unknown. Comparative qualitative studies of the food habits of sympatric redhorses (Meyer 1962; Smith 1977) have demonstrated little variation in the diets of those species examined. However, foods eaten in the present study, coupled with the absence of burrowing mayflies in the diet (unlike golden redhorse from the study area which con- sumed Hexagenia sp. and depositional-type Chironomidae), suggest that habitat utilization (riffles and riffle margins), and therefore foods taken by shorthead redhorse, are prob- ably different and spatially distinct from those of other sympatric redhorses. Yant (1979) reached similar conclu- sions after finding differences in the diets of shorthead, golden, and black redhorses. The food habits of 14 juveniles (53-180 mm total length) were similar to those of the adults. Catostomidae Group D larvae (see earlier description) from the Kankakee River consumed unidentified matter and diatoms. PARASITES External parasites were discovered during a cursory examination of fishes as they were being weighed and measured. Shorthead redhorse were usually free of macro- parasites, as were other redhorses although other fishes in this area frequently hosted parasites. In 1979, Myxospor- idia occurred on 6 percent of the shorthead redhorse exam- ined during November. In May and August of 1979, those parasitic protozoans occurred on only 1 percent and 2 per- cent of the specimens, respectively. Leeches were found on only 1 of 222 shorthead redhorse examined in 1979; no other redhorse species hosted leeches. In contrast, depending on the season, 9-20 percent of green sunfish had leeches, as did largemouth bass (11-21 percent), long- ear sunfish (2-12 percent), rock bass (6-21 percent), smallmouth bass (10-22 percent), and channel catfish 14 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY BIOLOGICAL NOTES (50-70 percent). Six leech species were among those identi- fied. Digenetic trematodes occurred in seven fish species in 1979; however, no redhorses were hosts. Internal parasites were found in the digestive tracts of redhorses when these fish were examined for food habits. Shorthead redhorse was the least heavily parasitized of the redhorses examined (Table 8). Robinson & Jahn (1980) TABLE 8.—Percent occurrence and numbers of specimens per host (in parentheses) of internal parasites found in redhorse suckers of the Kankakee River. Shorthead Golden Silver redhorse redhorse redhorse No. of specimens examined 90 23 7 Nematoda Rhabdochona cascadilla 13(>100) 4(>100)* 14(>100)? Camallanus ancylodirus 3(1)4 43(1-5)4 Arie Caryophyllaeidae (Cestoda) Tsoglaridacris longus (2) ame I. chetekenis Sei 510 43(2-8)4 I. folius ae 26(1-3)P tae Tsoglaridacns sp. 1(2) ie 5 oh Glaridarcris catostomi sae 13(1-5)* 14(2)? Acanthocephala Acanthocephalus dirus 8(1-2)° 26(1-14) Pomphorynchus bulbocolli 2(1-2) 22(1-12)° Neoechinorynchus sp. shore 9(1-2) 4New host and state record bNew state record “New host record found 3 of 10 shorthead redhorse from pool 20 of the Mississippi River infected with Rhabdochona cascadilla, No. 123 Camallanus oxycephalus, and Cystidicola stigmatura. The only shorthead redhorse specimen examined by Wenke (1968) contained nematodes. Essex & Hunter (1926) found 5 of 13 shorthead redhorse from the Rock River, Illinois, infected with nematodes and/or Acanthocephala and the one specimen from the Mississippi River had Acantho- cephala while none of six golden redhorse from the Rock River was parasitized. In two studies of Lake Erie fish parasites, two of two shorthead redhorse were infected (Bangham & Hunter 1939) and two of three fish hosted parasites (Bangham 1972). Hoffman (1967), Bangham (1972), Margolis & Arthur (1979), and Williams (1980) list numerous parasites known to infect shorthead redhorse. Several parasite specimens from shorthead redhorse in the Kankakee River represented new host and state records. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by a grant from Com- monwealth Edison Company, Chicago, Illinois. We thank Donald Myrick for aging shorthead redhorse specimens, Gary L. Warren for identifying Chironomidae from fish stomachs, and Dr. Omar M. Amin for identifying internal parasites. The assistance of many Illinois Natural History Survey personnel and Eastern Illinois University interns in fish collection and processing is greatly appreciated. Thanks go to the Walter Sherry Chapter of the Izaak Walton League of America for the use of their riverside facilities. We thank Dr. R. W. Larimore for his advice during the study and review of the manuscript. We also thank Drs. Lawrence M. Page, John A. Tranquilli, Brooks M. Burr and Robert E. Jenkins for their review of the manuscript, Pat Duzan and Sue Peratt who typed the early drafts of the manuscript, and Shirley McClellan, Survey editor, who did the final technical editing. LITERATURE CITED BANGHAM, R. V. 1972. A resurvey of the fish parasites of western Lake Erie. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 4(2). , and G. W. HUNTER II. 1939. Studies on fish parasites of Lake Erie. Distributional studies. Zoologica 24:385-448. BARKER, B., J. B. CARLISLE, and R. NYBERG. 1967. Kankakee River basin study. A comprehensive plan for water resource development. State of Illinois Department of Public Works and Buildings, Bureau of Water Resources, Springfield, Illinois. BARNICKOL, P. G., and W. C. STARRETT. 1951. Commercial and sport fishes of the Mississippi River between Caruthersville, Missouri and Dubuque, Iowa. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 25:267-350. BECKER, G. C. 1964. The fishes of Lakes Poygan and Winnebago. 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