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Arash rah ripest Sere ios ees f- Sate theta Peep Dweireseeee Varah vie) oo rats Stet oe Ohm aey> yg ek oi) hed ie he Wind By negegniediees AP APL Le Lee fe 4 Ahhh tas SAR AA pelt phradbe eA a wet ch rie hay ott Ae ye Ay bye piv Boia n {ysie * “ ted Oa TR 4 Ot aya mg ea + riod Pisish > Apyens P ‘ et a rsekee’ hee Pate af Pw aw las mst Mayr Lorry ems of ( Come vial iia HARVARD UNIVERSITY (5 pee aS ae LIBRARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Gift of: nicharac W. roster Mollas /oe fk. bi ft) Ve WV. Foster /G 43 HARVARD UNIVERSITY APIA ATR T LN ROT TTICw / i ae Tey | ze es IP eat | ~ fg GO Nae BOP Sf Se Lae a ea Witt OF IN THE Museum of Comparative Zoology Giit of: Richard W. Foster nated by Rowmey Ef or feer. 4g Strand. By J. MAWE 7. Y r Z choy EA Crouch THE LINNZ AN SYSTEM OF CONCHOLOGY, DESCRIBING The Orders, Geneva, and Species SHELLS, ARRANGED INTO DIVISIONS AND FAMILIES: WITH A VIEW TO FACILITATE THE STUDENT’S ATTAINMENT OF THE SCIENCE. BY JOHN MAWE Author of Travels in Brazil; Treatise on Diamonds and Precious Stones ; Familiar Lessons on Mineralogy and Geology ; &e. &c. Ke. Pouvdow: PRINTED FOR AND SOLD BY THE AUTHOR, 149, STRAND; AND LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW- 1823. eS ee W. M‘Domall Printer, Pemberton Row Gough Square. THE PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND FELLOWS ox THE LINNASAN SOCIETY, This ork {S RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. uy, ie a iy i abt k| Pe ya wk as Wh Cage Droste tt bh i sera sow WRAVTS sh ” 9 ; PPO My Vx ; 4 , Wal banal and | | Te. aR MRT KAS ec mts ie rar ts a Wye, 4 Pee } eae ae aunts Ce i isch andl aiinh + oh een ; NE rs ula ye Layer ny “ 1 ; cr’ Cy ‘Waaas Aru, Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. DESCRIPTION OF THE FRONTISPIECE. i er a or > 7. eal Conus Cedo Nulli. ---+--++++++++> Vide Page 87 SMaluta arpa, -iinmcisls ec ore see eee icy 110 Murex Argus -+-+++ Sisiereis oe Sole sicielsieice sin cies 135 Buccinum Costatum «+ -c+ses ceccrecesccess 119 6. Cypraca Aperta ++ -+es-seereeeeeeceeee eres 95 * Helix Papyracea ++ +++++++seeeeeseeeerees 168 * These Shells are supposed not to be figured in any former work on Conchology. “ a us , we ny Seer enue He Ai ewe ewe aga ade CONTENTS. ees Description of the Frontispiece +++: +*-++++++> Page v INTRODUCTION eereceressceees saeysieis ROBO OOO UC oO C ix CLASSIFICATION <+-e-s SA CHU OIIO CODCOODDOOUORS OOD rraredsis{ saliy LI. Multivalves ---+--cececccc cece ce cnec cere er erence Xill IL. Bivalves << -022 00 cee csn ss crcccerensscccssscencs Xili Ill. Univalves.—1. With a regular spire ++++-++++++: xiv 2. Without a regular spire ------- “s OKYV I. MULTIVALVES. Giaitonl os 2s <2 20sec pip isioisislelersisinlelcteletaie BOO OOM OOO OOaG 1 Lepas ee ee co 5 Pholas «+ -e-sccscess>: + cece Oot ciakeloish nioiioret lovee at every gestads 11 Mya Biotajstslslieiel nd adagoM neste cece cece eee esione 179 DAs | MS aid gid BODO a bidnint aback in Gide aa oniy, wtec 2. STS Dentalium -- +s ec ete e cere te ce ete eee cere reece sane 191 Serpula cece eee ROIS OCOD OIC) Oey OCiC Comic moi cirri 193 Teredo -cscesecrstetreeree pee ween eer ence eeeeeseeree 197 a Wa | PUR oehinin DObigtin nS Dots rv Ob SOO be OOM TOSS Gui 199 GLOSSARY cers rees recor erste recesses eee sc sear ons 90} INTRODUCTION. CONCHOLOGY isa science which embraces the know- ledge, arrangement, and description of testaceous bodies, and which, according to the system of Linneus, adopted in this Treatise, has for its basis the exter- nal form and character of the shell, and is totally m- dependent of the animal enclosed within the calcareous covering. The animal is a soft, fleshy, exsanguinous substance, without bones, but generally furnished exteriorly with amuscle, by which it adheres to the shell, occasioning certain indentations, thence called muscular impres- sions. Like other animals, it is endued with lungs, heart, mouth, and organs peculiarly adapted to its nature. The inhabitants of Multivalves and Bivalves are Vi- viparous, but of Univalves some are oviparous. It ap- pears from the investigations of Leuwenhoeck on Bi- valves, and of Reaumur on Univalves, that the animal is furnished with a shell before it leaves the parent or the egg; and as it subsequently increases in magni- tude, the part which is protruded beyond the origi~ nal limits of the shell becomes covered with a viscous matter, which on desiccation forms a thin and elas- tic substance, in addition to the previous formation, X INTRODUCTION. and in time, by a repetition of the process, becomes of the same thickness with the other part of the shell. From the construction of Univalves it is evident, that this juxtaposition of successive layers can only take place at the aperture, and that in Bivalves the enlarge-= ment must proceed from the hinge round the circum- ference of each valve. The submarine existence of the larger portion of these animals precludes, in a great degree, the knowledge of their nature and habits, and is one of the causes that Conchology still remains obscured and confused by anomalies in many of its genera, while other branches of natural history, from being more easily investigated, are better understood. The character which appears to have guided Linnzeus in the formation of his genera, was, in Multivalves, the position of the valves; in Bivalves, the peculiarity of the hinge; and in Univalves, the exterior figure of the shell, the columella, the aperture, and form of the mouth. Hence every bivalve exhibiting an ovate hol- low in the hinge is termed an Ostrea; and in the Uni- valves a plaited columella constitutes the distinction of the genus Voluta, and an ovate aperture, terminating in a canal inclining to the right, distinguishes the genus Buccinum. But to this arrangement it is objected, that the inhabitants of shells of the same genus ought to be identical; and on this supposition, as it ap- pears impossible for the Ostrea malleus and Ostrea maxima to be the habitations of the same animal, they ought to be classed in different genera. Simi- lar inconsistencies will appear from a comparison INTRODUCTION. xi of the Voluta papalis with the Voluta turbinella, and of the Buccinum maculatum with the Buecimum patulum. How far these objections may be tenable it is not our purpose to enquire, being ourselves per- suaded that the Linneean system, though capable of considerable improvement, presents the most simple and concise method of aiding the investigation of this branch of natural history. The striking dissimilarity of the species in some of the genera is certainly an obstacle to the attainment of the science; we have, therefore, with a view to facili- tate its acquirement, and at the same time not materi- ally to depart from the system we have adopted, formed divisions of the genera, when any marked dissimilarity was observable in the species. And if any of the di- visions retained one leading character throughout, to- gether with some other characters only partially, we have again divided it into families, distinguished by those variations. It is possible that the characters of many of the divisions will be deemed sufficiently dis- tinct to allow of their being formed into additional ge- nera, without departing from the original system. We have been indebted to other writers on Concho- logy for the addition of many new species, and parti- cularly to Mr. Dillwyn’s valuable Catalogue of Recent Shells. Those species which were not found described or figured in the works of any author to which we had access, are distinguished by an asterisk ; we have also named them, considering them to be new species; and have endeavoured in the catalogue, to place each xii INTRODUCTION. next in succession to that species it most nearly resem- bles and. approximates. The first column of the Catalogue which follows the description of the genus will, it is presumed, be found to contain a comprehensive list of all the species at present described. In the second column is placed a list of the localities, which from our connections we have been able greatly to enrich and correct. The last column contains the trivial or common names. The plates which embellish this work are taken from specimens in our own cabinet, and we are indebted to the kindness and indefatigable exertions of an artist of the greatest talent, for the accurate and elegant de- lineation of them. CLASSIFICATION, LINNAUS has made three principal or grand divisions of Testacea, viz. Multivalves, Bivalves, and Univalves; of which he has given the following generic description. I. MULTIVALVES. i. Curron: Valves placed in transverse plaits down the back. 2. Lepas: Valves unequal; body sessile. 3. Puoxas: Shell bivalve, with accessory valves at the hinge. Il. BIVALVES. 4. Mya: Hinge with generally a broad thick tooth, not let into the opposite valve. 5. Soren: Shell open at each end; hinge witha single or double subulate reflected tooth, not let into the opposite valve. 6. Texitina: Hinge with the lateral teeth of one valve not let into the other. 7. Carpium: Hinge with remote penetrating lateral teeth. 8. Macrra: Hinge with a complicated triangular middle tooth, and an adjoining hollow. Ne ee X1V CLASSIFICATION. 9. Donax: Hinge with a lateral tooth, generally remote, not 10. 11. 22. let into the opposite valve. Venus: Hinge with generally three approximate divari- cated teeth. Sponpyius: Hinge with two teeth, separated by a small hollow. . Cuama: Hinge on one side, with an oblique obtuse tooth inserted info a corresponding cavity. . Arca: Hinge with numerous penetrating teeth. . OstrREA: Hinge without teeth, but an ovate hollow. . Anomia: Hinge without teeth, but generally a linear de- pression on the rim, the beak of one valve curved over the hinge. Mytitus: Hinge without teeth, witha subulate depres- sion. . Pinna: Hinge without teeth, valves united at one end, and open at the other. ill. UNIVALVES. 1. Witha regular Spire. . Argonaura: Shell with one cell, spiral, involute. . Nautitus: Shell with many chambers, communicating by a tube. . Conus: Aperture effuse, longitudinal, without teeth. Cypre#a: Aperture effuse, linear, longitudinal, toothed oneach side. Buxua: Aperture rather contracted, and placed obliquely. . VoLuta: Aperture effuse, the pillar plaited. . Buccrnum: Aperture with a small canal leaning to the right. . Stromeus: Aperture with a smal} canal leaning to the left. . Murex: Aperture with a small straight canal. CLASSIFICATION. XV #7. Trocuus: Aperture contracted, nearly rectangular. 28. Turso: Aperture contracted, and orbicular. 29. Hextix: Aperture contracted, lunate on the inner side. 30. Nerita: Aperture contracted, and semiorbicular. 31. Haxioris: Shell with a row of orifices along the surface. 2. Without a regular Spire. 82. Patevta: Shell conic, the aperture widened like a basin. 33. Denratium: Shell slender, subulate, open at both ends. 34. Serputa: Shell tubular, generally serpentine, adhering to other bodies. 35. Terepo: Shell thin, penetrating wood. 386. Sapeiia: Shell composed of agglutinated grains of sand. Je Mth fi bad ea, than a ta Wiad vate 5 PME ees vei wg ie DU a ss ; fs Matis Ainebbulkes ven Ne neornnet? wie Ay ie iN ph diel a sha eg Af (ovate NaN: . Seyi ey an Sg) AI a" - tan a ee eon if ” EHS sae GPRS ra pay ca ay a! pier) iyi iM MaMa - Lit) ythad “ap | tot Ate en ‘cual tela ah im ¥ CLI4 DON, PAE FE oe | LA Crouch Lithog fy LLM AWE 44.9 SC7TAnk Jrinted bp Howney ¥Forfoer. INTRODUCTION TO CONCHOLOGY. ORDER I. Multivalbes, CHITON.__Coar or Matt. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I. Div. I. —Fig. 1. C. Squamosus. (Interior and exterior view. ) Dy. II. —Fig. 2. C. Marginatus. ditto. Fig. 4. C. Fascicularis. ditto. Drv. IIlI.—Fig. 3. C. Spinosus. Shell consisting of several valves, arranged longitudinally on the back of the animal. THE genus Chiton ranks first in the classification of shells, and no less than forty species are known; some of which are beautifully marked, and some of rare occurrence. From the peculiar appearance of this multivalve, it is impossible to confound it with any other genus; and it may be observed, that all the species closely approximate each other. B 2 MULTIVALVES —— CHITON. The Chiton, in its natural state, resembles a well known insect often met with in decayed timber, com- monly called the wood-louse. Like the limpet, it is usually found adhering to rocks, and requires consi- derable force to detach it; it is occasionally seen rolled up in the form of a ball, among sea-weed and stones. Tt is common on our own coast, and is met with in France, Spain, and the Mediterranean, where it seldom exceeds an inch, but is generally much smaller, and in tropical climates it sometimes occurs three or four inches long. When the animal is extracted, the form of the Chi- ton is not unlike a boat. The termination of the valves which are seldom more or less than eight, is surrounded by a scaly or rough ligament, which en- ables the animal to expand and contract its shell freely. The general appearance of the exterior of the Chi- ton is dull. Its color is dark brown, but it passes into different shades of green; some are variegated with beautiful pink, yellowish or bluish white; others exhibit various markings, in lively colors. The interior admits of considerable variation with regard to color, but the most prevalent is bluish black or white, diver- sified with yellow; also brown, green, and pink. The color of the margin is sometimes yellowish brown, or olive-green, witha reddish tint, but more com- monly brown, approaching black. The margins of some of the species have very differ- ent characters, which form distinctions for three divi- MULTIVALVES —CHITON. FS sions, viz. those having a scaly margin, as the C.squa- mosus, &c. constitute the first division; others having a coriaceous margin form the second division; and the third consists at present only of one species, the C. spinosus, the margin of which is beset with spines. The Chiton derives its name from its resem- blance to a coat of mail (yirwy). Diviston I.—Having a scaly margin. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Squamosus:--+--- American Isles ---+------ Scaly Chiton -- Bistriatus -+- cee cevceereseccs ceeeeeeees Striated --- do -- Fasciatus -+-+-+- South America+-------- Banded - -- do -- WITIGIS 2-2 cc ccs tte w ccc cc re wc ssccesens Green ----do-- Tessellatus ------ St. Thomas’s «--++++---- Tessellated do -- Sulcatus -+++-++- South Sea Isles -+-+2e+-+ Furrowed - do»: Maculatus ------ East Indies -+++-+++++--- Spotted --. do -- Marmoratus::::- Florida ---+2+-+++-+ees-- Marbled -. do -- Agi inicte se sistsi Sic +» West Indies ------+-... Indian ---- do-- Dryiston 11.—Having a coriaceous margin. The C. porosus and C. larvseformis of this division deserve particular notice, as in some respects their characters differ from those of the other species. The valves of the C. porosus are perforated by a small slit, and the ligament of the C. larveeformis (which in other species merely surrounds the margin) almost envelops the whole shell, and gives it the appearance of a caterpillar. B2 4 MULTIVALVES __CHITON. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Fulvus ---+--+-- South America --:----- Tawny Chiton -- CMG Ges laden. ) Sduoodo eb cle Sdaes AGM B= Coated ---do-- Castaneus ------- Cape of Good Hope ---- Chesnut --- do -- Lineatus -------- Ditto ee eeseets ete Socggss Striped wee) GOM= Aculeatus ------ Nicobar Isles -------++-+ Prickly --- do -- Fascicularis ----- England & Barbary -:-- Tufted---- do-- Punctatus ------- Europe, Asia, & America: Punctured- do -- Rather tes set. ec Norway Oe ODIO OO Goco.c Red? cient do -- AIDUS) elete te slntelarsi< England HOOD TOT0OOGGO White ---- do «-- @inereusitee ie ee GOLee serial aeleciels = cisialere Grey lateteles do -- Bicolor -- seeeee lfiitiios sooScaponbooae C6 Variegated - doe Ceracinus ------ Surinam -----+-+-++++ss Cherry - -- do- Magellanicus---- Magellan Straits ------ - Magellan -- do -- Fuscus --------- Pulo Penang -----+---- - Brown -- -do-- Granulatus - --- West Indies -----+----- Granulated do -- Piceus -----+---- Idria and Red Sea ------ Pitchy --- do-- Minimus -- ------ Norway -----+> tee eee Mealy -- -- do -- GaN ee eae e elated) Mielelesolcieilelateleheie!(*lelisleke)ielleifelste!= Bug-like SoG Choc IASCTIUS eels letere = as nefels|s\ishelnielelalclere/sle ele ciel ele Millepede aa kawnics Gigas aiakete te elsteleie African Coast -+-------- Great -.-.-- do == Islandicus ---+«-: Teeland tres eiee ers e-s-- Iceland ««- do -- Marginatus ----- French Coast ----++---- Bordered -- do -- TEceVAS) ec ec/etere ever England AO DEAUUOOIOONE Smooth -- do - Amiculatus ----- Kurile Islands ---+------ Kidney pePeer de Tuberculatus---- West Indies-----+-- --- Knobbed -- do - Crinitus -------- Aberdeen -++--++++++++s Hairy - stole oc Thalassinus «+--+: secre rcee reste c tee ee ce SealeAlow: SH TOO) oc Hispidus -------- West Indies ---++------- Hispid - -- do -- POTOSUS scene et aictaroveleue shelelate leis ieieiietats fale Porous - -- do-- Larveeformis -++- ---sssresr setts cere >» Caterpillar do -- Diviston [].—Having a spinous margin. The C. spinosus is at present a very rare shell; its habitat is supposed to be the Marquesas. Spinosus Sieyaie(ejetsied) ite lave ye sence Coren seca cneoce S piny Chiton.---- a Adios! 4 HPA S, a} : a Bree Ba, Or ae Rive ea) F 3 ss & A. Crouch Lrthoo By 1MAWE 749 3 Cranw MULTIVALVES——LEPAS. 5 LEPAS.—Acorn SHELL or BARNACLE. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II. Div. I. —Fam. 1. Fig. 1. L. Tintinnabulum.—4. L. Clavata.—5. L. Verruca. Fam. 2. Fig. 3. L. Quinquevalvis. Fam. 3. Fig. 2. L. Purpurascens. Dw. Il.—Fam. 1. Fig. 6. L. Mitella.—8. L. Pollicipes. Fam.2. Fig. 7. L. Anatifera. Shell affixed at the base, and consisting of many wnequal erect valves. OF the genus Lepas forty-three species are known, and they are in general so well characterized that they cannot be confounded with those of any other genus. The exterior of the shell is often varied in shape, covering, and coloring; the usual outline is conical, but in some instances, hemispherical; which form is acquired by a number of valves being placed perpen- dicularly on a base, broad at the lower margin, and gradually tapering towards the summit, which is clos- ed by other smaller valves, placed nearly horizontally, thereby serving as a lid or covering to the animal within. The perpendicular valves are incapable of motion; the horizontal, on the contrary, are move- able at the will of the animal; which through their medium, performs those functions that are neces- sary to its existence. The number of valves which constitute the shell is often very indefinite, their usual amount is six; but the L. palmipes has sometimes only four; and 6 MULTIVALVES_— LEPAS. other species possess the intermediate gradations of number, as far as twenty-four, which is not un- frequent in the L. pollicipes.—The valves, of what- ever number they consist, are variously diversified with striz, ridges, and grooves. The strive are mostly transverse; the ridges, on the contrary, are longitudinal, and not uncommonly beset with rough projections and acute spines, as in the L. spinosa. The valves which compose the operculum, or lid, often vary in their number and shape; in some they only consist of two; in others, of three or four; and sometimes of afar greater number. They are usually attached to a ligament, and occasionally present an acute form, while in other species they are perfectly obtuse. The color also differs considerably, though the most usual is of a bluish, purplish, or reddish cast; some are variegated with black and green, and others are greyish-white, as the L. mitella, &c. The Lepades are never found detached, but always fixed by the base or stalk to other bodies; they adhere in clusters to rocks, and often form groups on shells, loose stones, anchors, &c.; they are also found on marine ani- mals, as the whale andthe turtle. They also affix them- selves to ships, and, though at first invisible, so rapid is their increase in magnitude and number, that the veloci- ty of a vessel is considerably impeded by them. This seems to imply that the animal exists in the sea in the state of animalcula. The interior of some species of this genus is a hollow tube, but in others it is divided into separate compart- ee eee MULTIVALVES—LEPAS. ie ments or chambers, as in the L. diadema, or it Is filled up with tubular pores, as in the L. porosa. The species possessing these characters form the first, second, and third families of the first division; the fourth family is distinguished by having a cup- like appendage at the base ; and the fifth by the shell being tubular and truncated at both ends. The Lepas derives its name from its custom of adhering to rocks (Aégac), and other projections in the sea. This genus has also been called Balanus, from the resemblance which some of the species bear to an acorn ((3aAavoc)- Diviston [.—A ffixed at the base to other substances. Famity 1.—WSesszle. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Balanus ------:: Europe, ReGa gsc eeteis ila Acorn shell, com: mon Barnacle - - Balanoides ------ Europe Ar ipievaieroneidrtele fevers Smooth --- do -- Tintinnabulum -- East and West Indies - Bell-shaped do -- Sootlicani caer Scotland «-++++se°°2*** Scottish --- do -- Costata: -+--+-:> Wales----sst etc Ribbed - -- Gou-- Genoides «--«s-2 Weymouth --:---:-:-** Conic ---- do-- Palmipes:--+- -- Atlantic Isles -- +++++-- Palmated -- do -- Minor ---:- _..+» Indian Isles ----++++++-- Fleshcolored do- - Angustata---++++ Coast of Africa, &e, ---- Narrow mouthed- Elongata Sao OAS Britain, kc. --++++++-- Club-like - do -- Patellaris -+---- Coast of Coromandel, &c. Limpet-like do -- Spinosa «++-+++ ++ St. Helena -----+*+++-°° Spinous -- do -- Violacea «---:-°: Indian Isles ----+:++°° 7°" Violet -- -. do -- CSTE Sy IES a GAC Rugged LAW ade Verruca:--- +-°> North Europe -++-**""*" Wart formed do :- Rugosa -++s+*: South Coast of England- Wrinkled . do -- @ 8 MULTIVALVES__LEPAS. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Punctatus’-*..... British Seas ---..--.---- Punctured B. - Radiatalscscciicctn: cee cee eae ee Rayed Sal e's GOP oe Gartosa i: 22938 Gash a8 BE See Ridged 5 ms (60) OF Psittaeus |<. «+ Ghilifes sc ae esc ecocerae Beaked -.. do «- Hemispherica --- Africa --++---...2..-.-- Hemispherical do Levis --------- East and West Indies --- Smooth---- do -- Striatus -------- English and Dutch coasts Striated .- do -- Famity 2.—Having radiated cells at their base. Diadema -...... Mediterranean, &c. ---- Turban Barnacle Balanaris ----.-. Slele''a vie wall aeletere fore cielaiem ote Whale - -. do-- Mestudinaniaiecheten ae cei eee Se eee Ee Turtle -... do -- * Quinquevalvis-- ++ +--+ +12. eee Srv teee Five valve do -- Famity 3.—Having a porous base. Porosus +++ +++. East Indies, &c. --.-..-- Porous Barnacle Purpurascens---- Falkland’s Isle --------. Purple ---- do -- Famity 4.—Having acup-like appendage at the base. Galeata -------: Mediterranean, &c. ----- Helmet-like do -- Spongeosa ------ Dorsetshire ------ +++. Spongy ---do- Famity 5.—Tubular and truncated at both ends. Tracheaformis -+-- seer ee ee eee eee ee eee Windpipe - do -- Division J].—WShells attached to a fieshy peduncle. Notwithstanding ihe great afiinity which exists throughout the Lepas genus, there are a few ex- ceptions, in which a resemblance is difticult to be traced; as, for example, in the L. scalpellum, L. anserifera, L. anatifera, and varieties emanating from them. These three species are closely allied to each other, but exceedingly dissimilar to the rest of the genus, for the generality of Lepades are affixed to ts MULTIVALVES—LEPAS. 9 other bodies or substances by the base, or lower part of the shell; but these are attached by a peduncle or stem, which proceeds from the base of the shell to the substance which sustains it. The stems differ exceedingly in character and sub- stance; they sometimes resemble a smooth, film- like tube, of a fine texture, not unfrequently tinged with bright red or orange; they are also often ofa dark or bluish-brown color, the texture much coarser, and wrinkled, or granulated with little warts. The peculiar structure of these species has caused them to be compared to the crocus, to which in ap- pearance they bear a considerable resemblance. The above species characterize the second division, which is subdivided into three families, distinguished by the number and position of the valves. The first consists of those species which have five valves, anda wreath of smaller ones round the base, as in the L. pol- licipes. Inthe second family the valves are conti- guous, as In the L. anserifera and L, anatifera, which are* almost invariably composed of five valves; they are also supplied with beautiful feathery tenta- cula of a brown colur, and elegantly curled. In the third family the valves are minute and not con- tiguous. we Fairy 1.—Having more than five valves, and a wreath of smaller ones round the base. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Mitella---- -- - Amboyna& EastIndies-- Mitred Barnacle Scalpellum-----. Spain, &c. ----++- +--+ - Koyife-like-- do-- Pollicipes ---- -- France and Spain ------ Cornucopia do -- *- 10 MULTIVALVES——LEPAS. Famity 2.—Having only five contiguous valves. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Anserifera -- --- American andIndian seas Striated Barnacle Anatifera eyelratener= | Dh) Sob ori biggompaictodd Duck .---- do-:: Dorsalis ------- » West Indies ---------+: Wrinkled -- do-- Fascicularis --+-+ European seas ---+----- Bladder-like do -- Vellosa ---+-+---- Mediterranean -----+--- Downy ----do-- Dentata ----- sisal. Mrellefeviake)'e/ oie Veliexe) ee\(e\lalatiey'e | s/\e!slie..0 Toothed -- do-- Sulcata --------- Dorsetshire ------+ +++ Furrowed - do -- Famivy 3.—Having minute and distant valves, placed on the fleshy extension of the peduncle. Aurita «:-ee-+es- Northern Coast -------- Eared Barnacle Vittata ----++++- Mediterranean & Atlantic Ribband -- do -- “ LULOLAS LUA Cp ouch L. hor Cried by. oMnneD F BV IMAWE 749 Strand. MULTIVALVES —_PHOLAS. 11 Puotas.— STONE-PIERCER. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III. Fig. 1. P. Striata. (In the wood. ) Fig. 2. P. Candida. Fig. 4. P. Costata. Fig. 3. P. Dactylus. Fig. 5. P. Papyracea. Shell having two primary valves, divaricate, with several smaller, differently-shaped accessory valves at the hinge:—hinge recurved, united by a cartilage; in the inside, beneath the hinge, is an in- curved tooth. IT appears that only twelve species of this ge- nus have been enumerated, and some of these are so alike, that in many iustances, they might be con- sidered as mere varieties rather than different species; however, they all possess sufficient determinate cha- racters to prevent their being blended with bivalves. The form of the Pholas is in most species ovate or oblong, constituted by two large valves oppo- site to each other, and to which is attached, on the back of the shell, a number of smaller ones, that act as substitutes for a hinge, which in bivalves gene- rally determines the generic character. Another character of the Pholas is, that the valves (the two large ones) never shut close, they invariably are open at one end, and, in most instances, at both. In the interior of the shell, in each valve, nearly in the middle, is an incurved tooth, sometimes of consi- derable length, and which has been considered pecu- liar to the genus. The exterior of the Pholas is generally destitute of color; sometimes it partakes of a brownish cast, but 12 MULTIVALVES — PHOLAS. the shell is usually of a pure or dusky-white: how- ever, the absence of color is amply compensated by the beautiful fret-work with which the shells of this genus are adorned. ; In some species the reticulations are so delicate in their structure,as to resemble the finest lace; in others the texture is coarser, and approaches nearer to small basket-work; and in the P. costata the shell is covered with regular, elevated, jagged, or scalloped ribs, elegantly disposed. The Pholades are found occupying separate and distinct habitations, which they form in lime- stone, indurated clay, wood, coral, &c.; even the thick oak planks of ships are pierced by them: and as they advance in growth, they enlarge their habi- tation within, leaving the small aperture, by which they originally entered, of its primitive size. The animal possesses the property of emitting a phosphorescent liquor, which shines with brilliancy, and illuminates whatever it touches. The American, Indian, and European seas supply all the species that are known. tis common in limestone, sandstone, &c. on the coast of England. The Pholas derives its name from gwAéw, alluding to its custom of forming cells in rocks, Kc. Screntific Name. Locality. Common Name. Dactylus ------- Europe «+++ ++ se+seeees Prickly Piercer- - Costata + +-++++- Virginia, West Indies, Ribbed-- do --- South Europe, South Warolinaiecleloler-iclcicherere Striata -++++-++s South Europe, E.1.Ocean Striated-- de - Candida ++-+++-- Europe, America, Britain, White--- do.--- Bay of Campeachy ---- MULTIVALVES. PHOLAS. 13 Scientefic Name. Locality. Common Name. Crispata --+----- North Europe, Britain -- Curled Piercer-- Orientalis----+-++ Siam and Tranquebar--- Indian --- do... WBorilatarcteie cera f ieiccterstercfatersrsrererey clereral vate eve Heartshaped do-- Chiloensis ------ Chilt ox: He ehh Bi Bee Chili se. «dolaes Hians -.-++----- West Indies -----++--++-- Gaping -- do... Parva -+++-++-.-- Pensacola, Britain ------ Small ---. do --- Bal Calar rae sree Pocen eeerd aan ee ele ok ec one Hooked -- do-.-. Papyracea sieve! ise SESTIEATEN tslatel Sieslasvere areielete Paper: sfeleli@O iets we PLA. rented by eowney & Lovfter 2.4. Crouch Lithog L VSI MAWE 74Q Strand. ORDER II. Bibalves. MYA. —TrRovGH-SHELL, OR GAPER. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV. Fig. 1. M. Arenaria. Fig. 3. M. Corrugata. Fig. 2. M. Pubescens. Fig. 4. M. Aurita. Shell bivalve, generally gaping at one end. THIS genus is placed by Linnzus the first on the list of Bivalves; the number of its species amounts to forty. The principal characteristic of the Mya consists in its gaping at one end: the next general distinguishing mark is, its having a single, broad, patulous tooth, pro- ceeding from beneath the beak. It is much wider and broader at one end than the other; and the broadest end has an excavation, which gives it the appearance of the bow] of a spoon. The form of the Mya varies exceedingly: some are oblong and truncated; others, again, are orbicular or round; and many are angular or eared. 16 BIVALVES _— MYA. The greatest part of them are covered with a thick brown or green epidermis; when this is removed, and the shell polished, brilliant prismatic hues are displayed. In some places the Mya constitutes a considerable portion of food for man, birds, &e. They have a pro- pensity to burrow in the sand and mud, in which they are wholly or partially concealed. The Mya is derived from pvaé, which was applied by the antient naturalists to the genus Mytilus. Division I.—Hinge with one or two rounded teeth, not inserted in the opposite valve. Some species of this division grow to a large size, as the M. glycymeris. Scientific Name. Localities. Common Name. Glycymeris ----- Mediterranean Sea,Spain, Great Gaper -- Portugal, and Naples - - Truncata-:------ Europe, Britain -------- Abrupt - -- do -- Arenaria-::*+-:- LDN cea cdoudodoaadie's eel) SANG cetsleiets do -- Declivis- -------- Devonshire,Weymouth-- Sloping --- do -- Pubescens:------ IDiinr) coOdo0 Qaunas5pCGo0G Pubescent:- do - Pretensus----+-- Britain --------+++--+++ Spoon-hinge do - - Anatina- --++++-- Mouth of the Niger ----+ Duck ----» do -- Globosa --:::- +2 crctts test teee rete ecece Globular -- do -- Nicobarica «++--- Nicobar Islands -------- Nicobar --- do -- Rostrata ---:---- Bergen ---+--++++++++: Beaked ---- do -- Distorta -------- Plymouth Goode coved -e Deformed-- do-- Bidentata ------- Devonshire-----++------- eb eae do Decussata :------ Frith of Forth -..------- Decussated do - Purpurea ------- Devonshire ---+----+--- Purple ---- do-- Ferruginosa - -- -- Belton Sands, Dunbar --- Rusty ---+- do -- INGOTS «cele ofe:= 0 eh) bere lole lelle cirelisisfefa¥alio(wefelalolsiels Glossy AdGa (tl) or Prismatica ------ Scotland, Devonshire---- Prismatic -- do -- Substriata ----+. Devonshire ----..------ Substriated do -- ; é a f ‘ 5 eS BIVALVES — MYA. 17 Division Il.—Hinge callous, without teeth. Scientific Name. Locality. Edentula ------- Caspian Sea----+++-++:- Membranacea:-- Iceland --++-----+++++++> Norwegica--++-- Norway -+:++++*: ares Siliqua cette ee N. America --+-e-:---: Common Name. Toothless Gaper - Membraneous G. Norwegian do - Bean-pod -- do Division UI.—Hinge with teeth inserted into the opposite valve. The M. ponderosa, or M. crassa of some authors, with others in this division, are remarkable for their exces- sive weight and thickness; which is universally the case with those that are found in rapid rivers and cataracts. The M, margaritifera is famous for the production of fine pearls, and was formerly found in great quan- tities in the river Conway in Wales, and in Scotland. Scientific Name. Locality. Batava -------+- Dauube,Rivers of Hoiland Re: Kennet------+++-+-: Pictorum-------- European Rivers -+---+++ Ovata -----+-+-+ Rivers of England ---- - Radiata --------- Rivers of Malabar------- Ponderosa ------ Chinese Rivers --------- Complanata ---- North American Rivers: - Nodulosa ------- Rivers of North Europe: - Margaritifera---- Rivers of Coromandel - - - Corrugata Pravatereneio”, | MELO” See cs cals eitelo eunelels Rugosa ----..--- Dyilfos = eae sae vee Variabilis ------- South American Rivers: - Cc Common Name. Dutch Gaper -- Painters’ -- do -- Oval -- «+. do -- Radiated -- do -- Ponderous- do -- Smooth---- do -- Knotted --- do - Pearl ----- dou Wrinkled-- do -- Rough ---- do -- Variable -- do - 18 BIVALVES— MYA. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Nodosa --+++---- Riversof India..-----+-+ Knobbed - do :- Syrmatophora--+» Riversof Guinea ------+ Angular -- do -- Suborbicularis--- Coasts of Devonshire-+-- Roundish -- do -- Ineequivalvis ---- Coasts of Britain-------- Inequivalve do -- Labiata-+--+--+- South American Rivers:- Lipped --- do -- Aurita -+-++-eeee- Ganges slatelisialieisieiele\alsleievels Eared -:-+ do - Division [V.—Hinge toothless, with a conical rounded hollow for the reception of the cartilage. Vulsella -------- Amboyna, Tranquebar -- Tweezer -- do -- a ag 4 Pei oy ys 1 Pu a nS 1 a Se OURS 84 Date ‘a } f we "tA BV ee aN, re) es LOS. oC aed wee “2 ~ ~ pg OR 0s yl oe. eae Bs hoy Q ne Cl ELC Crouch BIVALVES—SOLEN. 19 SOLEN.—Razor-sHEATH OR KNIFE-HANDLE. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V. Dy. I. —Fig. 2. S. truncatus. Drv. I].—Fig. 4. S. vespertinus. Fig. 3. S. vagina. Fig. 5. S. radiatus. Dr. I].—Fig. 1. S. oriens. Fig. 6. S. occidens. Shell bivalve, oblong, open at both ends: hinge with a subulate re- flected tooth, often double, and not inserted in the opposite valve. OF this genus there are thirty-five species, which vary exceedingly in form and general appearance. The principal characteristic is derived from the hinge, usually supplied with one subulate tooth, which is often found double, though not always inserted in the opposite valve. Most species of the Solen are covered with a thin cuticle or epidermis, which renders the colors beneath more or less obscure. The first division consists of those species, whose breadth greatly exceeds their length; and the second, of those that are oval or oblong. In some species of the first division, as in S, siliqua S.vagina, &c. the breadth of the shell is nearly seven times its length, giving it a resemblance to the handle of a knife, or sheath of a razor; and some are curved or bent like the scabbard ofa scimitar. The shells of this division have both ends invariably open. The greater proportion of the shells of this genus are found in the European and Northern seas. The C2 20 BIVALVES—SOLEN. Indian, American, and Mediterranean seas also pro- duce many species. The Solen derives its name from coAny, a tube. Diviston I1.—Shell linear. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Vagina «+----+-- stir DOA6 OO dooKDddso° Razor Sheath Truncatus +--+. - American andIndian Seas Truncated R.S.-- Novacula «+-++-+- Wales «cece ate e eens Knife .---. do:- Siliqua sicleisioieveiele Europe cooob pp ovO ODO DGS Pod-like -- do-- Linearis ----.. eet Wndiani Seas werk levciele ows ee Slender “asndouse Ensis - +--+. OOO Europe neeiaveioleleliaiatenctelalels Sword -:- do «- Pellucidus --...- SCibalineeterctelcleieistsleleieleashers Pellucid --- do -- Legumen-------- Mediterranean, Britain-- Pease-cod-- do -- Cultellus ---.... Ceylon «++ -+eeeeeeeeese Kidney-shaped do Drviston I1.—Shell ovate or oblong. The shells of this division present but little beauty, with the exception of the S. oriens, S. radiatus, S. ro- seus, and a few others, which have a fine pink color, or are delicately rayed with purple and white. Some species of this division closely resemble the Tellin, but they may always be distinguished by an exami- nation of the hinge. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Antiquatus miehelteks BR VUEAVI ainse tot ebe tote eta chavo letoye Antique Ruse eh Gigas -+-++--++- N. W. Coast of America: Giant -.--- do -- Magnus --+-- -- Indian Isles -+--+-+-+++ Great -- -- do- Minimus -«-ece-c Tranquebar aveletalle pieteiereere Small ---- do.-- Guineensis§ «2+--- Guinea ---- escscrceces Guinea->-- do «+ MN GEKAIS eierciote cueloautotencleicte (cit ieseiaiel eters ni sicverelekele Inflected -- do-- Diphos -----..-- Indian Ocean -+-++--++- Violet ---. do -- Radiatus ----.-+- China, Amboyna ------- Rayed ..-- do: BIVALVES——SOLEN. Screntific Name. Locality. Strigilatus +--+... Mediterranean »-++e+s-- Coarctatus ---++- Nicobar Isles, Britain -- Fragilis --++--+-- Nicobar Isles, Britain - - Anatinus -++-+--- Coromandel Coast --++> Roseus -+-+-+++> Week Seaihr levee lite cists viele Striatus ---+++- *> Indian Seas ---+-+ teens Castrensis -+++-> Guinea Coast --«.-+-e+> Biradiatus ------ South Seas:- +++ -+eseeees Sanguinolentus -- West Indies ----- --+-- Oriens --+----+-- Gita oe ire daereers Occidens ------- Ceylon sfatelapalctelelonetwtal oil eis Amethystus ----- Indian Seas -+++++++-++> Variegatus SH6G06 sdocen moGoc éotocooddac Bullatus -------- East and West Indies - Minutus -------- Great Britain, N. Europe WRreHS elsis = eiclsiels Coast of Java - ---+eee: Squamosus --+--+- Devonshire -+--+- ++: : Vespertinus ----- European & Mediterra: nean Seas-+see-s+s eee 21 Common Name. Strigilated R. S.-- Narrow:--- do-> Brittle - -- do-: Duck’s-bill do -- Rose-coloreddo - - Striated --- do -- Zigzag -- - do- Double rayed ae Sanguineous do -- Rising Sun- -- -- Setting Sun -- -- Amethyst R.S. -- Variegated do -- Inflated -- do.-. Minute---- do-- Green ---- do-> Scaly --+:- do-- Vesper:+++ do +> ‘ Vp ese - i” aw vw 3 { iT hes es 1) ed : i} Pe Al * 0 [5 dv. “abbott Eh ee Page errr ak gis fiverere ss Ineo) soniet) og abe gaih res nt tre ye ee i eid’) ieee we soy wiltee ee a pone sia HOD. “geen ue At AN shuinih 60 OD NAY on betes ee | : ’ ‘ : r¢ apattVE 3 ag eat noi asi stoicelligan’ a be a) ¥ 7 as Fn eunitenA oy re ry ob <++ hotnidl Pusat pits a ees stabs. oly isi Ree Coa ai “ beable ese ivSes 4) agibint tea Bisel ie OW hairecih oh Ne 84 Boe ik On rit wt iii inal bs «+ GIN Dee mouth) Sa ety igyat: Yaseen) <5 OE Rs ERIE PET OT onidaRorae |. RE | 5 carat i memgepaner Lh es gait uaa ‘ ae) oy a eis : ome ‘at “TY lay t a = 4 Hite wt 3 4 ely € He ae ‘ r a i : Wie al r DF! i, Pe } ek ‘ i : yw Ci. ; ray ? ier pen f be < ' « a ' ’ bs ’ Vi i] 4 M ten mn sa { Ny ‘ * Ae ia { BAA re OVE De 1 ony ee s ea a : yoeee he ath eaiiiale : Hides as i ie ty 7 ¥ nin - PY ; ‘ , rks deni fant Xd ott ; i. ap ie ORY ae Ca eS 4 “tl } 7 4 4 ante ye | af ? i if AS a a bi RNR buh ni ¥ nee” L2.A.Cr 2 . AL. Crouchd, hog: Printed by Roney oF orfter. Ly I MAWE,LAQ Strand, BIVALVES——TELLINA. 23 TELLINA.—TELLEN. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI. Dw. L—Fig. 1. T. virgata. Dw. Ii —Fig. 4. TT. Ferroensis Drv. II. —Fig. 9. Ts inequivalvis. Diy. Il.—Fig. 2. T. foliacea. Dry. I1].—Fig. 6. T. flexuosa. Fig. 3. T. rostrata. Fig. 7. T. crassa. Fig. 5. T. tenuis. Fig. 8. T. cornea. Shell bivalve, generally sloping on one side: in the fore part of one valve there is a convex, and in the other a concave fold; hinge with usually three teeth, the lateral smooth in one valve. OF this genus there are eighty-one species. Of all the different genera of Bivalves, there are none, except the Venus, which can vie with the Tellina in beauty, variety, or number. The usual form of the Telling is broad at one end, and gradually tapering towards the other; insome cases the pointed termination of the shell forms a beak, as in the T. rostrata, T. rufescens, &c. Others, on the contrary, are more orbicular, as the T, scobinata, &c. and some, as the T. gari, &c. are nearly allied to several species of the genus Solen, for which they are sometimes mistaken; however, from the more acute termination of the beak in the Tellinz, the dif- ference may be easily distinguished. The hinge of the Tellina will also assist in removing any doubt that may have originated from an inaccurate examination of the shell; for it is usually furnished with three teeth, the middle one often cleft, and the lateral teeth 24 BIVALVES__TELLINA. most commonly smooth, The interior margin is rarely crenulated. The exterior of these shells varies materially, some being perfectly smooth and polished, whilst | others are covered with minute striz and undulations; and occasionally the whole surface is beset with imbrications or scales. Some species of the Tellina are remarkable for their beautiful radiations, the colors of which are rarely to be equalled in any of the other genera. The Telling are produced in abundance in almost every sea; the rivers, pools, ponds, and marshes of Europe and America supply only afew. The finest varieties are found in the pearl fisheries of Ceylon. The Tellina takes its name from reXctw. Division I.—Ovate and thickish. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Gargadia ------- Indian Ocean ---+++++++ Toothed Tellen Rugosa ---+--+-+- Otaheite, W. IndianSeas Rugged -- do -- Lingua Felis ---. ITndian Ocean ------++++- Cat’stongue do - Marginalis ----- Coasts of China -------- Margined-- do - Virgata +-..---- Amboyna, Ceylon, Bay of Naples, Moluccas ---: Striped ---- do -- Interrupta eeeeee West India Islands ----- Fryeckled -- do -- Angulata »--.--. ‘Tranquebar, Mediterra- NCAN “so + celce cereus se Angular So) lavou Inflata -++++-+e olesieieln pa a ieiele sitar) dal latale Inflated -- do-- Polygona ---+++- Tranquebar, Naples ---- Polygonal- do -- Lacunosa --+++-- Coast of Guinea -+++-+-- Marshy --+ do -- Gib bose {eis a/oie*)+ 1) (alse. oles oiaiole ehee == Gibbous -- do -- Gari --++-+++-++- Amboyna, Molucca Isles, Ghinaiveioe cuekewcrcs Varying -- do +> Ferréensis «+++:- Britain, Ferroe Isles, Nor- WAY + eereccccccsscece Carnation « do -- Scientific Name. Fragilis Obliqua +++» ++ BIVALVES——_TELLINA. Locality. European Ocean, Caspian sea, Mediterranean: - - ee ee ee ee 27 Common Name, Brittle Tellen -- Oblique -- do -- DivisioN I.—Ovate and compressed. Triangularis ---- Oblonga Spengleri+------ eereeeee Acuta ee ee estes Strigosa Levigata ---.... Madagascariensis Radiata Pallescens Rostrata Rufescens - Flavescens Hyalina ---- - Inzequivalvis ---- Trifasciata Coccinea Incarnata Opalina eidrclalee = Lanceolata Sanguinea Nivea sulcata « eserete European Ocean ------- Nicobar Isles, Coroman- del, China ---- -.---. Amboyna, Molucca Isles, West Indies European and Mediterra- nean Seas West Coast of Africa, Molucca Isles -------- European & Indian oceans, West Indies Coasts of Madagascar, Coromandel European Ocean, Baha- mas, Ascension Island, West Indies East Indian Seas Amboyna, Java, Tranque- bar Coasts of Brazil -++++-++ East Indian Seas --++--- Coasts of Guinea --- ++ ee Mediterranean, Norway, Britain European Ocean Mediterranean Mediterranean, Sweden+ Nicobar Isles, Tarentum - East Indian Seas ee ee ee ee oe Ce Triangular do -- Oblong -- do -- Spengler’s - do -- Golden ---- do - Sharp edged do -- Fasciated -- do -- Smooth -- do-- Madagascar do -- ade aleletelely do - oe do-:> do «+ do se do «- Yellow:->: Glassy -:- Inequivalve do -- Three banded do Scarlet --- do -- Flesh color’ddo -- Opaline -- do -: Lance-shap'd do - Sanguineous do - Snowy tjaleleh CO} - Sulecated - do -> 26 BIVALVES.—_.TELLINA. Scientific Name. Locality. Donacina -----+-- Mediterranean, Britain - - Angusta .--.--. - Frithof Forth ---+-+-+++- Truncate Gaede Javateies oeseteels aa aois ate Punicea .---.--. West Indian Seas, Coasts of Britain and Guinea, Rhode Island --+++.~+e Depressa «------ Coasts of Britain ----++ . Fabula ----+-... Mediterranean, Coasts of Norway and America, West Indies, Britain - - Tenuis +--+ «+++.» Coasts of Britain---+++-- Vitrea -+++----.. Baltic, Northern Ocean - - Striata «+--+... Coasts of Dorsetshire - -- Balaustina ------ Mediterranean ----+---- Calcaria --.---++ Coasts of Iceland, Ferroe Islest eesti Finatave’ biskohe Common Name. Donax Tellen - Narrow ---do-- Truncated: do -- Flat striated do -- Depressed do -- Semi-striated do: - do:- do-- do ee Pomegranate do- - Thin ecepee Transparent Striated -- Division I].—Sub-orbicular. Remies -+++-++- - European and Indian Oceans, Coasts of Ame- rica, Nicobar Isies --- Fausta .-..----. West Indies, Dorsetshire Reticulata ------ West India Isles, Britain Cancellata ---++- Coasts of Goree -+-++++- Guinaica .------ Coasts of Guinea, Frith OL OLteisiore oleic) s'=inie Scabra ..-. ---- West Indian Seas -----:- Grasses esesctes « Guernsey, Britain, Nor- mandy Stelcisnetet votetene ciate Decussata Gee c see ccilce stanetsteteinl ateve every etete rs Cordiformis - +--+ West Indian Seas -- +-- Muricata ------- West Indian Seas, Coasts of Terra Firma ------ Scobinata -- -+-- Asiatic Ocean, Coasts of Surat, Jamaica, & Bar- DAGMESL -> Norway, Senegal, Britain Flexuosa:<«:+ese Coasts of Britain -.+---> Waved::-- Obsolete -- Netted ---- Reticulated Guinea:---- Rough --- Thick ---- Decussated - do=> do -- do -- do -: do - do -- do - do -: do Heart shaped do - Prickly ---- Rasp Milky ---- Round -: +» Crooked -- Scientific Name. Carmaria <<. -- Zonata -- Bimaculata --.-- Balthica --...... Pisiformis Divaricata eee ee ee Wentatay Were sacs Digitaria @ormeaos sii Lacustris --..... Amnica - Pusilla--- Limosa -- Fluminalis Hermaphr Fluminea Mluviatilis eeeteee odita - - BIVALVES—TELLINA. ai Locality. West Indies, Curacoa, Britain’ tele felelete cle atekes Mediterranean, Britain, West Indies ------.... European Ocean, East and West Indian Seas “The baltuiGuiasist= cel cisialclete Mouths of Rivers in the European Seas ------ . Coasts of Brazil, Mediter- ranean, American Seas, Naples sfoliatelsicleteieleiereiers ee eH ee ewes or er ees sseeee IES) Gechsedbicn 5666 Rivers & ponds in Europe Denmark, Britain ----- Denmark, Britain ------ Rivers in Europe and Virginia +--+ eee Rivers in South America Euphrates niptatelelereicaheranere GAIN EBicieis wie) ls\erciareiocicisic Rivers of China -++ «-- Gantonieccccieie:sisisis Chinese.... do -- 4. CL. Crouck-Lithag: CAR DICM . By J MAWE, 14G Strand. Printed bp Aownsy FZ lar. Se BIVALVES__CARDIUM. 29 CARDIUM_Cockte or HEART-SHELL. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VII. Div. I. —Fam. 1. Fig. 3. C. cardissa. Dw. II. —Fam.1. Fig. 6. C. retusum. Fam. 2. Fig. 8. C. isocardia. Fam. 4. Fig. 1. C. medium.---Fig. 4. & 5. C. parvum. Div. I1L—am. 1. Fig. 7. C. levigatum. Fam. 2. Fig. 2. C. serratum. Shell bivalve, nearly equilateral, equivalve, generally convex, longi- tudinally ribbed, or striated, with a crenated margin: hinge with two teeth near the beak, and a larger remote lateral one on either stde, each locking into the opposite valve. THIS genus contains forty-seven species, which vary much in color and structure. The most general shape is convex or orbicular; some are elongated and compressed; and others have the form of a flattened heart. The general characteristics of this genus are longi- tudinal ribs and grooves, proceeding from the umbo- nes to the margin, and crossed by delicate strie, like the common Cockle, but more distinctly articulated. In some species the surface is smooth and polished; and in others, the ribs are beset with rows of acute spines. The interior margin is almost universally crenated. The umbones of the shells of this genus differ consi- derably in position: in some they are placed opposite each other, remote or approximate; and in others alternating. This variety of appearance has caused 30 BIVALVES —CARDIUM. the Cardia to be separated into three divisions, and those divisions into families. Specimens of this shell are found in almost every sea, and some, though rarely, at the mouths of the rivers Tees, Thames, &c. This genus has been named Cardium from the re- semblance which its species bear to a heart (kapdia). Division 1.—Heart-shaped, valves compressed, umbones alter- nating. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Cardissa -+-++-++ East Indies --+++++++++- Venus’s Heart - Humanum -: --- East Indies «---+--++-++- Concave----do -- Roseum ---*-e«-=« Malay Coast --+sseeecere Rosemeniciones do -- Monstrosum ---- South Sea Isles --------: Recurved- --do -- Diviston I1.—Sub-cordate, longitudinally ribbed. One of the most rare species of this division is the C. costatum, which has rows of white, hollow, elevated ribs, situated at regular distances, proceeding from the umbones to the margin; and the spaces between them are, in perfect specimens, of a fine dark brown color. The C. fragum and C. unedo differ from the other species of this division, their ribs being armed with small crescent-shaped scales. Famity 1.—Having a crescent shaped cavity beneath the umbones. Retusum «-«+-<- of) ANCIG terocce steicinc clsisjelaie Diana's Heart - -- BIVALVES ——CARDIUM. ol Famiy 2.—Ribs armed with nodules, elevated rough stric, wrinkles or scales. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Edule « «e005, Britain «+ ++++essere eres Common Cockle - Unedo fei ssswiawe India «+++ +eesseeereeres Strawberry Heart Fragum ---+ eee. DEO oo cis ins sieesyesie's -« White strawberry Hemicardium-+:+ Ditto-+++-+ssseseeeree: Heart shaped C -- Tuberculatum --- Mediterranean --++- +--+: Tuberculated do - Tsocardia ---- +++. East & West Indies --+-- Imbricated do -- Pettiniforme -+-: cccsecescecus sivvale} siseleliere Pecten ---+ do -- Regulare --++++-- West Indies!ss ++ 0.<+-00« Regular --- do -- Glaucum -+--+-+ Mediterranean -++-++--- Chamelion do -- Fasciatum -+---- Britain -++-+ -+++e+e+- Banded---- do -- Elongatum- ---- Ditto-+---++++ -++resees Peienet do - Leucostomum:--+ West Indies ----- teeeeee White mouth’d C. Magnum eiaial ial ciei) | ciel elelleiel=)sl-elfelelsialefcislele se Great:--.>- do - Rigidum Erotduterctatet | cleverataiptereicielaisjele cfelelctsiis(e(stts Rigid -- va IC ONer Maculatum --.-- Ceylon sistelelt slai@eicie: sielel nyo Spotted: sree Oiiel= Flavum.«---..... Ceylon srafefacalavcronetereron metas Wellow-- +>) do «- Spinosum ------- Mediterranean -- ------- Spined ---- do - Echinatum :---- Ditto, Britain-------- +» Thorny --+ do-- | Fine 6Seg0GoouoOC Bast Indies: e«e oe cicls oe ASIate. ++ GO) Muricatum ------ West Indies ---+--++--- » Prickly ---- do -- Rugatum -. -- -- East & West Indies ---- Gaper----- do -- Latum «+--+... East Indies ------.--«.. Broad ---- do-- Ciliatum ------.. Greenland ------+--++ - Fringed --- do -- Marigeimiivoogooo lbtatern cocoqnuceDooCD aC Spinous- 50 G(ne0S Muricatulum ---- Coast of Kent ----..-+--- Minute -- do-- Famity 4.—With ribs unarmed. Costatum -:--- SN) AP Ca: osias er tlorieree ale of -- Highribbeddo -- Medium ----++++ West Indies, Britain ---- Marbled-- do -- Donaciforme ---- West Indies --+++++-+++- Triangular - do -- Exiguum ceeeeee Britain ee eee ee eesereee Pigmy -++->+ do oe 32 BIVALVES.— CARDIUM. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Ringens ejelohahelsieie Africa «+++++=+- doconaoed Gaper Cockle - Oblongum :--++. Mediterranean ----+-+-+- Oblong:--+ do -- Papyraceum --<- Indian ocean & Mediter. Paper:----- do -- liniloysainiyin GOO UD. sad Odeo 5000cG CooDGbSS Furbelowed do -- Rusticum ---+++> Mediterranean --------- Banded---+ do -- Islandicum ------ Greenland ------+ eeee-> Teeland---- do -- * Parvum ----- - Coast of Hampshire ---- Diminutive do -- Drviston L{l.—Sub-cordate, obsoletely ribbed, striated or smooth. Famity 1.—Obsoletely ribbed. Levigatum ----- Britain, Mediterranean -- Smooth Cockle-- Famity 2.—Lightly striated, approaching smooth. (LLineatum--.---- East Indies: --+-..------ Streaked Cockle Serratum «------ W. Indies, Mediterranean Citron:---- do -- Greenlandicum -- Greenland seas ----++-- Greenland: do -- FRolicum «++. +++ Africa coesssceree eeeee Janus --«-« Gow Rubrum «-++++-- Bividainnios saeleteto wera otere en btetet Redicsits |: do -. PEG; FA lreuck LZtPiag. Crinted by Fe Lip J MAWE, 149 Strand. BIVALVES___MACTRA. 33 MACTRA. — KNEADING-TROUGH. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII. Drv. l—Fam. 1. Fig. 1. M. carinata. Fam. 1. Fig. 3. M. cinerea. Fam. 1. Fig. 5. M. stultorum. Fam. 2. Fig. 2. M. violacea. Fam. 2. Fig. 4. M. subtruncata. Div. II.—Fam. 2. Fig. 6. M. listeri. Fam. 3. Fig. 7. M. lutraria. Shell bivalve, nequilateral, equivalve: middle tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small hollow on each side; lateral ones re- mote, and inserted into each other. THE genus Mactra possesses little beauty or variety. The number of species amounts to forty-two, and a similarity of coloring and form pervades the whole. The shape of the Mactra is subtriangular, or oblong. The exterior is generally smooth, or delicately striated; but in some species it is transversely wrinkled or rib- bed. The valves ina few specimens gape at both ends, in others at the anterior only, and some have both * ends closed. These characters form the distinctions of the divisims and families of the genus. The most prevailing color is lilac, or white tinged with blue or yellow, and some species have delicate rays of purple upon a brown ground. The Mactre havea semipellucid appearance, and are generally thin, brittle, and remarkably light. The hinge of the Mactra, by which it is distinguished from all the other genera of Bivalves, is of a triangular D 34 BIVALVES ——.MACTRA. form, and has a small hollow on each side; and though it is very strongly articulated in some species, the teeth are universally thin and fragile. The interior margin is rarely crenated or toothed. The Mactra is derived from paxroa, a kneading trough. Diviston I.—Shell sub-angular. Famity 1.—Having « smooth surface. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Spengleri --+---- Cape of Good Hope ---- Spengler’s Mactra * Carinata --- -- Mediterranean --------- Keeled --+- do:: Maculata-+-++--- Nicobar Isles ---+ +--+ ++ Spotted --- do -- Corallina:- +--+ -- Mediterranean, Guinea-- Banded---+ do -- Lactea+ --+-+--- Tranquebar «+--+ -++++- Milky «+++ do-- * Cinerea -+-+++:> Eat teams fic texeses yok siesevores etene Ashy ----- do - Stultorum--+ --- lMateitiGone soso daddaco Foolish ---- do «« Grandis -- «+--«- * New Jersey elie Jeela/s)e\eialete Great -.-:.- do -- Acchatiniante vr. sem iariasyacte pete Sk Ne a keene Agate. as dor gdore Triangularis seeee Boxitiaittivic ie): cual cells, toteuneifer scare Triangular do - NVEINITILISSIIMATsToleyeler tater aterelevelciareteeiemier als eeceee Minute --- do- Donaciformis «+++ Ceylon atolerenayels pialerelslelalere Donax ---- do-: Famity 2.— Having a striated or wrinkled surface. Striatula --.... - W.Indies, Mediterranean Striated --- do -- Plicataria -----+. Indian Ocean ----++-.-- Plaited---. do-- Papyracea «+--+. Nicobar Isles -..---+-+-- Paper -- -- do-: Vitrea «+--+. -eee Ceylon «+++-+-...+- secs brittlenseneoner Cygnea «+--+. -. ‘Tranquebar ---+-+------ Swan----- do- Turgida----...+- Di ttoieistie(acl caterocrs nce Inflated --- do -- Violacea -++--. 5 ADEs dopoobodsoongogode Violet. «+ sscdoue Cuneata ---.cee. Dito mesievetscterettastelereie/aters Wedge- she GlOune Rotundata - -.-. cescevee Pelatete thal ive sivierabete Roundish -- do - Glabrata -.-..-. African Ocean «:++++-e. Smooth --- do -> INittGlalavecialsinisreelen | ele siviclelslelslevelcleleleloisintsisili sls Delicate... do -- S fla talctlelelereleleraretiiit rele talelolta\oletolalclotererstelcialelete Striated --- do «> Radiata -+++-sece Britain eceerspenensecaes Rayed-+++- do -- BIVALVES _. MACTRA. 35 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Solida -++++++++> Britain ---+--++++ +:++> Strong Mactra -- Solidissima «+++ ++ North America ----:::+ Thick ---- do: Truncata -+---+- Britain-----++s+++seee%* Truncated- do -- Subtruncata - ---- Britain -+-+-+-++- cesses Abrupt---- do -- Australis ++-++-- New Zealand --**-:+:: Southern -- do - Piperata --+-+ -- Mouth ofthe Niger: ----- Pepper -+++ do Tenuis ---scs+:; Britain «-cccesssseeeece Thin ---+-- do - Boysii Srarerets(avaiel ee Ditto «--- 2. ees ee veces Boys’ doco Gor Division J1.—Shell ovate, oblong. Famity 1.—Closed at both ends. Glauca --+++9+:> Spain and Britain ------ Red rayed - do -- Rugosa --+-++--- Mediterranean, Nicobar- Rugged---+ do - Egyptiaca otetetey: Red Sea << .-- 0 eee-e us Egyptian 2» GO -- Famity 2.—Gaping at the anterior end. Pellucida ------- Guinea--.--.---.- »-- Pellucid- - do-- Fragilis --------- Britain, Nicobar -- ++ -+-- Brittle ---- do -- LLTR Te ooo onde DrstGhin ooo cotobancod0S Lister’s:--» do «+ Famity 3.—Gaping at both ends. Planata +---+---- Tranquebar, Britain ---- Flattened-- do - Joutraria ----*-. [bist jin) ci conodopodtio hoe Muddy soo Wt or “Serie balococ ago ID iinsosionadod oomoosidés Gaping Hho rte oc Ho aan ey SHY, A eve wate wi Ou igs a tee Ca . u fe Kor in i ’ t nive Paha 7 mai eS : ‘ + ASL SE Gi | ie DARA AL ii if ee ; 1 val Ly /, \A i ¥ Ny Gn een it > a stat Oy ae mili é Le AA enh ; RV, Wh as I Diet bron DONAA. L2G. 2 EMA Crouch Lithog: Printed by owner FForfter. By SJ MAWE 149 Strand. BIVALVES— DONAX. ae DONAX.—WEDGE-SHELL. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX. Dw. I.—Fig. 1. D, scortum. Diy. Il.—Fig. 4. D.denticulata. Drv. I1].—Fig. 3. D. madagascariensis. Fig. 5. D. trunculus. Diy. [V.—Fig. 2. D. scripta. Fig. 6. D. elongata. Fig. 7. D. stultorum. Shell bivalve, with generally a crenulated margin, the frontal margin very obtuse; hinge with two teeth, anda single marginal one placed a little behind, rarely double or triple. THE principal characteristic of the Donax is deriv- ed from its form, which (throughout its twenty-four species) is similar to that of a wedge, being very broad and thick at one extremity, and gradually tapering to- wards the other. The margin, which is generally of a deep color, is almost invariably crenulated or beset with small contiguous teeth; and the frontal margin is generally very obtuse: the anterior slope not unfre- quently gapes, and has a ligament situated near the fissure, which prevents the two valves from sepa- rating, when the animal has occasion to open them. Some specimens of this genus, in their external ap- pearance, bear a strong resemblance to the species of the Venus; but the examination of the hinge will always determine to which of the genera the shell belongs. The Donax presents so great a diversity in external character, that it has occasioned the genus to be sepa- rated into five divisions. In the first, the species ex- hibit a rough and decussated surface, caused by crowd- 38 BIVALVES—— DONAX. ed strize, crossing each other in a transverse and longi- tudinal direction, thus giving the shell a spiny appear- ance, as in the D. scortum and D. pubescens. The second and third divisions are also characterized by the position of the strice, which in the one are longitudinal, and in the other transverse. The shells of the fourth division have a smooth and polished surface; and the fifth at present consists of one species only, which has its surface partially covered with transverse membrana- ceous ridges. | The most prevailing color is a rich purple, which sometimes only appears in rays on a white ground, di- verging from the beaks to the margin. Many of the species are of an olive-yellow tinge, which often in- clines to a bright orange; and others, again, have a pink hue, finely diversified with brown zigzag mark- ings, as in the D. scripta, &c. and in some instances the shells are variously banded. The interior almost al- ways partakes of the coloring of the exterior. {t is doubtful whether any shells of this genus are natives of rivers, as they are generally found buried in the sand of the sea shore. Although the species and varieties are but few, and thinly scattered over most parts of the globe, yet some coasts (the European in particular) supply a profusion, but of no great variety. The Donax derives its name from its shape, which resembles the barbed head of a javelin or dart (Sovaé). BIVALVES—— DONAX. 39 Division 1.—With decussated and muricated striae. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Scortum +. +..+.- Ceylon, East Indies -- - - - Beaked Donax :- Pubescens----++-- Amboyna -++++++++++-- Spiny --+++ do -> Muricata «05%: Indian Ocean -+-+++--:- Prickly---- do ++ Spinosa + .++++.0- Tranquebar ------ veess+ Spinous:+--do-- Division U.—Longitudinally striated. Rugosa «+ «+--+ South Sea, Mouth of the Niger, Mediterranean- Wrinkled-- do -- Serra++-+.e+. «+: Tranquebar, C.G.Hope- Crenated -- do -- Trunculus ------ Great Britain, Mediterra- nean, West Indies ---- Common -- do -- Striata+--++++---- Jamaica, Mediterranean. Striated --- do . Denticulata «---- Mediterranean, Africa, Great Britain ----- «++ Toothed-.. do-:- Incarnata ------- Tranquebar ------+-+-->- Flesh color’ddo - * Elongata ------ Red Sea -+++++eeeeseeee Elongated - do - Diviston [0).—Transversely striated. Plebeia --------- Dorsetshire -------++---- Horncolor’ddo . Castanea -------- West of England ------- Chesnut +-- do .. Fiaiyal clecie ects ieien el Malabar wee lee b=) s.1- Bean shaped due: Siramine@a «+ si Ssieiciea) 6) ele. wis) slo) s)ciele)o)01s\0 Straw color’d do . @andida <> <<... Tranquebar -------+-++- White --.. do. Radiata -++-+--- Ditto --+-+++-eeee erence Rayed -... do. Cuneata -------- Ditto, East Indies »--.--- Wedge ---- do. *Madagascariensis Madagascar +--+ ----.--- Madagascar do - 4.0 BIVALVES—— DONAX. Division 1V.—Smooth. Scientific Name. Locality. Complanata----~ Germany, Great Britain. Levigata Ago7oad Tranquebar ----+-+-+--- Scripta ------- -- E. Indies, Mediterranean * Stultorum ----- Indian Seas -+--++-+ -- os Common Name. Single rayed D. -- Smooth --- do -- Lettered --- do -- Foolish---- do «+ Diviston V.—Shell with transverse membranaceous ridges. Trus +++ eee cere - Britain, Mediterranean - - Ragged-:+-+- do > j r" WAL " qe s hh yh Pay) SH tS MA okt TBE Red hth OO) umn Me Ray, yey a ae | ; 7 ay, a) ke VENTS. FQ AMrouc’ Fithow Printed by Rowney & Bay 7, By I. MAWE,L4g Strand. BIVALVES— VENUS. 41 VENUS.__VEnvs. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE X. Div. 1.—Fig. 1. V. dione. Di. II. —Fig. 8. V. pectunculus. Div. I].—Fig. 2. V. ornata. Div. I1I.—Fig. 7. V. scripta. Fig. 5. V. ovata. Div. V.—Fam. 1. Fig. 4. V. literata. Fig. 6. V. flexuosa. Fam. 1. Fig. 3. V. palustris. Shell bivalve, the frontal margin flattened, with incumbent lips: hinge with three approximate teeth, the lateral ones divergent at the tip. IT has already been observed, that this genus, with re- gard to beauty, surpasses the other genera of Bivalves. It contams no less than one hundred and fifteen species. The divisions of the Venus are also very numerous, and are distinguished by a much greater variety of form, (as the elongated, compressed, angular, and orbicular,) than is to be observed in any other genus of this order. Notwithstanding this great diversity of formation, there is one leading feature which is observable in ‘most of the species, viz. the flatness of the frontal mar- gins, and the lips bemg often incumbent; but the surest guide in the classification of these shells is the hinge, which, with scarce any exception, contains three teeth, all approximate; in addition to these, there is a lateral tooth, not unfrequently divergent at the tip. The interior margin of the shell is sometimes crenu- lated; and a few of the species, though rarely, gape. In many specimens the exterior surface is covered 42 BIVALVES—— VENUS. with longitudinal or transverse striz, sometimes with both, which not unusually terminate in foliations near the margins. The coloring of the exterior, as well as the interior, is of almost every possible shade; and sometimes of the most beautiful and lively tints. Specimens of this genus are found in most parts of the world. Diviston 1.—With the anterior depression spinous. Sczentific Name. Locality. Common Name. Dione -+->--.... S. America, West Indies, Brazil, Trinidad ---- - - Spined Venus - > Marica --++++--» American Seas, W. Indies American-: do - Division Il.—Subcordate. Many species of this division, as the V. erycina, V. maculata, V. chione, &c. are remarkable for the smooth- ness and brilliant lustre, as well as the high and rich coloring of their surfaces; and others, as the V. paphia, V. reticulata, &e. though inferior in color and _ polish, are nevertheless much admired on account of the beau- tiful reticulations with which they are ornamented. The V. mercenaria, which in fine specimens is of a rich purple, forms the wampum or money of the North Ame- rican Indians. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Paphia -.------.+ W.Indies, Mediterranean Paphian Venus - - Fasciata «-+<-+-» Great Britain, W. Indies Thick ribbed do - Screntific Name. Succincta -..-. te Spinifera Verrucosa - 4 Rigida -.+.---+++ Casina Cancellata Subcordata------ Minima ---- eee ee wees Scotica Danmonia -+> -- Reflexa Gallina ---«..--- ce Circinata Caliste Compressa Exalbida cece eeee Petulca -.--.-- Granulata Ovata Paupercula - Flexuosa - - Mactroides <:----- Tripla Triangularis -- -- Malabarica------ Flammea -- ---- Erycina Petts de ae CWostatacc ose: S Pacifica --++-- - Mercenaria Islandica - - Coaxams :°++++:: oe ee ees weet eres ee see ee ee esrnes BIVALVES — VENUS. . Locality. W. (fades, Frith of Forth American & Asiatic Ocean East Indies Levant Sea Great Britain--.-+--...- Devonshire Seseerteretsee ° G.Britain, Mediterranean West Indies, Brazil - - Great Britain East and West Indies --- ey Falmouth Harbour Coast of Scotland «+++... lDRKtyosa dooncGhoqdd Oooo Kd ee ee ey eee ee eee eee Mediterranean Norway, Great Britain Guinea, Frith of Forth. - Red Sea Falkland Isles---+------ South Coast of Europe - - West Indies, Great Britain Great Britain -- Coromandel West Indies ------ Guinea, West Indies ->>- Africa, Mouth of the Niger Coast of Devonshire -- -- Malabar -+-::+e2-++eee8 Red Sea Europe, East Indies -- -- Ceylon -— South Seas, China ---- +> North America, Norway: Iceland, Great Britain: - - Rivers in Ceylon --:-:::- eeeeere 43 Common Name. Grooved Venus - - do -- do - ida tt. son (itowoc do .. do): Mea 2 do >: Girdled -.- Ribbed.-.-- Turban: -- Plaited Excavated- Spiny -«--+- seeee Broad-ribbed do - Channeled: do - Subcordate do - Redstreaked do -- Furrowed - do -- Gone do -- Devonshire do -- do -- Montagu’s - Scottish --- Reflected - - Hen --:-- Compass - - Gti do -- Dirty white do - Compressed do - - do -- eCdOnse do -- do -- adores Giz GOK. do -: one dora: Brown band do -- Ae uriloee do -- adores do -- do - > dO: «« Whitish --- Clouded: - Grained -- - Despised: - - Flexuous -- Mactra -- Triple ---- Triangular Malabar -- Polished Ribbed --- South Sea - Money ---- Icelandic - - Ceylon - 44. Screntific Name. Lusoria’:+..-.- C Chione Maculata---.+... Casta Pinguis Triradiata Nebulosa----..-- Exilis Recens Strratas soon es Castrensis------- Pectunculus.-..- Lorenziana--.--. Ornata-.---...6: Phryne ---.... . Meroe Callipyga Deflorata Fimbriata--....: Reticulata--..... Puerpera-----.-- Crenulata---.. i Radiata cos soeeee Cincta Squamosa Lapicida Divergens Plumbeas=-+ =e eeee oe oe ee ereeress een ee eee eees ee coee ere eee e ses ee ee see BIVALVES—— VENUS. Locality. Amboyna, China Asiatic Ocean, Mediter- ee eesee ranean, Great Britain- West Indies, Brazil, New S. Wales East Indies - - . Indian Seas, Mouths of erecreee Rivers in Ceylon --.-- Coast of Peru Mediterranean, Indian seas East Indies -- Tranquebar Ditto Malabar eetee @Resar> eee es eoesee reese e seeeoe Coromandel - -. --.. Japan Nicobar Isles Ce eeeceeee eeevece East and West Indies - - - Red Sea, East Indies -- -- Ceylon Tranquebar, Mauritius - - So. Ocean, Persian Gulf - East Indies, Brazil Red Sea Great Britain, WestIndies, Mauritius ----- E. Indies, Pacific Tranquebar, N. S. Wales Ocean. Fast Indies, China------ Ditto, Campeachy i Amboyna ------- Ditto oinjeleiele viele se New Zealand --- ec seece eeeeer ee Common Name. Sportive Venus - - Smooth browndo - Spotted --- Chaste - -- Lipped oie sete Doubtful - - Globose -- - Sleek Three rayed do Clouded -- do eceee do -- (voy on do -- do -- do:- do - Abandoned do -- Recent ----+ Japanese - - Striated --- Camp eoee Painted. ..- Lorenzo--. Adorned: -- Phryne --- Meroe----- do - Arabian --- do .«- do-.- do -- do - Gone do -- Gow: done do -- Purple streaked. . Fringed --- do -- Netted ---. do -- Spotted --- do - Crenulated do . Rayed.----. do -- Girdled. -- do-- Scaly do -- Roek. seetciere do - Ziczac «+--+ Leaden-:--- Scientific Name. Tigrina ++e+e+--> GnENSIS- +2 + +500 Prostrata:+-- --- Punctata Excisa-++-+-+-:-> Juvenis-+---+++- Histrio---++-+---: Undata Tumidula Borealis--------- Aculeata---+-:-- Pectinata:----- - Discors -+<++-+-: Dispar wesvecce > Equivoca Divaricata:------ Contraria Corru gata eelalcvele« Scripta eeeeerce eeceeee BIVALVES— VENUS. AD Diviston I1].—Sub-orbicular. Locality. West Indies, Britain-> > - > Ghinaicicin ste oetstctererare og Tranquebar Ami Merslepet cardia New South Wales:-:- - Tranquebar-:--+--+-+:- Jamaica, Great Britain: - North America, Jamaica, Brazil East Indies::------ eeece Dittoseetersistejletlele/ereieiatei- Coast of Britain CC ee er ecesee ceoeeccee eceeesecec eo ee eeeec eee tere Amboyna, South Sea --- Mauritius, China South Sea sees East Indies -«----> wralohe’s Guinea, West Indies ---- Red) Seas!’ ses Saath etait Amboyna, Naples, S. Seas eo ee eee Common Name. Tiger Venus Chinese-- -- do -- Compressed do - - Punctured - do -- Defaced --- do -- Antiquated do - Concentric do :- Young eevee do ce Partycolored do - Waved ---- do-- Gibbous:-- do -- Northern -- do -- Acute ribbed do: - Pectinated- do - Toothed --- do -: Unequal--- do -- Equivocal - do -- Divaricated do -- Contrary -- do -- Corrugated do -- Written --- do - Division 1V.—Shells inflected with a longitudinal furrow on the Pensylvanica - - « - Edentula anterior end. Pensylvania, West Indies- Jamaica, St. Croix Jamaica Britain, Mediterranean - - eeeeee Peo eseseesoetes Pensylvanian do- - Toothless «- do - - Jamaica -- do-- Spurious -- do - Globose --- do - 46 BIVALVES __. VENUS. Drviston V.—Shells sub-oval, and slightly angulated on the ante- rior side. Famity 1.—Smooth or striated. Scientific Name. Gi gantea stotarel hele te Literata Geographica ---- Rotundata -ce--- Undulata Ce a ed Obsoleta ----- ae Decussata Senegalensis - Perforans «+ «- Virginea «<++++-- Aurea. Ssisecigt * Palustris. ++. as Monstrosa «++ «« eS Agaracoides. +++» Locality. Florida, Antigua Amboyna- arahelaldie cheesy ats Mediterranean --- -+ -- Indian Ocean, Ceylon -- East Indies, Mediterra- nean, Red Sea Mediterranean::-++-+++- Indian Ocean, Great Bri- tain, Mediterranean -- Senegal Plymouth, in limestone: - East and West Indies, Great Britam, Adriatic Great Britain «+--+ -+++ eererece e e803 ee Nicobar Isles -++-+- -- 5 Famizy Il.—Foliated. New Holland:.+++++-++: Common Name. Gigantic Venus -» Lettered -- do - Geographic do - - Rounded -- do -- Undulated - do -- Obsolete - do -- do -- do - do -- Intersected- Senegal --- Piercing -- Virgin ---» do-- Golden :- « do':: ose tO « Distorted. - do -- Mushroom::do - an iv ie yt ; in Boy en tLe at f a gi ei) Wi ne 4, ’ ay hes nn iui " ty , neh, M ie bhi ety i, ; Te , y 74 | hi ae ‘ RNs ales tie a a ania Pay) ‘ eae ae an i NAb ie wan |. tna N ip? es sii: op : i aah ao ie “an pt. Hit Ault? Pia eon | ; i ae bead 58 my Aas bene mate he N LPN ANY ‘Uo Fae Le ft ‘ae yee Poet ol . Weve, Abies ay butter MME esl Ay Gin iusisil gel ~ i ah . a ae a a o Se ee ie a eR at owe yd ies pneapea is Hi mils Pe, Mi 7 7 is hives ney ee, be ae Nivga: te Baie bth Ak a. ae en a a | Foidart Ape oh yin? ‘ wins) ORR ED a Aka SWF wae pM hk oh a Lala fal pik yah date ; hah eam AE Oo + beef So nis Bans eh... a nar ie pO a . | A 7 ) ) a praia’ PM i Pee. * ’ ; : Pad! ayy ye v ye ‘ i Pi erie a i : , ; aie ‘ ' ¥ | Uy i, 1 i : i } a ae ee Voth Bt haan” Oe ie pried) Lae ay fiat aria | ; ye VT ee | ’ : j Abe WV ‘) yy ¥) ry Hits = y ppl le 4 Da Lot), 7 ie i yr i. a ve aie SPONDELIS. LE LL, LEB. CroushZ, ritog: Br SM. WE LAG Strand. BIVALVES.._SPONDYLUS. 44 SPONDYLUS.—Tuorny OvsterR or ARTICHOKE. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI. Diy. I.---Fam. 1. Fig. 1. S. gedaropus.---Fig. 4. variety. Dw. II.---Fam., 1. Fig. 3. S. anacanthus. Fam. 2. Fig. 2. §. plicatus. Shell hard, solid, with unequal valves; one of the valves convex, the other rather flat: hinge with two recurved teeth separated by a small hollow. THIS genus, though presenting innumerable varieties, contains only ten distinct species, and these, from their extreme irregularity of formation, and great simi- larity of appearance, may often be confounded with each other. The most striking character of the Spondylus is, that its valves, which resemble those of the common oyster, have their outsides covered with longitudinal rows of erect spines or ramifications. The spines are usually round, and terminate ina point; the ramifications or branchings, on the contrary, are flat, and have jagged and patulous extremities. These peculiarities form the distinctions of the two families of the first division. Many species possessing these characters are also con- centrically plaited on the lower valve. The second division is distinguished by its species being longitudi- nally striated or plaited. The hinge is furnished with two recurved teeth, which are very strong and articulate, and separated by a small but deep hollow; the inner margin is usually crenulat- ed, and highly colored with orange or purple. The lower valve generally protrudes much beyond the upper, 48 BIVALVES—SPONDYLUS. and terminates in a curved and lengthened beak, which in most of the genus has ears on each side. The usual colors are orange, red, purple, white, or brown, two of which are often blended in the same shell. The Spondyli are met with in the American, Indian, Mediterranean, and other seas, adhering to rocks, corals, &c. in groups, often forming large masses; others are also found attached to shells. This genus has been named Spondylus, from the re- semblance which some of its species bear to the head of an artichoke (s7ovevAcc). Division L—Shell armed with spines or ramifications. FamiLy 1.—Sharp spines. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Geedaropus------ Amboyna, West Indies-- Thorny red Spon. Regius el oKelet=lsiialeiete Ifitle), coup OooROdbO0 Coo Royal cence dom Aurantius +--+ --- Mauritius--+-- -+++--+- Orange---- do -- Citrinus:+----+-- Fast Indies «+--+ ++ ~-+-++- Yellow ---- do -- Histrix --++--++ Indian Seas «+--+ --+++- Hedgehog - do -- Famity 2.—Having palmated or foliated ramifications. Delay OO OdOOO os opagqdcad Mielsleiestclelelelsleione Ee AlMAteg Tones Spathuliferus Sond. GooeGd co 5o.d90606ndd05,06 Pied... -«) - 100.6 IDEA Seboadsoua Wasseaéoes Bielete Teiitereteletsiotere Ducal----: Gower Division I1.— Shell unarmed. Famity 1.—Upper valve longitudinally striated. Anacanthus-- ---- Indian Seas ++ +++++-+ee- Spineless -- do «+ Famiry 2.—Valves longitudinally platted. Plicatus->-> «++. West Indies:-------- -- Plaited-...-do -- a. \ Wh Man pvibiirt iV ise en ; x ' o [ ” YY at (a ws yet nt i Pye nani iy! gh Pile ‘ ( ie . P ale dg: MY ts ray mi i mi “iy in we - re! Bape ta uth id hye aR ae bn ee a a \ 2 . nal m dys ch bs ty rs Av yi Wy i il Ais yy i? val , si ; iT Pa é ai fey f wild i gol iif ie ia) hes » LA bay) bei aha iy ba : weg ‘ ' yy vi + ile ie ; ae Baar: yin co eg | iy We Tend ve an tag yk By) oa hate eda binty i Dy ie We a arn As » Oe " vi! Py " h iv wi iy , be | o A i H as ¢ t b ¥ YB Yu A ae i " Rr Oc ee a a eo 6 LE q ' ne ,4 Au ' trl Wwe 4 Of A ie fal i "3 ¥ bshch o Aj ' , Pt? it pis mf H A i ; F f ' Ny n wn ‘ j : AMY, bf EA er aie i Lae ae a’ vy J : ph vay 7 ve i] ace : 7 ! : rf ‘ aah at Leta ra pubs Mid eka Tt Marui | ee 4 fi ; ' RLS TS Ne YL) cu A, aL 2 ee, tng \ j r : 4 we a mats ie ; a nh Bian bealin i wo aca in wh i ae J fo i - r A ay 4 DAT i wi 7 ‘ ma i. : : Ny Ph, a eit ‘ Wal Mae By ty if \ by hay 4 i Dee eer .; he i ‘ t , ited Mi) Acie a. Li) “ ‘ys barat “i is “i et: SPINS, a x ne ay %) sim ; if ’ vans, 3h, ey i Gg ; d . hy he Oe Ah aay" : Ne ug Pras ti a o> Say yh vi y Pp ’ ¥ alee ey a ath bh Mwah 4 Vast ha Badin ‘ has YY NG eva yar Ay P) i ee F 2 ww © hy ) eee k, re’ Y Wurrs ‘ 7 ANON ick? cL ae CMa te’ Tota Ne ip aie aa | 2 y { NA : uh ia wy i Ny Meet) Be Ayes uth ' i i 4 (ig 4) y; , ye yer ’ ) . F att Lapa ee et fr ray tt) sie ra Yc i 1 ; , dil , LP y \ ; yi Crimea) AS 8) ag Tua ts aaa . Pi ‘ we vit, FeLi ahh , ph aap! ; RRC as. ca ai ¥ Ky Na ”* ; f ii { Mb ¥ i on : / x ik ey Ne 7 ) ; u ‘ a sl ea neh ie 4) b ny Ad) \ p : ; "4 p \, : iA bua 5 : i +; an ht : or " ‘fp aN an i RY WAI re ‘ uw i, i Weg ih: | it) oh i mi ip athe Me if f ONG aca ra me 5 bal Sonne i \ at) 3 Te ay wy aaa th la a i iN SS 1 Tcl ye, Neca ah pi re Ay: Tet laa dda -. Aly + ih x i re ltt tk wae shee.) evita 1s aca aie) shies ecu WR a a A abn ay (an way i ‘ MMA eAAMP rt J) ARMM gE } ny he: An da taine i Me Wat’ CH AMA . FZ E.G. Crouch Lithog: Printed éu Howrey I Porfter. by S.MAWE, LLG Strand. BIVALVES — CHAMA. 49 CHAMA.—C.uamp, CLAM, or GAPER. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII. Dn. L.—Fam. 1. Fig. 1. C. gigas. Fam. 3. Fig. 6. C. concamerata. Fam. 1. Fig. 2. C. hippopus. Fam. 6. Fig. 3. C. cor. Fam. 2. Fig. 4 C. antiquatae Drv. I].—Fig. 7. C. gryphoides. Fam. 2. Fig. 5. C. rosea. Fig. 8. C. arcinella. Shell bivalve, rather coarse; hinge witha callous gibbosity, oblique- ly inserted in an inelined hollow; anterior slope closed. THIS genus contains only twenty-seven species, but presents considerable diversity in character. It com- prehends species the most dissimilar in form and mag= nitude, and some as remarkable for their symmetry as others are for their deformity. It would be difficult, with the exception of the cal- lous gibbosity of the hinge, to point out a distinction by which the shells of this genus might be recognised. The forms it exhibits are the suborbicular, reniform, cordate, andrhombic. The posterior slope gapes only in the C. gigas and C. hippopus, (and not always in the latter), but the anterior is universally closed, and the margin crenulated. Almost all the species are equivalve, and many of them are inequilateral. The exterior is usually ribbed or striated longitudinally; it is also scaly, or tuberculated; some specimens are richly foliated or spined; and others are nearly smooth. There are two formations of the Chama which deserve particular notice, viz. the cordiform and concamerated The first is exhibited in the C. moltkiana and C. cor, which E 50 BIVALVES... CHAMA. bear a striking resemblance to a heart, excepting that the valves terminate in a graceful curve towards the hinge. The other is exemplified in the C. concamerata, which has, in the interior of each valve, an ovate chamber. The species which compose the first division are de- tached; and those of the second affix themselves to other substances, as rocks, stones, shells, &c. The colors are extremely various, sometimes elegant- ly blended. Of the C. arcinella and C. gigas the pink varieties are most valued by collectors. The most rare species are the C. moltkiana, C. se- miorbiculata, and C. concamerata. The American, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, and the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Adriatic Seas, produce nu- merous varieties of the genus. The Chama is named from the gaping (ynun) ob- servable in two of its species. Division I.—Shell equivalve. The C. gigas is the largest shell in the order of testacezee ; the valves sometimes exceed four feet in length, and are of the enormous weight of five hundred pounds. So disproportionate are the varieties of this species, that specimens have been found measuring only half an inch. The cartilage of the hinge, which is of a dull brown color, when cut and polished, is so beauti- fully irridescent, that it even rivals the opal. This species occasionally produces large and costly pearls. BIVALVES—CHAMA. 51 Famity 1.—With longitudinal ribs, gaping at the posterior slope. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Gigas ++-++- +++» RedSea,Amboyna,China, New Holland -+++++++ Giant Clam-:-: Hippopus ---+--+ East Indies, Amboyna, @hina, . <2 eyes ssiveielss Spotted --- do -- Famity 2.—With longitudinal ribs, posterior slope closed. Antiquata---.--. Mediterranean, Gibraltar Antiquated do -- Ajar--+++-- +++» Mouth of the Niger, Tranquebar -+++++-++- Ajar-eessrs do se Trapezia +++ +++» Norway-esesesssererees Trapeziformdo -- *Rosea -++++++s » West Indies ----+-++--:- Rose color’d do -- Calyculata:---+» East Indies, Mediterra- nean, Senegal -------- Variegated do -> Pectunculas.:ic262 —o0.0.0.08,0\0 ois clels ee eseceee-- Pectuncle-- do -- Satiata>o.ccccecs ee cceerercccces eeeseeee QObsolete--+ do -= Rugosa:---+ @eeeee coccenccce os eeecscere @ Rugged-+-+ do -> Famity 3.—Shell longitudinally ribbed, having an ovate chamber in the interior of each valve. Concamerata --++ Cape of Good Hope--:-- Chambered do -- Famity 4.—Shell decussated or transversely striated, without ribs. Semiorbiculata -- Arabia --+-+-+-++>+ seeess Brown -+++ do «> (Cand bimponsasocn IDhimSosenocd6aaboonues Heart-shap’d do «- Oblonga --++++++ Guinea, Pulo Condore -- Oblong---+ do - Coralliophaga--- East Indies, in coral-- -- Coral ---+ do - Famity 5.—Shell tuberculated. Plumbea:----- es South Seas.-+---.-. sie) dueaden-«(s' Gort. EK2 52 BIVALVES——CHAMA. Famity 6.—Heart shaped, umbones prominent and apices spirally recurved. Scientific Name. Locality- Common Name. Cor -sseeeeee ee Mediterranean, France, Bantry Bay ---- -+--- Heart Clam --- Moltkiana------- China «cece ccccccs cece Moltkian’s:-do -- Division II.—Shell inequivalve. Lazarus--»»+.--- Mediterranean, West In- dies, China ---- --.-. Lazarus -- do -- Gryphoides ----- East & West Indies, Medi- terranean, Africa ----- Gryphus -+ do -- Cornuta -------- Mediterranean-------+-+ Horned---- do -- Sessilis---++--+++- W. Indies, Mediterranean Scaly--++-- do -- Buamellosa): si: 0% stewie coe c'e'e'e veces cee ecee Lamellar -- do -- Punctata+-+-+++- Guadaloupe --++-----+-- Dotted ---- do -+ Sinistrorsa------- East and West Indies---- Reversed ++ do - Arcinella------+- Ditto, Brazils ---.-----. Hedgehog - do -- * Ponderosa ----- South Seas «ecescccccces Heavy-++:: do -- Le f, / i - i be 4% fu on we wi an aN ‘ Ate san Re ee a y oF ] uy? ¢ p io aes . haa! Pines <1 * Wb itary on) Neg, NiNireny 44 j Z j | 4 4 bin Gh Mae ek hi he jv Bie mt . he! uw Hi) ur An is | Atal hh wil ye a ine ‘ ‘4 hy hs a in Ay Af at y Rivet y at ; y ‘f at ‘7s Wing dS a is i fii id 7” j Py f ; nal i ih i ay ny { a ant i, { Ne ox Wee eT f Waay A Le vAliey Main th } ‘ x UN ahh iv shiv bec " et Pane RO iene By j 7 RVOAC Sie yf Hae , a i: eh ah mu cima enbe | ie Tari’ pera Auf te r" A te Dials 4 pha ol ingen ii i ud ee Have ; ai Cran Ot hy Sl ee 7) hi , oy ae? i ; ; : ean) bes kere aad! CM AA TIP hd aaeeddsd | PNA ad iit Wi aT er er wit Wy, vei Vi : Ai a ie al t , ‘ a Au. it Ry sae tou . a hall . ie mM “ ai TA oc ee he int fed) Pe es a “ ¥ ae oy ete ay ity f as ms his . oe hey pins: nevi Mh nM ‘ Ph AM ‘ , hele ipa ue ty ri ‘ whe | ie are. aye Fle oe oe Kab mh’ Ree ' yt wih an 74 ' i 4 My i ei, i 1 .: a x) Wher Mg) oa ay Thidy mee anes A ; M ei Wi9s) Ft i" q? rink 5 ny aha ' Le ee Nak hy be analy riba ah tid FMR RY Ror Li, Pasko * hen AT. ww Yeei} at vege aoa 2 rans ts 4 Cee ee ee Bee ta Kite Pe Lim ROMP MRR HIR 1 Cle v ‘a f ve 1 ny Z : wie ih i (hl an ‘¥ oP | van att ay j = > wi ; ; ; a 2 ’ 4% ty at it nen ; Ay ya ey i; rr wie Py ‘My i's Oh My a + ay | iad LA Ia OF ; aya Ny ae a Ltn ey Pinay) 4a v3 5 wid ty ; eh j om Pet F AV SOM ea 4 4 eee) ; : . aire : y, . 4 H . 7) ‘ Wy FEN A ace a ik aah per " Le a i hia st, ee rao, Wis AS MY ay, c Ler ARCA > minted by Lowney EL OWT. By J. MAWE, 140 Strand. BIVALVES — ARCA. 53 ARCA. ARK. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII. Div. I. Fam. 1. Fig. 1. A.tortuosa. Drv. II. Fam. 2. Fig. 6. A. pectunculus. Fam. 2. Fig. 4. A. lactea. Fam. 2. Fig. 7. A. glycymeris. Fam. 5. Fig. 2. A. barbata. Fam. 4. Fig. 3. A. granosa. Dw. III. Fig. 5. A. nucleus. Shell bivalve, equivalve; hinge with numerous sharp teeth, alter- nately inserted between each other. THE genus Arca, of which there are forty-one species, is easily distinguished from other genera of Bivalves by the peculiarity of the hinge; which, without any ex- ception, is composed of numerous sharp teeth, alter- nately inserted between each other. The line of direc- tion of the hinge is in some species perfectly straight, and in others it is arched or curved. These characters form the distinctions of the first and second divisions. The forms of the Arks vary exceedingly: the elong- ated is exemplified in the A. tortuosa, A. noz, and A. barbata, &c.; the suborbicular in the A. glycymeris, &e. (which are nearly smooth on the outside, and have the inner margin generally crenated); and the subcordate, in the A. senilis, &c. which are also some- what gibbous, and have usually smooth or muricated grooves. The shells of this genus are covered with a brownish or greenish-black epidermis. Many of the Arks gape at the superior margin; others, on the contrary, are perfectly close. Some have the margin entire, others are crenulated, and several have 54. BIVALVES — ARCA. the slopes prominent and angular, giving the shell an eared appearance; but the anterior slope is far the most prominent. The A. concamerata, and A. tortuosa, are the most rare species of this genus. The Arcs are found in the European, Indian, Ameri- can, and Atlantic oceans; the Baltic, Northern, and Red seas also produce some species. Drviston 1.— With the teeth of the hinge ina straight line. Famity 1.—Shell twisted. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Tortuosa -------- Amboyna, Red Sea ----- Twisted Ark --- Famity 2.—Shell rhomboidal. Nowe>-++++----- E. & W. Indies, Britain. Noah's --<- do - Imbricata-.....» W.Indies, G. Britain, Me- diterranean, C.G. Hope Imbricated- do -- Navicularis->---- St. Domingo-+---.-++++- Boat --+-++ do «+ IPNiGataiocicaeicic eters REGS Gave ictsrcietetereteidt-lsheieiai- Plaited ---- do -- Candida ---.-.-- West Indies, Guinea-:--- White ---- do-- ANGIGal eters es dere Coromandel---.--.-.++.. Indian --- do-- Lactea+++++ee.6- Britain, Mediterranean -- Milky ---- do -- Reticulata------- West Indies -.--.2-++-:- Reticulated do -- Faminy 3.—Shell oblong or transversely ovate. Magellanica ----- Straits of Magellan ----- Magellanic: do -- Lacerata --ce+-s. Biastalindt@s) yam cisco) solace Hairy vie ware do «- Fusca +++--+++-» West Indies, Madagascar Brown -+-- do -« Bicolorata------- Red Sea-eeeeeeeeeeecees Party-color'd do Modiolus------+- Mediterranean, W. Indies Muscle---- do -- Corbula----+-+-- Nicobar Isles,C.G. Hope Basket ---- do -- Senegalensis - ---- Mouth of the Niger----- Senegal --» do -- BIVALVES ——- ARCA. 55 Famity 4.—WShell subcordate. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Leevigata -+-++++ Nicobar Isles --++-- +++ Smooth Ark +> Pella «+. +++++++- Mediterranean, Spain--- Brittle ---- do -- Antiquata+++++++ E. & W. Indies, Africa -- Antiquated- do -- Granosa -+-++++-- China, East Indies --+--- Grained--+ do-- Rhombea>--+2e-- E. & W. Indies, Brazil-» Rhomboid- do -- SMHS © = 6 ere ereiee.s GUTTER fe «p56 521050 50)94055)p) 08 [ole Rugose risen Olas Famity 5.—Gaping. Complanata----- Guinea, Madagascar ---- Compressed do -- Barbata:--+++-..- Mediterranean, Red Sea- Bearded----do -- Nivea ooccn. «oe Red Sea-ccaccsecccesces White ---- do Cancellata --+++- Curacoa:++-+-+ss+eeeeee Cancellated do -- Famity 6.-~With an ear-shaped appendage in the interior of each valve. Concamerata -- - Nicobar Isles -----++--- Chambered do -- Division l1.—With the tecth of the hinge ina curved line. Famity 1.—Subcordate. Campechensis --- Campeachy, Carolina---- Campeachy do -- Equilatera ------ West Indies ---++++-+-+-- Equilateral do -+ Angulosa:--++++- W. Indies, Brazil, Africa Angular--+ do -+ Famity 2.—Suborbicular, margins crenated or plaited. Pectunculus ----- South America, Red Sea: Mottled --- do Pectinata-+-+----- West Indies ----+--+---» Pecten:+:+ do-- Decussata ---+--- East & West Indies ---- Decussated do - 56 BIVALVES.— ARCA. Setentific Name. Locality. Common Name. Pallens ----.-+-. MGA ele tee clolelelel=isic) oce,c16 jlo Pale Ark -----> Undata -+++-+-++- W. Indies, Mediterranean Waved---- do -: Glycymeris:+--- Red Sea, Guernsey, Medi- terranean, Britain ----- Orbicular + do -- Pilosa --++-++: - Mediterranean, Great Bri- tain, Spain «+e++++ ++. Downy: -- do «- Stellata -+++----- Portugal, Africa -+ +-+-- Starred-.-- do «+ Scripta enetolevacvotercrs St. Domingo Holea.c slaielelats Lettered -- do -- Nummaria: +--+ Mediterranean, Spain--- Coin -++--+- do ++ Famity 3.—Suborbicular, margin entzre. Multistriata ----- Red Sea -+-++e+++ese eee Manystriped do - - Division Il].—With the teeth of the hinge produced and sharply potnted. Nucleuse+++----- Britain, Mediterranean, St.Domingo --------- Silvery ---- do -- Rostrata.--+++--> Norway, Scotland ------ Beaked---- do -- Minuta --->----- Baltic, Britain----++-+--- Minute---- do -- Tenuis----+--.-- Dunbar, Leith Roads--. Thin-.---- do -- “fhe ie r «i ‘ f 4 : at ee Ns et iA RhUs ye gO ed) ONAN Moh ane ah). fea creole id ; ry Vy \ ; fa eeee | u Fy eS y - . y el} ; r 4 " 4c OR ME ee ial. he Rea Re ndiaenciil 1 gab ph ai * i, Wephs eax Ae hive rie rq hit iy af t ep 4 aie Ts ver a ae “Ny sheal iy feb N44 Vedas - ; i Hy aae" r ies ngmichabin yaa: r on), " ; - pov ne ate Y : a a A om Mara aed om Nolin alt ie oi ; re *) ele id r jin ee ) Tis valet bl w De ae an Cp tore a antl vibe A Fi ae ta ‘f ; «i ie A iJ 7 ( is ae vor he i ai ; a ‘oh Wee ‘ We : an er OSTREA . EA. Crouch: Litheoég. Printed by Roun F Poyfer. Bey J. MAWE, 149 SCTONA. BIVALVES.—OSTREA. 57 OSTREA.— Oyster, SCALLOP, OR PECTEN. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIV. Di. I. —Fam. 1. Fig. 2. O. ziczac. Fam. 4. Fig. 1. O. pleuronectes. Drv. Il.— Fam. 1. Fig. 4. O. varia. Fam. 2. Fig. 6. O. obsoleta. Dr. 1V.— Fam. 2. Fig. 5. O. folium. Dw. V. == Fig. 3. O. isognomon. Shell bivalve, generally with unequal valves, and slightly eared ; hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate hollow, and usu- ally with lateral transverse grooves. THERE are no less than eighty-eight species in this genus, which present considerable variety in beauty and form. The Ostreze are divided into several classes: the first and second (which are the most important) com- prise the mmumerable varieties of escallops or scallop shells, and are distinguished from each other by the proportion of their ears. The first is, for the most part, composed of very elegant species; their form is usually regular, and their surface is adorned with elevated divergent ribs, varying in number from five to forty, which proceed from the tip of the beaks to the extre- mity of the margins, there terminating in a scalloped outline. The Scallops are usually equivalve, but a few, as the O. ziczac, O. jacobea, and others of the same family, have invariably the upper valve flat, and the lower convex. It is remarkable, that in many of the Scallops the colors 58 BIVALVES——_OSTREA. of the upper valve are brighter than those of the lower, as may be particularly observed in the O, pleuronectes, which has one valve perfectly white, and the other of a brownish or reddish cast. The beaks of the Scallops often vary considerably in position; some, as the O, maxima, O. jacobea, &c. have them placed in the centre; while, m the O. lima, O. glacialis, &c. they are situated obliquely or on one side, which gives the outline of the shell an appearance of slight distortion, occasioned by one margin bemg straight and flattened, and the other round and inflated. There is also considerable variation in the size and form of the ears, which in some species are nearly of the same dimensions, but in others are unequal; and some are so small as hardly to be discernible. The ribs are variously diversified with beautiful colors, and delicate chequer-work; they are usually covered with undulated and transverse striz, not unfrequently assuming the appearance of elevated scales, as in the O. imbricata and O. dubia. In others the striz are crenated, as in the O. radula; and some, as the O. no- dosa, &c. have large knobs or tubercles raised upon the ribs. The margins of the interior of the Scallops are mostly crenated, and are often beautifully colored. The hinge is universally without teeth, and is fur- nished with an ovate hollow; in the vicinity of which are placed lateral transverse grooves, which run ina parallel direction in either valve, but do not lock mto each other, as in the genus Arca. The Scallops have the faculty of leaping out of the water, and are enabled to effect a very rapid motion by opening and closing their valves. BIVALVES——OSTREA. 59 These shells were formerly worn by pilgrims, on their hat or coat, asa mark of their having crossed the sea, for the purpose of paying their devotions at the holy shrine in Palestine: in commemoration of which they are still preserved in the armorial bearings of many fa- milies of distinction, whose ancestors had performed that ceremony. The third and remaining divisions of Ostreze consist of those which in construction, substance, and coloring, are more nearly allied to the common or eatable Oyster. The species are generally of a more irregular form than the Scallops. They are rough and plaited on the ex- terior, but the interior is smooth and glossy, and some of them have a steel-blue color or metallic lustre diffused over the surface. The most remarkable species of the third division is the O. malleus; in form it resembles a pick-axe: there are two varieties of it, viz. the white and the black, both of which, when in fine preservation, are highly esteemed, but the white variety is much more rare and valuable. Some species have the appearance of a dried leaf, as the O. folium and others of the fourth division; these are parasitical, and often attach them- selves to the roots and stumps of trees. The hinge of a few of the species, as the O. perna and O. isognomon, has a perpendicular grooved line. Some, as the O. vulsella, &c. gape at the hinge; others termi- nate in a long beak from the hinge upwards, as the O. cornucopie and O. virginica. The shells composing the third family of the fourth division, have been removed from the genus Mytilus to that of the Ostrea, to which they bear a much stronger resemblance. 60 BIVALVES—OSTREA. Varieties of Ostreze are found in almost every part of the world, but the most rare in the Indian seas ; among: which may be mentioned, the varieties of the O. mal- leus, O. pallium, and O. spondyloides. "Oorpeov (Oyster) is the name given to this genus by the antient naturalists. Division I.— Valves with ears equal. Famity 1.—Valves ribbed, upper valve flat. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Maxima ---+«+-- European Seas --+------ Greatest Scallop Jacobzea ---++++ Britain, Mediterranean-- Lesser: -- -- do -- Ziczac --++++ sees WestIndies, Red Sea---- Zigzag ---- do - Striatula -----+-- Indian Ocean------+- +++ Sixteen rayed do - Vita talcceriecete sickens DiftOrccisis 5 AOUOD O00 00 Minute---- do -- Famity 2.—Valves ribbed, ears equal. Hybrida bAod ld ao Norway slalejelele eisiietelele tele e Hybrid DAO ivan Radula --------- Amboyna, China -- ---- Rasp-+-+-+ do -- Imbricata -----+- Red Sea--++e+e+ + seeeee Imbricated do -- Plica -+++ +--+ ess Amboyna, Indian Ocean- Folded ---- do -- 1ehehich Ommocouogs Norway oldunleletesisialeie elietenese Gaping- poet) Oe Famity 3.—Valves flattish on one side and gaping. Lima -:--+-- ---- Ceylon, Mediterranean, RediSGaircistaicasien etelecc IP ile@vetetetetare Gok Fasciata -----.-- Britain, West Indies, Cape of Good Hope -------- Banded---- do +- Bullata -.--....- Mediterranean-----...-- Swollen --- do -- Fragilis ----..... Nicobar Isles-- -++++++- Brittle ---- do - Scabra -. ------ West Tndiesiery cscs ee ere « Rough Sn00 ils) Aes Glacialis ----.--. St. Domingo, Mediterran. Icy ------- do -- Excavata ----+.. Norway sta fete ei hevalebeterelcle se Hollow --- do-- * Loscombia:-.-- Devonshire -----+....-- Loscomb's« do - + BIVALVES — OSTREA. 61 Famity 4.—Valves smooth or striated, and not closing. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Pleuronectes: ---- Amboyna, Moluccas --«- Sole Scallop --- Japonica:-++++++ China, Japan -+++++++++ Japanese -- do -- Magellanica---+- Magellan -+++++++eerees Magellanic do -- Division l1.—Valves with unequal ears. Famity 1.—Valves ribbed. Peslitreiecice cee | ag cle 0c oi simepalersiaicioisis a cies Otter’s foot do - Pallium---.--+-+ pene: China ----+-- Ducal mantle do - Sanguinolenta--- Red Sea -+-+-+++++++++- Red spotted do - Palliata----++e2. Mediterranean «+--+ ++» Variegated. do -- Nodosa --+++-+-- Africa, E. & W. Indies-- Knobbed -- do -- Pes-felis:--++--++-- Africa, Mediterranean -- Cat’s foot -- do -- Sulcata -ccesvccs sccceevercccce sjaveketstciare « Sulcated -- do -- Cinnabarica ---+ Norway, Britain, America Red ------ do -- Senatoria ------- Moluccas -+++-+ «sees: e Senator-+-+ do -- Citrina ---+ +++: Indian Seas --+++- eoe-s Yellow:++: do-- Pellucens-------- West Indies -------++++- Pellucid--- do -- Obliterata-+----- Moluccas, South Europe Worn-::--- do -- Sanguinea ---- +> W. Indies, South Seas - Scarlet ---+ do -- Porphyria eta erehe ALEC Sede cic clorm ete Honoo ue Porphyry -- do -- serial = cine -- Britain, Mediterranean-- Variegated do - Sauciata ----++-- Red Sea---++-+++++ee cere Unequal rayed do Pusio ++ -+eeeeee Nicobar Isles ------- ---» Wrinkled-- do - Sinuosa «eee+-++- Britain «+ <+-++sss.s6 .s-- Distorted-- do-- Miniata --*-++++ seers sjucsle-sje\/e/sivieiel=iiaie\elel sls Vermilion-- do -- Triradiata --+---- Norway, Denmark: ----- Three rayed do -- Solaris:- ++++++: Adriatic -+++-++ceseeeees Solar ----++ do -: Glabra --+»--+-. Mediterranean, Portugal. Glabrous- do -- Opercularis ----- Britain, America ---- --» Painted---- do -- Lineata --cccccee Britain --++++ee+es cece Line...:- do -- Nucleus---+-+--- East Indies--+++++se+++ Kernel ---- do -- 62 BIVALVES —OSTREA. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Gibba-......... South America, Africa, West Indies --++---+-- Gibbous Scallop Turgida-----. -++ East & WestIndies ----- Turgid---- do => Pyxidata aisielemaloisre) IVa abyaueaverersieielsleisieieres« - Box-like--- do -- Flavicans---+-+ +> Southern Ocean--- +++» Yellow -+-+ do-- Faminy 2.—Valves smooth. Tigrina boon o- Doe TIDYaripine GoouDmocoououOD Tyger Spoo Gly) ac Witt GooOoOC ecee Denmark --.---ceeccece Fucus::::- do -- Exotica:+ +++. Red Sea) << sciste ce cccic e+. Exotic do Vitrea -++ece ween Norway oeeecee oe cvcee Glassy -:-- do -- Obsoleta -:---- « Britains«!\«.cecee.eess- Obsolete -- do -- Leyis.-++>+<.. SDD IETOUaisielheletele is stejelelainlels « Smooth --- do-- Proteus «+++... -» Mediterranean--------+ + Variable -- do -- Diviston Ill.—Oblong, linear. FamiLy 1.—With a transverse lobe on each side of the hinge. Malleus-----+-+- Pulo Condore, South Seas, Ceylon --+-++++ee++ » Hammer Oyster FamiLy 2.—With a slight beak on one side the hinge. Figurata-------- Nicobar Isles ---+-++ --++ Figured--- do -- Famity 3.—Rounded at the hinge. Regula: -- Heraeore © |) FRed Sears acrsid 4 ateienyapce « Tongue shap’d do Famity 4.—Valves diverging at the hinge, and the inside vaulted. Fornicata:--+-+-+ Red Seacececeseeecee > Vaulted --» do-- BIVALVES—— OSTREA. 63 Diviston [V.—Parasitical, or attached to other substances. Famity 1.—With one valve produced at the summit. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Cucullata ------- Africa, Arabia, So. Seas- Hooded Oyster -- Virginea-+-+ +++ Virginia -+++ ++eeeeeeee Virginian-- do -+ Rostrata--.----.. Mediterranean---++++++ Beaked---- do -- Forskalii ----+-+++ Coast of Egypt-+-+++--- Forskael’s - do -- Girigtatarcie aitcicie oil eiciwlel oleiaiaie e aoielsieisisjeeieie Crested --do-- Sinensis ««++«eeses Chima soreee © vesevess Chinese --- do -- Famity 2.—With the valves nearly equal. Orientalis >-+++- - Indian Seas --++-+ +++. Indian ---- do -- Folium---+++-+-- Amboyna, West Indies Mediterranean::-+-+-- Foliated -- do - Plicata----.++. - W2.Indies, Mediterranean, Spain Sikiis Haw Bea ae Plaited---. do-- Orbicularis ---+-- Indian Ocean -+-++++-++ Orbicular - do -- Arborea -++++++- Atlantic & Indian Seas-- ‘Tree---... do +: Senegalensis --+- Senegaleseseesssseeeees Senegal -- do-- Famixy 3.---With the valves strongly plaited longitudinally. Crista-galli--+-- Indian Ocean, China---- Cock’scomb do «+ Hyotis ----+++-++ al ei iclelekeloteloielelalolsisisiaiotclelsieleke Horned---- do -- Frons:---cessece West Tndies +--+--.eceeee - Crested---+ do «« Diviston V.—With the hinge composed of transverse furrows in a straight line. *Crenatula-+++-- Red Seas+++seeeeeeee es Crenated -- do.. Semiaurita ------ Mediterranean ------++ Half-eared do .-. Perna -+-+++++++- East & West ladies, China Oblong --- do-- Isognomon -- --» Amboyna -++++++-++++- Long-hinged do- - Ephippium------ Tranquebar, Africa ----- Saddle --+- do -- Alata «++ esees: West Indies --++-+-e+e- . Winged lero CLONEK lm emoshal @ehacs Red Sea co-eces couccees Painted---- do -- Legumen ----++- Nicobar Isles ----+++--- Pod-shaped do -- 64 BIVALVES —OSTREA. Division VI.—Valves slightly striated, lower valve turning up at its sides, and the cartilage of the hinge placed in a deep narrow groove. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Spondyloidea---- Indian Ocean ---++++: - Spondyloid O. -- Ovalis -: eeoseeece eoee sor eees eestor eee. Oval eceecee do ee Division VII.—Valves coarse and rugged, and not comprehended in the former divisions. The O. edulis (common Oyster) is too well known for its nutritious and palatable qualities to require description; the old shells are often covered with various adhesions, such as Anomiz, Serpule, Lepades, Sertularize, and other marine productions. The inte- rior has generally a pearly appearance, and some speci- mens have been found containing pearls. They are to be met with in most seas, occasional ly in clusters, affixed to rocks or other substances. In some places they are considered so profitable a branch of commerce, that they are frequently formed into large layers or beds, many miles in extent, in which, by proper attention to their imcrease and growth, their multiplication becomes immense. The Roman historians assert that the tables of the great were supplied with this delicacy from the coasts of Britain. Screntific Name. Locality. Common Name. Denticulata--- -- Cape of Good Hope ---- Toothed Oyster -- Edulis ---+-+++++ British and other Seas--- Eatable --- do of s Th ¥ ‘n $ a 4 “OT ome i Di } } sae ; 7 ‘ A F) ¥ be ’ : "? b " j =i ¢, Tips Art whe § Ay an vs ee } : i j ‘ r) a) AN A, 4 4 aes Jane ay ; Seay... opener OTIS ci UA Mn iat ; MA eh A / Ta, / x San ie ied 40 Ween b4 ce Mit A ida uy jul asbetc Kio act Ni att? beh RE A “6 ei ae ’ gi) ny | 4 ae eC feast \ ‘4 bat errs. 7 are A a pe v. ain a ct a pmolne VF tha | wa me : .) h- a SANT on cokes RT eb) Rade wy wre. ie « + P4 i A “Wee A ry aa roan van; Atte AS Se Oey bape ”, Lets svivewa ! WK i Pe leas pe 9c sii bays wih ey, Si) ee y wures ey aie « Hi sr 7 sick dou ed d Mes: 1 "pi rte tO Ne Shy Or aa ca Ahi pe: reals Palak ey ee as “ » : ‘ ; Te aie ees wea ae meter bade ee 1k a ; as, shiva ss Sai pate Here pie = Ay Aabistiite'. i ve ce e i nee i a 1 ies a fa ah wee @ wav, ihn he | f f fe dows nner aye PAs | 1a? ins ay eR ne Pua: chommnenen’ ew sNs es ete OSD A eaedon ing bet ‘ do - F2 68 BIVALVES—_ANOMIA. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name- Decollata --.+.--. Mediterranean ----+--+-- Semicircular A. Pubescens --»--- Norway aletenewn de tote toNe isire/ shale Downy Seoul Sanguinea ------ Indian Seas -- --+++++-- Scarletrayeddo-- Caput-serpentis - Norway ++ -++++++++-+++ Snake’s head do - - Terebratula -- -» Ditto, Mediterranean---- Lamp: --+ do -- Cranium --+--+.~-+ Norway Sinialeveueferetaleveraie =) DLittlew.«c Comes Cruenta -------- New Zealand--+-----++- Blood red-- do -- Dorsata HOO OAS aD Magellan le Leleitelc faveltela'atotao Keeled.-- -- do::- Psittacea------- « Newfoundland, Ind. Seas Parrot beak do -- *Roseaiciclaccuneies South Seas cece sucists ce Pink - seus do - Diviston I].—Imperforated, and having a truncated triangular hinge. Placenta +---+-+-- Tranquebar, China------ Cake ------ do -- Sellaeciteteiticict. - Ditto, Amboyna -----:-- Saddle -.-- do - x Conan ye ad Feet a é j é i (a! wt Waa ae ila i ba any ee, ; Mie ray ce ao i { , ‘ if yeahs y, A mh A? ah . wef ¥ j & A MNIILOS. L LZ. A:Crouch Lithog: Lrintedty Lownep Porfeer. By J.MAWE L149 Strand. BIVALVES — MYTILUS. 69 MYTILUS. — Musc_e. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVI. Dw. I. —Fig. 2. M. pellucidus. Drv. VI. Fam. 2. Fig. 6. M. hirundo. Div. Il.—Fig. 5. M. discors. Dw. VIII. Fig. 3. M. lingua. Dw. IIl.—Fig, 1. M. lithophagus. Fig. 4. Interior of Fig. 5. Shell bivalve, rough, usually affixed by a byssus or beard of silky filaments ; hinge mostly without teeth, with generally a subulate excavated longitudinal line. OF the genus Mytilus forty-six species are enumerated ; though some of these are rather indistinct in character, yet the greatest proportion of them bear a near alliance to the general form and habits of the common or eatable Muscle. The hinge of the Mytilus is usually without teeth, having generally in their place a subulate excavated line. Some, however, have small denticulations, with alternate grooves, varying in different species from ten to fifty; in the M. niger, which has the greatest num- ber, they amount to nearly one hundred. A particular class possesses the faculty of penetrating coral and calcareous rocks; from which, like the Pholas, the shell cannot be extracted without breaking the sub- stance in which it is imbedded. Of this description are the M. lithophagus, M. rugosa, &c. the latter of which is sometimes found in lakes, as well as the sea. There are some species which are frequently mis-= taken as belonging to the genus Mya; such as the M. latus, M. discors, and M. angulatus; but, by a careful 70 BIVALVES_— MYTILUS. inspection of the hinge, the error will soon be dis- covered. Muscles differ greatly in external appearance, some being perfectly smooth, and beautifully marbled and variegated with delicate colors; others elegantly ra- diated with purple and white; and a third class bemg of one color only, as black, blue, green, yellow, or brown, and coarsely ribbed and grained with mi- nute tubercles. In the greater part the coloring is confined to the epidermis; when this is removed, and the shell polished, so different a surface is presented, that an adept would be puzzled to decide to what species it should be referred. In some specimens the epidermis is shaggy or bearded. Many exhibit internally a pearly appearance, and some, when uncoated and polished, display considerable brilliancy. The M.margaritiferus is celebrated for its iridescent colors, and is, moreover, valued for the beau- tiful and costly pearls it produces. The young shells of this species are sometimes so different to the adults in appearance, that they can scarcely be recognised as bemg the same. The M. edulis is found in immense beds or layers, and invariably affixes itself to other bodies by means of its silky byssus. The M. cygneus and M. anatinus, (both fresh-water species), frequently become the prey of birds: when the shell is too hard to be penetrated by their beaks, they mount with it to a considerable height, and by let- ting it fall, are enabled to pick out the fish from the broken shell. BIVALVES——MYTILUS. 71 The M. discrepans, M. lingua, and M. arborescens may be particularised as rare species. The Indian, Atlantic, American, and Northern oceans produce many species; some are also found in New Zealand, and in the Red, Mediterranean, and Russian seas. MoziAoc (Mytilus) is the name given to this genus by the antient naturalists. Diviston I.—Shell oblong, wumbones or apices terminal and pornt- ed, slightly angulated at one side, and rounded at the lower margin. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Edulis ---.+-+.-- Britain, Baltic, Indianseas Eatable Muscle Pellucidus ----- - Britain ----+-+- +--+ eee Pellucid -- do -- Vulgaris ----+--- West Indies ----+---+--- Small ---- do- Bilocularis ----:- Indian Ocean, Nicobar-- Two-celled do -- Ungulatus ------ West Indies--+.----++--- Ox-hoof -- do -- Exustus -++++--- Jamaica, Tranquebar---- Rose color'd do - - Striatulus ------. Northern Ocean ----+++- Striated .-- do -- Niger ..--+++-+- West Coast of Africa-+-- Black ---- do -- Latus ---.....-- New Holland, China---- Broad ---- do -- Perna --+-++ +--+ Straits of Magellan------ Lengthen’d do -- Smaragdinus ---- Tranquebar, Guinea: -- -- Green ---- do -- Wonfususeersc c= ae | olske esi! wlescvele) -feleielesaiele\uie Wedge shap'd do Bidens-------++- America, South Seas, Me- diterranean, Magellan Double tooth’d do Puniceus -- -+- - Gorees ++ settee recess Ventricose do -- Demissus --++ -- Carolina, North America Silvery---- do -- Ruber -----+-++- Southern Ocean ----+--- Red -..---- do -- Division Ii.—T'ransversely ovate, with longitudinal ribs on each side, and plain or striated in the middle. Discrepans «+--+ - Baltic, Britain---------- Compartment do Discors ---+-+++- Norway, Britain -----+--- Discordant do -- Impactus-:++-+-- New Zealand --.------- Woolcoated do - BIVALVES——MYTILUS. Division I1.—Found burrowed in rocks, corals, §c. Scientific Name. Lithophagus -- -- Aristatus----.. + Ambiguus Rugosus ereeeree Coralliophagus - - Preecisus -+-+++-> Arborescens ---- eoeeseee Locality. Common Name. Indian, European, & Me- diterranean Seas .... ++ Burrowing M. - Senegal -++--+ sss eeee Crossbeak’d do -- Weymouth, Coast of De- vonshire +--+ eeeese Ambiguous do -+ Britain, Norway -------- Rugged -- do-- East & West Indies ---- Coral-piercer do Britains celeste ‘l'runcated+ do -- Kast Indies --++---+++-- Brown «+--+ do -+ Nicobar Isles -+------++ Plaited ---- do -- Ditto s+ -+-e re eee eee eee Snow white do -- China, St. Domingo ---- Dendritical do -- Division [V.—Shell oblong, gibbous, with the posterior side dilat- ed and elevated above the hinge, apex rounded. Modiolus eoawere Britain, W. Indies, Africa Great ---- do- Division V.—Only found in fresh water. Cygneus Fluviatilis --..-.- Stagnalis Anatinus:-...... Fucatus Dubius * Americanus -- -« eeeoreve eoeteee os Europe obigodeaoopoaads On Swan a ahs) 6 North America -:- River +--+. do -- Lake of Schwansee:: ---- Stagnant -- do - Europe slafeletatetetovelsNelehoieriis Duck ier aorus Wiltshire, North America Avon ----> do - Senegal, China --->-+--- Doubtful -- do - North America ------+-- American:+ do BIVALVES —MYTILUS. fis: Driviston VI.—Eared. Famity 1.—Valves rather compressed. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Margaritiferus--- Amboyna, China----- -+» Pearl Muscle -- Radiatus -----+-- Tranquebar ---+-+++++++ Rayed ---- do-:- Unguis -+-+-- es» Mediterranean-----+---- Nail -----. do -- FamiLy 2.—With one valve more convex than the other. Hirundo -------- West Indies, Ceylon, Mau- ritius, Britain ---+-.-- Swallow .-.- do-- Morio ---++-see- Red Seas sccccccscccsas Mulberry +» do-- Ala-corvi:++++++> South Seas-+++-++++++-- Crow’s wing do - Diviston VIL.—Shell suborbicular, longitudinally striated, and margin crenulated. lillie) coco cooogs Greenland ---: --..-.-- Bean «-«>- do << Division VIIIl.—Somewhat tongue-shaped, apices acute. Lingua efaMy cist sievere Amboyna siulelavatelevel els; efaels Tongue ee Ones Camellii -----+-- Japan seeceresceereeeee Camellius’ + do - i Hiring: bi i NINN i + eal uy i. in " - ‘i Gh. i Ay + bay | Ae ry ac ean hoe ae geiern: Wen cis ya sta, BSS pi MO eee ee «i Rae ay . Hi ih wi wi vce vein Lad ay wea a4 i ‘ seh vy eee a ean eae paren eeu eh aye wile any bes th toe y graeme iy qh by ghee e'eeor:> ee Wasi iipalicadorpaie et teamee| Jp M : AY, 3 ' de h (mel ee “haw “Soho ya bent ‘al t ction Vindeanad Ry ays | " “i mt / ‘ ce Gp: 6 see gigayth Win a) Ma he i KG Cs e oy ' nest Sea & MET Dee ee ny) . oi 7 : we int Pi eek AN ihe al te ited na 4 ; ye LLN IVA « ‘ ey 8 Forfber ; § D . S : iS at AS S is q 8 X BIVALVES—— PINNA. 75 PINNA.__F in Suez, NAacre, or Sea-Wina. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVII. Dw. I.—Fig. 1. P. pectinata. Fig. 2. P. cancellata. Shell bivalve, fragile, upright, gaping at one end, and furnished with a byssus; hinge without teeth, the valves united into one. THE number of species contaired in this genus is twenty-one; they are in general very brittle and fragile, and some are so similar to each other that they are with difficulty distinguished. The usual form of the Pinne resembles that of the larger species of Muscles, being long and tapering, nar- row at the beaks, and gradually expanding to a con- siderable breadth towards the opposite extremity: in a few instances the form is rather compressed, and some- times subangular. They universally gape at one end. The hinge is invariably without teeth, the valves, ne- vertheless, adhere so closely in the region of the beaks, that they appear as if united together. The Pinne are usually covered with longitudinal ribs, and elevated transverse striae, often termimating m imbricated scales, and prominent tubular spines, as may be particularly observed in the P.rudis and P.muricata, but in the younger shells of these two species, the spines appear only as minute prickles; im other specimens, as the P. saccata, &c. the ribs are less articulated, and per- fectly free from scales or spines. Some of the young shells of this genus are less 76 BIVALVES— PINNA. than an inch in length, but the adults often exceed three feet. The Pinne admit of some variation in color, though they usually have a horn-like appearance, which is often shaded with a steel-blue or copper-colored gloss. This genus produces, in large quantities, a very fine sort of byssus or beard, which the Italians frequently fabricate into various articles of wearing apparel, vieing in appearance with the finest silk. The Pinne are usually found in smooth water and bays; in some places they are esteemed excellent and luxurious food. The Mediterranean produces a great number; they are also to be found in the Indian, Ame- rican, Atlantic, and European oceans, as well as in the Adriatic and Red Seas. Tlivva (Pinna), like the preceding genus, admits only of conjectural definition. Drvis10n I.—Shells longitudinally ribbed. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Rudis -+++-++ «+6. Mediterranean, Southern and Asiatic Seas ---- Rough Pinna -- Pectinata -+-+---- Coromandel, Britain ---- Spiny ribb’ddo -- Inflata ----++---- Nicobar Isles-+-++-+-++++- Inflated---- do -- Carnea---+-++++-- Dorsetshire, West Indies Flesh colored do Rigida AGOHOOR OO Guraconikcerisimeivocicidecicic Rigid OLICIC do -- Nobilis----+-..-. Mediterranean, Adriatic. Great -- -. do - Muricata -------- E. Indies, Mediterranean Prickly---. do -- Adusta +--+++-+- South Seas, Manilla ---- Pear shap’d do -- Vexillum ------ East Indies ---...-. ee-s Banner --+ do -- Squamosa -+++--- Mediterranean --------- Sealy --- - do-- Watreav emote astalndies, slerclercistcece Brittle ---. do-- Papyracea Abode IDhinrseoooe:-5 46d odudabaAte Paper stelee IlQuee BIVALVES_— PINNA. i | Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Saccata -+-+++++- Indian Oceati --++++-+++ Satchel Pinna - *Cancellata ---- Ceylon ++++++s+seeeeees Cancellated do - Drvist10n I].—Shell nearly smooth and plain. Nigra +-+++++-- South Seas, Amboyna --- Black ----do-- Ingens Salve s8isie vic LeDrides! ecice oe cclctsrelele Seotch ---- do -- Rotundata ----- Mediterranean --+------+- Giant -- -- do-- Bicolor. =--°-4+-< ial San ka cdécagn0cccccs Twocolor’d do -- Incurva-+-+++++- Amboyna «+-+++++++++- Incurved -- do -- Digitiformis ----- Indian Ocean ---+++-++- Finger shap’d do Lobata «-..--.- ai) SDD ititig eretsie cieletlielel ofelelets)0) « obedt- «8 done Wy hdl 4 iy aN lal Tete We: Cary Ou NOC ani oe | Pe aaa: avila vist , l i t i | 7 Pa rae Rr ‘alent wildy OR} me |g ioe eal | ahi NE aie ne Rte tiuliss tact Va Peyeen he ivi hind a > Pree ar he aby sto rie want? ait sng awe. 4 nial ‘cae ns ort i tinh <%, } Wot tP . i at a i j j j r i i f va Wit : Veen j oH it hed : a , yu i i ' xy i a } ne, h p jee tebe icant era merry hae pay} Thy ‘a , i (ii t Ri ct ; j iy ii ] Lt aa AV mnt i! ain At sn Wy iho af 2 i rT ie ne ee : Oe | iy j i f i } wee Oe ge) ws C1 eee sb Hany Mey Gill Whoa ibe! f ae) i Per tihibet ae is ai matistier ¥ : ni al coe 1 K ew tinal) Prd Wie 5b) Wa ‘hpi dita hit, ‘i a 4 Kae a) i a ean ri Pian iy by Ry 1 ¥y id, a Mh, a athe sa A As AL : hil Ve ih ‘ sith i Hh a lbs ‘ia pent Raves | , 4 F greats vith. Ge eM ae p Ned be y Bf it ARGONACLA. 7 Vee EE eed Fog Printed by Rowney SFonfoer. By J MAWE, 14G Strand. ORDER III. nivaloyes, 1. SHELL OF ONE PART ONLY, AND HAVING A REGULAR SPIRE. ARGONAUTA.— Paper Sartor. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVIII. Dry. Il.—Fam. 1. Fig. 1. A. argo. Fam. 1. Fig. 2. A. tuberculata. Shell univalve, spiral, involute, membranaceous, one-celled. THE shells of this genus are remarkable for their ex- cessive thinness and brittleness, and are perhaps surpass- ed by none in the delicacy and elegance of their struc- ture. The form resembles that of a scroll, with a very large aperture. The surface is ornamented with numerous canaliculated grooves, proceeding from the summit to the outer margin, which is in general bicari- nated; but there is one species, the A. vitrea, in which the margin is single, and the summit exteriorly curved. The species of the first division have the keel toothed, which is not the case with those of the second, and the distinction of the third division is, that the umbilicus is perforated. 80 UNIVALVES —— ARGONAUTA. The color of the shells is mostly blueish, or dingy white, but the keel is often tinged with a brownish hue. The size of the Argonaute differs greatly: the A.argo often attains twelve inches in width; and the A. cornu and A. arctica seldom exceed four lines in diameter. The A. vitrea is the most rare, and one of the most beautiful species of the genus. The Mediterranean and Indian seas produce some varieties; others are from the Cape of Good Hope, and some inhabit the Atlantic, Northern, and Greenland seas. Argonauta is derived from ‘Aoyovavrne a name given to the companions of Jason in his expedition to recover the golden fleece. Division |._—Keel toothed. Faminy 1.—Summit interiorly curved. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. ATgo sereeeeeeee Cape of Good Hope: ---- OrientalArgonaut Tuberculata ---- South Seas, Brazils----- Tuberculated do Hians -+++-+---- China, Red Sea -------- Gaping --- do - Gondola -- ----- Mozambique, Mauritius-- Boat ------ do -- Haustrum ---- -- East Indies ----- -++ «eee Bucket---- do - FamiLy 2.—Summit exteriorly curved. Vitrea ....- ersteens Amboyna cu daop odo dDud Brittle -»--- do -- Division I].—Keel not toothed. Cymbium-:------ Mediterranean ---+--+--+ Minute---- do -- Cornu ----+-+--+ Cape of Good Hope ---- Hornshap’d do -- Diviston Il.—Umbilicus perforated. Arctica «+--+... Greenland ------«-- eco § ArctiC. <2 -.d0 == us taal WL Mga tiggt s a adit | ‘: | ie $i sabes : my, ier) op ig (DP, Peale: 7 a ai ae | a ' Pre jl, by | . fy a | : ' t 2 s - : eh roe tee oe is nee ae i pang Ste eA Ro hr Avett aie die a De DE Sea Os ce ot See a hy See aaes *) °ie, Aca Reena teN ERS ‘ » Neem eis anes i Pi i r. Fab ie Wore: Mi roe OA «WAL LIL, C's LA. Couch Lithag- Lronked, 6 phowney PPorfler. By J. MAWE, 149 Strand. UNIVALVES — NAUTILUS. 81 NAUTILUS.— PEARLY SAILor. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIX. Drv. I.—Fig. 1. N. scrobiculatus Div.I.—Fig. 2, N. pompilius. Du. Il.—Fig. 3. N. spirula. Shell univalve, divided into several chambers, communicating with each other by an aperture. THE species of the Nautilus strongly resemble each other in structure, and have usually a dingy white color, with yellow markings. The most striking character of the genus is, that the whorls are divided into separate compartments or chambers, which are connected by a slender syphon, running spirally through the shell. The syphon is sometimes central and sometimes contl- ruous to the surface. The general form of the Nautilus is spiral or scroll- ike, which is particularly exemplified in the shells of the ‘st and second division: but in the third, the species are nical or dentiform, and bear some resemblance to the ntalia. The whorls are contiguous in the species of first division, and detached or separated in those of second and third. The N. pompilius, when bisected, displays the pearly ncamerations for which the genus is celebrated. Fine ecimens of this species are often converted by the habitants of the East into drinkmg cups, om the irface of which they engrave various devices and rnaments; they also frequently remove the outer coat- ing entirely, by which the beautiful pearly appearance ie the shell becomes visible. G 82 UNIVALVES— NAUTILUS. The Nautili. differ exceedingly in size; some are so small that they can only be defined by the microscope, while others are nearly a foot in diameter. The N. scrobiculatus is the most rare species of this genus Some species of the Nautilus are found adhering to co- ral rocks, particularly the N. siphunculus, which is often brought from the coral reefs on the Sicilian shores. The American and Indian Oceans, as well as the Me- diterranean, Adriatic, and Red Seas, produce species of Nautili; but the greater number are found on the Eu- ropean and British coasts. The species from the last mentioned locality are minute. This and the preceding genus, from a similarity in form, were originally included under the same generic name NavztXoe, (sailor),so called by the early naturalists, from the nautical skill which the animal of the Argo- nauta was supposed to exert in directing its fragile bark. The great difference in internal structure induced sub. sequent conchologists to separate the genera. In the following enumeration of the species of th genus, we have omitted the names of those which w have not found figured in any author. They are, wit few exceptions, microscopic shells. Diviston I.—Spiral, with contiguous whorls. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Pompilius ---.-.- Africa, Amboyna, China, India -----++....-..--, Gt. chambered N Scrobiculatus-.-. New Guinea ---++-++.+- Sunken spiredo «+ Lacustris:.-+--- Kent, Denmark --...>-- Lake--..-- do -: UNIVALVES—— NAUTILUS. 83 Minute or microscopic Shells. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Calcar -+..-.++6- Adriatic «+++ ++ ++ee eres Spur Nautilus -- Rotatus ---+++++. Britain, Shores of Rimini Wheel --+- do -- Leevigatulus ---- Sandwich, Kent --++++-- Smooth++-+do -- Depressulus - -- - - Reculver, Kent --++ +++» Compressed do ++ Crispus «+++ +++. Britain, Mediterranean -- Keel-edged do -+ Beccarii -++-+++- Britain, S. Seas, Adriatic Beccaria’s + do +: Balthicus «----->-. Baltic: «+ vidibie 35\< oleinwsie « Baltic ---» do-> Crassulus -+++++- Reculver, Kent «++++++++ Strong --+- do «+ Umbilicatulus --- Kent, Devonshire ------ Umbilicateddo -- Lobatulus ------ Britain, Norway ----+-: Lobed ---- do -- Rugosus -+--+---- Southern Ocean -+-+---- Rugged --+ do - Umbilicatus ---- Croatia eeee++ see ee eee Oblique jointed do Drviston I.—Spiral, with detached whorls. Spirula «+-+-+++-+- E. & W. Indies, America Ram's horn do -- Minute Shells. Spengleri stefeliel's\ sf InGhR ooOGONOoOUOUDUSOOD Spengler’s - do -- Unguiculatus---- Ditto -++++-- s-++ sees Nail-shap’d do -- Diviston Ill. Elongated and almost straight. Minute. Semilituus -----> Kent, Shores of Liburni- Halfcrozier do -- Lituus ---++-+es0e Red Sea -++-++eee8 waiters | Orozlenie G0) Carinatulus ----- Kent ----- Slaterpieleleretsta/etels Keeled --- do-- Obliquus ----+-- Britain, Mediterranean - Obliquely striated Raphanistrum --- Mediterranean --------- Twelve striated Raphanus -- ---- Adriatic, Mediterranean: Seventeen striated G2 84 UNIVALVES —— NAUTILUS. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name- Costatus +-++-++: Kent +--+ -+e- cece ee eeee Ribbed Nautilus Granum -------- Mediterranean - - - «+ »+-+- Eight striated do Radicula ------- Kent, Adriatic -.------ Bulbous jointed do Spinulosus ------ Britain +++ +e-eee ee ease Spinous jointed - Sub-arcuatus ---- Sandwich ---->--++-+-- Sub-arcuated do . Bicarinatus --+-+- Ditto --+++eese cere ee ee Bicarinated do -- asciainyercr-teieysreie e PNGhAEIe ao coe Good LA oo Banded --- do «= Inzequalis ------- ediSe@aieierecwietellsreieiseies Unequal -- do -- Siphunculus Siiatels Sicily skelelokelave (c) staie) miaveletsie Piped Soo nat ec Legumen ------- Britain, Adriatic-.------ Pod ----+- do -- Linearis --+-+++- Dunbar---%.-22 ..65-«: Linear ---- do -- Rectus ----+--+-- Sandwich .«....-- ato ae Straight -- do -- Ae nant oe Pood | Aik oa a i iv tht bye - CON TY . L. Crouch Lithog. Printed by Kowney & er ler Ly 7. MAWE, 149 Strand. UNIVALVES.— CONUS. 85 CONUS. — Cone. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XX. Div. I. Fam. 1. Fig. 1. C. imperialis. Drv. Il. Fam. 1. Fig. 6. C. ebreus. Fam. 2. Fig. 2. C. monile. Dw. III. Fig. 4. C. striatus. Fam. 2. Fig. 3. C. generalis. Fig. 7. C. terebellum. Dw. II. Fam. 1. Fig. 5. C. taniatus. Div. IV. Fig. 8. C- tulipa. Shell univalve, convolute, turbinate ; aperture effuse, longitudinal, linear, without teeth, entire at the base; pillar smooth. THERE is, perhaps, no other genus which holds so im- portant a station in collections as the Cones, a dis= tinction to which it is eminently entitled, from the match- less beauty and endless variety of the species. The numerous species of the Cones are so similar in form, that they have been arranged only into four divi- sions. Those which have a subtruncated base, as the C. marmoreus and C. imperialis, constitute the first di- vision. The C. betulinus may be instanced as an ex- ample of the shells of the second division, which are pyriform and rounded at the base, and have a thick structure. The third division comprises those species which are elongated, and have an acute and promi- nent spire, as the C. generalis, &c. The shells of the fourth division are easily distinguished by their ventri- cose shape and wide aperture. Beneath the epidermis the Cones have in general a smooth surface, and in most instances a high natural polish; there are, however, some species, as the C. gra= 86 UNIVALVES,—.CONUS. nulatus, &c. which are covered with granulated trans- verse strize, and even globular tubercles. The colors and markings of the Cones are extreme- ly beautiful, and much diversified: in some species they are elegantly disposed in dots, stripes, bands, and reti- culations; and in others, delicately blended in cloud- ings, veins, and marbling. The most beautiful and rare species of this genus are the C. gloria-maris, C. cedo-nulli, C. thome, the varie- ties of C. ammiralis, C. aurisiacus and others, which vary in value from five to twenty guineas. The Conus derives its name from the resemblance which its species bear to the form of a Cone (Kwvoc) The greater number of species come from the Indian Ocean; some are found on the shores of Africa and America, and others in the South Seas. Division [.—Spire subtruncated- Famity 1.—Spire coronated. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Marmoreus ----- East and West Indies, Asi- atic Ocean -+++++ +++. Marbled Cone -- Nocturnus ---++- Amboyna, Moluccas---- Night----- do -- Nicobaricus ---++ East Indian Seas ------- Nicobar -- do - Arachnoideus --- Coromandel, Tranquebar Spider-web do -- Zonatus-+++++<++ Asiatic Ocean «ese--+e. - Zoned ---- do -- Imperialis ---- -- Amboyna, So. Seas, Mau- TICIUS| °\«\ctese' se einia'ste Cleric Imperial 23). dGt>'s Fuscatus +--+ +++. South Seas, Mauritius, Tranquebar --+++.---- Clouded + do -- CWandidustessce cs “etelnle Jothoroc io pdeche ees White ---- do-- UNIVALVES — CONUS. 87 FamiLy 2.—Spire plain or channelled. Sczentefic Name. Literatus -....-. Eburneus -----+-- Tessellatus .--.-- Generalis ---.-- Monile Canaliculatus --- Radiatus Virgo ee ey Capitaneus-+-+.- Chemnitzii Mustelinus ------ Leopardus Hygena ++ees+++- ee eee eee eee Centurio -->++-- Fusiformis Spurius - > - Leoninus «+-+>-- Characteristicus - Ceerulescens:----- * Zebra eee eeeece Locality. Amboyna, S. Seas, Africa East Indian Ocean Batavia, Africa, Mauritius Amboyna, Mauritius, C. of Good Hope Nicobar Isles Ceylon, Nicobar Isles - West Indies --+e-- --+-- Africa, Amboyna, Mau- ritius ++. Amboyna, Mauritius, East Indies Ceylon Batavia, Philippines ---- E. & W. Indies, Sumatra New Zealand, Africa --- Amboyna, Mauritius -+ -- St. Domingo, Martinico- Cilifovnidiess< é swaaareis te East and West Indies-- - - Amboyna, West Indies, Mexico ---- St. Bartholomew St. Thomas New Guinea er eee ee yeoersere eoeerectre ee ee eee eo eee ere eee Common Name. Lettered Cone - Square spotted do Mosaic --+ do -: General--< do - Necklace -- do -- Grooved -- do -: Radiated -- do -- Virgin ---+ do - Captain -- do - Chemnitz’s do -- Weasel --- do -- Leopard -- do -- Hyena ----do-- Soldier --- do -- Centurion - do -- Fusiform -- do -- Spurious -- do -- Arabic - do -- Ble Asiatic Ocean ----- +--+: Persian robe do -- Arenatus --+.... Batavia, Mauritius, Cape of Good Hope ------ «+ Sandy ---- do- Pulicarius+- +++ - South Seas, Moluccas -- Fleaspot -- do -: Obesus <{e/\ iehealoke Madagascar, China -+--. Battiusieiststorer) do «- Piperatus -..-».. Ind. Seas, African Ocean Punctured. do «+ Vanitise. scsi Mauritius, West Indies-- Various --- do -- Coronatus --.-.. East Indian Seas ----++-- Coronated- do - Barbadensis -. -- Barbadoes, West Indies - Barbadoes- do -- Roseus -+--.+--- Antilles --++++ sees «++ Rose-color’d do -- Coccineus ---. -- St. Domingo, Martinico-- Scarlet --+- do -- Citrinus ------.. Curacoa, Straits of Ma- gellan -++++- sees eeee Citron color do -- Sponsalis-------- S. Seas, Isle of St.George Pink spotted do - - Puncturatus ----- Botany Bay --------+-- Groove punctured Ceylonensis ---+- Ceylon --+++ eeeeeeeeee Ceylonese - do -- Exiguus ------+- Asiatic Seas -+-+++-++-s Narrow --- do -- Pusillis) . Ditto «+22 +ss- ccc evovefeieis Senegal, Mauritius, Cape of Good Hope ---+---- East Indies, Anbeya®> Mauritius - Isle of fee UATE Sumatra «+--+ccesesecsere South Seas, Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar - - + Mauritius, Philippines -- New Zealand E. Indies, Mauritius,China fees ees es seen eoreeece eoreeesece 89 Common Name: Amadis Cone - Sharp pointed do St. Oma’s - do -- Admiral -- do -- Granulated do -- Spotted---- do - Depressed spire do Senator --- do -- @atreseetee do -- do -- do -- do -- Noble -:-- Siamese - -- Gartered - - Butterfly’s wing Prometheus do .-- Brownish - do -- Surat ----. do - Monk -- -- do -- Ranunculus do - Anemone:: do -- Tulip do -- Rustic ----do-- Brown throated do Coffee ---- do - Ribbon -..« Gown Sailor ---- do.. Network -- do Birch bark do -- Brown banded do Naked ---- do -- Oak sein Gove Lineated -- do -- Equestrian do -- Ermine --- do 90 UNIVALVES — CONUS. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name- Vexillum -- -- - Batavia, Malabar ------- Flag Cone Testudinarius---- Surinam,W.Indies,Guinea Turtle ---- do -- Venulatus «+++ «- Manilla, American Seas-- Veined---- do -- Namocanus::-++- Isle of Namoca, S. Seas - Ashwood-- do -- Stercus-muscarum Amboyna, Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon «-+++++- Fly-spotted do -- Cancellatus+s+«.> South Seas --+++--.+e--- Cancellated do -- Portoricanus ---- PortoRico,AmericanSeas Porto Rico do -- Tinianus -++++e+. Isle of Tinian, SouthSeas Red color’d do - Taitensis:--cee:- @falheite = -eidie st etaldiera si «21s Blackish violet a Scabriusculus --- Guinea, Sierra Leone --- Scabrous - do - Rattus, cheteis dtd tehetete Coast of America ---«-. Ve 6oeaoc doe Jamaicensis -++++ Jamaica -+ereeee ceceee Three banded do Mediterraneus -- Algiers, Mediterranean-- Olive clouded do Puncticulatus---- St. Domingo, Martinico - Red dotted do - Mauritianus ----- Coast of Africa --+----- Mauritian - do -- Verrucosus - ---+ Africa, Cape of G. Hope Warted --- do - Columba -----:- NMiauritils e's elsise de cue Dove ---.- aoe Madurensis------ Asiatic Ocean - «s+» Green cross do -- Jaspideus ++++++- St. Domingo, Miaialife - Jasper ---- do -- Japonicus -+-+ ++ Japan +--+ +++. -++.-+-- Orange mottled - Mindanus --+> -: Philippine yates vetoes White mottled do Festivus ++ ++++++ Molucea Isles ---+-++++-- Festive --+ do -- * Reticulatus ---» South Seas -++-++-+-++- Netted ---- do -- * Ferruginosus - Ditto +--+ +++ +++eeess eee Iron color’d do -- Drviston I1].—Llongated and rounded at the base. Clavus:--++----- East Indies, Guinea -- -- Yellow veined do * Gradatus -++--- California -........ eee» Stepped -- do -- AUreuS --ccee -- Oi meoclotopoouodGao cian Golden:--- do =. Circumcisus: «+ -- East Indian Ocean ------ Truncated - do -- Terebellum ----- Mauritius, Madagascar-- Chocolate-- do -- Australis-++s+.-+ New South Wales, China Southern-- do -- Ib@ane) nooo c5006- ATTACH stotetelal stele etotetereretete Smooth --- do-- Ochroleucus ---.- American Seas -+++- +++ Yellowish- do -- Strigatus-.-..--- East Indian Seas.--.-.-- Pale violet--do -- VIVE a ttisi stereos ors MDD ttOetelsteretcle stot sclele sete. Mitre ----> do -: UNIVALVES—CONUS. 91 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Glans «-....---» Manritius, Africa, Mo- luceas ++ sseceeeee eee Acorn Cone => Tenellus --+....- Moluccas «+++++eeee8e-+ Delicate-++ do = Nussatella «+++. Nussatella ++++++++++-+5 Nussatella - do -- Granulatus «+--+. Africa, America, Brazils- Grained -- do -: Fusus --ccceseess West Indiess:<> casa «a Spindle aoe ONO Aurisiacus +--+ -- Amboyna, Ceram ------ Orange:+++ do -- Terebra -----> - Batavia, Mauritius ------ Whimble-- do -- Raphanus -:-- + -» Asiatic Ocean --e--+-+-- Radish ---+ do -> Adansoni -+++++- Senegal -+++esseecerees Adanson’s « do «+ Augur s+seeesee- Ceylon, Amboyna ----+++ Augur ---- do = Magus--++--+++++ Mauritius, Amboyna ---- Magician -- do -- Striatus ----+--. South Seas, Mauritius, East & West Indies -- Striated -- do -- Gubernator ----- Asiatic Ocean «+ +++- +++ Pilot ----- do -- Gloria-maris +++ Japan -++++++eeeeree ees Glory of the sea Pyramidalis -- --- Torrid Zone >++++++++++- Pyramid -- do - Textile -.©. --. South Seas, China, Africa Embrosders a) FAUT) Dasieicieicielereilere Mauritius -------+ «- oe: Abbot --+- do- Archiepiscopus -- East Indian Seas ------- ACMEnep do -: Canonicus ---+-- Ditto -.---s eee ee eens Canonical - do -: Episcopus siepeishel= Ditto -ccccs-sccsscerce Bishop ---- Gone Preelatus «+--+. Ditto -sccccccce coesece Prelate ---- do -: Pannaceus -----: Amboyna, China ------- Plumose -: do -- Rubiginosus ---- Amboyna, Philippines -- Orange brown do Omaria +--+ +++ New Guinea, Madagascar Pearl browa Cone Aulicus ++-+++++> Mauritius, Amboyna,Cey- lon, China «++-+-++++: Brunette -- do-- Elongatus ------ Guinea ----++- seeerres Lengthened do -- Division 1V.—Ventricose with a wide aperture. Spectrum ------- Amboyna, China, New Guinea +-+++++ seeeee Spectre --+ do - Informis -------- New Zealand, American Ocean +rserseeeseeee Misshapen- do - 92 UNIVALVES —_CONUS. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name- Ventricosus ----- American Ocean, Medi- terranean «++++.++-+s Ventricose Cone Bullatus -------- Moluccas, China---+---- Bubble --- do -- Timorensis «+ -+-- East Indian Ocean ---+-- Timor ---- do -- Nimbosus :*++22- Ditto --+eeccccne Sodd0.00 Rainy veee Go Tulipa -+++-++++- E. & W. Indies, Africa-- Tulip --- - do -- Geographicus --- Amboyna -+--++-«-- --+ Geographic do - 5 y i ; i Sr a’ iat CY PREA FALLS if” * = ee a = oe & @é . © et i, ~ 4s ee fe * 4 *: Fey <% ath y i - ee ® & wal Pal ney EF oz fler Lrinted by Kow. EA, Crouch. Lithag: By I_MAWE, 149 Strand UNIVALVES—CYPREA. 93 CYPRAA.— Cowry. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXI. Diy. I. —Fig. 2. C. exanthema. Duy. III.—Fig. 4. C. ziezac. Fig. 3. Do. inayoung state. Div. [1V.—Fig. 5. C. cribraria. Diy. I].—Fig. 1. C. pantherina. Drv. VI.—Fam. 1. Fig. 6. C. nucleus. Shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuse at each end ; aper- ture effuse at each end, linear, extending the whole length of the shell, and toothed on each side. THIS genus possesses one grand mark of distinction, the shells having, when arrived at maturity, the two ie) lips always crenated with strong articulated teeth. The species differ little in formation, but their colorings and markings are very dissimilar. There are six divisions in the Cyprzea: the first in- cludes those in which the spire is not quite concealed, as in the C, exanthema, C. arabica, &c. Those, on the contrary, which have no manifest spire, as the C. caput- serpentis, C. mauritiana, &c. form the second division. The third is composed of the umbilicated or perforated varieties; such as the C. ziczac, C.asellus, &c. Those species which are marginated, as the C. moneta, C. an- nulus, &c. form the fourth class. The shells of the fifth division have their surfaces covered with ribs, wrinkles, or tuberculations; andthe sixth consists of those which are beaked at the extremities. The Cowries are in general smooth, glossy shells, of great brilliancy of color, and elegantly marked with dots, ziczac lines, undulations, stripes, &c. The C.aurantium, 04. UNIVALVES— CYPRAA. C. mappa, C. argus, and the C. testudinaria, may be ad- duced as examples of the beauty and variety of coloring for which the genus is remarkable. The C.nucleus, C. cicercula, and C, staphyleea, are, however, exceptions, as they have but little coloring, and are besides ex- tremely rough, owing to the small globular tubercula- tions or warts, with which their surfaces are covered. One of the largest and most valuable Cowries is the C. aurantium, which is found, though very rarely, at the Friendly Isles. The most rare of the smaller spe- cies are the C. rubiginosa, C. pustulata, and C. aperta. The greater number of the Cypreee are produced in the Indian Ocean; many, however, are found in the American, African, and Mediterranean seas; and some also in the South seas. This genus has been named after the Cyprian God- dess (Kuzpuoc), on account of the great beauty of its species. Drvist0n I.—Spire not quite concealed. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Exanthema ---- American Ocean, West Indies --+-+++eeeeeeee False Argus << Mappa --+ «+++. Africa, Amboyna «--.-. Map Cowry Arabica --- ---- Amboyna, Madagascar -- Arabic - -- do <- Histrio --+++-+-- South Seas, IndianOcean Harlequin-- do -- Argus -+eeee eee Amboyna, Guinea, West Indies ------ Argus ->..- do -- Testudinaria ---- Persian Gulf, Gukaceg - ‘'Tortoiseshell do -- Stercoraria ------ Coast of Guinea --+«---- Livid --+ do-: Aurora:>:seeesee South Seas --«..- aislisle isis Orange s«. GO -= Carneola-+ +--+ ++ Amboyna, East Indies -» Flesh color’ddo -- UNIVALVES__CYPRAA. - 95 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Talpa ---+++-++5- Asia, Madagascar --+--- Mole Cowry - Lurida---+++- .. Mediterranean, Senegal, ; Brazilsweries)ea dsy-ievaej- Lurid -..-..« do -- Vanelli .s-ee+se- Barbadoes, Jamaica ---- Saffron throated - Lots hess weer Sicilian Seas ----++-+e22- White ---- do-- NGUEEA AUS HISRIERS . (ac's'efaloieicic' Meee aleraten <'aralays Dotted ---- do- Sanguinolenta "| gets. \easectet em caelen de Sanguine oa fone: Unidataieaed aassesiti MiauTItIUS > > e91- Hlescleyee elo Waved---- do-- Nerésnbiseas ovis. we cdecn anes eieielele ofetiiayaie |e Long pioheieia do - PAigiriits nash, oncsincsias - seigiseee 20 Get Wide-mouth’d es Drviston IL—Obtuse, spire quite concealed. Achatina --- --- South Seas, New Holland Agate ----do -: Caput-serpentis-- Ditto, Mauritius, E. Indies Snake's head do- - Mauritiana ----- Persian Gulf, Mauritius-- Blackish brown do Vitellus ---. ---- Amboyna, South Seas -- White spotted do Mus.-..---+-0-- Mediterranean, Africa--- Mouse ---+ do = Tigris -+++++++-+ R. Sea, S.Seas, Amboyna ‘Tiger «+--+ do -> Pantherina-:---- Red Sea--esecseererees Panther -- do-- Lynx -++e-e+eee Mauritius, Madagascar -- Lynx ----- do -- Felina «<-+-+-- S865 Wilhlathies co occcdoneocGc Feline ---- do-> Cinerea --++++-- Barbadoes, Jamaica ---» Ash-color’d do -- Isabella --- +--+» Amboyna, Mauritius, Ma- dagascar eeee ores eeeee Yellow eee do eo Cylindrica S sielelidleh = 6/e »jalojais/a(ao|'s. 0. «j8i cre} arae}) s:< Cylindric - « doe Indica -.---+-e-- Eastern Ocean---++-+++« Green spotted “se Onyx Se denecers Coast of Asia --¢-cs-* + Onyx OOS do -- Subflava «-+-ee ++ ceeerece esc ec ee sseeeene Yellowish - de - Clandestina «+--+ sessceceeeceeereeeeeess Clandestine do -- 96 UNIVALVES_— CYPR AA. Common Nume. Scientific Name. Locality. Succincta ----+-- Awsisleuisbiemens nies aioe Panded Cowry 53 Ziczac .++--+-- -« East Indian Ocean --+--+ Ziczac +--+ do -- Zonata:+++++++- Coast of Guinea --++++e. Zoned --+- do +: Hirundo -.....-. Maldives, Antilles ------ Swallow -- do-: UW irselltas vec ttie ete) 1d ore tafrorete tors ovayeovettYarek oveere Brown spot do -- Petey + sac Spree | revevavisicia sveveneverecer everseotefoierere Yellow --- do-- Asellus + ++.+++- Amboyna, Senegal, Mal- GIVES » ++ ee eee ee cees Three banded do Errones «+--+... East Indies --+-++++++++ Olive mottled do Pyrum see e ee eeee Sicily, HARIG@acietsielniereiere Rear were do :- Piunctata cise. von sete siete scve ere reine ciate ciate Dotted ---- do Diviston IV.—With the margin thickened. The C. moneta of this division is collected by the negro women of the Indian Islands, three days before and after full-moon, and transported into Bengal, Siam, and Africa; where it is used by the natives in com- merce, as a substitute for money. Common Name. Scientific Name. Locality. Moneta--------- Indian Islands ---+-+-+:- Money Cowry -- Annulus ..---+-- Amboyna, East Indies -- Annular --- do -- Caurica -.-..+-- Madagascar, Amboyna -- Thick edg’d do -- Dracena ------ «+ Amboyna -+-++++ -+-++- Angular marked Cruentaiies sens. Dito eects sie ciile eeleretetole Ferruginous Gon Cribraria -----.. China +--+ e+e esse eens Umbilicated do -- Erosa -+++++++-- Mauritius, Bengal -----+ Bordered -- do -- Blaveolam scsi. cones Soasodgsa Gabo Ochreous:- do -- Spurca «+--+... Mediterranean ++---- -- Narrow margin’d Stolida -------.. Eastern Ocean--.-++++-- Square spotted do Tabescens ++---- Amboyna, Madagascar-- Slender --- do -- Helvola -..-....- Ditto, Maldives .......- Star =. ses'e do -- Narrow --+ do - Angustata ale sialeraliuice\siclerelovcreistennisieteiiciaye Saqnoc UNIVALVES —CYPREA. 97 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Ocellata ----++--- Indian Ocean, China---- Eyed Cowry --- *Albuginosa- -- -- California ++++++++++++- Bird’seye - do -- Poraria ---++++-+ Jamaica --+++-- ttt eeeee White spot do -- Gangranosa Stelater Guinan belsieies olerel cistesrslele Gangrene- Goatees Fimbriata s@lealeier 6s eee bce Scaresee receee Fimbriated do -- MPlescellatavceicwieleeh scielsiosisisieniac sicleiei= s.siein|~\0 Mosaic --:» do -- Division V.—With the backs ribbed, wrinkled, or tuberculated. Oniscus -+-+-++- Adriatic Sea s+eeee eee Woodlouse do -- Sulcata ----+++ -- Jamaica, Barbadoes ---- Sulcated -- do -- Europea --+-+-+- Britain, North of Europe European - do -- Madagascariensis Madagascar ----.++++-- Madagascar do -- Pustulata ---- -- Acapulca, China ------ Pustulated- do -- Division VI.—Beaked at the extremities. Famity 1|.—Having raised dots on the back. Nucleus -------- East Indian Ocean ------ Wrinkled - do -- Staphylea ------ Ditto -+-++++ee sees *-» Groove back’d do Cicercula ------- Mediterranean, Amboyna, China <<: se<<<0. esos) Vieteh, «= doves FamiLy 2.---With the back smooth. Margarita eee ee Amboyna wore ee ce er ccce Pearl ----- do -- Globulus------ - Ditto, Asia ---++--+eee- Globular -- do -- igi shat i bats La ye ae ad , vide al ‘als * nto oi, 7 Bek olan dare Holey } vif vale ey i" rte hoeye rete bh Saha re cents ‘pneah cl hdd ; P e+ Oy r , a ee eae Aiey elk LOB conning) Sires a anda ) hen Gin, bp hateatoutt 7 oh any eee eh : ‘7 Fp Fehr hier ey be bevibb eres rs Pe 7 a | hg a) ay 144 vo 5 Sete , 7 weg iad ehh setae we eerie ar y a ‘ if w 1 iy es) one Mi alabdh ea bs) Vite pavoloncbiods nvinnials | hh aks i sui worded i es ia. el Todt Pte 4 wide i os lee a money " apcnpyebin Be ORI Behe ab shasta’? RS ‘nah ‘dolls | aS (ae ; ) a ‘. ae wales shiva sR hon? be . sisi mi, ‘ah ‘at vgn + ean , : Hen sid tan ' f Faas 4 lad Re euy ogee «ase BOL LA P20, 22. LA. Crouch L: hog: Lrinted by Kowney & Foyfler Ly IMAWE, 749 Strand. UNIVALVES— BULLA. 99 BULLA.— Dipper or BUBBLE. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXII. Dw. It—Fig. 3. B. verrucosa. Div. I11.—Fam. 2. Fig. 5. B. amplustre. Dw. Il.--Fig. 1. B. volva. Div. 1V.—Fig. 7. B. ficus. Fig. 2. B. gibbosa. Di. V. —Fig. 6. B. virginea. Diy. VI.—Fig. 4. B. terebellum. Shell univalve, convolute, unarmed with teeth; aperture a little straitened, oblong, longitudinal, very entire at the base; pillar oblique, smooth. THIS genus is so nearly allied in form to the preced- ing, that much caution is necessary in order to prevent confusion in its classification; so great indeed is the difficulty of distinguishing the young shells of the Bulla and Cypreea, that the two genera have been in- termixed by some authors. This difficulty may, however, in a great measure be removed, by an attention to one very striking charac- ter of the Bulla, that the pillar lip of the shell, in every state of its growth, is invariably free from the slightest denticulations; while, in the Cypreea, both the pillar and outer lips are crenated with strong ar- ticulated or prominent teeth. This distinction consti- tutes the character of the first of the divisions, into which the genus is separated. The other divisions are in general distinguished by the form, of which the Bulla presents a considerable variety. The second division comprehends the species which are elongated: in these the length is increased by two produced beaks, con- spicuously observable in the B. volva. In the third di- | H2 100 UNIVALVES — BULLA. vision the shells are less beaked, and more gibbous; the C. naucum and C.ampulla may be mentioned as illustrative examples: they are without teeth or spire, and the greater part umbilicated. The species of the fourth division are pyriform; of which the B. ficus and B. rapa strongly resemble some of the Murices. The fifth division being’ composed entirely of land shells, and the animal inhabiting them being oviparous, they might with greater propriety be classed with the genus Helix. The B. terebellum, the only species of the sixth division, is a remarkable exception to the general form of the Bulla; it isa long and slender shell, and not un- like a lengthened olive. Some species of this genus, particularly those of the fifth division, are banded with party-colored streaks, but by far the greater number are colorless. The B. volva or true Weaver’s Shuttle, is one of the most rare shells of the genus. The B. imperialis, which has a pink interior, is also considered rare. The re- verse varieties of the fifth division are also highly valued. The different species of Bulla are found in almost every part of the world. This genus derives its name from the resemblance which some of the lesser species have to a bubble of water (Bulla). Division I.—Shell resembling the Cyprea genus, but toothed on the outer lip only. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Ovum -+-+eeeee Amboyna, India, China: Egg Dipper --- Imperialis --++--- South Seas ++ ++++++++-+- Crumpled - do - Nucleus «+--+ ---- Mediterranean, Africa -- Wrinkled - do -- Verrucosa -+-+++- Amboyna, China ------- Warty -- - do -- UNIVALVES—— BULLA. 101 Division I1.— Shell oblong, beaked at the ends. Sczentific Name. Locality. Common Name. Volva --+.--+-++ Japan, China ---+++++ - Weaver's shuttle Lepida-+---+--+> Africa, Leghorn--++-+--+ Orange:--+ do -- Birostris --+-+-+-- Java, China --+----++---- Lesser ---- do - Secale +--+ -+++- American Seas, Jamaica Rye shap’d do -- Spelta ->+--++--+- Mediterranean----+-+++-- Oblong ---+ do -+ Gibbosa -~.--»~-- Brazils «c-ccece-cvecvces Belted ---- do «+ Division III.—Shell thin, gibbous, and aperture large. Famity 1.—Apex generally umbilicated and without a spire. Naucum ---+-+-- Amboyna, Africa, Asia-- Seanut --- do-- Aperta «+-+++++> Cape of G. Hope, Britain Wide ----- do -- @atena’ < - do -- Strigata BA CO MRO OOS) OCC OOmIaD 6 Dict Yellow streaked Striatula.----+> Sth heuerelorehaieasieps¥elets}ste|ayeyeVaialn:® Striated -- do.-- Exarata -----++- Guinea +++++-s see - Wrinkled - do -- Truncata ---+-+++ cereeee Scoovadood e5\dcdc Truncated- do -- Priamus «+++ --» Guinea, West Indies ---- Priam ---- do-- Zebra -ceerseces Ditto «+--+ cocscececesees Zebra «++» do -- Achatina -+-+«: - E. Indies, Africa, America Broad strip’ ddo- Purpurea:--+-+-- Africa seer esses ee eceee Purple mouth’d a Sinistrorsa «+++ -- Ditto ---- cere reece eee Great revers’d do « Drviston VI.—Shell cylindrical, with a subulate spire and truncate base. Terebellum ----- Amboyna ---+++-+++++++ Awlshap'd do -- VOLUTA. ews) Printed by Rowngy For fler EA CrouchLithog: By J_MAWE L4G Strand. UNIVALVES — VOLUTA. 103 VOLUTA.— Vouvure or WREATH. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIII. Dry. I.—Fig. 5. V. glabra. Div. V. — Fam. 1. Fig. 7. V. papalis- Diy. Il. —Fig. 3. V. marginata. Div. VII.—Fam. 1. Fig. 8. V. vexillum. Drv. III.—Fig. 2. V. persicula. Drv. VITI.—Fam. 1. Fig. 1. V. ethiopica. Drv. [V.—Fig. 4. V. cruenta. Div. IX. —Fig. 6. V. cancellata. Shell one-celled, spiral; aperture without a beak, and somewhat effuse; pillar twisted or plaited, generally without lips or per- oration. THE genus Voluta is as remarkable for the beauty, as for the variety of its species; it also presents a great di- versity in form, but the shells may easily be recognised by an attention to the following distinctive character. The Volutes have, without any exception, several teeth or plaits on the columella or pillar lip. The number of teeth is by no means uniform: on some there are only four or five, while in others, particu- larly in those of the fourth division, they frequently amount to fifty; and it may be remarked, that the teeth are less articulated according as they are more nu- merous. The divisions of this genus are founded principally on the great diversity of external character. The first comprehends those species which have an ovate form, and the aperture entire, resembling the shape of the hu- man ear: the greater part of which are land-shells. The distinction of the second division is, that the outer mar- gin is thickened, and the aperture not quite entire. In the third the aperture is effuse and linear. The shells of 104. UNIVALVES — VOLUTA. the fourth division have a subcylindrical form, and in- clude the numerous varieties of Olives. The shells of the preceding divisions are generally smooth, but in the fol- lowing they are more or less striated or ribbed. The fifth is by far the most numerous class—it contains the fusiform Volutes, usually known by the name of Mitres, some of which are very elegantly formed and finely tinted in their coloring; the most distinctive species are the V. sanguisuga and V. papalis. The V. mercatoria is a characteristic example of the sixth division, which is distinguished by having the outer lip denticulated. The seventh contains some of the most interesting shells of the genus, among which the V. musica, and V. ebrzea,are conspicuous for their markings, which in the former resemble the notes used in music, and in the latter are similar to oriental characters. The papillary summit of the shells of the eighth division, which are usually called Melons, is a very marked distinction. The species are generally of a large size, and some of them, as the V. ethiopica, have their whorls surround- ed with elevated hollow spines, encircling the spire with a crown. ° Of the remaining divisions the tenth forms an exception to the general smoothness of the Volutes, its species being extremely rugged and nodulous. Among the more beautiful species of the genus the V. vexillum or Orange Flag Volute, is most to be admir= ed. The V.junonia, V. lapponica, V.scapha, and V. ma- gellanica,are highly valued for their rarity and beauty. There is a considerable difference in the dimensions of the Volutes, some being very minute, while others attain to a great size. The different species of the Voluta are met with in vari- UNIVALVES — VOLUTA. 105 ous parts of the world; the Indian seas produce the most, and some are found in the Atlantic, Pacific, Northern, and European oceans. The form of the shells of this genus has suggested the name of Voluta, signifying rolled up cylindrically. Divison 1.—Shell ovate, with the aperture generally ear-shaped and entire. Scientific Name. Localzty. Common Name. Auris-Mide-..-.- E. Indies, Salt marshes, Ceram «+--+ ereeeees Midas’ ear Volute Auris-Judee +--+. Moluccas, Fensin India. Judas’ear . do - Australis ..-.-..-. N. Holland, N.Caledonia N. Polland do - AuUbissMalehpesss (Seeteo ne GUIS Malchus’ ear do -. Glabrans scat Sine ave ws:tcletete atatatstichey crete ote avatars Smooth ->- do -- MNTETIS=SMGLMasciclel=: | tolelereifaravale a's leteieratelele cleared eve Silenus’ ear do -- Fasciata -+------ Australasia -.--+-+.« sevee banged seeldo-« Auris-Virginis --- East Indies -.+....-- +--+ Virgin's ear do -- Auris Vulpina--- St. Helena ------+-++-+-» Fox’sear-- do-- aris" @atiiceisace in wisielcieley sicloiclcisiniclcletaialetele Cat’s ear - do-- Tornatilis --.---- England ------- seeeee+ Double banded Flammea ----- =h) pOOROU SHAE ooo cn oes cans Variegated do -. Solidula .---.--- Southern Ocean, China - Strong ---- do.. lLitraipeetesadeds INiul(eey DODO U OOO Oo UO Geo Neivadhersslees ones Coffea -++-++eee Barbadoes-+++-++++++++- Coffee-color do -- Minute Shells. Minuta --------- Barbadoes ---++++++-++-- Minute::-- do -. Flava --«---.--- ast Indies --+-++-++e-- Yellow --- do.-- Denticulata ----- Great Britain ----- -ee-- Toothed -- do-- Triplicata ------ Guernsey -++++++++++++: Three-tooth’d do Pasi bias cps ciie #2 sain cceolwicme dt mefe nisin) cone - Smalloval - do -- Bidentata ------- Scotland, Devonshire --- Double-tooth’d -- Allia tse eee+» Sandwich, Sheppy Island White ---- do -- Pellucida ------- Salcomb Bay, Devon --- Peilucid -- do -- Unidentata------ Devonshire «-+++++++++* Single-tooth’d do 106 UNIVALVES —_ VOLUTA. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Interstincta-+-+-- Bigberry Bay, Devon -- Divided Volute -- Insculpta-----+ ++ Devonshire «---++++++«e Engraved - do -: Plicatula-------- Dittomaciieietremeerate SOOO” Plaited --- do=- Ambigua eUOUCa Ditto ---eeerccccereene Doubtful -- do -- Divisron Il.—Shell ovate, smooth, outer margin thickened, aper- ture nearly entire. Elegans oes ces =<) ucsoododn oo dogodD non Elegant -- do «- Pallida .--.+++-- Senegal, Britain ---- --- Pallid ---- do => IDB srefooamaneca su Senegal Jabocgoobnsod As Brown banded Wiontlis)s «ercie-cteve.s Gaines sseretetelsvelstemtete fate Necklace-- do -» Miliaria -.------ Mediterranean -----+++- Millet ---- do-- Giuttatan sere sieiere AV ATIANE A s cioieheletutelsioleierciocie Dotted ---- do «= Marginata ------ Guinea ------- be eeeeees Margined - do -- Ralbalicwiatmersiscies Bombay siedchevoielchetenetel wiaicte Bean -+-«: do -. Strigata ---+-- - Guinea -....e0.-+--+-++ Wave-striped do Prunum «+-«..-- GOree «++ ee eeeeeeeeeee Bluish grey do -- Chemnitzii....-- Guinea -- eee eee veeeeees Chemnitz’s do -- Glabella .--.-..- Ditto) cersicicn Kite Sececitncte Polished--- do -- PiGta) cfeteleicreneis ore FPR Syalewoe concec ocean Painted --- do -- Castanea), «scscrcctes Dittotls cetcvod 2 siewrestale - Chesnut -- do-- Division I1L.—Shell ovate, smooth, spire flat, aperture effuse and linear. Porcellana ---.-- Indian Ocean ---+-++-++ Porcelain -- do -- Persicula--++ +--+ African Ocean --+++-+++: Red spotted do -- Cingulata--..-.- Cape Verde, Goree ---- Red-lined - do -- BullataiGs's. 66.. East Indies ----.- 6. do OSS Bubble --- do-- Levis ---+.+--.. Devon, West Indies ---- Smooth --- do «+ Catenata .-.-.. England, West Indies -- Chain-spotted do UNIVALVES_—.VOLUTA. 107 Diviston IV.—Shell sub-cylindrical, enamelled, and emarginated. Famity 1.—Spzre rather obtuse. Sczentific Name. Locality. Common Name. Porphyrea ------ W. Indies, South America Porphyry Volute Erythrostoma -- Amboyna, Mauritius, S. Seas -++ree reece eeee Orange mouth’d Oliva --++-+- «- Ditto, South Seas, Brazils, East & West Indies -- Olive ----. do -- Ventricosa ------ Mindana, Moluccas ---- Ventricose do -- Incrassata -----+ - Moluccas, Brazils ------ Thickened do .-- Pinguis avelal afieletelans ESTA si tcieivisteietelerc elelohe islets Quaker --- do-- Tigrina -----+-- Eastern Ocean --+-++++- Tiger ----- do -- Carneola ----+-- Moluccas +++++++eees- Carnelian - do -- Micans -+---+++- Ditto, Mauritius ------- Tittle: acer Mais Famity 2.—Spire prominent or conical. Cruenta -+--+++> Amboyna, Mauritius ---- Orange-throat do- Annulata «++-++-- Ditto * ais = os siclevdomatele Jere Ringed sivicie) GQ's Gibbosa --+ ++ +++: Coromandel, Madagascar Gibbous -- do -- Ispidula -------- Moluccas --+++-+++++++- Enamelled- do .- Hiatula ----++-+-: Africa -eecceseccccccces Gaping vie) GO’ <« Ampla piojisiclsiefeleieis! | Mple/clels’s/=\ele[e/vle! «isl slate iel(«is)'se Large Sooe (i) 54 INave@d ce -\cie = oi Wiest. Indies -cuslerccteun. =. Snowy doo Gy iad Jaspidea eoreratsiers Philippines erate’ ore csheraieve Jasper Sato Gt 06 Ancilla «<-+++s++ corer rete seers ec eeeees Damsel --- do -- Nitidula -.------ Ditto, Moluccas,Mauritius Delicate -- do -- Oryza er ee ere erereee se sscsege ee Rice eeoveee do ee Drviston V.—Shell fusiform, generally striated or ribbed, either longitudinally or transversely. Famity 1.—Spire less than half the length of the shell. Crenulata ++++--- East Indies --->--- ---++ Crenulated do -- 108 Scientific Name. Locality. Fenestrata ---+--- Indian Seas--+++ + «++: Dactylus ----+--- Bengal, India, China --- Conus --ceserces cocnce cocesscscsccccce Texturata --++:+ + sees eee cere eee te eeee Microzonias «*»> Indian Ocean -+-+---++> Tringa «+++: +++: Mediterranean: +-++++-+++- Fissurata --«ee+-+ se) = oes leis eee Barbadensis ---- Barbadoes -+++++++--++- Spadicea WeeNaioteie 1 tntclalenetetets SAOoIGoDOD GOUeIaS Decussata -+---- Hie uae abate le tetera aes axe Variegata ---++-- St addy sry tt Oe RI Sl Gating ce decree JA EEIGA: ucicis ce leiekenchel«l ole elelere WGCHCOZOMIDST creteethy Laiersis cionlalele cleversieisieteloreroiere IMTOTIO coleserercieuerenete West Indies --+-+e+ ee. IATA LANE IS OIOIeie? fepsic Ducictelossichete tere olanereiere tats Vitulina -------. Indian Seas --+-+-++---> Olivarigiessce eat acisioewicmieetye Mer eeeeae Nubila -----+--- Friendly Isles ----- eee Pertusa -----.-- East Indies ----.... Spiralis ---++--- Indian Seas ----++- fall ste Patriarchalis ---- East Indies ---.-...-++- Muriculata ----- Indian Ocean +--+. .+++--- Paupercula -----. Mediterranean --..-+--.. Pica esseeee see St. Bartholomew ..----- Ferrugata BETO OO EOD etole) clatetert er etaiave vers ADOG UNIVALVES — VOLUTA. Common Name. Kight-plaited V. Six-plaited do - Conic -- Four-plaited do - se tion White banded do Decorticated do Straw-color’d do Striped --- do -- Five-plaited do -- Decussated do -- Variegated do -- Caffre ---- do White-striped do Tawny --- do- White-banded do Two-banded do - Clouded -- do-- Punctured do .-- Spiral ---- Patriarch - Walled...-- Zebra ---- Magpie --- Bellied.--. do - Famity 2.—Spire half the length of the shell. Cornicula ---.-- Mediterranean, W. Indies Schroeteri ---.-. Galina Petexetetaretaieiere oes coe Crenifera ..-.++. Indian Seas ---+eeee---- Seabricula --+--- @hinare ces. OU OOUC RMT ago seo ooK Mastiindiestece cies elelteets A Vulpecula eee cic Amboyna riots! cleleifeteleiciefels Castellaris -.-..- East Indian Ocean ----- Sib GiivaSeticeiisiescssie) eos craves eres “etal otalteihe isl sievelele%e Melongena piaheehesed. Veueueisiene ioe tetaeuteNerene ke aietevetete Plicaria -.--. .. Ghinaitosctectels seccec Rugosa -- ...-. Indian Ocean «++ Seatilatavaticcieey lacie ates ovale ei mel ronere teucuore do -- do -- do -- do -- do -- Horn-color do -- Schroeter’s do -- Crenated -- do Roughly-striated Reddish yellow Foxy aver etOne Chequered do -- Subdivided do -- Fine ribbed do -- Folded About od Rugose ---- do -- Scutcheon do -- UNIVALVES——VOLUTA. 109 Scientific Name. Locality Common Name. Nigra -+++++++++ Guinea +++ eeeeeee eee Black Volute .. Casta -++++esers Amboyna +++++++++++++ Brown-banded do Serpentina ------ Indian Ocean «+-+++++-: Serpent --- do - Digitalis So0000r Ditto ---.--- distefalele eierefere Fingered - - - do «« Episcopalis----++ Ditto, China, Mauritius - Mitre ----- do -- Papalis elel slelesiet al s'ie Amboyna BRO OUO OOOO OC Pope cree. do - Thiara «-+...--- Madagascar ------ ae Thiara --- do- Coronata ++++++- West Indies --++....-. Crown ---- do -- Shell less than half an inch in length. Maculosa-2-+:ces wesccercccccreccccce see Spotted --- do -- Biplicata Sreiaiaisicieh clalelalelslaleleiaie/eislolelelaleloicienels Two-plaited do -- Turricula --222s seessesecce i aletelsfets one 6, ate Tower * GGuee Lineata -------+ Tarentum-+ «-+++eesees White-lined do -- Suleata ---- +++ Tranquebar --++-+-+++++- Sulcated -- do -- Discors -:-+- +++ West Indies «--+-+----- - Discordant do -- Striata --.--s-ce. VEN ORCA ai csielels sistele ola) ¢ - Striated -» do-- Leevigata «+--+ + Mediterranean, W. Indies Smooth --- do -- Ocellata ---+++++: DVRs sopocsod Coeoncaces Eyed aieierane do -- Nasuta-+-+---- Ao man Ditironocucon: Gone qcigOt Black-spotted do Marmorea ---«-- DiGi esioleisickotausiond cPotatatey sis Marbled -- do -- Famity 3.—Spire more than half the length of the shell. Acuminata ------ Tranquebar -+--+--+--- vee Virgo -+++-+-+-- Haynam -+-+e++-++e eee Filaris er eeeeee ee 8 eee eereeeeeeeseeeaesese Bilosa scc< +e cess Bast Indies «<+ +6 «s.cce ‘ (Ciniien@dnéeboe <(Oininte esSdorcs soc. cb cs Exasperata ----- East Indies -----++--++-- Gostata ee Seicwin, Si. c1c wie cie ceicis.cs elcisrvicclelae Granosa -+++-++-- East Indian Ocean --+--- Nodulosa ------- West Indies ---++------ Sanguisuga ---+ Amboyna, Mediterranean, South Wales ---+---- Polygona aicinisfaleicil) Vslt nls etcleloysclsteleleleic ereivictels Teeniata -+++--ee Bombay o\elelelelalcieee eve Cruentata ----- - East Indies veseee Sharp aa do Virgin Narrow -- - do-- - do-- Threaded - do -- Cancellated do -- Go. . do ee dos do -- Granulous - Ribbed - Grained -- Nodulous - Leech ---- eh aa Ribbona:- do :- do: - do -- Knotty ribbed do 110 UNIVALVES — VOLUTA. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Naie. Turrita +::--+s2e0+ cvees 6 bah as 5.4 8d 6 cflebiblalers Turreted Volute ACUS «ccceesseere ceveees EDM HS diedithicletaleiet. Needle --- do:- Abbatis --+++-++ East Indies ---+++-++++- Abbot ---- do -- Diviston VI.—Shell small, thick, strong, having the outer lip den- ticulated, and rather angular. Mercatoria ---+++ Mediterranean -+------- Clouded -- do - Ziervogelii aisfalatele GOOOOTIOODOOOGTOODCOOOnG Thick-lipped do Rustica «+++. Mediterranean, Barbadoes SAIC Ae cle) claleleielefeleveietcrss UEUStICIoc eet Gots Torva sceccccecs Barbadoes --++-+++eecee Rough son! ia toys Mendicaria «++++ Mediterranean --------- Black & white do Nana -cceeessee Mediterranean ---+----- Dwarf+-++ do -- Diviston VIL—Shell emarginate, effuse, and spire rather pa- pillary. Famiry 1.—Whorls nodulous or plain. Musica ---+++--- American Ocean, E. & W. nies site eiereteyevererotalerere Music ---- do- Virescens «+--+... Guinea +++. --.e +. cece ee Greenish -- do -- Plicata ---+-..-- East Indies -:---+--+-++- Plaited---- do - Ebreea:+--+++-- + Asiatic Ocean, Jamaica-» Hebrew-character Vespertilio ------ Amboyna, E.& W. Indies Bat------- do -: Flavicans ----+--- East Indies --++-++++++- Yellowish do - Nivosa ---+-+--» New Holland .--------- Snow- spotted do Vexillum ------- Amboyna, Ceylon, E.Ind. Banner --- do -- Lapponica ---.-- American Ocean, East & West Indies ------..-- Spotted -- do-- Junonia ---+-.-- South Pacific Ocean -+-- Peacock --- do -- * Harpa ddiadubioe IDKim Goad oo outa oesc eos. Lyre avateieia do -: Magnifica .----- New Holland, South Seas Magnificentdo - - UNIVALVES— VOLUTA. lll Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Volva -csbicvciee “6, Guinea § OnoOLICUG DOOHOOCUOOCL Diadem -- do.-. Tessellata «+--+ seeccceresstereee seoace Tessellated do -- Corona ---:+--- Indian Ocean ----- «+++» Ducal-crowndo-- Cymbiola :+++++ sececessee ee eeceeeee aici Oats «sexe - do FamiLy 2.—Spire channelled. ON at t-- INFOINIEC@AS eevee eiclsieielovererers Solid sese. do :- Scolymus ---+-+ Florida -+-+--++-+--++0-- Artichoke - do -- BOCCINOM . 422, Crouch Lithog- Printed by Rovner ¥ Forfler. By I MAWE 149 Srand. UNIVALVES —_ BUCCINUM. 1138 BUCCINUM. — Whe x. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIV. Dry. I. — Fam. 1. Fig. 3. B. dolium. Diy. [V.—Fam. 2. Fig. 1. B, decussatum. Div. V.—Fam. 2. Fig. 2. B. papillosum. Di. VI.—Fam. 1. Fig. 5. B. pullus. Drv. VII. —Fig. 7. B. harpa. Dw. VIII.—Fam. 1. Fig. 6. B. monodon. Dw. XIII.—Fig. 4. B. spiratum. Dr. XVI.—Fam. 1. Fig. 8. B. maculatum. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous; aperture ovate, terminating in a short canal, leaning to the right, with aretuse beak or projection ; pillar-lip expanded. THIS genus is rendered difficult to separate from the Murex, by a striking similarity of form in some of its species. The leading distinction of the Buccinum is its beak or canal, whichis usually much shorter than that of the Murex, and also inclines to the right: the shape of the former being more gibbous, constitutes another distinctive character. Of the numerous divisions of this genus, the first is composed of those shells which are commonly known by the name of Tuns; they have a brittle and light structure, and although some of them grow toa large size, they retain their characteristic fragility and thinness; their form is almost invariably globose. _ The B. dolium, B. olearium, and B. galea, are the most common species; the latter of which sometimes exceeds ten inches in diameter. I 114 UNIVALVES— BUCCINUM. The Helmets, which compose the fourth division, are nearly allied to the Tuns, but they may be distinguish- ed from them by having both of their lips (with few ex- ceptions) furnished with a number of strong and arti- culated teeth; the exterior is also covered with promi- nent protuberances or knobs. Among the species of this description may be enumerated the three follow- ing: B. plicatum, B. cornutum, and B.rufum, the latter of which is remarkable for the glowing red color of its mouth. The shells of the seventh have their exterior longitu- dinally ribbed, they include the species usually called Harps, of which the most beautiful and rare is the B. costatum, more frequently called the Many-ridged Harp. In the eighth division, the aperture being very wide and open, as in the B. monodon, B. persicum, and B. patulum, the species have been designated Scoops. The form of the B. undatum (the common English whelk) characterizes the tenth division ; the B. spiratum is remarkable for having its whorls channelled or spiral- ly grooved, and the B. lapillus for the durable purple dye which its animal produces. The fifteenth division contains only two species; which have their whorls surmounted with rows of foliations. The sixteenth division is more distinct than any hi- therto enumerated ; it comprises those shells which are generally known by the name of Needles; they are re= markable for their sharp, lengthened, and spiral form. UNIVALVES —— BUCCINUM. 115 The B. maculatum, which is often nine or ten inches long, may be adduced as an illustrative specimen. Many of the species are extremely rare; but the most beautiful and valuable is the B. costatum. The African, American, Indian, European, and South- ern oceans, produce the greater number of Buccina, and many are found in the British and Mediterranean Seas. This genus derives its name from some of its species being formed like a trumpet (Buccinum). Diviston 1— Shell inflated, rounded, thin, slightly transparent and brittle. Famity 1.—Aperture without teeth. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Olearum -+-.+-++ East Indies, China ----- Tun +--+ -eeee . Galea-++-+-+-+++- Mediterranean ---+---+- Brown Tun ----- Perdix ---++--++-- America, South Seas, Amboyna ----+-+--- Partridge-- do -- Dolium --++++--- Mediterranean, Amboyna Spotted----do -- Me CARLIN Ie whelerers: . © 2 clclstelslsiviclotctatetars clorenioaree Beaked ---do- FamiLy 2.—Outer lip toothed. Sulcosum -- ---. Coromandel, China ---- Flat ribbed do -- Chinense ------- China, Java ---.0e..s+- Chinese -- do -- Driviston Il.—Shell ovate, ribbed, aperture rather contracted, pil- lar lip thickened and strongly wrinkled, and outer lip toothed, thickened, and marginated. Pomunmi sesse vee Amboyna, China ---+-- Thick lipp’d do Ringens cleieteleicies, Misaleleles aig eer rece cccce eee Grinning «| dove 116 UNIVALVES —__ BUCCINUM. Diytston H1.—Shell with tuberculated belts or ribs, pillar lip spread, and beak much produced and rejiected. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Echinophorum -- Mediterranean --------- Tuberculated Tun Nodosum -+--+++ -ceccccesccccccce cee ee. Belted ---- do -- Rugosum ---++-- Mediterranean --+-+--+- Rugged --- do -- Diviston [V.—Shell with an exserted reflected beak, pillar lip spread, and the outer lip unarmed outwardly. Faminy 1.— With the spire truncated, aperture rather linear, pillar lip much spread, the pillar slightly wrinkled, and outer lip thickened. Corrugatum sees cece rereee seen cree nces Wrinkled Helmet Plicatum ---+--- Jamaica, Ascension Island Plaited---- do -- Flammeum ----- Jamaica, West Indies --- Triangular do -- Rustam gaetsener Madagascar Pre FT OeCOD Red «=~. =: do -- Testiculus ---++- Jamaica «++seeeeees eres Bonnet ---do-- Famiy 2.— With the spire rather elevated, pillar lip thinly spread, pillar slightly wrinkled, and outer lip thickened. Decussatum ---- Mediterranean -----+--- Decussated do -- Areola -:+-+-:++ Ditto, E.Indies, Amboyna Draft-board do -- Strigatum ------ Ditto --+++++ seers eee Yellow striped Saburon ---+-+-- Mediterranean, Goree -- Grey --+:- do -- Abbreviatum --- Ue eiclatases nicks aiefaleiainie risbsisie = Shortened do - Famity 3.—Resembling the second, except having the pillar lip granulated. Granulatum ---- Mediterranean, W.Indies Granulated do -- Undulatum ----- Ditto, Barbadoes ------ Undulated + do -- UNIVALVES _— BUCCINUM. 117 Faminy 4.—Resembling the third, but having the pillar lip granu- lated and wrinkled. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Inflatum «-....-- Indian and African Seas Inflated Helmet Tessellatum ----- Amboyna,S.Seas,Guinea Tessellated do -- Bilineatum --+-- Weymouth ---+--++-+.- Smooth net do -- Cicatricosum +++: Indian Ocean ---+-++++-- Cicatrix -- do -: Famity 5.—With the pillar lip smooth. Recurvirostrum -- Barbadoes ---------..- Recurved beak do Cassis -cccessess Bay of Naples si leeelet's) apa Helmetiin cance Division V.—Shell resembling the last division, but the outer lip, on the outside, is muricated at the base. Famity 1.—With the spire short. Erinaceus --+--+- Tranquebar, China, Ame- rican Ocean -++++:-- Hedgehog do -- ERIACMIREMRT Si wie tore saserosesercacse.0 0 92S >\P 40 0 6 Knobbed -: do -- Fimbria ----+-+- Fast Indies ----++-++++- Bordered -- do -- Glaucum ------- Amboyna, China ------ Yellow --- do-- Vibex «-+-e-6-. East and West Indies, Tranquebar --+-+++-: Agate .-+-- do-- Famity 2.—With the spire elevated. Papillosum --+-- Indian & Asiatic Oceans - Prickly lip do -- Glans ---++---«- Ditto ------ wea t irs BPs «» Thread girded do Mutabile ------- Senegal -----++++ s+ee- Changeable do -- Gibbum ---:+»-» Mediterranean, Amboyna Hunchbacked do 118 UNIVALVES.— BUCCINUM. Diviston VI.—Shell with the pillar lip dilated and thickened, and aperture wide. Faminy 1.—With the pillar lip much thickened and dilated. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Arcularia --+++-- China, Amboyna, Mau- TItIUS ++ +eeeee reece eee Broad lipped B. Coronatum -.--. Madagascar ------ eeeeee Crowned -- do -- Hepaticum ------ Dorsetshire -------+++-+ Small knobb’d do Pullus ------+---: Mediterranean, Malacca, Senegal -------:-+--- Young ----do-- Thersites ------- Asiatic Ocean -----++++ Pale olive - do -- Verrucosum ----- Ceylon, Madagascar ---- Warty -«-- do -- Gibbosulum ---- Mediterranean, Asiatic ; Ocean -cceseccseessese Gibbous -- do -- Clathratum ---- East Indies ------------ Latticed -- do -- Niveum --:::+--- Tranquebar -----++-+++ Cancellated do -- Lima ----::+-" East Indies -- --+------ Acuminated do - FamiLy 2.— With the pillar lip spread, but not very thick. Textum --ceee-+ ce ceeeesceece Paiviefsiaictatelale Turreted -- do -- Reticulatum ---- Britain, Mediterranean, AZOFES «++ecceeseceee Reticulated do - Ambiguum -:--- Britain +-++-+---++-+-+++- Small plaited do Macula ----++--- Norway, Britain ------- Spot-lipped do -- Stolatum -------- Tranquebar --....-+++-- Brown-banded do Plicatulum ------ East Indies -+--- eceseee Plaited ---- do -- Piscatorium ----- Ditto 2... -ceeeeeeeee Knobbed - do -- Mauritii -------- Mauritius -------++-+-- Six-toothed do -- Armillatum ---:: aja lalelelaielaiie aie scielislojela/-ts/alelere Brown --- do.-. Nitidulum ----:- Mediterranean, Goree -- Thin banded do - Ventricosum ---- St. George’s Bay -----> Ventricose do -- Fami.y 3.—Obtuse, convex, depressed, and smooth. Neriteum ---++-- Mediterranean -++------ Nerite-shaped do UNIVALVES— BUCCINUM. 119 Diviston VIL.—Shell with longitudinally keeled, mucronated ribs, pillar smooth. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Harpa - tence eens East Indies, Mauritius, Amboyna aia loTsfe)cipyetatal 6 Harp Kero) shaheeac Cancellatum ---- ‘Tranquebar -----+----+-- Latticed Harp -- Crenatum --+--- Mauritius -----++-+-++5- Crenated - do -- Costatum ------ Philippine Isles ---.----- Many-ridged do Divisron VIII.—Pillar lip appearing as if worn flat, aperture very wide and open. Famity 1.—Armed with a subulate tooth at the base. Monodon ------- South Seas, Cape Horn. One- ates ese Imbricatum ---- South Seas ---------.-- Imbricated do - (melodie Mbustcsssebad coucuddAlse Thick-lipp’ ddo -- Narval --------- South Seas ------------ Unicorn --- do -- Cingulatum arco wu La ihmbeoon ok tar iche taderstioig Beltedi-> ++ dou Rhinoceros:+--+: «- Sioi a ciehcllole: cfetel Gisela etetateie Smooth --- do-- FamiLy 2.— Without the tooth, and the outside striated. Haustrum -:---- New Zealand ---.+-++-- Scoop -+--++++- Persicum ------- Asiatic Ocean, Amboyna Persian --- do -+ Sertum ------+--- Ditto, Red Sea---....-.-. Chesnut -: do -- “WET Tw oaeod G, MIOUICOIIODH CODOD Samo be ¢ Flag Rompe do Famity 3.—With the outside tuberculated. Patulum ----:- >» E.& W. Indies, America Wide-mouth’d do Luteostomum --- South Seas, China ----- Pallid ---- do- Hemastoma ---. European,Mediterranean, and Asiatic seas ------ Red-lipped do -- Armigerum ---- South Seas--..-.+++-++: Armed ---- do -- Dentex ....-.- AIOE) B OOOO DDD OPDA IAS OInUCmnDOO Toothed -- do-- 120 UNIVALVES —— BUCCINUM. Diviston IX.—Shell with spire obliquely recurved, aperture very large, outer lip reflected, and pillar lip with two obsolete teeth at the base. Scientific Name. Concholepas -- - - Locality. Peru, Magellan Common Name. Limpet-shap'd S. Division X.—Shell coarse, spire acute, aperture ovate, pillar lip Lapillus Varium Undatum Ciliatum Solutum ----- AGE Porcatum ------- Papyraceum ->-- Otaheitense ---- Glaciale <> 0. Carinatum ------ Filosum Sulcatum Smaragdulus -- -- Undosum --- «+. Affine Fumosum Tranquebaricum Cruentatum ---- Pyrozonias Versicolor Lamellosum ---- Lamellatum ---- Crispatum «+++ eeecees er eceeee ecoeeesoceee smooth and flattish. Britain, Norway, Azores Britain, Norway -------- Greenland -- Mexico Norway Seecaeoee essere eee Otaheite Northern Ocean -+--+- ++ Spitzbergen ere ee corres ecee eeoetesee se eere Ditto --.-. ayes ovelols eyateta ley - Tranquebar ----++--+... Glossy +--- do -- Division X1V.—Shells somewhat polished and not enumerated in the former divisions. Tigrinum ------- New Zealand -----+---- Tiger ----- do -- Turgitum ------ * UDG) sco ood eee 6 seseee Red-spotted do -- Scutulatum +--+. Ditto ----+-+++- esse eee Streaked -- do -- Testudineum ---+ Ditto -------+-+++++eee Tortoise-shell do Cochlideum ---> South Seas ---+-++++--- Indented spire do Catarracta ------ N. Zealand, C. G. Hope Long-stripeddo - 122 UNIVALVES— BUCCINUM. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Levissimum ---» East Indian Seas ------- Polished Whelk Cyaneum ve scces Greenland = «ese se.) Blueish:--- do -: Leeve ----+ +++. East Indies --+.--+---> £mooth -+- do -- Igneum ASCO Cd. calle GOO OI cio soran DLO as bio, do Red streaked do Lyratum ACA. OO) eMC SID CNAONGONOU Doig Sstp Lyre soadc do - Plumatum --+--- Jamaica -++sseeeeeeeeee Painted --- do -- Glaberrimum --- «------~ Silelolcieviete sisi lero tes | SIMOOEM nO ate Nucleus ------ » N. Zealand, Madagascar Small ----- do -- Lineatum -..---. Britain, West Indies ---- Lineated -- do -- IDS. Baboonosoe |) Booogoscasonob onooc0aacG Slender --- do - Preerosum ------ Southern Europe +------- Carious -- do -- Cinctum ---+--- Britain --+-+-++-+-2-e:- Minute ---- do - IM bijihine GoGOUdEs Goo obMoo4 OObOOnoGooDOL Lesser ---- do -> Diviston XV.—Shell roundish, spire flat, whorls lamellated or spinous, beak produced and umbilicated, and aperture large. BezOar - eee es os (Qliphoobas sade sgoedad Bezoar’s -- do-- Bulbosum -:---- Tranquebar ---------++- Bulbous --- do - Division XVI.—Shell turreted, subulate, and slightly polished. Famity 1.—Whorls entire. Maculatum- ---- Africa,E.Indies,Amboyna Spotted Needle - Oculatum ------ East Indies ------------ Oculated -- do -- Subulatum ------ Ditto, Amboyna, China - Awl-shap'd do -- Welinumt --ccss2s ceveccsrencercvcase cece Cat. tate Gore Vittatum ---.--- Ceylon eievetetoretele lets oreher ters Ribbon --- do -- Digitale -------- Bombay, Senegal ------ Bluish-banded do CON CIN ee Unclatele tevollstelolssaiegninilelintote ta) «ile ls Belt-spotted do - UNIVALVES—— BUCCINUM, 123 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Cinereum ------ Amboyna --++-+++-+.+-- Steel-grey Needle Succinctum ---- East Indies --------+--- Girdled -- do -- Lanceatum ----- Ditto, Amboyna -------- Lancet ---+ do -- Murinum ------ AfPica sees eect eee eens Mouse-color’d do EVASESREUTIN, [elel=\cls cll) cycioicielelicie:sleletelere \e\euejei¢ s,ele Javelin --- do - Sinuatum -++---. East Indies -----++.+..+- Twisted -- do- Bifasciatum ----- Ditto -.-.-...-. seeeees+ T'wo-banded do Radiatum ------ Coast of Naples -------- Radiated -- do - Virgineum ------ Virginia ---+++++se+e ere Fresh water do -- Acicula --++-++> Britain, Paris --++--.--- Minute-pointed do Famity 2.—Whorls divided by a transverse line or furrow. Crenulatum -- --- China ---+--+-+-+seeee Crenulated do -- Hecticum ------ INT, Gc dnGosocbcacaeée Hectic «--- do-- (Serivihim. aobosco osooceddcucouubogdobupen Divided --- do -- jtesineini Sooo | daoodbocucocuUD boo GouD Glossy eees do - Nii Sdoceoounn woos oooUDoooo Oo booOb oor Necklace - do - Strigilatum ----- Asiatic Ocean ----++-++-- Strigilated do - Duplicatum ---- Indian Ocean, Haynam - Doubte whorl do ACUS sececs cece seccecerceccres cs. ecncs INGedle@. cisveisieisr- > Dimidiatum ---- China ----++-+-+++++++ Orange & White Pertusum «+ e02++ cre: sercete rer cr reece « Hollow dotted do Pei 4 yey: bao? WA Saas om MERLOT, bis tek. 9 4 vou Pg yh) erence ti) icc tear: GO roludheasind asiveregs ceetinn de MEAL Nos wid ay Ob aad feat Oe RT ie Toe) eee oe ean © i ’ ‘ob oe Teatalinp ll Ay vee Ae gn, Yo denal’y Pecerra a hy) Wiad AUT § ailabben PEC TEB Kale Wine dK a ras bi ae ues ‘ tonie 4) IDOE coi Se aa Namah a Aho Sh mit naman hea iin til bein vO, Batetw'l! cn ay sees 0 ROHN Fate 154 cin & babiad-ow't eer reece » ORE sawlue re oly toh Cd oh orn Weis Cee CeO RS ‘piaign'? tiece« sued +6 WIRE mb fey reer al rr ' nN 7 \ ¥ r i F nae f a +l oie ‘ mnt 49 ath aan W Ue Dom kajtle aire Pd s ne hy pbicltbepat D nlvgaey Maen ales eae he din MH. Serta Vepeeneud a AM Demir cad Weare oeeweree Ysera rae Nk + ashy) Daher oc Ceealy Airey wit wel rom Tale sltoodt abe yadl cura biel Pink hadi yo SERRE iii Ne Hy WALTEMAE D3 PY anes oly! Oh Naty ve atoll Chi aunty stat { tl aaa Su MAR Ligh ok ar ee STROM BUS. LC. Couch L: 2thag Lrinted oy Rowney I Porfler. LBV SI MAWE, LAG Strand. UNIVALVES.— STROMBUS. 125 STROMBUS. — WincGEp or CLAW-SHELL. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXV. Drv. I. —Fig. 4. S. chiragra. Dr. I].—Fam. 1. Fig. 2. S. polyfasciatus. Fam. 1. Fig. 3. S. granulatus. Di. V.— Fam. 2. Fig. 5. S. palustris. Div. VI.—Fig. 1. S. oniscus. Shell univalve, spiral; aperture much dilated; the lip expanding, and produced into a groove leaning to the left. THE distinguishing character of this genus consists in the position of its beak, which inclines to the left; but this distinction cannot always be relied upon, as the younger shells are sometimes wholly destitute of any beak, and hence a confusion with many other genera has often taken place. The greater part of the shells which constitute the first and second divisions, have their outer lip extended either into the form of an expanded wing, (hence called Alate or Winged-shells), or projecting in distinct li- near divisions or pointed claws; but these appearances are only manifest in adult shells. The most remarkable of those species which have the lip terminated by claws are the S. chiragra, S. scorpius, S. lambis and S. mille- peda. The number of claws in the different species, (with the exception of the S. pes-pelicani, which has only four,) varies from six to ten. In some the claws are nearly straight, and often smooth, while in others they are very much curved, and covered with nodules. The growth of these shells particularly deserves no- tice: it has already been stated that the very young 126 UNIVALVES—STROMBUS. shells have no appearance of claws; which first present themselves in the form of short and open canaliculated fissures; when the shells are farther advanced in growth, the claws assume their proper shape, but are thin, hollow, and imperfectly closed; but become filled up and solid, when the shells have arrived at their full growth. Of the winged class the S. gallus, S. auris-diane, S. latis- simus and S. gigas have the lip most expanded. The S. luhuanus, and a few others, have some of their whorls very gibbous, and are on that account generally known by the name of Pouters. The colors of the interior are usually extremely vivid and beautiful. The fourth and fifth divisions consist of turreted shells, the former being distinguished by a longitudinal fissure, extend- ing from the aperture to the summit; and the latter by its lengthened spire, which gives the shells a resemblance to some species of the Murex, and is exemplified in the S. fusus. The S. oniscus, the only shell of the sixth division, is destitute of a winged termination. The S. latissimus and S. fusus, are two of the most rare species of the genus. The African, Indian, American, and European oceans produce many species of this genus, and some few are found in the Mediterranean, Red, and Arctic seas. This genus derives its name from the resemblance which some of its species bear to a whipping-top (cr pou [3oc). Drviston I.—Shell with linear segments, or claws, at the margin of the outer lip. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Chiragra --.-... China, Mauritius -----.- Devil's Claw-shell Scorpius --..... Amboyna, China ---- ++. Scorpion -- do -> UNIVALVES —STROMBUS. 127 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Lambis -.....-. South Seas, Asia, Red Sea Spider Claw-shell Millepeda ------ China,Ceylon,Coromand. Millepede - do -- Purpureus eal etaieya) Neva tekoheletctcteronclote orm eietatekere’ sts Purple-mouth do Elongatus i ei ee ee Lengthened do -- Truucatus ---+-- East Indies, China ----- Truncated - do -- Pes-Pelicani ---- Britain, Mediterranean, Norway -+++++ +++: Pelican’s foot do Division 11.—Shell with the outer lip much expanded. Famity 1.—With the margin of the outer lip thickened or lobed. Gigas +--+. «++. West Indies, America -- Giant Wing-shell Accipiter --+-++- Asiatic Ocean --++-++-+++ Heavy ---- do-- (Collie ceagco coon West Indies -----+ e«c«:. Plough Suidoetsts) 05 Tricornis ----.-- Ditto, Red Sea ------+-- Three-horn'd do Pugilis --.-....- Ditto, Florida ------++--- ‘Thick-spin’ddo -- Fasciatus ------- Jamaica, Goree --:-+-+:- Banded --- do -- Lentiginosus ---- Amboyna, China, Mau- TItIUS s+ee rere terres Pink-lipped do -- Papilio ---+----- East Indies «+-++++++++:- Butterfly -- do -- Auris-Dianz ---- Amboyna, China, Asiatic Ocean -+--++-+eseees Diana’s ear do-- Pacifica -+++-+:. South Seas «--++-++ee++s> Pacific ---- do-- * Granulatus ---> California ----++------- Granulated do -- Polyfasciatus ---- Red Sea -++++++++e++> Many banded do Luhuanus ---:-- South Seas --+-++-e+-9: Luhoe ---- do-- Canarium :--:-- E.Indies,R.Sea,Amboyna Partridge -- do -- Faminy 2.—With the outer lip curvedt nwards. Latissimus ------ Asiatic Ocean, Amboyna, China -+--2--++-+- Broad-winged do Laciniatus --+--- East Indies ---+-++ «+++ Sinuated -- do - 128 UNIVALVES ——STROMBUS. Fairy 3.—Spire elevated, and outer lip rounded and short. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Vittatus --.----- Asia, China, Red Sea, Amboyna seer-+++s+ Ribbon Strombus Epidromis Soon OM Dini osomodooeud onoo oC Mainsail -- do-- Suleatus «--+--++- China «++--++e« Srejeretete’s Sulcated -- do -- Famity 4.—With both lips pointed, and attached to the whorls of the spire. Marginatus ----- China -+-+-reeeeseeeee Margined - do -- Minimus -+-+---- E.Indies,Amboyna,China Least ---+ do -> Accinctus -:-+-: Amboyna, Batavia, ditto Girdled --- do -- Divisron I11.—Shell smooth or plaited, outer lip striated within, and but slightly expanded. Gibberulus ----- Asiatic Ocean, Mauritius, (Gli SSaebadseest te Pouter -:--do-- Ureeus -+++eeee. J Ditiopom owe odoGio. jab Piteher --- do -- Erythrinus -- ---> Red Sea ------++-2--0- Nodulous -- do -- Samar ---++--:-- Amboyna, East Indies -- Samar ---- do -- Dentatus --- --> Mauritius ------...-.+6. Toothed -- do - Diviston 1V.—Shell turreted, with a longitudinal fissure extend- ing from the aperture to the summit. TEST) Glen onan | iG slekereusiel slebalclaveialetate alavele!s Site -onlnoac dove Fissurella «--.++- East Indies ---+-+...+e- Fissure ---- do-. UNIVALVES___STROMBUS. 129 Diviston V.—Shell turreted, with a very long spire. Famity 1.~The aperture ending in a long beak, and the outer lip toothed. Scientific Name. Locality. Common ame. PUISUSicmcleisieicisl-< Red) Sea cleesciciie lee alee Spindle Strombus Unicornis _----- East Indies ---+-+++-++-> Unicorn --- do -- Famity 2.— Without the beak and the aperture not toothed. Tuberculatus---- Mediterranean -- ------ Tuberculated do Palustris -------. East Indies ---+-<«+-+-+++- Marsh ---- do-- Ater -+seseeeees Marshes in Amboyna -- Black --+--- do -- JNU Gooneodos Guinea) “Gece siete cle wieieis nie Eared ----. do- iLitanatiticoaaaooso © coda Slalorelelereisicyalelolcls\elaiels lbikytlcooos do - Costatus -------- Britain -+-+++++ eoses-- Ribbed.... do -- Division V1.—Shell ob-ovate, with transverse nodulous belts, pillar lip granulated, and the outer lip thickened and toothed within. Oniscus-----.--. West Indies -------.-.- Wood-louse do -- © CE ERR wanush? hin? abe tere cra ANCL T He WMA ee | 1 6b...) baddidl “ede beep ent ede niche , i Saeco los ihe ¥ hoya as iad i f ‘ies hic “y adits ‘atte ern, wana’ Mats, gene a Swell A 4 1 ation, jaitoos Diva, Visiadils ail aot oat esr Me oh ‘auol-boo W i Na sa hk wh ai 7 i ee rm ebe — sone Peay Re ay ace rs ie im Seo oi . al re } “a eee i ¢ in a id AAT FREX . EF.A. Crouch L clog thinted by iowney & Forfler By J. MAWE. 710 Strand. UNIVALVES_— MUREX. 131 MUREX.Rock or TRUMPET-SHELL. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVI. Div. I. — Fam.1. Fig. 2. M. tribulus. Dry. IiL—Fam. 2. Fig. 8. M. rota. Diy. IV.—Fam.1. Fig. 5. M. rana. Div. VI.—Fig. 4. M. fimbriatus. Div. 1X.--Fam. 1. Fig. 1. M. babylonius- Drv. XII.—Fig. 6. M. asper. Shell univalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous sutures; aper- ture oval, ending tn an entire, straight, or slightly ascending canal. THE most prominent character which distinguishes the species of this genus from those of the two preced- ing genera, consists in the beak being almost invariably straight, and very much produced, sometimes turning a little upwards. The Murices are shells of irregular form, arising from their surfaces bemg usually armed with spines, knobs, strize, or foliations. The shells of the first division have the beak considerably produced, and are distinguished from those of the second by the spines with which their surfaces are armed; the most remarkable species is the M. tribulus, of which there are two varieties; (the more common being called the Thorny-Woodcock, and the rarer Venus’s Comb;) the latter is one of the most elegant shells of the genus. When perfect its exte- rior is most beautifully adorned with regular rows of thin and delicate spines. K 2 132 UNIVALVES—— MUREX. The next division comprises those species which are commonly known by the name of Triplices, or more properly Purpure, as the animals inhabiting most of the shells of this class produce a liquid of a rich purple color, hence the whole genus has by some authors been called Purpura: the species are foliated, and have a much shorter beak than those of the preceding. The sutures are composed of crisped foliations, and acute angular ramifications, which are most striking- ly marked in the M. radix, and the pink and yellow mouthed varieties of the M. saxatilis. The number of rows in these sutures differs considerably, some, as the M. ramosus, &c. have but three, the M. scorpio has four, and the M. saxatilis five. The fourth division is composed of those species that have their sutures thick, protuberant, and rounded; such are the M. rana, M. femorale (or Gadroon-whelk) and M. lyratus. The fifth division consists of only two species, which are of irregular form. In the species of the sixth division, the form is more abbreviated and gibbous, they are also more or less spinous, and without a manifest beak: as the M. rici- nus, M. hippocastanum, M. neritoideus. The ninth division is composed of such shells as have a long, straight, subulate, closed beak, and unarmed with spines. The M. babylonius, and others of the first family, have a small fissure or incision on the extremity of the outer lip, close to the termination of the first whorl, a peculiarity solely confined to these species. UNIVALVES — MUREX. 1338 In the tenth division the spire is rather depressed, and the beak so much shortened, that in some of the species, and particularly in the M. ficus, a resemblance to the Bulla ficus may be observed. The eleventh division is composed of the species which have a ventricose and oblong form, with a dilat- ed aperture: the most remarkable is the M. tritonis which is used by the natives of New Zealand, and by the Africans and many nations of the East, as a horn or trumpet; it sometimes exceeds two feet in length. The last division of the Murices includes those spe- cies that are tapering and subulate, having a very short beak: among them may be noticed, the M. vertagus and M. aluco. Of the rarer species may be enumerated the M. per- versus, M. prismaticus, M. stramimeus, M. radix, M. aruanus, M. regius, M. pinata, &c. The numerous species of the Murex are found in the European, Northern, and Southern Seas; India, and in the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Atlantic. This genus derives its name from many of its species being rough, like the sharp crags of a rock (Murex). Division l.— Shell spinous with a produced beak. FamiLy 1.—With three varices. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Tribulus ----»+-- Asiatic Ocean --------++ Thorny Woodcock Scolopax ------- Red Sea «--+---+-++++- Thorny Snipe M. Motacilla ------- Kast Indian Seas ------- Nightingale do -- 134 UNIVALVES—— MUREX. Famity 2.—With seven varices. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Cornutus -----+-- Africa, Amboyna ---+-- Horned Snipe M. Brandaris ----:- - Mediterranean, Africa, Guinea ++++++++ sees Short beak’d Snipe Division I].—Shell with a produced beak similar to the first divi- sion, but not spinous. Haustellum ----- Asiatic Ocean, Red Sea, China --ccccsessceee Snipe eiehalite down Spirillus --»----- Tranquebar, Malabar -- Blunttipped do -- Divisron II].—Shell foliated, with a short beak. Famity 1.—With three varices. Ramosus-------- §. Seas, E. & W. Indies, Amboyna --++++++-- - Branched -- do -- Foliatus -----+-- New Zealand ----:----: Foliated -- do -- Lingua sleieretelsifale Goree --scceceeereerees Sheep’s tongue do Tripterus ------> Batavia --+++++s+ss eres Subtriangular do Triqueter -+----- Tranquebar, China ---- Three warted do FamiLy 2.— With more than three varices. Scorpio -+-++-+-- Amboyna, China ------ Scorpion -- do - * Rota ---csccce- Red Sea (-teie ose 5 Wheel ---- do-- Saxatilis -------- Mediterranean, Guinea, Asiatic Ocean ++ +++++ Endive --- do -- Trunculus ------ Mediterranean ---+--+-- Tyrian dye do -- Rosarium ---:2+- «see aisicteleteteraltiateteraieicicietele Rosary ith il eeai Pomum ---++--- Mediterranean, Senegal. Apple shap’ddo -- Miliaris «--+-++: Nicobar Isles ---------+ Scabrous -+ do -- Radix elelereis arelere @ ARP ELU crete oiclere ec cleleinie viele’ Root -eees> do «> UNIVALVES— MUREX. 135 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Melanomathos -- East Indian Seas ----- ++ Black-spined M. Lamellosus ----- Straits of Magellan ---- Lamellar -- do -- Clathratus ------ Iceland, Norway ------- Ribbed --- do -- Erinaceus --+--- Britain, Mediterranean -- Rough ridg’d do Gala iscie spss Bast Indies tacts ne = oer Ladder --- do.-- Drvyiston IV.—Shell with thick protuberant rounded varices. Famity 1.—With two opposite varices. Rana +--+ ++ +--+. Africa, China, Amboyna Frog ----+ do -- Crassus ----+-+- Madagascar -----++-++-++ Thick frog do -- Spinosus -------- Tranquebar ----+-++---++-+ Spiny frog do - Gyrinus -------- Scotland, Mediterranean, lini soononoedacensos Whaorled -- do - Bufonius --.----- South Seas -------+-- - ‘Toad shap’d do -- Lampas -------- Mediterranean, Madagas- car, East Indies <---> Granulated do -- Scrobilator ----- Mediterranean, Senegal - Violet throated do Reticularis ---+-- Carolina, West Indies, Mediterranean ---+-- Reticulated do -- Famity 2.—-With two subalternate varices. AIgus +++++++0 -» Amboyna, Mediterranean Argus ---- do -: Olearium -+°<+:- Africa, Mediterranean, South of Europe ---- Qil jar --- do-- Rubecula -----.-- Pea) Qa seb eoapoesacc Footman -- do -- Femorale ------ Guinea, E.& W.Indies- Triangular do -- Lotorium ------ Jamaica, Amboyna -+-- Angulated do -- Pileare ---.----. Mediterranean ----+---« Nodulous - do -- . OOTIGIRA MR eaeeeo | SonborsebaSs bender eeeee Mottled -- do-- Maculosus --..-.- Amboyna, Mauritius ---- Spotted --- do -- Spengleri ------ New South Wales:--»-- Spengler’s- do -- Pyrum Sassoon Coromandel -----+-+++> Pear ----- do - Olavator-e-is)0<1< Ceylon Mlayetsvefeletaterersiehelerote Club shap'd do ;- Caudatus --+--+. Coromandel --+-c++++> « Caudated - do-- Dolarium .-+-<«- Portugal -+++++ +++ se+» Narrow belt da-- 136 UNIVALVES ——MUREX. Famity 3.—With a single variz. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Parthenopus ---- Bay of Naples -----+--- - Tawny yellow M. Cutaceus - --+:- Africa, W. Indies, Corom. Roughskin do - CGlandestinuspervec) ji cleteleloteleictetereis ois eiele\epererers Double lipp’d do Lyratus -+---++-- New Zealand ---------. Lyre shap'd do -- Diviston V.—Shell with wnequally gibbous whorls, decussated ribs, and the aperture surrounded by a thin dilated membrane. Anus ++++2- +++ - As. Ocean,Mediterranean Grimace Whelk Mulus -----+---- Coasts of Hitoe --+----- Mule ----- do - Diviston VI.—Shell somewhat spinous and without a beak. Ricinus --+.----- Asiatic Ocean, China --- Spur------ do -- INOGUS ioe see leer Jamaica «+++ sececececes Chesnut -- do.- Neritoideus - ---- Guinea, South Seas ----- Mulberry - do - Fimbriatus -+-+++ «+ eececeeee eleleielelete «ieee Seal-skin -- do -- Hystrix +--+---- : KE. Indies, ditto -------- Porcupine - do -- Mancinella ------ Amboyna, Madagascar - Mancinella do -- Hippocastanum + Batavia, Banda ------+-- Horse chesnut do Sacellum -----+-- Nicobar Isles ---+++---> Corded --- do-. Nodatus -+--++-- New Holland ---------- Knobbed-- do -- Lacerus -+--+-++- Guinea oe ee ceeseececcee Carinated - do - Virgatus --++++-- East Indies --:+++++--+- Nodulous-- do -» Columbarium -- South Seas ----+++++-+: White belted do Senticosus -----: China, South Seas ------ Cancellated do -- Drviston VII.—Shell nodulous or longitudinally plaited, with a short beak. Plicatus «+«+e--+ East Indies ----+ eceee>- Plaited ---do-- UNIVALVES — MUREX. 137 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Nume. Morbosus ---+--- West Indies --+--+-+-+++ Diseased Whelk Consul ----...-- East Indies --------+-++» Ventricose do -- Undatus -------- Tranquebar --+-+++--+-- Waved --- do-- Fiscellum -----.- Pulo Condore -+--++++++ Short beak’d do IDG Ot cS ee Binomoaonac mon pocicmoe ns vic Doubtful -- do -. Fenestratus ----- Amboyna +--+) ++++++: - Latticed -- do -- Diviston VIII.—Shell ovate, aperture wide, inner lip thickened and spread, outer lip thick and undulated. Stramineus ----- New Zealand --..-.---- Straw-color’d do Australis-.---.-- South Seas --+---..--.. Southern -- do -- Division 1X.—Shell with a long, straight, subulate beak, unarmed. Famity 1.—Turreted, outer lip having a notch at the summit. Babylonius -+-+- Asia, Amboyna, China-- Tower ofBabelM. Clavatulus «ce--- Guinea eeee-++-- e+e eee Crowned tower do Gibbosus ------- Red Sea ----+- sees eeee> Gibbous -- do-- Virgineus ------ Guinea «+-+++ ++ eeeeee Virgin towerdo -- Javanus ----++++: Java, Tranquebar, China Javanese -- do -. Tornatus -:---:- Tranquebar, Magellan - White towerdo -- FamILy 2.— With the column plaited. Tulipa+--+-+++++- West Indies, South Seas- Tulip ----- do -- Nassa -«ccesesees West Indies ----+++-+--- Rough ---- do -- Amplustre ------ America, South Seas --- American flag do Trapezium ------ R. Sea, Amboyna, China Striped tower do Polygonus ------ Isle of France, B.of Naples Many angled do Infundibulum --- West Indies ---------+-- Funnel shap’d do Lancea ---++++:- Amboyna ----- see eeeees Lanceolate do -- Ocellatus ------- West Indies -----++++++- Eyed ----- do-- Craticulatus -- - Mediterranean ----++---- Plaited .-- do -- 138 UNIVALVES—— MUREX. Faminy 3.—With the outer lip entire, and the column smooth. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Colus ---«.. aioe Amboyna Bteletalchateretetotatatte 6 Spindle IVES Pieters Striatiillisaiciniiasste | wetlctoic cee occa Panels beac lavs ‘Transversely str. Versicolor -.--- East Indian Seas «---++- Changeable do -- Verrucosus -----. lPyaa er goldoaconouasocne Warty Sais (he) oc Aruanus ---+++-- China, Isle of Aru, Africa Aru Trumpet do AMNoG) ~cboodor AO Globiiek Merete non ROCs Trumpet endows Canaliculatus --- Canada, Virginia ------ Channelled do - CayiGa. sie eieibeshietyAstele chic btaetae saya Ajay tay earate Keeled ---- do -- Perversus ------- Mexico,Jamaica,N.Amer. Reversed -- do -- Ternatanus ------ Island of Ternate -----.. - Ternate -- do-- Pardalis ------.«. aiciislalelelsloraii ele latelclninierd tate e is Leopard Sine io) Gp Maroccensis --+- Morocco -++--+++eeees- Morocco -- do -- Ganlosusics stercecier Colehete oteinlavatagaiel waustoustewete vais Carious «-- do - Diviston X.—Shell with the spire rather depressed, aperture di- lated, nearly the length of the shell, and beak short. Melongena-- ---- America, Amboyna, Ja- Maica -++++ seer ee Open mouth do -- Calcaratus --+--: Amboyna, China --+++e Brownish white ICUS iialeie sisrerie Raa) Sea) Sno doonda bbe ar Fig shaped do -- Spadiceum ------ West Indies:---------+- Lineated -- do -- Umbilicatum---. Red Sea --+-+ -+++ seer Umbilicated do -- Candidum ------ Red Sea seeeeeerersrees White ---- do -- Corona ---++.-+. Gulf of Mexico -------- Crowned «+ do -- Morio -:e-++++-» Africa,W.Indies,Magellan Moor ----- do -- Pugilinus ------- Tranquebar, Moluccas -- Reddish brown do Cochlidium ----- East Indies ---++++-++++ Brown streaked .« Harpa eletathale’s are) SreleVeleze allvictaiotatetel are) oasia istalntete Harp «+--+ do-- UNIVALVES— MUREX. 139 Drviston X1.—Shell oblong, ventricose, aperture dilated and ovate, spire produced and beak short. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Antiquus +------ Norway,Britain, Denmark Antiquated M. -- Magellanicus---- Straits of Magellan ----- Magellanic do -+ Norwegicus ---+- Norway -++-+ +++ see cees Norwegian do -- Fornicatus ------ Greenland -+++++-+++++: Arched --+ do + Despectus ---+-+ Northern Ocean, Iceland Despised -- do -- Subantiquatus -- Britain ++-++-++++++++++ Angulated: do - Tritonis -------- Mediterranean, Amboyna, America «--+-+esseees Triton ---. do-:- Weret <= cfasres ti South Seas +---++++> Hates Musical esmid@ie: Vulpinus HCC O.C. MEIOTIC OIOOIO Oo OTe sto nric Fox -*s-- 6s do.:- Pusio --+++++++ Mediterranean --------- Wreath --- do- Corneus --+++--- Gt. Britain, S. of Europe Slender horn do - - Lineatus ------- New Zealand ----++-+-- Lined ---- do-. Lignarius ------ Southern Europe ----- +: Woody ---- do -. Syracusanus ---- Mediterranean --------- Syracuse -- do -. Perron --+-+++- South Seas «+--+ ++++-++8 Shelving -- do -- Prismaticus ----- Ditto, Pulo Condore ---- Prismatic -- do -. Bamffius ---- +++: Scotland, England --.--- Bamff -.-- do -- Gracilis «-«+-:-: Britain ociere oye pievereretaterte Elegant --- do -- Attenuatus:--.-- West of England ------- Lengthened do -- Nebula--: e+. >. Britain’ «<> occ -o + erates Clouded -- do -- Costatus +--+. ++. Ditto, Norway --------- Ribbed --- do-- Proximus ------+ Scotland. ---+-+++-- +++. Many ribbed do - Septangularis --- West of England ------ Seven sided do -- Turricula ------- Britain --++-+++seeeeeree Turreted -- do -+ hie popebobodc Ditto 1 % cododdéoor Redibvenieietere doe Sinuosus -------- Weymouth ------+ e>+-++ Sinuated -- do -- Linearis ------ -- West of England ---.--- Lineated -- do - Purpureus -.---- Devonshire --+---++++++- Purple ---- do -- Muricatus --- -- lDiiimoanooeuwo0e se Soonne Thorny SmoKGkn oc Minutissimus --- Pembrokeshire ------+-- Very small do - Arenosus ---++ «> Ingle S6ceno0dcas Sialeretolets Sea sand -- do-- Scriptus ----+---- Mediterranean ---++--> Written --do- 140 UNIVALVES —_MUREX. Division XI1.—Turreted and subulate, with a very short beak. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Obeliscus ----++- West Indies -----.+++++- Chinese obelisk M. Vertagus ------- Amboyna, East Indies -- Curved beak do - Plicatulus ------- East Indies -----+-++++«- White plaited do Aluco ++-++-++-- Mediterranean, Amboyna Caterpillar do - Tuberosus ------ Amboyna, Red Sea ---- Knobbed -- do -- Adansoni ----- -» River Gambia-------.-- Adanson’s - do -- Clava -+++++++-- Puio Condore --------+- Club shap'd do - - {Davee eoonvo -odoobopoonmoome doses : Grappling COM PAUP AES Mice rbeletete Weal -roalolelaieseyeteleneicieyeveisiersienere Blackish -- do -- Alucoides ->---: Meditsieianan Adriatic- Marbled -- do -- Ebeninus ------- South Seas ---.-.--++-- Deep black do -- Fuscatus -------+- Mediterranean, Senegal - Clouded -- do - Torulosus ------- East Indies ---.-------- Ringed --- do -- Radula --------- Africa, West Indies ----- Rayed ---- do-- Marginatus ----- East Indies --.----.---- Margined « do -- Serratus -- ----- New Zealand -----.-:-- Sanatede - do- Asper -+---++-+-- West Indies ---.+----- Rough grain’d “1s Granulatus ----- Asiatic Ocean ------+--- Grinede - do -- Sulcatus -------- Marshes in Moluccas -- - Grooms -- do- Literatus -+-.... Guadaloupe -.--......- Lettered -- do -- Hexagonus ---- -- South Seas -......--.... Six ribbed - do -- Reticulatus -----. Britain --+-++.+-- eee ee Reticulated do -- Tubercularis --:- Ditto---.-..--..s2+.000 Tuberculated do - Adversus ------ Ditto -- 2.00.06. ceseenne Left banded do .- Subulatus --.... Scotland --..---....... Awlshap’d do -- Mecollatususscnete soccer aoe aeioisie Decapitated done 7 aa we ee ce Pe? : S shere noe, f . hd ay ya ba a cd de) rns ri hay | oe wae ab AD Ale 1a Menger ah vat es eg se ‘\ oe ee, eee 1, ee Pe rctye o at Moy)! day EA ee ne eae fy Backs he A el grt oh! : A Ve TROCHTUS. FU 27 LZ. E@ Croucr_Lrhnog Linked by By S.MAWE’, TAG Strand. UNIVALVES— TROCHUS. 141 TROCHUS.— Tor-Sue tt. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVII. Div. I.— Fam. 1. Fam. 1. Fig. 1. T. solaris. Dy. Il.—Fam. 1. Fig. 4 T. cookii. ; Fam. 1. Fig. 2. T. iris. Dw. IIl.—Fam. 1. Fig. 3. T. telescopium. Fig. 5. T. concavus. Shell univalve, spiral, more or less conic; aperture somewhat angu- lar or rounded; the upper side transverse and contracted; pillar placed obliquely. THE leading characteristic of the Trochus is the coni- cal shape of its species, the base being broad and the whorls gradually tapering towards the apex. This form prevails with very few exceptions throughout the genus; some, however, have so strong a resemblance to the Turbo, that ‘frequent mistakes have been made in their classification. A few species of this genus have their surfaces almost smooth; but the greater number are covered with knobs, spines, tuberculations, or undulations, of which the T. solaris and the T. imperialis are striking examples. The former has its margin beset with long spines, placed at regular distances, and, when the shell is perfect, re sembling the rays of the sun, as represented in carved work. Many, when uncoated, present a brilliant mother- of-pearl appearance; others have only a pearly aper- ture, and a few exhibit a bronze-like hue. The aper- 142 UNIVALVES__. TROCHUS. ~ ture of the shell in this as well as in many other genera of univalves, is closed by a stony or horn-like operculum, affixed to the animal. Of the divisions of the Trochus the first is the most numerous; it comprehends those species which have their pillar perforated, and is divided into five fami- lies, distinguished by the peculiarities of the pillar and umbilicus: the T. niloticus, T. maculatus, T. pha- raonis, T. cylindraceus, and T. perspectivus, may be mentioned as illustrative examples of each family. The T. conchyliophorus, or Carrier Trochus, is a very remarkable species; it is invariably covered with ex- traneous substances, strongly adhering to the whorls of the shell. There are two distinct varieties: one of which is familiarly called the Conchologist, from its being loaded with perfect shells or fragments; and the second, the Mineralogist, as its adhesions consist of stones, ores, &c. When the former variety is loaded with corals only, it is called the Zoologist or Coral= carrier. The second division consists of those Trochi which are imperforated, or have their umbilicus closed, as in the T. tuber, (which greatly resembles a Turbo) T. labio, and T. vestiarius. The T. iris of this division deserves particular notice, on account of the iridescence and splendid metallic lustre which its surface exhibits when uncoated. The third division includes those species which are much elongated, and greatly resemble screw or needle shells. Unlike the rest of the genus, they have an ex- serted pillar; and, when placed on their base, they fall UNIVALVES_— TROCHUS. 143 on one side. The most prominent species are the T. telescopium and the T. dolabratus. The T. conchyliophorus, T. imperialis, ‘T. solaris, T. perspectivus, &c. are highly valued for their beauty and rarity. The Trochus derives its name from the resemblance of its species to the form of a top (reoydc). The Trochi are found in almost every part of the world. Division 1.— Shell umbilicated, erect. Faminy 1.---With the pillar and wmbilicus smooth. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Niloticus --..---- Ind.Ocean, China,S.Seas_ Large marble T. Conus ---....... East Indies, New Guinea Conic ---: do -- Spinosus --+----- New Zealand ---+------ Thorny --+ do-- Jujubinus ------- Mauritius, West Indies-- Mottled -- do-- Concavus ------- Coromandel, N. Zealand Concave -- do -- Vernalis -----.-- East Indies -------- -»+» Green ---- do-- Conspersus ----- Kast Indian Ocean .---- Poppy ---: do-- Ochroleucus ---- Ditto -----+-+-+-++) +e Whitish brown Stellatus -.-.-... Dini, Gutvuledoddieedands Starred’... + doc Spengleri Pefolaaicig Nici slave's, e.ccyatatel Verstieie tater oletele Spengler’s aor oe GSE Abs tarotate stoke Wshsvchasietahs, 6 tuelley te wehcrclonrs ag RD Dediesemndo ne Inzequalis ---+--- Mozambique ---------- Unequal -- do -- Regius iotedciatcteve toni (atereleretetejeraiatetetetsicte tomer cnegetene Royal siete sie (CO). 0. Verrucosus -++-+- East Indian Ocean ----- Warty ---- do-- Radiatus ---..--- West Indies, Mauritius - Radiated -- do -. Viridis------ --- New Zealand -+--+----- Green -+++ do - Fanulum ----+-. Pernambucca ------+ -- Pagoda --- do- Strigosus ---+---- Morocco ----- ~ ee ee eee Black lipp’d do -- iDGlotei po beoeon atoo aor PDO OOOO OO OE Doubtful -- do -- Depressus Bistotdidis Misra state sta aele late sleveterd ste acct Depressed detthoy oe lbeine sooolictoo coossedoccdaboo 6c ee---- Smooth --- do-- Groenlandicus -- Norway, Greenland ---- Greenland do -- Magus ---++++-- Britain +--+ ++++ssee0+-- Tuberculateddo - 144 UNIVALVES —— TROCHUS. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Variegatus «+--+ Cape of Good Hope ---- Variegated T. -- Afer -++++++++- - Cape Dakar in Senegal -- Grey marble do - Muricatus ------ Mediterranean -+---+-::- Prickly --« do - Roseus -+++++-+ C. of Good Hope, Naples Rose-color’d do -: Patholatus ------ West of England ------- Tumid --- do-- Scaberccccece ss siiessis slpiciesicisiels oe cies se Rough -- Gaous Quadratus ------ Mediterranean ------+-* Square afin 6 Croceus --++++- Morocco -++++ee+-- -.+++ Saffron color'd do Varius -+-+++-+++ Mediterranean ---+++++> Varied ---- do -- Obliquatus ------ Ditto, Britain -.--+-+> -- Umbilicated do -- Cinerarius «-+--- West Indies, Norway, Mediterranean ------- Ashy color’d do - Neritoideus ----- Greenland ------ seoeee- Reddish color'd do Albidus ---+.-. Bodh iboodthiadobeloc Sono. masdier White >---- dom: WATER ETIS re leleleleleterol) levees a lelomiisi e\lens) slafctevefieieels)01 Ribbon --- do -- Divaricatus ----- Mediterranean, Norway - Divaricated do -- ]RIRENIEy boodoGan Sad0boudconuoco nd gopDI00 Brown -:-- do-- Umbilicaris ----- Mediterranean +-----+-- Obliquely rayed @inereusi> teeter Ditto unsiee s cotele sis terelier Cinereous . do -- [RERUNS onClo oto oe doonoldcbocovo Gans ese--. Panded --- do. JMinnngsdéan.cop Gos! sooo odo COU Sw ObOBUe ono Flat «.--2- do - Solaris ----- ++. East & West Indies, India, South Seas ----+--+-++-- Sihidcrade a6 do -. Inermis «+--+ +--+ West Indies ------+-+-++> Short-spined do - - Imperialis ------ New Zealand --+------- Imperial -- do - Conchyliophorus St. Domingo, China ---- Carrier +--+ do -- Tectum -------+++ West Indies, Mauritius - Arch-lipp’d do -- Pumilio ---<...-. VA TIC uicioiciolnietelsvetoucie (sia) si= Dwarf -.-- do-- Terrestris ------- Britain, Italy, Tunis -- - Land --.--. do - Bidens -------..- Botannic Garden, Stras- burgh --++++-+++e+- Double-tooth’d do Fragilis niatiatailatallele Venta We covevenetouar Reveksteloieherheteisaclonets Brittle ---- do-- Carinatus ------- Saxe Weimar ---------- Keeled ---- do -- Flumineus -----> River Huines -----++---- River ----- do -- Famity 2.—With pillar toothed or platted, and wmbilicus smooth. Maculatus ---..- Madagascar -------++--- Spotted --- do - (Alveare: «so cies I Eihhatimwoadidad code ad ac Beechive -- do - . UNIVALVES._— TROCHUS. 145 Sezentific Name. Locality. Common Name. Bentapiemiiiss ise \esfcei lae » Se osole ais heise Pavilion Trochus Agrestis siete Sct ohare CA eters aleve creieieiaye Rustic -:-- do -- Niger midlets eleredeitels LD inra) Goranson Coo LOOT Black w=... doe Cruciatus --.... Mediterranean ---+++++- Cross-rayed do -+ Modulus -----..- West Indies, Red Sea --- Keel-whorl’ddo - Declivis ---.-.-- Red Sea ---+++++e+-eee - Egyptian -- do -- Wiairidtiltigns(srteteS cstSiecls lls .cittatetg beeen te Necklace-grained Berlatiisicte steele |< a)cja's'a astra pie sd deleehatone Pearly =palelsti Oi iete Famity 3.—With pillar smooth, and umbilicus toothed or crenated. Cylindraceus SVetwiel © shafctolalel lel aiereraliialyrc cc clever eae Sub-conical do -- Garnens*oo tiers) «cS SILOO Buse. ea: Flesh-color’d do - - Areola Clsimvaloteleielel | “letetolalale, «palate shaicl eteteiea el acetals Red square-spotted Famity 4.—With pillar and umbilicus crenated. Pharaonis -----.. Red Sea, Mediterranean, East Indies ---- ---- Strawberry do -« Corallinus ------ Magdalen Isles --------- Coral bead- do -- Guineensis-----> Ginineah e sielereres cies eieisters M3 Guinea---- do -- Wrhanuswosaeiies:, Mele ceseotetorere: Sarna Sails Purple-striped do Famity 5.—Shell depressed, with the umbilicus large, pervious, and crenated, in which the course of the whorls is strongly marked. Perspectivus --+- Amboyna---+-++++.++++. Staircase -- do - Perspectiviunculus ++-+-+-++++++eeeereeeee Small staircase do Infundibuliformis «+--+. +++. seee eee weeee Funnel-formed do Hybridus ------- Mediterranean -----+.-- Mongrel -- do -- Stramineus-+---- Tranquebar --'-...-..... Straw-color’d do Indicus «----+++- East Indies ............ Indian --.. do.. 146 UNIVALVES — TROCHUS, Division Il.—Shell imperforate, erect. Famity 1.— With the pillar smooth. Screntzfic Name. Locality. Grandinatus ----» South Seas ----+-+++6-- Tuber ----+-++-+- « Mediterranean, W. Indies Melanastomus --- Southern Ocean -:----- Striatus «+++ ++++- Mediterranean, Britain - Minutus --+++++: Britain, France, Morocco Punctulatus ----- W. Ind., France, Morocco Conulus -+++-+-- Mediterranean -->-- o° Zizyphinus------ Ditto, Britain, Red Sea - Papillosus ++-+-> Britain, Mediterranean, E. Ikigh@s oosaodocoou nod *Undatus ------ Galiformiae terse cioleetncia Granatum ----++: New Zealand --.---++-- Virgineus ------- Magellan, New Zealand - Diaphanus --++++ New Zealand -------++: Selectus ---++++- Ditto soc saesh wae oral Purpurascens dys BAeMninoasenn an Ania 4 aeape Imbricatus ------ WestIndies ------+-++-- Ceelatus:+++-+-+: ID}intevoucoubuans shuu0d0Kd Gibberosus --:-: New Zealand ------++-- Virgatus - +--+ East Indies, Amboyna. -- G@oolkific: ts sees New Zealand «---+-+++re IPmodabeenadceos WD itt Overeetetesaroieneereredetenelsiete BKlegans Msialayerahete DD ittovereerevelenctetecyeteiateletatons Notatus ----+++: South Seas ----+-++-+<- ZiCZaC «sees: Britain, West Indies - - Obtusus -----++>- East Indies --+--+-ee+ere Cre@Gatus sstsrers oecceccccsoscevaceiseces Hortensis «-+:::: Southern Climates --->-- Common Name. Studded Trochus Large mottled do Black throated do Striated --- do- Crimson tip do - Rose-color’d do -- Conical --- do -- Livid ----- Granulated do - Undulated - do -> Tiger --+-- do -- Ringed ---+ do - Thin ------ do - Red & white do -- Purple -++- do +> Imbricated do -- Scaly - do +> Olive-green do -- Rose-striped do -- Cook’s -do-- liuGiecaason Elegant --- . Marked --- do-- Ziczac «+++ do «> Saffron color’d do Garden -++ do -- Famiry 2.-—-With the pillar toothed. eor,eevensaen eae eeeeeen Asper Quadricarinatus - Amboyna, South Seas -- New Zealand Mediterranean seen ee Double-lipp’d do Rugged --- do -- Four-keeled do - UNIVALVES— TROCHUS. 147 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Tessellatus ------ St. Croix, Naples ------ Tessellated Troch , Turbinatus ------ Mauritius, Mediterranean ‘Turbinated do -- Argyrostomus -- New Zealand, Arabia --- Silver-mouth’d do Merula -------- China, South Seas ------ Chinese +--+ do «. Crassus +--+ +++ + Britain -eoe.-seeeree eee Heavy ---- do-- Americanus -:--- America --++++-++++++-- American - do -- Famity 3.—With the pillar twisted. Mauritianus ----- Mauritius, New Guinea- Great-tooth’d do Fenestratus------ Amboyna, Frederick’s Isl. Small-tooth’d do Pyramis - +--+ «s+ South Seas, Kast Indies-- Obelisk --- do -- Dentatus ------- Red Sea, Guinea ------. Sugar-loaf- do «+ Faminy 4.—Shell convex, smooth, with a thick vitreous matter which covers the centre of the base, Vestiarius --+++-- Mediterranean, Cape of Good Hope, India --- Flattened «« do ++ Dirviston II.—Shell tapering, with the pillar exserted, and the shell falling to one side when placed upon its base. Famixy 1.—With pillar twisted. Telescopium ---- East Indies ----......+- Telescope - do -- Terebellus «+--+. West Indies ---------.. Little augur do -- Dolabratus:..--.. 7 Nae onenboDcobood opine Zebra----+- do «» Famity 2.—Pillar straight. Minute Shells. Punctatus -++--+-. Mediterranean ----- see» Dotted ---- do-- Striatelustecoccs ston cineres 2 als/elelalajetel slic) Violet lipp’d do -- 148 UNIVALVES — TROCHUS. Reversed Shells. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Perversus «+++ ++: Mediterranean ------+-- Reversed Trochus Pusillus --.+---- East Indies ---+---+-++- Minute --» do-- Undulatus ----- © Ditto. ---cercccvecscsee Waved ---do-- Ventricosus -+--> Ditto «0 cece cccrcccsvcce Bellied --- do.-- Annulatus «--+:- Ditto ----- erces verses ce Annulated - do -- sba0C ccensaaesicnseie sce Hornacolorddose Lunaris -:cese2e iW Ss gy RAR ERO AAW Bick’ TIRBO. Printed by Mownep TF eofle 4, ig ~~ Biv I MAWE, 74G 3 trand. q EEA Crouch Lithow: see8 ws — UNIVALVES— TURBO. 149 TURBO. — Wreatn, or TURBAN-SHELL. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVIII. Dy. I].--Fam. 6. Fig. 1. T. chrysostomus. Dw. III. Fam. 2. Fig. 5. T.muricatus. Drv. V. Fam. 1. Fig. 2. T. scalaris. Div. IV. Fig. 4. T. delphinus. Drv. IX. Fig. 3. T. archimedis. Shell univalve, spiral, solid; aperture contracted, orbicular, entire. THE greater number of the shells of this beautiful genus are solid and ponderous, and many, when decor- ticated, exhibit splendid iridescent colors. They are distinguished from the Trochi by the suborbicular form of the aperture. The first division has the pillar margin of the aper- ture dilated, and the pillar imperforate. Among the leading species may be mentioned the T. obtusatus, T neritoideus, and T. littoreus, or common Periwinkle. The next division comprises the solid and imperforat- ed species, of which the most characteristic are the T. petholatus, T. smaragdus, T. chrysostomus, T. pagodus, and T. calcar. The T. marmoratus and T. olearius sometimes attain a considerable size. The third division differs from the preceding, in hay-~ ing the pillar perforated or umbilicated: the T. pica being a common shell, and well known, may be refer- red to as strikingly illustrating the character of this 150 UNIVALVES_— TURBO. class: the T. margaritaceus and T. argyrostomus are remarkable for the delicate coloring of their mouths. The T. delphinus may be adduced:as an example of the species of the fourth division. The fifth division contains some of the most beautiful species of the genus: they are in general thin and trans- parent, and strongly marked by rows of elevated conti- nuous ribs. The T. scalaris (the True Wentle-trap*), on account of its beauty and rarity, deserves a particular description. The shape of the shell (which is extreme-= ly elegant) is a spiral cone, formed by gibbous whorls, gradually decreasing from the base to the apex, un- connected by a columella; this circumstance, so com= pletely opposed to the regular structure of other turbi- nated shells, has occasioned considerable doubt as to its classification, and some authors have even placed it among the Serpule. The whorls are divided, at re- gular distances, by rows of elevated, suboblique, longitudinal ribs, which in young shells have a semi- pellucid appearance. The color is usually a yellow- ish or brownish white. The T. clathrus, or False Wentle- trap, is a very common shell, and much more taper and elongated than the T. scalaris. It has no umbilicus, and the whorls are closely united. The sixth division greatly resembles the preceding im form, and is only distinguished by its whorls not bemg surmounted with elevated cancellations. * Wentle-trap is derived from a German word, Windle-treppe, signifying a winding stair-case. UNIVALVES __ TURBO. 151 The shells of the seventh division are celebrated for the beauty and variety of their coloring ; the T. phasianus in particular, has its colors disposed in resemblance of the plumage of the Pheasant. A considerable variation in form characterizes the eighth division; the shells being obtuse at both ends. The similarity which exists between the shells of the ninth division and those of the corresponding class in the Strombus and Buccinum, is strikingly observable in the T. imbricatus, T. replicatus, T. acutangulus, T. du- plicatus, and T. terebra; but the circular form of the mouth distinguishes them from the turreted species of the other two genera: their shape is that of a well proportioned spire, with thirty or forty whorls gradually diminishing, and terminating in a very acute point. The last division contains the depressed species, of which may be particularised the T. nautileus: this shell is often found attixed to plants in stagnant waters. Among the rare and. beautiful species of the Turbines the T. scalaris and T. phasianus are the most conspicu- ous. The value of the T. scalaris depends upon its size and perfection, choice specimens having been sold for £30, while inferior may be purchased at 10s. The greater number of those species which are found in the South Seas are extremely rare. The generic name, Turbo, is derived from the Latin, and has the same signification with the Greek derivative of the preceding genus. 152 UNIVALVES —— TURBO. The American, African and Indian Oceans, produce the greater number of species; a few only are found in the Mediterranean, European, and Northern Seas. Drviston 1.—Shell imperforate, and the pillar lip flat. Famity 1.—With a smooth exterior. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Obtusatus ------ Northern Ocean ----++-: Blunt Turbo --- Neritoides ------ Mediterranean +------- Nerite shaped do - Nicobaricus ----- Nicobar Isles --++++++-+: Nicobar --- do -« Nigerrimus ----- New Zealand -----++--- Black ----- do -- Rudis «-+---+-++-- Norway, Britain --+--+-- Sordid ---- do -- Punctatus--:--:- (@ieoaGatococmavas dbicc Punctured - do -: Petraeus -++--++-: Dorset, Devon -+--+-+++- Small rock do -: Fulgidus «+++ ---- Pembroke, Cornwall --- Bronze-banded do Famity 2.—With the exterior striated or ribbed. Littoreus----»--- Britain, Norway -------- Periwinkle ------ Tenebrosus ----- England --++++++++e++> Chocolate - do -- Crassior «--++++:> IDiiiooodGomaonDoCoUasoS Coarse --- do:- Jugosus dociwoouas ID iii rodo cic ono codon sidad Lineated -- do -- Ethiops -+-+-:-- New Zealand ---+-+++-- Black & white do Divist0n 1].—Shell imperforate, solid. Famity 1.-—With a smooth exterior. Personatus «2-2-5 se ce cere tee r renee esees Convex --- do:: Petholatus ----++- Amboyna, Mauritius --- Serpent's skin do Cidaris --++-++.-- Moluccas: +--+ ee ese cess Turban ---- do -- Helicinus «:-e-+- cree tect reece rene cees Green & purple Imperialis Slow co) China oe+ ves cocerreere Imperial --» do:- UNIVALVES— TURBO. 153 Faminy 2.—With the exterior striated. Screntific Name. Locality. Common Name. @imex: oieecss By ritalitigicle e)sierelstercrelcTorcetsts Bug TDurbowrecse Calathiscus ----- Ditto +++ +e- esses renee Cancellated do -- Cochlus -.--+--- Mauritius, Asia, China -- Cameleoparddo - Smaragdus-----. New Zealand :---+++-.-- Green --- do-- Famity 3.— With the exterior granulated. Castaneus -...-- West Indies------+...e- Chesnut -- do -- Crenulatus------ svetalielatatetaiarslaleiatalevetalelsy eter a Crenulated do -- Papyraceus ----. East Indies -----+--- eeee- Paper ----- do -- Famity 4.—With the exterior nodulous. Trochiformis ---- Southern Ocean -------- White grain’d do Marmoratus ---- Asiatic Ocean, China --- Marbled -- do-- Sarmaticus ------ Moluccas, C. of G. Hope Large knobbed Olearius ---++-++. India, Coromandel -- -- -- Large keeleddo - Coronatus ------ Moluccas, Nicobar Isles-- Coronated » do «+ Famity 5.—With the exterior ribbed or grooved. Canaliculatus --- Moluccas, Philippines -- Grooved - do -- Setosus ---+-+-+++- Mauritius -----+--+-+--+--- Leopard --- do -- Sparverius ------ East Indies --+-++---++-+ Pearly mouth’d do Spenglerianus Ja* DNR cchdedobbeodsodse Spengler’s - do :- Famity 6.—With the exterior somewhat spinous, Chrysostomus -- S.Seas, R.Sea, Amboyna Golden-mouth’d Tectum-persicum Asiatic Ocean ---++>+++) Little pagoda do - Pagodus slaqetar ovepare Ditto, Amboyna a\eierelarereke Pagoda eerste Gonke Calcar --+--+--- Amboyna, China ------ Spur --:-- do -- Stellarisso0csnho South Seas «+-:++s-e-e> Starred --- do 154 UNIVALVES.— TURBO. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Aculeatus ++ +++: Nicobar Isles -----++-+-- Painted Turbo -- Stellatus << © seine* , eci00 s\0's 0 ovints oalp alelainidistele Spined sacourstay Ac Armatus -++++-++ Mediterranean, Scotland: Armed --- do -- Rugosus -+--++-- Kast & West Indies ----- Rigged - do - Cornutus ----++- China «s+eresesee eens barveshoentl de Radiatus -«-+----- Red Sea ++ ++eeeee es +e. Radiated -- do -- Moltkianus «+--+ cs crete eee cece cere eces Moltkian’s- do -- Minute Shells. Semicostatus ---- Devon, Scotland ------- Ribbed ---- do-: Ruber -+-+-+-++- Pembroke, Cornwall --- Red ------ do -- Vitreus --+++-+-- Cornwall -----++-++ee+-- Glassy ---- do -- Punctura -+----- West of England ---++- Punctured - do - Arenarius ++ +--+- Salcomb Bay -----+---- Sand --.-- «do -- Unifasciatus ----- Britain «+--+ ee eeee cece ee Banded --- do-- Nivosus -+-+++++ Devonshire --+-++-++++-- White ---- do-- Labiosus ---+-+-: Britain --+-++sceecseeses Lipped AbGfros Ullycd 23 occ eweee DDO CULC CUO aOooOor Sea-weed :- do -- Ventrosus -----:- DTEEO cit viefero sr cusveteleie c cle ce Bellied ---- do -- Subumbilicatus-- Weymouth ----- beens Yellow ----do-- Cingillus ------ - Britain «+--+. -see ee eee Girdled --- do -- Interruptus .----- England & Wales ------ Streaked -- do -- Semistriatus ---- Devonshire --ecee++eee- Semi-striated do - Albulus ---+-+--- Greenland Seas ----+--- Pellucid --- do Division Il].—Shell wmbilicated and solid. Famity 1.—With the umbilicus toothed. Pica -++++e+++-e West Indies, Sardinia -- Magpie -- do -- Nodulosus ------ ID iMacs .oUlGtuod ocdcnnia.o Nodulous:: do -- UNIVALVES —— TURBO. 155 Famity 2.-— The umbilicus without teeth. Scientific Name. Dentatus ----.-. Muricatus Auricularis Vinctus Quadrifasciatus - - Sanguineus ---++ PAtiratusieiienicier) = Anguis - +> Diadema Undulatus sate ne eeeen ee eres Argyrostomus -- - Margaritaceus - - - Porphyrites ----- Mespitus Granulatus Cinereus Torquatus ee eeeeve seen eee Locality. Southern Europe Southampton Devonshire ----+-++++-::s Cornwall, Swansea - Mediterranean, Algiers - Nicobar [sles South Seas New Zealand Van Dieman’s Land, New Holland ‘ecleccless ses Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Cape of Good Hope - Frederick’s Island New Caledonia South Seas Ditto, Nicobar Isles - ce eee rer ereseeeseseeese Cr ee ee eee ene eoeeee sees eee eeosecore seve eo yveeeovere Common Name. Toothed Turbo -- Prickly --+- do -- Fared----- do -- Brown banded do Four banded do - - Scarlet ---- do -- Black grained do Snake ----- Ayadls Waved---- do-- Silver mouth do Pearly ---- do -- Porphyry -- do -- Medlar --- do - Granulated do -- Ash-color’d do -- Thready - -- do -- Drviston 1V.—Shell depressed, foliated, spinous or nodulous, and umbilicus large, pervious, and armed within. Delphinus ------ Asiatic Ocean, Mauritius, Amboyna -+++++s+r+ Dolphin -- do -- Exasperatus ---- East Indies ---+++++++: Granulated do - Distortus «-->-++ ceerteeeeee aici aieistcy sie Distorted -- do -- 156 Scientific Name. Scalaris -+++++-<+ Principalis - Clathrus ------- Clathratulus ---- Lacteus ------- Ralehekisesiisieleie Ambiguus - Elegantissimus - - Simillimus ------ IPanvus’ tele sereie Striatulus -- Reticulatus .----- Bryereus -- Coniferus --+-.+- eeeee Denticulatus --- Arcuatus --+--- Striatus -.+« Costatus --+----. Unicus --- Tndistinctus eoeee UNIVALVES —— TURBO. Division V.—Cancellated. Famity 1.—Umbilicated. Locality. Common Name. China --+-+++eeerree ees Wentle-Trap FamiLy 2.—Imperforated. Coromandel .--+-+++-++- Many-ribbed do - Europe, America ------- Latticed -- do -- Byaeite, Gobooc edad od DONE Little ----- dome Mediterranean ----- --- Milky ---- do «s West Indies---+-+-+--+- Beautiful -- do -- Mediterranean ------+-- Doubtful -- do -- Minute Shells. Britain -+-++++++eeee eee Elegant Turbo -- Island of Jura --++-++---- Similar --- do -- Britainicsimiecetes eierioie ete. Guernsey - << GOnes Mediterranean, England. Wrinkled « do -- Pembroke, Kent ------- Netted ---. do-. Britain, West Indies ---- Bryer’s ---- do -- Weymouth --->---.-.-. Marginated do -- Ditto cseeecen eee ae Toothed --. do-- Guernsey elsfoiogexadcte otetetelare Margined- 4 (ta) oc Cornwall, Devonshire, Inelandtsseeeee cee Striated---- do «- England, Wales --..-... Ribbed --- do - aM wach ie isso pi eesee Convex --» do -- OS Oo Otro oddo Ss oWocooInmiocde Tndistinct - do -- UNIVALVES,— TURBO. 157 Diviston VI.—Shell wath subcylindrical whorls, similar to the last division, but not cancellated. Famity 1.—Umbilicated. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Crenellus..--+.22 cecesss eccceces eeseeess Crenated Turbo Thermalis ------ Denmark, Britain, Pisa - Fresh water do -- Labeo -------+-. DATMALCRH sl es'e nl stelolevete stele White lipp’d do - Ligatus -+-2++++ sersse eee Se ccucccvane Ligature Teudoras Foliaceus -:--++- ois sie eleveisiete’'n' cle] elele eiblarel ets) Leafy cove. do -. Limbatus ------- Coromandel --------+-- Shouldered do -- Carinatus ------ JAMAICA «er cece ee eeccee Keeled ---- do-- Separatista----++ Indian Seas ----++-+-++-- Three-keeled do - Niveus ---:-++-< Nicobar Isles ---+------- Snowy --+- do- Helicoides cocece Pe recece sees enieecagcecece Brown ziczac do Crenatlis cece: verses ccenccenenccscves Crenated -- do -- Elegans -+++-+++ 0 sereeees weer ces disie\sisieine Elegant --- do -- Lincinus -::-:-- a, lejeceja}erstaterele eialaletalievel ate «> Green & purple Lunulatus -+--++ ceceseseeeee exejolslou/sletetele Moon-spotted do Drviston VIl.—Shell oblong, glossy, beautifully marked with va- rious colors, and aperture sub-ovate. Phasianus -----:- Van Dieman’s Land ---- Pheasant -- do - Inflatus -------- DD iumopeoubudoticodamaos Inflated <-- do-- Pullus ---+.-: Heese BTA coccscccs ce osccure Painted --- do-- 158 UNIVALVES —— ' URBO. Diviston VI[I].—Shell subcylindrical, obtuse at both ends, ané& aperture semi-ovate. Famity 1.—Aperture toothed. Scientific Name. Locality. Common, Name. Uva ---+-- «+++» Coast of Bretagny ------ Berry Turbo --« Mumia ---+-+-+- America «+ +++-- Sst eeees Double-tooth’d do Alvearia ++++++-- St. Domingo, Guadaloupe White-mouth’ddo Quinquedentatus- France ---++++«- se eeee+ Five-tooth’d do -+ Tridens ----+--- Britain ---+-++++.+ sees Three-tooth’d do Juniperi --+++++- Britain, Paris, Saxony -- Juniper -+- do - Muscorum -+--+-- Europe, under moss --+- Moss----«+ do -- Sexdentatus ---- Westof England «- ---- Six-tooth’d do -- Carychium +--+ + Britain ----+++e. 6 ceees Minute-tooth’d do Reversed Shells Bidens --++-+--«> Britain, France, Italy --- Double-tooth’d do Laminatus ----.- England, Europe - ---- Laminated do - Biplicatus -+-++- Ditto seeeeee eee cc eeee Double-plaited a Corrugatus --++- Languedoc, Provence -- Wrinkled - do - Nigricans --+++*- England, France -.---- Black --++ do -- Labiatus «-«-«-- Britain -++seeere scene Reversed -+ do -- Perversus -++--- “England ----++- -.-+-- Reversed -+ do Quadridens ---- Paris, France «++ -++--- Four-footh’ddo -- Vertigo «+--+. Sandwich, Denmark ---- Vertigo --- do -- Famity 2.—Aperture wilhout teeth. Cylindrus ------- Jamaica «eereecer es eece Cylindrical do -- (Groceustasicccem ccc POCO GT NOC. C Orange «480s 4c Sulcatus «+++. nos Ceylon OOOOUOOUUIOT TTC Sulcated -- do -- (OiiiMehy o¢bodeer Bodadaccocnocouns overs c Horny core GO) aie sqnosoag loncodautooooosdpad. oo0G Reflected -- do -- Auriscalpium --- Mediterranean -:-+.---- Ear-picker do -- UNIVALVES — TURBO. 159 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Politus-----...-. Britain -----+--++--+6..- Polished Turbo - - Subulatus-.---.- Ditto -------++---205. Awl-shap’d do -- WIVCCUSSALUS | wtelcicle: Mieieicveletoleretersi<(e ci ohetaleleheretcier Decussated do - Division [X.—Shell turreted. Imbricatus ------ Jamaica +++. sees eeeeeee Imbricated Screw Replicatus ---+-- Tranquebar --+++«-+-+-- Large ---- do-- Acutangulus -++- Ditto ++++++++++eeeeeee Sharp-angled do Duplicatus -+-+-- Britain, Persia, Mediter. Double ribbed do Torcularis «:°e+* secrets cece cence cevcce Brown- spotted do Obsoletus «+--+: -+ee8 ACN OIDOOWO oD UOOOSG Obsolete -- do » Exoletus +++-++> South of Europe, Britain Ribbed ---- do-. Terebra >--- --- European Seas, Sweden Augur---- do-- Archimedis +--+» China --++++-+++-+e+e:- Archimedes’ do - - Variegatus ++ ++++ verrresteteeeteetee cess Variegated do -- Ungulinus ------ European Ocean ---+--- Doubtful -- do -- Terebellum ----- Nicobar Isles ----+---+--- Little ----» do -- Annulatus «+++: cecere creecees eocccee White -»--do-- Turris Thome -- St. Thomas --------+-- - Tower ----do-- Diviston X.—Shell depressed. Nautileus ---+--> Britain, Germany ------ Nautilus Turbo -- Cristatus +--+: Denmark, Britain ------ Small crested do - Depressus «+--+: Cornwall, Devonshire -- Minute flattish do Serpuloides ----: Devonshire -+-+-+-+++-- Serpula --- do-- Ruidsicecc> <*> s+ South Seas --+-+++++s *+-» Green-spotted do Marginellus stotoisiol) mialatoveveioiele aiatalelelolsisietelelisiexcte Reflected lip do.-- TMU Drea Rig: CUR POA unt “aM Mote : eo pi gh ba. | , Fee | sha es shai » inet be rks Ae Per) PAPO NE WSN Mae peso pee 3 i oh ie ibs sams Nai mietdhee eslaunypoenee) ; ‘obs ety ve epuant A PES Din Biaee wl Ow oaneet ab oid GHOCE’ Aho: oie), poate ) hi: Radler xy vedi Oy Viele Ax sede at Meas negs ; BAPUDY) Or ae vies Oy he ay era a) ' | . va ‘on es BA st I abe ivy Wath if ‘ sendin ae rete ra wD {phi ip = o-= = —— : 4 , rt ; ar vane se i i i aah, Var ee vy an eee cyt hehe ni degre ny Rast has ih PPVSNCACEUN PGS HL Raewee wick 4 an Pe keh ' ha t ray AVES Meat A it Dashecnthd Vv fe pevoe fee eae ig Ws ged if oy ae ‘ j _ PN ea ve ohne Lh SR at TCR GL, alee one eS Ny adi Siete } Z e « : ’ mye. : , H A ets Yao ee bh rs Ca eee gag ps hb ran ry Td 1 a ey a Vi < ty i Wh ony OB ne TOR RS ON o Hind ae on r oe be a : . ial ; aU ait | : a P : ; ‘ ' aie Pa: me, a! ushiialy Maalavee ix Foyt ns Lg ALI PT ' ; rn Oo bigiin . in ‘ a4. ei ony ATsweryy Hp 6 a aN Tea ESE renee see iweee ange shire? ee v i oe LYST ys ' OP ath a i. REeEe. son a Crouch L, whoo TL IELL AX | srintedl by eer: By J MAWE, 149 Strand. UNIVALVES —.HELIX. 161 HELIX.—Swnait or Sprra.. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIX. Diy. I. — Fam. 3. Fig. 3. H. gualteriana. Div. IV.—Fam.1. Fig. 1. H. dextrae Div. VI.—Fig. 5. H. glauca. Div. V.—Fig. 2. H. amarula. Div. VII.—Fig. 4. H. scarabeus, Div. XIL—Fam. 1. Fig. 6. H. decollata, Shell univalve, spiral, subdiaphanous, britiJe; aperture contracted, semilunar, or roundish. THE numerous species which compose this extensive genus are principally land or fresh water shells, a very few only being the produce of the ocean. They are generally of a delicate and brittle structure, and somes times transparent. Among the carmated Helices, which constitute the first division, may be particularised the H. lapicida, H. marginata, and H. cicatricosa. The more compressed or flattened species are usually called Antique Lamps; the H. lampas, H. carocolla,and H. lucerna are illus- trative specimens. The H. cornea and H. vortex are characteristic of the two families of the depressed species of the second di- vision. The third division is distinguished by the sub-lunate form of the aperture, and contains some of the most rare and beautiful species of the genus. Of these the H. sultana and H. hemastoma are most celebrated, the latter, in particular, for its elegant bandings and rose= colored lip. The H. pomatia is an inhabitant of the M 162 UNIVALVES —_ HELIX. woods of Europe, and was first introduced into this country by Sir Kenelm Digby, for medical purposes. The animal (which was considered a luxury by the Romans) is oviparous, and very tenacious of life; to= wards winter it covers its aperture with a calcareous lid, resembling an operculum, and remains in a torpid state until the spring. The shells of the fourth division have a ventricose form, and resemble those of the sixth division of the genus Bulla, as is there observed. The H. ovalis and H. oblonga arethe most characteristic; the eggs of the animal are perfectly elliptical, and are nearly the size of those of the common sparrow. The H. amarula of the fifth division is the only co- ronated species of the genus. The shells of the sixth division are very globose, and have their whorls much produced: the H. ampullacea may be referred to as an example. The animal of the H. ianthina, of the eighth divi- sion, has the property of emitting a phosphorescent light, and_ stains the hand of a purple color, not easily removed: they are found in great numbers, floating on marine substances. The eleventh division contains those species which are usually found in stagnant waters; they have a ven- tricose form, and are remarkably fragile and pellucid. This genus has also its turreted class, forming the twelfth division. The H. decollata and H. columna are illustrative of the two families. The most rare and beautiful species are the H.ringens, H. tricarinata, H. otis, H. heemastoma, and H. columna. There are many species of this genus which inhabit UNIVALVES .. HELIX. 163 aquatic plants, others are found on trees and shrubs, and some harbour in decayed wood. The term £\c& (Helix) as applied to this genus, is extremely indefinite, it refers only to the spiral form of the shell, and might with equal propriety be applied to any of the other turbinated genera. Divis1on L—Shell with a carinated margin on the body-whorl. Faminy 1.—Umbilicated and depressed. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Lapicida SOIC Eurepe Bieleietehersrc\elelsievetsrel Rock Snail ---. Marginata --.-- » Jamaica +++++++++- -:++» Margined - do -- Cicatricosa ----- S. Seas, China, Jamaica: Reversed-. do -« Albella --++++++« Europe, North America - Whitish -- do -- Albina clal@raiSialetatie® | sehellarcretst's A GALLOECHO Coon OO CEI Minute-white do Rotundata --e-+- England,Denmark,France Small radiated do Leevipes +++ ++ Guinea, Tranquebar +--+ Reverse-whorl'd Exilis ---++-++- - Tranquebar +++ -++++ee- White-striped do Cantiana:--++++- Britain,(particularly Kent) Kent --.--- do -- Rufesceus --++--+- England, Saxony +--+ -+- Reddish -- do -- Crenulata ----~+ England, France ------> Black-tipp'd do -- JNTMIEUR, Doct os Sadonddomsbnnndoo- sce Ringed e+ GO «« Fontana «eeeee-+ England «+-+e+++-++++- Fresh-waterdo -- Turcica ---+-+-- Mogadore, Morocco ---- Turkish --- do -- Famiry 2.—Umbilicated and convex. Cornu ++++++eee- New Zealand -----+-.-- Large horn do «+ Oculus-capri ---- Asia, Pulo Condore ---- Goat's eye: do -- IERIE Mas Gobobe Sob aoCen OU SOO OUOA EE AHOe White-reflected - Striatula-------. Algiers +++e+-+--- soeeee Striated -- do Algira+++-+++«.+ Africa,Amboyna,Jamaica Yellowish - do -- Leucas -:--. cooe 6 Affica -+-%- A eo hace Purple-lined doe: Trochoides------ East Indies-----+-++-+ -» Angular-mouth do Inecarnata +++-+»- Denmark, Germany ---- Flesh-color'd do-- M2 164 UNIVALVES— HELIX. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Maculosa «oss ses reece tere reece eveeeees Spotted Snail -- Corrugata -++++- Otaheite, Lucania +--+: Wrinkled - do -- Pellis-serpentis -- Sonth America +++++++>- Snake’s-skin do «+ Avellana +-+++++- New Zealand --+++«+++» Hazelnut - do -- Faminy 3.—-Imperforated and depressed. Lampas Sooo yromdagdeo oS ove eee nl ereieieieie Orange-lip do +e Carocolla «+ +++ America:++++++> sree Large brown do - Gualteriana --+-- Spain sores ee cere ceeees Gualter’s -- do -- Faba --2e+-+eeece Otaheite --++---- S00 0,0 Bean-shap'd do -- Famity 4.-—-Imperforated, and convex or ventricose. Vermiculata---++ Italy, Portugal --+-+----- Rough dotted do Cornu-militare -- Germany -+-++++e eee es Bugle-horn do --+ Gothica «:++++-- Sweden -:-:+:- Yedovodos Doubtful -- do -- Scabra «+-+:> eles) RVATAICA > w\clele ee vIn foe site Rough siete SLO Nere Famity 5.—Umbilicated, and aperture toothed. Punctata-------- Virginia, Saxony -++-++> Punctured- do -- Unidentata+---+- Ceylon ++ ><+++-++ees- One-tooth'd do -- Famity 6.—Imperforated and aperture toothed. Sinuata -+++-+--. America,Barbad. Jamaica Sinuous ---do-- Lucerna +--+ --» East Indies, Jamaica---- Lamp ---- do -- Lychuucus «+--+ Janiaica --+++++- eeeee++ Top-shap’d do -- Cepa seeececeeee JAMAICA sre eee cece eee Onion ---- do -- Nux-denticulata. +--+ We. ser eee cree cece eee Nut ---- - do-- “2 \Wrardiiles ls OCOD BOODUOLOOCOUGCG ae aiave\els «(als Wart-lipped ome Famity 7.—Imperforate and convex, with the aperture toothed and turned upwards. Ringens mleterocelaltete) | ARI Zi Sumesercionnte: svebevsisuel ove Grinner --- do UNIVALVES __ HELIX. 165 Famrty 8.—Umbilicated and depressed, aperture ear-shaped, dis- torted, toothed, and sinuated, with a marginated lip. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Nume. Otiah sss ysenears East Indies ----- e+ee+- Plaited Lamp -- Drviston II.—Shell depressed, and whorl coiled horizontally. Famity 1.—Umbilicated. Cornea --++-+--- Stagnant waters in Europe Horn Snail ... Similis -+-----+. Denmark, Berlin -...... Dotted .-.do.. Spirorbis ----+-- Britain, France -:..-.-.. Small concave do Polygrata™*- 25-0) Sees eer eee eee ein Many-whorl'd do Contorta-.------ Europe Moleletalotereteieieteveisiete @oiled'=22. doves Alba +:++++-++- England, Denmark ---- White -.-. do .. Crystallina ------ Ditto, Giftoe’ st... Crystal ---'do :. Cornu-arietis --- Amboyna--------...... Ram’s horn do -. Cornu-venatorium +--+ +++ eee eee esse eens Hunter’s horn do Famity 2.—Imperforate and heeled. Planorbis ereccee Europe ol wee) aim) a Celaya er ersten Notch-lipp’d do Complanata --+- Dittoge--se.c ss scceeece Flat-umbilicated Vortex ee Ditto Siele! eee) 0 000, 0.0/0 a,ieid icv Vortex stnilere do Drviston I1l.—Shell with the aperture sub-lunate. Famity 1.—Unmbilicated and depressed. Ericetorum ----- England, France, Italy -- Heath ++.» do -- 166 Scientific Name. Strigata -----+++- Incisa ..+++-+ Jes Pisanal cath bateak Nitida Tenuis Cellaria Obvoluta Zonaria eeessees Striata --ccecccce Ungulina worelele an Tealadkeoctnsimceas Citrina Rapa ee ececevee eoeeeteee ~-eeeeere eorceoeeeeg Minima-«+--s-ees Hispida opecce s cie Umbilicata Costata® +» «02 20» Pulchella Trochulus Aculeata teeeee eee see cewnee eee eeee UNIVALVES —- HELIX. Locality. Italy, England East Indies --»-.+-.. ais England, France, Spain-> England, France, Denmark Penzance, Newbury --.- Inhabits cellars France, Saxony, Italy --- Barbary, South of Europe Saxony ---+++- siafe/s) nisrsiaiele India ---.-... aeieeroaeee Europe OOO TOMAR AG GA Jamaica «+-++eee- atareyerere Minute Shells. Europe Cuvee rerecsceccce Denmark «ence: 2 swerve i ececece eeesgar ts eeee veces England avoieluialeelebeluialeiisus ; Ditto, Denmark ---- Common Name. Girdled Snail -- Slit margin’d do Pisa y.< er ei do «« Pellucid -- do-- Thin do :- Cellar ---- do-- Small white lipp’d Zoned -+++ do «« Striated -- do -- Tawny-horndo -- Brown-banded do Citron ---- do -- Single band do -- erecee Minute --- do: Hairy do + Umbilicateddo »- Cross-ribb’d do «+ Striated -- do-- Trochus shap'd do Prickly «-- do -- Famity 2.—Umbilicated and sub-globular. Castanea Globulus Lucana Arbustorum -:- Fruticum Fulva -- Nemorensis -+-+- Vittata Lusitanica -+--- Hispana Witreainesisle(isisiers Pomatia «+ -++++- eececeseces epeeeerves Tranquebar, Madagascar Tranquebar eieicleletelletalelel eye England, Denmark Denmark ceric islolsiersi=) cs Ditto «> ecccccseccseceee Bast ANGics weleleeielslsiajer's Coromandel ---; South of Europe Ditto ----;.. egeeeee sececee e@erpoeeeeseorce Britain cose ssaeoeee gs eree Chesnut «+: do «- Globular -- do -- Transparent do -+ Single streaked do Six-whorl'd do -- Amber --+- do -- Polished -- do -- Ribbon: -+- do -- Lusitanian+ do «> Spanish -++ do -- Brittle ---- do-- Edible -++- do +- UNIVALVES —~ HELIX. 167 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. | ONT EAI Sa SORE ar eoocavcooade alsyaratehelte eeees Red-banded Snail ROSH G Gort doc ciaiarcseitiat fo as sekaty acronis meisleisieteheis aie Flesh-color’d do EE HENS TA iskal oensvorsnch 3) 4: «cus sisieheuakcdavetoastelsiaioistiere Four-whori'd do Famity 3.—Imperforaie and sub-globular. Jamaicensis -++-- Jamaica -++-++ese. reeee Jamaica -+ do «> Rhodia --..-.--- Island of Rhodes ------ Rhodian -+ do - Allbatabrishessiecie) «sccccclews eu tiviwalssieaccls White. lipped do. Nemoralis.-----+- Europe So 5 S300 aigoteteet Varieds ss s* agre= Cartusiana +++... Near Paris ----++++--- Carthusian do -- Lucorum -++++++ Europe +-eree sete eeee es Brown lipp’d do Grisea eeeeee verte Europe oem e ee ee eee eee oe Grey eevee do oe Sultana --++-++. New Zealand «+++ +++ - Variegated do-- Heemastoma +--+ Ceylon ++-+-++++++ «+++ Rose-lipped do -+ [Daye yer. Bea Goer Jamaica «--«06e- aealacde 6 Milky deletes (GOs Picia ++ssee reese Amboyna, China «+--+: Painted --- do -- WIETSICOION cleiwcleie: | viclelciste) ole) oivlele) sinielololie|c) sielee Diversified do -- Aperta shorocdoe St. Croix «220 cvcccercce Gaping see Oliste Fusca --+++--ese- ESV EALINY cleleioisiel elatclalslereteiere Brown ---- do-:- Pellucida -+++++. Saxony, Denmark ------ ‘Transparent do «- Famiry 4.—Imperforate, and spire rather produced. Vivipara:+++++++ Britain cesseererereeeee Viviparous do -- Fasciata «-+.. eee Italy shiv foruh uietateleoicielsldise Banded --- do -- Dissimilis «---+-- Tranquebar --++++++++ o Black-lipped do - Angularis +-+e0e++ Canton ++ ++ +esereeeeees Angular -- do -- Famity 5.—Umbilicated and spire produced. Scalaris -------- IPPaANGO steiccicteis's) we cieisic, sic Produced - do -- Diviston IV.—Shell ovate, oblong, ventricose, and aperture ovate Famiry 1.—Umbilicated. Ovata -++++++e6» East Indies, Tranquebar- Oval----- - do-- 168 Scientific Name. Lutaria Oblonga ---+-+-- Flammea Kambeul Pileus Trifasciata Bontia oi cliereemncle Labiosa Otaheitana -----> Leva Dextra Stagnorum = --++« Obscura Lackhamensis -- Detrita Guadaloupensis - Substriata ------ seer eere eceeees ere recess ee eee esese eecerrseoe eos ee weet Recta Interrupta --+--- * Papyracea ---- Arenaria -+ Aspera wherececses eececovurere Pella ----+-+-+e0- Pupa a ereces UNIVALVES — HELIX. Locality. East & W. Indies, Africa (Canis) Son Gosod Baoposod Senegal shalslrole afevetene arc iceere Tranquebar ---+-+-+++.-- IDKii@coanksei6 sc a eee sicieis India Otaheite East Indies West Indies --+-.-+.+-46 Holland Britain Italy Guadaloupe ------- iat Britain Cr ee Famity 2.—Imperjorate. Oe i eC ee ce Rio Janeiro Rimini Coromandel Eu rope or ee sees seereseoes Iceland Mauritiana Algiers wiolatelictaleraietatelene A Sic ee ee ee rwsere ee oe ed corr, eeeseee re ery Common Name. Mud Snail Oblong - - do-- Zebra «++. do -- Kambeul-- do -- Red& yel'w strip'’d Three-banded do Brown mouth'ddo Lipped --- do-- Otaheite -- do-: Party-colord do Yellow ---- do => Barley-corn do -- Small brown do Lackham’s do -- Smooth rayed do Guadaloupe do -- Substriated do -- Straight --- do - Tesselated - do -> Fragile «++ do «+ Minute sand do -- Rough-striated do Sub-cylindrical - Small red brown Little ---- do-. Barbary--csdo ++ Drviston V.——Shell ovate-oblong, with the whorls transversely Amarula «sees - Asia, Ganges heeled and coronated. eeceereccee UNIVALVES — HELIX. 169 Diviston VI.—Shell sub-globular, ventricose, umbilicated, and aperture ovate-oblong. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Ampullacea ----- East & West ludies --+» Smooth-girdledS. Urceus --+--«+-> America ++++++seeee «+> Cocoa-nut - do -- Glauca -+++-+-++ Guadaloupe--++++++++-- Greyish brown do Lacuna --+++... Britain -++++-+++-eesee0- - Gutter lipp'd do - Division VII.— Shell with the whorls longitudinally angulated on both sides. Scarabeeus ---- - Asia, Amboyna, China - Cockchafer do -- DAR aN etelelalave eefet={ai ated Cx OV CCl oieiaic) sieve) clererai axeleterer® African --- do -- Diviston VIII.—Shell umbilicated, roundish, obtuse, diaphanous, brittle, and aperture sub-triangular. Tanthina -------- S. Seas, Madagascar -+-- Violet ---- do - Globosa ----+--- Madagascar ------- s+++ Globose--- do-: Diviston [X.—Shell conical, obtuse, distorted, the side opposite the aperture gibbous, aperture compressed. Lyonetiana ----- Isle of France ----+-+----- Lyonet’s -- do - Diviston X.—Shell sub-umbilicated, pyramidal, and summit obtuse. Epystylium -:--- South Seas -++++++--++» Bee-hive -- do-- Papilla -: eeaeenee+ copes st 0a 806 O'@ veer gerer Nipple ---- do -- 170 UNIVALVES — HELIX. Diviston XI.—Sheil ventricose, peliucid, and aperture ovate. Scientific Name. Stagnalis Fragilis --++++ +++ Palustris «+ ++++++ Fossaria Albicans:+-- «+ Putris Peregra erteseceee Limosa Truncatula ------ Inflata aintavahevatetete ie Opaca eeevoeerese Glutinosa-----«- Levigata «+--+ Balthica ---+-++. Neritoidea ------ Repanda ercisuateievers Canalisissse ccc Auricularia eeeee Consolidata ---:- Decollata eesee Truncata.--++--> Famity 1.—Imperforate. Locality. Common Name. ESritain = selec = cisisuioale Lake Snail ---- Denmark ----+-++-+es0; Brittle ---- do-- Britainmice ciehete otslecerepemmey en Marsh ---- do-- Titaiiimretstoctetetsieterleretsivers Ditch --:- do -- Hamburg sien tle Moo ale tesiolanete White ---- do «- Britain --+2-+-.seeeeee Thin yellowish do Fredericksburg, Seine -- Horny «+++ do «+ Europe AACA AE obo bat ac Rough ASS G (yuu, Saxony s+eereees beeeees Truncated » do -- IDittorerisene aie Sia wliete aie iatahets Inflated --- do -- Hamburg etatelaWotereelevetichevers Opaque sree Gonna Europe avole leita atelpietorala (elses Dusky Sooo (nos Devonshire --<«++++++--> Yellow ---- do-: Sicily OM ae AO RE BOS Sicilian «+++: do -- Britain --.+. cee eereese + Membranous do Ditto ++ +e eee e cere ee eeee Smooth flesh color Baltic ----- siolahelsteversisneiere Baltics. 1. do. es ccccece etal icislelowe(eha\alereicie Nerite-shaped do- Famity 2.—Umbilicated. Thangelstadt -+++--++++- Ventricose - do >: Britain «+ ++++eeeeee wees Channelled do -+ Britain e¢+scscrcecccees Eared ---- do=- Division XI].—TZurreted. FamiLy 1,—Apez truncated, Surinam +++seeseeese eee Flat tipp’d do -- South of Europe -+-+--- Truncated + do -- St. Domingo eplsieleeine cicis Flag ve ocles Sh ise UNIVALVES —— HELIX. 171 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Calearia ++-+-+-- East Indies ---.+-++++-- Chalky Snail -- Contoria-plicata- Denmark -++-+++++++++5 Coiled plaits do -- Famity 2.—Apex acute. Cuspidata we ceee INGA, sboocodcGocoSdoodc Pointed ---- do «- Vi Garda fava) o/t'=jorovai oh sais elnisveve srevtvercsiels siakstevelerers White-spotted do Ure cal ataccsetevcistevoia at iors, sieve ciate cretavete stelavecieictesrs Waved----do-- Wilbexacisctvelssstcinteiy stevectectievslciets sicisjinfelelletell steve - Red-markeddo -- Crenata --++++-- Madagascar ++++++++e+0s Crenated -- do -- Fuscata -+-+-+-.-- East Indies -......--- - Brown clouded do Peregrina --+++--. Britain, West Indies ---- Eight-whorl'd do Octona ------.-- West Indies ..-.-...+... Slender --- do-- Columna «e+e... saute Jamaica -+---+. Column --- do - hentia yo OGee Ot LE COOCIOORC COON OEOCE POMOC Tawny- strip’ d do Acuta «+eeseeeee Britain, France, Barbary Double-bandeddo Undata +--+. --» New Holland ---...--.-. Undulated - do - Fluviatilis------- Coromandel .++-+--- «+> River --es- do -» Turbinata --««-- Danube ------.eeeeeees Turbinated do -- Carinula---+.... Guadaloupe-+-+--+++++-+ Brown lin’'d do -+ Drviston XII1.—Shell depressed, spire flattish, aperture very large, exposing the whole inside. Perspicua+--+-+» Mediterranean --++----- Large mouth do - Haliotoidea «+++ ++++eeeeeee- cossecesees Wenus’ ear- do >> ” uit wanes’) iti Pa? aula’ aT ens Whee sy ® wali? dant ae Bee Vaaintg bot > VARY AEP eee 1. , A ay ee ' hunt ii ~t, Fos ne of “409 foltio'hs + of Bubdoce tb i005 aye vs ewe eeey 3h _ as * ! + Gir + ++ > Bora Sak Raae RI Rak +1 OP HOM THAR BIIE. oy nee eas eweres cede wan 4s OF 4) Bateeat' nebaeg 3 ata wsignne ot hobsrot x eyorth aeye hw ews nailued Yad t hae “ of A'fisel Sea acai Pek MATT OLY | ae OD 5 «sale aie Pen BOWE ont dee Hs iy sy (CIN UR Ue s “we * Myincin jennie ae Phe ee Us #8 f ny ix Sa he pbibuatothiot® vont gant 5 if ern of. fiotwlal J, ee hyde oH Heal eae ae ae Ohh sone 4hYET repr aeeeey (banana? vce hE a0) falauidin' cc ceen ei entrees ACOMOE ened es ene 6 OF Wi ah wrod cee eee Sap Re ED) |e: ’ A hg i q 4 A fe \ ‘ ¢* Ph — oy , . } é py) N \ ‘ / oe Sere “ ‘ é i 1 , , ; ‘ ih qiye wares saint cas gp Doogie “ nd 1x : obraye Aone MVS QNEAO RD : Le ty een a SR nacittgtib bh) + ae anon deat | ee OS AVIERITA . | | DRS Frnted. Zz Pe vorey 8G fer. By I MAWE, 149 Strand EF A Couch Lith-g UNIVALVES — NERITA. Lia NERITA.NERITE oR Hoor-SHELL. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXX. Div. I. —Fam. Fam. 2. Fig. 6. N. canrena. Fam. 3. Fig. 4. N. albumen. 1. Fig. 5. N. vitellus. 2. 3 Dw. Il.—Fam. 1. Fig. 2. N. corona. 2. 2 2 Fam. 2. Fig. 3. N. fluviatilis. Drv. 1II.—Fam. 2. Fig. 1. N. polita. Fam. 2. Fig. 7. N. peloronta. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous; aperture semiorbicular or semi- lunar; pillar-lip transversely truncate, flattish. THERE is considerable variation in the form and markings of the Nerite: some are spiral, with promi- nent whorls; others have their whorls partly or wholly concealed: some again are umbilicated, while others are perfectly entire and solid; and many have the um- bilicus partially covered by a repand lip, or fissurated nodule. The back of the shell is sometimes covered with strong, elevated ribs; and in a few species with spines; it is often only minutely striated, and has frequently a perfectly smooth surface, and a brilliant polish. Among those species which are umbilicated, and form the first division, may be mentioned the N. vitellus, N. canrena, (of which there are many beautiful varie- ties), N. cancellata, N. glaucina, and N. mammilla; 174 UNIVALVES— NERITA. the most common variety of the latter shell is entirely white, and has the appearance of porcelain; but the rarer inclines to a brownish orange. The species which constitute the next division are imperforated and toothless: of these the N. corona, which has its whorls crowned with spines of unequal length, and the N. fluviatilis, may be adduced as ex- amples. The species of the third division are distinguished from those of the preceding, by having one or both of the lips toothed. The N. pulligera, N. polita, N. un- dulata, N. exuvia, and N. chameleon, are characteristic of the several families. The most beautiful species of the genus is the N. polita, of which the most rare variety has three or four bright crimson bands, on a dark mottled ground, runs ning in a parallel direction withthe convolutions of the shell; they are frequently worn as ornaments by the Indians. The different species of Nerita are principally pros duced in the African, American, Indian, and European seas. This genus has received the name of Nupirne from its species having been supposed by the antient naturalists to have the power of swimming in the ocean. UNIVALVES_— NERITA. 175 Division I.—Shell umbilicated. Famity 1—With the umbilicus rather large, nearly pervious. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Vitellus «-+.eee. Mauritius,Amboyna, Asia Clouded yellow N. Punctata «+++. Mediterranean -+--+ e+ Punctured - do -- Cruentata:+------ Tranquebar «+ ++++++-++> Red-spetted do -- Rugosa -+-++..-- West Indies --++-+-+-+-- Wrinkled - do -- Mattatay ‘helsie sieis!<.« INTOTOGEO Ie oe eieleteiereyereret Cancellata -++--- West Indies --++-+--+-- Latticed -- do -- SlGataehide sisal) Se ce occessdeeaanee teas Grooved -- do «- Spadicea-+++--+-- Mauritius --------- -sees Chesnut -- do -- Rufa -eeeeeeeeee East & West Indies ---- Reddish ---do -- Famity 3.—With the umbilicus nearly closed by a callus, or by the inner lip. Glaucina --+---- Europe, Africa, America, East Indies ---+--+-+++- Livid ---- do-:- Orientalis -+---- I. Indies, Bay of Naples Eastern --+ do -- Maroccana-+---- Africa, W. Indies, Naples Wave-striped do Arachnoidea +--+ sees reece ce eere cere eee Spider's web do - Albumen «+++: Amboyna, C. G. Hope, Moluccas ----+--+--- Liver color'd do Mammilla ------ Do.Mauritius,Tranquebar Breast ---- do -- Papilla --------- N. Zealand, Tranquebar Nipple it do -- Melanostoma--++ Mauritius, West Indies -- Brown pillar do + Ambigua -++++++ Mediterranean «---++ +++ Ambiguous do -- Faminy 4.—With the wnbilicus toothed. Fulminea ---+++- Senegal, Moluccas --+-- Ziczac -++ do +- 4176 UNIVALVES —— NERITA. Diviston Il.—Shell imperforate and toothless. Famity 1.—Spinous. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Corona -++++++++ Ganges, China+++++--+» Crowned Nerite Famity 2.— Without spines. Radula ------+--- Amboyna, Tranquebar - Rough-ribbed do- Magdalena ------ Magdalen Isles ---.---++ Magdalen - do -- Gornea ee erie ciee REGU Seaiie cielelelelatsiatel=i-1e= = Horny a evel LOueys Fluviatilis --- . Europe -++e+e+eeeeeeeee River -++-- dou Littoralis -----+. Europe «seesereeeeeeeee Strand ---- do -- Lacustris ---+ -- ID}intopocioniob or Coco oa 7d S Lake «+++: do - Deans Senseedaee ff sickeie tieceeyaierain sisyayeleneveesntos Black mark do -- Marginata AD eOOO | boop EODDOO oS DoD Sono nOO4 Margined eNO. Division II].—Shell imperforate and toothed. Famity 1.—With the inner lip toothed. Palligera ------- India, Amboyna, So. Seas Reddish - -- do -- Aculeata---+-++-- East Indies ----++-+++-- Spinous --- do -- Pupa isin es eXee ete ione Ahir, cotodbuctiakbosn Black & white do Bidens ------ 2+» New Zealand ----++----- Double tooth’d do Flavescens ------ Nicobar Isles ---+---+-- Yellowish - do -- Viridis---.-..... West Indies .----.-....- Green ---- do-- Virginea++---.-. Mediterranean, W.Indies Guinea-fowldo - Turrita «+--+... West Indies -.--.----.-- Turreted - do «- Piperina siisitelsnellane IMEMP of osmiodo so ao tde Triangular spott’d Larva Wipes ee Amboyna okellelel sltaheinveheite val sss Broad band do A Ascensionis «-+-: Island of Ascension ----- Ascension. « do -- Malaccensis --.-. IMialaGoaie Usiscis cei cicin eteioie Malacca -- do =: Hieroglyphica oa East Indies toes canes Hieroglyphic do UNIVALVES —_NERITA. 177 Faminy 2.—With both lips toothed or crenated. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Polita ---++----- Asia, South Seas ---+++- Smooth Nerite -- Peloronta ------. Banda,W.Indies,Moluccas Bleeding-tooth do I RTE OOOO GOB) UB OCeIIC OC Gas Odo Oimicrrgcin Great ----- do -- Histrio --------- Hast Indies ---+--++++++- Harlequin - do -- eMeata cece er Malacca ----+++++---s- Lined ---- do-: Versicolor --+--- West Indies, Africa ----- Many color'd do - Pica---++-++-.-. RedSea, Amboyua-----» Magpie---+ do -- Stella ---de=-e-.. Past Indies »«-----+ Thin wav’d do -- Quadricolor ----- Red Sea +--+ -++eee ee eee Four-color’d do «> FamiLy 4.— With the inner lip toothed and tuberculated. Albicilla ---+--- Manilla, China, Hitoe -- Pimple-lip do -- Exuvia -+++-++-+- Jamaica, Asia, America - Exuvia --- do-- Fulgurans------.- West Indies »--++--. --- Lightning - do -- FamiLy 5.— With the inner lip toothed, wrinkled, and tuberculated. Plexa -+-++-+e06 Tranquebar, Ceylon, Ni- cobar ---.-- “bo aodc - Thrush --- do.-- Costata +--+. «-. Nicobar Isles -----.-...- Ribbed --- do -- Chameleon ---.- Banda, Moluccas ----- Chameleon do -- Undata----- ... East Indies, Africa «+--+ Waved ---- do-- N BY im ms alias os ef ry cea Te j LP se re va IM Abell vo enee Bh dim ADVRR. iA Maa AMR Raa Ale toed =. pens: acee? ’ Vs eae aibiaes Pe ad ac ey tS Bp ee | yates doo) ic9s ++ 9910K) Ihab BAW jew oes ene pens MOREL vcd ys pen eee ky . iW fvnree nha e» ecilinih seal cy: «+ ob tioat-oxtolf -\ vedoupaar'h euititwalll tse. + 0b «+++ gant Daapiiaapsoo ie ideas see oly dernd? hak . drosalot amssO oitriad, es .. ob bvsw stl ee ci ee eS esibal eal | <6 pial wt pth rislenee ap PME hat . shah ++ sivexGyy.¢ wokanrd, gin notre Phony ibis artiateh gh yo nsieu «oo ene elie Tes Sifts ee Nie ano) ish HA LLM OTE & LUZ. L.A Crown Litheg Lrinted by Towney ¥ Parfter By J MAWE, 244 Strand UNIVALVES—HALIOTIS. 179 HALIOTIS._Sera-car or Ear-SHELL. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXI. Drv. L.Fam.1. Fig. 2. H. chracherodii. Fam. 1. Pig. 4 H. iris. Fam.1. Fig. 5. H. pulcherrima. fam. 2. Fig. 3. H. asinina. Drv. I].—-Fig. 1. H. imperforata. Shell univalve, dilated, ear-shaped, generally with a longitudinal row of orifices along the surface ; spire lateral, and nearly concealed. THE general form and appearance of the shells of this beautiful genus are so similar, that it is often difficult to distinguish and arrange the species. In shape they greatly resemble the human ear; the only excep- tion is the H. asinma, which has received its name from being more elongated than any of the other species. The exterior is generally composed of rugze or tu- berculations, over which pass approximate, elevated strie; butas it is usually loaded with marine substan- ces, or much decayed and worn, this character is seldom observable. The interior of the Halictis is remarkable for its natural and splendid iridescence, which forms a striking contrast with the sombre appearance of its ex- terior. The iridescent colors are exhibited in the highest splendor, in the H. iris, H. rufescens, and H. splendens. The back of the Haliotides of the first division is furnished with a row of orifices near the margin, vary= ing in number from eight to thirty-eight; of these from N2 180 UNIVALVES——HALIOTIS. three to seven are generally open, and the others per- fectly closed. The H. parva is remarkable for the large elevated rib or angle on its back. The second division consists of the imperforated spe- cies. The H. imperforata, which has an ovate form, with an exserted spire, and prickly ribs, is a charac- teristic specimen. The species which may be noticed as rarieties of the genus are the H. pulcherrima, H. glabra, H. australis, H. parva, H. imperforata, and H. impertusa. The Haliotides are found on the shores of Europe, Africa, and India, where, like the Limpets, they adhere to the rocks, from which they are with difficulty removed. The name of the genus is derived from adAc wra sed= ears, in reference to the habitat and form of the shell. Diviston 1.—Shell perforated. Famity 1.—Rouwndish or ovate. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Midze --+++++-+-- East Indies, Mauritius, Cape of Good Hope - Midas’ Ear Pulcherrima -- --- King George’s Sound -- Beautiful -- do -- Virginea ------.- New Zealand ----+----- Iridescent - do - Tuberculata ---- Europe, West Indies ---- Common -- do -- Striata-----..-+.. Asiatic Ocean, Barbary - Wrinkled - do -- Bistriata -------- Africa +e+++.e. se ee sees Double-lined do - - Varia +--+ +++: Last Indies --+++++++--- Rough-striated do Marmorata------ Africa, East Indies ----- Marbled -- do -- Glabra -+ «+--+. South Seas .--+---.-+--- Smooth mottled Australis «+--+. New Zealand ----+.-- -» Rough plaited do Gigantea eeeeee N. Holland, N. S. Wales Gigantic -- do -- | filha oe bad - New Zealan dre «te vterom Indica --++-+-+-- East Indian Seas -+-+---- Indian ---- do -- Vitellina «2-212 2 cecncr rece wee erees en reee _ Yellow - = aotme Levigata BOW COR SOOt COO CDS whsioilefalsiielRiols love " White- re ddo - Surinamensis:--- Surinam --+---+++-- ---e- Surinam -- do-- Punctulata ---++- «+6. distavelstsvereyo rte’ s Ri citaVe’ aievete Dotted ---- do -- Notata ----+-> «-- Mediterranean, W. Indies, Atiri@aasiekeleteicvatelclensteiers Wheat-sheaf do - Girciatanceelcleicte lelei-\bstsl=felele(Releltelal-Volntelatslic White cross do -- Reticulata ------ Maliiferntanakn see ee eens Reticulated do -: @e@a, wicleisees =< Norway Thoebo0 Sri oe tee White border’d do Virginea -------» Ditto, Swansea -----+--- Purple rayed do Tessellata ------ Norway -----++-++> cess Tessellated do -- lich weanomesr osc Norway efeteteteicleteletetellcfel sts Orange tawny do Ambigua -++++-- New Holland ---------- White duck’s bill Umbellata -----: China, Mauritius ----.-. Parasol --- do -- Drivisron L1.—Shell with the margin angular, or irregularly toothed. Laciniosa «------ Amboyna «-+-+++++-9++. White-eyed do -- JUVE By Sed G6bes | “oolao an soqscensu onneooDOS Plaited ---- do Monopis -------- West Indies -----+-+--- - Chesnut streaked Saccharina------ Amboyna, China, C. G. Hope MeleiisteneVertelensinvers Stamssetemete do -- Angulosa aiskcncipiane Proyenteucie ca cilolslelsiei Angular oa ele oe Repanda -----.-- Island of Cerigo -+-----+ Small sun - do -+ OLN CAS a6 OA inGooto aos od ec games onod Thin amber do -- Margaritacea --- Iceland, Patagonia --.--- Great sun - do -- UNIVALVES— PATELLA. Scientific Name. Barbara -----«-- Cypria Oculus-Capri --- eee re eens Pentagona . Granularis -+---- Granatina Chlorosticta ---- Tigrina----.-... Ornata Melanogramma - Ferruginea Crenata Sanguinolenta - -- Ulyssiponensis -- Radiata Lugubris Vulgata Ceerulea ------ E Tuberculata ---- Cochlear -- este tees Locality. Falkland Isles---------- Mauritius, New Zealand Mediterranean, Africa, France sbyeae ces csc. Mapeane C. G. Hope: - S. Europe, Mauritius, do. ARnpite) Sodoc co odes oo Magellan, Falkland Isles Africa, Lisbon, Mediter. Africa, Mauritius Lisbon: ««« «+ @iibils a5 0 Nicobar & Molucca Isles Provence, Cyprus Europe soe eee ee eee eseee Ditto, Mediterranean New Zealand --.-- eters 187 Common Name. Toothed Limpet - White-ribb’d do - Goat’seye + do - Five-angled do - White-grained do Garnet +. do. Pigeon’s throat do Tiger do -. Adorned -- do .. Black ribb’d do . Rusty reeee GO e- Little grey do .. Rose-streaked do Buckler --- do .. Radiated -- do .. Black ---. do .. Common -- do -. Blue «sss. do. White pimpled fio Horseshoe do -- Division I1l.—Shell with the summit perforated. Pustula Greeca wee eeresce Nodosa ----++++5 cose ee tees Caftra Pileolus Scutellum Picta ---+++-eree* Nimbosa ia miele: epaie Nubecula ----:-- Porphyrozonias - Macroschisma -: - sete wees Norway, Greenland ---- Mediterranean, W. Indies West Indies, Africa ----- Barbadoes -% ose ke i «re CY Falkland Isles Ditto, Magellan eevee ee Perforated - do - Doubtful -- do .. Cancellated do -- Black ring. do - ‘Tuberculated oe Partridge - do -- African - -do-- Open cap -- do -- Scutcheon do -- Painted --- do «- W. Indies, Africa,S.Europe Scaly-ribb’d do - Mediterranean, Jamaica- North America -+---- a Japan Variegated do -- Porphyry + do -- Keyhole -- do -- 188 UNIVALVES — PATELLA. Division [V.—Shell with the summit pointed and recurved. Scientific Name. Ungarica Militaris -------. Antiquata Cochleata Calyptra Intorta Cassida «--+++-++.% Tranquebarica -- Mammillaris ---- eeerse conven ee ee cue Fissurata - Locality. Mediterranean, Britain -- West Indies, England - -- Ditto - South Seas N. W. Coast of America S.Seas, W. Indies, England S. Seas, France Tranquebar, Batavia »--- So. Seas, Mediterranean, West Indies ----+++-- N. Zealand, Ceylon -- Common Name- Fool’s-cap Limpet Hooked -- do:- Antiquated do - White- pels ao) Helmet --- do - Inclining -- do -- Lentil-seed- do -- Brilliant -- do -> Nipple ---- do -- Leucopleura -++- West Indies -------+---- Small- fares do - Tricarinata ----- New Zealand ----+----- TThree-keeled ef Pectinata -----«- Mediterranean --------- Spined --- do-- litkecel ines. asD wirooumooocodacopdccan ac Yellowish brown J iivenvicadang a6 cl Amboyna Sleliais|eteieje * Sie/aim - Yellow. .--- do «« Perversa -++-++2 Africa -+++++sscereeees Reverse tipp’d do Lacustris -+-+--- Lakes in Europe ------- Lake ---+: do -- Oblonga:----+-- Rivers in Europe ------- Oblong --- do - Diviston V.—Shell with a marginal fissure. Fissura -+--++++- Britain, Algiers -----++-- Slit -+«--. do :: Incisa ------+++- Falkland Isles -------.-- Reticulated slit do Rose-color’d do Diviston VI.-—Shell with an internal appendage at the summit. ee eeeoe Equestris Neptuni Tectum Dine esa iveliain Sinensis -++++++> E. & W.Indies, Amboyna Cup-&-Saucer L. So. Seas, St. Domingo Batavia, China-:---- ‘snes Britain, Mediterranean, Batayibaructsristetetcioieiedere Neptune’s Cap do Chinese roof do :- Chinese bonnet - > UNIVALVES —— PATELLA. 189 Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Auriculata ------ Batavia,W.Indies, Borneo Ear-shap’d do -- * Duplicata Sloterstan, seelerele Sie aislevelatetene senate sisters Double ---- do -- Diviston VII.—Shell with an internal transverse partition. Trochiformis ---- Falkland Isles,Tranquebar ‘Trochus-shap’d do SPIROCHOIG ES ata die sdb oS ato) sional lolol lakers! rtatelatsioteus Wave-ribbeddo - Neritoidea ------ Mauritius, Indian Ocean Chambered do -- Porcellana ------ Indian Ocean, Goree --- Brown spot do -- Fornicata --+---- Mediterranean, ditto---- Slipper --- do -- Aculeata ---+--- Mauritius, W.Indies---- Spiny ribbed do - Goreensis -:+----: (GOoreGie eins cicteotecractoletele Sandal c.s0dous> Crepidula ------ Mediterranean, Barbary Transparent white Ne ‘ ( ' rT) i » A ‘| Oasy u . i i . . | Meet! 0 psn Mia." eae HUN, eth posta i Wysuan RB oo Car Re i nA pn Ate Tver wee " * thts aeoetORRO aglow f 1 = tob bigadiaat osnatl asihal. VE sive e of 2. Sle Sey hee rs Vek epee eh ues is ag « 5) armen fi We : Nash . Waenkhihu aceeyr ie) \paraias as, Adie Volt Ob b'qade-wiinor? sutaipagr? eed banblint Te ia ‘ Patel SA cad A * : - GATSO rt sa oe AMM | ate See? ae: ‘arOb bradiad’> dev vated tee nOb Jana AOTE (+> WIDE) vie eS Sy 19t i « abybaddit yada Ae SSNS ‘ay N26 , DIG NTALLOAA « L483. Lt. Couch Lithog LFrinted bv Rowney SForfeer. By I MAWE, 14g Strand, UNIVALVES —_ DENTALIUM. 191 DENTALIUM.—Toorn or Tusk-SHext, DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIII. Fam. 1. Fig. 1. D. aprinum. Fam. 1. Fig. 4, D. elephantinum. Fam. 1. Fig. 2. D. striatum. Fam. 2. Fig. 6. D. politum. Fam. 1. Fig. 3. D. dentalis. Fam. 3. Fig. 5. D. entalis. Shell univaive, tubular, straight, or slightly curved, with an undi- vided cavity open at both ends. THE shells of this singular genus resemble an ele- phant’s tusk in miniature. The principal distinctions are inmagnitude, curvature, and the number of ribs and grooves with which some of the species are marked. The species of the first family are distinguished by longitudinal ribs, which in the D. elephantinum gene- rally amount to ten. The D. striatum differs from the D. elephantinum, in having eight ribs, and the inter- stices striated. The D. rectum, though nearly allied to the D. ele- phantinum, is a straight shell, and therefore easily dis- tinguished from it. The next family comprehends those which are striat- ed annularly : of these may be mentioned the D. poli- tum, which is finely pointed, solid, and often of a rosy or pinkish color; and the D. eburneum, which is gene- rally an inch and a half long, of a reddish or pale yel- low color, with the tip frequently tinged with orange or pink. The shells of the third family are smooth, or cover- ed with strize, so minute that they cannot be discovered without the aid of a magnifying glass. The D. pellu- 192 UNIVALVES —— DENTALIUM. cidum is very narrow and thin, and is of a pale topaz color; it is remarkable that this shell does not effer- vesce in acids. The Dentalia are principally found in the Indian and European oceans; and a few in the Mediterranean and Northern seas, The term Dentalium has been applied to this genus, from the marked resemblance which its species bear to a tooth (Dens). Faminy 1.—With longitudinal ribs. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Nume. Rectum -------:- Indian Seas ---++++++++- Straight Tooth S. Elephantinum --- Indian & European Seas, Mauritius --+++- +++ Elephant’s- do -- Aprinum ---++--- Indian Seas -----++++++- White ribbed do Striatum ----+--- Sicily, Cornwall-------- Striated -- do -- Dentalis ---+---> Mediterranean, Amboyna, West of England ---- Curved striated do Fasciatum -+-..e. Sicily alisvel sfeVareialsieistataiel stele Banded --- do -- Imperforatum --- Sandwich, Falmouth --. Minute-truncated FamiLy 2.--With annular striae. Politum -.------ India, Sicily --------.-- Ring-striated do - Eburneum ------ India-+-++-++++++seeeeeee Smooth-ivory do - Trachea ---+---- Milton in Devonshire -- Minute Windpipe Famity 5.—Smooth. Entalis ---++--- - Britain, India, Norway -- Common -- do -- Corneum ------- African Ocean --+-+-+++- Horn-color’d do - - Gadus ---+-++-++-- British Channel ---+---- Hake’s ---- do -- Minutum ------- Mediterranean, Devon -- Minute---- do -- Pellucidum ----- North Sea -+-+-- cece - Pellucid --- do-- SERPULA . LG. Crouch Litheg Printed, by owner SFagfller. q AO Strand. UNIVALVES——SERPULA. 193 SERPULA.— WormM-SHELL. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIV. Div. I.—Fig. 4. S. contortuplicata. Dw. Il.—Fig. 2. S. anguina. Dy. I].—Fig. 1. S. lumbricalis. Drv. Il.—Fig. 5. S. retorta. Dy. I[].—Fig. 3. S. aquaria. Shell wnivalve, tubular, generally adhering to other substances. THE construction of the Serpule is extremely irre- gular, and the groups they form are no less diversified. They are invariably tubular, and sometimes present themselves detached, either straight or twisted, but more frequently in clusters spirally entwined, adher- ing to a variety of other substances. The colors of the Serpulz are generally nee pur- ple, yellow, tawny, pink, or white, and sometimes tinged with green. Of the species which are attached to extra- neous substances and form the first division, some are isolated and others collected into large masses, contain- ing many hundred spiral and twisted tubes, curiously interwoven: the shells of the former class have their whorls nearly contipuow, and resemble some of the Helices: such are the S. spirillum and_S. spirorbis. The S. vermicularis is an illustrative example of the aggregated species. The second division has also its isolated and aggre- gated species; to the former belong the S. protensa and S. lumbricalis, which is a flexuous shell, with a spiral O 194 UNIVALVES —_SERPULA. acute tip, and very much resembles a cork-screw. One of the most remarkable species is the S. anguina, which has a slit or jointed cleft along the spiral convo= lutions of the shell. The S. muricata has also a lon- gitudinal fissure, and is armed with short spines or prickles; it is usually of a rosy or pink color, and sometimes has its aperture margined. The well known but rare species the S. aquaria, forms the third division. The larger end of this shell is clos- ed by a convex disk, with numerous small perforations, and generally a longitudinal one in the middle; the whole encircled by a dilated margin of elegant pa- pyraceous tubes, resembling a beautifully plaited ruff or frill; the smaller end is open. The Indian, African, American, and Northern oceans, supply many species; as also the European, Mediter- ranean, Adriatic, and Red seas. Serpula is derived from Serpo, to creep, in reference to the vermiform character of some of the species. Diviston I.—Attached to other substances. Scientific Name. Locality. Common Name. Spirillum ------- Europe +++ +++ ++ ++ee ees Minute-spiral S. Triquetra --+-++« Ditto, America -------- Three-sided do -- Intricata -.++-- : Mediterranean, Britain-- Intricate -- do -- Corrugata «+++. Devonshire --+-++--+++ +» Wrinkled - do - Contortuplicata - Europe, Mediterranean-- Twisted -- do -- G@oreensis'eceesa-o (Goree Utes Baia. TAR Goree ---+- do -- Glomerata ------ European Seas -------++ Glomerated do - Conica ++++++--. America, Amboyna --+- Conical --- do «+ Vermicularis ---- Britain --+++-+++++++-+-- Round ---- do -- Tubularia ------ Devonshire .-.-.--+.+--- Tubular .-: do -- UNIVALVES —SERPULA. 195 Scientific Name. Denticulata ----- (cred «5.66 owes Stellaris ------.- Planorbis ------- Minuta, cis. 2ssie Spirorbis ------- Carinata--...-.- Granulata -----. Cancellata -.---- Heterostropha -- - Lucida ----.- “Oliver luge a oom Semilunum ----- Incurvata ------ Cereolus -+-.---- Nebulosa «------ Lumbricalis ---- Arenaria -++++:- I Nig OD AGODOCOE Wolvoscte cc «lcci Anguina Sadencce Muricata ----- ot Annularis ---+-+- Retorta eee clare < Cornu-copie ---- Decussata ----«+ Proboscidea --- Protensa --+----- Locality. Europe ereceewew ene reovee East Indian Seas .------ Caribbee Isles ------++> Minute Shells. Greenland -----+-+-+++ee- Europe Tulletal ofaftereleiaisieltetsrere i ee er ee ee ed Greenland -----+- Bieetovers Britain --+++-+. She, weteavers eo ee ewes e Fe ee os West Indies -+---+-+-+-- American Seas -+-+++-+- Amboyna -+++++++++++-5 ee cesreereo sero eescee E. Indies aietehat orate sia elere ele\s Ditto, China, Sicily ---+- Indian Ocean ---+-.-+++> Mediterranean --------. Mauritius, in stones ----- Barbadoes, America ---- Common Name. Toothed Serpula - Boot-sbaped do -- Great ----- do :- Platiccree == wae ; Minute ---- do - Tapering -- do -- Keeled---- do -- Grained --- do -: Grooved -- do -- Reversed + do -- Shining -- do -- Glossy --- do -- Small reed do -- Incurved -- do - Bougie ---+ do -- Clouded tawny do Cork-screw do -- Sandy --+- do -- Smooth brown do Caterpillar do -- Serpent --- do -> Prickly --- do -- Ringed snake do Retort-shap’d do - Cornucopia do - Decussated do - Proboscis -- do -- Lengthened do -- Division Ill. With a radiated border and perforated disk. Aquaria eieiehec oie tole Amboyna, Red Sea ----- O02 Watering-pot do : X tenet id tes htt ae PS Da mr rt ANG Cae at eon eee wyedsinere see fa re he bee A ELS et i i ee acy So Rese. < SR ARS es A Br set at ec Gb, a Beipoiel iitndans ve nig n tobmaaosent eg ge x SE BY i f Nh 0 Ra OR i i thal Bight a Be ; SRROUEY He phy i Con pes tie Po ait ne we a albing <=d.-®) EBT ene etal bi Poh"), ; Panel: aisha wie aAurhe a Cees fe eet. LON. ae ANS sabpip Par 96 ents bahnols) + pox en am ganiioalt ae peg ‘se Ole wert 2900) Reeser eerie yy, ":1) Pim ued ke vr a Wee WEWARIE tpl bee eae oes ifort asian ORF earth AMORA OE hve iMac i + siete ie on ligt RUS re OH xt yw ORY + =. Siaata te we ion en 9 etigie’ sn Hitt: OMICE) (0 ob! vila whan we thee nes dnt) nailpink “ peta tani wes Be ts Se PRT Loerie (GRD Gaale-tyols it) 28 bib cient ro vt 7 ab pigortier’) ons * enol Rr) a 4 tol Bal fle bie VesiBndakel 35 oh e08 Re ik ‘ Nae iseaeteat POP hry ere eelig ey i PAU eb eit hectesasinvisinin Denia Ne nomenroctann ty “1 re NEY, key) oe Hy levine oy Mah a ve Mul ah oy . ; Fev wh ny ce Aas ” 91 TAF 9 ie Mai A Shae irgaay el Bek Aviby hatnrediog, ‘one ‘ein: hatnibwe 4 inition un obs Soqpguriayta eee boll havo A or | ) i rata fe dy eu Pri iy 7 ; > LLY LR LEDO . El Crouch Lithog Lrinted: by Lowney VE oyfler. By I MAWE 14G Strand, UNIVALVES,.— TEREDO. 197 TEREDO.—Suie-W orm. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXV. Fig. 1. Section of the T. navalis, exhibiting its chambered structure. Fig. 2. Tubular valve of the same. Fig. 3. The animal which inhabits the tubular part, shewing the head and terminating valves affixed to it. =I a g. 4. A valve detached from the head, illustrating its interior form- ation. Fig. 5. Ditto, terminating valve. Fig. 6. A group of the T. navalis embedded in wood. Shell tapering, flecuous, and capable of penetrating wood. THERE are but four species of this genus at present discovered. The T. gigantea* is the largest species known, hav- ing been found exceeding five feet in length: it is nearly straight, and tapers towards one end, at which an interior tube is visible. It is a native of the Island of Sumatra, where it is found embedded in indurated mud. Some of the largest specimens seen in this coun- try are said to have been thrown up by an earthquake. The next species is the T. navalis, or common Ship- worm, a very thin, cylindrical, and smooth shell, varying in length from four to eight inches; it is generally a little twisted, and rather obtuse or blunt at the tip. It has the faculty of penetrating the stoutest oaken planks of ships’ sides, by means of two valves affixed to the * Sir E. Home has written a very scientific and interesting description of this singular shell.—See Phil. Tran. Feb. 13, 1806. 198 UNIVALVES —— TEREDO. head of the animal, resembling the Pholas; it also has two smaller valves of an ovate form, at the other extremi- ty. The destructive effects of this little animal would frequently occasion the loss of the largest vessels, were it not from the singular fact of their generally perforat- ing the wood in the direction of the grain. The T. utriculus is also cylindrical, undulated, and solid; it is usually about seven inches in length, and found in wood that has lain some time under water. It is white, subpellucid, very much bent, and gradually tapering; the aperture is ovate, divided in the middle by a partition. The last species is the T. clava, which is found in the seminal vessels of the Xylocarpus Granatum; one end is clavate, the other incurved, narrower, obtuse, and perforated in the middle: the shell is generally flex- uous, and has a brownish color; the exterior is rough, but within it is perfectly smooth. It is nearly two inches long, and about half an meh in diameter. The generic name Tcondwyv (Teredo) is derived from TEoEW, tO bore. Scienttfic Name. Locality. Common Name. Gigantea --:--- Sumatra, Ceram -:----- Gigantic Teredo Navalis --+--+++- Sides & bottoms of Ships Ship ---:-- do -- Utriculus ---+--- Wood in the Sea -:-+--- Timber --- do -- Clava s+rrseeres Coromandel .---- se +. Club-shap’d do «- ae ane pial been Whale x nF ina, Adhere war Wp it ON Aimee Genie WSO WA Vat Reda ih Loam 7 i mae! “abate eel SOUL Ae rang ti toni Mi. ae acetone anh: a ih ei ie Nica bie oS ont | tee ave ie ed: 4 7 Sh atinde: Pel ony 4 het anid iat shen" aa Sted ee ee 7 ik meats mia we wiih ne ONG hi rans : we. SABELILA . EC CrowuhTithog Printed by Kowney For fier By I MAWE, 14G Strand. UNIVALVES_— SABELLA. 199 SABELLA.—SaBELLA. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVI. Fam. 1. Fig. 1. S. alveolata. Fam. 1. Fig. 2. S. belgica. Fam. 1. Fig. 3. §. chrysodon. Fig. 4. A fragment of a gigantic specimen of the preceding species. Shell tubular, composed of particles of sand, broken shells, and ve- getable substances, united toa membrane by a glutinous cement. THE covering of the animal of this very extraordinary genus is composed of fragments and particles of different marine and vegetable productions, adhering to a tubu- lar membrane: some are detached, and others are affix- ed by the base. The S. ammoniata is covered with fragments of the Cornu-Ammonis; the S. Indica, with particles of quartz; and the S. clavata, with various small stones. The S.alveolata consists of numerous parallel tubes, communicating by an aperture, forming when in mass the appearance of an honey-comb; the tubes are nearly straight, and from two to three inches long: it ad- heres to rocks in extensive clusters. The S. rectangula is one of the largest of the genus, and often measures nine inches in length. The S. vegetabilis, and S. arundinacea are covered with fragments of twigs, the bark of stems, and broken pieces of the Tellina Cornea. The greater number of the species inhabit the rivers and fresh waters of Thuringia and Belgium, and the remainder the Indian, American, Northern, and Euro- pean seas. Sabulum, whence Sabella is derived, signifies fine 200 UNIVALVES —_SABELLA. gravel, of which the habitations of most of the species are composed. Famity i.—Composed of grains of sand, stones, or shells. Scientific Name. Locality. Scruposa --+++++- India, American Islands - Scabra ose sarecne America -- «++. ates AL Be Alveolata -.-..-. Kurope canodo04 cnpsaDos Chrysodon ------ European & Indian Seas- Belgica -++--+--- European Coasts ------- Rectangula Gh Moo | oMooiomsaeo aoto, one ee Capensis ---+-.-+ Cape of Good Hope - Nigra chelsieVereielelelo Thuringia shaletelaielste rst sy aiate Stagnalis aldrerenenite IDriti@vos5o.c coat os colakas Wonies ate se sie QnA Molatetetetaehaetrete ete Uncinata ------- Thuringia -------+---+-- Sabulosa -----+--- Ditto, Belgium Ammoniata «+--- ENE BS PRENSA Merk a Gare © ete Helicina -------. Thuringia ----+++-)----- IDiniidiata edicts Oe Ditto cabo ekesriaie esis Pal isRevoreseian centers [DH BECO Sy tlessis hea Glavatal srs Dittoretemcie. eroetetctetete Marsupialis HS VRAD Y | erste beWarcope ier ete CMahiate. cvomelp tere Norwegica ola Siem. Norway ee ee cece vre sees Lumbricalis:---- Greenland Seas ---++++-- Indica + .---- Indian Ocean ---+--) ++: Common Name. White sandy S. Rough ---- do -- Honeycomb do - - Pebble ---. do - Tubular -- do -- Rectangular do - - Cape dase do:- black ooceeda River.-.--- Gore. Conic --»- do. Hooked -- do- Gravel---- do; Ammonites do -- Helix .--.. do -- Divided -- do -. Stony --:-do-.- Club-shap'd do -- Sooty exere tie doi Norway --- do -. Coarse --- do -- Indian ---- do-- Famity 2.—Composed of vegetable substances. Vegetabilis ----- Thuringia --------.+++- Corticalis -.----. Ditto. cect eece bh eee Arundinacea --+- Ditto---- Aculeata ---++«-> ID iiiou dboton Song 50 0cg8 THE END- Vegetable - do -- Barkaetere «ete Gout Reed ----- do Twig ehasaias do a 201 GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN CONCHOLOGY. Acuminated, terminated in a sharp point. Anterior, (in Univalves) the part which forms the spire : — (in Bivalves), see Margin. Aperture, the orifice or opening of the shell; it is called an- gular, when its circumference has several angles: bz- marginated, when the right lip forms a double margin: coarctate, contracted: compressed, flattened: gaping, when one of the extremities is wider than the other: linear, when narrow, and the length greatly exceeds the breadth: trans- verse, when the breadth is greater than the length. Apex, the tip or small end of a shell. Articulated, (applied to Multivalves), when the different pieces of which the shell is composed are so strongly united, that they appear to form one shell: (when applied to Bivalves), see Teeth. Auriculated, having ears. Base, (applied to Multivalves), the part on which the shell is supported: (to Univalves), the most elevated part of the shell opposite to the spire. 202 GLOSSARY. Beak, Beaked, having the extremity of the base of the shell elongated and contracted in the form of a beak. Bearded, when the epidermis is of a bristly or hairy nature, (see plate 13. fig. 2.) Bifid, forked. Byssus, a hair-like substance formed by some of the auimals of Bivalves, by which they attach themselves to extraneous bodies. Callous, indurated. Callus, a thick excrescence. Canal, the prolongation of the mouth ina kind of groove or gutter, as in the Murex and Strombus. Canaliculated, channelled or grooved. Cardinal, see Teeth. Carinated, having the form of a boat's keel. Cartilage, see Ligament. Cartilaginous, resembling a ligament. Chambered, when the shell is internally divided by partitious, parallel to the aperture. Ciliated, surrounded with parallel filaments. Clavate, club-shaped. Columella, that part of the shell round which the whorls turn. Compressed, (in Bivalves), when the valves are nearly flat, or flattened. Concamerated, see Chambered. Convolute, when the whorls turn round a lengthened cone, nearly vertical to each other. Cordiform, heart-shaped. Coronated, having the apex surrounded with a row of tubercles or spines. Crenated, Crenulate, having blunt teeth. Decollated, having the spire or upper part of the shell trun- cated transversely. GLOSSARY. 2038 Decussated, intersected by striz at acute angles. Dentated, having teeth. Diaphanous, transparent. Digitated, having projecting claws. Divaricated, obliquely striated. Dorsal, belonging to the back. Ears, external projections on the sides of the hinge, (see plate 14. fig. 2.) Effuse, having the lip separated by a gutter. Emarginate, having the margin excavated by a canal. Epidermis, the outer skin or covering of a shell. Equilateral, when the anterior and posterior parts of a shel! are exactly similar. Equivalve, (applied to Multivalves), when the two principal valves have the same form, size, and position: (to Bivalves), when the two valves are exactly similar. Exserted, very thin or slender. Fissure, a notch or slit, (see plate 32. fig. 1.) Furrow, a gutter or groove running parallel to the hinge in Bivalves. Fusiform, spindle-shaped. Gaping, (in Bivalves), when the valves do not shut close: (in Univalves), when the lower part of the lips is distended. Gibbosity, a swelling. Gibbous, swelled. Glabrous, smooth. Hinge, the part where the valves are united, and generally furnished with one or more teeth: it is said to be compress- ed, when it is formed of one compressed tooth: lateral, when placed on one side of the shell: reflected, when its edges are folded over the exterior margin: terminal, if situ- 204 GLOSSARY. ated at the extremity of the shell: and truncated, if the beaks of the shell appear to have been transversely cut off, and the teeth of the hinge fixed to this part. Hispid, covered with hairs, as in the Helix Hispida. Imbricate, when the surface is covered with scales partially covering each other. Imperforate, having no umbilicus. Inequilateral, when the anterior and posterior parts of the shell are dissimilar. Inequivalve, when the valves are dissimilar. Involute, without a spire, as in the Patellee. Keeled, see Carinated. Labium, see Lip. Lenticular, when the valves are round, and diminish in thick- ness from the centre towards the edges. Lid, see Operculum. Ligament, amembranous substance which connects the valves : it is both interior and exterior in the generality of Bivaives. Linear, when the length of the shell is greater than its breadth, and its form not cylindrical. Linguiform, tongue-shaped. Lip, (in Univalves), the sides of the aperture: (in Bivalves), the exterior edge of the valves. Lunar or Lunate, having a crescent form. Margin, the edge of the sheil: anterzor, the space in which the ligament is situated: posterior, the space on the other side of the hinge: superior, the space between the anterior and posterior parts. Marginate,(in Univalves), having the sides of the shell thick- ened: (in Bivalves), surrounded with an elevated margin. Mouth, see Aperture. GLOSSARY. 205 Muscular Impressions, ave the marks made by the muscles with which the animal adheres to the shell, as in the Com- mon Oyster. Obovate, nearly oval. Obsolete, obliterated. Obtuse, blunt pointed. Operculum, (in Multivalves), the stellular valves which shut up the superior orifice: (in Univalves), the part which ex- actly fits into the aperture and encloses the animal. Orbicular, forming an entire circle. Papillary, having the apex rounded. Papyraceous, of the thinness of paper. Patulous, gaping. Pectinated, when the longitudinal ribs on the anterior surface form acute angles with the transverse striz. Peduncle, a tendinous substance belonging to some of the Multivalves, by means of which they adhere to solid bodies. Pillar, see Colwmella. Pillar-lip, that side of the aperture in which the columella is situated. Pisiform, pea-like. Plaited, when the columella is toothed, as in Volutes. Posterior, see Margin. Reticulated, like net-work. Retuse, when the lower whorls are pressed into the body. Rostrum, see Beak. Rugose, wrinkled. Scabrous, rough. Serrated, toothed like a saw. Semilunar, like a half-moon. 206 GLOSSARY. Sessile, low, dwarf. Sinuous, waved. Sinus, a deep cut, as in the lip of the Murex Babylonius. Slope, the side from the beaks. Spinous, having prickles or thorns. Spire, is formed by the whole of the upper whorls. Stria, lines, flat or slightly raised: they are called longitudinal, when they run from hinge to margin: transverse, when in a contrary direction: and concentric, when they form seg- ments of circles. Subcordate, approaching the form of a heart. Subpellucid, not quite clear. Subulate, tapering. Superior, see Margin. Suture, a toothed joint. Syphon, a prolonged tube running through the partitions of chambered shells. Teeth, (in Univalves), angular plaits, as on the pillar lip of Vo- lutes: (in Bivalves), pointed protuberances within the hinge, by which the valves are united. They are called: alter- nate, when the teeth of one valve are received between the teeth of the other valve: articulated, when the tooth is re- ceived into a corresponding cavity in the opposite valve: cardinal, the central tooth or teeth of the hinge: compress- ed, when flattened: erect, perpendicular to the plane of the hinge: forked, having the point divided into two: Jon- gitudinal, when it extends along the margin. Tubercle, a protuberance or knob. Tuberculated, having elevations resembling warts. Tubular, (applied to Multivalves), when the greater part of the shell is cylindrical. Turbinated, when the belly of the shell is large in proportion to the spire, which seems to proceed from the centre, GLOSSARY. 207 Valves, the different pieces which compose the shell. Varix, Varices, longitudinal elevations or ribs, formed by the junction of the different additions the shell has received. Ventricose, beliied. Vermiform, having the form of worms. Vertex, the top or point of a shell. Imbilicated, having a hole in the base of the pillar. Umbo, the summit. Undulated, waved. Whorl, a spiral convolution. FINIS. LONDON: PRINTED BY W. M‘DOWALL, PEMBERTON ROW, GOUGH SQUARE. THE FOLLOWING WORKS HAVE BEEN RECENTLY PUBLISHED, BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. PATERNOSTER-ROW ; AND BY THE AUTHOR, MR. MAWE, 149, STRAND. 1. FAMILIAR LESSONS on MINERALOGY and GEO- LOGY, with numerous coloured Plates, price 73. The-Descrip- tions of Minerals and Rocks are accompanied with References to the Plates, and illustrated in an easy and agreeable Manner, so that the Learner may become immediately acquainted with the Characters of the various Substances to which his Attention is di- rected. Fifth Edition. 2, NEW DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of MINERALS, with Dracrams of their simple Forms, after the Jate Professor Clarke’s System. Fourth Edition, price 7s. entirely re-written, on a Plan calculated to facilitate the Arrangement of Collections, 3. INSTRUCTIONS for the MANAGEMENT of the BLOW- PIPE, ACIDS, and CHEMICAL TESTS; explaining the best Mode of employing them in the Analysis of Minerals, With an Appendix from Berzelius. Third Edition, Embellished by an explanatory Frontispiece, price 4s. 4, The SHELL-COLLECTOR’S PILOT, or VOYAGER’S COMPANION, with an elegant coloured Frontispiece, and Plate of Insects. This little Work is peculiarly adapted for Voyagers in general, pointing out the Places where the best Shells were found in a Voyage round the World, and during a period of Sixteen Years which the Author passed at Sea. Price 5s. Third Edition, 6. 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CoLuecTions, more extensive, from Twenty to One or Two Hundred Guineas. */* Practical experiments will be shewn, and every informa- tion given to assist the learner in his pursuits. Gro.ocricaL CoLtecrions, censisting of Specimens belonging to the Primitive, Transition, Secondary, Floetz Formations, &c. with the Alluvium from the Gold Mines in Brazil, shewing the nature of the soil in which Gold and Diamonds are found, from Two to Ten Guineas. Grotrocicat Cotzecrions, from Friburg, consisting of from 150 to 200 Specimens. Curmicat Tesrs for ascertaining Minerals. Blow-Pipes, OneShilling each. Fragments for the Blow-Pipe or Microscope, Agate Mortars, Steel do., Platina Forceps and Spoons, Magnets, Electrometers, Knives, Glass Tubes, Retorts, Hammers of various sizes and forms: and whatever is requisite to the Mineralo- gist and Geologist. Fluor, Strontian, Barytes, Molybdena, Uranium, &c. for Chemi- ca] purposes. Lapidaries’ Apparatus, complete, for cutting, slitting, and palish- ing hard stones. With toels fer polishing soft substances, asSuELLs, &e. Amateur Lapidary, or, a Practical Description of the use of the Lapidaries’ Apparatus, with coloured Frontispiece. Gentlemen abroad, desirous of exchanging Shells or Minerals, Mr. M. will be happy to correspond with theny, and receive con- signments. SHELLS. Aw extensive variety of the finest speeimens, price marked on each. Cottecrions of Suetts for students, shewing the Genera, at various prices, from Three Guineas to Twenty, as the Specimens are more or less Numerous and Select. 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