'

FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

A LIST OF THE BIRDS

OF ^ g

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

BY

Glovei' M. Allen.

From tliE PrDCEEdings Df the ManchestEr In-
stitute Df Arts and Sciences,
Ynl, IV, 1BD2,

MANCHESTER, N. H.

NATURE STUDY PRESS.
1903.

r-ri c

CONTENTS.

Introduction , 23

Literature 25

The Faunae Areas of New Hampshire 36

Migration 54

Annotated L,ist of the Birds of New Hampshire 62

Introduced Species 187

Postscript 188

References to Literature 194

Index • 205

THE BIRDS

OF

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

BY GLOVER MORRILL ALLEN.

INTRODUCTION.

In the following pages an attempt has been made to bring to-
gether a list of the species of birds known to have occurred with-
in the State of New Hampshire during historic times, together
with a general account of their distribution, faunal position, times
of migration, and, in case of the rarer species, a detailed list of
the known instance of occurrence. The present list can be at
best only preliminary, and there remains much yet to be done
in the way of obtaining more complete information as to the de-
tails of distribution and migration, and particularly so in the case
of the water birds.

In addition to much that has been already recorded in many
books and periodicals, a considerable body of unpublished facts
relative to the birds of the State is here included, based not only
on the writer's personal observations, but also on those of a num-
ber of ornithologists who have contributed most generously of
their notes, and to whom due acknowledgment is made.

The sequence of names and their spelling are strictly those of
the American Ornithologists' Union, instead of those used by Mr.
R. H. Howe, Jr., and myself in the " Birds of Massachusetts, "
since it is believed that the use of the order more commonly
adopted will make the list more convenient as a working basis
for more complete catalogues. The distribution of the breeding

3

24 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

birds of the State is given so far as possible, faunally, the limits
of the faunal areas being elsewhere defined. Extralimital mi-
gration dates are given in parentheses. Care has been taken to
exclude from the list all doubtful records, or those resting on an
unsubstantial basis, hence the frequency of the words " taken "
or " captured " in connection with many of the records. A re-
cent writer has deplored the killing of rare or uncommon birds
in order to establish positively a " record" and, indeed, it is to
be regretted that such a necessity exists. Accuracy, however,
demands that the young ornithologist or the beginner shall sub-
stantiate in some acceptable wa}^ his often hasty identification
based on a passing glimpse of a bird with which he is perhaps
quite unfamiliar. To merely record one's belief that a certain
rare species was observed is in most cases of no value whatsoever
and should be more carefully guarded against than is at present
done. The trained naturalist, who appreciates at what pains
facts are determined, is content to leave unrecorded that of which
he is in doubt. Of much greater value is it to establish one new
fact in the life history of a common bird, than to record the ac-
cidental presence of a species far from its normal range.

It remains. to express my thanks to all who have contributed
to the present undertaking, and especially to Mr. William Brew-
ster of Cambridge, Mass., who has generously contributed a num-
ber of observations on water birds ; Dr. Walter Faxon of Cam-
bridge, Mass.; Mr. W. E. Cram of Hampton Falls; Mr. G. H.
Thayer of Monadnock ; Mr. C. F. Goodhue of Webster ; Mr. V.
D. Lowe of Randolph ; Mr. W. M. Buswellof Charlestown ; Dr.
W. H. Fox of Washington, D.C-; Mr.F. H. Allen of West Rox-
bury, Mass.; Mr. Ralph Hoffmann of Belmont, Mass.; Mr. R. H.
Howe, Jr., of Brookline, Mass.; Mr. H. W. Wright of Boston,
Mass., for their generosity in supplying many valuable notes from
their observations in various parts of New Hampshire.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 25

LITERATURE.

The first printed reference to any New Hampshire bird appears
to be that of John Josselyn, in 1672, in his " New England's Rar-
ities Discovered In Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, and Plants
of that Country. ' ' He describes ' ' the pilhannaw, or mechquan,
much like the description of the Indian ruck; a monstrous great
bird; a kind of hawk, — some say an eagle; four times as big as
a goshawk; white-mailed, having two or three purple feathers in
her head, as long as geese's feathers they make pens of. The
quills of these feathers are purple, as big as swan's quills, and
transparent. Her head is as big as a child's of a year old; a very
princely bird. When she soars abroad, all sort of feathered
creatures hide themselves; yet she never preys upon airy of them,
but upon fawns and jaccals. She ayries in the woods upon the
high hills of Ossapy, and is very rarely or seldom seen. " It is
generally supposed that this " princely bird, " whose home was
among the Ossipee hills, or higher peaks beyond, must have
been largely fabulous. Doubtless, as suggested by Dr. Tuck-
erman, Josselyn's bird was but a confused conception of the gold-
en eagle, the bald eagle, and the great blue heron. The purple
feathers are supposed to indicate the heron, and the white head
and tail of the bald eagle may meet the conception of a " white-
mailed " bird ; the habit of preying upon fawns perhaps indicates
the golden eagle.

After this brief mention, I have found no further reference to
the birds of New Hampshire until 1792, over one hundred years
later. In this year appeared Jeremy Belknap's " History of
New Hampshire," in the third volume of which is given an ac-
count of the natural products of that portion of New England.

26 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

Here is given the first list of New Hampshire birds that has ap-
peared in print. One hundred and twenty-two species are list-
ed by their English and Latin names as then used, and eight
other names are included among the addenda, on the authority
of one Mr. Peck. Considering that this list was prepared long
before the days of the " A. O. U., " when there were no popular
handbooks nor guides beyond Linnaeus' Systema Naturae, one
cannot but be impressed by the care and accuracy shown by the
compiler, here as elsewhere in the volume. Of these one hun-
dred and thirty names, probably at least five are but repetitions,
and of the rest, there are but seven or eight whose identit}- may
not be guessed at with more or less confidence. Belknap con-
sidered no less than four of the species he listed, to be new to
science, and these he distinguished by new specific names in a
style of type different from that used for the specific names of
the other species. These four "new" birds were: — "Speck-
led Woodpecker, Picus macu/osus," "Large Spotted
Plover, Charadrius maculatus," " Winter Sparrow, Frin-
gillagrisea" and " Brown Flycatcher, Muscicapa fusca."

It is of course impossible now to determine in how far Bel-
knap's identifications were correct, and one may reasonably
question the occurrence in New Hampshire, even in those days,
of such birds as the " Carolina Woodpecker, Picus carolinus"
and the " Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor. " It must be borne
in mind, however, that great changes in the ranges and relative
abundance of many birds must have taken place since Belknap's
day. No other State list of New Hampshire birds has since
been published, and because of its unusual interest as a scrap
of earl)' literature on the subject, it is reprinted herewith, verba-
tim et literatim, the probable identity of each name being indi-
cated by the Latin combination in brackets following : —

" Of birds we have a great variety. The following catalogue
is the most full, which has been collected, but cannot boast of
perfection.

BALD Jvaci.i;, Falco lcucocepludus [Haliaetus

leucocephaiuB l.

OK ARTS AND SCIENCES.

^7

Brown Eagle.

Large Brown Hawk,
Hen Hawk,

Pigeon Hawk,

White Owi.,
Spkckled Owi,,
Barn Owf„
Bird Hawk,

King Bird,

Crow,
Blue Jay,

Hang Bird,
Red-Winged Black Bird,

Goeden Robin or Goed Finch,

Crow Beack Bird,

Cuckow,

Great Red Crested Woodpecker,

Swallow Woodpecker,
Red Head Woodpecker,

White Back Woodpecker,

Carolina Woodpecker,
Wooly Back Woodpecker,

White Tail Woodpecker,

Speckled Woodpecker,
Nut Hatch,
Kingfisher,
Creeper,

Humming Bird,

Swan,

Falcofulvus [Haliaetus leucoceph-

alus, juv. ].
Falco budsonius ? [ Buteo sp ? ].
Falco sparverius? [Accipitercoop-

erii ? ].
Falco columbarius | Falco sparveri-
us].
Strix nyctea [ Nyctea nyctea |.
Strix aluco [Syrniu.ni nebulosum].
Strix passerina "[Megascops asio].
Lanius canadensis [ l.anius borea-

lis],
Lanius tyrannus? [Tyrantmstyran-

nus],
Corvus corax [Corvus americanus].
Corvus cristatus [ Cyanocitta crista-

ta].
Oriolus icterus [Icterus galbula].
Oriolus phceniceus [ Agelaius phce-

niceus].
Oriolus baltimore? [Icterus galbu-
la? ].
Gracula quiscula [Quiscalus quis-

cula seneus].
Cuculus americanus? [Coccyzus

erythrophthalmus].
Picus pileatus [Ceophlceus pilea-

tus abieticola],
Picus liirundenaceus [ ? ].
Picus erythrocephalus [Melaner-

pes erythrocephalus],
Picus auratus [Colaptes auratus

luteus].
Picus carolinus [ ? ].
Picus pubescens [Dryobates pubes-

cens medianus].
Picus villosus? [Dryobates villo-

sus? ].
Picus maculosus [ ? ].
Sitta canadensis [Sitta canadensis],
Alcedo alcyon [ Ceryle alcyon ] .
Certhia pinus ? [Certhia familiaris

americaua],
Trochilus colubris [Trochilus co-

lubris].
Anas cygnus [Olor columbianus].

The swan is the largest of the aquatic tribe which is seen in
this country. One of them has been known to weigh 36 lb. and
to be six feet in length from the bill to the feet, when stretched.
Naturalists have different opinions respecting the music of the
swan. The tame swan of England is said to be silent; and Dr.
Goldsmith seems to think the accounts of the music of the wild
swan fabulous. What is deemed fabulous in Europe, is often

PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

realized in America. It is certain that our swan is heard to
make a sound resembling that of a trumpet, both when in water
and on the wing;.

White Head Coot,

Brown Coot,
Black Duck,
White Goose,

Bluish Goose,

Brant or Brent,
Wit.d or Black Goose,

Anas spectabilis [Oidemia perspi-
cillata].

Anas fusca [Oidemia sp. female? ].

Anas nigra [Anas obscura? ].

Anas erythropus [Chen hyperbo-
rea]i

Anas cserulescens [Chen cserules-
ct-iis].

Anas bernicla [Branta bernicla].

Anas canadensis [Branta canaden-
sis].

This is the bird which Dr. Hill calls the Swa?i goose. It is a
bird of passage, and gregarious; the form of the phalanx, when
on the wing, is that of a wedge. By the mixture of this with
the common goose, a mongrel breed is produced, which is more
valuable than either of them singly. The wild goose, though
it migrates from one part of the continent to the other, yet has
its local attachments. One of them, which was caught in the
spring, and kept in a farm yard with a flock of domestic geese,
when the time of its migration arrived, took the first opportuni-
ty to join a flock in their passage to the southward; but at the
return of spring, came back and alighted in the same yard with
four young ones, which she had produced in her absence.

The brant is rare in New-Hampshire; but in the bay of
Massachusetts, is found in great abundance.

Ska Duck,
Dipper,

Oi.hwiFE,

QUINDAR,

Whisti.hk,
Widgeon,

Mallard, or Sprig- i
t ailed Duck, J

Lord and Lady, or )
Sea Pigeon, i

Blue Winged Teal,

Green Winged Teal,
GREY Wood Duck,
Wood Duck,

Anas mollissima [Somateria dres-
sed].

Anas albeola [Charitonetta albeo-
la].

Anas strepera? [Harelda hyema-
lis].

Anas bucephala? [Clangula clan-
gula americana].

Anas clangula? [Clangula clangula
americana].

Anas penelope? [Mareca america-
na].

Anas acuta [Dafila acuta ?].

Anas histrioiiica? [Histrionicus

histrionicus].
Anas discors [Qucrquedula dis-

cors].

Anas [Ncttion carolinensis].

Anas sponsa [Aix sponsa].

Anas arborea | Aix sponsa].

OF ARTS AND SCIKNCES.

29

Cream coloured i
Shki-i.dkaki:. 1
Red Beeeied SheIvEdrake,

Pyed Sheeedrake,

Penguin,

Water Hen, or Water Witch,

Pelican,

Mergus merganser? [Merganser

americanus],
Mergus serrator? | Merganser ser-

rator],
Mergus castor ? ( Lophodytes cucul-

latus ].
Alca impennis ( Plautus impennis ].
Alcaartica? [Colymbusor I'riasp.].
Pelicanus onocrotalus occidentalis

fPelecanus erythrorhynchos].

The Pelican migrates from its native country, the Missisippi
[sic], far to the northward. It has been seen in New-Hamp-
shire. The American Pelican is not a distinct species from the
Pelican of Asia and Africa but, a variety only.

Shag,

Gannet,
Loon,

White Guee,
Grey Guee,

Mackeree Guee,

Tee-Arr, or Fishing Guee,

Crane,

Stork,

Beue Heron,
Skouk,

White Heron,
Woodcock,

Wood Snipe,

Grey Cureew,

Large Speckeed \
Cureew, j
Humility,
Marsh Bird,

Rock Bird,

Ox-Bye,

Beach Bird,

Beack Breasted Peover,

KlLDEE,

Pelecanus graculus? [Phalacroco-

rax sp.].
Pelecanus cassanus? [Sula bassana].
Colymbus immer [Gavia imberj.
Larus canus [Larus argeiitatus].
Larus fuscus ? [Larus argeiitatus

juv.].
Larus ridibundus [Sterna hirun-

do?].
Sterna minuta [Sterna antilla-

rum?].
Ardea canadensis [Grus mexica-

na].
Ardea ciconia [Nycticorax nycti-

corax naevius].
Ardea caerulea [Ardea herodias].
Ardea viresceus [Ardea virescens].
Ardea alba [Ardea egretta?].
Scolopax rustica [Philohela mi-
nor].
Scolopax fedoa [Helodromas soli-

tarius?].
vScolopax totauus [Numenius bore-

alis?].
Scolopax lapponica [Numenius

hudsonicus].
Triuga interpres ? [ ? ].
Tringa moriuella ? [Tringa macu-

lata?].
Tringa maculata [Actitis macula-

ria].
Tringafulicaria ? [Ereunetespusil-

lus?].
Tringa arenaria [Calidrisarenaria].
Charadrius hiaticula [Squatarola

squatarola].
Charadrius vociferus ? [iEgialitis

vocif era ] .

30 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

Pyed Plover, Charadrius apricarius [.^gialitis

semipalmata ?].

Large Spotted Plover, Charadrius maculatus [ ? ].

Peep, Rallus carolinus [Porzana Caro-

lina?].

Wild Ti'Rkkv, Meleagris gallopavo [Meleagris

gallopavo fera].

Wild Ttirkies were formerly very numerous. In winter
they frequented the sea shore, for the sake of picking small fish-
es and marine insects, which the tide leaves on the flats. Josse-
lyn, who resided eight years in the Province of Maine, and
wrote in 1672, says, that he had eaten part of one, which, when
prepared for the spit, weighed thirty pounds , and Wood, who
visited the country earlier, and wrote in 1639, speaks of some
which weighed forty pounds. They are now retired to the
inland mountainous country. Dr. Goldsmith doubts whether
any of this breed have been tamed in America. They certainly
have been tamed ; but they are degenerated in size by their
domestication, scarcely an}- being more than half so heavy as
those above mentioned. The turkey is a rambling bird, and
runs with great speed on the ground. The tame flocks fre-
quently wander, and cannot be fatted till the snow prevents
their excursions.

Growse, Tetrao [Cauachites canaden-

sis canace].

The growse is rarely seen, as there are no dry heaths in
New-Hampshire, but on the tops of the largest mountains,
which are seldom visited by man. This bird has a red head,
is larger than the partridge, and its flesh, though red and dry,
has a high flavour, and is very tender.

Quail, Tetrao virginiaiius [Colinus virgin-

ianus].

PARTRIDGEi Tetrao marilandicus [Bonasa um-

bel 1 us togata].

The partridge is very common in our woods. Some of our
epicurean gentry have begun to fear, that its race will be too
soon extinct ; hut there is no danger. This bird is very prolific ;
it is common to find twenty- of its eggs in a nest ; and it has sev-
eral coveys in a season [ ! ]. QrAii,s are equally prolific. In
the southern and middle vStates, the quail is called a partridge,
and the partridge a pheasant The true pheasant is not a
native of our wilderness. The late Governor Wentworth
brought several pairs of pheasants from England, and let them

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 3 I

fly in his woods, at Wolfborough ; but they have not since been
seen.

Wild Pigeon, Columba migratoria [Kctopistes

migratorius].

Wild pigeons come in the spring, from the southward, in
great flocks, and breed in our woods, during the summer
months. They choose the thickest parts of the forest, for the
situation of their nests. Josselyn says 'they join nest to nest,
and tree to tree, hy their nests, many miles together, on the
pine trees.' In the journal of Richard Hazzeyi, who surveyed
the Province line, in 1741, there is this remark ; 'for three miles
together, the pigeons nests were so thick, that five hundred
might have been told on the beech trees at one time ; and could
they have been counted on the hemlocks, as well, I doubt not
but five thousand, at one turn round.' This was on the west-
ern side of Connecticut river, and eastward of Deerfield river.
Since the clearing of the woods, the number of pigeons is
diminished.

Turtle Dove, Columba carolinensis [Zenaidura

macroura].

Sky Lark, Alauda alpestris [Otocoris alpes-

tris].

Marsh Lark, Alauda magna [Sturnella magna].

Robin, Turd us migratorius [Merula mi-

gratoria].

Thrush, Turdus rufus [Hylocichla sp. ?].

Thrasher, or Mock Bird, Turdus orpheus ? [Toxostoma ru-

fum.

Cherry Bird, Ampelis garrulus [Ampeliscedro-

rum].

Cross Bill, Loxia curvirostra [Loxia curviros-

tra minor].

The cross bill is a bird rather larger than the sparrow ; it
is common in the western and northern parts of the State.
The upper and lower parts of its beak cross each other like a
pair of shears, by which means it cuts off the stalks of wheat
and rye, and then lays the side of its head to the ground to pick
the kernels. The female is of a shaded olive colour. The male
is of the same, but tinged with red.

Snow Bird, Emberiza hyemalis ? [Passerina

nivalis and Junco hyemalis].

The snow bird is smaller than a sparrow, and appears in
little flocks, in the winter, enlivening the gloom of that dreary
season. They perch on the tops of the spires of dead grass,

32

PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

above the snow, or on spots of bare ground, or on the bushes
and trees. They are seldom molested, as one of them is
scarcely a mouthful ; but they have the same delicate taste
as the quail. Besides the snow bird, the crow, the blue
jay, the wood pecker and the partridge, have a degree of
hardiness, equal to the severity of our winters, and are then
seen flying; all others avoid it, by seeking a timely retreat.

Emberiza oryzivora [Dolichonyx

oryzivorus].
Tanagra rubra [Pirauga erythro-

melas].

BOBLINCOLN,
RED^LlNNET,

Cheeweeh,

Fringilla erythrophthalma ? [Pi-

pilo erythrophthalmus].
Friugilla tristis? [ Astragalinus

tristis].
Fringilla grisea [Spizella monti-

cola?]
Fringilla? [Spizella socialis].
Fringilla [Melospiza mclodia].
Fringilla.
Muscicapa crinita [Myiarchus cri-

nitus].
Muscicapa canadensis [ ? ].
Muscicapa carolinensis [Galeo-

scoptes carolinensis].
Muscicapa/w.wtf [Sayornisphcebe]
Muscicapa flaya [Regulussatrapa].
Motacilla icterocephala [ ? ].
Motacilla sialis [Sialia sialis].
Motacilla regulus [Regains calen-
dula].
Motacilla trochilus [Troglodytes

aedon].
Parus bicolor [ ? ].
Parus americanus [ ? ].
Parus atricapillus [Parus atricapil-

lus].
Parus virginianus [Dendroica co-

ronata].
Parus pendulinus? [Vireo oliva-

ceus? ]
Hiruudo riparia [Riparia riparia].
Hiruudo purpurea [Progne subis].
llirundo subis [Hiruudo erythro-

gaster].

The SWALLOW appears in April, and disappears in August.
It was formerly supposed to migrate, but the evidences of its
retiring to the water, or marshy ground, and there remaining
torpid, during the winter, are so many, that this opinion is now
generally received.

Chimney Swallow, Hirundo pelasgia [Chretura pelag-

ica].

Yellow Bird,

Winter Sparrow,

Chipping Bird,

Spring Bird,

Several species of Sparrows,

Crested Flycatcher,

Hedge Bird,
Cat Bird,

Brown Flycatcher,
Yellow Crown,
Grape Bird,
Blue Bird,
Crested Wren,

Common Wren,

Crested Titmouse,
Blue Titmouse,
Tom Teet,

Yellow Rumped Tom Teet.

Little Hang-Bird,

Bank Swallow,
Black Martin,
Barn Swallow,

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.

Whip-Poor-Wiw,,
Night Hawk,

Caprimulgus europseus
stomus vociferus].

Caprimulgus americanus
deiles virginiauus].

33

[ Antro-

[Chor-

Additions to the zoological catalogue by Mr. Peck.

Pigeon Hawk,
Fish Hawk,

Horned Owi,,
Old Wife,

Murr,
Petteril,

Large Spotted Loon,
Dobchick or No Tail,

Falco subbuteo [ ? ]

Falco haliaetus [Pandion haliaetus

carolinensis].
Strix bubo [Bubo virginiauus].
Anas hyemalis [Harelda hyema-

lis].
Alca torda [Uria lomvia].
Procettaria pelagica [Oceanodroma

leucorhoa ? ] .
Colymbus glacialis [Gavia irnber].
Colymbus podiceps [Podilymbus

podiceps].

For nearly seventy years after Belknap's list, we find practi-
cally nothing on New Hampshire ornithology, save a few scat-
tered notes of little importance. After this long season of qui-
escence, however, comes a period of considerable activity among
our ornithologists. In 1869 and 1870, Mrs. Celia Thaxter con-
tributed a series of articles to the Atlantic Monthly, entitled
" Among the Isles of Shoals," and these contain much of inter-
est in regard to the bird life of that locality. In 1870, also, as
part of the appendix to William Little's " History of Warren,"
is found a mainly nominal list of 143 birds, which, however,
appears not to have been the result of original observation, and
is of no special importance. In 1872, appeared the first really
scientific paper of note upon the birds of New Hampshire, that
of Mr. C. J. Maynard on the Birds of Coos County, N. H., and
Oxford County, Me. This list, with its all too brief annota-
tions by the author, supplemented by a few notes from Mr.
William Brewster, still remains the only list of birds of the
northern part of the State. In Volume I of Hitchcock's Geol-
ogy of New Hampshire, published in 1874, is found a list of
birds then regarded as more or less characteristic of the faunal
divisions of the State, but it is not clear whether these are to be
considered as birds actually observed in New Hampshire. An

34 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

interesting article on the Summer Birds of the* White Moun-
tain Region, by H. D. Minot, is found in the American Nat-
uralist of 1876. Herein are detailed notes on the birds ob-
served by him at Bethlehem, constituting one of the first impor-
tant papers on the avifauna of the White Mountains. At about
this time, also, valuable lists of birds, with annotations, from
Webster and Hollis, appeared in Forest and Stream, the result
of observations by Mr. C. F. Goodhue and Dr. W. H. Fox re-
spectively. During the next decade much valuable data relat-
ing to the birds of the State was contributed in the form of
notes or short articles in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornitholog-
ical Club, notably by Messrs. T. M. Brewer, William Brewster,
Ruthven Deane, W. H. Fox and H. M. Spelman. In 1887 ap-
peared Dr. A. P. Chadbourne's Dist of the Summer Birds of
the Presidential Range, followed the next year by two short
lists of summer birds seen at Holderuess, Bethlehem and Fran-
conia by Messrs. W. Faxon and J. A. Allen, and a third list,
in 1889, of the summer birds at Bridgewater and Moultonbor-
ough, by Mr. F. H. Allen. These catalogues were fairly com-
plete and added much to the knowledge of a region but little
studied at that time. In these years, also, appeared a number
of short articles by the lamented Frank Bolles, dealing in a pop-
ular way with the wood life of the Chocorua region. These
essays were later brought together into book form in an attrac-
tive volume entitled " At the North of Bear Camp Water."
Since 1884, a number of delightful essays have appeared from
time to time, in the Atlantic Monthly, from the pen of Mr.
Bradford Torrey. These deal chiefly with the life of the Fran-
conia region, and have done much to stimulate interest as well
as add to our knowledge of the flora and fauna of this part of
the mountains. These articles are also to be found collected in
several small volumes, such as "The Foot Path Way," " Foot-
ing it in Franconia," and others. An attempt has been made
at Dartmouth College to arouse interest in the study of the local
flora and fa*ma. and to this end there appeared, in 1891, a List
of the Vertebrates Found within Thirty Miles of Hanover.
This seems to have been intended only as a preliminary cata-

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 35

logue, and gives no specific records or dates, while including a
number of species whose occurrence in the vicinity is much to
be doubted. The plan of mapping and studying the local
fauna is, however, a most commendable one and well merits
further extension. Beyond the few occasional notices or short
articles dealing with New Hampshire birds, published in the
Auk and other journals or books, the most important of recent
contributions to the ornithological literature of the State are
mainly in the way of local lists. Chief among these are Mr.
Ned Dearborn's Peliminary List of the Birds of Belknap and
Merrimack Counties, in 1898, and the Preliminary List of Birds
Observed in the Vicinity of Manchester, by Messrs. F. \V.
Batchelder and E. H. Fogg, in 1900. The former of these in-
cludes 191 species, is well annotated, and forms a most welcome
contribution. A number of the less common species are includ-
ed 011 the authority of Mr. C. F. Goodhue, of Webster, a care-
ful and trustworthy observer. The Manchester list, though
meager in its annotation, is, in the main, reliable, and evidences
care in preparation. Neither list attempts to give exact dates
of migration or of special records in most cases. A. still more
recent contribution to the knowledge of the birds of central
New Hampshire is a list of birds observed about Newfound
Lake, prepared by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, in 1901. A few
other short local lists, published here and there by amateurs,
attest to the increasing interest in the study of 'birds, though
the beginner's eagerness to make a " record," or his too hasty
and often erroneous identifications frequently detract much from
the value of such contributions.

At the end of the present list is given a bibliography includ-
ing such references only as have been found of value for the
purposes of the present paper. These, however, are believed
to include practically all articles of importance in this connec-
tion, though a number of minor titles are omitted. It has
not been possible, however, to consult, in this connection,
the "Hawks of New Hampshire" {Manchester Union), 1893,
and the " Museum Bulletin " ( Weirs), 1886, of whose existence
the writer knows only at second hand.

36 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

THE FAUNAL AREAS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The State of New Hampshire is roughly triangular in out-
line and stretches from the northeastern boundary of Massachu-
setts northward to Canada. It lies in central New England,
between latitudes 42deg., 40mm., N., and 45deg., i8min.,
23 sec, N., and includes a great variety of country. In his ac-
count of the topography of the State, Hitchcock ('74) distin-
guishes six natural divisions. At the extreme southeast is
what he terms the Coast Slope ; here the land gradually rises
westward from sea level along our limited shore-line to the
slight divide of from two hundred to four hundred feet, rimming
the Merrimack basin. To this area belong the Isles of Shoals,
some of which are politically a part of the State of Maine.
Beaches and salt marshes occur along the coast, and numerous
small hills rise on the inland slope. The second division is that
of the Merrimack basin, embracing much of the drainage area
of that river from the White Mountains and Winnipesaukee
districts southward, and broadening out towards Massachusetts.
Its western rim is the long ridge which borders the Connecticut
valley on the east, and which is really an extension of the White
Mountain region. This ridge culminates at the south in Mt.
Monadnock (3166 ft.) but a few miles from the Massachusetts
line. The Connecticut valley forms the third district. The
river itself is the western boundary of the State, and much of
its basin lies in Vermont. Its broad, sweeping meadows,
hemmed in by the ridge on the east, mark it off distinctly from
the rest of the State. The source of the stream is the Conuec-

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 37

ticut Lakes in Coos County. A number of side streams flow in
from the east, the largest being the Ammonusuc, whose source
is among the White Mountains. The fourth and smallest dis-
trict is the Winnipesaukee basin. Lake Winnipesaukee is the
largest sheet of watei in the State, and has nearly as many au-
thentic spellings as it has islands. Professor Hitchcock states
that the district itself is normally a plain, on which are imposed
four small and isolated mountain masses, viz.: the Gunstock
and Belknap mountains, Red Hill, 'the Ossipee hills^and Green
Mountain in Effingham. Much of the land area is of dry, sandy
plains, supporting a considerable growth of pitch pines (espe-
cially about West Ossipee) as well as thickets of gray birch and
bear oak. These sandy plains stretch northward to the fifth
district or White Mountain area. This embraces the highest
peaks in the State, and New England as well. Professor Hitch-
cock distinguishes ten separate groups of mountains, of which
the chief are : the Sandwich range on the south, including the
peaks of Chocorua, Passaconaway, Whiteface and Sandwich
Dome ; the Twin and Lafayette group on the west, with Moos-
ilauke (481 1 ft.) slightly apart to the southwest; the Carter
group on the east, including a number of peaks_from North
Kearsarge to Mt. Surprise at Gorham, and culminating in Car-
ter Dome (4860 ft." . Finally, there is the great central mass
of the Presidential range. This includes six peaks of over 5000
feet altitude, viz.: Monroe, Clay, Jefferson, Adams, Madison
and the majestic Washington itself, towering up, 6291 feet
above sea level. Of the large rivers rising among these moun-
tains, may be mentioned the Ammonusuc, flowing to the Con-
necticut, the Pemigewasset, which becomes tributary to the
Merrimack, and the Saco, which flows eastward outside our
boundaries, crosses Maine, and empties into the Atlantic. The
sixth and last topographical district is that of the extieme
northern part of the State, and includes most of Coos County.
It is mountainous, though peaks of over 3000 feet are excep-
tional. Much of it is yet primeval forest, and it is but sparsely
settled. Two depressions enter this area from the south. The
first follows the Androscoggin river up to Lake Umbagog

38 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

(1256 ft.) ; the second follows the Connecticut up to the Con-
necticut Lakes at 16 19 ft.

LIFE ZONES.

From the foregoing, it is at once apparent that New Hamp-
shire offers unusually diverse conditions of environment, from
the sand dunes and salt marshes on the coast and the broad
valley bottoms of the southern and central portions, to the con-
iferous forests of the north and the small, yet not inconsiderable,
Alpine areas on the summits of its highest peaks.

There are represented by the fauna and flora of the State no
less than five life zones, characterized by their peculiar species
of animals and plants, as follows : —

Upper Austral. The slight trace of an upper austral element
forms no stable part of our fauna, and may be considered as in
large measure fortuitous. The White-eyed. Vireo ( Vireo nove-
boracensis) is stated to breed rarely at Manchester, which,
perhaps, might not be surprising when we recall that this is the
single location in the State, according to the chart given by
Hitchcock ('74). whose mean temperature during June, July
and August is 70 deg. F., the temperature which practically
limits the upper austral zone to the north (Merriam, '98, p. 55).
This record, however, is open to some doubt. No upper austral
birds are actually known to breed in New Hampshire, though
several have been recorded as stragglers. Thus, on August 7,
1880, a pair of Carolina Wrens {Thryo thorns ludovicianus) was
observed at Rye Beach by Mr. H. M. Spelman, and in the Con-
necticut valley, near the southwestern border, the Orchard Ori-
ole {Icterus spurius) has been recorded from Brattleboro, Yt.
(Howe, :02). New Hampshire cannot be said, however, to in-
clude any considerable area of upper austral territory, and the
occurrence of species characteristic of this zone is limited only
to such plainly isolated cases.

Transition. This is an area of interdigitation and overlap-
ping of the ranges of northern and southern species, and
includes much of the open valley land along the courses of the
larger rivers up to about the 600-foot level, or even locally to

OF ARTS and SCIENCES. 3y

1,500 feet in favorable valleys of southern exposure. In general,
it embraces the low area along the coast, a large tongue of low
country following the Merrimack and its side valleys, to the
sand plains of Lake Winnipesaukee and the valleys which
penetrate still farther to the foot of the White Mountains.
The bottom lands of the Connecticut are also to be included
within the Transition area so far up at least as Lancaster, and
Transition species work up the side valleys even to the north
side of the White Mountains. The Androscoggin valley also
brings Transition forms into the low country to the northeast
of these high mountains. In the northern part of the state,
the Transition area is limited rather closely to the flood plains
of the rivers and the cleared or settled portions of their banks
near at hand, for the sub-Canadian woods here come down to a
low altitude. From an examination of the map illustrating the
climatology of the state in Hitchcock's Geology of New Hamp-
shire, it is seen that this area coincides in a general way with
that included by the summer isotherm of 65 deg. F. as an
upper limit, thus showing close agreement with Dr. Merriam's
('98) determination that the isotherm of 64 deg. F. (summer)
is the southern limit of the Canadian zone.

The effect of clearing off the heavy primeval forest by man
in his progress up these same valleys has doubtless been to ex-
tend in great measure the Transition area. Thus, among the
White Mountains, where, within historic times, stood lofty
forests on the rich valley floors, are now broad meadows where
Bobolinks, Vesper Sparrows, Savanna Sparrows, Red-winged
Blackbirds, and less often, Meadowlarks find congenial surround-
ings, and Indigo Buntings, Song Sparrows, Field Sparrows,
Catbirds, Brown Thrashers, Kingbirds, Least Flycatchers, Bal-
timore Orioles and even Wood Thrushes summer in the after
growth of bushes, or among the open orchards and shade trees
about the farms. As an instance of a species which is even
now clearly to be observed thus extending its range, may be
noted the Chestnut-sided Warbler {Dendroica pcnsylvanica) .
On several occasions I have found an isolated pair or two of

4

40 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

these birds inhabiting the new growth of bushes and vines far
in the forest, sometimes within a year or so after the clearing of
a patch of heavy timber. The complete change of the cleared
territory within a short time, from a dense, damp spruce forest
inhabited by a northern fauna, to a dry, sunny, and sheltered
area of deciduous bushes and vines, leaves it for a time almost
unoccupied, but the keen competition for the available territory
of support must soon force the discovery of the new region by
those organisms fitted to inhabit it. Thus it is that some birds
already living close at hand, such as the Canadian Ruffed
Grouse, White-throated Sparrow, Slate-colored Junco, Mag-
nolia and Black-throated Blue Warblers, are quick to spread
into a forest clearing, while a more southern species, such as
the Chestnut-sided Warbler, must take much longer to discover
the spot and settle there in any numbers. Among the White
Mountain valleys, we sometimes see in the same grove, this
meeting of northern and southern species. Thus in the Saco
valley at Intervale, in a large and rather open sugar-maple
grove, I have found such species as the Screech Owl and the
Wood Thrush summering with the Mourning Warbler and the
Hermit Thrush. Here, evidently, is not a condition of stable
equilibrium. In some years, I have missed the Mourning
Warblers from the grove altogether, while again I have found
three pairs in an area so small that the males of all three might
be in hearing at one time. The Wood Thrush appeared for two
years (1899 and 1900), but a hasty search in early summer of
the third year failed to reveal it again.

Of the Transition avifauna, we may distinguish a number of
birds whose breeding area lies largely to the south, but extends
northward into this /one in New Hampshire. Of these birds,
certain ones are more or less common throughout the area,
breeding well up into the valleys of the White Mountains.
Such are : — Screech Owl (A/coascops asio), Whip-poor-will {An-
trostomus vociferus) , Nighthawk {Chordeiles virginianus) , King-
bird {Tyrannus iyrannus), Crested Flycatcher {Myiarchus cri-
nitus), Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) , Least Flycatcher {Enipidonax
minimus), Red-winged Blackbird (Agclaius p/i(V?iicc?is), Balti-

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 41

more Oriole {Icterus galbula) , Vesper Sparrow {Pocecetes gram-
incus), Chipping Sparrow {Spizella socialts), Field Sparrow
(Spizella pusilla) , Indigo Bunting {Cyanospiza cyanea), Scarlet
Tanager {Piranga erythromelas) , loggerhead (or Migrant)
Shrike {Lanius ludovicianus) , Pine Warbler (Deudroica vigor-
sit), Catbird (Galeoscoptcs carol itiaisis) , Brown Thrasher ( Tox-
ostoma ruftim), House Wren {Troglodytes aedon) , White-breast-
ed Nuthatch {Sitta carolinensis) , and Bluebird (Sia/ia sialis).
Others of these southern birds barely reach the valleys of the low-
er part of the state, or follow them up for only a short distance.
Thus the Green Heron {Ardca vi reseats) follows the streams
and lakes of central New Hampshire as far as Winnipesaukee,
and a few occur in the lake basin beyond to Ossipee, but from
the Transition valleys of the White Mountains it is absent.
The range of the White Oak {Quercus alba) in New Hamp-
shire nearly coincides with that of this heron. The tree is one
of the more southern varieties and its distribution in the state
has been mapped in a general way by W. F. Flint in Hitch-
cock's Report. It is not uncommon as far north as Holcleruess
and Ossipee, and in the Connecticut valley slightly farther
north at Hanover. Wild Turkeys {Meleagris gallopavo fcra)
in former times, and Bob-whites {Colintis virginianus) appear
normally to find their breeding range to the south of L,ake
Winnipesaukee. The Yellow-throated Vireo ( Vireo Havifrons)
is another bird of this class. It becomes rare in the upper
Merrimack valley, and in the central part of the state is not yet
known to occur north of the L,ake. The single bird observed
by Mr. Bradford Torrey at Franconia is evidently a straggler.
So, too, of the Grasshopper Sparrow {Ammodramus savanna-
rum passerinus) , Bartrainiau Sandpiper {Bartramia longieauda)
and Cowbird {Molothrus ater), few seem ever to pass regularly
north of Lake Winnipesaukee in the central and eastern parts
of the state, although the broad Connecticut valley, in the west,
carries several of these species farther northward than they oc-
cur in the eastern regions. Thus the Cowbird is common in
this valley at least as far up as Lancaster, though practically
absent in summer from the entire White Mountain region.

42 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

The Bronzed Grackle is also of regular occurrence well up the
Connecticut and even about Lake Unibagog, yet I have no
knowledge of it in central New Hampshire north of Winnipe-
saukee. The Yellow Warbler (Dendroica cestiva) is also to be
added to this category of birds absent from the Transition
valleys of the White Mountain area but common in southern
New Hampshire and far up the Connecticut valley. The
Golden-winged Warbler {Helminthophila chrysopterd) and the
Prairie Warbler {Dendroica discolor) may be mentioned as two
Transition species whose breeding range barely extends to the
southern borders of the slate in the Merrimack valley.

Of the occurrence of southern plants in the Transition zone
of New Hampshire, it may be noted that the Chestnut (Casta-
uea) and the Hickory (Carya) occur nearly as far up the
valleys as does the White Oak ; the Red Oak, however, ranges
yet farther, entering the sub-Canadian zone. The Mountain
Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) also occurs locally as far north as
Conway. In his chapter on the Physical History of New
Hampshire, Professor Hitchcock adduces evidence indicating
that subsequent to the glacial epoch, and probably within the
human period, there was an era when the climate of New
Hampshire was milder than it now is. In support of this con-
clusion, is mentioned, among other things, the occurrence of a
few southern plants in isolated spots far from their present range
of abundance. Thus the Rhododendron maximum is reported
from Fitzwilliam, Grantham, Hooksett, Hopkinton, Manchester,
and Richmond, and its presence at these places in isolated
swamps is taken as indicative of its former abundance in inter-
mediate localities. At Manchester, also, there occur with the
Rhododendron, a few Tupelo trees (Nyssa sy/va/ica) and from
Winchester, in the extreme southwest corner of the state, the
Climbing Fern (Lyg odium. palmatuni) , a southern species, has
been recently recorded (Rhodora, 1902, p. 83).

An interesting bird, which seems to have become adapted to
the small and scattered cold-water swamps of the Transition
zone grown Up to sedges, and coarse grass, steeple bushes or
hellebore, is the Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodtamus henslowii)

OF ^.RTS AND SCIENCES. 43

which may perhaps be considered as peculiar to the Transition
area as any of our birds. 1 1 occurs locally in several places in
the central part of the- State, and I found a single pair even so
far up as Wonalancet, near the foot of Mt. Passaconaway, in a
corner of a broad meadow which was grown up to sedges,
grass, and white hellebore with a sparse covering of wet Sphag-
num moss.

Of other animals ranging northward into the Transition area
of New Hampshire, may be mentioned, among mammals, the
southern Flying Squirrel {Sciuropterus volucdla) which occurs
at least as far as Lake Winnipesaukee, the northeastern Gray
Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis leucotis) which even among the
White Mountains, inhabits the beech woods at the lower alti-
tudes, and the eastern Cottontail Rabbitt (Lcpus floridanus
transitionalis) which is reported from as far as Webster, where
it appears to have come within recent years. Among reptiles,
the Box Tortoise (Cistudo caiolina) has been reported from
Pelham and from Lee, in the southeastern corner of the state,
by Mr. W. H. Huse (:oi). The same author finds the Yellow-
spotted Tortoise {Chelopus guttatus) common about Manchester
in the Merrimack vallley, but I do not know of its occurrence
north of Lake Winnipesaukee, and among the White Mountain
valleys, the Painted Tortoise {Chrysemys picta) is the only spe-
cies I have ever seen. The Ribbon Snake ( Thamnophis saurita)
follows the valley bottoms at least as far up as Intervale, where
I have not infrequently found it.

A number of more northern species may also be enumerated
as finding their southern breeding limit within the Transition
zone. Such are the following among the birds : Loon (Gavia
imbcr), Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus), Olive-sided
Flycatcher {Co?itopus borea/zs), Purple Finch {Carpodacus pur-
pureus), Savanna Sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis savan-
na), Swamp Sparrow {Mclospiza georgiana) ? ', Blue-headed
Vireo {Vireo solit&rius), Nashville Warbler {Helminthophila
rubricapilla) , Black-throated Green Warbler ( Dendroica virens),
Chickadee (Parus atricapillus) , and Hermit Thrush (HylocicJila
guttata pallasii) .

44 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

It is clear that a "line" cannot be sharply drawn between
the Transition zone and the Canadian zone directly above it, as
some have attempted to do, but the boundaries of the two over-
lap and interdigitate in a most intricate manner, and much yet
remains to be done towards the determination in a precise way
of the details of distribution of the two areas in New Hamp-
shire.

Canadian. This fauna] area is very well marked and em-
braces much of the forested area of the state. Two divisions may
be distinguished, the sub-Canadian and the upper Canadian.
The sub-Canadian includes the white pine woods, the mixed
hemlock, beech, birch and maple forests and occasional red
spruce thickets of the lower half of the state from nearly the
600 foot level up to about 3,000 feet among the White Moun-
tains, varying more or less according to slope exposure or local
condition. These woods, though in the main rather dry, are
nevertheless well watered by the many little mountain brooks,
which by their coldness, often carry down along their courses
tongues of the damp, richer upper Canadian vegetation.
Among the White Mountains, these lower woods are for the
most part mixed beech, hemlock, canoe and yellow birch, poplar,
together with more or less red spruce. The forest floor is damp,
with an undergrowth of mountain and striped maple, cornels,
and hobble bushes, especially along the little streams, and here
breed Black-throated Blue Warblers {Dendroica carulescens) ,
Magnolia Warblers {Dendroica maculosa), Water-Thrushes
{Seiunts rloveboracensis) , Mourning Warblers (Gcothlypis Phil-
adelphia), Canadian Warblers ( Wilsonia Canadensis), Winter
Wrens {OlbiorcJiilus hicmalis), Golden-crowned Kinglets (Reg-
nlns satrapa) and Olive-backed Thrushes ( Hylociclda ustitlata
swainsonii) , while among the forest trees close at hand live
Hairy Woodpeckers (Dryobates villosus), Yellow-bellied Sap-
suckers (Spkyrapicus varius) , Northern Pileated Woodpeckers
{Ceophlceus pileatus abieticola) , Olive-sided Flycatchers (Confo-
p/is boreaiis), Blue-headed Vireos (Virco solitarius , Blackbur-
niau Warblers {Dendroica blackburnice) , American Brown
Creepers (Cer/hia familiaris americand) , and Red-breasted

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 45

Nuthatches (Sitta canadensis}. At the lower elevations,
groves of White Pine occur, usually below 800 feet, though
scattering trees are to be found, often of great size, up to 2,500
feet or slightly less. These pine groves are carpeted with
needles, which make a dry and often rather barren floor. Here
we find such sub-Canadian species as vSlate-colored Juncos
{Junco hyemalis) , Myrtle Warblers (Dcudroica coronata) , Black-
burnian Warblers {Dendroica blackburnice) and Hermit Thrush-
es {Hylocichla guttata pallasii). A number of these sub-Cana-
dian species are rather sharply limited in their breeding range
by the upper Canadian zone, and occur only rarely on its lower
edge. Such are the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Olive-sided
Flycatcher, Blue-headed Vireo, Black-throated Blue Warbler,
Magnolia Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackburnian War-
bler, and Oven-bird. In a general way, the 3,000 foot contour
marks the lower edge of the upper Canadian zone on the
higher mountains where the slope exposure is to the south.
On northern, shaded slopes, this limit is some 500 to 1,000 feet
lower, and on both north and south slopes the cold mountain
streams serve to carry down with them strips of the upper
Canadian as narrow tongues into the lower woods. In a region
still covered by primeval forest, the upper Canadian area is no-
ticeably lower on the mountains than on territory which has
once been stripped of its heavy growth. Thus in the undefiled
forests of the upper Pemigewasset, Canadian Spruce Grouse
{Canachites canadensis cauacc) occur along the stream at least
clown to 2,000 feet, though on the mountains which have been
burned or lumbered, only deciduous or mixed growth is found
at this level, quite unsuitable for high northern species. An
interesting observation I have several times made among the
damper, higher woods of the sub-Canadian area on the White
Mountains, is that the Lady's Slipper {Cypripediutn acaule)
growing from 1,800 to 2,500 feet or so, is prevailing white in-
stead of pink. In late June, 1900, almost three fourths of the
numerous blossoms seen on the Carter Notch and Nineteen-mile
Brook trails, were snow white or barely flushed with pink above
1,800 feet, and again in mid-June, 1902, along the same trail,

46 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

sixteen out of seventeen blossoms seen, were white. Possibly
the increasing dampness of the ground and the air at these
higher levels may be a factor in bringing about this change.
Above 3,000 feet the plant does not occur. Unfortunately no
record of temperatures for these Canadian woods is at present
available for use here, but Dr. Merriam gives the limiting tem-
peratures (summer) as about 57 deg. to 64 deg. F.

The upper Canadian area includes the thick fir and spruce
forests in the northern part of the state and on the White
Mountains from 3,000 to 4,500 feet. Kxtended observations on
the temperature and humidity of this area are not at hand, but
among the White Mountains it is a zone of much greater cold
than the sub-Canadian. The forests are dense and are kept
saturated in summer by the clouds which constantly settle over
them ; the ground is densely carpeted with sphagnum which
acts as a huge sponge to retain water from the slowly melting
snow drifts. Ice is often found under sheltered rocks into July,
and even by the middle of June snow drifts are hardly gone in
the woods. While on a few days' camping trip into the Carter
Mountains, June 13 to 16, we found that the yellow pond lilies
{Nymplicea vancgata) in the Carter Lake at 3,360 feet, had not
yet pushed their leaves to the surface of the water, though in
the Transition valleys we had seen many plants in blossom
along the way. Here the canoe birches were just leafing out,
five weeks later than those in the valley below ; here and there
were violets ( Viola blanda), and White Hellebore and ferns
were just springing up from places where the snow was scarcely
gone. Clintonias were only in bud, though 2,000 feet below in
the sub-Canadian woods they were in full bloom. In the little
lake numerous toads( Bufo Americanus)were beginning to spawn.
They are common throughout these mountain woods to the
limit of timber, and numbers had repaired to this lakelet to
breed. Some had not yet begun to spawn, though others had
already laid considerable masses of eggs. In eastern Massa-
chusetts, the toads spawn about the 20th of April and the
young tadpoles are seen by the middle of May, or even by the
first of that month. On a former occasion, I had found great

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 47

numbers of small tadpoles in Carter Lake by the 22d of Jul)-.
The following sixteen breeding birds are characteristic of this up-
per Canadian zone in New Hampshire : Canadian Spruce Grouse
( Canachites canadensis canace ) , American ( roshawk ( Accipiter
atricapillus) , Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker {Picoides arcti-
cus), American Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides americanus),
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax jlaviventris) , Canada
Jay (Perisoreus canadensis) , Rusty Blackbird (Scolecophagus
carolinus), Canadian Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator leu-
cura), White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptet a) , Pine Siskin
(Spinas pi mis), Tennessee Warbler (Helminthophila peregrind) ,
Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina), Black-poll Warbler
(Dendroica striata) , Wilson's Warbler ( Wilsonia pusilla) , Hud-
sonian Chickadee (Parus hudsonicus), and Bicknell's Thrush
( Hylocichla alicice bicknelli ) .

Of mammals characteristic of this area are the Rock Vole
(Microtus chrotorrhinus) (?), Canada White-footed Mouse (Pe-
rotnyscus canadensis), Woodland Jumping Mouse (Napceozapns
insignis), Canadian Red Squirrel (Sciurus hudsonicus gynvii-
cus), Smoky Shrew (Sorex fumeus) , Water Shrew (Sorex albi-
barbis), Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis), Sable (Mustela amer-
icana), Pennant's Marten ( Mustelta pemianti) .

In addition to the species more or less strictly confined to
each of these two subdivisions of the Canadian zone, may be
mentioned a few which are common to the area as a whole.
Such are Saw- whet Owl (Nyctala acadica), Hairy Woodpecker
{Dry abates villosus), White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albi-
collis), Slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis), Nashville War-
bler (Helminthophila rubricapilla) , Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica
coronato), Winter Wren (Olbiorchilus hiemalis), Red-breasted
Nuthatch {Sitta canadensis), Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus
satrapa), and Olive-backed Thrush (Hylocichla ustulata szvain-
sonii) ; also the following mammals : Northern Virginia Deer
(Odocoileus virginianus barealis), Canada Porcupine (Erithizon
dorsatutn), Eastern Varying Hare (Lepus americanus virginia-
nus), Mink (Putorius vison) , Black Bear (Ursus americanus) ,
Masked Shrew (Sorex persona/us) .

48 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

111 passing, a word may be added with regard to the change
wrought among these rich mountain woods, by fire. Many of
the lower peaks and ranges, such as Kearsarge, the Moats, the
Rattlesnake range, and others, have been more or less complete-
ly burned over by forest fires during the last century. Fires
once started in these old forests are not readily stamped out, a
damp substratum offering but little hindrance to their progress.
The trees are usually killed by the heat and partially charred,
but most of them remain standing and soon become withered
and exceedingly hard and dry. The soil beneath is quite de-
nuded of covering, and along the ridges it soon washes away,
leaving bare rocks and ledges. It is long before such an area
is again clothed with verdure. Small blueberry bushes are
among the first plants to spring up, and sparse grass and fire-
weed (Kpilobium) follow. Eventually the old fire-killed timber
falls from the washing away of the soil and decaying of the roots,
and a new growth of birch and poplar slowly takes its place.
These trees, well adapted to a thin soil, serve to keep the sub-
stratum from washing completely away, and in time a new for-
est is formed, though different from the original one, while the
many exposed ledges and bare, rounded ridges testify to the ex-
treme difficulty of creating a new soil in place of that worn away
by the exposure.

Hudsonian. This life /.one is not well defined in New Hamp-
shire. In the extreme northern part of the state, it is possible
that well marked tongues or islands of this area occur, as at the
Connecticut Lakes, where Woodland Caribou (Rangifer cari-
bou) occur about the cold bogs, and Pine Grosbeaks summer in
numbers. On the White Mountains the Huclsonion zone may
be considered as including the belt of stunted fir balsam and
spruce from about 4,500 feet up to 5,000 feet on southern slopes,
the lower limit dipping to perhaps 4,000 feet on some northern
exposures. This is the " scrub " of the mountaineer, and forms
an exceedingly dense and stubborn barrier to him who tries to
force a passage through. Its avifauna is not characterized by
the presence of any strictly Hudsonian species, so far as pres-
ent observations go, a fact which is doubtless due to its limited

OF ARTS A.ND SCIENCES. 49

extent. The few species of birds found in it are those common
to both the upper Canadian and the Hndsonian zone. Doubt-
less the upper Canadian species readily spread into it from be-
low and true Hudsonian species, if not crowded out, would at
least find its area too limited for regular occupation. The fol-
lowing birds are found to occupy this area regularly, and doubt-
less breed in it : Canadian Spruce Grouse {Canachites canaden-
sis canace)^ White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrickia albicollis),
Slate colored Junco {Junco hy emails) , Myrtle Warbler {Dendroi-
ca corona fa), Black-poll Warbler {Dendroica striata), Hudson-
ian Chickadee {Pants hudsonlcus) , and Bicknell's Thrush {Hy-
loclchla aliciic blcknelll ) . A few other species wander up to this
height more or less frequently, but probably do not breed above
the upper Canadian ; such are Canadian Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa
umbellus togata), White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera),
Nashville Warbler {Helminthophila rubrlcapllla) and Golden-
crowned Kinglet {Regains satrapa).

Mr. Samuel H. Scudder, in his report on the Distribution of
Insects in New Hampshire (Hitchcock, '74), refers to this zone
under the name of " sub- Alpine." He finds that certain insects
whose habits render them more or less local, are quite character-
istic of this division, and gives, as two species which seem pecu-
liar to this region in New Hampshire, a butterfly (Brenthis
niontitins) and a grasshopper (Podisma glacialis) .

Arctic-Alpine. This is the treeless, "barren ground" area,
limited in New Hampshire to the summits of certain of the
highest mountains. In general, it includes the peaks of the
Presidential range above the level of 5,000 feet, having thus a
vertical extent of about 1,000 feet to the top of Mt. Washington
(6,291 feet). Much of it is a region of boulder-strewn slopes,
though the more level parts, or " lawns," support a matted turf
of wiry sedges, together with a number of alpine flowering
plants. Though a small area, comparatively speaking, it is,
nevertheless, doubly interesting because of its peculiar charac-
ter and the rigorous conditions of environment which it affords.
From the observations made at the summit station on Mt.
Washington by officials of the U. S. Weather Bureau, a great

50 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

amount of valuable data has been obtained. In the chapter on
Climatology in Hitchcock's Geology of New Hampshire ('74),
it appears that for the }ears 1S53-59, the mean annual tempera-
ture at the summit was 28 deg. F. The mean temperature for
the months of October to March, which there are practically
winter, was 12.4 deg. F., that for the months of April to Sep-
tember being 39.7 deg. F. The months of June, July and Au-
gust, which may be taken as the breeding period for birds at
this height, averaged for the six years, 44.5 deg., 47.9 deg,. 50.7
deg. F. respectively. These are the three hottest months of
the year at the summit, so that the mean temperature for this
period is 47.3 deg. F., with 50.7 deg. F. for the hottest single
month. This corresponds closely with Dr. Merriam's statement
('98, p. 54) that the limiting temperature for the lower bounda-
ry of the Arctic zone is probably 50 deg. F. for the six hottest
consecutive weeks of summer. The local conditions of this
mountain summit, however, are doubtless somewhat different
from those of the circumpolar arctic region. The report on the
Climatology of the state previously referred to, includes an
interesting account of certain phenomena of the rigorous win-
ters at the summit of Mt. Washington, describing among others,
the remarkable frost feathers which build out into the wind
from any stationary object. In summer, cumulus clouds from
the heated valleys below often rise so as to envelop the moun-
tain top, or more often Mt. Washington's head alone is
shrouded by a stationary cloud. It is stated that at times, the
whole country westward is covered with clouds, but that when
they have passed the ridge running directly south from Mt.
Washington, they are instantly dissolved, never passing beyond
a certain point, though moving at the rate of from fifty to sixty
miles an hour. The wind at this altitude is frequently terrific.
During periods of storm, the wind at the summit is said to in-
crease steadily in velocity till it reaches its culmination, then
come lulls, at first only for an instant, and these continually
lengthen until the storm ceases. A wind velocity of 140 miles
an hour has been measured, and during one night, the mean of
four observations is given as 128 miles. Moreover, it is found

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 51

that often a gale is blowing at the summit, while below, the air
is quite still. Thus at one observation, a wind of 96 miles an
hour was blowing at the summit of Washington, while 3,000
feet below, at the depot of the Mt. Washington Railroad, there
was not sufficient air stirring to move the anemometer. The
winds of extreme velocity, however, are usually limited to the
winter season or to periods of storm in summer. The prevailing
winds for the entire year are west and northwest, a fact which
may have some bearing on the occurrence at these summits of
certain wind-blown insects, for a large number of species strag-
gle up from the surrounding country. Mrs. A. T. Slosson has
collected considerably over a thousand species here during a pe-
riod of years, and has not infrequently obtained forms belonging
to distant parts of the country. The tendency of insects to work
their way up a mountain is well known. The air currents con-
stantly rise up the mountain sides, for which reason the woods-
man faces his camp up hill to avoid the smoke of his camp fire.
Aided by these currents, multitudes of small insects may some-
times be seen streaming up from below, and converging at the
summit in great numbers. Thus, on one occasion, while on
the crest of the Carter range in mid-June, I have seen the fly-
ing Aphides coming up from the forest-clad country below in
countless numbers, wafted by the gentle upward current of air.

Observations of rainfall for a single year on Mt. Washington's
summit gave 55 inches, of which 47 inches were in summer and
autumn. Other local conditions of this small area incident on
altitude and latitude make it a most interesting spot for careful
cecological study.

The bird fauna of this arctic-alpine region is small, and in-
cludes no species typical' of the zone. The White-throated
Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) and the Slate-colored Junco
{Junco hyemalis) are the only two birds which breed here reg-
ularly, and the former occurs only in a few sheltered places on
the lower edge of the zone, as at the Lakes of the Clouds. The
Junco is the only bird one may feel confident of finding even to
the summit of Washington in summer. A number of lowland
species wander up to these altitudes irregularly, however, dur-

52 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

ing the summer or on migrations. Thus Goldfinches and Pine
Siskins are often seen flying over, and small hawks, Red-breast-
ed Nuthatches and Robins sometimes alight in passing. On one
occasion, in mid-July, I even observed on two consecutive days,
a Savanna Sparrow (Ammodratnus sandwichensis savanna)
singing from a stone among the sedges, only a short distance
from the summit buildings. The bird seemed perfectly at home
here, and was probably breeding.

Of mammals, several species occur on these arctic summits,
but these are chiefly Canadian forms. The Varying Hares
(Lcpus americanus virginianus) seem even to visit the tip-top
buildings on Mt. Washington, and Mr. Thaddeus Lowe, of
Randolph, tells me of seeing their tracks in the snow about
these structures in the late spring. Striped Squirrels ( Tantias
striatus lysteri), Red-backed Mice {Evotomys gapperi ockracetis)
and even an occasional Canada Porcupine (Erithizon dorsaturri)
or Woodchuck (Arctomys monax) have been known to wander
up from below, and the last is sometimes seen in Tuckerman's
Ravine, at over 4,000 feet on Mt. Washington. The Little-
Brown Weasels (Putorius cicognani) and Sables (Mustela
americana ) are great travelers and go all over these high lev-
els, even traversing the ranges from one forest to another, as I
am informed by Mr. V. D. Lowe.

For characteristic arctic animals of this region, we must look
to the insects, of which a number of high northern species are
known to occur. The most conspicuous of these, at its season,
is doubtless the Barren-ground Butterfly Chiofiobas setnided),
which is very closely confined to this treeless alpine area. Its
caterpillar feeds on the Carex rigida bigelovii which grows
abundantly at these heights.

Of typical arctic plants may be mentioned in addition to two
or three carices and dwarf willows, the Diapensia lapponica, al-
pine azalea (Loiseleuria procumbens) , Rhododendron lapponicum,
Cassiope kypnoides, all blossoming in June; also the handsome
Peck's Geum (Gcum radiatum peckii) , found plentifully in July,
and the Greenland Sandwort (Arenaria groenlandicd) . A num-
ber of other flowering plants occur on these summits, of which

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 53

nearly fifty are stated to be strictly alpine, and many of these
are found also on alpine summits in Europe. Extended lists of
the plants occurring- in the arctic-alpine /.one of the White
Mountains are to be found as indicated by the following refer-
ences : —

1874. Hitchcock's Geology of New Hampshire, vol. r, p.
392, 394, 568, 572.

1895. Miller, G. S. Proc. Boston Society of Natural His-
tory, vol. 26, p. 178-179.

1900. Among the Clouds, vol. 24, no. 13, p. 3.

Summary. From the foregoing it is seen that the principal
faunal areas of New Hampshire are the Transition and the Can-
adian, the former including most of the valley land of the south-
ern part of the state up to about 600 feet, as well as long tongues
of country in the Connecticut and the White Mountain valleys ;
the Canadian comprising much of the wooded area of the state
from about 600 feet up to about 4,500 feet on the mountains. A
mere trace of an Upper Austral fauna is sometimes observed in
the lower valleys, and on the coast at our southeast border, but
forms no stable element of the fauna. The Hudsonian zone is
limited to a narrow belt of stunted fir and spruce growth on the
White Mountains from about 4,500 feet to 5,000 feet, and may
also include a few small areas in the extreme northern part of
the state. Its avifauna, so far as known, consists only of such
species as are common, also to the upper Canadian zone. Final-
ly on the extreme summits of the higher White Mountains,
above 5,000 feet, is a " barren ground " arctic-alpine zone, pos-
sessing no large characteristic animals, but yet supporting a
number of small arctic plants as well as high northern insects.

54 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

MIGRATION.

Certain phases of bird migration in New Hampshire are per-
haps of sufficient interest to warrant a few remarks in addition
to the notes given under the several species in the following
list.

The coastwise migration of many of the smaller land birds is
worthy of much further study. Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70, p.
581, et seq.) has given a short account, written in her charming
way, of the land birds occurring during the migrations, at the
Isles of Shoals. Here, at some six or seven miles off the coast
of Rye, she writes that about the 27th of March "the islands

are alive with song spirrows Robins and blackbirds

\_Agelaius phivniais^ appear with the sparrows ; a few black-
birds appear and remain ; the robins, finding no trees, flit across
to the mainland. Yellow-birds \_Dendroica (estiva] and king-
birds occasionally build here, but very raiely By the

23rd of April come the first swallows and flocks of mar-
tins [Progne subis], golden-winged and downy woodpeckers,
the tiny ruby-crowned wren \Regulus calendula], and troops of
many other kinds of birds ; kingfishers that perch on stranded
kellocks, little nuthatches that peck among the shingles for hid-
den spiders All these tarry only awhile in their passage

to the mainland Now and then a bobolink pays us a fly-
ing visit, and, tilting on a blackberry spray, pouis out his in-
toxicating song ; some morning is heard the fairy bugling of
an oriole ; a scarlet tanager honors the place with half a day's
sojourn." These migrants may very likely be cutting across
the curve of the coast to strike the Maine shores farther north,
and in fall there seems to be a somewhat similar movement in

OF ARTS A XI) SCIENCES. 55

the reverse direction. Mr. A. A. Eaton, of Seabrook, writes
me that one day in October, a few years since, as he lay off
shore in a boat, great numbers of small birds, mostly Myrtle
Warblers, were noted coming in from the northeast, as if cross-
ing from the Maine coast, and the beach itself was swarming
with them. This day was clear, but a storm arose during the
following night. Capt. H. L. Spinney ('98) in an interesting
account of the migrations at Seguin Island, off the month of
the Kennebec River, Maine, states his belief that many of these
small birds are actually blown out to sea, and struggle back to
land as opportunity allows. He says, " I have been out many
mornings in a boat some half a mile or more from the island,
waiting for the ducks to come to my decoys, when the day be-
fore and during the night the wind had blown very strong from
the north or northwest, and about sunrise the small birds would
begin to fly in from sea in numbers, from one to three or four in
sight at one time. This they would continue to do until noon.
Many of them would be seen to drop in the water so exhausted
that even when within a few yards of the island they would
have to succumb ; others would just reach the shore at the edge

of the water Although I have seen man)- of them

drop in the water, I have seen but one rise out of it. This was
a sparrow, which, rising three times in succession, finally
reached the island."

At the Isles of Shoals, Mrs. Thaxter observes that "the

lighthouse is the destroyer of birds The

keeper living at the island three years ago told me that he
picked up three hundred and seventy-five in one morning at the
foot of the lighthouse, all dead. They fly with such force
against the glass that their beaks are often splintered. The
keeper said he found the destruction greatest in hazy weather
and he thought ' they struck a ray at a great distance and
followed it up.' Many a May morning have I wandered about
the rock at the foot of the tower, mourning over a little apron
brimful of sparrows, swallows, thrushes, robins, fire-winged
blackbirds, many-colored warblers and flycatchers, beautifully

5

56 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

clothed yellow birds, nuthatches, catbirds, even the purple finch
and scarlet tanager and golden [Baltimore] oriole and many
more beside." Captain Spinney finds "warm, cloudy nights,
very dark with little wind if any ' ' the most favorable for a large
flight of birds at his lighthouse, or when the atmosphere has be-
come smoky from forest fires and there is a clear night with
light southwest wind ; but " should rain or strong winds come
suddenly, all but a few individuals will leave at once, or settle
down on the ground." In foggy weather, he has rarely noted
birds about the light.

Away from the coast, the main routes of migration are natur-
ally the north and south trending valleys. One has only to
spend a few weeks of late August and early September in a lo-
cality not in such a valley to realize how few birds are moving
through his territory in comparison with the hosts along the
large rivers. In the White Mountain valleys most of the small
birds, as warblers, kinglets, vireos and sparrows of various spe-
cies, sooner or later collect in the valley bottoms ; the robins
and cedar birds gather in large numbers about the wild cherry
trees by the river, and the bobolinks swarm over the weed-
grown fields. The main flight of swallows and nighthawks is
confined in great measure to the river basins, notwithstanding
the far roving habits of the birds, and apart from such localities
one sees but few of the migrants. A number of waterfowl seem
to pass down the Connecticut valley with more or less regulari-
ty, even such salt-water species as Scoters of three sorts, Old-
squaw and American Golden-eye Ducks, Red-throated Loons,
Horned Grebes, and even an occasional cormorant (P. dilo-
phus). Bonaparte's Gulls often stray across the state in late
summer, and several species of sandpipers, as the Least and
Semipalmated, migrate in numbers down the larger water
courses. Mr. William Brewster (:02) states his belief that
many of the Red-legged Black Ducks, such as occur in early
October at Lake Umbagog, after leaving their breeding grounds
in the interior about Hudson's Bay, strike for the Atlantic coast
by the shortest possible route, thus crossing northern New Eng-
land in their passage. It would seem not improbable that other

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 57

waterfowl and shore birds pursue a somewhat similar course,
and on reaching our large lakes and rivers often stop to feed or
rest.

A number of special cases might be mentioned as of interest.
Thus, as stated elsewhere, there seems to be a more or less well
defined migration of Brunnich's Murres across the lower part of
the state in late fall, main- birds seeming to make a cross cut
from the Maine coast to the Connecticut valley. Certain north-
ern warblers, as the Tennessee, Cape May, Bay-breasted and
Mourning Warblers, seem to pass over the southern part of the
state in their spring flight, and are rarely seen there though
common in the White Mountains or to the north of them in
summer. The fall migration of the Black-poll Warblers (Den-
droica striata) is of more than usual interest as observed among
the White Mountains. These birds breed commonly in the
balsam forests of the upper Canadian zone mainly above 3,000
feet on southern exposures, and down to 2,000 feet on the north-
ern slopes. During September they swarm, in migration, over
the low country of the southern part of the state and beyond,
but in the valley bottoms among the mountains are usually un-
common, if not rather rare. Here they migrate mainly at the
upper levels and along the mountain tops. Thus at Intervale,
a careful search in the lower valleys and woods from the Saco
up to some 1,500 feet on the neighboring mountains will fre-
quently fail to discover more than a scattered individual or two
among the flocks of other small warblers and chickadees, but
higher up along the tops of the lower mountains they are fair-
ly common. Thus, on September 10, 1900, I went up Mts.
Bartlett and Kearsarge (northern), the latter 3,260 feet, and on
reaching the more open ledges of the former, at about 2,200 feet,
at once noticed the numbers of Blackpolls that were passing.
Many single birds flew by overhead at short intervals and at no
great distance above the mountain; most of them were going
northward in the face of a light wind, but a number stopped
among the clumps of small spruces, balsams and birch which
grew among the ledges. A few also were seen in company with
small flocks of chickadees and on all sides was heard their fine

58 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

insect-like note. On my descent again into the valley, they
were practically left behind after I had passed below the 2,000
foot level. A few days later, on September 13th, among the
deeper forests of the Carter mountains, they were found to be
common in small flocks. "We had noticed a few scattered indi-
viduals along the valley road, but on entering the upland woods
at about 2,000 feet, they became at once numerous. The fol-
lowing day we found them in numbers among the higher forests
on Carter Dome and the mountains beyond. They seemed to
be merely roving through the trees in loose flocks, or flying
about from one place to another in a restless, aimless way. We
camped that evening at the Carter Lakes, and arose early on
the morning of the 15th of September after a clear, cold night.
The altitude at the lakes is 3,360 feet, and on either side tower
the walls of the Carter Notch, a great rift in the mountain with
a valley opening out towards the north and another to the south.
Shortly after the sun had begun to creep down the farther wall
of the Notch, there commenced a large flight of Black-poll and
Myrtle Warblers. By singles, pairs, threes, or in small flocks
of from four to six birds, these warblers came flying in from the
south, high in the air, making straight for the Notch. Many,
on reaching this point, kept on over the divide to the north-
ward. Others wavered at the height of land (3,460 feet) but
still kept on till out of sight, while yet others, and these mainly
the Myrtle Warblers, turned to alight among the trees on
the mountain side, or about the lakes. This flight contin-
ued from 4:30 or 5 o'clock a. m., for over two hours, during
which time .several hundred birds passed, by actual count. Of
these, about one quarter were Myrtle Warblers, the rest Black-
polls. By 9 a. m., only an occasional bird or two was observed,
and the flight was practically over. It seemed as if the Black-
poll Warblers from all the forests immediately to the south were
moving north in a concerted manner to the pass through the
Notch and off beyond. Possibly they were heading for the Am-
monoosuc Valley to continue thence down the Connecticut ; this
would be a natural course, and one cannot suppose that their
northward flight at this season could have been more than some
such local movement.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 59

The periodical abundance of certain northern birds, such as
Pine Grosbeaks, Redpolls, Pine Siskins, and Crossbills, is a
phenomenon of no small interest. Such incursions we look
upon as irregular and of haphazard occurrence, for no other rea-
son, perhaps, than because we are quite ignorant of the condi-
tions which bring them about. During the fall and winter of
1899- t 900 a notable incursion of Red and of White- winged
Crossbills took place not only over New Hampshire, but over
most of New England, and the coast regions farther south.
The Red Crossbills appeared first, and were already quite com-
mon among the hills of New Hampshire during June and July,
1S99. During the two mouths following they passed through
Massachusetts and made their way to Washington and even to
Virginia. The White-wings followed closely in their wake and
during the last of October were common in eastern Massachu-
setts, passing through during November and December to the
states farther south, reaching New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Ohio. It may be of value to place on record a few facts relative
to this flight as observed among the White Mountains during
the summer of 1899. On June 18, 1899, when I reached Inter-
vale, in the Saco Valley, the Red Crossbills were at once no-
ticed as abundant. Usually they are present here in small
numbers during summer, but on this occasion their numbers
were abnormally large. During the remainder of June and ear-
ly July, flocks of from seven to twenty were often observed, us-
ually flying southward down the river valley in loose order.
After the first week or so of July, although they were still pres-
sent in about the same numbers, no large flocks were noticed,
but at the most little companies of from four to six birds, groups
of three, and many pairs and singles. In most cases which
could be determined, the paired birds seemed to be adult males
and females ; the former were in bright red plumage and fre-
quently were observed singing as they flew about on fluttering
wing or perched among the tree tops. They seemed to feed to
a considerable extent on the seeds of the paper birch, and many
were also found feeding among elm trees or upon hemlock seeds
in the hemlocks. On two trips into the nearby mountains from

6o PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

July 20 to 25, it was plain that most of the Red Crossbills were
in the valleys, below 1,500 or 2,000 feet. In course of a trip
from Intervale over the Presidential Range from August 2 to 5,
the same fact was again observed, that practically all the Red
Crossbills were left below us when the woods at 2,000 feet
were reached, though numerous pairs and a few single birds
were found along the Glen road nearly to this altitude. At
about this same time, Red Crossbills were common in the low-
lands just north of the great range, which they must have passed
by following through the various notches and valleys. The first
White-winged Crossbills were noted on the 20th of July, when
a small flock of six birds was found feeding among the spruces
at some 2,400 feet on Mt. Bartlett, and on the following day sev-
eral were heard as they flew past overhead while we were going
through mixed woods at over 2,000 feet on the Carter Notch
trail. A single bird was seen on July 22d at Carter Notch
(3,360 feet), but there seemed to be only a few scattering birds
on the upper levels at this date. About the middle of August
the number of Red Crossbills seemed to be falling off in the val-
leys, and at the same time small flocks began to gather in the
lower woods to feed on the ripening seeds of the red spruce and
hemlock. This gathering into flocks continued during August,
and by the first of September numbers of small bands of from 3
to a dozen birds were found, with sometimes a White-winged
Crossbill or two among them. One or two small flocks of the
latter had already appeared in the valley also. From Septem-
ber 4 to 6 was again spent in the higher woods of the Carter
mountains, the greatest elevation being the summit of Carter
Dome (4,860 feet). Throughout the lower country, a fair num-
ber of Red Crossbills was seen on our trip in, but after getting
above 2,000 feet or so. White-winged Crossbills became com-
mon in flocks of from seven to fifty birds, to the complete exclu-
sion of the Red species. It will be remembered that on the pre-
vious trips to these upper levels in late July and early August,
only a very few White-wings were seen, while now they were
abundant. They were extremely restless, and Hocks were con-
stantly in sight or hearing, now pitching down into a spruce or

OF ARTS ANT) SCIENCES. 6 I

birch tree to feed on the seeds, then whirling away over the
mountain. From early September on, the White-wings were
present in the river valley in small numbers, but not in the
abundance seen on the higher parts of the mountains, above
2,500 feet. During the rest of September, both Red and White-
winged species were daily seen flying southward down the river
valley, but after the 20th I was unable to make further observa-
tions on them there. The cause of such an unusual incursion
is doubtless more or less complex. One factor may be the food
supply, of which there was that year an abundance, since
spruce, hemlock and birch trees bore heavily, and apparently
with unusual luxuriance. The exceedingly dry spring and
summer may have had an indirect influence in producing the
large crops of seeds in the case of these trees, for the pollen
would have escaped being wetted down, and thus a greater num-
ber of the fruiting parts may have been fertilized.

62 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE BIRDS OF NEW HAMP-
SHIRE.

1. Colymbus holboellii (Reinh.). Hoebceee's Grebe.

Inland, a rare spring and fall migrant ; on the coast, it doubt-
less occurs also as an uncommon winter resident. In the spring
of 1876, several were taken at Webster, and one so late as June,
of that year (Goodhue, '77a, p. 146). Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98,
p. 3) records one in breeding plumage taken at Alton where it
was picked up in a field exhausted ; and another shot in the fall
at Lake Winnisquam.

2. Colymbus auritus Linn. Horned Grebe.

A regular autumnal migrant to the larger water courses and
ponds.

Dates : October to November 20 (Winter on coast?).

3. Podilyinbus podiceps (Linn.). Pied-bileed
Grebe.

An uncommon spring and fall migrant, and a rare local sum-
mer resident. At Webster, Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77, p. 146)
used to find it in summer and it doubtless still occurs in the
breeding season on some of the lakes in the southern part of the
state. In the fall migration, it is not infrequently found in the
Connecticut valley, and Mr. William Brewster has formerly
found it in small numbers at Rye Beach in fall.

Dates : March to October 4.

4. G-avia imber (Gunn.). Loon.

A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident along
the coast, and common inland in migrations on the larger bod-
ies of water ; a few still breed about the lakes in the southern

OK ARTS AND SCIENCES. 63

part of the state, and in the less disturbed regions to the north
they are yet fairly common summer residents. " Twenty years
ago," writes Mr. Dearborn ('98, p. 3), " they bred every sum-
mer at one or more of the headwaters of the Suncook river."
They still breed at Winnipesaukee and Asquam Lakes. Mr.
G. H. Thayer writes me that a pair nests annually at Breed's
pond near Chesham, and Dr. W. H. Fox states that a pair bred
in 1899 at Dake Sunapee. They were known to breed also at
Bow pond, Strafford, some 15 years ago (W. K. Jenkins, '84, p.
23). Off the coast, at Rye Beach, Mr. William Brewster tells
me that barren birds were observed to pass the entire summer
on the ocean, while the flight from the north began soon after
September 1st. During September and October they are com-
mon as migrants on the wind-swept lakes and along the coast.

5. Gavia lumme (Gunn.). Red-throated Doon.
Inland, a rare fall migrant ; along the coast, it should occur

as a winter resident. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, p. 146) records
one taken at Webster, in the fall of 1S76, and there is also a
specimen in the Acworth Public LJbrary taken at Alstead, No-
vember 4, 1886. Mr. G. H. Thayer has noted it as a rare au-
tumn visitant to Dublin Pond.

6. Fratercula arctica (Linn.). Puffin.

A winter visitant off the coast. Mrs. Celia Thaxter (370, p.
210) records the " sea parrots " as found in winter about the
Isles of Shoals.

7. CepphuB grylle (LJnn.). Black Guieeemot.

A winter visitant off the coast. Mr. A. A. Eaton of Seabrook
writes me of one taken near there in December, 1888. Mrs.
Celia Thaxter ('70, p. 210) also mentions it as a winter bird at
the Isles of Shoals.

8. TJria iomvia (Iyinn.). Brunnich's Murre.

A common winter resident along the coast, and of occasional
occurrence inland, whither it is sometimes blown by easterly
winds. Thus Prof. William Patten writes me of one captured
in an exhausted condition by a farmer within two or three miles

64 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

of Hanover in February or March of 1894. A second bird was
said to have been taken there at the same time. An interesting
and apparently unusual incursion of these birds into the south-
ern part of the state, took place during the last week of Novem-
ber, 1899, when more than two dozen were taken, as follows :
Antrim, one sent in to Mr. J. P. Melzer, Nov. 25 ; Charlcstown,
one shot Nov. 30, and a second Dec. 1, on the Connecticut riv-
er ; Fra7icestow7i , one sent in to Mr. Melzer on Nov. 27 ; Frank-
lin Falls, one captured in a brush heap, about the last of Novem-
ber, according to Mrs. Ellen E. Webster; Lake Winnisquam,
several specimens were taken, reports from Eaconia, Winni-
squam and Tilton probably leferring to the same birds. Mere-
dith Neck, Mrs. Ellen E. Webster (:00a) writes that three
were shot on Winnipesaukee, the locality being as above ; Nash-
ua, one found '• near a pond," and sent to Mr. J. P. Melzer on
Nov. 27 ; NortJificld, one taken alive on Bean Hill according to
Mrs. Webster {in Uteris) ; Tilton, two sent to Mr. C. F. Good-
hue, were shot here. In addition to these captures, Mr. A. A.
Eaton writes me of two taken at Seabrook, on the coast, at
about the same time. Outside of New Hampshire, Messrs. Fax-
on and Hoffmann (: 00, p. 53) record a specimen killed Nov. 30,
1899, on Onota Lake, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, and also
give two other records for the bird in the county for previous
years; Mr. R. O. Morris (: 02, p. 6) took one at Springfield,
Mass.. Nov. 30, 1899, and states that during the last five or six
years the bird has occurred at that place a number of times ;
one was also taken in 1901. Mr. H. S. Hathaway (: 00) records
a specimen taken at Point Judith, R. I., Nov. 26, 1899, and
adds that he had seen " six recently " (i.e., before Dec. 19,
'99) taken off the Rhode Island coast. Finally, Mr. H. B.
Bigelow tells me that he shot a single bird of this species on
Nov. 29, 1899, at Broad Water Bay, Virginia. Evidently there
was a large migration of Brunnich's Murres about the last of
November. 1899, extending so far southward as Virginia, and
in the course of this migration a' number of the birds on an over-
land flight seem to have become exhausted and constrained to
seek the ground, alighting wherever they might, at various

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 65

points over southern New Hampshire and western Massachu-
setts. Apparently there was no meteorological disturbance at
this time of sufficient severity to have forced the birds inland,
and we are obliged to look for another explanation of this phe-
nomenal flight. May it not be that a general migration of the
Mnrres along the Nova Scotia shores had taken place at this
time, and in their southward flight the birds had followed the
trend of the coast of Maine, and on reaching southern Maine, a
number of them, instead of turning to skirt about the out-jutting
coast of Cape Ann and eastern Massachusetts, had continued
straight on in their southwesterly course, and so have crossed
southern New Hampshire and reached the Connecticut Valley,
down which some may have continued, and so reached the ocean
waters off New York ? A glance at the map shows that if a
straight course parallel to the Maine coast were thus followed,
it would lead necessarily over the route indicated. We may
suppose that those birds which were found to have come to earth
at the various localities mentioned, were either exhausted or
bewildered, or had reached the end of a first stage of migratory
flight. Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, further contributes the inter-
esting fact that on November 30, 1901, Mr. H. T. Winchester
observed numbers of small flocks of Murresou Newfound Lake,
about 100 birds in all. At sundown they began " peeping,"
each flock to flock, and gradually gathered on some rocks along
the south shore of the lake. They were very wary, and with
some difficulty Mr. Winchester shot two, one of which is in the
mounted collection of Camp Pasquaney at Bridgewater, Future
observations may show that this crosscut is not seldom taken
by these birds on their southward flight.

9. Plautus impennis (Linn.). Great Auk.
In former times this bird doubtless occurred on our shores,
and is mentioned by Belknap in 1792 as the " Penguin."

10. Alle alle (Linn.). Dovekie.

A not uncommon winter visitant off the coast ; inland, it is of
casual occurrence, being driven in by storms. Thus, specimens
have been obtained at Concord, where after a severe storm, one

66 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

was shot late in the year, some time since ; Milford, where, as
Mr. J. P. Melzer writes me, five or six which had been blown
inland, were obtained some twenty years ago ; Warren, a speci-
men is recorded by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 5) as having
been taken at this place.

11. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.). Parasitic Jae-
ger.

A visitant off the coast in [spring], late summer and fall.
Mr. A. A. Eaton has a specimen taken at Seabrook, September
2, 1897, and writes that it is " quite common during Septem-
ber."

12. Rissa tridactyla (Iyinn.). Kittiwake.
A common winter resident off the coast.

13. Larus glaucus Brunn. Glaucous Gull.

A rare winter visitant. Mr. William Brewster kindly con-
tributes a record of a bird shot at Hampton, and which came
into the possession of Mr. N. Vickary, the late taxidermist,
about Feb. 20, 1886.

14. Larus marinus Linn. Great Black-backed Gull.
A common winter resident on the coast.

15. Larus argentatus Brunn. Herring Gull.

A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident along
the coast, and occasional inland, where after a hard blow, stray
birds are seen on the large lakes, as at Chocorua Lake (Bolles,
'93d) P- 129) ; Concord, one seen April 7, 1889, after a southerly
gale (" P. C", '89, p. 275) ; Dublin Lake, noted in small flocks
in the fall, by Mr. G. H. Thayer {in Uteris) ; East Tilton, one
seen at Little Bay in October, 1896, and another recorded from
Webster Lake by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 5) ; Newfound
Lake, two seen on September 3, 1901, and another at Squam
Lake on Sept. 6, 1902, by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior. These
birds often follow up the larger rivers to a considerable distance
inland. Thus on Feb. 10, 1900, I saw two so far up the Merri-
mack as Nashua Junction, soaring about over the liver, which

OK ARTS AND SCIENCES. 67

was frozen except in places where the current was rapid. Mrs.
Celia Thaxter ('70, p. 211) in writing of the sea birds in sum-
mer at the Isles of Shoals, mentions that " the little yellow gulls,
just out of the egg, ran tumbling about among the stones," and
it is not unlikely that they formerly bred there.

Note: Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull.

Mrs. I'.. E. Webster ( :oob) has recorded as of this species a bird cap-
tured at Caniptou Village in November, 1898. I am informed, however,
that the identification is in doubt, and the species is therefore without a
positive record for the state, though it should unquestionably occur on
the coast.

1(>. Larus Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull.
A spring and fall migrant and rare winter resident on the
coast, where it is probably more common than the few observa-
tions might seem to indicate ; occasional inland on the larger
bodies of water. Records are at hand from the following locali-
ties : Charlestown , where an immature bird was taken on the
Connecticut by Mr. W. M. Buswell, August 3, 1897 ; Milford,
single birds several times taken, as Mr. J. P. Melzer writes me;
Plymouth, a flock of about 100 birds noted in May, 1877, by
" PI. B. E." ('77, p. 345) ; Portsmouth, a male is in the Bryant
collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., taken Oct. 20, 1885; Rye Beach,
Mr. William Brewster tells me that he found it common during
migration in late summer ; Scabrook, Mr. A. A. Eaton writes me
of a specimen which he mounted Feb. 15, 1890; Sunapee Lake,
Dr. W. H. Fox writes me that an immature bird was shot in
August, 1880; Webster, Mr. C. F. Goodhue writes me of two tak-
en on a pond, one about 1890, the other during the last of Aug-
ust, 1897.

Dates : May ; August 3 to October 20. Winter.

1H. Sterna liiruiido Finn. Commom Tern.
A spring and fall migrant, and formerly a summer resident
on the coast, where Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70, p. 211) records
that they used to breed on Duck Island among the Isles of
Shoals. She mentions that the natives called them " med-
rakes. " The " tee-arr or fishing gull, Sterna mimita, "
mentioned by Belknap (1792, in, p. 169) may also have been

68 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

this species. Individuals are of occasional occurence inland,
on the larger lakes ; thus at Winnepesaukee, Mr. C. F. Goodhue
saw a pair on June 10, 1878, at Forty Islands, and at Ossipce
Lake, Frank Bolles ('93b, p. 129) records one shot Aug. 30,
1890.

18. Sterna dougalli Montag. Roseate Tern.

Formerly a summer resident at the Isles of Shoals (Baird,
Brewer and Ridgway, '84, vol. 2, p. 305).

10. Sterna fnligiiiosa Gmel. Sooty Tern.

An accidental visitant from the south. There is but one val-
id record, that of Dearborn ('98, p. 5) really referring to the
Black Tern, viz.: at Newmarket, where " a fine adult male,
taken .... about September 14, 1878, by Mr. D. C. Wig-
gin," is recorded by Mr. Ruthven Deane ('78b, p. 195).

20. Hydroclieliclou nigra surinamensis (Gmel.).
Black Tern.

An occasional summer and fall migrant to the coast ; casual
inland. The following are the only actual records for the state
which have come to my notice: Chocorua, one remained half a
day on a small lake, September 30, 1889, according to Frank
Bolles ('93b, p. 129). This was probably the bird mentioned
in the same work (p. 36) as seen on " one bright October morn-
ing ''; Lake Winnepesaukee ', one was seen June 10, 1878, by Mr.
C. F. Goodhue. Mr. Goodhue writes me that through a lapsus
on his part, this bird was given as Sterna fuliginosa in
Dearborn's list ('98, p. 5). Newfound Lake, an immature bird
was shot by Mr. H. T. Winchester, on September 9, 1902, and
is now in the collection of Camp Pasquauey. as I am informed
by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior. Rye Beach, Mr. William Brews-
ter records ( 'Sib) that a flock of about forty of these birds was
seen August 24, 1880, by Mr. H. M. Spelman. The birds
stayed several clays about a small pond of brackish water, and
four were collected. Mr. Brewster also examined a specimen
shot here on Sept. 1, 1868.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 69

31. yEstrelata hasitata (Kuhl) . Black-capped Pet-
rel.

An accidental straggler from the south Atlantic. A single
specimen was captured at Pittsfield, in Merrimack County, in
August, 1893, and beyond an anonymous paragraph in the Bos-
ton Sunday Herald ('93), appears not to have been recorded.
The bird is now in the mounted collection of Mr. William
Brewster, No. 46,076, catalogued under date of August 30, 1893.
Doubtless the bird was blown up the coast by the tropical hur-
ricane of the last week of August in that year. A second spec-
imen was taken on the same date, and "two days after the
storm," at Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va., about 200
miles from the coast, as recorded on p. 361 of volume X of the
Auk.

22. Oceanodroma leucorhoa Vieill.). Reach's Pet-
rel.

A common summer and autumn visitant off the coast, and of
casual occurrence inland, where it has been captured at Alstead,
a single specimen, September 29, 1897, now in the mounted col-
lection at the Acworth Public Library ; Lancaster, two seen and
one of them shot, October 1, 1897, on a small pond, by Mr. F.
B. Spaulding ('9Sa, p. 50) ; Manchester, one shot near the mill-
dam at Lake Massabesic, October 4, 1899, according to Mr. F.
W. Batchelder ( :oo, p. 123).

23. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Wilson's Petrel.
A common summer visitant off the coast. Mr. William

Brewster ('83b, p. 402) has recorded them as being numerous
offshore between Cape Ann and Cape Sable in June, 1881,
and also informs me that he found them in great abundance be-
tween Portsmouth and the Isles of Shoals on July 11, 1874.

24. Sula bassana (Ivinn.). Gannet.
A spring and fall migrant off the coast.

25. Phalacrocorax diloplms (Swains.). Double-
crested Cormorant.

A. spring and fall migrant on the coast. Casual inland, where

70 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

it has been taken on the Connecticut at Hartlaud, Vt., in Octo-
ber, 1897, as recorded by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior ( :02, er-
rata).

P. carbo doubtless occurs on the coast, but no definite rec-
ords are at hand.

2G. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. American
White Pelican.

The only record for this species in the state is that of Belknap
(1792, III, p. 168) who affirms that it has been seen in New
Hampshire. Doubtless in his time the bird was more likely to
wander to New England than now, when it is but of accidental
occurrence.

21. Merganser americaims (Cass.). American Mer-
ganser.

A rather common spring and fall migrant and less common
winter resident in our inland waters ; a not uncommon summer
resident about the ponds and streams from the White Mountain
region northward. At Intervale, in the Saco valley, I have ob-
served partly grown young swimming in the river so early as
June 23d. They appeared unable or at least unwilling to fly,
and when suddenly frightened, would skim, rapidly over the
surface, the swiftly moving wings serving only to partially lift
the body from the water. Eater in the summer, during August
and September, flocks of as many as a dozen are occasionally
seen. In feeding they delight to work their way up stream
along the shores of some rock-strewn river, half swimming, half
wading, now splashing frantically to one side in pursuit of an
escaping minnow, or, with head and neck submerged, plough-
ing straight ahead, exploring as they go. Ever alert, however,
on the intimation of danger they stop, and swim slowly away,
but if actually alarmed, all turn about and, half flying, half
paddling, beat a precipitate retreat down stream often not stop-
ping until the}' have gone half a mile or more. Both Mr. C. J.
Maynard ('72) and Mr. William Brewster (:oo) note it as
breeding at Lake Umbagog. In November, as observed by Mr.
Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 5) they appear in numbers on the lakes

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 7 1

in the southern part of the state, and many winter on the rivers
where open water is to be found. Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior,
('99, p. 40) has recorded a single bird at Shelburne, on the An-
droscoggin River, so late as December 20, 1897, but I do not
know of the birds wintering north of Lake Winnepesaukee.
Mr. Dearborn finds them wintering on the Winnepesaukee and
Merrimack Rivers. ur. W. H. Fox writes me of a pair noted
at Hollis, on our southern border, in July, 1876, and it is not
impossible that they may have bred in the neighboring region.
Dates: (Southern N. H.) November 1 to April 15 (July); (Northern
N. H.) April to November (December).

28. Merganser serrator (Linn.). Red-breasted Mer-
ganser.

A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident on the
coast; occasional inland. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it is
an irregular fall visitant to Dublin Pond.

Dates: November to April.

29. Lophoclytes cuciillatns (Linn). Hooded Mer-
ganser.

An uncommon spring and fall migrant, and in the northern
parts of the state, a summer resident. Thirty years ago, ac-
cording to Mr. C. J. Mayuard ('72) it bred "not uncommonly"
at Lake Umbagog, and Mr. William Brewster (:oo, p. 208)
states that it still breeds there in hollow trees.

Dates : March to November.

30. Anas bosclias Linn. Maeeard.

A rare spring and fall migrant. Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes
me that one was shot on a pond near Lancaster in the spring of
1888 or '89. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 6) states that he knew
of but three to have been shot in fifteen years on the Winnipe-
saukee River, the last one being in October, 1895. In Novem-
ber, 1900, there seems to have been a flight of Mallards in south-
ern New England, and Mr. W. E. Cram writes me that on the
8th of that month he observed a flock of eight at Hampton Falls,
two or three birds 011 the 9th, and five on the nth, of which
two. an old drake and a duck, were shot. Mr. H. C. Sargent

6

72 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

also obtained a male and a female at Elliot Pond near Chocorua
on November 9, 1900, from a flock of about 10, and states that
the bird seemed to be unknown to the residents there.

31. Anas obscura Gmel. Black Duck.

A common spring and fall migrant and in the southern part
of the state a rare summer resident, though breeding not un-
commonly in the more northern areas. According to Mr. Wil-
liam Brewster (: 02) it still breeds plentifully at Lake Umbagog.
In the country about Intervale, although a few birds are to be
found here and there throughout the summer, it is not until the
last of August that they appear in any numbers. Near Monad-
nock, Mr. G. H. Thayer has found it a rare summer resident.
During September and October flocks of from six to thirty are
found about the rivers and large ponds, and on the wind-swept
lakes until early November.

Dates : March to December.

32. Anas obscura rubripes Brewster. Red-legged
Black Duck.

A spring (?) and late fall migrant. This newly described
duck is stated by Mr. Brewster ( : 02) to be common in migra-
tion at Dake Umbagog from the second week of October until
the waters are closed by ice, the earliest date of its capture
there in fall being September 28, 1899. Mr. C. F. Goodhue
has in his mounted collection a specimen of this duck taken
late in the fall, years ago, at Webster. It doubtless occurs also
in spring, but I know of no records.

Dates : 1 Spring? < ; I September 28) October 8 to December.

:\',i. Mareca aiiiericana (Gmel). American Widgeon.

An uncommon spring and fall migrant on the coast.
Dates: April; September to October,

,34. Nettion carolinensis (Gmel.). Green-winckd
Tj.al.

An uncommon spring and'fall migrant. In the Connecticut
valley, both Mr. F. B. Spaulding at Lancaster and Mr. W. M.
Buswell at Charlestown note its occurrence. In the central

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 73

part of the state it appears to be rare. Mr. W. E. Cram reports
it on the coast at Hampton Falls.

35. Querquedula discors (Linn.). Blue-winged
Teal.

An uncommon spring and fall migrant. I have records of
this bird from the Connecticut valley and from the rivers and
lakes of the southern and central parts of the state as well as
from the coast, but in the White Mountain region it appears to
be rare, and I have never seen specimens from there.

Dates : May ; August 22 to November.

36. Spatula clypeata (Linn.). Shoveller.

A very rare migrant. The only record is of two "shot at
Rve Beach in August, 1872" (Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, '84,
p. 528).

37. Aix sponsa (Linn.). Wood Duck.

A not uncommon spring and fall migrant and occasional sum-
mer resident. Formerly it bred rather commonly throughout
the well watered portions of the state. Thus, Mr. C. J. May-
nard records it in 1872 as breeding about Lake Umbagog, and
Mr. C. F. Goodhue found it a common summer resident at
Webster at about the same time. At present it still breeds in
small numbers at suitable localities; thus Mr. Dearborn ('98)
instances a pair which bred near Tilton in 1892 and in 1893 ;
Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that it is a regular summer resident
at one spot near Dublin. Frank Bolles'('93b) found it to breed
about Chocorua, and to the north of the White Mountains it
must still be found in small numbers in summer. At Intervale,
I have usually seen only single birds in fall, on the small mead-
ow brooks, but on the lakes and ponds of this region flocks of
six to a dozen are not infrequent during migrations, remaining
into the first week of November.

Dales: March to December.

38. Aythya marila (Linn.). American Scaup Duck.
An uncommon migrant in fall along the coast, and occasional

inland. A few must occur on the coast in spring, but I have

74 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

no records. Mr. C. F. Goodhue writes me that he has once
taken it at Webster, and has mounted a specimen shot at Con-
cord about Dec. 13, 1899

39. Aythya affinis (Eyt.). Lesser Scaup Duck.

A rare migrant. Mr. C. F. Goodhue has obtained it near
Webster and Mr. G. H. Thayer writes tbat he has observed it
in fall at Dublin Pond.

40. Aythya collaris (Donov.). Ring-necked Duck.
A very rare migrant. The only record at present available

is that of a specimen obtained at Concord, during the last of
November, a number of years ago, by Mr. C. F. Goodhue in
whose mounted collection the specimen now is.

41. Clangulaclangula americana (Bonap.). Amer-
ican Golden-eye.

A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident along
the coast and on certain of the larger lakes and streams inland
in the southern part of the state ; a summer resident at Lake
Umbagog. Mr. William Brewster ( : 00) has given an interest-
ing and valuable account of the breeding habits of this bird as
observed by him at Umbagog, where, he states, it still nests
abundantly "especially about the outlet and throughout the
bottom lands of the lower Megalloway River, where the forests
were killed half a century ago by the back water from the dam
at Errol." The birds remain on the lake into November, dur-
ing which month, according to Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 7)
they first appear as migrants on the lakes in the southern part
of the state ' ' finally descending into the rivers when the larger
bodies of water are frozen over." Many of these birds, he
states, winter on the Winnipesaukee and Merrimack rivers.
Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that it is an irregular fall visitant to
Dublin Pond. There is a single male specimen in the collection
of the Acworth Public Library labeled as taken at Charlestown
on the Connecticut River, June 13, 1885.

Dates : Summer; October to April 15 (June 13).

42. Charitonetta albeola (Linn.). Bufm.e-head.

An uncommon spring and fall migrant on the coast; occasion-

OK ARTS AND SCIENCES. 75

al inland, as at Webster where Mr. C. F. Goodhue has obtained

it.

Dates : March and April ; October and November.

43. Harelda hyemalis (Ljnn.). Old-squaw.

A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident along
the coast, and occasional also inland. In the Connecticut val-
ley, this duck appears to be of not infrequent occurrence in mi-
grations. Mr. W. M. Buswell includes it in a list of birds seen
about Charlestown, probably on the strength of two specimens,
a male and a female, taken in Marlow, an adjoining town, on
April 24, 1883, and now in the collection of the Acworth Public
Library. Mr. G. H. Thayer also writes me that it is an irreg-
ular fall visitant to Dublin Pond, sometimes occurring in large
flocks. Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, (:02) also instances two
birds obtained at Windsor, Vt., farther up the Connecticut. Mr.
C. F. Goodhue writes of two taken late in November, about
1 89 1, on the Winnipesaukee River, between Franklin Falls and
Tilton. Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70) states that the fishermen at
Isles of Shoals call these birds " Scoldenores."

Dates : October to April 24.

44. Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.). Harlequin
Duck.

A rare visitor to the coast in late fall and early winter. Bel-
knap (1792, III, p. 168) mentions it without comment among
other New Hampshire birds, and it may have been of more
frequent occurrence in his time. Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70, p.
210) also mentions it among the winter sea fowl at the Isles of
Shoals. The only definite record, however, is that given by
Mr. H. A. Purdie ('73) of a bird taken at Hamt>ton , in Novem-
ber, 1872.

45. Soniateria dresseri Sharpe. American Eider.

A not uncommon spring and fall migrant and winter resident
off the coast. This is the bird commonly known as "Sea
Duck."

46. Oideinia americana Swains. American Scoter.
An uncommon spring and fall migrant and winter resident

76 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

along the coast, and not rare as a migrant in the Connecticut
river basin. Mr. William Brewster tells me that off the coast
at Rye Beach, scattering birds, no doubt barren, are seen occa-
sionally in summer. In the collection of the Acworth Public
Library there are three specimens taken at Alstead, one a male,
Oct. 8, 1883, and two females on the 26th of the same month.
At Lancaster, farther up the valley, Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes
me that on Oct. 12, 1894, two gunners brought in four, 3 males
and 1 female, shot from a flock of 8 on Martin Meadow Pond.
Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ( :o2, p. 10) also adduces a specimen
from the Connecticut at Windsor, Yt. Mr. G. H. Thayer finds
the bird a rather regular migrant in fall at Dublin Pond, and
notes that the greater proportion of the birds are males.
I>at«'s: October 8 to April ; summer (barren birds).

47. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White-winged Sco-

T E R .

A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident on
the coast ; occasional inland on migrations as at Webster, where
it has been noted by Mr. C. F. Goodhue, and Dublin Pond,
where Mr. G. H. Thayer assures me it occurs in the fall with
the other Scoters. Scattering birds occur off the coast in sum-
mer, as noted under the preceding species.

48. Oidemia perspicillata (I/inn.). Surf Scoter.
An uncommon spring and fall migrant and winter resident on

the coast; rare inland. Occasional specimens are also observed
off the coast in summer, these being doubtless barren birds.
There is a female in the Acworth Public Library collection,
without date, taken at Dempster in the Connecticut valley.
Mr. G. H. Thayer states that it occurs in fall on Dublin Pond,
but is less often seen than the other two species.

49. Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.). Ruddy Duck.

An uncommon spring and fall migrant, and occasional also in
summer, though its breeding in the state is yet to be established.
There are two summer records for the southern part of the state :
Newfound Lake, where on July 11, 1901, a fine adult male was
shot by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ('01, p. 27) and is now in

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 77

the collection of Camp Pasquaney, Bridgewater ; Rye Beach,
where, as recorded by Mr. G. S. Miller, Jr., ('91, p. li8), an
adult female in worn breeding plumage was taken on August
22, 1879. The bird is in the collection of Mr. William Brew-
ster. Although the latter specimen may have been an early
migrant, Mr. Miller is inclined to think that it had not come
from any great distance, as he had found an adult female still
accompanied by young in Massachusetts on Aug. 11, 1890.
Dates : Spring. July 1 1 ; August 22 to October 28.

50. Chen hynerborea (Pall.). Lessee Snow Goose.

A rare and irregular fail migrant. In Belknap's time it may
have been more common and his " White Goose, Alias ery-
thropns," (1792, III, p. 167) was probably this species. Mr. A.
A. Eaton writes me that a flock of six was seen at Seabrook in
1895 or '96, but the only actual capture of the bird that I can
instance is of a young male taken October 2, 1896, at Lake Um-
bagog , as recorded by Mr. William Brewster ('97) in whose
possession the bird was stated to be.

51. Chen cjernlescens (Linn.). Blue Goose.

A casual visitant from the interior. Belknap (1792, III, p.
167) mentions the "Bluish Goose, Alias cseriilescens,"
without comment in his list, but it is of course a cptestion as to
what this record may refer. The only authentic record is at
Lake Umbagog, where Mr. William Brewster ('97) states that
an immature bird was taken on October 2, 1896, the specimen
coining into his possession less than an hour after its death.

52. Branta canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose.

A common spring and fall migrant. According to a writer
in the Forest and Stream (vol. 22, p. 386) a pair was killed in
the Merrimack river at Concord, on June 2, 18S4, which, bar-
ring the possibility of these having been tame birds, is an unus-
ually late date. During migrations flocks of these birds not in-
frequently alight on ponds and lakes, in both spring and fall.

Dates : March 11 to April ; October to December 7.

53. Branta bernicla (Linn.). Brant.

Although probably a not uncommon spring and fall migrant

78 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

on the coast, it is only casual inland, the single record being
that given by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 8) on the authority of
Mr. C. F. Goodhue, who writes me that a bird was shot late in
November about 1891, on the Winnipesaukce Rivet between
Franklin Falls and Tilton. The specimen is still in Mr. Good-
hue's mounted collection.

54. Olor columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan.

Years ago this bird was doubtless of regular and not uncom-
mon occurrence, but it is now only accidental in migrations.
There is but a single definite record : at Sea brook, where accord-
ing to Mr. William Brewster ('79a) a male in immature
plumage was shot on October 18, 1878, by a gunner while lying
off shore in a dory. Regarding the Trumpeter Swan, Olor
buccinator, which is also believed to have formerly occurred in
New England, it is interesting to recall the quaintly phrased
statement of Belknap (1792, III, p. 166) that " naturalists have
different opinions respecting the music of the swan. The tame
swan of England is said to be silent ; and Dr. Goldsmith seems
to think the accounts of the music of the wild swan fabulous.
What is deemed fabulous in Europe, is often realized in Amer-
ica. It is certain that our swan is heard to make a sound
resembling that of a trumpet, both when in the water and on the
wing." These remarks may very likely have had reference to
Olor buccinator.

55. Plegadis autumiialis (Hasselq.). Glossy Ibis.

An accidental visitant from the south. There is but a single
record: Alton, near Lake Winnepesaukee, "an old bird, in
full plumage " taken in October, 1858, by Dr. Charles Palmer,
in whose collection it was said to have been in 1872. The bird
was first recorded by Dr. J. A. Allen ('69-'70, p. 637) and this
record was later supplemented by Dr. Palmer C71, p. 120).
Many writers on New England ornithology have mentioned
this specimen and it figures also in Mr. Dearborn's list ('98, p.
8 . This specimen was incorrectly recorded as " Wood Ibis
{Tantalus loculalor)" in Forest and Stream (vol. 7, p. 3?5).

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 79

i>(>. Botaurus lentigiiiosus (Montag.). American Bit-
tern.

A not uncommon summer resident of the fresh-water marshes
throughout the state. Its habit of breeding on the floating isl-
ands of grass at Lake Umbagog was described by Mr. C. J.
Maynard ('72). In the Saco valley at Intervale, the bird is
present in small numbers during late summer, keeping to the
grass grown marshes and little brooks on the meadows. Mr. S.
A. Shaw ('85) records a specimen obtained at Hampton, on
December 11, 1881, and states that one wing had been broken,
but was entirely healed.

Dates : March to November (December 11).

57. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.). Least Bittern.

A rare summer resident in the extreme southern part of the
state. This bird bar&ly reaches our southern border, and finds
the northern limit of its range well within the Transition zone.
Mi. C. F. Goodhue is quoted in Mr. Ned Dearborn's '98 list as
saying that he is quite sure it has been taken at or near Brad-
ford, and Mr. Dearborn also states that it has been reported
from the vicinity of Hanover. This report is presumably that
given in "A List of the Vertebrates found within thirty miles
of Hanover, N. H.," 1891, a list which, though admirable in
concept, must unfortunately be used with some caution, and
its statement that the Deast Bittern is a " not rare summer resi-
dent " certainly should be carefully confirmed. The only trust-
worthy records that I have obtained for the bird in this state
are: Hampton Beach, a specimen taken in 1869, is in the
mounted collection of the Boston Society of Natural History ;
Seabrook, where Mr. A. A. Eaton assures me he has seen a
specimen killed in town, and in the possession of Mr. Isaac
George. Samuels ('67, p. 404) says that it has been found to
breed in all the New England states, but I have found no actu-
al breeding record for New Hampshire.

58. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron.

A rather common spring and fall migrant and summer resi-
dent. Doubtless many of the individuals now seen in summer

8o PROCKKDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

are not breeding birds, but formerly there were rookeries known
in a number of places in the state. Thus Mr. C. F. Goodhue
('77, p. 146) records the bird as having bred at Webster prior
to 1877, and Samuels ('67, p. 402) tells of a heronry in a hem-
lock swamp at Errol, on a small branch of the Androscoggin,
where nests with partly grown young were found about June
25th. Still more recently Mr. Edward A. Preble writes me of a
small colony which bred 15 years ago at a spot among the Ossi-
pee Hills, two mile.s northwest of Dan Hole Pond. " Upwards
of 100 nests were occupied within an area of about an acre.
These were placed mostly in large beeches, one of which held 6
or 8 nests." The birds fished at Dan Hole Pond, where they
obtained pickerel. A gang of sawmill hands broke up the col-
ony in 1888. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 9) adduces a recent
instance from Belknap and Merrimack Cos., where a pair nest-
ed " in an old growth of pine situated in a large swamp. The
young ones were supplied with food from a pond nearly two
miles away." My friend, Mr. H. C. Sargent, also writes me
that on May 26, 1901, he discovered a small rookery about a
mile and a half east of Chocorua, on a slope near two ponds.
The young birds were apparently hatched, and about a dozen
nests were observed. In the White mountains a few of these
birds usually appear in the Saco valley, singly or rarely in
pairs, about the first of August, and often the same birds seem
to stay about in one locality for a number of days, feeding along
the brooks and ponds. Doubtless there are secluded spots
where they yet breed among the White mountains, and after the
young are off they seek the valleys for a season, where food is
easily accessible. Individuals are apt to be seen in suitable lo-
calities throughout the state during all the summer months.
Occasionally one or two birds seem to linger late in the season
as long as there is food and open water to be found. Thus Mr.
H. C. Sargent writes me of a bird which was shot by a resident
near Chocorua on December 21, 1900. The man found the bird
in his yard, standing in eighteen inches of snow, when he first
went out in the morning. Mr. V. D. I^owe observed one at
Randolph on December 31, 1901.

I>at<'s : April 5 to November 6 (December 31).

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Sl

Note: Ardea egretta" Gmel. American Egret.

Belknap ( 1792. III. p. .69) mentions a White Heron among the birds
of the state and Mrs. E. U. Webster recently writes me of a bird observed
on May [8 1901, at Franklin Falls, "feeding on a wet meadow bordering
the Merrimack River." which must have been an Egret. It was seen by
several persons and remained in the vicinity two or three days. An un-
equivocal instance of its occurrence in the state is yet to be Cited, how-

ever.

59. Ardea cjerulea Linn. Little Blue Heron.

An accidental visitant from the south. The only record is of
a bird killed in Amherst, April 28, 1897. It was brought to
Mr. James P. Melzer, who states ('97) that it was " in perfect
plumage, with maroon neck."
CO. Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron.

A not uncommon summer resident about the lakes and water
courses of the southern part of the state, becoming rarer in the
central regions. It is a bird of the Transition zone, and seems
to occur regularly about as far northward in New Hampshire as
do the white oaks. Mr. E. A. Preble informs me that he has
observed it occasionally in summer at Ossipee along the Beech
River, but it appears not to occur farther up in the region, as
Frank Bolles did not mention it from Chocorua, nor have I any
knowledge of its presence at Intervale, in the Saco valley. The
bird is also apparently quite absent from the Franconia region,
though doubtless a few do work up the Connecticut valley to
about this latitude. Mr. F. B. Spaulding of Lancaster writes
me that on June 6, 1897, while near the Connecticut at that
place, in company with Judge J. N. Clark, a bird flew over
which the latter gentleman pronounced to be " unmistakably
a green heron." Mr. Spaulding had never met with the bird
there previously. Farther south, along the Connecticut in the
vicinity of Walpole, I have found the bird not uncommon, and
it is rather common at Newfound Lake (Howe, :oi, p. 27).

Dates : Last of April to October,

61. Nycticorax nycticorax neevius (Bodd). Black
crowned Night Heron.

A not uncommon summer resident near the coast, but less

82 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

common inland. It appears to penetrate the interior of the
state by following up the water ways even to the foot of the
White Mountains. At Dublin Lake, Mr. G. H. Thayer writes
me that it is an irregular visitant, not known to breed. In the
Merrimack valley, Mr. C. F. Goodhue has found it rarely near
Webster, and still farther up, it has been recorded from New-
found Lake in summer (Howe, :oi, p. 27). A number appear
to work up the Saco valley through Maine, and thus reach the
White Mountain region. At Chocorua, Frank Bolles ('93a,
pp. 36 & 128) states that a few are found late in summer and
instances a flock of ten which remained for two or three days in
the neighborhood, one August. At Intervale, I have seen and
heard occasional birds on the Saco meadows in the months of
June, July and August and have attributed to these birds the
two or three large stick nests which I have found nearly every
year high up in some large white maples by the water's edge,
though doubtless the young, if such there had been, were al-
ready grown by the time I arrived (late June). In the Connec-
ticut valley, neither Mr. W. M. Buswell of Charlestown, nor
Mr. F. B. Spaulding, of Lancaster, have met with the bird,
though doubtless a few do penetrate so far up perhaps as the
latter station, and Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior (:o2, p. n) gives
it as occurring in the Connecticut valley at Windsor, Yt., and at
St. Johnsbury farther north in that state. Certain it is, how-
ever, that over the greater part of central, western, and north-
ern New Hampshire it is absent.
Dates : April to October.

i\2. Grus mexicana (Mull.). Sandhiu Crane.
This bird is supposed to have occurred as a migrant in New
England at the time of the first settlement of the country. Sev-
eral of the early writers on this region mention what seem to
have been cranes, and among them Belknap (1792, III, p. 169)
lists the "Crane, Ardca canadensis,'" as of the birds occurring
in New Hampshire. The only actual record for the state ap-
pears to be Wakefield at Lovell's Pond, where Mr. William
Brewster ( : 01) states that he is informed by Mr. Ned Dearborn,
a specimen was obtained in 1896 or 1897. Mr. Dearborn first

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 83

saw the specimen at the shop of Mr. J. S. Turner, a taxider-
mist at Portsmouth, to whom it had been sent in the flesh in a
fresh condition. Mr. Dearborn has purchased the specimen
and it is now preserved at the State Agricultural College at
Durham. The presence of the bird in the state is of course
quite fortuitous at this time.

63. Kallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail.

A local summer resident of the Transition regions, and per-
haps not so rare as the few records might seem to show. The
following are the only instances which have come to my notice :
Hampton, a bird seen and its nest, containing eight eggs, found
May 28, 1887, and another bird found dead under some tele-
graph wires by Mr. S. Albert Shaw ('87) ; Hampton Falls, Mr.
W. E. Cram gives it as a summer resident ; Hollis, Dr. W. H.
Fox writes that it is a rare summer resident ; Marlow, there is
a specimen in the Acworth Public Library, taken October 1,
1 88 1 ; Lancaster, Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes me that several
years ago a boy found a nest containing about ten eggs on a low
meadow near the Connecticut, and that Capt. B. F. Goss iden-
tified the eggs as of this species. This is the only record I have
obtained for the northern part of the state. Webster, Mr. C. F.
Goodhue has found it rarely and does not know of its breeding.

Dates: April to October 1.

64. Porzana Carolina (Dinn.). Sora.

An uncommon and local summer resident in the Transition
area. I have found it in summer in a certain sedgy bog at
North Conway, and on July 13, 1897, at Intervale, I several
times started a single bird from the short grass of a flooded hay-
field on the Saco meadows during a sudden and extensive
freshet. Doubtless the birds breed in the vicinity. What may
have been an early migrant was seen at Intervale by a brook on
the meadows, August 26, 1898. Mr. W. E. Cram finds it in
summer at Hampton Falls. In migration Mr. William Brew-
ster has found it not uncommon in fall at Rye Beach.

Dates : May to October.

84 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

65. Fulica americana Gmel. American Coot.

A rather rare autumnal migrant, occurring in the Connecticut
valley and in the lake region of the south-central part of the

state.

Dates : September to October 8.

66. Crymophilns fulicarius (Linn.). Red Phala-

ROPE.

This species, like- the next, is found in migration off the
coast well out to sea, but occasionally inland, whither it is prob-
ably driven by storm. In May, 1892, great numbers of Red and
Northern Phalaropes were observed at various points along the
New England coast, and among others at the Isles of Shoals,
where, according to Mr. Bradford Torrey ('97, p. 392) thou-
sands were observed by Mrs. Celia Thaxter, " in great flocks
that wheel and turn, and, flying in long masses over the water,
show now dark, now dazzling silver as they careen". These
flocks probably included the two species, as was the case else-
where. Mrs. Thaxter had noted the birds the year before at
the Isles of Shoals. Mr. F. B. Osgood records ('91, p. 9) hav-
ing "put up a flock of a dozen or so in the middle of Lake
Umbagog."

<»7. Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.). Northern Piiau-

ROPE.

An abundant spring and fall migrant offshore, casual inland.
Mr. R. I. Brasher ('94) records meeting with "numerous
flocks" some twenty miles off the New Hampshire coast, on
August 9, 1893; they disappeared as land was sighted. Mr.
\V. C. Prime ('89) has twice observed the bird in the Pranco-
nia Mountains. In the first instance, the single individual was
not captured, but was observed at very close range in Septem-
ber, about 1884, as it swam on the waters of Profile Lake, feed-
ing on the multitudes of winged ants drowned on the surface.
The second instance was on September 22, 1888, when a single
bird was knocked over with a short stick on Lonesome Lake
(about 3,000 feet altitude). It was quite fearless, and was feed-
ing on the seeds of sedges which grew at the margin of the lake.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 85

The great abundance of Phalaropes at the Isles of Shoals in
May, 1892, has been mentioned under the preceding species.
Dales : May ; August 9 to September 22.

(>8. Steganopus tricolor Vieill. Wilson's Phala-
ROPE.

A rare migrant to the coast. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway
('84, p. 339) record the bird as "shot by Mr. William Brew-
ster at Rye Beach in the summer of 1872." I am informed by
Mr. Brewster that the specimen in question was obtained on

Aug. 15, 1872.

(>1>. Philohela minor (Gmel.). American Woodcock.
A not uncommon spring and fall migrant and a less common
summer resident throughout the lowlands of the more remote
parts of the state. " W. H. B." ('96) records an old bird with
a brood of young seen by a Mr. Oliver Dodge " on the south
slope of a hill in the town of Brookline, N. H.," on the 13th of
March, several years previous, after a rather open winter. Such
early breeding seems rather improbable, however. Mr. C. J.
Maynard ('72) records that they were found to breed, though not
commonly, at Lake Umbagog, where a nest with four eggs was
found May 10, 1870. At Intervale, I have observed them not
infrequently in summer among the alder swales about the brooks
in the valley, and in September, a few are to be found in damp
woods up to 1,500 feet.

Dates : Last of March to October 17.

TO. Gallinago clelicata (Ord). Wilson's Snipe.
A migrant, uncommon in spring and more common in fall
near the coast ; inland it is generally found only in small num-
bers, in marsh)' spots about ponds. At Intervale, in the Saco
valley, I have never seen but a single bird, this on Sept. 18,
1897, in a small marsh. A writer in the Forest and Stream,
signing himself " W. H. B." ('96) says he has known the bird
to winter at Nashua, an occurrence which, though not improb-
able, must be quite unusual. Mr. William Brewster has ob-
served it at Rye Beach on July 22.

Dates : March to May ; July 22 to November (Winter ?).

86 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

71. Macrorhamplms griseus (Gmel.). Dowitcher.
A rather common fall migrant coastwise ; a few probably oc-
cur in spring, but I have no records.

Dates : July 20 to August 25.

72. Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.). Stilt Sand-
piper.

A rare fall migrant. The single classic record still remains
the only published instance of the occurrence of the bird in this
state : Rye Beach, " no less than ten specimens " were secured
by Mr. William Brewster ('72, p. 309) in the Augusts of 1868,
1869. These birds were first recorded in the American Natur-
alist, Vol. Ill, p. 639, and have been mentioned by many writ-
ers since that time. Mr. Brewster has kindly given me the
dates of capture of eight specimens at Rye Beach, as follows :
Aug. 20, 1868, one shot; Aug. 24, 1869, one shot; July 31,
1871, one shot; Aug. 9, 1871, one shot; Aug. 11, 1 8 7 1 , two
shot ; Aug. 24, 1871, one shot ; Aug. 25, 1871, one shot.

Dates : July 31 to August 25.

73. Tringa maculata Vieill.. Pectoral Sandpiper.
A rather uncommon fall migrant inland about the marshes

and larger bodies of water ; common also as a coastwise mi-
grant.

Dates : July to October 10.

74. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. Wiiite-rumped Sand-
piper.

An uncommon migrant. Mr. William Brewster tells me that
he found it not uncommon at Rye Beach in July and August in
former years, while inland it has been taken at Tyake Umbagog,
according to Mr. H. Merrill ('82) who records a specimen
" shot about Oct. 2," and " two others upon Oct. 14," 1876, by
Mr. N. C. Brown.

7/>. Tringa bairclii (Coues). Baird's Sandpiper.

A rare fall migrant on the coast and at Lake Umbagog. The
records are : Lake lh>ibagog, one obtained " on a nuulflat at
the foot " of the lake, Sept. 1, 1875, by Mr. William Brewster

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 87

('76a, p. 19), and one shot on the mudflats at the month of
Cambridge river, vSept. 4, 1880, and two others, a male and a
female, at the same place on the following day ( Brewster, '81a,
p. 60) ; Rye Beach, two were shot on August 26, 1880, by Mr.
H. M. Spelman ('81 b). One of these birds was in company
with " a large flock of peeps."
Dates : August 26 to September 5.

70. Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper..

A very common migrant in spring, late summer and fall, on
the coast, and to a less extent inland, where it occurs about the
larger bodies of water. Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : 00, p. 125)
records this bird at Manchester, June 3 and July 10, and asks
thus if it may not be a summer resident ; on the contrary, these
dates probably represent the end of the spring migration and
the beginning of the fall migration respectively.

Dates : Last week of May to June 3 ; July 10 to September.

77. Tringa alpina paciflca (Cones). Red-backed

Sandpiper.

An uncommon migrant on the coast. A few should occur in
spring, but my only records are in fall, when the bird is com-
moner.

78. Ereimetes pusillus (Linn.). Semipalmated Sand-
piper.

A very common spring and fall migrant coastwise, and also
not uncommon in fall as a migrant along the shores of the larger
bodies of water, as at Lake Umbagog (Brewster, 81a, p. 61),
Dublin Lake (Thayer, in litt.) and Ossipee Lake (Preble, in
lit. )

Dates : May ; July to September.

71). Calidris are naria (Linn.). Sanderling.
A common spring and fall migrant on the coast. Mr. Wil-
liam Brewster noted it as common at Rye Beach after August 2.

SO. Limosa fedoa (Linn.). Marbled Godwit.
An accidental visitant. Mr. William Brewster permits me to

7

88 PROCKEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

record a specimen shot at Rye Beach, Aug-. 27, 1868, by a local
gunner. Mr. Brewster examined the specimen shortly after its
death.

81. Totanus melaiioleucus (Gmel.). Grkatkk Ykl-

LOW-LEGS.

A. common spring and fall migrant on the coast, but uncom-
mon inland, where it is of occasional occurrence about the larger
bodies of water and in the Connecticut valley. Mr. R. H.
Howe, Junior ( : 01, p. 27) records an eaily specimen at the head
of Newfound Lake, July 17, 1901. Both Mr. F. B. Spaulding
at Lancaster and Mr. W. M. Buswell at Charlestown in the Con-
necticut river valley, find the bird occasionally on migrations,
and Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it is not infrequent at Dub-
lin Lake in fall.

Dates : May; July 17 to October 7.

82. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). Yellow-j.kc.s.

An uncommon spring, and common fall migrant on the coast.
Rather rare inland ; Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) gives it as " not
a common summer visitor " at Lake Umbagog, 30 years ago,
and Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 10) records a single bird ob-
served Aug. 20, 1889, at Alton.

83. Helodromas solitarius (Wils.). Solitary Sand-
piper.

A common spring and fall migrant, and possibly a rare sum-
mer resident. No conclusive proof has yet appeared to show
that the bird nests in the state, though Baird, in Baird, Brewer
and Ridgway's " Water Birds" ('84, p. 282), says, " Karly in
August, 1878, I noticed a pair of this species with a brood of four
young hardly able to fly, near an open reservoir of rain water, on
Appledore, Isles of Shoals. These were too young to have come
to that island over the water, the distance being nine miles ; and
that this brood could have been hatched on that rocky and tree-
less island seems very improbable. They were in company
with, yet holding aloof from, several pairs of Tringoides macu-
lar ins \A( litis macularia'^.'''1 Doubtless occasional barren birds
remain about ponds throughout the breeding season in favored

OF ARTS AM) SCIENCES. 89

localities. Thus Mr. C. F. Goodhue writes me of one which he
observed in June, feeding about a small pond near the summit
of .South Kearsarge Mountain, ami Mr. C>. II. Thayer writes
that he has repeatedly observed them in the breeding season on
a small wood pond at an elevation of about 1,580 feet at the
northeastern end of Mt. Monadnoek. About the last of July
the migrating birds appear rather commonly along the water-
ways and ponds, and usually spend the day quietly feeding.
During- the last week of August, 1897, I several times found as
many as 13 or 14 birds congregated about a small drain at Inter-
vale, to feed, but when closely approached, they would fly off one
or two at a time in different directions. In early .September, I
have occasionally seen single individuals about the little lakes
in Carter Notch, at 3,360 feet. Here they would remain all
day, feeding along the shore, and pass on southward after dark,
sometimes calling loudly as the}- departed. Occasionally, too,
I have seen single birds in the latter part of a summer afternoon, •
with stead\- graceful flight, passing southward down the Saco
valley. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) has noted a single bird at
Errol, in the northern part of the state, so late as " November
1st, 1869, when the ground was covered with snow and the
-ponds were partly frozen."

Dates : May 9 to June ; July 17 to November 1.

84. Pavoncella pugnax (Linn. ). Ruff.

An accidental visitant from the old world. The bird is in-
cluded here on the strength of a female obtained by Mr, William
Brewster ('76a) on September 8, 1N74, while it was "flying on
the marshes at the mouth of the Cambridge river," which is
nearly on the boundary line between New Hampshire and
Maine, at the southern end of Lake Umbagog.

85. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Bartramian

Sandpiper.

Formerly a common summer resident of the upland fields and
pastures in the southern and central parts of the state, and a
common spring and fall migrant. Of late years, however, it
has become scarce or has entirely disappeared from its old lo-

90 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

calities. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann informs me that a few still sum-
mer at Alstead, and Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that it breeds
regularly but in small numbers in the northwestern corner of
Cheshire County. Mr. C. F. Goodhue has also found it breeding
at Webster. North of Lake Winnipesaukee, I have no record
of its occurrence as a breeding bird. In the Howe-Shattuck
collection there is a male (No. 1753) taken on its breeding
grounds, July 13, 1891, by Mr. W. H. Phelps at New London.

Dates : May to September.

86. Tryngites subruflcollis (Yieill.). Buff-breast-

ed Sandpiper.

A rare fall migrant on the coast. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway
('84, vol. I, p. 306) record its capture at Rye Beach by Mr.
William Brewster, who tells me that he shot one on each of the
dates Aug. 25 and Aug. 28, 187 1.

87. Actitis macularia (Linn. ). Spotted Sanppiper.

A rather common summer resident, of general distribution
along the larger water courses and about the lakes and large
ponds. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ("87, p. 103) records seeing a
single bird on July 8, 1886, in the Great Gulf, Mt. Washington,
on the west branch of the Peabody river, at about 3,100 feet al-
titude. It must be only exceptionally that this bird ever pene-
trates the forest brooks to this height. Mr. F. B. Spaulding
records ('98b) a nest containing the unusual number of five
eggs, at Lancaster.

Dates : May 1 to Octobrr.

88. Numeiiius longirostris Wils. Long-billed Cur-
lew.

A rare fall migrant until recent years ; now accidental. Mr.
William Brewster observed single birds at Rye Beach on Aug.
25, 1871, Aug. 12 and 17, 1872.

8i). Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew.

An uncommon migrant. Mr. William Brewster noted it at
Rye Beach in former years between August 6 and September 2.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 91

90. Squatarola squatarola (Linn.). Buck-bhi.i.ikd
Plover.

A [spring] and fall migrant on the coast. Mr. William Brew-
ster noted it as rather common in August, at Rye Beach, some
years ago.

9 1 . Charadrius dominicus Mull. American Golden
Plover.

A rare fall migrant. According to " Samourai " ('76, p. 102)
they appeared at Rye Beach in 1S76 on September 14. Mr..
William Brewster tells me of four specimens noted at Rye Beach
as follows: Aug. 26, 1868, two seen, one of which was shot;
Aug. 29, 1868, one seen; Aug. 27, 187 1, one shot.

92. v-Egialitis vocifera (Linn.). Kildeer.

Formerly a rare migrant. Mr. William Brewster observed
one at Rye Beach on Aug. 31, 1868, and two at the same
place on Aug. 4, 187 1. Though probably still of occasion-
al occurrence as a migrant on the coast, the only other rec-
ords which I have, are of its casual appearance. Thus in
the midst of the great storm of November 25, 1888, as writes Dr.
A. P. Chadbourne ('89, p. 258), quoting a letter from Mrs.
Celia Thaxter, they appeared at the Isles of Shoals (as elsewhere
along the New England coast) in great numbers. " After the
storm the birds gradually disappeared, except a few that re-
mained at favorable points for a long time." Mr. Bradford
Torrey writes ('89, p. 275) that he was assured by Mrs. Thax-
ter that some of these birds remained at the Isles of Shoals un-
til the last week of February, 1889. A second accidental record
is of a bird shot at Jefferson, to the north of the White Moun-
tains, in December, 1893. Mr. F. B. Spaulding, to whom I am
indebted for this record, states that the bird was in a very ema-
ciated condition and evidently unable to proceed farther.

93. ^Egialitis semipalniata Bonap. Semipalmated
Plover.

A spring and fall migrant, common coastwise, but less com-
mon in fall on the shores of the larger lakes and ponds.

92 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

i)4. Colinus virginianns (Linn.). Bob-white.
A rather rare permanent resident of the Transition valleys of
southern New Hampshire. Owing to the great numbers of
these birds which have been introduced into New England from
the south in recent years, it is now impossible to say what pro-
portion, if any, of those at present found, are native bred. That
southern New Hampshire is a part of the bird's natural range,
is evident, however, as that careful chronicler, Belknap (1792,
vol. Ill, p. 170) mentions it over a century ago, as a bird of
New Hampshire. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, p. 146) also gives
it as a rare resident at Webster in the '70's. Our severe win-
ters appear to keep the birds in check, notwithstanding the fre-
quent restocking. The repeated failure of southern birds to
survive the cold seasons is hardly to be wondered at, when even
the native birds, inured by long years of natural selection to the
northern climate, can barely hold their own on our southern
border. During the summer of 1899, I thrice observed a single
bird in the Saco valley at Intervale, though it is highly improb-
able that it was other than an introduced specimen which had
been loosed in the neighboring region. I know of none having
been observed in the locality before or since.

95. Canachites canadensis canace (Linn.). Cana-
dian- Spruce Grouse.

A not uncommon permanent resident of the spruce and bal-
sam forests of the upper Canadian region, in the northern part
of the slate, and along the higher peaks of the White Moun-
tains. It occurs on the Presidential Range in small numbers
and seems less common there than on the Carter-Moriah Range,
where at least one or two are almost sure to be seen in a few
hours' walk. On these mountains, it inhabits the rich, damp
belt of balsams and spruces from about 3,000 feet (on the south-
ern exposures) to the upper limit of the tree growth, at a,Noo to
5,000 feet. It also occurs in small numbers on the Twin Moun-
tains, on Moosilauke (4,810 ft.) and on the higher peaks of
the outlying Sandwich Range, as on Passaconaway (4,116 ft.)
where it was recorded by Bolles ('93b, p. 155) " in the autumn,"

OF ARTS AND SCIKNCES. 93

and on Tripyrainid (4,184 ft.) where Mr. F. H. Allen saw two
in June, 1894, and Mr. R. W. Graj' one on Aug. 6, 1899; one
was also seen by Mr. Allen on Mt. Osceola (4,352 ft. ) in the ear-
ly part of the summer of [898. In the primeval forest of the
East Branch of the Pemigewasset, on August 4, 1902, I observed
a single bird in a thick balsam swamp so low as 2,000 feet, and
another was seen the day previous at about 4,000 feet on a spur
of Mt. Hancock. There seems to be no movement of these
birds toward the valleys even in severe winter weather. Mr.
C. J. Maynard ( '72) speaks of the bird as common thirty years
ago at Lake Umbagog, where eggs were taken in the latter part
of May, and young seen on June 15. On the Carter Range, I
saw, on July 24, 1899, an adult female, in company with a young
bird, hardly larger than a Bob-white, but able to fly readily.
Two full grown young were seen together on the same range,
Sept. 14, 1900. The crop of a fine male shot on this range in
1 90 1, was found to contain a quantity of balsam needles.

96. Bonasa unibellus togata (Linn.). Canadian
Ruffed Grouse.

A rather common permanent resident of general distribution,
being found throughout all the wooded country from the Transi-
tion valleys to the upper limit of scrub growth on the White
Mountains.

Typical examples of B. unibellus unibellus apparently do not
occur in New Hampshire. Birds from the southeastern portions
of the state are usually more or less intermediate, but nearer
togata. Specimens which I have seen from the White Moun-
tains seem quite typical of the northern bird, and as stated by
Mr. William Brewster ('95, p. 406, foot-note) "the dark gray
birds which inhabit the primitive coniferous forests of northern
Maine and New Hampshire and western Massachusetts are all
nearly, or quite typical representatives of togata."

From year to year, their numbers are subject to more or less
variation according as the season is favorable or not. Entire
broods remain together throughout the breeding season, and
until well into the fall, wandering about in the woods, and be-
coming quite fat on a diet of various berries, leaves, and buds.

94 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

In the crops of different birds I have found, in early fall, bits of
leaves of Aspidiuiii spinulosumi Populus grandidentata , and fruit
of the snowberry (Chiogcncs), blueberry ( Vaccinium) and white
baneberry (Acta'a). The birds delight to wallow in fine, dry
dust in sunny spots in the woods, and hence are often met with
along trails, where the sun can reach and dry the ground.
Mr. Vyron D. Lowe, of Randolph, writes me that while crossing
the Presidential Range in the latter part of winter, in 1900, he
found two of these birds frozen to death, away up among the
scrub, where, on account of the thick crust, they were unable
to burrow into the snow at night. This fact is of interest as
showing that the}' migrate but little from these upper levels,
even in the winter season.

97. Meleagris gallopavo f era (Vieill.). Wild Tuk-

KEV.

Formerly a common permament resident in the southern part
of the state, but long since extirpated. Dr. Jeremy Belknap
( 1792, vol. Ill, p. 170) writing of the birds of this state, says
they " were formerly very numerous. In winter they frequent-
ed the sea shore, for the sake of picking small fishes and ma-
rine insects, which the tide leaves on the flats. * * * They are
now retired to the inland mountainous country." Evidently the
birds were nearly extirpated by the early part of the nineteenth
century, though Dr. Samuel Cabot ('44, p. 80) states that he
"purchased one in the Boston Market, brought from New
Hampshire," so late as 1841 or '42.

98. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.). Passenger
Pigeon.

Formerly a summer resident of great local abundance, but
now practically extirpated.

Arriving within our borders during the first week of April
in tremendous flocks, they nested in large colonies, at least as
far north as the White Mountains proper. F. D. Sanborn, in
his History of New Hampshire ('75, p. 159) states that at about
17S0, in northern New Hampshire, the air was "black with
flocks of pigeons, which were caught in immense numbers, and
their meat dried for winter use. The feathers were used

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 95

for bedding." Mr. C. F. Goodhue, of Webster, tells me that
as a boy, some forty years ago, he remembers seeing great
flocks of these birds flying northward in early spring, forming
a solid phalanx, with a front of a rod or so broad, and extend-
ing to either horizon. They still bred at Webster according to
Mr. Goodhue ('77a, p. 113) in the 'jo's, and f am informed by
an old inhabitant of the town of Conway that some forty years
ago great numbers nested on the Rattlesnake Range of hills in
that township. Dr. W. H. Fox, writes me that they were for-
merly very common at Hollis in the southern part of the state,
and used to be netted extensively in the '70's; one nest was
found, and the last flock seen was in 1880. There is a mounted
specimen in the Public Library at Acworth, taken at that town,
October 10, 18S1, and is the most recent specimen from the state
that I know of, though Mr. W. W. Flint, of Concord, writes
me that the last Passenger Pigeon of which he has any recollec-
tion was shot near his house in the summer of 1885, when the
birds were already rare.
Dates : April 2 to October 10.

91). Zenaidura macroura (Linn.). Mourning Dove.
A not uncommon summer resident of the Transition country
in the southeastern part of the state, along the seacoast and es-
pecially in the bottom lands of the Merrimack valley where it is
fairly common about Concord and farther up at Franklin. On
the coast, Mr. A. A. Baton writes that it is quite common at
Seabrook, nesting in slender pines, and Mr. W. E. Cram notes
it as a summer bird at Hampton Falls. Dr. W. H. Fox says
it was formerly rare at Plollis, but has since become commoner.
In the western part of the state, the bird is only of occasional oc-
currence in the southern Connecticut valley, where a few prob-
ably work up from the south. Thus Mr. W. M. Buswell writes
me of having several times seen a bird or two in the spring and
early summer of 1898, and again in April, 1899, at Charlestown.
beyond this, I have no information of its presence in the Con-
necticut valley. Mr. F. H. Allen informs me of a single female
seen about the last of June, 1894, so far to the northward as
Waterville, on the outskirts of the White Mountains. The bird

96 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

was evidently a straggler, as the species appears not to occur
regularly north of L,ake Winnepesaukee.
Dates : Last of March to October.

100. Carthartes aura (Linn.). Turkey Vulture.

An accidental visitant from the south. It has twice been
captured in the state, as follows : at Hampton Falls, on the
coast, where on the 6th or 7th of April, 1882, a female was shot
by Frank Pereell. This specimen, which is preserved in the
mounted collection of the Boston Society of Natural History,
was recorded by Mr. C. B. Con- ('82). Mr. William E. Cram,
of Hampton Falls, also writes me that on the 15th of May, 1.898,
he saw a bird of this species at that town, and that, although he
did not shoot it, he had sufficient opportunity to make the
identification unquestionable. The second capture of the Tur-
key Vulture in the state was at North Weave, near Concord,
where, as I am informed by Mr. C. M. Stark, a bird was found
one spring morning, about 1887, by a Mr. Felch, in the latter's
hen yard. It appeared unable to fly, and when thrown into the
air would only flutter to the ground. It was kept for some time
by Mr. Stark, and would often wander off to a considerable dis-
tance in the fields. Later the bird was given away to a butch-
er, about whose slaughter house it remained for some time and
then suddenly disappeared.

Nolo: Blanoides forficatus 1 Linn.). Swallow-tailed Kite.
Mi'. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 13) includes this species in His list of birds
of Belknap and Merrimack Counties on the testimony of one Geo. Stol-

worthy, " who states that he saw one in Franklin in 1875. It picked up
a snake within one hundred feet from him, where he had a good chance
to see it." Dr. W. II. Fox also writes m< that on July 4, [887, a farmer,
whom he considered reliable ami who was a sportsman, reported to him
"a large bird, thought to be a hawk, having a forked tail like a barn swal-
low. It was seen quite closely as it lit on some alders near the road and

remained while he drove by." Though both these cases suggest the bird

in question, the evidence does not, seem to warrant its inclusion as a bird
of the state.

101. Circus hudsoni US (Linn.)- Marsh Hawk.

An uncommon local summer resident, breeding in marshy
places. I have never observed it in the breeding season among

OF A K TS A N 1 > SCI I-'. X C ES. 97

the White Mountains, though it is rather common on the mead-
ows of the Saco valley during the migration in August and
September. At such times, a single bird will remain in the
same neighborhood lor several days at a time, evidently finding
food plenty, and being in no haste to move southward.
Dates: March [6 to November 12.

102. Accipiter velox ( Wils.). Sharp-shinned Hawk

A common spring and fall migrant, and a less common sum-
mer resident ; in the southern half of the state, a winter resident.
Throughout the heavily-wooded parts of New Hampshire, this
hawk is of general distribution during the breeding season, oc-
curring well up onto the mountains. In the winter, a few are to
be found in the lower part of the state, and Mr. C. F. Goodhue
('77a, p. 113) has recorded them in this season, about Webster.
A northerly winter record for this bird is that of one obtained
at Tamworth, on December 27, 1898, by Mr. R. W. Gray and
now in the Howe-Shattuck collection. Throughout the White
Mountain region this is by far the commonest hawk during the
fall migration and especially in the months of August and Sep-
tember, when it is to be found, usually singly, from the fertile
valley bottoms, through the woods, even to the summits of the
mountains, and I have seen a single bird on the rocks near the
summit of Mt. Washington, on the 28th of August, 1901. I
have not infrequently heard from this bird, a sharp "chip,"
much like a Phoebe's " chip," and usually given when alarmed
or as it starts to fly from the perch on which it may have just
alighted.

103. Accipiter cooperii (Bonap.'. Cooper's Hawk.

A not uncommon spring and fall migrant and summer resi-
dent. It breeds regularly over the greater part of the state,
and throughout the lower Canadian region, up to about 3,000
feet on the higher mountains.

Dates : March 26 to October.

104. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.). American Gos

HAWK.

An irregular, though sometimes common visitant in late fall

yS PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

and winter ; rare summer resident. From the White Moun-
tains northward the bird is probably a regular breeder,
and Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes that he has found its nest
and eggs on the banks of the Connecticut river on the Vermont
side opposite Lancaster. South of the White Mountain region,
it has been recorded by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 14) as hav-
ing bred at Dunbarton. where, in 1S97, a female was shot on
her nest, and sent to Mr. Thomas R. Payson, of Northfield, in
whose possession the skin now is. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann (103)
writes that on Jul}7 21, 1902, he discovered a nest of this species
at Alstead, in the southwestern part of the state. It contained
two young, nearly full grown, which were already taking
short flights by the ?gth of July. One of these young
birds was shot, and is now in the collection of Mr. William
Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass. The nest was placed in a small
pine, at a height of thirty-five or forty feet. The migrating birds
appear in fall in the lower part of the state about the last of
October, and Mr. W. K. Cram, of Hampton Falls, writes me
of having seen it there so late in the spring as March 10.
Dates : October 25 to March io; Summer.

!();">. Buteo borealis (Gmel.)- Red-tailed Hawk.

An uncommon, though generally distributed permanent resi-
dent of the lower Canadian region, breeding in the well wooded
upland and mountainous districts. There is a slight migratory
movement on the part of many of these birds, so that they are
resident in winter in the southern parts of the state at localities
from which they are generally absent in summer. They winter
so far north at least as the southern valleys of the White Moun-
tains.

106. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.). Red-shouldered Hawk.

An uncommon permanent resident of general distribution at
the lower altitudes throughout the wooded areas of the south-
ern and central parts of the state. The bird is apparently rare
so far up as the White Mountains. Mr. F. B. Spaulding omits
it from a list of birds seen by him at Lancaster, and I have
never positively identified it but once at Intervale, where on

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 99

August 25, 1898, an immature bird was shot in the Saco valley.
On one or two other occasions, however, I am confident that I
have observed it there in the month of August. At Chocorua,
Frank Bolles ('93b p. 100) records it in August, and it doubt-
less breeds in that vicinity.

107. Buteo platypterus (Vieill.). Broad-winged

Hawk.

A fairly common summer resident of the dense mixed woods
of the sub-Canadian area. In the White Mountain region and
northward, it is the commonest breeding hawk, but in central
and southern New Hampshire it is less common except along
the ridge of the western part of the state. Dr. W. H. Fox
writes me that years ago he found a nest and young at Hollis
on the southeastern border. Mr. G. H. Thayer finds it not un-
common about Mouadnock, and I have seen it in summer along
the range of hills west of Newfound Lake,, where, however, it is
rare. In the White Mountains it breeds in the woods up to the
limit of large tree growth, about 2,500 feet. Like many of the
hawks, it shows attachment for a chosen locality, and I have
known of a pair at Intervale which nested for several seasons in
a large beech tree in the forest. The nest was a huge pile of
sticks in a crotch of the tree, and evidently the accumulation of
years. Portions of two or three dead garter snakes were found
in the nest, which at the time of my visit on July 22, 1898, con-
tained two young birds ready to fly.

Dales: April to .September 15.

108. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.).
American Rough-Pegged Hawk.

An uncommon fall and winter visitant, sometimes occurring
in flights of considerable numbers. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85)
mentions it in a list of birds observed in winter at Webster,
and states that one specimen in black plumage was taken. Mr.
Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 15) says that he is informed by a Mr.
Henry Osgood of Pittsfield, of a large number that " passed in
loose flocks over Catamount Mountain in this town one day late
in November, a few years ago. He also has a mounted speci-

IOO PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

men in melanistic plumage that was killed in his vicinity." On
the coast, it also occurs in small numbers, and Mr. W. K. Cram
of Hampton Falls, who has observed the bird frequently, writes
me that he had a good opportunity to watch a pair at his town
so late as the 5th and 6th of May, 1895. He adds that they were
evidently male and female, both in rather dark plumage, and
that he might readily have killed both, but preferred not to.
Dates : October to (May 6).

109. Aquila chrysaetos (Finn.). Goldkn Kagi.k.

A permanent resident, now become extremely rare and irreg-
ular. There appear to be no recent records of the breeding of
this bird in New Hampshire, though formerly a few nested reg-
ularly in inaccessible localities among the White Mountains.
As recorded by Baird, Brewer and Ridgway ('74, vol'. Ill, p.
316) a pair nested for years on the inaccessible Eagle cliff, at
Profile L,ake among the Frauconia Mountains. Repeated efforts
were made to reach this* nest, but in vain. " In the summer of
1855 a renewed attempt was made to scale the precipice. over
which the shelving rock, on which the nest stands, projects. A
party was formed, and although they succeeded in ascending
the mountain, which was never achieved before, they could
reach only a point beyond and above, not the nest itself. * * *
The party reported a large collection of bones in its immediate
vicinity, with other evidences of the accumulated plunder of
many years, as well as a plentiful supply of fresh food at the
time visited." Nuttall ('32, vol. I, p. 64) mentions that he saw a
young bird which had been brought from the White Mountains,
where it had been taken from its nest in the mouth of August.
The last breeding record for the state appears to be that of C.
A. Hawes ('78) who states that on July 6, 1876, he observed at
White Horse Ledge, North Conway, a nest containing two
young, partly fledged. He made an unsuccessful attempt to
reach the shelf of rock on which the nest was placed, but man-
aged to get sufficiently near to see that the nest itself was about
four feet across, and built of large sticks, while all about were
scattered feathers, fur and bones. On visiting the locality the
following year, he found that the birds were no longer there.

OF ARTS i M) SCIENCES. IOI

Both H. D. Minot ('77) and Mr. Win. Brewster (^95) mention
having seen the bird soaring high over the summit of Mt. La-
fayette. The only recent captures of this eagle in the state are :
Bartlett, one caught in a fox trap on Feb. 19, ^93, recorded by
" Jagare " ('93) ; Ffollis, Dr. W. H. Fox informs me that one
was shot eight miles west of this town on vSept. 16, 1881 ; New
Hampshire, Mr. Ralph Hoffmann writes me that he examined
a mounted specimen in the shop of W. E. Balch, a taxidermist
at Lunenburg, Vt., and which was said to have been taken in
the state. Mr. Balch, on my inquiry, tells me that it was sent
to him on Oct. 9, 1899, from New Hampshire.

1 10. Haliseetus leucocephalus (Linn.). Baud Kaci.k.
An uncommon summer resident in the central and northern
parts of the state, and occasional at all seasons in the southeast-
ern section. It is generally to be found during the summer in
small numbers about the larger lakes, as at Umbagog, where,
however, Mr. Wm, Brewster ('95, p. 3S6) does not believe it
now nests. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 15) finds the bird also
along the shores of Lake Winnipesaukee and the river that
drains it, and makes the interesting observation that " they usu-
ally roost in the same place as long as they remain in a single
locality, and if there are several in the neighborhood, they gen-
erally assemble at nightfall to spend the night together."
Doubtless these are not breeding birds. At Newfound Lake,
however, is a fine pair of old birds, which probably nests on
the mountains near, and returns yearly to the lake to sum-
mer ; indeed, the residents say that there has not been a sum-
mer for generations, that has not seen a pair of the big birds
sailing over these waters. Mr. Vyron D. Lowe, of Randolph,
a keen woodsman, tells me that a pair of Bald Eagles has sum-
mered for perhaps 25 years on the Presidential Range of the
White Mountains, and that until seven years ago, or therea-
bouts, the nest -was nearly at timber line on Mt. Adams, but
that some one robbed it, and the birds have left the site, though
he still sees them on the range at intervals during the summer ;
in 1902, Mr. howe first saw the birds on March 23d. On the
coast, a few birds winter, and a specimen is recorded in the Or-

102 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

nithologist and Oologist ('82) captured at Portsmouth, Jan. 27,
1882 ; Mr. F. H. Alien also saw one on Feb. 2, 1900, from the
cars while passing through the southeastern part of the state.
Mr. W. E. Cram has observed it the year round at Hampton
Falls. Inland, the first migrants appear early in March, and I
am informed of a fine adult bird seen by Mrs. E. E. Webster at
Franklin Falls, not far south of Lake Winnipesaukee on March
3, 1900, there being still two feet of snow on the ground.

Note: Palco island us Brunn. White Gyrfai.chx.

Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) states that he saw what he is certain was a
bird of this species, flying high above him as he was crossing a mountain
pass in Errol, on Nov. 5th, 1868. While the chances are in favor of the
bird having been a Gyrfalcon, the identification cannot be considered
sufficiently positive to warrant inclusion in this list.

111. Falco rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel.). Black
Gyrfalcon.

A very rare winter visitant. There is but a single record,
near Milfotd, one shot in January, 1891. The bird was origi-
nally recorded by Mr. J. P. Melzer ('91) as from Milford, Yt.,
which, as he informs me, was a mistake. It was taken on Lynde-
boro Mountain, a range of hills which runs through the towns
adjoining Milford, N. H. Mr. Win. Brewster C95, p. 480) re-
cords the locality correctly.

112. Falco peregrimis aiiatimi (Bonap.). Dick
Hawk.

An uncommon local summer resident. A number of places
are known to which a pair of these birds has returned year after
\ear to nest on the same cliff, a notable instance being the pair
at Eagle Cliff in the Franconia Mountains which appears to
have held possession for a number of years succeeding the de-
sertion of the site by the Golden Eagles. Mr. Ned Dearborn
('98, p. 16) mentions a place near Alexandria where the birds
were reported to be seen, and young in the latter part of the
summer. At Humphrey's Ledge, a high cliff rising from the
vSaco valley at Intervale, a pair has bred for several years. The
old birds are noisy during the early part of the summer, and

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. IO3

often are seen soaring high over the river, more like a Bnteo
than a Falco, and uttering their loud, squealing- cries. After
the young leave the nest, gravity brings them down to the val-
ley bottom, but they are soon able to fly sufficiently well to
keep out of gunshot. The whole family usually disappears
soon after the young are strong on the wing, and I have not ob-
served them about their ledge after Aug. 15th. Mr. G. H.
Thayer writes me that he usually finds one or two every summer
on the higher ridges of Mt. Monadnock, but does not know of
their breeding. On the coast, Mr. W. E. Cram notes the bird
at Hampton Falls as a migrant in the months of March and
April, September and October.

113. Falco columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk.

A rather rare spring and fall migrant. Dr. A. P. Chad-
bourne ('87, p. 103) records that one was " seen " in the Great
Gulf, Mt. Washington, at about 3,000 feet, on July 8, 1886.
The bird was not secured, however, so that the record does not
certainly establish the bird's presence in New Hampshire dur-
ing the breeding season. I have never found it in the fall mi-
grations among the White Mountains, when other hawks are
common, and all the many specimens seen or shot have been of
other species. Mr. C. F. Goodhue has taken the bird at Web-
ster, however. Amateur local lists of birds usually include this
species as a summer resident, where doubtless the Sharp-
shinned Hawk is the bird in question.

114. Falco sparverius Linn. American Sparrow
Hawk.

An uncommon spring and fall migrant and a rather rare sum-
mer resident of the Transition areas of the state, breeding spar-
ingly in the valley bottoms well up towards the bases of the
White Mountains. At Intervale, I have known of but a single
pair to nest in the vicinity during ten years' observation ; this
pair bred for one or two seasons in a large dead tree on the Saco
valley meadows, about eight years since. A few appear also in
late summer in the migration down the valley. I have seen

104 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

there on August 25, 1897, a small family group of three birds,
which may have come from no great distance. The fall mi-
grants appear at Intervale during the last week of August and
occasional birds are seen through the first half of September.
They cross the mountain ranges in migration and two have been
noted by Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87, p. 104) flying low over
the summit of Mt. Clay, of the Presidential Range, on Sept. 2,
1884, and " the next day another came sailing down from above
and disappeared in Tuckermau's Ravine." Mr. Bradford Tor-
rey also saw one fly close by the summit of Mt. Washington
( 6,290 feet) about the 28th of August. 1901.
Dates: March 15 to October.

1 1 5. Pandion haliaetus earoliiiensis ( Gmel. ) . Amer-
ican OSPREY.

A rather common spring and fall migrant along the coast and
on the larger streams and lakes ; also a rare summer resident.
According to Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72), they used to breed at
Lake Umbagog. In the fall migration, they appear with more or
less regularity during the last week of August about the lakes
and streams. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87, p. 104) has recorded
one which flew a few yards over his head on Mt. Jefferson, Sept.
2, 1S84, elevation about 5,500 ft. As with other hawks, they
appear often to cross these high ranges, instead of keeping al-
together to the valleys.

Dates: April ; Summer; August 25 to November 1.

116. Asio wilsoniamis (Less.). American Long-
eared Owl.

A rather rare resident. All the records which I have for
this species are from localities in the southern and central part
of the state- I have never seen it in the White Mountains.

1 17. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.)< Short-eared Owl.

Rare, occurring only as a migrant so far as known. Mr. C.
P. Goodhue has found it very rarely at Webster, and Mr. J. P.
Mel/.er writes me that he has mounted perhaps twenty speci-
men - killed in recent years about Milford.

Dates: April; November.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 105

118. Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.). Barred Owl.

A permanent resident throughout the wo )ded region of the
state, and without doubt our commonest owl. In the White
Mountains, where other species of owls seem generally rare, it
is fairly common and of general distribution throughout the
sub-Canadian woodlands up to about 3,000 feet. Frank Bolles'
account C90) of his pet Barred Owls taken from the nest at
Chocorua, on June 1, 1SS8, contains much of value and inter-
est. He found these Owls much given to sunning themselves
sleepily during the morning hours, and often, while in the
woods, could call up a bird by imitating its notes. Although
doubtless this is a strictly resident species, one always is more
apt to see them in fall than at other times. There is probably
some slight migrator)- movement, as the young birds move off,
or the older birds change station occasionally.

111). Scotiaptex cinerea (Gmel.). Great Gray Owl.
A rare winter visitant. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that
there is a mounted specimen in the possession of a farmer at
Ckesham, which was taken some years ago in late autumn, in the
heavy woods to the northwest of Mt. Mouadnock. Mr. James
P. Melzer writes that he has had two or three brought in for
mounting in years past, from about Milford. My friend, Mr.
V. D. L,owe, of Randolph, has also described to me an owl tak-
en in late September, 1892, on the Dead Diamond River, a
branch of the Megalloway, in Weutworth's Location, which
can hardly be other than this species. Mr. Dowe is acquainted
with the common owls, and I have no reason to doubt that the
bird in question was a Great Gray Owl.

120. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). Rich-
ardson's Owl.

A rare winter visitant from the north. The definite records
for the state appear to be the following: Chocorua, my friend,
Mr. H. C. Sargent, permits me to record a specimen which he
shot there March 1, 1900, just after an unusually heavy snow
storm; Cornish, Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior ( :o2, "Errata") re-
cords a specimen taken " in the autumn or early winter about

106 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

1890," and in the collection of Mrs. Russell Brewster, of Wind-
sor, Vt. ; Hollis, Dr. W. H. Fox ('83) records a female shot on
Dec. 15, 1879. The weather was mild at the time, and there
were about three inches of snow on the ground ; Milford, Mr.
J. P. Melzer writes that he has mounted two of three killed in
the vicinity during the last twenty-five years ; Webster, Mr. C.
F. Goodhue has mounted a specimen taken here, a number of
years ago.

Dates: December 15 to March I.

121. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.). Saw-whet Owl.

A resident throughout the state, of general distribution, but
apparently nowhere common. At Hampton Falls, on the coast,
Mr. W. F. Cram finds it the year round ; at Hollis, Dr. W. H.
Fox saw one in June, 1875, and states that it is rather common
there in autumn. Mr. C. F. Goodhue has found it to breed
rarely at Webster, and Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98) considers that
in point of numbers it comes next to the Barred Owl in Belknap
and Merrimack Counties. In the White Mountain region, it is
occasional in summer; Frank Bolles ('90, p. T13) records a sin-
gle bird at Chocorua on July 18, 1889 (?); and Mr. F. H. Allen
observed one late in June, 1888, at Campton. Mr. V. D. Lowe,
of Randolph, tells me also that he has sometimes heard it in
summer on Mt. Adams, about "Perch Camp," 4,400 feet,
slightly below the tree limit. At Lancaster, in the upper Con-
necticut valley, Mr. F. B. Spaulding ('93) has found it nesting
on several occasions.

122. Megascops asio (Finn.). Scrkkch Owl.

An uncommon permanent resident of the Transition regions
of the state, following the valley bottoms well up into the White
Mountains, where, however, it becomes rather rare. Mr. C. F.
Goodhue finds it at Webster, and it is occasional throughout the
south-central parts of the state, as at Acworth, Charlestown,
Hollis, Keene, Newfound Fake and Peterborough. Farther
north, in the central part of New Hampshire, Mr. E. A. Preble
writes me that it is fairly common about Ossipee, and yet far-
ther, a pair or two are found nearly every summer at Intervale.

OF ARTS AXI) SCIENCES. 107

Here they are confined to the river valley, and I know of a pair
which nests annually in a large grove of sugar maples by the
Saco River, and one or more of the family are often to be found
here throughout the summer. On June 18, 1900, I found the
brood of four young hardly out of the nest, all sitting erect and
motionless side by side on a maple branch, while one of the old
birds, in great excitement, flew from tree to tree with weird
cries of protest. Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes me that at Iyancas-
ter, in the upper Connecticut valley, he has seen it but a few
times, and never found it to breed.

123. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.). Great Horned Owl.
A rather common resident throughout the well watered forest
areas of the state, but apparently rare in the White Mountains
themselves. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it is present in
small numbers about Mt. Mouadnock ; Mr. C. F. Goodhue has
often had specimens from about Webster, and north of the
White Mountains it is not uncommon about the larger lakes
and streams.

121. Nyctea nyctea (Iyinn.). Snowy Owl.

An irregular late fall and winter visitant, sometimes occur-
ring in considerable numbers along the sea coast ; accidental in
summer. Mr. L,. J. Rundlett ('97) has recorded a " full-grown,
adult Snowy Owl." shot on the intervale near Concord, July 15,
1897. The previous week had been extremely hot, and the bird
is conjectured to have lived in a large ice-house near by, upon
the cupola of which it was shot. The sex of the specimen was
not determined. Mr. Rundlett informs me that it had been
seen a few days previous by some workmen, and that just before
it was killed, it had been started from the tall grass, where it
may have been searching for mice. This occurrence is, of
course, purely accidental. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77b) has re-
corded a specimen killed at Webster so early in the fall as just
previous to Oct. 10, 1877. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 17) ad-
duces three records for Belknap and Merrimack Counties, and
Mr. H. L,. Piper informs me of having taken the bird in
winter near Rindge ; it is not infrequent throughout the Con-

108 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

necticut valley in winter, and at Colebrook, a Mr. Norton ( '83)
records three secured in the flight of 1883-84. There was a
considerable flight along the coast during the winter of iaor-02,
and several were killed near Portsmouth. In the White Moun-
tains, I have only very rarely known of their presence in win-
ter. Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70, p. 209) speaks of this owl as a
frequent winter visitant to the Isles of Shoals, where it feeds
largely upon the numerous rats on the islands. " Several
snowy owls," she writes, "haunt the islands the whole winter
long. I have never heard them cry like other owls ; when dis-
turbed or angry, they make a sound like a watchman's rattle,
very loud and harsh, or they whistle with intense shrillness,
like a human being."

Dates : (October 10 1 November 3 to March 4 ; (Jul}' 15).

1 35. Suriiia ulula caparoch ( Mull. ) . American Hawk
Owl.

A rare and irregular visitant in late fall and winter. During
the late fall of 1884, an unusual flight of these birds occurred
over northern New England, of which Mr. William Brewster
('85) has given an account. During this flight, the birds were
noted commonly at Colebrook, and four were shot at Lake Um-
bagog. The records for the state, so far as known to me', are
as follows : Colebrook, during the flight mentioned above, Mr.
Ned Norton found them common here, and writes ( '84b) under
date of December 1 : " Less than one inch of snow now. Hawk
Owls came three weeks ago in greater numbers than ever be-
fore. Farmers' sons have been killing them all over the coun-
try." The same observer states that on April 20, 1884 ('84a),
he observed a Hawk Owl near Colebrook with a mouse in its
claws. Lake I rmbagogt four were secured by Mr. William
Brewster ( '85) during the 1884 flight, on the dates October 25,
October 31, November 15 and November 16 respectively. Meri-
dens a specimen in the mounted collection of the Boston Soci-
ety of Natural History is labeled as having come from near this
town. Milford, two Specimens from this vicinity have been
mounted by Mr. J. P. Melzer in years past. Nashua, one was
taken by a Mr. O. H. Phillips, formerly a taxidermist, near this

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. IO9

place in the late 'jo's or early '8o's, as I am informed by Dr. \V.
H. Fox. who examined the specimen. Penacook, Mr. C. F.
Goodhue has mounted one shot lure some years ago, and lias a
mounted specimen shot by him about thirty years ago at Web-
s/cr, where he also shot another bird at about the same time.
Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 18) states that a Mr. George Stol-
worthy asserts that he mounted one taken in Sanbornton during
the- breeding season, an occurrence which, if true, is surely
quite accidental.

I >ates : October 25 to April 20.

1 *i(>. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.). Yellow-hilled
Cuckoo.

A very rare summer resident, barely reaching the south-cen-
tral parts of the state in the Transition areas of the valley bot-
toms and the coast. A few of these birds appear to follow up
the Merrimack valley for some distance, and perhaps with more
regularity, than the few records might seem to indicate. Thus
Mr. W. \V. Flint writes me of one killed a few years ago at
Concord, and seen by him, and Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 18)
records a pair seen in a piece of inundated wood's at Northfield,
farther up the valley, on June 24, 1897, and adds that another
was brought in which was found dead, that same season. It is
stated by Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : 00, p. 127) to be a "rare
summer resident" at Manchester, though no definite instances
of its occurrence are cited. The most northern record for the
state is that given by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ( :oi, p. 35) of
an adult female shot on July 4, 1900, at the head of Newfound
Lake. The bird may very well have followed up the Merrimack
and Pemigewasset valleys to this point. The same author
( : 02) records its presence in the Connecticut basin of Vermont,
and I am assured by Mr. W. M. Buswell that it occurs at
Charlestown, N. H., in the Connecticut valley. On the coast,
Mr. A. A. Eaton writes me that he has positively identified it
at Seabrook, and Mr. \V. E. Cram has noted it thrice at Hamp-
ton Falls, September, 1897, September, 1899, and August, 1900,
respectively.

IIO PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

127. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Black
billed Cuckoo.

A common summer resident of the Transition regions of the
state, penetrating the valleys and foot hills of both sides of the
White Mountains, where it is found not infrequently in the
sub-Canadian woods up to at least 1,000 feet. Mr. F. H. Allen
has found it quite common at Jefferson and Randolph and it
doubtless occurs throughout the open valley lauds of the region
to the north of these mountains.
Dates : May 12 to August 29.

128. Ceryle alcyon (L/inn.). Belted Kingfisher.

A summer resident, of general distribution about the larger
streams, lakes, and ponds ; rarely it winters in the southern and
central parts of the state. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway ('74,
vol. 2, p. 395) record a single pair which had a nest in a bank
by the side of the carriage road on Mount Washington, " more
than a mile fiom any water. It was a shallow excavation, made
that season, and contained fresh eggs the latter part of May.
The food of the pair was taken near the dam of a sawmill on
Peabody River." The altitude at which this pair bred must
have been about 2,500 to 3,000 feet. After the breeding season
the birds often make considerable wanderings into the region
about their nesting site. At such times they will often follow the
trout brooks through the woods, and in mid-September, I have
found them occasionally to reach so high an altitude as 3,360
feet, at the lakelets in Carter Notch. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98,
p. 18) states that one wintered on the Suncook river in 1889-
90, and that he has seen at least one at Tilton in mid-winter.

Dates : March to November 24; (Winter).

121). Dryofoiites villosus ( Linn. ). Hairy Woodpecker.

A not uncommon permanent resident, confined during the
breeding season to the Canadian areas. It breeds on the high-
er land from the southwestern portions of the state northward,
and in central New Hampshire is rather common. In the White
Mountains I have found it commonest on the larger ranges from
3,000 to 4,500 feet where there is an abundance of birch, fir, and

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 1 1 1

spruce. In winter, there is a slight movement southward, and
into the valleys"from these upper regions.

130. Dryobates pubescens mediamis (Swains.).

Downy Woodpecker.

A common permanent resident throughout the Transition
and sub-Canadian life zones, up to about 3,000 feet on the
mountains, though occasional birds go still higher into the
small tree growth, and on Aug. 1, 1899, I observed one in
Tuckerman's Ravine, Mt. Washington, at over 4,000 feet among
the balsams. In winter there seem to be nearly as many of
these birds on the mountains as in summer, but those which I
have observed at this season have all been below 3,000 feet.

131. Picoides arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Three-toed
Woodpecker.

A rather rare permanent resident of the upper Canadian re-
gions of the White Mountains and the northern part of the
state ; occasional also in fall and winter in the southern part of
the state. In summer, its range is practically that of the fol-
lowing species in the White Mountains, but it seems less com-
mon. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne did not observe it during his
White Mountain trips and I have seen it only on two occasions,
these while on a trip over the Carter-Moriah range, in early
September, 1901. Frank Bolles ('93b, p. 155) attests its pres-
ence on Mt. Passaconaway in summer, and H. D. Miuot ('77)
records that he has found the nest in the White Mountains. F.
A. Bates ('91) records two nests with young in late June from
the mountain forests at the head waters of the Pemige-
wasset. Dr. Walter Faxon also tells me that he saw a bird of
this species on Mount Moosilauke on October 4, several years
ago. Farther south, Dr. A. L,. Reagh has observed two birds
at Newfound Lake, on August 18, 1899. W. B. O. Peabody
('41 p. 338) states that he is informed by Dr. Brewer that it
breeds at Keene, but while an outlying pair may have bred on
the northern slope of Mt. Monadnock, it certainly has not since
been found to breed so far south, though Mr. G. H. Thayer
( : 02) records a female observed on May 18, 1899, at Chesham,

I 12 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

six miles north of that peak. To the north of the White
Mountains, the bird is a resident of the coniferous forests. In
fall and winter there is often a fairly well defined movement of
the birds into the White Mountain valleys and over the south-
ern part of the state. Thus Mr. G. C. Shattuek saw 3 or 4
during the last week of December, 1899, at the Albany Inter-
vales, and another at the same place on Feb. 18, 1901. Mr.
Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 19) records a female seen at Alton on
Dec. 20, 1890, and implies that he has known of others taken in
winter in the southern part of the state ; Mr. C. F. Goodhue
('77' P- 96) has found it a very rare fall and winter visitant at
Webster; Dr. Charles Palmer ('71) has recorded a specimen
taken late in fall at Strafford ; at Hampton Falls, the bird has
been observed in fall by Mr. W. F. Cram, and Mr. A. A. Faton
writes me of one shot at Seabrook in November, 1888, and a
second specimen killed at the same place on Nov. 26, 1899.

132. Picoides americanus Brehm. American Three-
toed Woodpecker.

An uncommon permanent resident of the upper Canadian
zone in the White Mountains and in the upper part of the state.
In winter, there is a slight movement into the valleys, and rare-
ly into the southern part of the state. Thus Mr. G. C. Shat-
tnck has seen a single bird on each of the dates Dec. 31, 1900,
and Feb. 14, 1901, at the Albany Intervales, the valley west of
the Moat Mountains and north of the .Sandwich range, and on
Bear Mountain of the latter range, Frank Bolles ('93b, p. 247)
has recorded seeing a pair on Dec. 21, 1891, apparently about
half way up the mountain. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85, p. 14)
has taken a single bird at Webster in January, 1875. On the
White Mountains themselves, whether by chance or otherwise,
I have found this the commoner of the two three-toed wood-
peckers. It occurs in summer in the rich, damp, balsam forests
from 3,00b feet (or slightly less where cold streams flow off on
the northern slopes) to 4,000 feet. Mr. William Brewster has
taken two adult males at Gorham, July .i". [870, and Mr. C. J.
Maynard has seen one in August by the road not far from the
Glen House (Brewster, ed., '95, p. 333). Dr. A. P. Chad-

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. I I ,>

bourne ('87, p. 104) has recorded an adult female and a young
bird below Hermit Lake in Tuekerman's Ravine (3,960 feet)
and another in the Great Gulf on Mt. Washington, July 5,
[886. On the Carter Range, in the latter part of summer I
have a few times met with the bird, and on December 27, 1900,
one was seen among the large trees in Carter Notch just above
the lakes, at about 3,400 feet, on the southern slope of Carter
Dome. There were about 18 inches of snow on the ground at
that time, but evidently the bird was as much at home at this
high level in winter as in summer. Frank Bolles ('93b, p. 155)
notes having observed both kinds of three-toed woodpeckers in
summer, among the dense spruce forests which clothe the top
of Mt. Passaconaway (4,116 ft.), which appears to be the south-
ernmost New Hampshire record for this species in summer.
To the north of the White Mountains in the dense evergreen
forests, it is a rare resident, and Mr. William Brewster ('98a)
has given an excellent account of a pair at Lake Umbagog,
whose nest, containing a partial complement of two eggs, was
found on June 2, 1897.

133. Spliyrapicus varius (L,inn.). Yeeeow-beixied
Sapsucker.

A fairly common spring and fall migrant, and a less common
summer resident. To the north of the White Mountains, about
Dake Umbagog and in the saturated forests of the northern re-
gions of the state, it is a common summer bird ; in the White
Mountains, too, it is not infrequent in the damp, sub-Canadian
woods of paper and yellow birch, spruce, balsam, and hemlock
below 3,000 feet, but seems rather local, and becomes still more
local south of the mountains, being confined more or less to cold
swamps during May and June. Thus at Intervale, it is rare ;
and on only a few occasions have I observed it in the woods on
the immediately surrounding low mountains. Frank Bolles
found it common at Chocorua, and I have also noted several
birds in a favorable swamp near his cottage. In the central
parts of the state it is also found here and there in summer, as
at Bridgewater, Wonalancet, Ossipee, Webster. Mr. Ralph
Hoffmann has observed a few in a swamp at Alstead in the

114 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

southwestern part of the state, and Mr. G. H. Thayer writes
me that about Mt. Mouadnock it is a regular summer resident
in the heavy timber about the base of the mountain. At
Charlestown, Mr. W. M. Buswell writes me that he saw a fe-
male Sapsueker on Nov. 10, 1898, and that it was seen there
every few days until Jan. 5, 1899, when he shot it to make sure
of its identity. Its wintering so far north is probably quite ac-
cidental. It is now believed that the specimen recorded by
Baird, Brewer and Ridgway ('74, vol. II, p. 543) as S. v. nu-
chalis, taken by Mr. William Brewster near Lake.Umbagog in
New Hampshire, was merely an individual variation of the east-
ern bird.

Dates : April to October 20 (winter).

134. Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola Bangs. North-
ern Pileated Woodpecker.

A rather rare permanent resident of the sub-Canadian mixed
forests, up to about 3,000 feet on the mountains. In the south-
ern part of the state, the bird is now very rare, but along the
ridge of land bordering the Connecticut from Mouadnock to
the White Mountains it is rather frequently seen, nor is it us-
ually very shy. I have seen three birds, a pair and a single,
in one forenoon (July 9, 1894) at Walpole on the hills just east
of the Connecticut River, and know of other birds observed
there. Mr. G. H. Thayer has also found it nesting in the big
timber on Monadnock. About Lancaster, White-field and Jef-
ferson on the west and north of the White Mountains, it is not
uncommon, and Mr. K. A. Preble notes it occasionally in the
heavy forests of Ossipee. To the north of the White Moun-
tains it inhabits the coniferous forests and has been observed by
various persons about Lake Umbagog, where among the water-
killed trees, it is said to be common. On the White Mountains
it appears to be rare, though traces of its work are often met
with, especially in the denser primeval forests. In one large-
swamp on Mt. Bartlett, I found a dead tree of a foot or more in
diameter through whose trunk these birds had drilled a hole
large enough to admit one's arm.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. H5

135. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.). Red-
headed \Y< >OD] EC K Kk.

A. rare and irregular visitant in the southern and western low-
lands of the state, appearing in summer and fall. The follow-
ing are the records which I have been able to gather: Alton,
two have been seen by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 19) ; Charles-
town, on May 25, 1899, Mr. W. M. Buswell writes that he ob-
served one ; Dublin, Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that it has been
seen once or twice; Hampton Falls, noted in June, 1886, and
September, 1897, by Mr. W. E. Cram; Hanovef , about i88i,a
bird was seen almost daily during the breeding season near
the Dartmouth College grounds, as I am informed by Prof. Ed-
win B. Frost, who supposes that there was a pair breeding
there; Hollis, adults noted by Dr. W. H. Fox, Aug. 1, 1880,
Sept. 8, 1884, and in August, 1886; Jefferson, recorded in Sep-
tember, 1900, by Mr. H. W. Wright ( :02); Manchester, re-
corded on May 28, 1899, by Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : 00, p.
127) who adds that it has been reported from Londonderry ;
Milford, Mr. J. P. Melzer writes that immature birds are some-
times brought in during the fall ; Seabrook, Mr. A. A. Eaton
^writes me of three immature birds seen previous to 1890 ; an adult
male was shot in the spring about 1896, and another adult male
in July of the same year, while an immature bird was sent in for
mounting in the fall of 1899 ; Webster, about June, 1869, Mr. C.
F. Goodhue ('77a, p. 96) records having taken two birds,
" when they were around several days."

136. Colaptes auratus lnteus Bangs. Northern
Flickkr.

A not uncommon summer resident of the Transition areas,
wintering in small numbers on the coast, but only occasionally
inland in the southern part of the state. In summer a few are
found wTell up into the valleys of the White Mountains and after
the breeding season is over, are prone to wander up into the
lower mountains to 3,000 feet or thereabouts. Thus in August
and September, I have sometimes come upon a pair or a single
bird on the ridges of Mt. Bartlett and Kearsarge, and on at

Il6 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

least two occasions I have noted a bird or two at Carter Notch
(3,360 feet), in the latter month. This deep notch or cleft in
the mountain wall, with a valley opening out to the north and
another to the south, seems to serve as a passageway for a
number of birds in migration, and I doubt not that these flick-
ers had paused here to rest on their southward flight, for dur-
ing the breeding season I have never observed them above 2,000
feet on these mountains. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 19) has
recorded that he has twice seen a flicker in Alton in January.
At Hampton Falls, on the coast, Mr. W. E. Cram ('99) finds
the bird a regular winter resident.

137. Antrostomus voeiferus (Wils.). Whip-poor-
will.

A common summer resident of the Transition regions of the
southern part of the state, but becoming rarer and local far-
ther north. In some parts of central New Hampshire
it is very common, as at Newfound Take. On the out-
skirts of the White Mountains it is local in the southern valleys,
being found about ponds in dry sandy woods where there is an
undergrowth of Bear Oak {Quercus ilicifolia) , brake and blue-,
berry bushes. In such a locality, a few are to be found every
summer at North Conway, two miles south of Intervale, in the
Saco valley. Frank Bolles ('95b) found them about his
"Lonely Lnke " at Chocorua, and at Lancaster, Mr. F. B.
Spaulding has observed the bird also. Although their nightly
serenades gradually cease as the summer wanes, the birds nev-
ertheless remain upon their breeding grounds until well into
September, and Frank Bolles notes them about his lake, so late
as September .25.

Dates : May 6 to September 25.

138. Chordeiles virginiaiius (Gmel.). Nighthawk.

A common spring and fall migrant, and a rather common sum-
mer resident of the Transition regions in the lower part of the
state, following the valleys up well into the lowlands of the
White Mountains. In summer it is usually found in dry open
woods, where there is more or less scrubby undergrowth. In

OF ARTS A.ND SCIENCES. 117

the Saco valley, I have found a tew each year during the breed-
ing season at North Conway, among the scrubby Bear Oaks
that grow on a certain sandy tract it an altitude only a few feet
above the valley (500 ft. ). During the month of August flocks
of these birds, sometimes numbering two or three hundred, I
have frequently seen at Intervale, in late afternoon, moving
leisurely clown the Saco valley. The larger flocks often take a
considerable time to pass a given point, as the individual birds
fly quarteringup and down, back and forth, so that the flock as
a whole swings down the valley, completely past the observer,
then back again, then down the valley once more, with each re-
turning swing coming back a less distance until all are passed.
Evidently the birds are feeding at such times. On August 19,
1897, I observed a large flock of over 200 birds thus passing
down the Saco valley, when it finally broke into two divisions,
one of which moved off northward up the valley, while the other
continued on southward. At other times the flocks do not seem
to be actively engaged in feeding, but each bird, usually sep-
arated by a considerable space from the next, flies swiftly on
towards the south, as if with a distinct goal in view; and fre-
quently such flocks are so scattered that barely a half .dozen
birds are in sight at once, now a little group of two or three
winging its way past, to be followed shortly by a single strag-
gler or a pair. By the end of August, their migration is prac-
tically over in the White Mountains, though an occasional be-
lated migrant may be seen hurrying south during the first week
or two of vSeptember.

Dates : (April 17, Hollis) May 11 to September 15. ,

139. Chaetura pelagica (Linn.). Chimney Swift.

A common summer resident of the Transition area, especially
about the larger centers in the southern and central parts of the
state. In the White Mountains, a few are usually to be ob-
served during the summer about almost every small cluster of
houses, or less commonly a pair or two will be found inhabiting
a chimney of some isolated farmhouse. At Intervale, there ap-
pear rarely to be more than a few pairs in any season, notwith-
standing the abundance of chimneys. Dr. A. P. Chadbounie

I I 8 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

('87, p. 104) records that on July 3, 1886, he was given a speci-
men which had been caught alive in an unused chimney of the
Halfway House on Mount Washington (3,840 feet) but that no
others were seen during his short stay there, nor had the men
at the house ever before observed the bird. Mr. Bradford Tor-
rey ('84, p. 57) also states that on June 17 he found a company
of these birds "flying criss-cross over the summit" of Mt.
Washington, but there is nothing to prove that they ever nest in
any of the buildings there. Mr. Owen Durfee also tells me of a
single bird seen flying about the summit on July 6, 1889. In
their daily flights the birds often travel far from their nesting-
chimney, over the woods, so that it is not uncommon, while
on a trip through the mountains, to hear them chattering far
overhead when the nearest building must have been two or three
miles distant. During late August, I have not infrequently seen
them at Intervale, migrating southward, often in large flocks
numbering upwards of one hundred birds, and at so great a
height that they appeared but specks in the sky, though their
distant chattering could be faintly heard. On such occasions, a
few Eave Swallows, distinguished by their flight, have some-
times been observed in company with the Swifts. The fall mi-
gration is practically over by the first week of September,
though Mr. Bradford Torrey ('96, p. 200) has once observed
one flying swiftly southward near the Profile House so late as
October 1 .

Dates : April 29 to September 7 (October 1.)

14(). Trochilus COlllbris Linn. Ruby-throated Hum-
mingbird.

•

A not uncommon summer resident, and a common fall mi-
grant. Though usually observed in the more open regions and
about settlements, it is also occasionally found to nest in the
woods at the lower altitudes, and I once saw a single bird at
about 3,000 feet near Carter Notch, toward which it was flying.
During the month of August while the Jewelweed (Impatiens)
blooms in luxuriant beds in the lowlands, the hummingbirds
are constantly to be found about them. Often from four to six
are in view at once, some dipping daintily into the flowers,

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 119

others with squeaks and twitters engaged in mock combat,
while yet others rest momentarily on some dead twigs near by.
After these flowers are through blossoming, by about Septem-
ber 10, most of the hummingbirds depart, though I have seen
a few belated individuals at Iutervale so late as the 19th of the
month, hovering over the nasturtiums.
Dates : May 13 to September 19.

141. Tyramius tyraiinus (Linn.). Kingbird..

A fairly common summer resident of the Transition valleys and
up to about 1,500 feet in the White Mountains. It is a charac-
teristic orchard bird and is seldom found at any distance from the
apple trees during the breeding season. After the young leave
the nest the entire family is usually found to remain about their
nesting ground in a small flock for the remainder of the season.
By the last of August these family parties migrate southward, and
joining one to another, soon form a flock of 20 to 30 birds. The
attachment of these flycatchers to a chosen site is strong, and I
know of a pair at Intervale which has nested for five consecu-
tive summers in the same apple tree which projects out over a
small pond on the Saco meadows. I have seen on these mead-
ows what I presume to be birds which had summered close by,
so late as September 8, 1898, but most of them have left by the
first of that month.

Dates: May 3 to September 8.

142. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). Crested Flycatch-
er.

An uncommon summer resident of the Transition and sub-Can-
adian woodlands, occurring in the White Mountains as high up
at least as 1,500 feet. About Intervale, I have found it in fair
numbers through June, but after that month the birds become
retiring and their noisy calls infrequent, so that a careful search
is necessary to discover them at all. They remain in these
northern valleys until September.

Dates : May 13 to September.

9

120 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

143. Sayornis phoebe (Lath.). Phcebe.

A rather common summer resident, especially in the southern
and central portions of the state. It is generally found near
bodies of water, or about barns and outbuildings, following the
settlements up to 1,500 feet or so. In numerous cases, what ap-
pears to have been the same pair of birds has returned year after
year to build on the same spot. The males arrive ten days or a
fortnight in advance of their mates, and occasionally one may
see the joyful meeting of the two on some early April morning,
the male launching himself into the air, alternately sailing and
flying as he pours forth a succession of " chips" and " phce-
bes" and finally flutters down to a perch near his mate, who ap-
pears to take it all as a matter of course. At least two broods
are usually reared, and the first brood may sometimes be seen
lingering about the nesting site long after they are old enough
to be independent of parental care.

Dates : March 26 to October 10.

144. Contopus borealis (Swains.). Olive-sided Fly-
catcher.

An uncommon summer resident, of general distribution in the
breeding season throughout the sub-Canadian region, up to
about 2,500 feet. It is most frequently found on dry hillsides
where there is a scattering growth of spruce or pine, with dead
trunks here and there ; or it is found about open spaces in the
denser woods. Mr. R. Hoffmann observed four males at Alstead
in the summer of 1900, and Mr. G. H. Thayer finds it about
Mt. Monadnock in the heavier growth. Mr. William Brewster
('78, p. 177) has recorded a specimen taken at Rye Beach on
July 24, 1872, and Mr. W. E. Cram writes that it is found dur-
ing the summer at Hampton Falls. About Lake Umbagog it is
said to be common in summer.

Dates : May to September 3.

145. Contopus virens (Linn.). Wood Pewee.

A rather common summer resident of the Transition and sub-
Canadian regions, showing no decided preference for decid-
uous, evergreen, or mixed growth, and often, as I have observed
at Walpole and elsewhere, dwelling among the large elms of the

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 121

village street. Among the White Mountains, I have not ob-
served them above 2,000 feet. Often I have noticed that after
sunset or in the dusk of early morning, instead of the simple
"pe-a-wee," the last two syllables are repeated as a sort of re-
frain, thus: " pe-a-wce, a-wce" given again and again in the
twilight. I have also heard this variation on cloudy days, but
only occasionally. In the White Mountains a few birds remain
until well into September.
Dates : May 17 to September 17.

146. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. Ye llow- bellied
Flycatcher.

A common summer resident of the upper Canadian life area.
On the White Mountains it is a characteristicj bird of the moss-
grown, saturated forest of balsam and spruce, breeding in the
from about 3,000 to 4,500 feet. It is also occasionally seen at
lower altitudes in suitable outlying localities, and I have ob-
served a pair on July 20, 1899, at about 1,500 feet on Mt. Bart-
lett among some hemlocks. The birds may have bred not far
away, and acted as if young were near by. Both were heard to
utter the " pu-ee " note. At Lancaster, Mr. F. B. Spaulding has
found the nest of this bird, and records ('87) one with five fresh
eggs found on June 14, 1886, "near a low, swampy piece of
vvoods." North of the White Mountains, it is found in the
dense swampy woods, and was recorded about Lake Umbagog
by Mr. C.J. Maynard ('72). There are no recorded instances of
its breeding south of the White Mountains, but I am assured by
Mr. G. H. Thayer that he has found the bird in summer in a
certain forest swamp on Mt. Monadnock at an elevation of about
1,400 feet. On June 15, 1902, on Imp Mt. of the Carter range,
I heard one of these birds give a peculiar flight song, just after
sunset. It flew slantingly upward for some twenty feet and re-
peated a number of times alternately its ordinary " pu-ee" and
" killick."

Dates : May 26 (Franconia) to August (September? ).

147. Empidonax traillii aliiorum Brewst. Alder
Flycatcher.

A rather common summer resident throughout the Transition

122 PROCEEDINGS -MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

valleys of the upper part of the state but less common in the
southern quarters. It is confined almost exclusively to the al-
der swales along meadow brooks or about swamps and ponds.
Mr. Ned Dearborn ('9S) has recorded it from Belknap and
Merrimack counties; Mr. R. Hoffmann tells me that it is rare
about Alstead ; and Mr. G. H. Thayer finds it inhabiting the al-
der swamps at Dublin ; I have found it rare at Bridgewater. In
the White Mountain valleys it is locally common, and follows
the alder growth up to about 1,500 feet. Farther north, it occurs
at Umbagog, and along the alder-bordered streams in the open
country. Mr. Bradford Torrey ( : 00, p. 634) notes it at Frau-
conia on the 23d of May, and it was " abundant " by the 26th
of that month. On the Saco meadows at Intervale, I found a
freshly built nest on June 21, 1899. Four eggs were subsequent-
ly laid, one egg being deposited each day. In fourteen days the
eggs had hatched. This nest was only about a foot from
the ground and the date seems slightly late. The birds re-
main in the alder swamps until the last of August, and I have
not certainly identified them after that month.
Dates : May 23 to August 31.

148. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher.

A common summer resident, usually found during the breed-
ing season in the vicinity of dwellings, and nesting in the or-
chard trees. It seems to follow civilization almost as closely as
the Alder Flycatcher does the alder swamps, and extends its
range up the valleys with the settlements, going as high at least
as 1,500 feet. It is evident that the general introduction of ap-
ple trees throughout the eastern states must have had an effect
on the habits of this species, as it is rarely found far from or-
chards, and show? everywhere a decided preference for the ap-
ple trees. After the young are off, the birds become more retir-
ing, and often withdraw into the edge of nearby woods, desert-
ing in part the vicinity of houses.

Dates: May 4 to September 21.

141). Otocoris alpostris (Linn.). Horned Lark.

A common spring and fall migrant and less common winter
resident along the coast, but uncommon, if not rare, inland.

OF ARTS AND SCI E NCI'S. I 23

Owing to the frequent confusion of this species with the Prairie
Horned Lark, it is impossible now to say what proportion of the
inland records for alpestris are really referable to that form.
Probably, however, many or most of the single and paired birds
taken inland during the spring are of the subspecies praticola,
true alpestris being more strictly confined to the coast. Mr. A.
A. Eaton writes me that alpestris is common during winter on
the beach at Seabrook, and I have also seen it there in small
flocks flying northward on March 26, 1900.
Dates : November to March 26.

150. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. Prairie
Horned Lark.

An uncommon spring and fall migrant and local summer res-
ident. This bird was first recorded as summering in the state
by Dr. Walter Faxon ('92) who says that on the 4th of June,
1 89 1, his brother observed two birds haunting an old field in
the town of Fra?ico?iia and that their number was afterwards
augmented by '• what were doubtless the second-brood young."
These birds were seen in the same spot as late as July 21st.
Mr. Bradford Torrey (:oi) gives an account of the habits of
these birds as observed by him at Franconia during May, 1901,
when at one spot no less than five birds were found, and a half
mile up the valley were two more pairs. Two years previous,
no horned larks had been observed here by Mr. Torrey, who
admits, however, that he may have overlooked them. At La?i-
easter, Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes me that he is confident it
breeds, as he has seen pairs there in midsummer, and " once in
June saw a young bird just able to fly following its parent and
begging for food." He also states that it arrives even in Feb-
ruary in pairs and small flocks. Mr. H. W. Wright informs
me that on Aug. 7, 1899, he observed two perched on a fence
bordering meadows by the Connecticut River in Lancaster.
Furthermore, Miss Mary V. Blandy tells me that a small flock
was observed at Jefferson (not far to the east of Lancaster) about
a piece of ploughed land during the summer of 1900, and that
one of the birds was killed and identified as of this race. More
recently, Mr. Ralph Hoffmann kindly permits me to record that

J 24 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

on June 2?, 1903, at Errol, he flushed a female from her nest,
containing two newly hatched young and one egg. He says
that at least two pairs were breeding here. The only other
summer record is that of a single bird seen by Mr. C. F. Good-
hue at Boscazven on June 25, 1901. As far as at present known,
therefore, the Prairie Horned Lark summers in New Hampshire
in small numbers on the fallow and pasture lands to the west
and north of the White Mountain region. A migrant bird was
also recently sent me from Randolph, where it was taken on
March 6, 1902, by Mr. V. D. Lowe.

Dates : (Last of February?) March 6 to August (September and Octo-
ber?).

151. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.). Blue Jay.

A permanent resident, of general distribution throughout the
Transition and sub-Canadian areas of the state, apparently not
breeding above 3,000 feet in the White Mountains. After
the breeding season, small flocks, apparently composed of
the individuals of a single family, are often noted wander-
ing through the woods. In the White Mountains during
August and September, these flocks reach the valley bottoms,
and may then unite to form companies of from six to fre-
quently 20 or 30 birds. They appear to be migrating in
a leisurely way, and at Intervale I have frequently seen them
moving down the Saco valley, in early forenoon or late
afternoon. At such times, I have seen them, one by one, fly
from one large tree to another farther down the river valley,
where the first arrivals wait for the rest to come up, and then
move on again as before ; or the entire flock may keep well to-
gether and go trooping down across the meadows from tree to
tree. It is possible that these migrations are not very exten-
sive, but in the White Mountain valleys they are certainly well
marked. In the northern woods, these Jays appear to be unus-
ually quiet, and one may pass an entire day where they are not
uncommon, without hearing their loud screams, though by im-
itating their alarm cry, it is possible to get an immediate reply,
and bring the inquisitive birds to the trees above one's head.
The wandering flocks in summer occasionally reach considera-

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. I 25

ble altitudes in their search for food ; and Dr. A. P. Chadbourne
has recorded ('87, p. 104) a small flock seen on Mt. Washing-
ton opposite the Halfway House (3,840 ft.) on July 26, 1884. I
have once seen a flock in the Carter Notch (3,360 ft.) where,
on Sept. 15, 1900, at a sudden alarm call from one of the birds,
an entire flock of eight flew up from among the scrubby growth.
They seemed to have worked their way up one side of the
divide, and continued through the walls of the notch down the
other side, southward. Occasionally on late summer afternoons,
I have seen small flocks of Blue Jays busily catching flying in-
sects with all the ease and grace of a flycatcher. An old or-
chard tree is a favorite vantage point from which they fly out at
the passing insects and with easy, graceful flight, snap up their
prey, and then with set wings sail to a branch of another tree.
I have watched small flocks engaged at this occupation for a
half an hour or more at a time, the birds maintaining almost
perfect silence throughout, save for an occasional low, rattling
note.
152. Perisorens canadensis (Dinn.). Canada Jay.

A permanent resident of the upper Canadian zone of the
White Mountains and the northern parts of the state. North
of the White Mountains the bird is not uncommon in the dense
coniferous forests, and Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) mentions two
specimens taken at Umbagog early in June. On the higher
mountains of the Presidential and neighboring ranges the birds
are rather common in the dense balsam and spruce growth from
3,000 to 4,000 feet. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87) notes having
observed small flocks of half a dozen on the Presidential range
on three or four occasions, and Mr. Bradford Torrey, in his
"Footpath Way," mentions having seen it once on Clin-
ton and again on the side of Mt. Washington, where a small
" family party " was observed. Mr. H. W. Wright has seen
the bird several times on Mt. Adams, and once also on May 26,
1899, at Bowman's, a station on the north side of Adams, and
at an elevation of only 1,500 feet. On the Carter- Moriah range
I have found the bird usually in pairs during late summer,
above 3,000 feet, and am told of nests having been found on

126 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

these mountains. A few birds occur in summer on the outlying
peaks of over 3,500 feet as on Tripyramid and on Black Moun-
tain of the Sandwich range (F. H. Allen in Uteris} and also on
Osceola. In the fall and winter there is a slight movement of
the birds from the higher levels into the valleys, and occasional
birds wander even into the southern part of the state. Thus Mr.
C. J. Maynard ('72) found it " common at Errol, November 3d,
1879," and at Shelburne, Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ('99) reports
that a bird had visited the lumber camps in December. At
Passaconaway, Frank Bolles ('93a, p. 95) notes also that it is
said to visit the camps there sometimes in winter. At Lancas-
ter, in the upper Connecticut valley, Mr. F. B. Spaulding
writes that he took a bird on November 30, 1899, and finds
it uncommon there. Farther south, there are several records
for fall or winter, as at Bedford, a specimen from this locality is
said to have been taken several years ago, and until recently
was preserved in the collection of the Manchester Institute of
Arts and Sciences (" Pinfeather Ornithologist," : 02, p. 173);
Pittsfield, where Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 22) is assured of
its occurrence by local authority ; Penacook, where Mr. C. F.
Goodhue writes me one was killed about 1890; Raymond, one
closely observed, as I am told by my friend Mr. F. H. Allen,
on November 28, 1901, by a Mr. F. A. Lovejoy ; Strafford, one
recorded by Dr. Charles Palmer ('71) as in his possession, shot
in winter.

153. Corvus corax principalis Ridgw. Northern
Raven.

At present this species is an accidental visitant, for which the
more recent records are : Canterbury, a specimen was trapped
in early spring "a few years since," according to Mr. Ned
Dearborn ('98, p. 22) ; Greenville, a specimen was killed at this
town some years ago, as I am informed by Mr. J. P. Melzer, of
Milford, who mounted the bird, but can give me no definite
data; Sutton, Mr. C. F. Goodhue records ('85) one taken and an-
other seen here on December 20, 1878 ; Warner, a bird secured
about February 18, 1879, according to M. C. Harriman ('79).
Many writers have presumed that the raven breeds in the

OK ARTS AND SCIENCES. 127

White Mountains, but no evidence has ever been cited as a
basis for such a belief. I have had occasional reports of the
bird from this region, but none that I considered trustworthy.
154. Corvus americanus And. American Crow.

A common summer resident throughout the Transition and
sub-Canadian regions ; it is abundant as a spring and fall mi-
grant, but as a winter resident it is rare in all but the southern
portions of the state. Among the White Mountains, crows nest
up to 3,000 feet or so, but are not to be found in the deeper
woods at a distance from open farm lands. Dr. A. P. Chad-
bourne records ('87, p. 104) two birds seen in July on the bare
rocks at 5,350 feet on Alt. Washington, whither they had evi-
dently flown from below. Late in the summer, they gather in
small flocks, to feed by day on the meadows and lowlands ; at
sunset they may often be seen flying toward the mountains at a
considerable height, to roost. These smaller flocks unite, by
September, to form larger, which migrate southward in late Sep-
tember or early October. A few birds winter with some regu-
larity as far north as the White Mountain valleys. At Inter-
vale, I saw a bird on Dec. 26, 1900, and farther up the valley,
at Jackson, they occasionally winter. They have been record-
ed by J. W. Nash ('88) as having wintered at North Conway.
To the north of the White Mountains, they are rarer in winter ;
Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ('99) has recorded seeing the bird at
Shelburne the last of December, 1897. In the Connecticut val-
ley, " E. C." ('86) states that crows passed the winter of 1886
at Hanover, "a rare incident." In the southern parts of the
state, they are sometimes common in winter, and in a journey
by train up the Merrimack valley on Feb. 10, 1900, occasional
birds were seen along the river, and at Manchester a flock of from
30 to 40 was observed from the car window feeding on a large
pile of refuse. About Webster, that same winter, Mr. C. F.
Goodhue had observed crows to be wintering in larger num-
bers than usual, for the season was comparatively mild. On
March 26, 1900, on the coast at Seabmok, during the entire fore-
noon, I observed Crows flying northward in small groups of from
3 to 30, at varying intervals apart. At least three or four hun-

128 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

dred birds were counted in about two and one-half hours. They
flew low and with the light southeast wind, and appeared to be
following the coast line in their flight.

155. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). Bobolink.

A common summer resident and abundant fall migrant
throughout the broad meadows of the Transition valleys. In
suitable localities it is common even up to the foot of the White
Mountains and in the Connecticut valley at least as far up as
Lancaster. North of these mountains, however, it is much less
common. Mr. H. W. Wright writes me that four or five pairs
breed every season at Jefferson Highlands, and Mr. F. H. Allen
has also observed it in this region. At Intervale where the bird
is plentiful, the young are hatched and have left the nest by
the last of June, and the adult birds of one meadow or of one
circumscribed area sometimes flock as early as July 4th, keep-
ing rather closely together, while yet feeding their well grown
3'oung in the grass. These latter remain concealed until close-
y approached before they take wing and fly straight away to
drop into the grass farther off. As the young grow stronger on
the wing, they join the flock of old birds, and by the last of
July, flock joins flock, until large companies are formed which
wander about to some extent before moving southward. Often
I have noticed, during August, flocks of Bobolinks flying north -
ward up the Saco valley towards evening, the movement appear-
ing to be a general one, though of its purpose I am ignorant.
Others again are to be noted passing southward down the val-
ley, sometimes at a considerable height in the air.
Dates : May 5 to September 9.

156. Molothrus ater (Bodd). Cowbird.

An uncommon summer resident of the Transition valleys in
the southern and western part of the state ; rarely wintering.
The distribution of this bird in New Hampshire is of interest ;
it is not uncommon in the extreme southeastern portions of the
state, and numbers work up the Merrimack valley, where in
certain localities it is said to be common, as at Hollis (Fox, '76),
Manchester (F. W. Batchelder, :oo), Webster (Goodhue,

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. I 29

'77a) and Tilton (Dearborn, '98). Mr. Dearborn (1. c.) has
also observed it rarely at Alton near the southeastern end
of Lake Winnepesauke. North of this lake, save in the
Connecticut valley basin, the bird is practically wanting, and
appears not to occur at all in the White Mountain valleys in
summer, though Mr. H. C. Sargent tells me that in the fall of
1902 he saw it at Chocorua. In the western part of the state,
it is of regular occurrence in the Connecticut valley region. At
Alstead, Mr. R. Hoffmann has found it rare in summer ; Mr. G.
H. Thayer writes me that it is common at Keene, and on one or
two occasions stragglers have appeared at Dublin ; at Charles-
town it is common, according to Mr. W. M. Buswell, and still
farther up, at Hanover, Mr. E. B. Frost has found it in num-
bers. The most northern breeding locality in the Connecticut
valley known to me is Lancaster, where Mr. F. B. Spaulding has
not infrequently seen the bird and found its eggs. These Con-
necticut valley birds seem to keep close to the river, and rarely
get into the mountain valleys on either side ; indeed, the only
record I have for the Franconia region is of a bird seen Oc-
tober 2, 1887, at Franconia by Dr. Walter Faxon. Mr. F. B.
Spaulding has twice noted a single cowbird wintering at Dan-
caster ; one was shot there on Jan. 18, 1895, which had been
noticed throughout the winter feeding on the streets with the
English sparrows (Spaulding, '95), and a second was seen into
December, 1899, staying about with the sparrows.
Dates : March 25 to October 2 ; (winter).

157. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.). Red-winged
Blackbird.

A rather common, but local summer resident, breeding in
marshes and open swamp land throughout the Transition areas ;
accidental in winter. It is found rather commonly about the
rivers and lakes of the southern parts of the state, and a few
colonies are found even among the White Mountain valleys
and at Umbagog. The young are on the wing by July, and at
Intervale I have never seen the birds later than August 21st, as
they leave their breeding grounds during the first part of that
month. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) records that a fine specimen

130 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

was taken at Warren by Mr. M. C. Harriman, on January 7,

1878.
Dates : March 3 to September ; (winter).

158. Sturnella magna (Lin.). Meadowlark.

A summer resident of the Transition valleys, uncommon in
the southern parts of the state, and rare so far north as the
White Mountains ; l'arely or perhaps accidentally wintering.
On the coast, at Hampton Falls, Mr. W. E. Cram writes me that
it has been observed at all seasons. It occurs in fair numbers
in the Merrimack River basin, as at Hollis, and Manchester,
and farther up at Webster, Tilton and Gilmanton (Dearborn,
'98). In the Connecticut valley basin, the bird is not uncom-
mon as far up at least as Charlestown, as observed by Mr. W.
M. Buswell and myself among others. Mr. E. B. Frost writes
me that two or three pairs breed yearly about Hanover. Mr.
Bradford Torrey (:oo, p. 638) records a single bird singing at
Franconia, May 22, 1899, which may have straggled up the
Connecticut valley ; the bird was unknown to the Franconia
people. Still farther up, Mr. F. B. Spaulding of Lancaster
found a single pair nesting on his father's meadows at that
town in 1901, the first he had ever noted there. At Intervale,
in the early '90's, a pair of these birds bred for a few seasons on
the Saco meadows, but were finally shot, and none have since
appeared until 1902, when a pair was noted during the sum-
mer months, with four of the full-grown young, and again in the
early summer of 1903. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) records that a
single bird remained at Webster through the winter of 1874-75.

Dates: March 26 to October 12 ; (winter).

159. Icterus galbula (Einn.). Baltimore Oriole.

A summer resident of the Transition portions of the state,
rather common in the valleys and lowland towns of the southern
part, but becoming rare in the White Mountain region. About
the larger southern towns, it delights to nest in the elms of the
village street. In the valleys on both sides of the White Moun-
tains one or two pairs are found about nearly every hamlet,
though apparently fewer occur on the northern side of the range.

01 \KTS AND SCIENCES. 131

At Intervale, a pair is usually found nesting each season, and
the birds, after the breeding period is over, remain about the
village, often roaming over the lowlands a mile or more from the
nesting site. I have seen what were apparently these summer-
ing birds, up to the first of September, at Intervale.
Dates : May 6 to September 1.

100. Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull.). Rusty Black-
bird.

A common spring and fall migrant and in the northern part of
the state, a rare summer resident. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) re-
cords seeing a few at L,ake Umbagog in June, and Samuels
('67, p. 551) states that he found several in June, 1864, in the
valley of the Megalloway River in Maine. Doubtless a few
breed regularly in the swamps of this wooded region. In the
White Mountain valleys they appear in small flocks about the
first week in September, and Mr. Bradford Torrey has observed
them in Franconia up to October 2.

Dates: March 8 to April 19; summer (northern N. H.); September 9
to October 2.

101. Quiscalus quiscula seneus (Ridgw.) Bronzed
Grackle.

An uncommon summer resident of local distribution, mainly
within the Transition zone. Colonies are not infrequently found
in the southern part of the state, along the coast and in the
Merrimack and Connecticut valleys. At Manchester, accord-
ing to Mr. F. W. Batchelder (: 00, p. 19) it is a " rare transient
visitant." Mr. C. F. Goodhue has found a small breeding col-
ony near Webster, and Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98) considers it a
common summer resident in Belknap and Merrimack counties.
Dr. Walter Faxon has also observed a flock at Plymouth, May
26, 1895. Mr. G. H. Thayer assures me of its presence at
Keene and Marlboro. In the Connecticut valley at Charles-
town, Mr. W. M. Buswell finds it uncommon, and I have seen
a few individuals at Walpole in early July, 1894. In the upper
Connecticut valley, Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes me that at Lan-
caster a dozen or more pairs nest in some evergreens at the head
of the main street, and that there were formerly more, but their

132 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

numbers have decreased since the removal of some of the trees.
At Lake Umbagog, Mr. William Brewster ('76b) records that
numbers breed in the old woodpeckers' holes or natural cavities
of the standing, water-killed trees by the mouth of the Andros-
coggin. Throughout the White Mountain valleys, and most of
central New Hampshire north of Lake Winnepesaukee, the
bird seems to be entirely absent. Frank Bolles ('93b, p. 126)
states, however, that at Chocorua, according to the old resi-
dents, this species and the meadowlark were formerly common,
when flax was cultivated there, and grain fields were broader.
Dates : March 12 to November.

16'£. Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop.). Evening
Grosbeak.

An accidental visitant from the northwest, known to have oc-
curred only during the famous 1890 flight, when so many were
recorded from New England. During this incursion, the last
recorded specimen was taken in New Hampshire. Following
are the separate lecords for the state : Francestown, a fine
male was captured by Mr. T. Edward Bishop on March
27, 1890. A female accompanied this bird, but was

not captured (Colburn, '90) ; Hcnniker, a single bird,
the last recorded of this remarkable flight, in New England,
was shot by Mr. Aubrey B. Call ('90) on May 1, 1890 ; Milford,
several were secured by Mr. J. P. Melzer ('90), who re-
cords that on January 6, 1890, five were obtained, and four
others on January 9th, from a flock of 8 or 10 birds of both sex-
es. These were among the first specimens to be obtained in
New England. Seabrook, a male was shot about Jan. 9, 1890,
by a Mr. Boyd, according to Mr. William Brewster ('96). A
female accompanied this bird. Mr. A.. A. Eaton of Seabrook
writes me of what must have been this same specimen, that it
was one of a flock of six which appeared early in January, and
that it was presented to him on the 9th, after having been sev-
eral days dead. Later it was given to Mr. William Brewster.
The fact that there are no records for the northern part of the
state is probably due to lack of observation, for Mr. O. W.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 133

Knight ('97) records one captured so near the White Moun-
tains as Fryeburg, over the border in Maine.

Mr. E. H. Forbush ('90, p. 210) suggests as a possible cause
of this remarkable flight, the prevalence of strong west winds,
following some of the cyclonic storms of the early winter.

Dates: January 6 to May 1, 1890.

163. Pinicola enucleator leucura (Mull). Canadi-
an Pine Grosbeak.

A permanent resident, breeding in small numbers through-
out the saturated forests of the upper Canadian area of northern
New Hampshire and on the White Mountains ; as a winter res-
ident it is of regular occurrence over the whole state, though in
varying abundance. In the wet balsam forests above 3,000 feet
on the White Mountains, this bird is an uncommon summer
resident. The first published record of its presence here
in summer seems to be that of J. E. Cabot ('57) who
mentions having seen them " at the White Mountains
in August," nearly a half century ago. Dr. A. P.
Chadbourne ('87) next records two specimens seen, both
of them in the low spruce and fir timber opposite the Half-
way House on Mt. Washington, (altitude, 3,800 feet).
One was a fine adult male in full song, seen July 12, 1884; the
other an immature bird, seen July 13, 1886. Mr. Bradford
Torrey ('90) notes two bright males and a third bird in dull
plumage at Eagle Lakes (4,000 ft.) among the Franconias on
June 19, 1889, and again at the same place on June 28th, three
were seen and one heard singing. I had never observed the
bird on numerous camping trips on the higher mountains until
June, 1902, when on the 14th of that month a finely plumaged
male was seen at 3,500 feet in Carter's Notch, singing gaily.
He soon flew on higher up the mountain side. The'following
day a second male was observed about seven miles farther along
on the same range. He sang^persistently, notwithstanding the
drizzling rain, and appeared to be'established among the 'firs at
an elevation of about 4,500 feet near the top of North Carter.
I have no doubt that a few birds regularly breed at these upper
levels. In the northern part of the state a few breed at the

134 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

Connecticut Lakes. Mr. H. A. Purdy states that in 1876 he
observed young birds the last of July, being fed by their parents
at these lakes. A writer in Forest and Stream, signing himself
"N. U." ('83) records finding them in pairs at Second Con-
necticut Lake on May 24th, 1883. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72)
did not record this species in summer at Umbagog, though from
the nature of the country, it may well occur during that sea-
son. About the first of November, these birds begin to appear
in small numbers in the lowlands and throughout the more
southern parts of the state, and Mr. C. F. Goodhue has observed
them at Webster so early as October 25. After a late winter,
they linger as long as the snow remains on the ground, and I
have seen them still in flocks at Chocorua up to April 20, while
the melting drifts yet lay deep in the woods. Perhaps these lin-
gering flocks are mainly composed of birds which summer on
the higher peaks near by, or at no great distance northward.
The great abundance of Pine Grosbeaks during some winters,
and their scarcity in others is an interesting fact, the determin-
ing causes of which remain to be worked out.

1(54. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.). Purple Finch.
A rather common summer resident throughout the sub-Cana-
dian and Transition areas of the state. Among the White
Mountains, it is fairly common in the valleys, arriving about
the middle of April, and scattering birds may be found in the
woods up to 3,000 feet. It is said to occur commonly at Lake
Umbagog. Doubtless a few winter irregularly in the southern
part of the state ; Frank Bolles ( '93b) records seeing a number at
Chocorua on December 22d; Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) includes
it among the winter birds of Webster ; and a Mr. J. H. Johnson
C92) records it from "central New Hampshire" as having
been " very scarce during the winter of 1891-92.

165. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). American

Crossbill.

A permanent resident, of notorious irregularity in its numbers
and movements. At times the bird is common all summer
in the sub-Canadian woods of the state below 3,000 feet and in

OF VRTS AND SCIENCES. I . o

the White Mountain valleys, and later in the season invades the
lower parts of the state ; again one sees but few even in the
most favorable localities. The Red Crossbill is mainly a bird
of the sub-Canadian areas, whose appearance at any season of
the year may be looked for, while the White-winged species
seems more definitely restricted, during summer at least, to the
upper Canadian forests, and rarely appears in the lowlands till
fall or winter. Mr. C. P. Goodhue ('77a, p. 49) has recorded
that a few have been known to breed near Webster. They
doubtless breed regularly also among the White Mountains,
whence I have had occasional reports of nests. The great cross-
bill flight of 1 899-1900, when this and the following species
were so abundant, is mentioned under Migration.

166. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. White- winged Cross-
bill.

A permanent resident of the upper Canadian spruce and fir
forests in the northern part of the state and above 3,000 feet on
the White Mountains ; elsewhere it is of uncertain and irregu-
lar occurrence, sometimes appearing in numbers during the
cold months. Among the White Mountains small flocks or sin-
gle birds are almost always to be found in summer in the damp
forests at the higher levels. Mr. Bradford Torrey has recorded
them in June at Eagle Lake, among the'Franconias, and Mr.
C. J. Maynard ('72) quotes Mr. William Brewster as having
found them at Franconia in summer, and adds that they were
common in June, 1870, at Lake Umbagog. On numerous camp-
ing trips on the higher White Mountains, the Presidential and
Carter ranges, I have usually found a few in summer ; and
among the wilder forests of the Carters, not infrequently I have
observed flocks of a dozen or twenty birds above 3,000 feet, in
June, July, and September. In the summer and fall of 1899,
and during the following winter there was an unusual incursion
of these birds over the southern part of the state ^nd beyond,
which has been considered at length in the chapter on Migra-
tion. I am informed by guides that Crossbills of this or the pre-

10

136 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

ceding species have been found breeding on the White Moun-
tains in late winter, and they doubtless do so likewise at Uraba-
gog and northward. The song, which I have sometimes heard,
in July, is a series of trills, alternately high and low.

167. Acanthis linaria (Linn.). Redpoll.

A winter visitant, of irregular abundance, from the north.
Probably but few winters pass when none of these birds visit
the state, and though rare in some seasons, in others they come
in great swarms, frequenting largely the birches on whose seeds
they feed. Specimens from these flocks show a considerable
range of variation in size and markings, but all which I have
seen from the state were referable to typical linaria rather than
to any of the several other species and subspecies. Doubtless
A. I. rostrata occurs at times along the coast, and indeed it has
been reported from Manchester (Proc. Manchester inst. arts
and sci., Vol. II, 1901, p. 80, 81) but the record is not properly
substantiated.

Dates: November 1 to April.

168. Astragaliims tristis (Ljun.). American Gold-
finch.

A common permanent resident over most of the state save the
deeply wooded portions above 3,000 feet, and usually occurring
in flocks except for the short period in late summer when the
birds pair off to breed. Though commonest in the open valley
lands, they are also to be found on the forested mountain slopes,
and not infrequently they may be seen crossing the higher ranges,
or even passing by the summit of Mt. Washington itself, though
rarely, if ever, stopping at these heights. In winter they may
be found in small flocks at least as far north as the White
Mountain valleys, and I have seen small flocks at Jackson and
near Glen Ellis Falls in Pinkham Notch during the last days of
December after extremely cold weather and much snow. Mr.
C. J. Maynard C72) states, however, that he did not find them
wintering about Lake Umbagog.

169. Spinas pinus ( Wils.). Pine Siskin.

A. common permanent resident of the Canadian region, and

OK ARTS AND SCIENCES. 137

occurring also throughout the lower parts of the state as a fall
and winter visitant. Over the lower part of the state they are
sometimes rare for an entire season, and again appear in great
numbers. After a winter in which they have been plenty, stray
birds seem to drop out as the main flight recedes northward,
and these may sometimes breed at the lower altitudes. Among
the White Mountains, a few are almost always to be found in
the lowland valleys, but they seem usually to be crossing from
one mountain to another. In the upper Canadian zone above
3,000 feet, on the mountains, they are common in the spruce
and balsam forests and young fully grown may be found so ear-
ly as June 23d, flying about with their parents. At the same
time, also, large flocks maybe encountered. Thus on June 15,
1902, I came upon a flock of over 40 individuals in the woods on
Carter Dome at 4,500 feet, and again during the latter part of
June, 1900, numerous flocks up to as many as 50 birds in a sin-
gle one, were observed in the valley about Intervale, as well as
pairs here and there. These flocks were wandering about the
lowlands, and may later have broken up in part to breed. It is
evident, however, that in this respect, the birds are somewhat
irregular. These are restless, active little creatures, and when
observed among the mountains are usually in flight overhead.
I have rarely failed , on trips over the main ranges of the White
Mountains, to hear a few single ones or an occasional pair, and
to observe them passing swiftly by from one range of mountains
to another, or dropping down into the forests below. Prof. Ed-
win B. Frost writes me that at Hanover, he and his brother
found three or four nests in two different years, with eggs about
the middle of April. Mr. C. F. Goodhue also observed a pair
building a nest in a large pine at Webster during the last of
April, 1900, but they later deserted it.

170. Passerina nivalis (Linn.). Snowflake.

A rather common spring and fall migrant and winter visitant
throughout the open lands of the state, but of more regular oc-
currence on the coast than inland. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72)
records that they appeared in Coos County in the latter part of
October, 1869, and occasional individuals are known to appear

138 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

in the southeastern parts of the state by the very last of the
same month. A late spring specimen is preserved in the collection
at the Acworth Public Library, taken at Acworth on April 6,
1883. Mr. C. F. Goodhue also has in his collection a male in sum-
mer plumage, taken near his house at Webster in June, a few
years since. One of the bird's wings had been injured, though Mr.
Goodhue says it could fly quite well. Doubtless, however, it
was unable to continue its migration. It is now generally con-
ceded that the nest, described to Audubon ('60, III, p. 56) by
Wright Boott, as seen " on a declivity of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire," and stated by Audubon to have been of
this species, must have been that of the Slate-colored Junco,
also called Snowbird.
Dates : October 25 to April 6.

171. Pooecaetes gramineus (Gmel.). Vesper Spar-
row.

A fairly common summer resident of the grassy bottom lands
and dry hillside pastures throughout the Transition valleys of
the state. Among the White Mountains, they follow the valley
clearings up to about 1,500 feet. During September they gath-
er in small flocks in the fields preparatory to migrating, and at
such times are often accompanied by a few Savanna Sparrows.
At Intervale, I have occasionally heard individuals singing
with uncertain voice, so late as September 15. Here too, as
elsewhere, a decided falling off in point of numbers was ob-
served in case of this species during 1899 as an effect of a late
freeze which proved so disastrous to many birds. At Chocoiua
in 1900 I found a pair to have arrived by April 15, while the
melting snow still lay in places nearly a foot deep on the ground.
In the southern part of the state the birds appear a few days
earlier.

Dates: April 7 to October.

Note: Ammodramus princeps < Mayn.). Ipswich Sparrow.

Although doubtless occurring among the sand dunes on the coast, this
bird has yet no definite claim to a place on the New Hampshire list.
The record by Mr. N. C. Brown ('77) of one seen by him at Lake Umba-
gog has since been expunged (Brown, '96).

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 1 39

172. Aininodrainus sandwichensis savanna

(Wils.) Savanna Sparrow.

A common summer resident, especially of the broad Transi-
tion valleys, where it frequents the meadows with the Bobo-
links. Occasional pairs follow the cleared land well up onto the
hillsides, where, as at Jackson, among the White Mountains,
I have observed them up to i,6oo feet or so. Mr. G. H. Thayer
also reports that a few breed at Dublin, on a high, grassy, pas-
ture hill, at i, 600 feet. On July 7th, 1898, and on the follow-
ing day, while on a trip over the Presidential range, I observed
a single Savanna Sparrow singing, as if quite at home, from a
rock on the northeast side of the summit of Mt. Washington,
but a few yards from the buildings, and it is not impossible that
a pair was breeding there among the sedges.

F>at<ls : April 20 to October.

173. Aimnodranms savannarum passeriims

( Wils. ) . Grasshopper Sparrow.

A rare summer resident in certain localities among the Tran-
sition valleys of southern New Hampshire. A few follow the
Connecticut valley meadows up so far at least as Walpole,
where Mr. R. Hoffmann observed a single bird in 1899, and an-
other in 1900. Others push up the Merrimack valley, apparent-
ly with some regularity. Dr. W. H. Fox writes me of one not-
ed at Hollis on May 13, 1876. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, 49)
has recorded its occurrence in summer at Webster ; Mr. Ned
Dearborn ('98, p. 25) also states that he has usually found one
or two each season in the neighborhood of Tilton, still farther
up the valley. Beyond Lake Winnepesaukee the bird seems
not to occur.

Dates: May 13 to Summer.

174. Ammodramus henslowii (Aud.). Hensww's
Sparrow.

A local summer resident, breeding in small numbers in cool,
open swamps of the Transition area grown up to sedges, grass-
es, small bushes and the rank hellebore. Apparently this bird
is a species characteri;-tic of these peculiar "islands" of the

140 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

Transition zone. Mr. C. F. Goodhue was the first to make
known the fact that Henslow's Sparrow is a regular summer
resident of New Hampshire (see R. Deane, '78a). He found it
in small numbers in certain meadows about Webster, and the
adjacent towns of Boscawen and Salisbury, over 25 years ago,
and observed a nest of four young birds on August 16, 1877, at
the last named place. This record has remained the only pub-
lished instance of- the bird's presence in the state, though H. D.
Minot, in his " Land and Game Birds of New England," ('77)
states that he had " suspicions * * * * that the}7 occur in at
least one spot among the White Mountains." More recently,
however, Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that " on the 1st of Au-
gust, several years ago," his father "shot a Henslow's Spar-
row, and saw two others high up in the Walpole hills some ten
miles " northwest of Keene, in a small isolated wet place, grown
with rank grass and small bushes, in the midst of a wide ex-
panse of open hill pasture, at about 1,000 feet altitude ; he has
also noted the bird at Dublin in June, 1902, and at Hancock and
Bennington. Mr. R. Hoffmann has also observed the bird on
one or two occasions near the same locality, at Alstead. Else-
where in the state, I know of its presence only at Wonalancet,
on the intervale at the foot of Mt. Passaconaway. Here, on
July 14 and 15, 1899, I observed a pair evidently settled, in a
small cold marsh, partly carpeted with sphagnum, and grown
up with sedges and white hellebore. On the tops of the helle-
bores the male would sit and sing incessantly, but only once did
I observe what must have been his mate. I have been unable
to visit this spot since to discover if it is regularly inhabited b3r
the birds.

Dates : April 17 to August.

175. Aminodramus caudacutus (Gmel.). Sharp-
tailed Sparrow.

A summer resident of the salt marshes on the limited coastal
strip of the southeastern part of the state. Dr. Jonathan
D wight, Jr., ('87) states that true caudacutus breeds as far north
as Portsmouth. Mr. William Brewster ('78) also mentions a
specimen in his collection taken at Rye Beach, on August 20,

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 141

1869. Doubtless the subspecies subvirgatus occurs in migra-
tions, but records are not available.

Note: Ammodramus maritimus Wils. . Seaside Sparrow.

The statement of Dr. Elliot Coues in his " Birds of New England"
(Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. V, p. 282) that this species occurred at Rye
Beach, was an error, the Sharp-tailed Sparrow having been the bird in-
tended (Brewster, '77b).

176. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst). White-

Crowned Sparrow.

A spring and fall migrant, uncommon in the lower parts of
the state, but seemingly more plentiful in the higher country.
More birds are seen also in fall than in spring. Mr. Bradford
Torrey and Mr. H. W. Wright have found the bird regularly
among the White Mountains from September 25 into October,
and Mr. G. H. Thayer reports it as sometimes common at Mo-
nadnock in Migrations. I have observed it on one occasion on
the Saco meadows at Intervale so early as September 21, 1900.
During the spring of 1900 this species was seen at many locali-
ties in unusual numbers, and Mrs. E. E. Webster informs me
that at Franklin Falls it seemed more plentiful than the White-
throated species during May of that year.
Dates : May 6 to 25 ; September 21 to October 11.

IT 7. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel). White-throat-
ed Sparrow.

A common spring and fall migrant, and as a summer resident,
common throughout the Canadian portions of the state and even
up into the sub-alpine zone on the White Mountains. South
of Eake Winnepesaukee, it breeds on Mt. Monadnock and the
surrounding hills, on South Kearsarge, and elsewhere locally
along the higher land in the western part of the state. Among
the foot hills of the White Mountains, scattering pairs breed
even at low elevations in the valleys in bushy open spots, but it
is not very common until the deeper sub-Canadian woods are
reached. On the mountains it is common up to the limit of
scrub growth at 4,800 to 5,000 feet, and a few push still higher
up to avail themselves of outlying clumps of stunted growth. I

142 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

have observed a few in summer about the Lakes of the Clouds
on Mt. Washington at some 5,000 feet, and Dr. A. P. Chad-
bourne ('87) notes them as high as 5,300 feet.

Datos: April 23 tn May 14; Summer; September and October.

178. Spizella moiiticola (Gmel.). Tree Sparrow.

A common spring and fall migrant and less common winter
resident. In fall the main flight passes through during late
October and November, and a few are left to winter at least as
far north as at the White Mountain valleys, as at Ossipee,
where Mr. E. A. Preble has noted them in winter. Frank
Bolles (93b) records two seen on December 21st, at Cho-
corua, but it must be rarely that the birds winter there.
Mr. F. B. Spaulding also writes of seeing two on Dec. 9, 1899,
at Lancaster, the latest he had ever noticed them there in win-
ter. During March and April the northward flight takes place,
a few birds lingering nearly to the last of the latter month.
Dates : October 8 to April 24.

179. Spizella socialis ( Wils.). Chipping Sparrow.
A common summer resident of the Transition area, found

mainly about orchards and door-yards, and one of the most
familiar and confiding of our native birds. Like the Least Fly-
catcher, it follows closely the path of civilization and has doubt-
less greatly extended its range within historic times as the for-
ests have disappeared before the advance of the white man. Al-
ready by August family flocks of old and young are seen, and
by the latter part of that mouth these join one to another, until
large companies are formed. At such times the birds fairly
swarm over weedy fields or stubble land, and often are accom-
panied by Bluebirds and Myrtle Warblers. These flocks move
leisurely southward during September, though a few individuals
remain among the White Mountains until well into October.
Prof. C. M. Weed ('98) has given a good account of the feed-
ing habits of this bird, as observed by him at Durham.
Dates: April 16 to October 11.

180. Spizella pusillu ( Wils.) Field Sarrow.

A summer resident, common in the southern part of the state

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 1 43

on bushy hillside pastures, but becoming local and uncommon
among the White Mountains. About the Winnepesauk.ee re-
gion the bird is very common in suitable places, and follows the
valleys well up among the mountains on both sides of the great
range. On the south side of the range, I have found small col-
onies in the Saco valley at North Conway and Intervale, and a
few pairs still farther up at Jackson, on the western slope of
Spruce Mountain, facing the Glen road, and at an elevation of
about 1,500 feet. On the north side of the range, Mr. F. H. Al-
len has found them not uncommon at Jefferson and Randolph,
these birds very likely reaching this district by way of the Con-
necticut valley. It is noticeable that a large part of the nests
found in southern New Hampshire are built in low bushes. After
the young are on the wing, the birds continue on their breeding
grounds in small family flocks, into September, and Dr. Walter
Faxon has observed them at Franconia so late as October 7.
Dates : April 19 to October 7.

181. Junco hyemalis (I^inn.). Slate-colored Junco.

An abundant spring and fall migrant, and throughout the
Canadian area, a common summer resident of coniferous woods
or open, dry pastures grown up to small pines or spruces ; also
a winter resident in the southern part of the state. South of
Lake Winnepesaukee the bird is local in summer, breeding in
suitable localities, as at Northfield on Bean Hill, South Kear-
sarge (Dearborn, '98), on Mt. Monadnock above 1,500 feet in
the spruce growth (Thayer, in lit.), and along the ridge of 'land
in the western part of the state northward to the White Moun-
tains. At Intervale, a few pairs breed even in the valley bot-
tom of the Saco at 520 feet, and thence up to the limit of scrub
growth on the higher mountains, at 4,800 to 5,000 feet. Above
this level a few scattering pairs are to be found here and there
where an outlying clump of dwarfed firs provides shelter, and a
few birds are usually to be found feeding about the buildings
on the extreme summit of Mt. Washington (6,291 feet) . I have
no doubt these birds nest on the summit, and they must surely
find an abundance of insect food. In the southern part of the
state, the bird is known to winter in small numbers ; Mr. W. E.

144 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

Cram writes me that it occurs through the winter months at
Hampton Falls, and Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) records it as a
winter bird at Webster. I do not know of its wintering farther
north, though Frank Bolles ('93b) records a flock seen on Bear
Mountain on Dec. 21, 1891. The birds arrive on their breeding
grounds among the White Mountains before the snow is off,
and I have observed the males in mid- April singing among the
stunted growth on the summit of Mt. Chocorua as though com-
pletely at home and settled for the season. Young, just hatched,
were observed at Jackson on June 16. 1902.

182. Melospiza melodia ( Wils.). Song Sparrow.

A common summer resident throughout the Transition re-
gions, breeding as high up at least as 2,000 feet among the
White Mountains, in more or less cleared areas. Dr. A. P.
Chadbourne ('87) records having seen a single bird "on the
bare rocks at an altitude of 5,340 feet on Mt. Washington " on
July 6, 1886, and he suggests that it may have nested some-
where near. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) records its breeding at
Lake Umbagog the last of May, and adds that he has seen the
bird in Coos County "the first week in November, when the
snow was on the ground." During September large flocks
often gather about the weed patches in the lowlands, or swarm
in the swampy thickets preparatory to migrating southward.
Doubtless a few winter in the southeastern portions of the state,
but actual records are unavailable.

Dates : March 9 to December.

183. Melospiza lincolnii (Aud.). Lincoln's Sparrow.
A migrant, apparently rare in spring, but rather common in

fall. Owing to its inconspicuous dress and retiring habits it is
very frequently overlooked. On the Saco meadows at Inter-
vale, I have observed it in the fall migration as early as Sep-
tember 7, on which date, in 1899, two birds were seen by Mr.
R. H. Howe, Junior, and myself, one bird being taken. After
this date, from one to as many as five were seen almost daily
throughout the month. Often one or two individuals are found
in company with the large flocks of Song Sparrows which at

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 145

this season frequent the weed-grown potato patches, or an oc-
casional bird is found among the tall grass and bushy tangle on
the edge of a swamp or wood. One soon learns to recognize
the neat, graceful form, the uneasy movement and inquisitive
way of the bird, as it hops restlessly about, now appearing on
the edge of a thicket or tangle of grass to peer curiously at the
observer, or again vanishing utterly in situations where the
cover seems too slight to conceal it at all. I have sometimes
heard from this bird in the fall, a sharp and distinctive " chip"
much like a note of the Vesper Sparrow ; also on a few occa-
sions a short, low " tzz," similar to a note of the Song Sparrow
and given as the bird skulks among the shrubbery. Mr. Tor-
rey has on several occasions noted this bird among the Franco-
nia valle)Ts in fall, and other observers have reported it from lo-
calities in the southern part of the state. Its possible breeding
in the northern part of the state may be suggested, as it is well
known to breed among the Adirondacks ; and Mr. G. H. Thayer
( :o2) has even recorded what he believes to have been a Lin-
coln's Finch seen by him on July 28, 1900, at Lake Nubanusit
in Southwestern New Hampshire.
Dates : May 15 to 26 ; September 7 to October 4.

184. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). Swamp Sparrow.
A rather common spring and fall migrant and a less common

and local summer resident. During the summer it is confined
to grassy swamps along streams and lakes. It is common as a
breeding bird in many places in southern New Hampshire, but
among the White Mountain valleys it seems rare at this season.
Mr. F. H. Allen ('89, p. 78) has recorded it from Moultonboro
in the summer, but I know of no other locality where it breeds,
in the immediately adjacent country to the north though several
apparently favorable places have been investigated. Mr. C. J.
Maynard ('72) states that it breeds at Lake Umbagog. In the
Saco valley at Intervale, it appears in some numbers during
September with flocks of other migrating sparrows.
Dates: April to October io.

185. Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox Sparrow.

A rather common migrant in early spring and late fall. The

146 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

last of the spring migrants pass through the White Mountains
by April 23 or thereabouts, and appear again on their south-
ward flight in early October.

Dates : March 16 to April 23 ; October 5 to November 7.

186. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn). Towhee.

A not uncommon summer resident of the Transition valleys
in the southern parts of the state becoming rarer and local to-
wards the White Mountains, to the north of which it appears
not to occur. In the lower Connecticut valley this bird is fairly
common, and is found also in some numbers throughout the cen-
tral and southern regions of the state in open bushy lands.
North of Lake Winnepesaukee it occurs in bushy, sandy areas
in the lowlands. Mr. E. A. Preble finds it about Ossipee among
the sandy " barrens " grown up to bear oak and pitch pine, and
I have found it in small numbers in a few similar localites in
that vicinity and as far up as North Conway in the Saco valley.
Dr. Walter Faxon tells me also of a bird seen by him on June
17, 1894, near Moosilauke. At Intervale, I have seen the bird
but once, when on Sept. 19, 1899, a migrant appeared on the
edge of the vSaco meadows in the early morning.

Dates : May 1 to October.

187. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.). Rose-breast-
ed Grosbeak.

An uncommon summer resident of the Transition area, enter-
ing also to a less extent the sub-Canadian region. A few sum-
mer regularly in the White Mountain valleys at least as far up
as Intervale, though I have found them more common there in
August or September during migration. Mr. G. H. Thayer
notes their fondness for potato beetles at Dublin.

Dates: May 12 to September 18.

Note: Guiraea cserulea (Linn.), blue Grosbeak.

Miss Mabel C. Berry ('96) records having observed at close range, on
May 26, 1894, an adult male of this species at East Derry. The bird was
not secured, though the observer felt certain of the identity. It seems
safer, however, to await a more positive record before according the bird
a place in the list of New Hampshire birds.

<>K ARTS AND SCIENC 147

i«S8. Cyanospiza cyanea (Iyinn.) Indigo Bunting.

A rather common summer resident of the Transition region.
In the southern part of the state it is very common in certain
localities, and follows the lower valleys well up among the
White Mountains. It is also recorded as not common about
Lake Umbagog. During September considerable flocks of old
birds and fully grown young gather around the weed-grown
fields and standing corn, and at Intervale, in the Saco valley,
remain until the first of October when the frosts are heavy.
Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that at Dublin, but few occur so
high up as 1,400 feet.

Dittos : .May 9 to October 1.

189. Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet Tanager.
A not uncommon summer resident of the Transition and sub-
Canadian woods. In the White Mountains, I have found it in
small numbers on the mountain sides as far as the upper limit
of the beech woods, some 2,000 feet. According to Mr. C. J.
Maynard, it is rare at Umbagog, and is doubtless wanting in
the coniferous forests of the northern part of the state. The
males cease singing about the second week in July, and owing
to their habit of keeping to the upper regions of the forest trees,
are not very frequently observed in late summer. At Intervale, I
have noted occasional birds in the beech woods up to September
13th, and Frank Bolles ('93b) records one seen at Chocorua so
late as the 25th of that month, 1891.
Dates : May 13 to September 25.

Note: Piranga rubra (Linn.). Summet Tanager.

Although this bird has twice been recorded from New Hampshire, once
by Mi. C. F. Goodhue, who believed he saw one at Webster ('77a, p. 49),
and once by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 27), who adduces the testimony of
Mr. George Stolworthy of Franklin to the effect that he saw a number of
males at that place in the early summer of 1875, neither of the records
seems to stand on a sufficiently definite basis to warrant according the
species a place in the present list.

190. Progne subis (Dinn.). Purpee Martin.
A not uncommon, though local summer resident of the Tran-
sition valleys throughout the southern and central parts of the

14s PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

state. It breeds in the Connecticut valley at least as far up as
Colebrook, where Dr. Walter Faxon ('97) has recorded that
Mr. William Brewster found a pair in 1896, nesting under the
hood of an electric arc light. I have never found it breeding at
Intervale, though two miles farther down the valley at North
Conway a small colony annually inhabits a large bird house.
Apparently the birds are slowly falling off in point of numbers.
Dates : April 19 to September.

191. Petrocheliclon lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swaeeow.

A common spring and fall migrant and common local summer
resident throughout the lowland districts of the state up to at least
1,500 feet. The birds breed in colonies under the eaves of barns
and outbuildings, and the j^oung after leaving the nest are often to
be seen in little squads on the roof, where they are fed by their
parents. Even after the young are strong on the wing they are
still fed occasionally by the old ones, and not infrequently have
I observed the parent perform this duty in mid-air, both birds
hovering for a second to effect the transfer. Concerning the
supposed immigration of this species from the west in the early
part of the century, there seems to be no conclusive evidence.
Peabody ('41) states that the earliest information he had of its
appearance in New England was from Chief Justice Shaw, who
"found it at the White Mountains in the summer of 1816."
Belknap, writing in 1792, does not mention it as a bird of New
Hampshire.

Dates: April 28 to September 1.

192. Hirmido erythrogaster (Bodd.). Barn Swal-
low.

A common spring, and abundant fall migrant, and fairly com-
mon summer resident, nesting throughout the farming districts
in the large open barns, up to about 1,500 feet in the White
Mountain valleys. It is said to be abundant at Lake llmba-
gog. In August, the birds gather in large flocks and move
southward. At Intervale, one may see them during this mouth
flying leisurely down the valley at all hours of the day, and sev-
eral times I have seen an entire flock of some 25 birds pause in

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 14LJ

their flight to chase a passing hawk. Only a few are seen among
the White Mountains after August, though I have noted single
stragglers at Intervale so late as September 12, 1900, and in
1898, a single bird on September 21, the day being cold, and
Mt. Washington's summit white with snow7.
Dates : April 24 to September 21.

1 «.>.{. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill). Tree Swallow.

A common spring and fall migrant and less common summer
resident. These birds arrive in central New Hampshire in
early April before the snow is off the ground and from one to
three or more pairs are generally found about the smaller towns
and villages in summer. At Intervale, I have rarely found
more than one pair nesting in the village. In the forest of
water-killed trees at the mouth of the Androscoggin River, Lake
Umbagog, Mr. William Brewster ('76b) has recorded that
"multitudes" were found "occupying deserted nests of the
smaller Woodpeckers."

Dates : March 23 (Hainptou Falls) to September.

11)4. Riparia riparia (Linn.). Bank Swallow.

A common spring and fall migrant and a locally abundant
summer resident, nesting in colonies where steep banks of sand
occur along the rivers. The breeding birds often go far afield
in search of food, and I have frequently seen individuals flying
over the Saco valley at least a mile and a half from the nesting
colony. It is interesting, in watching a large colony, to observe
the apparent precision with which each bird enters its proper
burrow, and only on rare occasions nave I seen a bird hesitate
for a second before picking out its own burrow. This is the
first of our swallows to leave, and among the White Mountain
valleys the breeding colonies break up and disappear by the
middle of July, and except on one occasion (a single bird seen
Aug. 11, 1899) I have never observed the birds at Intervale
after July. Mr. William Brewster, however, ('98b) notes them
with flocks of other swallows at the lower end of Lake Umba-
gog on Aug. 22, 1896. As pointed out by Mr. Ned Dearborn,
('98) these swallows will often dig their burrows in a newly-ex-

150 PROCKEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

cavated sand pit, but after a single season desert the locality
altogether. I have often observed the same thing in various
places and attribute it to a change in the texture of the sand
near the face of the cut due to the drying out of the water on
the newly-exposed front, so that it would cave in more readily
if a burrow were dug.
Dates : May to August 24.

195. Ampelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing.
An extremely rare winter visitant. This bird is frequently

reported by amateur observers, who, as their judgment grows
with later experience, are led to expunge their record. There
appears at present to be no valid published record for the occur-
rence of this species in the state, but Dr. W. H. Fox informs me
that in the early part of 1880, O. H. Phillips, a taxidermist,
took specimens near Nashua. Mr. W. E. Cram writes me he
has observed it at Hampton Falls on February 17 and 21, 1897,

196. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). Cedar "Waxwing.

A common spring and fall migrant and summer resident ;
rarely wintering in the southeastern portion of the state. Al-
though these birds breed mainly in the open Transition and
sub-Canadian regions, they are great wanderers, and small
flocks of from 3 to 6 birds are not infrequently observed during
summer crossing the Presidential range, or stopping for a few
moments at the higher levels, as at Carter Lakes (3,360 feet),
and Halfway House (3,840 feet), to pass on again shortly. In
the White Mountain valleys they nest about the middle of Jul}',
and the young are soon on the wing. During September they
quickly gather into large flocks about the wild cherry trees,
preparatory to migrating southward. Mr. Ned Dearborn (: 00)
records that a flock of ten birds wintered at Durham during the
season of 1899-1900, a circumstance which appears to be quite
unusual. In eastern Massschusetts there is regularly a wave of
northbound migrants about the end of January, this movement
lasting into March, after which there comes a second wave in
late May. Apparently this first wave has spent its energy by
the time it reaches central New Hampshire. Rarely this first

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 15 I

flight reaches the central part of the state in January ; thus Mr.
C. F. Goodhue ('85) notes a flock of 20 or more at Webster in
January, 1878. By February or March, the birds appear irreg-
ularly in the lower portions of the state, though often observers
in the central counties do not see thern till late May, i. e., dur-
ing the second wave. The limits and dates of these peculiar
movements will bear a much more thorough working out.
The fall migrants have usually left by October.

197. Lanius borealis Vieill. Northern Shrike.

A rather common late fall migrant and winter resident
throughout the state, occurring as high at least as 2,000 feet
in the White Mountains during winter.

Dates : November 12 to April.

198. Lanius lucloviciaims Linn. Loggerhead Shrike.
A rather rare and local summer resident in the Transition

valleys at least as far north as the White Mountains, and the
upper Connecticut valley ; accidental in winter. In view of the
general lack of definite published breeding data for this species,
it may be well to detail the records for New Hanpshire as far as
possible. The bird has been observed at the following locali-
ties in the state : Charlestown, Mr. W. M. Buswell has observed
a pair for at least two seasons in the same yard, and on April
26, 1898, took their nest and six eggs. This nest was nearly
completed by April 8, and contained two eggs on the 21st.
The earliest date at which he has observed the bird in spring
is March 20. Concord \ near this town a specimen was obtained
by Mr. C. F. Goodhue, on January 20, 1879, and identified and
recorded by Mr. Ruthven Deane ('79). Hampton Falls, one
was observed by Mr. W. E. Cram on August 20, 1899. Hanover,
a pair is recorded by Mr. E. B. Frost ('85) to have nested in a
fir tree in a person's yard during the season of 1885. The birds
were first seen on April 16, and by May 4th, the nest had been
built and six eggs laid. Both birds were shot for identification.
Mr. Frost, in a letter to the writer, adds that a nest with six
young was found at Hanover on May 30, 1884, and that he
11

152 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

knew of another at about the same time. Also on May 17, 1897,
on the Vermont side of the Connecticut river, a nest containing
one egg and four young birds was found by Mrs. Frost, and in
1898, the birds were noticed near the same place. Mollis, one
seen by Dr. W. H. Fox on September i, 1885. Intervale, I
have twice observed the bird in the Saco valley here ; once on
August 25, 1897, when a single bird was seen for a short time
on the meadows, and again on August 9, 1899, when I watched
one for part of an afternoon as it stayed about an old apple or-
chard near the river valley. Possibly a pair may have nested
here earlier in the season. Jefferson, in an interesting letter on
birds observed in this vicinity, Mr. H. W. Wright tells hie
that " it has been breeding for several years within town limits.
A friend living on the road to Jefferson Hill, when I discovered
a family of shrikes about his pasture, told me they had nested
in the same elm tree in that pasture for 4 or 5 years. In 1899,
we observed them whenever we drove by throughout the season.
This year (1900) they nested farther back and were seen only
occasionally on the roadside. I have observed a pair or family
at three or four other points, in driving, in this vicinity."
Lancaster, Mr. F. B. Spaulding finds it a regular summer resi-
dent here, where it arrives early and breeds about the first of
May. North-field , in September, 1897, Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98,
p. 218) observed one at this town. Tamworth, a single bird
was observed on August 16, 1898, by Dr. A. L. Reagh (see'
Howe, :oi, p. 44). Tilton, according to Mr. Ned Dearborn
('98, p. 28) a nest with eggs was discovered here by Mr. G. H.
Davis, in May, 1897.

From the foregoing, it is plain that this shrike is most com-
mon in the valleys of the Connecticut and its larger tributaries,
by which it reaches the country slightly north of the White
Mountains.

Dfttes : (January 20, '79) March 20 to September.

MM). Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). Red-eyed Vireo.

A common summer resident throughout the Transition and
sub-Canadian areas, being found from the shade trees of the vil-

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 153

lage streets up to about 3,000 feet in the mixed forests on the
White Mountains. It is also common to the north of these
mountains, as at L,ake Umbagog. At Intervale, I have on one
or two occasions seen single birds on the wire fences, which
cross the Saco meadows, feeding on crickets which they ob-
tained on the edge of a farm-road, and carried to the fence to
eat. Most of them leave the latitude of the White Mountains
by the middle of September, though Dr. Walter Faxon informs
me that he saw three on September 30, 1895, at Warren.
Dates : May 8 to September 30.

200. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). Philadelphia

VlREO.

A rare spring and fall migrant, and in the northern part of
the state a rather rare summer resident. To Mr. William
Brewster, we are chiefly indebted for our knowledge of this spe-
cies as a summer bird of New Hampshire. About L,ake Umba-
gog, this gentleman and Mr. Ruthven Deane ('76) secured in
all, three specimens, on the 3d and 4th of June, 1872. Near the
same spot, Mr. Brewster ('80) secured on August 29, 1874,
three more specimens and a fourth on August 31st, these being
all ' ' young birds in freshly assumed but quite perfect fall
dress." On May 29, 1876, another was taken at Umbagog,
and two more on May 31st, and three years later, on May 27,
1879, a mated pair was shot. From Umbagog, Mr. Brewster
('80) states that he traced them westward to Dixville Notch in
northwestern New Hampshire, where "they were noted in
greater numbers than elsewhere, and on June 10th several pairs
were found in the open birch groves about the ' Dix House,'
just beyond the Notch." He further notes that although these
birds arrive at Umbagog during the last of May or first week of
June, they remain silent until the breeding season has fairly be-
gun, when they are quite as indefatigable singers as the Red-
eyed Vireos, and are then found generally distributed through-
out the less heavily wooded areas. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann has
also noted the bird in the Dixville Notch in the breeding sea-
son, in 1903. The only White Mountain record of this bird in

154 PROCEEDINGS NANCHESTER INSTITUTE

the breeding season is that of Mr. Bradford Torrey ('90, p. 251)
who, in company with Dr. Walter Faxon, observed one singing
" by the roadside in the valley," at Franconia, on June 16,
1889, and repeatedly in the same place on subsequent days.
The bird acted as if settled there, but no nest was found. The
following instances of its occurrence as a migrant elsewhere in
the state are detailed as of interest : Chocorua, where Mr. F. H.
Allen informs me he observed a pair on June 5, 1900, probably
late migrants; Frank Bolles ('93b, p. 39) also records having
once observed it there in migration. Dublin, one taken Sep-
tember 29, 1899, and a second at the same season in 1900 by
Mr. G. H. Thayer ( : 02) who records seeing others at Dublin
on several occasions in fall ; near Fitzwilliam, one obtained on
May 27. 1897, as I am informed by Mr. G. H. Thayer. Fran-
conia, one bird seen September 23d and another September 26,
1900, by Mr. Bradford Torrey ; Hollis, one recorded by Dr. W.
H. Fox ('77) as shot on May 26, 1876, by a Mr. A. F. Eaton,
while it was ' ' feeding in company with two other birds of the
same kind, in some low oak bushes ; " Intervale, I observed a
single bird among some small elms in the Saco valley on Aug.
26, 1899, an early fall migrant doubtless.
Dates : May 26 to September 29.

201. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.). Warbeing Vireo.

An uncommon summer resident within the Transition areas
of the state, and during the nesting season is usually confined
to the big elm trees of the village streets. In the White Moun-
tain valleys, the bird is rare so far up as Intervale, and for sev-
eral years I have never known more than one or two pairs to
summer in the big elms of the village. What I presume to be
the same pair of birds has for at least three successive seasons
lived among a group of elms near our house, and although after
the young were off, I have several times seen the birds in the
open valley at a considerable distance from their nesting site,
nevertheless the male is now and then to be heard singing in
the early morning from the same elms even into the second
week of September. Apparently this species is rare or gener-
ally absent to the north of the White Mountains, though Mr.

OF VKTS *.ND SCIENCES. 155

F. B. Spaulcling reports it from Lancaster, in the Connecticut
valley. Dr. Walter Faxon has found it also breeding at Franco-
nia.
Dates: May 3 to September 17.

'ii)'i. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yku.ow-throated
Vireo.

An uncommon summer resident in the Transition valleys of
the lower part of the state. At Hollis, Dr. W. H. Fox writes
that it is common in summer, and it also occurs regularly on
the coast in small numbers. About Manchester it is said to be
common, and usually found about towns. Farther north in cen-
tral New Hampshire it becomes rarer ; at Bridgewater, Mr. F.
H. Allen ('89) has observed it, and Mrs. E. E. Webster writes
me of one seen at Franklin Falls in May, 1899, while Mr. C. F.
Goodhue notes it as breeding about Webster. I have no rec-
ord of it north of Dake Winnepesaukee in the central part of
the state, where, however, it may be of casual occurrence. Mr.
Bradford Torrey (:oo, p. 638) records a single bird singing
on June 3, 1899, in a sugar maple grove at Franconia, which is
the first time, in all his observations in that region, that he has
seen the bird there. This straggler may have reached Franco-
nia by way of the Pemigewasset valley, but more probably by
the Connecticut basin, where the bird is a regular summer res-
ident as far up at least as the vicinity of Hanover, and according
to Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, (:o2, p. 19) it has even been re-
corded from St. Johnsbury, Vt., on a northern tributary of the
Connecticut.

Dates : May 8 to September.

203. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). Biaje-headed Vireo.

An uncommon, though generally distributed summer resident,
throughout the sub-Canadian areas of the state. On our ex-
treme southeast, Dr. W. H. Fox finds it a rare breeding bird at
Hollis, but on the higher land farther west, about Mt. Monad-
nock, and northward along the eastern rim of the Connecticut
valley and throughout the mixed woods of the central and north-
ern parts of the state it is fairly common, nesting up to about

156 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

3,000 feet in the White Mountains. Apparently the great freeze
of 1899 killed numbers of the early migrants, and in the White
Mountains especially, I have noticed an apparent diminution in
their numbers in the two following seasons.
Dates : April 29 to October 7.

Note: Vireo noveboracensis (Ginel.). White-eyed Vireo.

This species probably reaches the extreme southwestern part of the
state at times, and has been recorded by Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : 00, p.
I33) to have bred near Lake Massabesic, Manchester, in 1S99, and pre-
viously on the Hooksett Road in the same town. Mr. Ned Dearborn
('98, p. 29) includes it among the birds of Belknap and Merrimack Coun-
ties on the authority of a Mr. George Stohvorthy but this record is per-
haps to be questioned. Mr. W. E. Cram of Hampton Falls also writes me
that he is confident he has once observed it at that place. At present,
however, it seems safer to exclude the bird from the New Hampshire list
awaiting an undoubted record.

204. Vireo bellii Aud. Bell's Vireo.

An accidental visitant from the interior. Mr. William Brew-
ster ( : 01) records that Mr. Ned Dearborn, while driving along
a country road in Durham, on November 19, 1897, observed a
small bird hopping about some poison- ivy vines which had
overrun a stone wall. Mr. Dearborn shot the bird and submit-
ted it to Mr. Brewster for examination, and the latter states
that it proves to be a perfectly typical example of this species.

205. Mniotilta varia (Iyinn.). Black and white
Warbler.

A common spring and fall migrant and less common summer
resident throughout the Transition and sub-Canadian woods.
Among the White Mountains it appears to be quite absent in
the breeding season above the 3,000 foot level, and is also rare or
wanting in the balsam and spruce forests of the northern part
of the state. About Intervale, I have found it common all sum-
mer in the lowland woods of mixed or deciduous growth.

Dates : April 30 to September 29.

Note: Helmitherus vermivorus Gmel. . Worm-bating War-
bler.

A specimen is recorded as seen at Manchester <m <>ct. r, 1900, by a Mrs.
A. A. Macleod ( : 00, p. 102 J but the record is not property substantiated.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 157

206. Helminthophila chrysoptera ( Linn). Golden-
winged Warbler.

A rare migrant, and probable summer resident in the extreme
southeastern part of the state. Although no actual instance of
its breeding in the state is known to me, Mr. W. E. Cram writes
that he took a specimen at Hampton Falls in May, 1887 ; Mr.
G. H. Thayer writes that he has observed it once in early sum-
mer near Jaffrey ; and local observers report (Proc. Manchester
Inst. Arts & Sci., Vol. II, p. 80) that a few were observed in
May, 1900. at Manchester. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann also informs
me that a fine male was noticed in late May and early June,
1902, by Dr. \V. R. Varick at Concord, where there may have
been a breeding pair.

207. Helminthophila rubricapilla (Wils.)- Nash-
ville Warbler.

A common spring and fall migrant and rather common sum-
mer resident. It is of general distribution in damp bushy local-
ities throughout most of the state and is common in certain por-
tions of southwestern New7 Hampshire. Among the White
Mountains it is scattered all over the higher peaks in the Cana-
dian zone, and is fairly common up to the limit of small tree
growth, or nearly 4,500 feet, and I have repeatedly noted birds
at the head of Tuckerman's Ravine on Mt. Washington, in
King's Ravine and elsewhere on the great range. During a trip
over the Carter range, June 13 to 16, 1902, a large number of
these birds was observed. They seemed to be very evenly dis-
tributed above 3,000 feet, and showed a preference for the
birches, then just in bud, scattered through the balsam forest.

Dates : May 4 to September 13.

208. Helminthophila celata (Say). Orange-crowned
Warbler.

An accidental visitant, for which there is but a single valid
record : — Hollis, a single bird taken May 16, 1876, by Dr. W. H.
Fox ('76). Dr. Fox informs me that the spcimen has been ex-
amined and thoroughly identified by competent authorities.
The record by Mr. John Murdoch ('78) of a bird taken at Isles
of Shoals has been shown to be a misidentification.

158 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

209. Helmiiithopliila peregrina ( Wils). Tennessee
Warbler.

A rare spring and fall migrant and in the upper Canadian re-
gions of the northern part of the state an uncommon summer
resident. About Lake Umbagog the bird was stated by Mr. C.
J. Maynard ('72) to be common, and more recently, Mr. William
Brewster is quoted as saying that it is there found during the
breeding season, generally in larch swamps, but sometimes
among coniferous growths on the mountain sides. Among the
White Mountains it is a rare and local summer resident. Dr.
Walter Faxon ('89) records that in 1887 he and Mr. Bradford
Torrey found two males in full song throughout the breeding
season, " in some pasture land largely grown up to black spruce
in Franconia, * * * * at a high level (some distance above the
Profile House Farm)." In late May, 1888, the bird was detect-
ed in the same place, and ' ' also in an extensive larch swamp in the
lower part of the same town, where Mr. Torrey found it again^in
the latter part of the following month." Mr. Torrey has several
times since iecorded the bird from this locality. Elsewhere among
the White Mountains it has not been detected in the breeding sea-
son so far as I am aware. In migrations the bird has been ob-
served once in late May, 1897, at Dub////, by Mr. G. H. Thayer;
one was captured on the Isles of Shoals Sept. 9, 1877, and re-
corded by Mr. John Murdoch ('78) on supposedly good author-
ity as H. celata, but Mr. William Brewster ('82) who later
examined the specimen pionounced it to be peregrina ; one was
noted at 4,000 feet on Mt. Adams on Sept. 2, T884, by Dr. A.
P. Chadbourne ('87); and Mr. C. F. Goodhue has taken it at
Webster. According to Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : 00, p. 133)
it is a " rare transient visitant" at Manchester.

Dates : May 20 to September 9.

210. Compsothlypis americana usneae Brewst.
Northern Paruea Warbeer.

A common spring and fall migrant, and a not uncommon
summer resident of the thick, sub-Canadian forests, though
found usually in spruce and hemlock woods where there is more

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 159

or less Usnea ; it occurs frequently, however, in growths where
there seems to be little of this moss, and delights to feed among
red oaks. I have not observed it above 2,500 feet in the White
Mountains, and it is hardly a common bird in the coniferous
woods of that region.
Dates : May 3 to October 1 .

211. Denclroica tigrina (Gmel.). Cape May War-
bler.

A rare spring and fall migrant in the central and southern
parts of the state, and an irregular summer resident of the Cana-
dian forests to the north of the White Mountains. Mr. C. J.
Maynard ('72) records it as formerly common at Umbagog,
breeding in the thick evergreen woods, and according to Mr.
Wm. Brewster ('95) it was a really abundant summer resident
there from 1871-75, but before 1879, had quite deserted the
region. I do not know of its occurrence in summer among the
White Mountains, though Mr. Bradford Torrey ( : 00) records
that he observed a male in full song at the " Landaff Larch
Swamp" among the Frauconias, almost daily from the 22d of
May to the 3d of June, 1899, after which date he was called
away. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes of having twice observed the
bird in fall at Dublin. Local observers record in the Proceed-
ings of the Manchester Institute of Arts and Sciences, Vol. II,
p. 82, that it was observed in some numbers at Manchester dur-
ing the phenomenal warbler migration of May, 1900.
Dates : May 10 to September.

212. Denclroica aestiva (Gmel). Yellow Warbler.
A not uncommon summer resident in the Transition valleys
of the southern and western parts of the state, but rare or ab-
sent in the White Mountain valleys and northward. In the
Merrimack valley the bird is common at least as far up as Con-
cord, and elsewhere in the southern valleys it is of general oc-
currence. North of Lake Winnepesaukee it is very local.
About Newfound Lake a small number annually breed, and at
Ossipee, Mr. E. A. Preble has once found it nesting. Dr.
Walter Faxon found a single pair in the willows on Gale river

l6o PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

among the Franconias about the summer of 1886, and Dr. J. A.
Allen (Faxon & Allen, '88) records them at Bethleham and
Franconia in 1874, though apparently the bird is now very rare
or wholly absent from these regions in summer. I have never
seen it about Intervale save in fall, although there seems to be
suitable country for it. On September n, 1899, I noted two in
some bushes on the Saco meadows at Intervale, but have never
seen others there. In the Connecticut valley the bird is fairly
common at least as far up as Lancaster, where both Mr. F. B.
Spaulding and Mr. H. W. Wright have found it in summer,
and the latter gentleman observed a single bird singing in the
western part of Jefferson on Aug. 12, 1901. A few also work
up the side valleys farther south to some distance ; thus Mr. G.
H. Thayer has found it in Marlboro commonly, while farther
up at Dublin it is rare.

Dates: May 9 to September n.

213. Dendroica cserulescens (Gmel.). Black-throat-
ed Blue Warbler.

A fairly common summer resident of the rich, sub- Canadian
woods, inhabiting the denser undergrowth along the forest
brooks. Dr. W. H. Fox writes me that it breeds rarely at
Hollis on our southeastern border, and Mr. G. H. Thayer finds
it about Monadnock rather commonly. In central New Hamp-
shire it is fairly common locally. Among the White Mountains
it occurs commonly up to the 3,000 foot limit, above which I
have rarely found it. On June 21, 1900, I observed a single
male singing by the lake in Carter Notch at the altitude of 3,360
feet. The males continue to sing at intervals long after the
breeding season, and I have heard their song in the woods at
Intervale until the 17th of September.

Dates : May 10 to October 10.

214. Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Myrtle Warhlkr.

A very common spring and fall migrant, and a common
summer resident of the Canadian fauna. It breeds rather spar-
ingly in coniferous growth on the hills of the southwestern part
of the state and along the height of land which bounds the Con-

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. l6l

necticut river basin on the east. I have no certain evidence of
its breeding in the southeastern section of the state, though it
may do so locally, and Dr. W. H. Fox has recorded ('84) tak-
ing an adult male at Hollis on June 25, 1883. Among the
White Mountains, it is found to breed sparingly among the
white pines in the river valleys so low as 520 feet at Intervale,
while higher on the mountains it is fairly common up to 3,000
feet above which it is practically the only Dendroica, except D.
striata, to occnr in any numbers. To the limit of scrub growth,
at 4,800 or 5,000 feet, it is generally distributed, and I have not-
ed it on numerous occasions at these upper levels on the Presi-
dential and Carter ranges. In September, this species is often
found in the valle}'S in considerable numbers, accompanying the
little flocks of Bluebirds and Chipping Sparrows, and frequently
is observed feeding with them on the ground, instead of fre-
quenting the woods with the hordes of other migrating war-
blers.

Dates: Spring migration, April 23 to May 28 ; Summer; fall migra-
tion, September to October 23.

215. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.). Magnolia War-
bler.

A common spring and fall migrant, and a rather common sum-
mer resident of the sub-Canadian fauna. It breeds in small
numbers among the spruce woods of Mt. Monadnock and local-
ly elsewhere in southern and western New Hampshire, being
here very strictly confined to the spruce growth. Among the
White Mountains, it is common along the streams and in the
damp thickets of spruce, hemlock, and fir, with an undergrowth
of deciduous bushes, and reaches the altitude of 3,000 feet 011
the mountain sides, above which, however, it is very rare or en-
tirely wanting. Mr. William Brewster ('77a) gives an account
of the habits of this bird as observed by him in New England,
wherein he states that he has found it generally distributed over
high and low country, alike, to the north of the White Moun-
tains, and notes its arrival at Umbagog already by the 25th of
May, 1876, while yet " not a leaf had unfolded, even in the most

162 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

sheltered places, and snow lay in large masses everywhere in
the hollows and on northern exposures."
Dates : May 9 to Octocer 3.

216. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.). Chestnut-
sided Warbler.

A summer resident of the Transition area, common in the
southern parts of the state, but becoming somewhat less plenti-
ful among the White Mountain valleys. Mr. Maynard ('72)
reports it as " not very abundant " at Umbagog, where also it
breeds. It is generally confined to open bushy fields, or clear-
ings grown up with sprouts and bushes. Among the White
Mountains it is found mostly in the valley bottoms, but is quick
to take advantage of sprout growth in newly-made clearings even
far in the woods. Thus during the winter of 1898-99, a consid-
erable area of beech woods was cut on the west slope of Mt.
Bartlett at about 1,000 feet, and during the following year there
sprang up a considerable growth of sprouts. The next spring
a pair of Chestnut-sided Warblers was found to have ensconced
themselves there. In another case, a pair was found at slightly
over 2,000 feet on the Carter Notch trail, where a bushy growth
had arisen in a clearing made in the depth of the forest about a
lumber camp. Mr. E. A. Preble has also observed about Ossi-
pee the same readiness of these birds to quickl}' occupy the
young growth following the clearing off of woodland, a fact
which shows that in the keen struggle for existence, this species
is not slow to take advantage of an increase in the available liv-
ing area.

Dates : May 6 to September 25.

217. Dendroica castanea (Wils.). Bay-breasted

Warbler.

A rather rare spring and fall migrant in the southern parts of
the state, but sometimes common, as in May, 1901. In the
White Mountains and northward it is a fairly common summer
resident mainly of the upper Canadian zone. The range of this
species in summer overlaps that of the Black-poll Warbler for
about 1,000 feet, and extends below it to nearly an equal

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 163

amount. Thus one finds breeding birds at an altitude of from
1,800 feet in rich, damp coniferous woods on southern expos-
ures, up to about 4,000 feet among the small balsam timber.
The two birds in respect to their ranges are perhaps somewhat
comparable to the Olive-backed and the Bicknell's Thrushes, the
former inhabiting the lower altitudes and ranging upward into
the stronghold of the latter. Mr. C. J. Maynard found this a com-
mon breeding bird at Lake Umbagog thirty years ago, though
apparently he did not observe D. striata breeding there. Mr.

F. H. Allen tells me that on the Sandwich range he has found
the bird common in the breeding season in the vicinity of Water-
ville. Mr. M. Chamberlain ('91, Vol. I, p. 238) has also re-
corded that a nest was found on Mt. Chocorua by Frank Bolles,
but the identification appears not to have been certain. South of
this range, I have no actual evidence of the breeding of this
species, but Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, p. 33) has recorded that
young birds hardly able to fly and still fed by their parents, were
observed at Webster in the latter part of July about 1875. Mr.

G. H. Thayer also writes me that he observed a pair in late
May, 1897, in a deep hemlock and deciduous wood on Monad-
nock, with nesting material in their bills, and states that they
showed great anxiety when their vicinity was approached.
Whether or no the birds did nest was not ascertained. In fall,
owing to the difficulty of distinguishing this species from the
Black-poll Warbler, observations are less easy to make, but I
am inclined to think they migrate more or less with the latter,
and I have taken specimens in the woods at 2,000 feet from
mixed flocks of warblers. In the month of May, 1900, owing
to the occurrence of cold waves, these and other northbound
migrants lingered in unusual numbers throughout southern
New England instead -of passing by to their breeding grounds.

Dates: May 14 to 28; Summer to September.

218. Deiulroica striata (Forst.). Black-poll War-
bler.

A very common spring and fall migrant over the southern
parts of the state, and a common summer resident of the upper
Canadian zone on the White Mountains and northward. On

164 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

the higher mountains of the outlying Sandwich range, which
includes several peaks of 4,000 feet or over, Mr. F. H. Allen
has found this species in summer and in this same region has
noted it in the Mad River Notch at Greeley's Ponds (2,000 feet)
and in small numbers as low as 1,500 feet near Waterville.
Frank Bolles ('93b) also mentions having come upon a pair of
these birds on July. 14, on a high ridge of Chocorua. Among
the White Mountains, the birds are found throughout the damp
balsam forest above 3,000 feet on southern slopes, though on
the north sides of the mountains they breed at a much lower al-
titude, following down the cool mountain streamlets. This in-
fluence of slope exposure on distribution was well seen in a
walk through the Pinkham Notch on June 23, 1900. Starting
at a point below the Glen House on the north side of the divide,
the road gradually rises until the height of 2,000 feet is reached
and it then decends on the southern slope of the divide, to-
wards the Saco valley. On the north side of the divide, I noted
a number of Black-poll Warblers on this walk from an altitude
of 1,500 feet to the top of the water shed, 2,000 feet at the high-
way. They were among the fir balsams and spruces by the
roadside in the valley of the West Branch of the Peabody river
which flows out from the Great Gulf. Not a Black-poll was
heard or seen on the south side of the divide, nor was the vege-
tation so well suited to theirYequirements, being mostly of mix-
ed and deciduous growth. The 3,000 foot limit is; about as far
down on the south slopes of the mountains as the bird breeds,
except of course where peculiar local conditions obtain ; and
from that height up to the limit of scrub growth, at from 4,800
to 5,000 feet, it is one of the most characteristic birds of the
mountain-top fauna. Most of the Black-polls cease singing by
August, though on trips into their country during the last week
of that month, I have heard a few still in song. On September
14, 1900, while in camp at Carter Notch (3,360 feet) where the
birds are common all summer, I observed an individual in the
fall plumage as it sang again and again among the stunted fir
trees ; and during a long walk over the range on the same day
two or three others were heard singing. On the following
morning. September 15th, what may have been the same bird as

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 165

previously noted, was again singing with all its springtime vig-
or about the camp. I also heard a few singing in early Sep-
tember, 1 90 1, while on a trip over this range. These I take to
be the resident birds still on their breeding grounds, as I have
never observed the migrants at low altitudes singing in fall.
Under the head of Migration, I have detailed some observations
on the interesting movements of the Black-poll Warblers, and
it may be again remarked that they appear to migrate along
the mountain tops in fall, keeping generally above 2,000 feet or
so, and uncommonly appearing in the valley bottoms at this
season among the White Mountains, though after the central
parts of the state are reached, they flood the low country as we
are accustomed to see in Massachusetts. In the lower part of
the state, the spring migration is over by early June, and the
fall migrants again appear in late August or early September.
Dates : May 8 to October 10.

219. Denclroica blackburniae (Gmel.). Blackburn-
ian Warbler.

A rather common summer resident of the sub-Canadian
woods, especially those of mixed hemlock and deciduous growth.
In the southern part of the state, Dr. W. H. Fox writes that it
breeds at Hollis, and it is well known to nest about Mt. Monad-
nock and northward along the ridge forming the eastern rim of
the Connecticut valley basin. In the White Mountain region,
it is common in the white pine and spruce woods up to about
3,000 feet, but above this level only a few scattering pairs occur.
Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87) records seeing a single bird at
3,800 feet on Mt. Washington on July 8, 1886.

Dates : May 4 to September 10.

220. Dendroica virens (Gmel.). Black-throated
Green Warbler.

A very common spring and fall migrant and a common sum-
mer resident, breeding most plentifully in the pine and spruce
woods of the sub-Canadian area. In such growths, it is very
common in the White Mountains up to about 2,000 feet. A
few pairs penetrate still farther up the mountain sides into the

[66 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

lower edge of the upper-Canadian fir growth. Thus I have ob-
served a bird singing by the lakes in the Carter Notch (3,360
feet) on June 20, 1900, and another by Hermit Lake (3,800 feet)
on Mt. Washington on the same day.
Dates : (April 26) May 1 to October 5.

221. Dendroica vigorsii (Aud). Pine Warbler.

A rather common spring and fall migrant in the southern part
of the state, and as a summer resident not uncommon locally in
the Transition valleys and lowlands as far north as the White
Mountains. It is largely confined during the breeding season
to groves of pitch pine {Finns rigida) though where these trees
are not to be had, it will occasionally take to the white pines
(Pinus strobus). In the Connecticut valley, Mr. R. Hoffmann
has found this bird in small numbers -as far up at least as Cor-
nish, during the summer. In central and southern New Hamp-
shire, it is not rare in the breeding season, but farther north,
especially in the lowlands about Ossipee, where, on a large
tract of dry sandy soil there is an extensive growth of pitch
pines, the bird is fairly common. Here, on April 21, 1900, be-
fore the snow was off the ground, I found a few of these War-
blers singing, they having evidently just arrived. Still farther
up the state, a few are found every year in the dry pine woods
at North Conway and Intervale in the Saco valley. At Inter-
vale three or four pairs summer annually in the white pine
woods at about 500 feet, there being no growth of pitch pine of
any size. In the fall migration I have never found the bird
here in any numbers, though single ones are of occasional oc-
currence with the flocks of Chickadees and other small birds in
the woods, or even with the Chipping Sparrows and Bluebirds
on the open meadow lands till late September, and I have heard
occasional birds singing up to the 2 2d of that month.

Dates: April 21 to September 25.

221. Dendroica palmaruiii (Gmel.). Palm Warbler.

An uncommon fall migrant. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('84)
was the first to record its presence in the state on the strength
of a specimen shot at Skelbume, in the Androscoggin valley, on

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 167

September 16, 1884. This bird was in company with a large
flock of Warblers, Chickadees and other small birds among
some low birches by the roadside. In the Saco valley at Inter-
vale, I have found this species in small numbers usually in com-
pany with flocks of Bluebirds, Chipping Sparrows and Myrtle
Warblers on the meadows, and have taken specimens between
the 8th and 14th of September. Its reported presence at Man-
chester in spring is doubtless an error (Proc. Manchester Inst.
Arts & Sci., Vol. II, p. 82, 1901).
Dates : September 8 to 16.

223. Denclroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw.
Yellow Palm Warbler.

A migrant, common in spring and less common in fall. This
bird appears in the White Mountain valleys after the middle of
September, and usually is found on the intervales in company
with small flocks of Chipping Sparrows and Bluebirds.

Dates : April 13 to May 10 ; September 16 to October 9.

224. Dendroica discolor (Vieill.). Prairie Warbler.

A very rare summer resident in the Transition valley bottoms
of the southeastern part of the state. Two nests and an egg,
taken at Northfield about 1880, have been recorded as belong-
ing to this species, by Mr. F. H. Herrick ('83) who identified
the specimens. The identification, in the light of our present
knowledge, cannot, however, be considered as conclusive evi-
dence that the Prairie Warbler occurs in summer so far north
in the state. H. D. Minot's statement ('76) that the Prairie
Warbler occurs at Bethlehem among the White Mountains, is
generally discredited, and doubtless with reason. The only au-
thentic records for the state appear to be the following : — Hollis,
three birds taken by Dr. W. H. Fox, an adult male June 28,
1884, "in company of half grown young," one bird unsexed,
shot August 23, 1876, and an adult female taken September 4,
1876 ; Manchester, a small colony is reported as found among an
extensive growth of scrub pines and oaks in the early summer

12

1 68 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

of 1901. The birds were observed here by several persons, and
also recorded by " Pinfeather Ornithologist " (: 01, p. 33).

225. Seiurus aurocapillus (L,inn.). Oven-bird.

A common summer resident of the Transition and sub-Cana-
dian areas, most plentiful in the rich shady woods of mixed
growth, which it inhabits in the White Mountains up to nearly
3,000 feet. A few linger among the mountains until the last of
September, and Dr. W. Faxon tells me that he observed one at
Warren on the late date of October 2, 1895.

Dates : May 4 to October 2.

226. Seiurus noveboraceusis (Gmel.). Water-
Thrush.

A rather common spring and fall migrant and less common
summer resident in the thick swamps of the Canadian fauna.
It is said to be a common breeding bird about Lake Umbagog,
and in the upper Canadian woods of the White Mountains it is
found in summer about the cold streamlets on the mountains,
or at lower elevations in wooded swamps. Mr. E. A. Preble
has noted it as fairly common in such localities in the neighbor-
hood of Ossipee. Mr. G. H. Thayer informs me that in a small
wood swamp near Dublin, he has annually found a pair, and
believes they breed there. At Intervale, I have rarely found
the bird in June in the lowlands, and as early as the 10th of
July, single individuals appear in the valley along the edges of
shaded pools and brooks, whither they may have come from the
immediate neighborhood.

Dates : May 15 to September 21.

Note: Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.). Louisiana Watkr-Thrush.

Mr. G. H. Thayer ( :o2) records having observed .on Aug. 19, 1901, at
Dublin, a bird which he feels convinced was of this species, though he
admits that the record cannot be considered as more than an expression
of his own conviction.

227. Geothlypis agilis (Wils.). Connecticut War-
bler.

A rare fall migrant of rather irregular occurrence, sometimes
appearing rather commonly for a few days. Mr. C. F. Good-

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 169

hue has observed the bird at Webster on several occasions.
Elsewhere in the state, Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('85) has record-
ed a female shot on September 14, 1884, on Mt. Baldcap in the
town of Success, at an altitude of about 800 feet. Mr. G. H.
Thayer writes me of one observed at Dublin on October 3, 1899.
One was also shot by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, on September
6, 1899, at an altitude of about 2,000 feet on the Carter Notch
trail, Jackson.

Dates : September 6 to October 3.

228. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). Mourning
Warbler.

A not uncommon summer resident, from the White Moun-
tain valleys northward, being mainly confined to the tangles of
bushes, grapevines, and blackberry canes on the edges of woods
or along the mountain brooks ; as a migrant, it is only rarely
seen in the southern part of the state. It is said to be common
about Lake Umbagog in summer and Dr. Walter Faxon has
found it in small numbers during the breeding season about
Mt. Moosilauke and North Woodstock. At Intervale, during
the summer of 1899, three pairs bred in bushy spots on the out-
skirts of a sugar maple grove by the Saco river, the same grove,
it may be added, that harbored a pair of Screech Owls and a
Wood Thrush. These three pairs I observed almost daily for
a large part of the summer. The song period was practically
over by the middle of July, but the birds still lingered about
their chosen locality until early September. During the first
twelve days of July, I occasionally heard the males sing a flight
song corresponding to the Maryland Yellow-throat's. This was
usually given as the bird flew slantingly downward from a
height of some 20 feet, though on one occasion, a bird after a
period of silence, suddenly flew out from the bushes in which it
had been concealed, nearly straight upward toward a bare limb
of a white maple some 40 feet from the ground. Just before it
reached the branch it burst into a short, ecstatic song and then
settled on the chosen perch. I have found scattered pairs along
the Pinkham Notch road, and in the Wildcat Valley have traced
them up to' the divide in Carter Notch at an altitude of

170 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

slightly over 3,000 feet. They avoid the forest, however, and
are more frequent in low growth along open spaces.
Dates : May 19 to September 13.

229. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swains.).
Northern Yellow-throat.

A common summer resident of swampy, weed-grown localities
in the Transition and sub-Canadian areas, following the valleys
up to about 2,000 feet in the White Mountains.

Dates : May 8 to October 7.

Note: Icteria virens Linn.). Yellow-breasted Chat.

According to T. M. Brewer ('78, p. 303) a nest and four eggs of this
bird were taken in the summer of 1877 at North Conway, by his "young
friend, C. A. Hawes." It seems unlikely, however, that so southern a
bird should breed i.hus far to the northward, and until a well authenti-
cated specimen can be shown from the state it should not be given a
place among the birds of New Hampshire. Careful search on our ex-
treme southeastern borders might nevertheless establish its occasional
presence there.

230. Wilsonia pusilla ( Wils.). Wilson's Warbler.

An uncommon spring and fall migrant and a rare summer
resident in the upper Canadian faunal area. Mr. F. B. Spauld-
ing ('94) has recorded finding a nest with four eggs on June 5,
1894, near Lancaster. The female bird, he states, was captured
on the nest. Dr. Walter Faxon informs me, also, that he ob-
served a single bird below Warren Village on June 4, 1895,
perhaps a late migrant. I have never found the bird among
the White Mountains in the breeding season, and although Mr.
C. J. Maynard ('72) quotes Mr. William Brewster as author-
ity for its presence during summer at Gorham, it appears that
the birds in question were probably early fall migrants. At In-
tervale, the first fall migrants appear in the valley about the mid-
dle of August, my earliest date being on the 15th of that month.
Single birds are usually found, or more rarely two may be ob-
served accompanying a flock of other Warblers and Chickadees
in a damp, bushy locality. Dr. Walter Faxon has observed
the bird at Warren so late as October 3d .

Dates : May 13 to October 3.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. I71

231. Wilsonia canadensis (Linn.)- Canadian War-
bler.

A common spring and fall migrant, and less common summer
resident within the Canadian faunal area. It is common in
summer in the White Mountain region along the forest brooks
grown up with spruce, balsam and a tangle of hobble bush,
where the dampness keeps the ground deeply carpeted with
moss ; and in similar situations it occurs locally throughout the
state, though in central and southeastern New Hampshire it is
far from common. Mr. G. H. Thayer finds it in considerable
numbers in the deep, well- watered woods about Mt. Monadnock.
The greatest altitude at which I have observed breeding birds
is 3,360 feet in the Carter Notch, where on June 21, 1900, a bird
was heard singing by the lakes.

Dates : May 13 to September 13.

2.32. Setophag'a ruticilla (L,inn.). American Red-
start.

A common migrant and summer resident of the Transition
and sub-Canadian woods throughout the state. On the White
Mountains it is fairly common in the deciduous and mixed
woods up to about 3,000 feet, and appears to be commoner in
such localities than about the village shade trees and the or-
chards. The Redstart is the " Paul Pry " of the woods, and in
the northern forests I have usually found it to be about the first
bird on the scene whenever a passing Blue Jay or other intrud-
er appears.

Dates : May 4 to September 21.

233. Aiitlms pensilvaiiicus (Lath.). American Pipit.

A migrant, uncommon in spring but more numerous in fall.
Inland, the bird appears to be rare in spring, though on the
coast it is of regular occurrence. Messrs. Goodhue and Dear-
born have noted it in spring in Belknap and Merrimack Coun-
ties. In the White Mountain valleys, I have usually observed
it in small flocks after the 15th of September.

Dates: April to May 10; September 15 to November.

172 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

234. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn). Catbird.

A rather common summer resident of the Transition areas,
following the valleys up to the outskirts of the White Moun-
tains and reaching the lower country to the north of that range,
as at Jefferson where it occurs sparingly. At Intervale, a few
pairs are annually to be found in the river bottom, or rarely on
the sides of the valley up to 500 or 600 feet. I know of one pair,
presumably the same birds, which has nested for at least three
or four consecutive years in the same isolated clump of bushes
by a brook on the edge of our meadows. These birds, which I
used often to watch, were frequently found to be active until it
was quite dusk and after most of the other diurnal species had
quieted down for the night. Mr. Bradford Torrey has observed
this bird in Franconia up to Oct. 5, and a Mr. D. L. Oliver
( : 02 ) records one observed at Concord so late as the 3d of De-
cember, 190T.

Dates: May 6 to October 5 (December 3).

234. Toxostoma riifuin (Linn.). Brown Thrasher.
A summer resident within the Transition areas. In south-
eastern New Hampshire it is not uncommon but elsewhere it is
found in less numbers following the river bottoms up into the
White Mountain valleys. At Intervale, I have usually found
two or three pairs each year in the fringe of vines and bushes
on the banks of the Saco River. In a considerable stretch of
rolling sandy country grown up to bear oak and grey birches in
the vicinity of West Ossipee and Tarn worth, these birds are
fairly common, haunting the thickets with the Towhees. To
the north of the White Mountains, I am not certainly aware of
the presence of this bird, nor does Mr. F. B. Spatilding include
it in a manuscript list of birds seen by him at Lancaster. Dr.
W. Faxon has noted it at Warren.

Dates : April 16 to September.

235. Thryothorus ludoviciaims (Lath.). Carolina
Wren.

An accidental visitant from the south, having been once re-
corded at Rye Beach, where Mr. H. M. Spelman ('81a) on

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 173

August 7, 1880, shot one bird and saw at the time a second,
which, however, he failed to secure. These birds were "in a
thick piece of woods" in which Mr. vSpelman was collecting.
The sex of the specimen killed, is not stated. Mr. R. Hoff-
mann also writes me that a single one was observed singing at
Alstead, on July 6, 1903, for part of that day only.

236. Tliryoiiianes bewickii (Aud.). Bewick's Wren.
An accidental visitant from the south. The only record is of

a bird shot z.X. Alton, on April 25, 1890, by Mr. Ned Dearborn
('98, p. 32). Mr. William Brewster has examined this speci-
men aud confirms the identification. Mr. Dearborn remarks
that " this wren is not often found in New Hampshire," and it
may be added that this record is not only the sole one for New
Hampshire, but for New England as well.

237. Troglodytes aeclon Vieill. House Wren.

An uncommon summer resident of the Transition valleys in
the southern and central parts of the state. In the Connecticut
valley I have found it rather common about Walpole, and it oc-
curs at least as far up as Lancaster where Mr. F. B. Spauldiug
has observed it. In central New Hampshire it follows the
course of civilization along the valley bottoms, but appears to
be rare north of Lake Winnepesaukee. At Intervale a pair
has summered for several consecutive seasons about an apple
orchard near our grounds, and I have also found it in summer
at North Conway, the nearest village to the south in the Saco
valley. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) has even recorded the bird
from Lake Umbagog, where he states it is rare. Mr. F. H.
Allen has also once seen the bird in early summer at Jefferson
on the north side of the White Mountains.

Dates : May 18 to September 24.

238. Olbiorchilus hiemalis (Vieill.). Winter Wren.
A rather common spring and fall migrant, and, throughout

the Canadian area, a summer resident of very general distribu-
tion along the cold brooks and swamps in the deep forest ; it is
also a very rare winter resident in the southeastern pari of the
state. Thus Dr. W. H. Fox writes me that at Hollis he ob-

174 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

served a male on February 19, 1875, and again on March 16 of
the same year. The weather was cold at the time, thermome-
ter 4 degrees below zero. Mr. W. E. Cram ('99) also records
one seen at Hampton Falls in late December, 1897, and a Mr.
J. H. Johnson ('92) records one seen in "central New Hamp-
shire" on Nov. 25, Dec. 5 and Dec. 12, 1892. Throughout
the northern part of the state, the bird is common as a summer
resident in suitable localities. In the White Mountains it is
common along all the little forest brooks up to their very
sources. Thus in Tuckerman's Ravine, and at the head of the
Great Gulf on Mt. Washington, a few are to be found among
the scrub, where the mountain streamlets keep the mossy ground
saturated, so high up as 4,500 feet. To the south of the White
Mountains it breeds here and there at the lower elevations as
where, on the northern exposures of hills, a growth of balsam
and spruce forms a cold swamp or borders a dashing mountain
stream. In such localities, the bird is not uncommon about
Newfound Lake. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, p. 33) also notes
a male in full plumage and song taken on South Kearsage,
June 22, 1875. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann has once observed the
bird at Marlow in the summer of 1900, and Mr. G. H. Thayer
writes me that it breeds sparingly in the woods of Mt. Monad-
nock. In the Carter Mountains, about the lakelets in the
Notch, it is not unusual to hear half a dozen birds singing from
the dense forest round about, or from the wooded cliffs above.
Long before daylight, their songs break the morning stillness,
as one bird after another takes up the melody. Here they stay
on their breeding grounds until at least the middle of Septem-
ber at which date I have heard occasional birds still singing in
the early morning about the Carter lakes (3,360 feet).
Dates: April 5 to November 15 (Winter).

2.39. Cistothorus stellaris (Licht.). Short-billed
Marsh Wren.

A rare and local summer resident in the southeastern part of
the state. Mr. H. M. Spelman ('82) was the first to record the
bird's breeding in the state. He found at Rye Beach on the
24th of August, 1882, some half a dozen birds inhabiting a

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 175

small fresh-water meadow about a mile from the sea. He also
states that Mr. William Brewster found the bird in 1872, about
five miles farther inland from this locality. Mr. Wi E. Cram
writes me that at Hampton Falls a few miles south of Rye Beach,
the bird breeds in a swamp in the western part of the town.
Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : 00, p. 136) records further that at
Manchester, in 1899, a nest was found in the Cohas Brook-
meadows. Still more recently in 1902, Mr. G. H. Thayer has
discovered a pair of these wrens in a certain grassy swamp at
an elevation of slightly over a thousand feet at Dublin.
Throughout June the male was often seen singing, and on
August 5th an old nest was found. Elsewhere in the state, I
have no knowledge of its presence, save at Intervale where I
shot an immature female specimen on September 15, 1898, as it
was hopping about among some corn growing on the Saco
meadows. The bird must have been a migrant, but its pres-
ence so far north as this valle3' in the mountains must be ex-
ceptional. It is now in the Howe-Shattuck collection, No. 936.
Dates : May 23 to October 4.

240. Certhia f amiliaris americana (Bonap.). Brown
Creeper.

A permanent resident, confined during the breeding season
to the thick coniferous woods of the Canadian faunal area,
where, however, it is rarely common, though of general distri-
bution. As a winter resident, it is fairly common throughout
the lower parts of the state. Among the White Mountains it
occurs in summer at least as high as 4, too feet where I have
seen it among the small timber in Tuckerman's Ravine. Mr.
William Brewster ('79b) has given a good account of the nest-
ing habits of this species about Eake Umbagog where it breeds
not uncommonly in the deep woods, eggs being found from May
31 to June 23. At Intervale, I have usually found a pair or two
among the big pines at about 525 feet. A few also regularly
breed in the hill country in the western part of the state. Mr.
G. H. Thayer writes me that it breeds sparingly on Mt. Monad-
nock above 1,500 feet. I have found a few birds in winter so
high as 3,000 feet in the Carter Mountains.

176 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

241. Sitta carolinensis Lath. White-breasted Nut-
hatch.

A permanent resident, of common occurrence throughout the
year in the Transition portions of the state and less common in
the sub-Canadian areas. Mr. C. J. Maynard found it a com-
mon resident at Errol in 1870. In the White Mountains, I
have usually found it in the wooded valley bottoms, and less
often in the beech growth on the mountain sides up to 1,500 or
2,000 feet.

242. Sitta canadensis L, inn. Red-breasted Nuthatch.

A common permanent resident, confined during the breeding
season to the Canadian fauna. In summer, this species entirely
replaces .S. carolinensis above 3,000 feet on the White Moun-
tains, and is commonest from that level up to 4,500 feet iu the
thick forest of living and dead firs and spruces. In small num-
bers, it regularly breeds along the height of land in the western
part of the state, and sporadically over the more southern dis-
tricts. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, p. 33) has recorded it as
nesting on South Kearsarge ; Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 33)
also notes it as nesting in central New Hampshire, and Mr. G.
H. Thayer finds it regularly about Mt. Monadnock. In late
summer and fall the birds wander about with the flocks of other
small birds and even occur now and then above the upper limit
of tree growth on the Presidential range. Thus Dr. A. P.
Chadbourne ('87) records one seen on Sept. 2, 1884, running
over the bare rocks on the summit of Mt. Clay, and Mr. Brad-
ford Torrey has seen them on one or two occasions at this sea-
son scrambling about on the roof of the Summit House on Mt.
Washington. Most of the birds move down into the valleys and
the southern parts of the state during winter. In some seasons
they are extremely abundant, and again few are seen. Dr. W.
H. Fox writes me that at Hollis, in 1886, they were very abun-
dant during late June and all of July. In 1895, they swarmed
throughout the White Mountain forests in fall. They were also
fairly abundant in 1899 over parts of the state, though in the

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. x77

following summer and fall, they seemed strangely absent from

much of the northern woods.

243. Faras atricapillus Linn. Chickadee.

A common permanent resident throughout the Transition
and sub-Canadian areas. On the White Mountains, it is rarely
observed much higher than the 3,000 foot limit during the
breeding season, giving place about that level, to the Hudsoni-
an Chickadee. After the nesting period, small family parties,
consisting of the parent birds and their several full grown
young, are frequent in all the woodlands, and rarely they wan-
der up into the small timber growth to perhaps 4,000 feet, on
the mountains. The immature birds are easily to be distin-
guished by their notes which somewhat resemble those of the
Hudsonian Chickadee. In late summer, many warblers, nut-
hatches, kinglets, and vireos join these small flocks of Chicka-
dees, and form large bands which rove through the forests in
an apparently aimless way, searching for food. After the war-
blers and other birds of passage have left, these little flocks still
hunt through the winter woods going at least as high as 3,400
feet, at which level in late December I have seen them in Car-
ter's Notch. In April, these flocks break up, and the birds
pair off to nest. Often at this season is heard their plaintive
love note, and a whistled imitation, though usually disregarded
at other seasons, is now eagerly answered by any single bird
within hearing, and seldom have I failed on such occasions to
bring the bird to the trees over my head. Sometimes, by con-
tinuing to imitate the note as I walked along, I have had a lone
Chickadee follow me for over a mile, answering note for note.
I have sometimes noticed also that birds which have evidently
paired already, will pay no attention to the call even after many
repetitions.

244. Paras huclsonicus Forst. Hudsonian Chickadee.

A rather common permanent resident of the upper-Can idian

area on the higher White Mountains and in the northern part

of the state. During the breeding season, it is confined, on the

White Mountains, to the damp fir and spruce belt from 3,000

178 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

feet to the upper limit of small tree growth at 4,800 to 5,000
feet, though not at this time often seen above the timber, which
extends to some 4,500 feet on the southern exposures. South of
the great range, I have observed it in summer on Mt. Carrigain
and on Mt. Hancock, and it is to be looked for on the higher
peaks of the Sandwich range. In late summer, small flocks are
frequently met with trooping through the evergreen forest and
usually accompanied by a few Black-poll and Myrtle Warblers
and a pair or two of Red-breasted Nuthatches or Golden-crowned
Kinglets. These flocks in their wanderings reach the extreme
upper limit of scrub growth on the mountains, and I have ob-
served them on such occasions at Madison Hut, on the west
side of Mt. Adams, and at the summit of Carter Dome (4,860
ft.) . They move downward into the valleys as late fall and win-
ter approach. Thus Mr. C. J. Mayuard ('72) found them quite
common in late October, 1869, in the heavily wooded mountain
valleys at Errol. Frank Bolles ('93b) noted them repeatedly
about Chocorua in December, single birds being usually seen,
though once he mentions a flock of four on December 22d ; he
also mentions one at Whitten Pond on November 7th. Mr. G.
C. Shattuck has twice observed the bird near Albany Intervale
during the last of December, 1900, and again on February 17th,
of the following year. Doubtless however, a large part of the
birds remain throughout the winter at high altitudes, and I
have observed one or two at about 3,000 feet on the Carter
Notch trail during the last of December, 1900, after severe
weather. Rarely, straggling birds reach the country to the
south of the White Mountains in fall or winter ; thus Mr. C. F.
Goodhue ('85) records one shot at Webster in November, 1875,
and two seen there in November, 1878, and I am told of two
specimens taken near Mt. Monadnock in winter, by Mr. H. L.
Piper. Mr. A. A. Eaton, of Seabrook, writes me of one taken
February 15, 1890, in Salisbury, Mass., but a few yards from
the state line.

245. Regains satrapa Dicht. Goeden-crowned King-
let.

A permanent resident, confined during the breeding season to

OP ARTS AND SCIKNCES. 179

the Canadian area. It is common as a spring and fall migrant
throughout the state and less common as a winter resident at
least as far north as the coniferous forests of the White Moun-
tains. In southern and central New Hampshire it is found in
summer almost wholly in spruce woods, and sometimes a pair
will spend the entire season in a grove of these trees of very
small extent. On the White Mountains, the birds occur in the
warmer mouths up to the limit of tree growth at 4,800 feet as I
have noted on Mt. Madison. In the Carter Mountains on Sept.
5, 1899, I observed considerable numbers of Kinglets in the
thick balsam forest on Carter Dome (4,860 feet). In flocks of
from four or six birds to in one case forty, they seemed to be
moving down the mountain, passing us by as we ascended.
Mr. G. H. Thayer finds this a common breeding bird in the
spruce woods of Mt. Monadnock and at other places in the
southwestern part of the state it occurs locally in summer.

246. Regulus calendula (LJun.). Ruby-crowned
Kinglet.

A common spring and fall migrant. It is not positively known
to summer in the state, and Mr. F. H. Allen is now inclined to
the belief that the birds noted by him ('89) as seen in early Au-
gust, 1885, at Moultonboro, were not of this species. The
first fall migrants appear in the White Mountain valleys in ear-
ly September, and I have seen them at Intervale by the 9th of
that month.

Dates : April 14 to May 11 ; September 9 to October 10.

Note: Polioptila caerulea (linn.). Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

This species is recorded in Vol. 2 of the Proceedings of the Manchester
Institute of Arts and Sciences (pp. 77, 83) as having been seen at Man-
chester on May 10, 1900, by two ladies. Although the Blue-gray Gnat-
catcher is known from southern Maine, and might thus accidentally oc-
cur in New Hampshire, its presence in the state does not seem sufficient-
ly authenticated to warrant its inclusion in this list.

247. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel.). Wood Thrush.

A rare summer resident, of occasional occurrence in the Tran-
sition valley bottoms so far north at least as the White Moun-
tains. Apparently this bird has slightly extended its range

180 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

within the last five or six years, but so far as I can ascertain in
New Hampshire, this appears not to be noticeably at the ex-
pense of any other species. On the coast, Mr. W. E. Cram has
noted it in summer at Hampton Falls. In the Merrimack val-
ley, Mr. F. W. Batchelder (:oo) gives it as a summer resident
about Manchester, and at Concord I am informed of its pres-
ence by Mr. W. W. Flint. Mrs. E. E. Webster also writes of
having observed it at Franklin Falls on May 21, 1900, and Mr.
Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 34) records it from Franklin on local au-
thority. In the southwestern part of the state, a few reach the
lower Connecticut valley and Mr. Ralph Hoffmann has observed
it at Alstead in 1899 and 1900. Mr. G. H. Thayer assures me
that up to about 1895 he had never seen the bird about Dublin,
but that it now appears annually in small numbers about Dub-
lin Dake, and occurs also at Keene, Hancock and Marlboro,
preferring the sugar maple groves. Evidently these birds have
followed up the side valley from the Connecticut. Farther to
the northward, I have observed a single bird at Wonalancet on
the Birch Intervales, July 14, 1899. Mr. F. H. Allen has also
observed one on June 7, 1900, at Chocorua. In the Saco val-
ley at Intervale, I had never-seen the Wood Thrush until July 5,
1899, when I found a bird singing among some undergrowth in
a large grove of sugar maples by the river. The bird was ob-
served singing in the same spot the following year on June 18th.
Dr. Walter Faxon also tells me that he observed two Wood
Thrushes singing near Mt. Moosilauke on June 20, 1894, and
two others in song on the Breezy Point road, North Woodstock,
on June 1, 1895. In the latter instance the birds were at so
considerable an elevation as about 2,000 feet. More recently,
Mr. Bradford Torrey ( : 00) has for the first time found it in the
Franconia woods, two birds in full song being noted in late
May and early June, 1899. In one case, at least, the bird was
in a large sugar maple grove. Mr. Horace W. Wright ( : 02)
has recorded the bird for the first time to the north of the White
Mountains in the Jefferson valley in 1902.

Dates: May 15 to September.

248. Hylocichla fuscescens (Steph.)- Wilson's

Thrush.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. I8I

A common summer resident throughout the Transition val-
ley bottoms, frequenting the courses of shaded streams. In the
Connecticut valley of southwestern New Hampshire, this is a
very common bird, nesting along the river banks among the rank
growth of Equisetum. It is common in the White Mountain val-
leys on both sides of the main range, and follows up the side
branches of the rivers to about 1,500 feet, thus reaching well in-
to the lower edge of the sub-Canadian area. At Intervale, these
thrushes occur in bushy places all over the valley floor of the
Saco, and numbers follow back the little side streams well up
onto the mountain sides, so that it is possible in some places to
hear the Hermit, the Olive-backed and the Wilson's Thrushes
all singing at once. I observed a single bird singing in the wet
woods at 1,700 feet on June 16, 1902, at Jackson.

Dates : May 10 to September 8.

249. Hylocichla aliciae (Baird). Gray-cheeked
Thrush.

A rare migrant. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me of a male shot
at Dublin on Oct. 2, 1899, by Mr. L,. A. Fuertes, who identified
it as of this species.

250. Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli Ridgw. Bickneee's
Thrush.

A common summer resident of the upper Canadian zone on
the higher mountains of central New Hampshire. Mr. Brad-
ford Torrey, in 1882, was the first to call the attention of orni-
thologists to the presence of this bird in summer on the White
Mountains, and Mr. William Brewster ('83a) took the first New
England specimens on Mount Washington in the same year. It
is plentiful in the damp, stunted fir growth above 3,000 feet on
all the larger mountains, and on the Presidential range occurs
as high as the upper limit of stunted tree growth. South of the
main ranges, it doubtless breeds in small numbers on the Sand-
wich range, where Mr. F. H. Allen has found birds in late June
on Tripyramid (4,184 feet) and Black Mountain (3,900 feet) as
well as on Osceola and Tecumseh (both over 4,000 feet) and
has also heard them singing June 7, 1900, near the top of Mt.
Chocorua (3,508 feet) the easternmost mountain of this range.

182 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

Frank Bolles appears not to have observed the bird here in sum-
mer, however, nor did I find it during a day and night spent
near the summit of Chocorua in late August. On Moat Moun-
tain, an adjacent ridge, I have nevertheless observed a single
bird on July 17, 1898, in a damp thicket of spruces at hardly
more than 2,700 feet, and others in early September, 1902, in
the stunted growth at 3,000 feet. Dr. Walter Faxon tells me
that at Mount Moosilauke. he has found these birds arriving on
their breeding grounds between the 25th and 30th of May, and
that a nest was observed there by Mr. William Brewster and
himself, which on June 22d, contained the full complement of
three fresh eggs. On the Presidential and Carter Mountains,
where I have been familiar with the bird, an occasional out-
lying pair may be found as low as perhaps 2,600 feet in some
cold brook bed, but they are commonest from about 3,300 feet
up to the limit of small tree growth, at about 4,800 feet. They
are silent much of the day, and are effectually concealed in the
almost impenetrable thickets of scrub growth. In the early
dawn and after sunset, they are active, however, and from all
sides may be heard their clear, wild call-note, or less often the
far-away, high-pitched notes of their song, strangely impressive
in the mountain solitudes. The song period is practically over
by the middle of July, though I have heard an occasional song
in the early morning as late as September 15th, in Carter Notch,
where at this date the birds are still on their breeding grounds.
They are then only to be heard, however, in the very early
morning or just at dusk. On September 15, 1900, while camp-
ing in the notch by the lakes (3,360 feet), I arose early and by
4 o'clock A. M., the first dim light of dawn was faintly to be
discerned over the eastern wall of the notch. At just 4 : 37 A.
M., as the pale light of the half moon was giving place to the
first rays of day, a single Bicknell's Thrush was heard far over-
head, on the big ledge which faces the east and forms the other
side of the notch. Soon others were heard above, but as the
sun, some while later, struck the upper ledges, only the birds
still in the shadow below continued to call. It was most inter-
esting to note the manner in which the birds successively became

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 183

quiet as the rising sun lit up more and more of the far side of the
notch, until finally by 8 : 30, its rays shone full into the cleft of
the mountain, and only a single bird was still calling from a
spot yet shaded by a protruding shoulder.
Dates : May 25 through September.

251. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii (Cab.). Oeive-
backed Thrush.

A rather common spring and fall migrant and summer resi-
dent. During the breeding season it is commonest in the damp,
cool undergrowth of evergreen and young second growth along
brooks, or wood-swamps of the sub-Canadian regions, where it
is found with the Winter Wren and Canada Warbler. It is
essentially a bird of the cool, moist thickets, and is found in
the White Mountains up to 4,500 feet. Above 3,000 feet or
thereabouts, on entering the upper Canadian zone, its numbers
become slightly less, and the few birds occurring above 4,000
feet are confined rather closely to the stream beds. This dis-
tribution, which has also been noted by Dr. A. P. Chadbourne
('87), I was interested to observe among other places in the
mountains, while on a trip with Mr. V. D. L,owe in June, 1900,
through the Great Gulf of Mt. Washington. We camped at
Spaulding's Dake, a tiny sheet of water at the foot of the head
wall and at an elevation of about 4,500 feet. All about was a
thick growth of scrubby balsams and large alder bushes. Bick-
nell's Thrushes inhabited this growth on all sides well up onto
the walls of the gulf, and at all hours of the day were heard
calling. There was noted here but a single Olive-backed
Thrush, this being a fine male, who sang persistently from 3
o'clock in the morning until our departure, a few hours later,
secured from view the while by the thick balsam scrub at the
foot of the lake. A little farther down the brook, a second bird
was heard singing on that morning of June 21st, but it was evi-
dent that these were the extreme outposts which at these upper
levels had invaded the Bicknell's Thrushes' territory. On the
lower mountain tops, Olive-backed Thrushes are not uncommon
in dry spruce thickets with the Hermits. South of the White

13

184 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

Mountains, these thrushes are rare and local in summer, but
occur here and there in cool swamps or along mountain brooks,
as I have noted rarely at Bridgewater in 1900. Mr. E. A.
Preble writes me of a nest found on June 20. a number of years
ago, on the Ossipee Hills at Ossipee. Mr. C. F. Goodhue
('77a, p. 33) has also recorded it as having bred once near
Webster. Farther south, Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it
breeds regularl}' in small numbers among the thick spruces
near the summit of Mt. Monadnock above 2,500 feet, and spo-
radically in the lower country to the northward ; he has also
found it in some numbers at Nubanusit Lake, Hillsboro'
County.
Dates : May 16 to October.

252. Hylocichla guttata pallasii (Cab.). Hermit
Thrush.

A rather common summer resident of the sub-Canadian woods
to which it is almost entirely confined during the breeding
season. A few summer in the extreme southwestern portions of
the state, and in the lower Connecticut Valley it is not uncom-
mon on the ridges and among the dry woods of mixed growth.
In central New Hampshire in the Winnepesaukee region it is
certainly the commonest thrush, frequenting the dry hillside
woods. Among the White Mountains, Hermit Thrushes are
fairly common at the lowtr levels, inhabiting the white pine for-
ests, or the more open scattered growth of red and pitch pine in
the valleys, where a sandy soil supports an undergrowth of bear
oak and brakeu. In the beech woods about the foot of the
mountains up to 2,000 feet, these thrushes are less common or
absent, but on the lower peaks, as on Bartlett and Kearsarge,
they appear again in small numbers in the dry clumps of dense
spruces which grow here and there among the barren ledges up
to 3,000 feet or so. Above this level on the larger mountains,
the bird is practically absent. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87) has,
however, recorded a single specimen seen in summer as high as
3,300 feet on Mt. Washington. Hermit Thrushes, even in late
summer, are active until the twilight becomes almost too deep
to permit more than a dim view as a bird is startled here and

OK ARTS AND SCIENCES. 185

there from some wood road, and flies to the bushes with its
characteristic "chuck." In the Acworth Public Library col-
lection there is a specimen taken at that town so late as Novem-
ber 24, 1883. I have observed the males already in song on
their arrival at their breeding grounds at Chocorna, April 20,
1900 ; the song period is practically over by July 20.

Dates: April 19 to November 24.

253. Merula migratoria (Linn.). American Robin.
An abundant spring and fall migrant and common summer
resident of the Transition areas; also a rither irregular winter
resident. During the summer, these birds are generally found
near habitations, and nest in the shade trees about dwellings or
in the orchards. Occasionally, however, as in the White Moun-
tains, birds will nest in the pine trees on the edge of the woods,
and Mr. G. H. Thayer also writes me that they sometimes breed
in the wild spruce woods of Mt. Monadnock. On June 14, 1902,
Mr. A. H. Clark and I noted a single bird in the dense woods
on Imp Mountain of the Carter Range, at about 3,500 feet, pos-
sibly only a stray specimen. In August after the young are on
the wing, large flocks gather to feed on the wild cherries ripening
in the valleys. Others are to be found scattered in small flocks
through the woods at the lower altitudes, and I have on one or
two occasions found small flocks about the lakelets in Carter's
Notch in mid-September, the birds having apparently paused in
their southward flight to feed. Again, I noted a single bird on
the nearly barren summit of Mt. Hight (4,770 feet) of the Car-
ter range, and on Aug. 27, 1901, three birds flew past me and
alighted among the scrubby firs in the col between Mt. Jefferson
and Mt. Adams of the Presidential range. Dr. A. P. Chad-
bourne ('87) also notes a wandering pair seen on July 12, 1886,
on the Crawford Bridle path at an altitude of 5,080 feet. A few
robins appear to winter with more or less regularity in the south-
eastern part of the state. Mr. W. E. Cram reports them as found
at Hampton Falls the year round ; and Mr. F. W. Batchelder
(,:oo, p. 138) states that a few winter about Manchester, while
a Mr. J. H. Johnson ('92) records them in January, 1892, in
" central New Hampshire." There are apparently but few oth-

l86 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

er wintering records. Mr. F. B. Spaulding ('86) reports robins
as numerous about Lancaster during the winter of '85-'86,
"something very unusual." Mr. V. D. Lowe also tells me
that occasionally a few winter about Randolph, to the north of
the White Mountains in the valley of the Androscoggin.
Dates : (February 28) March 3 to December 25 ; Winter.

254. Sialia sialis (Linn.). Bluebird.

A common summer resident of the Transition regions. It is
generally found in open land near farms, or among the orchard
trees, and the bhds are already on their breeding grounds be-
fore the snow has disappeared. The great destruction of Blue-
birds by a blizzard which swept the country as they were jour-
neying northward in the spring of 1895, is well known, and in
New Hampshire as elsewhere a great scarcity of Bluebirds was
recorded for that spring. They seem quickly to have recovered
from the blow, however, and in 1897, I almost daily observed
from 4 to 20 or more birds in the Saco valley during September,
and they have since been present in about their former num-
bers. Single flocks will often, in their leisurely fall migration,
stop for three or four days at a time in the same locality, evi-
dently finding food in plenty, and thus being in no haste to pass
on. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) records their breeding at Lake
Umbagog.

l>ates : March 2 to October 9.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 187

INTRODUCED SPECIES.

1. Tympanuchus americanus (Reich.). Prairie
Hen.

According to Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98) a number were libera-
ted in Blue Mountain Park, Croydon, some years ago, and soon
disappeared. Mr. Dearborn believes that this will sufficiently
account for the fact that one was shot in Sanbornton in March,
1893, and that others were reported from Boscawen.

2. JPhasianus colchicus LJnn. English Pheasant.
Belknap (1792) records that "the late Governor Wentworth

brought several pairs of pheasants from England, and let them
fly in his woods, at Wolfeborough ; but they have not since been
seen."

3. Passer domesticus (Linn.). House Sparrow.
Abundant as a resident about the large villages and cities.

Among the country towns of central and northern New Hamp-
shire, it seems not to be increasing, and indeed barely holds
its own in many places among the White Mountain valleys.
Thus at Intervale, I have not observed any increase in numbers
during several years, though a single pair 01 two is annually
found nesting about the village.

PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

POSTSCRIPT.

While these pages are going through the press, there has
appeared an important contribution to the ornithological litera-
ture of the state, in the shape of a paper by Mr. Ned Dearborn
on the "Birds of Durham and Vicinity " (:03). This list is
important, especially because it covers the southeastern part of
New Hampshire and is the result of long observation in a re-
gion on which there has hitherto been little published. Mr.
Dearborn's researches now make it possible to add to the avi-
fauna of New Hampshire no less than twenty- nine species,
which had not been included in the foregoing list, mainly be-
cause of a lack of definite records. These additions are as fol-
lows : —

1. Alca torda Linn. Razor-billed Auk.

Stated to occur " in more or less abundance on the coast
every year from November to March."

'*. Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull.

Found by Mr. Dearborn to be a spring and fall migrant
along the coast.

;>. Sterna caspia Pallas. Caspian Tern.

Two were shot at Hampton in the fall of 1899. Both were
in immature plumage, and the skin of one is now in the col-
lection of Mr. S. A. Shaw, of Hampton.

4. Sterna aiitillariim (Less). Least Tern.

Mr. Dearborn includes this species on the testimony of Mr. S.
A. Shaw, who finds it uncommon at Hampton, and has a single
specimen in his collection.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 189

5. Puffiiius gravis (O'Reilly). Greater Shearwa-
ter.

A specimen, taken near Portsmouth, is stated to be in the col-
lection of Mr. W. M. C. Philbriek, of Kittery, Me.

6. Chaulelasmus streperas (Linn.). Gadwaee.

A pair of spring birds taken on Little Bay, near Portsmouth,
is said by Mr. Dearborn to be in the collection of Mr. George
Wentworth of Dover, and Mr. S. A. Shaw is authority for the
statement that a few have been killed at Hampton during the
last twenty-five years.

7. Dafila acuta (Linn.). Pintaie.

" Rather scarce spring and fall migrants."

8. Aytliya americana (Hyt.). Redhead.

Mr. Dearborn states that he has found several autumnal spe-
cimens in local collections.

9. Clangula islandica (Gmel.). Barrow's Goeden-
eye.

Mr. Dearborn has examined a specimen of this species in the
collection of Mr. George Wentworth of Dover, which was shot
" some years since on Little Bay."

10. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). King Eider.

A female taken at Hampton, and in the collection of Mr. S.
A. Shaw, is identified by Mr. Dearborn as of this species.

11. Ardea egretta Gmel. American Egret.

A specimen is recorded as shot in the summer of 1897 on the
river about a mile above Newmarket village.

12. Rallus crepitans Gmel. Ceapper Raie.

A specimen taken at Portsmouth some years since, after a
southwesterly gale, is said to be in the collection of the college
at Durham.

13. Porzaua noveboracensis (Gmel.). Yeleow Raie.
A specimen taken at Hampton is in the collection of Mr. S.

A. Shaw.

190 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

14. Ionoriiis martiiiica (Linn.). Purple Gallinule.
A specimen was killed at Rye some years since, and a second

at Willand's Pond, Dover.

15. Gallinula galeata (L,icht.). Florida Gallinule.
One was killed at Rollinsford some years ago.

16. Himantopus mexicaims (Mull.). Black-necked
Stilt.

Mr. Dearborn states that " some years ago a summer visitor
at Rye Beach" brought one to Mr. Shaw, at Hampton, to be
mounted.

17. Tringa canutus Ljnn. Knot.

Of "fairly common occurrence along the coast spring and
fall."

18. Tringa maritima Brunn. Purple Sandpiper.

In eight local collections, Mr. Dearborn finds but two speci-
mens of this bird. One was killed in January.

19. Ereimetes occidentals Dawr. Western Semi-

PALMATED SANDPIPER.

Mr. Dearborn refers to this species a long-billed female bird,
taken at Hampton, Oct. io, 1899. That the unusual length of
bill might fall within the limits of variation of the eastern bird,
however, is a possibility which should not be overlooked.

20. Limosahsemastica (I/inn.). Hudsonian Godwit.
" Taken in October at Hampton."

21. Symphemia semlpalmata (Gmel.). Willet.
"It is a rather irregular migrant along the coast, generally

seen in autumn, if at all."

22. ^Egialitis meloda (Ord). Piping Plover.
" A regular migrant along our coasts."

2.'5. Arena ri a interpret (Linn.). Turnstone.
Said by Mr. Dearborn to be a regular coastwise migrant in
spring and fall, but comparatively few in numbers.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. I"9 I

24. Icterus spurius (Linn.). Orchard Oriole.
This bird is added to the avifauna of the state on the basis of

an adult male taken some years ago at Rollinsford, by Mr.
George H. Yeaton, of that town, in whose collection the speci-
men is.

25. Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.). Purple Crackle.
Out of nine grackles shot from a flock at Tilton on Sept. 13,

1902, two specimens are stated by Mr. Dearborn to be unques-
tionably of this form. The skin of one is now No. 13,446 of the
Field Columbian Museum at Chicago.

26. Acauthis hornemannii exilipes (Coues) . Hoary
Redpoll.

Mr. Dearborn has identified as of this race, a specimen in the
collection of Mr. S. A. Shaw, of Hampton, where it was pre-
sumably taken.

27. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.) Lapland Long-
spur.

This species, which should occur as a fairly regular late fall
migrant on the coast, is now definitely added to the list on the
strength of Mr. Dearborn's record of three seen at Hampton
Beach on Nov. 30, 1899.

28. Ammotl ramus princeps (Mayn.). Ipswich Spar-
row.

This bird also is to be stricken from the hypothetical list, and
is found by Mr. Dearborn to be a regular spring and fall mi-
grant on the sand hills of the coast in March and April, and
from the latter part of October to early December.

29. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). Mockingbird.
According to Mr. Dearborn, an immature bird, apparently a

young of the year, was shot at Hampton, Aug. 24, 1900, and is
now in the possession of Mr. S. A. Shaw. The possibility of
this having been an escaped cage bird is, of course, not alto-
gether excluded.

In addition to these birds which are now added to the New

192 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

Hampshire list, the following important records in Mr. Dear-
born's paper may be mentioned: —

Larus glaucus Brunn. Glaucous Gull.

One taken at Hampton in May, some years since.
Spatula clypeata (Linn.). Shoveler.

" Mr. Shaw has a male taken in autumn some years ago, at
Hampton."

Aythya collaris (Donov.). Ring-necked Duck.

A fine adult male was taken in the fall on Little Bay.
Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.). Harlequin Duck.

"Three or more" are said to be in the collection of Mr. S.
A. Shaw, of Hampton.

Olor columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan.

"Some years ago one was wounded and captured alive on
Great Bay " and " another was killed on Great Bay, December
1 6, 1902," and is now in the College collection at Durham.

Ardetta exilis (Gmel.). Least Bittern.

One taken at Hampton some years ago.
Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.). Stilt Sandpiper.

A specimen taken at Hampton is in Mr. S. A. Shaw's collec-
tion.

Tryngites subruficollis ( Vieill.). Buff-breasted Sand-
piper.

One is in the possession of Mr. Joseph Turner of Portsmouth.

Numenins longirostris Wils. Long-billed Curlew.

Two specimens are noted in local collections, one each at
Portsmouth and Rollinsford.

^Egialitis vocifera (Linn.). Killdeer.

Mr. Dearborn is "assured by Mr. Wentworth of Rollinsford
that years ago Killdeers nested regularly on his farm," and
another informant states that they formerly bred about the
marshes near Portsmouth.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 193

Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). Richard-
son's Owl.

A specimen killed in Dover and now in the collection of Mr.
G. F. Wentworth of that city, is the sixth record for the state.
Siirnia ulula caparoch (Mull). American Hawk Owl.

Mr. Dearborn adds two records for the state, a single bird
having been taken "recently near Portsmouth" and another
near Piscataqua bridge.

Coccyzus americaims (Linn.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Mr. S. A. Shaw " has taken it at Hampton."

Melanerpes erythrocephalns (LJnn.). Redheaded
Woodpecker.

Two specimens in immature plumage are said to be in the
collection of Mr. S. A. Shaw, of Hampton. An additional re-
cord is of one seen at Hebron by Mrs. C. P. Webster (see
Howe, Pasquaney Annual, 1902, N. S., vol. IV).

Perisoreus canadensis (Unn.). Canada Jay.

According to Mr. Shaw of Hampton, two were killed at
Boar's Head, some years ago.

Cocothranstes vespertiims (Coop.). Evening Gros-
beak.

Additional records for the 1890 flight are of two birds se-
cured from a flock of sixteen at Newmarket.

Helminthophila chrysoptera (Dinn). Golden winged
Warbler.

A male specimen is recorded as taken at Durham on May 24,
1898, and now in Mr. Dearborn's collection.

Note : It has not been possible to incorporate in the present
paper the numerous changes in nomenclature found necessary
in the Twelfth Supplement to the American Ornithologists'
Union Check-Dist of North American Birds (Auk, vol. 20^ no.
3, July, 1903).

Cambridge, Oct. 26, 1903.

194 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE.

ALLEN, F. H.

'89. Summer birds at Bridgewater and Moultonboro', New
Hampshire. Auk, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 76-79.

ALLEN. J. A.

'69-' 70. Notes on some of the rarer birds of Massachu-
setts. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 3, no. 10, Dec., 1869,
P- 505-5i9; no. 11, Jan., 1870, p. 568-585; no. 12,
Feb., 1870, p. 631-648; also sep., p. 1-49.

AUDUBON, JOHN J.

'60. Birds of America. New York ; 6 vols.
BAIRD, S. F., T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway.

'74. A history of North American birds. Eand birds,

vols. 1, 2, 3. Boston, 4to.
'84. The water birds of North America. 2 vols. Memoirs
mus. corap. zool., vol. 12.

BATCHELDER, F. W., and E. H. Fogg.

: 00. Preliminary list of birds * * * of Manchester, N. H.
Proc. Manchester [N. H.] institute of arts and sci-
ences, vol. 1, p. 123-138.

BATES, F. A.

'91. Tramping in the White Mountains. Ornithologist
and Oologist, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 33"36.

BEEKNAP, JEREMY.

1792. The History of New Hampshire. 3 vols. Boston.
(List of birds in vol. 3, p. 165-174.)

BERRY, MABEL C.

'96. First occurrence of the Blue Grosbeak in New Hamp-
shire. Auk, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 342.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 195

BOLLES, FRANK.

'90. Barred Owls in Captivity. Auk, vol. 7, no. 2, p. ior-

114.
'93a. In a wintry wilderness. Atlantic monthly, vol. 71,

Jan., p. 92-99.
'93b. At the north of the Bearcamp water. Boston ; 8vo.

" BOSTON EVENING RECORD."

'99. [" Ducks " or murres at Lake Winnisquam.] Vol. 31,
no. 72, Nov. 28, 1899.

" BOSTON SUNDAY HERALD."

'93. [Black-capped Petrel at Pittsfield, N. H.] Oct. 15,
1893.

BRASHER, R. I.

'94. Northern phalaropes off the New Hampshire coast.
Auk, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 250.

BREWER, T. M.

'78. Notes on certain species of New England birds, with
additions to his catalogue of birds of New England.
Proc. Boston soc. nat. hist., vol. 19, p. 301-309.

BREWSTER, WILLIAM.

'72. Birds new to Massachusetts fauna. Amer. Naturalist,

vol. 6, no. 5, p. 306-307.
'76a. On the occurrence of certain birds in the New England

states. Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 17-

20.
'76b. The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius).

Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 63-70.
'77a. The Black-and-yellow Warbler (De?idroica maculosa).

Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 1-7.
'77b. Northern range of the Sharp-tailed Finch (Annnodra-

mus caudacutus) . Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 2,

no. 1, p. '28.
'78. Descriptions of the first plumage in various species of

North American birds. I-IV. Bull. Nuttall orn.

club, vol. 3, p. 15-23, 56-64, 115-123, 175-182.
'79a. Additional notes on the Whistling Swan (Cygnus amer-

icanus) in New England. Bull. Nuttall orn. club,

vol. 4, no. 2, p. 125.
'79b. Breeding habits of the American Brown Creeper (Cer-

thia familiaris americana.) Bull. Nuttall orn. club,

vol. 4, no. 4, p. 199-209.

196 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

'80. Notes on the habits and distribution of the Philadelphia
Vireo. Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 1-7.

'81a. Recent occurrence of Baird's Sandpiper {Tringa
bairdi) in Maine. Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 6,
no. 1, p. 60-61.

'81b. The Short-tailed Tern (Hydrochclidou nigra) in New
England. Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 6, no. 2, p.
124-125.

'82. An erroneous record of the Orange-crowned Warbler
{Helmiiithophaga celata) in New Hampshire. Bull.
Nuttall orn. club, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 53.

'83a. Bicknell's Thrush (Turd?is alicicc bicknelli) in New
England. Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 8, no. 1, p.
12-17.

'83b. Notes on the birds observed during a summer cruise in
the gulf of St. Eawrence. Proc. Boston soc. nat.
hist., vol. 22, p. 364-412.

'85. Hawk Owls in New England. Auk, vol. 2, no. 1, p.
108-109.

'90. The Evening Grosbeak in New England. Forest and
Stream, vol. 34, no. 3, p. 44 ; also no. 6, p. 104.

'95. Minot's land and game birds of New England, 2d edi-
tion, edited by William Brewster. Boston.

'97. The Eesser Snow Goose in New England. Auk, vol.
14, no. 2, p. 207.

'98a. Notes on the American Three-toed Woodpecker (Pi-
coides americanus) . Osprey, vol. 2, nos. 6-7, Feb-
Mar., p. 73-76.

'98b. Revival of the sexual passion in birds in autumn. Auk,
vol. 15, no. 2, p. 194.

: 00. Notes on the breeding habits of the American Golden-
eyed Duck or Whistler ( Clangula clangula ameri-
cana) . Auk, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 207-216, pi. 6-7.

:oi. Bell's Vireo and the Sandhill Crane in New Hamp-
shire. Auk, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 274.

:02. An undescribed form of the Black Duck {A nas obscu-
ra). Auk, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 183-iScS.

BROWN, N. C.

'77. Notes on birds new to the fauna of Maine, etc. Bull.

Nuttall orn. club, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 27.
'96. The Ipswich Sparrow — a correction. Auk, vol. 13, no.
1, p. 84.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 197

[CABOT, J. E.]

'57. Our birds and their ways. Atlantic monthly, vol. 1,
Dec, p. 209-216.

[CABOT], DR. [SAMUEL].

'44. [Note on Wild Turkey from N. H.]. Proc. Boston
soc. nat. hist., vol. 1, p. 80-81.

CADE, AUBREY B.

'90. The Evening Grosbeak in N. H. The Oologist (Albi-
on, N. Y.), vol. 7, Dec., p. 251.

CHADBOURNE, A. P.

'85. Oporonis agilis and Dendroica palmarum at Shelburne,

near Gorham, N. H. Auk, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 104.
'87. A list of the summer birds of the Presidential range of

the White Mountains, N. H. Auk, vol. 4, no. 2, p.

100-108.
'89. An unusual flight of Killdeer Plover (/Egialitis voci-

fera) along the New England coast. Auk, vol. 6, no.

3, p. 255-263.

CHAMBERLAIN, M., Editor.

'91. A popular handbook of the ornithology of the United
States and Canada, based on Nuttall's manual. 2
vols., ill. Boston.

CODBURN, W. W.

'90. Evening Grosbeak in New Hampshire. Forest and
Stream, vol. 34, p. 349.

CORY, CHARLES B.

'82. The Turkey Buzzard in New Hampshire. Bull. Nut-
tall orn. club, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 184.

CRAM, W. E.

'99. Winter bird notes from southern New Hampshire.
Bird-Lore, vol. 1, no. 6, p. 180-184.

DEANE, RUTHVEN.

'76. The Philadelphia Vireo in New England. Bull. Nut-
tall orn. club, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 74.

'78a. Cotumiculus henslowi in New Hampshire. Bull. Nut-
tall orn. club, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 39.

'78b. The Sooty Tern in New Hampshire. Bull. Nuttall orn.
club, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 195.

198 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

'79. Capture of the Loggerhead Shrike in winter in New
Hampshire. Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 4, no. 2, p.
119.

DEARBORN, NED.

'98. A preliminary list of the birds of Belknap and Merri-
mack counties, New Hampshire. Durham, June,
1898, p. 1-34.

: 00. Migration notes from Durham, N. H. Wilson Bulle-
tin, July, 1900, no. 32, p. 13-14.

: 03. The birds of Durham and vicinity, etc. Contrib. from
zool. lab. of N. H. college of agric. and mech. arts,
VI, 121 pp., map.

D WIGHT, JONATHAN, JR.

'87. A new race of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow (A?nmodra.7mis
caudacutus). Auk, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 232-239.

"E. C."

'86. [Bird arrivals at Hanover, N. H.] Forest and Stream,
vol. 26, p. 204.

FAXON, WALTER.

'89. On the summer birds of Berkshire county, Massachu-
setts. Auk, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 99-107.

'92. The Prairie Horned Dark (Otocoris alpestris praticola)
breeding in New Hampshire and Massachusetts.
Auk, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 201.

'97. Purple Martins {Progne subis) breeding in electric arc-
light caps. Auk, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 407.

FAXON, WALTER, and J. A. Allen.

'88. Notes on the summer birds of Holderness, Bethlehem,
and Franconia, N. H. Auk, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 149-
155.

FAXON, WALTER, and Ralph Hoffmann.

: 00. The birds of Berkshire county, Massachusetts. Collec-
tions of the Berkshire Historical and Scientific Soci-
ety, vol. 3, p. 109-166; sep., p. 1-60.

FORBUSH, E. H.

'90. Evening Grosbeaks in Hampden county, Massachu-
setts. Auk, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 210.

OF ARTS AM) SCIENCES. 199

FOX, W. H.

'76. Three migrations compared. Forest and Stream, vol.

6, no. 22, p. 354. .
'77. Capture of the Philadelphia Vireo in New Hampshire.

Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 78.
'83. Richardson's Owl in southern New Hampshire. Bull.

Nuttall orn. club, vol. 3, no. r, p. 61.
'84. Dendroica coronata in southern New Hampshire in sum-
mer. Auk, vol. r, no. 2, p. iw?.
FROST, EDWIN B.

'85. The Loggerhead Shrike in New Hampshire. Auk,

vol. 2, no. 4, p. 379.
GOODHUE, C. F. [ " Falco." ]

'77a. The birds of Webster and adjoining towns. Forest and

Stream, vol. 8, p. 33-34, 49, 96, 113, 146.
'77b. [Note on Snowy Owl.] Forest and Stream, vol. 9, p.

216.
'85. Winter birds of Webster, N. H. Ornithologist and

Oologist, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 14.
[HARRIMAN, M. C] M. C. A.

'70. Corvus corax in New Hampshire. Forest and Stream,

vol. 12, no. 6, p. 106.

HATHAWAY, H. S.

: 00. Odd Notes. Notes on R. I. ornithology, vol. r, no. 1,
P- 4-5-
HAWES, C. ALGER.

'78. A nesting of the Golden Eagle {Aquila chryseztus [sic].)
The Oologist, vol. 3, no. 11, p. 86.
" H. B. E."

'77. [Bonaparte's Gull at Plymouth, N. H.] Forest and
Stream, vol. 8, no. 21, p. 345.

HERRICK, F. H.

'83. Prairie Warbler in New Hampshire. Science, vol. 2,
series 1, no. 31, p. 309.

HITCHCOCK, C. H.

'74. The geology of New Hampshire. 3 vols., 4to, Concord.
HOFFMANN, RALPH.

103. Nesting of the Goshawk in southern New Hampshire.

Auk, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 211-212.
14

200 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

HOWE, REGINALD H., JR.

'91. On the Birds' Highway. Boston, 8vo.

:oi. A list of the birds of Pasquaney, Bridgewater, N. H.
The White Birch, "published weekly during camp
season" by Camp Pasquaney, Bridgewater, vol. 3,
no. 4, p. 27 ; no. 5, p. 35 ; 110 6, p. 44 ; no. 7, p. 50-

51;

:02. A review of Prof. George H. Perkins' " A Preliminary
List of the Birds found in Vermont." Contributions
to North American ornithology, vol. 2 [1], p. 5-23,
errata.

HUSE, WILLIAM H.

:oi. The Testudinata of New Hampshire. Proc. Manches-
ter [N. H.] Institute of Arts and Sciences, vol. 2,
P- 47-5i-

" JAGARE."

93- [Golden Eagle captured at Bartlett, N. H.] Forest and
Stream, vol. 40, no. 9, p. 179.

JENKINS, W. E.

'84. [Note on Loons at Northwood, N. H.] Ornithologist
and Oologist, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 23.

JOHNSON, J. H.

'92. Bird notes from central New Hampshire, winter of 1891-
92. Ornithologist and Oologist, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 72.

JOSSELYN, JOHN.

1672. New England's rarities discovered, in birds, beasts,
fishes, serpents, and plants of that country. London.

KNIGHT, ORA W.

'97. A list of the birds of Maine, etc. Bull. no. 3, dep't of
natural history, Univ. of Maine ; 184 pp.

L ITT LI-;. WILLI AJVI.

'70. The History of Warren, * i * New Hampshire. Man-
chester.

MACLEOD, ALBERTA A.

: 00. Warblers. Nature Study (Manchester), vol. 1, no. 7,
p. 97-102.

MAYNARD, C. J.

'72. A catalogue of the birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Ox-

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 201

ford Co., Me., etc. Proe. Boston soc. nat. hist., vol.
14, P- 357-385-

MKLZER, JAS. P.

'90. [Evening Grosbeak] In New Hampshire. Ornitholo-
gist and Oologist, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 28.

'91. The Black Gyrfalcon in Vermont [N. H.]. Ornitholo-
gist and Oologist, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 79.

'97. Little Blue Heron in New Hampshire. Auk, vol. 14,
no. 3, p. 316.

MERRIAM, C. H.

'98. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. Bull,
no. 10, U. S. dep't agriculture, division of biologi-
cal survey, p. 1-79 ; map.

MERRILL, HARRY.

'82. Maine notes. Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 7, no. 3, p.
190.

MILLER, G. S., JR.

'91. Further Cape Cod notes. Auk, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 117.

MINOT, H. D.

'76. The summer birds of the White Mountain region.

Amer. Naturalist, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 75-80.
'77. The land and game birds of New England.

MORRIS, R. O.

: 01 . The birds of Springfield and vicinity. Springfield, Mass.

MURDOCH, JOHN.

'78. Report of the second capture of the Orange-crowned
Warbler (Helmintkophaga eclat a) in New Hamp-
shire. Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 96.

NASH, J. W.

'88. Winter Notes. Ornithologist and Oologist, vol. 13, 110.
7, p. 104-105.

NORTON, NED.

'83. Owls— Pine Grosbeaks. Forest and Stream, vol. 20, p.

26.
'84a. [Hawk Owl at Colebroofc, N. H.] Forest and Stream.

vol. 22, p. 247.
'84b. [Hawk Owls at Colebrook, N. H.] Forest and Stream,

vol. 23, no 19, p. 368.

202 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

"N. U." [Ned Norton?].

'83. The Pine Grosbeak's summer home. Forest and
Stream, vol. 20, p. 364.

NUTTALL, THOMAS.

'32-'34. A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States
and Canada. 2 vols. Cambridge.

OLIVER, D. L.

:o2. The Catbird wintering at Concord, N. H. Ank, vol.

19, no. 2, p. 208-209.
OSGOOD, F. B.

'91. Shore bird shooting on the New England coast. XII.

Shooting and Fishing, vol. 9, no. 21, p. 9-10.

ORNITHOLOGIST AND OOLOGIST, ED.

'82. [Bald Eagle at Portsmouth.] Vol. 7, no. 13, p. 100.

PALMER, CHARLES.

'71. Ornithological notes. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 5, no. 2,
p. 120.

"P. C."

'89. New Hampshire bird arrivals. Forest and Stream,
vol. 32, p. 275.

PEABODY, WM. B. O.

'41. A report on the ornithology of Massachusetts. Boston
journ. nat. hist., vol. 3, nos. 1. 2.

" PINFKATHER ORNITHOLOGIST."

:oi. Three Rare Birds. Nature Study (Manchester), vol.

2, no. 2, p. 33-34.
:02. Snyder. Nature Study ( Manchester), vol. 2, no. 10, p.

170-174.

PRIME, W. C.

'89. The Northern Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) in the

Franconia Mountains, New Hampshire. Auk, vol.
6, no. 1, p. 68.

PURDIE, H. A.

'73. Notes on some of the rarer birds of New England.

Amer. Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 11, p. 692-693.
RUNDLETT, L. J.

'97. A Snowy Owl in an ice-house. Osprey, vol. 2, no. 1, p.

12.

OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 2O3

'- SAMOURAI."

'76. [Gunner's notes from Rye Beach.] Forest and Stream,
vol. 7, p. 102.

SAMUELS, E. A.

'67. Ornithology and Oology of New England. Boston , ill.

SANBORN, EDWARD D.

'75. History of New Hampshire. Manchester.

SHAW, S. ALBERT.

'85. Bittern [at Hampton, N. H.] Ornithologist and Oolo-

gist, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 30.
'87. Nesting of the Virginia Rail in New Hampshire. Orni-
thologist and Oologist, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 131.

SPAULDING, F. B.

'86. [Wintering of Robins at Lancaster, N. H.] Ornithol-
ogist and Oologist, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 80.

'87. Nesting of the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker in New Hamp-
shire. Ornithologist and Oologist, vol. 12, no. 8, p.

133-

'93. Nesting of the Saw-whet Owl. Ornithologist and Oolo-
gist, vol. 18, no. 8, p. 112-113.

'94. Nesting of Wilson's Black-capped Warbler. The Nid-
iologist, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 13.

'95. The Cowbird wintering in New Hampshire. Auk, vol.
12, no. 2, p. 182.

'98a. Leach's Petrel at Lancaster, N. H. Auk, vol. 15, no.
1, p. 50.

'98b. [Set of five eggs of Spotted Sandpiper at Lancaster, N.
H.] Osprey, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 45.

SPELMAN, H. M.

'81a. The Great Carolina Wren. {Tkryothorus ludovicianus)

in New Hampshire. Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 6,

no. 1, p. 54.
'81b. Occurrence of Baird's Sandpiper {Tri?iga bairdii) on

the New Hampshire coast. Bull. Nuttall orn. club,

vol. 6, no. 1, p. 61.
'82. The Short-billed Marsh Wren in New Hampshire.

Bull. Nuttall orn. club, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 118.

SPINNEY,. H. L.

'98. Migration of birds at Seguin Lighthouse. The Museum
(Albion, N. Y.), vol. 4, no. 5, p. 67-70.

204 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE

THAXTER, CELIA.

'70. Among the Isles of Shoals. III. Atlantic monthly,
vol. 25, Feb., p. 204-213.

THAYER, G. H.

:02. Some southern New Hampshire and western Massachu-
setts notes. Auk, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 294-297.

TORRE V, BRADFORD.

'84. Bird-gazing in the White Mountains. Atlantic month-
ly, vol. 54, July, p. 51-59-
'89. The Killdeer Plover (.■Eoialifis vocifera) wintering on

the New England coast. Auk, vol. 6, no. 5, p. 274.
'90. June in Frauconia. Atlantic monthly, vol. 66, Aug.,

p. 248-258.
'96. Some Tennessee bird notes. Atlantic monthly, vol. 77,

Feb., p. 198-207.
'97. A Carolina mountain pond. Atlantic monthly, vol. 80,

Sept., p. 383-393.
: 00. May in Franconia. Atlantic monthly, vol. 85, May,

p. 628-639.
:oi. Franconia Skylarks. Boston evening transcript, Wed.,

June 12, 1901.

WEBSTER, ELLEN E.

: 00a. White-winged Crossbills and Brunnich's Murres in cen-
tral New Hampshire. Auk, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 175-176.

: 00b. Ring-billed Gull in New Hampshire. Auk, vol. 17,
no. 2, p. 169.

WEED, CM.

'98. The feeding habits of the Chipping Sparrow. Bull. 55,
N. H. college exp. station, p. 101-110, fig. 1.

" W. II . B."

'96. [Snipe wintering at Nashua, N. II.] Forest and
.Stream, vol. 46, p. 258.

WORTHEX, T. W. D.
'91. A list of vertebrates found within Unity miles of Hano-
ver, N. H. Hanover, p. 1-29, map.

WRIGHT, H. W.

:02. Birds of Jefferson, N. H., and the northern slope of the
Presidential range, etc. Among the clouds, vol. 26,
no. 45, p. 4.

INDEX.

( The numbers in italics refer to the annotated list. )

abieticola, Ceophloeus p., 27, 44,

" h
Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow, /.//.
acadica, Nyctala, 47, 106.
Acanthis h. exilipes, igi.
Acanthis linaria, 1 36.
Acanthis 1. rostrata, 136.
acaule, Cypripedium, 45.
Accipiter atricapillns*, 47, 97.
Accipiter cooperii, 27, 97.
Accipiter velox, 97.
accipitrinus, Asio, 104.
Actitis macularia, 29, 99.
acuta, Anas, 28.
acuta, Dafila, 28, 189.
aedon, Troglodytes, 32, 4i, 173.
^Egialitis meloda, 190.
JSgialitis semipalmata, 30, 9/ .
^Egialitis vocifera, 29, 9/, 192.
aeneus, Ouiscalus q., 27, 41, 131.
aestiva, Uendroica, 42, 54,759.
^Estrelata hasitata, 69.
affiuis, Aythya, 77.
Agelaius phceuiceus, 27, 39, 40, 54,

T29.
agilis, Geothl)'pis, 168.
Aix sponsa, 28, 73.
Alauda alpestris, 31.
Alauda magna, 31.
alba, Ardea, 29.
alba, Quercus, 41.
albeola. Anas, 28.
albeola, Charitouetta, 28, 77.
albibarbis, Sorex, 47.
albicollis, Zonotrichia, 40, 47, 49, 51,

Alca artica, 29.
Alca impennis, 29.
Alca torda, 33, 188.
Alcedo alcyon, 27.
alcyon, Alcedo, 27.

alcyon, Ceryle, 27, no.

Alder Flycatcher, 121 .

aliciae, Hylocichla, as'/.

Alle alle, 63.

alle, Alle, 63.

aluorum, Empidonax t., 121 .

alpestris, Alauda, 31.

alpestris, Otocoris, 31, 122.

Alpine Azalea, 52.

aluco, Strix, 27.

American Bittern, 79.

American Brown Creeper, 44, 173.

American Coot, S/.

American Crossbill, 134.

American Crow, 127.

American Egret, 81, 189.

American Eider, 75.

American Golden-eye, 56, 77.

American Golden Plover, 91 .

American Goldfinch, 52, 136.

American Goshawk, 47, 97.

American Hawk Owl, 108, 193.

American Long-eared Owl, 104.

American Merganser, 70.

American Osprey, 104.

American Pipit, 171.

American Redstart, 171.

American Robin, 52, 54, 183,

American Rough-legged Hawk, 99.

American Scaup Duck, 73.

American Scoter, 73.

American Sparrow Hawk, 103.

American Three-toed Woodpecker,

47. Hi.
American White Pelican, 70.
American Widgeon, 72.
American Woodcock, S3.
americana, Aythya, 189.
americana, Certhia f., 27, 44, 173.
americana, Clangula c, 28, 74.
americana, Fulica, 84.
americana, Mareca, 28, 72.

205

206

INDEX.

americana, Mustela, 47, 52.
americana, Oidemia, 75.
ainericanus, Bufo, 46.
americanus, Caprimulgus, 33.
arnericanus, Coccyzus, 109, J93.
americanus, Corvus, 27, 127.
americanus, Cuculus, 27.
americanus, Merganser, 29, 70.
americanus, Parus, 32.
americanus, Picoides, 47, 112.
americanus, Tympanuchus, 1S7.
americanus, Prsus, 47.
Amniodramus caudacutus, / /<>.
Ammodramus c. subvirgatus, /.//.
Ainmodramus henslowii, 42, 139.
Ammodramus maritimus, 141 .
Ammodramus priuceps, 138, 191 '.
Ammodramus s. savanna, 39, 43, 52,

139-
Ammodramus s. passer inus, 41, /jg.
Ampelis cedrorum, 31, /jo.
Ampelis garrulus, 31, 130.
Anas acuta, 28.
Anas albeola, 28.
Anas arborea, 28.
Anas bernicla, 28.
Anas boschas, 7/.
Anas bucephala, 28.
Anas caerulescens, 28.
Anas canadensis, 28.
Anas clangula, 28.
Anas cygnus, 27.
Anas discors, 28.
Anas erytbropus, 28.
Anas fusca, 28,
Anas histrionica, 28.
Anas hyemalis, 33.
Anas mollissima, 28.
Anas nigra, 28.
Anas obscura, 28, 72.
Anas o. rubripes, 72.

Anas penelope, 28.

Anas Bpectabilis, 28.

Anas sponsa, 2S.

Anas strcpcra, 28.

anatum, Falco p., 102.

Anthus pensilvanicus, /■//.

antillarum, Sterna, 29, 188.

Antrostomus voci ferns, 33, 40, 116.

Aphides, 51.

apricarius, Charadrius, 30.

Aquila chrysaetos, 100.

arborea, Anas, 28.

Archibuteo 1, sancti-johannis, 99.

Arctic-Alpine Zone, 49.

Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, 47,

arctica, Fratercula, 63.
arcticus, Picoides, 47, ///.
Arctomys monax, 52.
Afdea alba, 29.
Ardea cierulea, 29, 81.
Ardea canadensis, 29.
Ardea ciconia, 29.
Ardea egretta, 29, S/, /S9.
Ardea berodias, 29, 79.
Ardea vircscelis, 29, 41, S/.
Ardetta exilis, 79, 192.
arenaria, Calidris, 29, Sy .
Arenaria groenlandica, 52.
Arenaria interpres, 190.
arenaria, Tringa, 29.

argentatus, Larus, 29, 66.
artica, Alca, 29.
Asio accipitrinus, 104.
asio, Megascops, 27, 40, 106.
Asio wilsoniauus, T04.
Astragalinus tristis, 32, 136.
ater, Molotbrus, 41, 128.
atricapillus, Accipiter, 47, 97.
atricapillus, Parus, 32, 43, 777.
Auk, Great, 65.
Auk, Razor-billed, r88.
aura, Carthartes, 96.
auratus, Picus, 27.
auritus, Colymbus, 62.
aurocapillus, Seiurus, 168.
autumnalis, Plegadis, jS.
Aytbya afiinis, 77.
Aytbya collaris, 7/, iq2.
Aytbya uiarila, 73.
A/.alea, Alpine, 52.

bairdii, Tringa, 86.
I'.ai nl's Sandpiper, S6.

Hald.Ivagle, 26, 27, /<)/.

Baltimore Oriole, 39, 40, 54, 56, 130.

baltimore, (3riolus, 27.

Hank Swallow, 32, 149.

Barn Owl, 27.

Barn Swallow, 32, //S.

Barred ( >wl, /03.

Barren-ground .Butterfly, 52.

Barrow's ( '.olden-eye, r8p.

Bartramia longicauda, 41, 89.

Bartramian Sandpiper, 41, 89.

bassana, Sula, 29, 69.

Bay-breasted Warbler, 45, 57, 162.

Beach-bird, 29.

ENDEX.

207

Hear, Black, 47.

bellii, Vireo, 136.

Bell's Vireo, 136.

Belted Kingfisher, 1 10.

bernicla, Anas, 28.

bernicla, Branta, 28, 77.

bewickii, Thryomanes, 173.

Bewick's Wren, 775.

bicknelli, Hylocichla a., 47, 49, 181.

Bicknell's Thrush, 47, 49, 1S1 .

bicolor, Parus, 26, 32.

bicolor, Tachycineta, 779.

bigelovii, Carex r., 52.

Bird Hawk, 27.

Bittern, American, 79.

Bittern, Least, 79, rg2.

Black and White Warbler, 136.

Black Bear, 47.

Black-bellied Plover, gi.

Black-billed Cuckoo, no.

Blackbird, Crow, 27.

Blackbird, Red-winged, 27, 39, 40, 54,

I2g .
Blackbird, Rusty, 47, 131.
Black- breasted Plover, 29.
blackburnke, Dendroica, 44, 45, 163.
Blackburnian Warbler, 44, 45, 765.
Black-capped Petrel, 6g.
Black-crowned Night Heron, Si.
Black Duck, 28, 72.
Black Goose, 28.
Black Guillemot, 63.
Black Gyrfalcon, 102.
Black Martin, 32.
Black-necked Stilt, /90.
Black-poll Warbler, 47, 49, 57, 163.
Black Tern, 68.
Black-throated Blue Warbler, 40, 44,

45, 160.
Black-throated Green Warbler, 43,

r65.
blanda, Viola, 46.
Bluebird, 32, 41, 1S6.
Blue Goose, 77.
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 'jg.
Blue Grosbeak, 7/6.
Blue-headed Vireo, 43, 44, 45, 755.
Blue Heron, 29.
Blue Jay, 27, 12 }.
Blue Titmouse, 32.
Blue-winged Teal, 28, 73.
Bluish Goose, 28.
Boblincoln, 32.
Bobolink, 39, 54, 56, T28.
Bob-white, 41, g2.

Bohemian Waxwing, /30.

Bonaparte's Gull, 56, 67.

Bonasa u. togata, 30, 40, 49, 93.

borealis, Buteo, gS.

borealis, Contopus, 43, 44, 120.

borealis, I.anius, 27, 131.

borealis, Xumeiiius, 29.

boi ealis, ( idocoileus v., 47.

boschas, Anas, 77.

Botaurus lentiginosus, 79.

Box Tortoise, 43.

brachidactyla, Geothlypis t., 170.

Brant, 28, 77.

Branta bernicla, 28, 77.

Branta canadensis, 28, 77.

Brent, 28.

Brerithis montinus, 49.

Broad-winged Hawk, gg.

Bronzed Grackle, 42, 131 .

Brown Coot, 28.

Brown Creeper, 775.

Brown Eagle, 27.

Brown Flycatcher, 26, 32.

Brown Thrasher, 39, 41, 172.

Brunnich's Murre, 57, 63.

bubo, Strix, 33.

Bubo virginianus, 33, 707.

buccinator, Olor, 78.

bucephala, Anas, 28.

Buff-breasted Sandpiper, go, ig2.

Buffle-head, 7./.

Bufo americanus, 46.

Bunting, Indigo, 39,-41, 777.

Buteo borealis, gS.

Buteo lineatus, gS.

Buteo platypterus, gg.

Butterfly, Barren-ground, 52.

c

cserulea, Ardea, 29, <SV.
caerulea, Giriraca, 146.
cserulea, Polioptila, 779.
caerulescens, Anas, 28.
caerulescens, Chen, 28, 77.
caerulescens, Dendroica, 40, 44, 160.
Calcarius lapponicus, 79/.
calendula, Regulus, 54, 779.
Calidris arenaria, 29, 87.
canace, Canachites c, 30, 45, 47, 49,

g2.
Canachites c. canace, 30, 45, 47, 49,

92.
Canada Goose, 77.

Canada Jay, 47, /.?■,", /QJ.
Canada Lynx, 47.

208

INDEX.

Canada Porcupine, 47, 52.

Canada While-footed Mouse, 47.
canadensis. Anas, 28.
canadensis, Ardea, 29.
canadensis, Branta, 28, 77.
canadensis, I.anius, 27.
canadensis, Lynx, 47.
canadensis, Muscicapa, 32.
canadensis, Perisoreus, 47, 123, 193.
canadensis, Peromyscus, 47.
canadensis, Sitta, 27, 44, 47, 776.
canadensis, Wilsonia, 44, 171 .
Canadian Pine Grosbeak, 47, 48, 59,

'33-
Canadian Red Squirrel, 47.
Canadian Ruffed Grouse, 40, 49, 93.
Canadian Spruce Grouse, 45, 47, 49,

Canadian "\\ arbler, 44, ///.
Canadian Zone, 44.
canus, Larus, 29.
canutus, Tringa, 190.
caparoch, vSurnia u., 108, 193.
Cape May Warbler, 47, 57, 139.
Caprimulgus ameri canus, 33.
Capri mulgus europaeus, 33.
carbo, Phalacrocorax, 69.
Carex r. bigelovii, 52.
caribou, Rangifer, 48.
Caribou, Woodland, 48.
Carolina, Cistudo, 43.
Carolina, Porzana, 30, 83.
Carolina Woodpecker, 26, 27.
Carolina Wren, 38, 172.
carolinensis, Columba, 31.
carolinensis, Galeoscoptes, 32, 39, 41,

172.
carolinensis, Muscicopa, 32.
carolinensis, Nettion, 2<S, 72.
carolinensis, Pandion h., 33, //>/.
carolinensis, Silta, 41, 176.
carolinus, Picus, 26, 27.
carolinus, Rallus, 30.
carolinus, Scolecophagus, 47, 131.
Carpodacus purpureus, 43, 13 /.
Carthartes aura, 96.
Carya, 42.
caspia, Sterna, /88.
Caspian Tern, /88.
cassanus, Pelecanus, 29.
Cassiope hypnoides, 52.
Castanea, 42.

castanea, Dendroica, 162.

castor, Mergus, 29.
Catbird, 32, ;•,<>. 41, 56, /J2.

caudacutus, Ammodramus, 1/0.

Cedar Waxwing, rjO.

cedrorum, Ampelis, 31, 130.

celata, Helminthophila, 757.

Ceophlceus p. abieticola, 27,44, ''/■

Cepphus grylle, 63.

Certhia f. americana, 27, 44, 173.

Certhia pinus, 27.

Ceryle alcyon, 27, 1 10.

Chaetura pelagica, 32, 7/7.

Charadrius apricarius, 30.

Charadrius dominicus, 9/.

Charadrius hiaticula, 29.

Charadrius maculatus, 26, 30.

Charadrius vociferous, 29.

Charitonetta albeola, 28, 7^.

Chat, Yellow-breasted, 170.

Chaulelasnius streperus, /.s'y.

Cheeweeh, 32.

Chelopus guttatus, 43.

Chen cairulescens, 28, 77.

Chen hyperborea, 28, 77.

Cherry bird, 31.

Chestnut, 42.

Chestnut-sided Warbler, 39, 162.

Chickadee, 43, 177.

Chickadee, Hudsonian, 47, 49, 777.

Chimney Swallow, 32.

Chimney Swift, 777.

Chionobas semidea, 52.

Chipping bird, 32.

Chipping Sparrow, 41, 142.

Chordeiks virginian us, 33, 40, 1 16.

chrotorrhinus, Microtus, 47.

chrysaetos, Aquila, /oo.

Chrysemys picta, 43.

chrysoptera, I [elminthophila, 42, 757,

'93-
cicognani, Putorius, 52.
ciconia, Ardea, 29.
cinerea, Scotiaptex, rojf.
Circus hudsomcus, 96.
Cistothorus stellaris, 17 /.
Cistudo Carolina , [3.
clangula, Anas, 28.
Clangula C. americana, 28, 7 /.
Clangula islandica, r8g.
Clapper Rail, 189.
Cliff vS wallow, /./S.
C limbing Pern, 42.
clypeata, Spatula, 73, 192.
Coccothraustes vespertmus, 132, 193.
Coccyzus americanus, 109, 193.
Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, 27, no.
Colaptes a. luteus, 27, 113.

INDICX.

209

colchicus. Phasianus, 1S7.
Colinus virginianus, 30, 41, 92.
collaris, Aythya, 7 /, /<>j.
colubris, Trocbilus, 27, //S.
Coluinba carolinensis, 31.
Columba migratoria, 31.
columbarius, Falco, 27, roj.
columbianus, Olor, 27, 77, ig2.
Colymbus auritus, 62.
Colymbus glacialis, 33.
Colymbus holbcellii, 62.
Colymbus immer, 29.
Colymbus podiceps, 33.
Common Tern, 67.
Common Wren, 32.
Compsothlypis a. usneae, 158.
Connecticut Warbler, 168.
Contopus borealis, 43, 44, 120.
Contopus virens, 120.
cooperii, Accipiter, 27, gj.
Cooper's Hawk, 97.
Coot, American, S/.
Coot, Brown, 28.
Coot, Whitehead; 28.
corax, Corvus, 27.
Cormorant, 56.

Cormorant, Double-crested, 56, 6g.
coronata, Dendroica, 32, 45, 47, 49,

160.
Corvus americanus, 27, /2j.
Corvus corax, 27.
Corvus c. principalis, j?6.
Corvus cristatus, 27.
Cotton-tail, Eastern, 43.
Cowbird, 41, 128.
Crane, 29.

Crane, Sandhill, 82.
Cream colored vSbeldrake, 29.
Creeper, 27.

Creeper, Brown, 44, 775.
crepitans, Rallus, /Sg.
Crested Flycatcber, 32, 40, ug.
Crested Titmouse, 26, 32.
Crested Wren, 32.
crinita, Muscicapa, 32.
crinitus, Myiarcbus, 32, 40, 779.
cristata, Cyanocitta, 27, 12 /.
cristatus, Corvus, 27.
Crossbill, 31.

Crossbill, American, 59, 7?./.
Crossbill, White-winged, 47, 49, 59,

'35-
Crow, 27.

Crow, American, 12J.
Crow Blackbird, 27.

Crymophilus fulicarius, 84.
Cuckoo, Black-billed, no.
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed, /og, /qj.
Cuckow, 27.

Cuculus americanus, 27.
cucullatus, Lopbod}^tes, 29, 7/.
Curlew, Grey, 29.
Curlew, Hudsonian, go.
Curlew, Large Speckled, 29.
Curlew, Long-billed, go, ig2.
curvirostra, Loxia, 31.
cyanea, Cyanospiza, 41, 7/7.
Cyanocitta cristata, 27, 12 /.
Cyanospiza cyanea, 41, 7/7.
cygnus, Anas, 27.
Cypripedium acaule, 45.

I>

Dafila acuta, iSg.

Deer, Nortliern Virginia, 47.

deglandi, Oidemia, j6.

delawarensis, Ivarus, 67, 188.

delicata, Gallinago, S3.

Dendroica testiva, 42, 54, 759.

Dendroica blackburniae, 44, 45, 163.

Dendroica caerulescens, 40, 44, 760.

Dendroica castanea, 162.

Dendroica coronata, 32, 45, 47, 49,
760.

Dendroica discolor, 42, i6j.

Dendroica maculosa, 40, 44, 161.

Dendroica palmarum, 166.
I Dendroica p. hypochrysea, 166.

Dendroica pensylvanica, 39, 162,

Dendroica striata, 47, 49, 57, 163.

Dendroica tigrina, 47, 57, /jg.

Dendroica vigorsii, 41, 166.

Dendroica virens, 43, 163.

Diapensia lapponica, 52.

dilopbus, Phalacrocorax, 56, 6g.

Dipper, 28.

discolor, Dendroica, 42, 167.

discors, Anas, 28.

discors, Ouerquedula, 28, 73.

Dobcbick, 33.

Dolicbonyx oryzivorus, 32, 39, 12S.

domesticus, Passer, 7^7.

domiuicus, Cbaradrius, 97.

dorsatum, Krethizon, 47, 52.

Double-crested Cormorant, 56, 69.

dougalli, Sterna, 67.

Dove, Mourning, 95.

Dove, Turtle, 30.

Dovekie, 63.

Dowitcber, 86.

2IO

[NDEX,

Downy Woodpecker, 5 |. 111.

dresseri, Somateria, 28, 75.

Dryobates p. medianus, 27, ///.

Dryobates villosus, 27. 43, 44- 47- //"-

Duck, American Scaup, 73.

Duck, Black. 28, 72.

Duck, Grey Wood, 28.

Duck, Harlequin, 75, ig2.

Duck, Lesser Scaup, 7/.

Duck, Red-legged I'. lack, 56, 72.

Duck, Ring-necked, 7/, [92.

Duck, Ruddy, 76.

Duck, Sea, 28.

Duck, Sprig-tailed, 2S.

Duck, Wood, 2S. 73.

Duck Hawk, 102.

E

Bagle, Bald, 26, 101.
Eagle, Brown, 27.
Bagle, Golden, too.
Eastern Cotton-tail. 43.
Eastern Red-backed Mouse, 52.
Eastern Varying Hare, 47, 52.
Ectopistes migratorius, 31, 94.
Egret, .American, 81, 189.
egretta, Ardea, 29, ,sv, 189.
Eider, American, 75.
Eider, King. 1S9.
Elanoides forlicatus, 96.
Emberiza hyemalis, 31.
Emberiza oryzivora, 32.
Empidonax flaviventris, 47, 121.
Empidonax minimus, 39, 40, 122.
Empidonax t. alnorum, 121.
English Pheasant, 187.
Epilobium, 48.
Erethizon dorsatum, 47, 32.
Ereunetes occidentalis, /90.
Ereunetes pusillus, 29, 87.
Erismatura jamaicensis, 76.
erythrocephalus, Melanerpes, 27, //■,-.

'93-
erythrocephalus, Picus, 27.
erythrogaster, Hirundo, 32, //.v.
erythromelas, Piranga, 32, 41, ///.
erythrophthalma, Fringilla, 32.
erythrophthalmus, Coccyzus, 27, //<>.
erythrophthalmus, Pipilo, 32, 146.
erythropus, Anas, 28.
erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 29, ;<>.
europaeus, Caprimulgus, 33.
Evening Grosbeak, 1^2, /<;,'.
Evotomys g. ochraceus, 52.
exilipes, Acanthis h., /<//.

exilis, Ardetta, jg, 192.

V

Ealco columbarius, 27, 103.
Palco fulvus, 27.
Falco haliaetus, 33.
Ealco hudsonius, 27.
Falco islandus, 102.
Falco leucocephalus, 26.
Ealco p. anatum, 102.
Ealco r. obsoletus, 102.
Falco sparverius, 27, 103.
Falco subbutco, 33. .
fedoa, Dimosa. 87.

fedoa, Scolopax, 29.

fera, Meleagris g., 30, 41, 94.

Fern, Climbing, \2.
Field Sparrow, 39. 41, 1/2.
Finch, Purple, 43, 56. /,"/■
Fish Hawk. 33.
Fishing Gull, 29.
Haw. Muscicapa, 32.
flavifrons, Vireo, 41, y^-j.
flavipes, Totaflus, 88.
flaviventris, Empidonax, 47, 121.
Flicker, Northern, //J.
Florida Galliuule, 190.
Flycatcher, Alder, 121.
Flycatcher, Brown, 26, 32.
Flycatcher, Crested, 32, 40, 1 ig.
Flycatcher, Feast, 39, 40, 122.
Flycatcher, Olive-sided, 43, 44, 45,

120.
Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied, 47, 121.
forlicatus, Elanoides, 96.
Fox Sparrow, 145.
Fratercula arctica, 63.
Fringilla erythrophthalma, 32.
Fringilla grisea, 26, 32.
Fringilla tristis, 32.
Fuli< a americana, 84.
fulicaria, Tringa, 29.
fulicarius, Crymophilus, 84.
fuliginosa, Sterna. 68.
fulvus, Palco, 27.
lumens, Sorex, 47.
fusca, Anas, 28.
fusca, Muscicapa, 26, 32.
I'uscesceiis, Ilylocichla, /So.

fusci colli s, Tringa, 86.
fuscus, Larus, 29.

a

< '..id wall, T89.

galbula, Lct< 1 us, 27, 39, i<>, 130.

INDKX.

gah ata, Gallinula, tgo.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 32, 39, 41

172.
Gallinago delicata, 85.
Gallinula galeata, /go.
Gallinule, Florida, tgo.
Gallinule, Purple, tgo.
gallopavo, Meleagris, 30.
Gannet, 29, 69.
garrulus, Ampelis, 31, 130.
Gavia imber, 29, 33, 43, 62.
Gavia lumme, 63.
gteorgiana, Melospiza, 43, 143.
Geothlypis agilis, /6S.
Geothlypis Philadelphia, 40, 44, /6g
Geothlypis t. brachidactyla, ij<>.
Geuni, Peck's, 52.
Geum r. peckii, 52.
gilvus, Vireo, 134.
glacialis, Colymbus, 33.
glacialis, Podisma, 49.
Glaucous Gull, 66, /02.
glaucus, Larus, 66, 192.
Glossy Ibis, 78.
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, ijg.
Godwit, Hudsonian, /go.
God-wit, Marbled, 87.
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 44, 47, 40,

i78.
Golden Eagle, too.
Golden Robin, 27.
Golden-eye, American, 56, 74.
Golden-eye, Barrow's, iSg.
Golden-winged Warbler, 42, 157, igj.
Golden-winged Woodpecker, 54.
Gold Finch, 27.
Goldfinch, American, 52, /j6.
Goose, Black, 28.
Goose, Blue, 77.
Goose, Bluish, 28.
Goose, Canada, 77.
Goose, Lesser Snow, 77.
Goose, Swan, 28.
Goose, White, 28.
Goose, Wild, 28.
Goshawk, American, 47, 97.
Grackle, Bronzed, 42, /j/.
Grackle, Purple, igi.
Gracula quiscula, 27.
graculus, Pelecanus, 29.
gramineus, Pooecetes, 39, 40, ijS.
Grape Bird, 32.
Grasshopper Sparrow, 4r, 139.
gravis, Puffinus, 189.
Gray Squirrel, 43.

Gray-cheeked Thrush, 181.

Great Auk, 65.

C.reat Black-backed Gull, 66.

Great Blue I [eron, 79.

Great Gray Owl, 103.

Great Horned Owl, 107.

('.real Red-crested Woodpecker, 27.

Greater Redpoll, 36.

Greater Shearwater, i8g.

Greater Yellow-legs, 88.

Grebe, Hplbcell's, 62.

Grebe, Horned, 56, 62.

Grebe, Pied-hilled, 62.

Oreen Heron, 51, 81.

Greenland Sandwort, 52.

Green-winged Teal, 28, 72.

Grey Curlew, 29.

Grey Gull, 29.

Grey Wood Duck, 28.

grisea, Fringilla, 26, 32.

griseus, Macrorhamphus, S6.

groenlandica, Arenaria, 52.

Grosbeak, Blue, 146.

Grosbeak, Canadian Pine, 47, 48, 59,

133-

Grosbeak, Evening, 132, 193.
Grosbeak, Rose -breasted, /y<5.
Grouse, Canadian Ruffed, 39, 49, gj.
Grouse, Canadian Spruce, 45, 47, 49,

92.
Growse, 30.
Grus rnexicana, 29, S2.
grylle, Cepphus, <5?.
Guillemot, Black, 63.
Guiraca c£erulea, 146.
Gull, Bonaparte's, 56, 67.
Gull, Fishing, 29.
Gull, Glaucous, 66, ig2.
Gull, Great Black-backed, 66.
Gull, Grey, 29.
Gull, Herring, 66.
Gull, Mackerel, 29.
Gull, Ring-billed, 67, /SS.
Gull, White, 29.
guttatus, Chelopus, 43.
gymnicus, Sciurus h., 47.
Gyr falcon, Black, 102.
Oyrfalcon, White, 102.

H

haemastica, Liniosa, /go.

Hairy Woodpecker, 43, 44, 47, 1 /o.

Haliseetus leucocephalus, 26, 27,70/.

haliaetus, Falco, 33.

Ilangbird, 27.

212

I NDEX.

Hangbird, Little, 32.

Hare, Eastern Varying, 47, 52.

Harelda hyemalis, 28, 33, 75.

Harlequin Duck, 75, 192.

hasitata, j3$strelata, 60.

Hawk, American Rough-legged, 99.

Hawk, American Sparrow, 103.

Hawk, Bird, 27.

Hawk, Broad-winged, 99.

Hawk, Cooper's, 97.

Hawk, Duck, W2.

Hawk, Fish, 33.

Hawk, Hen, 27.

Hawk, Large Iirown, 27.

Hawk, Marsh, 96.

Hawk, Pigeon, 27, 33, T03.

Hawk, Red'shouldered, g8.

Hawk, Red-tailed, 98.

Hawk, Sharp-shinned, 97.

Hedgebird, 32.

Helminthophila celata, ijj.

Helminthophila chrysoptera, 42, 757,

193-
Helminthophila peregrina, 47, 158.
Helminthophila rubricapilla, 43, 47,

49. '57-
Helmitherus vermivorus, 756.
Helodromas solitarius, 29, 88.
Hen Hawk, 27.
Hen, Prairie, fSj.
Hell, Water, 29.

henslowii, Ammodramus, 42, tjg.

Henslow's Sparrow, 42, 139.

Hermit Thrush, 40, 43, )s, 184.

herodias, Ardea, 29, 79.

Heron, Black-crowned Night, Si.

Heron, Blue, 29.

Heron, C.reat Blue, 79.

Heron, Green, 41, 81.

Heron, Little Blue, Si.

Heron, White, 29.

Herring Gull, 66.

hiaticula, Charadrius, 29.

Hickory, 42.

liienidis, Olbiorchilus, 44,47, 173.

Himantopus niexicanus, rgo.

hiniaiitopus, Micropalama, 86, 192.

hirundenaceus, Picus, 27.

Hirundo erythrogaster, 32, 148.

Hirundo pelasgia, 32.

Hirundo purpurea, 32.

Hirundo riparia, 32.

Hirundo subis, 32.

hirundo, Sterna, 29, 67.

histrionica, Anas, 28.

Histrionicus histrionicus, 28, 75, 192.

histrionicus, Histrionicus, 28, 75, 192.

Hoary Redpoll, 191 .

holbceilii, Colymbus, 62.

Holbcell's Grebe, 62.

Hooded Merganser, 71.

Horned Grebe, 56, 62.

Horned Lark, 122.

Horned Owl, 33.

House Sparrow, 1S7.

House Wren, 41 , 173.

Hudsonian Chickadee, 47, 49, 777.

Hudsonian Curlew, 90.

Hudsonian Oo lwit, iqo.

Hudsonian Zone, 48.

hudsonicus, Numenius, 29, go.

hudsonicus, Parus, 47, 49, 177. •

hudsonius, Circus, 96.

hudsonius, Falco, 27.

Humility, 29.

Hummingbird, 27.

Hummingbird, Ruby-throated, 118.

Hydrochelidon n. surinamensis, 68.

hyemalis, Anas, 33.

hyemalis, Bmberiza, 31.

hyemalis, Harelda, 28, 33, 75.

hyemalis, Junco, 31, 4<>. 15. 47. 49. 5L

143.
Hylocichla aliciae, 181.
Hylocichla a. bicknelli, 47, 49, 1S1 .
Hylocichla fuscescens, r8o.
Hylocichla g. p illasii, 40, 43, 45, /S/.
Hylocichla mustelina, 39, 40, 179.
Hylocichla u. swainsonii, 44, 47, 183.
hyperborea, Chen, 28, 77.
hypnoides, Cassiope, 52.
hypochrysea, Dendroica p., 167.

I Ins, Glossy, 78.
[cteria virens, 170.
icterocephala, Motacilla, 32.
Icterus galbula, 27, 39, 40, 130.
icterus, ( )riolus, 27.
Icterus spurius, 38, /<->/.
iliaca, Passerella, / //;.
iniber, Gavia, 29, 33, 43, 62.
immer, Colymbus, 29.
impennis, Alca, 29.
impennis, Plautus, 29, 65.
Indigo Bunting, 39, 40, 147.
insignis, Napaeozapus, 47.
interpres, Arenaria, rg8.
interpres, Tringa, 29.
Ionornis 111 artinica, rgo.

INDKX.

213

Ipswich Sparrow, rj8, rgi.
islandica, Clangula, 189.
islandus, Ealco, T02.

J

Jaeger, Parasitic, 66.
jamaicensis, Erismatura, 76.

Jay, 111 ue, 27, U /.

Jay, Canada, 47, 7^5, /qj.

Junco hyemalis, 31, 40, 45, 47, 49, 51

. '43-
Junco, Slate-colored, 40, 45, 47, 49

51. 143-

K

Kalmia latifolia, 42.

Kildee, 29.

Killdeer, 9/, ig2.

Kingbird, 27, 39, 40, ug.

King Eider, 189.

Kingfisher, 27, 54.

Kingfisher, Belted, no.

Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 44, 47, 49,

,7S.
Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, ijg.
Kite, Swallow-tailed, g6.
Kittiwake, 66.
Knot, 1 go.

L

Lady's Slipper, 45.

Lanius borealis, 27, 75/.

Lanius canadensis, 27.

I.anius ludovicianus, 41, /j/.

Lanius tyr. minis, 27.

Lapland Longspur, /gi .

lapponica, Diapensia, 52,

lapponica, Scolopax, 29.

lapponicum, Rhododendron, 52.

lapponicus, Calcarius, igr.

Large Brown Hawk, 27.

Large Speckled Curlew, 29.

Large Spotted Loon, ^.

Large Spotted Plover, 26, 30.

Lark, Horned, 122.

Lark, Marsh, 31.

Lark, Prairie Horned, T2J.

Lark, Sky, 31.

Larus argentatus, 29, 66.

Larns canus, 29.

Larus delawarensis, 67, 188,

Larns fnsens, 29.

Larus glaucus, 66, rg2.

Larns niarinns, 66.

Larns Philadelphia, 6j.

47- '33-

/go.

Larns ridibundus, 29,

latifolia, Kalmia, 42.

Laurel, .Mountain, 42.

Leach's Petrel, 6g.

Least Bittern, 79, ig2.

Least Flycatcher, 39, 40, 122.

Least Sandpiper, 56, Sj.

Least 'Pern, t88.

lentiginosis, Botaurus, jg.

Lepus a. virginianns, 47, 52.

Lepus f. transitionalis, 43.

Lesser Scaup Duck, 77.

Lesser Snow Goose, JJ.

leucocephalns, P'alco, 26.

leucocephalns, Haliseetus, 26, 27, 101 .

leucophrys, Zonotrichia, /.//.

leucoptera, Loxia, 47, 49, /j^.

leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 33, 6g.

leucotis, Sciurns c, 43.

leucura, Pinicola e.

Life Zones, 38.

Limosa fedoa, Sj.

Limosa haemastica,

linaria, Acanthis, /j<5.

lincolnii, Melospiza, /,//.

Lincoln's Sparrow, /././.

lineatus, Buteo, gS.

Linnet, Red, 32.

Little Blue Heron, cS7.

Little Brown Weasel, 52.

Little Hangbird, 32.

lobatus, Phalaropus, Sj.

Loggerhead Shrike, 41, 151.

Loiseleuria procumbens, 52.

lomvia, L^ria, 33, 6j.

Long-billed Curlew, go, 192.

longicauda, Bartramia, 41, Sg.

longirostris, Numenius, go, ig2.

Longspur, Lapland, igr.

Loon, 29, 43, 62.

Loon, Large Spotted, 33.

Loon, Red-throated, 56, 63.

Lophodytes cucullatus, 29, 7/.

Lord and Lady, 28.

Louisiana Water-Thrush, /6S.

Loxia curvirostra, 31.

Loxia c. minor, 31, /jy.

Loxia leucoptera, 47, 49, /jj.

ludoviciana, Zamelodia, ij6.

ludovicianus, Lanius, 41, rjf.

ludovicianus, Thryothorus, 38, rj2.

lnnmic, Gavia, 63.

lunifrons, Petrochelidon, /./S.

luteus, Colaptes a., 27, //■,-.

Lygodium palmatum, 42.

2I4

INDKX.

Lynx, Canada, 47.
Lynx canadensis, 47.
lysteri, Tamias s., 52.

IVI

Mackerel Gull, 29.
Macrorhamphus griseus, 86.
macroura, Zenaidura, 95.

macularia, Actitis, 29, go.

maculata, Tringa, 29, 86.

maculatus, Charadrius, 26, 30.

maculosa, Dendroica, 40, 43, 45, 161

maculosus, Picus, 26, 27.

magna, Alauda, 31.

magna, Sturnella, 31, 39, /jo.

Magnolia Warbler, 40, 43, 45, 161.

Mallard, 28, 7/.

Marbled Godwit, 87.

Mareca americana, 28, 72.

mania, Aythya, 73.

marilandicus, Tetrao, 30.

marinus, Lams, 66.

maritima, Tringa, /go.

maritimus, Ammodramus, ///.

Marsh Bird, 29.

Marsh Hawk, g6.

Marsh Lark, 31.

Marten, Pennant's, 47.

Martin, Black, 32.

Martin, Purple, 54, 777.

martinica, Ionornis, /go.

Masked Shrew, 47.

maximum, Rhododendron, 42.

Meadowlark, 39, /jo.

Mechquan, 25.

medianus, Dryobates p., 27, ///.

Medrake, 67.

Megascops asio, 27, 40, /06,

Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 27, //^,

193-
melanoleucus, Totanus, 88.
Meleagris gallopavo, 30.

Meleagris g. fera, 30, 41, g/.
meloda, .Egialitis, /go.
melodia, Melospiza, 32, 39, ///.
Melospiza georgiana, 43, //-,-.
Melospi/.a linculnii, /.//.
Melospiza melodia, 32, 39, ///.
Merganser, American, 70.
Merganser, Hooded, 7/.

Merganser, Red-breasted, 7/.

Merganser americanus, 29, 70.

merganser, Mergus, 29.
Merganser serrator, 29, 7/.
MergUS castor, 29.

Mergus merganser, 29.
Mergus serrator, 29.
Merula migratoria, 31, 185.
mexicana, Grus, 29, 82.
mexicanus, Himantopus, /go.
Micropalama himantopus, 86, /g2.
Microtus chrotorrhinus, 47.
Migrant Shrike, 41.
migratoria, Columba, 31.
migratoria, Merula, 31, 185.
migratorius, Rctopistes, 31, (//.
migratorius, Turdus, 31.
Mimus polyglottos, /g/.
minimus, Empidonax, 39, 40, /22.
Mink, 47.

minor, Loxia c, 31, /,\/.
minor, Philohela, 29, 83.
minuta, vSterna, 29.
minutilla, Tringa, Sj.
Mniotilta varia, 756.
Mockingbird, /g/.
mollissima, Anas, 28.
Molothrtis ater, 41, /2S.
monax, Arctomys, 52.
mouticola, Spizella, 32, 142.
montiuus, Brenthis, 49.
morinella, Tringa, 29.
Motacilla icterocephala, 32.
Motacilla regulus, 32.
motacilla, vSeiurus, /68.
Motacilla sialis, 32.
Motacilla trochilus, 32.
Mountain Laurel, 42.
Mourning Dove, 95.
Mourning Warbler, 40, 44, 57, /6g.
Mouse, Canada White-footed, 47.
Mouse, Eastern Red-backed, 52.
Mouse, Woodland Jumping, 47.
Mu rr, 33.

Murre, Brunnich's, 57, 63.
Muscicapa canadensis, 32.
Muscicapa carolinensis, 32.
Muscicapa crinita, 32.
Muscicapa flava, 32.
Muscicapa fusca, 26, 32.
Mustela americana, 47, 52.

Mustela pennanti, 47.
mustelina, Hylocichla, 39, 40, /jg.
Myiarchus crinitus, 32, 40, rig.
Myrtle Warbler, 45, 47, 49, 55, 57, 160.

N

nsevius, Nycticorax n., 29, 81.
Napaeozapus insignis, 47.
Nashville Warbler, 43, 47, 49, /^j.

INI) ;■; X .

215

nebulosum, Syrnium, 27, roj.

Nettion caroliaensis, 28, 7.?.

Nighthawk, 33, 40, 56, 1/6.

nigra, Anas, 28.

nivalis, Passerina, 31, r$j.

Northern Flicker, r/5.

Northern Parula Warbler, rj8.

Northern Phalarope, 84.

Northern Pileated Woodpecker, 4;.

Northern Raven, 126.

Northern Shrike, /•,-/.

Northern Virginia Deer, 47.

Northern Yellow-throat, ijo.

No Tail, 33.

noveboracensis, Porzana, rSg.

noveboracensis, Seiurus, 4^, /6S.

Nyctala acadica, 47, 106.

noveboracensis, Vireo, 38, f$6.

Numeuins horealis, 29.

Numenius hudsonicus, 29, go.

Numenius longirostris, go, ig?.

Nuthatch, 27.

Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 44, 47, 52,

ij6.
Nuthatch, White-breasted, 41, Ij6.
Nyctala tengrmlmi richardsoni, roj,

TQ3-
Nyctea nyctea, 27, ioj.
nyctea, Nyctea, 27, roj.
nyctea, Strix, 27.
Nycticorax n. naaviu?, 29, 8r.
Nymphsea variegata, 46.
Nyssa sylvatica, 42.

O

Oak, Bear,
Oak, Red, 42.
Oak, White, 41.
obscura, Anas, 28, J2.
obsoletus, Falco r. , 102.
occidentals, Krennetes, /go.
occidentalis, Pelicanus o., 29.
oceanicus, Oceanites, 6g.
Oceanites oceanicus, 6g.
Oceanodrorna leucorhoa, 33, 6g.
ochraceus, Evotomys g., 52.
Odocoileus v. horealis, 47.
Oidernia americana, j§.
Oidemia deglaudi, j6.
Oidernia perspicillata, 28, j6.
Olbiorchilns hiemilis, 44, 47, f/j.
Old-squaw, 56, 75.
Oldwife, 28, 33.
olivaceus, Vireo, 32, 152.

olive- backed Thrush, 14, 47, /Sj.
Olive-sided Flycatcher, 43,44, 45, 120.
Olor buccinator, jS.
Olor Columbian us, 27, jS, ig2.
Orange-crowned Warbler, i^j.
Orchard Oriole, 38, igi.
Oriole, Baltimore, 39, 40, 54, 56, /jo.
Oriole, Orchard, 3S, igi.
Oriolus baltimore, 27.
Oriolus icterus, 27.
Oriolus phceniceus, 27.
orpheus, Turdus, 31.
oryzivora, Fmberiza, 32.
oryzivorus, Dolichouyx, 32, 39, 128.
Osprey, American, 104.
1 Otocoris alpestris, 31, 122'
Otocoris a. praticola, /2j.
Oven-bird, 45, r68.
Owl, American Hawk, 108, /pj.
Owl, American Long-eared, 104.
Owl, Barn, 27.
Owl, Barred, 105.
Owl, Great Gray, /05.
Owl, Great Horned, /oj.
Owl, Horned, 33.
Owl, Richardson's, 105, /gj.
Owl, Saw-whet, 47, 106.
Owl, Screech, 40, 106.
Owl, Short-eared, /oj.
Owl, Snowy, /oj.
Owl, Speckled, 27.
Owl, White, 27.
Ox-eye, 29.

pacifica, Tringa a., 87.
Painted Tortoise, 43.
pallasii, Hylocichla g., 40, 43, 45, 184.
Palm Warbler, 166.
palm.irum, Dendroica, /66.
palmatum, Lygodium, 42.
Pandion h. carolinensis, 33, 104.
Parasitic Jaeger, 66.
parasiticus, Stercorarius, 66.
-Partridge, 30.
Parus americanus, 32.
Parus atricapillus, 32, 43, ijj.
Parus bicolor, 26, 32.
Parus hudsonicus, 47, 49, 777.
Parus pendulinus, 32.
Parus virginianus, 32.
Passenger Pigeon, 97.
Passer domesticus, i8j.
Passerella iliaca, 775.
Passerina nivalis, 31, /j^.

2l6

INDEX.

passerina, Strix, 27.
passerinus, Vmmodramus s., <■
Pavoncella pugnax, Sg.
peckii, Geum r., 52.

Peek's Geum, 52.
Pectoral Sandpiper, S6.

Pee]), 30.

pelagica, Chaetura, 32, ///.
pelagica, Procellaria, 33.
pelasgia, Hirundo, 32.
Pelecanus cassanus, 29.
Pelecanus erythrorhynctfos, 2
Pelecanus graculus, 29.
Pelican, 29.

Pelican, American White, JO.
Pelicanus6. occidentals, 29.
pendulinus, Parus, 32.
penelope, Anas, 28.
Penguin, 29.
pennanti, Mustela, 47.
Pennant's Marten, 47.
pensylvanica, Dendroica, 39, 162.
pensilvanicus, Anthus, ///.
peregrina, Helminthophila, 47, 158.
Perisoreus canadensis, 47, rzj, 193.
Peromyscus canadensis, 47.

inatus, Sorex, 47.
perspicillata, Oidtmia, 29, j6.
Petrel, Pdack-capped, 69.
Petrel, Leach's, 69.
Petrel, Wilson's, 60.
Petteril, 33.

Petrochelidon lunifrons, 148.
Pewee, Wood, 120.
Phalacrocorax carbo, 6q.
Phalacrocorax dilophus, 56, 69.
Phalarope, Northern, 84.
Phalarope, Red, 84.
rope, Wilson's
Phalaropus lobatus, 84.
Phasianus colchicus, 30, 187.
Pheasant, English, 30, i8j.
pb.iladelpb.ia, Geothlypis, 40, ;|, r6g
Philadelphia, Parus, 67.
Philadelphia Vireo, /■,.,■•
philadelphicus, Vireo, 153.
Philoliela minor, 29,
Phoebe, 40, 120.
phcebe, Sayornis, 32, 40, 120.
phceniceus, Agelaius, 27, 39, 40, 54

129.
phceniceus, Oriolus", 27.
Pic .ides americanus, 47, ri2.
Picoides arcticus, 47, ///.
picta, Chrysemys, 43.

Picus auratus, 27.
Picus caroliuus, 26, 27.
Picus erythrocephalus, 27.
Picas hirundenaceus, 27.
Picus maqulosus, 26, 27.
Picas pileatus, 27.
Picus pubescens, 27.
Picus villosus, 27.
Pied-billed Grebe, 62.
Pigeon Hawk, 27, 33, 103.
Pigeon, Passenger, 94.

a , Sea, 28.
Pigeon, Wild, 31.
pileatus, Picus, 27.
Pilhannaw, 25.
Pine Siskin, {7, 52, 59, 136.
Pine Warhkr, 4 1 , 166.
Pinicola e. leucura, 47, /??.
Pintail, 189.
pinus, Certhia, 27.
pinus, Spinus, 47. 136.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 32, 146.

Piping Plover, /go.

Pipit, American, iji.

Piranga erythromelas, 32, 41, ///.

Piranga rubra, ///.
Plautus iinpennis, 29, 63.
platypterus, Buteo, gg.

Plegadis autumnalis, j8.

Plover, American Golden, <;/.
, Black-bellied, 91.

Plover, Black-breasted, 29.

Plover, l.arge Spotted, 26, 30.

Plover, Piping, /go.

Plover, Pyed, 30.

Plover, Semipalmated, 9/.

podiceps, Colymbus, 33.

podiceps, Podilymbus, 33, 62.

Podilymbus podiceps, 33, 62.

Podism i glacialis, 40.

Polioptila cserulea, 779.

polyglottos, Mimus, ig/.

Pocecetes gramineus, 3. . n. 138.

Porcupine, Canada, 47, 52.

Porzana Carolina, 30, 83.

Porzana noveboracensis, 189.

Prairie Men, /Sy.

Prairie J [orned Park, /.?j.

Prairie Warbler, 42, 167.

pral icola, < >tocoris a., 123.

princeps, Ammodramus, 13$, /g/.

principalis, Corvus c, 126.

!';- »c< flaria pelagica, 33.

procumbens, koiseleuri'a, 52.

Progne subis, 32, 54, 1 jj.

IXDKX.

pubescens, Picus, 27.
Puffin, 63.

Puffinus gravis, 189.
pugnax, Pavoncella, 89.
Purple Pinch, 13, 56, / ;/.
Purple ( rallinule, rgo.
Purple Grackle, 191.
Purpk- M irtin, 54, 1 /j.
Purple Sandpiper, rgo.
purpurea, Hiruiido, 32.
purpureus, C irpodacus, 43, / ,\/.
pusilla, Spizella, 39, 41. //_>.
pusilla, Wilsonia, 47, rjo.
pusillus, Ereunetes, 29, 87.
Putorius cicognani, 52.
Putorius vison, 47.
Pyed Plover, 30.
Pyed Shelldrake, 29.

Q

Quail, 30.

Quercus alba, 41, 42.

Querquedula discors, 28, 73.

Quindar, 28.

Quiscalus quiscula, 191 .

Quiscalus q. seneus, 27, 42, 131.

quiscula, Gracula, 27.

quiscula, Quiscalus, /or.

R

Rabbit, Eastern Cottontail, 43.

Rail, Clapper, 189.

Rail, Virginia, 83.

Rail, Yellow, 189.

Rallus carolinus, 30.

Rallus crepitans, 1S9.

Rallus virginianus, 83.

Rangifer caribou, 48.

Raven, Northern, 126.

Razor-billed Auk, t88.

Red Linnet, 32.

Red Oak, 42.

Red Phalarope, 84.

Red-backed Sandpiper, 87.

Red-bellied Shelldrake, 29.

Red-bivasted Merganser, 71.

Red-breasted Nuthatch, 44, 47, 5:

176.
Red-eyed Vireo, 32.
Redhead, 189.
Redhead Woodpecker, 27.
Red-beaded Woodpecker, 113, 193.
Red-legged Black Duck, 56, 72.
Redpoll, 59, 136.
Redpoll, Greater, 136.
Redpoll, Hoary, 191.

\ merican, iji.
iled Hawk, 98.
Red throated boon, 56, 63.

I Blackbird, 27, 39, 40, 54,
129.

1 nl a, 51, 179.
Regu] a , , 1.9, 178.

Rhododendron lapponicum, 52.

■ lend r< m ina \ ira 11m, 1 !.
Ribbon Sn ike, 43.
richardsoni, Nyctala t., roj, 193.
Richardson's Owl, to
ridibuudus, I.arus, 29.

billed Gull, 67, r88.
Ring-necked Duck, 7,/, 192.
riparia, Hirundo, 32.
Riparia riparia, 32, / /<>.
riparia, Riparia, 32, / /y.
Rissa tridactyla, 66.
Robin, 31, 54, 56.
Robin, American, 5:, 54, /S3.
Robin, Golden, 27.
Rock Bird, 29.
Rock Vole, 47.
Roseate Tern, 6
Rose-breasted Grosbeak, /./6.
rostrata, kcanthis 1., 136.
rubra, Pir inga, //$).
rubra, Tanagra, 32.
rubricapilla, Helminthophila, 43,47,

49. '57-
rubripes, Anas o., 72.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 54, 179.
Ruby-crowned Wren, 54.
Rub r-throated Hum;; 118.

Ruddy Duck, 76.
Ruff,

rufnni, Toxostoma, 31. 39, 41, 172.
rufus, Turdus, 31.
1 u i Lea, Scolopax, 29.
Rusty blackbird, 47, 131.
ruticilla, Setophaga, 171 .

S

Sable, 47, 52.

sancti-johannis, Archibuteo 1., 99.

Sanderling, 87.

Sandhill Crane, 82.

Sandpiper, Baird's, 86.

Sandpi ; >er, Barl ramia a, ■ <

Sandpiper, Buff -breasted, 90, /<jj.

Sandpiper, Least, 56, 87.

Sandpiper, Pectora ! ,

Sandpiper, Purple, 190.

Sandpiper, Red-backed, 87.

2l8

INDEX.

Sandpiper, Semipalmated, 56, 87.
Sandpiper, Solitary, 88.
Sandpiper, Spotted, go.
Sandpiper, Stilt, 86, 102.
Sandpiper, Western Semipalmated,

/go.
Sandpiper, White-rumped, 86.
Sandwort, Greenland, 52.
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 44, 45,

"3-
Batrapa, Regulus, 32, 44, 47, 49, ijS.
saurita, Thamnophis. 43.
savanna, Ammodramus s., 39, 43, 52,

'39-
Savanna Sparrow, 39, 43, 52, /jg.
Saw-whet Owl, 47, 106.
Sayornis phoebe, 32, 40, 120.
Scarlet Tanager, 41, 54, 56, A/7.
Sciuropterus volucella, 43.
Sciurus c. leucotis, 43.
Sciurus h. gymnicus, 47.
Scoldenore, 75.

Scolecophagus carolinus, 47, /j/.
Scolopax fedoa, 29.
Scolopax lapponica, 29.
Scolopax rustica, 29.
Scolopax totanns, 29.
Scoter, American, 73.
vScoter, Surf, 76.
vScoter, White-winged, 76.
Scotiaptex cinerea, /03.
Screech Owl, 40, 106.

Sea Duck, 28.
Sea Pigeon, 28.
Seaside Sparrow, /.//.
Sciurus aurocapillus, 16S.
Sciurus motacilla, 168.
Sciurus noveboracensis, 44, 168.
semidea, Chionobas, 52.
semipalmata, ^gialitis, 30, gi .
semipalmata, Symphemia, /go,
Semipalmated Plover, g/.
Semipalmated Sandpiper, 56, 87.
serrator, Merganser, 29, 7/.
scrrator, Mcrgus, 29.
Setophaga ruticilla, iji .
Shag, 29.

Sharp-shinned Hawk, 97.
Sharp-tailed Sparrow, //".
Shearwater, Greater, 189.
Shelldrake, Cream-colored, 29.
Shclldrake, Pyed, 29.
Shelldrake, Red-bellied, 29.
Short-billed Marsh Wren, 17 /.
Short-eared Owl, /04.

Shoveller, 7j, /g2.

Shrew, Masked, 47.

Shrew, Smoky, 47.

Shrew. Water, 47.

Shrike, Loggerhead, 41, 75/.

Shrike, Migrant, 41.

Shrike, Northern, 757.

Sialia sialis, 32, 41, /S6.

sialis, Motacilla, 32.

sialis, Sialia, 32, 41, /86.

Siskin, Pine, 47, 52, 59, /j6.

Sitta canadensis, 27, 44, 47, 776.

Sitta carolinensis, 41, 776.

Skouk, 29.

Sky Lark, 31.

Slate-colored Junco, 40, 45, 47,' 49, 51,

H3- '
Smoky Shrew, 47.
Snake, Ribbon, 43.
Snipe, Wilson's, 85.
Snipe, Wood, 29.
Snowbird, 31, /j8.
Snowflake, /J7.
Snowy Owl; 707.
socialis, Spizella, 32, 41, 142.
solitarius, Helodromas, 29, 88.
solitarius, Vireo, 43, 44, 755.
Solitary Sandpiper, 88.
Somateria dresseri, 28, 75.
Somateria spectabilis, /8g.
Song Sparrow, 39, 54, 144.
Soot}' Tern, 68.
Sora, 83.

vSorex albibarbis, 47.
Sorex funiciis, 47.
Sorcx personatus, 47.
Southern Plying Squirrel, 43.
Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed, 7./0.
Sparrow, Chipping, 40, 142.
Sparrow, Field, 39, 41, /j2.
Sparrow, Fox, 145.
Sparrow, Grasshopper, 41, /jg.
Sparrow, Ilenslow's, 42, /jg.
Sparrow, House, /S7.
Sparrow, Ipswich, 138, ig/.
Sparrow, Lincoln's, /.//.
Sparrow, Savanna, 39, 43. 52. '39-

Sparrow, Seaside, ///.
Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, //<).
Sparrow, Song, 39, 54, ///.
Sparrow, Swamp, 43, T45.
S])arrow, Tree, / /J.

Sparrow, Vesper, 39, 4'. ^38.

Sparrow, W'hitc-crowncd, /.//.

Sparrow, White-throated, 47, 49, 51,

141 .
Sparrow, Winter, 26, 32.
sparverius, Falco, 27, /03.
Spatula clypeata, 73, 1Q2.
Speckled Owl, 27.
Speckled Woodpecker, 26, 27.
spectabilis, Anas, 28.
spectabilis, Somateria, t8q.
Sphyrapicus varius, 44, 113.
S])inus ])inus, 47, 136.
Spizella monticola, 32, 142.
Spizella pusilla, 39, 41, 142.
Spizella socialis, 32, 41, 142.
sponsa, Aix, 28, 73.
sponsa, Anas, 28.
Spotted Sandpiper, go.
Sprigtailed Duck, 28.
Spring Bird, 32.
spurius, Icterus, 38, igi .
Squatarola squatarola, 29, gi .
squatarola, Squatarola, 29, gr.
Squirrel, Canadian Red, 47.
Squirrel, Gray, 43.
Squirrel, Southern Flying, 42.
Squirrel, Striped, 52.
Steganopus tricolor, S3.
stellaris, Cistothorus, 777.
Stercorarius parasiticus, 66.
Sterna antillarum, 29, r88.
Sterna caspia, /SS.
Sterna dougalli, 6S.
Sterna fuligiuosa, 6S.
Sterna hirundo, 29, 6j.
Sterna minuta, 29.
Stilt, Black-necked, /go.
Stilt Sandpiper, 86, ig2.
Stork, 29.
strepera, Anas, 28.
strepera, Chaulelasmus, iSg.
striata, Dendroica, 47, 49, 57, 163.
Striped Squirrel, 52.
Strix aluco, 27.
Strix bubo, 33.
Strix nyctea, 27.
Strix passeriua, 27.
Sturnella magna, 31, 39, 130.
subbuteo, Falco, 33.
subis, Hirundo, 32.
subis, Progne, 32, 54, 147.
subruficollis, Tryugites, go, ig2.
subvirgatus, Ammodramus c., / //.
Sula bassana, 29, 6g.
Summer Tanager, 147.
.Surf Scoter, 76.

INDEX. 219

surinamensis, Hydrochelidon n., 6S.
Surnia ulula caparoch, ro8, /Q3.
swainsonii, Hylocichla a., 44, 1S3.

Swallow, Hank, 32, / /</.
Swallow, Barn, 32, / /S.
Swallow, Chimney, 32.
Swallow, Cliff, //.V.
Swallow, Tree, / /g.
Swallow Woodpecker, 27.
Swallow-tailed Kite, g6.
Swamp Sparrow, 43, //j.
Swan, 27.
Swan Goose, 2S.
Swan, Trumpeter, 78.
Swan, Whistling, y8, rg2.
Swift, Chimney, 117.
sylvatica, Nyssa, 42.
Symphemia semipalmata, /go.
Syrnium nebulosum, 27, /03.

T

Tachycineta bicolor, //<;.

Tamias s. lysteri, 52.

Tanager, Scarlet, 41, 54, 56, 147.

Tanager, Summer, 147.

Tanagra rubra, 32.

Teal, Blue-winged, 28, 73.

Teal, Green-winged, 28, 72.

Tee-arr, 29.

Tennessee Warbler, 47, 56, 138.

Tern, Black, 68.

Tern, Caspian, /SS.

Tern, Common, 67.

Tern, Least, /SS.

Tern, Roseate, 68.

Tern, Sooty, 68.

Tetrao marilandicus, 30.

Tetrao virginianus, 30.

Thamnophis saurita, 43.

Thrasher, 31.

Thrasher, Brown, 39, 41, 172.

Thrush, 31. ,

Thrush, Bicknell's, 47, 49, 181 .

Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 181.

Thrush, Hermit, 40, 43, 45, /S/.

Thrush, Olive-backed, 44, 47. ^'j-

Thrush, Wilson's, 180.

Thrush, Wood, 39, 40, 779.

Thryomanes bewickii, 173.

Thryothorus ludovicianus, 38, 172.

tigriua, Dendroica, 47, i^g.

Titmouse, Blue, 32.

Titmouse, Crested, 26, 32.

Toad, 46.

togata, Bonasa u., 30, 40, 49, g2.

220

INDEX.

Tointeet, 32.

Tomteet, Yellow-rumped, 32.

Topography, 36.

tore la, A lea, 33, 188.

Tortoise, Box, 43.

Tortoise, Painted, 43.

Tortoise. Yellow-spotted, 43.

Totanus flavipes,

Totanus melanoleucus, 88.

totanus, Scolopax, 29.

Towhee, 146.

Toxostoma rufum, 31, 39, 41, 172.

Transition Zone, 38.

transitionalis, Lepus f. , 43.

Tree Sparrow, 142.

Tree Swallow, / /g.

tricolor, Steganopus, 85.

tridactyla, Rissa, 66.

Tringa a. pacifica, S-.

Tringa arenaria, 29.

Tringa bairdii, 86.

Tringa canutus, rgo.

Tringa fulicaria, 29.

Tringa fuscicollis, S6.

Tringa interpres, 29.

Tringa maculata, 29, 86.

Tringa m iritim 1, /go.

Tringa minutilla, 87.

Tringa morinella, 29.

tristis, Astragalinus, ^2, 1 36.

trist'is, Fringilla, 32.

Trochilus colubris, 27, Tl8.

trochilus, Motacilla, 32.

Lodytes aedon, 32, 41, 173.
Trumpeter Sw in, 78.
Tryngites subruncollis, go, 192.
Tupelo, 42.

Turdus migratorius, 31.
'1 urdus orpheus, 31.
Turdus rufus, 31.
Turkey Vulture, g6.
Turkey, Wild, 30, ;i, g/.
'1 urnstone, 490.
Turtl( Iio\

Tynipanuchus americanus, iSj.
tyrannus, Lanius, 27.
I Minus tyrannus, 27, 39, 40, 1 1').
tyrannus, Tyrannus, 27, 39, u>, //<).

U

1 ' jij er Austral Zone, 38.
I ria Lomvia, 33, 63.
Ursus ami ricanus, 47.

, Compsothlypis a., rj8.

varia, Mniotilta, /j<5.
variegata, Nymphaea, 45.
varius, Sphyrapicus, 44, //j.
velox, Accipiter, 97.
vermivorus, I lelmitherus, fj6.
Ves] er Sparrow, 39, 41, 138.
vespertinus, Coccothraustes, T32, /gj.
vigorsii, Dendroica, 41, 166.
villosus, Dryobates, 27, 43, .\\, 47,

no.
villosus, Picus, 27.
Viola blanda, 46.
virens, Contopus, 120.
virens, Dendroica, 43, 165.
virens, I etc ria, ijo.
Vireo bellii, /j6.
Vireo flavifrons, 41, 755.
Vireo gilvus, /j./.
Vireo noveboracensis, 38, /j6.
Vireo olivaceus, 32, 152.
Vireo philadelphlcus, /jj.
Vireo solitarius, j.3, |i. 13$.
Vireo, Bell's, 156.
Vireo, Blue-headed, 43, 44, 45, 155.
Vireo, Philadelphia, 133.
Vireo, Red-eyed, 152.
Vireo, Warbling, 134.
Vireo, White-eyed, 38, 156.
•Vireo, Yellow*throated, 41, 155.
virescens, Ardea, 29, 41, 81.
Virginia Rail,
virginianus, Bubo, 33, 107.
virginianus, Colinus, 30, 41, 02.
virginianus, Chordeiles, 33, 40, 116.
virginianus, Lepus a., 47, 52.
virginianus, Parus, ^,2.
virginianus, Rallus, 83.
virginianus, Tetrao, 30.
visou, Putorius, 17.
vocifera, £$gialitis, 29, p/, 102.
vociferus, Antrostomus, 53, |o, 116.
vociferus, Charadrius, 29.
Vole, Rock, 17.
volucella, Sciuropterus, .13.
Vulture, Turkey, g6.

W

Warbler, Bay-breasted, 45, ^7, 162.
W irbler, Black and White, 156.

. Blacl burnian, \ \, 45, 163.
Warbler, Black-poll, 17. 49, 57, 163.
Warbler, Black-throated Blue, [o, \\.
45, 160.

[NDEX.

22 I

Warbler, Black-throated Green, 43,

r65.
Warbler, Canadian, 1 ;, t~i .
Warbler, Cape May, 47, 57, 759.
Warbler, Chestnul sided, 39, 162.
Warbler, Connecticut, 168.
Warbler, Golden-winged, 42, 757, 193.
Warbler, Magnolia, |o, 14,45, t6i.
Warbler, Mourning, 40, 44, 57, 169.
Warbler, Myrtle, |.s, 47, 49, 55, 57,

160.
Warbler, Nashville, 43, 47, 49, 157.
Warbler, Northern Parula, rj8.
Warbler, Orange < rowni d, i^j.
Warbler, Palm, 166.
Warbler, Pine-, 41, 166.
Warbler, Prairie, 42, j6j.
Warbler, Tennessee, 49, 57, rj8.
Warbler, Wilson's, 47, ijo.
Warbler, Worm^eating, 136.
Warbler, Yellow, 40, 54, 159.
Warbler, Yellow Palm, 167.
Warbling Yireo, 75./,
Water Hen, 29.
Water Shrew, 47.
Water-Thrush, 44, 168.
Water-Thrush, Louisiana, 168.
Water Witch, 29.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 750.
Waxwing, Cedar, rjo.
Weasel, Little Brown, 52.
Western Semipalmated Sandpiper,

190.
Whip-poor-will, 53, 40, r/6.
Whistler, 28.
Whistling Swan, ;-.v. rp \
White Back Woodpecker, 27.
White-breasted Nuthatch. 41, ij6.
White-crowned Sparrow, /.//.
White-eyed Vireo, ^8, 756.
White Head Coot, 28.
White Goose, 28.
White Gull, 29.
White Gyrfalcon, ioz.
White Heron, 29.
White Oak, 41 , 42.
White Owl, 27.
White-rumped Sandpiper, 86.
White-tail Woodpecker, 27.
White-throated Sparrow, 40, 47, 49,

5i. /■//• .
White-winged Crossbill, 47, 49, /jj.
White-winged Scoter, j6.
Widgeon, 28.
Widgeon, American, J2.

Wild Goose, 28.

Wild Pigeon, 31.

Wild Turkey, ,",■>, 41, .-;/.

Willet, 190.

Wilsonia canadensis, 44, 777.

Wilsonia pusilla, 47, 77c;.

w ilsonianus, Asio, 104.

Wilson's Petrel, 69.

Wilson's Phalarope, 85.

Wilson's Snipe, Sj.

Wilson's Thrush," r8o.

Wilson's Warbler, 47, 770.

Winter Sparrow, 26, 32.

Witch, Water, 29.

Winter Wren, 44, 47. 173.

Wood Duck, 28, 7j.

Wood Pcwce. 120.

Wood Snipe, 29.

Wood Thrush, 39, 40, 779.

Woodchuck, 52.

Woodcock, 29.

Woodcock, American, 8$.

Woodlaud Caribou, 48.

Woodland Jumping Mouse, 47.

Woodpecker, American Three-toed

47- 112.
Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed,

777.
Woodpecker, Carolina, 26.
Woodpecker, Downy, 54, 777.
Woodpecker, Golden-winged, 54.
Woodpecker, Great Red-crested,
Woodpecker, Hairy, 43, 44, 47, / 10.
Woodpecker, Northern Pileated, ;i

7//.

Woodpecker, Red Head, 27.
Woodpecker, Red-headed, 113, tor.
Woodpecker, Speckled, 26, 27.
Woodpecker, Swallow, 27.
Woodpecker, White Back, 27.
Woodpecker, White Tail, 27.
Woodpecker, Wooly Pack, 27.
Wooly Back Woodpecker, 27.
Worm-eating Warbler, /j6.
Wren, Bewick's, 1/3.
Wren, Carolina, 38, 772.
Wren, Crested, 32.
Wren, House, 41, IJ3.
Wren, Ruby-crowned, 54.
Wren, .Short-billed Marsh, 77./.
Wren, Winter, 44, 47, /-jj.

47,

27.

Yellow Palm Warbler,
Yellow Pond Lily, 46.

167.

222

Yello-w Rail, 189.

Yellow Warbler, 42. 5b *59-

Yellowbird, 32, 54.

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 47, 121.

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 4 |, 45, flj,
Yellow -billed Cuckoo, IO9, 193.
Yellow-breasted Chat, /JO.
Yellow Crown, 32.
Yellow-legs, 88.
Yellow- legs, Greater, 88.
Yellow-rumped Tomteet, 32.
Yellow-spotted Tortoise, 43.
Yellow-throat, Northern, ijo.

INDEX.

Yellow-throated Yireo, 41, 155.

z

Zamelodia ludoviciana, / /6.
Zenaidura macroura, 95.

Zone, Arctic-Alpine, 49.
Zone, Hudsonian, 48.
Zone, Transition, 38.
Zone, Upper Austral, 38.
Zonotrichia albicollis, 40, 47, 49, 51,

14/.
Zonotrichia leucophrys, /.//.