blOLOGY LIBRARY A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE BY Glover M. Allen. • UBRARt BIOLOGY LIBRARY CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION — .23 LITERATURE " 25 THE FAUNAE AREAS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 36 MIGRATION 54 ANNOTATED L,IST OF THE BIRDS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 62 INTRODUCED SPECIES 187 POSTSCRIPT 188 REFERENCES TO LITERATURE 194 INDEX 205 M138836 THE BIRDS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. BY GLOVER MORRILL ALLEN. INTRODUCTION. Ill the following pages an attempt has been made to bring to- gether a list of the species of birds known to have occurred with- in the State of New Hampshire during historic times, together with a general account of their distribution, faunal position, times of migration, and, in case of the rarer species, a detailed list of the known instance of occurrence. The present list can be at best only preliminary, and there remains much yet to be done in the way of obtaining more complete information as to the de- tails of distribution and migration, and particularly so in the case of the water birds. In addition to much that has been already recorded in many books and periodicals, a considerable body of unpublished facts relative to the birds of the State is here included, based not only on the writer's personal observations, but also on those of a num- ber of ornithologists who have contributed most generously of their notes, and to whom due acknowledgment is made. The sequence of names and their spelling are strictly those of the American Ornithologists' Union, instead of those used by Mr. R. H. Howe, Jr., and myself in the " Birds of Massachusetts, " since it is believed that the use of the order more commonly adopted will make the list more convenient as a working basis for more complete catalogues. The distribution of the breeding 3 24 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE birds of the State is given so far as possible, faunally, the limits of the faunal areas being elsewhere defined. Kxtralimital mi- gration dates are given in parentheses. Care has been taken to exclude from the list all doubtful records, or those resting on an unsubstantial basis, hence the frequency of the words " taken " or " captured " in connection with many of the records. A re- cent writer has deplored the killing of rare or uncommon birds in order to establish positively a " record" and, indeed, it is to be regretted that such a necessity exists. Accuracy, however, demands that the young ornithologist or the beginner shall sub- stantiate in some acceptable way his often hasty identification based on a passing glimpse of a bird with which he is perhaps quite unfamiliar. To merely record one's belief that a certain rare species was observed is in most cases of no value whatsoever and should be more carefully guarded against than is at present done. The trained naturalist, who appreciates at what pains facts are determined, is content to leave unrecorded that of which he is in doubt. Of much greater value is it to establish one new fact in the life history of a common bird, than to record the ac- cidental presence of a species far from its normal range. It remains to express my thanks to all who have contributed to the present undertaking, and especially to Mr. William Brew- ster of Cambridge, Mass. , who has generously contributed a num- ber of observations on water birds ; Dr. Walter Faxon of Cam- bridge, Mass.; Mr. W. B. Cram of Hampton Falls; Mr. G. H. Thayerof Monadnock ; Mr. C. F. Goodhue of Webster ; Mr. V. D. Lowe of Randolph ; Mr. W. M. Buswellof Charlestown ; Dr. W. H. Fox of Washington, D.C.; Mr.F. H. Allen of West Rox- bury, Mass.; Mr. Ralph Hoffmann of Belmont, Mass.; Mr. R. H. Howe, Jr., of Brookline, Mass.; Mr. H. W. Wright of Boston, Mass. , for their generosity in supplying many valuable notes from their observations in various parts of New Hampshire. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 25 LITERATURE. The first printed reference to any New Hampshire bird appears to be that of John Josselyn, in 1672, in his "New England's Rar- ities Discovered In Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, and Plants of that Country. ' ' He describes ' ' the pilhannaw, or mechquan, much like the description of the Indian ruck; a monstrous great bird; a kind of hawk, — some say an eagle; four times as big as a goshawk; white-mailed, having two or three purple feathers in her head, as long as geese's feathers they make pens of. The quills of these feathers are purple, as big as swan's quills, and transparent. Her head is as big as a child's of a year old; a very princely bird. When she soars abroad, all sort of feathered creatures hide themselves; yet she never preys upon any of them, but upon fawns and jaccals. She ayries in the woods upon the high hills of Ossapy, and is very rarely or seldom seen. " It is generally supposed that this " princely bird, " whose home was among the Ossipee hills, or higher peaks beyond, must have been largely fabulous. Doubtless, as suggested by Dr. Tuck- erman, Josselyn 's bird was but a confused conception of the gold- en eagle, the bald eagle, and the great blue heron. The purple feathers are supposed to indicate the heron, and the white head and tail of the bald eagle may meet the conception of a " white- mailed " bird ; the habit of preying upon fawns, perhaps indicates the golden eagle. After this brief mention, I have found no further reference to the birds of New Hampshire until 1792, over one hundred years later. In this year appeared Jeremy Belknap's "History of New Hampshire," in the third volume of which is given an ac- count of the natural products of that portion of New England. 26 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE Here is given the first list of New Hampshire birds that has ap- peared in print. One hundred and twenty- two species are list- ed by their English and Latin names as then used, and eight other names are included among the addenda, on the authority of one Mr. Peck. Considering that this list was prepared long before the days of the "A. O. U., " when there were no popular handbooks nor guides beyond Linnaeus' Systema Naturae, one cannot but be impressed by the care and accuracy shown by the compiler, here as elsewhere in the volume. Of these one hun- dred and thirty names, probably at least five are but repetitions, and of the rest, there are but seven or eight whose identity may not be .guessed at with more or less confidence. Belknap con- sidered no less than four of the species he listed, to be new to science, and these he distinguished by new specific names in a style of type different from that used for the specific names of the other species. These four "new" birds were: — "SPECK- LED WOODPECKER, Picus maculosus" "LARGE SPOTTED PLOVER, Charadrius maculatus" " WINTER SPARROW, Frin- gilla grisea , ' ' and ' ' BROWN FLYCATCHER , Muscicapa fusca . ' ' It is of "course impossible now to determine in how far Bel- knap's identifications were correct, and one may reasonably question the occurrence in New Hampshire, even in those days, of such birds as the " Carolina Woodpecker, Picus carolinus" and the " Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor, " It must be borne in mind, however, that great changes in the ranges and relative abundance of many birds must have taken plage since Belknap's day. No other State list of New Hampshire birds has since been published, and because of its unusual interest as a scrap of early literature on the subject, it is reprinted herewith, verba- tim et literatim, the probable identity of each name being indi- cated by the Latin combination in brackets following : — ' ' Of BIRDS we have a great variety. The following catalogue is the most full, which has been collected, but cannot boast of perfection. BAI^D EAGI^E, Falco leucocephalus [Haliaetus leucocephalus]. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. BROWN EAGLE, LARGE BROWN HAWK, HEN HAWK, PIGEON HAWK, WHITE OWL, SPECKLED OWL, BARN OWL, BIRD HAWK, KING BIRD, CROW, BLUE JAY, HANG BIRD, RED- WINGED BLACK BIRD, GOLDEN ROBIN OR GOLD FINCH, CROW BLACK BIRD, CUCKOW, GREAT RED CRESTED WOODPECKER, » SWALLOW WOODPECKER, RED HEAD WOODPECKER, WHITE BACK WOODPECKER, CAROLINA WOODPECKER, WOOLY BACK WOODPECKER, WHITE TAIL WOODPECKER, SPECKLED WOODPECKER, NUT HATCH, KINGFISHER, CREEPER, HUMMING BIRD, SWAN, Falco fulvus [Haliaetus leucoceph- alus, juv.]. Falco hudsonius ? [ Buteo sp ? ] . Falco sparverius? [Accipiter coop- erii?]. Falco columbarius [ Falco sparveri- us]. Strix nyctea [Nyctea nyctea]. Strix aluco [Syrnium nebulosum]. Strix passerina '[Megascops asio]. Lanius canadensis [Lanius borea- lis]. Lanius tyrannus ? [Tyrannustyran- nus]. Corvus corax [Corvus americanus]. Corvus cristatus [ Cyanocitta crista- ta]. ' Oriolus icterus [Icterus galbula], Oriolus phoeniceus [Agelaius phce- niceus]. Oriolus baltimore ? [ Icterus galbu- la?]. Gracula quiscula [Quiscalus quis- cula seneus]. Cuculus americanus? [Coccyzus erythrophthalmus]. Picus pileatus [Ceophloeus pilea- tus abieticola]. Picus hirundenaceus [ ? ]. Picus erythrocephalus [Melantr- pes erythrocephalus]. Picus auratus [ Colaptes auratus luteus]. Picus carolinus [ ? ]. Picus pubescens [Dryobates pubes- cens medianus]. Picus villosus ? [Dryobates villo- sus?]. Picus maculosus [ ? ]. Sitta canadensis [Sitta canadensis]. Alcedo alcyon [Ceryle alcyon]. Certhia pinus ? [Certhia familiaris americana]. Trochilus colubris [Trochilus co- lubris]. Anas cygnus [Olor columbianus]. The SWAN is the largest of the aquatic tribe which is seen in this country. One of them has been known to weigh 36 Ib. and to be six feet in length from the bill to the feet, when stretched. Naturalists have different opinions respecting the music of the swan. The tame swan of England is said to be silent; and Dr. Goldsmith seems to think the accounts of the music of the wild swan fabulous. What is deemed fabulous in Europe, is often 28 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE realized in America. It is certain that our swan is heard to make a sound resembling that of a trumpet, both when in water and on the wing'. WHITE HEAD COOT, Anas spectabilis [Oidemia perspi- cillata]. BROWN COOT, Anas fusca [Oidemia sp. female? ]. BLACK DUCK, Anas nigra [Anas obscura? ]. WHITE GOOSE, Anas erythropus [Chen hyperbo- rea]. BLUISH GOOSE, Anas caerulescens [Chen caerules- cens]. BRANT or BRENT, Anas bernicla [Branta bernicla], WILD OR BLACK GOOSE, Anas canadensis fBranta canaden- sis]. This is the bird which Dr. HII.IV calls the Swan goose. It is a bird of passage, and gregarious; the form of the phalanx, when on the wing, is that of a wedge. By the mixture of this with the common goose, a mongrel breed is produced, which is more valuable than either of them singly. The wild goose, though it migrates from one part of the continent to the other, yet has its local attachments. One of them, which was caught in the spring, and kept in a farm yard w7ith a flock of domestic geese, when the time of its migration arrived, took the first opportuni- ty to join a flock in their passage to the southward; but at the return of spring, came back and alighted in the same yard with four young ones, which she had produced in her absence. The BRANT is rare in New-Hampshire; but in the bay of Massachusetts, is found in great abundance. SEA DUCK, Anas mollissirna [Somateria dres- seri]. DIPPER, Anas albeola [Charitonetta albeo- la]. Oi»DwnfE, Anas strepera? [Harelda hyema- lis]. QUINDAR, Anas bucephala? [Clangula clan- gula americana]. WHISTLER, Anas clangula? [Clangula clangula americana]. WIDGEON, Anas penelope? [Mareca america- na]. LORD and LADY, or 1 Anas histrionica? [Histrionicus SEA PIGEON, j histrionicus]. BLUE WINGED TEAL, Anas discors [Querquedula dis- cors]. GREEN WINGED TEAL, Anas -- [Nettion carolinensis]. GREY WOOD DUCK, Anas sponsa [Aix sponsa]. WOOD DUCK, Anas arborea [Aix sponsa]. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. CREAM COLOURED \ SHELDRAKE, j RED BELLIED SHELLDRAKE, PYED SHELLDRAKE, PENGUIN, WATER Hi;x, or WATER WITCH, PELICAN, Mergus merganser? [Merganser americanus]. Mergus serrator? [Merganser ser- rator]. Mergus castor ? [Lophodytes cucul- latus], Alca impennis [ Plautus impennis ] . Alca artica? [ Colymbus or Uria sp. ] . Pelicanus onocrotalus occidentalis [ Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ] . The Pelican migrates from its native country, the Missisippi [sic], far to the northward. It has been seen in New-Hamp- shire. The American Pelican is not a distinct species from the Pelican of Asia and Africa but, a variety only. SHAG, GANXET, LOON, WHITE GULL. GREY GULL, MACKEREL GULL, TEE-ARR, or FISHING GULL, CRANE, STORK, BLUE HERON, SKOUK, WHITE HERON, WOODCOCK, WOOD SNIPE, GREY CURLEW, LARGE SPECKLED \ CURLEW, j HUMILITY, MARSH BIRD, ROCK BIRD, OX-EYE, BEACH BIRD, BLACK BREASTED PLOVER, KILDEE, Pelecanus graculus? [Phalacroco- rax sp.]. Pelecanus cassanus? [ Sula bassana ] . Colymbus immer [Gavia imber]. Larus canus [Larus argentatus]. Larus f uscus ? [ Larus argentatus juv.]. Larus ridibundus [Sterna hirun- do?]. Sterna minuta [Sterna antilla- rum?]. Ardea canadensis [Grus mexica- na]. Ardea ciconia [Nycticorax nycti- corax nsevius]. Ardea caerulea [Ardea herodias]. Ardea virescens [Ardea virescens]. Ardea alba [Ardea egretta?]. Scolopax rustica [Philohela mi- nor]. Scolopax fedoa [Helodromas soli- tarius?]. Scolopax totanus [Numeniusbore- alis?]. Scolopax lappouica [Numenius hudsonicus]. Tringa interpres ? [ ? ]. Tringa morinella? [Tringa macu- lata?]. Tringa maculata [Actitis macula- ria]. Tringafulicaria ? [Ereunetespusil- lus?]. Tringa arenaria [ Calidris arenaria] . Charadrius hiaticula [Squatarola squatarola]. Charadrius vociferus ? vocifera]. 30 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE PYED PLOVER, Charadrius apricarius [^gialitis semipalmata?]. LARGE SPOTTED PLOVER, Charadrius maculatus [?]. PEEP, Rallus carolinus [Porzana Caro- lina?]. WII shire offers unusually diverse conditions of environment, from the sand dunes and salt marshes on the coast and the broad valley bottoms of the southern and central portions, to the con- iferous forests of the north and the small, yet not inconsiderable, Alpine areas on the summits of its highest peaks. There are represented by the fauna and flora of the State no less than five life zones, characterized by their peculiar species of animals and plants, as follows : — Upper Austral. The slight trace of an upper austral element forms no stable part of our fauna, and may be considered as in large measure fortuitous. The White-eyed Vireo ( Vireo nove- boracensis} is stated to breed rarely at Manchester, which, perhaps, might not be surprising when we recall that this is the single location in the State, according to the chart given by Hitchcock ('74). whose mean temperature during June, July and August is 70 deg. P., the temperature which practically limits the upper austral zone to the north (Merriam, '98, p. 55). This record, however, is open to some doubt. No upper austral birds are actually known to breed in New Hampshire, though several have been recorded as stragglers. Thus, on August 7, 1880, a pair of Carolina Wrens ( Thryothorus ludovicianus} was observed at Rye Beach by Mr. H..M.. Spelman, and in the Con- necticut valley, near the southwestern border, the Orchard Ori- ole (Icterus spurius) has been recorded from Brattleboro, Vt. (Howe, : 02). New Hampshire cannot be said, however, to in- clude any considerable area of upper austral territory, and the occurrence of species characteristic of this zone is limited only to such plainly isolated cases. Transition. This is an area of interdigitation and overlap- ping of the ranges of northern and southern species, and includes much of the open valley land along the courses of the larger rivers up to about the 6oo-foot level, or even locally to OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 39 i, 500 feet in favorable valleys of southern exposure. In general, it embraces the low area along the coast, a large tongue of low country following the Merrimack and its side valleys, to the sand plains of Lake Winnipesaukee and the valleys which penetrate still farther to the foot of the White Mountains. The bottom lands of the Connecticut are also to be included within the Transition area so far up at least as Lancaster, and Transition species work up the side valleys even to the north side of the White Mountains. The Androscoggin valley also brings Transition forms into the low country to the northeast of these high mountains. In the northern part of the state, the Transition area is limited rather .closely to the flood plains of the rivers and the cleared or settled portions of their banks near at hand, for the sub-Canadian woods here come down to a low altitude. From an examination of the map illustrating the climatology of the state in Hitchcock's Geology of Ne\V Hamp- shire, it is seen that this area coincides in a general way with that included by the summer isotherm of 65 deg. F. as an upper limit, thus showing close agreement with Dr. Merriam's ('98) determination that the isotherm of 64 deg. F. (summer") is the southern limit of the Canadian zone. The effect of clearing off the heavy primeval forest by man in his progress up these same valleys has doubtless been to ex- tend in great measure the Transition area. Thus, among the White Mountains, where, within historic times, stood lofty forests on the rich valley floors, are now broad meadows where Bobolinks, Vesper Sparrows, Savanna Sparrows, Red-winged Blackbirds, and less often, Meadowlarks find congenial surround- ings, and Indigo Buntings, Song Sparrows, Field Sparrows, Catbirds, Brown Thrashers, Kingbirds, Least Flycatchers, Bal- timore Orioles and even Wood Thrushes summer in the after growth of bushes, or among the open orchards and shade trees about the farms. As an instance of a species which is even now clearly to be observed thus extending its range, may be noted the Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica} . On several occasions I have found an isolated pair or two of 40 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE these birds inhabiting the new growth of bushes and vines far " in the forest, sometimes within a year or so after the clearing of a patch of heavy timber. The complete change of the cleared territory within a short time, from a dense, damp spruce forest inhabited by a northern fauna, to a dry, sunny, and sheltered area of deciduous bushes and vines, leaves it for a time almost unoccupied, but the keen competition for the available territory of support must soon force the discovery of the new region by those organisms fitted to inhabit it. Thus it is that some birds already living close at hand, such as the Canadian Ruffed Grouse, White-throated Sparrow, Slate-colored Junco, Mag- nolia and Black-throated Blue Warblers, are quick to spread into a forest clearing, while a more southern species, such as the Chestnut-sided Warbler, must take much longer to discover the spot and settle there in any numbers. Among the White Mountain valleys, we sometimes see in the same grove, this meeting of northern and southern species. Thus in the Saco valley at Intervale, in a large and rather open sugar-maple grove, I have found such species as the Screech Owl and the Wood Thrush summering with the Mourning Warbler and the Hermit Thrush. Here, evidently, is not a condition of stable equilibrium. In some years, I have missed the Mourning Warblers from the grove altogether, while again I have found three pairs in an area so small that the males of aH three might be in hearing at one time. The Wood Thrush appeared for two years (1899 and 1900), but a hasty search in early summer of the third year failed to reveal it again. Of the Transition avifauna, we may distinguish a number of birds whose breeding area lies largely to the south, but extends northward into this zone in New Hampshire. Of these birds, certain ones are more or less common throughout the area, breeding well up into the valleys of the White Mountains. Such are : — Screech Owl (Megascops asio), Whip-poor-will (An- trostomus vociferus} , Nighthawk (Chordciles virginianus) , King- bird (Tyrannus tyrannus), Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus cri- nitus), Phoebe {Sayornis phcebe), L,east Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus}, Red- winged Blackbird {Agelaius phceniceus}, Balti- OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 41 more Oriole (Icterus galbula) , Vesper Sparrow (Pocecetes gram- ineus) , Chipping Sparrow (Spizella socialis} , Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla}, Indigo Bunting (Cyanospiza cyanea), Scarlet Tanager (Piranga ervthromelas} , Loggerhead (or Migrant) Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus} , Pine Warbler (Dendroica vigor- sii}, Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis} , Brown Thrasher (Tox- ostoma rufum), House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) , White-breast- ed Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) , and Bluebird (Sialia sialis). Others of these southern birds barely reach the valleys of the low- er part of the state, or follow them up for only a short distance. Thus the Green Heron (Ardea virescens} follows the streams and lakes of central New Hampshire as far as Winnipesaukee, and a few occur in the lake basin beyond to Ossipee, but from the Transition valleys of the White Mountains it is absent. The range of the White Oak (Quercus alba} in New Hamp- shire nearly coincides with that of this heron. t The tree is one of the more southern varieties and its distribution in the state has been mapped in a general way by W. F. Flint in Hitch- cock's Report. It is not uncommon as far north as Holderness and Ossipee, and in the Connecticut valley slightly farther north at Hanover. 'Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo /era} in former times, and Bob-whites (Colimis virginianus} appear normally to find their breeding range to the south of Lake Winnipesaukee. The Yellow-throated Vireo ( Vireo flavifrons} is another bird of this class. It becomes rare in the upper Merrimack valley, and in the central part of the state is not yet known to occur north of the Lake. The single bird observed by Mr. Bradford Torrey at Franconia is evidently a straggler. So, too, of the Grasshopper Sparrow (AmmJdramus savanna- rum passerinns}, Bartramian Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) and Cowbird (Molothrus ater}, few seem ever to pass regularly north of Lake Winnipesaukee in the central and eastern parts of the state, although the broad Connecticut valley, in the west, carries several of these species farther northward than the}* oc- cur in the eastern regions. Thus the Cowbird is common in this valley at least as far up as Lancaster, though practically absent in summer from the entire White Mountain region. 42 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE The Bronzed Grackle is also of regular occurrence well up the Connecticut and even about Lake Umbagog, yet I have no knowledge of it in central New Hampshire north of Winnipe- saukee. The Yellow Warbler (Dendroica tzstiva} is also to be added to this category of birds absent from the Transition valleys of the White Mountain area but common in southern New Hampshire and far up the Connecticut valley. The Golden-winged Warbler (Helminthophila chrysoptera} and the Prairie Warbler {Dendroica discolor} may be mentioned as two Transition species whose breeding range barely extends to the southern borders of the state in the Merrimack valley. Of the occurrence of southern plants in the Transition zone of New Hampshire, it may be noted that the Chestnut (Casta- nea) and the Hickory (Carya) occur nearly as far up the valleys as does the White Oak ; the Red Oak, however, ranges yet farther, entering the sub-Canadian zone. The Mountain Laurel {Kalmia latifolia) also occurs locally as far north as Conway. In his chapter on the Physical History of New Hampshire, Professor Hitchcock adduces evidence indicating that subsequent to the glacial epoch, and probably within the human period, there was an era when fhe climate of New Hampshire was milder than it now is. In support of this con- clusion, is mentioned, among other things, the occurrence of a few southern plants in isolated spots far from their present range of abundance. Thus the Rhododendron maximum is reported from Fitzwilliam, Grantham, Hooksett, Hopkinton, Manchester, and Richmond, and its presence at these places in isolated swamps is taken as indicative of its former abundance in inter- mediate localities.* At Manchester, also, there occur with the Rhododendron, a few Tupelo trees (Nyssa sylvatica) and from Winchester, in the extreme southwest cornel of the state, the Climbing Fern (Lygodium palmatum), a southern species, has been recently recorded (Rhodora, 1902, p. 83). An interesting bird, which seems to have become adapted to the small and scattered cold-water swamps of the Transition zone grown up to sedges, and coarse grass, steeple bushes or hellebore, is the Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 43 which may perhaps be considered as peculiar to the Transition area as any of our birds. It occurs locally in several places in the central part of the State and I found a single pair even so far up as Wonalancet, near the foot of Mt. Passaconaway in a corner of a broad meadow which was grown up to sedges, grass, and white hellebore with a sparse covering of wet Sphag- num moss. Of other animals ranging northward into the Transition area of New Hampshire, may be mentioned, among mammals, the southern Flying Squirrel (Sciuropterus volucella) which occurs at least as far as Lake Winnipesaukee, the northeastern Gray Squirrel (Scmrtts caroli?iensis leucotis} which even among the White Mountains, inhabits the beech woods at the lower alti- tudes, and the eastern Cottontail Rabbit {Lepus floridanus transitionalrs) which is reported from as far as Webster, where it appears to have come in within recent years. Among reptiles, the Box Tortoise (Cistudo Carolina} has been reported from Pelham and from Lee in the southeastern corner of the state by Mr. W. H. Huse (: 01). The same author finds the Yellow- spotted Tortoise (Chelopus guttatus) common about Manches- ter in the Merrimack valley, but I do not know of its occurrence north of Lake Winnipesaukee, and among the White Mountain valleys, the Painted Tortoise {Chrysemys picta) .is the only spe- cies I have ever seen. The Ribbon Snake ( Thamnophis saurita) follows the valley bottoms at least as far up as Intervale, where I have not infrequently found it. A number of more northern species may also be enumerated as finding their southern breeding limit within the Transition zone. Such are the following among the birds: Loon (Gavza imber), Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobatcs villosus), Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopiis borealis), Purple Finch ( Carpodacus pui - pureus), Savanna Sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis savan- na), Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana)t , Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius) , Nashville Warbler (Helminthophila rubricapilla) , Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virenf), Chickadee (Parus atricapillus} , and Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata pallasii) . 44 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE It is clear that a ''line" cannot be sharply drawn between the Transition zone and the Canadian zone directly above it as some have attempted to do, but the boundaries of the two over- lap and interdigitate in a most intricate manner and much yet remains to be done towards the determination in a precise way of the details of distribution of the two areas in New Hamp- shire. Canadian. This faunal area is very well marked and em- braces much of the forested area of the state. Two divisions may be distinguished, the sub-Canadian and the upper Canadian. The sub-Canadian includes the white pine woods, the mixed hemlock, beech, birch and maple forests and occasional red spruce thickets of the lower half of the state from nearly the 600 foot level up to about 3,000 feet- among the White Moun- tains, varying more or less according to slope exposure or local condition. These woods, though in the main rather dry, are nevertheless well watered by the many little mountain brooks, which by their coldness, often carry down along their courses tongues of the damp, richer upper Canadian vegetation. Among the White Mountains, these lower woods are for the most part mixed beech, hemlock, canoe and yellow birch, poplar, together with more or less red spruce. The forest floor is damp, with an undergrowth of mountain and striped maple, cornels, and hobble bushes, especially along the little streams, and here breed Black-throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica cczrulescens) , Magnolia Warblers {Dendroica maculosa}, Water-Thrushes (Seimus noveboracensis} , Mourning Warblers ( GeotJilypis Phil- adelphia), Canadian Warblers (Wilsonia canadensis}, Winter Wrens (Olbiorckihis kiemalis), Golden-crowned Kinglets (Reg- ,ulus satrapd) and Olive-backed Thrushes (Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii}, while among the forest trees close at hand live Hairy Woodpeckers (Dryobates villosus), Yellow-bellied Sap- suckers (SphyrapicJis varius} , Northern Pileated Woodpeckers {Ceophlceus pileatus abieticola}, Olive-sided Flycatchers (Conto- pus borealis) , Blue-headed Vireos ( Vireo solitarius) , Blackbur- nian Warblers {Dendroica blackbumi&), American Brown Creepers (Certkia familiaris americana), and Red-breasted OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 45 Nuthatches (Sitta canadensis). At the lower elevations, groves of White Ppine occur, usually below 800 feet, though scattering trees are to be found, often of great size, up to 2,500 feet or slightly less. These pine groves are carpeted with needles, which make a dry and often rather barren floor. Here we find such sub-Canadian species as Slate-colored Juncos (Junco kyemalis), Myrtle Warblers (Dendroica coronata), Black- burnian Warblers (Dendtoica blackburnice) and Hermit Thrush- es (Hylocichla guttata pallasii) . A number of these sub-Cana- dian species are rather sharply limited in their breeding range by the upper Canadian zone/ and occur only rarely on its lower edge. Such are the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Blue-headed Vireo, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Magnolia Warbler. Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackburnian War- bler, and Oven-bird. In a general way, the 3,000 foot contour marks the lower edge ol the upper Canadian zone on the higher mountains where the slope exposure is to the south. On northern, shaded slopes, this limit is some 500 to 1,000 feet lower, and on both north and south slopes the cold mountain streams serve to carry down with them strips of the upper Canadian as narrow tongues into the lower woods.* In a region still covered by primeval forest, the upper Canadian area is no- ticeably lower on the mountains than on territory which has once been stripped of its heavy growth. Thus in the undefiled forests of the upper Pemigewasset, Canadian Spruce Grouse (Canachites canadensis canace) occur along the stream at least down to 2,000 feet, though on the mountains which have been burned or lumbered, only deciduous or mixed growTth is found at this level, quite unsuitable for high northern species. An interesting observation I have several times made among the damper, higher woods of the sub-Canadian area on the White Mountains, is that the Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium acaule) growing from 1,800 to 2,500 feet or so, is prevailingly white in- stead of pink. In late June, 1900, almost three fourths of the numerous blossoms seen on the Carter Notch and Nineteen-mile Brook trails, were snow white or barely flushed with pink above i, 800 feet, and again in mid-June, 1902, along the same trail. 46 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE sixteen out of seventeen blossoms seen, were white. Possibly the increasing dampness of the ground and the air at these higher levels may be a factor in bringing about this change. Above 3,000 feet the plant does not occur. Unfortunately no record of temperatures for these Canadian woods is at present available for use here, but Dr. Merriam gives the limiting tem- peratures (summer) as about 57 deg. to 64 deg. F. The upper Canadian area includes the thick fir and spruce forests in the northern part of the state and on the White Mountains from 3,000 to 4,500 feet. Extended observations on the temperature and humidity of this area are not at hand, but among the White Mountains it is a zone of much greater cold than the sub-Canadian. The forests are dense and are kept saturated in summer by the clouds which constantly settle over them ; the ground is densely carpeted with sphagnum which acts as a huge sponge to retain water from the slowly melting snow drifts. Ice is often found under sheltered rocks into July, and even by the middle of June snow drifts are hardly gone in the woods. While on a few days' camping trip into the Carter Mountains, June 13 to 16, we found that the yellow pond lilies (Nymph&a variegata} in the Carter Lake at 3,360 feet, had not yet pushed their leaves to the surface of the water, though in the Transition valleys we had seen many plants in blossom along the way. Here the canoe birches were just leafing out, 'five weeks later than those in the valley below ; here and there were violets ( Viola blanda}, and White Hellebore and ferns were just springing up from places where the snow was scarcely gone. Clintonias were only in bud, though 2,000 feet below in the sub- Canadian woods they were in full bloom. In the little lake numerous toads {Bufo americanus}\vere beginning to spawn. They are common throughout these mountain woods to the limit of timber, and numbers had repaired to this lakelet to breed. Some had not yet begun to spawn, though others had already laid considerable masses of eggs. In eastern Massa- chusetts, the toads .spawn about the 2Oth of April and the young tadpoles are seen by the middle, of May, or even by the first of that month. On a former occasion, I had found great OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 47 numbers of small tadpoles in Carter Lake by the 22d of July. The following sixteen breeding birds are characteristic of this up- per Canadian zone in New Hampshire : Canadian Spruce Grouse Canachites canadensis canace}, American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus} , Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides arcti- cus}, American Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides americanus}, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris} , Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis}, Rusty Blackbird (Scolecophagus carolinus}, Canadian Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enuclcator leu- cura}, White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera}, Pine Siskin ( Spinns pinus} , Tennessee Warbler (Hehninthophilaperegrina} , Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina}, Black-poll Warbler (Dendroica striata}, Wilson's Warbler ( Wilsoniapusilla ) , Hud- sonian Chickadee (Pants hndsonicus} , and Bicknell's Thrush HylocicJila alicice bicknelli}. Of mammals characteristic of this area are the Rock Vole (Microtus ckrotorrkinus) , (?), Canada White-footed Mouse (Pe- romyscus canadensis ) , Woodland Jumping Mouse (Napceozapns insignis}, Canadian Red Squirrel ( Sciiirns Jiudsonicns gymni- ctis), Smoky Shrew {Sore* fumeus) ^ Water Shrew (Sorex albi- barbis], Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis}, Sable (Mnstela amer- icana}, Pennant's Marten (Mustela pcnna nti). In addition to the species more or less strictly confined to each of these two subdivisions of the Canadian zone, may be mentioned a few which are common to the area as a whole. Such are Saw- whet Owl (Nyctala acadica), Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosiis}, White-throated Sparrow (ZonotricJiia albi- collis}, Slate-colored Junco ( Jnnco hycmalis}, Nashville War- bler (Helminthophila nibricapilla} , Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica corona to], Winter Wren (Olbiorchihis hiemalis} , Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis}, Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa}, and Olive-backed Thrush (Hylocichla nstnlata swain- sonii} • also the following mammals: Northern Virginia Deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis}, Canada Porcupine (EritJiizon dorsatnm}, Eastern Varying Hare (Lepus americanus virginia- nus}, Mink (Pntorius vison}, Black' Bear (Ursus americanus}, Masked SHrew (Sorex personatns}. 48 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE In passing, a word may be added with regard to the change wrought among these rich mountain woods, by fire. Mary of the lower peaks and ranges, such as Kearsarge, the Moats, the Rattlesnake range, and others, have been more or less complete- ly burned over by forest fires during the last century. Fires once started in these old forests are not readily stamped out, a damp substratum offering but little hindrance to their progress. The trees are usually killed by the heat and partially charred, but most of them remain standing and soon become withered and exceedingly hard and dry. The soil beneath is quite de- nuded of covering, and along the ridges it soon washes away, leaving bare rocks and ledges. It is long before such an area is again clothed with verdure. Small blueberry bushes are among the first plants to spring up, and sparse grass and fire- weed (Kpilobium) follow. Eventually the old fire-killed timber falls from the washing away of the soil and decaying of the roots, and a new growth of birch and poplar slowly takes its place. These trees, well adapted to a thin soil, serve to keep the sub- Stratum from washing completely away, and in time a new for- est is formed, though different from the original one, while the many exposed ledges and bare, rounded ridges testify to the ex- treme difficulty of creating a new soil in place of that worn away by the exposure. Hudsonian. This life zone is not well defined in New Hamp- shire. In the extreme northern part of the state, it is possible that well marked tongues or islands of this a»rea occur, as at the Connecticut L,akes, where Woodland Caribou (Rangifer cari boil) occur about the cold bogs, and Pine Grosbeaks summer in numbers. On the White Mountains the Hudsonian zone may be considered as including the belt of stunted fir balsam and spruce from about 4, 500 feet up to 5,000 feet on southern slopes, the lower limit dipping to perhaps 4,000 feet on some northern exposures. This is the " scrub " of the mountaineer, and forms an exceedingly dense and stubborn, barrier to him who tries to force a passage through. Its avifauna is not characterized by the presence of any strictly Hudsonian species, so far as pres- ent observations go, a fact which is doubtless due to its limited OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 49 extent. The few species of birds found in it are those common to both the upper Canadian and the Hudsonian zone. Doubt- less the upper Canadian species readily spread into it from be- low and true Hudsonian species, if not crowded out, would at least find its area too limited for regular occupation. The fol- lowing birds are found to occupy this area regularly, and doubt- less breed in it : Canadian Spruce Grouse {Canachitcs canaden- sis canace), White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis}, Slate-colored Junco ( Tunco hy emails) , Myrtle Warbler (Dendroi- ca coronata), Black-poll Warbler (Dendroica striata}, Hudson- ian Chickadee (Pants hudsonicus) , and BicknelPs Thrush (Hy- locicJila alicice bicknelli). A few other species wander up to this height more or less frequent!)7, but probably do not breed above the upper Canadian ; such are Canadian Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbcllus togata} , White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera), Nashville Warbler (HelmintJiopJiila rubricapilla} and Golden- crowned Kinglet (^Regnlus satrapa). Mr. Samuel H. Scudder, in his report on the Distribution of Insects in New Hampshire (Hitchcock, '74), refers to this zone under the name of " sub- Alpine." He finds that certain insects whose habits render them more or less local, are quite character- istic of this division, and gives, as two species which seem pecu- liar to this region in New Hampshire, a butterfly (BrcntJiis montinus) and a grasshopper (Podisma glacialis). Arctic- Alpine. This is the treeless, "barren ground " area, limited in New Hampshire to the summits of certain of the highest mountains. In general, it includes the peaks of the Presidential range above the level of 5,000 feet, having thus a vertical extent of about 1,000 feet to the top of Mt. Washington ;6,29i feet). Much of it is a region of boulder-strewn slopes, though the more level parts, or "lawns," support a matted turf of wiry sedges, together with a number of alpine flowering plants. Though a small area, comparatively speaking, it is, nevertheless, doubly interesting because of its peculiar charac- ter and the rigorous conditions of environment which it affords. From the observations made at the summit station on Mt. Washington by officials of the U. S. Weather Bureau, a great 5O PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE amount of valuable data has been obtained. In the chapter on Climatology in Hitchcock's Geology of- New Hampshire ('74), it appears that for the years 1853-59, the mean annual tempera- ture at the summit was 28 deg. F. The mean temperature for the months of October to March, which there are practically winter, was 12.4 deg. F., that for the months of April to Sep- tember being 39. 7 deg. F. The months of June, July and Au- gust, which may be taken as the breeding period for birds at this height, averaged for the six years, 44.5 deg., 47.9 deg., 50.7 deg. F. respectively. These are the three hottest months of the year at the summit, so that the mean temperature for this period is 47.3 deg. F., with 50.7 deg. F. for the hottest single month. This corresponds closely with Dr. Merriam's statement ('98, p. 54) that the limiting temperature for the lower bounda- ry of the Arctic zone is probably 50 deg. F. for the six hottest consecutive weeks of summer. The local conditions of this mountain summit, however, are doubtless somewhat different from those of the circumpolar arctic region. The report on the Climatology of the state previously referred to, includes an interesting account of certain phenomena of the rigorous win- ters at the summit of Mt. Washington, describing among others, the remarkable frost feathers which build out into the wind from any stationary object. In summer, cumulus clouds from the heated valleys below often rise so as to envelop the moun- tain top, or more often Mt. Washington's head alone is shrouded by a stationary cloud. It is stated that at times, the whole country westward is covered with clouds, but that when they have passed the ridge running directly south from Mt. Washington, they are instantly dissolved, never passing beyond a certain point, though moving at the rate of from fifty to sixty miles an hour. The wind at this altitude is frequently terrific. During periods of storm, the wind at the summit is said to in- crease steadily in velocity till it reaches its culmination, then come lulls, at first only for an instant, and these continually lengthen until the storm ceases. A wind velocity of 140 miles an- hour has been measured, and during one night, the mean of four observations is given as 128 miles. • Moreover, it is found OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 51 that often a gale is blowing at the summit, while below7, the air is quite still. Thus at one observation, a wind of 96 miles an hour was blowing at the summit of Washington, while 3,000 feet below, at the depot of the Mt. Washington Railroad, there was not sufficient air stirring to move the anemometer. The winds of extreme velocity, however, are usually limited to the winter sea- son or to periods of storm in summer. The prevailing winds for the entire year are west and northwest, a fact which may have some bearing on the occurrence at these summits of cer- tain wind-blown insects, for a large number of species straggle up from the surrounding country. Mrs. A. T. Slosson has col- lected considerably over a thousand species here during a peri- od of years, and has not infrequently obtained forms belonging to distant parts of the country. The tendency of insects to work their way up a mountain is well known. The air currents con- stantly rise up the mountain sides, for which reason the woods- man faces his camp up hill to avoid the smoke of his camp fire.. Aided by these currents, multitudes of small insects may some- times be seen streaming up from below, and converging at the summits in great numbers. Thus, on one occasion, while on the crest of the Carter range in mid- June, I have seen the fly- ing Aphides coming up from the forest-clad country below in countless numbers, wafted by the gentle upward current of air. Observations of rainfall for a single year on Mt. Washington's summit gave 55 inches, of which 47 inches were in summer and autumn. Other local conditions of this small area incident on altitude and latitude make it a most interesting spot for careful cecological study. The bird fauna of this arctic alpine region is small, and in- cludes no species typical of the zone. The White-throated Sparrow (ZonotricJiia albicollis} and the Slate-colored Junco (Junco hy emails} are the only two birds which breed here reg- ularly, and the former occurs only in a few sheltered places on the lower edge of the zone, as at the Lakes of the Clouds. The Junco is the only bird one may feel confident of finding even to the summit of Washington in summer. A number of lowland species wander up to these altitudes irregularly, however, dur- 52 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE ing the summer or on migrations. Thus Goldfinches and Pine Siskins are often seen flying over, and small hawks, Red-breast- ed Nuthatches and Robins sometimes alight in passing. On one occasion, in mid-July, I even observed on two consecutive days, a Savanna Sparrow (Ammodramtis sandwichensis savanna} singing from a stone among the sedges, only a short distance from the summit buildings. The bird seemed perfectly at home here, and was probably breeding. Of mammals, several species occur on these arctic summits, but these are chiefly Canadian forms. The Varying Hares (Lepus americanus virginianus) seem even to visit the tip-top buildings on Mt. Washington, and Mr. Thaddeus Lowe, of Randolph, tells me of seeing their tracks in the snow about these structures in the late spring. Striped Squirrels ( Tamias striatus lysteri), Red-backed Mice (Evotomys gapperi ochtaceus) and even an occasional Canada Porcupine (Eritkizon dorsatum} or Woodchuck (Atctomys monax) have been known to wander up from below, and the last is sometimes seen in Tuckerman's Ravine, at over 4,000 feet on Mt. Washington. The Little Brown Weasels (Putorius cicognani) and Sables {Mustela americana) are great travelers and go all over these high lev- els, even traversing the ranges from one forest to another, as I am informed by Mr. V. D. Lowe. For characteristic arctic animals of this region, we must look to the insects, of which a number of high northern .species are known to occur. The most conspicuous of these, at its season, is doubtless the Barren-ground Butterfly (Ckionobas semidea) , which is very closely confined to this treeless alpine area. Its caterpillar feeds on the Carex rigida bigelovii which grows abundantly at these heights. Of typical arctic plants may be mentioned in addition to two or three carices and dwarf willows, the Diapcnsia lapponica, al- pine azalea (Loiseleuria procumbens}, Rhododendron lapponicum, Cassiope hypnoides, all blossoming in June ; also the handsome Peck's Geum (Geum radiatum peckii} , found plentifully in July, and the Greenland Sandwort (Arenaria grcznlandica} . A num- ber of other flowering plants occur on these summits, of which OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 53 nearly fifty are stated to be strictly alpine, and many of these are found also on alpine summits in Europe. Extended lists of the plants occurring in the arctic-alpine zone of the m White Mountains are to be found as indicated by the following refer- ences : — 1874. Hitchcock's Geology of New Hampshire, vol. i, p. 392, 394, 568, 572. 1895. Miller, G. S. Proc. Boston Society of Natural His- tory, vol. 26, p. 178-179. 1900. Among the Clouds, vol. 24, no. 13, p. 3. Summary. From the foregoing it is seen that the principal faunal areas of New Hampshire are the Transition and the Can- adian, the former including most of the valley land of the south- ern part of the state up to about 600 feet, as well as long tongues of country in the Connecticut and the White Mountain valleys ; the Canadian comprising much of the wooded area of the state from about 600 feet up to about 4, 500 feet on the mountains. A mere trace of an Upper Austral fauna is sometimes observed in the lower valleys, and on the coast at our southeast border, but forms no stable element of the fauna. The Hudsonian zone is limited to a narrow belt of stunted fir and spruce growth on the White Mountains from about 4,500 feet to 5,000 feet, and may also include a few small areas in the extreme northern part of the state. Its avifauna, so far as known, consists only of such species as are common also to the upper Canadian zone. Final- ly on the extreme summits of the higher White Mountains, above 5,000 feet, is a " barren ground " arctic-alpine zone, pos- sessing no large characteristic animals, but yet supporting a number of small arctic plants as well as high northern insects. 54 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE MIGRATION. Certain phases of bird migration in New Hampshire are per- haps of sufficient interest to warrant a few remarks in addition to the notes given under the several species in the following list. The coastwise migration of many of the smaller land birds is worthy of much further study. Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70, p. 581, et seq.) has given a short account, written in her charming way, of the land birds occurring during the migrations, at the Isles of Shoals. Here, at some six or seven miles off the coast of Rye, she writes that about the 2yth of March " the islands are alive with song sparrows Robins and blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus'} appear with the sparrows ; a few black- birds build and remain ; the robins, finding no trees, flit across to the mainland. Yellow-birds \Dendroica cestiva\ and king- birds occasionally build here, but very rarely By the 23rd of April come the first swallows, and flocks of mar- tins \_Progne subis~\ , golden- winged and downy woodpeckers, the tiny ruby-crowned wren \_Regnlus calendula}, and troops of many other kinds of birds ; kingfishers that perch on stranded kellocks, little nuthatches that peck among the shingles for hid- den spiders All these tarry only awhile in their passage to the mainland Now and then a bobolink pays us a fly- ing visit, and, tilting on a blackberry spray, pours out his in- toxicating song ; some morning is heard the fairy bugling of an oriole ; a scarlet tanager honors the place with half a day's sojourn." These migrants may very likely be. cutting across the curve of the coast to strike the Maine shores farther north, and in fall there seems to be a somewhat similar movement in OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 55 the reverse direction. Mr. A. A. Eaton, of Seabrook, writes me that one day in October, a few years since, as he lay off shore in a boat, great numbers of small birds, mostly Myrtle Warblers, were noted coming in from the northeast, as if cross- ing from the Maine coast, and the beach itself was swarming with them. This day was clear, but a storm arose during the following night. Capt. H. L. Spinney ('98) in an interesting account of the migrations at Seguin Island, off the mouth of the Kennebec River, Maine, states his belief that many of these small birds are actually blown out to sea, and struggle back to land as opportunity allows. He says, " I have been out many mornings in a boat some half a mile or more from the island, waiting for the ducks to come to my decoys, when the day be- fore and during the night the wind had blown very strong from the north or northwest, and about sunrise the small birds would begin to fly in from sea in numbers, from one to three or four in sight at one time. This they would continue to do until noon. Many of them would be seen to drop in the water so exhausted that even when within a few yards of the island they would have to succumb ; others would just reach the shore at the edge of the water Although I have seen many of them drop in the water, I have seen but one rise out of it. This was a sparrow, which, rising three times in succession, finally reached the island." At the Isles of Shoals, Mrs.' Thaxter observes that "the lighthouse ...... is the destroyer of birds The keeper living at the island three years ago told me that he picked up three hundred .and seventy-five in one morning at the foot of the lighthouse, all dead. They fly with such force against the glass that their beaks are often splintered. The keeper said he found the destruction greatest in hazy weather and he thought ' they struck a ray at a great distance and followed it up.' Many a May morning have I wrandered about the rock at the foot of the tower, mourning over a little apron brimful of sparrows, swallows, thrushes, robins, fire- winged blackbirds, many-colored warblers and flycatchers, beautifully 5 56 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE clothed yellow birds, nuthatches, catbirds, even the purple finch and scarlet tanager and golden [Baltimore] oriole and many more beside." Captain Spinney finds "warm, cloudy nights, very dark with little wind if any ' ' the most favorable for a large flight of birds at his lighthouse, or when the atmosphere has be- come smoky from forest fires and there is a clear night with light southwest wind ; but ' ' should rain or strong winds come suddenly, all but a few individuals will leave at once, or settle down on the ground." In foggy weather, he has rarely noted birds about the light. Away from the coast, the main routes of migration are natur- ally the north and south trending valleys. One has only to spend a few weeks of late August and early September in a lo- cality not in such a valley to realize how few birds are moving through his territory in comparison with the hosts along the large rivers. In the White Mountain valleys most of the small birds, as warblers, kinglets, vireos and sparrows of various spe- cies, sooner or later collect in the valley bottoms ; the robins and cedar birds gather in large numbers about the wild cherry trees by the river, and the bobolinks swarm over the weed- grown fields. The main flight of swallows and nighthawks is confined in great measure to the river basins, notwithstanding the far roving habits of the birds, and apart from such localities one sees but few of the migrants. A number of waterfowl seem to pass down the Connecticut valley with more or less regulari- ty, even such salt-water species as Scoters of three sorts, Old- squaw and American Golden-eye Ducks, Red-throated Loons, Horned Grebes, and even an occasional cormorant (P. dilo- phus). Bonaparte's Gulls often stray across the state in late summer, and several species of sandpipers, as the Least and Semipalmated, migrate in numbers down the larger water courses. Mr. William Brewster (102) states his belief that many of the Red-legged Black Ducks, such as occur in early October at Lake Umbagog, after leaving their breeding grounds in the interior about Hudson's Bay, strike for the Atlantic coast by the shortest possible route, thus crossing northern New ling- land in their passage. It would seem not improbable that other OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 57 waterfowl and shore birds pursue a somewhat similar course, and on reaching our large lakes and rivers often stop to feed or rest. A number of special cases might be mentioned as of interest. Thus, as stated elsewhere, there seems to be a more or less well defined migration of Brunnich's Murres across the lower part of the state in late fall, many birds seeming to make a cross cut from the Maine coast to the Connecticut valley. Certain north- ern warblers, as the Tennessee, Cape May, Bay-breasted and Mourning Warblers, seem to pass over the southern part of the state in their spring flight, and are rarely seen there though common in the White Mountains or to the north of them in summer. The fall migration of the Black-poll Warblers (Den- droica striata} is of more than usual interest as observed among the White Mountains. These birds breed commonly in the balsam forests of the upper Canadian zone mainly above 3,000 feet on southern exposures, and down to 2,000 feet on the north- ern slopes. During September they swarm, in migration, over the low country of the southern part of the state and beyond, but in the valley bottoms among the mountains are usually un- common, if not rather rare. Here they migrate mainly at the upper levels and along the mountain tops. Thus at Intervale, a careful search in the lower valleys and woods from the Saco up to some 1,500 feet on the neighboring mountains will fre- quently fail to discover more than a scattered individual or two among the flocks of other small warblors and chickadees, but higher up along the tops of the lower mountains they are fair- ly common. Thus, on September 10, 1900, I went up Mts. Bartlett and Kearsarge (northern), the latter 3,260 feet, and on •reaching the more open ledges of the former, at about 2,200 feet, at once noticed the numbers of Blackpolls that were passing. Many single birds flew by overhead at short intervals and at no great distance above the mountain; most of them were going northward in the face of a light wind, but a number stopped among the clumps of small spruces, balsams and birch which grew among the'ledges. A few also were seen in company with small flocks of chickadees and on all sides was heard their fine 58 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER 'INSTITUTE insect-like note. On my descent again into the valley, they were practically left behind after I had passed below the 2,000 foot level. A few days later, on September i3th, among the deeper forests of the Carter mountains, they were found to be common in small flocks. "We had noticed a few scattered indi- viduals along the valley road, but on entering the upland woods at about 2,000 feet, they became at once numerous. The fol- lowing day we found them in numbers among the higher forests on Carter Dome and the mountains beyond. They seemed to be merely roving through the trees in loose flocks, or flying about from one place to another in a restless, aimless way. We camped that evening at the Carter L,akes, and arose early on the morning of the i5th of September after a clear, cold night. The altitude at the lakes is 3,360 feet, and on either side tower the walls of the Carter Notch, a great rift in the mountain with a valley opening out towards the north and another to the south. Shortly after the sun had begun to creep down the farther wall of the Notch, there commenced a large flight of Black-poll and Myrtle Warblers. By singles, pairs, threes, or in small flocks of from four to six birds, these warblers came flying in from the south, high in the air, making straight for the Notch. Many, on reaching this point, kept on over the divide to the north- ward. Others wavered at the height of land (3,460 feet) but still kept on till out of sight, while yet others, and these mainly the Myrtle Warblers, turned to alight among the trees on the mountain side, or about the lakes. This flight contin- ued from 4 130 or 5 o'clock a. m., for over two hours, during which time several hundred birds passed, by actual count. Of these, about one quarter were Myrtle Warblers, the rest Black- polls. By 9 a. m., only an occasional bird or two was observed, and the flight was practically over. It seemed as if the Black- poll Warblers from all the forests immediately to the south were moving north in a concerted manner to the pass through the Notch and off beyond. Possibly they were heading for the Am- monoosuc Valley to continue thence down the Connecticut ; this would be a natural course, and one cannot suppose that their northward flight at this season could have been -more than some such local movement. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 59 The periodical abundance of certain northern birds, such as Pine Grosbeaks, Redpolls, Pine Siskins, and Crossbills, is a phenomenon of no small interest. Such incursions we look upon as irregular and of haphazard occurrence, for no other rea- son, perhaps, than because we are quite ignorant of the condi- tions which bring them about. During the fall and winter of 1899-1900 a notable incursion of Red and of White- winged Crossbills took place not only over New Hampshire, but over most of New England, and the coast regions farther south. The Red Crossbills appeared first, and were already quite com- mon among the hills of New Hampshire during June and July, 1899. During the two months following they passed through Massachusetts and made their way to Washington and even to Virginia. The White-wings followed closely in their wake and during the last of October were common in eastern Massachu- setts, passing through during November and December to the states farther south, reaching New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio. It may be of value 'to place on record a few facts relative to this flight as observed among the White Mountains during the summer of 1899. On June 18, 1899, when I reached Inter- vale, in the Saco Valley, the Red Crossbills were at once no- ticed as abundant. Usually they are present here in small numbers during summer, but on this occasion their numbers were abnormally large. During the remainder of June and ear- ly July, flocks of from seven to twenty were often observed, us- ually flying southward down the river valley in loose order. After the first week or so of July, although they were still pres- sent in about the same numbers, no large flocks were noticed, but at the most little companies of from four to six birds, groups of three, and many pairs and singles. In most cases which could be determined, the paired birds seemed to be adult males and females ; the former were in bright red plumage and fre- quently were observed singing as they flew about on fluttering wing or perched among the tree tops. They seemed to feed to a considerable extent on the seeds of the paper birch, and many were also found feeding among elm trees or upon hemlock seeds in the hemlocks. On two trips into the nearby mountains from 60 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE July 20 to 25, it was plain that most of the Red Crossbills were in the valleys, below 1,500 or 2,000 feet. In course of a trip from Intervale over the Presidential Range from August 2 to 5, the same fact was again observed, that practically all the Red Crossbills were left below us when the woods at 2,000 feet were reached, though numerous pairs and a few single birds were found along the Glen road nearly to this altitude. At about this same time, Red Crossbills were common in the low- lands just north of the great range, which they must have passed by following through the various notches and valleys. The first White-winged Crossbills were noted on the 2oth of July, when a small flock of six birds was found feeding among the spruces at some 2, 400 feet on Mt. Bartlett, and on the following day sev- eral were heard as they flew past overhead while we were going through mixed woods at over 2,000 feet on the Carter Notch trail. A single bird was seen on July 22d at Carter Notch (3,360 feet), but there seemed to be only a few scattering birds on the upper levels at this date. Ab*out the middle of August the number of Red Crossbills seemed to be falling off in the val- leys, and at the same time small flocks began to gather in the lower woods to feed on the ripening seeds of the red spruce and hemlock. This gathering into flocks continued during August, and by the first of September numbers of small bands of from 3 to a dozen birds were found, with sometimes a White-w7inged Crossbill or two among them. One or two small flocks of the latter had already appeared in the valley also. From Septem- ber 4 to 6 was again spent in the higher woods of the Carter mountains, the greatest elevation being the summit of Carter Dome (4,860 feet). Throughout the lower country, a fair num- ber of Red Crossbills was seen on our trip in, but after getting above 2,000 feet or so. White-winged Crossbills became com- mon in flocks of from seven to fifty birds, to the complete exclu- sion of the Red species. It will be remembered that on the pre- vious trips to these upper levels in late July and early August, only a very few White- wings were seen, while now they were abundant. They were extremely restless, and flocks were con- stantly in sight or hearing, now pitching down into a spruce or OP ARTS AND SCIENCES. 6 1 birch tree to feed on the seeds, then whirling away over the mountain. From early September on, the White- wings were present in the river valley in small numbers, but not in the abundance seen on the higher parts of the mountains, above 2,500 feet. During the rest of September, both Red and White- winged species were daily seen flying southward down the river valley, but after the 2oth I was unable to make further observa- tions on them there. The cause of such an unusual incursion is doubtless more or less complex. One factor may be the food supply, of which there was that year an abundance, since spruce, hemlock and birch trees bore heavily, and apparently with unusual luxuriance. The exceedingly dry spring and summer may have had an indirect influence in producing the large crops of seeds in the case of these trees, for the pollen would have escaped being wetted down, and thus a greater num- ber of the fruiting parts may have been fertilized. 62 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE ANNOTATED LIST OF THE BIRDS OF NEW HAMP- SHIRE. 1. Colymbus holboellii (Reinh.). HOI/BCBI,I/S GREBE. Inland, a rare spring and fall migrant ; on the coast, it doubt- less occurs also as an uncommon winter resident. In the spring of 1876, several were taken at Webster, and one so late as June, of that year (Goodhue, 'yya, p. 146). Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 3) records one in breeding plumage taken at Alton where it was picked up in a field exhausted ; and another shot in the fall at Lake Winnisquam. 2. Colymbus auritus Linn. HORNED GREBE. A regular autumnal migrant to the larger water courses and ponds. Dates : October to November 20 (Winter on coast?). .3. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.). PIED-BILLED GREBE. An uncommon spring and fall migrant, and a rare local sum- mer resident. At Webster, Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77, p. 146) used to find it in summer and it doubtless still occurs in the breeding season on some of the lakes in the southern part of the state. In the fall migration, it is not infrequently found in the Connecticut valley, and Mr. William Brewster has formerly found it in small numbers at Rye Beach in fall. Dates : March to October 4. 4. Gavia imber (Gunn.). LOON. A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident along the coast, and common inland in migrations on the larger bod- ies of water ; a few still breed about the lakes in the southern OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 63 part of the state, and in the less disturbed regions to the north they are yet fairly common summer residents. " Twenty years ago," writes Mr. Dearborn ('98, p. 3), " they bred every sum- mer at one or more of the headwaters of the Suncook river." They still breed at Winnipesaukee and Asquam Lakes. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that a pair nests annually at Breed's pond near Chesham, and Dr. W. H. Fox states that a pair bred in 1899 at Lake Sunapee. They were known to breed also at Bow pond, Strafford, some 15 years ago ( W. E. Jenkins, '84, p. 23). Off the coast, at Rye Beach, Mr. William Brewster tells me that barren birds were observed to pass the entire summer on the ocean, \vhile the flight from the north began soon after September ist. During September and October they are com- mon as migrants on the wind-swept lakes and along the coast. 5. Gavia lumme (Gunn.). RED-THROATED LOON. Inland, a rare fall migrant ; along the coast, it should occur as a winter resident Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('yya, p. 146) records one taken at Webster, in the fall of 1876, and there is also a specimen in the Acworth Public Library taken at Alstead, No- vember 4, 1886. Mr. G. H. Thayer has noted it as a rare au- tumn visitant to Dublin Pond. 6. Fratercula arctica (Linn.). PUFFIX. A winter visitant off the coast. Mrs. Celia Thaxter (370, p. 210) records the " sea parrots " as found in winter about the Isles of Shoals. 7. Cepphu* grylle (Linn.). BLACK GUILLEMOT. A winter visitant off the coast. Mr. A. A. Eaton of Seabrook writes me of one taken near there in December, 1888. Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70, p. 210) also mentions it as a winter bird at the Isles of Shoals. 8. Uria lonivia (Linn.). BRUNNICH'S MURRE. A common winter resident along the coast, and of occasional occurrence inland, whither it is sometimes blown by easterly winds. Thus Prof. William Patten writes me of one captured in an exhausted condition by a farmer within two or three miles 64 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE of Hanover in February or March of 1894. A second bird was said to have been taken there at the same time. An interesting and apparently unusual incursion of these birds into the south- ern part of the state, took place during the last week of Novem- ber, 1899, when more than two dozen were taken, as follows : Antrim, one sent in to Mr. J. P. Melzer, Nov. 25 ; Charlestown , one shot Nov. 30, and a second Dec. i, on the Connecticut riv- er; Francestown, one sent in to Mr. Melzer on Nov. 27 ; Frank- lin Falls, one captured in a brush heap, about the last of Novem- ber, according to Mrs. Ellen K. Webster; Lake Winnisquam , several specimens were taken, reports from L,aconia, Winni- squam and Tilton probably lef erring to the same birds. Mere- dith Neck, Mrs. Ellen E. Webster ( : ooa) writes that three were shot on Winnipesaukee, the locality being as above ; Nash- ua, one found '• near a pond," and sent to Mr. J. P. Melzer on Nov. 27 ; Northfield, one taken alive on Bean Hill according to Mrs. Webster (in literis) ; Tilton, two sent to Mr. C. F. Good- hue, were shot here. In addition to these captures, Mr. A. A. Eaton writes me of two taken at Seabrook, on the coast, at about the same time. Outside of New Hampshire, Messrs. Fax- on and Hoffmann (: oo, p. 53) record a specimen killed Nov. 30, 1899, on Onota Lake, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, and also give two other records for the bird in the county for previous years; Mr. R. O. Morris (: 02, p. 6) took one at Springfield, Mass.. Nov. 30, 1899, and states that during the last five or six years the bird has occurred at that place a number of times ; one was also taken in 1901. Mr. H. S. Hathaway (: oo) records a specimen taken at Point Judith, R. I., Nov. 26, 1899, and adds that he had seen " six recently " (i. e., before Dec. 19, '99) taken off the Rhode Island coast. Finally, Mr. H. B. Bigelow tells me that he. shot a single bird of this species on Nov. 29, 1899, at Broad Water Bay, Virginia. Evidently there was a large migration of Brunnich's Murres about the last of November, 1899, extending so far southward as Virginia, and .in the course of this migration a number of the birds on an over- land flight seem to have become exhausted and constrained to seek the ground, alighting wherever they might, at various OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 65 points over southern New Hampshire and western Massachu- setts. Apparently there was no meteorological disturbance at this time of sufficient severity to have forced the birds inland, and we are obliged to look for another explanation of this phe- nomenal flight. May it not be that a general migration of the Murres along the Nova Scotia shores had taken place at this time, and in their southward flight the birds had followed the trend of the coast of Maine, and on reaching southern Maine, a number of them, instead of turning to skirt about the out-jutting coast of Cape Ann and eastern Massachusetts, had continued straight on in their southwesterl}* course, and so have crossed southern New Hampshire and reached the Connecticut Valley, down which some may have continued, and so reached the ocean waters off New York ? A glance at the map shows that if a straight course parallel to the Maine coast were thus followed, it would lead necessarily over the route indicated. We may suppose that those birds which were found to have come to earth at the various localities mentioned, were either exhausted or bewildered, or had reached the end of a first stage of migratory flight. Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, further contributes the inter- esting fact that on November 30, 1901, Mr. H. T. Winchester observed numbers of small flocks of Murres 011 Newfound Lake, about TOO birds in all. At sundown they began " peeping," each flock to flock, and gradually gathered on some rocks along the south shore of the lake. They were very wary, and with some difficulty Mr. Winchester shot two, one of which is in the mounted collection of Camp Pasquaney at Bridgewater, Future observations may show that this cross-cut is not seldom taken by these birds on their southward flight. 9. Plautus impeimis (Linn.). GREAT AUK. In former times this bird doubtless occurred on our shores, and is mentioned by Belknap in 1792 as the " Penguin." 1O. Alle alle (Linn.). DOVEKIE. A not uncommon winter visitant off the coast ; inland, it is of casual occurrence, being driven in b}' storms. Thus, specimens have been .obtained at Concord, where after a severe storm, one 66 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE was shot late in the year, some time since ; Milford, where, as Mr. J. P. Melzer writes me, five or six which had been blown inland, were obtained some twenty years ago ; Warren, a speci- men is recorded by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 5) as having been taken at this place. 11. Stercorarius parasiticus (lyinn.). PARASITIC JAE- GER. A visitant off the coast in [spring], late summer and fall. Mr. A. A. Baton has a specimen taken at Seabrook, September 2, 1897, and writes that it is " quite common during Septem- ber." 13. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). KITTIWAKE. A common winter resident off the coast. 13. Larus glaucus Brunn. GLAUCOUS GULL. A rare winter visitant. Mr. William Brewster kindly con- tributes a record of a bird shot at Hampton, and which came into the possession of Mr. N. Vickary, the late taxidermist, about Feb. 20, 1886. 14. Larus marinusLinn. GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. A common winter resident on the coast. 15. Larus argentatus Brunn. HERRING GULL. A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident along the coast, and occasional inland, where after a hard blow, stray birds are seen on the large lakes, as at Chocorua Lake (Bolles, '93b, p. 129) ; Concord, one seen April 7, 1889, after a southerly gale (" P. C.", '89, p. 275) ; Dublin Lake, noted in small flocks in the fall, by Mr. G. H. Thayer (in literis) ; East Tilton, one seen at Little Bay in October, 1896, and another recorded from Webster Lake by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 5) ; Newfound Lake, two seen on September 3, 1901, and another at Squam Lake on Sept. 6, 1902, by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior. These birds often follow up the larger rivers to a considerable distance inland. Thus on Feb. 10, 1900, I saw two so far up the Merri- mack as Nashua Junction, soaring about over the liver, which OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 67 was frozen except in places where the current was rapid. Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70, p. 211) in writing of the sea birds in sum- mer at the Isles of Shoals, mentions that " the little yellow gulls, just out of the egg, ran tumbling about among the stones," and it is not unlikely that they formerly bred there. Xote : Lams clela\varensis Ord. RING-BII,I,ED GUI,I.. Mrs. E. E. Webster ( :oob) has recorded as of this species a bird cap- tured at Campton Village in November, 1898. I am informed, however, - that the identification is in doubt, and the species is therefore without a positive record for the state, though it should unquestionably occur on the coast. 16. Lams Philadelphia (Ord). BONAPARTE'S GULL. A spring and fall migrant and rare winter resident on the coast, where it is probably more common than the few observa- tions might seem to indicate ; occasional inland on the larger bodies of water. Records are at hand from the following locali- ties : Charlestown, where an immature bird was taken on the Connecticut by Mr. W. M. Buswell, August 3, 1897 ; Milford, single birds several times taken, as Mr. J. P. Melzer writes me ; Plymouth, a flock of about 100 birds noted in May, 1877, by " H. B. E." ('77, p. 345) ; Portsmouth, a male is in the Bryant collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., taken Oct. 20, 1885; Rye Beach, Mr. William Brewster tells me that he found it common during migration in late summer ; Seabrook, Mr. A. A. Eaton writes me of a specimen which he mounted Feb. 15, 1890; Sunapee Lake, Dr. W. H. Fox writes me that an immature bird was shot in August, 1880 ; Webster, Mr. C. F. Goodhue writes me of two tak- en on a pond, one about 1890, the other during the last of Aug- ust, 1897. Dates : May ; August 3 to October 20. Winter. 17. Sterna hir undo Linn. COMMOM TERN. A spring and fall migrant, and formerly a summer resident on the coast, where- Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70, p. 211) records that the>- used to breed on Duck Island among the Isles of Shoals. She mentions that the natives called them " med- rakes. " The " tee-arr or fishing gull, Sterna iiiiiiuta, " mentioned by Belknap (1792, in, p. 169) may also have been 68 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE this species. Individuals are of occasional occurence inland, on the larger lakes ; thus at Winnepesaukee, Mr. C. F. Goodhue saw a pair on June 10, 1878, at Forty Islands, and at Ossipee Lake, Frank Bolles (' 93b, p. 129) records one shot Aug. 30, 1890. 1.8. Sterna dougalli Montag. ROSEATE TERN. Formerly a summer resident at the Isles of Shoals (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, '84, vol. 2, p. 305). 19. Sterna fuligiiiosa Gmel. SOOTY TERN. An accidental visitant from the sou-th. There is but one val- id record, that of Dearborn ('98, p. 5) really referring to the Black Tern, viz.: at Newmarket, where " a fine adult male, taken .... about September 14, 1878, by Mr. D. C. Wig- gin," is recorded by Mr. Ruth veil Deane ('ySb, p. 195). 20. Hydrochelkloii uigra surinamensis (Gmel.). TERN. An occasional summer and fall migrant to the coast ; casual inland. The following are the only actual records for the state which have come to my notice : Chocorua, one remained half a day on a small lake, September 30, 1889, according to Frank Bolles ('93b, p. 129). This was probably the bird mentioned in the same work (p. 36) as seen on " one bright October morn- ing '*; Lake Winnepesaukee, one was seen June 10, 1878, by Mr. C. F. Goodhue. Mr. Goodhue writes me that through a lapsus on his part, this bird was given as Sterna fuliginosa in Dearborn's list ('98, p. 5). Newfound Lake, an immature bird was shot by Mr. H. T. Winchester, on September 9, 1902, and is now in the collection of Camp Pasquaney. as I am informed by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior. Rye Beach, Mr. William Brews- ter records ('8ib) that a flock of about forty of these birds was seen August 24, 1880, by Mr. H. M. Spelman. The birds stayed several days about a small pond of brackish water, and four were collected. Mr. Brewster also examined a specimen shot here on Sept. i, 1868. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 69 21. ^Estrelata hasitata (Kuhl). BLACK-CAPPED PET- REL. An accidental straggler from the south Atlantic. A single specimen was captured at Pittsfield, in Merrimack County, in August, 1893, and beyond an anonymous paragraph in the Bos- ton Sunday Herald ('93), appears not to have been recorded. The bird is now in the mounted collection of Mr. William Brewster, No. 46,076, catalogued under date of August 30, 1893. Doubtless the bird was blown up the coast by the tropical hur- ricane of the last week of August in that year. A second spec- imen was taken on the same date, and "two days after the storm," at Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Va., about 200 miles from the coast, as recorded on p. 361 of volume X of the Auk. 22. Oceaiiodroma leucorhoa ;Vieill.). LEACH'S PET- REL. A common summer and autumn visitant off the coast, and of casual occurrence inland, where it has been captured at Alstead, a single specimen, September 29, 1897, now in the mounted col- lection at the Ac worth Public Library ; Lancaster, two seen and one of them shot, October i, 1897, on a small pond, by Mr. F. B. Spaulding ('98a, p. 50) ; Manchester, one shot near the mill- dam at Lake Massabesic, October 4, 1899, according to Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( :oo, p. 123). 23. Oceanites oceaiiicus (Kuhl). WILSON'S PETREL. A common summer visitant off the coast. Mr. William Brewster ('83b, p. 402) has recorded them as being numerous offshore between Cape Ann and Cape Sable in June. 1881, and also informs me that he found them in great abundance be- tween Portsmouth and the Isles of Shoals on July n, 1874. 24. Sula bassaiia (Linn.). GANNET. A spring and fall migrant off the coast. 25. Phalacrocorax cliloplms (Swains.). DOUBLE- CRESTED CORMORANT. A spring and fall migrant on the coast. Casual inland, where 70 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE it has been taken on the Connecticut at Hartland, Vt., in Octo- ber, 1897, as recorded by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior ( :O2, er- rata). P. carbo doubtless occurs on the coast, but no definite rec- ords are at hand. 26. Pelecanus erythrorhynclios Gmel. AMERICAN WHITE PEUCAN. The only record for this species in the state is that of Belknap (1792, III, p. 168) who affirms that it has been seen in New Hampshire. Doubtless in his time the bird was more likely to wander to New England than now, when it is but of accidental occurrence. 21. Merganser americaims (Cass.). AMERICAN MER- GANSER. A rather common spring and fall migrant and less common winter resident in our inland waters ; a not uncommon summer resident about the ponds and streams from the White Mountain region northward. At Intervale, in the Saco valley, I have ob- served partly grown young swimming in the river .so early as June 23d. They appeared unable or at least unwilling to fly, and when suddenly frightened, would skim rapidly over the surface, the swiftly moving wings serving only to partially lift the body from the water. Later in the summer, during August and September, flocks of as many as a dozen are occasionally seen. In feeding they delight to work their way up stream along the shores of some rock-strewn river, half swimming, half wading, now splashing frantically to one side in pursuit of an escaping minnow, or, with head and neck submerged, plough- ing straight ahead, exploring as they go. Ever alert, however, on the intimation of danger they stop, and swim slowly away, but if actually alarmed, all turn about and, half flying, half paddling, beat a precipitate retreat down stream often not stop- ping until they have gone half a mile or more. Both Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) and Mr. William Brewster ( : oo) note it as breeding at Lake Umbagog. In November, as observed by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 5) they appear in numbers on the lakes OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 71 in the southern part of the state, and many winter on the rivers where open water is to be found. Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ('99, p. 40) has recorded a single bird at Shelburne, on the An- droscoggin River, so late as December 20, 1897, but I do not know of the birds wintering north of Lake Winnepesaukee. Mr. Dearborn finds them wintering on the Winnepesaukee and Merrirnack Rivers. Dr. W. H. Fox writes me of a pair noted at Hollis, on our southern border, in July, 1876, and it is not impossible that they may have bred in the neighboring region. Dates: (Southern N. H.) November i to April 15 (July); (Northern N. H.) April to November (December). 28. Merganser serrator (Linn.) . RED-BREASTED MER- GANSER. A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident on the coast; occasional inland. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it is an irregular fall visitant to Dublin Pond. Dates : November to April. 29. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.). HOODED MER- GANSER. An uncommon spring and fall migrant, and in the northern parts of the state, a summer resident. Thirty years ago, ac- cording to Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) it bred "not uncommonly" at Lake Umbagog, and Mr. William Brewster (:oo, p. 208) states that it still breeds there in hollow trees. Dates : March to November. 30. Alias boschas Linn. MAI^ARD. A rare spring and fall migrant. Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes me that one was shot on a pond near Lancaster in the spring of 1888 or '89. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 6) states that he knew of but three to have been shot in fifteen years on the Winnipe- saukee River, the last one being in October, 1895. In Novem- ber, 1900, there seems to have been a flight of Mallards in south- ern New England, and Mr. W. B. Cram writes me that on the 8th of that month he observed a flock of eight at Hampton Falls, two or three birds on the 9th, and five on the nth, of which two. an old drake and a duck, were shot. Mr. H. C. Sargent 6 72 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE also obtained a male and a female at Klliot Pond near Chocorua on November 9, 1900, from a flock of about 10, and states that the bird seemed to be unknown to the residents there. 31. Anas obscura Gmel. BLACK DUCK. A common spring and fall migrant and in the southern part of the state a rare summer resident, though breeding not un- commonly in the more northern areas. According to Mr. Wil- liam Brewster (: 02) it still breeds plentifully at Lake Umbagog. In the country about Intervale, although a few birds are to be found here and there throughout the summer, it is not until the last of August that they appear in any numbers. Near Monad- nock, Mr. G. H. Thayer has found it a rare summer resident. During September and October flocks of from six to thirty are found about the rivers and large ponds, and on the wind-swept lakes until early November. Dates : March to December. 32. Anas obscura rubripes Brewster. RED-LEGGED BLACK DUCK. A spring (?) and late fall migrant. This newly described duck is stated by Mr. Brewster ( : 02) to be common in migra- tion at I^ake Umbagog from the second week of October until the waters are closed by ice, the earliest date of its capture there in fall being September 28, 1899. Mr. C. F. Goodhue has in his mounted collection a specimen of this duck taken late in the fall, years ago, at Webster. It doubtless occurs also in spring, but I know of no records. Dates : (Spring? ) ; (September 28) October 8 to December. 33. Mareca amerieaiia (Gmel). AMERICAN WIDGEON. An uncommon spring and fall migrant on the coast. Dates : April ; September to October, 34. Nettion carolinensis (Gmel.). GREEN-WINGED TEAL. An uncommon spring and^fall migrant. In the Connecticut valley, both Mr. P\ B. Spaulding at Lancaster and Mr. W. M. Buswell at Charlestown note its occurrence. In the central OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 73 part of the state it appears to be rare. Mr. W. E. Cram reports it on the coast at Hampton Falls. 35. Querquedula cliscors (Linn.). BLUE- WINGED TEAL. An uncommon spring and fall migrant. I have records of this bird from the Connecticut valley and from the rivers and lakes of the southern and central parts of the state as well as from the coast, but in the White Mountain region it appears to be rare, and I have never seen specimens from there. Dates : May ; August 22 to November. 36. Spatula clypeata (Linn.). SHOVELLER. A very rare migrant. The only record is of two "shot at Rye Beach in August, 1872" (Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, '84, p. 528). 37. Aix sponsa (Linn.). WOOD DUCK. A not uncommon spring and fall migrant and occasional sum- mer resident. Formerly it bred rather commonly throughout the well watered portions of the state. Thus, Mr. C. J. May- nard records it in 1872 as breeding about Lake Umbagog, and Mr. C. F. Goodhue found it a common summer resident at Webster at about the same time. At present it still breeds in small numbers at suitable localities; thus Mr. Dearborn ('98) instances a pair which bred near Tilton in 1892 and in 1893 ; Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that it is a regular summer resident at one spot near Dublin. Frank Bolles ('93b) found it to breed about Chocorua, and to the north of the White Mountains it must still be found in small numbers in summer. At Intervale, I have usually seen only single birds in fall, on the small mead- ow brooks, but on the lakes and ponds of this region flocks of six to a dozen are not infrequent during migrations, remaining into the first week of November. Dates : March to December. 38. Aythya niarila (Linn.). AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK. An uncommon migrant in fall along the coast, and occasional inland. A few must occur on the coast in spring, but I have 74 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE no records. Mr. C. F. Goodhue writes me that he has once taken it at Webster, and has mounted a specimen shot at Con- cord about Dec. 13, 1899 39. Aythya affiiiis (Eyt.). LESSER SCAUP DUCK. A rare migrant. Mr. C. F. Goodhue has obtained it near Webster and Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that he has observed it in fall at Dublin Pond. 40. Aythya collaris (Donov.). RING-NECKED DUCK. A very rare migrant. The only record at present available is that of a specimen obtained at Concord, during the last of November, a number of years ago, by Mr. C. F. Goodhue in whose mounted collection the specimen now is. 41. Clang ula claiigula americana (Bonap.). AMER- ICAN GoiyDEN-EYE. A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident along the coast and on certain of the larger lakes and streams inland in the southern part of the state ; a summer resident at Lake Umbagog. Mr. William Brewster ( : oo) has given an interest- ing and valuable account of the breeding habits of this bird as observed by him at Umbagog, where, he states, it still nests abundantly "especially about the outlet and throughout the bottom lands of the lower Megalloway River, where the forests were killed half a century ago by the back water from the dam at Errol." The birds remain on the lake into November, dur- ing which month, according to Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 7) they first appear as migrants on the lakes in the southern part of the state ' ' finally descending into the rivers when the larger bodies of water are frozen over." Many of these birds, he states, winter on the Winnipesaukee and Merrimack rivers. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that it is an irregular fall visitant to Dublin Pond. There is a single male specimen in the collection of the Acworth Public Library labeled as taken at Charlestown on the Connecticut River, June 13, 1885. Dates : Summer; October to April 15 (June 13). 4:2. Charitonetta albeola (Linn.). BUFFLE-HEAD. An uncommon spring and fall migrant on the coast; occasion- OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 75 al inland, as at Webster where Mr. C. F. Goodhue has obtained it. Dates : March and April ; October and November. 43. Harelda hyemalis (Linn.). OLD-SQUAW. A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident along the coast, and occasional also inland. In the Connecticut val- ley, this duck appears to be of not infrequent occurrence in mi- grations. Mr. W. M. Buswell includes it in a list of birds seen about Charlestown, probably on the strength of two specimens, a male and a female, taken in Marlow, an adjoining town, on April 24, 1883, and now in the collection of the Acworth Public Library. Mr. G. H. Thayer also writes me that it is an irreg- ular fall visitant to Dublin Pond, sometimes occurring in large flocks. Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, (102) also instances two birds obtained at Windsor, Vt., farther up the Connecticut. Mr. C. F. Goodhue writes of two taken late in November, about 1891, on the Winnipesaukee River, between Franklin Falls and Tilton. Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70) states that the fishermen at Isles of Shoals call these birds " Scoldenores." Dates : October to April 24. 44. Histrionicus histrioiiieus (Linn.). HARLEQUIN DUCK. A rare visitor to the coast in late fall and early winter. Bel- knap (1792, III, p. 1 68) mentions it without comment among other New Hampshire birds, and it may have been of more frequent occurrence in his time. Mrs. Celia Thaxter ('70, p. 210) also mentions it among the winter sea fowl at the Isles of Shoals. The only definite record, however, is that given by Mr. H. A. Purdie ('73) of a bird taken at Hamfiton, in Novem- ber, 1872. 45. Soniateria dresseri Sharpe. AMERICAN EIDER. A not uncommon spring and fall migrant and winter resident off the coast. This is the bird commonly known as "Sea Duck." 46. Oiclemia americana Swains. AMERICAN SCOTER. An uncommon spring and fall migrant and winter resident 76 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE along the coast, and not rare as a migrant in the Connecticut river basin. Mr. William Brewster tells me that off the coast at Rye Beach, scattering birds, no doubt barren, are seen occa- sionally in summer. In the collection of the Acworth Public Library there are three specimens taken at Alstead, one a male, Oct. 8, 1883, and two females on the 26th of the same month. At Lancaster, farther up the valley, Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes me that on Oct. 12, 1894, two gunners brought in four, 3 males and i female, shot from a flock of 8 on Martin Meadow Pond. Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ( :O2, p. 10) also adduces a specimen from the Connecticut at Windsor, Vt. Mr. G. H. Thayer finds the bird a rather regular migrant in fall at Dublin Pond, and notes that the greater proportion of the birds are males. Dates: October 8 to April ; summer (barren birds). 47. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. WHITE-WINGED SCO- TER. A common spring and fall migrant and winter resident on the coast ; occasional inland on migrations as at Webster, where it has been noted by Mr. C. F. Goodhue, and Dublin Pond, where Mr. G. H. Thayer assures me it occurs in the fall with the other Scoters. Scattering birds occur off the coast in sum- mer, as noted under the preceding species. 48. Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.). SURF SCOTER. An uncommon spring and fall migrant and winter resident on the coast ; rare inland. Occasional specimens are also observed off the coast in summer, these being doubtless barren birds. There is a female in the Acworth Public Library collection, without date, taken at Lempster in the Connecticut valley. Mr. G. H. Thayer states that it occurs in fall on Dublin Pond, but is less often seen than the other two species. 49. Brismatura jamaiceiisis (Gmel.). RUDDY DUCK. An uncommon spring and fall migrant, and occasional also in summer, though its breeding in the state is yet to be established. There are two summer records for the southern part of the state ; Newfound Lake, where on July u, 1901, a fine adult male was shot by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ('01, p. 27) and is now in OF ARTS AND SCIKXCES. 77 the collection of Camp Pasquanex*, Bridgewater ; Rye Beach, where, as recorded by Mr. G. S. Miller, Jr., ('91, p. 118), an adult female in worn breeding plumage was taken on August 22, 1879. The bird is in the collection of Mr. William Brew- ster. Although the latter specimen may have been an early migrant, Mr. Miller is inclined to think that it had not come from any great distance, as he had found an adult female still accompanied by young in Massachusetts on Aug. n, 1890. Dates : Spring. July 1 1 ; August 22 to October 28. 50. Chen hyperborea (Pall.). LESSER SNOW GOOSE. A rare and irregular fall migrant. In Belknap's time it ma}7 have been more common and his "White Goose, Alias ery- thropus," (1792, III, p. 167) was probably this species. Mr. A. A. Eaton writes me that a flock of six was seen at Seabrook in 1895 or '96, but the only actual capture of the bird that I can instance is of a young male taken October 2, 1896, at Lake Um- bagog, as recorded by Mr. William Brewster ('97) in whose possession the bird was stated to be. 51. Chen caerulesceiis (Linn.). BLUE GOOSE. A casual visitant from the interior. Belknap (1792, III, p. 167) mentions the " Bluish Goose, Anas cgerulesceiis," without comment in his list, but it is of course a question as to what this record may refer. The only authentic record is at Lake Umbagog, where Mr. William Brewster ('97) states that an immature bird was taken on October 2, 1896, the specimen coming into his possession less than an hour after its death. 52. Branta canadensis (Linn.). CANADA GOOSE. A common spring and fall migrant. According to a writer in the Forest and Stream (vol. 22, p. 386) a pair was killed in the Merrimack river at Concord, on June 2, 1884, which, bar- ring the possibility of these having been tame birds, is an unus- ually late date. During migrations flocks of these birds not in- frequently alight on ponds and lakes, in both spring and fall. Dates : March n to April ; October to December 7. 53. Branta bernicla (Linn.). BRANT. Although probabl}- a not uncommon spring and fall migrant 78 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE on the coast, it is only casual inland, the single record being that given by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 8) on the authority of Mr. C. F. Goodhue, who writes me that a bird was shot late in November about 1891, on the Winnipesaukee Rivet between Franklin Falls and Tilton. The specimen is still in Mr. Good- hue's mounted collection. 54. Olor colunibianus (Ord). WHISTLING SWAN. Years ago this bird was doubtless of regular and not uncom- mon occurrence, but it is now only accidental in migrations. There is but a single definite record : at Seabrook, where accord- ing to Mr. William Brewster ('79a) a male in immature plumage was shot on October 18, 1878, by a gunner while lying off shore in a dory. Regarding the Trumpeter Swan, Olor buccinator, which is also believed to have formerly occurred in New England, it is interesting to recall the quaintly phrased statement of Belknap (1792, III, p. 166) that " naturalists have different opinions respecting the music of the swan. The tame swan of England is said to be silent ; and Dr. Goldsmith seems to think the accounts of the music of the wild swan fabulous. What is deemed fabulous in Europe, is often realized in Amer- ica. It is certain that our swan is heard to make a sound resembling that of a trumpet, both when in the water and on the wing." These remarks may very likely have had reference to Olor buccinator. 55. Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.). GLOSSY IBIS. An accidental visitant from the south. There is but a single record: Alton, near Lake Winnepesaukee, "an old bird, in full plumage" taken in October, 1858, by Dr. Charles Palmer, in whose collection it was said to have been in 1872. The bird was first recorded by Dr. J. A. Allen ('69-' 70, p. 637) and this record was later supplemented by Dr. Palmer ('71, p. 120). Many writers on New England ornithology have mentioned this specimen and it figures also in Mr. Dearborn's list ('98, p. 8\ This specimen was incorrectly recorded as "Wood Ibis (Tantalus loculator)" in Forest and Stream (vol. 7, p. 3^5) . OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 79 56. Botatirus lentiginosus ( Montag. ) . AMERICAN BIT- TERN. A not uncommon summer resident of the fresh-water marshes throughout the state. Its habit of breeding on the floating isl- ands of grass at Lake Umbagog was described by Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72). In the Saco valley at Intervale, the bird is present in small numbers during late summer, keeping to the grass grown marshes and little brooks on the meadows. Mr. S. A. Shaw ('85) records a specimen obtained at Hampton, on December n, 1881, and states that one wing had been broken, but was entirely healed. Dates : March to November (December n). 57. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.). LEAST BITTERN. A rare summer resident in the extreme southern part of the state. This bird barely reaches our southern border, and finds the northern limit of its range well within the Transition zone. Mi. C. F. Goo'dhue is quoted in Mr. Ned Dearborn's '98 list as saying that he is quite sure it has been taken at or near Brad- ford, and Mr. Dearborn also states that it has been reported from the vicinity of Hanover. This report is presumably that given in " A List of the Vertebrates found within thirty miles of Hanover, N. H.," 1891, a list which, though admirable in concept, must unfortunately be used with some caution, and its statement that the Least Bittern is a " not rare summer resi- dent " certainly should be carefully confirmed. The only trust- worthy records that I have obtained for the bird in this state are : Hampton Beach, a specimen taken in 1869, is in the mounted collection of the Boston Society of Natural History ; Seabrook, where Mr. A. A. Baton assures me he has seen a specimen killed in town, and in the possession of Mr. Isaac George. Samuels ('67, p. 404) says that it has been found to breed in all the New England states, but I have found no actu- al breeding record for New Hampshire. 58. Ardea herodias Linn. GREAT BLUE HERON. A rather common spring and fall migrant and summer resi- dent. Doubtless many of the individuals now seen in summer 80 PROCKKDINGS MANCHESTKR INSTITUTE are not breeding birds, but formerly there were rookeries known in a number of places in the state. Thus Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77, p. 146) records the bird as having bred at Webster prior to 1877, and Samuels ('67, p. 402) tells of a heronry in a hem- lock swamp at Krrol, on a small branch of the Androscoggin, where nests with partly grown young were found about June 25th. Still more recently Mr. Edward A. Preble writes me of a small colony which bred 15 years ago at a spot among the Ossi- pee Hills, two miles northwest of Dan Hole Pond. " Upwards of 100 nests were occupied within an area of about an acre. These were placed mostly in large beeches, one of which held 6 or 8 nests." The birds fished at Dan Hole Pond, where they obtained pickerel. A gang of sawmill hands broke up the col- ony in 1888. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 9) adduces a recent instance from Belknap and Merrimack Cos., where a pair nest- ed " in an old growth of .pine situated in a large swamp. The young ones were supplied with food from a pond nearly two miles away." My friend, Mr. H. C. Sargent, also writes me that on May 26, 1901, he discovered a small rooke^ about a mile and a half east of Chocorua, on a slope near two ponds. The young birds were apparently hatched, and about a dozen nests w7ere observed. In the White mountains a few of these birds usually appear in the Saco valley, singly or rarely in pairs, about the first of August, and often the same birds seem to stay about in one locality for a number of days, feeding along the brooks and ponds. Doubtless there are secluded spots where they yet breed among the White mountains, and after the young are off they seek the valleys for a season, where food is easily accessible. Individuals are apt to be seen in suitable lo- calities throughout the state during all the summer months. Occasionally one or two birds seem to linger late in the season as long as there is food and open water to be found. Thus Mr. H. C. Sargent writes me of a bird which was shot by a resident near Chocorua on December 21, 1900. The man found the bird in his yard, standing in eighteen inches of snow,' when he first went out in the morning. Mr. V. D. Lowe observed one at Randolph on December 31, 1901. Dates : April 5 to November 6 (December 31). OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 8l Note : Arclea egretta Gmel. AMERICAN EGRET. Belknap (1792, III, p. 169) mentions a White Heron among the birds of the state, and Mrs. E. E. Webster recently writes me of a bird observed on May 18, 1901, at Franklin Falls, "feeding on a wet meadow bordering the Merriniack River," which must have been an Egret. It was seen by several persons and remained in the vicinity two or three days. An un- equivocal instance of its occurrence in the state is yet to be cited, how- ever. 59. Arclea caerulea Linn. LITTLE BLUE HERON. An accidental visitant from the south. The only record is of a bird killed in Amherst, April 28, 1897. It was brought to Mr. James P. Melzer, who states ('97) that it was "in perfect plumage, with maroon neck." GO. Arclea virescens Linn. GREEN HERON. A not uncommon summer resident about the lakes and water courses of the southern part of the state, becoming rarer in the central regions. It is a bird of the Transition zone, and seems to occur regularly about as far northward in New Hampshire as do the white oaks. Mr. B. A. Preble informs me that he has observed it occasionally in summer at Ossipee along the Beech River, but it appears not to occur farther up in the region, as Frank Bolles did not mention it from Chocorua, nor have I any knowledge of its presence at Intervale, in the Saco valley. The bird is also apparently quite absent from the Franconia region, though doubtless a few do work up the Connecticut valley to about this latitude. Mr. F. B. Spaulding of Lancaster writes me that on June 6, 1897, while near the Connecticut at that place, in company with Judge J. N. Clark, a bird flew over which the latter gentleman pronounced to be " unmistakably a green heron." Mr. Spaulding had never met writh the bird there previously. Farther south, along the Connecticut in the vicinity of Walpole, I have found the bird not uncommon, and it is rather common at Newfound Lake (Howe, : 01, p. 27). Dates : Last of April to October, 61. Nycticorax iiycticorax naevius (Bodd.). BLACK- CROWNED NIGHT HERON. A not uncommon summer resident near the coast, but less 82 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE common inland. It appears to penetrate the interior of the state by following up the water ways even to the foot of the White Mountains. At Dublin I^ake, Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it is an irregular visitant, not known to breed. In the Merrimack valley, Mr. C. F. Goodhue has found it rarely near Webster, and still farther up, it has been recorded from New- found I^ake in summer (Howe, :oi, p. 27). A number appear to work up the Saco valley through Maine, and thus reach the White Mountain region. At Chocorua, Frank Bolles ('93a, pp. 36 & 128) states that a few are found late in summer and instances a flock of ten which remained for two or three days in the neighborhood, one August. At Intervale, I have seen and heard occasional birds on the Saco meadows in the months of June, July and August and have attributed to these birds the two or three large stick nests which I have found nearly every year high up in some large white maples by the water's edge, though doubtless the young, if such there had been, were al- ready grown by the time I arrived (late June). In the Connec- ticut valley, neither Mr. W. M. Buswell of Charlestown, nor Mr. F. B. Spaulding, of Lancaster, have met with the bird, though doubtless a few do penetrate so far up perhaps as the latter station, and Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior (102, p. n) gives it as occurring in the Connecticut valley at Windsor, Vt., and at St. Johnsbury farther north in that state. Certain it is, how- ever, that over the greater part of central, western, and north- ern New Hampshire it is absent. Dates : April to October. 62. Grus inexicana (Mull.). SANDHILL CRANE. This bird is supposed to have occurred as a migrant in New England at the time of the first settlement of the country. Sev- eral of the early writers on this region mention what seem to have been cranes, and among them Belknap (1792, III, p. 169) lists the " Crane, Ardea canadensis ," as of the birds occurring in New Hampshire. The only actual record for the state ap- pears to be Wakefield at I^ovell's Pond, where Mr. William Brewster ( : 01) states that he is informed by Mr. Ned Dearborn, a specimen was obtained in 1896 or 1897. Mr. Dearborn first OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 83 saw the specimen at the shop of Mr. J. S. Turner, a taxider mist at Portsmouth, to whom it had been sent in the flesh in a fresh condition. Mr. Dearborn has purchased the specimen and it is now preserved at the State Agricultural College at Durham. The presence of the bird in the state is of course quite fortuitous at this time. 63. Rallus virgiiiianus Linn. VIRGINIA RAIL. A local summer resident of the Transition regions, and per- haps not so rare as the few records might seem to show. The following are the only instances which have come to my notice : Hampton, a bird seen and its nest, containing eight eggs, found May 28, 1887, and another bird found dead under some tele- graph wires by Mr. S. Albert Shaw ('87) ; Hampton Falls, Mr. W. K. Cram gives it as a summer resident ; Hollis, Dr. W. H. Fox writes that it is a rare summer resident ; Marlow, there is a specimen in the Acworth Public Library, taken October i, 1 88 1 ; Lancaster, Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes me that several years ago a boy found a nest containing about ten eggs on a low meadow near the Connecticut, and that Capt. B. F. Goss iden- tified the eggs as of this species. This is the only record I have obtained for the northern part of the state. Webster, Mr. C. F. Goodhue has found it rarely and does not know of its breeding. Dates: April to October i. 64. Porzaua Carolina (Linn.). SORA. An uncommon and local summer resident in the Transition area. I have found it in summer in a certain sedgy bog at North Conway, and on July 13, 1897, at Intervale, I several times started a single bird from the short grass of a flooded hay- field on the Saco meadows during a sudden and extensive freshet. Doubtless the birds breed in the vicinity. What may have been an early migrant was seen at Intervale by a brook on the meadows, August 26, 1898. Mr. W. K. Cram finds it in summer at Hampton Falls. In migration Mr. William Brew- ster has found it not uncommon in fall at Rye Beach. Dates : May to October. 84 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE 65. Fulica americana Gmel. AMERICAN COOT. A rather rare autumnal migrant, occurring in the Connecticut valley and in the lake region of the south-central part of the state. Dates : September to October 8. 66. Crymophilus fulicarius (Linn.). RED PHAT,A- ROPE. This species, like the next, is found in migration off the coast well out to sea, but occasionally inland, whither it is prob- ably driven by storm. In May, 1892, great numbers of Red and Northern Phalaropes were observed at various points along the New Kngland coast, and among others at the Isles of Shoals, where, according to Mr. Bradford Torrey ('97, p. 392) thou- sands were observed by Mrs. Celia Thaxter, " in great flocks that wheel and turn, and, flying in long masses over the water, show now dark, now dazzling silver as they careen". These flocks probably included the two species, as was the case else- where. Mrs. Thaxter had noted the birds the year before at the Isles of Shoals. Mr. F. B. Osgood records ('91, p. 9) hav- ing "put up a flock of a dozen or so in the middle of Lake Umbagog." 67. Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.). NORTHERN PIIAI.A- ROPE. An abundant spring and fall migrant offshore, casual inland. Mr. R. I. Brasher ('94) records meeting with " numerous flocks" .some twenty miles off the New Hampshire coast, on August 9, 1893 ; they disappeared as land xvas sighted. Mr. W. C. Prime ('89) has twice observed the bird in the Franco- ilia Mountains. In the first instance, the single individual was not captured, but was observed at very close range in Septem- ber, about 1884, as it swam on the waters of Profile Lake, feed- ing on the multitudes of winged ants drowned on the surface. The second instance was on September 22, 1888, when a single bird was knocked over with a short stick on Lonesome Lake (about 3,000 feet altitude) . It was quite fearless, and was feed- ing on the seeds of sedges which grew at the margin of the lake. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 85 The great abundance of Phalaropes at the Isles of Shoals in May, 1892, has been mentioned under the preceding species. Dates : May; August 9 to September 22. 68. Stegaiiopus tricolor Vieill. WILSON'S PH ALA- ROPE. A rare migrant to the coast. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway ('84, p. 339) record the bird as "shot by Mr. William Brew- ster at Rye Beach in the summer of 1872." I am informed by Mr. Brewster that the specimen in question was obtained on Aug. 15, 1872. 69. Philohela minor (Gmel.). AMERICAN WOODCOCK. A not uncommon spring and fall migrant and a less common summer resident throughout the lowlands of the more remote parts of the state. " W. H. B." ('96) records an old bird with a brood of young seen by a Mr. Oliver Dodge " on the south slope of a hill in the town of Brookline, N. H.," on the i3th of March, several years previous, after a rather open winter. Such early breeding seems rather improbable, however. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) records that they were found to breed, though not commonly, at Lake Umbagog, where a nest with four eggs was found May 10, 1870. At Intervale, I have observed them not infrequently in summer among the alder swales about the brooks in the valley, and in September, a few are to be found in damp woods up to 1,500 feet. l>ates : Last of March to October 17. 70. Galliiiago delicata (Ord). WILSON'S SNIPE. A migrant, uncommon in spring and more common in fall near the coast ; inland it is generally found only in small num- bers, in marshy spots about ponds. At Intervale, in the Saco valley, I have never seen but a single bird, this on Sept. 18, 1897, in a small marsh. A writer in the Forest and Stream, signing himself " W. H. B." ('96) says he has known the bird to winter at Nashua, an occurrence which, though not improb- able, must be quite unusual. Mr. William Brewster has ob- served it at Rye Beach on July 22. Dates : March to May ; July 22 to November (Winter ?). 86 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE 71. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.). DOWITCHER. A rather common fall migrant coastwise ; a few probably oc- cur in spring, but I have no records. Dates : July 20 to August 25. 72. Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.). STILT SAND- PIPER. A rare fall migrant. The single classic record still remains the only published instance of the occurrence of the bird in this state : Rye Beach, " no less than ten specimens " were secured by Mr. William Brewster ('72, p. 309) in the Augusts of 1868, 1869. These birds were first recorded in the American Natur- alist, Vol. Ill, p. 639, and have been mentioned by many writ- ers since that time. Mr. Brewster has kindly given me the dates of capture of eight specimens at Rye Beach, as follows : Aug. 20, 1868, one shot; Aug. 24, 1869, one shot; July 31, 1871, one shot; Aug. 9, 1871, one shot; Aug. n, 1871, two shot ; Aug. 24, 1871, one shot ; Aug. 25, 1871, one shot. Dates : July 31 to August 25. 73. Tringa maculata Vieill.. PECTORAL SANDPIPER. A rather uncommon fall migrant inland nbout the marshes and larger bodies of water ; common also as a coastwise mi- grant. Dates : July to October 10. 74. Triiiga fuscicollis Vieill. WHITE-RUMPED SAND- PIPER. An uncommon migrant. Mr. William Brewster tells me that he found it not uncommon at Rye Beach in July and August in former years, while inland it has been taken at I^ake Umbagog, according to Mr. H. Merrill ('82) who records a specimen " shot about Oct. 2," and " two others upon Oct. 14," 1876, by Mr. N. C. Brown. 75. Tringa bairdii (Coues). BAIRD'S SANDPIPER. A rare fall migrant on the coast and at I^ake Umbagog. The records are : Lake Umbagog, one obtained " on a mudflat at the foot " of the lake, Sept. i, 1875, by Mr. William Brewster OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 87 ('76a, p. 19), and one shot on the mudflats at the mouth of Cambridge river, Sept. 4, 1880, and two others, a male and a female, at the same place on the following day (Brewster, '8ia, p. 60) ; Rye Beach, two were shot on August 26, 1880, by Mr. H. M. Spelman ('81 b). One of these birds was in company with " a large flock of peeps." Dates : August 26 to September 5. 76. Tringa minutilla Vieill. LEAST SANDPIPER. A very common migrant in spring, late summer and fall, on the coast, and to a less extent inland, where it occurs about the larger bodies of water. Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : oo, p. 125) records this bird at Manchester, June 3 and July 10, and asks thus if it may not be a summer resident ; on the contrary, these dates probably represent the end of the spring migration and the beginning of the fall migration respectively. Dates : Last week of May to June 3 ; July 10 to September. 77. Triiiga alpiua paciflca (Coues). RED-BACKED SANDPIPER. An uncommon migrant on the coast. A few should occur in spring, but my only records are in fall, when the bird is com- moner. 78. Erevmetes pusillus (Linn. ) . SEMIPALMATED SAND- PIPER. A very common spring and fall migrant coastwise, and also not uncommon in fall as a migrant along the shores of the larger bodies of water, as at Lake Umbagog (Brewster, 8ia, p. 61), Dublin Lake (Thayer, in lift.} and Ossipee Lake (Preble, in lit.) Dates : May ; July to September. 79. Caliclris arenaria (Linn.). SANDERLING. A common spring and fall migrant on the coast. Mr. Wil- liam Brewster noted it as common at Rye Beach after August 2. 80. Liimosa fedoa (Linn.). MARBLED GODWIT. An accidental visitant. Mr. William Brewster permits me to 7 88 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE 1 record a specimen shot at Rye Beach, Aug. 27, 1868, by a local gunner. Mr. Brewster examined the specimen shortly after its death. 81. Tetanus melanoleucus (Gmel.). GREATER YEL- LOW-LEGS. A common spring and fall migrant on the coast, but uncom- mon inland, where it is of occasional occurrence about the larger bodies of water and in the Connecticut valley. Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior ( : 01, p. 27) records an eaily specimen at the head of Newfound Lake, July 17, 1901. Both Mr. F. B. Spaulding at Lancaster and Mr. W. M. Buswell at Charlestown in the Con- necticut river valley, find the bird occasionally on migrations, and Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it is not infrequent at Dub- lin Lake in fall. Dates : May; July 17 to October 7: 82. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). YELLOW-LEGS. An uncommon spring, and common fall migrant on the coast. Rather rare inland; Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) gives it as " not a common summer visitor " at Lake Umbagog, 30 years ago, and Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 10) records a single bird ob- served Aug. 20, 1889, at Alton. 83. Helodromas solitarius (Wils.). SOLITARY SAND- PIPER. A common spring and fall migrant, and possibly a rare sum- mer resident. No conclusive proof has yet appeared to show that the bird nests in the state, though Baird, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's " Water Birds" ('84, p. 282), says, "Early in August, 1878, 1 noticed a pair of this species with a brood of four young hardly able to fly, near an open reservoir of rain water, on Appledore, Isles of Shoals. These were too young to have come to that island over the water, the distance being nine miles ; and that this brood could have been hatched on that rocky and tree- less island seems very improbable. They were in company with, yet holding aloof from, several pairs of Tringoides macu- larius [Actitis macularia}" Doubtless occasional barren birds remain about ponds throughout the breeding season in favored OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 89 localities. Thus Mr. C. F. Goodhue writes me of one which he observed in June, feeding about a small pond near the summit of South Kearsarge Mountain, and Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that he has repeatedly observed them in the breeding season on a small wood pond at an elevation of about 1,580 feet at the northeastern end of Mt. Monadnock. About the last of July the migrating birds appear rather commonly along the water- ways and ponds, and usually spend the day quietly feeding. During the last week of August, 1897, I several times found as many as 13 or 14 birds congregated about a small drain at Inter- vale, to feed, but when closely approached, they would fly off one or two at a time in different directions. In early September, I have occasionally seen single individuals about the little lakes in Carter Notch, at 3,360 feet. Here they would remain all day, feeding along the shore, and pass on southward after dark, sometimes calling loudly as they departed. Occasionally, too, I have seen single birds in the latter part of a summer afternoon, with steady graceful flight, passing southward down the Saco valley. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) has noted a single bird at Errol, in the northern part of the state, so late as tk November ist, 1869, when the ground was covered with snow and the ponds were partly frozen." Dates : May 9 to June ; July 17 to November I. 84. Pavoiicella pugnax (Linn.). RUFF. An accidental visitant from the old world. The bird is in- cluded here on the strength of a female obtained by Mr. William . Brewster ('76a) on September 8, 1874, while it was "flying on the. marshes at the mouth of the Cambridge river," which is nearly on the boundary line between New Hampshire and Maine, at the southern end of Lake Umbagog. 85. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER. Formerly a common summer resident of the upland fields and pastures in the southern and central parts of the state, and a common spring and fall migrant. Of late years, however, it has become scarce or has entirely disappeared from its old lo- 90 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE calities. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann informs me that a few still sum- mer at Alstead, and Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that it breeds regularly but in small numbers in the northwestern corner of Cheshire County. Mr. C. F. Goodhue has also found it breeding at Webster. North of Lake Winnipesaukee, I have 110 record of its occurrence as a breeding bird. In the Howe-Shattuck collection there is a male (No. 1753) taken on its breeding grounds, July 13, 1891, by Mr. W. H. Phelps at New London. Dates : May to September. 86. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieill.). BUFF-BREAST- ED SANDPIPER. A rare fall migrant on the coast. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway ('84, vol. I, p. 306) record its capture at Rye Beach by Mr. William Brewster, who tells me that he shot one on each of the dates Aug. 25 and Aug. 28, 1871. 87. Actitis macularia (Linn.). SPOTTED SANDPIPER. A rather common summer resident, of general distribution along the larger water courses and about the lakes and large ponds. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87, p. 103) records seeing a single bird on July 8, 1886, in the Great Gulf, Mt. Washington, on the west branch of the Peabody river, at about 3,100 feet al- titude. It must be only exceptionally that this bird ever pene- trates the forest brooks to this height. Mr. F. B. Spaulding records ('98b) a nest containing the unusual number of five eggs, at Lancaster. Dates : May i to October. 88. Numeiiius longirostris Wils. LONG-BILLED CUR- LEW. A rare fall migrant until recent years ; now accidental. Mr. William Brewster observed single birds at Rye Beach on Aug. 25, 1871, Aug. 12 and 17, 1872. 89. Numenins hudsonicus Lath. HUDSONIAN CURXEW. An uncommon migrant. Mr. William Brewster noted it at Rye Beach in former years between August 6 and September 2. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 91 90. Squatarola squatarola (Linn.). BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. A [spring] and fall migrant on the coast. Mr. William Brew- ster noted it as rather common in August, at Rye Beach, some years ago. 91. • Characlrius dominions Mull. AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER. A rare fall migrant. According to " Samourai " ('76, p. 102) they appeared at Rye Beach in 1876 on September 14. Mr. William Brewster tells me of four specimens noted at Rye Beach as follows: Aug. 26, 1868, two seen, one of which was shot; Aug. 29, 1868, one seen; Aug. 27, 1871, one shot. 92. ./Egialitis vocifera (Linn.). KILDEER. Formerly a rare migrant. Mr. William Brewster observed one at Rye Beach on Aug. 31, 1868, and two at the same place on Aug. 4, 1871. Though probably still of occasion- al occurrence as a migrant on the coast, the only other rec- ords which I have, are of its casual appearance. Thus in the midst of the great storm of November 25, 1888, as writes Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('89, p. 258), quoting a letter from Mrs. Celia Thaxter, they appeared at the Isles of Shoals (as elsewhere along the New England coast) in great numbers. "After the storm the birds gradually disappeared, except a few that re- mained at favorable points for a long time. " Mr. Bradford Torrey writes ('89, p. 275) that he was assured by Mrs. Thax- ter that some of these birds remained at the Isles of Shoals un- til the last week of February, 1889. A second accidental record is of a bird shot &\. Jefferson, to the north of the White Moun- tains, in December, 1893. Mr. F. B. Spaulding, to whom I am indebted for this record, states that the bird was in a very ema- ciated condition and evidently unable to proceed farther. 93. ^Egialitis semipalmata Bonap. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. A spring and fall migrant, common coastwise, but less com- mon in fall on the shores of the larger lakes and ponds. 92 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE 94. Coliiius virgiiiiaiius (I/inn.). BOB-WHITE. A rather rare permanent resident of the Transition valleys of southern New Hampshire. Owing to the great numbers of these birds which have been introduced into New England from the south in recent years, it is now impossible to say what pro- portion, if any, of those at present found, are native bred. That southern New Hampshire is a part of the bird's natural range, is evident, however, as that careful chronicler, Belknap (1792, vol. Ill, p. 170) mentions it over a century ago, as a bird of New Hampshire. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, p. 146) also gives it as a rare resident at Webster in the 'yo's. Our severe win- ters appear to keep the birds in check, notwithstanding the fre- quent restocking. " The repeated failure of southern birds to survive the cold seasons is hardly to be wondered at, when even the native birds, inured by long years of natural selection to the northern climate, can barely hold their own on our southern border. During the summer of 1899, I thrice observed a single bird in the Saco valley at Intervale, though it is highly improb- able that it was other than an introduced specimen which had been loosed in the neighboring region. I know of none having been observed in the locality before or since. 95. Caiiachites canadensis canace (Linn.). CANA- DIAN SPRUCE GROUSE. A not uncommon permanent resident of the spruce and bal- sam forests of the upper Canadian region, in the northern part of the state, and along the higher peaks of the White Moun- tains. It occurs on the Presidential Range in small numbers and seems less common there than on the Carter- Moriah Range, where at least one or two are almost sure to be seen in a few hours' walk. On these mountains, it inhabits the rich, damp belt of balsams and spruces from about 3,000 feet (on the south- ern exposures) to the upper limit of the tree growth, at 4,800 to 5,000 feet. It also occurs in small numbers on the Twin Moun- tains, on Moosilauke (4,810 ft.) and on the higher peaks of the outlying Sandwich Range, as on Passaconaway (4,116 ft.) where it was recorded by Bolles (*93b, p. 155) " in the autumn," OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 93 and on Tripyramid (4,184 ft.) where Mr. F. H. Allen saw two in June, 1894, and Mr. R. W. Gray one on Aug. 6, 1899; one was also seen by Mr. Allen on Mt. Osceola (4,352 ft.) in the ear- ly part of the summer of 1898. In the primeval forest of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset, on August 4, 1902, I observed a single bird in a thick balsam swamp so low as 2,000 feet, and another was seen the day previous at about 4,000 feet on a spur of Mt. Hancock. There seems to be no movement of these birds toward the valleys even in severe winter weather. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) speaks of the bird as common thirty years ago at Lake Umbagog, where eggs were taken in the latter part of May, and young seen on June 15. On the Carter Range, I saw, on July 24, 1899, an adult female, in company \vith a young bird, hardly larger than a Bob-white, but able to fly readily. Two full grown young were seen together on the same range, Sept. 14, 1900. The crop of a fine male shot on this range in 1901, was found to contain a quantity of balsam needles. 96. Boiiasa umbellus togata (Linn.). CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE. A rather common permanent resident of general distribution, being found throughout all the wrooded country from the Transi- tion valleys to the upper limit of scrub growth on the White Mountains. Typical examples of B '. umbellus umbellus apparently do not occur in New Hampshire. Birds from the southeastern portions of the state are usually more or less intermediate, but nearer togata. Specimens which I have seen from the White Moun- tains seem quite typical of the northern bird, and as stated by Mr. William Bre\vster ('95, p. 406, foot-note) "the dark gray birds which inhabit the primitive coniferous forests of northern Maine and New Hampshire and western Massachusetts are all nearly, or quite typical representatives of togata" From year to year, their numbers are subject to more or less variation according as the season is favorable or not. Entire broods remain together throughout the breeding season, and until well into the fall, wrandering about in the woods, and be- coming quite fat on a diet of various berries, leaves, and buds. 94 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE In the crops of different birds I have found, in early fall, bits of leaves oiAspidium spinulosum, Populus grandidentata, and fruit of the snowberry (Chiogenes), blueberry ( Vaccinium) and white baneberry {Actcza) . The birds delight to wallow in fine, dry dust in sunny spots in the woods, and hence are often met with along trails, where the sun can reach and dry the ground. Mr. Vyron D. lyowe, of Randolph, writes me that while crossing the Presidential Range in the latter part of winter, in 1900, he found two of these birds frozen to death, away up among the scrub, where, on account of the thick crust, they were unable to burrow into the snow at night. This fact is of interest as showing that they migrate but little from these upper levels, even in the winter season. 97. Meleagris gallopavo f era (Vieill.). WII^D TUR- KEY. Formerly a common permament resident in the southern part of the state, but long since extirpated. Dr. Jeremy Belknap -(1792, vol. Ill, p. 170) writing of the birds of this state, says they " were formerly very numerous. In winter they frequent- ed the sea shore, for the sake of picking small fishes and ma- rine insects, which the tide leaves on the flats. * * * They are now retired to the inland mountainous country. ' ' Evidently the birds were nearly extirpated by the early part of the nineteenth century, though Dr. Samuel Cabot ('44, p. 80) states that he "purchased one in the Boston Market, brought from New Hampshire," so late as 1841 or '42. 98. Ectopistes migratorius (L,inn.). PASSENGER PIGEON. Formerly a summer resident of great local abundance, but now practically extirpated. Arriving within our borders during the first week of April in tremendous flocks, they nested in large colonies, at least as far north as the White Mountains proper. K. D. Sanborn, in his History of New Hampshire ('75, p. 159) states that at about 1780, in northern New Hampshire, the air was " black with flocks of pigeons, which were caught in immense numbers, and their meat dried for winter use. The feathers were used OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 95 for bedding." Mr. C. F. Goodhue, of Webster, tells me that as a boy, some forty years ago, he remembers seeing great flocks of these birds flying northward in early spring, forming a solid phalanx, with a front of a rod or so broad, and extend- ing to either horizon. They still bred at Webster according to Mr. Goodhue ('yya, p. 113) in the 'yo's, and I am informed by an old inhabitant of the town of Conway that some forty years ago great numbers nested on the Rattlesnake Range of hills in that township. Dr. W. H. Fox, writes me that they were for- merly very common at Hollis in the southern part of the state, and used to be netted extensively in the 'yo's; one nest was found, and the last flock seen was in 1880. There is a mounted specimen in the Public Library at Acworth, taken at that town, October 10, iSSi, and is the most recent specimen from the state that I know of, though Mr. W. W. Flint, of Concord, writes me that the last Passenger Pigeon of which he has any recollec- tion was shot near his house in the summer of 1885, when the birds were already rare. l>ates : April 2 to October 10. 99. Zeiiaidura macroura (Linn.). MOURNING DOVE. A not uncommon summer resident of the Transition country in the southeastern part of the state, along the seacoast and es- pecially in the bottom lands of the Merrimack valley where it is fairly common about Concord and farther up at Franklin. On the coast, Mr. A. A. Eaton writes that it is quite common at Seabrook, nesting in slender pines, and Mr. W. E. Cram notes it as a summer bird at Hampton Falls. Dr. W. H. Fox says it was formerly rare at Hollis, but has since become commoner. In the western part of the state, the bird is only of occasional oc- currence in the southern Connecticut valley, where a few prob- ably work up from the south. Thus Mr. W. M. Buswell writes me of having several times seen a bird or two in the spring and early summer of 1898, and again in April, 1899, at Charlestown. Beyond this, I have no information of its presence in the Con- necticut valley. Mr. F. H. Allen informs me of a single female seen about the last of June, 1894, so far to the northward as Waterville, on the outskirts of the White Mountains. The bird 96 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE was evidently a straggler, as the species appears not to occur regularly north of Lake Winnepesaukee. Dates : Last of March to October. 100. Carthartes aura (Linn.). TURKEY VUI/TURE. An accidental visitant from the south. It has twice been captured in the state, as follows : at Hampton Falls, on the coast, where on the 6th or yth of April, 1882, a female was shot by Frank Percell. This specimen, which is preserved in the mounted collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, was recorded by Mr. C. B. Cory ('82). Mr. William E. Cram, of Hampton Falls, also writes me that on the i5th of May, 1898, he saw a bird of this species at that town, and that, although he did not shoot it, he had sufficient opportunity to make the identification unquestionable. The second capture of the Tur- key Vulture in the state was at North Weare, near Concord, • where, as I am informed by Mr. C. M. Stark, a bird was found one spring morning, about 1887, by a Mr. Felch, in the latter*s hen yard. It appeared unable to fly, and when thrown into the air would only flutter to the ground. It was kept for some time by Mr. Stark, and would often wander off to a considerable dis- tance in the fields. Later the bird was given away to a butch- er, about whose slaughter house it remained for some time and then suddenly disappeared. Note: Elaiioides forficatus (Linn.). SWAW,OW-TAII,ED KITE. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 13) includes this species in his list of birds of Belknap and Merrimack Counties on the testimony of one Geo. Stol- worthy, "who states that he saw one in Franklin in 1875. It picked up a snake within one hundred feet from him, where he had a good chance to see it." Dr. W. H. Fox also writes me that on July 4, 1887, a farmer, whom he considered reliable and who was a sportsman, reported to him "a large bird, thought to be a hawk, having a forked tail like a barn swal- low. It was seen quite closely as it lit on some alders near the road and remained while he drove by." Though both these cases suggest the bird in question, the evidence does not seem to warrant its inclusion as a bird of the state. 101. Circus hiHlsoniiis (Linn.). MARSH HAWK. An uncommon local summer resident, breeding in marshy places. I have never observed it in the br ceding season among OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 97 the White Mountains, though it is rather common on the mead- ows of the Saco valley during the migration in August and September. At such times, a single bird will remain in the same neighborhood for several days at a time, evidently finding food plenty, and being in no haste to move southward. Dntos : March 1 6 to November, 12. 102. Accipiter velox ( Wils.). SHARP-SHINNED HAWK A common spring and fall migrant, and a less common sum- mer resident ; in the southern half of the state, a winter resident. Throughout the heavily-wooded parts of New Hampshire, this hawk is of general distribution during the breeding season, oc- curring well up onto the mountains. In the winter, a few are to be found in the lower part of the state, and Mr. C. F. Goodhue (*77a, p. 113) has recorded them in this season, about Webster. A northerly winter record for this bird is that of one obtained at Tamworth, on December 27, 1898, by Mr. R. W. Gray and now in the Howe-Shattuck collection. Throughout the White Mountain region this is by far the commonest hawk during the fall migration and especially in the months of August and Sep- tember, when it is to be found, usually singly, from the fertile valley bottoms, through the woods, even to the summits of the mountains, and I have seen a single bird on the rocks near the summit of Mt. Washington, on the 28th of August, 1901. I have not infrequently heard from this bird, a sharp "chip," much like a Phoebe's " chip," and usually given when alarmed or as it starts to fly from the perch on which it ma}' have just alighted. 103. Accipiter cooperii (Bonap. . COOPER'S HAWK. A not uncommon spring and fall migrant and summer resi- dent. It breeds regularly over the greater part of the state, and throughout the lower Canadian region, up to about 3,000 feet on the higher mountains. Dates : March 26 to October. 104. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.). AMERICAN GOS- HAWK. An irregular, though sometimes common visitant in late fall t)8 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE and winter ; rare summer resident. From the White Moun- tains northward the bird is probably a regular breeder, and Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes that he has found its nest and eggs on the banks of the Connecticut river on the Vermont side opposite Lancaster. South of the White Mountain region, it has been recorded by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 14) as hav- ing bred at Dunbarton, where, in 1897, a female was shot on her nest, and sent to Mr. Thomas R. Payson, of Northfield, in whose possession the skin now is. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann (: 03) writes that on July 21, 1902, he discovered a nest of this .species at Alstead, in the southwestern part of the state. It contained two young, nearly full grown, which were already taking short flights by the ?9th of July. One of these young birds was shot, and is now in the collection of Mr. William Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass. The nest was placed in a small pine, at a height of thirty-five or forty feet. The migrating birds appear in fall in the lower part of the state about the last of October, and Mr. W. E. Cram, of Hampton Falls, writes me of having seen it there so late in the spring as March 10. Dates : October 25 to March 10 ; Summer. 105. Buteo bore alls (Gmel.). RED-TAILED HAWK. An uncommon, though generally distributed permanent resi- dent of the lower Canadian region, breeding in the well wooded upland and mountainous districts. There is a slight migratory movement on the part of many of these birds, so that they are resident in winter in the southern parts of the state at localities from which they are generally absent in summer. They winter so far north at least as the southern valleys of the White Moun- tains. 106. Buteo liiieatus (Gmel.). RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. An uncommon permanent resident of general distribution at the lower altitudes throughout the wooded areas of the south- ern and central parts of the state. The bird is apparently rare so far up as the White Mountains. Mr. F. B. Spaulding omits it from a list of birds seen by him at Lancaster, and I have never positively identified it but once at Intervale, where on OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 99 August 25, 1898, an immature bird was shot in the Saco valley. On one or two other occasions, however, I am confident that I have observed it there in the month of August. At Chocorua, Frank Bolles ('93b p. 100) records it in August, and it doubt- less breeds in that vicinity. 107. Buteo platypterus (Vieill.). BROAD -WINGED HAWK. A fairly common summer resident of the dense mixed woods of the sub-Canadian area. In the White Mountain region and northward, it is the commonest breeding hawk, but in central and southern New Hampshire it is less common except along the ridge of the western part of the state. Dr. W. H. Fox writes me that years ago he found a nest and young at Hollis on the southeastern border. Mr. G. H. Thayer finds it not un- common about Monadnock, and I have seen it in summer along the range of hills west of Newfound Lake, where, however, it is rare. In the White Mountains it breeds in the woods up to the limit of large tree growth, about 2,500 feet. Like many of the hawks, it shows attachment for a chosen locality, and I have known of a pair at Intervale which nested for several seasons in a large beech tree in the forest. The nest was a huge pile of sticks in a crotch of the tree, and evidently the accumulation of years. Portions of two or three dead garter snakes were found in the nest, which at the time of my visit on July 22, 1898, con- tained two young birds ready to fly. Dates: April to September 15. 108. Archibuteo lagopus saiicti-johaimis (Gmel.). AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK. An uncommon fall and winter visitant, sometimes occurring in flights of considerable numbers. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) mentions it in a list 01 birds observed in winter at Webster, and states that one specimen in black plumage was taken. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 15) says that he is informed by a Mr. Henry Osgood of Pittsfield, of a large number that " passed in loose flocks over Catamount Mountain in this town one day late in November, a few years ago. He also has a mounted speci- IOO PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE men in melanistic plumage that was killed in his vicinity." On the coast, it also occurs in small numbers, and Mr. W. E. Cram of Hampton Falls, who has observed the bird frequently, writes me that he had a good opportunity to watch a pair at his town so late as the 5th and 6th of May, 1895. He adds that they were evidently male and female, both in rather dark plumage, and that he might readily have killed both, but preferred not to. Dates : October to (May 6). 1O9. Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.). GOLDEN EAGI^E. A permanent resident, now become extremely rare and irreg- ular. There appear to be no recent records of the breeding of this bird in New Hampshire, though formerly a few nested reg- ularly in inaccessible localities among the White Mountains. As recorded by Baird, Brewer and Ridgvvay ('74, vol. Ill, p. 316) a pair nested for years on the inaccessible Eagle cliff, at Profile L,ake among the Franconia Mountains. Repeated efforts were made to reach this nest, but in vain. " In the summer of 1855 a renewed attempt was made to scale the precipice over which the shelving rock, on which the nest stands, projects. A party was formed, and although they succeeded in ascending the mountain, which was never achieved before, they could reach only a point beyond and above, not the nest itself. * The party reported a large collection of bones in its immediate vicinity, with other evidences of the accumulated plunder of many years, as well as a plentiful supply of fresh food at the time visited." Nuttall ('32, vol. I, p. 64) mentions that he saw a .young bird which had been brought from the White Mountains, where it had been taken from its nest in the mouth of August. The last breeding record for the state appears to be that of C. A. Hawes ('78) who states that on July 6, 1876, he observed at White Horse L,edge, North Conway, a nest containing two young, partly fledged. He made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the shelf of rock on which the nest was placed, but man- aged to get sufficiently near to see that the nest itself was about four feet across, and built of large sticks, while all about were scattered feathers, fur and bones. On visiting the locality the following year, he found that the birds were no longer there. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. IOI Both H. D. Minot ('77) and Mr. Wm. Brewster ('95) mention having seen the bird soaring high over the summit of Mt. La- fayette. The only recent captures of this eagle in the state are : Bartlctt, one caught in a fox trap on Feb. 19, 1893, recorded by " Jagare " v'93) >' Hollis, Dr. \V. H. Fox informs me that one was shot eight miles west of this town on Sept. 16, 1881 ; New Hampshire, Mr. Ralph Hoffmann writes me that he examined a mounted specimen in the shop of W. E. Balch, a taxidermist at Lunenburg, Vt., and which was said to have been taken in the state. Mr. Balch, on my inquiry, tells me that it was sent to him on Oct. 9, 1899, from New Hampshire. HO. Halipeetus leiicocephalus (Linn.). BALD EAGLE. An uncommon summer resident in the central and northern parts of the state, and occasional at all seasons in the southeast- ern section. It is generally to be found during the summer in small numbers about the larger lakes, as at Umbagog, where, however, Mr. Wm. Brewster ('95, p. 386) does not believe it now nests. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 15) finds the bird also along the shores of Lake Winnipesaukee and the river that drains it, and makes the interesting observation that " they usu- ally roost in the same place as long as they remain in a single locality, and if there are several in the neighborhood, they gen- erally assemble at nightfall to spend the night together." Doubtless these are not breeding birds. At Newfound Lake, however, is a fine pair of old birds, which probably nests on the mountains near, and returns yearly to the lake to sum- mer ; indeed, the residents say that there has not been a sum- mer for generations, that has not seen a pair of the big birds sailing over these waters. Mr. Vyron D. Lowe, of Randolph, a keen woodsman, tells me that a pair of Bald Eagles has sum- mered for perhaps 25 years on the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, and that until seven years ago, or therea- bouts, the nest was nearly at timber line on Mt. Adams, but that some one robbed it, and the birds have left the site, though he still sees them on the range at intervals during the summer ; in 1902, Mr. Lowe first saw the birds on March 23d. On the coast, a few birds winter, and a specimen is recorded in the Or- IO2 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE nithologist and Oologist ('82) captured at Portsmouth, Jan. 27, 1882 ; Mr. F. H. Allen also saw one on Feb. 2, 1900, from the cars while passing through the southeastern part of the state. Mr. W. K. Cram has observed it the year round at Hampton Falls. Inland, the first migrants appear early in March, and I am informed of a fine adult bird seen by Mrs. H. K. Webster at Franklin Falls, not far south of Lake Winnipesaukee on March 3, 1900, there being still two feet of snow on the ground. Note: Falco island us Brunn. WHITE GYRFAI,CON. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) states that he saw what he is certain was a bird of this species, flying high above him as he was crossing a mountain pass in Brrol, on Nov. 5th, 1868. While the chances are in favor of the bird having been a Gyrfalcon, the identification cannot be considered sufficiently positive to warrant inclusion in this list. 111. Falco rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel.). BLACK GYRFALCON. A very rare winter visitant. There is but a single record, near Milfoid, one shot in January, 1891. The bird was origi- nally recorded by Mr. J. P. Melzer ('91) as from Milford, Vt., which, as he informs me, was a mistake. It was taken on Lynde- boro Mountain, a range of hills which runs through the towns adjoining Milford, N. H. Mr. Wm. Brewster ('95, p. 480) re- cords the locality correctly. 112. Falco peregrinus anatuin (Bonap.). DUCK HAWK. An uncommon local summer resident. A number of places are known to which a pair of these birds has returned year after year to nest on the same cliff, a notable instance being the pair at Kagle Cliff in the Franconia Mountains which appears to have held possession for a number of years succeeding the de- sertion of the site by the Golden Eagles. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 1 6) mentions a place near Alexandria where the birds were reported to be seen, and young in the latter part of the summer. At Humphrey's L,edge, a high cliff rising from the Saco valley at Intervale, a pair has bred for several years. The old birds are noisy during the early part of the summer, and OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 103 often are seen soaring high over the river, more like a Buteo than a Falco, and uttering their loud, squealing cries. After the young leave the nest, gravity brings them down to the val- ley bottom, but they are soon able to fly sufficiently well to keep out of gunshot. The whole family usually disappears soon after the young are strong on the wing, and I have not ob- served them about their ledge .after Aug. i5th. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that he usually finds one or two every summer on the higher ridges of Mt. Monadnock, but does not know of their breeding. On the coast, Mr. W. K. Cram notes the bird at Hampton Falls as a migrant in the months of March and April, September and October. 113. Falco columbarius Linn. PIGEON HAWK. A rather rare spring and fall migrant. Dr. A. P. Chad- bourne ('87, p. 103) records that one was " seen " in the Great Gulf, Mt. Washington, at about 3,000 feet, on July 8, 1886. The bird was not secured, however, so that the record does not certainly establish the bird's presence in New Hampshire dur- ing the breeding season. I have never found it in the fall mi- grations among the White Mountains, when other hawks are common, and all the many specimens seen or shot have been of other species. Mr. C. F. Goodhue has taken the bird at Web- ster, however. Amateur local lists of birds usually include this species as a summer resident, where doubtless the Sharp- shinned Hawk is the bird in question. 114. Falco sparverius Linn. AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK. .An uncommon spring and fall migrant and a rather rare sum- mer resident of the Transition areas of the state, breeding spar- ingly in the valley bottoms well up towards the bases of the White Mountains. At Intervale, I have known of but a single pair to nest in the vicinity during ten years' observation ; this pair bred for one or two seasons in a large dead tree on the Saco valley meadows, about eight years since. A few appear also in late summer in the migration down the valley. I have seen 104 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE there on August 25, 1897, a small family group of three birds, which may have come from no great distance. The fall mi- grants appear at Intervale during the last week of August and occasional birds are seen through the first half of September. They cross the mountain ranges in migration and two have been noted by Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87, p. 104) flying low over the summit of Mt. Clay, of the Presidential Range, on Sept. 2, 1884, and " the next day another came sailing down from above and* disappeared in Tuckerman's Ravine.'"' Mr. Bradford Tor- rey also saw one fly close by the summit of Mt. Washington (6,290 feet) about the 28th of August, 1901. Dates: March 15 to October. 115. Paiulioii haliaetus caroliiieiisis (Gmel.). AMER- ICAN OSPREY. A rather common spring and fall migrant along the coast and on the larger streams and lakes ; also a rare summer resident. According to Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72), they used to breed at Lake Umbagog. In the fall migration, they appear with more or less regularity during the last week of August about the lakes and streams. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87, p. 104) has recorded one which flew a few yards over his head on Mt. Jefferson, Sept. 2, 1884, elevation about 5,500 ft. As with other hawks, they appear often to cross these high ranges, instead of keeping al- together to the valleys. Dates : April ; Summer ; August 25 to November i. 116. Asio wilsoiiiaims (Less.). AMERICAN LONG- EARED OWL. A rather rare resident. All the records which I have for this .species are from localities in the southern and central part of the state. I have never seen it in the White Mountains. 117. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). SHORT-EARED OWL. Rare, occurring only as a migrant so far as known. Mr. C. F. Goodhue has found it very rarely at Webster, and Mr. J. P. Melzer writes me that he has mounted perhaps twenty speci- mens killed in recent years about Milford. Dates : April ; November. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 105 118. Syriiium iiebulosum (Forst.). BARRED OWL. A permanent resident throughout the woDded region of the state, and without doubt our commonest owl. In the White Mountains, where other species of owls seem generally rare, it is fairly common and of general distribution throughout the sub-Canadian woodlands up to about 3,000 feet. Frank Bolles' account ('90) of his pet Barred Owls taken from the nest at Chocorua, on June i, 1888, contains much of value and inter- est. He found these Owls much given to sunning themselves sleepily during the morning hours, and often, while in the woods, could call up a bird by imitating its notes. Although doubtless this is a strictly resident species, one always is more apt to see them in fall than at other times. There is probably some slight migratory movement, as the young birds move off, or the older birds change station occasionally. 119. Scotiaptex ciiierea (Gmel.). GREAT GRAY OWL. A rare winter visitant. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that there is a mounted specimen in the possession of a farmer at Cheshaw , which was taken some years ago in late autumn, in the heavy woods to the northwest of Mt. Monadnock. Mr. James P. Melzer writes that he has had two or three brought in for mounting in years past, from about Milford. My friend, Mr. V. D. Lowe, of Randolph, has also described to me an owl tak- en in late September, 1892, on the Dead Diamond River, a branch of the Megalloway, in Went worth's Location, which can hardly be other than this species. Mr. Lowe is acquainted with the common owls, and I have no reason to doubt that the bird in question was a Great Gray Owl. 120. Xyctala teiigmalmi richarclsoiii (Bonap.). RICH- ARDSON'S OWL. A rare winter visitant from the north. The definite, records for the state appear to be the following : Chocorua, my friend, Mr. H. C. Sargent, permits me to record a specimen which he shot there March i, 1900, just after an unusually heavy snow storm; Cornish, Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior ( :O2, ''Errata") re- cords a specimen taken , 1903, at Errol, he flushed a female from her nest, containing two newly hatched young and one egg. He says that at least two pairs were breeding here. The only other summer record is that of a single bird seen by Mr. C. F. Good- hue at Boscawen on June 25, 1901. As far as at present known, therefore, the Prairie Horned Ivark summers in New Hampshire in small numbers on the fallow and pasture lands to the west and north of the White Mountain region. A migrant bird was also recently sent me from Randolph, where it was taken on March 6, 1902, by Mr. V. D. Lowe. Dates : (Last of February?) March 6 to August (September and Octo- ber?). 151. Cyanocitta cristata (lyinn.). BLUE JAY. A permanent resident, of general distribution throughout the Transition and sub-Canadian areas of the state, apparently not breeding above 3,000 feet in the White Mountains. After the breeding season, small flocks, apparently composed of the individuals of a single family, are often noted wander- ing through the woods. In the White Mountains during August and September, these flocks reach the valley bottoms, and may then unite to form companies of from six to fre- quently 20 or 30 birds. They appear to be migrating in a leisurely way, and at Intervale I have frequently seen them moving down the Saco valley, in early forenoon or late afternoon. At such times, I have seen them, one by one, fly from one large tree to another farther down the river valley, where the first arrivals wait for the rest to come up, and then move on again as before ; or the entire flock may keep well to- gether and go trooping down across the meadows from tree to tree. It is possible that these migrations are not very- exten- sive, but in the White Mountain valleys they are certainly well marked. In the northern woods, these Jays appear to be unus- ually quiet, and one may pass an entire day where they are not uncommon, without hearing their loud screams, though by im- itating their alarm cry, it is possible to get an immediate reply, and bring the inquisitive birds to the trees above one's head. The wandering flocks in summer occasionally reach considera- OF ARTS /.ND SCIENCES. 125 ble altitudes in their search for food ; and Dr. A. P. Chadbourne has recorded ('87, p. 104) a small flock seen on Mt. Washing- ton opposite the Halfway House (3,840 ft.) on July 26, 1884. I have once seen a flock in the Carter Notch (3,360 ft.) where, on Sept. 15, 1900, at a sudden alarm call from one of the birds, an entire flock of eight flew up from among the scrubby growth. They seemed to have worked their way up one side of the divide, and continued through the walls of the notch down the other side, southward. Occasionally on late summer afternoons, I have seen small flocks of Blue Jays busily catching flying in- sects with all the ease and grace of a flycatcher. An old or- chard tree is a favorite vantage point from which they fly out at the passing insects and with easy, graceful flight, snap up their prey, and then with set wings sail to a branch of another tree. I have watched small flocks engaged at this occupation for a half an hour or more at a time, the birds maintaining almost perfect silence throughout, save for an occasional lowr, rattling note. 152. Perisoreus caiiatleiisis (Linn.). CANADA JAY. A permanent resident of the upper Canadian zone of the White Mountains and the northern parts of the state. North of the White Mountains the bird is not uncommon in the dense coniferous forests, and Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) mentions two specimens taken at Umbagog early in June. On the higher mountains of the Presidential and neighboring ranges the birds are rather common in the dense balsam and spruce growth from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87) notes having observed small flocks of half a dozen on the Presidential range on three or four occasions, and Mr. Bradford Torrey, in his "Footpath Way," mentions having seen it once on Clin- ton and again on the side of Mt. Washington, where a small " family party " was observed. Mr. H. W. Wright has seen the bird several times on Mt. Adams, and once also on May 26, 1899, at Bow?man's, a station on the north side of Adams, and at an elevation of only 1,500 feet. On the Carter- Moriah range I have found the bird usually in pairs during late summer, above 3,000 feet, and am told of nests having been found on 126 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE these mountains. A few birds occur in summer on the outlying peaks of over 3,500 feet as on Tripyramid and on Black Moun- tain of the Sandwich range (F. H. Allen in literis) and also on Osceola. In the fall and winter there is a slight movement of the birds from the higher levels into the valleys, and occasional birds wander even into the southern part of the state. Thus Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) found it " common at Errol, November 3d, 1879," and at Shelburne, Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ('99) reports that a bird had visited the lumber camps in December. At Passaconaway, Frank Bolles ('93a, p. 95) notes also that it is said to visit the camps there sometimes in winter. At Lancas- ter, in the upper Connecticut valley, Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes that he took a bird on November 30, 1899, and finds it uncommon there. Farther south, there are several records for fall or winter, as at Bedford, a specimen from this locality is said to have been taken several years ago, and until recently was preserved -in the collection of the Manchester Institute of Arts and Sciences (" Pinfeather Ornithologist," : 02, p. 173); Pittsfield, where Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 22) is assured of its occurrence by local authority ; Penacook, where Mr. C. F. Goodhue writes me one was killed about 1890; Raymond, one closely observed, as I am told by my friend Mr. F. H. Allen, on November 28, 1901, by a Mr. F. A. lyovejoy ; Strafford, one recorded by Dr. Charles Palmer ('71) as in his possession, shot in winter. 153. Corvus corax principals Ridgw. NORTHERN RAVEN. At present this species is an accidental visitant, for which the more recent records are : Canterbury, a specimen was trapped in early spring " a few years since," According to Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 22) ; Greenville, a specimen was killed at this town some years ago, as I am informed by Mr. J. P. Melzer, of Milford, who mounted the bird, but can give me no definite data ; Sutton, Mr. C. F. Goodhue records ('85) one taken and an- other seen here on December 20, 1878 ; Warner, a bird secured about February 18, 1879, according to M. C. Harriman ('79). Many writers have presumed that the raven breeds in the OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 127 White Mountains, but no evidence has ever been cited as a basis for such a belief. I have had occasional reports of the bird from this region, but none that I considered trustworthy. 154. Corvus americanus Aud. AMERICAN CROW. A common summer resident throughout the Transition and sub-Canadian regions ; it is abundant as a spring and fall mi- grant, but as a winter resident it is rare in all but the southern portions of the state. Among the White Mountains, crows nest up to 3,000 feet or so, but are not to be found in the deeper woods at a distance from open farm lands. Dr. A. P. Chad- bourne records ('87, p. 104) two birds seen in July on the bare rocks at 5,350 feet on Mt. Washington, wrhither they had evi- dently flown from below. Late in the summer, they gather in small flocks, to feed by day on the meadows and lowlands ; at sunset they may often be seen flying toward the mountains at a considerable height, to roost. These smaller flocks unite, by September, to form larger, which migrate southward in late Sep- tember or early October. A few birds winter with some regu- larity as far north as the White Mountain valleys. At Inter- vale, I saw a bird on Dec. 26, 1900, and farther up the valley, at Jackson, they occasionally winter. They have been record- ed by J. W. Nash ('88) as having wintered at North Conway. To the north of the White Mountains, they are rarer in winter ; Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, ('99) has recorded seeing the bird at Shelburne the last of December, 1897. In the Connecticut val- ley, " E. C." ('86) states that crows passed the winter of 1886 at Hanover, "a rare incident." In the southern parts of the state, they are sometimes common in winter, and in a journey by train up the Merrimack valley on Feb. 10, 1900, occasional birds were seen along the river, and at Manchester a flock of from 30 to 40 was observed from the car window feeding on a large pile of refuse. About Webster, that same winter, Mr. C. F. Goodhue had observed crows to be wintering in larger num- bers than usual, for the season was comparatively mild. On March 26, 1900, on the coast at Seabrook, during the entire fore- noon, I observed Crows flying northward in small groups of from 3 to 30, at varying intervals apart. At least three or four hun- 128 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE dred birds were counted in about two and one-half hours. They flew low and with the light southeast wind, and appeared to be following the coast line in their flight. 155. Doliclionyx oryzivorus (Linn.). BOBOLINK. A common summer resident and abundant fall migrant throughout the broad meadows of the Transition valleys. In suitable localities it is common even up to the foot of the White Mountains and in the Connecticut valley at least as far up as Lancaster. North of these mountains, however, it is much less common. Mr. H. W. Wright writes me that four or five pairs breed every season at Jefferson Highlands, and Mr. F. H. Allen has also observed it in this region. At Intervale where the bird is plentiful, the young are hatched and have left the nest by the last of June, and the adult birds of one meadow or of one circumscribed area sometimes flock as early as July 4th, keep- ing rather closely together, while yet feeding their well grown young in the grass. These latter remain concealed until close- y approached before they take wing and fly straight away to drop into the grass farther off. As the young grow stronger on the wing, they join the flock of old birds, and by the last of July, flock joins flock, until large companies are formed which wander about to some extent before moving southward. Often I have noticed, during August, flocks of Bobolinks flying north- ward up the Saco valley towards evening, the movement appear- ing to be a general one, though of its purpose I am ignorant. Others again are to be noted passing southward down the val- ley, sometimes at a considerable height in the air. Dates : May 5 to September 9. 156. Molothrus ater (Bodd.). COWBIRD. An uncommon summer resident of the Transition valleys in the southern and western part of the state ; rarely wintering. The distribution of this bird in New Hampshire is of interest ; it is not uncommon in the extreme southeastern portions of the state, and numbers work up the Merrimack valley, where in certain localities it is said to be common, as at Hollis (Fox, '76), Manchester (F. W. Batchelder, :oo), Webster (Goodhue, OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 129 '77a) and Tilton (Dearborn, '98). Mr. Dearborn (1. c.) has also observed it rarely at Alton near the southeastern end of Lake Winnepesauke. North of this lake, save in the Connecticut valley basin, the bird is practically wanting, and appears not to occur at all in the White Mountain valleys in summer, though Mr. H. C. Sargent tells me that in the fall of 1902 he saw it at Chocorua. In the western part of the state, it is of regular occurrence in the Connecticut valley region. At Alstead, Mr. R. Hoffmann has found it rare in summer; Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it is common at Keene, and on one or two occasions stragglers have appeared at Dublin; at Charles- town it is common, according to Mr. W. M. Buswell, and still farther up, at Hanover, Mr. E. B. Frost has found it in num- bers. The most northern breeding locality in the Connecticut valley known to me is Lancaster, where Mr. F. B. Spaulding has not infrequently seen the bird and found its eggs. These Con- necticut valley birds seem to keep close to the river, and rarely get into the mountain valleys on either side ; indeed, the only record I have for the Franconia region is of a bird seen Oc- tober 2, 1887, at Franconia by Dr. Walter Faxon. Mr. F. B. Spaulding has twice noted a single cowbird wintering at Lan- caster ; one was shot there on Jan. 18, 1895, which had been noticed throughout the winter feeding on the streets with the English sparrows (Spaulding, '95), and a second was seen into December, 1899, staying about with the sparrows. Dates : March 25 to October 2 ; (winter). 157. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.). RED-WIXGED BLACKBIRD. A rather common, but local summer resident, breeding in marshes and open swamp land throughout the Transition areas ; accidental in winter. It is found rather commonly about the rivers and lakes of the southern parts of the state, and a few colonies are found even among the White Mountain valleys and at Umbagog. The young are on the wing by July, and at Intervale I have never seen the birds later than August 2ist, as they leave their breeding grounds during the first part of that month. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) records that a fine specimen 130 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE was taken at Warren by Mr. M. C. Harriman, on January 7, 1878. Dates : March 3 to September ; (winter). 158. Sturnella magiia (Lin.). MEADOWLARK. A summer resident of the Transition valleys, uncommon in the southern parts of the state, and rare so far north as the White Mountains ; rarely or perhaps accidentally wintering. On the coast, at Hampton Falls, Mr. W. K. Cram writes me that it has been observed at all seasons. It occurs in fair numbers in the Merrimack River basin, as at Hollis, and Manchester, and farther up at Webster, Tilton and Gilmanton (Dearborn, '98). In the Connecticut valley basin, the bird is not uncom- mon as far up at least as Charlestown, as observed by Mr. W. M. Buswell and myself among others. Mr. K. B. Frost writes me that two or three pairs breed 3^early about Hanover. Mr. Bradford Torrey (:oo, p. 638) records a single bird singing at Franconia, May 22, 1899, which may have straggled up the Connecticut valley ; the bird was unknown to the Franconia people. Still farther up, Mr. F. B. Spaulding of Lancaster found a single pair nesting on his father's meadows at that town in 1901, the first he had ever noted there. At Intervale, in the early '9o's, a pair of these birds bred for a few seasons on the Saco meadows, but were finally shot, and none have since appeared until 1902, when a pair was noted during the sum- mer months, with four of the full-grown young, and again in the early summer of 1903. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) records that a single bird remained at Webster through the winter of 1874—75. Dates: March 26 to October 12 ; (winter). 159. Icterus galbula (Linn.). BALTIMORE ORIOLE. A summer resident of the Transition portions of the state, rather common in the valleys and lowland towns of the southern part, but becoming rare in the White Mountain region. About the larger southern towns, it delights to nest in the elms of the village street. In the valleys on both sides of the White Moun- tains one or two pairs are found about nearly every hamlet, though apparently fewer occur on the northern side of the range. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 131 At Intervale, a pair is usually found nesting each season, and the birds, after the breeding period is over, remain about the village, often roaming over the lowlands a mile or more from the nesting site. I have seen what were apparently these summer- ing birds, up to the first of September, at Intervale. Dates : May 6 to September i . 160. Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull.). RUSTY BLACK- BIRD. A common spring and fall migrant and in the northern part of the state, a rare summer resident. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) re- cords seeing a few at Lake Umbagog in June, and Samuels ('67, p. 551) states that he found several in June, 1864, in the valley of the Megalloway River in Maine. Doubtless a few breed regularly in the swamps of this wooded region. In the White Mountain valleys they appear in small flocks about the first week in September, and Mr. Bradford Torrey has observed them in Franconia up to October 2. Dates: March 8 to April 19; summer (northern N. H.); September 9 to October 2. 161. Quiscalus quiscula seiieus (Ridgw.) BRONZED GRACKLE. An uncommon summer resident of local distribution, mainly within the Transition zone. Colonies are not infrequently found in the southern part of the state, along the coast and in the Merrimack and Connecticut valleys. At Manchester, accord- ing to Mr. F. W. Batchelder (: oo, p. 19) it is a " rare transient visitant." Mr. C. F. Goodhue has found a small breeding col- ony near Webster, and Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98) considers it a common summer resident in Belknap and Merrimack counties. Dr. Walter Faxon has also observed a flock at Plymouth, May 26, 1895. Mr. G. H. Thayer assures me of its presence at Keene and Marlboro. In the Connecticut valley at Charles- town, Mr. W. M. Buswell finds it uncommon, and I have seen a few individuals at Walpole in early July, 1894. In the upper Connecticut valley, Mr. F. B. Spaulding writes me that at Lan- caster a dozen or more pairs nest in some evergreens at the head of the main street, and that there were formerly more, but their 132 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE numbers have decreased since the removal of some of the trees. At Lake Umbagog, Mr. William Brewster ('76b) records that numbers breed in the old woodpeckers' holes or natural cavities of the standing, water-killed trees by the mouth of the Andros- coggin. Throughout the White Mountain valleys, and most of central New Hampshire north of Lake Winnepesaukee, the bird seems to be entirely absent. Frank Bolles ('93b, p. 126) states, however, that at Chocorua, according to the old resi- dents, this species and the meadowlark were formerly common, when flax was cultivated there, and grain fields were broader. I>ates : March 12 to November. 162. Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop.). EVENING GROSBEAK. An accidental visitant from the northwest, known to have oc- curred only during the famous 1890 flight, when so many were recorded from New England. During this incursion, the last recorded specimen was taken in New Hampshire. Following are the separate tecords for the state : Francestown, a fine male was captured by Mr. T. Edward Bishop on March 27, 1890. A female accompanied this bird, but was not captured (Colburn, '90) ; Henniker, a single bird, the last recorded of this remarkable flight, in New England, was shot by Mr. Aubrey B. Call ('90) on May i, 1890 ; Milford, several were secured by Mr. J. P. Melzer ('90), who re- cords that on January 6, 1890, five were obtained, and four others on January 9th, from a flock of 8 or 10 birds of both sex- es. These were among the first specimens to be obtained in New England. Seabrook, a male was shot about Jan. 9, 1890, by a Mr. Boyd, according to Mr. William Brewster ('96). A female accompanied this bird. Mr. A. A. Eaton of Seabrook writes me of what must have been this same specimen, that it was one of a flock of six which appeared early in January, and that it was presented to him on the 9th, after having been sev- eral days dead. Later it was given to Mr. William Brewster. The fact that there are no records for the northern part of the state is probably due to lack of observation, for Mr. O. W. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 133 Knight ('97) records one captured so near the White Moun- tains as Fryeburg, over the border in Maine. Mr. E. H. Forbush ('90, p. 210) suggests as a possible cause of this remarkable flight, the prevalence of strong west winds, following some of the cyclonic storms of the early winter. Dates: January 6 to May i, 1890. 163. Piiiicola eimcleator leuc lira (Mull.). CANADI- AN PINE GROSBEAK. A permanent resident, breeding in small numbers through- out the saturated forests of the upper Canadian area of northern New Hampshire and on the White Mountains ; as a winter res- ident it is of regular occurrence over the whole state, though in varying abundance. In the wet balsam forests above 3,000 feet on the White Mountains, this bird is an uncommon summer resident. The first published record of its presence here in summer seems to be that of J. E. Cabot ('57) who mentions having seen them " at the White Mountains in August," nearly a half century ago. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87) next records two specimens seen, both of them in the low spruce and fir timber opposite the Half- way House on Alt. Washington, (altitude, 3,800 feet). One was a fine adult male in full song, seen July 12, 1884; the other an immature bird, seen July 13, 1886. Mr. Bradford Torrey ('90) notes two bright males and a third bird in dull plumage at Eagle. Lakes (4,000 ft.) among the Franconias on June 19, 1889, and again at the same place on June 28th, three were seen and one heard singing. I had never observed the bird on numerous camping trips on the higher mountains until June, 1902, when on the i4th of that month a finely plumaged male was seen at 3,500 feet in Carter's Notch, singing gaily. He soon flew on higher up the mountain side. The following day a second male was observed about seven miles farther along on the same range. He sang persistently, notwithstanding the drizzling rain, and appeared to be established among the firs at an elevation of about 4,500 feet near the top of North Carter. I have no doubt that a few birds regularly breed at these upper levels. In the northern part of the state a few breed at the 134 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE Connecticut Lakes. Mr. H. A. Purdy states that in 1876 he observed young birds the last of July, being fed by their parents at these lakes. A writer in Forest and Stream, signing himself "N. U." ('83) records finding them in pairs at Second Con- necticut Lake on May 24th, 1883. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) did not record this species in summer at Umbagog, though from the nature of the country, it may well occur during that sea- son. About the first of November, these birds begin to appear in small numbers in the lowlands and throughout the more southern parts of the state, and Mr. C. F. Goodhue has observed them at Webster so early as October 25. After a late winter, they linger as long as the snow remains on the ground, and I have seen them still in flocks at Chocorua up to April 20, while the melting drifts yet lay deep in the woods. Perhaps these lin- gering flocks are mainly composed of birds which summer on the higher peaks near by, or at no great distance northward. The great abundance of Pine Grosbeaks during some winters, and their scarcity in others is an interesting fact, the determin- ing causes of which remain to be worked out. 164. Carpodacus purpureiis (GmeL). PURPLE FINCH. A rather common summer resident throughout the sub-Cana- dian and Transition areas of the state. Among the White Mountains, it is fairly common in the valleys, arriving about the middle of April, and scattering birds may be found in the woods up to 3,000 feet. It is said to occur cornmonry at Lake Umbagog. Doubtless a few winter irregularly in the southern part of the state ; Frank Bolles ( '93b) records seeing a number at Chocorua on December 22d; Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) includes it among the winter birds of Webster ; and a Mr. J. H. Johnson ('92) records it from "central New Hampshire" as having been " very scarce during the winter of 1891—92. 165. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). AMERICAN CROSSBILL. A permanent resident, of notorious irregularity in its numbers and movements. At times the bird is common all summer in the sub-Canadian woods of the state below 3,000 feet and in OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 135 the White Mountain valleys, and later in the season invades the lower parts of the state ; again one sees but few even in the most favorable localities. The Red Crossbill is mainly a bird of the sub-Canadian areas, whose appearance at any season of the year may be looked for, while the White-winged species seems more definitely restricted, during summer at least, to the upper Canadian forests, and rarely appears in the lowlands till fall or winter. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('7/a, p. 49) has recorded that a few have been known to breed near Webster. They doubtless breed regularly also among the White Mountains, whence I have had occasional reports of nests. The great cross- bill flight of 1899-1900, when this and the following species were so abundant, is mentioned under Migration. 166. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. WHITE-WINGED CROSS- BILL. A permanent resident of the upper Canadian spruce and fir forests in the northern part of the state and above 3,000 feet on the White Mountains ; elsewrhere it is of uncertain and irregu- lar occurrence, sometimes appearing in numbers during the cold months. Among the White Mountains small flocks or sin- gle birds are almost always to be found in summer in the damp forests at the higher levels. Mr. Bradford Torrey has recorded them in June at Hagle Lake, among the Franconias, and Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) quotes Mr. William Brewster as having found them at Franconia in summer, and adds that they were common in June, 1870, at Lake Umbagog. On numerous camp- ing trips on the higher White Mountains, the Presidential and Carter ranges, I have usually found a few in summer ; and among the wilder forests of the Carters, not infrequently I have observed flocks of a dozen or twenty birds above 3,000 feet, in June, July, and September. In the summer and fall of 1899, and during the following winter there was an unusual incursion of these birds over the southern part of the state 'and beyond, which has been considered at length in the chapter on Migra- tion. I am informed by guides that Crossbills of this or the pre- 10 136 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE ceding species have been found breeding on the White Moun- tains in late winter, and they doubtless do so likewise at Umba- gog and northward. The song, which I have sometimes heard, in July, is a series of trills, alternately high and low. 167. Acanthis liiiaria (Linn.). REDPOL%. A winter visitant, of irregular abundance, from the north. Probably but few winters pass when none of these birds visit the state, and though rare in some seasons, in others they come in great swarms, frequenting largely the birches on whose seeds they feed. Specimens from these flocks show a considerable range of variation in size and markings, but all which I have seen from the state were referable to typical linaria rather than to any of the several other species and subspecies. Doubtless A. I. rostrata occurs at times along the coast, and indeed it has been reported from Manchester (Proc. Manchester inst. arts and sci., Vol. II, 1901, p. 80, 81) but the record is not properly substantiated. Dates : November i to April. 168. Astragalinus tristis (Linn.). AMERICAN GOI^D- FINCH. A common permanent resident over most of the state save the deeply wooded portions above 3,000 feet, and usually occurring in flocks except for the short period in late summer when the birds pair off to breed. Though commonest in the open valley lands, they are also to be found on the forested mountain slopes, and not infrequently they may be seen crossing the higher ranges, or even passing by the summit of Mt. Washington itself, though rarely, if ever, stopping at these heights. In winter they may be found in small flocks at least as far north as the White Mountain valleys, and I have seen small flocks at Jackson and near Glen Ellis Falls in Pinkham Notch during the last days of December after extremely cold weather and much snow. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) states, however, that he did not find them wintering about Lake Umbagog. 169. Spinus pinus ( Wils.). PINE SISKIN. A. common permanent resident of the Canadian region, and OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 137 occurring also throughout the lower parts of the state as a fall and winter visitant. Over the lower part of the state they are sometimes rare for an entire season, and again appear in great numbers. After a winter in which they have been plenty, stray birds seem to drop out as the main flight recedes northward, and these may sometimes breed at the lower altitudes. Among the White Mountains, a few are almost always to be found in the lowland valleys, but they seem usually to be crossing from one mountain to another. In the upper Canadian zone above 3,000 feet, on the mountains, they are common in the spruce and balsam forests and young fully grown may be found so ear- ly as June 23d, flying about with their parents. At the same time, also, large flocks maybe encountered. Thus on June 15, 1902, I came upon a flock of over 40 individuals in the woods on Carter Dome at 4,500 feet, and again during the latter part of June, 1900, numerous flocks up to as many as 50 birds in a sin- gle one, wrere observed in the valley about Intervale, as well as pairs here and there. These flocks were wandering about the lowlands, and may later have broken up in part to breed. It is evident, however, that in this respect, the birds are somewhat irregular. These are restless, active little creatures, and when observed among the mountains are usually in flight overhead. I have rarely failed , on trips over the main ranges of the White Mountains, to hear a few single ones or an occasional pair, and to observe them passing swiftly by from one range of mountains to another, or dropping down into the forests below. Prof. Ed- win B. Frost writes me that at Hanover, he and his brother found three or four nests in two different years, w7ith eggs about the middle of April. Mr. C. F. Goodhue also observed a pair building a nest in a large pine at Webster during the last of ' April, 1900, but they later deserted it. 17O. Passerina iiivalis (Linn.). SNOWPLAKE. A rather common spring and fall migrant and winter visitant throughout the open lands of the state, but of more regular oc- currence on the coast than inland. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) records that they appeared in Coos County in the latter part of October, 1869, and occasional individuals are known to appear I3§ PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE in the southeastern parts of the state by the very last of the same month. A late spring specimen is preserved in the collection at the Ac worth Public Library, taken at Acworth on April 6, 1883. Mr. C. F. Goodhue also has in his collection a male in sum- mer plumage, taken near his house at Webster in June, a few years since. One of the bird's wings had been injured, though Mr. Goodhue says it could fly quite well. Doubtless, however, it was unable to continue its migration. It is now generally con- ceded that the nest, described to Audubon ('60, III, p. 56) by Wright Boott, as seen " on a declivity of the White Mountains of New Hampshire," and stated by Audubon to have been of this species, must have been that of the Slate-colored Juiico, also called Snowbird. Dates : October 25 to April 6. 171. Pooecaetes gramineus (Gmel.). VESPER SPAR- ROW. A fairly common summer resident of the grassy bottom lands and dry hillside pastures throughout the Transition valleys of the state. Among the White Mountains, they follow the valley clearings up to about 1,500 feet. During September they gath- er in small flocks in the fields preparatory to migrating, and at such times are often accompanied by a few Savanna Sparrows. At Intervale, I have occasionally heard individuals singing with uncertain voice, so late as September 15. Here too, as elsewhere, a decided falling off in point of numbers was ob- served in case of this species during 1899 as an effect of a late freeze which proved so disastrous to many birds. At Chocoiua in 1900 I found a pair to have arrived by April 15, while the melting snow still lay in places nearly a foot deep on the ground. In the southern part of the state the birds appear a few days earlier. Dates : April 7 to October. Note: Ammodramus princeps (Mayn.). IPSWICH SPARROW. Although doubtless occurring among the sand dunes on the coast, this bird has yet no definite claim to a place on the New Hampshire list. The record by Mr. N. C. Brown ('77) of one seen by him at Lake Umba- gog has since been expunged (Brown, '96). OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 139 172. Animodramus saiidwicheiisis savanna (Wils.) SAVANNA SPARROW. A common summer resident, especially of the broad Transi- tion valleys, where it frequents the meadows with the Bobo- links. Occasional pairs follow the cleared land well up onto the hillsides, where, as at Jackson, among the White Mountains, I have observed them up to 1,600 feet or so. Mr. G. H. Thayer also reports that a few breed at Dublin, on a high, grassy, pas- ture hill, at i, 600 feet. On July yth, 1898, and on the follow- ing day, while on a trip over the Presidential range, I observed a single Savanna Sparrow singing, as if quite at home, from a rock on the northeast side of the summit of Mt. Washington, but a few yards from the buildings, and it is not impossible that a pair was breeding there among the sedges. Dates : April 20 to October. 173. Aminodramus savaimarum passeriiius (Wils.). GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. A rare summer resident in certain localities among the Tran- sition valleys of southern New Hampshire. A few follow the Connecticut valley meadows up so far at least as Walpole, where Mr. R. Hoffmann observed a single bird in 1899, and an- other in 1900. Others push up the Merrimack valley, apparent- ly with some regularity. Dr. W. H. Fox writes me of one not- ed at Hollis on May 13, 1876. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, 49) has recorded its occurrence in summer at Webster ; Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 25) also states that he has usually found one or two each season in the neighborhood of Tilton, still farther up the valley. Beyond Lake Winnepesaukee the bird seems not to occur. Dates : May 13 to Summer. 174. Animodramvis henslowii (Aud.). HENSLOW'S SPARROW. A local summer resident, breeding in small numbers in cool, open swamps of the Transition area grown up to sedges, grass- es, small bushes and the rank hellebore. Apparently this bird is a species characteristic of these peculiar ''islands" of the 140 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE Transition zone. Mr. C. F. Goodhue was the first to make known the fact that Henslow's Sparrow is a regular summer resident of New Hampshire (see R. Deane, 'ySa). He found it in small numbers in certain meadows about Webster, and the adjacent towns of Boscawen and Salisbury, over 25 years ago, and observed a nest of four young birds on August 16, 1877, at the last named place. This record has remained the only pub- lished instance of the bird's presence in the state, though H. D. Minot, in his " Land and Game Birds of New England," ('77) states that he had "suspicions * * that they occur in at least one spot among the White Mountains." More recently, however, Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that " on the ist of Au- gust, several years ago," his father "shot a Henslow's Spar- row, and saw two others high up in the Walpole hills some ten miles " northwest of Keene, in a small isolated wet place, grown with rank grass and small bushes, in the midst of a wide ex- panse of open hill pasture, at about 1,000 feet altitude ; he has also noted the bird at Dublin in June, 1902, and at Hancock and Bennington. Mr. R. Hoffmann has also observed the bird on one or two occasions near the same locality, at Alstead. Else- where in the state, I know of its presence only at Wonalancet, on the intervale at the foot of Mt. Passaconaway. Here, on July 14 and 15, 1899, I observed a pair evidently settled, in a small cold marsh, partly carpeted with sphagnum, and grown up with sedges and wrhite hellebore. On the tops of the helle- bores the male would sit and sing incessantly, but only once did I observe what must have been his mate. I have been unable to visit this spot since to discover if it is regularly inhabited by the birds. Dates : April 17 to August. 175. Ammodramus caudacutus (Gmel.). SHARP- TAILED SPARROW. A summer resident of the salt marshes on the limited coastal strip of the southeastern part of the state. Dr. Jonathan Dwight, Jr., ('87) states that true caudacutus breeds as far north as Portsmouth. Mr. William Brewster ('78) also mentions a specimen in his collection taken at Rye Beach, on August 20, OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 141 1869. Doubtless the subspecies subvirgatus occurs in migra- tions, but records are not available. Note: Ammodramus maritimus (Wils.). SEASIDE SPARROW. The statement of Dr. Elliot Coues in his "Birds of New England" (Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. V, p. 282) that this species occurred at Rye Beach, was an error, the Sharp-tailed Sparrow having been the bird in- tended (Brewster, '7yb). 176. Zonotrichia leucopkrys (Forst.). WHITE- CROWNED SPARROW. A spring and fall migrant, uncommon in the lower parts of the state, but seemingly more plentiful in the higher country. More birds are seen also in fall than in spring. Mr. Bradford Torrey and Mr. H. W. Wright have found the bird regularly among the White Mountains from September 25 into October, and Mr. G. H. Thayer reports it as sometimes common at Mo- nadnock in Migrations. I have observed it on one occasion on the Saco meadows at Intervale so early as September 21, 1900. During the spring of 1900 this species was seen at many locali- ties in unusual numbers, and Mrs. E. E. Webster informs me that at Franklin Falls it seemed more plentiful than the White- throated species during May of that year. Dates : May 6 to 25 ; September 21 to October n. 177. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.). WHITE-THROAT- ED SPARROW. A common spring and fall migrant, and as a summer resident, common throughout the Canadian portions of the state and even up into the sub-alpine zone on the White Mountains. South of Lake Winnepesaukee, it breeds on Mt. Monadnock and the surrounding hills, on South Kearsarge, and elsewhere locally along the higher land in the western part of the state. Among the foot hills of the White Mountains, scattering pairs breed even at low elevations in the valleys in bushy open spots, but it is not very common until the deeper sub-Canadian woods are reached. On the mountains it is common up to the limit of scrub growth at 4,800 to 5,000 feet, and a few push still higher up to avail themselves of outlying clumps of stunted growth. I 142 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE have observed a few in summer about the Lakes of the Clouds on Mt. Washington at some 5,000 feet, and Dr. A. P. Chad- bourne ('87) notes them as high as 5,300 feet. Dates: April 23 to May 14; Summer; September and October. 178. Spizella moiiticola (Gmel.). TREE SPARROW. A common spring and fall migrant and less common winter resident. In fall the main flight passes through during late October and November, and a few are left to winter at least as far north as at the White Mountain valleys, as at Ossipee, where Mr. E. A. Preble has noted them in winter. Frank Bolles (93b) records two seen on December 2ist, at Cho- corua, but it must be rarely that the birds winter there. Mr. F. B. Spaulding also writes of seeing two on Dec. 9, 1899, at Lancaster, the latest he had ever noticed them there in win- ter. During March and April the northward flight takes place, a few birds lingering nearly to the last of the latter month. Dates : October 8 to April 24. 179. Spizella socialis (Wils.). CHIPPING SPARROW. A common summer resident of the Transition area, found mainly about orchards and door-yards, and one of the most familiar and confiding of our native birds. Like the Least Fly- catcher, it follows closely the path of civilization and has doubt- less greatly extended its range within historic times as the for- ests have disappeared before the advance of the white man. Al- ready by August family flocks of old and young are seen, and by the latter part of that month these join one to another, until large companies are formed. At such times the birds fairly swarm over weedy fields or stubble land, and often are accom- panied by Bluebirds and Myrtle Warblers. These flocks move leisurely southward during September, though a few individuals remain among the White Mountains until well into October. Prof. C. M. Weed ('98) has given a good account of the feed- ing habits of this bird, as observed by him at Durham. Dates : April 16 to October n. 180. Spizella pusilla ( Wils.) FIELD SARROW. A summer resident, common in the southern part of the state OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 143 on bushy hillside pastures, but becoming local and uncommon among the White Mountains. About the Winnepesaukee re- gion the bird is very common in suitable places, and follows the valleys well up among the mountains on both sides of the great range. On the south side of the range, I have found small col- onies in the Saco valley at North Conway and Intervale, and a few pairs still farther up at Jackson, on the western slope of Spruce Mountain, facing the Glen road, and at an elevation of about 1,500 feet. On the north side of the range, Mr. F. H. Al- len has -found them not uncommon at Jefferson and Randolph, these birds very likely reaching this district by way of the Con- necticut valley. It is noticeable that a large part of the nests found in southern New Hampshire are built in low bushes. After the 3roung are on the wing, the birds continue on their breeding grounds in small family flocks, into September, and Dr. Walter Faxon has observed them at Franconia so late as October 7. Dates : April 19 to October 7. 181. Juiico hyeinalis (Linn.). SLATE-COLORED JUNCO. An abundant spring and fall migrant, and throughout the Canadian area, a common summer resident of coniferous woods or open, dry pastures grown up to small pines or spruces ; also a winter resident in the southern part of the state. South of Lake Winnepesaukee the bird is local in summer, breeding in suitable localities, as at Northfield on Bean Hill, South Kear- sarge (Dearborn, '98), on Mt. Monadnock above 1,500 feet in the spruce growth (Thayer, in lit.}, and along the ridge of -land in the western part of the state northward to the White Moun- tains. At Intervale, a few pairs breed even in the valley bot- tom of the Saco at 520 feet, and thence up to the limit of scrub growth on the higher mountains, at 4,800 to 5,000 feet. Above this level a few scattering pairs are to be found here and there where an outlying clump of dwarfed firs provides shelter, and a few birds are usually to be found feeding about the buildings on the extreme summit of Mt. Washington (6,291 feet). I have no doubt these birds nest on the summit, and they must surely find an abundance of insect food. In the southern part of the state, the bird is known to winter in small numbers ; Mr. W. E. 144 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE Cram writes me that it occurs through the winter months at Hampton Falls, and Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) records it as a winter bird at Webster. I do not know of its wintering farther north, though Frank Bolles ('93b) records a flock seen on Bear Mountain on Dec. 21, 1891. The birds arrive on their breeding grounds among the White Mountains before the snow is off, and I have observed the males in mid- April singing among the stunted growth on the summit of Mt. Chocorua as though com- pletely at home and settled for the season. Young, just hatched, were observed at Jackson on June 16, 1902. 182. Melospiza melodia ( Wils.). SONG SPARROW. A common summer resident throughout the Transition re- gions, breeding as high up at least as 2,000 feet among the White Mountains, in more or less cleared areas. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87) records having seen a single bird "on the bare rocks at an altitude of 5,340 feet on Mt. Washington " on July 6, 1886, and he suggests that it may have nested some- where near. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) records its breeding at Lake Umbagog the last of May, and adds that he has seen the bird in Coos County "the first week in November, when the snow was on the ground." During September large flocks often gather about the weed patches in the lowlands, or swarm in the swampy thickets preparatory to migrating southward. Doubtless a few winter in the southeastern portions of the state, but actual records are unavailable. Dates : March 9 to December. 183. Melospiza lincolnii (Aud.). LINCOLN'S SPARROW. A migrant, apparently rare in spring, but rather common in fall. Owing to its inconspicuous dress and retiring habits it is very frequently overlooked. On the Saco meadows at Inter- vale, I have observed it in the fall migration as early as Sep- tember 7, on which date, in 1899, two birds were seen by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, and myself, one bird being taken. After this date, from one to as many as five were seen almost daily throughout the month. Often one or two individuals are found in company with the large flocks of Song Sparrows which at OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 145 this season frequent the weed-grown potato patches, or an oc- casional bird is found among the tall grass and bushy tangle on the edge of a swamp or wood. One soon learns to recognize the neat, graceful form, the uneasy movement and inquisitive way of the bird, as it hops restlessly about, now appearing on the edge of a thicket or tangle of grass to peer curiously at the observer, or again vanishing utterly in situations where the cover seems too slight to conceal it at all. I have sometimes heard from this bird in the fall, a sharp and distinctive " chip " much like a note of the Vesper Sparrow ; also on a few occa- sions a short, low " tzz," similar to a note of the Song Sparrow and given as the bird skulks among the shrubbery. Mr. Tor- rey has on several occasions noted this bird among the Franco- nia valleys in fall, and other observers have reported it from lo- calities in the southern part of the state. Its possible breeding in the northern part of the state may be suggested, as it is well known to breed among the Adirondacks ; and Mr. G. H. Thayer ( : 02) has even recorded what he believes to have been a Lin- coln's Finch seen by him on July 28, 1900, at Lake Nubanusit in Southwestern New Hampshire. Dates : May 15 to 26 ; September 7 to October 4. 184. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). SWAMP SPARROW. A rather common spring and fall migrant and a less common and local summer resident. During the summer it is confined to grassy swamps along streams and lakes. It is common as a breeding bird in many places in southern New Hampshire, but among the White Mountain valleys it seems rare at this season. Mr. F. H. Allen ('89, p. 78) has recorded it from Moultonboro in the summer, but I know of no other locality where it breeds, in the immediately adjacent country to the north though several apparently favorable places have been investigated. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) states that it breeds at Lake Umbagog. In the Saco valley at Intervale, it appears in some numbers during September with flocks of other migrating sparrows. Dates : April to October 10. 185. Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox SPARROW. A rather common migrant in early spring and late fall. The 146 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE last of the spring migrants pass through the White Mountains by April 23 or thereabouts, and appear again on their south- ward flight in early October. Dates : March 16 to April 23 ; October 5 to November 7. 186. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.). TOWHEE. A not uncommon summer resident of the Transition valleys in the southern parts of the state becoming rarer and local to- wards the White Mountains, to the north of which it appears not to occur. In the lower Connecticut valley this bird is fairly common, and is found also in some numbers throughout the cen- tral and southern regions of the state in open bushy lands. North of Lake Winnepesaukee it occurs in bushy, sandy areas in the lowlands. Mr. K. A. Preble finds it about Ossipee among the sandy " barrens " grown up to bear oak and pitch pine, and I have found it in small numbers in a few similar localites in that vicinity and as far up as North Conway in the Saco valley. Dr. Walter Faxon tells me also of a bird seen by him on June 17, 1894, near Moosilauke. At Intervale, I have seen the bird but once, when on Sept. 19, 1899, a migrant appeared on the edge of the Saco meadows in the early morning. Dates : May i to October. 187. Zamelodia ludoviciaiia (Linn.). ROSE-BREAST- ED GROSBEAK. An uncommon summer resident of the Transition area, enter- ing also to a less extent the sub-Canadian region. A few sum- mer regularly in the White Mountain valleys at least as far up as Intervale, though I have found them more common there in August or September during migration. Mr. G. H. Thayer notes their fondness for potato beetles at Dublin. Dates: May 12 to September 18. ]N"ote : Guiraea cserulea (Ivinn.). BI,UE GROSBEAK. Miss Mabel C. Berry ('96) records having observed at close range, on May 26, 1894, an adult male of this species at East Derry. The bird was not secured, though the observer felt certain of the identity. It seems safer, however, to await a more positive record before according the bird a place in the list of New Hampshire birds. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 147 188. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.) INDIGO BUNTING. A rather common summer resident of the Transition region. In the southern part of the state it is very common in certain localities, and follows the lower valleys well up among the White Mountains. It is also recorded as not common about Lake Umbagog. During September considerable flocks of old birds and fully -grown young gather around the weed-grown fields and standing corn, and at Intervale, in the Saco valley, remain until the first of October when the frosts are heavy. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that at Dublin, but few occur so high up as 1,400 feet. Dates : May 9 to October i. 189. Piraiiga erythromelas Vieill. SCARLET TANAGER. A not uncommon summer resident of the Transition and sub- Canadian woods. In the White Mountains, I have found it in small numbers on the mountain sides as far as the upper limit of the beech woods, some 2,000 feet. According to Mr. C. J. Maynard, it is rare at Umbagog, and is doubtless wanting in the coniferous forests of the northern part of the state. The males cease singing about the second week in July, and owing to their habit of keeping to the upper regions of the forest trees, are not very frequently observed in late summer. At Intervale, I have noted occasional birds in the beech woods up to September 1 3th, and Frank Bolles ('93b) records one seen at Chocorua so late as the 25th of that month, 1891. Dates : May 13 to September 25. Note: Piranga r ubra (Linn.). SUMMET TANAGER. Although this bird has twice been recorded from New Hampshire, once by Mi. C. F. Goodhue, who believed he saw one at Webster ('77a, p. 49), and once by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 27), who adduces the testimony of Mr. George Stolworthy of Franklin to the effect that he saw a number of males at that place in the early summer of 1875, neither of the records seems to stand on a sufficiently definite basis to warrant according the species a place in the present list. 19O. JProgne subis (Linn.). PURPLE MARTIN. A not uncommon, though local summer resident of the Tran- sition valleys throughout the southern and central parts of the 148 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE state. It breeds in the Connecticut valley at least as far up as Colebrook, where Dr. Walter Faxon ('97) has recorded that Mr. William Brewster found a pair in 1896, nesting under the hood of an electric arc light. I have never found it breeding at Intervale, though two miles farther down the valley at North Conway a small colony annually inhabits a large bird house. Apparently the birds are slowly falling off in point of numbers. Dates : April 19 to September. 191. Petrochelidon lunif rons (Say). CUFF SWALLOW. A common spring and fall migrant and common local summer resident throughout the lowland districts of the state up to at least i, 500 feet. The birds breed in colonies under the eaves of barns and outbuildings, and the young after leaving the nest are often to be seen in little squads on the roof, where they are fed by their parents. Kven after the young are strong on the wing they are still fed occasionally by the old ones, and not infrequently have I observed the parent perform this duty in mid-air, both birds hovering for a second to effect the transfer. Concerning the supposed immigration of this species from the west in the early part of the century, there seems to be no conclusive evidence. Peabody ('41) states that the earliest information he had of its appearance in New England was from Chief Justice Shaw, who "found it at the White Mountains in the summer of 1816." Belknap, writing in 1792, does not mention it as a bird of New Hampshire. Dates: April 28 to September i. 192. Hirundo erythrogaster (Bodd.). BARN SWAL- LOW. A common spring, and abundant fall migrant, and fairly com- mon summer resident, nesting throughout the farming districts in the large open barns, up to about 1,500 feet in the White Mountain valleys. It is said to be abundant at Lake Umba- gog. In August, the birds gather in large flocks and move vSouthward. At Intervale, one may see them during this month flying leisurely down the valley at all hours of the day, and sev- eral times I have seen an entire flock of some 25 birds pause in OF ARTvS AND SCIENCES. 149 their flight to chase a passing hawk. Only a few are seen among the White Mountaias after August, though I have noted single stragglers at Intervale so late as September 12, 1900, and in 1898, a single bird on September 21, the day being cold, and Mt. Washington's summit white with snow. Dates: April 24 to September 21. 193. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.)- TREE SWALLOW. A common spring and fall migrant and less common summer resident. These birds arrive in central New Hampshire in earh7 April before the snow is off the ground and from one to three or more pairs a^e generally found about the smaller towns and villages in summer. At Intervale, I have rarely found more than one pair nesting in the village. In the forest of water-killed trees at the mouth of the Androscoggin River, Lake Umbagog, Mr. William Brewster ('y6b) has recorded that ' ' multitudes ' ' were found ' ' occupying deserted nests of the smaller Woodpeckers." Dates : March 23 (Hampton Falls) to September. 194. Riparia riparia (Linn.). BANK SWALLOW. A common spring and fall migrant and a locally abundant summer resident, nesting in colonies where steep banks of sand occur along the rivers. The breeding birds often go far afield in search of food, and I have frequently seen individuals flying over the Saco valley at least a mile and a half from the nesting colony. It is interesting, in watching a large colony, to observe the apparent precision with which each bird enters its proper burrow, and only on rare occasions nave I seen a bird hesitate for a second before picking out its own burrow. This is the first of our swallows to leave, and among the White Mountain valleys the breeding colonies break up and disappear by the middle of July, and except on one occasion (a single bird seen Aug. n, 1899) I have never observed the birds at Intervale after July. Mr. William Brewster, however, ('98b) notes them with flocks of other swallows at the lower end of Lake Umba- gog on Aug. 22, 1896. As pointed out by Mr. Ned Dearborn, ('98) these swallows will often dig their burrows in a newly-ex- 150 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE cavated sand pit, but after a single season desert the locality altogether. I have often observed the same thing in various places and attribute it to a change in the texture of the sand near the face of the cut due to the drying out of the water on the newly-exposed front, so that it would cave in more readily if a burrow were dug. Dates : May to August 24. 195. Ampelis garrulus Linn. BOHEMIAN WAXWING. An extremely rare winter visitant. This bird is frequently reported by amateur observers, who, as their judgment grows with later experience, are led to expunge their record. There appears at present to be no valid published record for the occur- rence of this species in the state, but Dr. W. H. Fox informs me that in the early part of 1880, O. H. Phillips, a taxidermist, took specimens near Nashua. Mr. W. B. Cram writes me he has observed it at Hampton Falls on February 17 and 21, 1897, 196. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). CEDAR WAXWING. A common spring and fall migrant and summer resident ; rarely wintering in the southeastern portion of the state. Al- though these birds breed mainly in the open Transition and sub- Canadian regions, they are great wanderers, and small flocks of from 3 to 6 birds are not infrequently observed during summer crossing the Presidential range, or stopping for a few moments at the higher levels, as at Carter Lakes (3,360 feet), and Halfway House (3,840 feet), to pass on again shortly. In the White Mountain valleys they nest about the middle of July, and the young are soon on the wing. During September they quickly gather into large flocks about the wild cherry trees, preparatory to migrating southward. Mr. Ned Dearborn (: oo) records that a flock of ten birds wintered at Durham during the season of 1899-1900, a circumstance which appears to be quite unusual. In eastern Massschusetts there is regularly a wave of northbound migrants about the end of January, this movement lasting into March, after which there comes a second wave in late May. Apparently this first wave has spent its energy by the time it reaches central New Hampshire. Rarely this first OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 151 flight reaches the central part of the state in January ; thus Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) notes a flock of 20 or more at Webster in January, 1878. By February or March, the birds appear irreg- ularly in the lower portions of the state, though often observers in the central counties do not see them till late May, i. e., dur- ing the second wave. The limits and dates of these peculiar movements will bear a much more thorough working out. The fall migrants have usually left by October. 197. Laiiius borealis Vieill. NORTHERN SHRIKE. A rather common late fall migrant and winter resident throughout the state, occurring as high at least as 2,000 feet in the White Mountains during winter. Dates : November 12 to April. 198. Lanius ludoviciaiius Linn. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. A rather rare and local summer resident in the Transition valleys at least as far north as the White Mountains, and the upper Connecticut valley ; accidental in winter. In view of the general lack of definite published breeding data for this species, it may be well to detail the records for New Hanpshire as far as possible. The bird has been observed at the following locali- ties in the state : Charlestown, Mr. W. M. Buswell has observed a pair for at least two seasons in the same yard, and on April 26, 1898, took their nest and six eggs. This nest was nearly completed by April 8, and contained two eggs on the 2ist. The earliest date at which he has observed the bird in spring is March 20. Concord, near this town a specimen was obtained by Mr. C. F. Goodhue, on January 20, 1879, and identified and recorded by Mr. Ruthven Deane ('79). Hampton Falls, one was observed by Mr. W. E. Cram on August 20, 1899. Hanover, a pair is recorded by Mr. E. B. Frost ('85) to have nested in a fir tree in a person's yard during the season of 1885. The birds were first seen on April 16, and by May 4th, the nest had been built and six eggs laid. Both birds were shot for identification. Mr. Frost, in a letter to the writer, adds that a nest with six young was found at Hanover on May 30, 1884, and that he ii 152 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE knew of another at about the same time. Also on May 17, 1897, on the Vermont side of the Connecticut river, a nest containing one egg and four young birds was found by Mrs. Frost, and in 1898, the birds were noticed near the same place. Hollis, one seen by Dr. W. H. Fox on September i, 1885. Intervale, I have twice observed the bird in the Saco valley here ; once on August 25, 1897, when a single bird was seen for a short time on the meadows, and again on August 9, 1899, when I watched one for part of an afternoon as it stayed about an old apple or- chard near the river valley. Possibly a pair may have nested here earlier in the season. Jefferson, in an interesting letter on birds observed in this vicinity, Mr. H. W. Wright tells me that " it has been breeding for several years within town limits. A friend living on the road to Jefferson Hill, when I discovered a family of shrikes about his pasture, told me they had nested in the same elm tree in that pasture for 4 or 5 years. In 1899, we observed them whenever we drove by throughout the season. This year (1900) they nested farther back and were seen only occasionally on the roadside. I have observed a pair or family at three or four other points, in driving, in this vicinity." Lancaster, Mr. F. B. Spaulding finds it a regular summer resi- dent here, where it arrives early and breeds about the first of May. Northfield, in September, 1897, Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 218) observed one at this town. Tamworth, a single bird was observed on August 16, 1898, by Dr. A. L. Reagh (see Howe, :oi, p. 44). Tilton, according to Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 28) a nest with eggs was discovered here by Mr. G. H. Davis, in May, 1897. From the foregoing, it is plain that this shrike is most com- mon in the valleys of the Connecticut and its larger tributaries, by which it reaches the country slightly north of the White Mountains. Dates : (January 20, '79) March 20 to September. 199. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). RED-EYED VIREO. A common summer resident throughout the Transition and sub-Canadian areas, being found from the shade trees of the vil- OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 153 lage streets up to about 3,000 feet in the mixed forests on the White Mountains. It is also common to the north of these mountains, as at Lake Umbagog. At Intervale, I have on one or two occasions seen single birds on the wire fences, which cross the Saco meadows, feeding on crickets which they ob- tained on the edge of a farm-road, and carried to the fence to eat. Most of them leave the latitude of the White Mountains by the middle of September, though Dr. Walter Faxon informs me that he saw three on September 30, 1895, at Warren. Dates : May 8 to September 30. 2OO. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). PHILADELPHIA VlREO. A rare spring and fall migrant, and in the northern part of the state a rather rare summer resident. To Mr. William Brewster, we are chiefly indebted for our knowledge of this spe- cies as a summer bird of New Hampshire. About Lake Umba- gog, this gentleman and Mr. Ruthven Deane ('76) secured in all, three specimens, on the 3d and 4th of June, 1872. Near the same spot, Mr. Brewster ('80) secured on August 29, 1874, three more specimens and a fourth on August 3ist, these being all ' ' young birds in freshly assumed but quite perfect fall dress." On May 29, 1876, another was taken at Umbagog, and two more on May 3ist, and three years later, on May 27, 1879, a mated pair was shot. From Umbagog, Mr. Brewster ('80) states that he traced them westward to Dixville Notch in northwestern New Hampshire, where "they were noted in greater numbers than elsewhere, and on June loth several pairs were found in the open birch groves about the ' Dix House,' just beyond the Notch." He further notes that although these birds arrive at Umbagog during the last of May or first week of June, they remain silent until the breeding season has fairly be- gun, when they are quite as indefatigable singers as the Red- eyed Vireos, and are then found generally distributed through- out the less heavily wrooded areas. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann has also noted the bird in the Dixville Notch in the breeding sea- son, in 1903. The only White Mountain record of this bird in 154 PROCEEDINGS NANCHESTKR INSTITUTE the breeding season is that of Mr. Bradford Torrey ('90, p. 251) who, in company with Dr. Walter Faxon, observed one singing "by the roadside in the valley," at Franconia, on June 16, 1889, and repeatedly in the same place on subsequent days. The bird acted as if settled there, but no nest was found. The following instances of its occurrence as a migrant elsewhere in the state are detailed as of interest : Chocorua, where Mr. F. H. Allen informs me he observed a pair on June 5, 1900, probably late migrants ; Frank Bolles ('93b, p. 39) also records having once observed it there in migration. Dublin, one taken Sep- tember 29, 1899, and a second at the same season in 1900 by Mr. G. H. Thayer ( 102) who records seeing others at Dublin on several occasions in fall ; near Fitzwilliam, one obtained on May 27, 1897, as I am informed by Mr. G. H. Thayer. Fran- conia, one bird seen September 23d and another September 26, 1900, by Mr. Bradford Torrey ; Hollis, one recorded by Dr. W. H. Fox ('77) as shot on May 26, 1876, by a Mr. A. F. Eaton, while it was " feeding in company with two other birds of the same kind, in some low oak bushes ; " Intervale, I observed a single bird among some small elms in the Saco valley on Aug. 26, 1899, an early fall migrant doubtless. Dates : May 26 to September 29. 2O1. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.). WARBLING VIREO. An uncommon summer resident within the Transition .areas of the state, and during the nesting season is usually confined to the big elm trees of the village streets. In the White Moun- tain valleys, the bird is rare so far up as Intervale, and for sev- eral years I have never known more than one or two pairs to summer in the big elms of the village. What I presume to be the same pair of birds has for at least three successive seasons lived among a group of elms near our house, and although after the young were off, I have several times seen the birds in the open valley at a considerable distance from their nesting site, nevertheless the male is now and then to be heard singing in the early morning from the same elms even into the second week of September. Apparently this species is rare or gener- ally absent to the north of the White Mountains, though Mr. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 155 F. B. Spaulding reports it from Lancaster, in the Connecticut valley. Dr. Walter Faxon has found it also breeding at F'ranco- nia. Dates : May 3 to September 17. 202. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. YELLOW-THROATED VlREO. An uncommon summer resident in the Transition valleys of the lower part of the state. At Hollis, Dr. W. H. Fox writes that it is common in summer, and it also occurs regularly on the coast in small numbers. About Manchester it is said to be common, and usually found about towns. Farther north in cen- tral New Hampshire it becomes rarer ; at Bridgewater, Mr. F. H. Allen ('89) has observed it, and Mrs. E. E. Webster writes me of one seen at Franklin Falls in May, 1899, while Mr. C. F. Goodhue notes it as breeding about Webster. I have no rec- ord of it north of Lake Winnepesaukee in the central part of the state, where, however, it may be of casual occurrence. Mr. Bradford Torrey (:oo, p. 638) records a single bird singing on June 3, 1899, in a sugar maple grove at Franconia, which is the first time, in all his observations in that region, that he has seen the bird there. This straggler may have reached Franco- nia by way of the Pemigewasset valley, but more probably by the Connecticut basin, where the bird is a regular summer res- ident as far up at least as the vicinity of Hanover, and according to Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, (:O2, p. 19) it has even been re- corded from St. Johnsbury, Vt., on a northern tributary of the Connecticut. Dates : May 8 to September. 203. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). BLUE-HEADED VIREO. An uncommon, though generally distributed summer resident, throughout the sub-Canadian areas of the state. On our ex- treme southeast, Dr. W. H. Fox finds it a rare breeding bird at Hollis, but on the higher land farther west, about Mt. Monad- nock, and northward along the eastern rim of the Connecticut valley and throughout the mixed woods of the central and north- ern parts of the state it is fairly common, nesting up to about 156 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE 3,000 feet in the White Mountains. Apparently the great freeze of 1899 killed numbers of the early migrants, and in the White Mountains especially, I have noticed an apparent diminution in their numbers in the two following seasons. Dates : April 29 to October 7. Note: Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.). ^WHITE-EYED VIREO. This species probably reaches the extreme southwestern part of the state at times, and has been recorded by Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : oo, p. 133) to have bred near Lake Massabesic, Manchester, in 1899, and pre- viously on the Hooksett Road in the same town. Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 29) includes it among the birds of Belknap and Merrimack Coun- ties on the authority of a Mr. George Stolworthy but this record is per- haps to be questioned. Mr. W. E. Cram of Hampton Falls also writes me that he is confident he has once observed it at that place. At present, however, it seems safer to exclude the bird from the New Hampshire list awaiting an undoubted record. 204. Vireo belli! Aud. BEI.I/S VIREO. An accidental visitant from the interior. Mr. William Brew- ster ( : 01) records that Mr. Ned Dearborn, while driving along a country road in Durham, on November 19, 1897, observed a small bird hopping about some poison-ivy vines which had overrun a stone wall. Mr. Dearborn shot the bird and submit- ted it to Mr. Brewster for examination, and the latter states that it proves to be a perfectly typical example of this species. 205. Mniotilta varia (lyinn.). BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER. A common spring and fall migrant and less common summer resident throughout the Transition and sub-Canadian woods. Among the White Mountains it appears to be quite absent in the breeding season above the 3,000 foot level, and is also rare or wanting in the balsam and spruce forests of the northern part of the state. About Intervale, I have found it common all sum- mer in the lowland woods of mixed or deciduous growth. Dates : April 30 to September 29. Note : Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.). WORM-EATING WAR- A specimen is recorded as seen at Manchester on Oct. i, 1900, by a Mrs. A. A. Macleod ( : oo, p. 102) but the record is not properly substantiated. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 157 206. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.). GOLDEN- WINGED WARBLER. A rare migrant, and probable summer resident in the extreme southeastern part of the state. Although no actual instance of its breeding in the state is known to me, Mr. W. E. Cram wrrites that he took a specimen at Hampton Falls in May, 1887 ; Mr. G. H. Thayer writes that he has observed it once in early sum- mer near Jaffrey ; and local observers report (Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts & Sci., Vol. II, p. 80) that a few were observed in May, 1900. at Manchester. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann also informs me that a fine male was noticed in late May and early June, 1902, by Dr. W. R. Varick at Concord, where there may have been a breeding pair. 207 . Helminthophila rubricapilla ( Wils. ) . NASH VILLE WARBLER. A common spring and fall migrant and rather common sum- mer resident. It is of general distribution in damp bushy local- ities throughout most of the state and is common in certain por- tions of southwestern New Hampshire. Among the White Mountains it is scattered all over the higher peaks in the Cani- dian zone, and is fairly common up to the limit of small tree growth, or nearly 4,500 feet, and I have repeatedly noted birds at the head of Tuckermaii's Ravine on Mt. Washington, in King's Ravine and elsewhere on the great range. During a trip over the Carter range, June 13 to 16, 1902, a large number of these birds was observed. They seemed to be very evenly dis- tributed above 3,000 feet, and showed a preference for the birches, then just in bud, scattered through the balsam forest. Dates : May 4 to September 13. 208. Helminthophila celata (Say). ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. An accidental visitant, for which there is but a single valid record : — Hollis, a single bird taken May 16, 1876, by Dr. W. H. Fox ('76). Dr. Fox informs me that the spcimen has been ex- amined and thoroughly identified by competent authorities. The record by Mr. John Murdoch ('/8) of a bird taken at Isles of Shoals has been shown to be a misidentification. 158 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE 2O9. Helminthophila peregrina ( Wils.). TENNESSEE WARBLER. A rare spring and fall migrant and in the upper Canadian re- gions of the northern part of the state an uncommon summer resident. About L,ake Umbagog the bird was stated by Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) to be common, and more recently, Mr. William Brewster is quoted as saying that it is there found during the breeding season, generally in larch swamps, but sometimes among coniferous growths on the mountain sides. Among the White Mountains it is a rare and local summer resident. Dr. Walter Faxon ('89) records that in 1887 he and Mr. Bradford Torrey found two males in full song throughout the breeding season, <( in some pasture land largely grown up to black spruce in Franconia, * * ' * at a high level (some distance above the" Profile House Farm)." In late May, 1888, the bird was detect- ed in the same place, and ' ' also in an extensive larch swamp in the lower part of the same town, where Mr. Torrey found it againjin the latter part of the following month. ' ' Mr. Torrey has several times since i ecorded the bird from this locality. Elsewhere among the White Mountains it has not been detected in the breeding sea- son so far as I am aware. In migrations the bird has been ob- served once in late May, 1897, at Dublin, by Mr. G. H. Thayer ; one was captured on the Isles of Shoals Sept. 9, 1877, and re- corded by Mr. John Murdoch ('78) on supposedly good author- ity as If. celata, but Mr. William Brewster ('82) who later examined the specimen pionounced it to be peregrina ; one was noted at 4,000 feet on Mt. Adams on Sept. 2, 1884, by Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87); and Mr. C. F. Goodhue has taken it at Webster. According to Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : oo, p. 133) it is a " rare transient visitant " at Manchester. Dates : May 20 to September 9. 2 1C. Compsothlypis americana usnese Brewst. NORTHERN PARUI.A WARBLER. A common spring and fall migrant, and a not uncommon summer resident of the thick, sub-Canadian forests, though found usually in spruce and hemlock woods where there is more OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 159 or less Usnea ; it occurs frequently, however, in growths where there seems to be little of this moss, and delights to feed among red oaks. I have not observed it above 2,500 feet in the White Mountains, and it is hardly a common bird in the coniferous woods of that region. Dates : May 3 to October i. 211. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). CAPE MAY WAR- BLER. A rare spring and fall migrani in the central and southern parts of the state, and an irregular summer resident of the Cana- dian forests to the north of the White Mountains. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) records it as formerly common at Umbagog, breeding in the thick evergreen woods, and according to Mr. Wm. Brewster ('95) it was a really abundant summer resident there from 1871-' 75, but before 1879, had quite deserted the region. I do not know of its occurrence in summer among the White Mountains, though Mr. Bradford Torrey ( : oo) records that he observed a male in full song at the " Landaff Larch Swamp" among the Franconias, almost daily from the 22d of May to the 3d of June, 1899, after which date he was called away. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes of having twice observed the bird in fall at Dublin. Local observers record in the Proceed- ings of the Manchester Institute of Arts and Sciences, Vol. II, p. 82, that it was observed in some numbers at Manchester dur- ing the phenomenal warbler migration of May, 1900. Dates : May 10 to September. 212. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.). YELLOW WARBLER. A not uncommon summer resident in the Transition valleys of the southern and western parts of the state, but rare or ab- sent in the White Mountain valleys and northward. In the Merrimack valley the bird is common at least as far up as Con- cord, and elsewhere in the southern valleys it is of general oc- currence. North of Lake Winnepesaukee it is very local. About Newfound Lake a small number annually breed, and at Ossipee, Mr. K. A. Preble has once found it nesting. Dr. Walter Faxon found a single pair in the willows on Gale river 160 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE among the Franconias about the summer of 1886, and Dr. J. A. Allen (Faxon & Allen, '88) records them at Bethleham and Franconia in 1874, though apparently the bird is now very rare or wholly absent from these regions in summer. I have never seen it about Intervale save in fall, although there seems to be suitable country for it. On September n, 1899, I noted two in some bushes on the Saco meadows at Intervale, but have never seen others there. In the Connecticut valley the bird is fairly common at least as far up as Lancaster, where both Mr. F. B. Spaulding and Mr. H. W. Wright have found it in summer, and the latter gentleman observed a single bird singing in the western part of Jefferson on Aug. 12, 1901. A few also work up the side valleys farther south to some distance ; thus Mr. G. H. Thayer has found it in Marlboro commonly, while farther up at Dublin it is rare. Dates : May 9 to September n. 213. Dendroica caerulesceiis (Gmel.). BLACK-THROAT- ED BLUE WARBLER. A fairly common summer resident of the rich, sub- Canadian woods, inhabiting the denser undergrowth along the forest brooks. Dr. W. H. Fox writes me that it breeds rarely at Hollis on our southeastern border, and Mr. G. H. Thayer finds it about Monadnock rather commonly. In central New Hamp- shire it is fairly common locally. Among the White Mountains it occurs commonly up to the 3,000 foot limit, above which I have rarely found it. On June 21, 1900, I observed a single male singing by the lake in Carter Notch at the altitude of 3,360 feet. The males continue to sing at intervals long after the breeding season, and I have heard their song in the woods at Intervale until the iyth of September. Dates ; May 10 to October 10. 214. Dendroica coronata (lyinn.). MYRTLE WARBLER. A very common spring and fall migrant, and a common summer resident of the Canadian fauna. It breeds rather spar- ingly in coniferous growth on the hills of the southwestern part of the state and along the height of land which bounds the Con- OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. l6l necticut river basin on the east. I have no certain evidence of its breeding in the southeastern section of the state, though it may do so locally, and Dr. W. H. Fox has recorded ('84) tak- ing an adult male at Hollis on June 25, 1883. Among the White Mountains, it is found to breed sparingly among the white pines in the river valleys so low as 520 feet at Intervale, while higher on the mountains it is fairly common up to 3,000 feet above which it is practically the only Dendroica, except D. striata, to occnr in any numbers. To the limit of scrub growth, at 4,800 or 5,000 feet, it is generally distributed, and I have not- ed it on numerous occasions at these upper levels on the Presi- dential and Carter ranges. In September, this species is often found in the valleys in considerable numbers, accompanying the little flocks of Bluebirds and Chipping Sparrows, and frequently is observed feeding with them on the ground, instead of fre- quenting the woods with the hordes of other migrating war- blers. Dates : Spring migration, April 23 to May 28 ; Summer ; fall migra- tion, September to October 23. 215. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.). MAGNOLIA WAR- BLER. A common spring and fall migrant, and a rather common sum- mer resident of the sub-Canadian fauna. It breeds in small numbers among the spruce woods of Mt. Monadnock and local- ly elsew7here in southern and wrestern New Hampshire, being here very strictly confined to the spruce growth. Among the. White Mountains, it is common along the streams and in the damp thickets of spruce, hemlock, and fir, with an undergrowth of deciduous bushes, and reaches the altitude of 3,000 feet on the mountain sides, above which, however, it is very rare or en- tirely wanting. Mr. William Brewster ('yya) gives an account of the habits of this bird as observed by him in New England, wherein he states that he has found it generally distributed over high and low country alike, to the north of the White Moun- tains, and notes its arrival at Umbagog already by the 25th of May, 1876, while yet " not a leaf had unfolded, even in the most 162 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE sheltered places, and snow lay in large masses everywhere in the hollows and on northern exposures." Dates : May 9 to Octocer 3. 216. Dendroica peiisylvanica (Linn.). CHESTNUT- SIDED WARBLER. A summer resident of the Transition area, common in the southern parts of the state, but becoming somewhat less plenti- ful among the White Mountain valleys. Mr. Maynard ('72) reports it as " not very abundant " at Umbagog, where also it breeds. It is generally confined to open bushy fields, or clear- ings grown up with sprouts and bushes. Among the White Mountains it is found mostly in the valley bottoms, but is quick to take advantage of sprout growth in newly-made clearings even far in the woods. Thus during the winter of 1898-99, a consid- erable area of beech woods was cut on the west slope of Mt. Bartlett at about 1,000 feet, and during the following year there sprang up a considerable growth of sprouts. The next spring a pair of Chestnut-sided Warblers was found to have ensconced themselves there. In another case, a pair was found at slightly over 2,000 feet on the Carter Notch trail, where a bushy growth had arisen in a clearing made in the depth of the forest about a lumber camp. Mr. K. A. Preble has also observed about Ossi- pee the same readiness of these birds to quickly occupy the young growth following the clearing off of woodland, a fact which shows that in the keen struggle for existence, this species is not slow to take advantage of an increase in the available liv- ing area. Dates : May 6 to September 25. 217. Dendroica castaiiea (Wils.). BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. A rather rare spring and fall migrant in the southern parts of the state, but sometimes common, as in May, 1901. In the White Mountains and northward it is a fairly common summer resident mainly of the upper Canadian zone. The range of this species in summer overlaps that of the Black-poll Warbler for about 1,000 feet, and extends below it to nearly an equal OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 163 amount. Thus one finds breeding birds at an altitude of from i, 800 feet in rich, damp coniferous woods on southern expos- ures, up to about 4,000 feet among the small balsam timber. The two birds in respect to their ranges are perhaps somewhat comparable to the Olive-backed and the Bicknell's Thrushes, the former inhabiting the lower altitudes and ranging upward into the stronghold of the latter. Mr. C. J. Maynard found this a com- mon breeding bird at Lake Umbagog thirty years ago, though apparently he did not observe D, striata breeding there. Mr. F. H. Allen tells me that on the Sandwich range he has found the bird common in the breeding season in the vicinity of Water- ville. Mr. M. Chamberlain ('91, Vol. I, p. 238) has also re- corded that a nest was found on Mt. Chocorua by Frank Bolles, but the identification appears not to have been certain. South of this range, I have no actual evidence of the breeding of this species, but Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('yya, p. 33) has recorded that young birds hardly able to fly and still fed by their parents, were observed at Webster in the latter part of July about 1875. Mr. G. H. Thayer also writes me that he observed a pair in late May, 1897, in a deep hemlock and deciduous wood oh Monad- nock, with nesting material in their bills, and states that they showed great anxiety when their vicinity was approached. Whether or no the birds did nest was not ascertained. In fall, owing to the difficulty of distinguishing this species from the Black-poll Warbler, observations are less easy to make, but I am inclined to think they migrate more or less with the latter, and I have taken specimens in the woods at 2,000 feet from mixed flocks of warblers. In the month of May, 1900, owing to the occurrence of cold waves, these and other northbound migrants lingered in unusual numbers throughout southern New England instead of passing by to their breeding grounds. Dates : May 14 to 28 ; Summer to September. 218. Dendroica striata (Forst.). BLACK-POLL WAR- BLER. A very common spring and fall migrant over the southern parts of the state, and a common summer resident of the upper Canadian zone on the White Mountains and northward. On 164 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE the higher mountains of the outlying Sandwich range, which includes several peaks of 4,000 feet or over, Mr. F. H. Allen has found this species in summer and in this same region has noted it in the Mad River Notch at Greeley's Ponds (2,000 feet) and in small numbers as low as 1,500 feet near Waterville. Frank Bolles ('93b) also mentions having come upon a pair of these birds on July 14, on a high ridge of Chocorua. Among the White Mountains^the birds are found throughout the damp balsam forest above 3,000 feet on southern slopes, though on the north sides of the mountains they breed at a much lower al- titude, following down the cool mountain streamlets. This in- fluence of slope exposure on distribution was well seen in a walk through the Pinkham Notch on June 23, 1900. Starting at a point below the Glen House on the north side of the divide, the road gradually rises until the height of 2,000 feet is reached and it then decends on the southern slope of the divide, to- wards the Saco valley. On the north side of the divide, I noted a number of Black-poll Warblers on this walk from an altitude of 1,500 feet to the top of the water shed, 2,000 feet at the high- way. They were among the fir balsams and spruces by the roadside in the valley of the West Branch of the Peabody river which flows out from the Great Gulf. Not a Black-poll was heard or seen on the south side of the divide, nor was the vege- tation so well suited to theirVequirements, being mostly of mix- ed and deciduous growth. The 3,000 foot limit isfc about as far down on the south slopes of the mountains as the bird breeds, except of course where peculiar local conditions obtain ; and from that height up to the limit of scrub growth, at from 4,800 to 5,000 feet, it is one of the most characteristic birds of the mountain- top fauna. Most of the Black-polls cease singing by August, though on trips into their country during the last week of that month, I have heard a few still in song. On September 14, 1900, while in camp at Carter Notch (3,360 feet) where the birds are common all summer, I observed an individual in the fall plumage as it sang again and again among the stunted fir trees ; and during a long walk over the range on the same day two or three others were heard singing. On the following morning, September i5th, what may have been the same bird as OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 165 previously noted, was again singing with all its springtime vig- or about the camp. I also heard a few singing in early Sep- tember, 1901, while on a trip over this range. These I take to be the resident birds still on their breeding grounds, as I have never observed the migrants at low altitudes singing in fall. Under the head of Migration, I have detailed some observations on the interesting movements of the Black-poll Warblers, and it may be again remarked that they appear to migrate along the mountain tops in fall, keeping generally above 2,000 feet or so, and uncommonly appearing in the valley bottoms at this season among the White Mountains, though after the central parts of the state are reached, they flood the low country as we are accustomed to see in Massachusetts. In the lower part of the state, the spring migration is over by early June, and the fall migrants again appear in late August or early September. Dates : ]Vf ay 8 to October 10. 219. Deiidroica blackbumije (Gmel.). BLACKBURN- IAN WARBLER. A rather common summer resident of the sub-Canadian woods, especially those of mixed hemlock and deciduous growth. In the southern part of the state, Dr. W. H. Fox writes that it breeds at Hollis, and it is well known to nest about Mt. Monad- nock and northward along the ridge forming the eastern rim of the Connecticut valley basin. In the White Mountain region, it is common in the white pine and spruce woods up to about 3,000 feet, but above this level only a few scattering pairs occur. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87) records seeing a single bird at 3,800 feet on Mt. Washington on July 8, 1886. Dates : May 4 to September 10. 220. Deiidroica virens (Gmel.). BLACK-TKROATED GREEN WARBLER. A very common spring and fall migrant and a common sum- mer resident, breeding most plentifully in the pine and spruce woods of the sub-Canadian area. In such growths, it is very common in the White Mountains up to about 2,000 feet. A few pairs penetrate still farther up the mountain sides into the [66 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE lower edge of the upper-Canadian fir growth. Thus I have ob- served a bird singing by the lakes in the Carter Notch (3,36° feet) on June 20, 1900, and another by Hermit Lake (3,800 feet) on Mt. Washington on the same day. Dates : (April 26) May i to October 5. 221. Dendroica vigorsii (Aud.). PINE WARBLER. A rather common spring and fall migrant in the southern part of the state, and as a summer resident not uncommon locally in the Transition valleys and lowlands as far north as the White Mountains. It is largely confined during the breeding season to groves of pitch pine (Pimis rigida} though where these trees are not to be had, it will occasionally take to the white pines {Finns strobzis}. In the Connecticut valley, Mr. R. Hoffmann has found this bird in small numbers as far up at least as Cor- nish, during the summer. In central and southern New Hamp- shire, it is not rare in the breeding season, but farther north, especially in the lowlands about Ossipee, where, on a large tract of dry sandy soil there is an extensive growth of pitch pines, the bird is fairly common. Here, on April 21, 1900, be- fore the snow was off the ground, I found a few of these War- blers singing, they having evidently just arrived. Still farther up the state, a few are found every year in the dry pine woods at North Conway and Intervale in the Saco valley. At Inter- vale three or four pairs summer annually in the white pine woods at about 500 feet, there being no growth of pitch pine of any size. In the fall migration I have never found the bird here in any numbers, though single ones are of* occasional oc- currence with the flocks of Chickadees and other small birds in the woods, or even with the Chipping Sparrows and Bluebirds on the open meadow lands till late September, and I have heard occasional birds singing up to the 22d of that month. Dates: April 21 to September 25. 221. Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.). PALM WARBLER. An uncommon fall migrant. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('84) was the first to record its presence in the state on the strength of a specimen shot at Shelburnc, in the Androscoggin valley, on OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 167 September 16, 1884. This bird was in company with a large flock of Warblers, Chickadees and other small birds among some low birches by the roadside. In the Saco valley at rnter- vale, I have found this species in small numbers usually in com- pany with flocks of Bluebirds, Chipping Sparrows and Myrtle Warblers on the meadows, and have taken specimens between the 8th and i4th of September. Its reported presence at Man- chester in spring is doubtless an error (Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts & Sci., Vol. II, p. 82, 1901). Dates : September 8 to 16. 223. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. YELLOW PALM WARBLER. A migrant, common in spring and less common in fall. This bird appears in the White Mountain valleys after the middle of September, and usually is found on the intervales in company with small flocks of Chipping Sparrows and Bluebirds. Dates : April 13 to May 10 ; September 16 to October 9. 224:. Dendroica discolor (Vieill.). PRAIRIE WARBLER. A very rare summer resident in the Transition valley bottoms of the southeastern part of the state. Two nests and an egg, taken at Northfield about 1880, have been recorded as belong- ing to this species, by Mr. F. H. Herrick ('83) who identified the specimens. The identification, in the light of our present knowledge, cannot, however, be considered as conclusive evi- dence that the Prairie Warbler occurs in summer so far north in the state. H. D. Minot's statement ('76) that the Prairie Warbler occurs at Bethlehem among the White Mountains, is generally discredited, and doubtless with reason. The only au- thentic records for the state appear to be the following : — Hollis, three birds taken by Dr. W. H. Fox, an adult male June 28, 1884, "in company of half grown young," one bird unsexed, shot August 23, 1876, and an adult female taken September 4, 1876 ; Manchester, a small colony is reported as found among an extensive growth of scrub pines and oaks in the early summer 12 t68 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE of 1901. The birds were observed here by several persons, and also recorded by " Pinfeather Ornithologist " (: 01, p. 33). 225. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). OVEN-BIRD. A common summer resident of the Transition and sub-Cana- dian areas, most plentiful in the rich shady woods of mixed growth, which it inhabits in the White Mountains up to nearly 3,000 feet. A few linger among the mountains until the last of September, and Dr. W. Faxon tells me that he observed one at Warren on the late date of October 2, 1895. Dates : May 4 to October 2. 226. Seiurus iioveboraceiisis (Gmel.). WATER- THRUSH. A rather common spring and fall migrant and less common summer resident in the thick swamps of the Canadian fauna. It is said to be a common breeding bird about Lake Umbagog, and in the upper Canadian woods of the White Mountains it is found in summer about the cold streamlets on the mountains, or at lower elevations in wooded swamps. Mr. E. A. Preble has noted it as fairly common in such localities in the neighbor- hood of Ossipee. Mr. G. H. Thayer informs me that in a small wood swamp near Dublin, he has annually found a pair, and believes they breed there. At Intervale, I have rarely found the bird in June in the lowlands, and as early as the loth of July, single individuals appear in the valley along the edges of shaded pools and brooks, whither they may have come from the immediate neighborhood. Dates : May 15 to September 21. Note: Seiurus motacilla (VieilL). I/ouisi ANA WATER-THRUSH. Mr. G. H. Thayer (102) records having observed on Aug. 19, 1901, at Dublin, a bird which he feels convinced was of this species, though he admits that the record cannot be considered as more than an expression of his own conviction. 221. Geothlypis agilis (Wils.). CONNECTICUT WAR- BI.ER. A rare fall migrant of rather irregular occurrence, sometimes appearing rather commonly for a few days. Mr. C. F. Good- OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 169 hue has observed the bird at Webster on several occasions. Elsewhere in the state, Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('85) has record- ed a female shot on September 14, 1884, on Mt. Baldcap in the town of Success, at an altitude of about 800 feet. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me of one observed at Dublin on October 3, 1899. One was also shot by Mr. R. H. Howe, Junior, on September 6, 1899, at an altitude of about 2,000 feet on the Carter Notch trail, Jackson. Dates: September 6 to October 3. 228. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). MOURNING WARBLER. A not uncommon summer resident, from the White Moun- tain valleys northward, being mainly confined to the tangles of bushes, grapevines, and blackberry canes on the edges of woods or along the mountain brooks ; as a migrant, it is only rarely seen in the southern part of the state. It is said to be common about Lake Umbagog in summer and Dr. Walter Faxon has found it in small numbers during the breeding season about Mt. Moosilauke and North Woodstock. At Intervale, during the summer of 1899, three pairs bred in bushy spots on the out- skirts of a sugar maple grove by the Saco river, the same grove, it may be added, that harbored a pair of Screech Owls and a Wood Thrush. These three pairs I observed almost daily for a large part of the summer. The song period was practically over by the middle of July, but the birds still lingered about their chosen locality until early September. During the first twelve days of July, I occasionally heard the males sing a flight song corresponding to the Maryland Yellow-throat's. This was usually given as the bird flew slantingly downward from a height of some 20 feet, though on one occasion, a bird after a period of silence, suddenly flew out from the bushes in which it had been concealed, nearly straight upward toward a bare limb of a white maple some 40 feet from the ground. Just before it reached the branch it burst into a short, ecstatic song and then settled on the chosen perch. I have found scattered pairs along the Pinkham Notch road, and in the Wildcat Valley have traced them up to the divide in Carter Notch at an altitude of .170 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE slightly over 3,000 feet. They avoid the forest, however, and are more frequent in low growth along open spaces. Dates : May 19 to September 13. 229. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swains.). NORTHERN YELLOW-THROAT. A common summer resident of swampy, weed-grown localities in the Transition and sub-Canadian areas, following the valleys up to about 2,000 feet in the White Mountains. Dates : May 8 to October 7. Note : Icteria vireiis (Linn.). YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. According to T. M. Brewer ('78, p. 303) a nest and four eggs of this bird were taken in the summer of 1877 at North Conway, by his "young friend, C. A. Hawes." It seems unlikely, however, that so southern a bird should breed Lhus far to the northward, and until a well authenti- cated specimen can be shown from the state it should not be given a place among the birds of New Hampshire. Careful search on our ex- treme southeastern borders might nevertheless establish its occasional presence there. 230. Wilsonia pusilla (Wils.). WILSON'S WARBLER. An uncommon spring and fall migrant and a rare summer resident in the upper Canadian faunal area. Mr. F. B. Spauld- ing ('94) has recorded finding a nest with four eggs on June 5, 1894, near Lancaster. The female bird, he states, was captured on the nest. Dr. Walter Faxon informs me, also, that he ob- served a single bird below Warren Village on June 4, 1895, perhaps a late migrant. I have never found the bird among the White Mountains in the breeding season, and although Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) quotes Mr. William Brewster as author- ity for its presence during summer at Gorham, it appears that the birds in question were probably early fall migrants. At In- tervale, the first fall migrants appear in the valley about the mid- dle of August, my earliest date being on the i5th of that month. Single birds are usually found, or more rarely two may be ob- served accompanying a flock of other Warblers and Chickadees in a damp, bushy locality. Dr. Walter Faxon has observed the bird at Warren so late as October 3d . Dates : May 13 to October 3. V OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 17 1 231. Wilsoiiia caiiadeiisis (Linn.). CANADIAN WAR- A common spring and fall migrant, and less common summer resident within the Canadian faunal area. It is common in summer in the White Mountain region along the forest brooks grown up with spruce, balsam and a tangle of hobble bush, where the dampness keeps the ground deeply carpeted with moss ; and in similar situations it occurs locally throughout the state, though in central and southeastern New Hampshire it is far from common. Mr. G. H. Thayer finds it in considerable numbers in the deep, well- watered woods about Mt. Monadnock. The greatest altitude at which I have observed breeding birds is 3,360 feet in the Carter Notch, where on June 21, 1900, a bird was heard singing by the lakes. Dates : May 13 to September 13. 232. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). AMERICAN RED- START. A common migrant and summer resident of the Transition and sub-Canadian woods throughout the state. On the White Mountains it is fairly common in the deciduous and mixed woods up to about 3,000 feet, and appears to be commoner in such localities than about the village shade trees and the or- chards. The Redstart is the " Paul Pry " of the woods, and in the northern forests I have usually found it to be about the first bird on the scene whenever a passing Blue Jay or other intrud- er appears. Dates : May 4 to September 21. 233. Antlms peiisilvaiiicus (Lath.). AMERICAN PIPIT. A migrant, uncommon in spring but more numerous in fall. Inland, the bird appears to be rare in spring, though on the coast it is of regular occurrence. Messrs. Goodhue and Dear- born have noted it in spring in Belknap and Merrimack Coun- ties. In the White Mountain valleys, I have usually observed it in small flocks after the i5th of September. Dates: April to May 10; September 15 to November. 172 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE 234:. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.). CATBIRD. A rather common summer resident of the Transition areas, following the valleys up to the outskirts of the White Moun- tains and reaching the lower country to the north of that range, as at Jefferson where it occurs sparingly. At Intervale, a few pairs are annually to be found in the river bottom, or rarely on the sides of the valley up to 500 or 600 feet. I know of one pair, presumably the same birds, which has nested for at least three or four consecutive years in the same isolated clump of bushes by a brook on the edge of our meadows. These birds, which I used often to watch, were frequently found to be active until it was quite dusk and after most of the other diurnal species had quieted down for the night. Mr. Bradford Torrey has observed this bird in Franconia up to Oct. 5, and a Mr. D. L. Oliver ( : 02 ) records one observed at Concord so late as the 3d of De- cember, 1901. Dates: May 6 to October 5 (December 3). 234:. Toxostoma rufum (Linn.). BROWN THRASHER. A summer resident within the Transition areas. In south- eastern New Hampshire it is not uncommon but elsewhere it is found in less numbers following the river bottoms up into the White Mountain valleys. At Intervale, I have usually found two or three pairs each year in the fringe of vines and bushes on the banks of the Saco River. In a considerable stretch of rolling sandy country grown up to bear oak and grey birches in the vicinity of West Ossipee and Tamworth, these birds are fairly common, haunting the thickets with the Towhees. To the north of the White Mountains, I am not certainly aware of the presence of this bird, nor does Mr. F. B. Spaulding include it in a manuscript list of birds seen by him at Lancaster. Dr. W. Faxon has noted it at Warren. Dates : April 16 to September. 235. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath.). CAROLINA WREN. An accidental visitant from the south, having been once re- corded at Rye Beach, where Mr. H. M. Spelman ('8ia) on OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 173 August 7, 1880, shot one bird and saw at the time a second, which, however, he failed to secure. These birds were " in a thick piece of woods" in which Mr. Spelman was collecting. The sex of the specimen killed, is not stated. Mr. R. Hoff- mann also writes me that a single one was observed singing at Al stead, on July 6, 1903, for part of that day only. 236. Thryomanes bewickii (Aud.). BEWICK'S WREN. An accidental visitant from the south. The only record is of a bird shot at Alton, on April 25, 1890, by Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98> P- 32)- Mr. William Brewster has examined this speci- men and confirms the identification. Mr. Dearborn remarks that " this wren is not often found in New Hampshire," and it may be added that this record is not only the sole one for New Hampshire, but for New England as well. 237. Troglodytes aedoii Vieill. HOUSE WREN. An uncommon summer resident of the Transition valleys in the southern and central parts of the state. In the Connecticut valley I have found it rather common about Walpole, and it oc- curs at least as far up as Lancaster where Mr. F. B. Spaulding has observed it. In central New Hampshire it follows the course of civilization along the valley bottoms, but appears to be rare north of Lake Winnepesaukee. At Intervale a pair has summered. for several consecutive seasons about an apple orchard near our grounds, and I have also found it in summer at North Conway, the nearest village to the south in the Saco valley. Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) has even recorded the bird from Lake Umbagog, where he states it is rare. Mr. F. H. Allen has also once seen the bird in early summer at Jefferson on the north side of the White Mountains. . Dates : May 18 to September 24. 23S. Olbior chilus hieinalis (Vieill.). WINTER WREN. A rather common spring and fall migrant, and, throughout the Canadian area, a summer resident of very general distribu- tion along the cold brooks and swamps in the deep forest ; it is also a very rare winter resident in the southeastern pan of the state. Thus Dr. W. H. Fox writes me that at Hollis he ob- 174 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE served a male on February 19, 1875, and again on March 16 of the same year. The weather was cold at the time, thermome- ter 4 degrees below zero. Mr. W. K. Cram ('99) also records one seen at Hampton Falls in late December, 1897, and a Mr. J. H. Johnson ('92) records one seen in "central New Hamp- shire" on Nov. 25, Dec. 5 and Dec. 12, 1892. Throughout the northern part of the state, the bird is common as a summer resident in suitable localities. In the White Mountains it is common along all the little forest brooks up to their very sources. Thus in Tuckerman's Ravine, and at the head of the Great Gulf on Mt. Washington, a few are to be found among the scrub, where the mountain streamlets keep the mossy ground saturated, so high up as 4,500 feet. To the south of the White Mountains it breeds here and there at the lower elevations as where, on the northern exposures of hills, a growth of balsam and spruce forms a cold swamp or borders a dashing mountain stream. In such localities, the bird is not uncommon about Newfound Lake. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, p. 33) also notes a male in full plumage and song taken on South Kearsage, June 22, 1875. Mr. Ralph Hoffmann has once observed the bird at Marlow in the summer of 1900, and Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it breeds sparingly in the woods of Mt. Monad- nock. In the Carter Mountains, about the lakelets in the Notch, it is not unusual to hear half a dozen birds singing from the dense forest round about, or from the wooded cliffs above. Long before daylight, their songs break the morning stillness, as one bird after another takes up the melody. Here they stay on their breeding grounds until at least the middle of Septem- ber at which date I have heard occasional birds still singing in the early morning about the Carter lakes (3,360 feet). Dates: April 5 to November 15 (Winter). 239. Cistothorus stellaris (Licht.). SHORT-BIU.ED MARSH WREN. A rare and local summer resident in the southeastern part of the state. Mr. H. M. Spelman ('82) was the first to record the bird's breeding in the state. He found at Rye Beach on the 24th of August, 1882, some half a dozen birds inhabiting a OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 175 small fresh-water meadow about a mile from the sea. He also states that Mr. William Brewster found the bird in 1872, about five miles farther inland from this locality. Mr. W. H. Cram writes me that at Hampton Falls a few miles south of Rye Beach, the bird breeds in a swamp in the western part of the town. Mr. F. W. Batchelder ( : oo, p. 136) records further that at Manchester, in 1899, a nest was found in the Cohas Brook meadows. Still more recently in 1902, Mr. G. H. Thayer has discovered a pair of these wrrens in a certain grassy swamp at an elevation of slightly over a thousand feet at Dublin. Throughout June the male was often seen singing, and on August 5th an old nest was found. Elsewhere in the state, I have no knowledge of its presence, save at Intervale where I shot an immature female specimen on September 15, 1898, as it was hopping about among some corn growing on the Saco meadows. The bird must have been a migrant, but its pres- ence so far' north as this valley in the mountains must be ex- ceptional. It is now in the Howe-Shattuck collection, No. 936. Dates : May 23 to October 4. 24:0. Certhia f aniiliaris americana (Bonap.). BROWN CREEPER. A permanent resident, confined during the breeding season to the thick coniferous woods of the Canadian faunal area, w^here, however, it is rarely common, though of general distri- bution. As a winter resident, it is fairly common thioughout the lower parts of the state. Among the White Mountains it occurs in summer, at least as high as 4, TOO feet where I have seen it among the small timber in Tuckerman's Ravine. Mr. William Brewster (*79b) has given a good account of the nest- ing habits of this species about Lake Umbagog where it breeds not uncommonly in the deep woods, eggs being found from May 31 to June 23. At Intervale, I have usually found a pair or two among the big pines at about 525 feet. A few also regularly breed in the hill country in the western part of the state. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it breeds sparingly on Mt. Monad- nock above 1,500 feet. I have found a few birds in winter so high as 3,000 feet in the Carter Mountains. 1 76 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE 241. Sitta carolinensis Lath. WHITE-BREASTED NUT- HATCH. A permanent resident, of common occurrence throughout the 3^ear in the Transition portions of the state and less common in the sub-Canadian areas. Mr. C. J. Maynard found it a com- mon resident at Brrol in 1870. In the White Mountains, I have usually found it in the wooded valley bottoms, and less often in the beech growth on the mountain sides up to 1,500 or 2,000 feet. 24:2. Sitta canadeiisisL,inn. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH. A common permanent resident, confined during the breeding season to the Canadian fauna. In summer, this species entirely replaces ,S. carolinensis above 3,000 feet on the White Moun- tains, and is commonest from that level up to 4,500 feet in the thick forest of living and dead firs and spruces. In small num- bers, it regularly breeds along the height of land in the western part of the state, and sporadically over the more southern dis- tricts. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('77a, p. 33) has recorded it as nesting on South Kearsarge ; Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 33) also notes it as nesting in central New Hampshire, and Mr. G. H. Thayer finds it regularly about Mt. Monadnock. In late summer and fall the birds wander about with the flocks of other small birds and even occur now and then above the upper limit of tree growth on the Presidential range. Thus Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87) records one seen on Sept. 2, 1884, running over the bare rocks on the summit of Mt. Clay, and Mr. Brad- ford Torrey has seen them on one or two occasions at this sea- son scrambling about on the roof of the Summit House on Mt. Washington. Most of the birds move down into the valleys and the southern parts of the state during winter. In some seasons they are extremely abundant, and again few are seen. Dr. W. H. Fox writes me that at Hollis, in 1886, they were very abun- dant during late June and all of July. In 1895, they swarmed throughout the White Mountain forests in fall. They were also fairly abundant in 1899 over parts of the state, though in the OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 1 77 following summer and fall, they seemed strangely absent from much of the northern woods. 243. Parus atricapillus Linn. CHICKADEE. A common permanent resident throughout the Transition and sub-Canadian areas. On the White Mountains, it is rarely observed much higher than the 3,000 foot limit during the breeding season, giving place about that level, to the Hudsoni- an Chickadee. After the nesting period, small family parties, consisting of the parent birds and their several full grown young, are frequent in all the woodlands, and rarely they wan- der up into the small timber growth to perhaps 4,000 feet, on the mountains. The immature birds are easily to be distin- guished by their notes which somewhat resemble those of the Hudsonian Chickadee. In late summer, many warblers, nut- hatches, kinglets, and vireos join these small flocks of Chicka- dees, and form large bands which rove through the forests in an apparently aimless way, searching for food. After the war- blers and other birds of passage have left, these little flocks still hunt through the winter woods going at least as high as 3,400 feet, at which level in late December I have seen them in Car- ter's Notch. In April, these flocks break up, and the birds pair off to nest. Often at this season is heard their plaintive love note, and a whistled imitation, though usually disregarded at other seasons, is now eagerly answered by any single bird within hearing, and seldom have I failed on such occasions to bring the bird to the trees over my head. Sometimes, by con- tinuing to imitate the note as I walked along, I have had a lone Chickadee follow me for over a mile, answering note for note. I have sometimes noticed also that birds which have evidently paired already, will pay no attention to the call even after many repetitions. 24:4:. Parus hudsonicus Forst. HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE. A rather common permanent resident of the upper-Can idian area on the higher White Mountains and in the northern part of the state. During the breeding season, it is confined, on the White Mountains, to the damp fir and spruce belt from 3,000 178 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE feet to the upper limit of small tree growth at 4,800 to 5,000 feet, though not at this time often seen above the timber, which extends to some 4,500 feet on the southern exposures. South of the great range, I have observed it in summer on Mt. Carrigain and on Mt. Hancock, and it is to be looked for on the higher peaks of the Sandwich range. In late summer, small flocks are frequently met with trooping through the evergreen forest and usually accompanied by a few Black-poll and Myrtle Warblers and a pair or two of Red-breasted Nuthatches or Golden-crowned Kinglets. These flocks in their wanderings reach the extreme upper limit of scrub growth on the mountains, and I have ob- served them on such occasions at Madison Hut, on the west side of Mt. Adams, and at the summit of Carter Dome (4,860 ft.) . They move downward into the valleys as late fall and win- ter approach. Thus Mr. C. J. Maynard ('72) found them quite common in late October, 1869, in the heavily wooded mountain valleys at Errol. Frank Bolles ('93b) noted them repeatedly about Chocorua in December, single birds being usually seen, though once he mentions a flock of four on December 22d ; he also mentions one at Whitten Pond on November 7th. Mr. G. C. Shattuck has twice observed the bird near Albany Intervale during the last of December, 1900, and again on February i7th, of the following year. Doubtless however, a large pait of the birds ' remain throughout the winter at high altitudes, and I have observed one or two at about 3,000 feet on the Carter Notch trail during the last of December, 1900, after severe weather. Rarely, straggling birds reach the country to the south of the White Mountains in fall or winter ; thus Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('85) records one shot at Webster in November, 1875, and two seen there in November, 1878, and I am told of two specimens taken near Mt. Monadnock in winter, by Mr. H. I,. Piper. Mr. A. A. Katon, of Seabrook, writes me of one taken February 15, 1890, in Salisbury, Mass., but a few yards from the state line. 245. Regulus satrapa I^icht. GOLDEN-CROWNED KING- LET. A permanent resident, confined during the breeding season to OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 179 the Canadian area. It is common as a spring and fall migrant throughout the state and less common as a winter resident at least as far north as the coniferous forests of the White Moun- tains. In southern and central New Hampshire it is found in summer almost wholly in spruce woods, and sometimes a pair will spend the entire season in a grove of these trees of very small extent. On the White Mountains, the birds occur in the warmer months up to the limit of tree growth at 4,800 feet as I have noted on Mt. Madison. In the Carter Mountains on Sept. 5, 1899, I observed considerable numbers of Kinglets in the thick balsam forest on Carter Dome (4,860 feet). In flocks of from four or six birds to in one case forty, they seemed to be moving down the mountain, passing us by as we ascended. Mr. G. H. Thayer finds this a common breeding bird in the spruce woods of Mt. Monadnock and at other places in the southwestern part of the state it occurs locally in summer. 246. Regains calendula (Linn.). RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. A common spring and fall migrant. It is not positively known to summer in the state, and Mr. F. H. Allen is now inclined to the belief that the birds noted by him ('89) as seen in early Au- gust, 1885, at Moultonboro, were not of this species. The first fall migrants appear in the White Mountain valleys in ear- ly September, and I have seen them at Intervale by the 9th of that month. Dates : April 14 to May n ; September 9 to October 10. Note: Polioptila cnerulea (L/inn.). BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER. This species is recorded in Vol. 2 of the Proceedings of the Manchester Institute of Arts and Sciences (pp. 77, 83) as having been seen at Man- chester on May 10, 1900, by two ladies. Although the Blue-^ray Gnat- catcher is known from southern Maine, and might thus accidentally oc- cur in New Hampshire, its presence in the state does not seem sufficient- ly authenticated to warrant its inclusion in this list. 247. Hylocichla musteliiia (Grnel.). WOOD THRUSH. A rare summer resident, of occasional occurrence in the Tran- sition valley bottoms so far north at least as the White Moun- tains. Apparently this bird has slightly extended its range 180 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTKR INSTITUTE within the last five or six years, but so far as I can ascertain in New Hampshire, this appears not to be noticeably at the ex- pense of any other species. On the coast, Mr. W. E. Cram has noted it in summer at Hampton Falls. In the Merrimack val- ley, Mr. F. W. Batchelder (:oo) gives it as a summer resident about Manchester, and at Concord I am informed of its pres- ence by Mr. W. W. Flint. Mrs. E. B. Webster also writes of having observed it at Franklin Falls on May 21, 1900, and Mr. Ned Dearborn ('98, p. 34) records it from Franklin on local au- thority. In the southwestern part of the state, a few reach the lower Connecticut valley and Mr. Ralph Hoffmann has observed it at Alstead in 1899 and 1900. Mr. G. H. Thayer assures me that up to about 1895 he had never seen the bird about Dublin, but that it now appears annually in small numbers about Dub- lin Lake, and occurs also at Keene, Hancock and Marlboro, preferring the sugar maple groves. Evidently these birds have followed up the side valley from the Connecticut. Farther to the northward, I have observed a single bird at Wonalancet on the Birch Intervales, July 14, 1899. Mr. F. H. Allen has also observed one oh June 7, 1900, at Chocorua, In the Saco val- ley at Intervale, I had never seen the Wood Thrush until July 5, 1899, when I found a bird singing among some undergrowth in a large grove of sugar maples by the river. .The bird was ob- served singing in the same spot the following year on June i8th. Dr. Walter Faxon also tells me that he observed two Wood Thrushes singing near Mt. Moosilauke on June 20, 1894, and two others in song on the Breezy Point road, North Woodstock, on June i, 1895. In the latter instance the birds were at so considerable an elevation as about 2,000 feet. More recently, Mr. Bradford Torrey ( : oo) has for the first time found it in the Franconia woods, two birds in full song being noted in late May and early June, 1899. In one case, at least, the bird was in a large sugar maple grove. Mr. Horace W. Wright ( : 02) has recorded the bird for the first time to the north of the White Mountains in the Jefferson valley in 1902. Dates : May 15 to September. 248. Hylocichla fuscesceiis (Steph.). WILSON'S THRUSH. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. l8l A common summer resident throughout the Transition val- ley bottoms, frequenting the courses of shaded streams. In the Connecticut valley of southwestern New Hampshire, this is a very common bird, nesting along the river banks among the rank growth of Equisetum. It is common in the White Mountain val- leys on both sides of the main range, and follows up the side branches of the rivers to about 1,500 feet, thus reaching well in- to the lower edge of the sub-Canadian area. At Intervale, these thrushes occur in bushy places all over the valley floor of the Saco, and numbers follow back the little side streams well up onto the mountain sides, so that it is possible in some places to hear the Hermit, the Olive-backed and the Wilson's Thrushes all singing at once. I observed a single bird singing in the wet woods at 1,700 feet on June 16, 1902, at Jackson. • Dates : Xay 10 to September 8. 349. Hylocichla aliciae (Baird). GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH. A rare migrant. Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me of a male shot at Dublin on Oct. 2, 1899, by Mr. L,. A. Fuertes, who identified it as of this species. 25O. Hylocichla alicise bicknelli Ridgw. BICKNEU/S THRUSH. A common summer resident of the upper Canadian zone on the higher mountains of central New Hampshire. Mr. Brad- ford Torrey, in 1882, was the first to call the attention of orni- thologists to the presence of this bird in summer on the White Mountains, and Mr. William Brewster ('83a) took the first New England specimens on Mount Washington in the same year. It is plentiful in the damp, stunted fir growth above 3,000 feet on all the larger mountains, and on the Presidential range occurs as high as the upper limit of stunted tree growth. South of the main ranges, it doubtless breeds in small numbers on the Sand- wich range, where Mr. F. H. Allen has found birds in late June on Tripyramid (4,184 feet) and Black Mountain (3,900 feet) as well as on Osceola and Tecumseh (both over 4,000 feet) and has also heard them singing June 7, 1900, near the top of Mt. Chocorua (3,508 feet) the easternmost mountain of this range. 182 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE Frank Bolles appears not to have observed the bird here in sum- mer, however, nor did I find it during a day and night spent near the summit of Chocorua in late August. On Moat Moun- tain, an adjacent ridge, I have nevertheless observed a single bird on July 17, 1898, in a damp thicket of spruces at hardly more than 2,700 feet, and others in early September, 1902, in the stunted growth at 3,000 feet. Dr. Walter Faxon tells me that at Mount Moosilauke. he has found these birds arriving on their breeding grounds between the 25th and 3oth of May, and that a nest was observed there by Mr. William Brewster and himself, which on June 22d, contained the full complement of three fresh eggs. On the Presidential and Carter Mountains, where I have been familiar with the bird, an occasional out- lying pair may be found as low as perhaps 2,600 feet in some cold brook bed, but they are commonest from about 3,300 feet up to the limit of small tree growth, at about 4,800 feet. They are silent much of the day, and are effectually concealed in the almost impenetrable thickets of scrub growth. In the early dawn and after sunset, they are active, however, and from all sides may be heard their clear, wild call-note, or less often the far-away, high-pitched notes of their song, strangely impressive in the mountain solitudes. The song period is practically over by the middle of July, though I have heard an occasional song in the early morning as late as September i5th, in Carter Notch, where at this date the birds are still on their breeding grounds. They are then only to be heard, however, in the very early morning or just at dusk. On September 15, 1900, while camp- ing in the notch by the lakes (3,360 feet), I arose early and by 4 o'clock A. M., the first dim light of dawn was faintly to be discerned over the eastern wall of the notch. At just 4 : 37 A. M., as the pale light of the half moon was giving place to the first rays of day, a single Bicknell's Thrush was heard far over- head, on the big ledge which faces the east and forms the other side of the notch. Soon others were heard above, but as the sun, some while later, struck the upper ledges, only the birds still in the shadow below continued to call. It was most inter- esting to note the manner in which the birds successively became OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 183 quiet as the rising sun lit up more and more of the far side of the notch, until finally by 8 : 30, its rays shone full into the cleft of the mountain, and only a single bird was still calling from a spot yet shaded by a protruding shoulder. Dates : May 25 through September. 251. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii (Cab.). OUVE- BACKED THRUSH. A rather common spring and fall migrant and summer resi- dent. During the breeding season it is commonest in the damp, cool undergrowth of evergreen and young second growth along brooks, or wood-swamps of the sub-Canadian regions, where it is found with the Winter Wren and Canada Warbler. It is essentially a bird of the cool, moist thickets, and is found in the White Mountains up to 4,500 feet. Above 3,000 feet or thereabouts, on entering the upper Canadian zone, its numbers become slightly less, and the few birds occurring above 4,000 feet are confined rather closely to the stream beds. This dis- tribution, which has also been noted by Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87), I was interested to observe among other places in the mountains, while on a trip with Mr. V. D. Lowe in June, 1900, through the Great Gulf of Mt. Washington. We camped at Spaulding's Lake, a tiny sheet of water at the foot of the head wall and at an elevation of about 4,500 feet. All about was a thick growth of scrubby balsams and large alder bushes. Bick- nell's Thrushes inhabited this growth on all sides well up onto the walls of the gulf, and at all hours of the day were heard calling. There was noted here but a single Olive-backed Thrush, this being a fine male, who sang persistently from 3 o'clock in the morning until our departure, a few hours later, secured from view the while by the thick balsam scrub at the foot of the lake. A little farther down the brook, a second bird was heard singing on that morning of June 2ist, but it was evi- dent that these were the extreme outposts which at these upper levels had invaded the Bicknell's Thrushes' territory. On the lower mountain tops, Olive-backed Thrushes are not uncommon in dry spruce thickets with the Hermits. South of the White 13 184 PROCEEDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE Mountains, these thrushes are rare and local in summer, but occur here and there in cool swamps or along mountain brooks, as I have noted rarely at Bridgewater in 1900. Mr. E. A. Preble writes me of a nest found on June 20, a number of years ago, on the Ossipee Hills at Ossipee. Mr. C. F. Goodhue ('yya, p. 33) has also recorded it as having bred once near Webster. Farther south, Mr. G. H. Thayer writes me that it breeds regularly in small numbers among the thick spruces near the summit of Mt. Moriadnock above 2,500 feet, and spo- radically in the lower country to the northward ; he has also found it in some numbers at Nubanusit Lake, Hillsboro' County. Dates : May 16 to October. 252. Hylocichla guttata pallasii (Cab.). HERMIT THRUSH. A rather common summer resident of the sub-Canadian woods to which it is almost entirely confined during the breeding season. A few summer in the extreme southwestern portions of the state, and in the lower Connecticut Valley it is not uncom- mon on the ridges and among the dry woods of mixed growth. In central New Hampshire in the Winnepesaukee region it is certainly the commonest thrush, frequenting the dry hillside woods. Among the White Mountains, Hermit Thrushes are fairly common at the lower levels, inhabiting the white pine for- ests, or the more open scattered growth of red and pitch pine in the valleys, where a sandy soil supports an undergrowth of bear oak and braken. In the beech woods about the foot of the mountains up to 2,000 feet, these thrushes are less common or absent, but on the lower peaks, as on Bartlett and Kearsarge, they appear again in small numbers in the dry clumps of dense spruces which grow here and there among the barren ledges up to 3,000 feet or so. Above this level on the larger mountains, the bird is practically absent. Dr. A. P. Chadbourne ('87) has, however, recorded a single specimen seen in summer as high as 3,300 feet on Mt. Washington. Hermit Thrushes, even in late summer, are active until the twilight becomes almost too deep to permit more than a dim view as a bird is startled here and OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 185 there from some wood road, and flies to the bushes with its characteristic la, Charitonetta, 28, 74. albibarbis, Sorex, 47. albicollis, Zonotrichia, 40, 47, 49, 51, 777. Alca artica, 29. Alca impennis, 29. Alca torda, 33, 188. Alcedo alcyon, 27. alcyon, Alcedo, 27. alcyon, Ceryle, 27, 770. Alder Flycatcher, 7 '57- Helmitherus vermivorus, 156. Helodromas solitarius, 29, 88. ' Hen Hawk, 27. Hen, Prairie, 7^7. • Hen, Water, -29. henslowii, Ammodramus, 42, 759. Henslow's Sparrow, 42, 7J9. Hermit Thrush, 40, 43, 45, 184. herodias, Ardea, 29, 79. Heron, Black-crowned Night, Si. Heron, Bine, 29. Heron, Great Blue, 79. Heron, Green, 41, 81. Heron, Little Blue, Si. Heron, White, 29. Herring Gull, 66. hiaticula, Charadrius, 29. Hickory, 42. hiemilis, Olbiorchilus, 44, 47, 777. Himantopus mexicanus, 790. himantopus, Micropalama, 86, 192. hirundenaceus, Picus, 27. Hirundo erythrogaster, 32, ij.8. Hirundo pelasgia, 32. Hiruudo purpiirea, 32. Hirundo riparia, 32. Hirundo subis, 32. hirundo, Sterna, 29, 67. histrionica, Anas, 28. Histrionicus histrionicus, 28, 75, 79^. histrionicus, Histrionicus, 28, 75, 79^. Hoary Redpoll, 797. holbrellii, Colymbus, 62. Holboell's Grebe, .62. Hooded Merganser, 77. Horned Grebe, 56, 62. Horned Lark, 122. Horned Owl, 33. House Sparrow, 7^7. House Wren, 41, 77?. Hudsonian Chickadee, 47, 49, 777. Hudsonian Curlew, 90. Hudsoniun Goiwit, iqo. Hudsonian Zone, 48. hudsonicus, Numenius, 29, 90. hudsonicus, Parus, 47, 49, 777. hudsonius, Circus, 96. hudsonius, Falco, 27. Humility, 29. Hummingbird, 27. Hummingbird, Ruby-throated, f/S. Hydrochelidon n. surinamensis, 68. hyemalis, Anas, 33. hyemalis, Emberiza, 31. hyemalis, Harelda, 28, 33, 75. hyemalis, Junco, 31, 40, 45, 47, 49, 51, *43- Hylocichla alicue, 181. Hylocichla a. bicknelli, 47, 49, /Si. Hylocichla fuscescens, 180. Hylocichla g. p illasii, 40, 43, 45, /,S'y. Hylocichla musteliua, 39, 40, 779. Hylocichla u. swaiusonii, 44, 47, /Sj. hyperborea, Chen, 28, 77. hypnoides, Cassiope, 52. hypochrysea, Dendroica p., 767. Ibis, Glossy, 78. Icteria virens, ijo. icterocephala, Motacilla, 32. Icterus galbula, 27, 39, 40, 130. icterus, Oriolus, 27. Icterus spurius, 38, 797. iliaca, Passerella, 7^5. iniber, Gavia, 29, 33, 43, 62. immer, Colymbus, 29. impennis, Alca, 29. impennis, Plautus, 29, 65. Indigo Bunting, 39, 40, 7^7. insignis, Napaeozapus, 47. interpres, Arenaria, 79$. interpres, Tringa, 29. lonornis martinica, 790. INDEX. 213 Ipswich Sparrow, /jS, 191. islandica, Clangula, 189. islandus, Falco, 102. Jaeger, Parasitic, 66. jamaicensis, Erismatura, 76. Jay, Blue, 27, 124. Jay, Canada, 47, 125, 193. Junco hyemalis, 31, 40, 45, 47, 49, 51, '43- Junco, Slate-colored, 40, 45, 47, 49, 5J» '43- K Kalmia latifolia, 42. Kildee, 29. Killdeer, 91, 192. Kingbird, 27, 39, 40, 119. King Fader, 189. Kingfisher, 27, 54. Kingfisher, Belted, no. Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 44, 47, 49, 178. Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 779. Kite, Swallow-tailed, 96. Kittiwake, 66. Knot, 190. L Lady's Slipper, 45. Lanius borealis, 27, 757. Lanius caiiadensis, 27. Lanius ludovicianus, 41, 757. Lanius tyrannus, 27. Lapland Longspur, 797. lapponica, Diapensia, 52, lapponica, Scolopax, 29. lappouicuni, Rhododendron, 52. lapponicus, Calcarius, 797. Large Brown Hawk, 27. Large vSpeckled Curlew, 29. Large Spotted Loon, 33. Large Spotted Plover, 26, 30. Lark, Horned, 122. Lark, Marsh, 31. Lark, Prairie Horned, 123. Lark, Sky, 31. Larus argeiitatus, 29, 66. Larus canus, 29. Larus delawarensis, 67, /SS. Lams fuscus, 29. Larus glaucus, 66, 192. Larus niariuus, 66. Larus Philadelphia, 6y. Larus ridibundus, 29, latifolia, Kalmia, 42. Laurel, Mountain, 42. Leach's Petrel, 69. Least Bittern, 79, 192. Least Flycatcher, 39, 40, 122. Least Sandpiper, 56, 87. Least Tern, 188. lentiginosus, Botaurus, 79. Lepus a. virginianus, 47, 52. Lepus f. transitionalis, 43. Lesser Scaup Duck, 7^. Lesser Snow Goose, 77. leucocephalus, Falco, 26. leucocephalus, Halictetus, 26, 27, 707. leucophrys, Zonotriqhia, 777. leucoptera, Loxia, 47, 49, 7jj. leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 33, 69. leucotis, Sciurus c., 43. leucura, Pinicola e., 47, 7jj. Life Zones, 38. Limosa fedoa, 8j. Limosa haemastica, 790. linaria, Acanthis, ij6. lincolnii, Melospiza, ///. Lincoln's Sparrow, 7.77. lineatus, Buteo, 98. Linnet, Red, 32." Little Blue Heron, 8/.' Little Brown Weasel, 52! Little Hangbird, 32. lobatus, Phalaropus, £_/. Loggerhead Shrike, 41, 757. Loiseleuria procumbeiis, 52. louivia, Uria, 33, 6j. Long-billed Curlews 90, 192. lougicauda, Bartramia, 41, 89. longirostris, Numenius, 90, 192. Longspur, Lapland, 797. Loon, 29, 43, 62. Loon, Large Spotted, 33. Loon, Red -throated, 56, 63. Lophodytes cucullatus, 29, 77. Lord and Lady, 28. Louisiana Water-Thrush, 168. Loxia curvirostra, 31. Loxia c. minor, 31, 7j/. Loxia leucoptera, 47, 49, 755. ludoviciana, Zamelodia, 146. ludovicianus, Lanius, 41, 757. ludovicianus, Thryothorus, 38, 77.?. lumme, Gavia, 63. lunifrons, Petrochelidon, ijS. luteus, Colaptes a., 27, 775. Lygodium palmatuni, 42. 214 INDEX. Lynx, Canada, 47. Lynx canadensis, 47. lysteri, Tamias s., 52. M Mackerel Gull, 29. Macrorhamphus griseus, 86. inacroura, Zenaidura, 95. macularia, Actitis, 29, go. maculata, Tringa, 29, 86. maculatus, Charadrius, 26, 30. maculosa, Dendroica, 40, 43, 45, 161. maculosus, Picus, 26, 27. magna, Alauda, 31. magna, Sturnella, 31, 39, 730. Magnolia Warbler, 40, 43, 45, 161 . Mallard, 28, 77. Marbled Godwit, 87. Mareca americana, 28, 72. marila, Aythya, /j. marilandicus, Tetrao, 30. marinus, Larus, 66. maritima, Tringa, igo. maritimus, Amniodramus, 141. Marsh Bird, 29. Marsh Hawk, g6. Marsh Lark, 31. Marten, Pennant's, 47. Martin, Black, 32. Martin, Purple, 54, 7^7. martinica, lonornis, igo. Masked Shrew, 47. maximum, Rhododendron, 42. Meadowlark, 39, yjo. Mechquan, 25. medianus, Dryobates p., 27, ///. Medrake, 67. Megascops asio, 27, 40, 706, Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 27, 7/5, I93- melanoleucus, Totanus, 88. Meleagris gallopavo, 30. Meleagris g. fera, 30, 41, 94. meloda, ^gialitis, 790. melodia, Melospiza, 32, 39, 144. Melospiza georgiana, 43, 7^5. Melospiza lincolnii, 144. Melospiza melodia, 32, 39, 144. Merganser, American, 70. Merganser, Hooded, 77. Merganser, Red-breasted, 77. Merganser americanus, 29, 70. merganser, Mergus, 29. Merganser serrator, 29, 77. Mergus castor, 29. Mergus merganser, 29. Mergus serrator, 29. Merula migratoria, 31, 185. mexicana, Grus, 29, 82. mexicanus, Himantopus, 790. Micropalama himantopus, 86, ig2. Microtus chrotorrhinus, 47. Migrant Shrike, 41. migratoria, Columba, 31. migratoria, Mervila, 31, 185. migratorius, Ectopistes, 31, 94. migratorius, Turdus, 31. Mimus polyglottos, 797. '?f • minimus, Empidonax, 39, 40, 122. Mink, 47. minor, Loxia c., 31, 134. minor, Philohela, 29, 85. minuta, Sterna, 29. minutilla, Tringa, 8j. Mniotilta varia, 756. Mockingbird, 797. <7( mollissima, Anas, 28. Molothrus ater, 41, 128. monax, Arctomys, 52. monticola, Spizella, 32, 142. montinus, Brenthis, 49. morinella, Tringa, 29. Motacilla icterocephala, 32. Motacilla regulus, 32. motacilla, Seiurus, 168. Motacilla sialis, 32. Motacilla trochilus, 32. Mountain Laurel, 42. Mourning Dove, 95. Mourning Warbler, 40, 44, 57, 769. Mouse, Canada White-footed, 47. Mouse, Eastern Red-backed, 52. Mouse, Woodland Jumping, 47. Murr, 33. Murre, Brunnich's, 57, 63. Muscicapa canadensis, 32. Muscicapa carolinensis, 32. Muscicapa crinita, 32. Muscicapa flava, 32. Muscicapa fusca, 26, 32. Mustela americana, 47, 52. Mustela pennanti, 47. mustelina, Hylocichla, 39, 40, 779. Myiarchus crinitus, 32, 40, 779. Myrtle Warbler, 45, 47, 49, 55, 57, 160. N naevius, Nycticorax n., 29, 81. Napseozapus insignis, 47. Nashville Warbler, 43, 47, 49, 757. INDEX. 215 nebulosum, Syrniuni, 27, 105. Nettion Caroline nsis, 28, 72. Nighthawk, 33, 40, 56, 1/6. nigra, Anas, 28. nivalis, Passerina, 31, /j/. Northern Flicker, 775. Northern Parula Warbler, 158. Northern Phalarope, Sj. Northern Pileated WoDipecker, 44. 114. Northern Raven, 126. Northern Shrike, 757. Northern Virginia Deer, 47. Northern Yellow-throat, 770. No Tail, 33. noveboracensis, Porzana, i8g. noveboracensis, Seiurus, 44, 168. Nyctala acadica, 47, 106. noveboracensis, Vireo, 38, 156. Numenius borealis, 29. Numenius hudsonicus, 29, go. Numenius longirostris, go, 192. Nuthatch, 27. Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 4^, 47, 52 176. Nuthatch, White-breasted, 41, 776. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni, 7Oj IQ3- Nyctea nyctea, 27, 707. nyctea, Nyctea, 27, 707. nyctea, Strix, 27. Nycticorax n. nuevius, 29, 81. Nymphaea variegata, 46. Nyssa sylvatica, 42. O Oak, Bear, Oak, Red, 42. Oak, White, 41. obscura, Anas, 28, 72. obsoletus, Falco r., 102. occidentalis, Ereuuetes, 190. occidentalis, Pelicanus o. , 29. oceanicus, Oceanites, 6g. Oceanites oceanicus, 6g. Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 33, 6g. ochraceus, Evotomys g., 52. Odocoileus v. borealis, 47. Oidemia americana, 75. Oidemia deglandi, 76. Oidemia perspicillata, 28, 76. Olbiorchilus hiemalis, 44, 47, 77^. Old-squaw, 56, 75. Oldwife, 28, 33. olivaceus, Vireo, 32, 152, Olive- backed Thrush, 44, 47, j8j. Olive-sided Flycatcher, 43, 44, 45, 120. Olor buccinator, 78. Olor columbianus, 27, 78, ig2. Orange-crowned Warbler, 757. Orchard Oriole, 38, 797. Oriole, Baltimore, 39, 40, 54, 56, 7jo. Oriole, Orchard, 38, 797. Oriolus baltimore, 27. Oriolus icterus, 27. Oriolus phceniceus, 27. orpheus, Turdus, 31. oryzivora, Emberiza, 32. oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 32, 39, 128. Osprey, American, 104. Otocoris alpestris, 31, 122. Otocoris a. praticola, 123. Oven-bird, 45, 168. Owl, American Hawk, 708, ig$. Owl, American L/ong-eared, 104. Owl, Barn, 27. Owl, Barred, 705. Owl, Great Gray, 705. Owl, Great Horned, 707. Owl, Horned, 33. Owl, Richardson's, 705, 7pj. Owl, Saw-whet, 47, 106. Owl, Screech, 40, 106. Owl, Short-eared, 104. Owl, Snowy, 707. Owl, Speckled, 27. Owl, White, 27. Ox-eye, 29. pacifica, Tringa a., 87. Painted Tortoise, 43. pallasii, Hylocichla g., 40, 43, 45, 184. Palm Warbler, 166. palmarum, Dendroica, 166. palmatum, Ivygodium, 42. Pandion h. carolinensis, 33, 104. Parasitic Jaeger, 66. parasiticus, Stercorarius, 66. Partridge, 30. Parus americanus, 3^. Par us atricapillus, 32, 43, 777. Parus bicolor, 26, 32. Parus hudsonicus, 47, 49, 777. Parus pendulinus, 32. Parus virginianus, 32. Passenger Pigeon, 160. INDEX. 221 Warbler, Black-throated Green, 43, 165. Warbler, Canadian, 44, 777. Warbler, Cape May, 47, 57, 759. Warbler, Chestnut-sided, 39, 162. Warbler, Connecticut, 168. Warbler, Golden-winged, 42, 757, /pj. Warbler, Magnolia, 40, 44, 45, 161. Warbler, Mourning, 40, 44, 57, 169. \Varbler, Myrtle, 45, 47, 49, 55, 57, 160. Warbler, Nashville, 43, 47, 49, 757. Warbler, Northern Parula, 158. Warbler, Orange-crowned, 757. Warbler, Palm, 166. Warbler, Pine, 41, 166. Warbler, Prairie, 42, 167. Warbler, Tennessee, 49, 57, 158. Warbler, Wilson's, 47, 770. Warbler, Worm-eating, 156. Warbler, Yellow, 40, 54, 759. Warbler, Yellow Palm, 167. Warbling Yireo, 154, Water Hen, 29. Water Shrew, 47. Water-Thrush, 44, 168. Water-Thrush, Louisiana, 168. Water Witch, 29. Waxwing, Bohemian, 750. Waxwing, Cedar, 750. Weasel, Little Brown, 52. Western Semipal mated Sandpiper, 790. Whip-poor-will, 33, 40, 77<5. Whistler, 28. Whistling Swan, 78, 192. White Back Woodpecker, 27. White-breasted Nuthatch. 41, 776. White-crowned Sparrow, 7^7. White-eyed Yireo, 38, 156. White Head Coot, 28. White Goose, 28. White Gull, 29. White Gyrfalcon, 102. White Heron, 29. White Oak, 41, 42. White Owl, 27. White-rumped Sandpiper, 86. White-tail Woodpecker, 27. White-throated Sparrow, 40, 47, 49, 5i, 141- White-winged Crossbill, 47, 49, 135. White-winged Scoter, 76. Widgeon, 28. Widgeon, American, 72. Wild Goose, 28. Wild Pigeon, 31. Wild Turkey, 30, 41, 94. Willet, 790. Wilsonia canadensis, 44, 777. Wilsonia pusilla, 47, 770. wilsonianus, Asio, 104. Wilson's Petrel, 69. Wilson's Phalarope, 85. Wilson's Snipe, 85. Wilson's Thrush, /So. Wilson's Warbler, 47, 770. Winter Sparrow, 26, 32. Witch, Water, 29. Winter Wren, 44, 47, 77^. Wood Duck, 28, 7j. Wood Pewee, 120. Wood Snipe, 29. Wood Thrush, 39, 40, 779. Woodchuck, 52. Woodcock, 29. Woodcock, American, £5. Woodland Caribou, 48. Woodland Jumping Mouse, 47. Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 47, 112. Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 47, 777. Woodpecker, Carolina, 26. Woodpecker, Downy, 54, 777. Woodpecker, Golden-winged, 54. Woodpecker, Great Red-crested, 27. Woodpecker, Hairy, 43, 44, 47, 770. Woodpecker, Northern Pileated, 44, 114. Woodpecker, Red Head, 27. Woodpecker, Red-headed, 775, 79j. Woodpecker, Speckled, 26, 27. Woodpecker, Swallow, 27. Woodpecker, White Back, 27. Woodpecker, White Tail, 27. Woodpecker, Wooly Back, 27. Wooly Back Woodpecker, 27. Worm-eating Warbler, 156. Wren, Bewick's, 777. Wren, Carolina, 38, 77^. Wren, Crested, 32. Wren, House, 41, 777. Wren, Ruby-crowned, 54. Wren, Short-billed Marsh, 77^. Wren, Winter, 44, 47, 77J. Yellow Palm Warbler, 767. Yellow Pond Lily, 46. 222 INDKX. Yellow Rail, 189. Yellow Warbler, 42, 54, 759. Yellowbird, 32, 54. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 47, 121. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 44, 45, // Yellow-billed Cuckoo, 109, 193. Yellow-breasted Chat, 770. Yellow Crown, 32. Yellow-legs, 88. Yellow-legs, Greater, 88. Yellow-rumped Tomteet, 32. Yellow-spotted Tortoise, 43. Yellow-throat, Northern, 770. Yellow-throated Vireo, 41, 755. Zamelodia ludoviciana, 146. Zenaidura macroura, 95. Zone, Arctic-Alpine, 49. Zone, Hudsonian, 48. Zone, Transition, 38. Zone, Upper Austral, 38. Zonotrichia albicollis, 40, 47, 49, 51, 141. Zonotrichia leucophrys, 7^7. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MANCHESTER INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. YDL, IV, 13D2, PART ONE. Manchester, N. H. PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE MANCHESTER, N. H, NATURE STUDY PRESS. 1903- THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO SI.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. LD 21-100m-7,'40 (6936s) M138836 "B/otGW THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY