7877 BRITISH BIRDS. THE GENERA ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SUNDEVALL'S METHOD. (The Homentlnturr rcbiscti br. HENRY THORNTON WHARTON, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.Z.S. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW. Price Sixpence THE ZOOLOGIST: A MONTHLY MAGAZINE of NATURAL HISTORY. Origin Zoology. Birds. British Aquaria, other ni; History. Societies and Colo Did A full at Nest a In this • 4 Appendi since the of Teinini is given t< the new <] and in alj "A worl every ZooL GIFT OF J3IOLGGY UfifiARY 9 ipant: of "A work which must be regarded as indispensable to all British Ornitho- logists. — Field. LONJXLX: .JOHN VAN VOOJIST, PATJrillXOSTKK KOW. A LIST BRITISH BIRDS. THE GKNKRA ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SFNOKVATJ/S MKTIfOI). &ljc Jlomcnditture rcbiseD bn HENRY THORNTON WHAETON, M.A., .U.U.C.s.. F.7.8. L 0 N 1) 0 N : JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATEKNOSTEK ROW. MDCCCLXXVIi. ON THE 1ST OF KVKKY MONTH, PRICE OXK SHILLING, THE ZOOLOaiST: A MONTHLY MAGAZINE of NATURAL HISTORY. GIFT OF fiJOLCGY UfiftAKY 9 Origin Zoology. Birds. British Aquaria, other m; History. Societies and Colo DIG] fbifci A fall a< Nest a In this * Appendi since the of Ternmi is given t< the new cl and in alj "A worl every ZooL "A work Avliich must be re-ardod as indispensable to all British logists." — Field. f.OXDON: .JOHN VAX VOOIIST, PATERXOSTEK IU.)\V. A LIST BRITISH BIRDS. THE GENERA ' ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SIINDEV ALL'S METHOD. &be Nomenclature refceb tog HENRY THORNTON WHARTON, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.X.S. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW, MDCCCLXXVII. BIQLC LIBRARY GIFT LONDON : T. P. NEWMAN, PKINTEll, -'V2, BOTOLPH LANE, KASTCHEAP, E.G. INDEX. Accentor, 8 Firecrest, 6 Linnet, 8 Auk, 17 Flycatcher, 7 Avocet, 15 Fulmar, 18 Magpie, 9 Martin, 10 Bee-eater, 11 Gadwall, 19 Merganser, 20 lUttevn, 13 Gannet, 18 Merlin, 12 Blackbird, 5 Garganey, 19 Moorhen, 16 Blackcap, 6 Godwit, 13, 14 Blue throat, 5 Goldcrest, 6 Nightjar, 10 Brambling, 8 Golden-eye, 20 Noddy, 16 Bullfinch, 8 Goldfinch, 8 Nutcracker, 9 Bunting, 8, 9 Goosander, 20 Nuthatch, 9 Bustard, 15 Goose, 18, 19 Buzzard, 11, 1^ Grebe, 18 Oriole, 7 Greenfinch, 8 Ortolan, 9 Capercailzie, 12 Greenshank, 14 Osprey, 12 Chaffinch, H Grey Lag, 18 Owl, 11 Chiffchaff, 6 Grosbeak, 8 Oyster-catcher, 15 Chough, 9 Grouse, 12 Colin, 13 Guillemot, 17 Partridge, 12, 13 Coot, 16 Gull, 16, 17 Pastor, 9 Cormorant, 18 Petrel, 18 Courser, 15 Hammer, !) Phalarope, 15 Crake, 16 Harrier, 11 Pheasant, 12 Crane, 15 Hawfinch, 8 Pigeon, 11 Creeper, 9 Hawk, 11 Pintail, 19 Crossbill, 8 Hemipode, 13 Pipit, 7, 8 Crow, 9 Heron, 13 Plover, 15 Cuckoo, 10 Hobby, 12 Pochard, 19 Curlew, 13, 15 Hoopoe, 10 Pratincole, 15 Ptarmigan, 12 Dipper, 6 Ibis, 13 Puffin, 17 Diver, 18 Dotterel, 15 Jackdaw, 9 * Quail, 13 Dove, 11 Jay, 0 Duck, 19, 20 Eail, 16 Dunlin, 14 Kestrel, 12 Kaven, 9 Kingfisher, 11 Razorbill, 17 Eagle, 12 Kite, 12 Redbreast, 5 Egret, 13 Kittiwake, 17 Redpoll, 8 Eider, 20 Knot, 14 Redshank, 14 Redstart, 5 Falcon, 12 Lapwing, 15 Redwing, 5 Fieldfare, 5 Lark, 10 Roller, 10 440431 Rook, 9 Ruff, 14 Sanderling, 14 Sand Grouse, 12 Sandpiper, 14 Scaup, 20 Scoter, 20 Serin, 8 Shag, 18 Shearwater, 18 Sheldrake, 19 Shoveller, 19 Shrike, 7 Siskin, 8 Skua, 17 Smew, 20 Snipe, 13, 15 Sparrow, H Spoonbill, 13 Starling, 9 Stilt, 15 Vulture, 12 Wagtail, 7 Warbler, 6, 7 Stint, 14 Stonechat, 5 Waxwing, f Wheatear, 5 Stork, 13 Whimbrel, 13 Swallow, 9 Whinchat, 5 Swan, 19 Whitethroat, 6 Swift, 10 Teal, 19 Whooper, 19 Widgeon, 19 Woodchat, 7 Tern, 16 Woodcock, 14 Thrush, 5, 7 Titmouse, 6, 7, 8 Woodpecker, 10 Wren, 6 Turnstone, 15 Twite, 8 Wryneck, 10 Yellowshank, 14 A LIST OF BRITISH BIRD8. INTRODUCTION. § I.— OF THK USES OF THE PRESENT LlST. THE uses of a Catalogue such as the following are manifold. The names can be cut out and used as labels ; it shows at a glance what birds may rightly be considered British, their proper scientific desig- nation, and to a certain extent their affinities ; it can be compared with similar lists of the birds of other countries ; and it can con- veniently be marked as an index to a collection either of skins or eggs, or to show species desired in exchange, or to record the occurrence or nesting of birds in particular localities. § II. — OF THE LIMITS OF THE BRITISH AVI-FAUNA. The present list is meant to comprise those birds only which have at least once, beyond doubt, occurred in a truly wild state within the area of the British Isles. No other definition of a British bird is strictly tenable. Ornithological literature teems with records of alien species, the validity of whose occurrence may possibly have been over- looked ; but here it is advisable not to recognize any authority which can be impugned, — to follow, as far as may be, in the steps of Professor Newton in his current revision of the new edition of YarrelTs standard ' History of British Birds.' § III. — OF NOMENCLATURE. In view of the importance of a scientifically accurate use of names, the British Association, in 1842, appointed a Committee of some of the most eminent biologists of the day "to consider the rules by which the nomenclature of zoology might be established on a uniform and permanent basis." In an elaborate explanatory report they enunciated fourteen principles, the majority of which may well be reprinted here verbatim. : — " § 1. — The name originally given by the founder of a group or the describer of a species should be permanently retained, to the exclusion of all subsequent synonyms (with the exceptions about to be noticed). " § 2. — The binomial nomenclature having originated with Linnaeus, the law of .priority, in respect of that nomenclature, is not to extend to the writings of antecedent, au-thbrs. " §3. — A generic name wlieii e' once established should never be cancelled i^ajiyi subsequent subdivision of the group, but retained in a restricted s*oi;isb- for oric of the* constituent portions. " § 4. — The generic name should always be retained for that portion of the original genus which was considered typical by the author. " § 6. — When two authors define and name the same genus, both making it exactly of the same extent, the later name should be cancelled in toto, and not retained in a modified sense. " § 9. — In compounding a genus out of several smaller ones, the earliest of them, if otherwise unobjectionable, should be selected, and its former generic name be extended over the new genus so com- pounded. " § 10. — A name should be changed which has before been proposed for some other genus in zoology or botany, or for some other species in the same genus, when still retained for such genus or species. " § 12. — A name which has never been clearly defined in some published work should be changed for the earliest name by which the object shall have been so defined. " § 13. — A .new specific name must be given to a species when its old name has been adopted for a genus which includes that species. " § 14. — In writing zoological names the rules of Latin orthography must be adhered to." These rules are almost universally accepted by modern zoologists, and in the present list their principles are violated only where biographical information has been incomplete. But it must be remarked that, while no private judgment ought to be exercised in the case of specific names, the grouping of species into genera must always be more or less arbitrary; for such groups can never be of co-equal value, and their existence and comprehensiveness must mainly depend upon convenience. The authority for every specific name is given ; it is included in parentheses when it does not apply to the generic name also. The names of authors of frequent occurrence are abbreviated: thus L. = Linnaeus, Gm. = Gmelin, Temm. = Temminck, &c. § IV. — OF CLASSIFICATION. The difficulty of satisfactorily classifying birds is apparent from the variety of " systems" that have been proposed. Few have been more artificial than that of the illustrious Cuvier, but, through its modified adoption in the successive editions of Yarrell's well-known work, none is unfortunately more familiar. The one perhaps most in accordance with modern scientific methods was proposed by Professor Huxley in 1866. He groups all birds mainly on the basis of their osseous structure, more particularly regarding that of the palate, since it is perhaps these parts which are the least modified by diverse conditions of life ; but until his views have been more matured and popularised, it is unlikely that ornithologists will adopt them. For a classification to have a scientific value, it is not enough to associate such species as bear only obvious marks of external resemblance; characters must also be found which point. to genetic relationships in remote periods of the earth's history, the presence of which connotes the co-existence of many others. Even Linnaeus fell into errors which all modern science rejects ; the grallatorial pratincole can no longer be regarded as a kind of swallow, nor the accipitrine cariama of South America as allied to the rail-like jacana. The most recent and elaborate exposition of the affinities of birds on some such solid foundation as this was given by the late Professor Sundevall in his * Methodi Naturalis avium disponendarum Tentamen' (Stockholm, 1872-3), and it is for this reason that his views, which, in their outcome at least, have received a wide acceptance from modern ornithologists of all countries, have been adopted here. It would be obviously unfair to criticize this or any classification as a whole from its application to any smaller collection of birds than those of the entire globe. Suffice it, however, to say that no one can study Sundevall's observations without materially adding to his store of knowledge. When the impossibility of a linear series of any living creatures bearing complex relationships 011 every side is fully recognized, it is clear that the first step in classification is to define certain groups. The old division into Land and Water birds is a familiar instance, — a division, however, too vague to be of any use. But if the young of a great variety of birds are observed from their earliest existence, some are seen to begin life in a much less developed state than others. One group, called thence Gymnopaedes, are hatched, in a more or less elaborately-constructed nest, nearly naked, helpless, and utterly unable to seek their own food, or even to support themselves upon their legs ; the other, called Dasypaedes, are hatched, in a nest often of -the simplest form, wholly covered with down, and able to move about and feed themselves from their very first exclusion from the egg. Here is at once the first step towards a scientific dichotomy ; it remains, in the next place, to subdivide these groups into orders. Taking now the Gymnopaedes, for instance, on one side can be placed the order Oscines, with a strong hind-toe separately movable, its claw longer than any other, and the greater wing-coverts not reaching to the middle of the secondary quills ; on the other the order Volucres, with a hind-toe weak (or even absent), not separately movable, its claw small, and the greater wing- coverts (except in some woodpeckers) reaching well beyond the middle of the secondaries. Then, regarding the Oscines, which order contains about a quarter of all known species of birds, the majority have a double horny entire plate at the back of each tarsus ; while the rest, of which the larks and the hoopoe alone are British, have the same part of the tarsus covered with separate scutella or scales. The possession of nine cubital quills, or of ten, constitutes another important distinction. The Volucres, again, are divided according to whether the fourth (or outer) toe can be turned backwards or not. The morphological value of such assemblages as these is obvious to the comparative anatomist, when he sees how many other independent characters are correlated with them, such as the possession or not of a special apparatus for singing, and the existence or not of one common carotid artery or of two, besides numerous peculiarities of muscles and of bones. When more minute subdivisions can no longer thus be made, certain well-defined types have to be chosen ; and all the birds with the clearest affinities to these are grouped about them. Thus the first or greater division of the Oscines comprises some five more or less well-marked types among British birds : warblers and thrushes characterize one "cohort;" finches and buntings, another; crows, a third; creepers, a fourth; swallows, a fifth. Of course. each cohort contains forms more or less divergent from the type, but in every case such apparent anomalies bear closer relationships to the type associated with each than to the type of any other. In a similar way the birds with independent young — Dasypaedes — fall into four orders, viz., birds of prey, fowl-like birds, waders, and swimming birds. In the first order, Accipitres, most have the head feathered, and these seek their prey either by night, as owls, or by day, as hawks and eagles ; while others, the vultures, have the head bare. Thus group after group is treated, and so the affinity of one species or genus to another is shown in a far clearer way than any simply linear arrangement could possibly effect ; just as, to use an illustration employed by the late J. S. Mill, all towns could be arranged according to their respective distances from the poles, but it is much more con- venient to regard them as situated in such and such a continent or country. But, it may be asked, since in such a series of groups one must be placed first and another last, how is it to be determined which has the claim to the higher place and which to the lower ? Of the two primary divisions, that which undergoes the greatest variety of changes subse- quent to birth seems naturally to take precedence in the all-important matter of development. Hence the orders Oscines and Volucres come to head the list, and of these the Oscines are regarded as the higher type, because among them occur the most highly specialised of birds ; while in the other great division the birds of prey have the priority, partly by reason of the nearer accord of their nesting habits to those of the higher class, partly by reason of their great specialisation ; and the swimmers are placed last, because they include some of the simplest of birds. Every animal is necessarily more or less fully adapted to its environment ; but it is clear that, in the struggle for life, a nightingale must needs be prepared for an infinitely more varied range of circumstances than a petrel or a penguin. HENEY T. WHABTON. A LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. OSCINES. Daulias luscinia (Linnaeus). Nightingale. Cyanecula sueclca (L.) Bluethroat. Ruticilla phosnicurus (L.) Eedstart. Ruticilla titys (Scopoli). Black Redstart. Eritliacus rubecula (L.) Redbreast. Pratincola rubicola (L.) Stonechat. Pratincola rubetra (L.) Whinchat. Saxicola cenanthe (L.) Wheatear. Monticola saxatilis (L.) Rock Thrush. Turdus varius, Pallas. White's Thrush. Turdus viscivorus, L. Missel Thrush. Turdus musicus, L. Song Thrush. Turdus iliacus, L. Redwing. Turdus pilaris, L. Fieldfare. Turdus atrigularis, Temminck. Black-throated Thrush. Turdus menda, L. Blackbird. Turdus torquatus, L. Ring Ouzel. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein. Dipper. Melizophilus undatus (Boddaert). Dartford Warbler. Troglodytes parvulus, Koch. Wren. Eegulus cristatus, Koch. Gold-crest. Eegulus ignicapillus (Brehm). Fire-crest. Phylloscopus superciliosus (Gmelin). Yellow-browed Warbler. Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot). Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus trochilus (L.) Willow Wren. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechstein). Wood Wren. Sylvia rufa (Boddaert). Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca (L.) Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia salicaria (L.) Garden Warbler. Sylvia atricapilla (L.) Blackcap. Sylvia orphea, Temm. Orphean Warbler. Aedon galactodes (Temm.) Rufous Warbler. Acrocephalus arundinaceus (L.) Great Reed Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus (Vieillot). Reed Warbler. Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein). Marsh Warbler. Calamodus sclicenobcenus (L.) Sedge Warbler. Calamodus aquaticus (Gm.) Aquatic Warbler. Locustella ncevia (Boddaert.) Grasshopper Warbler. Potamodus luscinioides (Savi). Savi's Warbler. Parus major, L. Great Titmouse. Parus cceruleus, L. Blue Titmouse. Parus ater, L. Coal Titmouse. Parus palustris, L. Marsh Titmouse. Parus cristatus, L. Crested Titmouse. Acredula caudata (L.) Long-tailed Titmouse. Lanius excubitor, L. Great Gray Shrike. Lanius minor, Gm. Lesser Gray Shrike. Lanius collurio, L. Bed-backed Shrike. Lanius auriculatus, P. L. S. Miiller. Woodchat. Ampelis garrulus, L. Wax wing. Pycnonotus capensis (L.) Gold-vented Thrush. Oriolus galbula, L. Golden Oriole. Muscicapa atricapilla, L. Pied Flycather. Muscicapa parva, Bechstein. Ked-breasted Flycatcher. Muscicapa grisola, L. Spotted Flycatcher. Hypolais icterina (Vieillot.) Icterine Warbler. Motacilla lugiibris, Temrn. Pied Wagtail. Motacilla alba, L. White Wagtail. Motacilla sulpliurea, Bechst. Gray Wagtail. Motacilla flava, L. Blue-headed Wagtail. Motacilla rail (Bonaparte). Yellow Wagtail. Antlius trivialis (L.) Tree Pipit. Anihus pratensis (L.) Meadow Pipit. Anthus spipoletta (L.) Water Pipit. Anthus obscurus (Latham.) Eock Pipit. Anthus campestris (L.) Tawny Pipit. Antlius richardi, Vieillot. Kichard's Pipit. Panurus Marmicus (L.) Bearded Titmouse. Accentor collaris (Scopoli). Alpine Accentor. Accentor modularis (L.) Hedge Sparrow. Pinicola enucleator (L.) Pine Grosbeak. Pyrrhula europcea, Vieillot. Bullfinch. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pallas). Piosy Bullfinch. Serinus hortulanus, Koch. Serin. Ligurinus chloris (L.) Greenfinch. Carduelis elegans, Stephens. Goldfinch. Carduelis spinus (L.) Siskin. Linota linaria (L.) Mealy Redpoll. Linota rufescens (Vieillot). Lesser Redpoll. Linota cannabina (L.) Linnet. Linota flavirostris (L.) Twite. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pallas. Hawfinch. Fringilla codecs, L. Chaffinch. Fringilla montif ring ilia, L. B rambling, Passer montanus (L.) Tree Sparrow. Passer domesticus (L.) House Sparrow. Loxia curvirostra, L. Crossbill. Loxia pityopsittacus, Bechstein. Parrot Crossbill. Loxia Mfasciata (Brehm). Two-barred Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera, Gm. White-winged Crossbill. Emberiza miliaria, L. Buntincf. Emberiza citrinella, L. Yellow Hammer. Emberiza cirlus, L. Girl Bunting. Emberiza hortulana, L. Ortolan. Emberiza rustica, Pallas. Rustic Bunting. Emberiza pusilla, Pallas. Little Bunting. Emberiza schoeniclus, L. Reed Bunting. Emberiza melanocephala, Scopoli. Black-headed Bunting. Plectrophanes nivalis (L.) Snow Bunting. Plectrophanes lapponicus (L.) Lapland Bunting. Agelceus phceniceus (L.) Red-winged Starling. Sturnella magna (L.) American Meadow Starling. Sturnus vulgaris, L. Starling. Pastor roseus (L.) Rose-coloured Pastor. Fregilus graculus (L.) Chough. Nucifraga caryocatactes (L.) Nutcracker. Pica rustica (Scopoli). Magpie. Garrulus glandarius (L.) Jay. Corvus monedula, L. Jackdaw. Corvus frugilegus, L. Rook. Corvus corax, L. Raven. Corvus cor one, L. Carrion Grow. Corvus comix, L. Hooded Crow. Certhia familiar is, L. Tree Creeper. Sitta ccesia, Wolf. Nuthatch. Hirundo rustica, L. Swallow. 10 Chelidon urbica (L.) Martin. Cotyle riparia (L.) Sand Martin. Progne purpurea (L.) Purple Martin. Otocorys alpestris (L.) Shore Lark. Alauda arvensis, L. Sky Lark. Alauda arbor ea, L. Wood Lark. Alauda cristata, L. Crested Lark. Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisler). Short-toed Lark. Melanocorypha sibirica (Gm.) White-winged Lark. Upupa epops, L. Hoopoe. VOLUCRES. Picus martins, L. Great Black Woodpecker. Picus major, L. Greater Spotted Woodpecker. Picus minor, L. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. Gecinus viridis (L.) Green Woodpecker. Jynx torquilla, L. Wryneck. Cuculus canorus. L. Cuckoo. Coccystes glandarius (L.) Great Spotted Cuckoo. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus americanus (L.) Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Coracias garrula, L. Roller. Caprimulgus europceus, L. Nightjar. Caprimulgus ruficollis, Temm. Red-necked Nightjar. Cypselus apus (L.) Swift. Cypselus melba (L.) White-bellied Swift. 11 Merops apiaster, L. Bee-eater. Alcedo ispida, L. Kingfisher. Ectopistes migratorius (L.) Passenger Pigeon. Colwriba palumbus, L. King Dove. Columba cenas, L. Stock Dove. Columba livia, Brisson. Kock Dove. Turtur auritus, Gray. Turtle Dove. ACCIPITRES. Aluco flammeus (L.) Barn Owl. Asio otus (L.) Long-eared Owl. Asio accipitrinus (Pallas). Short-eared Owl. Strix stridula, L. Tawny Owl. Nyctala tengmalmi (Gm.) Tengmalm's Owl. Nyctea scandiaca (L.) Snowy Owl. Bubo ignavus, Forster. Eagle Owl. Scops giu (Scopoli). Scops Owl. Carine noctua (Scopoli). Little Owl. Surnia ulula (L.) Hawk Owl. Accipiter nisus (L.) Sparrow Hawk. Astur palumbarius (L.) Gos-Hawk. Circus ceruginosus (L.) Marsh Harrier. Circus cyaneus (L.) Hen-Harrier. Circus cineraceus (Montagu). Montagu's Harrier. Buteo vulgaris, Leach. Buzzard. Buteo lagopus (Gm.) Rough-legged Buzzard. 12 Falco candicans, Gm. Greenland Falcon. Falco islandus, Gm. Iceland Falcon. Falco peregrinus, Tunstall. Peregrine Falcon. Falco cesalon, Tunstall. Merlin. Falco sulbuteo, L. Hobby. Falco vespertinus, L. Ked-footed Falcon. Falco tinnunculus, L. Kestrel. Nauclerus furcatus (L.) Swallow-tailed Kite. Aquila chrysaetus (L.) Golden Eagle. Aquila clang a (Pallas). Greater Spotted Eagle. Haliaetus albicilla (L.) White-tailed Eagle. Milvus ictinus (Savigny). Kite. Milvus migrans (Boddaert). Black Kite. Pernis apivorus (L.) Honey Buzzard. Pandion haliaetus (L.) Osprey. Neophron percnopterus (L.) Egyptian Vulture. Gypsfulvus (Gm.) Griffon Vulture. GALLING. Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pallas). Pallas' Sand-Grouse. Lag opus mutus, Leach. Ptarmigan. Lag opus scoticus (Latham). Ked Grouse. Tetrao urogallus, L. Capercailzie. Tetrao tetrix, L. Black Grouse. Phasianus colchicus, L. Pheasant. Caccabis rufa (L.) Pied-legged Partridge. 18 Caccabis petrosa (Gm.) Barbary Partridge. Perdix cinerea, Charleton. Partridge. Ortyx virginianus (L.) Virginian Colin. Coturnix communis, Bonnaterre. Quail. Turnix sylvatica, Desfontaines. Andalusian Hemipode. GRALLATORES. Ardea cinerea, L. Heron. Ardea purpurea, L. Purple Heron. Herodias alba (L.) Great White Heron. Herodias garzetta (L.) Little White Heron. Ardeola comata (Pallas). Squacco Heron. Ardetta minuta (L.) Little Bittern. Bubulcus ibis (L.) Buif-backed Egret. Botaurus stellaris (L.) Bittern. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu). American Bittern. Nycticorax grisea (L.) Night Heron. Platalea leucorodia, L. Spoonbill. Ciconia alba, Brisson. White Stork. Ciconia nigra (L.) Black Stork. Falcinellus igneus (Gm.) Glossy Ibis. Numenius arquata (L.) Curlew. Numenius phceopus (L.) Whimbrel. Numenius borealis (Forster). Esquimaux Curlew. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gm.) Eed-breasted Snipe. Limosa lapponica (L.) Bar-tailed Godwit. 14 Limosa tzgocephala (L.) Black-tailed Godwit. Totanus solitarius (Wilson). Solitary Sandpiper. Totanus glottis (Pallas). Greenshank. Totanus glareola (L.) Wood Sandpiper. Totanus fuscus (L.) Spotted Eedshank. Totanus calidris (L.) Kedshank. Totanus flavipes (Gm.) Yellowshank. Helodromas ochropus (L.) Green Sandpiper. Actiturus longicaudus (Bechstein). Bartram's Sandpiper. Machetes pugnax (L.) Kuff. Actitis hypoleucus (L.) Common Sandpiper. Actitis macularius (L.) Spotted Sandpiper. Tringites rufescens (Vieillot). Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Ereunetes pusillus (L.) Semipalmated Sandpiper. Calidris arenaria (L.) Sanderling. Tringa maculata, Vieillot. Pectoral Sandpiper. Tringa temmincki, Leisler. Temminck's Stint. Tringa minuta, Leisler. Little Stint. Tringa fuscicollis (Vieillot). Schinz's Sandpiper. Tringa striata, L. Purple Sandpiper. Tringa alpina, L. Dunlin. Tringa platyrhyncha, Temm. Broad-billed Sandpiper. Tringa subarquata (Giildenstadt). Curlew Sandpiper. Tringa canutus, L. Knot. Scolopax rusticola, L. Woodcock. 15 Gallinago major (Gm.) Great Snipe. Gallinago gallinaria (0. F. Muller.) Common Snipe. Gallinago ivilsoni (Temm.) Wilson's Snipe. Limnocryptes gallinula (L.) Jack Snipe. Phalaropus hyperboreus (L.) Eed-necked Phalarope. Phalaropus fulicarius (L.) Grey Phalarope. Himantopus candidus (Bonnaterre). Black-winged Stilt. Recurvirostra avocetta, L. Avocet. Strepsilas interpres, L. Turnstone. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. Lapwing. Squatarola helvetica (L.) Gray Plover. Charadrius pluvialis, L. Golden Plover. Eudromias morinellus (L.) Dotterel. JEglalitis hiaticula (L.) Ringed Plover. JEgialitis cantiana (Latham). Kentish Plover. jEgialitis curonica (Gm.) Little Ringed Plover. JEgialitis vocifera (L.) Killdeer Plover. Hamatopus ostralegus, L. Oyster-catcher. (Edicnemus scolopax (S. G. Gmelin). Stone -Curlew. Cursorius gallicus (Gm.) Cream-coloured Courser. Glareola pratincola (L.) Collared Pratincole. Otis tarda, L. Great Bustard. Otis tetrax, L. Little Bustard. Otis macqueeni, Gray. Macqueen's Bustard. Grus communis, Bechstein. Crane. 16 Rallus aquaticus, L. Water Rail. Crex pratensis, Bechstein. Corn Crake. Porzana maruetta (Leach). Spotted Crake. Porzana Carolina (L.) Carolina Rail. Porzana bailloni (Vieillot). Baillon's Crake. Porzana minuta (Pallas). Little Crake. Gallinula chloropus (L.) Moor-hen. Fulica atra, L. Coot. NATATORES. Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pallas). Whiskered Tern. . Hydrochelidon leucoptera, Meisner & White- winged Blk. Tern. [Schinz. Hydrochelidon nigra (L.) Black Tern. Sterna anglica, Montagu. Gull-billed Tern. Sterna fluviatilis, Naumann. Common Tern. Sterna macrura, Naumann. Arctic Tern. Sterna dougalli, Montagu. Roseate Tern. Sterna cantiaca, Gm. Sandwich Tern. Sterna caspia, Pallas. Caspian Tern. Sterna bergi, Lichtenstein. Riippell's Tern. Sterna minuta, L. Little Tern. Sterna fuliginosa, Gm. Sooty Tern. Sterna an&stheta, Scopoli. Smaller Sooty Tern. Anous stolidus (L.) Noddy. Xema sabinii, Leach. Sabine's Gull. Ehodostethia rosea, Macgillivray. Ross's Rosy Gull. 17 Pagophila eburnea (Phipps). Ivory Gull. Rissa tridactyla (L.) Kittiwake. Chroicocephalus atricilla (L.) Laughing Gull. Chroicocephalus ridibundus (L.) Black-headed GuU. Chroicocephalus minutus (Pallas). Little Gull. Chroicocephalus Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull. Chroicocephalus melanocephalus (Nat. » Mediterranean Blk.-headed Gull. Chroicocephalus ichthyaetus*(P&lla,s) . Great Black-headed Gull. Larus glaucus, 0. F. Miiller. Iceland Gull. Larus leucopterus, Faber. White-winged Gull. Larus marinus, L. Great Black-backed Gull. Larus fuscus, L. Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus argentatus, Gm. Herring Gull. Larus canus, L. Common Gull. Stercorarius cataractes (L.) Great Skua. Stercorarius pomatorhinus (Temm.) Pomatorine Skua. Stercorarius crepidatus (Gm.) Richardson's Skua. Stercorarius parasiticus (L.) Buffon's Skua. Ale a impennis, L. Great Auk. Alca tor da, L. Eazor-bill. Alca troile (L.) Common Guillemot. Alca brunnichi (Sabine). Briinnich's Guillemot. Uria grylle (L.) Black Guillemot. Mergulus alle (L.) Little Auk. Fratercula arctica (L.) Puffin. 18 Colymbus glacialis, L. Great Northern Diver. Colymbus arcticus, L. Black-throated Diver. Colymbus septentrionalis, Latham. Red-throated Diver. Podiceps cristatus (L.) Crested Grebe. Podiceps rubricollis, Latham. Red-necked Grebe. Podiceps auritus (L.) Eared Grebe. Podiceps cornutus (Gm.) Horned Grebe. Podiceps minor (Gm.) Little Grebe. Sula bassana (L.) Gannet. Phalacrocorax carbo (L.) Great Cormorant. Phalacrocorax cristatus (Faber). Shag. Bulweria cotoi&ma(Webb&Berthelot) Bulwer's Petrel. Procellaria leucorrhoa, Vieillot. Leach's Petrel. Procellaria oceanica, Kuhl. Wilson's Petrel. Procellaria pelagica, L. Stormy Petrel. (Estrelata hasitata (Kuhl). Capped Petrel. Fulmarus glacialis (L.)- Northern Fulmar. Pujjinus major, Faber. Arctic Shearwater. Puffinus anglorum, Temm. Manx Shearwater. Puffinus obscurus, Gm. Dusky Shearwater. Plectropterus gambensis (L.) Spur-winged Goose. Anser cinereus, Meyer. Grey Lag. Anser segetum (Gm.) Bean Goose. Anser brachyrhynchus, Baillon. Pink-footed Goose. Anser albifrons (Gm.) White-fronted Goose. 19 Chen albatus (Cassin). Cassin's Snow-Goose. Bernicla brenta (Pallas). Brent Goose. Bernicla leucopsis (Bechstein). Bernicle Goose. Bernicla canadensis (L.) Canada Goose. Bernicla ruficollis (Pallas). Red-breasted Goose. Cygnus olor (Gm.) Mute Swan. Cygnus musicus, Bechstein. Whooper. Cygnus immutabilis, Yarrell. Polish Swan. Cygnus bewicki, Yarrell. Bewick's Swan. Cygnus americanus, Sharpless. American Swan. Cygnus buccinator, Richardson. Trumpeter Swan. Chenalopex cegyptiaca (Gm.) Egyptian Goose. Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmelin). Sheldrake. Tadorna casarca (L.) Ruddy Sheldrake. Mareca penelope (L.) Widgeon. Mareca americana (Gm.) American Widgeon. Querquedula circia (L.) Garganey. Nettium crecca (L.) Teal. Dafila acuta (L.) Pintail. Anas boschas, L. Wild Duck. Chaulelasmus streperus (L.) Gadwall. Spatula clypeata (L.) Shoveller. Fuligula ferina (L.) Pochard. Fuligula rufina (Pallas). Red-crested Pochard. Fuligula nyroca (Gulden stadt). Ferruginous Duck. Fuligula cristate (Leach). Tufted Duck. Fuligula marila (L.) Scaup. (Edemia nigra (L.) Black Scoter. (Edemia fuse a (L.) Velvet Scoter. (Edemia perspicillata (L.) Surf Scoter. Cosmonetta histrionica (L.) Harlequin Duck. Glangula glaucion (L.) Golden-eye. Glangula albeola (L.) Buffel-headed Duck. Harelda glacialis (L.) Long-tailed Duck. Somateria stelleri (Pallas). Steller's Duck. Somateria mollissima (L.) Eider Duck. Somateria spectabilis (L.) King Eider. Mergus albellus, L. Smew. Mergus merganser, L. Goosander. Mergus serrator, L. Red-breasted Merganser. Mergus cucullatus, L. Hooded Merganser. T. P. NEWMAN, PRINTER, :J'2, BOTOLPH FANE, EASTCHEAP, LONDON, ON THE 1ST OF EVEKY MONTH, PK1CE SIXPENCE. THE ENTOMOLOGIST: In Illustrate Immial of % Sntnte. Edited by JOHN T. CARRINGTON ; with the assistance of FREDERICK BOND, F.Z.S; EDWARD A. FITCH; J. A. POWER, M.D. ; FREDERICK SMITH ; J. JENNER WEIR, F.L.S., &c. ; F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.L.S. Records of Occurrences of Rare Insects. Notes on Insects injurious to Farm, Garden, or Commerce. Papers on all branches of the Science by leading Entomologists. Reviews of Entomological works. Numerous beautiful Woodcuts of fine Varieties, &c. Occasional PHOTOGRAPHS and Biographies of Eminent Naturalists. RT. LEI NEl UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY of illustration, it does not possess it; dities, ^^•^•I^B^W^B^BflMluty of •AnndU and Maya^inc of Natural History. NEWMAN'S BEITISH FEENS. PEOPLE'S (FcapSvo) EDITION. Illustrated by Six Steel Plates, giving accurate Figures of nearly all the British Species. Contains full Descriptions, List of Localities, and ample Instructions for Cultivating. 2s. NEWMAN'S BOTANICAL PAPEE. For Drying Specimens for the Herbarium. Preserves form and colour in the best possible manner. It was used by the Naturalists on board the Arctic ships ; and also on the cruise of H.M.S. ' Challenger? Sizes (when folded) and Prices: — 16 inches by 10, 15s. per ream, Is. Id. per quire; 18 by 11, 19s. per ream, Is. 4d. per quire ; 20 by 12, 23s. per ream, Is. 9d. per quire ; 20 by 16, 80s. per ream, 2s. M. per quire. This paper is too heavy to send by post. " I found your Drying Paper very useful, and dried all the Plants which I collected on the 'Challenger' Expedition with it. I consider its great durability an especial point in its favour." — H. N. Moseley. " By far the best paper for drying specimens of plants that I have ever used." — Prof. Babington* LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, I'.vmiXoSTEll KO\V. BOOKS ON BIRDS PUBLISHED BY MR. VAN VOORST, YARRELL'S HISTORY OF BRITISH BIRDS. Revised by ALFIUU NEWT M.A., F.K.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of O bridge, &c. In Parts, at 2s. Gd. each. Vol. I., £1 Is. A HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. Showing the Distribution oi* the Re dent and Migratory Birds in the British Islands: with an Index to the Records o'. the 11: Species. By J. E. HARTING, F.L.S., F.Z.S. 8vo. 1*. Gd. THE BIRDS OF EGYPT. By G. EBNKST SHELI-KV, F.Z.S.. F.R.G-.S.', %, , Captain G-renadier G-uards. Eoyal 8vo, with Fourteen Coloured Plates. £1 11*. 6^/. THE BIRDS OF NORFOLK. By HENRY STEVENSON, F.L.S. Vols. 1.J>RI. Second Edition ; with New Plates and Additions. Imperial 8vo. £2 d». FALCONER'S FAVOURITES. By W. BUODRICK. A Series of Life-si/ed Colour Portraits of all the British Species 'of Falcons at present used in Falconry. Large fo cloth. £2 2«. FALCONRY IN THE VALLEY OF THE INDUS. By R. F. BURTON. Wi Four Illustrations. Post 8vo. 61. THE ORNITHOLOGY OF SHAKESPEARE. Critically Examined, Kxplaim and Illustrated. By J. E. HARTING, F.L.S., &c. 8vo. 12s. 6d. A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE RAPTOR FA L BIRDS IN TF NORFOLK AND NOKWICH MUSEUM. By JOHN HENHY GURNEY. L'art L lloyal 8vo. f; COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE EGGS OF RRITISH BIRDS; w<: Descriptions of their Nests and Nidification. By WILLIAM C. HEWITSON. Third Editi' 2 vols. STO. £4 14s. 6d. OOTHECA WOLLEYANA: an Illustrated Catalogue, of the Collection of Bir Eggs formed by the late John Wolley, Jun.,'M.A., F.Z.S. Kdited from the Original No*e- ALFRID NEWTON, M. A., F.L.S., &c. Part I. ACCIPITRES. Eoyal 8vo. £1 lls. tid. SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF THE EGGS OF BRITISH BIRDS. An with a view to supersede the use of Labels for Eggs. By the Kev. S. C. MALAX, M.A., M.A..1 writing-paper. 8vo. 8s. &d. HINTS ON SHORE -SHOOTING; including a Chapter or. Skinning and Preserv5 Birds. By J. E. HARTING, F.L.S., &c. Post 8vo. 3s. Qd. BIRD LIFE. By Dr. E. A. BREHM. Translated from the German by Fsfr Labouchere, F.Z.S., and W. Jesse, C.M.Z.S. (Zoologist to the Abyssinian Expedition). ^ Eleven Plates. Eoyal 8vo. £1 5s. ORNITHOLOGICAL RAMBLES IN SUSSEX; vitii H Catalogue of the Birds that Country, and Remarks on their Local Distribution. By A. E. KNOX, M.A., F.L.H., F.7 Third Edition. 7*. Qd. THE IBIS: A QUARTERLY JOURNAL <)F ORNITHOLOGY. Edited OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.B.S., and P. L. SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.B.S. 6*. JOHN VAN VOOEST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.