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PLANIS

—— Tae.

MWaCINITY OF UTICA,

SOR

April, May and a portion of Jung,

Teo
u

Dr. J: V? HABERER.

LINPARY
BREW YORE

BUPANICAL

Published by the Asa Gray Botanical Club.

UTICA, N. Y.:
L. C. Cuitps & Sox, Prixrers anp Book-Brinpers.
1888.

LIWRAUT
“~ YoURE
\NILAL

LskUe

PREFACE.

To ‘he member: of ‘he Asa Gray Botanical Club :

The following list of plants was compiled when the club was first organ-
ized, and is now published at your solicitation. It was intended as a guide
to the phenogamous and vascular cryptogamous plants found growing spon-
taneously within a radius of seven miles of Utica during the spring months.

Only those who have been engaged on a similar task can form a just esti-
mate of the labor incident to its preparation.

It is a difficult matter to draw a line between the early or spring flowers,
and the later or summer blooming ones, for the season which presents the
greatest variation in the time of flowering is the spring. I cannot here
4 enter into a lengthy statement of how widely the seasons may differ, but

will offer in illustration of this, for purposes of comparison, a list of dates
when our earliest spring flower, 7. e., Hepatica, was first observed in bloom
during a period of seventeen years. [See list A. ]

The list therefore includes the plants detected in flower from the opening
of the season to about the second week in June. The flowering time of
most species has been as definitely stated as possible, and also the maturing
of fruit, when deemed necessary.

The region covered by this list lies between Sterling Creek on the east,
Oriskany Creek on the west, and from the summit of the Deerfield Hills on
the north, to the sphagnum pond on Frankfort Hill, generally known as
Wetmore’s, on the south—thus including Utica and portions of the towns
of Frankfort, Schuyler, New Hartford, Whitestown, Marcy and Deerfield.
Localities of rare plants have been carefully noted, and for convenience of
many pursuing the study of botany, general localities have been described,
such as ravines, hill-sides, shady woods, swamps, meadows, pastures, rich
sdils, etc., and to avoid repetition, unless expressly stated, plants are to be
understood as common in the localities mentioned. It has been my
- aim to include such only as | can vouch for from personal observation, and

a few that have been reported as formerly growing in this region, but prob-

ably now extinct. x

; My endeavor has been to conform as nearly as possible to the latest and
“=¥ most natural system of classification.

Acknowledgements are due to many botanical friends, who have rendered
i invaluable hints through their catalogues, also to you, the members of the
© Asa Gray Botanical Club, for assistance in preparing the list for publication.
& In conclusion, do not rely on this list for too great assistance in the analy-
2 sis of plantse¢t should rather serve the purpose of a diary for field notes.
____ ** The best part of botany is not in the books, but it is in that boundless, out-
*? door life, whose interest, beauty and mystery is with us from the cradle to

°

©) the grave, forever stimulating inquiry and ever richly rewarding patient

JOSEPH V. HABERER.
Utica, N. Y., May 1, 1888. President.

-

————_4_ DAL —

LIST A.

A list of the dates when Anemone acutiloba, Lawson, (Hepatica acuti-
loba, DC.), was first observed in bloom :

May 4, 1872.

April 24, 1878.
April 19, 1874.
April 27, 1875.
April 27, 1876.
April 12, 1877.

April 1, 1878.

April 16, 1881.
April 20, 1882.
April 10, 1883.
April 10, 1884.
April 19, 1885.
April 1, 1886.

Apnil 13, 1887.

Apri] 22, 1879. April 14, 1888.
April 28, 1880.

By reference to my note book, I find that up to May 1st, 1878, I have
recorded 110 different species in bloom; May 1st, 1881, 50; May 1st, 1886,
80; May Ist, 1888, 20; to June Ist, ’74, 90; June 1st, "75,100; June Ist,
76, 96; June Ist, "77, 110; June Ist, ’78, 210; ’79, 191; “80, 102; *81, 160;
°83, 106; ’85, 150; 786, 220. Record for ’82 and ’84 lost, and none made in
1887. J.

PHASNOGAMIA.
DICOTY LE DONS.

Ranunculacezx-—Crowfoot Family.

Anemone nemorosa, L. Wind-flower. Wood Anemone. Deer-
field ravine. Frankfort hill. First half of May.

Anemone Hepatica, L. (Hepatica triloba, Chaix.) Round lobed
Hepatica. Shady woods and exsiccated swamps. Uncommon. Early
in May. :

Anemone acutiloba, Lawson. (Hepatica acutiloba, DC.) Acute-
lobed Hepatica. Ourearliest spring flower. April.

Anemone dichotoma, L. Round-headed Anemone. Mohawk
flats. First week in June, July.

Thalictrum dioicum, L. Early Meadow Rue. Ravine-sides.
Oriskany and Deerfield. Frequent. First half of May.

Ranunculus abortivus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Vamp
places. May and June.

Ranunculus recurvatus, Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Rich woods.
Springy hillsides in ravines. May and June.

Ranunculus septentrionalis, Poir. Creeping Crowfoot. Mohawk
flats. Swampy places. Lust of May to August.

Ranunculus svusosus, L. Bulbous Buttercup. Roadsides, woods,
ravines. May to July.

eae eontus acris, L. Acrid Buttercup. Everywhere. May to Oc-
tober.

Caltha palustris, L. Cowslip. Marsh Marigold. Swampy places.
May and June.

Trollius laxus, Salisb. Globe-flower. Arbor vite swamp, near the
old Chenango canal, just south of Utica; rare. Common in the swamps
of South Herkimer County. April to June.

Coptis trifolia, Salisb. Goldthread. Bogs and evergreen shades.
April to June.

a a Canadensis, L. Wild Columbine. Slaty, rocky soil. May
to July.

Aquilegia vu.caris, L. Columbine. Waste places about old houses.
In a pasture near Yorkville. May to July.

Actza spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. Red Baneberry. Ravines and
thickets. Early in Mey; fruit in August.

Actzea alba, Bigel. White Baneberry. Ravines and rich woods,
most abundant on the hills. Last half of May, fruit in September.

Berberidacez—Barberry Family.
Berberis vuiearis, L. Barberry. Woods and flats of streams. New
Hartford. May or June, fruit in September.

Caulophyllum thalictroides, Mx. Blue Cohosh. Pappoose root.
Ravines and woods. April or May, fruit in June or July.

Podophyllum peltatum, L. Mandrake. May-Apple. Rich soil.
May or early in June, fruit in August.

6

Nymphzacex—Water-Lily Family.

Nuphar advena, Ait. Yellow Pond-lily. Spatter-dock. Ponds.
May to August.

Sarraceniacex—Pitcher Plant Family.

Sarracenia purpurea, L. Pitcher Plant. Sphagnum swamps.
Frankfort, Whitestown. First half of June.

Papaveracez—Poppy Family.

Chelidonium masus, L. Celandine. Roadsides, waste places. May
to September.

Sanguinaria Canadensis, L. Bloodroot. Ravine-sides and woods:
April or early in May.

Fumariacez#—Fumitory Family.

Dicentra cucullaria, DC. Dutchman’s breeches. April or early
in May.

Dicentra Canadensis, DC. Squirrel corn. Both species common
in ravines and woods. April or early in May.

Fumaria OFFricinaLis, L. Fumitory. Occasional in waste places. May
to September.

Cruciferz—Mustard Family.

Nasturtium oFfrFricinALe, R. Br. Water Cress. Cold brooks. Last of
May to November.

Nasturtium armoracia, Fries. Horseradish. Banks of the Mo-
hawk. Latter part of May, June.

Dentaria diphylla, L. Pepper root. Crinkle root. Rich soil.
Early in May.

Dentaria laciniata, Muhl. Tooth root. Ravines and rich woods.
April or early in May.

Dentaria maxima, Nutt. Great pepper root. Deerfield ravine in
rich soil. Formerly on the flats of Starch Factory creek, east of Utica,
but now all gone. Forms between this species and D. diphylla are not
uncommon. A striking peculiarity, noted by Rev. J. A. Paine, 7. @., a
secondary stem from the axil of the highest leaf, having lanceolate
leaves and a raceme of 1-3 flowers, has been observed on the more
robust plants. Welldeveloped fruit rarely seen. Local. Middle of May.

Dentaria heterophylla, Nutt. Reported by Rev. J. A. Paine as grow-
ing along bottoms of Deerfield creek; is undoubtedly a small form of
D. maxima, Nutt. Middle of May.

Cardamine rhomboidea, DC. Spring Cress. Damp woods. May
and June.

Cardamine rhomboidea, DC., var. purpurea, Torr. Purple Cress.
Along streams, swampy places. Scarce. April or early in May.

Cardamine pratensis, L. Cuckoo flower. Common in wet places
on the Mohawk flats. May or early in June.

Cardamine hirsuta, L. Bitter Cress. In wet, miry places. April to
November.

Cardamine hirsuta, L., var. sylvatica, Gray. In drier, shady places.
Not common. May to July.

Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br. Yellow Rocket. A weed in wet grounds
and along roadsides. May to November.

Arabis dentata, T. & G. Dentate-leaved Rock cress. Two plants
found in woods on the Mohawk flats, three miles east of Utica, in May,
1878.

a

7

Sisymbrium orricinate, Scop. Hedge Mustard. Waste places. May
to November.

Brassica campestris, L. Waste grounds. May and June.

Brassica nigra, Koch. Black Mustard. Fields and waste lots. May
to August.

Brassiea Sryaptstrum, Boiss. Charlock. Roadsides, fields and waste
lots. May to November.

Alyssum maritimum, L. Sweet Alyssum. Spontaneous about gardens.
May and June.

Camelina sativa, Crantz. .False Flax. Frequent along the Central
railroad. May to September.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Shepherd’s Purse. A weed. April
to November.

Violacezx—Violet Family.

Solea concolor, Ging. (Ionidium concolor, Benth. & Hook.) Green
Violet. Formerly on the Mohawk flats, near Little Lake. Paine’s car-
ALOGUE. Mayor June.

Viola rotundifolia, Mx. Round-leaved violet. Ravines and rich
woods. April and May.

Viola primulifolia, L. Primrose-leaved violet. Wet meadows,
swamps, Oriskany; rare. May and June.

Viola blanda, Willd. Sweet white violet. Ravines, rich woods and
swamps. April to June.

Viola blanda, Willd., var. palustriformis, Gray. Ravine-sides and
sandy woods. (The violet that was sent to the late Prof. Asa Gray for
determination.) May and June.

Viola blanda, Willd., vas. renifolia, Gray. Tamarack and arbor vitex
swamps in shade. May.

Viola Selkirkii, Ph. Selkirk’s violet. Mossy ravines, damp woods.
Some seasons it remains in flower a week or longer. April to middle
of May.

Viola oporats, L. Sweet violet. Lawns, gardens. April or May.

Viola palmata, L., var. cucullata, Gray. Common blue violet. Wet
meadows, woods. Flowers white occasionally. May and June.

Viola rostrata, Muhl. Long-spurred violet. Ravines, rich woods.
May and June.

Viola canina, L., var. Muhlenbergii, Gray. Dog violet. Swamps and
ravines. May and June.

Viola striata, Aiton. Pale violet. Alluvial soil. Common in thickets
along the Mohawk. May to July.

Viola Canadensis, L. Canada violet. Rich woods and ravines.
May to August.

Viola pubescens, Aiton. Downy yellow violet. Woods and ravines.
April to June.

Viola pubescens, Ait., var. scabriuscula, T. & G. Dry woodlands
along Starch Factory creek. May.

Viola rricotor, L. Common pansy. Escaped from cultivation in sev-
eral places. May, June.

Caryophyllaceze—Pink Family.

Stellaria mepia, Sm. Chickweed. Very common. March to No-
vember.

Stellaria longifolia, Muhl. Long-leaved stitchwort. Wet mead-
ows. Mohawk flats. Last of May, June.

8

Stellaria borealis, Bigel. Northern stellaria. Swampy places.
Along Starch Factory Creek and the old Chenango canal. Opposite
Oriskany. May and June. i

Cerastium vuteatum, L. Mouse-eared chickweed. Scarce; in barren
fields. May to August.

Cerastium viscosum, L. Common chickweed. Common in waste
ground. May to October.

Cerastium arvense, L. Field chickweed. Cultivated grounds.
Ravine in Schuyler. Rare. May to August.

Sagina procumbens, L. Pearlwort. Streets of Utica. May to
August.

Arenaria stricta, Watson. Sandwort. Sandy soil in Marey. Un-
common. May to July.

ee lateriflora, L. Banks of the Mohawk. Rare. May and
June.

Portulacacezw—Purslane Family.

Claytonia Virginica, L. Claytonia. Alluvial soil. Common in j
thickets along the Mohawk. First half of May.

Claytonia Caroliniana, Mx. Spring beauty. Woods and ravines.
April and May.

Malvacez—Mallow Family.

Malva rorunpirotia, L. Common mallow. Waste places. May to
November.

Geraniacez —Geranium Family.

Geranium maculatum, L. Wild Crane’s bill. Moist meadows.
Whitestown. Last of May to August.

Geranium Robertianum, L. Herb Robert. Ravine bottoms.
Moist woods. Last of May to October.

Floerkea proserpinacoides, Willd. False Mermaid. Wet wuods.
Mohawk fiats three miles east of Utica. Abundant opposite Oriskany.
Last of May or early in June.

Oxalis Acetosella, L. Wood sorrel. Rich woods on the hills. May

to August.
Oxalis corniculata, L., var. stricta, Sav. Yellow sorrel. Waste
grounds and fields. Variable. May to September. ;

Rutacez—Rue Family.
Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache tree.

Banks of the Mohawk. Frequent opposite Oriskany. Schuyler.
Borders of fields just east of Utica. Early in May, fruit in June.

Hlicinez—Holly Family.
Nemopanthes Canadensis, DC. Mountain Holly. Swamps,
Frankfort, Whitestown. May or early in June, fruitin July.

Rhamnacez—Buckthorn Family.

Rhamunus carsartica, L. Buckthorn. Hedges. Private grounds.
May, fruit in September.

9

—— alnifolia, L’Her. Swamps near Oriskany. Rare. Last of
ay.
Vitacezw—Vine Family.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Mx. Woodbine. Woods and stream-
sides. May and June.

Vitis cordifolia, Lam. Frost Grape. Mohawk flats. Last of May,
fruit in October.

Vitis Lab usca, L. Wild Grape Ravinesand woods. May or early
in June, fruit in October.

Vitis wstivalis, Mx. Summer Grape. Woods and along streams. Un-
common. Last of May, fruit in September.

Sapindacezw—Soapberry Family.
Staphylea trifolia, L. Bladder-Nut. Thickets on Mohawk flats.
May or early in June, fruit in July.

Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. Ravines and woods.
Latter part of May, fruit in June.

Acer spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple. Swamps and along streams.
May or early in June, fruit in July.

Acer saccharinum, Wang. Sugar or Hard Maple. A valuable tree.
Yields maple sugar. May, fruit in July.

Acer saccharinum, Wang., var. nigrum, T. & G. Black Maple-
s. Scarce. May, fruit in July.
Acer dasycarpum, Ehbrh. Silver or White Maple. Mohawk flats.
Stream-sides. April or May, fruit in June.

Acer rubrum, L. Red orSwamp Maple. Swamps and along streams.
April, fruit in June.

/Esculus uippocastanum, L. Horse Chestnut. Planted for ornament.
Spontaneous. May, fruit in September.

Leguminosz—Pulse Family.
Medicago tupvutina, L. Black Medick. Nonesuch. Waste places.
May to October.

Trifolium pratense, L. Red Clover. Meadows and roadsides. May to
October.

Trifolium repexs, L. White Clover. Meadows and roadsides. May to
October.

Trifolium uysripum, L. Hybrid Clover. Along roadsides; Frankfort,
New Hartford and Deerfield. May to October.

Robinia Pseudacacia, L. Locust. Well established along road-
sides; New Hartford. Last of May or early in June.

Rosacez—Rose Family.

Prunus Americana, Marsh. Wild Plum. Roadsides. Banks of the
Mohawk. April or early in May, fruit in August.

Prunus spinosa, L. Thorny Plum. Occasional along roadsides.
Asylum grounds. May or June.

Prunus pomestica, L. Garden Plum. Sometimes spontaneous. May.

Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. Wild Red Cherry. Borders of woods.
May, fruit in August.

Prunus Virginiana, L. Choke Cherry. Banks of the Mohawk:
May or early in June, fruit in August.

Prunus serotina, Ebrh. Wild Black Cherry. Wooded hillsides-
Mohawk flats. May or early in June, fruit in September.

10

Prunus yuearis, L. Sour Cherry. Spontaneous in gardens. May.

Geum rivale, L. Purple Avens. Arbor vite. swamps. Mohawk flats.
Last of May to July.

Neillia opulifolia, Benth. & Hook. (Spirewa opulifoia, L.) Nine-
bark. <A single clump of bushes on the edge of a ditch, Park avenue,
Utica, just north of the Central railroad tracks. First found June 13,
1872. Early in June.

Waldsteinia fragarioides, Tratt. Barren Strawberry. Ravine-sides,
swampy piaces. Last of May to July.

Potentilla argentea, L. Silvery Potentilla. Meadows and pastures,
New Hartford, Whitestown. May to September.

Potentilla Canadensis, L. var. simplex, T. & G. Cinque Foil
Five Finger. Meadows and pastures. Last of May to August.

Fragaria Virginiana, Duchesne. Wild Strawberry. Everywhere.
April to October.

Fragaria veseca, L. Woodland, Wild Strawberry. Ravine-sides, rich
woods. May and June.

Dalibarda repens, L. False Violet. Ravine-sides, swampy woods.
May to August.

Rubus triflorus, Rich. Dwarf Raspberry. Ravine-sides, wet woods,
swamps. April to June.

Rubus strigosus, Mx. Red Raspberry. Clearings, roadsides, borders
of woods and thickets. May or June, fruit in July. Has been observed
in flower and fruit in October.

Rubus occidentalis, L. Black Raspberry. Roadsides and thickets.
June, fruit in July or August.

Rubus villosus, Ait. Blackberry. Clearings, roadsides and along
streams. June, fruit in August and September.

Cratzegus OxyacanTHa,L. Hawthorn. Roadsides, flats of streams. May,
fruit in Sept.

Cratzgus coccinea, L. Scarlet fruited Thorn. Ravine-sides. May
or June, fruit in September.

Cratzgus tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. Pastures. Mohawk flats.
May or early in June, fruit in September.

Cratzgus punctata, Jacq. Dotted Thorn. Frequent. Mohawk
flats. May or early in June, fruit in September.

Cratzegus Crus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn. Hedges, stream-sides.
Last of May, June, fruit in September.

Rosa blanda, Ait. Early Wild Rose. Mohawk flats. Scarce. Mayor
June.

Pirus coronaria, L. American Crab Apple. Formerly in woods
near reservoir, New Hartford. May.

Pirus Mauus, L. Apple. Spontaneous along roadsides ; in pastures
and ravines. May. :

Pirus arbutifolia, L. f. Choke Berry. Sphagnum swamps,
Frankfort, Whitestown. Scarce. May or June.

Pirus arbutifolia, L. f., var. melanocarpa, Hook. Swamps. Last
of May or early in June.

Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G. Shadbush, June or Ser-
vice Berry. Woods and ravine-sides. Might be of value if cultivated.
April or May, fruit in July.

Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G., var. (?) oblongifolia, T.

& G. Along streams, swamps. Deerfield, Frankfort. May and
June,

—

1]

Saxifragacexw—Saxifrage Famiiy.

Ribes Cynosbati, L. Wild Gooseberry. MRavine sides. Berries
prickly, but edible. May, fruit in July.

Ribes oxyacanthoides, L. Smooth Gooseberry. Swampy places.
New Hartford, Deerfield. Frequent May; Fruit in July.

Ribes prostratum, L’Her. Prostrate, or Skunk Currant. Rich woods.
Frankfort Hill, Uncommon. Last of May, fruit in June.

Ribes floridum, L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Swampy places.
May, fruit in July.

Ribes rubrum, L. Red Currant. Occasional in swampy woods. May,
fruit in July.

Saxifraga Pennsylvanica, L. Swamp Saxifrage. Wet places. Mo-
hawk flats. May and June.

Mitella diphylla, L. Mitrewort. Bishop's Cap. Ravines and woods.
April and May.

Mitella nuda, L. Naked Mitrewort. Evergreen shades. Rare except
on the hills. Last of May, June.

Tiarella cordifolia, L. False Mitrewort. Ravine-sides and woods.
May.

Chrysosplenium Americanum, Schw. Golden Saxifrage. Along
cold streams, swampy places. April and May.

Crassulacez—Orpine Family.

Sedum ternatum, Mx. Stone Crop. Escapes from cultivation. May
or June.

Onagracez—Evening Primrose Family.

(Enothera pumila, L. Dwarf Evening Primrose. Meadows and
pastures. Early in June to August.

Umbelliferzw—Parsley Family.

Thaspium aureum, Nutt. Meadow Parsnip. Wet meadows. May
and June. :

Osmorrhiza brevistylis, DC. Hairy Sweet Cicely. Woods and
ravines. May and June.

Carum carur, L. Caraway. Fields and along roadsides. Last of
May to August.

Araliacezw—Ginseng Family.

Aralia nudicaulis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Ravine-sides and woods.
Last of May or earlyin June.

Aralia trifolia, Dec. & Planch. Ground-nut. Dwarf Ginseng. Woods
and ravines, in rich soil. April or May.

Cornacez— Dogwood Family.

Cornus Canadensis, L. Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry. Swampy
woods. Last of May, June.

Cornus circinata, L'Her. Round-leaved Cornel. Ravine-sides,
Deerfield and Marcy. Second week in June.

12

Cornus stolonifera, Mx. Red Osier Dogwood. Swamps and along
streams. Early in June.

Cornus alternifolia, L. Alternate-leaved Cornel. Ravines and open
woods. May or early in June.

Nyssa multiflora, Wang. Pepperidge. Mohawk flats. Paine’s
Catalogue. Aprilor May.

Caprifoliacez—Honeysuckle Family.

Sambucus racemosa, L. Red-berried Elder. Ravines, swampy
places. April and May.

Viburnum lantanoides, Mx. Hobble bush. Wayfaring tree.
Ravine-sides and rich woods. May.

Viburnum Opulus, L. Cranberry tree. Swamps on Mohawk flats.
Early in June.

Viburnum acerifolium, L. Dockmackie. Woods and ravines.
Harly in June.

Viburnum dentatum, L. Mohawk flats. Second week in June.

Viburnum cassinoides, L. Withe-rod. Upland swamps. Frank-
fort, Whitestown. Early in June.

Viburnum Lentago, L. Sweet Viburnum. Along streams. Mo-
hawk flats. Last of May, June.

Linnzea borealis, Gronov. Twin-flower. Mossy ravines, Deerfield,
Marcy. First week in June to August.

Lonicera ciliata, Muhl. Fly Honeysuckle. Woods, ravines and
swamps. April or May.

Lonicera Tarrarica, L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Escaped from eulti-
vation on Steele’s Hill, South of Utica. May, June.

Diervilla trifida, Mench. Bush Honeysuckle. Ravine sides, shady
woods. Early in June.

Rubiaceze—Madder Family.

Galium Aparine, L. Cleavers. Shady woods. May and June.
Galium trifidum, L. (G. tinctorium, L.) Bedstraw. Mohawk
flats. Second week in June.

Valerianacezx—Valerian Family.

Valerianella Chenopodifolia, DC. (Fedia Fagopyrum, T. & G.)
Corn Salad. Formerly near Little Lake. Near U.& B. R. R. R. Mo-
hawk flats, opposite Utica. Rare. Early in June.

Compositz —-Composite Family.

Tussilago Farrara, L. Coltsfoot. Flats of streams, railroad em-
bankments. April and May.

Erigeron bellidifolius, Muhl. Robin’s Plantain. Hillsides along
streams. May and June.

Erigeron Philadelphicus, L. Fieabane. Wet meadows, swamps,
ravines. Early in June to July.

Antennaria plantaginifolia, Hook. Plantain leaved Everlasting.
Pastures, ravines. May.

Senecio aureus, L. Golden Ragwort, Squaw weed. Swampy places.
May or early in June.

Senecio vuLearis, L. Groundsel. A weed in waste lots. April to Oc-
tober.

Taraxacum officinale, Weber. Dandelion. Everywhere. April to
November.

13

Ericacexw—Heath Family.

Gaylussacia resinosa, T. & G. Huckleberry. Sandy woods,
swamps. Frankfort, Whitestown. Early in June, fruit in Septem-
ber.

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf Blueberry. Swamps
and sandy woods. Last half of May, fruit in July.

Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm. Canada Blueberry. Swamps, Frank-
fort, Schuyler. Early in June, fruit in July.

Vaccinium corymbosum, L. Swamp Blueberry. Upland swamps.
May and June, fruit in August.

Vaccinium corymbosum, L, var. atrococcum, Gray, Frankfort
Hill. Searce, June.

Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L. Small Cranberry. Sphagnum swamps.
Frankfort, Whitestown. June.

Chiogenes hispidula, T. & G. Creeping Snowberry. Evergreen
woods and swamps. May, fruit in July.

Cassandra calyculata, Don. Leather Leaf. Sphagnum bogs, Frank-
fort and Graefenberg Hills. May.

Andromeda polifolia, L. Wild Rosemary. Sphagnum bogs, Frank-
fort and Graefenberg Hills. May or early in June.

Ledum latifolium, Ait. Labrador Tea. Upland swamps, Frankfort.
May or early in June.

Kalmia angustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. Swamps, Frankfort and
Whitestown. Early in June.

Kalmia glauca, Ait. Pale Laurel. [In aswamp near Whitesboro. Pror.
E. Hunt, IN HERB. May or early in June.

Rhododendron nudiflorum, Torr. Pinxter bloom. Upland
swamps, Frankfort and Whitestown. May and June.

Primulacez—Primrose Family.
Trientalis Americana, Ph. Star-flower. Ravines and rich woods.
Last of May or early in June.

Lysimachia nummucaria, L. Moneywort. Naturalized along road-
sides. New Hartford. Mohawk flats near Oriskany. May and June.

Oleacezw—Olive Family.

Fraxinus Americana, L. White Ash. Ravines and moist woods.
May, fruit in August.

Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash. Swamps. April or
May, fruit in July.
Apocynacex—Dog-bane Family.
Vinca Minor, L. Periwinkle. Escapes from cultivation. Improperly
called Myrtle. May.
Gentianacex—Gentian Family.
Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Buckbean. Upland sphagnum swamps.
Frankfort, New Hartford. Last of May, June.

Polemoniacex—-Phlox Family.

Phlox divaricata, L. Divaricate Phlox. Flats of streams. Rich
woods. May and June.

14

Borraginaceze—Borrage Family.

Lithospermum Arvense, L. Corn Gromwell. Frequent along rail-
roads. May and June.

Myosotis patustris, With. Forget-me-not. Escaped from cultivation
in many places. May to September.

Myosotis verna, Nutt. Myosotis. Barren fields about Utica. Scarce.
May to July.

Cynoglossum orricinaLe, L. Hound’s-tongue. Waste grounds, pas-
tures, ravines. Last of May to middle of July.

Symphytum orricinaute, L. Comfrey. Roadsides, pastures, flats of
streams. Early in Juneto August.

Hydrophyllacez—Water-leaf Family.

Hydrophyllum Virginicum, L. Water-leaf. Meadows, borders of
woods and thickets. June.

Scrophulariacezx—Figwort Family.

Collinsia verna, Nutt. Innocence. Formerly on the Mohawk flats
near Little Lake. Paine’s Catalogue. May.

Scrophularia nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gray. Figwort. Along
roadsides and railroads, borders of woods. First week in June to
August.

Veronica officinalis, L. Common Speedwell. Ravines and pastures.
May to August.

Veronica serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Meadows
and pastures. May to July.

Veronica Americana, Schw. Wet, swampy places. Early in June
to September.

Veronica scutellata, L. Ditcheson the Mohawk flats. May toJuly.

Veronica peregrina, L. Purslane Speedwell. Waste grounds.
May to July.

Veronica arvensis, L. Corn Speedwell. Cultivated grounds. Sandy
hillsides and pastures. May to July.

Pedicularis Canadensis, L. Lousewort. Steep sides of Oriskany
creek, opposite the burnt factory. Last of May, June.

Labiatz—-Mint Family.

Nepeta eLecuoma, Benth. Ground Ivy. Gill. Waste grounds, ravines
and woods. May to August.

Plantaginacez—Plantain Family.

Plantago wanceoLtata, L. Rib-grass. English Plantain. Waste
grounds. May to October.

Chenopodiacezx—Goosefoot Family.

Chenopodium Bonvus-Heyricus, L. Good-King-Henry. Streets of
Utica. Roadsides, Frankfort, New Hartford. Last of May, October.

Polvgonaceze—Buckwheat Family.

Rumex Acetosetta, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. Fields and waste
grounds. May to October.

a

:
)

15

Aristolochiacez—Birthwort Family.

Asarum Canadense, L. WildGinger. Ravine-sides and moist woods.
April or May.

Lauracex—Laurel Family.

Lindera Benzoin, Meisn. Spice, Fever or Benjamin bush. Damp
woods, swampy places. April or early in May. Fruit scarce.

Thymeleace:ze—Mezereum Family.

Dirca palustris, L. Leatherwood, Moosewood. Flats of streams,
moist woods. April orearlyin May. Fruit in June.

Elzwagnace:z—Oleaster Family.

Shepherdia Canadensis, Nutt. Shepherdia. Slaty sides of Deer-
field ravine. Middle of May, fruit in June.

Loranthacez— Mistletoe Family.

Arceuthobium pusillum, Peck. Arceuthobium. Parasitic on
Picea nigra, Link. Abundant on stunted, frequent on healthy trees,
in the swamps, on the heights of Frankfort, Herkimer county. May
to October.

Euphorbiacez#—Spurge Family.

Euphorbia Cyparissias, L. Cypress Spurge. Escaped to roadsides.
May and June.

Urticacez—Nettle Family.

Ulmus fulva, Mx. Slippery Elm. Along streams. Mohawk flats.
April or May, fruit in June.

Ulmus Americana, L. White or American Elm. Everywhere.
April or May, fruit in June.

Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Corky, Racemed Elm. Mohawk flats and
along streams. April or May, fruit in June.

Platanacezxw—Plane-Tree Family.

Platanus occidentalis, L. Sycamore. Button Ball. Along streams.
Mohawk flats. May.

Juglandaceze—Walnut Family.

Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut. Woods, stream-sides. Mohawk
flats. May or early in June, fruit last of September.

Carya alba, Nutt. Shagbark Hickory. Frequent on the Mohawk flats.
May or early in June, fruit in October.

Carya amara, Nutt. Bitternut. Ravines, woods and pastures. Mo-
hawk flats. Last of May or early in June, fruit in October.

Carya porcina, Nutt. Pig-nut. Meadows and pastures. Not com.
mon. Last of May, fruit in October.

16

Betulacezx—Birch Family.

Betula lenta, L. Cherry Birch. Ravines. Scarce. First half of May.

Betula lutea, Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Woods and ravines. First
half of May.

Betula nigra, L. River or Red Birch. Marcy, Deerfield. Rare. Last
half of May.

Alnus serrulata, Willd. Smooth Swamp Alder. Swamps, Mohawk
flats. March or April.

Cupuliferze—Oak Family.

Carpinus Americana, Lam. Blue or Water Beech. Along streams.
Karly in May, fruit in August.

Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Ironwood. Hop-hornbeam. Along streams,
woods. Early in May, fruit in August.

Corylus Americana, Walt. Hazel-nut. Filbert. Ravine-sides,
woodlands, Mohawk flats. April or early in May, fruit in Septem
ber.

Quercus alba, L. White Oak. Woods. Scarce. Last half of May,
fruit in October.

Quercus bicolor, Willd. Swamp Oak. Mohawk flats. Last of May,
fruit in October.

Quercus rubra, L. Red Oak. Woods and ravines. Mohawk
flats. Last half of May, fruit in October.

Fagus ferruginea, Ait. Beech. Woods and ravines. Last half of
May, fruit in October.

Salicaceze—Willow Family.

Flowers in April or May. Fruit in May or June. Leaves in August or
September.
Salix discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Wet places. April, May.
Salix sericea, Marsh. Silky Willow. Deerfield and Marcy. Scarce.
May.
Salix petiolaris, Smith. Petioled Willow. Frequent along the Mo-
hawk. May and June.

Salix purpurea, L. Purple Willow. James street, Utica. Mohawk
flats. May.

Salix viminatis, L. Basket Osier. Uncommon. This and the preced-
ing species haye been cultivated for basket work. May.

Salix rostrata, Rich. Livid Willow. Notrare. Schuyler. May,

June.

Salix nigra, Marsh. Black Willow. Abundant on the Mohawk flats.
May, June.

Salix rraaiuis, L., Brittle Willow. Along streams. Mohawk flats. May,
June,

Salix rraaiuis, L., var. decipiens, Hoffm. Mohawk flats. May, June.

Salix apa, L. White Willow. Along roadsides and streams, May.
June.

Salix apa, L., var. vitellina, Koch. Mohawk flats.

*Salix Bapsy.onica, Tourn. Weeping Willow. Planted for ornament.
May, June.

Populus tremuloides, Mx. American Aspen. Ravines and woods
May.

*There are doubtless other species, but they are omitted because unde-
termined.

:
:
|

17

Populus grandidentata, Mx. Large-toothed Aspen. Woods. May.

Populus balsamitera, L., var. candicans, Gray. Balm of Gilead.
Mohawk flats. Commonly cultivated. May, June.

Populus pizatata, Ait. Lombardy Poplar. Roadsides near old farm
ouses. Mohawk flats. May.

Populus atpa, L. White Poplar. Roadsides. Mohawk flats. May.

MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Orchidacezx—Orchis Family.

Orchis spectabilis, L. Showy Orchis. Rich woods, ravine-sides,
Latter part of May.

Spiranthes latifolia, Torr. Ladies’ Tresses. Wet places at Oriskany,
both sides of the Mohawk. Early in June.

Listera cordata, R. Br. Tway Blade. Swamp on Mohawk flats.
Sehuyler. Early in June.

Corallorhiza innata, R. Br. Coral Root. Swamps, Frankfort,
Schuyler, Whitestown. Early in June.

Aplectrum hiemale, Nutt. Adam and Eve. Putty Root. Rich
soil in woods, Deerfield, New Hartford. A few plants in woods two
and one-half miles South of Utica. Early in June.

Cypripedium pubescens, Willd. Moccasin Flower. Larger Yellow
Lady Slipper. Swamps, Frankfort, New Hartford, Whitestown,
Schuyler. Last half of May.

Cypripedium parviflorum, Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady’s Slipper.
Swamps, Frankfort, New Hartford, Whitestown, Schuyler. Last of
May or early in June.

Cypripedium acaule, Ait. Stemless Lady’s Slipper. Sphagnum
swamps, Frankfort, Whitestown. May or early in June.

Iridacez--Iris Family.

Iris versicolor, L. Blue Flag. Wet meadows and swamps. May and
June.

Sisyrinchium anceps, L. Blue-eyed Grass. Meadows. May to
August.

Liliacezwe—Lily Family.

Trillium erectum, L. Stink Pot. Purple Birthroot. Woods and
ravines. Flower occasionally, dull yellow. April or early in May.
Trillium erectum, L., var. album, Ph. White Birthroot. Thickets

along the Mohawk. Middle of May.
Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb. Wake Robin. Large White Tril-
lium. Shady hillsides. Wet woods. Cedar swamps. Early in May.
Trillium erythrocarpum, Mx. Painted Trillium. Shady woods,
Brows of ravines. Utica, Deerfield, Whitestown, Frankfort, Marcy.
Middle of May.
reeseol Virginiana, L. Indian Cucumber. Rich woods. Middle of
une.
Asparagus orricinaLis, L. Garden Asparagus. Mohawk flats ; along
streams near reservoir. May.
Polygonatum biflorum, E!!. Solomon’s Seal. Ravines and woods.
Middle of May.

18

Smilacina racemosa, Desf. False Spikenard. Ravine-sides and
borders of woods. May or early in June.

Smilacina stellata, Desf. Mohawk flats. Woods along the old Che-
nango canal. May or June.

Smilacina trifolia, Desf. Sphagnum swamps, Frankfort, Whites-
town. Last of May, June.

Maianthemum Canadense, Desf. Woods and ravines. May or
early in June.

Uvularia grandiflora, Sm. Large-flowered Bellwort. Ravines and
wet woods. Apriland May.

Uvularia perfoliata, lL. Mealy Bellwort. Ravines in Decrket:
Rich woods on Frankfort Hill. Rare. Middle of May.

Oakesia sessilfolia, Watson. Wild Oats. Woods and ravines. April
and May. ,

oe ane roseus, Mx. Twisted Stalk. Ravines and rich woods.
May.

Clintonia borealis, Raf. Wild Lily of the Valley. Swamps, ravines
and rich woods. May.

Erythronium Americanum, Sm. _ Dog’s Tooth Violet. Yellow
Adder’s Tongue. Ravines and woods. April or May.

Ornithogalum vuMBELLarum, L. Star of Bethlehem. Escaped from
cultivation. Last of May, June.

Allium tricoceum, Ait. Wilk Leek. Ravines and woods. Leaves in
May, flowers in June or July.

Allium Canadense, Kalm. Wild Garlic. In thickets along the Mo-
hawk. Early in June.

Juncacez—Rush Family.

Luzula pilosa, Willd. Wood, Hairy Rush. Ravine-sides, Oriskany.
Not common, Last of May. ;
Luzula campestris, DC. Field Rush. Dry woods. Uncommon,

Last of May.

Aracez—Arum Family.
Ariszema triphyllum, Torr. Indian Turnip, Jack in the Pulpit.
Ravines and rich woods. April or May.

Acorus Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. Swampy places, cold streams,
Second week in June.

Calla palustris, L. Wild Calla. Bogs, Frankfort and Graefenberg
hills. May to August.

Symplocarpus foetidus, Salish, Skunk Cabbage. Swamps, Mohawk
flats. March to May.

Naiadacez—Pond-Weed Family.

Scheuchzeria palustris, L. Scheuchzeria. Bogs, Frankfort,
Whitestown. Not common. May, fruit in June.

Cyperacez—Sedge Family.

Time given is for fully developed perigynia.

Carex arctata, Boott. Ravine sides and woods. First half of June.

Carex bromoides, Schk. Wet places. Last of May or early in June.

Carex cephalophora, Muhl. Mohawk flats in Marcy. Scaree. Last
of May.

Carex filiformis, L., var. latifolia, Boeckl. Border of cultivated grounds
near Yorkville. last of May.

Carex granularis, Muhl. Meadows on Mohawk flats, Karly in
June.

lv

Carex laxiflora, Lam. Meadows, wet woods, ravines, etc. Very com-
mon and variable. The following varieties have been detected : infer-
media, Boott., latifolia, Boott., patulifolia, Carey., striatula, Carey.
First week in June.

Carex pallescens, L. Meadows on Mohawk flats. Early in June.
Carex pedunculata, Muhl. Ravines. First half of May.

Carex Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sandy hillsides and woods, Whites-
town, First week in June.

Carex plantaginea, Lam. Ravines. Middle of May.

Carex pubescens, Muhl. Flats of Starch Factory Creek. Mohawk flats.
Second week in June.

Carex Schweinitzii, Dew. Swampy places and ditches, at Oriskany,
east of thecreek. Abundant 8. W. of the Central Depot. Second week
in June.

Carex stipata, Muhl. Wet places. First of June.

og img Schk. (C. disperma, Dew.) Arbor vite swamps. Early
in June,

Carex umbellata, Schk. Sandy hillsides and woods, Whitestown.
Last of May.

Carex yaria, Muhl. Ravines and woods. First half of June.

Graminezx--Grass Family.

Oryzopsis asperifolia, Mx. Mountain Rice. Sandy hillsides,
Whitestown, Frankfort. May, June.

Dactylis GiLomerata, L. Orchard Grass. Roadsides and fields. May
and June.

Poa annua, L. Low Spear Grass. Waste places, cultivated grounds,
April to October

Poa pratensis, L. Kentucky Blue Grass. June Grass. Pastures and
meadows. May to August.

*. Festuca nutans, Willd. Nodding Fescue. Woods. Last of May to July.

Anthoxanthum opoRATuM, L. Sweet Vernal Grass. Pastures and road-
sides. May, June.

Avenastriata, Mx. Oat. Rich woods, New Hartford. Earlyin June.

GYMNOSPERMS.

Coniferz — Pine Family.

Pinus Strobus, L. White Pine. Formerly abundant, now scarce in
this region. May or June.

Larix Americana, Mx. Tamarack. Mohawk flats. Frankfort Hill.
May or June.

Picea alba, Link. White Spruce. Frankfort Hill. Scarce. May or
June.

Picea nigra, Link. Black Spruce. Frankfort and Graefenberg Hills.
May or June.

Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock. Ravines, woods and swamps.
May or June.

Abies balsamea, Marsh. Balsam Fir. Mohawk flats. Frankfort and
Graefenberg Hills. May or June.

Thuya occidentalis, L. Arbor Vite. White Cedar. Swamps. May-

Taxus baccata, L., var. Canadensis, Gray, American Yew. Ground
Hemlock. MRavine-sides and woods. April or May.

20

CRYPTOGAMIZ A a
VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMIA.

—

say

¢
5

Equisetacezx—Horse-Tail — " ’ i
> he
Equisetum arvense, L. Common Horse-tail. Damp grounds, al
streams and railroads. April or May.
Equisetum hyemale, L. Scouring Rush. Wet bans ae
First half of May. ie
Equisetum sylvaticum, L. Woodland Horse-tail. Damp wood
cedar swamps. Middle of May. |
Equisetum variegatum, Schleich. Wet banks of Oriskany reek
opposite the burnt factory. Rare. Last of May or early in Jun
Equisetum scirpoides, Mx. Swamps near Utica. Rare.
May or early in June.

Filices—Fern Family.

Osmunda cinnamomea, L. Cinnamon Fern. Swampy ‘et
The var. frondosa, is scarce. Last of May orearlyinJune. —

Osmunda Claytoniana, L. Clayton’s Flowering Fern.
ground. Last of May or early in June.

Note—Naturalized and adventive plants in small capitals.

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