TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Natural Science Research Laboratory Special Publications Museum of Texas Tech University Number 63 18 September 2014 List of Recent Land Mammals of Mexico, 2014 Jose Ramirez-Pulido, Noe Gonzalez-Ruiz, Alfred L. Gardner, and Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales Front cover: Image of the cover of Nova Plantarvm, Animalivm et Mineralivm Mexicanorvm Historia, by Francisci Hernandez et al. (1651), which included the first list of the mammals found in Mexico. Cover image courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. Special Publications Museum of Texas Tech University Number 63 List of Recent Land Mammals of Mexico, 2014 Jose Ramirez-Pulido, Noe Gonzalez-Ruiz, Alfred L. Gardner, and Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales Layout and Design: Lisa Bradley Cover Design: Image courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University Production Editor: Lisa Bradley Copyright 2014, Museum of Texas Tech University This publication is available free of charge in PDF format from the website of the Natural Sciences Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University (nsrl.ttu.edu). The authors and the Museum of Texas Tech University hereby grant permission to interested parties to download or print this publication for personal or educational (not for profit) use. Re-publication of any part of this paper in other works is not permitted without prior written permission of the Museum of Texas Tech University. This book was set in Times New Roman and printed on acid-free paper that meets the guidelines for per¬ manence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed: 18 September 2014 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University, Number 63 Series Editor: Robert J. Baker List of Recent Land Mammals of Mexico, 2014 Jose Ramirez-Pulido, Noe Gonzalez-Ruiz, Alfred L. Gardner, and Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales ISSN 0149-1768 ISBN 1-929330-27-8 ISBN13 978-1-929330-27-0 Museum of Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX 79409-3191 USA (806)742-2442 List of Recent Land Mammals of Mexico, 2014 Jose Ramirez-Pulido, Noe Gonzalez-Ruiz, Alfred L. Gardner, and Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales Abstract We provide an updated list of the Recent land mammals of Mexico and include information on the taxonomy of certain species, and where appropriate, the endemic and threatened status of all species listed. Several taxonomic and nomenclatural changes have been made since publication of the last list of the Mexican terrestrial mammalian fauna. Within the period from 2005 to present, there have been at least 209 changes concerning the nomenclature of this fauna; these we evaluated in this paper. The land mammals of Mexico comprise 168 genera, 496 species, and 881 subspecies. Key words: nomenclature, mammals, Mexico, species checklist Resumen Se presenta una lista actualizada de los mamiferos terrestres nativos de Mexico, incluyendo informacion acerca de la situacion taxonomica de varias de las especies, asi como las especies endemicas y amenazadas. Desde la ultima publicacion de los mamiferos terrestres de Mexico, se han realizado importantes cambios taxonomicos y nomenclaturales. En el periodo que abarca desde el ano 2005, se han registrado al menos 209 cambios nomenclatoriales que se discuten en este trabajo. Los mamiferos terrestres de Mexico se componen de 168 generos, 496 especies y 881 subespecies. Palabras clave: nomenclatura, mamiferos, Mexico, lista de especies Introduction and Methods It has been 32 years since the first list of Mexican land mammals appeared (Ramirez-Pulido et al. 1982). This list has been periodically updated to incorporate additions and taxonomic changes to the mammal fauna. In that period, five lists have been provided (Cervantes et al. 1994; Ramirez-Pulido et al. 1982, 1983, 1996, 2005), each of which has proven to be a useful synthesis of the taxonomic changes since the previous list and facilitating rapid access to the current knowledge on the diversity of the nonmarine Mexican mammal fauna. The past 9 years have seen many changes in the number of species. For example, Ramirez-Pulido et al. (2005) included 475 species, whereas in this list we recognize 496, an increase of 21 species in just 9 years of taxonomic study of the Mexican mammal fauna. The increase in the number of species is due not only to the recent discovery of new species, but also to the use of new research techniques, including molecular genetics, that have resulted in a better understanding of taxonomic relationships. Only eight new species have been described in those 9 years and of those, only two (Thomomys nayarensis and Habromys schmidlyi ) were based on specimens previously unavailable to science. Other increases were based on specimens previously misidentified as other species, but when restudied us¬ ing new techniques and different paradigms, it became clear that they did not represent the species as originally assigned. Some of these specimens represented named species previously considered synonyms of valid spe¬ cies; others were undescribed. There are mainly two scientific approaches that have led to the recent increase in number of species. First, molecular techniques are evolving and becoming cheaper, faster, and more com¬ monly used in taxonomic research. Second, recent field work has provided critically needed additional 1 2 Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University specimens, thus increasing the sample sizes necessary for morphologic and morphometric analyses, which have resulted in higher confidence levels in the analyses of variation and species limits. Nothing has been pub¬ lished since the last list (Ramirez-Pulido et al. 2005) that brings together in one place all of the taxonomic and nomenclatorial changes that have occurred at the generic, species, and subspecies levels. Several papers have chronicled recent taxonomic changes (Ceballos and Arroyo-Cabrales 2013; Gardner 2008a; Godinez et al. 2011; Wilson and Reeder 2005) and, in fact those reports have generated the need for the discussions of taxonomic decisions we provide in this list. We recognize the need and utility for a compre¬ hensive list that makes any literature search easier; therefore, we compiled this list with two main objec¬ tives. First, to produce a current list of species and subspecies of Mexican land mammals, and second, a review, analysis, and discussion of the nomenclatural and taxonomic changes from 2005 up to early 2014. We have found that taxonomic proposals often are accepted or rejected without careful scrutiny by the scientific community as soon as these proposals are published. Taxonomy is a dynamic endeavor and all taxonomic judgments are hypotheses worthy of evaluation. Our list is not simply a collection of recent literature. We have based our evaluations of the taxo¬ nomic proposals discussed in this paper on a variety of criteria: scientific authority, proposal complexity, analysis type, and on information available to us on taxonomy, biogeography, ecology, and evolution. We emphasize that most of the information presented is not our own and acknowledge that our evaluations of these taxonomic hypotheses are based on our combined experience and involve a certain level of subjectivity. Taxonomic ranks above the level of genus follow McKenna and Bell (1997); ranks at the generic level and below primarily follow the third edition of Mam¬ mal Species of the World (Wilson and Reeder 2005), including some changes proposed in Mammals of South America (Gardner 2008a). Within each suprageneric level, genera are arranged alphabetically, and within each genus, species also are arranged alphabetically. The valid name for each taxon is followed by the author's name and year of publication. The reader will notice that some of the authors and dates differ from those provided in previous lists and in other published sources (e.g., Hall 1981). These changes are the result of our nomenclatural diligence in determining the cor¬ rect author(s) of a name and the actual date of publica¬ tion, which may differ from that printed. All taxonomic and nomenclatorial changes covered in this report are those published from 2005 (after the closing date for Ramirez-Pulido et al. 2005) to March 2014. For information concerning taxonomic changes prior to 2005, we suggest reviewing the compi¬ lations by Cervantes et al. (1994), and Ramirez-Pulido et al. (1982, 1983, 1996, and 2005). Since 2005, there have been at least 209 nomenclatorial acts, which we evaluate in the next section. We do not include recently introduced species for the following reasons: 1) we lack objective records verifying the success of the introduction (e.g., Mustela nigripes ); 2) we lack evidence of their current presence in Mexico ( Sciurus carolinensis and Cervus elaphus)', and 3) the species were reintroduced into areas within their known previous distributions (e.g., Canis lupus , Ovis canadensis , Bison bison , and Antilocapra ameri- cana ) and these we treat as native. To provide some helpful data on conservation status, we identify species that are endemic (En) to Mexico, as well as the conservation status according to the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010; see Norma Oficial Mexicana 2010), as follows: species prob¬ ably extinct in the wild (E), endangered species (P), threatened species (A), and special protection species (Pr). 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