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Alexander Wetmore
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LONDON:

SOLD BY BENJAMIN AND JOHN WHITE, FLEET-STREET,
AND ROBERT FAULDER, NEW BOND=STREET.

Sarees

M.DCC.xCIIh

TLL

Gi Ou Noe Ta Rio Ie, ly is.

UT ie PURUA Re Yeh Ty LICE) ene — Pager

A (Be aP inks GN De ab ax:

Of the Patagonians — -— — 47
Free Thoughts on the Militia Laws = — — 71
A Letier from a Welfo Freebolder to bis Reprefentative 89
A Letter on the Ladies Affeétation of the Military Dre’s — 97
On Imprudency of Conduéi in Married Ladies — 100
Flintfoire Petition in 1779 — — 103

A Letter to a Member of Parliament on Mail Coaches — 11
Of the Loyal Affociations of the prefent Year, in Flinthire 135

HE Portrait to be had feparate at Mr. Mazel’s, N°’ 75.
Bridges-Street, Covent-Garden.

TueE Bookbinder is defired to place the ruins of Foyntans.
ApBEy at p. 16,

ADVERTISEMENTS...

HE title page announces the termination of my
authorial exiftence, which took place on March

1ft, 1791. Since that period, I have glided through the
globe a harmlefs fprite ; have pervaded the continents of
Europe, Afia, and Africa, and defcribed them with the
fame authenticity as Gemeli Careri, or many other tra-
vellers, ideal or real, who are to this day read with avi-
dity, and quoted with faith. My great change is not per-
ceived by mortal eyes. I ftill haunt the bench of jut
tices. I am now active in haftening levies of our
generous Britons into the field. However unequal, I
‘fill retain the fame zeal in the fervices of my country;
and twice fince my departure, have experienced human
paffions, and have grown indignant at injuries offered
tO my native land; or have incited a vigorous defence
againft the lunatic defigns of enthufiaftic tyranny, or the
prefumptuous plans of fanatical atheifts to fpread their
reign and force their tenets on the contented moral part
of their fellow creatures. May I remain poflefied with
the

bs

ADVERTISEMENT.

the fame paffions till the great Exorcist lays me for
ever. The two laft numbers in the following pages are
my poft-exiftent performances. Surviving friends, {mile
on the attempts! Surviving enemy, if any I can Now
have, forgive my errors !

Tu manes ne lede meds.

CO N-

OF MY
Ee le BP ROAGR Yt Lan cE:

VIXI ET QUEM DEDERAT CURSUM FORTUNA PEREGI.

A PRESENT of the ornithology of Francis Willughby, e{q.
made to me, when I was about the age of twelve, by my
kinfman the late Fob Salifbury, efq. of Bachegraig, in the
county of Flint, father of the fair and celebrated writer Mrs.
Piozzi, firt gave me a tafte for that ftudy, and incidentally a
love for that of natural hiftory in general, which I have fince
purfued with my conftitutional ardor. |

A tour I made into Cornwal, from Oxford, in the year 1746
or 1747, gave me a ftrong paffion for minerals and foffils, in
which I was greatly encouraged by that able and worthy man,
the late reverend doctor William Borlafe of Ludgvan, who, in the
kindeft manner, communicated to me every thing worthy my

notice.

Tue firft thing of mine which appeared in print was inferted
unknown to me; an abftract of a letter I had written to my
ever venerated friend and uncle James Mytton, efg. on an earth-
quake which was felt at Downing, April the 2d, 1750. This,
with feveral fimilar teftinionies, may be feen in the xth volume
of the Abridgment of the Philofophical Tranfactions, p. 511.

B Havinc

OrIGinat
CAUSE OF MY
STUDIES.

A Tourin
Cornwat, 1746
OR 7.

2

ELecrep Frer-

LOW OF THE So-
e1etTy or AnNTI-
QUARIES.

RESIGN.

Visir IRELAND
IN 1754.

AccOuUNT OF
soME CORAL-
Lo1ps, 1756.

In 1757 ELECTED
OFTHE R.S. aT
Upsa..

Ore MY) Fe a RA Raa IERIE:

Havine an inclination to the ftudy of antiquities, I was, on
November the 21, 1754, eleéted a fellow of the fociety of an-
tiquaries. :

Tus honor I refigned about the year 1760. I had married
a moft amiable woman; my circumftances at that time were
very narrow, my worthy father being alive, and I vainly thought
my happinefs would have been permanent, and that I never —
fhould have been called again from my retirement to amufe
myfelf in town, or to be.of ufe to the fociety.

fw the fummer of 1754 I vifited the hofpitable kingdom of
Freland, and travelled from Dublin to Balli-Caftle, the Giants-Cau/e-
way, Colraine, the extremity of the county of Donegal; Londor-
Derry, Strabone, Innis-killen, Galway, Limerick, the lake of Kil-
larney, Kinfale, Cork, Cafbel, Waterford, Kilkenny, Dublin. But
fuch was the conviviality of the country, that my journal proved
as maigre as my entertainment was gras, fo it never was a difh
fit to be offered to the public.

In the Philofophical Tranfactions of 1756, vol. xlix. p. 513,
is a trifling paper of mine, on feveral coralloid bodies, I had
collected at Coal-brook-dale, in Shropfhire. It is accompanied by
a plate engraven from fome drawings by Watkin Williams, a
perfon who at that time was an humble companion of my
father.

On February, 1757, I received the firft and greateft of my
literary honors. I value myfelf the more on its being con-
ferred on me, at the inftance of Liznzus himfelf, with whom
{ had began a correfpondence in 1755. I had fent him an
account of a recent concha anomia, which I found adhering to a
fea-plant of the Norwegian feas, fent to me by bifhop Ponteppi-

4 dan.

OF MY LITERARY LIFE.

dan. Hanc, {ays the great naturalift, recitavi in focietatis regie
Upfalienfis, publico confeffu, 1757, a. 17 Februarii, quam college
et focii omnes avidiffime excipiebant et mirati funt; te quoque eodem
die membrum prefate focietatis unanimo confenfu elegere omnes, et
mibi in mandatis dedere hoc tibi fignificandi; probe perfuafi te excep-
turum hoc eorum officium Lenevol2, ob amorem quem fers in fcientias
et omnia que ufui publico inferviant. My correfpondence conti-
nued with this illuftrious perfonage till age and infirmities
obliged him to defift. He did me the honor of accepting all
my labors publifhed before the year 1774. He {poke of them
in terms too favorable for me to repeat.

About the year 1761 I began my Britifo Zoology, which,
when completed, confifted of cxxxii plates on imperial paper.
They were all engraven by Mr. Peter Adazel, now living, and
of whofe fkill and integrity I had always occafion to fpeak
well. The painter was Mr. Peter Pallou, an excellent artift, but
too fond of giving gaudy colours to his fubjects. He painted, for
my hall, at Downing, feveral pictures of birds and animals, at-
tended with fuitable landfcapes. Four were intended to re-
prefent the climates. The frigid zone, and an Eurcpean ‘fcene
of a farm-yard, are particularly well done; all have their merit,
but occafion me to lament his conviviality, which affected his
circumftances and abridged his days.

Tue worthy and ingenious George Edwards, that admirable
ornithologift, at firft conceived a little jealoufy on my attempt:
but it very foon fubfided. We became very intimate, and he
continued to his dying day ready and earneft to promote all my
labors. He prefented me, as a proof of his friendthip, with
numbers of the original drawings from which his etchings had

B 2 been

Forrio Epirion
OF THE Baitise
ZOOLOGY, 1761.

JOURNEY TOTHE
ConTINENT,

1765.

Lr ComrTe DE
Burron.

OF MY LITERARY, LIFE.

been formed. Thefe I keep, not only in refpect to his me-
mory, but as curious teftimonies of his faithful and elegant
pencil.

I dedicated the Britifo Zoology to the benefit of the Wel/h
{chool, near Gray’s-znn-lane, London, and fupported the far greater
part of the expence. I loft confiderably by it, notwithftanding
feveral gentlemen contributed. My agent was that very honeft
man, Mr. Richard Morris, of the navy office. His widow was
leit in narrow circumftances, I therefore permitted her to keep
the plates, and make what advantage fhe could of them. I
was, at the time of undertaking this work, unexperienced in
thefe affairs, and was ill-advifed to publifh on fuch large paper;
had it been originally in quarto, the fchool would have been
confiderably benefited by it.

Tuts work was for a time left unfinifhed, by reafon of a
fhort tour J made to the continent. I left London on February
the roth, 1765, paffed through St. Omer, Aire, Arras, Perron,
and acrofs the great foreft to Chaniilli, and from thence to Paris.
I made fome ftay at that capital, and was during the time made
happy in the company of the celebrated naturalift Le Comte de
Buffen, with whom I pafied much of the time. He was fatif-
fied with my proficiency in natural hiftory, and publickly ac-
knowleged his favorable fentiments of my ftudies in the fif.
teenth volume of his Hi/foire Naturelle. Unfortunately, lone
before I had any thoughts of enjoying the honor of his ac-
quaintance, I had, in my Britifo Zoology, made a comparifon
between the free-thinking philofopher and our great and re-
ligious countryman Mr. Ray, much to the advantage of the lat-

ter. The fubject was a Mole, really too ridiculous to have been

noticed ;

OPER VE Ne? Tee ER ACR oe ee

noticed; but fuch was his irritability, that, in the firft volume
of his Hiftoire Naturelle des Oifeaux, he fell on me moft unmer-
cifully, but happily often without reafon, He probably relented,
for in the following volumes he frequently made ufe of my au-
thority, which fully atoned for a hafty and mifguided fit of paf-
fion. I did not with to quarrel with a gentleman I truly ef-
teemed, yet, unwilling to remain quite paffive, in my Index to
his admirable works, and the Planches Enluminées, 1 did venture
to repel his principal charge, and, con amore, to retaliate on my
illuftrious affailant. Our blows were light, andI hope that nei-
ther of us felt any material injury. F

I must blame the Comée for fuppreffing his acknowlegement
of feveral communications cf animals which I fent to him for
the illuftration of his Hifoire Naturelle. One was his Conguar Noir,
Suppl. ii. 223. tab. Ixii; my Feguar or Black Tiger, Hilt. Quadr.t.
N°’ 1go. Another was the drawing of his J/atis, Suppl. iii.
tab. xvii. which he attributes to good Peter Collinfon. The. third
was his Chacal Adive of the fame work, p. 112. tab. xvi; and
my Barbary Fox, Hitt. Quadr. 1. N° 171, of which! furnithed
him with the defigns. Thefe are no great matters: I lament
them only as {mall defects in a great character.

I took the ufual road to Lyon, excepting a {mall digreffion in
Burgundy, in compliance with the friendly invitation of the
Comte, to pafs a few days with him in his feat at Monbard. His
' houfe was built at the foot of a hill crowned with a ruined
caftle: he had converted the caftle-yard into a garden, and
fitted up one of the towers into a ftudy. ‘Yo that place he re-
tired every morning, about feven o’clock, to compofe his ex-
cellent works, free from all interruption. He continued there

ull

At Monsarp,

VoLTAIRE,

Baron HALLER.

Doctor Trew.

Gale YM sp te yee RY eles

till between one and two, when he returned, dined with his fa-
tmily, and gave up the whole remainder of the day to them and
his friends, whom he entertained with the moft agreeable and
rational conyerfation.

At Ferney, in the extremity of the fame province, I vifited
that wicked wit Voltaire; he happened to be in good-humour,
and was very entertaining; but, in his attempt to {peak Englifh,
fatisfied us that he was perfect mafter of our oaths and our
curfes.

Tue forenoon was not the proper time to vifit Voltaire; he
could not bear to have his hours of ftudy interrupted; this alone
was enough to put him in bad humour, and not without reafon.
Lefier people may have the fame caufe of complaint, when a
lounger, who has no one thing to do, breaks on their hours of
writing, eftimates the value of their time by his own, and di-
verts their attention in the moft pretious hours of the rural
morning.

From Lyon I went to Grenoble and the Grand Chartreufe, Cham-
berri, and Geneva, and from thence over the greateft part of
Swifferland. At Bern 1 commenced acquaintance with that
excellent man the late baron Haller, who, on every occafion,
fhewed the utmoft alacrity to promote my purfuits. At Zurich
with the two Ge/vers, the poet and the naturalift; the laft the
defcendant of the great Conrad Gefner.

Ulm and Aug/burg were the firft cities I vifited in Germany.
Donawert, Nurenberg, Erlang, Bamberg, and Frankfort on the
Maine fucceeded. At the declining city of Nurenberg I vifited
doétor Ivew, a venerable patron of natural hiftory. At Mentz
I embarked on the Rébime, and fell down that magnificent river

Me

OR RMON Oa ROAR Y= TE 1 Bie

as low as Cologue. From Duffldorp 1 went to Xanten, and from
thence reached Holland ; few parts of which I left unvifited.

I efteem my meeting with doctor Pallas, at the Hague, a
momentous affair, for it gave rife to my Synop/is of Quadrupeds,
and the fecond edition, under the name of the Hiftory of Quadru-
peds; a work received by the naturalifts of different parts of
Eurcpe in a manner uncommonly favorable. ‘This and the fol-
lowing year, doctor Pallas refided at the Hague. From conge-
niality of difpofition we foon became ftrongly attached. Our
converfation rolled chiefly on natural hiftery, and, as we were
both enthufiaftic admirers of our great Ray, I propofed his un-
dertaking a hiftory of quadrupeds on the fyftem of our illuf-
trious countryman a little reformed. He affented to my plan,
and, on Fanuary the 18th, 1766, he wrote to me a long letter,
in which he fent an outline of his defien, and his refolution to
purfue it with all the expedition confiftent with his other en-
gagements. But this work was fated to be accomplifhed by
an inferior genius. In the next year he returned to Berlin, his
native place; his abilities began to be highly celebrated; his
fame reached the court of Peter/burgh, and the emprefs, not
more to her own honor than that of my friend, invited him
into her fervice, and in 1768 placed him at the head of one of
the philofophical expeditions projected for difcovery in the moift
diftant parts of her vaft dominions. This was an expedition
worthy of Pallas; it began in June 1768, and was concluded
on the 3oth of Zuly 1774. It unfolded all his great talents,
and eftablifhed his fame equal at left to the greateft philofophers
of the age. He was loft to me during that period. On hear-
ing of his return I wrote to him at Peterfburgh, and fent to

him

Docror Patras.

Mr, Gronovivs.

Eritisn Zoo-
LOGY, SECOND

Epivrion, 1768.

ODED DINGY. 2) Aa ROAGR WY a Plage

him all the works I had publifhed fince our feparation; he re-
ceived them with the candor which only great minds poffefs at
the fight of the fuccefsful labors of others. On November the
4th, 1777, I received from him the firft letter of our renewed
correfpondence, which continued feveral years, to my great in-
ftruction. He fupprefled nothing that could be of fervice to
the caufe of literature, nor did he defift, till, overpowered with
bufinefs, he dropt all epiftolary duties except thofe which were
official. To this day he convinces me of his friendfhip by con-
{tant prefents of the productions of his celebrated pen.

Ar Leyden 1 had the pleafure of making a perfonal acquaint-
ance with my worthy correfpondent doftor Lawrence Theodore
Gronovius, defcended from a race celebrated for their immenfe
erudition; his own labors will remain lafting oe of his be-
ing an undegenerated fon.

On Febyuary the 26th, 1767, I was elected Fellow of our
Royal Society.

Mr. Benjamin White, bookfeller, propefed to me the republi-
cation of the Britifh Zoology, which was done in 1768, in two
volumes, octavo, illuftrated with xvii plates; he payed me
£.100 for my permiffion, which I immediately vefted in the
Welfo charity {chool. I may here obferve, that 4. de Murre,
of Nurenbergh, tranflated the folio edition into German and Latin,
and publifked it in that fize, with the plates copied and colored
by the ingenious artifts of that city.

In the May cf this year I met Sir Jofeph Banks, then Mr.
Banks, at Revefby Abby, his feat in Lincolnfhire; during my ftay
I made many obfervations on the zoology of the country, and
muft acknowlege the various obligations I lie under to that

gentleman

OF MY (Lit ER AR Y ®LIPE,

gentleman for his liberal communications refulting from the

uncommon extent of his travels.

I may here mention, that our firft acquaintance commenced
on March 19th, 1766, when he called on me at my lodgings
in St. Fames’s Street, and prefented me with that fcarce book
Turner de Avibus, 8c. a gift I retain as a valuable proof of his
efteem. An unhappy interruption of our friendfhip once took
place, but it recommenced, I truft, to the content of both par-
ties, in a fortunate moment, in March 1790.

In 17691 added to the Britif> Zoology a third volume, in
octavo, on the reptiles and fifhes of Great Britain. This was
illuftrated with xvii plates.

In the preceding year fir JosrpH Banks communicated to
me a new fpecies of Pinguin, brought by captain Macbride from
the Falkland lands. I drew up an account of it, and of all the
other fpecies then known, and laid it: before the Royal Society.
- They were pleafed to direét that it fhould be publifhed, which
was done in this year, in the lviuth volume of the Philofophical
Tranfoétions. It was accompanied by a figure. It is not a
good one, the fkin having been too much diftended: but in the
fecond edition of my Genera of Birds a mott faithful reprefenta-
tion is given, taken from the life by doctor Reinhold Forfter. I
named it Patagonian, not only on account of the fize, but be-
caufe it 1s very common in the neighborhood of that race of
tall men.

My mind was always in a progreffive flate, it never could

ftagnate ; this carried me farther than the limits of our ifland, |

and made me defirous of forming a zoology of fome diftant
country, by which I might relieve my pen by the pleafure of
Cc the

A Turrpb Vo-
LUME OF Fisuxs,
&c, 1769.

Inpran Zooxzv-
GY, 1709.

10

©r Moses Grire-
FITH,

OF OM YCMLAT BRAG Yom BE:

thé novelty and variety of the fubjects. I was induced to pre-
fer that of Judia, from my acquaintance with Fohn Gideon Loten,
efq. who had lone been a governor in more than one of the
Dutch lands in the Indian ocean, and with a laudable zeal had
employed feveral moft accurate artifts in delineating, on the
fpot, the birds, and other fubjeéts of natural hiftory. He offered
to me the ufe of them, in a manner that fhewed his hberal turn.
Twelve plates, in fmall folio, were engraven at the joint ex-
pence of fir fofeph Banks, Mr. Loten, and myfelf; to which I
added defcriptions and little effays. I forget how the work
ceafed to proceed; but remember that, at my perfuafion, the
plates were beftowed on doctor Fohn Reimbold Forfter, together
with three more engraven at my own expence. Thefe he took
with him into Germany, faithfully tranflated the letter-prefs into
Latin and German, and added a moft ingenious differtation on
the climate, winds, and foil of Jvdia, and another on the birds of
Paradife and the Phenix, all which he publifhed at Halle, in
Saxony, in 1781.

In the fpring of this year I acquired that treafure, Mofs
Griffith, born April 6th, 1749, at Trygain-bou/e, in the parifh of
Bryn Groer, in Llein, in Caernarvonfhire, defcended from very poor
parents, and without any other inftruction than that of reading
and writing. He early took tothe ufe of his pencil, and, during
his long fervice with me, has diftinguifhed himfelf as.a good and
faithful fervant, and able artift; he can engrave, and he is toler-
ably {killed in mufic. He accompanied me in all my journies,
except that of the prefent year. The public may thank him
for numberlefs fcenes and antiquities, which would otherwife

have remained probably for ever concealed..
THis

GR TM Y) Lite RAR Yel E;

Tus year was a very active one with me; I had the hardi-
nefs to venture on a journey to the remoteft part of North Bri-

tain, a country almoft as little known to its fouthern brethren as

Kamtfchatka. brought home a favorable account of the land.
Whether it will thank me or not I cannot fay, but from the re-
port I made, and fhewing that it might be vifited with fafety,
it has ever fince been iwondée with fouthern vifitants.

In the fame year I received a very polite letter from the
reverend Yo. Erneft Gunner, bifhop of Drontheim, in Norway,
informing me that I had been elected member of the Royal Aca-
demy of Sciences on March the gth paft; of which fociety that
prelate was prefident.

In the midft of my reigning purfuits, I never negleéted the
company of my convivial friends, or fhunned the fociety of the
gay world. At an affembly in the fpring, the lively converfa-
tion of an agreeable Fair gave birth to the

ODE, occcafioned by a Lady profeffing an attachment toINDIFFERENC3s

LY, InpirFerenceE, hated maid!
Seek Spitzbergen’s barren fhade:
Where old Winter keeps his court,
There, fit Gueft, do thou refort ;
And thy frofty breaft repofe
*Midft congenial ice and {fnows.
There refide, infipid maid,

But ne’er infeft my Emma’s head.

Or elfe feek the Cloifter’s pale,
Where reluctant Virgins veil :
In the corner of whofe heart
Earth with Heaven ftill keeps a part:
There thy fullef& influence fhower,
Free poor Grace from Paffion’s power.
Che Give!

iz

First Tour in-
TO SCOTLAND.

EvecrepD Fet-

LOW OF THE R.

Acap. aT Drone
THEIM.

12

1770+
ADDITIONAL
PLATES TO THE
BritisH Zoo-
LOGY.

1771.
PUBLISH THE
SyNOPSIS OF
QUADRUPEDS.

OF (MY LITERARY! £2

Give!. give! fond Exoisa refts

But fhun, oh fhun my Emma’s breaft.
Or on Lyce, wanton maid!

Be thy chilling finger laid.

Quench the frolic beam that flies

From her bright fantaftic eyes.

Teach the {weet Coquet to know

Fleart of ice in breaft of {now:

Give peace to her: Give peace to me:

But leave, oh ! leave my Emma free.
But if thou in grave difguife

Seek’ft to make that Nymph thy prize:

Should that Nymph, deceiv’d by thee,

Liften ‘to thy fophiftry:

Should fhe court thy cold embraces,

And to thee refign her graces;

What, alas! is left for me,

But to fly myfelf to thee.

Cuester, March 1769.

Iw 1770 I publifhed citi additional plates to the three vo-
lumes of Britifb Zoology, with feveral new defcriptions, befides
references to thofe which had been before defcribed; it appeared
in an o¢tavo volume of 96 pages, in which is included a lift of
European birds extra Britannic.

In 17711 printed, at Chefter, my Synopfis of Quadrupeds, in one
volume, octavo, with xxxi plates.

On May the 11th, 1771, I was honored by the univerfity of
Oxford with the degree of doétor of laws, conferred on me in
full convocation. I was prefented (in the abfence of the public

orator) by the reverend Mr. Fofer, who made a moft flattering ©

fpeech on the occafion.
In

OF MY LITERARY LIFE, 33

In September, of the fame year, I took a journey to London, to
fee fir Fofeph Banks and doctor Solandcr, on their arrival from
their circumnavigation. In my return I vifited Robert Berkeley,
efq. of Spetchly, near Worcefter, to indulge my curiofity with fee-
ing and examining Mr. Faulkner, an aged jcfuit, who had pafled Fararr Fauir-
thirty-eight years in Patagonia; his account fatisfied me of the “**? * Juswnre
exiftence of the tall race of mankind. In the appendix to this
work, I have given all I could collect refpeéting that much-
doubted people.

Axout this time I gave to the public my Zour iz Scotland, in Tour tn Scor-
one volume oétavo, containing xviii .plates. A candid account Wen eS
of that country was fuch a novelty, that the impreffion was in-
ftantly bought up; and in the-next year another was printed,
and as foon fold.

In this tour, as in all the fucceeding, I labored earneftly to
conciliate the affections of the two nations, fo wickedly and ftu-
dioufly fet at variance by evil-defigning people. I received feve-
ral very flattering letters on the occafion. An extract of one,
from that refpectable nobleman, the late earl of Kinnoull, dated
February the 27th, 1772, may. ferve imftar omnium.

« T prrusep your book, for which I return my hearty thanks,.

“ with the greateft pleafure; every reader muft admire the
“ ooodnefs of the author’s heart; the inhabitants of this part of
“the united kingdoms fhould exprefs the warmeft gratitude
‘for your candid reprefentation of them and their country.
“ This, unlefs my countrymen wifh to forfeit the favorable opi-
*‘nion you entertain and endeavor to imprefs upon the minds
* of their fellow fubje¢ts, muft procure you their beft thanks..

i ce Te:

14

Doctor For-
SsTER’s AMERI-
can Cata-
LOGUE.

OF 9M YS ILA RER AR Y* MTB 2

“Tt would be a worfe refle€tion upon us, than any that has
“ fallen from the moft envenomed pen, if the writer of that
“account did not meet with the moft grateful acknowlege-
“ment.”

In this year doétor For/ter publifhed a catalogue of the ani-
mals of North America. 1 had begun the work, by a lift of the
guadrupeds, birds and fifhes. Doctor For/fer added all the reft:
and afterwards, in a new edition, favored the world with a moft
comprehenfive Flora of that vaft country, with a catalogue
of infects, and the directions for preferving natural curiofities.
My part in this work is of fo little merit that it need not be
boafted of. I only lay clame to my proper right.

Ir was in this year that I laid before the Royal Society an ac-
count of two new fpecies of Tortoifes. The one a frefh-water
fpecies, known in North America by the name of the Soft-/helled
Tortoife. Yt is attended by a very accurate hiftory of its man-
ners, and two fine figures, communicated to me by the worthy
doétor Garden, of Charleftown, South Caroline. My paper was
publifhed in vol. Ixi. of the Tranfactions, attended by a plate.
This is the Te/tudo ferox of Gmelin, Lin. ii. 1039. and Le Molle of
La Cepede, i. 13. tab. vil.

Tue other is a {mall and new fpecies, which I name the tu-
berculated. Le Comte de la Cepede and Mr. Gmelin err in mak-~_
ing it the young of the Coriaceous Tortoife, Br. Zool. iit. N° J.
Le Luthe of de la Cepede, i. 115. tab. ili. and J. Coriacea of
Gmelin, 1036. B. I. tuberculata.

Tuis year another little poetical piece was produced, by the

accident

OF MY “LITERARY, LIE. 15

accident of a lady being chofen, on the fame day, patronefs of a
Book-fociety and Hunting-meeting.

A HE fons of the Chace, and of Knowlege convene,
Each to fix on a patronefs fit;

*Midft the deities one had Diawa, chaft Queen!
The other the Goddefs of Wit.

But on earth, where to find Reprefentatives pat,
For a while did much puzzle each wight

One Nymph wanting this, and one wanting that,
Difqualified each clamant quite.

"Fhen fays Cuiron, the cafe I have hit to a hair,
Since in numbers aone equal I find,

I have thought of one Nymph, not Venus more fair,
In whom is each Goddefs combin’d. ;

Over wit then in heaven let Minerva prefide,
Soft difcretion Diana may boatt..

Amidft mortals I am fure none our choice can deride,
When we name bright Exiza our toaft.

CHEsTER, Sept. 20, 1771.

On May the 18th, 1772, I began the longeft of my journies:
in our ifland. In this year was performed my fecond tour in Scoz-
land, and my voyage to the Hebrides: my fuccefs was equal to.
my hopes; I pointed out every thing I thought would be of
fervice to the country ; it was rouzed.to look into its advantages;
focieties have been formed for the improvements of the fifhe-
ries, and for founding of towns in proper places; to all which,
I fincerely wifh the moft happy event; vaft fums will be flung
away ; but incidentally numbers will be benefited, and the paf-
fion of patriots tickled. I confefs that my own vanity was

> greatly:

16

GENERA OF

BirpDs tN 1773:

NorTHeERN
Tour OF THIS
YEAR.

OF UM Y “ELE RAR Yo si EE:

greatly gratified by the compliments paid to me in every cor-
porated town; Edinburgh itfelf prefented me with its freedom,
and I returned rich in civic honors.

I puBiisHEep the o€tavo edition of Genera of Birds in 1773,
and gave with it an explanatory plate.

Tuis likewife was a year of great activity. I rode (for almoft
all my tours were on horfeback) to Mr. Grabam’s of Netherby,
beyond Carlifle, through thofe parts of Lancafbire, We/tmoreland,
and Cumberland, which I had not before feen. I vifited Sefton,
Orm/fkirk, Blackburne, and Clithero, in Lancafbire; Malham Coves,
Settle, and Ingleborough, in Yorkfhire; Kirkby Lonfdale, Kirkby
Stephen, and Orton, in Weftmoreland; and all the countefs of
Cumberland’s caftles in that county; Naworth, Corbie, and Beu-
caftle, in Cumberland. In my way I {fkirted the weftern fide of
Yorkfbire; 1 paffed fome hours with the reverend do&tor Bura
at Orton, in Weftmoreland, a moft ufeful and- worthy cha-
racter. >

From Wetherby 1 crofied Alton Moor into the bifhoprick of
Durham, made {ome ftay with its prelate, dogtor ohn Egerton,
and-entered York/bire atter crofing the Zees at Barnard Ca/ile.

-From. thence I vifited Roke/by houfe ; Catterick bridge; the fin-
‘gular circular entrenchments attributed to the Danes: the pic-
turefque Hackfall, and the venerable remains of Fountaine’s abby.

The laft attracted my -attention fo much that I revifited them
in May 1777, and each time they gave full employ to the pen-
cil of Mos Griffith. He etched two of his drawings: J <here
give one of the plates, as a fpecimen of his” extenfive

-senius.
wv

From thence I croffed to Boroughbridge and Kuarefborough.
From

Mofes Griffith, del

— int ofthe a oe

ae nn Ga es SRLS
( of the CHoRcH of iene TAINS ABBY.
eee ~ ; ees a —

Se a

Reese

GE yy Urea KRY OMe E.

From Harrogate I vifited the wonderful Jufues of Bramham crags,
and caufed great numbers of drawings to be made of the moft
flriking pieces. }

From Harrogate 1 rode to York, where Mofes Griffith was by
no means idle. Among many other drawings, I caufed him,
out of veneration to the tafte of Mr. Gray, to make a fecond
drawing * of the chapel, fo much admired by that elegant ge-
nius. From York I rode the great diagonal of the county to
Spurnhead. Near Hull, payed a fecond time my refpeéts to my
friend William Conftable, efg. of Burton Conftable, a gentleman
the moft happy in a liberal and munificent turn of mind of
any one I know. I kept along the Humber, and from its banks
went to Howden, Pontefrati, Doncafter, and Kiveton; vifited Work-
Sop, Welbeck, the antient houfe of Hardwick, Bolfover Caftle, Derby,
Dovedale, Buxton, Leek; and proceeded by Congleton and Chefter
to my own houfe. I kept a journal of the whole I mention, as
well as numberlefs places which I omit. In every tour J made
I kept a regular journal, all which are placed apart in my libra-
ry; thefe I with never to be made public, as they may contain
inaccuracies, either from hafte or mifinformation: yet, as they
contain many defcriptions of buildings, and accounts of places
in the ftate they were at the time they were made, they ought not
totally to be neglected.

Mofes Griffiths made numbers of drawings: my ingenious
friend Mr. Gryofe honored me with ufing feveral for his fue
work of the Antiquities of England; and I believe Mr. fur-

* See Memoirs of his Life, &c. p. 294, fecond edition.
D shinfir,

17

Wittiam Con-
STABLE, Esq.

28

OH) r Mi Yell at BORA RR Ye niab

chinfon, of Bernard Cajtle, will do the fame in his hiftory of
Durham.

I commencep a friendfhip with that gentleman in this jour-
ney, in a moft fingular manner: I was mounted on the famous
ftones in the church-yard of Penrith, to take a nearer view of
them, and fee whether the drawing I had procured, done by
the rev. doétor Tod, had the left foundation in truth. Thus en-
gaged, a perfon of good appearance, looking up at me, obferved
© what fine work Mr. Pennant had made with thote ftones !”
I faw he had got into a hormble fcrape; fo, unwilling to make-
bad worfe, defcended, laid hold of his button, and told him, “I
am the man!”’ After his confufion was over, I made a fhort de-
fence, fhook him by the hand, and we became from that moment
faft friends.

Tue fubject of part of this journey will be found among my
pofthumous works, fairly tranfcribed, neatly bound in vellum,
and richly illuftrated with drawings by Mofes Griffith, and with
prints. This will take in the fpace from Downing to Orford, the
feat of my worthy and venerable friend the late Fohn Blackburne,
efg. From thence to Kuow/fly, Sephton, Orm/kirk, Latham, and
(croffing the country) to Blackborn,: Whalley-abby, Ribchefter,
Mitton, Waddington- ball, and Clithero, moft of them in the county
of Lancafbire. In that of York, I vifited Sally-ably, Bolton-ball,
Malham Coves, Settle, Gigglefwick, and Ingleton.

I ren crofied the Lune to Kirkby Lonfdale, and vifited all
the parts of Wefimoreland and Cumberland, omitted in my printed
tours of 1769 and 1772: and finally I finifhed this M.S. vo-
lume at Alon, near the borders of Durbem, Fora more full

I account

OF MY LITERARY LIFE.

account of my various pofhuma I refer the reader to the latter
pages of this book. ~

In this year I kept a regular journal of the road between my
houfe and London, and did the fame on my return, digreffing to
the right or to the left, as the places which merit notice hap-
pened to lie.

I secan the account of this excurfion with faying, that al-
moft all my tours were performed on horfeback ; to that, and
to the perfect eafe of mind I enjoyed in thefe pleafing jour-
nies, 1 owe my viridis fenectus; 1 full retain, as far as poffible,
the fame fpecies of removal from place to place. I confider the
abfolute refignation of one’s perfon to the luxury of a carriage,
to forebode a very fhort interval between that, and the vehicle
which is to convey us to our laft ftage.

In 1774 I publifhed a third edition of my Your in Scotland,
1769, in quarto, with the xxi new plates; but, to accommodate
the purchafers of the firft edition, I republifhed, with letter-prefs
of the oftavo fize, all thofe plates.

In this edition appeared a {mall poem of mine, in reply to a
moft amiable dignitary, now high on the bench of bifhops, who
had written to me, half-jeft, half-earneft, on an invidious compa-
rifon I had made between the Exglifh and Scotch clergy. I thought
it beft to make my defence in rhyme, fo fent him the lines in
p. 173 of that edition, and all was well again; my coloring of
the portraits I gave is certainly high, but the likenefies are con-
feffed by all who have feen the originals. The readez aeed not
be informed, that the feven firft lines are borrowed from the ini-
mitable author of the New Bath Guide.

D2 *‘ FRIEND.

1g

~s

(HSE
Tuirp EpitTion
OF MY First
Tour in Scots
LAND.

OF MY LITERARY LIFE.

‘FRIEND

¢ YOU, you in fiery purgat’ry muft flay
« Till gall, and ink, and dirt of feribbling day
‘ Tn purifying flames are purg’d away.

‘TRAVELLER.

< © truft me, dear D ***, I ne’er would offend
¢ One pious divine, one virtuous friend :
« From nature alone are my characters drawn,
¢ From little Bob Ferom to bifhops in lawn.’
O truft me, dear friend, I never did think on
The holies who dwell near th’ o’erlooker of Lincola.
Not a prelate or prieft did e’er haunt my flumber,
Who inftructively teach betwixt Yxveeda and Humber
Nor in fouth, eaft, or weft do I ftigmatife any
Who ftick to their texts, and thofe are the MANY.
But when crofling and joftling come queer men of G-d,
In rufty brown coats, and waiftcoats of plaid,
With greafy cropt hair, and hats cut to the quick,
Tight white leathern breaches, and truncheon-like fick;
Clear of all that is facred from bowfprit to poop, fir;
Who prophane like a pagan, and fwear like a trooper;
Who fhine in the cock-pit, on turf and in ftable,
And are the prime bucks and arch wags of each table;

‘Who, if they e’er deign to thump drum ecclefiattic,

Spout new-fangled doétrine, enough to make man fick ;
And lay down as gofpel, but not from their Bibles,
That good-natur’d vices are nothing but foibles;

And vice are refining, till vice is no more,

From taking a bottle to taking a ** * * *,

“Fhen

OF MY LITERARY: LIPE,

Then if in thefe days fuch apoftates appear,
(For fuch, I am told, are found there and here)
© pardon, dear friend, a well-meaning zeal,
Too unguardedly telling the fcandal I feel:
Tt touches not you, let the galled jades winch,
Sound in morals and doftrine you never will finch.
O friend of paft youth, let me think of the fable
Oft told with chafte mirth at your innocent table,
> When, inftrugtively kind, wifdom’s rules you run o’er,
ReluGtant I leave you, infatiate for more; ;

So, bleft be the day that my joys will reftore!

I am a fincere well-wifher to the pure form of worfhip of the
church of England, and am highly feandalized if I fee any thing
wrong in the conduct of our hierarchy. Now and then com-
plaint has been made againft the unguarded admiffion of per-
fons of the moft difcordant profeffions into the facred pale, who,
urged by no other call than that of poverty, do not prove either
ornamental or ufeful in their new character. To check the pro-
egrefs of a practice injurious to the church, and highly fo to thofe
who had fpent their fortune in a courfe of education for the
due difcharge of their duties, 1 fent a farcaftic, but falutary
print, into the world: at which even bifhops themfelyes have
deigned to fmile.

In the fame year I publifhed my journey into Scotland, and
my voyage to the Hebrides, in one volume quarto, with xliv
plates. In this work the beautiful views of the #a/altic Staffa
appeared. I had the bad fortune to be denied approach to
that fingular ifand; but, by the liberal communication of Sir

§ Fyeph

21

VoxvAG& TOTHS
HEBRIDES PUB-
LISHED.

VoYAGE TO THE
IsLe OF MAN.

A Tour, 1774s
inTO Nor-
THAMPTON-

SHIRE.

OF MY (lst ERA. EEE Ee:

Fofeph Banks, who touched there the fame year, in his way to
Iceland, the lofs to the public was happily fupplied.

In this year I vifited the Je of Man, in company with the
reverend doctor Lort, captain Grofe, Paul Panton, efq. junior, of
Plas Gwyn, in the ifland of Anglefey, and the reverend Hugh Da-
vies, at this time rector of Aber in Caernarvonfhire, whofe com=
pany gave additional pleafure to the tour. I kept a journal,
and was favored with ample materials from the gentlemen
oi the ifland, moft of which were unaccountably loft about a
year after, and my defign of giving an account of that ifland to
the public was fruftrated.

‘I soup accufe myfelf of a very undue neglect, if I did not
acknowlege the various fervices I received from the friendfhip
of Mr. Davies, at different times, fince the beginning of our
acquaintance. I will in particular mention thofe which refulted
from his great knowledge in botany. To him I owe the account
of our Sxowdonian plants; to him I lie under the obligation for
undertaking, in fune 1775, at my requeft, another voyage to the.
Ile of Man, to take a fecond review of its vegetable produc-
tions. By his labors a Flora of the ifland is rendered as com-
plete as poffible to be effected by a fingle perfon, at one feafon
of the year. The number of plants he obferved amounted to
about five hundred and fifty.

In the {pring of 1774, on my return from my annual vifit to
London, 1 took the Northamptonfhire road, paffed by Baldock,
Eaton, St. Neots, Kimbolton, Ibraipfion, Draiton-houfe, Luffwick
and its fine tombs, Broughton-houfe, and the monuments at
Warkton, Leicefter, Afoby de la Zouch, Bradford-hall, celebrated in

Grammont’s

One WIAs aie hb Re Ae RO we LEE

Gremmont’s Memoirs, through Burton on Trent, and by Caverfal
Caftle to, my own houfe.

On 4uguft the 26th I brought my fon David to Hackney
ichool, and placed him under the care of Mf. Newcome. In my
way I faw Whitchurch, Cumbermere, Newport, Tong Caftle, and
the tombs in the church, Ovdrefley, Weflwood-houfe, Henlip,
Crome, the two Malvernes, and Tewkefbury; and, after paffing a
few days at my refpected friend’s, the then bifhop of St. David’s,

at Forthampten, proceeded and ditcharged my duty at Hackney by

the way of Glouce/ter and Cheltenbam.

I wever loft an opportunity of enlarging my knowlege of
topography: on my return I had the honor of paffing fome days
with her grace the late dutchefs dowager of Portland, at her feat
at Bulftrode, and vifited from thence Windfor and Eaton; 1 alfo
one morning faw the great houfe of Stoke Pogeis, then the feat
of Mr. Penn; it had gone through many great hands. In the
reien of Edward ill. it belonged to Fobu de Molin, a potent
baron,) in right of his wife, daughter of Robert Pogeis.. From
Buljirede, ] took the common road to Worceffer, paffed a day
or two, as ufual, at Beverey, with my old and conftant friend the
reverend doctor Na/d, author of the Antiquities of Worceffer-

foire: from his houfe went by Stourport and Bewdley to Bridge- -

north, and from thence through Newport to Downing.

In 1775 1 publifhed my third and laft volume of my Tour in
Scotland, 1772, which took in the country from my landing at
Armaddie, on the conclufion of my voyage to the Hebrides,
to my return into Flintfoire. ‘This was iluftrated with xlvii
plates.

THESE tours were tranflated into German, and abridged in

Frenchy .

23

NewrorT, Tone,
OMBRESLEY,
MaLveRNE, AND
TEWKESBURY.

Butstrrope,
Winopsor, SToxe
PoceEis, Bewp-
LEX.

Tutrp VOLUME

or MY Tour In

SCOTLAND PUB-
LISHED 1775.

Tour in 17766

OF (MY RPPERARY LIre.

French, in the Nouveau Recueil de Voyages cu Nord, Se. 3 tom.
quarto, Geneve, 1785; they were likewife reprinted at Dudliz,
in octavo fize. ;

In-my road, in1776, from London, I vifited Banbury, Wroxton-
hall the feat of lord Guildford, Buckingham, Edge-biil, Charlcot
the feat of the Lucies, Warwick and Kenelworth, and pafied

through Coventry, Atberfton, and Tamworth to Downing. At

Buckingham 1 narrowly efcaped a death fuited to an antiquary ;
I vifited the old church at 8 o’clock in the morning of March
the 26th. It fell before 6 in the afternoon, and I efcaped being
‘buried in its ruins.

-On July the 14th I took the route of Oulton-hall, Winnington,
and Durham in Chefbire, vifited Manchefter, Buxton, Bakewell,
Haddon-ball, Matlock, Nottingham, Southwell, Newark, and Lin-
col... Near Hern-caftle 1 entered the Pazs-bas of Great Britain.
I vifited Tarerfale and Bofton, Spalding, Crowland-abby, Stamford,
Burleigh-houfe, Caftor and Peterborough, Whittlefea-marfo and
Ely, Newmarket, St. Edmundjbury, the reverend Mr. Afbby at
Barrow, Cambridge, Ware, and Waltham-abby ; pafied a day
with Mr. Gough at Enjield, and concluded my tour in the
capital.

In this journey Mofes Griffith made fome of his moft beauti-
ful drawings in the line of antiquity: of feveral of the moft
elegant parts of the gothic archite€ture in the magnificent ca-
thedral at Lincoln; and alfo a few of the eroffer figures in the
Saxon remains of the weft front; and at Southwell he drew the
-exquifite interior of the matchlefs chapter, one of the lightetft
and moft elegant productions of the gothic chizel which we can
-boaft of. I wifh my time would permit me to make a cata-

logue

“OP MY TEILTERARY. LIFE.

- logue of the performances of Mofes Griffith. 1 never fhould
deny copies of them to any gentleman who would make a dig-
nified ufe of them.

In this year Peter Brown, a Dane by birth, anda very neat
limner, publifhed his illuftrations of natural hiftory in large
quarto, with L plates. At my recommendation, Mr. Loten
lent to him the greateft part of the drawings to be engraven,
being of birds painted in India. I patronized Brown, drew up
the greateft part of the defcriptions for fin; but had not the
~ left concern in the preface.

In 1776 Mr. White publifhed a new edition of the three vo-
lumes of the Briti/h Zoology, in quarto, and in oétavo, and in-
ferted in them the citi additional plates publifhed in 1770.

In the fpring of the year 1777 I made an excurfion from
town to Canterbury, along the poft road, and digrefled from
Canterbury to Sandwich, and from thence to Deal, and by Sz.
Margaret’s church and Clg to Dover. In this tour I had the
happinefs of making acquaintance with Mr. Latham of Dart-
ford, Mr. Facobs of Feverfoam, and Mr. Boys of Sandwich; all
perfons of diftinguifhed merit in the ftudy of natural hiftory

~ and antiquities.

Iw that year ¥ publifhed a fourth volume of the Briti/p Zoology,
which contained the Vermes, the Cruftaceous, and Teftaceous ani-
mals of our country; this was publifhed in quarto and odtavo,
and illuftrated with xciii plates.

To this volume I prefixed a moft merited eulogy on my
refpected friend Benjamin Stillingfleet, elq. who died Dec. 15th,
1771, at his lodgings in Piccadilly, aged 71. His public and
private character might demand this tribute: but the many

E perfonal

25

Brown’s Iiius-
TRATION OF
Naturat His-
TORY.

1777.

Tour in Kent.

26

Tour 1n WALES.

3778.

1781.

SEcoNnD VOLUME.

Moses GrirF-
FITH’s SUPPLE-

MENTAL PLATES.

History of Qua-
DRUPEDS,

OF MY LITERARY LIFE.

perfonal acts of friendfhip I received from that moft amiable
man, was an irrefiftible incitement to me to erect this fmall,
but very inadequate, monument of gratitude.

AFTER feveral journies over the fix counties of North Wales,
in which I colleéted ample materials for their hiftory, I flung
them in the form of a tour, and publifhed the firft volume in
quarto, with xxvi plates, in 1778.

In 1781 the firft part of the fecond volume of the fame
tour appeared, under the title of, 4 Journey to Snowdon, with xi
plates, a frontifpiece, and 2 vignets. The fecond part foon fol-
lowed, with xv plates, and a large appendix, which completed the
work. In all my journies through Wales, I was attended by my:
friend the reverend John Lloyd, a native of Llanarmon, and rector
of Caerwis: to his great fkill in the language and antiquities of
our country I own myfelf much indebted; for without his af-
fiftance, many things might have efcaped me, and many errors
crept into my labors.

Mofes Griffith engraved a Supplement of x rane to which I
added a litttle preface, and a few explanatory pages. Befides
thefe proofs of his ingenuity, he etched feveral other ‘(private
plates) fuch as, about a dozen North American birds, two beauti-
ful parts of Fountains-abby, and a few other things.

In this-year I alfo publifhed a new edition of my Synop/is of
Quadrupeds, in two volumes, quarto, with li plates, including’
the xxxi from the Synopfis, which received confiderable im-
provements and corrections from the correfpondence of my
friend the illuftrious Pallas, who beftowed a long feries of let~
ters on this alone; this he performed, as it was a favorite
work of his, and by accident transferred from his, to my infe-
rior pen:

To

OF IMY LITERARY LIFE.

To Mr. Zimmerman 1 was greatly indebted for feveral impor-
tant improvements, from his able performance the Zoologia Geo-
grapbica, as well as great information from his frequent letters. It
is unbecoming in me to exprefs the partiality which that emi-
nant writer, and other of my foreign friends, have fhewn towards
me: if the reader has the curiofity to learn their opinion of me,
he may confult Mr. ZimmERMAaN’s Zoologia Geographica, p. 286.
The rev. Mr. Cox, in vol. II. p. 440, 441, of his travels,
quarto edition, hath recorded the compliment paid to me by
Linnaeus; and Patras, in p. 376 of his Nova Species Qua-
drupedum, hath dealt out his praife with much too liberal
a hand.

The liberties which the country gentlemen, in the charaéter
of deputy-lieutenants, and militia-officers, now and then took

with their fellow fubjects, urged me ftrongly this es to pub-—

lith Free Thoughts on the Militia Laws.

On Feb. the 3d, 1781, I was elected honorary member of
the Society of Antiquaries at Edinburgh.

in the Philcfophical Tranfaétions of 1781 was publifhed my
hiftory, and natural hiftory, of the Turky; it had been doubted
whether this was not a bird of the old world; but I flatter my-
felf that I have made it apparent that it is peculiar to America,
and was unknown before the difcovery of that continent. My
refpected friend, Mr. Barrington, had taken the other fide of
the queftion; but this was not publifhed by me polemically, or
in any-wife inimical to fo excellent a character.

To this paper is annexed an engraving of a fingular Lufus,
the toe and claw of fome rapacious bird growing on the thigh
of a Turky, bred in my poultry court.

E 2 At

27

Free THoucutTs
ON THE MiLiT1A4
Laws.

Or THE TuRKY,

28

1782.
JOURNEY TO
Lon pon,

1783.

OF: MY (LITERARY ML Mee.

Ar the requeft of Sir Yofeph Banks 1 drew up an account of
the feveral earthquakes I had felt in Flmt/bire; and remarked
they were aever felt at the bottom of lead mines, or coal pits,
in our country. ‘This paper was publifhed, in the year. 1781, in ©
volume xxi of the Philofophical Tran/aéfions.

In 1782 I publifhed my journey from Chefter to London;
this was formed from journals made at different times in my
way to town. I frequently made a confiderable ftay at feveral
places, to give this book all the fulnefs and accuracy in my-
power. ‘This was republifhed in Dublin, in 1783, in an octavo
form.

On ‘une the 5th, 1783, I was honored by my election into
the Societas Phyfiographica at Lund, in Sweden; a favor I proba-
bly owed to my learned friend, profeffor Retzius.

In the fame month and year I made a fhort elopement to

> meet the reverend doétor Na/b, Mrs. and Mifs Naf, at Shrew/-

bury, in order to make a partial voyage down the Severn. My
fon met us from Oxford, and we took boat at Atcham-bridge.
About four miles diftant from Salop, we were highly amufed
with the picturefque fcenes, efpecially thofe from Buildas to
Ombrefley. We landed oppofite to Holmsfiat, a little below that
village, and concluded our tour at Beverey, the hofpitable feat of
doétor Na/h, about three miles diftant.

In 1784 appeared my letter from a Welfh aecnelees to his
reprefentative, to convert him from his political tenets. My
then opinion of the minifter is daily vindicated.

A work defigned to comprehend the zootocy of North Ame-
rica had long employed my mind and my pen, on which I in-

tended to have beftowed that name; but, for the affecting rea-
8 fon

-

SPIMYAATDERARY LIPS.

fon given in the advertifement prefixed to that work, (altered,
indeed, from its original plan) I thought myfelf under the ne-
eeflity of changing the title. I did fo; and, after having confi-
derably enlarged the work by the addition of the animals
and hiftory of the northern parts of Europe and Afa,
I this year gave it to the public, under the title, of the
Aric Zoology. It confifls of two volumes, quarto; the firft
contains a long introduction, and Clafs 1. QuapRupzps; the
fecond, ClafsII. Brrps. In this work I received confiderable
improvements from the voyage of Sir Jofeph Banks, to New-
foundland, in 1767. "We added greatly to the ornithology by
the communication of feveral new fpecies of birds, and feveral
other fubjects.

Tuts work was fpeedily tranflated into German by profefior
Zimmerman, and publifhed in two volumes, quarto, with the
prints, which I permitted to be taken from my plates. The

introduction was alfo tranflated into French, under the title of

Le Nord du Globe, in two volumes, octavo; and, what is pecu-
liarly flattering to me is, that as much as relates to the north
of Europe is to be tranflated into Swedi/b, as an introduction to
the natural hiftory of that celebrated feat of the votaries of the
great Cybele.

Tue 4réic Zoology gave occafion to my being honored, in the

year 1791, on April 15th, by being elected member of the
Ameriwan Philofophical Society at Philadelphia, (in the prefident-
thip of David Rittenbou/e, efq.) My labors, relative to that vaft
continent, were there favorably received: but this honor I
efteem as a reward above my merits. There, fcience of every
kind begins to flourifh; among others, that of natural hiftory ;

in

1785.
ArcrTic Zoo-
LOGY.

German Ept-
TION,

FRENCH,

80

SupPLEMENT TO
THE ARCTIC
ZooL.ocy.

OF PMY LITE RAR Yeh e.

in which branch I may predict, that my correfpondent and

friend do&tor Benjamin Smith Barton will foon rife into celebrity,

and to his pen I truft the many errors, refpecting the zooloey
of his native country, will be corrected with tendernefs and
candor. In regard to the abilities of the fociety, the volumes
of its Philofopbical Tranfattions, already publifhed, are moft in-
conteftable proofs.

In this year came out a fecond edition of the firft volume of
my Tour in Wales.

In May 1784, I had the diftinguifhed honor of being
elected member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stock-
holm. In Sweden 1 am favored with the correfpondence of
dogétor Thunberg of Upfal, doctor Sparman of Stockholm, Myr.
Wilcke of the fame city, and Mr. Odman of Warmden, not re-
mote from Stockholm. I muft not forget a grateful tribute to
the memory of departed friends, to that of baron de Geer, pro-
feflor Wallerius, and above all doétor Solander ; the laft fo dif-
tinguifhed by urbanity of manners, and liberality of comauni-
cation of the infinite knowlege he poffeffed.

On Fan. the 3d, 1785; 1 was elected hones memter of
the fociety, at Edinburgh for promoting of naczral know-
ledge.

On March the 5th I received the fame honor from the So-
ciety of Antiquaries at Perth.

Awnp on December the 24th was honored by being elected
member of the Agriculture Society, at Odiham, in Hamp/bire.

In 1787 I gave a Supplement to the 4réic Zoology; it con-
tains feveral additions and corre¢tions, which I owe to the friend- ,
fhip of my feveral northern correfpondents, and a fyftematic

“account

OF MY LITERARY LIFE.

account of the reptiles and fithes of North America, together
with two very beautiful maps of the countries I had treated of
in the introduction, (corrected fince the firft publication) en-
graven by that excellent artift Mr. William Palmer.

Ever fince the year 1777 I had quite loft my fpirit of ram-
bling. Another happy nuptial connection fupprefled every
defire to leave my fire-fide. But in the fpring of this year I
was induced once more to renew my journies. My fon had
returned from his firft tour to the continent, fo much to my
fatisfaction, that I was determined to give him every advan-
tage that might qualify him for a fecond, which he was on the
point of taking over the kingdoms of France and Spain. I
wifhed him to-make a comparifon of the naval ftrength and
commercial advantages and difadvantages of our ifland, with
thofe of her two powerful rivals; I attendéd him down the
Thames; vifited all our docks; and by land (from Dartford)
followed the whole coaft to the very Land’s End. On his re-
turn from his fecond tour, I had great reafon to boaft that this
excurfion was not thrown away; as to myfelf it was a painful
one; lone abfence from my family was fo new to me, that I
may fincerely fay it caft an anxiety over the whole journey. —

Tuese were my greater labors. I, at feveral times, gave to
the public fome trifles, which were not ill-received; but few
knew the author. Thefe I collected fome years ago, and
printed, for the amufement of a few friends, thirty copies, by
the friendly prefs of George Allan, efq. at Darlington.

Tue principal was my hiftory of the Patagonians, collected
from the account given by father Faulkner, in 1771, and from
the feveral hiftories of thofe people by various writers, I believe

5 that

3r

TourR TO THE
Lanpv’s Enp.

MiscELLanieEs.

History oF THE
PATAGONIANS.

Ou PVE Yap i ly ees Re Ye ed Poe

that the authenticity of the feveral relaters is now very well
eftablifhed. This was printed at the fame prefs, in 1788.

Brsipes thefe may be added, the ede on indifference, and the
verfes on the lady being chofen patronefs of a hunt and book-club
in the fame day.

An effay on the improper behaviour of married ladies to-
wards our fex, 1774.

A pipicue on the bold and mafculine fafhion of the ladies
wearing riding-habits at all times of the day; which was
republifhed, in 1781, by Mr. Smith, with a good mezzotinto of
a modern toilet.

AmeRICAN annals, an incitement to parlement-men to inquire
into the conduct of our commanders in the American war. I
omit this paper, unwilling to revive the memory of the moft
deplorable event in all the annals of Great Britain.

Tue Flintfire petition. The difcontents of the year 1779
were grown to fuch a height, that the county of Flint took
fhare in the attempt to produce a redrefs of grievances. I
wifhed to allay the popular fury as far as in me lay; becaufe num-
bers of the complaints were excited by that bane of this king-
dom in all ages, pretended patriots. I formed a fpeech, which
i had not courage enough to fpeak, fo printed the lenitive in-
tention, as certainly it could do me no difcredit. The event
fhewed that impoffibilities were attempted, and that foon as
the patriots got into power, no more was thought of the plan
once urged with much violence.

An infcription over the entrance of the new gaol at Fin? is
printed in Mr. Howard’s account of the principal Lazarettos
in Europe.

Tue following grateful epitaph, in memory of my faithful

fervant

OF MY LITERARY LIFE.

fervant and friend, Louis Gold, may be feen on a {mall brafs
plate in Whiteford church, clofe to which he was interred,
Auguft the 22d, 1785.

This fmall Monument of efteem
was erected by his lamenting Matter
in Memory of
LOUIS GOLD,

a Norman by Birth,
and above twenty years the faithful
Servant and Friend

of THOMAS PENNANT, Efq.
of Downing.
In his various fervices
he made confiderable favings,
which he difpofed of by his laft will
(having no relations of his own)
with affeétion to his friends
and to his fellow-fervants,
with unmerited gratitude to
his Mafter and his family,
and
- with piety to the poor.
Every duty of his humble ftation,
and every duty of life,
he difcharged fo fully,
That when the day fhall come which levels
all diftin@tion of ranks,
He may,
By the favour of our bleffed Mediator,
hear thefe joyful words,

F “« Well

34

1790.
AgcouNT oF
Loxpon.

OF IM YY ERTERA RY LIFE:

«« Well done, thou good and faithful fervant,
enter thow into the joy of thy Lord.””
He was born at St. Hermes de Rouvelle,
in Normandy, Auguft 22, 1717; died
at Downing, Auguft 20, 17853 and was
interred in the Church-yard near this wall

on the 22d of the fame month.

Previous to this | could not, in the warmth of my heart, re-
fift giving, in one of the Chefer papers, the following paragraph
as a notification of his death.

‘ Saturpay fe’nnight, in the morning, died, at Downing, in
© Flintfbire, Louis Gold, a Norman by birth, and above twenty years
© the faithful fervant and friend of Thomas Pennant, of that place,
© efq. He left the favings of his different fervices, which were
“ very confiderable, to feveral of his friends, his fellow-fervants,
‘and to the poor; and bequeathed to his lamenting mafter, and
© his four children, handfome remembrances of his affection for
‘them: the remainder to be applied, at the difcretion of his ex-
© ecutor, to charitable ufes.’

Tus {pring I publifhed an account of our capital. I had fo
often walked about the feveral parts of Lowdon, with my note-
book in my hand, that I could not help forming confiderable
collections of materials. The public received this work with
the utmoft avidity. It went through three large impreffions
in about two years and a half. The firft, in 4pri/ 1790; the
fecond, in Fanuary 1791; and the third, in the latter end of

the laft year. Many additions were made to the fecond; toge-

ther with three more plates by the perfuafion of that worthy
4 character

OF (MY cLA DER AR Yi aL DEE

character William Seward, efg. One was of the buft of Charles 1.
by Bernini, which ftood over one of the doors in Wefminfter-
ball, but was removed on the preparations for the trial of Mr.
Hoftings. with the drawing had been better executed.

In this year Mr. White fent into the world a fifth edition of
my Tours in Scotland, with feveral additions and corrections.

I am often aftonifhed at the multiplicity of my publications,
efpecially when I reflect on the various duties it has fallen to
my lot to difcharge. As father of a family, landlord of a fmall
but very numerous tenantry, and a not inactive magiftrate, I
had a great fhare of health during the literary part of my days,
much of this was owing to the riding exercife of my extenfive
tours, to my manner of living, and to my temperance. I go to
reft atten; and rife winter and fummer at feven, and fhave re-
gular at the fame hour, being a true mifopogon. I avoid the meal-of
excefs, a fupper; and my foul rifes with vigour to its employs,
and (I truft) does not difappoint the end of its Creator.

Quin corpus onuftum
Hefternis vitiis, animum quoque pregravat unas
Atque affigit humo divine particulam aure.

Alter, ubi diéto citiis curata fopori
Membra dedit, vegetus prafcripta ad munia furgit.

Behold how pale the feated guefts arife

From fuppers puzzled with varieties !

The body too, with yefterday’s excefs
Burthen’d and tir’d, hall the pure foul deprefs ;
Weigh down this portion of celeftial birth,
This breath of God, and fix it to the earth,

So far refpects my own labors; it will be but juft to men-
FB 2 tion

35

36

Or OTHERS’
WorKS PRO-
MOTED BY ME,

Docror Joun
RernuoLp For-

STER.

Rev. Joun
LIGHTFOOT.

Mer. Goucu.

GP YM Ye ile RAR Y Pei:

tion thofe of others, which have been produced by my counte-
nance and patronage ; for I never can be accufed of witholding
my communications or my mite to affift my brethren who have
wifhed to affume the perilous chara¢ters of authors.

I, very early after the arrival of doctor ohn Reinhold Forfter,
had opportunity of introducing him to feveral of my friends,
which proved of no fmall fervice to him during his refidence in
this kingdom. At my perfuafion, and by my encouragemrent,
he tranflated Kalm’s Voyage into North America, which was
publifhed in 1770, in three volumes oétavo.

In 1771 he publifhed Ojleck’s Voyage to China, with that of
Loreen, and Eckberg’s account of the Chinefe hufbandry, in two
volumes.

He alfo added a fecond volume to his tranflation of Boffz’s
Travels in Louifiana, containing the life of Loeffing, and a cata-
logue of Spanifh plants, and thofe of part of Spanifh America.
By thefe the works of three of the moft eminent difciples of
the Linnean {chool have been made known to the £riti/p
nation.

I PUBLISHED, at much expence, in 1777, the Flora Scotica, in
two volumes, octavo, with xxxvii plates. This was the elabo-
rate work of my worthy friend, and fellow traveller, the rev.
Mr. Lightfoot. The lamented lofs of that admirable botanift,
on February 20th, 1788, I have related in a fhort account,
printed 1788, to be given to the purchafers of the remaining
copies of the Flora Scotica.

Tuat indefatigable topographer Richard Gough, efq. paid
me the compliment of fubmitting the fheets of his edition of
Camden, which related to North Wales, to my correction; and

I flatter

OF i MY? al TE RAM Ee.

I flatter myfelf that they would not have come out of my hands
unimproved. To him I alfo communicated feveral of my
manufcript journals, which I flatter myfelf might in fome
fmall decree contribute to the improvement of our venerable
topographer.

As it was my wifh that no part of North Britain, or its
iflands, fhould be left unexplored, or any of their advantage loft
for want of notice, I fupported the reverend Charles Cordiner,
epifcopal minilter at Banff, in a journey over the countries
nerth of Loch Broom, which I was obliged to defift from at-
tempting; this he performed, much to my fatisfaction, in 1776.
I publifhed his journal, enticed, Antiquities and Scenery of the
North of Scotland, at my own hazard. It 1s iluftrated with
xxii plates, taken from drawings by the fkilful pencil of that
ingenious traveller. The work fucceeded. I made him a
prefent of the expences which attended his journey.

Numsers of other fubjects of antiquities, views, and natural
hiftory, are now in publication by the fame gentleman. _

I was actuated by the fame zeal in refpect to the extreme
iflands of the fame parts of our kingdom. In the reverend
Mr. George Low, minifter of Birfa in the Orknies, I met with a
gentleman willing to undertake the vifitation of thofe iflands,
and of the Scherlands, and to communicate to me his obferva-~
tions of every thing he imagined would be of ufe to the king-
dom, or afford me pleafure. His furveys were made in the
years 1774 and 1778, and he favored me with a moft inftruc-
tive journal, and feveral drawings. It was my with to publifh
his voyages, as I had the travels of Mr. Cordizer; but certain

reafons difcouraged me. ‘This ought not to be confidered as -

any

37

Rev. CHarLes
Cor DINER.

Rev. Gseorcr
Low.

OF MY? sol ER AR Ny ales

any refleétion on the performance. Mr. Low gives a good ac-
count of the natural hiftory and antiquities of the feveral iflands;
enters deeply into their fifheries and commercial concerns; and
on the whole is highly worthy the attention of the public.

I cannot help mentioning the fervices I did to the pro-
feffors of the art of engraving, by the multitude of plates per-
formed by them for my feveral works; let me enumerate the
particulars and total.

Britifo Zoology, folio —_ _ _ 132
Britifh Zoology, o€tavo or quarto — — 284
Hiftory of Quadrupeds — — — 54
Tour in Scotland, the three volumes — — 134
Fourney to London _ _ — 23
Tour in Wales, two volumes _— — 53
Mofes Griffith’s Supplemental Plates = — 10
Some Account of London, fecond edition — _— 15
Indian Zoology, fecond edition — — 17
Genera of Birds — — —_ 16
Arétic Zoology, two volumes _ _ 26
Syftematic Index to de Buffon —_— —_ I

The Rev. Mr. Fobn Lightfoot’s Flora Scotica, two volumes 37

$02

Ir I have omitted Mr. ohn Ingleby of Halkin, Flint/bire, 1
did not do juftice to a very neat drawer. I have often profited
of his fervices: and many of the private copies of my works
have been highly ornamented by his labors.

NotwitTH-

OE IMYo ELTERAR Yo LEE, 39

NorwiTHsTANDING my authorial career was finifhed on the 1791.
preceding year, yet no fmall trouble attends my paft labors.
The public continues to flatter me with demands for new edi-
tions of my works: to the correction and improvement of which,

Iam obliged to pay confiderable attention. Early this year

ve ACCOUNT OF
Lonpon, THirp

mentioned at p. 34. Epirion.

appeared a new edition of my account of London, as I ha

None of my acquaintance will deny that I write a moft ille-
gible hand. In order to deliver my labors intelligible to pofte-
rity, on Yanuary ft, of this year, I took into’ my fervicey
as fecretary, Thomas, the fon of Roger Jones, our parifh-clerk, a
worthy, fober, and fteady young man: I determined to profit
of his excellent hand-writing to copy my feveral manufcripts,
and he has difcharged his duty very much to my fatif-
faction. bee
Mr. White, at the latter end of this year, printed a third 3792.
edition of my Hifory of Quadrupeds, with moft of the old plates _ Cue ae
re-engraven, and feveral new ones. This work was always a Tuirp Epition.
favorite one of mine: I beftowed very true pains on it: and _
added, I may fay, every new animal which has to this time
reached the knowlege of the naturalifts. 3

In the fpring of the fame year appeared my letter on Mail Lerrer on
Coaches. 1 was irrefiltibly compelled to refume my pen, from Mat# Coacues.
the oppreffions which the poor labored under, by the demands
made on them to repatr the roads for the paffage of the
mails, with a nicety, and at an expence beyond their powers.
Let the little performance fpeak my apology for the publi-
cation.

Ty

40

Indian Zooro-
GY, S—Econpb Epi-
TION.

OUTLINES OF
THE GLOBE,

OvF SVE Y. 20 Taree A Ref eee

In this year came out a fecond edition of my Indian Zoology,
(fee p. 9) but very confiderably enlarged by doctor Forfler’s
effay prefixed to the German edition of that work, which was
tranflated by doétor. 4ikin; and by a tolerably complete Fau-
aula; a labor taken off my hands principally by the friendthip
of the rev. Mr. Hugh Davies and Mr. Latham; the Faunula of
infects fell to Mr. Latham, and coft him no {mall pains.

Tuus far has paffed my active life, even till the prefent year
1792, in which I have advanced half way of my 67th year.
My body may have abated of its wonted vigour; but my mind
full retains its powers, its longing after improvements, its wifh
to receive new lights through chinks which time hath made.

A rew years ago I grew fond of imaginary tours, and de-
termined on one to climes more fuited to my years, more ge-
nial than that to the frozen north. I ftill found, or fancied that I

found, abilities to direét my pen. I determined on a voyage to

India, formed exactly on the plan of the Introduction to the
Ar itic Zoology; which commences at fuch parts of the north
as are acceffible to mortals. From London I follow the coafts
fouthera to part of our ifland, and from Calais, along the oceanic
fhores of Europe, Africa, and Afia, till I have attained thofe of
New Guinea. Refpecting thefe, I have collected every informa-
ticn poffible, from books antient and. modern: from the moft
authentic, and from living travellers of the moft refpectable cha-
racters of my time. I mingle hiftory, natural hiftory, accounts
of the coafts, climates, and every thing which I thought could
inftruét or amufe. They are written on imperial quarto, and

when bound, make a folio of no inconfiderable fize; and

are iliuftrated, at a vaft expence, by prints taken from books, or
a by

OF MYcEUTERARY-: ELFE, 41

by charts and maps, and by drawings by the {kilful hand of Mos
Griffith, and by prefents from friends. With the bare poffibi-
lity of the volume relative to India, none of thefe books are to
be printed in my life-time ; but to reft on my fhelves, the amufe-
ment of my advancing age. ‘The following is the catalogue of
thefe labors, all (excepting the firft) compofed in the fpace of
four years, all which will be comprehended under the general
title. of,

OU EL N ES) 30 by iri b, Gul © BE.

Vo. I. will contain the Introduétion to the ric Zoology, Arctic Rz-

with confiderable additions, in order to make it unite hereafter arses
with China, which will be comprehended in the xiiith volume ;
but this firft volume will alfo be augmented very greatly, by
accounts of the internal parts of the country, and with the coun-
tries to the fouth, as low as lat. 45, to comprehend the great
rivers of the north of Ewrope and 4fia: not only the coafts but
the internal parts of the United States of America will be de-
fcribed, as alfo our poor remnant, as far as the mouth of the
Mififippi, and each fide of that vaft river as high as its fource.
The plates will be of new fubjeéts, and executed by the firft en-
gravers of the time: the fize of the books, that of Cook’s Voyages.
I feel an inclination to have one volume publifhed in my life,.
as a model for the remaining twelve. It was impoffible to
omit this aré&ic volume, otherwife the work would have been
very imperfect. :

Vor. II. defcribes a tour, commencing at the Temple-frairs, Kenrisn Tour.
comprehending my paflage down the Thames as low as Dartford
Creek, and from thence to Dover.

G You.

FRANCE.

SPAIN AND Por-
TUGAL.

‘SouTHERN
FRANCE.

MMr.Icnatius
D’Asso.

OF MY (EE RARY aati.

Vor. II. and IV. The voyage along the coafts of Franee,
from Calais to the frontiers of Spain, with a digreffion up the
Loire as far as Orleans; and a fecond digreffion from the Garonne,
near Zouloufe, above Bourdeaux, along the great canal de Lan-
guedoc, to its yunétion with the Mediterranean fea near Sette; and
a third from. Andaye, alone the French fide of the Pyrenees, as
far as its termination on the fame fea.

Vox. V. comprehends the coaft of Spaiz, from the Bidaffao to
the borders of Portugal, the whole coaft of Portugal; after
‘which thofe of Spain are refumed, and continued to the Streights
of Gibraltar, and its celebrated rock. This volume is particu-
larly rich in drawings (by Mo/es Griffith) of the birds and fifhes
of Gibraltar, communicated to me by the rey. the late Mr.
Yobn White, long refident in that fortrefs.

Vot. VI. contains the entrance into the Mediterranean fea,
and the fouthern coafts of Spain, to the borders of Italy at Nice,
comprehending the coafts of fouthern France.

Mr. Ignatius d’ Affo of Sarragoffa, author of the Zoologia Arago-
nie, and Flora of the fame country, by his intelligent correfpond-
‘ence, from the year 1783 to the year 1786, furnifhed me with
feveral very inftructive materials for the natural hiftory of Spain,
which were of confiderable fervice in my account of that king-
dom. I cannot quit the fubjeét of the four laft volumes, with-
out (I truft) a moft venial exultation at the fource from whence
I drew a confiderable part of my account of the coafts of the
kingdoms of France and Spain; and alfo of fome of the interior
country. It would perhaps be affected: but it certainly would
be unnatural to fupprefs acknowlegements which fpring warm-
ed from my heart, becaufe I pay them to a fon. David Pennant

2 ‘ began

OR NOY? (uh ER AR Yy We LEE.

began his travels into foreign parts in Augufi 1785; and from
that time, (after intervals paffed at home) has vifited Switzerland,
the Grifons country, all parts of Italy, as low as Pefium; al-
moft all Germany, and a {mall part of Hungary; Stiria, Carin-
thia, and Carniola; almoft every part of France, and much of
Spain. From his journals, which, now fairly tranfcribed, fill.
eight folio volumes, I borrowed my moft authentic materials.
Vou. VII. is an account of the coafts of northern 4frica,,
from Egypt, tothe ftreights of Gréraltar, and from the ftreights,.
along the fhores. of weftern or atlantic Africa, to the Senegal, or
borders of Nigritia. This will include the hiftory of the great

rivers of that vaft continent, as far as has yet been difcovered,,

and in particular that of the Mile.

Vor. VIII. is defcriptive of the coafts of Nigritia, from the
river Senegal to Cape Negro; and gives an account of the ifle of
Afcenfion, and other diftant ifles.

Vor, IX. takes in the coafts from Cape Negro to the Cape of
Good Hope, and again the eaftern coafts to the entrance of the
Red Sea, and its fouthern fhores as far as the [thmus of Suez;
Madagafcar, and the feveral ifles to the eaft and to the fouth of
that vaft ifland.

Vou. X. contains the coafts of Arabia on the Red Sea, and on
the Indian ocean; and on the gulph of Ormuz or Perfian gulph..
Some account of the river Euphrates, and the moft remarkable
places from its fource to its mouth. The coafts of Perfia,
within the gulph, and on the Indian ocean, to the limits of Per/ia,
as divided from that empire by the river Indus. In this volume
will be introduced accounts of feveral places mentioned in,
holy writ.

Vou, XI, gives an account of the river Jzdus from its fource ;

G 2. of

NorTHeErn,
AFRICA,

NiGrittae.

ZETHIOPIAN,
AFRICA,

ARABIAg.

PERSIAs.

Inpra..

INDIA.

INDIA BEYOND
GANGES,

MALAYAN

Esters.

OVE MOY alii BOR FAR YY egieahi ge

of the Pexjab; of the weftern or Malabar coaft of India to
Cape Comorin; of the kingdom of Madura, and of the ifland of
Ceylon. :

Vor. XII. defcribes the eaftern coaft of India, quite to the
mouths of the Gages ; and contains an account of that river from
its fources, and the feveral great rivers which fall into it; and
of the Burrampooter, which, after an equal courfe, and vaft devia-
tion, falls into the Ganges juft before it reaches the fea. In
thefe volumes, much hiftory (party and controverfy avoided)
will be given in their proper places.

Vor. XIII. refumes the fubje& at Avracan, the firft kingdom
in the India beyond Ganges. Thole of 4va, Pegu, Lower Siam,
the archipelago of Mergui, the Andaman and Nicobar ifles, are
defcribed. Then follow the ftreights of Malacca, and its pe-
ninfula on both fides; the gulph of Siam, and the Upper Siam ;
the celebrated Ponteamas, Cambodia, Pulo Condor, Ciampa,
Cochin-China, and the bay and kingdom of Tonquir. The two
laft favor fo much of China, that it is in compliment to the
common geographical divifion that I do not place them out of
the limits of Jvdi2z. The vaft and amazing empire of China
comes next: future times will read it fully explored by the no-
bleman fo judicioufly fele&ted for performing the celebrated
embafly now on its way. The feveral countries dependent on
China, bordering on the northern and north-weftern fides, the
iflands of Fapan, and the land of Feo, conclude this volume.: .

Vou. XIV. The vaft infular regions of Jvdia form the xivth
volume, comprehending the great Malaye iflands, fuch as Swma-
tra, Fava, Balli, Banca, Madura, and others of lefs note. Cum-
hava, Flores, Timor, or the ifles which ftretch eaft of Rall; to

the

a

OF MY LITERARY LIFE:

the ifles of “row, not very remote from the coaft of New
Guinea.

AFTERWARDS are mentioned Borneo, and Celebes or Macaffar ;
and to the north of them, the Manil/a or Philippine ifles ; and to the
eaft the rich archipelago of the fpicy ifles, comprehending the
Banda and the Moluccas, and others which may fairly be ranged
under that general name. New Holland, and New Guinea, with its
appendages, New Britain and New Ireland, conclude this im-
portant lift. New South Wales, or the weftern portion of New
Fiolland, 1s as fully defcribed as poffible: the tranfient wonder of
the vaft’ views of the Briti/h nation, which, annihilating time
and fpace, has dared a plan, which would make other countries
ftartle at the very idea.

A Far more complete Flora of India (than any that has yet
appeared) will follow thefe three volumes, as a feparate work,
with {mall hiftorical notations, and references to the beft authors
on the fubject. It certainly will prove the belt Linnean index to
Rumphius, and others of the greater Judian botanitts.

Tue reader may {mile at the greatnefs of the plan, and my
boldnefs in attempting it at fo late a period of life. I am vain
enough to think that the fuccefs is my vindication. Happy is
the age that could thus beguile its fleeting hours, without in-
jury to any one, and, with the addition of years, continue to rife
in its purfuits. But more interefting, and ftill more exalted
fubjects, muft employ my future {pan.

APPENDIX,

45

Borneo.
Tue Spicy
IstanDs.

New Hotuanp,
New Guinea.

Ae bBo NG Dia EL pe aN is

TO

THE HONORABLE

DAINES BARRINGTON.

Dear Sir,

NOW execute the promife I made in town fome time ago,

of communicating to you the refult of my vifit to Mr. Falk-
ener, an antient jefuit, who had paffed thirty-eight years of his
life in the fouthern part of South America, between the river /a
Plata and the ftreights of Magellan. Let me endeavor to pre-
judice you in favor of my new friend, by affuring you, that by
his long intercourfe with the inhabitants of Patagonia, he feems
to have loft all European guile, and to have acquired all the fim-
plicity, and honeft impetuofity, of the people he has been fo
long converfant with. I venture to give you only as much of
his narrative as he could vouch for the authenticity of ; which con-
fits of fuch facts as he was eye-witnefs to, and fuch as will (I be-
lieve) eftablith paft contradiétion the veracity of our late circum-
navigators,

47

48

A 2 PE NOD a oe nee

navigators, and give new lights into the manners of this fingular
race of men: it will not,I flatter myfelf, be deemed imperti-
nent to lay before you a chronological mention of the feveral
evidences that will tend to prove the exiftence of a people of a
fupernatural height inhabiting the fouthern tract. You will
find that the majority of voyagers, who have touched on that
coaft, have feen them, and made reports of their fize, that will
very well keep in countenance the verbal account given by Mr.
Byron, and the printed by Mr. Clarke: you will obferve, that if
the old voyagers did exaggerate, it was through the novelty and
amazement at fo fingular a fight; but the latter, forewarned by
the preceding accounts, feem to have made their remarks with
coolnefs, and confirmed them by the experiment of meafure-
ment.
A.D. 1519. The firft who faw thefe people was the great
Magellan ; one of them juft made his appearance on the banks of
the river Je Plata, and then made his retreat: but during Magel-
lan’s long ftay at Port St. Julian, he was vifited by numbers of
this tall race. The firft approached him, finging, and flinging
the duft over his head; and fhewed all figns of a mild and
peaceable difpofition: his vifage was painted; his garment the
fkin of fome animal neatly fewed; his arms a ftout and thick
bow, a quiver of long arrows feathered at one end, and armed
at the other with flint. The height of thefe people was about
feven feet, (French) but they were not fo tall as the perfon who
approached them firft, who is reprefented to have been of fo
gigantic a fize, that Magellen’s men did not with their heads
reach as high as the waift of this Patagonian. They had with
them beafts of burden, on which they placed their wives; by
Magellan’s,

OF THE PATAGONIANS.

Magellan's defcription of them, they appear to have been the
animals now known by the name of Lama.

T Hess interviews ended with the captivating two of the people,
who were carried away in two different fhips; but as foon as
they arrived in the hot climate each of them died.

I pwetz the longer on this account, as it appears extremely
deferving of credit; as the courage of Magellan made him in-
capable of giving an exaggerated account through the influence
of fear: nor could there be any miitake about the height, as
he had not only a long intercourfe with them, but the actual
poffeffion of two, for a very confiderable fpace of time *.

Ir was Magellan who firft gave them the name of Patagons,
becaufe they wore a fort of flipper made of the fkin of animals:
Tellement, fays M. de Broffe+, quils, paroiffoit avoir des pattes de
Bétes.

In 1525, Garcia de Louifa faw, within the ftreights of Magel-
Jan, favages of a very great ftature, but he does not particularife
their height.

Arter Louifa the fame ftreights were pafled in 1535 by Simox
de Alcazova, and attempted in 1540, by Alphonfo de Camargo, but
without being vifited by our tall people.

Tue fame happened to our countryman fir Francis Drake; but,
becaufe it was not the fortune of that able and popular feaman

* Vide Ramuffos Coll. Voyages, Venice 1550; alfo the letter of Maximilian

Tranfylvanus, Sec. to Charles V. and in the 1ft vol. p. 376. A. and B.
+ This account (as well as the others where I do not quote my authority}
are taken from that judicious writer M.de Brofe.

H tG

49

59

ACP) PGE) NODE TA NG:

to meet with thefe gigantic people, his contemporaries confi-
dered the report as the invention of the Spaniards.

In 1579, Pedro Sarmiento afferts, that thofe he faw were
three ells high. ‘This is a writer ] would never venture to quote

fingly, for he deftroys his own credibility by faying, the favage

he made prifoner was an errant Cyclops: I only cite him to prove
that he had fell in with a tall race, though he mixes fable with
truth.

Tw 1686, our countryman, fir Thomas Cavendifh, in his voyage,
had only opportunity of meafuring one of their footfteps, which
was eighteen inches long: \he alfo found their graves, and men-
tions their cuftoms of burying near the fhore *.

In 1591, Anthony Knevet, who failed with fir Thomas Caven-
difb in his fecond voyage, relates, that he faw, at Port Dejire,
men fifteen or fixteen {pans high, and that he meafured the bo-
dies of two that had been recently buried, which were fourteen
fpans long f.

1599.—Sebald de Veert, who failed with admiral de Cordes, was
attacked in the ftreight Magel/an by favages whom he thought
to be ten or eleven feet high: he adds, that they were of reddifh
color, and had long hair f.

In the fame year Oliver du Nort, a Dutch admiral, had a ren-
contre with this gigantic race, whom he reprefents to be of a
high ftature and of a terrible afpect.

* Purchas,i. 58.
+ Purchas, 1. 1232.
t Col. Voy. by the Dutch Eat India company, &¢. London 1703. Pp. 319-

1614.

OR DAE PPATAGO NT 4.N5.

1614.—George Spilbergen, another Dutchman, in his paflage
through the fame itreight, faw a man, of a gigantic ftature,
climbing a hill as if to take a view of the fhip *.

1615.—Le Maire and Schguten difcovered fome of the bury-
ing places of the Patagonians beneath heaps of great ftones, and
found in them fkeletons ten or eleven feet Jong +.

Mr. Falkener fuppofes, that formerly there exifted a race of
Patagonians fapericr to thefe in fize; for fkeletons are often
found of far greater dimenfions, particularly about the river
Zexeira. Perhaps he may have heard of the old tradition of
the natives mentioned by Cieza, and repeated from him by
Garcilaffo de la Vega §, of certain giants having come by fea, and
landed near the Cape of St. Helena, many ages before the arrival
of the Europeans.

1618.—Gracias de Nodal, a Spanifh commander, in the courfe

of his voyage, was informed by John Moore, one of his crew,

who landed between Cape St. E/prit, and Cape St. Arenas, on the
fouth fide of the ftreights, that he trafficked with a race of men
taller, by the head, than the Europeans. This, and the next, are
the only inftances | ever met with of the tall race being found
on that fide of the ftreights.

1642.—Henry Brewer, a Dutch admiral, obferved in the
ftreights /e Maire, the footfteps of men which meafured eighteen
inches, this is the laft evidence in the 17th century of the ex-

® Purchas, i. 80.

+ Ibid. i. g1.

t Seventeen years travels of Peter de Cieza, 138.
§ Tranflated by Ricaut, p. 263.

H 2 iftence

Lar

AY) Pe PORE EN © a FT axe ONG?

iftence of thefe tall people: but let it be obferved, that out of
the fifteen firft voyagers who paffed through the Magellanic
ftreights, not fewer than nine are undeniable witneffes of the
fact we would eftablith.

In the prefent century I can produce but two evidences of
the exiftence of the tall Patagonians. ‘The one in 1704, when
the crew of a fhip belonging to St. Malces, commanded by
captain Harrington, faw feven of thefe giants in Gregory bay.
Mention is alfo made of fix more being feen by captain Carman,
a native of the fame town; but whether in the fame voyage my
authority is filent *.

Bur as it was not the fortune of the four other voyagers +,
who failed through the ftreights in the 17th century, to fall in
with any of this tall race, it became a fafhion to treat as fabu-
lous the account of the preceding nine, and to hold this lofty
race as the mere creation of a warm imagination.

In fuch a temper was the public, on the return of Mr. Byroz
from his circumnavigation, in the year1766. I-had not-the
honor of having perfonal conference with that gentleman,
therefore will not repeat the accounts I have been informed he
had given to feveral of his friends; I rather chufe to recapitulate
that given by Mr. Clarke [, in the Philofophical Tranfastions for
1767, p. 75. Mr. Clarke was officer in Mr. Byron’s thip,
landed with him in the ftreights of Magel/an, and had for-two

" Frezier’s Voy. 84.
ft Sir John Narborcuch, in 16703; Bartholomew Sharp, in 1680; De Gennes,
in 1696 ; and Beauche/ne Gouin, in 1699.
} This able officer commanded the Di/covery in captain Cook’s laft voyage,
and died of Kamt/chatha, Auguf? 22,1779.
hours

OM) RE, (RA PAG ON VAS,

hours an opportunity of ftanding within a few yards of this race,
and feeing them examined and meafured by Mr. Byron. He re-
prefents them in general as ftout and well proportioned, and
affures us, that none of the men were lower than eight feet, and
that fome even exceeded nine; and that the women were from
feven feet and an half to eight feet. He faw Mr. Byron meafure
one of the men, and, notwithftanding the commodore was near
fix feet high, he could, when on tip-toe, but juft reach with his
hand the top of the Patagonian’s head; and Mr. Clarke is cer-
tain, that there were feveral taller than him on whom the ex-
periment was made, for there were about five hundred men,
women, and children. They feemed very happy at the landing
-of our people, and exprefied their joy by a rude fort of finging.
They were of a copper color, and had long lank hair, and
faces hideoufly painted; both fexes were covered with fkins,
and fome appeared on horfeback and others on foot.

M. de Premontel makes this an object of ridicule, as if the
fize of the horfes were unequal to the burden of the riders. Our
navigators tell us, that the horfes were fifteen or fixteen hands
high. It is well known, that a mill-horfe has been known to
carry nine hundred and ten pounds, a weight probably beyond
that of any Patagenian they faw.

A Few had on their legs a fort of boot, with a fharp-pointed
ftick at the heel inftead of a fpur. ‘Their'bridles were made of
thong, the ‘bit wood; the faddle as artlefs as poffible, and
without ftirrups. The introduction of horfes into thefe parts
by the Europeans, introduced likewife the only fpecies of ma-
nufacture they appear-to be acquainted with. All their fkill
Aeems to extend no farther than thefe rude eflays at a harnefs;

4 and

AIP TE ENG AD so SESS, BOTAN Sr,

and to equip themfelves for Cavaliers. In other refpééts they
would be in the fame ftate as our firft parents juft turned cut of
paradife, cloathed in coats of fkins; or at beft in the fame con-
dition in which Cz/ar found-the ancient Britons; for their drefs
was fimilar, their hair long, and their bodies, like thofe of our
anceftors, made terrific by wild painting. Thefe people, by
fome means or other, had acquired a few beads and bracelets;
otherwife not a fingle article of European fabric appeared among
them!’ Thefe they muft have gotten by the intercourfe with
the other Jdian tribes: for had they had any intercourfe with
the Spaniards, they never would have negiected procuring knives,
the ftirrups, and other conveniences which the people feen by
Mr. Wallis had.

I sHoutp have been glad to have clofed, in this place, the
relations of this ftupendous race of mankind; becaufe the two
following accounts given by gentlemen of character and abilities
feem to contradiét great part of what had been before advanced,
or at lefl ferve to give {coffers room to fay, that the preceding
navigators had feen thefe people through the medium of mag-
nifying glaffes, inftead of the fober eye of obfervation: but be-
fore I make my remarks on what has been before related, I
fhall proceed with the other navigators, and then attempt to re-
concile the different accounts. In 1767, captain Wallis of the
Dolphin, and captain Philip Carteret of the Swallow floop, faw
and meafured with a pole feveral of the Patagonians, who hap-
pened to bein the ftreights of Magellan during his paflage *, he
reprefents them as a fine and friendly people, cloathed in fkins,

* Phil. Tranf. 1770; ps 21. Hawkefworth’s Voy.i. 374.
6 and

OF THE PATAGONIANS.

and on their legs a fort of boots, and many of them tied their
hair, which was long and black, with a fort of woven ftuff of
the breadth of a garter, made of fome kind of wool. That
their arms were flings formed of two round balls, faftened> one
to each end of a cord, which they fling with great force and
dexterity. He adds, taey hold one ball in their hand, and fwing
the other at the full length of the cord round their head, by which
it acquires a prodigious velocity : they will fling it to a great
diftance, and with fuch exaétnefs, as to ftrike a very fmall object.
Thefe people were alfo mounted cn horfes; their faddles, bridles,
&c. were of their own making; fome had iron, and others me-
tai bits to their bridles, and one had a Spani/b broad fword; but
whether the laft articles were taken by war, or procurred by
-commerce, is uncertain; but the laft is moft probable. It
feems evident that they had intercourfe with Europeans, and had
even adopted jome of their fafhions ; for many had, cut their
drefs into form of Spanifh Punchos, or a fquare piece of cloth
with a hole cut for the head, the reft hanging loofe as low as
the knees. They alfo wore drawers; fo thefe people had at-
tained a few fteps farther towards civilifation than their gigan-
tic neighbors; others again will appear to have made a far
greater advance; for thefe ftill devoured their meat raw, and
drank nothing but water.

-M. Bougainville, in the fame year, faw another party of the
natives of Patagonia: he meafured feveral of them, and declares
that none were lower than five feet five inches, French, of taller
than five feet ten; 2. e. five feet ten, or fix feet three, Englifo
meafure, He concludes his account with faying, that he after-

wards

55

56

AS PE SPAOE Se Ni WD: 21 OXER RIN Gert

wards met with a taller people in the South Sea, but I donot re-
collect that he mentions the place.

I am forry to be obliged to remark, in thefe voyages, a very
illiberal propenfity to cavil at and invalidate the account given by
Mr. Byron: but at the fame time exult in having had an: opportu-
nity given me by that gentleman of vindicating his and the national
honor. MM. Bougainville, in order to prove he fell in with the
identical people that Mr. Byron converfed with, afferts, that he
faw numbers of them poffeffed of knives of an Engli/b manu-
factory, certainly given them by Mr. Byron; but he fhould have
confidered that there are more ways than one of coming at a
thing, that the commerce between Sheffield and South America,
through the port of Cadiz, is moft uncommonly large; and that
his Indians might have got their knives from the Spaniards at the
fame time that they got their gilt nails and Spani/b harnefs: but
for farther fatisfaétion on this fubject, I have liberty to fay, from
Mr. Byron’s authority, that he never gave a fingle knife to the
people he faw; that he had not one at that time about him;
that, excepting the prefents given with his own hands, and the
tobacco brought by lieutenant Cummins, not the left trifle was -
beftowed. Iam furnifhed with one other proof, that thefe leffer
Indians, whom Mr. Wallis faw, were not the fame with thofe
defcribed by Mr. Byron, as has been infinuated: for the firft
had with him fome officers who had been with him on the pre-
ceding voyage, and who bear witnefs, not only to the difference
of fize, but declare that thefe people had not a fingle article
among them given by Mr. Byron*. It is extremely probable

* See Mr. Byron’s letter at the end,
that

OF DHE PAT AGONTAN S;

that thefe were the Jndians that Mr. Bougainville fell in with; for
they were furnifhed with bits, a Spani/b fcymeter, and brafs ftir-
rups as before mentioned.

My laft evidence of thefe gigantic Americans is that which I
received from Mr. Falkener; he acquainted me, that about the
year 1742 he was fent on a miffion to the vaft plains of Pampas,
which, if I recolleét right, lie to the fouth-weft of Buenos Ayres,
and extend near a thoufand miles towards the des. In thefe
plains he firft met with fome tribes of thefe people, and was
taken under the protection of one of the Cazigues. The remarks
he made on their fize were as follows; that the talleft, which he
meafured in the fame manner that Mr. Byron did, was feven
feet eight inches high; that the common height, or middle fize,
was fix feet; that there were numbers that were even fhorter;
and that the talleft women did not exceed fix feet. That they
were fcattered from the foot of the “4vdes, over that vaft tract
which extends to the Atlantic Ocean, and are found as far as the
Red River at Bay Anagada, \at. 40.1; below that the land is
too barren to be habitable, and none are found, except accidental
migrants, till you arrive at the river Gallego, near the ftreights of
Magellan.

Tuey are fuppofed to be a race derived from the Chilian In-
dians, the Puelches who inhabited the eaftern fide of the Andes,
the fame brave nation who defeated and deftroyed the avari-
cious Spaniard Baldivia, but after that were difpoffeffed of their
feat.

“Tuey dwell in large tents covered with the hides of mares,
and divided within into apartments, for the different ranks of the
family, by a fort of blanketing. They are a moft migratory

I people,

Ao VE 6B ES CIN CBN al ORE es N ora

people, and often fhift their quarters; when the women ftrike-
the tents, affift in putting them on their horfes, and, like the fe-
males of all favage countries, undergo all. the laborious work.

Tuey have two motives for fhitting their quarters; one, for
the fake of getting falt, which they find incrufted in the thallow
pools near the fea fide.

Tue other inducement is the fuperftition they have of bury--
ing their dead within a certain diftance of the ocean. And I may
certainly add a third, that of the neceffity they muft lie under of

feeking frefh quarters on account of the chace, which is their-

principal fubfiftence.

Tose who deny the exiftence of thefe great people, never-

confider the migratory nature of the inhabitants of this prodi-
gious tract, and never refleét that the tribes who may have
been feen this month on the coaft, may the next be fome hun-

dreds of miles inland, and their place occupied by a tribe or-
nation totally different. Thefe gentlemen feem to lay down as.
a certain pofition, that Patagonia is peopled by only a fingle na-
tion; and from that falfe principle they draw their arguments,.
fneer, infult, and even grofsly abufe all that differ in opinion..
Among the moft illiberal of thefe writers 1s AZ. de. Premontal,.
who, with the rapid ingenuity of his country, mounts on his.

headftrong courfer Preyupice, fets off full fpeed, rides over all
the honeft fellows that would inform him of his road, and fpurns
even Truth herfelf, though fhe offers to be his guide: but truth is
unadorned, and hated by this fantaftic writer ; it would fpoil him
of all the flowers of fiction, and tropes of abufe, againft a rival
country ; and would teach him faéts that would ruin his argument,

rs and.

At

OF THE PATAGONIANS.

and reduce his eloquent memoire to a fingle narrative of un-
contefted veracity.

Terr food is (almoft entirely) animal: the flefh of horfes,
oxen, guanacoes, and oftriches, all of which they eat roafted or
boiled. Their drink is'water, except in the feafon when cer-
tain fpecies of fruit are ripe, for of thofe they make a fort of
fermenting liquor called Chacha, common to many parts of
South America. One kind is made of a podded fruit called /-
garrova, which fimells like a bug, and when bruifed in water
becomes an inebriating liquor. The fame fruit is alfo eaten as
bread. The other Chucha is made of the Mole, a {mall fruit,
hot and fweet in the mouth: both thefe caufe a deep drunken-
nefs, efpecially the laft, which excites a phrenetic inebriation, and
a wildnefs of eyes, which lafts two or three days,

Tue cloathing of thefe people is either a mantle of fkins, or
of a woollen * cloth manufactured by themfelves; fome is fo
ftrong and compact as even to hold water: the color is various,
for fome are ftriped and dyed with the richeft red, made of
cochineal and certain roots. They wear a fhort apron before,
which is tucked between the legs, and preferves a modeft ap-
pearance. They never wear feathered ornaments, except in
their dances. ‘Their hair is long, and tied up with a fillet.
They have naturally beards}, but they generally pluck up
the hairs; not but fome leave muftaches, as was obferved by
Mr. Carteret and M. Bougainville.

* The Puelches have no fheep but what they purchafe from the Voluches,
who inhabit the dzdes, cultivate fheep, and raife corn; the wool is equally fine
with that of Old Spain.

+ MM. Premontal roundly afferts that they have no beards.

J 2 WHEN

59

60

ANP | Boies IN WD OT exc Ng

WueEn they-go to war, they wear a fourfold coat, of the fkin
of the Zapiir, a cap of bull’s hide doubled, and a broad target
of the fame. Their offenfive weapons are bows and arrows, the
laft headed with bone, lances headed with iron, and broad
fwords, both which they procure from the Spaniards: but their
native weapons are flings; of thefe they have two kinds; one for
war, which confifts of a thong, headed with ftone at only one
end; and during their campaigns they carry numbers of thefe
wrapped about their bodies.

Tue flings which they ufe in the chace of horfes, cattle, or
oftriches, have a ftone fixed to each end; and fometimes another
thong, with a third ftone, is faftened to the middle of the
other: thefe, with amazing dexterity, they fling round the ob-
jects of the chace, be they beafts or oftriches, which entangle
them fo that they cannot ftir. The Indians leave them, I may
fay thus tied neck and heels, and go on in purfuit of frefh
game; and, having finifhed their fport, return to the animals
they left fecured in the flings.

Terr wars are chiefly with the other Indians, for, Patagonia
is inhabited by variety of people, not a fingle nation. They
have a creat deal of intercourfe with the Spaniards, and often
come down to Buenos Ayres to trade for iron, bugles, &c.

Tus commerce with the Europeans has corrupted them
greatly, taught them the vice of dram-drinking, and been a
dreadful obftacle to their moral improvement. Mr. Falkener
informed me, that he once prevaled on about five hundred
to form a reduétion, but that they grew unruly and ungovern-
able as foon as the Spani/b traders got among them.

Tuerr war and their chace are carried on on horfeback, for

they

OF THE PATAGONIANS.

they are moft expert riders, and have multitudes. of horfes, with
which the country is perfeétly over-run, for they go in herds of
thoufands. The price of a horfe at prefent is two dollars, or.
gs. and 2d. provided it has been broken. About the year1554”,,
near the time of the conqueft of Peru, the common price of
one was from four to fix thoufand to ten. thoufand Pe/os +, or
from £.1350 to £.2250 Englifh.

Tue venereal diftemper is common among them. They do
not fpeak of it as an exotic diferder, fo probably it is. abo-
riginal.

In refpect to religion, they allow two principles, a good-and a
bad: The good they call, the Creator of all things; but
confider him as one that, after that, never folicits himfelf about
them. He is ftyled by fome Soucha, or chief in the land of
ftrong drink ; by others Gawyara-cunnee,. or Lord of the dead.
The evil principle is called Hueccovee, or the wanderer without.
Sometimes thefe (for there are feveral) are fuppofed to prefide
over particular perfons, protect their own people, or injure.
others.. Thefe are likewife called Valichu,, or dwellers in:
the air.

Tuey have priefts and priefteffes, whofé office is to-mediate-

with thefe beings in cafe of ficknefs or any diftrefs; by the in--
tervention of the prieft they are confalted about future events ;-
at thofe feafons the prieft fhuts himfelf.up, and falls into a phre--

* Garcilaffa dela Vega, 377, Engl. tranflation. -
+ Pefos in the original; perhaps Pe/es duros, which makes the above fum.
tM. de Premontal is clear they have no-fort of religion.

netic

61

Be OPO PB Ne VI) Sl) axa5, SUN Rr..

‘netic extacy *, and appears epileptic. If he gives a wrong an-
fwer, he lays the fault on the evil principle, who, he fays, had de-
ceived him by not coming in perfon, but only fent one of his
flaves. At thefe times the great people affemble about the
cabin, from whence the oracle is to be delivered, waiting its re-
port with great anxiety.

Ir a Cazique dies, or any public calamity happens; for exam-
ple, in particular, when the fmall-pox had made great ravages
among the tribes, the priefts are fure to fuffer, for the misfor-
‘tune is prefumed to have happened through their neglect in not
deprecating the evil; in thefe cafes they have no other methed
-of faving themfelves, but by laying the blame on others of their
‘brethren.

Prissts are chofen from among the young people, the moft
effeminate they can find; but thofe that are epileptic have al-
sways the preference, and thefe drefs in a female habit.

Tue Puelches have anotion of a future ftate, and imagine that
after death they are to be tranfported to a country, where the
fruits of inebriation are eternal, there to live in immortal drunk-
ennefs, or the perpetual chace of the oftrich.

Wuen a perfon of eminence dies, the moft refpectable wo-
man in the place goes into the tent, clears the body of all the
inteftines, and fcrapes off as much of the flefh from the bones
as poffible, and thea burns very carefully both that and the en-
trails: when that is done, the bones are buried till the reft of
the flefh is quite decayed; they are taken up within a year ;

* The pretenders to fecond-fight, in the Hebrides, and the Awenyddion, or the
Jnfpired, among the Welch, are {eized with the fame extafies.

and

OH TEE PATA GO NAN.

afd if any of the bones drop out of their places they are refixed’
and tied together, and the whole formed into a perfect fkeleton.
Thus complete, it is packed up in a hide, put on the back of a
favorite horfe of the deceafed, and then tranflated to the tomb
of his anceftor, perhaps 300 miles diftant, and always within a.
fmall fpace from the fea..

Tue fkeleton is then taken out, and, decked in its beft robes, ,

and adorned with plumes and beads, is placed fitting in a deep.
fquare pit, parallel with thofe buried before, with fword, lance,.
and other weapons placed by them; and the {kins of their
horfes, ftuffed, and fupported by ftakes, alfo accompany them.

The top of the pit is then covered with turf, placed on tranfverfe:

beams.

A matron is appointed to attend thefe fepulchres, whofe-

office it is to keep the fkeletons clean, and to new-clothe them
annually*. I forgot to add, that, on depofiting a fkeleton in:

its tomb, the Puelches make a libation of Chucha, and, like what:
1 have heard of an honeft Spaniard, drink Viva el. morte, Long.

live the dead.

Tuey allow polygamy, and marry promifcuoufly among other
Americans; they are allowed as many as three wives apiece, but.
if any take more than that number, he is efteemed a libertine,
and held in very little efteem..

Wivows black their faces for a year after their hufbands.
deceafe.

In refpect to government, the Cazigques are hereditary, it is

* This account agrees with thofe given by Laftax in moft particulars; vide
Meurs des Sauvages, xi. 438.
their.

6x

BAPE) NE TES PAIN, COLD Sool EONS aw IN RT <

their bufinefs to proteét the property of their people, and they
have power of life and death: the office is far from being eli-
gible; many reject it, becaufe they are obliged to pay all their
people for ‘their fervices, who may at pleafure change their
Caziques, fo that feveral refufe to accept new vaffals, who may
offer themfelves; for it is not allowed any Indian to live out of
the protection of fome Cazigue: in fuch a cafe he would cer-
tainly be looked on as an outlaw.

ExLoqvence is in high efteem with them. If a Cazique wants
that talent, he keeps an orator; juft as leaders in cppofition
have been known to do among us.

Tuis clofes the hiftory Mr. Falkener favored me with; but
T muft not quit that gentleman without informing yeu, that he
returned to Europe with a fuit of Patagonian cloth, a cup of
horn, and a little pot made of Chilian copper; the whole fruits
the Spaniards left him, after the labors of a thirty-eight years
miflion.

From the preceding account it appears, that the country,
which goes under the name of Patagonia, extending from the
river /a Plata, lat. 35, to the ftreights of Magellan, lat. 53 *,
and -weftward*as far as the Andes, is inhabited by men who may

be divided into three different claffes ; and to them may be added

a fourth, a combination or mixture of others.

Tue firft isa race of men of common fize, who have been
feen by numbers, and whofe exiftence is indifputable. Thefe
often are feen on the northern fide of the ftreights of Magellan,

* M. de Premental will compare Patagonia to the fpace between the Riviere

-4es Sardines and the ftreights of Magellan.

and

OF THE PATAGONIANS.

and oftener on the Terra del Fuego fide, even as low as oppofite
to Cape Horn. Thefe are frequently an exiled race, unhappy
fugitives, drove by their enemies to take fhelter from their fury,
in thofe diftant parts; for fuch is the information Mr. Falkener
received from fome Indians he met with in the fouthern parts
of Patagonia, and this will account for the fettled melancholy of
the people obferved by the navigators in Terra del Fuego.

Tue fecond clafs confifts of thofe who (in general) exceed
the common height of Europeans by a few inches, or perhaps

the head; fuch were thofe who were feen by oan Moore, who
failed with Gracias de Nodal, in 1618; by Mr. Carteret, in 1767,
and by M!. Bougainville, in the fame year.

Tue third clafs is compofed of-thofe whofe height is fo extra-
ordinary as to occafion fo great a difbelief of the accounts of
voyagers; and yet they are indifputably an exiftent people ; they
have been feen by Magellan, and fix others, in the 16th century,
and by two if not three in the prefent.~
. THE fourth clafs is a mixed race, who, carelefs abour pre-
ferving their generous and exalted breed pure and undegenerate,
have degraded themfelves by intermixing with the puny tribes
of the country, and from ‘that intercourfe have produced a mon-
grel breed of every fize, except that of the original ftandard ;

fome few, as if by accident, feem to afpire to the height of their
anceftors, but are checked in their growth, and ftop at the fta-
ture of feven feet eight inches, fcarce the middle fize of the ge-
nuine breed.- But another reafon may be affigned for the dege-
_ neracy and inequality of fize in this clafs: they live within the
neighborhood of Europeans, they hive intercourfe with them,
and from them they have acquired the vice of dram-drinking,

K and

65°

€6

ALCP PPE eR Ne Di Tig Xs ai Nala

and all its horrible confequences; this alone is fufficient to make
a nation of giants dwindle into pygmics,

A THIrD reafon may ftill be affigned, viz. the introduc-
tion of manufactories among them. ‘Thofe people, who de-
pended on the fpoils of the chace for their habiliments, were
certain cf preferving their full vigor, their ftrength of conftitu-
tion, and fulnefs of habit; while thofe who are confined to the

loom grow enervate, and lofe much of the force of their bodily:

faculties. They alfo live in tents lined with woollen manu-
facture, which doubtlefsly are much more delicate, luxurious,
and warm, than the dwellings of the third undegenerate clafs..
We are unacquainted with the form of their tents, but we know:
that they ftill cloath themfelves with the fkins of beafts, and:
that, among thofe Mr. Clarke faw,,there was not the left appear—
ance of manufactury, excepting what related to their horfe fur-
niture. ‘Thefe feem to have been the genuine remains of the:
free race; the conquerors of. Pedro de Baldivia; the Puelchesy.
whofe original ftation was among the Andes of Chiloe, in about:
latitude 43, and almoft due eaft of the ifle of Chiloe. Thefe
were the defcendants of the Jzdiavs who retreated to the fouth,,
far out of the common track of Europeans, and who retain their.
primeyal grandeur of fize: the others, who fled north-eaft, for-
getful of their original magnificent ftature, loft in general that:
noble diftinétion by unfuitable alliances, and the ufe of fpirits,,
while the firft probably only marry amiong themfelves, and cer-
tainly have all ftrone liquer in abhorrence: fome of this tall
race feem ftill to inhabit the {tations of their anceftors, or fome.
not very remote from them; for MZ. Frezier was affured by Doz.
Pedro Molina, governor of Chiloe, that he once was vifited by

x fome

OF DHE PA rAGONLAN'S.

fome of thefe people, who were four varas, or about nine or ten
feet high; they came in company with fome Chiloe Indians *,
with whom they were friends, and who probably found them in
fome of their excurfions.

M. de Premontal infults M. Frezier with much acrimony on
account of this relation ; and charges him with changing the feat
of thofe people from the eaftern coaft to the weftern, or the tract
between Chiloe and the Magellanic fireights; but the truth is,
that Frezier fays no fuch thing, but mentions them as a nation
living up the country inland, not near the fhores; MM. Preimontal
alfo {neers at the evidence of the crews of the Malce fhips; but
they by no means place thefe tall people on the weftern coaft
of South America, but at Gregory Bay, a place very little diftant
from the eaftern entrance of the ftreights, and near which
thefe giants have been more frequently feen than any
where elfe.

My remarks on AZ de Premontal are but a tribute to the
many civilities I have received from do&or Martie, who has
been moft unprovokedly, unjuftly, and liberally abufed by this
vague and pragmatical writer.

Tuus I conclude all that I colle relating to thefe fingular
people. Let me beg you to receive the account with your ufual
éandor, and think me, with the moft regard,

Dear Sir,
Your faithful and affeCtionate humble fervant,

THO MAS PE NNAN ge
Downing, Nov. 28th, 1771.

® Frezigy’s Voyage, page 86,

67

63

AP Ry PPO GE AN PD ail eee an IN eae

Copy of a paper tranfmitted from admiral Byrov to mex
through the hands of the right reverend John Egerton,
late bifhop of Durham, after he had perufed the manu-
fcript of the foregoing account.

«© THE people I‘ faw, upon the coaft of Patagonia, were not
the fame that was feen the fecond voyage. , One or two of
the officers that failed with me, and afterwards with captain
Wallace, declared to me that they had not a fingle thing I
had diftributed amoneft thofe Ifaw. 1. Bougainville remarks
that his officers lanced amongft the Ivdians 1 had feen, as
they had many Engli/b knives amongft them, which were, as
he pretends, undoubtedly given by me: now it happened
that I never gave a fingle knife to any of thofe Indians, nor
did I even carry one afhore with me.
“ T HAD often heard from the Spaniards, that there were two
or three different nations of very tall people, the largeft of
which inhabit thofe immenfe plains at the back of the Andes.
The others fomewhere near the river Galegos. I take it to
be the former that I faw, and for this reafon:—returning from
Port Famine, where I had been to wood and water, I faw
thofe peoples’ fires a long way to the weftward of where I
had left them, and a great way inland, fo, as the winter was
approaching, they were certainly returning to a better cli-
mate. I remarked that they had not one fingle thing amongft
them that fhewed they ever had any commerce with Euro-
peans. They were certainly of a moft amazing fize: fo much
were their horfes difproportioned, that all the people that
were with me in the boats, when very near the fhore, fwore
a “ that

=
m

a

a
n

al

Sal
n

Tal
ry

+

OF THE PATAGONIANS.

that they were all mounted upon deer; and to this inftant I
believe there is not a man that landed with me, though they
were at fome diftance from them, but would fwear they took
them to be nine feet high. I do fuppofe many of them were
between feven and eight, and {trong in proportion.

« Mr. Byron is much obliged to Mr. Pennant for the perufal

of his manufcript, and thinks his remarks very judicious.”

APPENDIX;

69

A POR ND) Gade Neo!

FREE THOWG HATS

OUNo) TEe E
Mii tT iA A wis)
Or ape Ey POW Re uN VAT Ta AeN aS.) © Bi
NORGE, 74 LES:

————t

178.0.

es

pr

Owen Rurrueap, Efq. —

z

tia

. Digef of the Mil

a Large, publifbed |

tes

The Statu

4

=
s
“A

8

BG UaIDe big)

By?

RicuarpD Burn

FREE THOUGHTS, &c.

MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN,
T atime in which you feel the diftreffes in common with,
the reft of the nation, it behoves every one of you to be
made acquainted with the laws, in order (as much as is poflible)
to eafe yourfelves of the burdens under which you labor; and
legally to refift every oppreffion which may be attempted againft
you.

poor’s rate) is that which arifes from the taxes to fupport the
militia. The laws relating to it are the moft numerous, and

the punifhments attending the breach of them are fo hard, that.

for fear that any of you fhould offend, by reafon of ignorance,
I fhall, in the briefeft manner, fet before you a few points
which concern perfons in every ftation of life. If I fhould
chance to fpeak of any piece of hiftory, or touch on any thing
beyond the apprehenfions of any of you, your minifter is, I
truft, refident among you, and ready to expound any diffi-
culty.

Tue militia has been of very long ftanding in this kingdom;
feveral ftatutes were from very old times enacted for its regula-
tion, which in the reign of Charles II. were revifed, and a new
body of laws framed. Thefe were continued almoft to the
reign of his prefent majefty ; for after they had undergone feve-
ral alterations in the latter part of his grandfather’s time, they

L were

Tue moft grievous load which you now feel (next to the

73

13,14 Ch. Ils. 3.
Stat. L. i. 219.
Digett 1.

30 G. II. c. 25.
Stat. L, viii. 80.

14

13, 14 Ch. IT.
IGppbbG sb.)

The fame, f. 29.
Digett, p. 8.

2G. III. f. 42.
Stat. L. viii. 622.
Digelt 6.

2G. III. f. 58.
Stat. L. vill. 624.

18 G.I. c59.f11.

58
288.

Stat. L. xiii.
Digeit 47.

WA PA SP ES NG 61) lg XS, NT 5

were totally repealed, and the laws under which we now act
were made in their place; but many of the claufes of the pre-
ceding ftatute were reftored. The former is called the O/d
Militia. Jt certainly was of very little ufe as it then ftood;
but it had one advantage over the prefent; for the expence of
raifing the men was founded on the trueft juftice. Thofe who
had great eftates, palaces, and rich furniture to defend, were
charged accordingly. The gentlemen of leffer fortune, and free-
holders, were charged lefs ; and the honeft farmer, who had
nothing but his rick-yard, the hard fruit of his labor! ‘his poor
dwelling, and his coarfe bed, to care about, was only obliged
to pay according to fuch private agreement as might be made
between him and his landlord; and all chis was done in the ar-
bitrary reign of a Stuart! But at prefent there is, in one in-
{tance, a more levelling principle. The poor laborer is, in
fome cafes, obliged to contribute ten pounds (if he can raife it}
towards the defence of the kingdom; and the greateft {quire in
the principality is not bound to give a farthing more.

In the Old Militia, all bufinefs relating to the chargine the
fubject with finding foldiers, was committed to the lieutenant
of the county and his deputies, or to the major part of thofe
prefent; or, in the abfence of the heutenant, to the major part
of the deputy lieutenants then prefent; which major part was to
be three at left. 1 am forry to remark, that even at the firft
framing of the new militia, this important fecurity of the in-
terefts of the poor fubject was weakened: for the powers were
in that a& entrufted to three deputy heutenants or juftices only ;
and fince that time, the number (when the militia is m a€tual
fervice) is reduced to two only.

4 Tus

DRO Es DEO: WU. Gori S$) | Bec.

Turis has been a moft dangerous and imprudent alteration.
Every one knows the hazard of truftine power in few hands.
Friendfhip, relationfhip, or an unfortunate congenial turn of
mind, may be found in two, which will hardly be met with in
a greater number. In fact, two may become but as one, and
this- reduction be productive of the moft fhameful abufes.

But if it were poffible, that a gentleman fhould fo far forget
the duty he owes to his country, as to adopt a fy{tem, in the
moft diftant view productive of a military government; fhould
he, through miftaken friendfhip, promote or fecond any illega-
lity of proceeding ; Heaven have mercy upon poor Britain! Not
the increafing power of the crown; not the machinations of a
faction; not the corruption of a parlement, will half fo effec-
tually ruin its conftitution. Not the force of man can overturn
it, if the civil powers are true to their truft: nor lefs than the
intervention of Heaven preferve it, if they are falfe.

Ar prefent perhaps no danger is to be apprehended; but, for
the fake of pofterity, let us guard againft events; and remember,
that “ an attack by ftorm may be repulfed, but an unfufpected
** fap is fure in the end to overturn the ftrongeft works.”

Is the militia at prefent that pure affemblage of men of rank,
fortune, and independence, as it was in the beginning? It may
confift of perfons of equal integrity. But is it not poffible that
a few may have crept in, deftitute of qualification, or deftitute of
heads fteady enough to bear the great trial of power? Are there
no inftances of their carrying the controul of the camp into pri-
vate life; none, of their ruffling the tranquillity of the focial
hour, clouding the bright moments of the gay affembly ; or pre-

Iya: venting

75

76

18 G. Til. c.14*.
Digeft, ed. 1778.
1a Se

ae, PP OP ER OWNED ar OCs Uae pe

venting the impending nap of the quiet magiftrate, who dared
to differ in opinion with them ?

I sHatt make no remarks on the method of ballotting, except
this: that a power is given to the deputy lieutenants and juf-
tices to order a frefh ballot, in cafe the lot falls on any perfon
who, by reafon of infirmity, or want of fize, is unfit to ferve.
This is extremely juft: yet {trict attention fhould be paid to
this power; leaft through too great nicety in the gentlemen, or
too great favor to the commanding officer, they fhould be in-
duced to reject thofe to whom nothing but the moft trivial, or
perhaps affected objections could be made. Befides, it moft
commonly happens, that on the day of appeal the lifts are en-
tirely cleared from all objectionable perfons. For the fake of
the people therefore, a fevere penalty fhould be enacted, as a
guard againft the abufe of this power.

Ir any of you who are ballotted, do not chufe to ferve, you
have liberty of offering a fubftitute; and that fubftitute muft
be five feet four inches high, and fit for fervice. You mutt.
offer none but fuch who are active in body and found in mind:
who can fully anfwer the purpofe for which they are called out,
that of defending our wives, children, and property. You muft
offer fuch who will not fhame you in diftant counties, or give
needlefs trouble to the gentlemen who command them, and
who have, in many inftances, for all our fakes, given up for a
time every comfort of a domelftic life.

* Abridged, and part ef the claufe omitted, in Mr. Ruffieaa’s edition. See
vol. xili. 181.

le

FyRg EE le Ey Oru Gi Elwin Sy dc:

Ir you happen to be fix feet high, and formed as perfect as
man can be, the magiftrates ought not to refufe a fubftitute in-
ferior to you in thofe advantages ; it may be your good (or I
may fay in this cafe) your ill fortune to be fo made: but ftill
they ought not to refufe any one you offer, who comes within
the above defcription. Two deputy lieutenants, or one deputy
lieutenant and one juftice, have power to accept or refufe them.
If thefe two are refolved to plague you, by the refufal of proper
fubftitutes; look about the room, and fee if there are any others
prefent, and perhaps by their interference the former may be
fhamed into compliance; for there are none but have eyes as
well as they, to difcern whether a man is five feet four, and
proper to be accepted; and fenfe enough to know (in cafes
where a fubftitute is accepted) that a fingle man will be lefs
burdenfome to a parifh than a married man. A merciful ma-
giftrate will furely never hefitate to prefer the former?

Tue poffible abufe of the power of rejection, or acceptance
of fubftitutes, when lodged in two only, fhews the neceffity of
refuming the antient mode, and of enlarging the number. At
prefent, let the power be ever fo much abufed, you are left help-
lefs in this act, for there is no punifhment for thofe who make
fo wanton an exertion of it.

But remember, that in cafe you are at length teized, by the
refufal of feveral {tout fubftitutes, into the payment of ten pounds
(which, properly fpeaking, is only to be levied in cafe you refufe
or neglect to provide a man in your room) remember, I fay,
that you are to pay the money into the hands of the church-
wardens and overfeers of your refpective parifhes only, who are
alfo the only perfons appointed by law to receive and pay the

ten

2G. Hi.c. 20. £42.
Stat. L, viii. 622.
2G. ll.c.20.f 51.
Stat. L. viii. 624.
Digelt 57.

78

2G.IIl.c. zo. f. 52.

Digeft 58.

2G. IIl.c.20.f. 51.

Stat. L. vill. 624.
Digeft 57, 58.

AP OPEN BD iiex Nee:

ten pounds, or to agree or contract for any fubftitutes, unlefs
you fhould chufe to do it yourfelves, or fhould chufe to employ
any friend to do it for you.

Anp obferve, that in cafe any of the deputies or juftices, or
even the lord lieutenant himfelf, fhould offend in ary article of
the above claufe, you may lay an information againft him, and
he is liable to be fined one hundred pounds: half of which is to be
paid to the profecutor, and half to the poor of the parifh in
which the offence was committed; and you may recover it in
any of his majefty’s courts of record.

Ir any deputy or juftice demands and gets from you more
than ten pounds, the offence becomes the dirty crime of extor-
tion. ‘Will not the world fay, that the offender finks the cha-
racter of the generous Briti/h gentleman, or brave officer, into
that of the recruiting ferjeant; and that he forfeits the confidence
of his poor countrymen, who look up to him for protection
from every wrong? But you may have more fubftantial fail
faction; you may bring an action againft him, expofe him in a
court of juftice, and recover full damages. ‘This may atone for
the private injury: but the public wrong is of that moment, as
only to be expiated before one of our higheft tribunals; and with
all the folemnity of public juftice.

Tuere is not one of your fellow-fubjects, let him be ever fo
great, that can levy on you a farthing more than the law allows.
One of our kings loft his head for trying to raife money without
confent of parlement. Surely you have more fpirit than to
fuffer any private man to tax you of his own authority? At the
fame time you muft pay quietly the ten pounds penalty; but
only in cafe you have by law incurred it. But remember, that

this

ERE EIT HO UG HT 5S, bee. 79

this payment does not exempt you from ferving again at the 2G.IIl.c.20.f. 42.
end of the three years, or from providing a fubftitute. See ees

Tue militia is our great and conftitutional fecurity: it is the
intereft of us all to preferve this bulwark of our freedom; but
let us all take care that, what was fo ftudioufly intended to be
the cuardian of our liberties, become not the inftrument of
our flavery, in the hands of men who know not the true ufe of
power.

Ir it was poffible that any deputy or juftice fhould refufe
your fubftitutes, and immediately after take thofe very men in
the room of other ballotted people, let his fhame be his punifh-
ment, for I fear that the aét provides none. But as the precife
defcription of fit or unfit is quite unfettled, you will, in fuch an
inftance, have the comfort of being affured by the very magi-
{trates themfelves, that you never wifhed to affront them by the

- offer of infufficient people.

Ir a poor man is made defperate by the rejection of feveral
fit fubftitutes, and by the inability of paying the ten pounds,
and afterwards abfconds, he is liable to a more fevere punifh-
ment: how far it may exceed the offence, I fubmit to public
judgment. At firft the law provided one which feemed equal
to the fault, which was a fine of ten pounds, or for want of 2G. III. c. 20.
diftrefs, imprifonment in the common jail, there to live for three oad 6am

months among felons, and ftarve; for I fufpeét that he is ina 637-
worfe fituation than them, not being comprehended within the
king’s or county allowance, which the vileft of felons are en-
titled to.

Tuis claufe was repealed, and the unhappy wretch is, in time
of actual fervice, liable to be feized, his name entered on the

roll,

go

19G. Ill. c. 72.
Sezae

Stat. L. xiii. 485.
Digek 62.

19G.III.c¢, 72,

1. 23.

Stat. L. xiii. 485.
Digett 55, 56.

Ae Pa ORs SES SSNie WD Sb aX, aioe,

roll, be delivered to an officer of the corps he was ballotted for,
torn from his family, hand-cuffed, and marched perhaps two
hundred miles acrofs the country ; then to fefve three years un-
der perhaps an irritated commander: and fhould he again ab-
fcond, be liable to the infamy of whipping, or to be fhot like
the moft profligate deferter. In the name of Heaven! let this
claufe be for ever blotted from our ftatutes.
Tuts merits the more attention, becaufe nothing is eafier to
a mercilefs magiflrate, than to bring a man within this claufe.
A poor creature may be able to raife fix or feven pounds to
give to the fubftitute whom he has engaged, and yet, with all
his endeavours, not be able to raife ten pounds. The magi-
ftrates refufe his fubftitutes, and finding neither money or effects
to the value of ten pounds, inftantly convict him of the crime
of poverty, and he fuffers accordingly. Or, he may not be a
houfeholder, yet be able to pay the ten pounds; but through
indignation at the treatment he has received, by the rejection
of his fubftitutes, refufes to depofit the money, and having no
effects, is in like manner fubjeét to punifhment.
In cafe any militia man is difapproved by the commanding ;
officer, after being enrolled, it is lawful for the officer to dif-
charge him; but he muft give his reafons in writing, and be
affifted by two deputy lieutenants: fo attentive, in this inftance,
have our law-givers been to the prevention of abufe in the mili-
tary power! Why have they been fo remifs in the former far -
more important matter ?
Prease to obferve, that throughout the militia at, the com-
manding officer is diftinguifhed from the civil pewer, or the
deputy

BeRe ED Exe Tr HhO.U Gre s)) ec:

deputy lieutenants and juftices of the peace. The lord lieu-
tenant alone is permitted to aét as colonel: he alone is per-
mitted to unite the civil and military charaéters, becaufe he can
delegate his powers fo that his abfence may be difpenfed with.
In every other inftance, they are fo very carefully feparated, as
never to appear acting together; except in the inftance of the
difcharge of a man, in which they have a fhort correfpondence.
The law plainly defigns, that no perfon inferior to the lord lieu-
tenant, fhould aét in both capacities; much lefs to prefide at
the meetings, and brow-beat the deputy lieutenants or juftices
in the difcharge of their duty. “ A prince, therefore, never
“ fhould give to military men a civil employment: on the
“contrary, they ought to be checked by the civil magiftrate;
« that the fame perfons may not have the confidence of the
« people, and the power to abufe it *.”

Tue civil power is the foul which is to animate the military
machine, and put it in motion. ‘The civil power forms the
men into regiments, or in {mall counties into companies; af-
fembles men in convenient ftations, and even pofts to each
company its proper officers.

Tue time of training and exercifing the men, and the place
of rendezvous, is alfo entirely in the power of the lieutenant

_and two deputies; or, in the abfence of the lieutenant, in that of

three deputy lieutenants: and the power of embodying the mi-
litia is entrufted to the fame, even in time of actual invafion, or
in cafe of rebellion.

* Monte/quieu,
M In

i

2G. UL c. 20.f, 28.
Stat. L. vil. 618.
Digcett 36.

2G. III. c. 20. f. 95.
Stat. L. xiii, 631.
Digett 72.

2G. IIT. c. 20. £99.
Stat. L. viii. 632.
Digett 74.

z G. IIL. ¢. 20.

f{. 116.

16) G-Pen. fie
Stat. L. xi. 634.
xii. 431.

Digett 98.

82

eee 8h) IN) AIO Shy 2G N° 2.

Iw a few words; it does not appear that the commanding

_ efficer has fearcely any part to perform till he takes the field:

z.G.1IT.c ze. 48.
Stat. L. vili. 623.
Digeft 102.

2G. Til-'es.128:
Stat. L. viii. 637.
Digeft 61.

the ballotting, the approving, and the rejecting of volunteers or
fubftitutes, refting entirely in the civil magiftrates. The power
of the commandant does not commence till, at fooneft, the
time of enrolling; for within a month after that, he is at liberty
to correct the choice of the deputy lieutenants, and to difcharge
any man whom they have fuffered to pafs mufter, and who is
really unfit for fervice.

Goop manners, and even prudence, fhould induce the magi-+
ftrates to invite any difcreet officer of the corps to attend the
mecting for accepting of fubftitutes: or, if the corps is too re-
mote, prudence fhould urge them to do the fame to any fit offs .
eer of a neighboring corps, be it recular or militia. They
ought not; they cannot be partakers of the power entrufted to
the civil magiftrates: but they may be ufefully confulted on
any cafes of acceptance, in which the magiftrates may have doubts.
Every officer is equally a citizen of Great Britain; and I dare
to fay, on this occafion would, in his advice, not forget that moft
important character.

THEApower given to the commandant, of difcharging any
man he diflikes in one month after enrolling, thews, that it is
not fuppofed he could be prefent at the ballot, or could have
any concern in approving of the fubftitutes ; otherwife, he could
not poffibly receive improper men one week, in order to dif-
charge them the next.

I sHatt clofe this fufpicion of the probability of the com-
manding officer’s being excluded from all concern in the raifing

2 of.

FERMEV EY DELEON |G ET's, ec:

of the militia, with this remark, that the overplus of the penalty
of ten pounds, if any remains, is to be paid by the deputy lieu-
tenants and juftices to the clerk of the regiment or battalion *,
who is to account for it to the colonel or commanding officer ;
a direG@tion which fufficiently points out the difference of cha-
racter and diftinétion of the department.

Many of you, in order to eafe yourfelves of expence, have
formed clubs, in which every perfon liable to be ballotted fub-
f{cribed a fmall fum, and raifed fufficient to find a fubftitute, in
cafe the lot fell on any one of the members. By this means
you prevented a heavy load from falling on all fuch, who by
reafon of ficknefs, or any other infirmity, were excepted from
ferving; but not from the taxes attendant on the militia. This
you did freely : and in cafe the lot fell upon any one of you
who chofe to ferve, you made ufe of the club-money, and
fcorned to put your poor neighbors’ (for whom you were
going to fight) to any more expence than the fupport of your
families.

Tue law, by a very particular claufe, encourages the ufe of 2G. Iil.c,20.f53.

thefe clubs, and as it were, renders optional the ufe of a fore-
going claufe ; and prevents it from being made burdenfome to
any parifhes, except thofe which have been imprudent enough
not to form thefe clubs, in eafe to themfelves. But to levy the
tax of half the price of a volunteer, as that claufe direéts, is a
mere wanton exertion of power, in all places where clubs have

been eftablithed,

* By the by, an omiflion in the Digeft, ;
M 2 TIAL

ts
oO

Stat. L. viii. 624.
Diget 58.

2G. IIT. c. 20. £47.

19 G. hil. c. 72.
Digeft rer.

Stat. L. viii. 623.
xii, 483,

$4

The fame. Sect. 48
in one, 14 in the o-
ther.

AUP EP OBE UN GHD eae CIN Sie:

Hatr the price of a volunteer has been generally fixed at four
guineas, or four and a half: yet I have known, in the very
week in which ten or twelve guineas have been prodigally be-
{towed on a fubftitute, men equally good have been inlifted in
the regulars for four; and within five weeks after enrolling, a
militia fubftitute to fupply a vacancy has been got by one of
the parifhes for four only,

In cafe half the price of a volunteer is to be raifed on the
country, you have an indulgence of deferring the payment one
whole month. Among other reafons, is this; it gives time to
the overfeers of the poor, who are charged with the payment,
to collet the money from their poor brethren, it being well
known that many who are thus taxed are worfe off than thofe
for whofe ufe the money is raifed. Perhaps almoft the whole
month may be required for the diftrefled tenant to get in a little
money, notwithftanding all the trouble. and ill-will the overfeer
has in difcharge of his office.

Bur our law-makers had another reafon for giving you a
month’s time for the payment; becaufe (as I faid before) the
commanding officer has power to difcharge any man he dif-
likes within one month after enrolling, and then no fuch money
is to be paid to that perfon, but to the next chofen by lot in his
ftead. Now it may happen, that if you pay it to the firft per-
fon on, or foon after the day of enrolling, he may die within the
month, or he may be difcharged, and in the laft cafe moft pro-
bably may have fpent the money ; in fo much that the parifh muft
pay the fame fum over again to the next perfon, who is as liable
to be difcharged within a day or two, as the other, and the parifh

put,

FREE THOUGHTS, &c.

put, without remedy, to frefh expences. Never, therefore, pay
the money till the end of the month, and you will be on the fure
fide, and within the meaning of the law.

You need not fear being put to the expence of maintaining
the wives or children of the ferjeants. In one of your counties,
two well-meaning magiftrates made the trial, but when their
order came to the clerk of the peace, who is a very honeft fel-
low, he took it, and the matter was totally fuppreffed. One
fhould have thought it impoffible that they could miftake a non-
commiffion officer for a common man, or not have read, that
ferjeants were appointed from among the common men, and
were, on any mifconduét, liable to be reduced to the rank of
common men.

Tue above is the only perfonal allufion in this little piece:
but I hope I may make free with myfelf, and thus with fhame
and contrition perform my amende honorable.

Ir any of you are opprefled in any manner whatfoever, do
not defpair of relief. Remember you live in a free country,
where juftice is open to the poor as well as the rich. It is
not many years ago fince a great lord, a fecretary of ftate, made
the fame miftake as moft country juftices have done, and
iffued a general warrant again{t a private gentleman; who had
{pirit to take the law of his lordfhip, and recovered four thou-
fand pounds damage. And | remember a cobler near London,
who went to law with a former king for a foot-path, and caft
his majefty.

Bur let the law be your laft refource. I have not the moft
diftant thought of fetting you and the gentry at variance. They

3 are

85
2G. Ill. c. 20.
f. 114.
Digeft 84.
St. L. viii. 634.
2G.II1.c.20.f. 386
Digett 38,

Stat. L. viii. 619.
2 G.I. c. 20. 1.39.
Digeft 39.

8 §

AUP ee eB Ne Dt Thine!

are bound to give you protection by the duties of humanity?
by their duty as magiftrates. They are bound by their oaths
“* to do equal juftice to the poor and to the'rich, after ther cunning
“ wit and power, and after the laws and cuftcms of the realm,
“ and the ftatutes thereof made.” You are bound to pay to
them a manly refpect; for on their integrity, knowlece, and
power, YOUR OWN SAFETY DEPENDS. Jn oir feveral ftations we
dye ALL BOUND TO BE PROTECTIONS ove to the otber. Jf any of
them, throuch heat, or forgetfulnefs of the law, fhould have injured
you, apply for redrefs in a-private manner. I truft that there
are in every Wel/h county fome worthy gentlemen who will
undertake your caufe, and perform the bleffed office of peace-
makers. Thofewho may have wronged you, need not be afhamed
of making the pooreft of you amends. Reparation of an injury
does honor to the offender, and wipes away the offence. The
greateft man in Exgland may glory in the opportunity.

In diftraéted times, fuch as the prefent, petty tyrants are apt
to arife, who think they can act fecure in the rage of the ftorm.
The watchman is not to be blamed who, in fufpicious feafons,
gives the alarm on the fight of the rifing of a diftant duft. I
hope, therefore, it will not be thought prefumptuous in me,
unbidden, to take the office. Internal impulfes to prevent evils,
ought not to be refifted. I am not a firft-rate man among
you: but a pygmy armed by juftice goes forth a giant. Within

the county in which I am deftined to act, I am in a particular

manner bound to befriend you; to befriend you in a-good caufe:
but if you are wrong, and obftinately wrong, my utmoft endea- -
vours fhall be ufed to infliét on you every punifhment in the

power of the law.
Bur

FREE? THOUGHTS; &c. 87

But I hope that peace and mutual confidence will ever reign
among us; and that rich and poor will, as is their joint intereft,
endeavour to promote, to. the utmoft of their abilities, REsPEcT
TO THE LAWS, AND RESPECT TO TRUE LIBERTY. Such,

My dear countrymen,
is the conftant. wifh of

Your faft friend,
Dewaings.
Nov. roth, 1781.
THoomMas. PENNANT:

AP REN DIDXS

Ae PEP iE ND ss ING oa.

FROM A

WELSH FREEHOLDER

TO HIS

REPRESENTATIVE.

1784.

AUD VcE VR If 1S EM ENG ds

FEW nights ago, my maid brought me a parcel direéted

to me, which fhe found flung upon my defk. I have pe-
rufed it carefully, and find nothing in it but good found doc-
trine, and quite agreeable to the laws and ufage of the land. I
cannot but confider it as a fairy-gift; therefore will not wrong
myfelf fo far as not to print it, thinking myfelf free from blame
for turning the penny in an honeft way. But at the fame time
pledge myfelf to the author (fhould he hereafter appear) to al-
low him fuch a fhare of profit as fhall-be adjudged by any two
of the trade, with a proper umpire.

J. MONK.
Chefter, April is 1784.

L, E T T E R

FROM A

WELSH FREEHOLDER
TO) Heres

REPRESENTATIVE.

February 10, 1784.

Dear Srp,
AM obliged to you for your favor of January 24th, and fhould
have been extremely happy to have received an anfwer a
little more fatisfactory. I am moft willing to believe that your de-
figns may at this time be pure, that you have no thought to
eradicate monarchy, no more than hundreds of great characters
had in the beginning of the troubles of the laft century, but by
the artifices of the popular leaders, they were drawn from vio-
lence to violence, till their retreat became impracticable; and
when they made the attempt, they were overwhelmed by the ty-
ranny which they unwittingly had helped to eftablifh, and
N 2 which

gi

92

APP EN DT Sane

which foon after totally fubverted the conftitution*. You feem
fhocked at the idea, and are ready to fay with Hazael, “Is thy fer-
vant a dog, that he fhould do thefe things:”” What is the govern-
ment of our kingdom, but the wife mixture of King, Lords, and
Commons, each one defigned to be a check on the ill-condu& of
the others: if you deftroy the powers of any one, and the others
fhould unite, you eftablifh the moft abfolute defpotifm, for you
take away the falutary control of the third. Your faying that
the prefent majority is not anti-monarchial is faying nothing; for
if you deprive the King of the power of chufing his own fervants,
or of the other great executive privilege of appointing to places,
you make him merely nominal; an arrant King Log.

Within thefe two months the above has been (as yet happily)
in vain attempted ; firft in the endeavour to place in the Com-
mons the difpofition of places in India and all its vaft depen-
dencies; fecondly, in the interference of I.ord * ***, in the difpo-
fal of the dutchy of Lancaffer; thirdly, in the prefent attempt to
wreft from Majefty the undoubted right of chufing his own mi-
nifters: let thefe points be gained by the Commons, and mo-
narchy falls. . Have your leaders informed you what govern-
ment they mean to eftablifh? If prerogative is deftroyed, this
cannot fubfift; -for I think the King will never fubmit to be
brought from his prifon at Sz. Fames’s, with the pageantry of
majefty, to give his affent to atts fignified by the pleafure of the
Commons. I truft that we both look with equal horror on a

* A fimilar inftance unhappily may be given in our times, when numbers
ef the firft national aflembly of France have been maffacred by the very people
they labored to free from one of the worft of governments!

ro A
King

A LETTER FROM A WELSH FREEHOLDER.

King without Commons, as Commons without King. The
pernicious refolutions of Faxuary the twelfth are without prece-
dent, becaufe unprovoked; the caufe ought to have been of the
firft magnitude to have produced fuch effects, which involve all
ranks in their deftructive confequence. They are like a {word
which paffes undiftinguifhed between innocent and guilty. Your
conftituents feel their fhare. All bufinefs is obftructed, and pof-
fibly in a few days the whole army is to be let loofe on their fel-
low fubjeéts. What crime has majefty or minifters committed,
to bring on them and our country fuch calamities ? Has not year
after year the King quietly affented to every bill paffed by the
two other branches of legiftature for the weakening of his own
power ? Had he had ill defigns, his own prerogative might have
checked the abridgement of his authority. I inftance only the
act for taking away the vote of revenue officers, and that for the
abolition of the board of trade. The county of **** with great
zeal petitioned for the taking away of ufelefs places. Had the
inciters of thofe petitions, when they came into power, purfued
the defign with the fame fincerity with which they were fupported
by the duped counties, they would not have left room to fufpect
that the defire of poflefling the emoluments of Lord North’s ad-
rainiftration was not the chief end by them propofed. Let me
name another merit of this reign, for the fecurity of our liberties,
in which the Commons had no fhare, I mean the fpontaneous

act of the crown which has made the judges independent of the.

King by giving them their places for life.
To thefe merits of the King, let me oppofe one glaring deme-

rit of the Commons. . Did not the reprefentatives of the people,.

in. 1716, betray their rights by the feptennial aét, and veft in
themfelves

93

94

AS B28 EIN ID ie oN

themfelves four years more of power than the conftitution or
their conftituents ever intended? I will not enter into a difcuffion
of the eventual good or evil. The charge ought to be fubject of
deep confideration with electors and elected. But if it was
wrong, is not the prefent majority particeps criminis, by permitting
it to continue unrepealed ? But does there not appear the greater
probability of its defign of affuming a far longer continuance of
its own power, fhould it not be appalled by the warning voice of
the people ? I cannot give it a grain of credit for any one act of
forbearance, any pretended moderation, fince the awful found
begins to roll over its head.

Tue King has lately dared to make ufe of his prerogative, in
difmiffing his late fervants, for unconftitutionally trying to divert
into another branch of the legiflature his great prerogative of the
difpofal of places. Pleafe to apprehend shat to be the only part
of Mr. Fox’s India bill to which I make any objection. I fhould
hold chartered rights moft facred; but not fuch which have affec-
ted the lives and properties of millions, inthe manner in which the
abufe of power is pretended to have done in our Indian empire.

In place of the miniftry difmiffed, his majefty has been pleafed
to put at the head of the new one a youth endued, I may fay,
with miraculous abilities ; one in whom malice can find as few

- defeé&ts as can be found in human nature. When I had the

honor of fpeaking to you on the fubject of his virtues, in the
fhort converfation I had with you in your way to town, you
feemed to have had no objection to him. Has his fhort admi=
niftration been marked by any flagitious deed? Would it not
have been fair to have given the man of the King’s choice a
fhort trial? Or, is it not becaufe he is the man of the King’s

choice

A LETTER FROM A WELSH FREEHOLDER.

choice that the majority of mouths are open againft him? I hope
his virtues are not the object of jealoufy, and that the eloquence
of Themifiocles is not to bear down the virtues of 4riflides! furely
the majority do not fign the fhell becaufe they are angry at every
body calling Ariftides jut?

CERTAINLY there are {trong contrafts to his character, who
unite their force to pull him down. Why fhould the affairs of
the whole nation be ftopped at the inftance of fuch perfons?
Could you not fuffer the bufinefs to goon, with only the proper
objections to what was wrong? Surely the taxes might have
paffed, in order to prevent what may poffibly enfue, univerfal
bankruptcy. But moderation muft not be adopted; it will
fuit neither the views nor interefts of a fet of men, whom po-
verty and ambition have made nearly defperate. The nonfen-
fical exploded cry of fecret influence is for private’ ends again
revived.

Excuse me for reminding you (but remind you I muft) of
the declaration you made at the laft general election, that you -

would enlift under no party, follow no fet of men; the per-
formance is far from impracticable; many illuftrious charac-
ters, who obferve thofe excellent rules, exift at this very time.
Your conftituents wifh you to do the fame. They with to
prevale on you to compare your fentiments with theirs; the
fooner it is done, the lefs will be the violence. of the alteration.
I firft fuggefted the communication of our fentiments, and from

my model (fuch as is inclofed) is drawn the declaration which -

I apprehend has by this time been fent to you from the gentle-
men of ****, with the approbation of many refpeéted charac-
ters in this end of the county. You need not {tart at the teft
offered to you. It is not defigned to bind you to any party,

Vit 22a to.

95

ANP RUBIN, D @ ux IN. ;

fo any fet of men, It contains only conftitutional fundamentals,
fuch as you might fubfcribe without any derogation from your
honor. If the name offends, change it to ‘ inftrutions,’ and
the offence is done away. Why fhould the majority be alarmed
at fubfcribing to undeniable duties, who are daily offering to
their Sovereign the moft mortifying covenants? This fquea-
mifh nicety reminds me of the giant in Radelais, who daily fwal-
lowed wind-mills for his breakfaft, and at laft was choaked with
a lump of butter before the mouth of a warm oven.

To conclude: there is not a with to change our reprefentative,
provided he acts confonant to our principles; but none of us
ought to give up principle for affection. I truft that your an-
fwer will be clear and decided; fo that in fupporting you we
fhall fupport the dictates of our own confciences. The great
majority of your conftituents are firm friends to the legal prero-
gative. They will re-elect you; yet how muft they blufh at
their inconfiftency if you take an adverfe part! I have been
your friend, and I fhall be forry to withdraw my intereft from you.
Excufe me again ifI fay, with the fpirit of a freeman, this muft
reft in yourfelf. If we differ in fentiments, there ought to be
mutual forgivenefs, for it is impoffible to expect from either fide
a criminal compliment. I have never yet deceived you; nor
will I begin in this late period of life. If we are fo unhappy to
difagree in opinion, I will not vote againft you: but cannot vote
for you,

I remain, dear Sir,

Your affectionate humble fervant,

A WELSH FRSEHOLDER.

APPENDIX,

ACP POR ND. Wik: (Ne!

E D I T O R

OUR ly Ee

GENERAL EVENING POST.

Haved y lou, Feb. 1981.

SIR,

Have long been very fenfible of the feveral improvementg

which the military fpirit, fo prevalent in thefe kingdoms,
and the frequent incampments, have introduced into the moft dif-
tant counties. At prefent I fhall forbear mentioning the happy
effe€ts they have had on the morals of the male part of the com-
munity, and confine myfelf to that fex to which we are indebted:
for every thing which renders life endurable. I was always its.

fincere admirer; and am happy to find any occafion of pointing

out whatfoever may add to their charms, or extend their con-
quefts.

I was laft fummer in a gentleman’s family in the inland part
of England, with whom I had a Jong and intimate acquaintance.
I happened to reach the place in the dog-days; and finding the

O ladies

97

AMP OP EIN. De ine

ladies fitting in an alcove in their cloth riding habits, inftead of
their cool chintzes, I expreffed my fear that I prevented them
from taking their morning ride. They affured me, they did
not mean to ftir out; and one of them, clapping on a vaft hat
with a cockade, declared fhe would only go for her work, and
fit down for the reft of the morning. On turning round, how
was my rufticity furprized to fee her hair clubbed behind! ano-.
ther gave me an opportunity of feeing a whifking queue; and a
third a egreafy braid, hanging down and dabbing the fhining cape!
Arrer the morning was far fpent, Mifs Dororhy (for, in imi-
tation of the quality, there are now no fuch things as Dollies,

_ Mollies, and Betties) with a great yawn flung her arms over her

head, and her legs a yard before her, and informed us, it was dref-
fing time: then pulling her watch out of (I believe) a tight lea-
thern breeches, acquainted us, that it was half paft two; and re-
turned it to its place with a moft officer-like air.

I saw the countenance of my good old friend change. As-
foon as the ladies had left the place, he gave vent to his difcon-
tent in the following terms: “My dear Fack,” fays he, “ what an
«© alteration is there in the manners of this houfe fince I laft had.
«« the happinefS of your company! A curfed vifit to Coxbeath
< hath infected my poor girls to a degree that gives me the-
“ keeneft concern. The chafte and elegant dreis, which was
<< once their characteriftic, is now converted into what you have
« juft feen. Female delicacy is changed into mafculine cou-
*“« rage, and as much of the garb affumed as at firft view almo&
“ leaves the difference of fex undiftinguifhable. The manly
« habit is put on with the morning, and, as you will fee pre- -

“ fently, only changed for another of the fame kind. The
; ‘watch.

ee
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(<q
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Oe tke Haek Dell Ole ac,

watch too has alfo quitted its modeft ftation, and the fair
wearer, inftead of confulting the hour with the former grace-
ful recline of the head, now boldly lugs out the oracle, and
afterwards thrufts it—the lord knows where! My niece E/i-
zabeth, in defence of this new mode, fays, that its motions
are confiderably altered fince it had experienced a new fitua-
tion. No wonder, fince it had quitted the temperate for the
torrid zone. A long ftring, with all the mafculine load of
feals, &c. now affectedly hangs down the center of the fair
frame ; fometimes it is formed of hair, ending with a ftrange
fringe of the fame. A celebrated antiquarian affured me
that this was the true love-lock. And a wicked rogue added,
that it was an excellent conductor of amorous ideas to our
fex, a remembrancer to our flack youth, and, like a ftrange
peculiarity in the drefs of the ladies of Siam, which ferves ag
a whet to the depraved appetites of their copper-coloured,
gallants. Inftead of ” JI could no longer bear his prof-

ing, fo diverted the difcourfe: but not without giving internal)
affent to part of his reflections, even tinétured as they were by-
the foolifh prejudices of old age. Laudable as a due attention

is to fafhion in young people, yet I was brought to confefs that-

there were indecencies in thofe of the prefent year, which are
the difeuft of the grave, the fcoff of the licentious ; are marks
of alight mind, or bring under fufpicion of levity the pureft
heart, which thoughtlefsly adopts the unfuitable manners or ha-
bit of our fex.

Iam,
Your humble fervant,
CAMBER,

O 2 APPENDIX,

lod,

AP, POR NOD 1, Nee
ae

Mil S CE LU AUNT on sa z

: OM Bond-fireet, Augufi 10, 1774:

Sir,
I Was the other day ina coffce-houfe filled with (not the firtt

rate) company of this great town, where I long fate indig=
nant at the topic which employed every tongue. I could have
born with patience the common: fubjects of politics, the mere
offspring of ignorance and rancour; but when.I. found their
licentious. mouths filled with the moft infamous inferences,
drawn from the unhappy conduét of a lady not lefs eminent for
her rank than her beauty, I flung, down. my penny: in a rage,
and retired to my apartments full of reflections on fome events
unfortunately at this time too well known.

Tue love of. fame. in either fex is a principle implanted in us
for the moft noble purpofes, and is often of itfelf produétive of
the moft important and generous effects.. The character of the
tender part of the creation confines them to a narrower {phere of
action: but their duties are not. lefs confequential than thofe of
our fex, which make more eclat; and are attended with all the
rewards that public merit can claim. If it is the lot of the fair
to become wives and parents, a virtuous difcharge of the duties
ef thofe relations fhould be the fum of their ambition, But if

bo

Minnie Sy Cr Ea Tee A IN Te Fe Si

~

it be their fortune to remain finele, an equal fame will attend
them by that delicacy and eafe of behaviour towards the men,
which form the genuine characteriftics of virtue. If once this
honeft fpecies of ambition forfakes them, and an: anxiety. after
foreign admiration feizes them, they, become the mark of every
profligate wretch,.or fluttering infect; who may perhaps finge
his wings, but at the fame time is fure to impair the brightnefs
of the. luminary. Every foft look, and every little levity, be-

comes encouragement; and the enduring of one free action is.

fure to lay a foundation for another. . The man of gallantry
prefumes on appearances, miftakes culpable vanity for. vitious
inclinations, and in the end, moft defervedly, fuffers. for his. er=
ror: he is difgracefully driven from the chateau by infulting do-
mettics ; or fuffers ftill more marked mortifications, at the com-
mand of the infulted fair. She diftrefles. her poor hufband
with her complaints: fhe wonders at the fellow’s impudence.
Alas! what can the unhappy fpoufe reply, but what muft add

to her and his own mifery? He may (but it is more likely his.
fufpicions may take an unhappy turn at the fame time) he may, .

I fay, allow her to be innocent at. the bottom; but he will re-

proach her with having given the gallant every reafon to expect:
an eafy conqueft: he may alfo unjuftly conceive a jealoufy that:
there may have been, or that there {till may be, moments when:
poor virtue may be caught napping, and the fum of female dif-.
honour effected. His peace of mind is gone; and mutual.
wretchednefs becomes the price of the mere moments of levity, ,

or the love of tranfient admiration.
Every attempt for that purpofe becomes criminal; fince:the

conclufion is often as uncertain as it is unexpected. To call.
aloud :

bol

ry

12

AUP) P VE ANE DE ec ING

aloud in public to men of eaiety; to fuffer an unmeaning whif-

per; or to retire to a remote feat; are acts which bring with

them the caufe of the moft cruel fcandal. In private company

_to force yourfelf at table almoft on the lap of your favorite; to

rivet your eye on his; to catch frequently at his hand, or every
now and then to place your’s on his knee; or mutually to dan-

gle your hands over the elbow chair, that they may come un-

perceived in contaét, give as great difeuft to the company as
they do folid injury to the reputation of the fair offender, whe-

-ther fhe is married or whether fhe is fingle. If the object of

attraction be a married man, how aggravated is the offence:
how pitiable is the fituation of the poor injured fpoufe! And
yet this fpecies of conduct is very frequent, but never is pafied
unnoticed: the encouragement either brings unhappinefs on the
thoughtlefs fair; or bufy fcandal fixes on her an indelible blot:
acruel penalty! yet fhe falls unpitied, as it is brought on her by

.a criminal or infolent inattention to appearances.

CAMBER.

APPENDIX,

Oe Pee ND Xs oN: 6:

Mt WS) Cerny wL eA ONE Ee oS?

Pp NT SHER EE oP ET ET Orn,

“§ ‘HE clamors raifed in the year 1779,: and the apparent
difcontents grew to fuch a height, that I thought it pru-
dent that the county of Flin¢ fhould add its weight to the pe-

tition, fo that by prevaling on government to leffen every un--
neceffary burden, the minds of the people might be eafed, and °

all ill confequences prevented, for civil war was almoft threat-

ened. I at all times profeffed my abhorrence of committees and»
aflociations. Sir Roger Moftyn. advifed me to write to fome of -

our principal gentlemen to inform them of the terms on which
I undertook to excite the county to petition, fo that they micht

decline fubferibing to the requifition, in cafe they-difliked my -

plan: or if they did fign it, fupport me to.its full extent.. None
to whom I wrote appeared at the meeting. Mr. Yonge, one of
the friends to whom I wrote, difliked the petition, and deelined

figning the requifition. Sir Stephen Glynn, bart. and Pbilip -
Lloyd Fletcher, efq. approved my plan, and promifed it every.
fupport, and to adhere to the very letter of it. Mr, Fletcher allio :

fent ©

103)

IOs

EP IP ORES IN DST aN

fent my letter along with the requifition to the gentlemen of

his neighborhood, that they might not miftake the terms on
which they were to fign. I came to the meeting in a full re-
liance on the faith of my countrymen: but the dean of St. 4/aph,
burning after the glory of chairman of a committee, and
backed by friends he brought with him, propofed a committee,
and carried his point.

I pip intend to deliver the following fpeech, but my fpirits

‘failed me.

« Berne totally unufed to fpeak in public, I beg leave, in
faultering words, to lay before you the motives which induced
me to promote this meeting.

“« Tue diftreffes of the times are too evident to admit of con-
tradiction. To have recourfe to any legal method of alleviating
our fufferings is extremely natural. The only one which pre-
{ents itfelf is, “by petition to the high court of parliament,’ a pri-
vilege preferved to us by the Bitzi of R1GHTs, and which can
never be exerted with more propriety than at prefent, provided
refpect and moderation attend it.

“Tr is faid by an able fpeaker on the fide of oppofition,

that 300,000]. may be annually faved by retrenching the

emoluments of offices, and abolifhing the long train of ufelefs
placemen and penfioners.’ As I make no doubt but this gen-
tleman can fupport his affertion, let me ebferve, that the above
fum will, at the rate of five per cent. pay the intereft of more
than fix millions of money; and of courfe, in the next year,
eafe the all-fupporting landlord and tenant from a burden equal

0 that fum.
“© Tis alone, in the neceffitous ftate of our country (which
frona

Mi sve E.W/LyA a 1 Bis.

from the nature of its trade fuffers more in proportion than
others) ought to determine us to make ufe of the propofed me-
thod of relief, leaving it to the wifdom of parlement feverely to
fcrutinize iato the nature of our grievances, and to rectify every
one which may be difcovered to exift. It is juft to enquire before’
we condemn. Let the accufed, if guilty, fuffer the penalty of

their neglect; if innocent, acquitted with honor. But let the.

minds of the people be eafed, by a proper enquiry into the
foundation of the national difcontent.

“ Tuart invaluable compilation the Red-book* furnifhes me
with a very fineular inftance of a place of little moment, attend-
ed with a high falary. I cannot but {mile at feeing the repre-
fentative of one of our firft cities, and one of the lords commif-
fioners of the admiralty, unite with that important charge the
poft of letter. carrier to the court, with the lavith falary of 730/,
a year. The duty might perhaps be performed (if any there
is) by a lefs refpectable perfon, for 25. 6d. a day; and I will
not pay a very worthy gentleman fo bad a compliment, as to
fuppofe, that his principles will be in the left altered by being
free from fuch a degrading office.

«* Many fimilar inftances may probably be found, all worthy
of being lopped off: but let me do the times the juftice to fay,
that few of them are of recent formation; they are the antient
marks of regal ftate, created in profperous days. In the progrefs
of enquiry, it will be worthy to remark the periods when they
ceafed to be ornaments to the crown, and became the inftru-
ments of corruption.

* Edition 1779, pages 39, 122,
P “¢ THE

108

Oo.

WA) IP Pa AES Ns PD) a exe INORG

“Tue affair of contracts is beyond my power to fpeak tos.
It will be our wifh that parlement would guard againft the
abufe of them, and examine whether the princely ftate in which;
our contractors live, arifes from any thing beyond the fair profits:
of their bufinefs.

“ Tw attending to the report of any party on that fubje&, or
any other, we ought to take particular care not to be too credu-.
fous. I fay this becaufe of the alarm that has (I truft caufelefsly):
arifen among ws, of a defign of altering the courts of juftice in:
the principality ina manner grievous to the Welch: let us wait
with patience till the honorable member has laid open his defign
and if it is then found ta be a grievance, let us refift it with.
the fame firmnefs as we did the treafury warrant. I hereby de-
clare, not only in my own name, but in that of many refpectable
friends, great and fmall freeholders, that we do not, by figning:
the petition before us, exclude ourfelves from feeking legal re-
drefs frorn any innovation, which may appear unjuft and burden—
iome, let it come from any quarter whatfoever.

“ Tue body of us petitioners confifts of a.ftupendous multi-
tude of perfons, actuated with very different, objects. I believe
T may fay with confidence, that there is not an individual in this
aflembly who has not the moft laudable motives in. view, ab~
ftraéted from every party fpirit whatfoever..

« THERE are many very worthy and well-meaning gentlemen:
who think we have-chofen: an improper. feafon for petitioning,
amidft the rage of war. But let-it be obferved, that the ftrength
of government confifts in the variety of its refources, and if we
are able to point out a moft important one, we rather accelerate

than impede its motion, In the peaceable times to refufe fup-
2 plies.

Me kos CE oie. cian Ave Nii. i) Si

plies would be a proper infult to an obftinate minifter; but now !
in the moment of RETURNING vicTory *! it would be a mea~
fure fraught with certain danger and poffible parricide.

«< T am not of confequence enough to trouble you with pro-
feffions, efpecially as I have no other object than to add my
mite to ferve my country; I fhall only detain you, while I ac-
quaint you with the fteps I took after I had formed the refolution
of exciting the county to affemble on this occafion. I drew
up the requifition to the fheriff: I fent it, accompanied with a
letter, expreflive of my fentiments, to the three worthy gentle-
men before mentioned. That I did not fend it to more, was
for want of time, not of refpect. From my letter, and from
the fubftance of a petition I fent with it, they might judge of
the utmoft limits of my intentions, that in cafe they difapproved
of my defign, they might decline fubfcribing to my requifition.
It was returned to me, figned by an ample number, to whom I
beg leave to return thanks for the compliment they were pleafed
to pay me.

“ T objected in that letter, and I do now in the ftrongeft

manner object; to all party-affociations, and for myfelf decline the —

honors of committee-man.

*¢ Tue former may end in combinations injurious to our peace,
and perhaps fatal at the laft to thofe who embark in them. We
must not fend our reprefentative to the houfe with our prayer
in one hand, and a dagger in the other. We must not attempt
to intimidate the houfe from freedom of debate, at the time we
are ftriving to wreft from men of power the peftilential baits

© Lord Rodney’s defeat of the Spanifh fleet, January 16th, 1780.
Bana of

107

&

x08

AaB PE NG aiken. ANG Gs,

of corruption: we musT not wound when we wifh to amend
the difeafes of our conftitution: we must be confiftent with
ourfelves. The parlement will fuffer a civil death in lefs
than a twelvemonth; it will be the fault of the people if they
chufe another compofed of members with whom they are at
prefent fo difcontented. They will, when that period arrives,
have an opportunity of legally rejecting thofe candidates whom
they difapprove, and felecting thofe only worthy of their confi-
dence.” -

My mention of petitioning with a dagger in one hand gave
great offence; but I thought myfelf vindicated by the indecent
language of fome of the petitioners, of which the following is a
fpecimen.

“ Sucu were the people who agreed to the petition on which
« I now lean. Occonomy in the expenditure of the public
¢ money is all they afk. Will any man vote for rejecting fo
“ modeft, fo reafonable a requeft? I hope not. Will any man
** vote that this petition be not brought up? No man, I truft,.
<¢ will dare do it. ‘The minifter will not dare do it, becaufe he
« knows he ought not to dare it. But there is another thing
“© alfo which he ought not to dare; and that is, to attempt to
«¢ defeat the object of it. Ifthe minifter is fo inclined, with the
«¢ turn of his finger he may deftroy it: but let him beware how
« he directs his influence againft it. Let me advife him to be-
«¢ ware how he inftitutes an enquiry into the merits of the peti-
tion: it fpeaks for itfelf; and the petitioners will look upon
« fuch an enquiry as a mockery, as a parlementary or mini-
“ fterial trick to put an indirect negative upon their petition.
« When they met to draw it up they were unarmed; they had

2 neither

Whe Sr Cabarete Ate Nas Lars. Se

* neither mufkets nor ftaves; but if you mock them, they will
I'll leave blanks for the fagacity of the houfe

(> is Ea BEL
tO mine psi

Lorp Ongly reprobated the idea of threats, notwithftanding
he was a petitioner, and voted in this inftance with the mi-
nority. h
“ TLorp Ongly reprobated, in fevere terms, the connection:

« that fubfifted between the petition and county affociations..’

“¢ ‘Threats had been hinted, and more than hinted, if the prayer
“ of this and of other fimilar petitions fhould be rejected. This.
« alone, in his lordfhip’s opinion, was fufficient to damn the
“ petition. It puts me in mind, faid he, of the man who went
« about robbing, under pretence of felling rabbits. He held
* out the rabbits in one hand, and a piftol in the other, and
« very civilly afked thofe he chanced to meet, whether they
‘¢ chofe to buy any rabbits. Such is the conduct of the peti-
« tioners in the different counties; a conduct, which, if it is
«© not checked in the bud, may be productive of the moft fatal.
* confequences to the liberty and happinefs of this country.”

Tue clamor continued. I was attacked in the papers, and L
put an.end to the war by the following anfwer..

x: Downing, March 3, 1780.
Mr. Monk,,
ERMIT me, through your paper, to thank the gentleman-
like freeholder of the county of Flint, for his explanation of

the myfterious word Affaciations. I fo fully approve the end

which he intends, that (provided he would fecure them from
proceeding

109

LIO A P PEN Da xk Wes:

‘proceeding any farther) I do declare, that had I not feen the
name of our reprefentative in the glorious lift of the lamented
‘minority of 186, I would, at the next general election, have
voted, but not affociated, againft him. Now! let the gloomy
idea of the word, and the air-drawn dagger, vanifh. But I muft
‘remain mafter of mylelf. Neither Kinc nor People fhall have
ithe fole keeping of my political-confcience. Free was I born;
free have I lived; and free, I truft, will die ~

‘DTuHomas PENNANT.

APPENDIX,

AF PEND) xX, ON.

A.
L E. T FE E. R
TO A
MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT,
ON.

MAIL-COACHES.

FACIT INDIGNATIO!

By THOMAS PENNANT, Eq.

17920.

A
1 rand hs cee Dos pod ica a MO RS heater

DEAR SIR,

AM much obliged to you for your favor of the sth inftant.

I pay fuch deference to your opinion, that I entirely lay
afide all thoughts of troubling your honorable houfe with the
affair of repealing the act of exemption of mail-coaches from
the payment of tolls. I would avoid every adventure which
does not promife fuccefs, and fhould be much mortified to be
unhorfed and laid {prawling on the arena of St. Stephen’s.

Yer I fhall be extremely forry that any member of your
houfe fhould, through any quicknefs of mifapprehenfion, wilful
or natural, imagine me to be fo wild as to think of an attempt
that was not founded on reafonable and honeit principles.

I am fenfible that the exemption of the mails from the pay-
ment of tolls commenced very early: I think, firft by an a&
of William and Mary, which was afterwards repeated in feveral
others, till it was oppreffively confirmed by that of the 25th
Geo. III.

Tue mott fecond-fighted of your houfe could never have fére-
feen.that the ufage of the fingle horfe and poft-boy, afterwards
in many parts converted into the light mail-cart drawn by
one horfe, would be fuperfeded by a reyal carriage drawn by
four horfes, and filled by paffengers, who before rode in
the common ftages, and contributed. to fupport the roads
which they paffed over. This unfortunate change proceeded

Qh from

Ti4

AP PE ON Do Ux, Nee

from an extent of prerogative, repined at only when perverted
to the injury of the fubject; as this moft inconteftably muft be
allowed to have done.

Unper the fanéction of the firft act, turnpike gates were erect-
ed, and immenfe fums of money lent on the national faith. For
a long time the fecurity was efteemed good; and in Wales,
where five per cent. was given, people at firft were happy to
place their money on mortgages they imagined fo fafe. The
transfer was then eafy, and the public refted perfectly content.

The commiffioners did their duty fully: they laid out the

money to the beft a@vantage; nor did they defift till the lower-
ing of the tolls, by the fatal change of the nrode of conveyance,
had taken place.

T writ exemplify the hardfhips only in the country I live.
Other places equally remote from the capital muft come in for
their fhare of the grievance: but they will fall under the com-
mon defcription. ;

Berore the inftitution of mail-coaches, two ftage-coaches ran
through the county of F/int. And, were it not for an evafion,
the change of horfes between gate and gate in the Mo/tyn dif-
trict, one of the diftri¢ts principally aggrieved, each would have
paid forty pounds a year. This unhappily was left unguarded
in the ad. By the help of that evafion both together only paid
that fum: and even that fum, had we not been deprived of it,
would have enabled us to take up 800/, more; and given us
the power of repairing every part of the road which was not
unexceptionably good.

Many parts may have been allowed to have been indifferent ;
but they were adequate to the ufes of the country, not only: for

6 the

OF NT MiAI E=ClO A CHE §.

the ufe of tl: farmers and the carriers, but alfo for the luxury of
_ carriages,

In this {tate they were found at the introduction of mail-
coaches. Thefe foon occafioned the fuppreffion of the common
{tages, and deprived us at once of forty pounds of annual. in-
come. In the year 1789, a perfon was sent from the general
poft-office to furvey the roads. From his report, and by the
orders of the poft-office, indictments were preferred at the great
feffions at Mold, againft the whole extent of road in the narrow
but long county of Fiimt. In fome inftances, I fear the grand
jury made a ftrain of their confciences in finding the bills; for
fome of the indiéted places were in moft admirable repair. But
we were unwilling to obftruét any thing that tended to promote
the public good.

Fines to the amount of 1200/. were impofed on the feveral
townfhips, many of which were very fmall, and the inhabitants
compofed of fmall farmers, and laborers, poor and diftrefied
to the higheft degree.

Two of thefe townfhips had a great extent of road, and only
a few labourers, and a few miferable teams, to perform their fta-
tute duty. One of thefe townfhips, terrified with the profpec
of ruin, by the execution of the /wmmum jus, performed twenty-
two days duty upon the road. The other townfhip had only a
fingle farmer living in it, who performed a duty of twenty-eight
days.

Tue vaft expences which the commiffioners had been at in
the repairs of the roads, had almoft exhaufted the credit, in
fome totally; fo that at prefent s50/. cannot be obtained for
400/, worth of our parchment fecurities.

Q2 AT

11g

176

A Pip? EB NOD! TAM. Nea

Ar this period I was moved with compaffion at tc complaint
and diftrefies of the poor. This induced me to write my circu-
lar letter to the feveral grand juries of England and Wales, in
order to induce them to unite in a common caufe. I blufh at
my want of fucceis, refulting from either ignorance of, or indif-
ference to, the firft principles of fecurity of property. I was
fimple enough to think that the juftice of the caufe would have
infured an approbation of my plan. Inftead of that, I am told;
that in fome places it was even treated with rudenefs and con-
tempt. I ventured even to write to two gentlemen with whom
I was not perfonally acquainted: they never paid the left atten-
tion to my letter: they forgot my character, and. they forgot
their own.

I roox the liberty of getting my circular letter conveyed to
a third gentleman high in office, with whom I was acquainted.
Tt was returned with (written on a corner of it) ‘* Mr. Pennant
is in the wrong, and I will have no concern in the affair.” The
gentleman may be politically right; but I am confident that
Mr. Pennant is not morally wrong.

Tuere has certainly been a {trong mifapprehenfion of my
meaning. I did not intend the abolition of mail-coaches: they
have their objections; whether we confider the barbarity with
which the poor horfes are treated, or the very frequent deftrue-
tion of the paffengers—our old Yebvs may have flain their thou-
fands; our modern, their tens of thoufands. I only wifhed
that they might not prove oppreffive to many of our counties,
by caufes I have before mentioned. True it is, that, in my
frft circular letter, I did moft rafhly and unadvifedly hint, that
they might, without injury, be converted into the mail-cart.

The:

OM MAITECO A GI: s

The gentlemen of Somerfei/bire, who, 1. muft confefs, did ad-
mit that fomething fhould be done for us, very juftly fired on
the idea of fending their The/pis again into his cart. A worthy
friend of mine of that county warmly but kindly expoftulated
with me on the fubject: but I hope this my declaration of re-
pentance will be admitted, and atone for my error.

Tue grand juries of Chefhire, Berkfhire, Monmouthfhire, and
thofe of North Wales, united in the fupport of my defign. The
reft of the counties proved to me the truth of the remark of
Swift, “ That he never knew any perfon who did not bear the
‘« misfortunes of another perfectly like a Chriftian!”

Far the majority of the roads in Ezgland have great revenues,
arifing from the multitude of ftage-coaches that keep their
ground in defiance of mails. Our ftages are obliged to defift
from travelling, and give the former a moft unjuft and oppref-
five monopoly. The counties interefted in them feel not our
unhappinefs, and want generofity to contribute to the allevia-
tion of the diftrefles we fuffer.

We fhould have made a claim on the juftice of the houfe,
had we had the moft diftant profpect of fuccefs. We are now
in the cafe of creditors defrauded by the fuperior cunning of an.
artful debtor. Had an individual received an adequate mort-
gage on his eftate, and had afterwards the dexterity to leffen the
income, what name would he have deferved? The higheft term
of reproach; but fuch a one that could never be applied the
moft remotely to any member of your honorable houfe.

Tus affair has never yet been ferioufly confidered. Good
men, J truft, will now atwake as from a fleep; and ftand amazed
and confufed at the fad delufion they difcovered that they had
labored under. Favourite fyftems run away with mankind,

and

1L7

118

A POOPIE NUDIT Bt Naw

and totally annihilate all attention to the inconveniences they
occafion. The aét was obtained late in the feffions, hurried
through a very thin houfe, and with the flighteft oppofition.
The legiflature obliges a certain time of notice to be given be-
fore the introduction of a common turnpike bill. Let me afk,
Should not at left the interval of a feffion have been given for
the difcuffion of fo ftrange and unequal a taxation?

Wuat, may I afk, could make the individual liable to cen-
fure; and the actions of the collective body be pafied over
without blame? Either the numbers defend, or fome dzmon,
like the ghoftly father ef Charles 1. has whifpered in your ears,
Have a double confcience! one that is to make you confult the.
plain diétates of honefty: the other telling you to fupport fome
fancied public good, at the expence of a certain number of
perfons, who, in times not very remote, had trufted their money
to the fecurity of the public faith.

Or may you not hold the fame doétrine as the nuns in I7ri/-
tram Shandy; that the divifibility of fin may enable you to fritter
it away into almoft nothing?—yYou certainly have the advan-
tage. The nuns were but two, you are five hundred and fifty-
two to bear the feather-weight of the wrong decifion, you had
moft unwarily been induced to make.

Ler me now afk, Are there no inftances of repeal of aéts on
far lefs important occafions? I well recollect two. The firft is
the ‘few A, which had in fact no confequences to -be feared,
religious or political. The other was the cyder tax, efteemed
like ours a partial grievance; and yet its overthrow was eafily
effected. I reflect on thefe two acts sepealed without caufe,
and on our oppreffions continued in defiance of every principle

of juftice.

SINCE

°

ON MAIL-COACHES.

Since your honorable houfe was determined to weaken our
fecurities, ought it not to have firft paid off every turnpike
mortgage? and then you might have had full liberty of doing
what vou pleafed with the income of the gates..

I sec leave to lay before you a cafe in which your houfe once
fhewed a moft fcrupulous attention to the rights of creditors.
That was by the repeat of a claufe in the Kimgfland turnpike
act. Part of it leads from Shoreditch to Ware, and this part was
croffed by the Newmarket road, and tolls were taken by the com-
miffioners of the Ware road, from all travellers to and from that
feminary of virtue, merely for crofling the road. On the re-
newing of the Kingfland turnpike aét, the Newmarket people
infifted that they fhould pafs free of tolls. A claufe was in-
ferted in the new act for that purpofe, and the crofs-gates were
pulled down. The creditors of the Kingfland turnpike peti-
tioned to the houfe of commons for redrefs; they fucceeded,
and the crofs-gates were again erected, and the tolls taken till
the whole of the creditors were paid.

NEWMARKET

)

SHOREDITCH to WARE.

I IMAGINE

11g

22

A PUP) -E OD, TARY Neg

T tmacrne that there is not a member of the houfe who has
not acted as a commiffioner’ of the turnpikes. Let me requeft
him to call to mind, whether he has not in that charaéter, or
in the character of a magiftrate, treated with a harfh feverity
the delinquent who, through poverty, has defrauded the gate of
nine-pence. What pleas of confcience have not the commiffioners
urged for maintaining the interefts of the gates, and difcharging
their truft like men of honor? Is there not a Letheam atmo-
fphere in the‘chapel of St. Stephen, fo fuddenly to efface all me-
mory of: tranfactions in the common air of ‘the world? I truft
that there is: otherwife the individual wlio, in one place and in
one character, had been fo ftrenuous to fave a poor nine-pence,
fhould in another place, and in another character, vote as a per-
quifite to the comptroller-general of the poft-office, an exemp-
tion of the mails from toll, a fum amounting to not lefs than
90;,000/. a year, on which he has a moft: confiderable poundage,
befides fome very good pickings from other articles. This I
am affured of by a worthy member of your houfe. I think his
falary is but r500/. per ann. What a monftrous quantity of
fack is allowed to his halfpennyworth of bread!

So liberally fupplied as the comptroller has been with the
means, cannot fomething be deducted to relieve our complaint ?
If the honorable houfe does not choofe this mode, a fmall,
a very {mall tax on the paffengers, and on the immenfe fums
got by the carriage of parcels; would compenfate for the lofs of
exemption of tolls. The rich Evglif diftricts would be above
taking advantage of this diminution of revenue to the comp-
troller-general. It is only for the poor Welch diftriéts, and a

few others like circumftanced, for which it 1s humbly afked.
2 I HAVE

Gyn) Mra. f UC O A CH E'S:

I Have a refpect for the plan of the mail-coaches, and for the
inventor; but I never could think of applying to him as the vi-
zam al muluc, the regulator of the pofting-empire. There oucht
not to be in our conftitution fuch a monfter as a comptroller un-
controllable by his legiflature, or his fuperiors in office: legifla-
ture muft now fee its imprudence in permitting a latitude of fo
dangerous a nature. I, an individual, never could bear the
thought:. I looked for redrefs to the poft-mafter general, or to
‘the three eftates of the kingdom.

I FEAR too great a veneration has been paid to this new-created
office, and mode of conveying the mail. I always with to pay
every individual and every office a due refpect ; but in this cafe
I muft preferve the independent and ufeful man, and endeavour
to correct every abufe that falls within my fphere as a provincial
magiitrate. What I am going to fay may be deemed foreign to
a legiflative friend ; yet as it may prove ufeful to many who be-
hold thefe new vehicles with a kind of veneration, I fhall men-
tion an affair which happened in our county in the laft autumn.
Let me premife, that thofe protectors of the mail, the guards,
relying on the name of royalty, had in the courfe of the /ri/h road
through North Wales, committed great excefies. One, on a
‘trifling quarrel, fhot dead a poor old gate-keeper: a coroner’s
jury was huddled up; and, in defiance of the tears of the widow,
no judicial notice has been taken of the affair to this very day.
In dnglefey, another of thefe guards difcharged his piftol wan-
-tonly in the face ofa chaife horfe, drawing his mafter, the Rev.
Fobu Bulkely, who was flung out, and died either on the {pot or
foonatter. Thele guards fhoot at dogs, hogs, fheep and poultry,

R as

r21

122

A HPAB W4DYI Kr Nea

as they pafs the road, and even in towns, to the great terror and
danger of the inhabitants. I determined to put a ftop to thefe
exceffes, and foon had an opportunity.

A NEIGHBORING gate-keeper laid before me a complaint, that
one of the guards had threatened to blow his brains out; and haa
actually fhot a dog that had offended him by his barking. I
iffued out my warrant, had the guard feized, and brought before
me. He was a man who, for his great beauty and elegant per-
fon, was called the Prince of Vales. 1 did not hefitate to play
the Judge Gafcoigne; but from the goodnefs of his appearance,
and the propriety of his behaviour, I did not go quite the length
that famous magiftrate did. 1 took bail for his appearance at our
quarter feffions. He appeared before us, when, by the permiffion
of the chairman, I took the lead in fpeaking. I reprefented to the
audience, that the guards were intrufted with arms merely for the
protection of the mail and the paffengers, not for the terror of his
Majefty’s fubjeéts; that a mail-coach was no fanctuary; thatthe
bailiff might drag the debtor out of it; the conftable, the felon;
the excifeman might rummage it for contraband goods, and that
with as little ceremony as if it had been a higler’s cart. I far-
ther added, had the driver been the offender, as the guard was,
he fhould have been taken into cuftody, and the poft- mafter of
the diftri€t left to provide another to convey the, mail to the next
ftage. The behaviour of the delinquent was fo becoming his
fituation, that by the leave of the court I difmified the offender
with fuch a reprimand as became the high ftation of a Britifh
juftice of the peace : an office in dignity and conftitutional utility
inferior to none in the land. Young men of the age, early
initiate yourfelves into that great character!

z ; I BEG

vr eey

ON MAIL-COACHES.

I sec pardon for detaining you fo long, but fo much I thought
was due to myfelf and to the public. A few papers I have
fubjoined will fling fome farther light on the fubjeét, as well as
on my proceedings from the beginning. I remain, with much
regard,

Dear Sir,
Your faithful and
affectionate humble fervant,

Tuomas PENNANT.
George-ftreet, Hanover-/quare,
March 31, 1792.

Downing, Feb. 18, 1793.

P. S. Notwithftanding the lenity fhewn to the mail guard,
the drivers of the coaches continue their infolencies. It has
been a common pra¢tice with them to divert themfelves with
flinging out their lafhes at harmle{s paffengers by way of fun.
Very lately one of thefe wretches fucceeded fo well as to twit
his lafh round a poor fellow’s neck in the parifh I live. He
dragged the man under the wheels, by which one of his arms
was broken. If ample fatisfaction is not made, an action fhall be
commenced againft the proprietors of the coach, who are cer-
tainly anfwerable for the mifconduct of their people.

R 2 LETTER

123

124

Ay 2 oP AGL IN 5D playin Nain

‘LETTER to Thomas Williams, Efq. of Llanidan, Member for
the Borough of Marlow. .

Dear Sir, Downing, Od. 18, 1791-

A™M much indebted to you for your late favor, with an official
letter inclofed. 1 have no kind of doubt but that the comp-
troller general will, on cool re-confideration of his defien of
altering the courfe of the /ri/h mail, be induced to lay it totally

afide. He will admit the importance of the county of Chefer ,

in its ancient ftaple of the cheefe, on which our fleets and armies
fo greatly depend. The city itfelf (if I may judge by the fre-
quent advertifements) is about to enter deeply on the fuftian
manufacture. The great remittances of taxes from the county,
and from great part of North Wales, and the remittances to and
from Ireland, and thofe occafioned by the great biennial linen
fairs, muft be flung into the {cale.

Tue port of Park-Gare has of late years rifen into much con-
fequence. It at prefent maintains four ftout pacquets, which un-
interruptedly ply between that port and Dublin. The correfpon-
dencies of the nurnbers of paflengers embarking or difembark-
ing, and the great remittances through this channel, are of no
{mall moment, and of. great general concern.

Tue county of Flint (little as it is of itielf), thanks to you
and other companies, fettling among us, is now rifing into an
amazing ftate of opulence: few perhaps can rival it. Our an-

4 cient

OON. MO AIIE-€7OM € TES.

cient lead trade was always confiderable; but by the introduction
of the copper and cotton bufinefs, Holywell, its environs, and
their dependencies, may boaft of commercial property, proba-
bly to the amount of a million fterling.

I wave always confidered Mr. Palmer’s plan as ufeful to his
country, and an honor to himfelf, except in one article. I can
never fuppofe that he will perfift in deviating from the utility of
his f{cheme, by diverting the mail from fuch a country as I have
deferibed. Shrew/bury has already its mail; after Ofwefry is paft,
the greateft part of the road to Conwy is mountainous, poor, and
half depopulated.

Ir gives me concern to find our interefts clafh with thofe of the
county of Salop. 1 muft allow the excellency of the great ftaples
of its capital, brawn and rich cakes; but ftill we have the balance
in our favor; for on the moft exact and impartial calculation, I
do not find that at prefent the annual confumption (of both to-
gether) can poffibly exceed the fum of 152,341/. 165. 93d.

TuE exceptionable article I allude to is the exemption of the
mail-coaches from tolls. This falls heavy on the leffer diftriéts :
poffibly we might have endured even that, had we not been in-
fulted with indictments, and compelled to repairs beyond the real
wants of the country. That is now over; we only wifh the
reftoration of our loft tolls, to enable us to fupport the roads in
the prefent ftate, and to take away all future grounds of com-
plaint from every quarter. This will induce me to perfift in my
defign of applying to parlement for redrefs of the grievance that
affects the gates from Che/fer to Conwy, let the rich Engli/h diftricts
take what fhare they pleafe in their own concerns. There is
one difficulty in Flint/bire in refpect to the road itfelf—I mean

Rbiellt

125

AERP OE CANS AD) RTA Nae

Rhiallt Hill; the alteration is beyond the power of the poor pa-
rifh it lies in, and beyond the power of the poor Mo/tyx diftrict
to effect. Poffibly the improvement may coft from 3oo/. to
400], a furn adequate to the eftimate has been raifed by the vo-
luntary fubfcription of the neighboring gentlemen: and the place
moftly complained of, has been moft nobly improved, at the ex-
pence of 221/. 185. 3d. I wifh a imall fum might be got from
parlement, for that and the relief of a few other poor townfhips. —
I cannot bear to drive over roads fmoothed by the bread of the
poor peafantry. If the mail will be permanent, I will cheerfully
fubfcribe fifty guineas towards that improvement. I fhall con-
clude with faying, that a {mall addition to the fare of paflengers
between Cheffer and Conwy, will indemnify the coach from the lofs
by toll. Let Mr. Palmer, who cannot but be fertile in expedi-
ents, confider of the matter. My earneft with is to have har-
mony reftored, and the ftrongeft mutual efforts made for the
general good. ;

I am,.
Dear Sir,

Your moft obedient humble fervant,

Tuomas PENNANT.

A LET-

ON MAIL COA CHiPs,

A LETTER to the worhhipful ever Brofer, Efq,
Mayor of Chefer.

Downing, Fanuary 23, 1792.

S T Ky

O N Thurfday two letters were laid by Mr. Smalley before the

commiflioners of the Fiat, Holywell, and Moftyn dittricts,
figned D. Smith, and G. Boulton; in which our attention was
requefted to the repair of the roads which lay in our county in
the courfe of the mail. It falls to my lot to defire you to com-
municate to your refpectable corporation, what the commiffion-
ers have done, and what they intend to do of their own proper
motions, not from the fear of any of the very unbecoming me-
naces fent forth.

On the road from Holywell to the extremity of the diftri@
(which is called the Fiinz), has been laid out, within two years,
953/. in the fpace of five miles: great part of which, long be-
fore the indiétments, was in moft admirable repair.

Tue Moftyn diftrict begins at the weftern end of the Fin:
‘much of itis in very good order: part is very indifferent, owing
to the impoverifhed ftate of the M@o/tyn diftrict, and to the in-
ability of the poor inhabitants of the townfhip in. which Rdva//t-
bill ies, to repair that part, which is bad by nature. I propofe a
fubfcription: you fee my offer in the inclofed. We look up to
the city of Cheffer, as both are engaged in a common caufe.

Tue Holywell diftritt is, excepting near Halkia, in excellent

repair,

127

128

ALP P EN D1 X, Ney.

repair. The part complained of will be attended to at the next
Meeting, at Holywell, at eleven o’clock on Wednefday the 8th of
February. We Tuall be happy ts fee any gentlemen on the
part of your city. ~~

Excuse me if I remind the city of Chefter. the county, and
alfo the county of Fizt, that our importance is fuch;+hat ee de-

: A : ah
- mand of a mail is a matter of right; not a petition for-fayor,

How fuperior is the juftice of our claim to that of Salop, whica
had long fince its independent mail!

Iw refpect to my particular actings, I never will perfift in any
thing that is wrong; nor defift from any thing that is right.
Our clame for abolifhing the exemption from tolls is founded on
common honefty. My feizing on the guard was the act ofan
attentive magiftrate, to prevent future murders. Two, if not
three, had been committed: one near Conwy; another in Ay-
glefey: befides the terror {pread along the whole road by the
wanton conduc¢t of the profligate guards. I brought the affair
before our quarter-feffion; more to fet it in the true light than
to punifh the offender. I was afperfed in your city; but the
examination wiped away the dirty paragraph.

I am, Sir,

Your moft obedient humble fervant,

Tuomas PENNANT.

To the worfbipful the Mayor of Chefter.

ON MAIL-COACHES,

To the Printer of the SHrewspury CHRONICLE,

SiR. Downing, Auguft 6, 179%.

REQUEST you to lay before the public the following
advertifement, addreffed by the commiffioners of the Mo/tyz
turnpike diftrict, in order to avert in future the hardfhips feve-
ral of the townfhips of the county of Flint labor under in the
repairs of the roads. The advertifement itfelf relates to the
greater part of the grievances. It was fent to the paper too late to
inform the Eng/i/b circuits, but has been approved by the grand
juries of Chefhire, Denbighfbire, and Flintfbire, at the Spring
affizes, and by that of Berkjbire and Monmouthfbire, being
the Autumn affizes. Let me here inform you, that, by in-
di€tments from the General Poft-Office, fines to the amount
of 12004 have been laid on the feveral townfhips lying in the
courfe of the poft-roads in the little county of Fut, many of
which are very fmall, and labour under the greateft poverty.
One in particular has a vaft extent of road to repair, and only a
few labourers, and four miferable teams to perform their ftatute
labor. Under thofe circumftances, terrified with the profpect
of ruin, they performed twenty-two days ftatute duty. The
French corvées, now fo reafonably abolifhed, were intraduced.
on Britifh ground, yet in vain; for a fine of 82/, 105. was im-
pofed on the poor people. So little interefted were they, and.
S numbers

129

3

APP END! FM Nee

numbers of others of the /Yel/b townfhips, in the paflage of the
mail-coach, that poffibly they do not receive a letter in a year;
yet thefe townfhips muft fuffer equally with the moft opulent and
commercial towns, Many of the roads were unexceptionably
repaired; the reft were in fufficient repair for the ufes of the
farmer, for the ufes of the gentlemen’s carriages, and for the
ufes of the mail, before the late unguarded innovations. We
are, like the //rcelites, required to make brick without ftraw.
The means- of repair are taken from us, and we are fined for
not performing impoffibilities. A poft-road is a national con-
cern; that to a neighboring kingdom doubly fo: and certainly
that confideration fhould induce legiflature to afford an aid in
fuch cafes in which it is found neceffary; and if a road muft be
finifhed with finical perfeCtion, the expence ought never to fall
on thofe who are totally uninterefted in it. Juftice can never
require that the poor fhould keep pace with the innovations
made for the benefit of commerce or luxury. Much of the
road-laws calls loudly for a reform: in all laws there fhould
be a point of limitation. The attention of the grand juries
is requefted at the enfuing affizes. It is hoped that they will
dire@ their reprefentatives to make the mail-coaches liable to
tolls. We mean no injury to Mr. Palmer: \et him, before
the meeting of parlement, fuggeft any remedy for the evil,
and we fhall reft content. They will certainly do away the
great parlementary opprobrium of the act paffed by their pre-
deceffors; which leffens a fecurity granted on the faith of par-
lement. And much more may be faid on this fubject; but
the detail is referyed for another occafion; you may be again

troubled

ON MAIL-COACHES

troubled with my complaints, as well as fome account of a
townfhip grievance, brought on it by thofe whofe peculiar
office it was to have guarded againft the deceptions which im-
pofed on their judgment, and brought on a moft erroneous and.
difgraceful adjudication.

I am, Sir,

Your moft obedient humble fervans,,

,

THOMAS PENNANTs

S2 “GENERAL

132

132

Ao PAP WE. ON YD ATs Ne ae

“« GENERAL TURNPIKE CONCERN.

1. “AT a meeting of the truftees of the Mcfyn turnpike,
held at the houfe of ofeph Roberts, at the Blue Beil, on Saturday,
Fuly 30, 1791, the ftate of the roads was taken into con-
fideration:

2. “ WHEN it appeared, that parts of the coal-road were
greatly out of repair; the trade in which was the original foun-
dation of this turnpike.

3. “ Tuat the prefent annual tolls are very inadequate te
remedy the evil.

4. “© Tuart the failure of the tolls does not arife from any
decay of trade in the country, but from the exemption granted
by parliament, by the 25th Geo. HII. c. 57, to the mail-coaches
from the payment of any tolls.

5. “ Tat, by fuch exemption, the common ftage-coaches
have been obliged to defift from travelling, by reafon of the
burthen they are fingly to fuftain, and which the mail-coaches
are freed from, and now in many places monopolize the
bufinefs.

6. * Tuat the Mofyn diftri& alone fuffers a lofs of 40/. a
year, which is the intereft of 800/. the lofs of which prevents
the truftees from the repairing of road equal to the expenditure
of fuch a fum.

7. “© Tuat the claufe of exemption in favor of the mail-

coaches

GIN MA TE-CO-A GH ES

edaches is highly detrimental to the credit of the tolls, and the
fecurity of the lenders, who had lent their money under the
pledge of parliamentary faith.

8. * Orperep, That the expediency of petitioning parliament
on this fubjeét be farther taken. into confideration, and that thefe
refolutions be publifhed in the next Cheffer' paper, as they are
public concerns; every poft-road, and its feveral creditors, be-
ing interefted therein.

g. “ Tuar the fum of ten guineas be paid into the hands of
the folicitor, towards the expences of the propofed bill, for re-
pealing the exemption of tolls of the mail-coaches, and for fub-
jecting them to tolls, in cafe fuch bill be brought into parlia-
ment: and that the commiffioners of the feveral turnpike dif-
tricts in Great Britain be invited to correfpond, by their trea-
furers, on the fubject, with Samuel Small, treafurer of the Flint

and Holywell diftri&ts, and Yobn Lloyd, affiftant treafurer of that.

of Moftyn.

10. “ THart the thanks of the commiffioners be given to the
foremen and grand juries of the counties of Che/hire, Denbigh-
foire, and Flint/bire, for their liberal concurrence with the refolu-
tions of the commiffioners of the Mo/tyn diftrict.

a1. © THaT it is requefted of the gentlemen of this
county to attend at Abid, on Saturday the gth of April, to
give a fanétion to this propofal, and to prepare one or more
petitions, or to give neceffary inftruction to the reprefenta-
tives of the county and borough, &c. as may then be thought
proper.

12. “ Anp, in order to give force to this reafonable clame

§ on

133

(34

ADP. BP Ep BaD 4b Roan Nees

on parliament, it is recommended to the gentlemen of neich-
boring counties, who may attend the duty of their country on
the enfuing grand juries, to take the above into confideration,.
and add their weight to the common caufe..

Signed, by order of the commiffioners,

“ Joun Lioyp,:
«© Afiftant Clerk and Treasurer.”

APPENDIX,

TLINTSHIRE ASSOCIATIYON.

MOY On Avs AUN DE) BES TE WO RK.

HE dangerous defiens of the French at this time be-
came fo evident as to induce fome of my neighbors ta
call on me, and requeft that I would take the leady@nd form an
affociation for the defence of our religion, conftitution, and pro-
perty, after the example of fome of the Engi/b counties, cities,
and towns; my zéal readily prompted me to comply with their
requeft, and I drew up a requifition for a2 meeting in the follow-
ing plain terms.

R E QU, 4 8 Pl 'O N.

To the Innasirants and Lanp-Owntrs of the Parifhes of
Holywell and Whitford, in the County of Fit.
Vy E, whofe names are underwritten, do earneftly requeft
you to meet us, on Thur/day the 2oth inftant, at the Aute-
lope, in Holywell, at the hour of Twelve, then and there to de-
clare, and fubfcribe, our abhorrence of the treafonable and {fedi-
tious practices of a few difaffeéted perfons, which are, to the
beft of their power, helping the Frevch to ruin our trade and
2 manufactures,’

¥35

136

A>P) BP EON. D cee, Nes

manufactures, to deftroy our religion, our laws, and our King,,
to leave the poor without any one able to give them bread, or
to protect them from wrongs from great or fmall, and laftly,
to bring confufion and deftruction upon. this. now. happy, and.
flourifhing, kingdom.

I bawb fy'n caru Cymru*.

Halywell, Dec. 13 1792+

Joun WHITTAKER THOMAS PENNANT

James SHELDON a TL J. Extis Mostyn

Joun Exuis Surron Joun Luoyp, clerk

Bett GRAHME Tuo. Epwarps, Saeth aclwyd
Rev. Puriip Jones CHRISTOPHER SMALLEY
Wiriram Caamsers, grocer | Rosert Hucues

James Ports, publican Epwarp Hucues

Joun Lioyp, farmer Wo. Bramwett, maltfter
JoszpH Roserts, publican D. Donsavann, Greenjield,.

SAMUEL WILLIAMSON

* To all who love Waues;.

This

FLINTSHIRE ASSOCIATION.

This ADVERTISEMENT produced the following
JE Sih coun O ai (ropa Uplie yeni Panag LN XO) Bnye

At a Meertine of the Innasirants of the Parifhes of

Holywell, Caerwys,
Whitford, Newmarket,
Northop, Llanbafa,
Flint, Saint Afapb,
Halkin, Rhuddlan,
Kilken, Meliden,
Skeiviog, Diferth,
Nanuerch, Cwm,

IN THE COUNTY OF FLINT,

Held at the utelope, in the Town of Holywell, on Thurfday
the 20th day of December, 17923

Refolved unanimoufly,

HAT itis the opinion of this meeting, that aflociations of

all perfons enjoying the unexampled benefits of the happy
and envied conftitution of Great-Britain, are at this time highly
expedient and neceflary, to affift in preferving the eftablifhed
liberties and growing profperity of our country.

We do therefore affociate ourfelves ;—and do profefs and de-
clare our unalienable attachment to the Conftitution, our firm and
inviolable allegiance to our gracious Sovereign, under whofe
mild and beneficent reign we poffefs all the advantages of good

T government ;

13]

138

AY SP PSE SND) Lee Se ieNcge

government; our cbedience to the laws, and our anxious withes
for peace and good order in fociety, which it is our determined
refolution to ufe all our exertions to preferve; and we do exprefs
our abhorrence of every attempt made to deprive us of the in-
valuable bleffings we now enjoy.

Thus affociated, we feel it our duty to point out, and we re-
queft all orders of men in this country to reflect on, the inefli-
mable benefits of our excellent conftitution.

We are governed by known laws, that are juft and equal, and
refpect not perfons; they alike reftrain oppreffion and curb

‘licentioufnefs : The bighe/? (as hath been well obferved) are within

their reach, and the loweft bave their full protection.

All the arts, farming, manufactures, trade, and every employ-
ment and labour of man, are encouraged, and flourifh beyond
any thing known in any former period, or in any country ; every
man poffeffes in fecurity the fruit of his labour. Talents and in-
duftry are fure of fuccefs, and may, as we daily fee, rife to wealth
and honor.

We enjoy, and have long enjoyed, the perfection of civil
liberty in our perfons, our property, and our honeft opinions: and
it is the glory of Britain, that of all the nations of Europe—HERE
ONLY ALL MEN ARE FREE.

It is then our duty, and we folemnly pledge ourfelves, collec-
tively and individually, to ufe our utmoft endeavors to preferve
thefe invaluable blefiings, by a firm and zealous attachment to our
King and Conftitution, a ready and ftrenuous fupport of the
magiftracy, and the moft aétive and unremitted vigilance to fup-
prefs and prevent all tumult, diforder, and feditious meetings and

publications.
Refolved,

ELINTSHIREY ASSOCIATION.

Refolved, That the thanks of this meeting be given to T10-
MAS Pennant, Efq. chairman, for his activity and zeal in pro-
moting this bufinefs, and his ready acceptance of the chair.

Refolved, That the thanks of this meeting be given to Epwarp
Jonzs, Efg. of Wepre-hall, for his attention in drawing up the
refolutions of this meeting, above recited.

Refolved, ‘That a committee be formed of this Affociation,
confifting of the following gentlemen ;

Tuomas Pennant, Efq. Chairman;
Str Rocer Mostyn, Bart. M. P.| Rev. Enw. Huauss, Greenfield,
Sir Epwarp Luoyp, Bart. Rey. Joun Portrer,
Watkin Wittiams, Efg. M. P.| Paut Panton, Efq.
Rev. tHE Dean oF St. AsaPH, |Davip Pennant, Efg.

Rosgert Hucues, Efq. Rev. Joun Luioyp, Caerwys,
Epw. Morean, Efq. Mr. Francis SMEDLEY,
Tro. Wittiams, Efq. Rev. Tuo. Hucues, Bagillt,
Epwarp Jones, Efq. Mr. Samuet Davies, grocer
Mr. DanreL DoNBAVAND, Mr. Tuomas THoressy,
Tuo. Totty, Efq. Mr. SamMuEL WILLIAMSON,
CHRISTOPHER SMALLEY, Efq. Joun Doucras, Efq.

Joun WuitTTakeER, Efq. Joun Lroyp, Gent.

Joun Exzis Mosryn, Efq. Joun Extis Surron, Gent.
SAMUEL SMALL, Efq. Rev. Henry Parry,
Hucu Humpureys, Efq. Mr. WitiiamM CHaMBERs,
Wo. Atten, Ef. Mr. Tuomas Simon,

Rev. Joun Lioyvp, Holywell, Mr. Bett Graume,

Rev. Puuip Jones, Rev. Jos. Tyrer.

Tuomas Tuomas, Efq.
Refolved, That Joun Exris Surron be appointed fecretary to

this committee.
25 Refolved,

140

Al UP Re) Ey iy Aad: Lt Re Ne

Refolved, That ten of the perfons above mentioned may form
a committee, :

Refolved, That a committee be held on every Saturday, till it
is forbidden; ‘and that the firft be held on Satarday the sth of
January, at the hour of eleven, at the Ayfelope, in Holyzwell.

Refolved, That the clergy of the feveral affociated parifhes be
requefted to return the books to the fecretary, on or before
Fanuary the sth, being the firft committee. ~

Refolved, That any other parifh in Flint/bire, which may hap-
pen to affociate, be requefted to tranfmit to the fecretary notice
of fuch affeciation, that, if needful, they may hereafter corre-
{pond together.

Refolved, That the proceedings of this day be publifhed in
Adams's Weekly Courant; and that Eomunp Monkx be printer
to this affociation.

THOMAS PENNANT, Chairman.

A Book for receiving the fignatures of the feveral parifhes, was
fent to each, with the above refolutions, tranflated into Wel,
prefixed, and alfo a copy of Mr. Juftice Ahurfi’s fpeech given
in the fame language, for the benefit of thofe who did not under-
ftand Englifo; and thefe books were figned by an incredible
number of people.

COUNTY

COUNTY BOUNTIES

FOR SEAMEN.

Ble NCIS So EAD, Ry EY.

Holywell, Feb. a5 1793.
E, whofe names are underwritten, members of the com-

mittee of the fixteen affociated parifhes in Fiint/hire, this.

day affembled, do hereby offer two guineas (over and above all

other bounties) to each of the firft twenty Able Seamen, natives.

of Flintfhire, and one guinea apiece to each of the firft twenty
Ordinary Seamen, or Landmen, natives of the fame county, who

are willing to enter into his majefty’s fervice, to defend their

religion, their king, their wives, children, or friends, from a moft
wicked and barbarous enemy.

Any brave fellow, fo inclined, is defired to apply to Mr..
Fobn Ellis Sutton, tecretary of the committee, at Holywell, who-
3 will.

141

142

APP VENER Ol axe) | Nes:

will inform him of other particulars, and give him a recommen-
dation to his majefty’s regulating captain at Liverpool.
Tuts to continue in force for three months.

£.
Rocer Mostyn = — 42
Tuomas PENNANT — _ — ai
Witiram Davies SHIPLEY — — 21
Warkin WILLIAMS — = on
Hort Wynne Eyton, for five able feamen.
Lewis St. AsapH — — — 21

and more, if required.

Any public-fpirited Fiint/bire men, willing to encourage this
undertaking in the fmalleft degree, are requefted to fend in their
names to the chairman, as fubfcribers to one or more Able Sea-
men, or Ordinary Seamen, as may fuit their inclination or con-
veniency.

Tuts was the firft county-bounty which had been offered.
The example was inftantly followed in Cheffer, and four places
in North Wales. The committee of the fixteen parifhes were
immediately honored with the unfolicited thanks of the Lords
of the Admiralty.

Tue inftances of the public fpirit of the Ladies of Flinthire
muft not be paffed over in filence.

COUNTY BOUNTIES FOR SEAMEN, 143

To the Eprror of Apams’s Courant.

Sires

OU will be pleafed to infert in your next paper the follow-

ing letter, worthy of a CHARLOTTE DE LA TREMOUILLE*.

It is not only a tribute due to the lady’s public fpirit, but may

prove an incentive to others to follow an example worthy of the
imitation of every good man.

« Tothe Chairman of the Committee of the Sixteen affociated
Parifhes in FLINTSHIRE.

CTD NEP AUR NSH TRG Wrexham, Feb. 15, 1793.

“ T feel fo much pleafed with the fpirited exertions of yourfelf
and the other Flint/hire gentlemen, expreffed in the advertife-
ment in Mowk’s laft paper, that I muft beg you to accept of
the inclofed, to be applied to the fame purpofe; and, as it is a
duty that every individual owes to that conftitution that has
protected their life and property, to do their utmoft to fupport it
at this awful period, if you want my further affiftance, you may
command the fame fum whenever you chufe to call for it.

“« T am, dear Sir,
“© Your affectionate kinfwoman,.

“ MARY PULESTON.”

* Countefs of Derby, in the reign of Charles I.

144

ARG Py RT Ds Tsai. INGE
At a Meeting of tte COMMITTEE of the

Hotyweti Association,
Held 16th February 1793, at the Antelope, in Holywell,
IT WAS ORDERED,
THAT public thanks be given to Mrs. Putzston, for her
above fpirited donation; and that her letter be printed in

Adams's next Courant.
T. PENNANT, Chairman.

Other Contributors fince February 6th.

om
o
NX.

Mrs. Pureston of Gwy/aney _ — 10/10" 9

And an offer of the like fum, if required.
Mrs. Evans, Holywell — oo _ OB Wo). (0%
Mr. Lewis Hughes St. Afaph — — Bin)
Mr. Fohn Davies of Gop — — — i it 6
The Rev. Edward Hughes of Kinmael _ 10 10 0
Thomas S. Chamneys, Efq. — == 19 10 0

and more, if required.

Fo SNe:

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RS eben

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Nein

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felipe:

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