Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15

https://archive.org/details/livingvolutesmonOOunse

^ -

.<A

%

i

I

I

i'

!

I

if,

1

)

f

I

i

C

I 5:

' -a"

.pf"

1

e

A Monograph of the Recent Volutidae of the World

By CLIFTON STOKES WEAVER

and

JOHN ELEUTHERE duPONT

Monograph Series No. 1

Delaware Museum of Natural History
Greenvilie Delaware

LIVING VOLUTES

Clifton Stokes Weaver

and

John Eleuthere duPont

Library of Congress catalog card num ber 74-119744

Copyright © 1970 bv the Delaware Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved. No portion of this
book may be duplicated or reproduced in any manner without written permission. Address correspon-
dence to the Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville, Delaware 19807.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

Designed and edited by James H. Weidner Associates. Cinnaminson, N.J. Printed in the U.S.A. at Kings-
port Press, Kingsport, Tenn. Offset color reproductions by the Beck Engraving Co., Inc., Philadelphia,
Pa.

FOREWORD

Volute shells are a small part of the treasures of the seas, yet they have in-
trigued and even hypnotized famous collectors since the earliest days of ex-
ploration. With man on the threshold of destroying a large part of his natural
environment, it seems appropriate that this book should appear at this time
concerning a unique example of the beauty that nature has bestowed upon this
earth.

Behind some of the shells in this book are nearly 200 years of fascinating
history, such as that connected with the Aulica Volute, originally owned in
1780 by the Duchess of Portland, then, in 1787, by the French Duke of Ca-
lonne, only to be auctioned off to the fourth Earl of Tankerville, and finally to
come to rest in the sanctuary of the British Museum. The original Valuta
papillosa was owned by Mrs. William Bligh, wife of the shell-collecting captain
of the ill-fated ship H.M.S. Bounty. In 1822, the Postmaster General of Eng-
land bought the specimen for £29.

But the lure of volute collecting is not so much in securing rare specimens
as in the fascination of tracking down these living sea creatures in their natural
haunts and studying their habits. The Brazilian Volute lays an egg almost the
size and texture of a tennis ball; the fabled Music Volute of the Lesser Antilles
may be lured to traps baited with conch meat; and the West African Cymbium
brood their live young inside their bodies.

This book is unusual in another way. The authors have long been devotees
of malacology, or conchology. Clifton S. Weaver has studied and collected
volutes for many years, and he is well known for his contributions to the knowl-
edge of Hawaiian marine mollusks. John E. duPont, naturalist and assiduous
collector, joined forces with Mr. Weaver and assisted in designing, editing,
and organizing the many efforts so necessary in the production of such a sump-
tuous book. Many scientists gave unstintingly of their valuable time to help
these gentlemen navigate through the rocky passages of nomenclature and
systematics. The result is a fine example of community cooperation.

This book also joins other worthwhile publications of the Delaware Museum
of Natural History, such as Exotic Conchology, that are designed to bridge
the gap between the ivory-towered scientists and the ardent private collector.
Although Living Volutes is primarily designed to assist the legions of volute
collectors, it is hoped that it will inspire others to appreciate, observe, and
protect the wonderful world of nature.

R. TUCKER ABBOTT, Ph.D.

DuPont Chair of Malacologv

INTRODUCTION

Not since Tryon (1882) wrote his Volutidae section in the Manual of Con-
chology has there been an adequate review of this family of mollusks. There-
fore, the primary purpose of our book is to bring the Volutidae up to date in a
systematic manner for the student and researcher. In addition, the 199 species
and five subspecies, here considered valid, are illustrated in color, many of
the illustrations showing type specimens. Also included are numerous text
figures of anatomies and radulae, maps, and a voluminous bibliography.

Before the actual writing of this book began, the authors together had studied
the Volutes for a total of 17 years. We both had assembled a large collection of
Volutes which now forms an integral part of the Volute collection of the De-
partment of Mollusks of the Delaware Museum of Natural History. Thus, we
joined forces as co-authors in late 1966 and started work on Living Volutes.

For the most part we have followed the systematics as outlined by Pilsbry
and Olsson (1954) and Clench and Turner (1964). In our synonymy we have
consistently used several well known references; they are Kiener (1839),
Swainson (1841), Sowerby I (1845), Reeve (1849), Tryon (1882), M. Smith
(1942), and Shikama and Horikoshi (1963). Otherwise, we have generally
restricted the synonymy to citations that show name changes, different generic
arrangements, figures, anatomical and radular descriptions, locality data, and
range extensions.

Our use of the name "Lightfoot” instead of "Solander” as the author for
several well known species is based on the research of Peter Dance (1962),
Dr. E. Alison Kay (1965), and Dr. Harald A. Rehder (1967), who assert that
the compiler of A Catalogue of the Portland Museum was the Reverend John
Lightfoot and not Daniel Solander.

In many instances our systematic placement of taxa is based, by necessity,
on shell characteristics alone because so little is known of the anatomy of many
species in Volutidae. However, we feel that this effort represents the sum of
today’s knowledge and may prove to be a springboard for future research.

Clifton S. Weaver

John E. duPont

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to the following scholars
who read early versions of this text and offered invaluable suggestions in the
planning and organizing of this book: Dr. R. Tucker Abbott, Mr. Walter 0.
Cernohorsky, Dr. William J. Clench, Dr. James H. McLean, Dr. Donald F.
McMichael, Dr. A. W. Baden Powell, Dr. Harald A. Rehder, and Dr. Ruth D.
Turner.

Our thanks are also extended to the following persons for the loan of ma-
terial, photographs of type specimens, and certain locality records: Dr. E.
Binder, Dr. Kenneth J. Boss, Dr. William K. Emerson, Madame Lafond Grel-
lety. Dr. R. Kilias, Dr. Helen M. Lawes, Mr. Tom McGinty, Mr. Tom Nielsen,
Mr. William E. Old, Jr., Dr. Eli de Carvalho Rios, Dr. Joseph Rosewater, Dr.
Brian J. Smith, Dr. Norman Tebble, Mr. Akibumi Teramachi, and Mr. Arch
Whitworth.

We are deeply indebted to our researcher and typist, Mrs. Freddie Harby.
Her enthusiasm and dedication to the thousands of details that fell her way
made our task infinitely less tedious. And to Mrs. Emily E. Reed goes our
appreciation for her cooperation in preparing the maps.

PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITS

The color photography credits belong to: Mr. Dominique Berretty, Mr. D.
M. Byrne (live animals), Mr. John E. duPont, Dr. Sadao Kosuge, Mr. Terence
LeGoubin, Mr. Hans Lehman, Mr. David Moore, and Mr. John R. Peirce.

CONTENTS

Foreword iii

Introduction v

Acknowledgments vi

Systematic Arrangement of Subfamilies and Recent Genera in

Family VOLUTIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 ix

Family VOLUTIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 1

Subfamily VOLUTINAE Rafinesque, 1815 2

Subfamily ATHLETINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 9

Subfamily LYRIINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 15

Subfamily EULGORARINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 31

Subfamily CYMBIINAE H. and A. Adams, 1853 63

Subfamily ZIDONINAE H. and A. Adams, 1853 100

Subfamily ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE Clench and Turner, 1964 126

Subfamily SCAPHELLINAE H. and A. Adams, 1858 139

Subfamily CALLIOTECTINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 175

Color Plates 187

Bibliography 347

Glossary 361

Latin Abbreviations 365

Museum Abbreviations 365

Measurements 365

Index 367

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

of Subfamilies and Recent Genera in

Family VOLUTIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Subfamily VOLUTINAE Rafinesque, 1815 — page 2
Genus Valuta Linnaeus, 1758 — -page 2

ebraea Linnaeus, 1758 — page 3
musica musica Linnaeus, 1758 — page 3
musica demarcoi Olsson, 1965 — page 7
virescens Lightfoot, 1786 — page 7
Subfamily ATHLETINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 — page 9
Genus Volutocorbis Dali, 1890 — page 9

abyssicola (H. Adams and Reeve, 1848) — page 10
boswellae Rehder, 1969 — page 10
disparilis Rehder, 1969 — page 11
epigona (von Martens, 1904) — page 11
gilchristi (Sowerby III, 1902) — page 12
lutosa Koch, 1948 — page 12
Genus Ternivoluta von Martens, 1897 — page 13
studeri (von Martens, 1897) — page 13
Subfamily LYRIINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 — page 15
Genus Lyria Gray, 1847 — page 15

beauii (Eischer and Bernard!, 1857) — page 16
cassidula (Reeve, 1849) — page 16
cloveriana Weaver, 1963 — page 17
delessertiana (Petit de la Saussaye, 1842) — page 17
deliciosa deliciosa (Montrouzier, 1859) — page 18
deliciosa howensis Iredale, 1937 — page 18
kimberi Cotton, 1932 — page 21
lyraeformis (Swainson, 1821) — page 21
mitraefomiis (Lamarck, 1811) — page 22
nucleus (Lamarck, 1811) — page 23
pallidula Habe, 1962 — page 23
planicostata (Sowerby III, 1903) — page 24
queketti (E. A. Smith, 1901) — page 24
vegai Clench and Turner, 1967 — page 25
Subgenus Enaeta H. and A. Adams, 1853 — page 25
archeri (Angas, 1865) — page 25
bamesii (Gray, 1825) — page 26
cumingii (Broderip, 1832) — page 26

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

cylleniformis (Sowerby I, 1844) — page 27
guildingii (Sowerby I, 1844) — page 27
reevei (Dali, 1907) — page 28
Subgenus Lyreneta Iredale, 1937 — page 28
laseroni (Iredale, 1937) — page 29
Subgenus Harpeola Dali, 1907 — page 29
anna (Lesson, 1835) — page 29
kurodai (Kawamura, 1964) — page 30
Subfamily FULGORARINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 — page 31
Genus Fulgoraria Schumacher, 1817 — page 31
angulosa (Shikama, 1967) — page 33
exoptanda Shikama, 1967 — page 33
hamillei (Grosse, 1869) — page 33
kamakiirensis Otuka, 1949 — page 34
leviuscula Redder, 1969 — page 35
rupestris (Gnielin, 1791) — page 35
Subgenus Psephaea Crosse, 1871 — page 37
concinna (Broderip, 1836) — page 37
daviesi (Fulton, 1938) — page 38
kaneko Y. Hirase, 1922 — page 38
megaspira (Sowerby I, 1844) — page 39
mentiens (Fulton, 1940) — page 39
yamamotoi Shikama, 1967 — page 40
Subgenus Volutipysma Redder, 1969 — page 40
humerosa Redder, 1969 — page 40
Subgenus Musashia Havashi, 1960 — page 41

cancellata Kuroda and Habe, 1950 — page 41
clara (Sowerby III, 1914) — page 43
elongata Shikama, 1962 — page 43
formosana Azuma, 1967 — page 44
hirasei (Sowerby III, 1912) — page 44
prevostiana (Crosse, 1878) — page 44
Subgenus Kurodina Redder, 1969 — page 45
smithi (Sowerby III, 1901) — page 45
Subgenus Saotomea Habe, 1943 — page 46
delicata (Fulton, 1940) — page 46
Genus Guivillea Watson, 1886 — page 47

alabastrina Watson, 1882 — page 47
Genus Livonia Gray, 1855 — page 47

mammilla (Sowerby I, 1844) — page 48
roadnightae (McCoy, 1881) — page 49
Genus Ericusa H. and A. Adams, 1858 — page 49
fidgetra (Sowerby I, 1825) — page 50

X

Systematic Arrangement

orca Cotton, 1952 — page 51
papillosa (Swainson, 1822) — page 51
sericata Thornley, 1951 — page 52
Subgenus Mesericusa Iredale, 1929 — page 53
soiverbyi (Kiener, 1839) — page 53
stokesi (Cotton, 1961) — page 54
Genus Festilyria Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 — page 54
africana (Reeve, 1856) — page 57
duponti Weaver, 1968 — page 57
festiva (Lamarck, 1811) — page 58
ponsonbyi (E. A. Smith, 1901) — page 59
Genus Iredalina Finlay, 1926 — page 59

mirabilis Finlay, 1926 — page 60
Genus Harpovoluta Thiele, 1912 — page 61
charcoti (Lamy, 1910) — page 61
vanhoeffeni Thiele, 1912 — page 62
Subfamily CYMBIINAE H. and A. Adams, 1853 — page 63
Genus Cymbium Roding, 1798 — page 63

cucumis Roding, 1798 — page 64
cymbium (Linnaeus, 1758) — page 64
glans (Gmelin, 1791) — page 65
marmoratum Link, 1807 — page 66
marocanus (Pallary, 1930) — page 66
olla (Linnaeus, 1758) — page 67
pachyus (Pallary, 1930) — page 68
pepo (Lightfoot, 1786) — page 68
Genus Melo Broderip [in] Sowerby I, 1826 — page 69
melo (Lightfoot, 1786) — page 69
Subgenus Melocorona Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 — page 70
aethiopica (Linnaeus, 1758) — page 70
amphora (Lightfoot, 1786) — page 72
broderipii (Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834) — page 73
georginae (Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834) — page 74
miltonis (Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834) — page 74
umbilicatus Broderip [in] Sowerby 1, 1826 — page 75
Genus Cymbiola Swainson, 1831 — page 75

cymbiola (Gmelin, 1791) — page 76
Subgenus Aulica Gray, 1847 — page 76
aulica (Sowerby I, 1825) — page 77
chrysostoma (Swainson, 1824) — page 80
flavicans (Gmelin, 1791) — page 80
imperialis (Lightfoot, 1786) — page 81
kaupi (Bunker, 1863) — page 82

XI

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

mariaemma (Gray, 1858) — page 82
nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786) — page 83
rossiniana (Bernardi, 1859) — page 84
Subgenus Aulicina Rovereto, 1899 — page 84
deshay esi (Reeve, 1855) — page 84
irvinae (E. A. Smith, 1909) — page 85
nivosa (Lamarck, 1804) — page 85
rutila rutila (Broderip, 1826) — page 87
rutila nonisii (Gray, 1838) — page 88
Sophia (Gray, 1846) — page 89
vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) — page 89
Subgenus Cymbiolena Iredale, 1929 — page 90
magnijica (Gebauer, 1802) — page 91
Genus Callipam Gray, 1847 — page 91

bullatiana Weaver and duPont, 1967 — page 92
Genus Cymbiolacca Iredale, 1929 — page 92
complexa (Iredale, 1924) — page 95
cracenta McMichael, 1963 — page 95
peristicta McMichael, 1963 — page 96
perplicata (Hedley, 1902) — page 96
pulchra (Sowerby I, 1825) — page 97
thatcheri (McCoy, 1868) — page 97
wisemani (Brazier, 1870) — page 98
Genus Sigaluta Rehder, 1967 — page 99

pratasensis Rehder, 1967 — page 99
Subfamily ZIDONINAE H. and A. Adams, 1853 — page 100
Genus Zidona H. and A. Adams, 1853 — page 100
dufresnei (Donovan, 1823) — page 101
Genus Adelomelon Dali, 1906 — page 102

ancilla (Lightfoot, 1786) — page 102
barattinii Klappenbach and Ureta, 1966 — page 103
beckii (Broderip, 1836) — page 105
paradoxa (Lahille, 1895) — page 106
Subgenus Weaveria Clench and Turner, 1964 — page 106
riosi Clench and Turner, 1964 — page 106
Subgenus Pachycymbiola von Ihering, 1907 — page 107
brasiliana (Lamarck, 1811) — page 107
ferussacii (Donovan, 1824) — page 108
Genus Alcithoe H. and A. Adams, 1853 — page 108
arabica (Gmelin, 1791) — page 109
Jissurata (Dell, 1963) — page 110
larochei Marwick, 1926 — page 112
swainsoni Marwick, 1926 — page 112

Systematic Arrangement

Subgenus Leporemax Iredale, 1937 — page 113
chathamensis (Dell, 1956) — page 113
fusus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) — page 114
hedleyi (Murdoch and Suter, 1906) — page 115
Genus Pachymelon Marwick, 1926 — page 115
(for fossil species only)

Subgenus Palomelon Finlay, 1926 — page 115
benthicola Dell, 1963 — page 116
grahami Powell, 1965 — page 116
lutea (Watson, 1882) — page 116
smithi Powell, 1950 — page 117
wilsonae Powell, 1933 — page 118
Genus Teremelon Marwick, 1926 — page 118
knoxi Dell, 1956 — page 118
Genus Arctomelon Dali, 1915 — page 119

henthalis (Dali, 1896) — page 119
steamsii (Dali, 1872) — page 120
Genus Harpulina Dali, 1906 — page 121

arausiaca (Lightfoot, 1786) — page 121
lapponica (Linnaeus, 1767) — page 122
Genus Provocator Watson, 1882 — page 122

corderoi Carcelles, 1947 — page 123
pulcher Watson, 1882 — page 123
Genus Cottonia Iredale, 1934 — page 124

nodiplicata (Gox, 1910) — page 124

Subfamily ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE Clench and Turner, 1964— page 126
Genus Odontocymhiola Clench and Turner, 1964 — page 126
americana (Reeve, 1856) — page 127
magellanica (Gmelin, 1791) — page 129
pescalia Clench and Turner, 1964 — page 130
subnodosa (Leach, 1814) — page 130
Genus Miomelon Dali, 1907 — page 131

philippiana (Dali, 1890) — page 132
scoresbyana Powell, 1951 — page 132
Genus Tractolira Dali, 1896 — page 133
sparta Dali, 1896 — page 133
Genus Volutoconus Crosse, 1871 — page 133
bednalli (Brazier, 1878) — page 135
coniformis (Cox, 1871) — page 135
grossi grossi (Iredale, 1927) — page 137
grossi mcmichaeli Habe and Kosuge, 1966 — page 137
hargreavesi (Angas, 1872) — page 138
Subfamily SCAPHELLINAE H. and A. Adams, 1858 — page 139

xiii

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Genus Scaphella Swainson, 1832 — page 140

junonia (Lamarck, 1804) — page 140
neptunia (Clench and Aguayo, 1940) — page 142
Subgenus Clenchina Pilsbry and Olsson, 1953 — page 143
dohrni (Sowerby III, 1903) — page 143
Subgenus Aurinia H. and A. Adams, 1853 — page 144
dubia (Broderip, 1827) — page 144
Genus Volutifusus Conrad, 1863 — page 145
aguayoi (Clench, 1940) — page 146
piratica (Clench and Aguayo, 1940) — page 146
torrei (Pilsbry, 1937) — page 147
Genus Amoria Gray, 1855 — page 147

canaliculata (McCoy, 1869) — page 148
damonii Gray, 1864 — page 151
dampieria Weaver, 1960 — page 152
ellioti (Sowerby II, 1864) — page 153
grayi Ludbrook, 1953 — page 153
guttata McMichael, 1964 — page 154
jamrachi Gray, 1864 — page 155
macandrewi (Sowerby III, 1887) — page 156
maculata (Swainson, 1822) — page 156
praetexta (Reeve, 1849) — page 157
spenceriana (Gatliff, 1908) — page 157
tumeri (Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834) — page 158
volva (Gmelin, 1791) — page 159
Subgenus Amorena Iredale, 1929 — page 159
benthalis McMichael, 1964 — page 160
exoptanda (Reeve, 1849) — page 160
sclateri (Cox, 1869) — page 161
undulata (Lamarck, 1804) — page 161
Subgenus Relegamoria Iredale, 1936 — page 162
molleri (Iredale, 1936) — page 163
Subgenus Zebramoria Iredale, 1929 — page 163
zebra (Leach, 1814) — page 164
Genus Paramoria McMichael, 1960 — page 165

guntheri guntheri (E. A. Smith, 1886) — page 165
guntheri weaveri McMichael, 1961 — page 167
Genus Notovoluta Cotton, 1946 — page 167

kreuslerae (Angas, 1865) — page 168
rossiterie (Brazier, 1898) — page 168
verconis (Tate, 1892) — page 169
Genus Notopeplum Finlay, 1927 — page 169

translucidum (Verco, 1896) — page 170

XIV

Systematic Arrangement

Genus Nannamoria Iredale, 1929 — page 170
amicula Iredale, 1929 — page 170
parabola Garrard, 1960 — page 171
Genus Cymbiolista Iredale, 1929 — page 171
hunteri Iredale, 1931 — page 172
Genus Ampulla Roding, 1798 — page 172

priamus (Gmelin, 1791) — page 174
Subfamily CALLIOTECTINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 — page 175
Genus Calliotectum Dali, 1890 — page 175
vernicosum Dali, 1890 — page 175
Genus Teramachia Kuroda, 1931 — page 176

barthelowi (Bartsch, 1942) — page 177
dalli (Bartsch, 1942) — page 177
johnsoni (Bartsch, 1942) — page 178
mirabilis (Clench and Aguayo, 1941) — page 178
smithi (Bartsch, 1942) — page 178
tibiaeformis Kuroda, 1931 — page 179
Genus Neptuneopsis Sowerby III, 1898 — page 179
gilchristi Sowerby III, 1898 — page 179
Genus Fusivoluta von Martens, 1902 — page 181

anomala (von Martens, 1902) — page 181
barnardi Rehder, 1969 — page 182
blaizei (Barnard, 1959) — page 183
capensis (Thiele, 1925) — page 183
clarkei Rehder, 1969 — page 183
decussata Barnard, 1959 — page 184
pyrrhostoma (Watson, 1882) — page 184
sculpturata (Tomlin, 1945) — page 185

XV

Rafinesque, 1815

1815 VoLUTiDiA Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 145, family 19, sub-
family 2.

1821b VoLUTAE Swainson, Exotic Conchology 1(1), first unnumbered page.

1822 VoLUTiDAE Fleming, The Philosophy of Zoology 2:490.

Distribution: Representatives of the Volutidae are found in all the world’s oceans,
particularly in tropical and subtropical waters. Their bathymetric range is from the
littoral to abyssal depths.

Diagnosis: Shells vary greatly in shape and size, from narrow, high-spired specimens
only a few millimeters in length to 500 mm giants with sunken spires and swollen
body whorls. Variability is also evident in such morphological characteristics as the
surface sculpture, the columellar folds, the siphonal notch, and the fasciole — any or
all of which may be present or absent. Only about 30 species of some 200 species
have an operculum.

Those volutid species observed in life have shown themselves to either feed on
other mollusks or be scavengers.

According to Clench and Turner (1964), the foot is broad; the head small, flat,
and wide; the tentacles flat and triangular with eyes, when present, near the base.
The mantle is variable. In some forms it may envelop the shell; in others it extends
only slightly beyond the aperture. The Volutidae are rachiglossate, with an introvert
proboscis, paired preneural salivary glands, a concentrated nervous system, and a
large gland of Leiblein.

The radular ribbon, where known, is usually uniserial. However, in one subfamily,
Athletinae, it is triserial.

The Volutidae is divided into nine subfamilies.

1

Subfamily

VOLUTINAE

Rafinesque, 1815

1815 VOLUTIDIA Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 145,
family 19, subfamily 2.

1840 VOLUTINAE Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, pp.
316-324.

Type genus: Valuta Linnaeus, 1758; monotypic.

Distribution; There is only one genus in the subfamily
Volutinae. It contains three living species and one sub-
species. Three of the species are restricted to the Carib-
bean and northern Brazil. The one subspecies inhabits
waters in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Their
bathymetric range is from the littoral to 100 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells are solid and range in size from the
moderately large (90 mm in length) Valuta musica Lin-
naeus, 1758 to the large (260 mm in length) Valuta eb-

raea Linnaeus, 1758. They also vary in shape from ovate
to elongate-ovate. Protoconch is moderately large and
turbinate. It may be smooth or axially ribbed. Teleoconch
is either smooth or axially ribbed, with weak to strong
shoulder nodules and/or spiral sculpture. Suture is
irregular and impressed. Columella has strong anterior
plaits which become weak posteriorly. Siphonal notch
is deep; fascicle present. Operculum is horny and un-
guiculate. Periostracum appears to be absent.

The radula is uniserial with broad multicuspid teeth.
There are unequal lobes at the base of the siphons, and
the tubular salivary glands are loosely associated with
the racemose salivary glands.

Valuta musica is known to be carnivorous {fide Sea-
mon and Seamon, 1967).

Genus Valuta Linnaeus, 1758

1758 Valuta Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 729 (type
species. Valuta musica Linnaeus, 1758; by subsequent
designation, D. de Montfort, 1810).

1798 Plejoria Roding, Museum Boltenianum (2):59 (type species.
Valuta ebraea Linnaeus, 1758; by subsequent designation,
Dali, 1889).

1806 Valutarius Duineril, Zoologie Analytique, p. 166 (no type
species designated).

1831 Harpula Swainson, Zoological Illustrations (2)2:77, pi. 77
(type species. Valuta ebraea Lamarck, 1811, = Valuta
ebraea Linnaeus. 1758; by original designation).

1847 Musica Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (15):141 (type spe-
cies, Valuta musica Linnaeus, 1758; by original mon-
otypy).

1858b Chlorasina Gray [in] H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Re-
cent Mollusca 2:617 (type species. Valuta polyzanalis

Lamarck, 1811, = Valuta virescens Lightfoot, 1786; by
original monotypy).

1877 Volutolyria Crosse, Journal de Conchvliologie (3)25:99
(type species. Valuta musica Linnaeus, 1758; by original
designation).

1964 Valuta Linnaeus, Clench and Turner, Johnsonia 4{43);139-

146, pis. 80, 82-87 (numerous figs, of shells, soft anat-
omy, and radulae).

1965 Valuta Linnaeus, Olsson, Bull. American Paleo. 49(224):

657-671, pis. 80-83 (numerous figs.).

Type species; Valuta musica Linnaeus, 1758; by sub-
sequent designation, D. de Montfort, 1810; Recent, Gulf of
Mexico and Caribbean Sea.

Distribution: Since Valuta is the only genus in Volutinae,
the subfamily distribution also applies here.

2

Valuta

Diagnosis: Since Voluta is the only genus in Volutinae, the
subfamily diagnosis also applies here.

Voluta ebraea Linnaeus, 1758
{Plates 1C, ID, and 2[top\; Figure la through Id)

1758 Voluta ebraea Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 733
[0. Asiatico (Brazil)] [type figure limited by Clench and
Turner (1964) to Buonanni, 1684, Recreatio Mentis et
Oculi, p. 154, fig. 293].

1778 Voluta hebraea Linnaeus, Born, Index Rerum Naturalium
Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis, p. 221 (no locality
given).

1791 Voluta hebraea Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3461
(in India et ad Jamaicam).

1798 Plejona ebraea Rbding, Museum Boltenianum (2):59, no.

739 (type species based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien-
Cabinet 3, figs. 924, 925).

1807 Voluta hebraica [sic] Linnaeus, Gmelin, G. Fischer, Mu-
seum Demidoff 3:166, no. 17.

1811 Voluta chlorosina Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:66
(locality unknown).

1839 Voluta turbinata Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes, Voluta
3:19, 20, pi. 26, fig. 2 (Indian Ocean).

1845 Voluta hebraea Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1(5):211,
pi. 54, figs. 95-97.

1849 Voluta hebraea Linnaeus, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Voluta sp. 20, pi. 9, fig. 20b [non fig. 20a, = Voluta
musica Linnaeus, 1758]. ’

1882 Voluta hebraea Linnaeus, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:84, pi. 24, figs. 37, 40.

1942 Voluta ebraea Linnaeus, M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 8; pi. 2, fig. 11 (juvenile), fig. 15
(adult) .

1963 Voluta ebraea Linnaeus, Shikama et Horikoshi, Selected

Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:99, pi. 81,

fig. 1.

1964 Voluta ebraea Linnaeus, Clench and Turner, Johnsonia

4(43):143-146, pis. 82, 83, 86, 87 (numerous figs.).
1965d Voluta ebraea Linnaeus, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(9):3, text figs. 1, 2 (female and male shells).

Type: Type figure, subsequently limited by Clench and
Turner (1964) to Buonanni, 1684, Recreatio Mentis et
Oculi, p. 154, fig. 293.

Type locality: Here designated Paripuera, Maceio, Brazil.

Range: The northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil.

Habitat; From 10 to 20 fathoms on a coral, rock, and sand
substrate.

Dimensions: Average length is about 150 mm. A giant
specimen with a length of 260 mm was reported by Clench
and Turner (1964).

Shell description: Shell is large and massive, with a
moderately high spire. Protoconch is turbinate, of about two
and a half whorls, with low, widely spaced, longitudinal ribs.
Teleoconch has five strongly shouldered whorls with knobby
spines. The ridges that produce these knobs disappear

anteriorly on the adult body whorl. Suture is irregular and
impressed. Aperture is long and rather wide; interior is
creamy-white. Outer lip is thickened and somewhat reflected.
Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole present. Columella has four
to six strong, anterior plaits followed by numerous weaker
folds almost to the suture. Base color is ivory or creamy-
brown with reddish-brown revolving lines and some short,
longitudinal, dashlike markings. Two distinct dark bands en-
circle the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: The radula is similar to but larger
than that in Voluta musica Linnaeus, 1758. As in musica, the
shells of the females are broad and heavily knobbed; those of
the males are smaller and more slender.

According to Clench and Turner (1964), the foot and
mantle of the animal are pale ivory with numerous, narrow,
dark-red, threadlike lines that form an irregular, reticulated
pattern. There are also a few small spots of the same red
color along the sides of the foot. The mantle is pale ivory ex-
cept for a narrow strip of red lines on the inner surface just
anterior to the siphon; the same red color continues over the
siphon and around the edge that rests against the columella.
The foot is very large with a large fleshy lobe anteriorly.

The operculum (see Figure Id) is subcentral with sub-
circular growth lines, and thus it differs from the operculum
of V. musica (see Figure li).

Morphologically, Voluta ebraea differs from Voluta
musica by its larger size, longer and more pointed shoulder
knobs, and different color pattern. Voluta musica lacks the
short, longitudinal, dashlike, chocolate markings and the two
distinct dark bands that appear on the adult body whorl of
ebraea. Anatomically, there are differences in the shapes of
the unequal lobes and siphons (compare Figure Ic and Ih).

Remarks: Voluta ebraea is a rather common species.

Voluta musica musica Linnaeus, 1758

{Plate IE through IH, IJ; Figure le through li;
Map 1)

1758 Voluta musica Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 733
(0. Americae ad Jamaicam, Barbados) jlectolype, selected
by Olsson (1965), Linnean Collection, London, No. 370].
1798 Plejona lineata Rbding, Museum Boltenianum (2):591i, no,
740 [type figure based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien-
Cabinet 3, figs. 928, 929 (no locality given)].

1798 Plejona musica Gmelin, Rbding, ibid., p. 59, no. 741.

1798 Plejona chorea Rbding, ibid., p. 59, no. 742 (no locality
given).

1798 Plejona incomata Rbding, ibid., p. 59, no. 743 (no localitv
given).

1798 Plejona maculata Rbding, ibid., p. 59, no. 744 (no locality
given).

1798 Plejona laevigata Rbding, ibid., p. 59, no. 745 (no localitv
given).

1798 Plejona reticulata Rbding, ibid., p. 59, no. 746 (no localitv
given).

1798 Plejona rosea Rbding, ibid., p. 59, no. 747 (no localitv
given).

3

VOLUTINAE

Figure la-d; Valuta ebraea Linnaeus. 1758. Sao Luiz do Maranhao, Brazil, a. Single tooth show-
ing the variation in the number of small, secondary denticles, b. Three teeth in normal position, c.
Ventral view of the siphon showing the relationship of the basal lobes, gill, and osphradium. d. Oper-
culum.

Figure le-i: Valuta musica musica Linnaeus, 1758. Bucco Reef, Tobago, Lesser Antilles, e. Back
view of single tooth, f. Front view of three teeth in normal position, (e and f are from a radula 3 mm in
length.) g, A single tooth from a radula 9 mm in length, h. Ventral view to show the relationship of the
basal lobes, gill, and osphradium. i. Operculum.

Figure Ij: Valuta virescens Lightfoot, 1786. Off Port Aransas, Texas. A single radular tooth, (a-h
after Clench and Turner, 1964; i and j by Turner.)

4

Valuta

1798

1798

1798

1811

1811

1811

1811

1811

1811

1811

1817

1817

1822

1839

1845

1849

1876

1882

1907a

1907a

1907a

1942

1961

1963 Voluta musica Linnaeus, Shikama et Horikoshi, Selected

Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:99, pi. 81,

fig. 2.

1964 Valuta musica Linnaeus, Clench and Turner, Johnsonia

4(43):140-143, pi. 80, 82-85 (numerous figs.).

1965 Voluta musica Linnaeus, Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.

49(224) :659-663, pi. 80, figs. 2, 2a.

1965 Valuta carneolata Lamarck, Olsson, ibid., p. 660, pi. 80,
figs. 3, 3a; pi. 83, fig. 7.

1965 Voluta musica plicata Dillwyn, Olsson, ibid., p. 660, pi. 81,
figs. 4, 4a.

1965 Voluta polypleura H. Crosse, Olsson, ibid., p. 661, pi. 81,
figs. 3, 3a.

Plejona confusa Boding, ibid., p. 59, no. 748 (no locality
given).

Plejona turbata Boding, ibid., p. 59, no. 749 (no locality
given).

Plejona muta Boding, ibid., p. 60, no. 750 (no locality
given).

Voluta thiarella Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:66
(? the Seas of America) (holotype in Lamarck Collection,
Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva).

Voluta musica violacea Lamarck, ibid., p. 66 (locality un-
known) (type specimen. No. 27, Paris Museum) [nom.
nud.\.

Voluta thiarella nebulosa Lamarck, ibid., p. 66 (locality
unknown) [nom. nud.].

Voluta guinaica Lamarck, ibid., p. 67 (probably on the
coasts of Guinee) (holotype in Lamarck Collection, Mu-
seum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva).

Voluta carneolata Lamarck, ibid., p. 67 (locality unknown)
(holotype in Lamarck Collection, Museum d’Histoire
Naturelle, Geneva).

Voluta laevigata Lamarck, ibid., p. 67 (locality unknown)
(holotype in Lamarck Collection, Museum d’Histoire
Naturelle, Geneva).

Voluta sulcata Lamarck, ibid., p. 68 (locality unknown)
(type figures based on Chemnitz, 1788, Conchylien-
Cabinet 10(1);151, pi. 149, figs. 1403, 1404).

Voluta musica guineensis Chemnitz, Dillwyn, Descriptive
Catalogue of Becent Shells, p. 562 (no locality given).

Voluta plicata Dillwyn, ibid., p. 563 (East Indian Seas).

Voluta nodulosa Lamarck, Animaux sans Vertebres 7:342
(no locality given) (holotype in Lamarck Collection, Mu-
seum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva).

Voluta musica Linnaeus, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Voluta 3:25, 26, pi. 27 (2 views). Kiener described and
illustrated the following Lamarck, 1811 species which are
synonyms of Voluta musica: guinaica, pp. 26, 27, pi. 19,
fig. 1; thiarella, pp. 28, 29, pi. 28, fig. 1; carneolata, pp.
29, 30, pi. 29, fig. 2; laevigata, pp. 30, 31, pi. 28, fig. 2.

Voluta musica Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1(5);211,
212, pi. 49, figs. 36-43.

Voluta musica Linnaeus, Beeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Voluta sp. 18, pi. 8, figs. 18a-18d; pi. 9, figs. 18e, 20a).

Voluta musica polypleura Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie
(3)24:163, pi. 5, fig. 6 (locality unknown) (holotype
probably in the Paris Museum; fide Olsson, 1965).

Voluta musica Linnaeus, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:83, pi. 24, figs. 29-34, 38 (animal and operculum).

Voluta musica typica Lamarck, Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
48(3):346 (Tobago, West Indies).

Voluta musica damula Dali, ibid., p. 347 (Curacao) (type
figure based on Sowerby, 1845, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5), pi. 49, fig. 42).

Voluta nigifera Lamarck, Dali, ibid., p. 347 [nom. nud,].

Voluta musica musica Linnaeus, M. Smith, A Beview of the
Volutidae, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 3. Smith described and illus-
trated the following forms which are synonyms of Voluta
musica: carneolata Lamarck, 1811, pp. 6, 7, pi. 1, fig. 1;
damula Dali, 1907, p. 7 (unfigured); Chemnitz,

1795, p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 6; laevigata Lamarck, 1811, p. 7,
pi. 1, fig. 7; plicata Dillwyn, 1817, p. 7 (unfigured); yio/y-
pleura Crosse, 1876, p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 5; thiarella Lamarck,
1811, p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 9; typica Lamarck, 1811, p. 8 (un-
figured).

Voluta musica Linnaeus, Warmke and Abbott, Caribbean

Seashells, p. 126, pi. 22, fig. B.

Type: Lectotype, selected by Olsson (1965), Linnaean Col-
lection, London, No. 370.

Type locality: Restricted by Clench and Turner (1964) to
Barbados, British West Indies.

Range: The southeastern Caribbean Sea, eastward along the
coast of Venezuela, then north through the Lesser Antilles
and Puerto Rico to the Dominican Republic.

Habitat: From the littoral to 5 fathoms on a sand substrate
(Abbott, in lilt,).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 38 to 90 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in color and shape.
Typically it is medium in size and is solid, with a moderately
extended spire. Protoconch is turbinate and smooth, of about
three whorls. Teleoconch has four and a half longitudinally
plicate whorls, strongly knobbed at the shoulders. Suture is
irregular and impressed. Aperture is long and rather wide.
The outer lip is reflected; interior peach colored. Siphonal
notch is deep; fasciole present. Columella is glazed, with
numerous folds, the anterior five or six forming strong plaits.
Base color is ivory or pinkish-white, overlaid with an intricate
design of spiral lines and dots resembling written music.
Inner margin of outer lip often has a number of large brown
spots.

Animal and radula: According to Clench and Turner
(1964), the radula is uniserial with broad multicuspid teeth
that have two large marginal cusps and seven to 12 much
smaller central cusps. The foot is divided anteriorly; its color
is pale ivory with large, irregularly placed, somewhat scat-
tered, purple-brown pigment spots inters})ersed with numer-
ous small, red-brown speckles. The head and edge of the
mantle are similarly colored. The eyes are small and black
and are located at the base of the tentacles.

Remarks: There is a great deal of variation among popula-
tions of Voluta musica from different coastal areas and islands
along its geographical range. Furthermore, when the soft
parts were examined to determine sex, it was found that the
smaller, narrower, less nodulose shells were males; whereas
llie larger, broader, and more strongly knobbed shells were
females. In the past, authors have given both the geographical
and sexual variants Latin names. We agree with Clench and
Turner (1964), who relegated these Tiames to the synonymy
of musica. The species is common in certain localities.

5

VOLUTINAE

MAP 1

Voluta

A specimen of Voluta demarcoi Olsson, 1965, taken in
100 fathoms off El Mezquital, Mexico, with the animal intact,
was sent to us by Mr. Simon De Marco. Subsequently, the
shell and animal were forwarded to Drs. Clench and Turner,
who established that it was a male specimen (see Plate II)
and anatomically equal to animals of typical Voluta musica.
Because of its geographical isolation from the northwestern
end of the range of musica, and because of its constant mor-
phological characteristics which differentiate it from typical
musica, we are here treating demarcoi as a valid subspecies.

Voluta musica demarcoi Olsson, 1965
{Plate ll; Map 1)

1965 Voluta demarcoi Olsson, Bull. American Paleo. 49(224):

662, 663, pi. 81, figs. 7, 7a; pi. 82, figs. 1, la, lb, Ic
[type locality, "Mesquital, Texas” (an error; should read
El Mezquital, Mexico)] [see Map 1].

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C., No. 637275.

Type locality: El Mezquital, Mexico.

Range: From El Mezquital, Mexico, to Punta Patuca, Hon-
duras— a coastal distance of approximately 1500 miles (see
Map 1).

Habitat: In 100 fathoms off El Mezquital, Mexico; in 5
fathoms, Punta Patuca, Honduras, on a mud bottom.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 75 to 90 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is moderately large. It is solid
and elongate-ovate, with a relatively high spire. Protoconch
is smooth, of about two and a half whorls. Teleoconch has
four and a half whorls with slightly rounded shoulders that
bear low longitudinal knobs. Spire and body whorl sculpture
consist of narrow, longitudinal ridges that cover the entire
surface, plus spiral lirae below tbe suture and across the
base of tbe anterior canal. Suture is irregular and impressed.
Aperture is long and rather narrow; it is thickened at the
outer edge. Interior is peach colored. The entire length of the
columella is glazed and has numerous folds, the anterior four
or five being tbe strongest. Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole
present. Base color is rosy-peach overlaid with intricate de-
signs of longitudinal and revolving brown lines, scattered
brown blotches, and revolving bands of small brown spots.

Animal and radula: The soft anatomy of the subspecies
is equal in all respects to that of the nominate species, Voluta
musica Linnaeus, 1758 (Clench and Turner, in litt.).

Remarks: The relatively rare Voluta musica demarcoi is
worthy of subspecific rank principally because it is a geo-
graphically isolated population at the northwestern end of
the range of Voluta musica musica. Morphologically, it dif-
fers from musica by its more attenuated shape and longi-
tudinal ribbing and, to a lesser degree, by its base color and
color pattern. All these characteristics appear to be constant.

The subspecies was named for Mr. Simon Ue Marco, who
is well known for his fine collection of shells at his museum
(The Florida Marine Museum) at Fort Mvers, Florida.

Voluta virescens Lightfoot, 1786
{Plate lA and IB; Figure Ij)

1786 Voluta virescens Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland
Museum, pp. 26, 136, 174, no. 610 (Guinea) (type fig-
ures based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3(1):97,
figs. 932, 933).

1811 Voluta polyzonalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:68
(Indian Ocean) (holotype in Lamarck Collection, Museum
d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva).

1811 Voluta fulva Lamarck, ibid., p. 68 (probably the Indian
Ocean) (holotype in Lamarck Gollection, Museum d’His-
toire Naturelle, Geneva).

1823a Voluta pusio Swainson, Philosophical Magazine 61:378 (no
locality given) [holotype, British Museum (Natural His-
tory), London).

1823b Voluta pusio Swainson, Zoological Illustrations 3, pi. 181.
1839 Voluta polyzonalis Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles
Vivantes, Voluta 3:32, pi. 32, fig. 1 (2 views).

1839 Voluta polyzonalis var. Lamarck, Kiener, ibid., pi. 32, fig. 2
(2 views).

1845 Voluta polyzonalis Lamarck, Sowerby, Thesaurus Gonchyli-
orum 1(5):212, pi. 52, fig. 77.

1845 Voluta polyzonalis var. Lamarck, Sowerby, ibid., pi. 52,
fig. 78.

1849 Voluta virescens Solander, Reeve, Gonchologia Iconica 6,
Voluta sp. 19, pi. 9, fig. 19.

1882 Voluta virescens Solander, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:84, pi. 24, fig. 35.

1942 Voluta virescens Solander, M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 9, pi. 1, figs. 2, 4; pi. 2, fig. 12.

1963 Voluta virescens Solander, Shikama et Horikoshi, Selected

Shells of the World Illustrated in Golours 1:99, pi. 81,
fig. 3.

1964 Voluta ? virescens Solander, Clench and Turner, Johnsonia

4(43): 146, pis. 82, 84.

1965 Voluta virescens Lightfoot, Bull. American Paleo. 49(224):

661, 662, pi. 80, figs. 6, 6a, 7, 7a; pi. 81, figs. 1, la, 6;
pi. 82, figs. 5, 6; pi. 83, figs. 1, la, 6, 6a.

Type: Type figures based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien-
Cabinet 3(1):97, figs. 932, 933.

Type locality: Subsequently selected by Clench and
Turner (1964), Cartagena, Colombia.

Range: In the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico from the
east coast of Honduras northward to Mexico.

Habitat: Dredged in 50 to 80 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 40 to 87 mm in lengtli.

Shell description: Shell is medium in size. It is solid
and reverse-conic, varies in its color, and has a depressed
spire. Protoconch is smooth, of one and a half to two whorls.
Teleoconch has five knobbed whorls, slightly rounded at the
impressed suture. There are about nine knobs on the adult

7

VOLUTIN AE

body whorl. Rounded ridges that extend anteriorly from the
knobs become obsolete below the periphery of the adult
body whorl. Additional sculpture consists of numerous spiral
striae and longitudinal lirae that cross to form a reticulated
pattern. Aperture is long and rather narrow. It Hares poste-
riorly and becomes pinched-in towards the siphonal canal,
giving the shell the reverse-conic appearance mentioned
above. Outer lip is thickened, with about eight horizontal
hrown bars on the inner edge. Columella is recurved dorsally
with numerous, irregular, weak folds. Siphonal notch and
fasciole are present. Base color is white to ivory, heavily
sprinkled with brown dots and overlaid with revolving bands
of brownish-gray. Operculum is horny and unguiculate.

Animal and radula; According to Olsson (1965), a radular

ribbon extracted from a shell 38.5 mm in length is small, with
62 closely packed multicuspid teeth. Length of the ribbon
is 1.40 mm; width, 0.20 mm. The general pattern resembles
that of Valuta musica Linnaeus, 17.58 and Valuta ebraea
Linnaeus, 1758; but there are differences in detail. The end
cusps are large and broadly triangular; the intermediary
cusps are smaller and are divided into primary, secondary,
and tertiary size — all variable in their individual shape (see
Figure Ij).

Remarks: The soft anatomy of Valuta virescens was un-
known until recently, a reflection of its deep-water habitat
and general scarcity. However, recent dredging operations
have brought in enough specimens to change its degree of
abundance from quite rare to uncommon.

8

Subfamily

ATHLETINAE

Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954

1954 ATHLETINAE Pilsbrv and Olsson, Bull. American
Paleo. 35(152);285.

1969a ATHLETINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, Rehder, The Veliger
11(3):200.

Type genus: Volutocorbis Dali, 1890.

Distribution: The subfamily Athletinae contains seven
living species under two genera. The six species in Volu-
tocorbis are found along the continental shelf of south
Africa in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The
single species in Ternivoluta inhabits Pacific Ocean
waters off eastern Australia.

Taxa in this subfamily have a bathymetric range of
40 to 300 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells varv in size, from the small (25 mm
in length) Volutocorbis gilchristi (Sowerby III, 1902) to
the relatively large (105 mm in length) Volutocorbis
abyssicola (H. Adams and Reeve, 1848). Their shape
is pyriform or fusiform, with rather low, rounded or
pointed spires. The protoconch is small to medium in
size and is turbinate or globose. Surface sculpture is
cancellate or smooth with shoulder coronations. A
siphonal notch is present; fasciole absent. The columella
bears several plaits. An operculum is absent. The perio-
stracum is either very thin or absent.

The single most distinguishing characteristic of this
subfamily is the triserial radula, consisting of a central
row of small tricuspid teeth and small oblong laterals.

Genus Volutocorbis Dali, 1890

1890b Volutilithes (Volutocorbis) Dali, Trans. Wagner Free Inst.
3(1):75.

1906 Volutocorbis Dali, Newton, Proc. Malac. Soc. London
7:100-104, pi. 12.

1959 Volutocorbis Dali, Barnard, Ann. S. African Mus. 45(1):24.
1969a Volutocorbis Dali, Rehder, The Veliger ll(3):200-202.

Type species: Voluta (Volutilithes) limopsis Conrad, 1860;
by original designation; Fossil, Paleocene of Alabama and
Texas.

Distribution: The six living species in the genus Voluto-
corbis live in waters on the continental shelf in the Atlantic
and Indian Oceans on both sides of the Cape of Good Hope,
South Africa. Species in this genus have a bathymetric range
of 40 to 300 fathoms. Their degree of abundance ranges from

the very rare Volutocorbis epigona (von Martens. 1904) to
the locally common Volutocorbis lutosa Koch, 1948.

Diagnosis: Shells are small to medium large (25 to 105
mm in length). They are pyriform in varying degrees, with
a low, rounded spire. Surface sculpture is cancellate.

Remarks: Members of this genus are characterized by their
usually dull outer surface, as opposed to the shiny surface of
Ternivoluta. The teleoconch whorls in Ternivoluta are
smooth, except for shoulder coronations. This is in contrast
with the cancellated whorls in Volutocorbis.

Species such as Volutocorbis abyssicola (H. Adams and
Reeve, 1848), Volutocorbis boswellae Rehder, 1969, and
Volutocorbis disparilis Rehder, 1969 are quite similar as
far as shell characteristics are concerned. When the soft
anatomy becomes available and a comparison is made, the
latter two species may prove to be bathymetric or ecological
forms of V. abyssicola.

9

ATHLETINAE

Volutocorbis abyssicola
(H. Adams and Reeve, 1848)

{Plate 3C, 3D, and 3E; Figure 2)

1848 Valuta abyssicola Adams and Reeve, Zool. "Samarang”

(6) Moll., pp. 25, 26, pi. 7, figs. 6a-6d (juvenile) [Cape
of Good Hope (South Africa)].

1849 Valuta abyssicola Adams and Reeve, Reeve, Conchologia

Iconica 6, Valuta sp. 58. pi. 22, figs. 58a, 58b (juvenile).
1853 Volutilithes abyssicala (Adams and Reeve), H. and A.

Adams, The Genera of Recent Mollusca 1:167, pi. 18,

fig. 8.

1855a Volutolites [s/c] abyssicala Adams and Reeve, Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London (23):65.

1882 Volutilithes abyssicola Adams and Reeve, Tryon, Manual of
Conchologv (January) (1)4:100, pi. 29, fig. 120 (ju-
venile).

1882 Volutilithes abyssicola Adams and Reeve, Watson, Journ.

Linn. Soc. London (June) 16:324^329.

1886 Valuta (Volutilithes) abyssicola Adams and Reeve, Watson,
Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 15:258-260, pi. 15, fig. 1
(adult) .

1900 Volutilithes abyssicola Adams and Reeve, Woodward, Proc.

Malac. Soc. London 4:121-123, pi. 10, figs. 4-8, 10, 12
(anatomy, radula).

1904 Temivoluta abyssicola Adams and Reeve, von Martens,
Tiefsee Exped. 7(1):31. (Not 1903 as often dated.)

1929 Volutocorbis abyssicola (Adams and Reeve), Thiele, Handb.

Syst. Weicht. 1:344, fig. 411 (radula), fig. 412 (shell).
1942 Voluticorbis [sic] abyssicola (Adams and Reeve), M. Smith,
A Review of the Volutidae, p. 15, pi. 3, fig. 25 (juvenile).
1959 Volutocorbis abyssicola (Adams and Reeve), Barnard, Ann.

S. African Mus. 45(l):25-27, 34. text figs. 7a (columellar
plaits), 9a (radula).

1963 Volutocorbis (Volutocorbis) abyssicola Adams and Reeve,
Shikama et Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illu-
strated in Golours 1:97, pi. 79, fig. 2 (adult).

1969a Volutocorbis abyssicola (Adams and Reeve), Rehder, The
Veliger 11(3);202, pi. 40, fig. 3; pi. 41, figs. 10-13.

Type: The whereabouts of the type specimen illustrated in
H. Adams and Reeve (1848), The Zoology of the Voyage
of H.M.S. Samarang, is not known to the authors.

Type locality: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.

Range; From off Hondeklipaai, South Africa, in the Atlan-
tic Ocean, eastward to waters off Cape Seal, South Africa,
in the Indian Ocean — a coastal distance of over 700 miles.

Figure 2: Volutocorbis abyssicola (H. Adams and Reeve,
1848). Central tooth and one lateral (after Barnard, 1959).

10

Habitat: In 80 to 300 fathoms on a substrate of dead shell
and iron-ore rubble.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 45 to 105 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small to medium-large. It is
light in weight and is elongate-pyriform, with a rather low,
pointed spire. Protoconch has about two whorls; corrosion
prevents an accurate whorl count. Teleoconch has about five
and one-half heavily sculptured whorls on a shell 105 mm
in length. Surface sculpture consists of axial lirae crossed by
transverse ridges, creating a latticework pattern with sharp
points or prickles at the intersections. On the last adult
whorl axial lirae become obsolete, leaving only fine longi-
tudinal growth lines and flattened ridges. A revolving inden-
tation appears just below the slightly canalled suture. Aper-
ture is long, rather narrow, about two-thirds the total length
of the shell; interior is a glossy, pale ash-brown. Outer lip is
thickened, somewhat reflected. Parietal wall is glazed.
Columella is snow-white, with numerous plaits. These plaits
are stronger anteriorly. Siphonal notch is wide and shallow;
fasciole absent. Base color is a pale ash-brown, often with a
rust-colored iron oxide tint.

Animal and radula: According to Woodward (1900), the
head is somewhat compressed dorsoventrally, with two an-
terior lobes, deeply grooved on the outer border. Short eye-
stalks appear behind stout tentacles. The siphon is long, with-
out appendages. The edge of the mantle is bordered by a
single row of papillae. The hypobranchial gland is absent.
Two pairs of preneural salivary glands are present.

The radula is triserial with 100 to 110 rows of small teeth.
The central teeth are tricuspid; the laterals are small and
oblong (see Figure 2).

Remarks: The discovery of this "living fossil” in 1848
caused surprise among interested persons. This was the first
known living representative of a group of fossil volutid spe-
cies then placed under the genus Volutilithes Swainson,
1831.

Dredging operations during the past few years have
brought up sufficient numbers of abyssicola to consider
them now to be moderately common.

Volutocorbis boswellae Rehder, 1969
(Plate 3F and 3G)

1969a Volutocorbis boswellae Rehder, The Veliger 11(3);202, 203,
pi. 40, fig. 5; pi. 41, figs. 16-19 [off Mosselbaai (Mossel
Bay), South Africa],

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C., No. 683585.

Type locality; In 300 fathoms off Mosselbaai (Mossel
Bay), South Africa.

Range: From Saldanha, on the west South African coast,
eastward to Port Seal, South Africa — a distance of about 350
coastal miles.

Volutocorbis

Habitat: Dredged in 80 to 300 fathoms on the continental
shelf.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 30 to 59 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size. It is elongate-
ovate and solid, with a rather low, rounded spire. Protoconch
has about two bulbous, subcylindrical whorls. The first whorl
is the largest. Teleoconch has moderately convex, axially
ribbed, and strongly shouldered whorls. Ribs are coronate
at the shoulders, producing a channeled suture. Below the
suture the ribs are depressed. They are then followed by
another spiral row of pointed nodules and another very shal-
low depression, resulting in what appears to be two revolving
rows of sharp nodules separated by a shallow furrow; the
posterior row of nodules is strongest. Transverse sculpture
consists of broad, shallow striae at the anterior end of the
adult body whorl; a few specimens show weak striae at the
posterior end of the adult body whorl. Aperture is narrow,
broadly acuminate at the posterior end. Outer lip has an ex-
ternal, whitish, rather thick callus, faintly denticulate within.
Siphonal notch is wide and shallow; fasciole absent.
Columella is slightly curved, with about nine to 11 weak,
oblique plaits increasing in strength anteriorly. Juvenile
specimens exhibit only about four to nine weak plaits.
Columellar area is covered by a thin, white glaze. The color
of the glossy shell is light yellowish-brown to dark orange-
yellow. Young specimens sometimes exhibit several rows of
squarish, reddish-orange spots.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: According to Rehder (1969a), Volutocorbis bos-
wellae differs from Volutocorbis abyssicola in its greatly re-
duced spiral sculpture, in fewer axial ribs (36 ribs on the
penultimate whorl of one specimen of boswellae compared
with 60 ribs on a similarly sized specimen of abyssicola),
and in stronger subsutural nodes that produce a more pro-
nounced furrow below. Fresh specimens of boswellae have a
glossy surface, whereas similar specimens of abyssicola
appear dull.

In our opinion this rather rare species may subsequently
prove to be a form of abyssicola. It was named for Mrs. Helen
Boswell, the well known conchologist from the Republic of
South Africa.

Volutocorbis disparilis Rehder, 1969

{Plate 3N and 30}

1969a Volutocorbis disparilis Rehder, The Veliger 11(3):203, 204,
pi. 40, fig. 4; pi. 41, figs. 20-22 (36° 40' S, 21° 26' E;
125 miles off Saint Sebastian Bay, Station A 3335,
southern slope of Agulhas Bank, South Africa).

Type; Holotype, South African Museum, Cape Town, No.
A 3335.

Type locality: In 80 to 100 fathoms, lat. 30° 40' S/long.
21° 26' E (125 miles off Saint Sebastian Bay), Station A
3335, southern slope of Agulhas Bank, South Africa.

Range: Between Cape Town and Mosselbaai, South Africa —
a distance of about 235 coastal miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 80 to 300 fathoms on the continental
shelf.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 29 to 36 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small for genus. It is broadly
ovate and rather solid, with a low, moderately convex spire,
pointed at the apex. Protoconch has two and one-tenth to
two and one-quarter smooth, broadly trocboid whorls; the
first whorl is small. Teleoconch has moderately convex,
sculptured, and sharply shouldered whorls. At the shoulder
the axial ribs are marked by angulate, laterally compressed
nodes. Below tbe first series of nodes is a broad groove, fol-
lowed by another series of obtuse nodes on the ribs, and be-
low that by another broad depression. As in Volutocorbis
boswellae Rebder, 1969, the two spiral grooves are caused
by the nodes on the ribs and are not marked on the body of
tbe wborl. The midsection of the last whorl is similarly
sculptured by ribs and spiral rows of nodules, producing
narrower spiral grooves. The anterior portion has broader
spiral grooves. Aperture is narrow. Outer lip has a rather
thin external callus, faintly denticulate within. Siphonal
notch is wide and shallow; fasciole absent. Columella is
slightly curved, with about seven to eight somewhat weak,
oblique plaits; the anterior plait is strongest. The lower half
of the parietal wall has a thin callus. Juvenile specimens
exhibit only three weak colmnellar plaits.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: According to Rebder (1969a), Volutocorbis
disparilis resembles Volutocorbis boswellae but is smaller, is
more inflated, and has proportionately broader teleoconch
whorls. The subsutural series of nodes on disparilis are not
pointed but are more rounded, and tbe protoconch is broadly
conical and not subcylindrical.

In our opinion this rather rare species may subsequently
prove to be a form of abyssicola.

Volutocorbis epigona (von Martens, 1904)

(Plate 3L and 3M)

1904 Voluta epigona von Martens, Tiefsee Exped. 7(1):106, text
fig. (East Africa, Station 242, at Dar-es-Salam, 6° 34' S.
Br., 39 35' 0. L.). (Not 1903 as often dated.)

1929 Volutocorbis epigona von Martens, Thiele, Handh. Syst.
Weicht. 1:345.

1959 Volutocorbis epigona von Martens, Barnard, Ann. S. African
Mus. 45(1):28.

1969a Volutocorbis epigona (Martens), Rehder, The Veliger
11(3):204, pi. 42, fig. 25.

Type; Holotype, Institut fiir Spezielle Zoologie und Zoolo-
gisches Museum, East Berlin, No. 61.052.

Type locality: In deep water off Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania,
east Africa, Station 242 (lat. 6° 34' S/long. 39° 35' E).

11

ATHLETINAE

Range: known only from the type locality.

Habitat: The live holotvpe and three dead shells (one a
juvenile) were dredged in 224 fathoms in blue clay with
pteropods and broken shells.

Dimensions: Holotvpe length. 30.0 mm [but according to
original text, the line alongside the enlarged figure measures
33.0 mm [fide Barnard, 1959)]; maximum diameter, 14.5
mm; aperture length, 24.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small. It is narrowlv pyriform
and solid, with a short, conical, blunt spire. Protoconch has
about one globose, smooth whorl. Teleoconch has about
three and onedialf convex, sculptured whorls. Sculpture con-
sists of longitudinal rows of small nodules; these nodules are
separated from one another bv hue spiral ridges. The nodules,
just below the indented suture, are separated from the lower
rows of nodules bv a broad revolving channel, as in Voluto-
corbis abyssicola (H. Adams and Reeve, 1848). Aperture is
narrow, about four-fifths the length of the shell; interior is
shining white, sculptured with 11 to 14 spiral grooves that
become weaker posteriorly. Outer lip is thickened; interior
dentate. Siphonal notch is narrow and indistinct; fascicle
absent. Columella has about eight plaits; the posterior four
are almost at right angles to the vertical axis of the shell.
Shell is a uniform whitish color.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This is the only living volutid species we know
of that has spiral grooves in the interior of the aperture
behind the inner margin of the outer lip.

Volutocorbis epigona is known only from the four speci-
mens mentioned in the original description.

l olutocorbis gilchristi (Sowerby III, 1902)
[Plate 3J and 3K)

1902 I olutilithes gilchristi Sowerby. Marine Invest. S. Africa,
p. 99, pi. 2, fig. 5 (3 views) [Cape Natal, W. by N., distant
11 miles (South Africa)].

1959 lolutocorbis gilchristi (Sowerbv), Barnard. Ann. S. African
Mus. 45(1):28. 34. text fig. d (radula).

1962a Volutocorbis gilchristi (Snwerbv). Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 10(3);4, text figs. 3, 4.

1969a Volutocorbis gilchristi (Sowerbv). Rehder, The Veliger
11(.3):204, pi. -10, fig. 1; pi. 42. figs. 2.3. 24.

Type: Holotvpe, British Museunr (Natural History), London,
No. 1902.5.28.47.

Type locality: "Cape Natal, W. by N., distant 11 miles,”
South Africa.

Range: From Cape Natal north to the continental shelf oft
Zululand. eastern South Africa.

Habitat: Trawled in 160 to 200 fathoms on a dead shell
and jtebble substrate. Emptv shells are sotnetimes found

cemented to the shells of living species of the gastropod
Xenophora G. Fischer, 1807.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 25 to 30 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small and pyriform. It is
solid, with a short, pointed spire. Protoconch is small, of
about two and one-half smooth, rounded whorls. Corrosion
prevents an accurate whorl count. Teleoconch has about three
and one-half slightly convex whorls sculptured with strong
axial ribs connected by weak transverse lirae. These lirae
become stronger on the anterior portion of the last adult
whorl as the axial ribs gradually disappear. The deeply
canalled suture is coronated where the axial ribs extend
upward as nodules. Aperture is long, narrow, and crescent
shaped, about three-fourths the total length of the shell.
Columella is almost straight, with about four weak, oblique
plaits between which appear two or three weaker folds. The
anterior plait is strongest. Outer lip is exceedingly thick,
forming a broad, smooth, raised exterior border. Shell is a
unicolored, pale yellowish-white.

Animal and radula: The radula is triserial with a central
row of small tricuspid teeth; laterals are small and oblong.

Remarks: Five of the six specimens of this rare species,
sent to us by Mrs. Helen Boswell for examination, were
attached to the shells of a carrier shell of the genus Xen-
ophora. Most specimens give the appearance of having been
dead a long time.

Volutocorbis lutosa Koch, 1948
[Plate 3H and 31)

1948 Volutocorbis lutosa Koch, Journal of Conchology 23(1):5, 6,
pi. 2 (6 figs.) [off Port Nolloth (South Africa)].

1959 Volutocorbis abyssicola var. lutosa Koch, Barnard, Ann.
S. African Mus. 45(1):27.

1969a Volutocorbis lutosa Koch, Rehder, The Veliger 11(3):202,
pi. 40, fig. 6; pi. 41, figs. 14, 15.

Type: Holotype not assigned in original description.

Type locality: Off Port Nolloth on the Atlantic Ocean side
of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.

Range: From 14 miles south of the Gape of Good Hope to
the mouth of the Orange River, western South Africa.

Habitat: Trawled in 40 to 100 fathoms on a clay substrate.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 55 to 80 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size, stoutly pyri-
form with a short spire and pointed apex. Protoconch is
sharp. Gorrosion prevents an accurate whorl count. Teleo-
conch has about five sculptured, very convex whorls. Sculp-
ture is ill-defined, consisting of weak transverse lirae, about
1 mm apart, crossed by weak axial ribs about 0.75 mm
apart. This produces a rather obscure latticework pattern

12

Ternivoluta

over the surface. Some gerontic and worn shells show no
sculpture whatsoever. Suture is deeply indented, but not
canalled, and has sloping shoulders. Aperture is wide, about
two-thirds the total length of the shell. Outer lip is simple;
interior color is shiny ash-cream. Siphonal notch is wide
and very shallow; fasciole absent. Parietal wall is raised
and heavily glazed. Columella is curved, with about three to
five plaits, which become stronger anteriorly.

According to Koch (1948), the shell is usually encased
in clay about 0.2 cm thick. Sometimes the animal deposits
a layer of nacreous material on top, thus encasing the clay.
Where the clay is thin or absent, the surface of the shell is a
glossy cream; otherwise the surface color is mauve.

Ammal and radula: According to Koch (1948), the color
of the animal is mauve.

Remarks: Volutocorbis lutosa differs from its closest rela-
tive, Volutocorbis abyssicola (H. Adams and Reeve, 1848),
in being shorter and more ventricose and in having fewer
plaits and a less pronounced surface sculpture. It is locally
common.

Ternivoluta studeri (von Martens, 1897)
(Plate 3 A and 3B; Figure 3)

1881 Valuta (Psephaea) concinna Broderip, Schacko [in] von
Martens’ Conch. Mitth. 2:126, pi. 24, fig. 5 (radula) (no
locality given) {non Valuta concinna Broderip. 1836).
1897 Valuta {Temivoluta) studeri von Martens, Archiv Ihr Natur.

63(1):178, pi. 17, fig. 2 (East Australia).

1910 Scaphella studeri von Martens, Medley, Australasian Assoc.
Adv. Sci. 12:362 (Queensland).

1929 Volutocorbis (Temivoluta) studeri von Martens, Thiele.

Handb. Syst. Weicht. 1:345 (East Australia).

1942 Volutocorbis (Ternivoluta) studeri von Martens, M. Smith,
A Review of the Volutidae, p. 15 (unfigured).

1959b Ternivoluta studeri von Martens, McMichael, Proc. Roy.

Zool. Soc. New South Wales, pp. 60-62, text fig. 1 (2
views) (a few miles north of Cape Moreton, just outside
Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia).

1960 Temivoluta studeri Martens, McMichael, Journ.. Malac. Soc.

Australia (4):4, text fig. 1, A (radula).

1963 Volutocorbis (Ternivoluta) studeri (von Martens), Shikama
et Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:97, pi. 79, fig. 1.

Genus Ternivoluta von Martens, 1897

1897 Valuta (Ternivoluta) von Martens, Archiv fiir Natur.

63(1):177 (tvpe species. Valuta (Ternivoluta) studeri
von Martens, 1897; by subsequent designation, M. Smith,
1942).

1929 Volutocorbis (Temivoluta) von Martens, Thiele, Handb.
Syst. Weicbt. 1:345.

1942 Volutocorbis (Temivoluta) von Martens, M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae, p. 15.

1954 Temivoluta von Martens, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. Ameri-
can Paleo. 35(152);285.

1959b Temivoluta von Martens, McMicbael . Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc.
New South Wales, pp. 60-62, text fig. 1.

Type species: Valuta (Ternivoluta) studeri von Martens,
1897; by subsequent designation, M. Smith, 1942; Recent,
Australia.

Distribution: The single living species in this genus in-
habits waters on the continental shelf off southern Queens-
land, Australia. It has a bathymetric range between 15 and
125 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shell is elongate-subfusiform and light in weight,
with an extended, blunt spire. Surface is smooth and glossy.
Shoulders are coronated with small nodules. Columella has
several plaits. Siphonal notch is obscure; fasciole absent.
Radula is similar to that of Volutocorbis, that is, triserial with
central tricuspid denticles and laterals. Opercnlum and perio-
stracum are absent.

Remarks: The shell of the single known living species in
this genus has a smooth, shiny surface, except for spiral
lirae; this is in sharp contrast to the cancellated and usually
dull surface of species in Volutocorbis. Furthermore, the
spire is much more attenuated in Temivoluta studeri.

Type: Institut fiir Spezielle Zoologie und Zoologisches Mu-
seum, East Berlin, No. 26.678.

Type locality: ”East Australia.” Restricted by McMichael
(1959b) to a few' miles north of Cape Moreton, just outside
Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.

Range: Erom Tin Can Bay near Eraser Island south to
Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia — a distance of about
75 miles.

Habitat: In 15 to 125 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 40 to 50 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is elongate and subfusiform.
It is light in weight, with a moderately high, blunt spire.
Protoconch is yellowish, smooth, globose, of two and one-half
whorls. Teleoconch has about three shiny whorls. Tlie first

Figure 3: Triserial radula of Ternivoluta studeri (von
Martens, 1897) showing central ribbon and laterals (after
Schacko, 1881).

13

ATHLETINAE

whorl has narrow axial ribs crossed by fine spiral lirae; the
second whorl is sculptured with axial ribs somewhat more
widely spaced, with the spiral threads becoming obsolete.
On the last two whorls the axial ribs become obsolete and
appear as small nodular coronations on the whorl shoulders.
Suture is impressed. Shoulders slope with a knifelike trans-
verse ridge anteriorly. Further sculpture consists of revolving
lirae on the adult body whorl. The lirae become more pro-
nounced toward the anterior tip. Aperture is narrow; interior
color is creamy-orange. Outer lip is thickened. Siphonal
notch is narrow and shallow; fasciole is absent. Columella is
white with four rather strong, oblique plaits, between which
appear three or four smaller secondary folds. The base color
is creamy-brown overlaid with numerous, fine, axial, sinuous,
brown lines about 1.5 mm apart. The last adult whorl has
three indistinct bands of creamy-brown blotches.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1960), the
animal is typically volutid except that the siphon bears no
appendages. This agrees with Volutocorbis abyssicola (H.
Adams and Reeve, 1848) {fide Pace, 1902). The eyes are
situated at the end of short, rounded eyestalks, similar to
V. abyssicola. The dorsal surface of the foot, head, and
siphon are marked with dark-brown to black flecks and
streaks. The triserial radula has 117 rows of teeth (see also
Schacko, 1881), with a central row of tricuspid teeth (see
Figure 3).

Remarks: Ternivoluta studeri was a lost species from 1875
until Dr. McMichael (1959) reported the acquisition of two
specimens by Mr. Peter Goady and Mrs. A. V. Liliey of
Australia. Since then dredging has produced studeri in such
numbers that it is now considered quite common in certain
localities.

14

Subfamily

LYRIINAE

Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954

1954 LYRIINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.
35(152):285, 286.

Type genusi Lyria Gray, 1847.

Distribution: There is only one genus in the subfamily
Lyriinae. It contains 22 living species and one subspecies
arranged under the nominate genus and three subgenera.

In the genus Lyria s. s. 12 of the 13 species and the
one subspecies are distributed as follows: two species
in the subtropical western Atlantic Ocean, six species
(plus one subspecies) in the Pacific Ocean, and four
species in the Indian Ocean. The locality data are missing
from the label of Lyria planicostata (Sowerby III, 1903)
in the British Museum (Natural History), London. This
shell, the holotype, remains the only known specimen.
The subgenus Enaeta, with a total of six species, has four
in the subtropical western Atlantic Ocean and two in the
subtropical eastern Pacific Ocean. The single species in
Lyria (Lyreneta) is restricted to eastern Australia, and
the subgenus Harpeola has two species in the Indian
Ocean.

Taxa in the subfamily have a bathymetric range from
the littoral to 73 fathoms. Most species live on continen-
tal shelves at moderate depths. Generally, there is little
information available concerning the habitat of individual
species.

Diagnosis: Shells range from the small (13 mm in
length) Enaeta guildingii (Sowerby I, 1844) to the rela-
tively large (145 mm in length) Lyria lyraeformis (Swain-
son, 1821). They also vary greatly in shape, from
subglobose to elongate-fusiform. Protoconch is small to
large; it is smooth, with or without a short calcarella.
Axial ribs appear on some or all of the teleoconch whorls.
Suture may or may not be channeled. A single toothlike
projection and serrations may appear on the inside of
the outer lip. Columella has one or more strong anterior
plaits followed posteriorly by weaker plaits or lirae.
Siphonal notch and fasciole are present. Where known,
a horny operculum is present. A periostracum may or
may not be present.

Animal (where known) appears to be typically volu-
toid (Fischer, 1867). Radular ribbon is uniserial with
tricuspid teeth.

Genus Lyria Gray, 1847

1847 Lyria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London {15):141.

1865 Otocheilus Conrad, American Journ. of Conch. Ii24 (type
species, Fulgoraria mississippiensis Conrad, 1848; by
original designation; a fossil species).

Type species: Valuta nucleus Lamarck, 1811; by original
designation; Recent, Australia and Japan.

Distribution; Since Lyria is the only genus in Lyriinae,
the subfamily distribution also applies here.

Diagnosis; Since Lyria is the only genus in LYriinae, the
subfamily diagnosis also applies here.

Sebgenus Lyria sensu stricto

Type species: Valuta nucleus Lamarck, 1811; by original
designation; Recent, Australia and Japan.

Distribution: Two species are represented in the sub-
tropical waters of the w'estern Atlantic Ocean, six species and

15

LYRIINAE

one subspecies in the Pacific Ocean, and four species in the
Indian Ocean. Their l)athvmetric range is from the littoral to
73 fathoms. The locality of another species, planicostata
Sowerby III, 1903, is unknown.

Some species, such as Lyria mitraejomiis (Lamarck,
1811), are very common; others, such as Lyria vegai Clench
and Turner, 1967, are known only from a single specimen.

Diagnosis: Shells are small to large (25 to 145 mm in
length), usually solid, and globose to elongate-fusiform.
Protoconch is small to relatively large. It is smooth, turbinate,
and globose or regularly eoiled, with or without a short
calcarella. Teleoconch has axial ribs on some or all of the
whorls. Neither a single toothlike projection nor serrations
are found inside the outer lip as in Enaeta. The columella
has one to three strong anterior plaits followed posteriorly
by weak lirae. Suture is indented or slightly channeled, not
deeply channeled with coronated whorls as in Harpeola.
Shoulder nodules are absent. Siphonal notch and fasciole
are present. Where known, a horny operculum is present.
A thin periostracum inav or may not be present.

Remarks: Two species, Lyria lyraeformis (Swainson. 1821)
and Lyria cloveriana Weaver, 1963, have a large protoconch
with a short calcarella. Unfortunately, nothing is known of
their soft anatomy or radulae. We are therefore leaving them
provisionally in the genus Lyria pending further information.

Lyria {Lyria) beauii
(Fischer and Bernard!, 1857)

{Plate 41 and 4J )

1857 Valuta beauii Fischer and Bernardi, Journal de Conchvliolo-
gie (3)5:296. pi. 9. figs. 1. 2 (Marie Galante (Lesser
Antilles, West Indies)].

1882 Lyria beaui Fischer and Bernardi, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:102, pi. 31. tig. 137.

1887 Valuta beaui Fischer, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
5(44). 2nd suppl., p. 302. pi. 17. (ig. 161.

1907a Lyria beauii Fischer and Bernardi, Dali. Smithsonian Misc.
' Coll. 48(3) ;351.

1942 Lyria beauii F’ischer and Bernardi, M. Smith, A Review of
the Volutidae. p. 9, pi. 2. hg. 16.

1967 Lyria [Lyria] beauii (Fischer and Bernardi), Clench and
Turner. The Nautilus 80(3):83. 84, text figs. 2. 3.

Type: The whereabouts of the tvpe specimen illustrated in
the .lournal de Conchyliologie is not known to the authors,
hut may he in France.

Type locality: Marie Galante, Lesser Antilles, French
West Indies.

Range: From Marie Galante to Grenada, Lesser Antilles,
West Indies — a distance of about 275 miles.

Habitat: A fine adult specimen (not the holotype) was
dredged by the Lu S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross

in 73 fathoms on a mud substrate; temperature 67° F
(19.4° C), Station 2120 (Dali, 1907).

Dimensions: Length, 70.0 mm; maximum diameter, 30.0
mm; aperture length, 40.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is large for the genus. It is
fusiform and solid, with a moderately high, pointed spire.
Protoconch is smooth and turbinate. Its color is white, and
it has two and a half whorls. Teleoconch has five or six con-
vex whorls sculptured from indented suture to indented
suture with strong axial ribs. Revolving lirae cross the base
of the anterior canal. Aperture is rather narrow and flattened;
outer lip somewhat reflected. Siphonal notch is narrow and
shallow; fasciole indistinct. Columella curves inward with
three strong anterior plaits followed by a continuous series
of smaller plaits covering the entire length of the parietal
area. Base color is a roseate-yellow overlaid with hrown
spiral lines that split and rejoin; these lines slightly overlap
the outer lip, forming dashlike markings. The presence of
an operculnm is unknown.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: This is one of several very rare species in the
genus Lyria inhabiting waters of the western Atlantic Ocean.
Only five or six specimens of Lyria beauii are known to
exist. All were collected without soft parts.

Closely related to beauii hoth morphologically and geo-
graphically is Lyria vegai Clench and Turner, 1967, known
only from a single specimen taken off the Dominican Re-
public. However, beauii is axially ribbed throughout and is
not smooth (except for the first two whorls) as is vegai.
Furthermore, the three strong, anterior columellar plaits and
weaker folds of beauii extend almost the entire length of the
columella, whereas vegai has only one strong anterior plait
and four very fine lirae on the upper parietal area.

The shell was named for Commander Beau, whose ship
transported the expedition.

Lyria (Lyria) cassidula (Reeve, 1849)

{Plate 4F, 4G, and 4H)

1849 Valuta cassidula Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6, Valuta sp.
60, pi. 22, figs. 60a, 60b (Japan).

1864a Valuta cassidula Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
3(23), 1st suppl., p. 270, pi. il, fig. 130.

1882 Lyria cassidula Reeve, Tryon, Manual of Conchology (1)4:

’ 103, pi. 31, fig. 138.

1942 Lyria cassidula (Reeve), M. Smith. A Review of the Voluti-
dae, p. 10 [nun pi. 2, fig. 13, = Valuta deliciosa Mon-
trouzier, 1859].

1950 Lyria cassidula (Reeve), Kuroda and Habe, Illustrated Cata-
logue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):36, pi. 5, fig. 7
(shell), text fig. 6 (operculum) [non fig. 3, = Lyria
pallidula Habe, 1962].

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1967602.

16

Lyria

Type locauty: "Japan.” Here restricted to Hiroda, Kyu-
shu, Japan.

Range: Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu Islands, Japan.
Habitat: Dredged in 10 to 20 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 25 to 30 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather small. It is ovate and
solid, with a low, pointed spire. Protoconch is smooth and
globose, of two whorls. Teleoconch has five and a half con-
vex whorls; the last whorl is swollen. Sculpture consists of
numerous axial ribs extending from indented suture to in-
dented suture throughout. Aperture is wide, semiovate, and
slightly less than two-thirds the total length of the shell.
Outer lip is thickened. Siphonal notch is narrow and shal-
low; fasciole indistinct. Columella curves inward with three
anterior plaits followed posteriorly by numerous smaller
plaits, the last forming a low toothlike projection. Inner lip
and columella are light saffron-yellow. Color is variable, but
the base color of a typical specimen is flesh-cream overlaid
with scattered purple-brown spots and fine, interrupted
spiral lines (see Plate 4F and 4G). Some atypical specimens
are completely overlaid with dark purple, giving them an
almost black appearance (see Plate 4H). Horny operculum
is present. A dark-brown periostracum covers the shell.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This uncommon species somewhat resembles
Lyria nucleus (Lamarck, 1811) but differs in two respects:
it is more attenuated and has more delicate axial ribs that
overlap the suture slightly to give the spire a coronated
appearance.

Lyria (Lyria) cloveriana Weaver, 1963
{Plate 4M and 4N)

1963g Lyria cloveriana Weaver, Journ. Malac. Soc. Australia
(7);31, 32, pi. 6, top left fig. (Tangalla, southern Ceylon).
1964c Lyria cloveriana Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News 12(8);7, text
■ figs. 1, 2.

1964] Lyria cloveriana Weaver, ibid., 12(12):4, text figs, (ju-
venile, 2 views).

Type: Holotype, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, No.
205555.

Type locality: Tangalla, southern Ceylon.

Range: Known only from within a 20 mile radius of the type

locality.

Habitat: Since all four known specimens were crab-
occupied or empty shells, the true habitat is unknown. These
shells were found in from 2 to 8 fathoms in rock crevices
surrounded by sand off a wave-swept coast line.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 90.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 35.4 mm; aperture length, 55.4 mm.

Shell description: Shell is large for the genus. It is solid,
fusiform, and high spired. Protoconch is large, smooth, and
regularly coiled, of two and three-quarter whorls; a short
calcarella protrudes from the apex. Teleoconch has four and
a half whorls, slightly shouldered where strong longitudinal
ribs form low knobs. The penultimate whorl has 21 ribs;
body whorl has 14 ribs on a shell 90 mm in length. Suture
is slightly indented. Aperture is rather large; outer lip flares
somewhat anteriorly and is thickened along the leading edge.
Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole weak. Columella
curves inward with three strong anterior plaits; the second
plait is the strongest, followed by about 16 weaker plaits
covering the posterior parietal area. Base color is flesh-pink,
overlaid with fine, orange-red revolving lines about 2 mm
apart and extending as short, brown lines just inside the
outer lip. Orange-red blotches form two encircling bands on
the adult body whorl — one at the periphery, another near
the anterior canal. Small orange-colored blotches occur
where longitudinal ribs meet the suture. The presence of an
operculum is unknown.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: This species appears to be closely related to
Lyria lyraeformis (Swainson, 1821). Both have a large proto-
conch with a short calcarella at the apex. This morphological
characteristic sets them apart from all other living species in
the genus. Unfortunately, nothing is known of the soft parts
or radula of either species. We are therefore provisionally
leaving them in the genus Lyria pending further information.

The four known specimens of Lyria cloveriana were col-
lected without the animal.

The shell was named for Mr. Philip Clover, who donated
the holotype to the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Lyria (Lyria) delessertiana
(Petit de la Saussaye, 1842)

(Plate 4A and 4B)

1842 Valuta delessertiana Petit de la Saussaye, Magasin de
Zoologie (2)4:57 (Nosse-Be, on the north coast of Mada-
gascar) .

1845 Valuta delessertiana Petit, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy-
liorum 1(5):216, pi. 52, figs. 73, 74.

1849 Valuta delessertiana Petit, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 5, pi. 3. figs. 5a, 5b.

1855a Lyria delessertiana Petit, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
' (23):61.

1882 Lyria delessertiana Petit, Tryon, Manual of Concholog}'
(1)4:103, pi. 31, fig. 140.

1942 Lyria delessertiana (Petit), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 10.

1963 Lyria (Lyria) delessertiana Petit, Shikama et Horikoshi, Se-
lected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:100,
pi. 81, fig. 5.

1964c Lyria delessertiana Petit, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
12(8):7, text figs. 3, 4.

17

LYRIINAE

Type: The whereabouts of the specimen described in the
Magasin de Zoologie is not known to the authors.

Type locality: Nosse-Be, on the northwest coast of the
island of Madagascar, now called the Malagasy Republic.

Range: From Madagascar north to the Comoro Islands and
the southern Seychelles, covering a radius of approximately
200 miles.

Habitat: Information not available.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 42 to 55 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size. It is solid
and fusiform, with an attenuated spire. Protoconch is
globose, of two brown, smooth whorls. Teleoconch has about
hve and a quarter heavily sculptured whorls. The entire shell
is sculptured with numerous, narrow, sharp axial ribs. There
are about 18 such ribs on a specimen 48 mm in length. Su-
ture is deeply indented. Aperture is rather narrow; interior
shiny white. Just outside the leading edge of the outer lip is
a wide, low ridge running parallel to it. Columella is slightly
arched and covered by a tbin, white glaze. Numerous plaits
almost cover the entire columella and parietal area; the three
anterior ones are strongest. Siphonal notch is narrow and
deep; fasciole weak. Base color is flesh, profusely clouded
with orange-red and marked spirally with fine, chestnut or
rust-red interrupted lines running parallel to each other
about 2 mm apart. Horny operculum is present.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This species is related to Lyria mitraeformis
(Lamarck, 1811) but differs from it in tbe following ways:
tbe spire is more acuminated, there are more and narrower
axial ribs, and the columellar plaits are stronger. The small,
posterior, columellar toothlike projection found in mitrae-
formis is absent in delessertiana.

This uncommon species was named for Baron Jules Paul
Benjamin Delessert.

Lyria (Lyria) deliciosa deliciosa
(Montrouzier, 1859)

{Plate 4C and 4D; Figure 4a through 4c; Map 2)

1859 Valuta deliciosa Montrouzier, Journal de Conchvliologie
(2)7:375 (file Art, Archipel Caledonien (New Cale-
donia)].

1864 Valuta (Lyria) deliciosa Montrouzier, Angas, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London (1):54.

1864a Valuta deliciosa Montrouzier, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con-
chvlioruin .3(23), 1st suppl., p. 270, pi. 11, fig. 131.

1867 Lyria deliciosa Montrouzier, Fischer, Journal de Conchy-
liologie (3)7:349-356, pi. 13, figs. 1-7 (anatomy,
operculum, radula).

1882 Lyria deliciosa Montrouzier, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:102, pi. 2, fig. 7 (radula); pi. 31, figs. 133, 136
(shell), fig. 134 (anatomy), fig. 135 (operculum).

193 I h Lyria deliciosa Montrouzier. Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus.
20 (2); 128, 129.

1942 Lyria deliciosa (Montrouzier), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 13; pi. 3, fig. 32 [non pi. 2,
fig. 18, = Voluta nucleus Lamarck, 1811].

1965b Lyria deliciosa (Montrouzier), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(5):5, figs. 3, 4.

Type: Holotype, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Bordeaux,
No. 151/11.88.

Type locality: lie Art, New Caledonia.

Range: Known only from tbe waters surrounding New
Caledonia.

Habitat: Live specimens are found crawling in about 1
fatbom on coarse algae which grows in coral sand pockets
(Tourres, in litt.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 26 to 36 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather small for the genus. It is
ovate and light in weight, with a relatively low spire, blunt
at the apex. Protoconch is purple, turbinate, of one and a
half smooth whorls. Teleoconch has six whorls; the early
ones are longitudinally ribbed. These ribs disappear on the
adult body whorl. Spiral striae are present above the an-
terior tip. Suture is puckered. Aperture is wide; outer lip
slightly thickened. Siphonal notch is narrow and shallow;
fasciole present. Columella is almost straight, with three
rather strong plaits at the anterior end followed posteriorly
by numerous fine lirae covering three fourths of the colu-
mella. A weak columellar callus appears at the posterior end.
Base color is flesh-pink or pinkish-brown, overlaid with red-
dish spots and revolving, interrupted parallel lines of the
same color. The adult body whorl has two broad revolving
zones of pale brown.

Animal and radula: According to Fischer (1867), the
animal is typically volutoid with a short, wide, flat head.
Deeply set eyes are situated at the base of triangular tentacles,
behind which are two equal, triangular lobes. Radula is
uniserial with tricuspid teeth. A horny operculum is present
(see Figure 4a through 4c).

Remarks: The relatively rare nominate species differs from
Lyria deliciosa howensis Iredale, 1937 by its consistently
lower spire and swollen body whorl, which contrasts with
the very attenuated shape of howensis.

Lyria (Lyria) deliciosa howensis Iredale, 1937
{Plate 4E; Map 2 )

1937b Lyria deliciosa howensis Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus.

20(2):129 [Lord Howe Island (New South Wales, Aus-
tralia)].

1940 Lyria howensis Iredale, Australian Zoologist 9(4);435, pi.
32, fig. 3.

1965b Lyria deliciosa howensis Iredale, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 13(5);5, text figs. 5, 6.

Type: No holotype was designated. Syntvpes are in the Aus-
tralian Museum, Sydney.

18

Lyria

Figure 4a-c: Lyria (Lyria) deliciosa deliciosa (Montrouzier, 1859). a. Gross anatomy of male
specimen with mantle split down the middle, b. Operculum, c, Section of radula showing three tricuspid
teeth (after Fischer, 1867).

Figure 4d-e: Lyria (Lyria) queketti (E. A. Smith, 1901). d. Single tricuspid tooth (after Cooke,
1922). e. Operculum (after Barnard, 1959).

Figure 4f; Lyria (Lyria) mitraeformis (Lamarck, 1811). Single tricuspid tooth (after Cooke, 1922).

Type locality; Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, Aus-
tralia.

Range: From Mackay, south to Curtis Island, Queensland,
then southeast to Lord Howe Island, New South Wales,
Australia.

Habitat: In Queensland Lyria howensis is found in sand
under rocks at low tide along the littoral zone (Nielsen, in
litt). On Lord Howe Island the species is found in sand
pockets under rocks at a depth of about 1 fathom (Coleman,
in litt.).

Dimensions: A typical Lord Howe Island specimen is 28
mm in length, with a maximum diameter of 14 mm.

Shell description: Shell is rather small. It is fusiform and
light in weight, with an attenuated, pointed spire. Protoconch
is burgundy colored. It is turbinate, of one and a half smooth
whorls. Teleoconch has six whorls, sculptured with narrow
axial ribs; these ribs become obsolete on the adult body
whorl. Suture is indented. Aperture is narrow, flaring some-
what anteriorly; the interior is creamy-yellow. Outer lip is
simple, thickened by a wide, raised, rounded ridge running

parallel to the leading edge. Siphonal notch is narrow and
shallow; fasciole barely discernible. Columella is slightly
curved, with three rather strong anterior plaits followed
posteriorly by numerous fine lirae that cover three fourths of
the parietal area. A low toothlike projection appears just be-
low the posterior end of the columella. Base color is cream
profusely overlaid with broad bands of olive-green and show-
ing an irregular blue-gray tinge. Short dashlike marks appear
occasionally on the adult body whorl; these terminate at the
edge of the outer lip. Scattered blue-gray spots mark the
spire below the suture. A horny operculum is present.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Iredale (1937b) introduced the subspecies Lyria
deliciosa howensis with a very cryptic description and no
figure. He did not designate a holotype. In 1940 he raised
howensis to full species rank, showing a figure (ventral view
only) of a specimen from Lord Howe Island. The figure rep-
resented an atypical oval shell with axial ribbing throughout.
Typically, the subspecies is more elongate, with the axial ribs
becoming obsolete on the adult body whorl.

At Mackay, Keppel Bay, and Curtis Island in Queensland,

19

LYRIINAE

MAP 2

20

Lyria

Australia, collectors have been finding an even more atten-
uated form with fewer ribs on later whorls. The species is
moderately common in the Keppel Bay area.

Morphologically, the shell of Lyria deliciosa howensis
differs from Lyria deliciosa deliciosa by its consistently nar-
rower and higher teleoconch and more attenuated adult body
whorl. They are geographically isolated from each other (see
Map 2).

Lyria (Lyria) kimberi Cotton, 1932
(Plate 4K and 4L)

1932 Lyria kimberi Cotton, Rec. South Australian Mus. 4:538,
539, text figs. 1-3 [Port Lincoln (Australia)].

Type: Holotype, the South Australian Museum, Adelaide,
No. D.10185.

Type locality: Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia.
Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 2 to 6 fathoms.

Dimensions; Holotype length, 30.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 16.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small, ovate-fusiform, and
solid, with a rather low, blunt spire. Protoconch is small,
globose, and translucent white, of one and a half smooth,
turbinate whorls. Teleoconch has four axially ribbed whorls,
with 16 such sinuous ribs on the penultimate whorl and the
adult body whorl. Ribs are narrower than the interstices.
There are revolving striae at the anterior portion of the adult
body whorl. Suture is deeply impressed. Outer lip is thick
and simple. Aperture is elongate-ovate, about three-fourths
the total length of the shell; interior is white. Siphonal notch
is narrow, shallow, and slightly recurved; fasciole is present.
Coliunella is concave, with three anterior plaits followed
posteriorly by numerous fine lirations ending in a small,
raised tooth. Color of the shell is a imiform chestnut-brown,
fading into cream near the outer lip. There is no color pat-
tern on the holotype, which is the only specimen of this
species we have seen.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: We had previously relegated this species to
synonymy under Lyria mitraeformis (Lamarck, 1811), basing
our assumption on stunted specimens of mitraeformis sent to
us from Australia and bearing the name kimberi. Recently we
received enlarged photographs of the holotype of kimberi
that showed a shell quite different from any population
variant in mitraeformis that we have ever seen. Lyria kimberi
is a more solid shell with a glossy white protoconch rather
than a wine-colored one. The outer lip is thicker than in
mitraeformis, and the shell is unicolored.

The species is known only from the holotype, which was
collected without the animal in the same area that typical
mitraeformis are found.

The shell was named for Mr. W. J. Kimber, who donated
the holotype to the South Australian Museum.

Lyria (Lyria) lyraeformis (Swainson, 1821)

(Plate 5A and 5B)

1821a Mitra lyraeformis Swainson, Zoological Illustrations (1)1,
pi. 54 (2 views) (locality unknown).

1827 Voluta lyriformis Swainson, Broderip, The Zoological Jour-
nal 3:83, 84, pi. 3, fig. 3 (2 views) (locality unknown)
[non Voluta lyriformis Angas, 1865, = Voluta mitrae-
formis Lamarck, 1811; non Voluta lyriformis Wood, 1828,
in Mitridaej.

1840 Harpula lyriformis Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, pp.
119, 318.

1845 Voluta lyraeformis Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con-
chyliorum 1(5): 217, pi. 49, figs. 45, 46.

1849 Voluta lyraeformis Broderip, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica
6, Voluta sp. 48, pi. 20, fig. 48 (East Coast of Africa).
1855a Lyria lyraeformis Adams, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
' (23):'60.

1882 Lyria lyraeformis Swainson, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
' (1)4:103, pi. 31, fig. 141.

1942 Lyria lyraeformis (Broderip), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 20.

1963c Lyria lyraeformis (Sowerby), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
11(9):3, figs. 1, 2 (off Kenya, East Africa).

1964c Lyria lyraeformis (Swainson), Weaver, ibid., 12(8):7, figs.
5, 6.

Type: The whereabouts of the type specimen illustrated in
Zoological Illustrations is not known to the authors.

Type locality: Subsequently designated "East Coast of
Africa” by Reeve (1849). Here restricted to waters off Mom-
basa, Kenya, east Africa, where a number of live specimens
have recently been dredged.

Range; Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Information not available.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 90 to 145 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is very large for the genus. It is
elongate-fusiform and solid, with a high, pointed spire. Pro-
toconch is regularly coiled, of two and a half large, smooth
whorls; a short calcarella protrudes from the apex. Teleo-
conch has six to six and a half rather convex whorls, indented
at the suture. Sculpture consists of fine, closely spaced, re-
volving striae on early whorls and strong axial ribs through-
out. There are about 17 such ribs on the penultimate whorl
of a shell 121 mm in length. Aperture is relatively small,
narrow, and oblong; interior is pale orange. Outer lip is
simple, somewhat thickened. Siphonal notch is narrow and
deep; fasciole weak. The columella is almost straight, with
two or three moderately strong anterior plaits (the second
being strongest), followed by numerous fine lirae covering
the parietal area. Base color is creamy-white, overlaid with
bands of bluish-gray, chestnut, and interrupted reddish lines.

21

LYRIINAE

giving an overall glossy, dark-bluish appearance. Presence
of an operculum is unknown.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This species appears to be closely related to Lyria
cloveriana Weaver, 1963. Both have a large protoconch with
a short calcarella at the apex. This morphological characteris-
tic separates them from all other living species in the genus.
Unfortunately, nothing is known of the soft parts or radula
of either species. We are therefore provisionally leaving
them in the genus Lyria pending further information.

Lyria (Lyria) mitraeformis (Lamarck, 1811)
(Plates 5C, 5D, 5E, 6A, and 6B; Figure 4f)

1811 Valuta mitraeformis Lamarck, Ann. Mus d’Hist. Nat. 17:73
[les cotes de Java (Laichenau) et cedes de Nouvelle-
Holland (Australia) (Peron)].

1827 Valuta multicostata Broderip, The Zoological Journal 3:82,
pi. 3, fig. 2 (locality unknown) [holotype, British Museum
(Natural History), London].

1839 Valuta mitraeformis Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles

Vivantes, Valuta 3:36, 37, pi. 41, fig. 2 (2 views).

1840 Harpula mitraeformis Lamarck, Swainson, Treatise on

Malacology, p. 318.

1845 Valuta mitraeformis Lamarck, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con-
chyliorum 1(5):216, 217, pi. 52, figs. 81, 82; pi. 55, fig.
109.

1849 Valuta mitraeformis Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 7, pi. 3, figs. 7a, 7b (Australia).

1855a Lyria mitraeformis Adams, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23):60, 61 (Australia, Java?).

1864 Valuta {Lyria) mitraeformis Lamarck, Angas, Proc. Zool.

Soc. London (1):54 (Spencer’s Gulf, South Australia,
Australia).

1865b Lyria lyriformis Broderip, Angas, ibid., (1):164 [St. Vin-
cent’s Gulf; Port Lincoln, Kangaroo Island (Australia)]
[non Valuta lyraeformis Swainson, 1821; non Valuta
lyriformis Wood, 1828, in Mitridae].

1882 Lyria mitraeformis Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
■ (1)4:103, 104, pi. 31, fig. 143.

1900 Valuta {Lyria) grangeri Sowerby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

(7)5:440, pi. 11, fig. 2 (no locality given) [holotype,
British Museum (Natural History), London].

1942 Lyria multicostata Broderip, M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 11, fig. 17.

1949 Lyria mitraeformis Cotton, Rec. South Australian Mus.
' 9 (2): 182.

1963 Lyria {Lyria) mitraeformis Lamarck, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:100,
pi. 81, fig. 4.

1968 Lyria {Lyria) grangeri (Sowerby), Weaver and duPont, The
Veliger ll(l):36-38, pi. 3, figs. 1-6, map [a few miles
north-northwest of Port Hedland, central Western Aus-
tralia (in error)].

Type: The questionable holotype, more probably a para-
type, is deposited in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle,
Geneva, No. JJ03.38.2.

Type locality: "The coasts of Java and New Holland.”
Several more specific locations mentioned by Angas (J864)
are Spencer Gulf and Gulf St. Vincent, etc., Australia.

Range: From Portland, Victoria, westward to Albany, south
Western Australia, Australia — a coastal distance of approx-
imately J700 miles.

Habitat: On exposed sand bars at low tide to depths of
about JO fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 29 to 55 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in size, color, and
form. It is of medium size for the genus, rather light in
weight, and fusiform, v ih a high to moderately high, atten-
uated spire; the apex is blunt. Protoconch is wine or flesh
colored, globose, of one and a half smooth whorls. Teleo-
conch has about five and a quarter gently convex and heavily
sculptured whorls. Suture is indented. Sculpture consists of
numerous narrow axial ribs extending from suture to suture
on all whorls. There are J7 such ribs on the penultimate
whorl of a shell 54.5 mm in length. No spiral sculpture is
present. Aperture is semiovate, typically about five-eighths
the total length of the shell. Outer lip is thickened externally
by a wide, low ridge bordering the aperture. Siphonal notch
is narrow and rather shallow; fasciole weak and ill-defined.
Columella is flesh colored and concave. It has three strong
anterior teeth, followed by numerous weak lirae covering
eight tenths of the columella where they join a posterior,
raised toothlike projection. Base color is yellowish-cream,
overlaid with chocolate spots and blotches. Interrupted spiral
lines of the same color are scattered over the entire surface
but appear more often on two pale revolving zones encircling
the adult body whorl. A horny operculum is present.

Animal and radula: According to Cotton (J949), the
animal has a wide, expanded foot. It is dark cream and is
overlaid with many violet spots.

The radular ribhon is uniserial and consists of 52 tricuspid
teeth (Cooke, J922) (see Figure 4f).

Remarks: Lyria mitraeformis, a very common species,
seems most closely related to Lyria delessertiana (Petit de la
Saussaye, J842) but generally differs by having a less acum-
inated spire, broader and fewer axial ribs, and weaker
columellar plaits. The small, posterior, columellar toothlike
projection is absent in delessertiana.

Populations of mitraeformis from different localities, as
well as from different depths, vary considerably in color and
shape. In the vicinity of Albany, south Western Australia,
there is a very globose population variant with a short spire.
It was named Voluta {Lyria) grangeri by Sowerby III in J900
(see Plate 6A and 6B). At one time we thought this name
represented a valid species (Weaver and duPont, J968).

Recently, with the help of Mrs. Elsie North, of Albany,
we were able to look at many population variants collected
in that area which either looked like grangeri or were inter-
mediate between grangeri and mitraeformis. We further
learned from her that the type locality information in our
J968 article in The Veliger was in error and that grangeri

22

Lyria

does not come from Port Hedland, central Western Australia,
but from the Albany area.

As a result of this information, we consider grangeri to be
a population variant at the western end of the range of mitrae-
formis; we have thus relegated it to the synonymy of that
species.

Lyria (Lyria) nucleus (Lamarck, 1811)
(Plate 5F, 5G, and 5H)

1811 Valuta nucleus Lamarck, Ann. Mas. d’Hist. Nat. 17:73, 74
(la mer du Sud).

1811 Valuta pattersonia Perry, Conchology, pi. 17, fig. 1 (New
Holland).

1823 Valuta harpa Mawe, Linn. Syst. of Conch., frontispiece, fig.
2 (no locality given).

1828 Valuta harpa Wood, Index Testaceologicus, suppl., p. 11,

fig. 26 (no locality given).

1829 Valuta perdicina Megerle [in] Schubert and Wagner, Con-

chylien-Cabinet 12:11, 12, pi. 217, figs. 3034, 3035 (no
locality given).

1839 Valuta nucleus Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,

Valuta 3:37, 38, pi. 40, fig. 3 (2 views).

1840 Harpula nucleus Lamarck, Swainson, Treatise on Mala-

cology, pp. 119, 318.

1845 Valuta nucleus Lamarck, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5):218, pi. 55, fig. 116.

1849 Valuta nucleus Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 41, pi. 18, figs. 41a, 41b.

1855a Lyria nucleus Adams, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):61
(Australia) .

1864 Valuta {Lyria) nucleus Lamarck, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1):54.

1882 Lyria nucleus Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:102, pi. 31, fig. 136.

1937b Lyria appasita Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 20(2): 129
[Mast Head Reef (Australia)] (syntype in the Australian
Museum, Sydney).

1940 Valuta pattersania Perry, Iredale, Australian Zoologist
9(4):435 [Norfolk Island (off east central Australia)].
1940 Lyria insignita Iredale, ibid., p. 435 [Kermadec Islands
(northern New Zealand)] (holotype in the Australian
Museum, Sydney).

1940 Lyria peraniana Iredale, ibid., p. 435 [Newcastle (New
South Wales, Australia)] (syntypes, the Australian Mu-
seum, Sydney).

1942 Lyria nucleus Lamarck, M. Smith, A Review of the Voluti-
dae, p. 11, pi. 2, fig. 18 [non pi. 3, fig. 32, = Valuta
deliciosa Montrouzier, 1859].

1950 Lyria pattersonia (Perry), Kuroda and Habe, Illustrated
Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):36, 38 (range
extended to Okinawa).

1963. Lyria (s. s.) nucleus Lamarck, Shikama et Horikoshi, Se-
lected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:99
(not illustrated).

Type: Holotype, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, No.
1103.39.

Type locality: "La mer du Sud.” For various synonyms
of nucleus, Iredale (1937b, 1940) gave the fV)llowing loca-
tions: Mast Head Reef, Norfolk Island, Kermadec Islands,
and Newcastle.

Range: From New South Wales, Australia, eastward to
Norfolk Island and New Zealand’s northern Kermadec
Islands. Kuroda and Habe (1950) report a range extension
to Okinawa.

Habitat: Information not available.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 19 to 31 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in size and shape.
Typically it is small, light in weight, and ovate; the spire is
short and pointed. Protoconch is small and burgundy-wine
colored, with one and a half smooth, globose whorls. Teleo-
conch has five and a half to six whorls, longitudinally ribbed
throughout. There are about 20 such ribs on the adult body
whorl of a shell 20 mm in length. There is no spiral sculp-
ture. The suture is indented. Aperture is semiovate; outer
lip is simple and somewhat thickened. Columella is slightly
curved, with three anterior plaits (the first and second being
strongest), sometimes followed by a few weak lirae. Base
color is ivory to creamy-brown with scattered chestnut spots
and blotches. Fine, broken chestnut lines encircle the adult
body whorl; these lines intrude to the inner edge of the.»lip
and there form dark spots.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Of the various populations of Lyria nucleus that
have been formalized by- .Latin names, one may deserve
subspecific recognition at some later date when more ma-
terial becomes available for study: it is Lyria insignita Ire-
dale, 1940 from the Kermadec Islands off northern New
Zealand. This population appears to be larger than typical
nucleus from Norfolk Island and has wide, flatter axial ribs.
In all other respects it appears to be identical to nucleus.

Although dead beach specimens of nucleus are not un-
common in collections, a live-collected specimen is rather
rare.

The species somewhat resembles Lyria cassidula (Reeve,
1849) from Japan, but differs in having a lower spire and
more numerous axial ribs that terminate below the suture.
Their color and color patterns also differ.

Lyria (Lyria) pallidula Habe, 1962
(Plate 51 and 5J)

1950 Lyria cassidula (Reeve), Kuroda and Habe, Illustrated
Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):36, pi. 5,
fig. 3 [nan Valuta cassidula Reeve, 1849].

1962 Lyria pallidula Habe, Coloured Illustrations of the Shells of
Japan (2), App. 26, pi. 35, fig. 10 [Ashizuri Point in
Kochi Prefecture (Japan)].

1965b Lyria pallidula Habe, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(5):5, text figs. 1, 2.

23

LYRIINAE

Type: Holotype in collection of Hiroshi Yoshida, Japan.

Type locality: Ashizuri Point, Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku
Island, Japan.

Range: From Ashizuri Point, Shikoku Island, to Kii, Hon-
shu Island, Japan — a distance of about 125 miles.

Habitat: Information not available.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 35.0 mm; maximum diame-
ter, 16.8 mm; aperture length, 22.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is rather small. It is subfusiform
and light in weight, with a relatively high, pointed spire.
Protoconch is white, of two smooth, turbinate whorls. Teleo-
conch has six axially ribbed whorls; the ribs become broader
and less pronounced on the adult body whorl. There are
about 17 such ribs on the penultimate whorl of a shell 35 mm
in length. Aperture is rather wide, about two-thirds the total
length of the shell. Outer lip is thickened and beveled. Si-
phonal notch is narrow and shallow; fasciole weak. Columella
is concave, with five or six weak plaits, the strongest at the
anterior end. Base color is light yellowish-cream, with two
light-colored bands on the adult body whorl and interrupted
revolving brown lines appearing as occasional, scattered
dashlike markings. There are small brown blotches at the
posterior end of the axial ribs just below the suture.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Lyria pallidula is a rare species that appears most
closely related to Lyria deliciosa deliciosa (Montrouzier,
1859) from New Caledonia, but it differs in several respects.
It has a more attenuated shape with axial ribs that extend
over tbe adult body whorl. Furthermore, its columellar plaits
are fewer and weaker. When the anatomy of both species
can be compared, there is a strong possibility that pallidula
may prove to be a subspecies of deliciosa.

Lyria (Lyria) planicostata (Sowerby III, 1903)
(Plate 5K and 5L)

1903b Valuta {Lyria) planicostata Sowerby, Journal of Malacology
10(3): 75, 76, pi. 5, fig. 7 (locality unknown).

1963g Lyria planicostata Sowerby, Weaver, Journ. Malac. Soc.
Australia (7):32.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1903.11.5.3.

Type locality: The label on the holotype, the only known
specimen, bears no locality data.

Range: Llnknown.

Habitat: L nknown.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 53.0 mm; maximum diame-
ter, 22.5 mm; aperture length, 33.9 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size. It is fusiform
and solid, with a moderately high, pointed spire. Protoconch
has two smooth, turbinate whorls. Teleoconch has seven
convex, axially ribbed whorls. There are 15 such ribs on

tbe penultimate wborl of the holotype. There is no spiral
sculpture. Suture is channeled. Aperture is not wide; it is
elongate, attenuated anteriorly, about five-eighths the total
length of the shell; the outer lip is slightly thickened. Si-
phonal notch is narrow and shallow; fasciole indistinct.
Columella is calloused. It is slightly concave, with three
strong, unequal anterior plaits followed by a few lirae. Base
color is yellowish, banded with numerous spiral lines. Mar-
gin of the columella is conspicuously streaked with brown.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Morphologically, this extremely rare species is
closely related to Lyria beauii (Fischer and Bernardi, 1857).
It differs from that taxon in that it has weaker, less numerous
columellar plaits and a more attenuated anterior shape.

When more specimens of each species become available
for study (less than six specimens of beauii and only one of
planicostata are known), planicostata may prove to be a
synonym of beauii.

Lyria (Lyria) queketti (E. A. Smith, 1901)
(Plate 6C, 6D, and 6E; Figure 4d and 4e)

1901 Valuta (Lyria) queketti E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon-
don 4(6):234, text fig. (ventral view) [about 10 miles
from Durban, Natal (South Africa)].

1922 Lyria queketti Smith, Cooke, Proc. Malac. Soc. London
15:9, text fig. 6 (radula).

1959 Valuta queketti Smith, Barnard, Ann. S. African Mus.

45(1):21, 22, fig. 5 (operculum and spire sculpture).
1962d Lyria queketti (Smith), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
■ 10(7):3, text figs. 1, 2.

1965e Lyria queketti (Smith), Weaver, ibid., 13(10):5, text figs.

’ 3-6.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1901.9.13.17.

Type locality: About 10 miles off Durban, Natal, South
Africa.

Range: From Durban northward 175 miles to Zululand,
South Africa.

Habitat: Taken either by dredging in 160 to 180 fathoms
or from the stomachs of fishes in 40 to 90 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 41 to 55 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size. It is solid and
ovate-fusiform, with a moderately high, turreted spire, blunt
at the apex. Protoconch is bulbous and horn colored, of two
and a half smooth whorls. The second whorl is 2 mm in di-
ameter. Teleoconch has four and a half to five strongly
shouldered, heavily sculptured whorls with a deeply in-
dented suture. The suture is channeled on the early whorls.
Sculpture consists of sharp axial ribs, 19 to 21 on the first
whorl, decreasing to about 10 on the adult body whorl. The
posterior portions of the ribs form points projecting above
the suture, giving the earlv whorls a coronated appearance.

24

Lyria

Numerous closely spaced revolving striae cover the entire
shell. These are especially pronounced at the top of the
early whorl rihs and become more widely spaced anteriorly.
Aperture is narrow and oblong; outer lip is thickened both
inside and outside with a beveled edge. The interior is a
pale-rose color. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole
present. The columella is obliquely straight, with five to
seven sharply angled anterior plaits, the first three being the
strongest. A thick, raised, white callus appears at the pos-
terior end of the white columella. Color of the shell is vari-
able (see banded form, Plate 6E). Typically, the base color is
pale flesh, almost obscured by wide bands of reddish-brown.
Rust-red spots appear at the posterior end of the ribs and on
the shoulders of the last two whorls. A horny operculum is
present (see Figure 4e).

Animal and radlla: According to Cooke (1922), the
radular ribbon is uniserial, consisting of 41 teeth (see Figure
4d). Other anatomical features are unknown.

Remarks: In appearance, this species seems to stand apart
from all others in the genus. The few known specimens were
collected from the stomachs of fishes or from the dorsum
of the carrier shell Xenophora by dredging.

The species was named for Mr. Quekett, the former cura-
tor of the Durban Museum, Natal, South Africa.

Lyria (Lyria) vegai Clench and Turner, 1967
{Plate 6F and 6G)

1967 Lyria (Lyria) vegai Clench and Turner, The Nautilus
80(3):83, 84, text fig. 1 (Cabo Rojo, Pedernales, Re-
piiblica Dominicana, Hispaniola).

Type: Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, No. 256494.

Type locality: Cabo Rojo, Province of Pedernales, Domin-
ican Republic, West Indies.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: The only known specimen came from a fish trap;
depth unknown.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 60.0 mm; maximum di-
ameter, 26.0 mm; aperture length, 37.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is rather large for the genus. It
is subfusiform, with a high, convex spire. Protoconch is de-
collated. Teleoconch has eight convex whorls; the first two are
sculptured with narrow axial rihs followed by very fine axial
growth lines. Suture is well indented. Aperture is subovate,
about five-eighths the total length of the shell. Outer lip is
slightly reflected. Siphonal notch is wide; fasciole weak. The
columella is weak, with one strong plait at the anterior end
followed posteriorly by only four fine lirae. Base color is
ivory with numerous, irregular spiral bands of brownish
spots and lines which are in axial alignment.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: The species is known from a single shell collected
without the animal. It appears to be closely related to Lyria
beauii (Fischer and Bernardi, 1857) but (lifters in the follow-
ing respects: Lyria vegai is axially ribbed on only the first
two whorls, whereas beauii is axially ribbed throughout.
Furthermore, vegai has only one strong, anterior columellar
plait and four very fine lirae on the upper parietal area, as
opposed to beauii, which has three strong, anterior columel-
lar plaits and weaker folds that extend almost the entire
length of the columella.

This extremely rare taxon was named for Dr. L. F. Vega
of Ciudad Santo Domingo.

Sub genus Enaeta
H. and A. Adams, 1853

1853 Enaeta H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Recent Mollusca
1:167.

Type species: Valuta bamesii Gray, 1825; by subsequent
designation, Dali, 1907; Recent, subtropical Fastem Pacific.

Distribution: In this subgenus four species are found in
the subtropical western Atlantic Ocean and two in the sub-
tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. They have a bathymetric
range from the littoral to 40 fathoms, with most species living
at the deeper end of the range.

Whereas Enaeta cumingii (Broderip, 1832) is not un-
common, the other five species are considered to be un-
common to rare.

Diagnosis: Shells are small (12 to 35 mm in length), very
solid, and fusiform or ovate-fusiform. Protoconch is small
and smooth. Teleoconch has axial ribs on all the sutured
whorls. The suture is not deeply channeled nor are the
whorls coronated as in Harpeola. Outer lip is inflected,
thickened outside by a broad, obtuse ridge and furnished
inside with a low, blunt tooth about midpoint. Sometimes
there are serrations along the inner edge. Neither the blunt
tooth on the inside of the outer lip nor the serrations along
the inner edge are found in Lyria s. s. There is no toothlike
projection on the upper parietal area. Columella and parietal
area are plaited throughout, the three anterior plaits being
the strongest. Siphonal notch and fasciole are present. Where
known, a horny operculum is present. A periostracum may
or may not be present. Animal is not available for study.

Lyria (Enaeta) archeri (Angas, 1865)

(Plate 7G and 7H)

1865a Voluta (Lyria) archeri Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1):55, pi. 2, figs. 4, 5 (Montserrat. West Indies).

1882 Lyria archeri Angas, Tryon, Manual of Concholog\' (1) 4:104,
pi. 31, fig. 144.

1907a Enaeta archeri Angas, Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
48(3) :353.

25

LYRIINAE

191-2 Enaela archcri (Angas), M. Smilh, A Review of the Voluti-
(lae. p. 12, pi. 3, figs. 21, 27.

Type: Holotvpe, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1892.4.1.1.

Type locality: Montserrat, West Indies.

RA^GE: From Montserrat to Martinique Island, Lesser An-
tilles, West Indies — a distance of about 200 miles.

Habitat: Information not available.

Dimensions: Holotvpe length, 33.5 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 17.5 mm; aperture length, 22.3 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small. It is ovate-fusiform and
solid, with a rather low, pointed spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is small, globose, and smooth. Teleoconch has
six axially ribbed whorls. There are 13 such ribs on the
penultimate whorl of a shell 33.5 mm in length. Suture is
indented. Aperture is oblong and narrow, about two-tbirds
tbe total length of the shell. Interior is pale flesh colored.
Outer lip is thick, with numerous serrations inside; it is
spotted with black near the edge. Siphonal notch is narrow
and deep; fasciole indistinct. The columella is arched and
plaited throughout, the three anterior plaits being strongest.
Base color is flesh tinted with yellow, variegated and lined
with chestnut. The lines are more pronounced on the ribs.
Spire is irregularly spotted. Presence of an operculum or
periostracum is unknown.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This rare species, known only from a few
apparently dead specimens, was named for the original
owner of the holotvpe, Mr. Archer, of Liverpool, England.

Lyria (Enaeta) barnesii (Gray, 1825)

{Plate 7K and 7L)

1824 Valuta harpa Barnes, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York

1(5):139, 140, pi. 9, fig. 4 (Peru) [non Valuta harpa
Lamarck. 1811, a fossil; nan Valuta harpa Mawe, 1823,
= Valuta nucleus Lamarck. 1811].

1825 Valuta barnsii Gray, The Zoological Journal 1:511 (note in

Errata) (no locality given).

1839 Valuta harpa Sowerby, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:38. 39. pi. 40, fig. 2 (2 views).

1845 Valuta harpa Barnes, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvliorum
1(5):215. pi. 55. fig. 114.

1849 Valuta harpa Barnes. Reeve, Concbologia Iconica 6, Valuta
sp. 3, pi. 1, figs. 3a, 3b.

18.53 Lyria (Enaeta) harpa Barnes, H. and A. Adams, The Genera
of Recent Mollusca 1:167.

1864 Valuta barnesii Gray, Carpenter (spelling emended). Rep.
British Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 554.

1882 Lyria (Enaeta) harpa Barnes. Trvon. Manual of Conchologv
(1)4:104, pi. 31, fig. 145.

1907a Enaeta bamesii Gray, Dali. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
18(3) :351, 352.

1942 Enaeta bamesii (Gray), M. Smith, A Review of the Volutidae,
p. 12. pi. 2, fig. 19.

1958 Lyria (Enaeta) barnesii (Gray), Keen, Sea Shells of Trop-
ical West America, p. 432, sp. 665, text fig. 665.

1963 Lyria (Enaeta) bamesii (Grav), Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:99,
100, text fig. 147.

Type: Cabinet of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York.
Type locality: "Coast of Peru.”

Range: From the Peruvian coast northward to Cape St.
Lucas, Lower California — a distance of approximately 3500
miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 20 to 40 fathoms on a sand and mud
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 25 to 35 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small. It is oblong-ovate and
very solid. The spire is low and sharply acuminate. Proto-
conch is small and turbinate, of two smooth whorls. Teleo-
conch has seven and a half to eight narrow, axially ribbed
whorls. There are 18 such ribs on the penultimate whorl of
a shell 25.5 mm in length. The early whorls have very fine,
closely spaced, revolving lirae. Suture is slightly indented.
Aperture is narrow; interior flesh colored. Outer lip is in-
flexed and thickened outside by a broad obtuse ridge. It is
furnished inside with a low, blunt tooth about midpoint.
Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole indistinct. Colu-
mella is obliquely straight, with three or four rather weak
anterior plaits terminating at midpoint. Sometimes a few
fine lirae follow. Base color is yellowish-cream, clouded and
variegated throughout with various shades of chestnut. A
horny operculum is present.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: The short, slightly concave, oblong-ovate shape,
the acute spire, and the narrow, sharp axial ribs set this un-
common species apart from others in the subgenus.

Gray (1825), in naming this species for Mr. Barnes,
omitted the letter e. In 1864 Carpenter corrected this error by
emending the spelling to bamesii.

Lyria {Enaeta) cumingii (Broderip, 1832)
{Plate 7 A and 7B)

1832 Valuta cumingii Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (2):33
(in America Centrali, Gulf of Fonseca, province of San
Salvador).

1845 Valuta cumingi Broderip, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvliorum
1(5);213, 214, pi. 55, figs. 105-107.

1849 Valuta cumingii Broderip, Reeve, Concbologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 1, pi. 1, figs, la, lb.

1853 Lyria (Enaeta) cumingii Broderip, H. and A. Adams, The
Genera of Recent Mollusca 1:167.

1870 Enaeta pedersenii Verrill, American journ. Sci. (2)49(146);
226 (La Paz, Gulf of California).

1882 Lyria (Enaeta) cumingii Broderip, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:104, pi. 31, fig. 146 [non fig. 147, = Valuta
cyileniformis Sowerbv, 1844].

26

Lyria

1907a Enaeta cumingii Broderip, Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
48(3):352.

1958 Lyria (Enaeta) cumingii (Broderip), Keen, Sea Shells of
Tropical West America, p. 432, sp. 666, text fig. 666.
1958 Lyria (Enaeta) pedersenii (Verrill), Keen, ibid., pp. 432,
433, sp. 667, text fig. 667.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1837.12.1.75.

Type locality: Gulf of Fonseca, El Salvador, Central
America.

Range: From Magdalena Bay, Lower California, south to
Peru.

Habitat: In sandy mud at low tide to at least 10 fathoms on
a shell and gravel substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 24 to 30 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small. It is fusiform and
solid, with a high, pointed spire. Protoconch is small and
globose, of two smooth whorls. Teleoconch has seven and a
half to eight strongly sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of
low, rounded nodules on whorl shoulders, extending as low,
broad axial ribs on the adult body whorl. There are about
nine such nodules on the penultimate whorl of a shell 26 mm
in length. Ribs are slightly humped at the periphery of the
adult body whorl, giving the appearance of a second revolv-
ing row of smaller nodules. Early whorls have fine, closely
spaced, revolving lirae. Suture is slightly impressed and
sinuous. Aperture is narrow; interior is cream colored. Outer
lip is inflexed and thickened outside by a broad, obtuse ridge.
It is furnished inside with a low, blunt tooth about midpoint.
Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fascicle indistinct. Colu-
mella is slightly arched, with three anterior plaits followed
by three or four weaker plaits covering two thirds of the
parietal area. Base color is cream, profusely clouded with
blotches and spots of various shades of brown that usually
occur just below the suture. There is a pale, revolving band
at the periphery of the adult body whorl. A horny operculum
is present.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: A narrow form was given the name pedersenii by
Verrill (1870). It is our opinion that Verrill’s taxon repre-
sents nothing more than an attenuated Enaeta cumingii, and
so we have relegated it to the synonymy of that species.

The species was named for Mr. Hugh Cuming, the well
known early nineteenth century conchologist. It is rather
uncommon.

1845 Valuta cyllenifomiis Sowerhy, Thesaurus Conchy liorum
l(5):2i4, 215, pi. 55, figs. 112, 113.

1849 Valuta cylleniformis Sowerby, Reeve. Conchologia Iconica
6, Valuta sp. 57, pi. 22, figs. 57a, 57b.

1853 Lyria (Enaeta) cyllenifarmis Sowerbv. H. and A. Adams, The
Genera of Recent Mollusca 1:167.

1882 Lyria (Enaeta) cylleniformis Sowerbv, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:104, pi. 31, fig. 147.

1907a Enaeta cylleniformis Sowerby, Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.

48(3) ;352 (Florida Strait, near the Bahama banks).

1942 Enaeta cylleniformis (Sowerby). M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 13, pi. 3, fig. 22.

Type: The whereabouts of the type specimen described in
the Proceedings of the Zoological Journal of Eondon is not
known to the authors.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Dali (1907) as
Florida Strait, near the Bahama banks.

Range: Known only from the general area of the type local-
ity.

Habitat: Dredged in 10 to 30 fathoms.

Dimensions: A rather large adult specimen in Mr. duPont’s
collection measures 22.0 mm in length. Maximum diameter
is 11.0 mm; aperture length is 12.9 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small. It is solid and ovate-
fusiform, with a high, attenuated spire. Protoconch has
about two and a half smooth, turbinate whorls. Teleoconch
has five axially ribbed whorls, contracted posteriorly. The
ribs are narrow and are crossed by rather strong spiral lirae
throughout. There are about 12 such ribs on the penultimate
whorl of a shell 22 mm in length. Suture is indented. Aper-
ture is narrow and elliptical; interior is white. Outer lip is
inflexed, thickened outside by a broad, obtuse ridge, ob-
soletely dentated within. It has a low, blunt tooth about mid-
point. Siphonal notch is narrow, deep, and recurved; fasciole
indistinct. Columella is concave, with three or four some-
what weak anterior plaits, followed by one or two lirae that
terminate about midpoint. Base color is white with scattered
yellow and orange spots.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: The rather rare Enaeta cylleniformis is similar
in outline to Enaeta cumingii (Broderip, 1832), but differs
from it by the spiral lirae that cover the entire surface of the
shell and by the serrations inside the outer lip. Furthermore,
the nodules on cumingii are replaced on cylleniformis by
more numerous, narrow axial ribs.

Lyria (Enaeta) guildingii (Sowerby I, 1844)

Lyria (Enaeta) cylleniformis
(Sowerby I, 1844)

1844

(Plate 7C and 7D)

Valuta guildingii Sowerby, Proc. Zool.

Soc.

London

{Plate 71 and 7J)

1845

(12):151 [St. Vincent's (West Indies)].
Valuta guildingii Sowerby. Thesaurus

Conchylioruni

1844 Valuta cylleniformis Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London

1849

1(5):214, pi. 55, figs. 110. 111.

Valuta guildingii Sowerbv, Reeve. Conchologia

Iconica

(12):151, 152 (no locality given).

6, Valuta sp. 61. pi. 22. fig. 61.

27

LYRIINAE

1853 Lvria (Enaeta) guildingii Sowerby, H. and A. Adams, The
Genera of Recent Mollusca 1:167.

1882 Lvria (Enaeta) guildingii Sowerby, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:105, pi. 31, fig. 148.

1907a Enaeta guildingii Sowerby, Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
48(3):353.

1942 Enaeta guildingii (Sowerby), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 13, pi. 3, fig. 23.

Type: Lectotype, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1967616.

Type locality: Saint Vincent Island, Lesser Antilles, Brit-
ish West Indies.

Range: Known from the British West Indies and northern
Brazil.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Lectotype length, 12.9 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 5.7 mm; aperture length, 7.1 mm.

Shell description: Shell is very small for the genus. It is
ohlong-fusiform and solid, with a high, acuminate spire,
blunt at the apex. Teleoconch has five or six rather convex,
axially ribbed whorls. Interstices of the ribs are crossed by
spiral striae; the sculpture becomes less pronounced on the
adult body whorl. Suture is indented. Aperture is not wide.
Outer lip is indexed and thickened outside by a broad, obtuse
ridge. It is furnished inside with a low, blunt tooth about
midpoint. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fascicle indis-
tinct. Columella is concave, with five or six weak plaits, the
anterior two being strongest. Base color is orange-yellow
with short, whitish lines. There is a light-colored band below
the suture and above the periphery of the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: Lfnknowu.

Remarks: This rare taxon, smallest in the genus, was named
for the Reverend Lansdown Guilding, who first collected
the species at Saint Vincent Island.

Lyria (Enaeta) reevei (Dall, 1907)

1849 Valuta guttata Reeve, Conchologia leonica 6, Valuta sp.

56. pi. 22, fig. 56 (Honduras) [non Valuta guttata Dill-
wvn, 1817. in Marginellidae; fide Goan, 1965].

1853 Lyria (Enaeta) guttata Reeve, H. and A. Adams, The Genera
of Recent Mollusca 1:167.

1864a Valuta guttata Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvliorum
3(23), 1st suppl.. p. 270. pi. 11, fig. 122.

1866 Lyria guttata Reeve, Crosse, .lournal de Conchyliologie
'(3)14:114.

1882 Lyria (Enaeta) guttata Reeve, Trvon, Manual of Conchology
' (1)4:104, pi. 31. fig. 149.

1907a Enaeta reevei Dali. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 48(3):353
(Honduras) [new name for preoccupied Valuta guttata
Reeve, 1849].

1942 Enaeta reevei Dali, M. Smith, A Review of the Volutidae, p.
13. pi. 2, fig. 18A.

Type: Syntype of Valuta guttata Reeve. 1849 (= Enaeta

28

Lyria (Enaeta) reevei (Dall, 1907)

Honduras, BM(NH) No. 1968148/1 (syntype)

reevei Dall, 1907), British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1968148/1.

Type locality: Honduras.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Syntype length, 14.75 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 6.6 mm; aperture length, 8.7 mm.

Shell description: Shell is very small for the genus. It is
oblong-fusiform and solid, with a high, attenuated spire.
Teleoconch is axially ribbed, the ribs becoming obsolete on
later whorls. Aperture is rather narrow. Outer lip is thick-
ened outside by a broad, obtuse ridge. Its internal edge has
obsolete dentations and there is a low, blunt tooth about
midpoint. Suture is indented. Siphonal notch is narrow and
deep; fascicle indistinct. Columella is concave with many
weak plaits, the anterior three being strongest. Base color is
pinkish-white, on which appear irregular blotches of red-
dish-brown.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Little is known of this very rare species which,
with Enaeta guildingii Sowerby I, 1844, shares the distinc-
tion of being the smallest in the genus.

Subgenus Lyreneta Iredale, 1937

1937b Lyreneta Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 20(2):128, 129.

Type species: Lyreneta laseroni Iredale, 1937 [= Valuta
(Callipara) brazieri Cox, 1873 (non Valuta brazieri Angas,

Lyria

1870, = Valuta thatcheri McCoy, 1868)]; by original desig-
nation; Recent, Australia.

Distribution; The single living species in this subgenus
inhabits moderately deep water (20 to 30 fathoms) from
Cape Hawke, central New South Wales, to Mullaway, north-
ern New South Wales, Australia.

Diagnosis: Shells are small, subconiform, not heavy, with
a very short spire. Protoconch is small and smooth. Teleo-
conch is smooth except for narrow axial ribs on the early
whorls. There are no serrations on the inner edge of the
outer lip as in Enaeta. Suture is slightly impressed, not
deeply channeled as in Haiyeola. Body whorl almost equals
the length of the shell. Outer lip is pinched posteriorly and
flares anteriorly. Columella is strongly arched, with three
anterior plaits, the second plait being strongest, followed by
three recessed lirae. Siphonal notch and fascicle are present.
Animal is not available for study.

Lyria (Lyreneta) laseroni (Iredale, 1937)
{Plate 7E and 7F)

1873 Valuta {Callipara) brazieri Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(2):568, pi. 48, fig. 8 (Wooli Wooli, Clarence River, east
coast of New South Wales) {non Valuta brazieri Angas
(manuscript name) (in) Brazier, 1870b, = Valuta
thatcheri McCoy, 1868].

1904 Valuta brazieri Cox, E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London
6:178, 179, text fig.

1937b Lyreneta laseroni Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 20(2):128,
129 [Point Halliday (New South Wales, Australia)].
1962e Lyreneta laseroni Iredale, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(8) :3, text figs. 5, 6.

Type: Holotype of Lyreneta laseroni Iredale, 1937, the
Australian Museum, Sydney, No. C. 62057; holotype of
Valuta {Callipara) brazieri Cox, 1873 (= Lyreneta laseroni
Iredale, 1937), British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1904.5.10.1000.

Type locality; Point Halliday near Cape Hawke, central
New South Wales, Australia.

Range: From Cape Hawke, central New South Wales, to
Mullaway, northern New South Wales, Australia.

Habitat: Dredged in 20 to 30 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 22 to 28 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small and subconiform, with
a very low spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is turbinate,
of two and a quarter smooth whorls. Teleoconch has about
four low whorls; the first two are axially ribbed. Adult body
whorl almost equals the length of the shell. Suture is slightly
impressed. Aperture is pinched posteriorly and flares an-
teriorly. Outer lip is inflexed, smooth inside, and thickened
outside by an obtuse ridge; interior is pale violet. Siphonal
notch is wide and shallow; fascicle indistinct. Columella is
recurved, with three anterior plaits (the second being strong-
est) followed by about three recessed lirae that terminate

below the midpoint. Base color is yellowish-flesh, almost
completely covered in dark chestnut or chocolate. Two light-
colored bands appear on the adult body whorl. Base color
shows through as scattered spots on the spire. Occasional
interrupted spiral lines appear at the outer edge of the lip.

Animal and radula; Not available for study.

Remarks: This rather rare species was named for Mr.
C. Laseron, who provided some of the specimens used by
Iredale in his 1937 description.

A live-collected specimen in the collection of Mr. Gordon
Jarrett exhibits the glassy polish of a cowrie (see Plate 7E
and 7F).

Subgenus Harpeola DaO, 1907

1858b Harpella Gray [in] H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Recent
Mollusca 2:618 [non Harpella Schrank, 1802, in Lepi-
doptera]; type species. Valuta costata Swainson, 1824,
= Valuta anna Lesson, 1835 [non Valuta costata Gmelin,
1791, in Mitridae; fide Cernohorsky, 1965].

1907a Section Harpeola Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 48(3):350
(type species. Valuta anna Lesson, 1835).

Type species; Valuta anna Lesson, 1835; by original desig-
nation; Recent, Indonesia.

Distribution; The two living species in the subgenus in-
habit waters of Indonesia and the South China Sea.

Harpeola kurodai Kawamura, 1964 is found at a depth
of 22 to 30 fathoms. The habitat of Harpeola anna (Lesson,
1835) is not known.

Diagnosis: Shells are of moderate size (50 to 90 mm in
length), fusiform, and either light in weight or solid. Proto-
conch is rather large, turbinate or bulbous, and smooth.
Teleoconch has either narrow or broad axial ribbing through-
out. Suture is moderately to deeply channeled. Whorl
shoulders are coronated where ribs extend above the suture.
This shell characteristic is not found in either Lyria s. s.,
Enaeta, or Lyreneta. Edge of outer lip is with or without
serrations. Columella has three oblique, anterior plaits. In
Harpeola kurodai Kawamura, 1964 these plaits are followed
posteriorly by six or seven lirae to the midpoint of the
columella, A low, rounded, toothlike projection is on the
parietal wall below the suture. Siphonal notch and fascicle
are present. Where known, a small, horny, narrow operculum
is present. Animal is not available for study.

Lyria (Harpeola) anna (Lesson, 1835)

{Plate 6H and 61}

1824 Valuta costata Swainson, Quarterly Journal of Science

17i33 (no locality given) [nw; Valuta costata Gmelin.
1791, in Mitridae; fide Cernohorsky, 1965].

1825 Valuta lyrata Sowerby (ex Humphrey ms.). Cat. Shells

Tankerville, p. 80, no. 2140 (no locality given), nom.
nud.; [non Valuta lyrata Brocchi, 1814, a fossil species].

29

LYRIINAE

1835 Valuta anna Lesson, Illustrations de Zoologie (15), pi. 44
[description included (habitat unknown)].

1835 Valuta harpa Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second issue,
pi. 41 [nan Valuta harpa Barnes, 1824, = Valuta bamesii
Gray, 1825].

1839 Valuta anna Lesson, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:34, 35, pi. 40, fig. 1 (2 views) (Habite les mers
du Japon).

1841 Harpula harpa Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second edition
by Hanley, p. 21, pi. 41 (2 views) (Japan) [non Valuta
harpa Barnes, 1824, = Valuta bamesii Gray, 1825].
1845 Valuta costata Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5);215, 216, pi. 52, figs. 71, 72 (no locality given).
1849 Valuta costata Swainson, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 51, pi. 21, fig. 51 (Moluccas).

1882 Lyria costata Swainson, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:103, pi. 31, fig. 142.

1907a Lyria (Harpeola) anna Lesson, Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
48(3): 350.

1942 Lyria (Harpeola) anna (Lesson), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, pp. 11, 12, pi. 2, fig. 14.

1963 Lyria (Harpella) costata (Swainson), Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:100,
pi. 81, fig. 6.

Type: The whereabouts of the type specimen described in
the Quarterly Journal of Science is not known to the authors.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Reeve (1849)
as the Moluccas.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Information not available.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 50 to 62 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size. It is oblong-
ovate, but not heavy. Spire is short, turreted, and blunt at
the apex. Protoconch is turbinate, of two and a half smooth
whorls. Teleoconch has about six axially ribbed whorls.
There are 14 such ribs on a shell 62 mm in length. Whorl
shoulders are flat and coronated where wide axial ribs extend
above the suture. Suture is channeled. Several spiral lirae
appear on the ventral side above the siphonal notch. Aperture
is wide and semiovate. Outer lip is thickened; interior is
white. Siphonal notch is wide and shallow; fascicle distinct.
Columella curves inward, with three anterior plaits followed
by about 12 lirae. There is a single toothlike projection be-
low the suture. Base color is yellowish-white, overlaid with
fine, revolving yellow-orange lines, between which appear
scattered squarelike spots of bright orange.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: All the specimens of this rare species that we
have seen were beach-worn shells from old collections. The
labels bore only the vague locality "Moluccas,” which could
mean any of the iiianv Mollucca islands covering many miles
of water in the Mollucca Sea.

Lyria (Harpeola) kurodai (Kawamura, 1964)
(Plate 6J and 6K)

1964 Harpeola kurodai Kawamura, Venus 23(l):22-25, pi. 2,
fig. 1 [Eormosa Bank, south of West Formosa (118° E,
21° N) in South China Sea].

1964k Harpeola kurodai Kawamura, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(13):8, text fig.

Types: Holotype in the Kawamura collection, Tokyo; para-
type in the Teramachi collection, Kyoto, Japan.

Type locality: Formosa Banks, south of West Formosa
(lat. 21° N/long. 118° E) in the South China Sea.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Trawled at a depth of about 22 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 89.5 mm; maximum diame-
ter, 41.0 mm; aperture length, 59.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is rather large. It is ovate-
fusiform and light in weight. Spire is high, turreted, and
blunt at the apex. Protoconch is bulbous, of one and a half
smooth whorls. Teleoconch has five and a half to six turreted,
heavily sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of numerous,
narrow', closely spaced axial ribs. These ribs are sharply
edged on the early whorls but become rounded on the last
two whorls. There are 36 such ribs on the penultimate whorl
of a shell 81 mm in length. Rather widely spaced spiral striae
(seven to eight per whorl) cross the ribs, gradually weakening
and becoming obsolete on the adult body whorl. Suture is
deeply channeled and finely coronated at the outer edge
where the axial folds terminate. Aperture is semiovate;
interior is white. Outer lip is reflected and thickened inside.
It is dentated at the leading edge where revolving lines end
and become short, raised, black, dashlike marks. Siphonal
notch is narrow and shallow; fasciole distinct. Columella is
almost straight, with three strong anterior plaits followed
by about six or seven lirae to midpoint. A low, rounded
toothlike projection appears on the parietal wall below the
suture. The parietal wall is covered by a thin glaze. Base color
is creamy-flesh ornamented with widely spaced spiral chest-
nut lines. There are eight to 10 such lines on the last whorl.
These spiral lines become ill-defined on the posterior whorls.
Axial ribs are painted with interrupted stripes of brown,
giving a zebralike appearance. Brown blotches or spots ap-
pear below the suture. Several spiral lirae appear above the
siphonal notch where the shell coloration is darkest. A small,
horny, narrow operculum is present.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This rare species, different in appearance from
any other taxa in Lyriinae, was named in honor of Dr.
Tokubei Kuroda on his seventy-seventh birthday.

30

Subfamily

FULGORARINAE

Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954

1954 FULGORARINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American
Paleo. 35(152):286.

1967 FULGORARINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, Shikama, Science
Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):23-
132, pis. 1-17, text figs. 1-26, tables 1-40.

Type GEMJS; Fulgoraria Schumacher, 1817.

Distribution: The subfamily Fulgorarinae, as con-
sidered here, contains 37 species within seven living
genera.

The table shows the three geographical groupings of
these genera, with their subgenera in parentheses.

Diagnosis: Shells are fusiform or ovate. Protoconch is
small to large, generally with first whorl tilted on verti-
cal axis. Columella is with or without plaits. A fascicle
and operculum may be present or absent.

Radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth. This is in sharp
contrast to the radulae in the subfamily Scaphellinae,
which are broadly to narrowly Y shaped with a large
central cusp and lateral cusps that are either reduced in
size or entirely lacking. They differ to an even greater
degree from the broad, multicuspid radular teeth in the
subfamily Volutinae.

Japan and
environs

Fulgoraria Schumacher, 1817
(Psephaea Crosse, 1871)
{Volutipysma Rehder, 1969)
{Musashia Hayashi, 1960)
(Kurodina Rehder, 1969)
{Saotomea Habe, 1943)

Antarctic

Guivillea Watson, 1886

Harpovoluta Thiele, 1912

Australia,

New Zealand,
and East Africa

Livonia Gray, 1855

Ericusa H. and A. Adams, 1858
{Mesericusa Iredale, 1929)
Iredalina Finlay, 1926

Festilyria Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954

Taxa in this subfamily have a bathvmetric range of 5
to 1600 fathoms.

Remarks: Although we have included Harpovoluta
Thiele, 1912 in this subfamily, its position in the Volu-
tidae remains uncertain. Pilsbry and Olsson (1954)
omitted both Guivillea Watson, 1886 and Harpovoluta
from Fulgorarinae.

Genus Fulgoraria Schumacher, 1817

1817 Fulgoraria Schumacher, Essai vers Testaces, pp. 73, 242.

(type species, Fulgoraria chinensis Schumacher, 1817,
= Valuta rupestris Gmelin, 1791; by original designa-
tion).

1954 Fulgoraria Schumacher, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American
Paleo. 35(152):286.

1967 Fulgoraria Schumacher, Shikama, Science Reports Yoko-
hama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):31.

Type species: Fulgoraria chinensis Schumacher, 1817, =

Valuta rupestris Gmelin, 1791; by original designation; Re-
cent, Japan.

Distribution: The 21 species are found from Taiwan and
Chekiang Province, China, northward to Hokkaido Island,
Japan. They have a bathymetric range of 5 to 400 fathoms.
Their degree of abundance ranges from the extremely rare
Fulgoraria exoptanda Shikama, 1967 to the uncommon Ful-
goraria hamillei (Crosse, 1869).

Diagnosis: Shells are oblong-fusiform to fusiform and heavy
or light in weight, with a high or low spire. Protoconch may
be large, papillary and depressed, or small and erect. The
first whorl is usually tilted on its vertical axis. Siphonal notch
is absent or very shallow; fasciole absent. Columella has one
or more plaits. Color markings mav be present or absent.
Shell is with or without luster. Operculum is present only in
Saotomea. Where known, a thin periostracum is present.

31

FULGORARINAE

32

Fu Igor aria

Subgenus Fulgoraria sensu stricto

Type species: Fulgoraria chinensis Schumacher, 1817,
= Valuta rupestris Gmelin, 1791; by original designation;
Recent, Japan.

Distribution: The six species included here inhabit waters
from Taiwan to central Honshu Island, Japan, in both the
Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. They have a bathymetric
range of 20 to 170 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells are oblong-fusiform, thick, and without
luster. Spire is often low. Sometimes fine crenulations appear
on the outer lip. Columella usually has six to nine plaits.
Siphonal notch is absent. Operculum is absent. In all other
respects the diagnosis is the same as that for the genus.

Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) angulosa
(Shikama, 1967)

{Plate 14 A and 14B)

1950 Fulgoraria prevostiana (Crosse), Kuroda and Habe, Illus-
trated Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5);33, pi.
5, fig. 10; pi. 6, fig. 1 {non Voluta prevostiana Crosse,
1878).

1963 Fulgoraria (Psephaea) prevostiana (Crosse), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:99, text fig. 143, fig. 3 (non Voluta prevostiana
Crosse, 1878).

1967 Musashia (Nipponomelon) angulosa Shikama, Science Re-
ports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):71, 72; p. 36,
text fig. 1, A; pi. 3, figs. 3-6; pi. 9, fig. 10 (off Choshi).

Type: Holotype in the collection of Professor Tokio
Shikama, Japan.

Type locality; Off Choshi, Pacific Ocean side of Honshu
Island, Japan.

Range; From Sagami Bay north to Choshi, Japan — a dis-
tance of about 100 miles.

Habitat: Trawled in from 80 to 100 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 95 to 133 mm in length.

Shell description; Shell is rather small for the genus. It
is fusiform and solid, with a high, convex spire. Protoconch
is large, of two smooth whorls: the first whorl is tilted on its
vertical axis. Teleoconch has about five axially ribbed,
slightly angulated whorls. The ribs are often keel-like; there
are 12 to 17 such ribs on the penultimate whorl. Very fine
axial growth lines cover the surface of the shell. There is no
callus band at the impressed suture. Outer lip is thick and
smooth; the posterior corner is turned back. Aperture is
narrowly oblong-ovate. Siphonal notch and fasciole are ab-
sent. Columella is slightly concave, with four plaits — the
first three anterior plaits being the strongest. Base color is a
pale grayish-brown or reddish-brown overlaid with bands of
irregular, dark-brown, zigzag markings. There are three
such bands on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Nomenclatural confusion has been associated
with this uncommon species since 1950 when Kuroda and
Habe incorrectly illustrated it under the name Fulgoraria
prevostiana (Crosse, 1878).

Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) exoptanda
Shikama, 1967

{Plate 13A and 13B)

1967 Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria?) exoptanda Shikama, Science Re-
ports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):53, .54; p. 37,
text fig. 2, EX; pi. .5, figs. 3, 4 [northwest of Formosa
(Taiwan)).

Type: Holotype in the collection of Professor Tokio Shi-
kama, Japan.

Type locality: Northwest of Taiwan.

Range; Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: The single known dead specimen was collected
by Mr. A. Yamamoto. Depth and composition of substrate
were not given in the original description.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 97.8 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 40.1 mm; aperture length, 79.2 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size. It is ovate-
fusiform and solid, with a short, blunt spire. Protoconch is
large and depressed, of one and a half smooth whorls. Teleo-
conch has four whorls with keel-like axial ribs. There are 15
such ribs on the penultimate whorl. There is no transverse
sculpture. A callus band, posterior to the suture, is present.
Outer lip is thick and smooth. Aperture is wide and subovate.
Sipbonal notch and fasciole are absent. Columella is concave,
with six plaits — the three anterior plaits being strongest.
Shell is lustrous. Base color is creamy-yellow with three
bands of irregular, light-brown markings on the body whorl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: We follow Shikama (1967) in provisionally plac-
ing this very rare species in the subgenus Fulgoraria.

Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) hamillei (Crosse, 1869)
{Plate 9 A and 9B; Map 3 )

1869 Voluta hamillei Crosse, Journal de Concliyliologie

(3)17:278 (in insulis Saloinonis, Oceaniae).

1870 Voluta hamillei Crosse, ibid.. (.3)18:97-99. pi. 1, fig. 5; pi.

2, fig. 1.

1882 Valuta (Fulgoraria) hamillei Crosse. Trvon. Manual of
Conchology (l)4-:85, pi. 24. fig. 41 (China. Japan).

1908 Voluta rupestris Gmelin, 1 . Hirase. The Conchological
Magazine 2(7):35, pi. 32, figs. 2, 3 (non I oluta nipestris
Gmelin, 1791).

33

FULGORARINAE

1934 Fuljioraria rupestris (Gmelin), S. Hirase. A Collection of
Japanese Shells with Illustrations in Natural Colours, pi.
112, fig. 5 (non Valuta rupestris Cnielin, 1791).

1940 Valuta (Fulgoraria) liarnillei Crosse, Fulton, Proc. Malac.
Soc, London 24(1):30.

1942 Fulgoraria fulminata hamillei (Crosse), M. Smith, A Review
ol the Voluliilae, p. 21, pi. 10, tig. 80.

1950 Fulgoraria rupestris (Cnielin), Kuroda and Habe, Illustrated
Catalogue of Japanese Shells, \olutidae (5);31, pi. 7, fig.
3 (non Valuta rupestris Cnielin, 1791).

1963 Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) hamillei Crosse, Shikama et Horiko-
shi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:98, text fig, 145, figs. 6-8.

1967 Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) hamillei (Crosse), Shikama, Science
Reports Yokohama Nat'l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):48-50; p. 36,
text fig. 1, H; pi. 8, figs. 1-6; pi. 10, fig. 4 (off Nagasaki
and Mogi, also in Amakusa-Nada).

1967 Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) hamillei sinica Shikama, ibid., pp.

50, 51; p. 36, text fig. 1, HS; pi. 8, figs. 7, 8 (East China
Sea).

1967 Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) hamillei nipponkaiensis Shikama,
ibid., pp. 51, 52; p. 36, text fig. 1, HN; pi. 9, figs. 1, 2
(off Tajima).

1967 Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) hamillei tosaensis Shikama, ibid.,
pp. 52, 53; p. 36, text fig. 1. HT; pi. 8, figs. 9, 10 (off
Mivazaki Prefecture).

Type: Holotype, National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne,
No. F26773.’

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Shikama
(1967) to waters off Nagasaki, western Kyushu Island,
.Japan.

Range: From northern Taiwan to a point south of Sado
Island, Honshu Island, Japan — a distance of approximately
1700 miles.

Habitat: Trawled on sand or sandy clay in 5 to 20
fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 100 to 154 mm in
length.

Shell description: Shell shows considerable sculptural
and color variation along its continuous range. Typically, the
shell is of moderate size, fusiform, and heavy. Protoconch is
large, bulbous, and smooth, of two and two-tenths to two and
three-tenths whorls; the first whorl is tilted on its vertical axis.
Teleoconch has four or five sculptured whorls gently sloping
at the shoulders. Sculpture consists of moderately developed
axial ribs (16 to 22 such ribs on the penultimate whorl),
crossed bv weak transverse lirae. Aperture is narrowly elon-
gate. Outer lip is thickened and simple. Siphonal notch and
fasciole are absent. Columella has about eight plaits which
vary in strength, the strongest usually at the anterior end.
Base color is pale creamy-brown, overlaid with dark-brown,
parallel, zigzag markings. Where zigzag undulations are
closest together, two revolving zones are simulated.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: The three forms of the common Fulgoraria
hamillei, described by Shikama (1967), live along a con-
tinuous geographical dine and as such do not fulfill the
conditions of isolation necessary for subspecific development.

34

We have therefore relegated them to synonymy under the
typical species (see Map 3).

Crosse named this shell for his friend M. Victor Hamille,
a well known collector of mollusks from Senegal and the
French Antilles.

Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) kamakurensis

Otuka, 1949

(Plate 1 OA and 1 OB)

1920 Valuta megaspira Sowerby, Yokoyama, Journ. Coll. Sci.

Tokyo Imp. Univ. 39, art. 6, p. 46, pi. 2, fig. 18, a fossil
(Koshiba Pliocene) (non Valuta megaspira Sowerby I,
1844).

1949 Fulgoraria (Psephaea) kamakurensis Otuka, Japanese Jour-
nal of Ceology and Ceographv 21(1— 4):304, pi. 13, fig. 7,
a fossil (Koshiba in Miura Peninsula).

1964 Fulgoraria (Psephaea) kamakurensis Otuka, Okutani, Journ.

Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. 2, 15(13):417, 418, pi. 3, fig.
17, a Recent shell (Lat. 33° 05' 4" N., Long. 139° 58' 4 "
E.; 6 miles offHachijo Island).

1967 Musashia (Nipponomelon) kamakurensis (Otuka), Shikama,
Science Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):73;
p. 36, text fig. 1, KA; pi. 10, figs. 8, 9.

Type: Fossil holotype, Geological Institute of the Faculty of
Science, Tokyo University, Japan.

Type locality: For the fossil holotype: Koshiba in Miura
Peninsula. Subsequently designated by Okutani (1964) for
the Recent specimen as 6 miles off Hachijo Island, which is
located about 120 miles south of central Honshu Island,
Japan, in the Pacific Ocean.

Range: Recent species are known only from 6 miles off
Hachijo Island, about 120 miles south of central Honshu
Island, Japan, in the Pacific Ocean.

Habitat: Trawled in about 210 fathoms.

Dimensions: The only know Recent specimen measures as
follows: length, 75.6 mm; maximum diameter, 27.9 mm.

Shell description: Shell is rather small for the genus. It
is oblong-fusiform and solid. Protoconch is large, bulbous,
of two smooth whorls; the first whorl is tilted on its vertical
axis. Teleoconch has four and a half whorls. Sculpture con-
sists of low, rounded axial ribs, with 13 such ribs on the
penultimate whorl. These ribs are crossed by fine, closely
spaced, sinuous, revolving lirae. Ribs become obsolete near
the aperture. Suture is narrowly canaliculate. Outer lip is
thickened and simple. Aperture is semiovate, about half the
total length of the shell. Siphonal notch and fasciole are ab-
sent. Columella is calloused; its color is dark on the upper
half. There are four rather weak columellar plaits; the two
anterior plaits are strongest and are separated from each
other by a gap. Shell is flesh colored with no other markings.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Originally this species was known only from fossil
forms. In 1964 Dr. T. Okutani reported a single Recent

Fulgomria

specimen trawled aboard the research vessel Soyomaru from
a depth of about 210 fathoms.

Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) leviuscula Rehder, 1969
(Plate IOC and lOD)

1969b Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) leviuscula Rehder, Venus
27(4):128, 129, pi. 7, figs. 1-^ [N.W. of Tung-sha-Tao
(Pratas Island) in 271 meters (148 fathoms), USBF Sta-
tion 5315].

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C., No. 231770.

Type locality: Northwest of Tung-sha-Tao (Pratas Island),
South China Sea, USBF Station 5315.

Range: Known only from the vicinity of the type locality.
Habitat: Dredged in 148 to 170 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 55 to 70 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size. It is fusiform
and solid, with a moderately high spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch has about two large, smooth, bulbous whorls, the
nucleus of which is laterally positioned; the second whorl is
deeply imbedded in the first teleoconch whorl. Teleoconch has
from three to three and one-half sculptured whorls. Sculpture
on the first two whorls consists of strong axial ribs crossed
by fine, closely spaced lirae which cause the ribs to appear
subgranulose. The spiral lirae become obsolete on the ante-
penultimate whorl; those on the posterior part of the whorl
are the last to vanish on the penultimate whorl. The shoulder
of the penultimate whorl gradually becomes weak, and a shal-
low depression is formed between the suture and the
shoulder. On the adult body whorl a few weak furrows appear
at the anterior end. The axial ribs become obsolete on the
lower half. Aperture is narrow and semiovate. Outer lip is
slightly thickened, beveled, and arcuate. Columella is almost
straight, with about six to 11 plaits set on a raised callus; the
middle plaits are the largest. Siphonal notch and fasciole are
absent. Base color of the shell is a shiny gray-yellow, over-
laid with deep orange to orange-yellow zigzag streaks of
variable width.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: According to Rehder (1969), this rare species
appears to be closely related to Fulgoraria hamillei (Crosse,
1869) but differs in having fewer axial ribs, finer spiral sculp-
ture (which is usually absent or weaker on the last whorl),
and fewer columellar plaits, as well as a different color and
color pattern.

Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) rupestris (Gmelin, 1791)
(Plate lie and IID)

1791 Valuta rupestris Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3464
(no locality given) (type figure based on Martini, 1777.
Conchylien-Cabinet 3:120, fig. 1098).

1811 Valuta fulminata Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 17:70
(no locality given).

1811 Valuta capitata Perry, Conchology, pi. 17, fig. 4 (Eastern
Seas) .

1817 Fulgoraria chinensis Schumacher, Essai vers Testaces, p. 242
(no locality given).

1839 Valuta fulminata Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,

Valuta 3:46, 47, pi. 42, fig. 1 (2 views).

1840 Harpula fulminata Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, p.

118.

1845 Valuta fulminata, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5):209, pi. 50, figs. 51, 52 [non fig. 53, = Valuta
hamillei Crosse, 1869].

1849 Valuta rupestris Gmelin, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,

Valuta sp. 14, pi. 6, fig. 14 (China).

1853 Fulgoraria fulgura Martini, H. and A. Adams. The Genera
of Recent Mollusca 1:166 (no locality given).

1855b Fulgoraria rupestris Gmelin, Gray, List of the Mollusca in
the British Museum (1), Volutidae, pp. 15, 16 (China,
Japan).

1882 Valuta (Fulgoraria) rupestris Gmelin, Tryon, Manual of

Conchology (1)4:85, pi. 24, fig. 42 [non fig. 41, = Valuta
hamillei Crosse, 1869].

1942 Fulgoraria fulminata fulminata (Sowerby), M. Smith, A Re-
view of the Volutidae, p. 21, pi. 10, fig. 76.

1963 Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) rupestris (Gmelin), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:97, pi. 80, fig. 3.

1967 Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) rupestris (Gmelin), Shikama.

Science Reports Yokohama Nat'l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):47,
48; p. 36, text fig. 1, R; pi. 9, figs. 3, 4; pi. 10, fig. 5.

Type: Type figure based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien-
Cabinet 3:120, fig. 1098.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Shikama and
Horikoshi (1963) to waters off Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Range: Known only from the west coast of Taiwan.

Habitat: Unknown, as most shells have been obtained from
trawl fishermen who kept no data.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 78 to 128 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size. It is fusiform
and solid, with a moderately low, blunt spire. Protoconch is
bulbous, of one and nine-tenths smooth whorls; the first
whorl is tilted on its vertical axis. Teleoconch has three and
one-half sculptured and slightly shouldered whorls. Sculp-
ture consists of axial ribs (about 15 such ribs on the penulti-
mate whorl), crossed by rather strong lirae. Aperture is
narrowly elongate. Outer lip is somewhat thickened and
beveled. It has distinct crenulations along the anterior edge.
Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. Columella is almost
straight, with about nine plaits that become stronger ante-
riorlv. Base color is creamy-white or greenish-while, with
axial, chestnut, zigzag lines.

Animal and radula: Not available for studv.

Remarks: The uncommon Fulgoraria rupestris differs from
its closest relative, Fulgoraria hamillei (Crosse, 1869).
principallv bv the presence of crenulations on the anterior
edge of the outer lip and by its more stromboid form. In addi-
tion, its surface sculpture is more prominent.

35

FULGORARINAE

36

Fulgoraria

Subgenus Psephaea Crosse, 1871

1871 Psephaea Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie (3)19:301, 302
(type species. Valuta concinna Broderip, 1836; by orig-
inal monotypy).

1907 Miopleione Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 50(1):11 (fossil
type species, Miopleione indurata; by original designa-
tion).

1967 Psephaea Crosse, Shikama, Science Reports Yokohama
Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):32.

Type species: Fulgoraria {Psephaea) concinna Broderip,
1836, by original monotypy; Recent, Japan.

Distributioiv: Five of the six species, here considered
valid, inhabit Japanese and Taiwanese offshore waters be-
tween latitudes 40° and 30° N. A sixth species, Fulgoraria
{Psephaea) yamamotoi Shikama, 1967, is known from a
single specimen taken northwest of Taiwan. The species have
a bathymetric range of 75 to 150 fathoms. Their degree of
abundance varies between the extremely rare Psephaea
yamamotoi Shikama, 1967 and the rather common Psephaea
daviesi (Fulton, 1938).

Diagnosis: Shells are oblong-fusiform. They are thick or
thin, with or without luster. The spire is generally higher
than in Fulgoraria s. s. Protoconch is relatively small and
erect. Columella usually has four to eight plaits. Siphonal
notch is absent or very shallow. Shells may or may not ex-
hibit color markings. There are no fine crenulations on the
outer lip. An operculum is absent. In all other respects the
diagnosis is similar to that for the genus.

Fulgoraria (Psephaea) concinna
(Broderip, 1836)

{Plate 12A and 12B; Figure 5; Map 4)

1836 Valuta concinna Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (4):43,
44 (locality unknown).

1845 Valuta cancinna Broderip, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con-
chyliorum 1(5):217, 218, pi. 51, fig. 66.

1849 Valuta concinna Broderip, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 53, pi. 21, fig. 53.

1855a Scapha concinna Broderip, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, London
(23):58.

1871 Valuta concinna Broderip, Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie
(3)19:302-304, pi. 12, fig. 7 (Japon; anciens Etats du
Taikoun) .

1882 Valuta {Psephaea) concinna Broderip, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:99, pi. 29, fig. 114.

1934 Fulgoraria {Psephaea) concinna (Broderip), S. Hirase, A
Collection of Japanese Shells with Illustrations in Natural
Colours, pi. 112, fig. 6.

1942 Fulgoraria concinna (Broderip), M. Smith, A Review of the

Volutidae, p. 20, pi. 10, fig. 75.

1943 Fulgoraria coninna [sic] (Broderip), Habe, Venus 13(1-4):

73, pi. 13, fig. 14 (radular tooth).

1963 Fulgoraria {Psephaea) concinna Broderip, Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in

Figure 5: Fulgoraria (Psephaea) concinna (Broderip,
1836). Radular tooth (after Habe, 1943).

Colours 1:99, pi. 80, fig. 5 [Kii (Wakayama Pref.),
Japan].

1967 Fulgoraria {Psephaea) concinna (Broderip), Shikama,
Science Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):54,
55; p. 36, text fig. 1, C; pi. 7, figs. 5, 6.

1967 Fulgoraria {Psephaea) concinna corrugata Shikama, ibid.,
pp. 55, 56; p. 36, text fig. 1, CC; pi. 7, figs. 7-12; pi. 10.
fig. 3 (widely distributed along the Pacific coast of central
Honshu from east Wakayama Prefecture to Suruga Bay).
1967 Fulgoraria {Psephaea) concinna rosea Shikama, ibid., pp.

56, 57; p. 36, text fig. 1, CR; pi. 6, figs. 10, 11 [fig. 12 is
not on plate]; pi. 7, figs. 1-4 (restricted to Sagami Bay,
south of Izu Peninsula and in the offing of Izu-Oshima
Islands).

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1967604.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Shikama and
Horikoshi (1963) to Kii, Wakayama Prefecture, south Hon-
shu Island, Japan.

Range: From Kii to Sagami-Nada, south Honshu Island
Japan — a distance of about 275 miles.

Habitat: Information not available.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 95 to 186 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell shows considerable variations in
sculpture and color pattern along its continuous range. Typi-
cally the shell is of medium size, elongate-fusiform, and solid,
with a high, blunt spire. Protoconch is small and has two to
two and two-tenths smooth whorls. The first whorl is tilted
on its vertical axis. Teleoconch has five sculptured and
shouldered whorls. Sculpture consists of widelv spaced
axial ribs; there are 10 to 15 such ribs on the penultimate
whorl. In some populations the ribs are keeled, forming low
shoulder nodules. Outer lip is thick and simple. Aperture is
long and narrowly oblong. Siphonal notch and fasciole are
absent. Columella is slightly concave and has about five
plaits, the strongest being at the anterior end. Base color is
light vellowish-brown, overlaid with closely spaced, narrow,
brown axial lines. One revolving hand of uniform base color

37

FULGORARINAE

encircles each whorl; there are two such bands on the adult
body whorl.

Ammal and radula: The radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth (see Figure 5). Other anatomical features are not avail-
able to us.

Remarks: The two forms of Fulgoraria (Psephaea) con-
cinna, described by Shikama (1967), fail to meet the require-
ments necessary for subspeciation as outlined by Mayr
(1964). They all occupy positions along a rather short
range and are in no way isolated from one another. We con-
sider them simply to be ecophenotypes of typical concinna
(see Map 4). The species is rather common.

Schacko (1881) mistook the radula of Temivoluta studeri
(von Martens, 1897) for that of Psephaea concinna and illus-
trated it under the name Valuta {Psephaea) concinna
Broderip.

Fulgoraria (Psephaea) daviesi (Fulton, 1938)
{Plate 12 C and 12D)

1908 Valuta rupestris Gmelin, Y. Hirase, The Conchological
Magazine 2(7):35, pi. 33, fig. 126 (locality uncertain)
{non Valuta rupestris Gmelin, 1791).

1934 Fulgoraria sp. S. Hirase, A Collection of Japanese Shells
with Illustrations in Natural Colours, pi. 112, fig. 7.

1938 Valuta {Psephaea) daviesi Fulton, Proc. Malac. Soc. London
23:56, pi. 3, figs. 4, 4a (Kii, Japan).

1942 Fulgoraria megaspira daviesi (H. C. Fulton), M. Smith, A
Review of the Volutidae, p. 22 (unfigured).

1950 Fulgoraria daviesi (Fulton), Kuroda and Habe, Illustrated
Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):33, pi. 7, fig.
5.

1963 Fulgoraria {Psephaea) daviesi (Fulton), Shikama et Horiko-
shi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:99, text fig. 145, fig. 5.

1967 Fulgoraria {Psephaea) daviesi (Fulton), Shikama, Science
Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):61, 62; p. 36,
text fig. 1, DA; pi. 6, figs. 4-9; pi. 9, fig. 12.

Type: Holotvpe, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1967606.

Type locality: Kii, Japan.

Range: Found only off Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku Island,
Japan.

Habitat: Trawled by fishermen in 75 to 125 fathoms.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 65 to 173 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large, fusiform, and solid, with
a high, slender spire. Protoconch is small, of two and three-
tenths whorls. The first whorl is tilted on its vertical axis.
Teleoconch has five sculptured and gently sloping whorls.
Sculpture consists of low axial ribs which diminish in strength
on the last whorl. These ribs are crossed by fine, closely
spaced revolving lirae, the lirae becoming more widely
spaced on the adult body whorl. Fine axial growth lines are
also present on the last whorl. Outer lip is rather thick and

simple. Aperture is narrowly elongate. Siphonal notch and
fasciole are absent. Columella is concave, with four or five
oblique plaits; the anterior two plaits are strongest. Base
color is a grayish-brown, overlaid with revolving bands of
dark chestnut-brown, zigzag markings. There are two such
bands on the spire whorls and three on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This rather common species was named in 1938
for Professor A. Merley Davies, then President of the
Malacological Society of London.

Fulgoraria (Psephaea) kaneko Y. Hirase, 1922
{Plate 12G through 12J; Map 4)

1922 Fulgoraria kaneko Y. Hirase, Illustrations of a Thousand
Shells (4), pi. 64, fig. 319 (name and figure only).

1950 Fulgoraria kaneko (Hirase ms.). Kuroda and Habe, Illus-
trated Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):31, 32,
pi. 5, fig. 9; pi. 6, fig. 2 (Tango, Japan Sea).

1960 Psephaea kaneko Hirase, Hayashi, Venus 21(1):1, 2 (un-
figured).

1963 Fulgoraria («. s.) kaneko Hirase, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:99,
text fig. 145, fig. 4.

1965a Fulgoraria kaneko hayashii Habe and Ito, Venus 24(1):42,
43, pi. 3, fig. 5 (Japan Sea, off Hyogo Pref., on the Japan
Sea side of Honshu).

1965b Fulgoraria {Musashia) kaneko hayashii Habe et Ito, Shells
of the World in Colour 1:77, 78, pi. 29, fig. 4 (Japan Sea).
1967 Fulgoraria {Psephaea) kaneko (Hirase) Kuroda and Habe,
Sbikama, Science Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec.
2(13) :57, 58; p. 36, text fig. 1, K; pi. 5, figs. 7-10; pi. 10,
fig. 2.

1967 Fulgoraria {Psephaea) kaneko hayashii Habe, Shikama,
ibid., pp. 58-60; p. 36, text fig. 1, KH; pi. 5, figs. 5, 6.
1967 Fulgoraria kaneko hayashii forma itoi Shikama, ibid., pp.

60, 61; p. 36, text fig. 1, KI; pi. 5, fig. 11 (restricted to
the area east of Oki Island).

Type: Because the holotype was destroyed during World
War II, Kuroda and Habe selected two neotypes, belonging
to Mr. R. Kawamura, and illustrated them. One of these
shells is typical (see Kuroda and Habe, 1950, pi. 6, fig. 2).

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Kuroda and
Habe (1950) as Tango, Japan Sea.

Range: From Taichou Island off Chekiang Province, central
China, northward to waters off Sako Island, Japan — a distance
of approximately 1250 miles.

Habitat: Trawled by fishermen in rather deep water (75 to
150 fathoms).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 100 to 168 mm in
length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in form and surface
sculpture along its range. Typically, the shell is of moderate
size for the genus. It is fusiform and solid, with a rather low
spire. Protoconch is small and smooth, of two and three-

38

Ful^oraria

tenths to two and a half whorls; the first whorl is tilted on its
vertical axis. Teleoconch has four to six convex whorls,
rounded at the shoulders, with low axial ribs. There are 12
to 20 such ribs on the penultimate whorl. Weak revolving
lirae appear on the shoulders and anterior portion of the
body whorl. Outer lip is thickened and slightly reflected.
Aperture is narrowly oblong. A callus band, posterior to the
suture, is absent. Siphonal notch is indistinct; fasciole absent.
Parietal wall is covered by a heavy glaze. Columella is
slightly indented, with four to six rather strong plaits. Shell
is unicolored, grayish-brown to flesh, except in one popula-
tion in which a light revolving band appears on the whorls.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Habe and Ito (1965a) described the form
Fulgoraria kaneko hayashii (see Plate 121 and 12,1) and used
the higher spire, lighter surface sculpture, and lighter weight
of the shell as their differentiating characteristics. We con-
sider these as minor morphological differences that fall well
within the boundaries of intraspecific variability. Further-
more, when the ranges of Fulgoraria kaneko (5. s.) and
Habe’s form are compared, they are found to overlap by a
considerable distance (see Map 4). This would indicate that
the element of geographical isolation is absent and that sub-
speciation, as defined by Mayr (1964), could not take place.

For the reasons just given, we have placed Psephaea
kaneko hayashii forma itoi Shikama, 1967 in synonymy.
The species is rather rare.

Fulgoraria (Psephaea) megaspira
(Sowerby I, 1844)

(Plate 13E and 13F)

1844 Valuta megaspira Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London

(12):150, 151 (no locality given).

1845 Valuta megaspira Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvliorum 1(5):

208, 209, pi. 48. figs. 31, 32.

1849 Valuta megaspira Sowerby, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 49, pi. 20, fig. 49 (Japan).

1882 Valuta (Alcithoe) megaspira Sowerby, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:95, pi. 28, fig. 102 [non pi. 30, fig.
132, = Valuta prevostiana Crosse, 1878].

1940 Valuta {Fulgoraria) megaspira Sowerby, Fulton, Proc.

Malac. Soc. London 24(1):30.

1950 Fulgoraria megaspira (Sowerby), Kuroda and Habe, Illus-
trated Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):33, text
fig. 1.

1967 Fulgoraria (Psephaea?) megaspira (Sowerby). Shikama, Sci-
ence Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(1.3) :65, 66,
text fig. 6 (2 views).

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural Historv), London,
No. 1967608.

Type locality: Reeve (1849) gave ''Japan” as the habitat,
naming Siebold as the authority. No further data have since
become available, as the species is known from only the
original specimen.

Range: Unknown.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 93.8 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 33.6 mm.

Shell description: Shell is rather small for the genus. It
is elongate-fusiform with a high, convex spire; but it is not
heavy. Protoconch is rather large and bulbous, of one and
a half smooth whorls. The first whorl is tilted on its vertical
axis. Teleoconch has five sculptured whorls. Sculpture con-
sists of low, rounded axial ribs, which become obsolete on the
last whorl. These ribs are crossed by revolving striae on early
whorls. Outer lip is somewhat thickened and slightly re-
flected. Aperture is oblong. Siphonal notch is wide and
shallow; fasciole absent. Columella is slightly curved, with
five plaits; the last posterior plait is very weak, and the first
two anterior plaits are strongest. Shell is a re<ldish-flesh
color, marked with chestnut streaks and blotches forming
three dark, banded areas on the last whorl.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: The species is very rare.

Fulgoraria (Psephaea) mentiens (Fulton, 1940)

(Plate 15F and 15G)

1940 Valuta (Fulgoraria) mentiens Fulton. Proc. Malac. Soc.

London 24(1):31, pi. 2, fig. 1 (Tosa, Japan).

1942 Fulgoraria megaspira mentiens H. C. Fulton, M. Smith, A
Review of the Volutidae, p. 22, pi. 10, fig. 77.

1950 Fulgoraria mentiens (Fulton), Kuroda and Habe, Illustrated
Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5);32, pi. 7,
fig. 4.

1963 Fulgoraria (Psephaea) mentiens (Fulton), Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:99, pi. 80, fig. 4.

1967 Fulgoraria (Psephaea) mentiens (Fulton), Shikama, Science
Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):6.3, 64; p. 36,
text fig. 1, ME; pi. 3, figs. 1, 2.

Type: The whereabouts of the specimens described in the
Proc. Malac. Soc. London is not known to the authors.

Type locality: Tosa Wan, off Kochi Prefecture, Japan.

Range: From Hyuga, Kyushu Island, to waters off the west-
ern end of Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku Island, Jajtan — a dis-
tance of about 100 miles.

Habitat: Trawled by fishermen from moderately deep water.
Depth and substrate information not available.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 70 to 217 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large, elongate-fusiform, and
solid, with a high, blunt spire. Protoconch is medium sized,
of about two and tbree-tenths smooth whorls; the first whorl
is tilted on its vertical axis. Teleoconch has five gentlv sloping
and scul[)tured whorls. There are 16 to 26 axial ribs on the
penultimate whorl. Karly whorls have strong transverse striae

39

FULGORARINAE

tlial become obsolete on the adult body whorl. Outer lip is
thickened and slightly reflected. Aperture is semiovate, ex-
tending over half the total length of the shell. Siphonal notch
is indistinct; fascicle absent. Columella is indented, with four
to five plaits. The first anterior plait is largest and is separated
hy a gap from succeeding plaits. Base color is light reddish-
brown, with spiral bands of dark-brown, interrupted, axial
markings. There are two such bands on the early whorls and
three similar bands on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: According to Fulton (1940), Psephaea mentiens,
to which Psephaea duviesi is closely allied, can be separated
at once hy its more numerous costae (axial ribs) and almost
smooth last whorl.

Compared with Psephaea megaspira (Sowerby I, 1844),
Psephaea mentiens is broader, its wborls increase less rapidly,
and the axial folds are stronger and more numerous. The
length of the aperture on a megaspira 100 mm long is 49 mm;
in a mentiens of the same length, it is 57 mm. Psephaea
megaspira is almost smooth, some spiral striae on middle
whorls being visible only with a lens.

The species is rather common.

Fulgoraria (Psephaea) yamamotoi

Shikama, 1967

(Plate 13C and 13D)

1967 Fulporaria (Psephaea) yamamotoi Shikama, Science Reports
Yokohama Nat'l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):61; p. 36, text fig. 1,
Y; pi. 6, figs. 2, 3 [off southwest coast of Saishu (Cheju)
Island, South Korea].

Type: Holotvpe in the collection of Professor Tokio Shi-
kama, Japan.

Type locality: Off the southwest coast of Saishu (Che)u)
Island, South Korea.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Information not available.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 186.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 54.5 mm.

Shell description: Shell is moderately large, fusiform,
and solid, with a high spire. Protoconch is small and has two
and one-tenth smooth whorls; the first whorl is tilted on its
vertical axis. Teleoconch has seven convex, axially ribbed
whorls with gently sloping shoulders; the ribs become obso-
lete on the last whorl. There are 15 such ribs on the penulti-
mate whorl. Outer lip is thickened and slightly reflected.
Aperture is narrowly elongate. Siphonal notch is wide and
shallow; fasciole absent. Columella is calloused, with eight
plaits. The first three anterior plaits are weak, the next four
are strong, and the last posterior plait is weak. Base color is
a dirty grayish-brown with bands of a darker color on the
lower half of each whorl. There are two such bands on the
b;)d\ v'horl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Psephaea yamamotoi is closely related to
Psephaea katieko Y. Hirase, 1922 in color, sculpture, and
shape. It differs principally in the number and arrangement
of columellar plaits. Geographically, this rare species inhabits
waters farther south than does kaneko.

Subgenus Volutipysma Rehder, 1969

1969b Fulgoraria (Volutipysma) Rehder, Venus 27(4);130-132,
pi. 7, tigs. 5-7. '

Type species: Fulgoraria (Volutipysma) humerosa Rehder,
1969; by original designation; Recent, South China Sea.

Distribution: This subgenus was erected to contain a
single species found in waters south of Tung-sha-Tao (Pratas
Island), South China Sea.

Diagnosis: Shell is rather large and solid. Protoconch is
not bulbous but broadly conical with the nucleus apical and
not tilted on its vertical axis. Teleoconch whorls are angularly
shouldered. Columellar plaits are strong but not placed on a
columellar callus. It is found at a depth of about 150
fathoms.

Remarks: The subgenus Volutipysma differs from Ful-
goraria s. s. in having a less bulbous protoconch, the nucleus
of which is not tilted on its vertical axis.

Although the protoconch characteristics are similar to
those of many species in the subgenus Psephaea Crosse,
1871, the strong lamellar plaits of Volutipysma humerosa
distinguish it from that group.

Fulgoraria (Volutipysma) humerosa

Rehder, 1969

(Plate 11 A and IIB)

1969b Fulgoraria (Volutipysma) humerosa Rebder, Venus 27(4):

130-131, pi. 7, figs. 5-7. (SSW of Tung-sha-Tao in 274
meters [150 fathoms]).

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C., No. 237732.

Type locality: South-southwest of Tung-sha-Tao (Pratas
Island), South China Sea.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 150 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 90 to 143 mm in length.

Shell description; Shell is moderately large, fusiform,
and solid, with a rather low' spire, blunt at the apex. Proto-
conch is moderately large, of about two and one-tenth smooth
whorls with an acuminate, apical nucleus. Teleoconch has
four and two-tenths to five and two-tenths sculptured whorls.

Fulgoraria

The early whorls are marked by strong, revolving ridges,
which are somewhat unequal and irregularly spaced and
which cross low axial ribs. These ribs become increasingly
angulate at the periphery of the later whorls. Anterior to the
suture are nodulose spiral cords. On the second teleoconch
whorl there are 11 axial ribs; on the body whorl there are
12 or 13 ribs. The spiral cords below become flattened on
the penultimate whorl and become obsolete in the middle
of the body whorl below the shoulder. The interspaces are
visible only as faint lines, which then increase in strength
anteriorly where they become pronounced grooves. Aper-
ture is narrow and semiovate. Outer lip is thin and arcuate.
Columella is not calloused and has six to nine strong plaits,
lamellar in form; the posterior two plaits are the smallest.
Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. Color of shell is a
glossy gray-yellow with narrow axial streaks of deep orange-
yellow.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Although recent dredging operations have
brought up a number of specimens, the species still remains
rather rare.

Sub genus Musashia Hayashi, 1960

I960 Fulgoraria (Musashia) Hayashi, Venus 21(1) :2.

1967 Musashia Hayashi, Shikama, Science Reports Yokohama
Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13);32.

1967 Musashia (Nipponomelon) Shikama, ibid., p. 33.

Type species: Valuta hirasei Sowerby, 1912; by original
designation; Recent, Japan.

Distribution: The six living species in the subgenus
Musashia are distributed in waters south of Shikoku Island
northward to southern Hokkaido Island. They have a bathy-
metric range from 60 to 400 fathoms. Their degree of abun-
dance ranges from the rare Musashia elongata Shikama,
1962 to the common Musashia hirasei (Sowerby III, 1912).

Diagnosis: Shells are fusiform to ovate-fusiform. Proto-
conch is generally small or medium sized and erect. Usually
there is a callus band below the suture. Columella has one to
four plaits. Thus, Musashia differs from the genus Fulgoraria,
which has a large, papillary protoconch; a subsutural callus
that is either weak or absent; and, often, more numerous
columellar plaits. It also differs from the subgenus Kurodina,
which has a very thin shell, swollen teleoconch whorls, and a
single, bladelike columellar plait placed at a more vertical
angle than is found in species in the other iulgorarid genera.

Radula (where known) is uniserial with tricuspid teeth
(see Figure 6).

Remarks: We tend to follow the more conservative generic
arrangement of the fulgorarids set forth by Hayashi (1960),
rather than the arrangement published by Shikama (1967).
Until the anatomy of all the Japanese volutes has been care-
fully studied and compared, the generic arrangement we are
presenting here can be considered only tentative.

Figure 6: a, Fulgoraria (Musashia) cancellata Kuroda
and Habe, 1950. Radular tooth (after Habe, 1943). b, Ful-
goraria (Musashia) hirasei (Sowerbv HI, 1912). Radular
tooth (after Okutani, 1964).

Fulgoraria (Musashia) cancellata
Kuroda and Habe, 1950

(Plate 15 A and 15B; Figure 6a)

1943 Fulgoraria sp. Habe, Venus 13(l-4):74, pi. 3, tig. 15
(radular tooth).

1950 Fulgoraria cancellata Kuroda and Habe, Illustrated Cata-
logue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):.34. pi. 5, tig. 11
[offTosa, Shikoku (Japan)].

1960 Fulgoraria (Musashia) cancellata Kuroda and Habe. Hava-
shi, Venus 21 (1):2.

1963 Fulgoraria (Musashia) cancellata Kuroda and Habe.

Shikama et Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illus-
trated in Colours 1:99 (unfigured).

1967 Musashia (Musashia) cancellata Kuroda and Habe,

Shikama, Science Reports Yokohama Nat l. I niv.. Sec.
2(13):75, 76; p. 37, text fig. 2, CA; pi. 2, figs. 4, 5; pi. 9,
fig. 8.

Type: Holotype in the collection of Dr. Tokuhei Kuroda,
Kyoto, Japan.

Type locality: Off Tosa, Shikoku Island, Japan.

Range: Along the coast of central Japan, on the Pacific
Ocean side — a distance of about 225 miles.

Habitat: Trawled by fishermen in about 100 fathoms.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 80 to 124 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather small for the genus. It
is fusiform and solid, with a moderately liigh spire. Proto-
conch is medium sized, of one and one-eighth smooth whorls;
the first whorl is tilted on its vertical axis. Teleoconch has
about five heavily sculptured, gentlv curved whorls. Sculpture
consists of numerous, sharp, axial ribs; there are 15 to 24
such ribs on the penultimate whorl. These ribs are crossed by
strong whitish-colored, revolving striae, giving the entire
surface of the shell a lusterless, cancellated appearance. .A
callus band is present at the suture. Aperture is rather nar-
row. Outer lip is slightly thickened and simple. Siphonal
notch and fasciole are absent. Columella is slightly concave,
with from two to four plaits, the anterior one being the
strongest and separated from the weaker jtosterior plaits by a
gap. Base color is flesh to reddish-brown with a whitish-grav
tint.

41

FULGORARINAE

MAP 5

42

Fulgoraria

Animal and radula: The radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth (see Figure 6a). Other anatomical features are not
available to us.

Remarks: This rather common species is similar to
Musashia hirasei (Sowerby III, 1912) in shape and color but
differs from it principally by its more numerous columellar
plaits and much stronger surface sculpture.

Fulgoraria (Musashia) clara (Sowerby III, 1914)
{Plate 15C, 15D, and 15E; Map 5)

1914 Valuta prevostiana Crosse var. clara Sowerby, Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist. (8)14:481, 482, pi. 19, fig. 12 (Kii. Honshu).
1940 Valuta (Fulgararia) prevostiana Crosse var. clara Sowerby,
Fulton, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 24:30.

1942 Fulgoraria prevostiana clara (Sowerby), M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae, p. 22 (unfigured).

1950 Fulgoraria clara (Sowerby), Kuroda and Habe. Illustrated
Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):33, pi. 5,
fig. 5.

1960 Fulgoraria (Musashia) clara (Sowerby), Havashi, Venus
21(1);2, pi. 1, fig. 5.

1960 Fulgoraria (Musashia) noguchii Havashi, ibid., p. 3, pi. 1,
figs. 1, 2 (Enshu-Nada, Pacific coast of Japan).

1962 Fulgoraria (Musashia) noguchii Havashi, Habe. Coloured

Illustrations of the Shells of Japan (2):72, pi. 35, fig. 13.

1963 Fulgoraria (Musashia) clara (Sowerby), Shikama et Hori-

koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:99, pi. 80, fig. 2.

1964h Fulgoraria clara noguchii (Sowerby), Weaver, 2nd Pro-
visional Species List of Living Volutidae, p. 6.

1967 Musashia (Musashia) clara (Sowerby), Shikama, Science
Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):77, 78; p. 37.
text fig. 2, CL; pi. 1, figs. 4, 5; pi. 9, fig. 5.

1967 Musashia (Musashia) noguchii (Havashi), Shikama, ibid..

pp. 78, 79; p. 37, text fig. 2, N^pf 1. figs. 6-8; pi. 9,
fig. 6.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1919.12.31.26.

Type locality: Kii, Honshu Island, Japan.

Range: Off south Wakayama Prefecture on the Pacific
Ocean side of Honshu Island, eastward to Enshu-Nada,
Japan — a distance of about 125 miles.

Habitat: A live specimen from a population formerly known
as noguchii Havashi, 1960 w'as taken in Enshu-Nada from
approximately 220 fathoms (fide Okutani, 1964).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 55 to 100 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in the height of its
spire and the intensity- of the surface sculpture. Typically,
the shell is rather small and narrowly fusiform. It is not
heavy. Protoconch is medium sized, of one and one-seventh
smooth whorls, the first whorl being tilted on its vertical
axis. Teleoconch has four and a half to five axiallv ribbed
whorls, with 12 to 15 such ribs on the penultimate whorl.
These ribs become obsolete on the last whorl. Weak re-

volving striae appear on early whorls. Outer lip is somewhat
thickened and simple. A thin callus band is present at the
suture. Aperture is rather narrow and is longer than the spire.
Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. Columella is slightly
concave, with one strong anterior plait, above which is
sometimes found a very weak fold. Base color is a lustrous
flesh or light reddish-brown with a white tint. No other
markings are present.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: We have placed Fulgoraria (Musashia) noguchii
Havashi, 1960 in synonymy under Musashia clara for two
reasons: first, the fact that noguchii has a somewhat higher
spire and stronger spiral sculpture than does clara is an
insufficient morphological reason for specific separation;
second, their short coastal range overlaps, as shown in Map 5.
The slight morphological differences between noguchii and
clara appear to be the result of ecological conditions.
Musashia clara is a rather common species.

Fulgoraria (Musashia) elongata Shikama, 1962
(Plate 12E and 12F)

1962 Fulgoraria (Psephaea) elongata Shikama, Science Reports

Yokohama Nat'l. Univ., Sec. 2(8):48. 49. pi. 2. figs. 10a.
10b, 11a. lib [east of Choshi (Japan)].

1963 Fulgoraria (Psephaea?) elongata Shikama, Shikama et Hori-

koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:99, pi. 80. fig. 6.

1965b Fulgoraria prevostiana elongata Shikama. Habe et Ito. Shells
of the World in Colour 1:78. pi. 29. fig. 5.

1967 Musashia (Nipponomelon) elongata (Shikama). Shikama,
Science Reports Yokohama Nat'l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):72,
73; p. 36. text fig. 1, E; pi. 2, figs. 6-8; pi. 9. fig. 9.

Type: Holotype, Geological Institute, Yokohama National
LIniversity, Japan.

Type locality: East of Choshi, Chiba Prefecture, Honshu
Island, Japan.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Trawled in from 250 to 400 fathoms on a fine
sand bottom.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 130 to 198 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large and light in weight. It is
elongate-fusiform with a high spire. Protoconch is medium
sized, of two and two-tenths smooth whorls: the first whorl is
tilted on its vertical axis. Teleoconch has six slightly convex,
axiallv ribbed whorls, with 16 to 25 such ribs on the penulti-
mate w horl. These ribs are crossed bv fine revoh ing lirae.
There is no callus band at the impressed suture. Outer lip is
slightly thickened and simple. Aperture is narrow and semi-
ovate. Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. Columella is
slightly concave, with two oblique, anterior plaits recessed in
the aperture. Base color is reddish-brow n overlaid with longi-
tudinal. dark-brown, zigzag lines that form no regular pattern.

43

FULGORARINAE

Eroded specimens show only a dull-white or yellowish-gray
surface with no other color markings.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This is the rarest species in the suhgenus.

Fulgoraria (Musashia) formosana Azuma, 1967
{Plate 13G and 13H)

1967 Fulporaria (Musashia) formosana Azuma. Venus 2(26):39,
-fO. text fig. 1 (Taiwan Strait).

Type: Holotype in the collection of Mr. Masao Azuma,
.Japan.

Type locality: Taiwan Strait.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Trawled in about 65 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 73 to 91 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and elongate-
fusiform. It is not heavy. Protoconch is rather small and
globular, of two smooth whorls. Teleoconch has five sculp-
tured whorls. Ten to 13 strong axial ribs appear on the first
two whorls; six on the penultimate whorl. These ribs dis-
appear on the adult hodv whorl. The entire surface of the
shell is ornamented with revolving striae that form a can-
cellated pattern where they cross axial growth lines. Suture
is deep and undulating with no callus hand. Outer lip is
thick and somewhat reflected. Aperture is semiovate and
narrow; it measures over half the total length of the shell.
The interior of the aperture is flesh colored. Siphonal notch
and fasciole are absent. Columella is almost straight, with
two plaits (subadult shells may show four plaits), the first
anterior plait being the strongest. The surface of the shell is
rough and without luster. Base color is pale flesh to reddish-
hrown.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: According to Shikama (1967), Musashia formo-
sana differs from Musashia clara (Sowerby III, 1914) in
having stronger revolving striae over the entire shell. It
(litters from Musashia cancellata Kuroda and Habe, 1950
hy not having any axial ribs on the adult body whorl.

It is a rather rare species.

Fulgoraria (Musashia) hirasei
(Sowerby III, 1912)

(Plate 16 A and 16B; Figure 6b)

1879 Valuta prevostiana Crosse. Journal de Conchvliologie (3)27,
pi. 2, fig. 1 (in Japonia) (non Valuta prevostiana Crosse,
1878).

1912 Valuta hirasei Sowerby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)9:471, 472.
text fig. 1 (Kii. Japan).

1934 Fulgoraria hirasei (Sowerby), S. Hirase, A Collection of
Japanese Shells with Illustrations in Natural Colours, pi.
112, fig. 8.

1942 Fulgoraria hirasei (Sowerby), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 21, pi. 10, fig. 78.

1960 Fulgoraria (Musashia) hirasei (Sowerby), Hayashi, Venus
21(1);2, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4.

1963 Fulgoraria (Musashia) hirasei (Sowerby), Shikama et Hori-

koshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:99, text fig. 145, fig. 1.

1964 Fulgoraria (Musashia) hirasei (Sowerby), Okutani, Journ.

Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. 2, 15(3):418, text fig. 5 (radu-
lar tooth).

1967 Musashia (Musashia) hirasei (Sowerby), Shikama, Science
Reports Yokohama NatT. Univ., Sec. 2(13):73-75; p. 37,
text fig. 2, HI; pi. 1, figs. 9-12; pi. 9, fig. 7.

Type: Holotype of Valuta hirasei Sowerby, 1912, British
Museum (Natural History), London, No. 1912.5.6.3.

Type locality: Kii, Wakayama Prefecture, Honshu Island,
Japan.

Range: In the Pacific Ocean from Suruga Bay, Honshu
Island, to the eastern part of Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku
Island, Japan — a distance of about 400 miles.

Habitat: Information not available.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 90 to 184 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell ranges from small to large. It is
stoutly fusiform and relatively solid, with a high spire. Proto-
conch is rather small, of two smooth whorls; the first whorl
is tilted on its vertical axis. Teleoconch has five sculptured
and swollen whorls. Sculpture consists of low, rounded axial
ribs, with 15 to 22 such ribs on the penultimate whorl. These
ribs are crossed by revolving striae. A callus band is present
at the impressed suture. Outer lip is slightly thickened and
simple. Aperture is semiovate. Siphonal notch and fasciole
are absent. Columella is covered by a thin glaze; it has two
plaits, the anterior one being stronger. Base color is flesh to
reddish-brown with a grayish-white tint. No other color
markings are present.

Animal and radula; Radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth (see Figure 6b). The soft parts are not available for
study.

Remarks: This is one of the most common of the fulgorarids
and is sometimes available at fish markets on the Pacific
Ocean side of Honshu Island.

Fulgoraria (Musashia) prevostiana (Crosse, 1878)
(Plate 14C and 14D; Map 5)

1839 Valuta lyriformis Swainson, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vi-
vantes. Valuta 3:35, 36, pi. 42, fig. 2 (2 views) (locality
not given) [non Mitra lyraeformis Swainson, 1821, =:
Lyria lyraeformis (Swainson. 1821)].

1878 Voluta prevostiana Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie (3)26:

165, 166 (in Japonia. Expos. Univ. 1867, Etats du
Taicoun; Thatcher) .

44

Falgoraria

1879 Valuta prevostiana Crosse, ibid., (3)27:41^13, pi. 1, figs, la,
lb.

1882 Valuta (Alcithoe) megaspira Sowerby, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:95, pi. 30, fig. 132 {nan Valuta me-
gaspira Sowerby, 1844).

1908 Valuta megaspira prevastiana Crosse, Y. Hirase, Tbe Concbo-
logical Magazine 2(7):216, pi. 31, figs. 124, 125.

1931 Psephaea prevastiana (Crosse), Grant and Gale, Mem. San
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 1:633, 634, pi. 27, fig. 9.

1940 Valuta (Fulgararia) prevastiana Crosse, Fulton, Proc. Malac.
Soc. London 24:30.

1942 Fulgararia prevastiana prevostiana (Crosse), M. Smith, A
Review of the Volutidae, p. 22, pi. 23, fig. 159.

1950 Fulgararia prevostiana var. magna Kuroda and Habe, Illus-
trated Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):34, pi.
6, figs. 3, 4 (Hitachi, Ibaraki Prefecture, Honshu).

1963 Fulgararia {Psephaea) magna Kuroda and Habe, Shikama
et Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:99, text fig. 145, fig. 2.

1967 Musashia {Nipponomelon) prevostiana (Crosse), Shikama,
Science Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):67,
68; p. 36, text fig. 1, P; pi. 3, figs. 7-12; pi. 4, figs. 1, 2.
1967 Musashia {Nipponomelon) prevostiana magna (Kuroda and
Habe), Shikama, ibid., pp. 68-70; p. 36, text fig. 1, PM;
pi. 4, figs. 3-8; pi. 9, fig. 11.

1967 Musashia {Nipponomelon) prevostiana salebrosa Shikama,
ibid., pp. 70, 71; p. 36, text fig. 1, PS; pi. 4, figs. 9-11;
pi. 5, figs. 1, 2 (Urakawa, Hidaka, south Hokkaido).

Type: Holotype in the collection of Professor Tokio Shi-
kama, Japan.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Shikama (1967)
to Sagami Bay, Pacific Ocean side of central Honshu Island,
Japan.

Range: From Sagami Bay north to Haboro, Hokkaido Island
(see Map 5) — a distance of about 750 miles. It is also found
in the Japan Sea off Northern Honshu Island.

Habitat; According to Shikama (1967), Musashia pre-
vostiana is taken by shrimp trawlers in from 60 to 400
fathoms on a sandy substrate where the bottom temperature
registers 11.8° C (53.2° F).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 95 to 220 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in size and surface
sculpture along its 750 mile coastal range. Typically, the shell
is medium in size and solid. It is fusiform and has a rather
high spire. Protoconch is small, of two and one-tenth to two
and two-tenths smooth whorls; the first whorl is tilted on its
vertical axis. Teleoconch has five or six rather inflated, gently
curved and sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of strong
axial ribs, with 15 to 17 such ribs on the penultimate whorl.
These ribs are crossed by weak spiral striations. A callus
band is present at the suture. Outer lip is thick and simple.
Aperture is wide, semiovate, and a little longer than the spire.
Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. Columella is concave
and calloused and has three or four plaits. The strongest
plait is at the anterior end, but sometimes there is one weak
plait separating the two strong ones. Base color varies from
yellowish-brown to reddish-brown to flesh and may or may
not be overlaid with broad bands of dark-brown zigzag mark-
ings. There are three such bands on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula; Not available for study.

Remarks; This rather common species has narrow axial
sculpture similar to that of Fulgararia angulosa (Sliikama,
1967).

Kuroda and Habe (1950) gave the subspecific name magna
(see Plate 14D) to shells found in the Pacific Ocean, north
of Sagami Bay but south of Hokkaido Island. They based their
subspecific separation on the larger size, somewhat smaller
protoconch, and more numerous axial ribs in magna.

In 1967 Shikama described the most northern population
found off Hokkaido Island and in the Japan Sea of northern
Honshu Island; he named it prevostiana salebrosa. His bases
for subspecific separation were the lack of color markings and
the stronger axial ribs in salebrosa. The morphological
differences pointed out by Kuroda and Habe (1950) and
Shikama (1967) seem to fall well within the accepted range
of intraspecific variability. A glance at Map 5 will show that
each population merges into and is replaced by the next
population along a continuous coastal range, with no geo-
graphical isolation apparent. For these reasons we have
relegated magna and salebrosa to synonymy under pre-
vostiana.

Subgenus Kurodina Rehder, 1969

1969b Musashia {Kurodina) Rehder, Venus 27(4):128.

Type species: Valuta smithi Sowerby, 1901; by original
designation; Recent, Japan.

Distribution: This subgenus was erected to contain a single
species that is distributed from waters off Hitachi, 100 kilo-
meters north of Choshi, to waters off Izu Shichito, the Pacific
Ocean side of Honshu Island, Japan.

Diagnosis: Shells are larger and thinner than other species
in the genus Fulgoraria. The most important difference is the
presence of a single columellar fold on the last whorl. This
fold is not placed at an angle as in all the other species, but
forms the white, bladelike edge of the columella.

Remarks: The subgeneric name was given in honor of Dr.
Tokubei Kuroda, one of the founders of the Malacological
Society of Japan.

Fulgoraria (Kurodina) smithi (Sowerby III, 1901)
(Plate 16E and 16F)

1900 Valuta uniplirata Sowerbv, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)5:

439, 440, pi. 11, fig. 1 (Japan) {nan Valuta uniplirata .1.
de C. Sowerby, 1850. = a fossil from middle Eocene of
Bracklesham Bay, England).

1901 Valuta smithi Sowerbv, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)8:161

(Japan).

1934 Guivillea uniplirata (Sowerbv), S. Hirase. A Collection of
Japanese Shells with Illustrations in Natural Colours, p.
112. fig. 9.

45

FULGORARINAE

1940 I alula {Fulgoraria) smilhi. Fulton. Proc. Malac. Soc. London

24.:3().

1P42 Fulgoruria smilhi (Sovvcrhy), M. Smith. A Review oi the
Volutidae, pp. 22, 23 (unhgured).

1950 Fulgoraria? smilhi (Sowerhv), Kuroda and Hahe, Illu.strated
Catalogue of Japanese Shells. Vohiti(Jae (5):.35, text hg. 2
(Sagami and kii, Honshu).

1960 Fulgoraria (Alusashia?) smilhi (Sowerby), Havashi, Venus
21(1):2.

1963 Fulgoraria [Musashia?) smithi (Sowerhv), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells ot the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:99. pi. 80. hg. 7.

1967 Musashia (Alusashia) smilhi (Sowerhv), Shikama. Science
Reports Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):79-81; p. 37,
text hg. 2, S: pi. 1, hg. 1.

19691) Musashia (Kurodina) smilhi (Sowerby). Rehder, Venus
27 (4): 128.

Type: Holotvpe of loluta uniplicata Sowerby, 1900, which
is also the type for this species, is deposited iti the British
Miiseuiii (Natural History), London, No. 1900.5.22.102.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Kuroda and
Hahe (1950) to Sagatni Bay on the Pacific Ocean side of
Honshu Island, Japan.

Range: From Enshu-Nada to waters 52 miles oft Choshi.
Chiba Prefecture, Honshu Island — a distance of about 250
miles.

Habitat: Trawled in from 200 to 400 fathoms.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 150 to 250 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is very large and light in weight.
It is inflated and fusiform, with a rather low spire. Proto-
conch IS large, with one and nine-tenths smooth whorls; the
first whorl is tilted on its vertical axis. Teleoconch has five
very convex whorls with curved shoulders and a depressed
suture. Axial rihs are absent or obsolete. When ribs are
present, there are about 17 to 23 on the penultimate whorl.
Numerous hnelv crenulated revolving lirae appear on the
surface of the shell. Outer lip is thin and simple. Aperture
is wide, semiovate, and over half the total length of the shell.
Columella is recuned, with a single, strong, oblique plait at
the anterior end. Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent.
Base color is flesh to reddish-hrowm, with no other markings.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: The very rare Kurodina smilhi was named for
Mr. Edgar A. Smith, who alerted Sowerhv to the fact that
the name J oluta uniplicata was preoccupied by a fossil
sjiecies.

Subgenus Saotomea Habe, 1943

194.3 Fulgoraria (Saolomea) Habe. Venus 1,3(1— 4):73.

Type species: J oluta (Fulgoraria) delicata Eulton, 1940;
by original designation; Recent. Japan.

rRiBUTiON: The only known liv ing species in this genus

is found in the Pacific Ocean from Tosa, Shikoku Island,
northeast to waters off Shima Peninsula, Mie Prefecture,
Honshu Island, Japan — a distance of about 225 miles. It has
a bathymetric range between 75 and 200 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shell is fusiform, light in weight, and unicolored.
Surface is axiallv rihbed. A corneous operculum is present.
Radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Eigure 7).

Remarks: The presence of an operculum sets this monotypic
subgenus apart from the other subgenera in Fulgoraria.

Fulgoraria (Saotomea) delicata (Fulton, 1940)

{Plate 16C and 16D; Figure 7)

1940 Valuta (Fulgoraria) delicata Fulton, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon-
don 24(1):31, pi. 2, fig. 2 (Tosa, Japan).

1943 Fulgoraria (Saotomea) delicata Fulton, Habe, Venus
13(l-4):73, pi. 3, fig. 16 (radular tooth).

1963 Fulgoraria (Saotomea) delicata (Fulton), Shikama et Hori-
koshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:99, pi. 80, fig. 1.

1964h Saotomea delicata (Fulton), Weaver, 2nd Provisional Species
List of Living Volutidae, p. 3.

1967 Saotomea delicata (Fulton), Shikama, Science Reports Yoko-
hama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):81,82; p. 37, text fig. 2
Da, D/3; pi. 1, figs. 2, 3; pi. 10, fig. 1.

Type: The whereabouts of the type specimen described in
the Proc. Malac. Soc. London is not known to the authors.

Type locality: Off Tosa, Shikoku Island, Japan.

Range: Erom Tosa, Shikoku Island, northeast to Shima
Peninsula, Mie Prefecture, Honshu Island, Japan — a distance
of about 225 miles.

Habitat: Trawled in 75 to 200 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 30 to 55 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small, narrowly fusiform, and
light in weight, with an attenuated spire. Protoconch is
medium sized, of one and seven-tenths smooth whorls. The
first whorl is tilted on its vertical axis. Teleoconch has four

Figure 7: Fulgoraria (Saotomea) delicata (Fulton,
1940). Radular tooth (after Habe, 1943).

Guivillea

and one-half to five axially ribbed whorls. Ribs are strong
and keeled; there are 14 to 17 such ribs on the penultimate
whorl, but they become obsolete on the adult body whorl.
Microscopic revolving striae are present. Suture is deeply
indented and whitish. Outer lip is thin and simple. Aperture
is narrowly oblong-ovate, more than half the total length of
the shell. Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. Columella
is recurved, with two weak, oblique plaits — the anterior one
being bladelike and stronger than the other. The color is a
uniform creamy-white, yellowish-white, or pale gray. A
horny operculum is present.

Animal and radula: Radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth (see Figure 7). Other anatomical features are not avail-
able to us.

Remarks: A small population variant with a low spire and
broad body whorl is found off the Shima Peninsula, Mie
Prefecture, Honshu, at the eastern end of the species’ range.

The species is rather common.

Genus Guivillea Watson, 1886

1882 Wyvillea Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London 16:332 [type
species, Wyvillea alabastrina Watson, 1882; by monotypy
{non Wyvillea Haswell, 1879, = a genus of Amphipodus
crustaceans)].

1886 Guivillea Watson, Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 15:261,
262 (type species, Guivillea alabastrina Watson, 1882;
by monotypy) (new spelling for preoccupied WYihllea).
1899 Pseudocymbium Cossman, Essais de Paleo. Comp. 3:108
(type species, Wyvillea alabastrina Watson, 1882).

Type species: Guivillea alabastrina Watson, 1882; by
monotypy; Recent, Crozet Islands, south Indian Ocean.

Distribution: The only known species in this genus was
found between Marion Island and the Crozet Islands in the
south Indian Ocean at a depth of 1600 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shell is very thin, light in weight, with a high,
scalar spire. Surface of the shell is granular. Protoconch is
large and twisted. Columella has no plaits but does have an
abrupt break along the edge at the midpoint, forming a pro-
jecting corner. Periostracum and operculum are absent.
Animal is typically volutoid but with no discernible eyes.

Guivillea alabastrina Watson, 1882
{Plate 8C and 8D)

1882 Wyvillea alabastrina Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London
16:332 (off Marion Island and the Crozets).

1886 Guivillea alabastrina Watson, Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger

15:261, 262 (new spelling for preoccupied Wyvillea
Watson, 1882).

1887 Valuta alabastrina Watson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con-

chvliorum 5(44), 2nd suppl., pp. 304, 30.5, pi. 18, fig.
169.

1929 Guivillea alabastrina B. Watson. Thiele. Handb. Sysl.
Weicht. 1:346.

1942 Guivillea alabastrina Watson, M. Smith. A Review ol the

Volutidae, p. 19, pi. 20, lig. 1.38.

1943 Guivillea alabastrina B. Watson, Wenz. Handb. Palao. 6(1),

Gastropoda, p. 1326. text (ig. .3769.

1967 Guivillea alabastrina B. Watson. Shikaiiia, Science Reports
Yokohama Nat’l. Univ., Sec. 2(13):30. 31 (unligured).

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1887.2.9.890.

Type locality: Off Marion Island and the Crozet Islands,
lat. 46° 16' S/long. 48° 27' E.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: The single known specimen was dredged from the
abyssal depth of 1600 fathoms. Substrate, globigerina ooze.
Bottom temperature, 34.2° F (1.22° C).

Dimensions: Holotype length, 165 mm; maximum diameter,
78.8 mm.

Shell description: Shell is large, ovate-fusiform, and
very light in weight, with a high, scalar spire that is blunt at
the apex. Protoconch is mammilate, irregular, and tilted
sharply to one side. Teleoconch has about five convex whorls.
Sculpture consists of a few rounded axial growth lines and a
few irregular, broad, low spiral lirae. Suture is deeplv in-
dented and slightly canalled. Whorls show a slight tendency
to contraction posterior to the suture. The last whorl is ven-
tricose and oval. Surface of the shell has a sandpaperlike
texture. Outer lip is thin and simple. Aperture is wide and
oval. Siphonal notch is indistinct; fasciole absent. Columella
is rather straight with no plaits, but there is an abrupt break
along the edge at midpoint, forming a projecting corner.
Parietal wall is thinly glazed. Color of shell is a uniform
alabaster-white.

Animal and radula: According to Watson (1882), the
animal is comparable to Melo {Melocorona) aethiopica
(Linnaeus, 1758) in that it has an enormous bifid foot and a
small head, mantle, and body. However, no trace of eyes
could be found on this abvssal mollusk.

Remarks: The generic name was derived from the middle
name of Sir C. Wyville Thomson, a friend of Robert Boog
Watson and leader of the Challenger expedition. In 1886 the
author altered the name slightly when he discovered that
Wyvillea was preoccupied. The holotvpe remains the onlv
known specimen.

Genus Livonia Gray, 1855

1855b Scapha {Livonia) Gray, List of the Mollusca in tbe British
Museum (1), Volutidae, p. 8 (type species. Valuta mam-
milla Sowerby, 1844; by subsequent designation. Weaver
and duPont, 1970).

1871 Mamillana Crosse, Journal de Concbvliologie (3)19:308.

309 (type species. I'oluta rnamilla [i/cj Sowerby; bv
original designation).

47

FULGORARINAE

1897 ] ohitd {Picrospira) Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. (1):93, 94, 100,

pi. 4, tigs. 10a, 10b (type species [a fossil). Valuta hanna-
fordi McCov, 1874; bv original designation).

1943 Cymbiiim (Marnillana) Crosse, Wenz. Handb. Palao. 6(1),
Gastropoda, ji. 1338. text bg. 3793 (juvenile).

Type species: Here designated Voliita mammilla Sowerby,
lH4-k Recent, Australia.

DISTRIBUTIO^: The two living species in this genus inhabit
Australian waters off the coasts of southern Queensland,
New South Vi ales, Victoria, and the state of South Australia.
Thev have a hathyinetric range of 25 to 100 fathoms. Both
species are uncommon.

Diagnosis: Shells are oval or ovate-fusiform, light in
weight or solid, with a moderatelv low to a verv low spire.
Protoconch is large to extremely large, mammillary, and
smooth; the nucleus and part of the first whorl are situated
laterally. Teleoconch is with or without axial ribbing. Spiral
striae are present in varying degrees of strength. Aperture is
verv wide, flaring upward and outward posteriorly. Siphonal
notch is present; fasciole indistinct or absent. Operculum is
absent.

Radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure 8).

Remarks: In 1957 Iredale described Livonia quisqualis,
pointing out that this species appeared to be a hybrid ex-
hibiting a large mammillary protoconch approaching in size
that of Livonia mammilla (Sowerby I, 1844) and having the
strong axial and transverse surface sculpture typical of
Livonia wadnightae (McCoy, 1881).

The genus Pterospira Harris, 1897 was based on the fossil
Valuta hannafordi McCoy, 1874. A study by Iredale of a
number of specimens of hannafordi showed there was con-
siderable variation in protoconch size. According to him, this
\ ariation suggests that the genus Pterospira is not worthy of
recognition. He refers roadnightae to the genus Livonia Gray,
1855.

For the reasons just listed, we agree with Iredale’s generic
decision, but we have placed the hybrid quisqualis in the
synonymy of roadnightae.

Livonia mammilla (Sowerby I, 1844)

(Plate 17 A, 17B, and 17 C; Figure 8a)

1844 I oluta mammilla Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (12):

149, 1.50 (New Holland).

1845 J oluta rnanulla (in ) Sowerby. Tbesaurus Conchvliorum

1(5):207. pi. 50, figs. 57. 58 (juvenile).

1849 f oluta mamilla [s/c] Gray. Reeve. Concbologia Iconica 6,

] oluta sp. 44. pi. 19. bg. 44 (-\ustralia).

1&53 Cvmbium mamilla [sic] Gray. H. and .\dams, Tbe Genera
of Recent Mollusca 1:159.

1855a Srapha mamilla [sir] Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):55
(Australia. 5’an Diemen's Land [Tasmania]).

1855b Scapba {Liionia) mamilla [sic] Gray. List of the Mollusca
in the British Museum (1), \ olutidae. p. 8.

Figure 8: a, Livonia mammilla (Sowerby I, 1844).
Radular tooth (after Gatlifl and Gabriel, 1909). b, Livonia
roadnightae (McCoy, 1881). Radular tooth (after Verco,
1912).

1859 Scapha mamilla [sic] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (27):
34—36, pi. 45 (adult).

1871 Marnillana mamilla [sic] Gray, Crosse, Journal de Con-

chyliologie (3)19:308, 309 (Tasmanie; ile des Kangour-
ous [Australia meridionale], d’apres M. French Angas.
Lake Macquarie Heads, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud [J.
Brazier]).

1872 Scapha mamilla [sic] Gray, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc. London

(1):23.

1882 Valuta (Mamillana) mamilla [si'c] Gray, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:101, pi. 29, bg. 122.

1909 Valuta mamilla [sic] Gray, Gatliff and Gabriel, Victorian
Naturalist 26(8): 117, 118, pi. 2, bgs. 1, 2 (animal); pi.
3, bg. 3 (shell containing animal), bg. 4 (radular ribbon),
bg. 5 (section of radular ribbon enlarged).

1942 Mamillana mamilla [sic] Gray, M. Smith, A Review of the

Volutidae, pp. 49, 50. pi. 19, bg. 133; pi. 24, bg. 163.

1943 Cymbium (Mamillana) mamilla [sic] (Gray), Wenz, Handb.

Palao. 6(1), Gastropoda, pp. 1337, 1338.

1951 Livonia mamilla [sic] leucostoma Mayblom, Australian
Zoologist 11(4):281, pi. 26, bg. 3 (New South Wales,
Australia).

1963 Cymbium (Mamillana) mamilla [sic] Gray, Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:103, pi. 85, bg. 5.

1964h Li vonia mammilla Sowerbv, Weaver, 2nd Provisional
Species List of Living Volutidae, p. 5.

Type: Holotype lost (Cemohorsky, in litt.). We suggest
that if a neotype were selected, the shell figured by Gray
(1859, pi. 45), British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1859.2.17.1-3, would be appropriate.

Type locality: "Australia.” Restricted by Gray (1855a) to
Tasmania, Australia.

Range: From South Australia and Victoria southward to
North Tasmania, then north to New South Wales and Queens-
land, Australia.

Habitat: Dredged in 50 to 100 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 200 to 295 mm in length.
Shell description: Shell is large, ovate, and light in

48

Livonia

weight, with a very low, blunt spire. Protoconch is extremely
large and mammillary, with one and three-tenths smooth
whorls; the nucleus and part of the first whorl are situated
laterally. Teleoconch has three convex whorls. The adult
body whorl is greatly inflated and about four-fifths the total
length of the shell. Minute spiral striae and axial growth
lines appear on the surface of the shell. Outer lip is thin and
simple; it curves sharply in a posterior direction toward the
suture. Aperture is wide and semiovate; interior color is pale
orange. Siphonal notch is wide and shallow; fasciole absent.
Columella is recurved, with three sharply angled anterior
plaits of about equal strength. Parietal area is thinly glazed.
Typically, the base color is pale brownish-yellow marked with
two transverse zones of zigzag chestnut lines at the periphery
and the anterior end of the adult body wborl. Two inter-
mediate, light, base-colored, revolving zones may or may not
show some irregular, revolving chestnut lines.

Animal and radula: The radula is uniserial with 95 small
tricuspid teeth (see Figure 8a). The teeth average 23 mm in
length.

Remarks; A color form with a white aperture and base
color, living side by side with typical specimens, was given
the name leucostoma by Mayblom in 1951. We have placed
it in the synonymy of mammilla.

The uncommon Livonia mammilla differs from Livonia
roadnightae (McCoy, 1881) principally in its larger and
mammilate protoconch, as well as in the absence of strong
axial ribs. The spiral lirae on the teleoconch whorls are much
stronger in roadnightae.

Livonia roadnightae (McCoy, 1881)

{Plate 18 A and 18B; Figure 8b)

1881 Valuta roadnightae McCoy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 18:88, 89,

pi. 7, figs. 1, 2 (southern coast of Victoria, on the beach
at the Lake’s Entrance, Gipps Land).

1882 Valuta (Alcithoe) roadnightae McCoy, Trvon, Manual of

Conchology (1)4:96, pi. 30, fig. 128.

1887 Valuta roadnightae McCoy, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy-
liorum 5(44), 2nd suppL, p. 298, pi. 14, fig. 143.

1912 Scaphella roadnightae McCoy, Verco, Trans. Rov. Soc. S.

Australia 36:226, 227, pi. 16, figs. 1, 2 (radula).

1915 Livonia roadnightae McCoy, Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales 39 (4): 723.

1942 Mamillana roadnightae (McCoy), M. Smith, A Review of
the Volutidae, p. 50, pi. 19, fig. 134.

1949 Pterospira roadnightae McCoy, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2):187.

1957b Livonia quisqualis Iredale, Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. New South
Wales (1955-1956), pp. 121, 123, fig. 1 [Bass Strait
(Australia)] (holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney).
1963 Livonia roadnightae (McCoy), Shikama et Horikoshi, Se-
lected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:100,
pi. 81, fig. 10.

1969 Livonia quisqualis Zahl. National Geographic 1.3,5(3):412,
fig. (2nd from the top).

Type: Holotype, National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne,
No. F662.

Type locality: Lake’s Entrance, Victoria, Australia.

Range; The entire coast of Victoria and South Australia
westward to Eucla in the Great Australian Bight.

Habitat: In 25 to 100 fathoms.

Dimensions; Adult specimens are 110 to 225 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather large and heavy. It is
broadly fusiform, with a short, blunt spire. Protoconch is
rather large and bulbous, with about one and a half smooth
whorls; the nucleus and part of the first whorl are positioned
laterally. Teleoconch has three sculptured and slightly
shouldered whorls. Sculpture consists of keeled axial ribs,
with about 14 to 18 such ribs on the penultimate whorl. The
ribs are crossed by fine, closely spaced, revolving striae.
These striae become stronger below the suture and at the
anterior tip of the adult body whorl. Siphonal notch is wide
and shallow; fasciole absent. Outer lip is thickened and
flares outward and upward posteriorly. Aperture is semi-
ovate. Columella is recurved, with three rather strong,
oblique, anterior plaits. Base color is pale yellow, typically
overlaid with brown, axial, zigzag lines. Sometimes these
zigzag lines may be oblique, thus giving the false impression
of a revolving color pattern. Albino specimens from deep
water at the western end of the range have been observed.

Animal and radula: The radula from a specimen measur-
ing 210 mm in length is uniserial with tricuspid teeth. One
tooth measured 21 mm in length (see Figure 8b).

Remarks: This uncommon species differs principally from
Livonia mammilla (Sowerby I, 1844) by having a smaller
and bulbous protoconch and by tbe presence of strong axial
ribs and spiral lirae on the teleoconch whorls.

McCoy named this shell for Mrs. Roadnight, w'ho dis-
covered it.

Genus Ericusa H. and A. Adams, 1858

1858 Zidona {Ericusa) H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Recent
Mollusca 2:619 (type species. Valuta fulgetrum Sowerby,
1825; by subsequent designation. Cotton and Godfrey,
1932).

1932 Ericusa H. and A. Adams, Cotton and Godfrey. S. Australian
Naturalist 13(2) :49.

Type species: Valuta fulgetrum Sowerby, 1825; by sub-
sequent designation. Cotton and Godfrey. 1932; Recent.
Australia.

Distribution: The six species in the genus Ericusa are
distributed from the Great Australian Bight east and north
to Queensland, .Australia. They have a hathvmetric range
from the littoral to 225 fathoms. Their degree of abundance
varies from tbe cfunmon Mesericusa sowerhyi (Kiener.
1839) to the very rare Ericusa orca Cotton. 1952.

49

FULGORARINAE

Diagnosis: Shells vary in size from the medium (124 mm
in length) Ericusa papillosa (Swainson, 1822) to the large
(260 mm in length) Mesericusa sowerbyi (Kiener, 1839).
They are solid or light in weight, elongate-fusiform to ovate-
fusiform, with a noncoronated spire. Protoconch may be
large and bulbous or relatively small and papillary; the nu-
cleus and part of the first whorl are situated laterally. Teleo-
conch is polished, with or without axial plications. Columella
has three or more plaits, which vary in strength. Siphonal
notch is present; fasciole indistinct or absent. Operculum
and periostracum are absent.

Radula (where known) is uniserial with tricuspid teeth
(see Figure 9).

Remarks: Cooke (1922) showed a unicuspid tooth for
Ericusa papillosa. Since he is known to have mixed his
radulae, we are using Dr. Ruth Turner’s drawing of a tri-
cuspid tooth from a specimen of Ericusa fulgetra.

Sub gen US Ericusa sensu stricto

Type species: Valuta fu^getrum Sowerby, 1825; by subse-
quent designation. Cotton and Godfrey, 1932; Recent, Aus-
tralia.

Distribution: Tbe four species included here inhabit waters
from the Great Australian Bight east and north to Queensland,
Australia. They have a bathymetric range from the littoral
to 125 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells vary in size from the medium (124 mm in
length) Ericusa papillosa (Swainson, 1822) to the relatively
large (200 mm in length) Ericusa fulgetra (Sowerby I, 1825).
They are solid or light in weight, fusiform to ovate-fusiform,
with a noncoronated spire. Protoconch is large and bulbous.
Teleoconch may or may not have axial plications. In all other
respects the diagnosis is the same as that for the genus.

Remarks: Ericusa s. s. differs from its subgenus Mesericusa
principally in its large, bulbous protoconch and, to a lesser
degree, in its lower spire.

Ericusa (Ericusa) fulgetra (Sowerby I, 1825)
(Plate 19 A through 19D; Figure 9)

1825 Voluta fulgetnim Sowerby, Cat. Shells Tankerville, App., pp.

28, 29, pi. 4 (dorsal view); pi. 5 (ventral view) (no
locality given).

1826a Voluta fulgelrutn Sowerby, Broderip, The Zoological Journal
2:35, 36.

1845 Voluta fulgetnim Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1(5):
207. pi. 48, figs. 33, 34.

1849 Voluta fulgetnim Sowerby, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Volutu sp. 13, pi. 6, figs. 13a, 13b (South Australia).
1853 Scaphella {Alcithoe) fulgetnim Broderip, H. and A. Adams,
The Genera of Recent Mollusca 1:164.

1855a Voliilella fulgetnim Sowerbv, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London

50

Figure 9: Ericusa (Ericusa) fulgetra (Sow-
erby I, 1825). Radular teeth (by Turner).

(23):63 (Australia: Port Lincoln; Torres Straits [the latter
locality is incorrect]).

1858 Zidona {Ericusa) fulgetnim Sowerby, H. and A. Adams. The
Genera of Recent Mollusca 2:619.

1865a Voluta {Volutella) fulgetnim Broderip, Angas, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London (1):52.

1882 Voluta (Alcithoe) fulgetnim Sowerby, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:96, pi. 28, figs. 104, 105.

1909 Voluta fulgetnim Sowerby var. dictua Verco, Trans. Roy.

Soc. S. Australia 33:274, 275, pi. 21, fig. 7 [Granite
Island, Port Victor (Australia)] (holotype, the South
Australian Museum, Adelaide).

1912 Scaphella fulgetnim Sowerby, Verco, ibid., 36:222, 223, pi.

11, fig. 1. Verco introduced the following named varieties
on page 224: lunulisligata, pi. 11, fig. 2; punctisligata,
pi. 12, fig. 3; connectens, pi. 11, fig. 3 (holotype, the
South Australian Museum, Adelaide); bicincta [not fig-
ured]; tricincta, pi. 12, fig. 1; unicincta, pi. 12, fig. 2; alba
[not figured] (Gulf St. Vincent and Spencer Gulf; Kingston
in Lacepede Bay).

1912 Scaphella fulgetnim Sowerby var. dictua Verco, ibid.,
36:224.

1932 Ericusa fulgetnim Sowerby, Gotten and Godfrey, S.
Australian Naturalist 13(2);49.

1942 Alcithoe (Ericusa) fulgetrum fulgetrum (Broderip), M. Smith,
A Review of the Volutidae, p. 31, pi. 16, fig. 108. Also
described but not figured are Verco’s varietal names: con-
nectens, p. 31; lunisligata [iic], p. 31; punctosligata [sic],
p. 31; tricincta, pp. 31, 32; unicincta, p. 32.

1949 Ericusa fulgetrum Sowerby, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2);186.

1957b Ericusa fulgetra Sowerby, Cotton, Journ. Malac. Soc.

Australia (1):8-10, fig. 1. Cotton figured the following of
Verco’s varieties: lunisligata [sic], fig. 2', punctisligata, fig.
3; bicincta, fig. 4; tricincta, fig. 5; unicincta, fig. 6; alba,
fig. 7; connectens, fig. 8; dictua, fig. 9.

1963 Ericusa (Ericusa) fulgetrum (Sowerby), Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:107, pi. 88, fig. 2.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1837.12.1.37.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Gray (1855a) to

Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia.

Ericusa

Range: Found only along the coast line of the state of South
Australia.

Habitat: Specimens may he collected on sand bars, exposed
at low tide, or by dredging to depths of 125 fathoms. The
high gloss of the shell is due primarily to the animal’s day-
time, beneath-the-sand habitat and to its protective mantle.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 75 to 200 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather large for the genus and
not heavy. It is ovate-fusiform, with a rather high spire, blunt
at the apex. Protoconch is large and papillary, with about
two smooth whorls; the nucleus and part of the first whorl
are situated laterally. Teleoconch has about four smooth,
convex whorls, subangular above; the last whorl is ventricose.
Suture is simple. Outer lip is slightly thickened. Aperture is
oblong. Siphonal notch is wide and rather shallow; fascicle
indistinct. Columella is recurved, covered by a thin glaze
and with three oblique, anterior plaits. The species is very
variable in its color pattern. A typical specimen is pale flesh,
overlaid longitudinally with dark-chestnut, zigzag, lightning-
like streaks.

Animal and radula; According to Turner (1969, in litt.),
the dorsal surface of the foot at the anterior end is salmon-
ivory, darkening posteriorly. Tentacles have a patch of bril-
liant orange at the base and up the sides. Siphon has light-
orange mottling up the central part of the dorsal surface;
there are two large lobes at the base, the left lobe being the
larger. The anterior end of the digestive tract is similar to
that figured for Zidoninae (Clench and Turner, 1964). The
specimen available for dissection was female, and so there
are no data on the vas deferens and the intromittent organ.
The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure 9).

Remarks: Verco (1909 and 1912) gave scientific names to
eight color forms, all of which we consider to be synonyms
of Ericusa fulgetra.

The color forms of this uncommon species range from
albino specimens to specimens in which the zigzag markings
coalesce to form one or more revolving bands.

Ericusa (Ericusa) area Cotton, 1952
(Plate 19E and 19F)

1952 Ericusa area Cotton, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 75:53, 54,
pi. 4, figs. 4-6 (read 14 June, 1951) (West Aust.: 90 miles
west of Eucla).

1957b Ericusa area Cotton, Joum. Malac. Soc. Australia (1):8-10,
fig. 10.

Type: Holotype, the South Australian Museum, Adelaide,
No. D. 13816.

Type locality: Ninety miles west of Eucla, Great Austra-
lian Bight, southeast Western Australia, Australia.

Range: Known only from waters adjacent to type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 100 to 125 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 148.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 58.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is elongate-fusiform and light in
weight. Protoconch is rather small, bluish colored, of three
smooth, papillary whorls; the nucleus and part of the first
whorl are situated laterally. Teleoconch has four smooth,
polished, slightly convex whorls, except for "microscopic
accremental striae” (Cotton, 1952). Suture is simple. Outer
lip is slightly thickened and simple. Aperture is oblong;
interior color is dark cream. Siphonal notch is wide and
shallow; fasciole absent. Columella is recurved, with three
weak, oblique plaits. Base color is cream with a faint pink
tinge toward the suture and some obscure, short, longitudinal,
pale-pink flames immediately below the suture.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This extremely rare species is known from only
two or three specimens. It resembles Ericusa fulgetra
(Sowerby I, 1825) but differs from it by being narrower and
much lighter in weight and by having a smaller protoconch.

Ericusa (Ericusa) papillosa (Swainson, 1822)
(Plate 19G, 19H, and 191)

1822 Valuta (Scaphella) papillosa Swainson, Bligh Catalogue,
App., p. 10 (from the Feegee Isles [in error]).

1827 Valuta papillosa Swainson, Sowerby, Genera of Recent and
Fossil Shells (29), pi. 251.

1840 Scaphella papillaris Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, pp.

103, 108, text fig. 12A (no locality given).

1840 Scaphella papillosa Sowerby, Swainson, ibid., p. 108.

1845 Valuta papillosa Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyli-
orum 1(5);207, pi. 48, fig. 30.

1849 Valuta papillaris Swainson, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 10, pi. 4, fig. 10 (Port Lincoln, Australia).
1853 Scaphella (Alcithoe) papillaris Swainson, H. and A. Adams,
The Genera of Recent Mollusca 1:164.

1855a Volutella papillosa Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23);63
(Australia?; Van Diemen’s Land; Tiger Islands?).

1858 Ericusa papillosa Swainson, H. and A. Adams, The Genera
of Recent Mollusca 2:619.

1864 Voluta (Volutella) papillosa Swainson, Angas, Proc. Zool.

Soc. London (1):52 (Encounter Bay and Kangaroo Island
in South Australia and in several parts of Tasmania and
Bass’s Straits).

1879 Voluta papillosa Swainson var. macquariensis Petterd, Jour-
nal of Conchology 2:343 (Macquarie Harbour, west coast
of Tasmania).

1882 Voluta (Alcithoe) papillosa Swainson, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:96, pi. 28, fig. 106.

1888 Voluta papillosa maquariensis [^ic] Paetel. Cat. Conchvlien-
Sammlung 1: Volutidae, p. 170.

1898 Voluta kenyoniana Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales 22:779 (Cape Everard, Victoria).

1912 Scaphella papillosa Swainson, Verco, Trans. Rov. Soc. S.
Australia 36:228, 229. pi. 14. figs. 1-3.

1922 I oluta papillosa Swainson. Cooke. Proc. Malac. Soc. London
15:9. fig. 8 (radular tootli).

51

FULGORARINAE

1942 Alcithoe papillosa papillosa (Swainson), M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae. p. 32, pi. 16. figs. 109, 110.

1942 Alcithoe papillosa kenyoniana (Brazier), M. Smith, ibid.,
pp. 32, 33 (unfigured).

1949 Ericusa papillosa Swainson, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2);186.

1949 Ericusa kenyoniana Brazier, Cotton, ibid., p. 186, pi. 13.
1951 Ericusa papillosa kenyoniana Brazier, Mayblom, Austra-
lian Zoologist 11(4):282.

1%1 Ericusa papillosa kenyoniana Brazier, Garrard, Jouni. Malac.

Soc. .Australia (5):20 (Tuggerah Lake, New South Wales).
1963 Ericusa (Ericusa) papillosa (Swainson), Shikama et Hori-
koshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:107, pi. 88. fig. 1.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1837.12.1.40.

Type locality: Original designation "Feegee Isles” is in
error. Restricted to Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia,
by Reeve (1849).

Range: From southeast Western Australia, in the Great
Australian Bight, east to Tasmania, then north to Tuggerah
Lakes, New South Wales, Australia.

Habitat: Trawled in 25 to 100 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 65 to 124 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in sculpture and color-
ing. It is medium in size, oblong-ovate, and very solid, with
a low, attenuated spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is
large and papillarv, with about two and five-tenths smooth
whorls; the nucleus and part of the first whorl are situated
laterally. Teleoconch has about three and five-tenths slightly
convex whorls, with or without axial sculpture. Typically the
shell is smooth, but it sometimes bas a few low, narrow axial
ribs on the early whorls. The adult body whorl is large and
oval, about two-thirds the total length of the shell. Suture is
simple. Outer lip is thickened and sometimes slightly re-
flected. Aperture is oblong; interior color is pale peach.
Columella is slightly recurved, with four or five strong plaits.
The posterior plaits are almost at right angles to the columella
and become more oblique anteriorly. Base color is yellowish-
cream overlaid with a reticulated pattern of fine chestnut
lines, with three broad, irregular bands of chestnut blotches
on the last whorl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

The unicuspid radular tooth drawn by Cooke (1922) was
probably in error.

Remarks: Some authors have considered the longitudinally
rihhed Voluta kenyoniana Brazier, 1898 to be a subspecies of
Ericusa papillosa. However, Mavblom (1951) points out that
kenyoniana appears to be a deep-water form of papillosa,
occupying the same coastal areas of New South Wales and
Victoria. He further points out that Verco, dredging in the
Great Australian Bight, collected a ribhed shell from deep
water in an area where typical papillosa were found. We
therefore conclude that kenyoniana is no more than an eco-

logical form of papillosa falling within the intraspecific
variability of that species. Petterd’s macquariensis (1879) is
a uniformly yellowish color form of papillosa from the west
coast of Tasmania. Ericusa papillosa is a rather common
species.

Ericusa {Ericusa) sericata Thornley, 1951
{Plate 20C and 20D)

1951 Ericusa sericata Thornley, Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. New South
Wales (1949-1950), pp. 53, 54, fig. 6 (ventral view)
[Trawled 15 miles due E.N.E. of Nelson Bay, 5 miles due
east of Broughton Island (New South Wales, Australia)].
1961 Ericusa sericata Thornley, Garrard, Journ. Malac. Soc.

Australia (5):20 (off Moreton Island).

1962d Ericusa sericata Thornley, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(7):3, text figs. 3, 4.

1963 Ericusa (Ericusa) sericata Thornley, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:107,
pi. 88, fig. 3.

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C.62109.

Type locality: Five miles due east of Broughton Island,
southern New South Wales, Australia.

Range: From Port Stephens, New South Wales, northward
to Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia — a distance of
approximately 425 miles.

Habitat: Trawled in 40 to 100 fathoms. Substrate consists
of a hard bottom of sticky gray sand containing brown
pebbles.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 75 to 125 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size, narrowly ovate
and solid, with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is large, of
about three smooth whorls; the nucleus and part of the first
whorl are situated laterally. Teleoconch has about three
smooth, almost straight, glossy whorls. Revolving just
below the suture of the adult body wborl is a flattened
area, characteristic of the species. Suture is simple. Outer
lip is thick and posteriorly oblique. Aperture is narrowly
oblong, about three-fifths the total length of the shell. Si-
phonal notch is wide and shallow; fasciole absent. Columella
is slightly recurved, with four plaits, the two center plaits
being strongest. Base color is a pale creamy-brown, overlaid
with irregular triangular markings of pale orange-brown; the
overall color is a rich orange-fawn.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This species, once very rare in collections, is now
being trawled in rather large numbers. Ericusa sericata is
most closely related to Ericusa papillosa (Swainson, 1822)
but differs in being smaller and much narrower, with a
revolving flattened area below the suture.

52

Ericusa

Subgenus Mesericusa Iredale, 1929

1929b Mesericusa Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 17(4):181, 189,
pi. 41, fig. 9 (2 shells, ventral views).

1943 Ericusa [Mesericusa) Iredale, Wenz, Handb. Palao. 6(1),
Gastropoda, pp. 1346, 1347, text fig. 3815.

Type species: Mesericusa sowerbyi perspecta Iredale 1929,
by original monotypy; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The two species in the subgenus Mesericusa
inhabit waters from Tuggerah Lakes, central New South
Wales, south-southwest to Beachport, eastern South Aus-
tralia. The range of one species, Mesericusa sowerbyi
(Kiener, 1839), extends southward to Tasmania.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to large and solid. They are
stoutly fusiform or elongate-fusiform, with a low or atten-
uated spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is rather small in
size and papillary. Teleoconch is polished and smooth.
Columella has about four oblique, rather weak plaits. The
species have a bathymetric range of 20 to 225 fathoms.

Radula is uniserial with 61 rows of large tricuspid teeth,
their bases deeply and evenly arched.

Remarks: The suhgenus Mesericusa differs from Ericusa s.
s. principally in its smaller protoconch and generally higher
spire.

Ericusa (Mesericusa) sowerbyi (Kiener, 1839)
{Plate 20E through 20H; Figure 10)

1822 Valuta fusiformis Swainson, Bligh Catalogue, App., p. 11
(probably from tbe Pacific) [?holotype, British Museum
(Natural History), London] [non Valuta fusiformis Broc-
chi, 1814, a fossil in another genus).

1839 Valuta sowerbyi Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes, Valuta
3:47, 48, pi. 50 (2 views) (les mers de I’lnde).

1845 Valuta fusiformis Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy-
liorum 1(5);208, pi. 54, fig. 100.

1849 Valuta fusiformis Swainson, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 6, pi. 3, fig. 6 (Australia).

1853 Scaphella [Alcithoe] fusiformis Swainson, H. and A. Adams,
The Genera of Recent Mollusca 1:164.

1855a Scapha fusiformis Swainson, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23);58 (Van Diemen’s Land).

1864 Valuta [Scapha) fusiformis Swainson, Angas, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London (1);50.

1882 Valuta [Alcithoe) fusiformis Swainson, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:95, pi. 28, fig. 103 (Tasmania; So.
Australia).

1929b Mesericusa sowerbyi perspecta Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus.

17(4):181, 189, pi. 41, fig. 9 (2 shells, ventral views)
(New South Wales) (syntypes, the Australian Museum,
Sydney).

1942 Alcithoe fusiformis (Swainson), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 32, pi. 20, fig. 137.

1949 Mesericusa sowerbyi Kiener, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2):186.

Figure 10: Ericusa (Mesericusa) sowerbyi (Kiener,
1839). Radular tooth (after McMichael, 1960).

1949 Mesericusa perspecta Iredale, Cotton, ibid., p. 186.

1954 Ericusa sowerbyi porcellana Jackson, The Marine Zoologist
1(2):37, pi. 2, fig. 2 (Gabo Island [eastern Victoria])
(holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney).

1960 Valuta sowerbyi Keiner, McMichael, Joum. Malac. Soc.

Australia (4);5, text fig. 18 (radular tooth).

1961 Mesericusa sowerbyi perspecta Iredale, Garrard, Journ.

Malac. Soc. Australia (5):20 (east of Tuggerah Lakes
[central New South Wales]).

1963 Ericusa [Mesericusa) sowerbyi (Kiener), Shikama et Horiko-
shi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:107, pi. 88, fig. 4 (Lome, Victoria, Australia).

Type: The questionable holotype is in the British Museum
(Natural History), London.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted to Van Diemen’s
Land, Tasmania, by Gray (1855a).

Range: From central New South Wales south to Victoria
and Tasmania, Australia.

Habitat: Dredged in 50 to 125 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 95 to 260 mm in length.

Shell description: Shells vary considerably in size and
shape. Typically, the shell is of moderate size, ovate-fusiform,
and solid, with a low, almost straight spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is rather small and papillarv, with about two
and five-tenths smooth whorls; the nucleus and part of the
first whorl are situated laterally. Teleoconch has about four
and five-tenths smooth whorls. The adult body whorl is swol-
len. Suture is simple. Outer lip is thick and simple. Aperture
is semiovate, wide, about three-fifths the total length of the
shell. Columella is slightly recurved, with four plaits which
become weaker posteriorly. Siphonal notch is wide and shal-

53

FULGORARINAE

low; fascicle absent. Base color is flesh to pale orange-brown
with numerous, axial, chestnut zigzag lines.

Ammal and radula: The following animal and radula
descriptions (McMichael, 1960) are based on the preserved
animal from a shell trawled by the motor vessel Challenge
in 95 fathoms off Tuggerah Lakes, New South Wales, Aus-
tralia:

The animal exhibits a beautiful shade of reddish-purple
overlaid with numerous cream-colored spots, circles and
ovals on the foot, head, siphon, and penis. The siphon is long
and Arm with rather long, subequal appendages. The head
is broad with enlarged lateral lobes and eyes situated at the
base of slender tentacles. The penis is a large structure,
about 2 or 3 inches in length by ^ inch in diameter, almost
round in cross section but with a ridge along one side and
tapering to a blunt point.

The radula is uniserial with 61 rows of large tricuspid
teeth, deeply and evenly arched at their bases (see Figure
10).

Remarks: Along the uninterrupted range of the rather
common Mesericusa sowerbyi, the shells in the southern
population (see Plate 20E and 20F) are small and more ovate
than those in the northern New South Wales population (see
Plate 20G). The large northern form was named Mesericusa
soiverbyi perspecta by Iredale in 1929. We can see no reason
for subspecific recognition here as there is no geographical
isolation, and each population grades into adjacent popula-
tions.

An albino form, Ericusa sowerbyi porcellana Mayblom,
1954, from Gabo Island, New South Wales, (see Plate 20H)
is also placed in the synonymy of soiverbyi for obvious
reasons.

Ericusa (Mesericusa) stokesi (Cotton, 1961)
{Plate 20A and 20B)

1961 Mesericusa stokesi Cotton, Roy. Soc. S. Australia Malac. Sec.

(16):2, text fig. (ventral and dorsal views) (Beachport [S.
Australia]).

1962j Mesericusa stokesi Cotton, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
11(2):5, text figs. 2, 3.

1963 Ericusa (Mesericusa) stokesi Cotton, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:107,
text fig. 157.

Type: Holotype, the South Australian Museum, Adelaide,
No. D. 14625'.

Type locality: Beachport, South Australia, Australia.

Range: Known only for the vicinity of the type locality.

Habitat: Trawled in about 20 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 125.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter. 61.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is moderately large and solid.
It is ovate-fusiform, with a low, attenuated spire. Protoconch

is rather large and bulbous, with two and five-tenths smooth
whorls; the nucleus and a portion of the first whorls are
situated laterally. Teleoconch has about four and five-tenths
smooth, polished, almost straight whorls. The adult body
whorl is swollen. Suture is simple. Outer lip is thickened and
simple. Aperture is wide and semiovate; inner margin is
edged with golden flesh color. Siphonal notch is wide and
shallow; fasciole absent. Columella is arched, slightly re-
curved posteriorly, with three well developed anterior plaits.
Shell is a uniform flesh with two lighter colored bands, one
below tbe suture and another at the periphery of the adult
body wborl.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Tbe closest relative of this species appears to be
the typical Mesericusa sowerbyi (Kiener, 1839) from Tas-
mania, from which it differs in having a more bulbous proto-
conch and a uniform color.

The species is named for Mr. A. J. Stokes, from whose
collection the holotype came.

Genus Festilyria Pilsbry and Olsson,

1954

1954 Festilyria Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.
35(152):294.

Type species: Voluta festiva Lamarck, 1811; by original
designation; Recent, tropical western Indian Ocean.

Distribution: There are four living species in this genus,
all of which inhabit moderately deep water off the east
African coast and in the western Indian Ocean.

They have a bathymetric range of 15 to 50 fathoms. Their
degree of abundance varies from the uncommon Festilyria
africana (Reeve, 1856) to the extremely rare Festilyria
festiva (Lamarck, 1811).

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to large (from 90 to 135 mm
in length). Protoconch is blunt and smooth. Teleoconch
whorls are shouldered and noduled, with the early whorls
axially ribbed. Columella has a few strong, anterior plaits,
followed posteriorly by several weaker plaits. Sipbonal notch
and fasciole are present. Periostracum is absent. A borny
operculum is present (see Figure lie and Ilf).

Radula may be uniserial with tricuspid teeth or have rudi-
mentary laterals (see Figure 11a through 11c).

Remarks: Pilsbry and Olsson (1954) stated that a fasciole
was absent in the type species, Festilyria festiva (Lamarck,
1811). This must have been a lapsus on their part, as the
holotype has a distinct fasciole (Weaver, 1968, pi. 60, figs.
5, 6).

The presence of a fasciole and its strongly shouldered and
tuberculed whorls distinguishes this genus from Fulgoraria.
Its large bulbous protoconch and tricuspid radular teeth set
it apart from the genus Voluta, to which it shows shell affin-
ities.

Festilyria

Figure 11a: Festilyria africana (Reeve, 1856). Radular teeth (after Aiken, 1969).

Figure 11b: Festilyria ponsonbyi (E. A. Smith, 1901). Radular tooth (after Cooke, 1922).

Figure llc-f: Festilyria duponti Weaver, 1968. c, Radular tooth, d. Ventral view of the siphon
showing the relationship of the basal lobes, gill, and osphradiuin. e and f. Operculum (dorsal and ventral
aspects). (Drawn by Turner from a speeimen taken oft Lourengo Marques, Mozambiijue.)

55

FULGORARINAE

MAP 6

Festilyria

Festilyria africana (Reeve, 1856)

{Plate 21 A through 2 ID; Figure 11a)

1856 Valuta africana Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (24) :2, 3,
pi. 33, figs. 3, 4 (East coast of Africa).

1882 Valuta (Alcithae) africana Reeve, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:95, pi. 30, fig. 127.

1887 Valuta africana Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
5(44), 2nd suppl., p. 303, pi. 17, figs. 165, 166 (South-
east Africa).

1901 Valuta (Alcithae) africana Reeve, E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 4(6):233 (describes operculum).

1922 Valuta africana Reeve, Cooke, Proc. Malac. Soc. London
15:7, 10, text fig. 3 (radular tooth).

1932 Valuta africana beckeri Turton, Marine Shells of Port
Alfred, p. 44, pi. 9, no. 328 (no locality given).

1932 Valuta africana panderasa Turton, ibid., p. 44, pi. 10, no.

329 (no locality given) (nan Valuta panderasa Lightfoot,
1786, in Turbinellidae, Rehder, 1967).

1933 Valuta africana rietensis Turton, Journal of Conchology

19:370 (Port Alfred) (new name proposed for pre-
occupied V. a. panderasa Turton, 1932).

1942 Alcithae africana africana (Reeve), M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae, p. 24, pi. 8, fig. 65.

1942 Alcithae africana rietensis (Turton), M. Smith, ibid., p. 24
(unfigured).

1942 Alcithae africana beckeri (Turton), M. Smith, ibid., p. 25
(unfigured).

1959 Valuta africana Reeve, Barnard, Ann. S. African Mus.
45(1):19, 20.

1962b Alcithae africana (Reeve), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(4) :6, text figs. 1, 2 (shell with operculum).

1963 Alcithae africana (Reeve), Shikama et Horikoshi, Selected
Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:105, pi. 87,
fig. 1.

1969 Valuta africana Reeve, Aiken, Conch. Soc. South Africa
(104):12a, text figs, (shell and radula).

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1967601.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Sowerby III
(1887) as Southeast Africa. Here restricted to the waters off
Durban, Republic of South Africa.

Range: From Durban south to Port Elizabeth, Republic of
South Africa — a distance of about 450 miles.

Habitat: All the live-collected or freshly dead specimens
we have seen were removed from the stomachs of fishes
caught in moderately deep water (20 to 40 fathoms).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 42 to 75 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather small for the genus and
solid. It is ovate, with a low, blunt spire. Protoconcb is tur-
binate, of about two and one-half smooth whorls. Teleoconch
has about four axially ribbed wborls strongly tuberculate at
the shoulder; the number of tubercles varies. In some forms
tubercles extend as axial ribs on the adult body whorl.
Occasionally two ribs join one tubercle, as in the forms
beckeri Turton, 1932 and rietensis Turton, 1933. Fine, closely
spaced revolving striae cover the entire shell. On the body
whorl above the anterior canal there are five or six strong

revolving striae. Aperture is wide and semiovate, about
three-fourths the total length of the shell. Outer lip is simple
and thickened, ascending toward the suture on adult speci-
mens. Inner edge of the outer lip has clusters of two, three,
or four short, raised, black serrations where revolving
chocolate lines on the outer surface terminate. Typically
about seven or eight such clusters appear on the inner lip.
Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; a strong fasciole is de-
fined by a ridge. Columella is arched and heavily calloused
with three rather strong, anterior plaits (the second strong-
est), followed posteriorly by about two or three weak lirae to
midpoint. A large chocolate-colored blotch appears at the
posterior end of the columellar callus. Base color is pinkish-
flesh overlaid with speckles and blotches of various shades
of chestnut to form two interrupted bands on body whorl.
Clusters of short, revolving chestnut lines appear at the outer
edge of the lip. A horny operculum is present.

Animal and radula: The radular ribbon consists of tri-
cuspid teetb with rudimentary laterals (Aiken, 1969) (see
Figure 11a). In 1922 Cooke failed to show these laterals.

Remarks: This uncommon species varies in the presence or
absence of axial ribbing on the adult body whorl and in the
number and strength of the shoulder tubercles on that whorl.
According to Barnard (1959), Turton gave the varietal name
beckeri to a narrow, ribbed form and the name rietensis to a
wide, thick-shelled, ribbed form (see Plate 21D). A strongly
tubercled form without ribs on the last whorl is shown in
Plate 21D. Plate 21C shows the form beckeri.

Festilyria duponti Weaver, 1968

(Plates 22 A, 22B, and 23; Figure 11c through Ilf;
Map 6)

1968 Festilyria duponti Weaver, The Veliger 1 1 (4):442-445. pi.
60, figs. 1, 2; map.

Types: Holotype, Delaware Museum of Natural Historv,
No. 13706; paratype. Museum of Comparative Zoologv,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, No. 262150.

Type locality: In 40 fathoms of water off Boa Paz,
Mozambique (see Map 6).

Range: From waters off Boa Paz to a point 150 miles north-
east of LoureiiQO Marques, Mozambique (lat. 24° 64' S/long.
34° 50' E).

Habitat: The only known living specimen (paratvpe) was
dredged in 12 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 124.4 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 56.5 mm; aperture length. 72.6 mm; maximum diam-
eter of second protoconch whorl, 3.5 nun.

Shell description: Shell is moderately large for the genus,
not heavy, and elongate-fusiform. Spire is high and turreted,
with a rounded apex. Protoconch is pu|)iform. rather large,
of two and one-half smooth, deeply sutured, Hesh-colored
whorls. Teleoconch has about five and one-half strongly tur-

FULGORARINAE

reled and sculptured whorls. Sculpture on the early whorls
consists of low, rounded axial rihs. There are 15 such ribs
on the penultimate whorl of the holotvpe (14 on the para-
type), diminishing to blunt shoulder nodules on later whorls
and becoming obsolete toward the outer lip on the adult body
whorl. On early teleoconch whorls the axial ribs are crossed
by many hne, closely spaced lirae, which disappear on later
whorls. Aboye the anterior canal on the adult body whorl
there are eight or more strong, reyolving striae.

Aperture is wide and semiovate, about fiye-eighths the
total length of the shell. Outer lip is simple, slightly thick-
ened, and beveled. Columella is arched, with three anterior
plaits (the middle plait strongest), followed posteriorly by
four or live lirae. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole
indistinct. The upper anti lower portion of the inner lip is
stained a dark-chocolate color. Base color is flesh overlaid
with broad revolving zones of pinkish-brown, occasionally
crossed by sinuous flashes of brown. The narrow, flesh-
colored intermediate areas are marked by numerous closely
spaced, short, axial, pinkish-brown lines. The inner edge of
the outer lip is spotted with black where revolving pinkish-
brown lines terminate. A horny operculum is present (see
Figure He and 111).

Animal and radula: The top of the broadly expanded foot
is creamy-white with numerous closely spaced, reddish-
brown lines radiating outwards. These lines often split and
anastomose. Siphon and tentacles are encircled by narrow
bands of reddish-brown. Unequal lobes are on the base of
the siphon (see Figure lid). The radula is uniserial with tri-
cuspid teeth, curved at the base (see Figure 11c).

Remarks: Festilyria duponti differs from Festilyria festiva
(Lamarck. 1811) as follows: The shell is smaller, lighter in
weight, anil more attenuated in outline; the strongly shoul-
dered, turreted whorls are in sharp contrast to the gently
sloping nonturreted whorls of festiva. In duponti, the ribs
do not run from suture to suture (other than on the first two
teleoconch whorls); and the protoconch is smaller than that
of festiva and has one more w horl.

Compared to Festilyria ponsonbyi (E. A. Smith, 1901),
duponti exhibits the following differences: It has ribs that
terminate posteriorly as low nodules; whereas ponsonbyi is
ribless, with pointed tubercles. In addition, the protoconch
of duponti is one-third larger, and the shell is larger and more
attenuated. No black blotch appears on the posterior or
anterior inner lip oi ponsonbyi.

The shell was named by one of the authors (Weaver) for
Mr. ,Iohn E. duPont, his collaborator and a researcher in the
family Volutidae.

Festilyria festiva (Lamarck, 1811)

(Plate 22C and 22D)

1811 Valuta festiva Lamarck. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat 17:73, no. 40
(prohablement les mers de rAmeri(]ue meridionale)
[non Valuta festiva d'Orbigny, 1841, = Adelomelon
beckii (Brodcrip. 1836) |.

1822 Valuta festiva Lamarck, Animaux sans Vertebres 7:347.
1839 Valuta festiva Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:31, pi. 22, fig. 2 (2 views).

1845 Valuta festiva Lamarck, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5):218, 219, pi. 52, figs. 79, 80.

1849 Valuta festiva Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,

Valuta sp. 28, pi. 12, figs. 28a, 28b, 28c (Africa, ? east
coast).

1855a Lyria festiva Lamarck, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London

(23):61 (East Coast of Africa).

1882 Valuta festiva Lamarck, Trvon, Manual of Conchology

(1)4:95, pi. 30, fig. 125.

1897 Valuta festiva Lamarck, Sowerby, Marine Shells of South
Africa, p. 8 (Natal Coast).

1901 Valuta (Alchithoe) festiva Lamarck, E. A. Smith, Proc.

Malac. Soc. London 4(6):231 (South-east Africa).

1942 Alcithae festiva (Lamarck). M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 26, pi. 9, fig. 69.

1954 Festilyria festiva (Lamarck), Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull.

American Paleo. 35(152):294 (Africa, exact locality
unknown).

1959 Valuta festiva Lamarck, Barnard, Ann. S. African Mus.

45(1);19 (states the locality data by Sowerby, 1897,
"Natal Coast" is probably incorrect).

1963 Alcithae (Festilyria) festiva (Lamarck), Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:104, 105, text fig. 154.

1968 Festilyria festiva (Lamarck), Weaver, The Veliger 11(4):
444, pi. 60, figs. 5, 6 (holotvpe).

Type: Holotype, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, general collection of Volutidae, No. 57.

Type locality: Here restricted to A1 Masirah Island off
the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula where a dead
beach specimen was collected by a Royal Air Force man who
gave it to Dr. Donald Bosch about 1960 (Old, Jr., in litt.).
This shell is deposited in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York City.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: A large, fully adult specimen in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York City, measures as fol-
lows: length, 135.0 mm; maximum diameter, 65.0 mm;
aperture length, 92.0 mm; maximum diameter of protoconch,
4.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is large and massive. It is ovate-
fusiform, with a moderately high, exserted spire, blunt at tbe
apex. Protoconch is large and fulgoraroid, with about one
and a half bulbous whorls coiled around a tilted axis. Teleo-
conch has about five and a half gently sloping whorls axially
ribbed from suture to suture. These ribs form low, strong
nodules on the shoulder of the last two adult whorls. There
are 12 such nodules on the penultimate whorl of a shell
measuring 135 mm in length. On the body whorl above the
anterior canal there are several strong revolving striae.

Aperture is oblong, about three-fourths the total length
of the shell; interior color is pale orange. Outer lip is thick-
ened and longitudinally marked on the inside where outer
surface chestnut bands terVninate. Columella is orange; it is

S8

Iredalina

arched, with a heavy, raised callus and three anterior plaits
(the middle plait strongest), followed posteriorly hy about
seven lirae. The hase and upper portion of the inner lip are
stained a dark-chocolate color. Siphonal notch is wide and
shallow; fasciole present. Base color is pink-flesh overlaid
with revolving interrupted bands of scarlet-red. Pale-colored
areas between bands are irregularly marked with short, axial,
chestnut lines and blotches.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Almost all of the few known specimens of
Festilyria festiva are from old collections and possess ques-
rionable locality data. The young specimen reported by
Sowerby (1897) from the Natal coast is thought by Barnard
(1959) to be either a Festilyria africana (Reeve, 1856) or
a Festilyria ponsonbyi (E. A. Smith, 1901).

Because of this confusion we have based our type locality
on data accompanying a recently collected beach shell in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York City.

Festilyria festiva differs from its closest relative, Festilyria
duponti Weaver, 1968, in being a much larger and more
massive shell with gently sloping, nonturreted whorls, in
contrast to the strongly shouldered turreted whorls of duponti.
The protoconch of festiva is larger and has an additional
whorl.

Festilyria ponsonbyi (E. A. Smith, 1901)
{Plate 21E and 21F; Figure 11b)

1901 Valuta (Alcithoe) ponsonbyi E. A. Smith, Proc. Make. Soc.

London 4(6):231, 232, text fig. (ventral view) (ten miles
off Durban, Natal. 40 fathoms).

1922 Valuta ponsonbyi E. A. Smith, Cooke, Proc. Make. Soc.

London 15:7, 10, text fig. 4 (radukr tooth).

1942 Alcithoe ponsonbyi (Edgar A. Smith), M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae, pp. 29, 30, pi. 9, fig. 71.

1959 Voluta ponsonbyi E. A. Smith, Barnard, Ann. S. African
Mus. 45(1);20, 21.

1963 Alcithoe ponsonbyi E. A. Smith, Shikama et Horikoshi, Se-
lected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:105,
pi. 87, fig. 3.

1968 Festilyria ponsonbyi (E. A. Smith) Weaver, The Veliger
li(4):444, pi. 60, figs. 3, 4.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1901.6.14.2.

Type locality: Ten miles off Durban, Natal, Republic of
South Africa.

Range: Known only from the general area of the tvpe local-
ity.

Habitat: From 20 to 50 fathoms. Taken either hy dredge
or from the stomachs of fishes.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 54 to 101 mm in length.
Diameter of second protoconch whorl, 2.3 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size for the genus
and solid. It is fusiform with a rather high, pointed spire.

Protoconch is small and pupiform, with two and a half
smooth whorls. Teleoconch has five exserted, strongly
shouldered whorls on which ap})ear axial ribs that become
strong, pointed tubercles on the last two whorls. There are 10
such tubercles on the penultimate whorl of a shell 101 mm
in length. Fine spiral striae appear between the shoulder and
the suture of early whorls. There are several strong revolving
striae above the fasciole. Aperture is wide and semiovate,
about three-fourths the total length of the shell; interior is
pinkish-white. Outer lip is simple, thickened, and bfweled.
Columella is pinkish-white, slightly arched and calloused,
with three anterior plaits (the middle plait strongest), fol-
lowed posteriorly hy a few very weak folds to midpoint.
Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole present. Base
color is cream, with the surface of the shell almost entirely
overlaid with yellowish-rose; this same color forms numerous
transverse bands on the body whorls. The cream-colored
interspaces, between bands, are crossed hy short, indistinct
yellow and brown lines. Fasciole is crossed by curved brown
lines. Extremities of the shoulder tubercles are marked with
brown. A horny operculum is present.

Animal and radula: According to Cooke (1922), the uni-
serial radular ribbon consists of 53 tricuspid teeth (see Figure
11b). The soft anatomy is not available for study.

Remarks: Festilyria ponsonbyi differs from the closely
related Festilyria duponti Weaver, 1968 principally in hav-
ing sharply pointed, ribless shoulder tubercles and a much
smaller protoconch. In contrast, the teleoconch whorls on
duponti have ribs that run from suture to suture, terminating
posteriorly as low nodules.

E. A. Smith named this species after Mr. .J. H. Ponsonbv,
as a mark of appreciation for the service he rendered in
elucidating the molluskan fauna of South Africa.

Genus Iredalina Finlay, 1926

1926a Iredalina Finkv, Proc. Make. Soc. London 17(l):59-62.
text fig. (2 views).

1954 Iredalina Finlay. Pilsbry and Olsson. Bull. American Paleo.
35(152) :286.

Type SPECIES: Iredalina mirabilis Fiidav. 1926; by original
designation; Recent. New Zealand.

Distribution: The sole species in this genus has been
dredged on the continental shelf and slofte of New Zealand
in 40 to 400 fathoms, from off Cape Brett. North Island, to
the Campbell Plateau, off eastern South Island. This un-
common species has a bathymetric range of 150 to l-OO
fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shell is medium in size (about 140 mm in
length) and not heavy. It is fusiform with a medium to high
spire, jjointed at the apex. Protoconch has se\eral small,
conical, symmetrically coiled whorls. The w horls aiv' cen ered
bv a glossy callus tapering to ati apical spine. Teleoconch
is glossy, with or without spiral lirae at the anterior [lortion

59

FULGORARINAE

of the adult body whorl. Suture is obscured by a callus.
Columella is without plaits or callus. Sipbonal notch is in-
distinct; fasciole absent. Operculum and periostracum are
absent. Radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure
12c).

Remarks: The glossy surface of living specimens indicates
that the animal protects most (jf the shell with its mantle.

Powell (1950) suggested that the genus Iredulina is closer
to Provocator in the subfamily Zidoninae than to Ericusa.
This may be true, hut for the present we are leaving Iredalina
in the subfamily Fulgorarinae.

Iredalina mirabilis Finlay, 1926
(Plate 22E and 22F; Figure 12)

1926a Iredalina mirabilis Finlav, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 17(1):

59-62, text fig. (2 views) (off Otago Heads, South Island,
of New Zealand).

1933 Iredalina finlayi King, Trans. New Zealand Inst. 63(3):347,
pi. 38, figs. 23-25 (a Nukumaruan Pliocene fossil from
New Zealand).

1950 Iredalina mirabilis Finlay, Powell, Rec. Auckland Inst. Mus.
4(1):81.

19.54 Iredalina mirabilis Finlay, Powell, ibid., 4(4):239, pi. 39,
fig. 3.

1954 Iredalina aurantia Powell, ibid., p. 239, pi. 38, fig. 4 [off
Cape Saunders; off eastern Otago; off Banks Peninsula
(New Zealand)].

1956b Iredalina aurantia Powell, Dell, Dominion Museum Bull.

(18):123, pi. 25, figs. 262, 263 (animal and head); radula
A, fig. 6 (radular tooth).

1956b Iredalina mirabilis Finlay, Dell, ibid., p. 123.

1963 Iredalina mirabilis Finlay, Dell, Trans. Roy. Soc. New
Zealand 3(20):214 (range extension; 22 miles N. of Cape
Brett [North Island, New Zealand]).

1967 Iredalina mirabilis Finlay, Beu, Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zea-
land 5(3):113.

Type: Holotype, Auckland Institute and Museum, No. TM-
370.

Type locality: Off Otago Heads, east coast of South Island,

New Zealand.

Range: From Cape Brett, North Island, to the Campbell

Plateau, South Island, New Zealand.

Habitat: Live specimens have been collected on New Zea-
land’s eastern continental slope in 150 to 400 fathoms.

Dimensions: The holotype length of Iredalina mirabilis is

140.0 mm; maximum diameter, 48.0 mm. The holotype

Figure 12: Iredalina aurantia Powell. 1954 (= Iredalina mirabilis Finlay, 1926). a. Animal, b.
Head of the animal, c, Radular tooth (after Dell, 1956).

60

Harpovoluta

length of Iredalina aurantia Powell, 1954 ( = Iredalina
mirabilis) is 109.0 mm; maximum diameter, 49.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell varies in shape and in the
presence or absence of spiral lirae above the anterior canal.
Tvpically the shell is fusiform and not heavy, with a high,
pointed spire. It is glossy and smooth. Prctoconch is small
and conical, of about three svmmetrically coiled whorls. The
whorls are covered by a glossy callus tapering to an apical
spine. Teleoconch has about six glossy, slightly convex
whorls, without surface sculpture. Suture is indistinct,
glazed over by a thin callus. Outer lip is slightly thickened
and rimmed dorsally bv a thin, white band. Aperture is semi-
ovate and wide, about one-half the total length of the shell;
interior color is pale orange. Siphonal notch is wide and in-
distinct; fasciole absent. Columella is recurved, without
plaits or callus. Shell is a unicolored, pale, golden orange.

Animal and radula: The gross anatomy and head of
Iredalina mirabilis are shown in Figure 12a and 12b.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure
12c).

Remarks: Powell (1954) gave the name Iredalina aurantia
to a short, inflated form of Iredalina mirabilis Finlay, 1926
that had raised spiral lirae on the anterior portion of the bodv
whorl above the anterior canal. Subsequently, an elongated
specimen was collected off Cape Brett, in 400 fathoms, which
exhibited spiral lirae above the anterior canal. We have
examined similar elongated specimens with raised anterior
lirae and therefore agree with Dell (1963) and Beu (1967)
that aurantia is a svnonvm of Iredalina mirabilis.

Genus Harpovoluta Thiele, 1912

1912 Harpovoluta Thiele, Deutsche Siidpolar Exped. 13:213,
214, text fig. 1 (radula); pi. 14, figs. 1, 2 (type species,
Harpovoluta vanhoffeni Thiele, 1912; bv monotvpv).
1943 Harpovoluta Thiele, Wenz, Handb. Palao. 6(1). Gastropoda,
p. 1326, text fig. 3768.

Type species: Harpovoluta vanhoffeni Thiele, 1912; by
original monotypy; Recent, Antarctica.

Distribution: The two species in this genus inhabit waters
surrounding the Antarctic continent. Harpovoluta vanhoeffeni
lives off Gaussberg Mountain, East Antarctica. Tomlin (1948)
extended the range of vanhoeffeni about 2600 miles to Mac-
quarie Island, which is situated 550 miles southwest of New
Zealand. The second species, Harpovoluta charcoti (Lamy,
1910), has been dredged off South Shetland Islands, Clarence
Island, and Oates Coast, Antarctica. The distance betw’een
South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica, and Oates Coast,
East Antarctica, is about 3600 miles.

These two very rare species have a bathvmetric range from
33 to 220 fathoms.

From the standpoint of shape and shell morphologv, these
species do not appear to resemble species in anv other genus.

Diagnosis: Shells are rather small and verv light in weight.

They are oval, with very short spires, either pointed or blunt
at the apex. Suture mav or may not be canaliculate. Columella
is without plaits. Sculpture consists of microscopic striae.
A thin periostracum may be present or absent. Operculum is
absent.

Radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure 13b
and 13c).

Harpovoluta charcoti (Lamy, 1910)

{Plate 8E and 8F; Figure 13a and 13b)

1910 Buccinum charcoti Lamv. Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 16:318

(baie de TAmiraulte, isle du Roi-Georges, Shetlands du
Sud [Antarctica]).

1911 Buccinum charcoti Lamy, Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique

Erangaise, pp. 4, 5. pi. 1, figs. 1, 2.

1912 Harpovoluta charcoti Thiele, Deutsche Siidpolar Exped.

13:271.

1915 Volutharpa charcoti Lamy, E. A. Smith. Brit. Antarctic
("Terra Nova”) Exped., 1910, Nat. Hist. Rept., Zoology
2 (4); 72, 73.

1923 Volutharpa charcoti Lamy, Eales, ibid.. Zoology 7(l):33-36,
text figs. 34-37 (anatomy and radula).

1951 Harpovoluta charcoti Lamy, Powell. Discovery Reports

26:164.

Eales. 1923).

Figure 13c: Harpovoluta vanhoeffeni lliiele. 1912.
Two radular teeth (after Thiele. 1912).

61

FULGORARINAE

Type: The whereahouts of the type specimen described in
Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 16:318 is not known to the authors.

Type locality: Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South
Shetland Islands (60° long.). West Antarctica.

Range: From the South Shetland Islands, 60° W long., to
Oates Coast, 160° E long., Antarctica — a coastal distance of
approximately 3600 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 180 to 220 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 33.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 20.0 mm; aperture length, 25.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small and very light in weight,
with a low, hlunt spire. A gray-yellowish periostracum is
present. The number of protoconch whorls was not given in
tlie original description. Teleoconch has four and one-half
convex whorls ornamented with fine revolving striae. The
last whorl is axially crossed hy numerous growth lines. Suture
is canaliculate. Outer lip is thin. Aperture is large and
oblong-ovate, about four-fifths the total length of the shell.
Siphonal noteh is wide and indistinct; fasciole absent. Colu-
mella is concave, without plaits and with a very thin callus
that covers the entire parietal area. Color is a uniform, dull
white.

Animal and radula: According to Eales (1923), the strap-
like tentacles and head are flattened dorsoventrally. At the
base of the tentacles are prominent eyes. A long flattened
siphon projects beyond the tentacles and can be rolled to
form an open tube. Near the base is a pair of almost equal
straplike lobes. The penis projects from the right side of the
mantle cavity (see Figure 13a). The ctenidium and osphra-
dium resemble those of other Raehiglossa. The pallial hypo-
branchial gland secretes a purple fluid. Beyond the nerve
ring is a voluminous tubular gland of Leiblein.

The foregoing is only a part of Eales’ rather complete
anatomical description.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Eigure
13b).

Remarks: Eor reasons unknown to us, E. A. Smith (1915)
and Eales (1923) substituted Volutharpa, a buccinoid genus,
lor Thiele’s Harpovoluta.

This very rare species was named in honor of Dr. Charcot,
who directed the expedition to the Antarctic.

Harpovoluta vanhoeffeni Thiele, 1912

(Plate 8A and 8B; Figure 13c)

1912 Harpovoluta vanhoffeni Thiele, Deutsche Siidpolar Exped.

13:213, 214, text hg. 1 (radula); pi. 14, fig. 1 (Gaussberg
[.Antarctica]).

1912 Harpovoluta vanhoeffeni var. striatula Thiele, ibid., p. 214,
pi. 14, fig. 2 (Gaussberg) (holotype, Institut fiir Spezielle
Zoologie und Zoologisches Museum, East Berlin).

1942 Harpovoluta vanhoeffeni vanhoeffeni Thiele, M. Smith, A
Review of the Volutidae, pp. 19, 20 (unfigured).

1942 Harpovoluta vanhoeffeni striatula Thiele, M. Smith, ibid.,

p. 20 (unfigured).

1943 Harpovoluta vanhoeffeni Thiele, Wenz, Handb. Palao. 6(1),

Gastropoda, p. 1326, text fig. 3768.

1948 Harpovoluta vanhoeffeni Thiele, Tomlin, British, Australian
and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (1929-
31) 5(5):229.

Type: Holotype, Institut fiir Spezielle Zoologie und
Zoologisches Museum, East Berlin, No. 62.989.

Type locality; Gaussberg Mountain (a volcanic cone), 89°
E long.. East Antarctica.

Range: Erom off Gaussberg Mountain, 89° E long., East
Antarctica, to Macquarie Island, 550 miles southwest of New
Zealand — a range of approximately 2600 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 33 fathoms off Macquarie Island. No
depth given for the Gaussberg station.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 45.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 26.0 mm; aperture length, 33.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small and very light in weight.
It is ovate with a short, pointed spire. The number of proto-
conch whorls is not given. Teleoconch has about four whorls
overlaid with a thin enamel glaze. The first three whorls ex-
hibit microscopic revolving striae beneath the glaze. This
sculpture disappears on the adult whorl. The suture is in-
dented. Outer lip is thin and sharp. Aperture is wide and
semiovate. Siphonal notch is wide and indistinct; fasciole
absent. Columella is concave, with a slightly projecting,
somewhat curved edge and without plaits. Shell color is a
uniform, dull white.

Animal and radula: The foot is so large it cannot be en-
tirely retracted into the shell. Captain von Hoffen (after
whom the shell was named) stated that the animal secreted
a purple fluid (Thiele, 1912).

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure
13c).

Remarks: A somewhat atypical specimen dredged also from
off Gaussberg was given the varietal name striatula by Thiele
in his original description of vanhoeffeni. According to Thiele
the form was smaller, had a higher spire, and had micro-
scopic striae covering the entire teleoconch. Moreover, the
columella had a higher, more twisted edge than did the
nominate species.

Since these morphological differences are superficial and
since there is no geographical isolation involved, we have
relegated striatula to the synonymy of vanhoeffeni.

The species is known from only two specimens.

Subfamily

CYMBIINAE

H. and A. Adams, 1853

1853 CYMBIINAE H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Recent
Mollusca 1:158-161.

1954 CYMBIINAE H. and A. Adams, Pilsbry and Olsson,
Bull. American Paleo. 35(152):286, 287.

Type GEivus: Cymbium Roding, 1798.

Diagnosis: Shells vary greatly in size, from the relatively
here, contains 40 living species and one subspecies under
six genera and four subgenera.

The table shows the geographical groupings of these
genera, with their subgenera shown in parentheses.

The greatest number of species (16) is concentrated in
Australian waters. Taxa in Cymbiinae have a bathymetric
range from the littoral to 208 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells vary greatly in size, from the relatively
small (54 mm in length) Sigaluta pratasensis Rehder,
1967 to the giant (468 mm in length) Melo (Melocorona)
amphora (Lightfoot, 1786). Protoconch may be large
and sunken into the spire or small and elevated, with or
without axial sculpture. Siphonal notch and fasciole are
present. Periostracum may be present or absent. Oper-
culum is absent.

With the exception of the west African Cymbium,
which are ovoviviparous, all the other genera in this

Western Mediterranean,
west Africa

Cymbium Roding, 1798

Malay Peninsula, Philip-
pines, Indonesia, Aus-
tralia

Melo Broderip [in]
Sowerby I, 1826
[Melocorona Pilsbry
and Olsson, 1954)

Moluccas, Philippines,
Australia, South China
Sea, New Caledonia

Cymbiola Swainson, 1831
[Aulica Gray, 1847)
[Aulicina Rovereto,
1899)

[Cymbiolena Iredale,
’l929)

East Africa

Callipara Gray, 1847

Australia, New Caledonia

Cymbiolacca Iredale,

' 1929

South China Sea

Sigaluta Rehder, 1967

subfamily are believed to be oviparous. The radular rib-
bon is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure 14, page
67).

Genus Cymbium Roding, 1798

1798

1826b

1855a

Cymbium Roding, Museum Boltenianum (2): 151, 153 (type
species. Valuta cymbium Gmelin, 1791, = Valuta
cymbium. Linnaeus, 1758, by tautonymy).

Cymba Broderip [in] Sowerby, Genera of Recent and Fossil
Shells (28):220-222, text figs. 1-8 (type species. Valuta
neptuni Gmelin, 1791, = Valuta pepo Lightfoot, 1786;
by subsequent designation, Hermannsen, 1847).

Yetus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lj^^on (23):51 (type species.

74

Valuta pTabascidalis Lamarck, 1811, = J oluta glans
Gmelin, 1791).

1968 Cymba Marche-Marchad, Comp. Rend. .\cad. Sci. Paris

' 266 (7): 706-709.

1969 Cymbium Roding, Hubert, Australian Newsletter. New

Series No. 5, pp. 1-4.

Type species: Valuta cymbium Gmelin. 1791 (= J oluta
cymbium Linnaeus, 1758); hv tautonvmv; Recent, eastern
Atlantic and western Mediterranean.

63

CYMBIINAE

Distribution: The eight species in the genus Cymbium
are geogra[)hically distributed from tlie western end of the
Mediterranean, the coast of Portugal, the Canary Islands,
then southward to Cameroon, central west Africa.

They have a bathymetric range from the littoral to about
50 fathoms, with only two species, Cymbium cucumis Rbding,
1798 and CYmbium olla (Linnaeus, 1758), coming from deep
water. Their degree of abundance varies from the rather
common Cymbium glans (Gmelin, 1791) to the uncommon
Cymbium rnarocanus (Pallary, 1930).

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to large (90 to 325 mm in
length), cylindrically ovate or globosely ovate, with a low or
sunken and sometimes hidden spire. Protoconch is large,
occasionally calloused, pluglike, and surrounded by a sharp
or rounded ridge which is the posterior shoulder of the adult
body whorl. A periostracum is present, over which an
enamel-like glaze usually covers all or part of the shell. The
radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure 14, page
67).

Remarks: Thiele (1929) placed Cvmba Broderip [in]
Sowerby I, 1826 (= Cymbium Rbding, 1798) as a subgenus
of Cymbium s. 1. in which he incorrectly used Cymbium s. s.
to represent the Indo-Pacific Melo Broderip, 1826.

Recently, Marche-Marchad (1968) has shown that the
west African Cymbium are ovoviviparous, whereas the
Australian Melo are oviparous. Since their incubation spe-
cializations are distinctly different and since there are also
differences in their nervous systems (Clench and Turner,
1964), we agree with Marche-Marchad that Melo merits
autonomous status.

According to Hubert (1969), the cymbiums, with possibly
one or two exceptions [Cymbium cucumis Roding, 1798 and
Cymbium olla (Linnaeus, 1758)], are shallow-water dwellers,
preferring cold water with mud and sand bottoms in quiet
bays, in lagoons, or in the lee of island groups. At times,
however, they are picked up by trawlers in deeper water.

Cymbium cucumis Roding, 1798
(Plate 24E and 24F)

1798 Cymbium cucumis Roding, Museum Boltenianum (2):153
(no locality given) (sole figure Martini, 1777, Concliylien-
Cabinet 3, pi. 70, fig. 765).

1821b Valuta mhiginosa Swainson, Exotic Conchology 1(3), eighth
unnumbered page, 28th plate (2 views) (African or
Oriental Seas) [holotype, British Museum (Natural His-
tory), London). (Not 1822 as usually dated.)

1830 Cymha rubiginosa Swainson, Broderip, Species Conchy-
liorum 1(1);6, 7, figs. 7a. 7b (in Oceano Africano) [non
figs. 7c, 7d, = Yetus rnarocanus Pallary, 1930],

1841 Valuta rubiginosa Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second
edition by Hanley, p. 14, pi. 28.

1861 Cymbium rubiginosum Swainson, Lowe, Proc. Linn. Soc.

London 5:186. 187, 191, 192.

1861 Cymbium rubiginosum angulata Lowe, ibid., p. 192.

1861 Cymbium rubiginosum incurva Lowe, ibid., p. 192.

1861 Cymbium rubiginosum Swainson. Reeve, Conchologia Iconica

13, Cymbium sp. 18, pi. 26, figs. 18a, 18b (North-west
Africa) .

1930 Yetus rubiginosus Swainson, Pallary, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.

Marseille 22(3):66, 67 (unfigured).

1965c Cymbium cymbium Linnaeus, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(7):4, 5, text figs. 5, 6 (non Cymbium cymbium Lin-
naeus, 1758).

1969 Cymbium rubiginosa Swainson, Hubert, Australian News-
letter, New Series No. 5, p. 3, fig. 5 ("off the coast of
Senegal”).

Type: Type figure here limited to Martini, 1777, Con-
chylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 70, fig. 765.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Hubert (1969)
to off the coast of Senegal.

Range: Known only from the general area surrounding the
type locality.

Habitat: In 5 to 25 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 100 to 150 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and is heavy.
It is irregularly cylindrical, with a short spire, blunt at the
apex. Protoconch is large, papillary, and erect. Teleoconch
has about one and a half whorls. The spire is equal to or
higher than the shoulder ridge, which is usually slightly in-
flected. A deep, contracted channel separates the spire from
the shoulder ridge. The adult body whorl is usually heavily
glazed and smooth except for occasional wartlike pustules,
which are formed by sand particles trapped beneath the glaze.
Aperture is narrow and oblong-ovate; interior is chestnut-
brown, darker at the base and inner lip. Columella is arched,
with three oblique plaits. Siphonal notch is rather deep;
fasciole is well defined. Color of shell is a uniform pale
brown, covered by a thin periostracum of the same color.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: The uncommon Cymbium cucumis is closely re-
lated to Cymbium cymbium (Linnaeus, 1758) but does not
have the wide, flat area between the protoconch and shoulder
ridge as in cymbium.

Cymbium cymbium (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Plate 27 A and 27B)

1758 Valuta cymbium Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 773,
no. 374 [in M. fberica (Spanish coast)].

1786 Valuta scafa Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland Museum,
p. 41, no. 969 [Seneg. (Senegal, west Africa)] (based on
Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 70, fig. 764)
(non Valuta scafa Gmelin, 1791, = Valuta nobilis
Lightfoot, 1786).

1791 Valuta cymbium Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3466
(ad Africam, in mari hispanico et americano).

1798 Cymbium jacobinum Roding, Museum Boltenianum (2); 153
(no locality given).

1807 Cymbium unicolor Link, Besch. Nat. Samml. Univ. Rostock
(3):110 (refers to Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3,
fig. 764).

64

Cymbium

1811 Valuta porcina Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist, Nat. 17:61
(I’Ocean africain).

1826b Cymba porcina Lamarck, Broderip [in] Sowerby, Genera
of Recent and Fossil Shells (28):220-222 (2 unnumbered
figs.).

1828 Cvmbium cisium Menke, Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum,
p. 51 (no locality given).

1830 Cvmba porcina Lamarck, Broderip, Species Conchvliorum
1(1) :6, figs. 6a-c, e, g-i, k.

1839 Valuta porcina Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:16, pi. 12 (2 views).

1855 Valuta cymbium Linnaeus, Hanley, Ipsa Linnaei Conchvlia,
p. 237.

1861 Cymbium porcinum Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica
13, Cymbium sp. 12, pi. 20, figs. 12a-d.

1882 Cymbium porcinum Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
' (1)4:79, pi. 22, figs. 3, 4.

1930 Yetus porcinus Lamarck, Pallary, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat.

Marseille 22(3):59-61, pi. 1, fig. 1.

1930 Yetus porcinus var. ampla Pallary, ibid., p. 61, pi. 1, fig. 2
(no locality given).

1930 Yetus cymbium Linnaeus, Pallary, ibid., p. 64.

1942 Cymba proboscidalis "Broderip,” M. Smith, A Review of
the Volutidae, p. 49, pi. 21, fig. 142 [non Valuta pro-
boscidalis Lamarck, 1811, = Valuta plans Gmelin,
1791].

1955 Valuta cymbium Linnaeus, Dodge, Bull. American Mus.
Nat. Hist. 107(1): 138-140.

1963 Cymbium (Cymba) cymbium Linnaeus, Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:103, pi. 85, fig. 6.

1965c Cymbium cymbium Linnaeus, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(7):4, 5, text figs. 3, 4 (non figs. 5, 6, = Cymbium
cucumis Roding, 1798).

1967b Cymbium cymbium (Linnaeus), Rehder, Proc. United States
' Nat. Mus. 121(3579):10, 23.

Type: Holotype not designated. In the Linnaean collection in
London, a specimen of the porcina of Lamarck, 1811 is
authoritatively marked by Linnaeus for Valuta cymbium
(fide Hanley, 1855 and Dodge, 1955). For a typical figure of
the cymbium of Linnaeus, see Reeve, 1861, vol. 13, Cym-
bium, pi. 20, figs. 12a-d.

Type locality: "In M. Iberica.” Here restricted to waters
off Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, where live specimens,
typical of the species, have been taken (Weaver, 1965c).

Range: From the Canary Islands to Senegal, west Africa.
Habitat: In 5 to 25 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 100 to 155 mm in length.

Shell description; Shell is of medium size and rather
solid. It is cylindrically ovate with a very low, sunken spire,
blunt at the apex. The protoconch, which can seldom be seen
above the sharply raised posterior shoulder edge, is pluglike
in shape and is glazed over so that the whorls are difficult to
count. Teleoconch has about one and a half whorls. The adult
body whorl usually forms the total length of the shell, with
the shoulder rising posteriorly as a sharp ridge with a flat,
wide platform between it and the sunken protoconch. Surface
sculpture is absent; however, the glaze, which often covers
the brown periostracum, sometimes contains grains of sand

that form pustules, giving the surface a rough appearance.
Aperture is long, narrow, and oblong. Outer lip is thin and
simple. Columella is concave, usually with two or occasionally
three oblique plaits. Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole is well
defined. Base color is a uniform pale brown or brownish-red
in live specimens; dead shells are often ivory in color.

Animal and radula: According to Hubert (1969), the
animal is cream with dots and splotches of gray-brown over-
laying smaller orange dots.

Remarks: The United States National Museum has recently
revised its collection of this group and follows Hanley in
treating Voluta cymbium as equal to Valuta porcina Lamarck,
1811 and Cymbium cisium Menke, 1828.

There seems to be no reason against establishing the name
cymbium Linnaeus and throwing both porcina and cisium
into its synonymy. This is based almost entirely on the
authority of the specimen in the Linnaean collection, although
the correct locality given by Linnaeus, "M. Iberica,” is a
confirmatory detail.

Cymbium cymbium is a rather common species.

Cymbium glans (Gmelin, 1791)

(Plate 24A and 24B)

1791 Valuta glans Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3468
(occidentale Africae). [We here limit the type figures to
Chemnitz, 1788, Conchylien-Cabinet 10(1):144, pi. 148,
figs. 1393, 1394, a juvenile specimen.]

1811 Voluta proboscidalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:60
[I’Ocean des Philippines (in error)].

1826b Cymba proboscidalis Broderip [in] Sowerby, Genera of Re-
cent and Fossil Shells (28):221, text fig. 3.

1830 Cymba proboscidalis Lamarck, Broderip, Species Conchy-
liorum 1(1) :5, 6, figs. 5c, 5d (figs. 5a and 5b are un-
identifiable juveniles).

1839 Voluta proboscidalis Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles
Vivantes, Voluta 3:15, pi. 11 (2 views).

1855a Yetus proboscidalis Lamarck, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23):52 (W. coast of Africa; Senegal; Gambia).

1861 Cymbium proboscidalis Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia
Iconica 13, Cymbium sp. 11, pi. 19, fig. 11a (west
Africa).

1882 Cymbium proboscidalis Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of Con-

chology (1)4:79, pi. 22, figs. 1, 2, (non figs. 3, 4. =
Voluta cymbium Linnaeus, 1758).

1883 Yetus (Cymba) proboscidalis P. Fischer, Manuel de Con-

chyliologie, p. 606, pi. 7, fig. 12.

1930 Yetus proboscidalis Lamarck. Pallarv, Ann. Mus. d'Hist.

Nat. Marseille 22(3):62-64, pi. 1. fig. 6.

1930 Yetus proboscidalis var. producta Pallarv, ibid., p. 64.

1963 Cymbium (Cymba) glans Gmelin, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells oi the World Illustrated in Colours 1:103
(unfigured).

1965c Cymbium glans Gmelin, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(7):4, 5, text figs. 1, 2.

Type: Type figures here limited to Chemnitz, 1788. Con-
chylien-Cabinet 10(1):144, pi. 148, figs. 1393. 1394 (a

65

CYMBIINAE

juvenile specimen). For a figure of a typical adult specimen
see Reeve, 1861, Conchologia Iconica 13, Cymbium sp. 11,
pi. 19, fig. 11a.

Type locality: "Occidentale Africae.” Here restricted to
waters off Accra, Ghana, west Africa, where live specimens
have recently been taken.

Range: From Senegal to the Gulf of Guinea, west Africa.
Habitat: From the littoral to about 6 fathoms.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 250 to 325 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is the largest in the genus and is
light in weight. It is cylindrically ovate but swells in the cen-
ter; the spire is sunken. An irregular, pluglike protoconch
is barely visible or hidden under a callus in fully adult speci-
mens. Teleoconch has about one and a half whorls, the adult
body whorl forming the total length of the shell. The sharp,
raised, posterior edge of the shoulder is reflected outward,
exposing, on the inside, a wide, sunken, snoutlike area that
replaces the spire. Surface sculpture is absent except on some
specimens which have wartlike pustules. A dark-brown
periostracum is covered by an enamel-like glaze on adult
shells. Aperture is long, narrow, and oblong; interior color
is a rich creamy-orange. Outer lip is thin and simple.
Columella is concave, with four oblique plaits, the first
anterior plait being the weakest. Siphonal notch is deep;
fasciole is strong and defined by a raised ridge. Base color
of the shell is a uniform, rich, creamy-brown. Where the
raised posterior rim is reflected, the color changes to a dark
chocolate-brown.

Animal and radula: According to Hubert (1969), the
animal is a soft but wrinkled, dirty brown with a yellowish-
white foot.

Remarks: Early authors often considered Voluta porcina
Lamarck, 1811 (= Voluta cymbium Linnaeus, 1758) to be
the young of Voluta glans Gmelin, 1791.

Cymbium glans is a rather common species.

Cymbium marmoratum Link, 1807
{Plate 24C and 24D)

1807 Cymbium marmoratum Link, Besch. Nat. Samml. Univ.

Rostock (1):110 (sole figure reference is Martini, 1777,
Conchylien-Cabinet 3, figs. 762, 763) (Africa).

1826b Cymba cymbium Linnaeus. Broderip [in] Sowerby, Genera
of Recent and Fossil Shells (28):220-222. fig. 2 (non
Voluta cymbium Linnaeus. 1758).

1830 Cymba gracilis Broderip, Species Concbyliorum 1(1):7, figs.

8a-d (locality unknown). [We here limit the type figure to
Martini, 1777, Conchvlien-Cabinet 3, pi. 70, figs. 762,
763.1

1830 Cymba cymbium Linnaeus, Broderip, ibid., p. 7, figs. 9a-d
(in Oceano Africaine) {non Voluta cymbium Linnaeus,
1758).

1839 Voluta cymbium Lamarck. Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Voluta 3:12, 13, pi. 13 (2 views) (I'Ocean Atlantique,
les cotes du Senegal).

1861 Cymbium cisium Menke, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 13,
Cymbium sp. 13, pi. 21, figs. 13a, 13b {non Cymbium
cwium Menke, 1828, = Fo/uta crm6t«m Linnaeus, 1758).
1882 Cymbium cisium Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:79, pi. 22, figs. 5, 7, 8 {non Cymbium cisium Menke,
1828, = Voluta cymbium Linnaeus, 1758).

1930 Yetus gracilis Broderip, Pallary, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.

Marseille 22(3):64-66, pi. 2, figs. 8, 9.

1930 Yetus gracilis var. modica Pallary, ibid., p. 66 (unfigured)
(no locality given).

1942 Cymba cisium gracilis Broderip, M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 48, pi. 22, fig. 149.

1965c Cymbium cisium (Menke), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(7):5, text figs. 11, 12.

Type: Type figure here limited to Martini, 1777, Con-
chylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 70, figs. 762, 763.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Kiener (1839):
off the coast of Senegal, west Africa.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: From the littoral to about 5 fathoms on or under
rocks.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 125 to 175 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is medium in size and not heavy.
It is ovate with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is globose and
raised. Suture is indented. Teleoconch has two or more smooth
whorls. The adult body whorl, which is almost as long as the
total length of the shell, has a sharply raised ridge at the
shoulder, thus forming a wide spiral channel between the
ridge and the spire. Aperture is long and semiovate. Outer
lip is slightly beveled and simple. Columella is deeply arched,
usually with three very oblique plaits. Siphonal notch is
deep; fasciole is strong and defined by a raised ridge. The
base color of the shell is a marbled white and brownish-red,
covered by a thin, brown periostracum.

Animal and radula: According to Hubert (1969), the
animal is chocolate-brown with white spotting.

Remarks: In form, the uncommon Cymbium marmoratum
is intermediate between the narrowly cylindrical Cymbium
cymbium (Linnaeus, 1758) and the swollen, globose Cym-
bium pepo (Lightfoot, 1786). It differs from the latter by the
presence of color markings (the other two are unicolored)
and in having a low but raised spire.

Cymbium marocanus (Pallary, 1930)

(Plate 25C and 25D)

1830 Cymba rubiginosa Swainson, Broderip, Species Conchy-
liorum 1(1) :6, 7, figs. 7c, 7d [non Voluta mbiginosa
Swainson, 1821, = Cymbium cucumis Roding, 1798].

1882 Cymbium rubiginosum Swainson, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:79, pi. 22, fig. 6 [non Voluta rubiginosa
Swainson, 1821, = Cymbium cucumis Roding, 1798].

1930 Yetus marocanus Pallary, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Marseille

66

Cymbium

22(3):67, 68, pi. 1, fig. 4 [de Mogador a Agadir
(Morocco)].

1930 Yetus mawcanus var. dilitata Pallary, ibid.^ p. 68 (unfig-
ured) (sud du Maroc).

1965c Cymbium mawcanus (Pallary), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 13(7):5, text figs. 13, 14.

Type: Holotype in the Pallary collection, France.

Type locality: "de Mogador a Agadir,” between Essaouira
[formerly Mogador] and Agadir, Morocco, northwest Africa.

Range: From Essaouira to Agadir, Morocco, then south to
the Spanish Sahara.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 115 to 155 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is medium in size. It is cylin-
drically ovate, is inflected at the posterior and anterior ends,
and has a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is large, papillary, and
erect. Teleoconch has about one smooth whorl and is sepa-
rated from the protoconch by a slight depression. The
shoulder ridge is inflected. Aperture is narrowly elongate;
interior is flesh colored with some areas that are whitish to
reddish. Outer lip is elevated anteriorly, forming an oblique
bevel which is slightly inflected. Columella is arched, with
three oblique plaits. Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole is
strongly defined. Base color of shell is a pale brown, some-
times with whitish blotches on the dorsal area.

Animal and radula: According to Hubert (1969), the ani-
mal is gaudily colored with a cream base spotted and splashed
with varying shades of blue, green, rose, and orange. This
coloration is in marked contrast to the uniform slate gray of
Cymbium pepo (Lightfoot, 1786).

Remarks: Cymbium mawcanus is a rather rare species. It
resembles Cymbium pepo (Lightfoot, 1786) in shape, but the
animals are completely different in color.

Cymbium olla (Linnaeus, 1758)

{Plate 26C and 26D; Figure 14)

1758 Valuta olla Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 734, no.

375 [in Philippinis Asiae (in error)] (tvpe figure here
limited to Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, fig. 766).
1798 Cymbium philipinum Roding, Museum Boltenianum (2):152
(no locality given) (based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien-
Cabinet 3, pi. 71, fig. 766).

1811 Valuta olla Linnaeus, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.

17:60 ( rOcean des grandes Indes [in error]).

1817 Cymbium papillatum Schumacher, Essai vers Testaces,
p. 237 (no locality given).

1830 Cymba olla Linnaeus, Broderip, Species Conchyliorum
1(1):6, figs, la-d (in mari Mediterraneo; Gibraltar).

1839 Valuta olla Linnaeus, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:11, pi. 14 (2 views).

1855a Yetus olla Linnaeus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):51.
1861 Cymbium pwductum Lowe, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 5:191.

Figure 14: Cymbium olla (Linnaeus, 1758). a, Section
of radular ribbon enlarged (after Schacko, 1881). b. More
complete section of radular ribbon (after Schacko, 1881). c,
Radular tooth (after Troschel, 1867). (a, b, and c not to
scale.)

1861 Cymbium olla Linnaeus, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 13,
Cymbium sp. 17, pi. 25, fig. 17a; pi. 26, fig. 17b.

1870 Cymbium papillatum Schumacher, Hidalgo, Moloscos Mari-
nos de Espana 2:2-4, pi. 4, fig. 3 (Costa del Atlantico v
del Mediterraneo).

1881 Cymbium olla Linnaeus, Schacko [in] von Martens, Conch.

Mitth. 2:123-126, pi. 24, figs. 3, 4 (radular ribbon).

1882 Cymbium olla Linnaeus, Tryon, Manual of Conchology

■ (1)4:80, pi. 22, fig. 13.

1930 Yetus pwductus Lowe, Pallary, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.

Marseille 22(3):68-70. pi. 2, fig. 12.

1930 Yetus turriculatus Pallarv, ibid., pp. 70, 71, pi. 1. fig. 5
(entre Agadir et le cap ,Iuby).

1942 Cymba olla (Linnaeus), M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 49, pi. 21, fig. 145.

1955 Valuta olla Linnaeus, Dodge, Bull. American Mus. Nat.
Hist. 107(1):140-144.

1%2 Cymbium philipinum Rdding, Abbott, Sea Shells of the
World, p. 103 (bottom left fig.).

1963 Cymbium [Cymba) olla Linnaeus. Shikama et Horikoshi.

Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:10.3.
text fig. 152.

1964 Cymbium papillatum Schumacher, Clench and Turner. John-

sonia 4(43): 137.

1965c Cymbium olla (Linnaeus). eaver. Hawaiian Shell News
13(7):4, 5, text figs. 9. 10.

67

CYMBIINAE

Type: Type figure here limited to Martini, 1777, Conchylien-
Cabinet 3, pi. 71, fig. 766.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Broderip
(1830): "Gibraltar.”

Range: From the southern coast of Spain south-southeast to
Oran, Algeria, then south along the northwest coast of Africa
to Agadir, Morocco.

Habitat: Dredged in 25 to 50 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 90 to 115 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is relatively small and not heavy.
It is ovate and broadly inflated, with an exposed, rounded
apex. Protoconch is subconical and raised on a low spire.
Teleoconch has about two smooth whorls, the adult body
whorl being very inflated. The shoulder ledge is curled in-
ward, forming a deep, narrow channel between itself and the
penultimate whorl. Aperture is wide and semiovate. Outer lip
is beveled; the upper part is arched where the ledge curls
inward. Columella is deeply curved, with two oblique plaits.
Parietal area is heavily glazed; the glaze sometimes covers
two thirds of the shell. Siphonal notch is wide and deep;
fasciole is well defined by a ridge. The base color is usually
reddish to rusty-brown (sometimes fulvous), covered by a
thin, pale-brown periostracum.

Animal and radlla: According to Clench and Turner
(1964), the nervous system of Cymbium papillatum Schu-
macher, 1817 [= Cymbium olla (Linnaeus, 1758)] is similar
to that of Valuta neptuni Gmelin, 1791 [= Cymbium pepo
(Lightfoot, 1786)]. The radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth (see Figure 14).

It is also interesting to note that Rfiding cited the same
figure, no. 766, in Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3,
pi. 71 for both his Cymbium philipinum and his Cymbium
melo [non Melo melo (Lightfoot, 1786)].

Cymbium olla is an uncommon species.

Cymbium pachyus (Pallary, 1930)

{Plate 25A and 25B)

1930 Yetus pachyus Pallary, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Marseille
22(3):75, text fig. 2 [Douala, dans le Cameroun (Came-
roon)].

Type: Holotvpe in the Dautzenberg collection, Paris.

Type locality: Douala, Cameroon, central west Africa.

Range: From the Bight of Biafra to Douala, Cameroon,
central west Africa.

Habitat: From the littoral to about 5 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 90 to 120 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is medium in size and rather
heavy. It is irregularly ovate, with a low, projecting spire.
Protoconch is globose, raised and surrounded by an almost
flat area bordered by a blunt ridge at the outer edge of the
adult body whorl shoulder. Teleoconch has about two smooth,

68

glazed-over whorls with occasional pustules formed by sand
particles trapped under the glaze. Aperture is wide and
dilated below the midsection. Outer lip is thickened and
simple. Columella is arched, with three strong, oblique plaits.
Occasionally there is a fourth very weak anterior plait.
Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole strong. Base color is a uni-
form reddish-brown.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: In shape, this species somewhat resembles Cym-
bium olla (Linnaeus, 1758), but it lacks the arched ridge on
the shoulder of the body wborl and bas a lower spire. The
area between tbe protoconch and outer ridge is almost flat,
similar to that found in Cymbium cymbium (Linnaeus, 1758),
but the ridge is stronger in pachyus.

The uncommon Cymbium pachyus occupies the southern-
most waters of any species in the genus.

Cymbium pepo (Lightfoot, 1786)

{Plate 26A and 26B)

1786 Valuta pepo Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland Museum,
p. 87, no. 1940 (no localitv given) [type figure limited by
Rehder (1967b) to Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet
3:52, figs. 768-770, a juvenile specimen].

1791 Valuta neptuni Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3467
[in sinu persico (Persian Gulf) (in error)].

1791 Valuta navicula Gmelin, ibid., p. 3467 (no locality given).

1791 Valuta papillaris Gmelin, ibid., p. 3467 (no locality given).

1798 Cymbium praeputium Roding, Museum Boltenianum (2):152,
no. 1910, refers to Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3,
fig. 768.

1798 Cymbium guttatum Roding, ibid., p. 152, no. 1909, refers to
Martini, ibid., fig. 770.

1830 Cymba tritonis Broderip, Species Conchyliorum 1(1);5, figs.
3, 3a, 3b (in Oceano Africano).

1830 Cymba patula Broderip, ibid., p. 5, figs. 4, 4b (in Oceano
Africano).

1839 Valuta neptuni Gmelin, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:13, 14, pi. 1 (shell with animal); pi. 9, fig. 1
(Habite I’Ocean Africain, les cotes du Senegal).

1855a Yetus navicula Gmelin, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23):52 (w. coast of Africa; Gambia).

1855a Yetus neptuni Gmelin, Gray, ibid., p. 52.

1861 Cymbium neptuni Gmelin, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 13,
Cymbium sp. 14, pi. 22, fig. 14a; pi. 23, fig. 14b.

1861 Cymbium navicula Gmelin, Reeve, ibid., Cymbium sp. 15,
pi. 24, figs. 15a-c.

1861 Cymbium patulum Broderip, Reeve, ibid., Cymbium sp. 16,
pi. 25, figs. 16a, 16b.

1882 Cymbium neptuni Gmelin, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:80, pi. 1, fig. 3; pi. 22, figs. 9-12.

1887 Valuta neptunei [sic] Gmelin, Bouvier, Annales des Sciences
Naturelles (7)3:301, 302.

1930 Yetus neptuni Gmelin, Pallary, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.

Marseille 22 (3): 71-73, pi. 2, fig. 7 (de Port-Etienne au
sud de la Senegambie).

1930 Yetus tritonis Broderip, Pallary, ibid., pp. 73, 74, pi. 2, fig.
11.

1930 Yetus tritonis var. minor-ponderosa Pallary, ibid., p. 74 (no
localitv given).

Melo

1930 Yetus patulus Broderip, Pallary, ibid., pp. 74, 75, pi. 2, fig.

10 (entre le Senegal et le Cameroun).

1942 Cymba pepo pepo (Solander), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 48, pi. 21, fig. 144.

1962 Cymbium pepo Solander, Ahhott, Sea Shells of the World,

p. 103 (bottom right fig.).

1963 Cymbium (Cymba) pepo Solander, Shikama et Horikoshi,

Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:103,
pi. 85, fig. 7.

1965c Cymbium pepo (Solander), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(7):4, 5, text figs. 7, 8.

1967b Cymbium pepo (Lightfoot), Rehder, Proc. United States Nat.

■ Mus. 121 (3579) :16.

Type: Type figure limited by Rehder (1967) to Martini,
1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 71, fig. 768.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Kiener (1839)
to the coast of Senegal.

Range: From Bahia de Rio de Oro, Spanish Sahara, south-
ward to the Gulf of Guinea.

Habitat: From the littoral to about 5 fathoms. Composition
of the substrate is a mixture of sand and mud.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 130 to 250 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is somewhat variable in shape,
but typically it is rather large and heavy. It is globosely ovate,
with the spire sunken below the shoulder of the adult body
whorl. The large, pluglike protoconch is usually concealed
by a heavy callus, but it sometimes is slightly visible. An
excavated channel separates the apex from the shoulder ridge,
which is reflected inward. Teleoconch has about one and a
half smooth whorls. Aperture is wide and semiovate. Outer
lip is beveled, flaring upward and outward at the posterior
end. Columella is deeply arched, with three or four strong,
oblique plaits. Parietal area is heavily glazed over, the glaze
covering about one fourth of the shell. Siphonal notch is wide
and deep; fasciole is well defined by a raised ridge. The base
color of the shell is a brownish-red, sometimes faintly mottled
with white. The entire surface is covered by a heavy, brown
periostracum.

Animal and radula: Bouvier (1887) described and figured
the nervous system of Valuta, neptuni Gmelin, 1791 [= Cym-
bium pepo (Lightfoot, 1786)] and showed that the supra-
intestinal ganglion was widely separated from the right
pleural ganglion.

Remarks: Cymbium pepo is an uncommon species. It some-
what resembles the uncommon Cymbium marmoratum Link,
1807 but is more ovate and does not have the brown and
white mottled coloring.

Genus Melo Broderip [in]
Sowerby I, 1826

1826b Melo Broderip [in] Sowerby, Genera of Recent and Fossil
Shells (28):223, 224 (type species, Voluta melo Lightloot.
1786; by tautonymy).

1968 Cymbium, Marche-Marchad, Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris
266(7) ;706-709 (non Cymbium Roding, 1798).

Type species: Voluta melo Lightfoot, 1786; by tautonymy;
Recent, Malaysia and the south China Sea.

Distribution: The seven living species in this genus inhabit
tropical and semitropical waters of the eastern Indian Ocean
and western Pacific Ocean. The major concentration of
species is located in waters surrounding the Australian con-
tinent.

The species in Melo have a bathymetric range from the
littoral to 10 fathoms. Their degree of abundance varies from
the common Melocorona amphora (Lightfoot, 1786) to the
uncommon Melocorona aethiopica (Linnaeus, 1758).

Diagnosis: Shells are large to extremely large (175 to 468
mm in length), narrowly ovate to globosely ovate, with an
exposed or hidden spire. Protoconch is smooth, large, and
dome shaped. Teleoconch is smooth or coronated, and it is
covered by a periostracum. A suture channel may be present
or absent. Columella has several strong plaits.

Recently, Marche-Marchad (1968) has shown that the west
African Cymbium are ovoviviparous, whereas the Australian
Melo are oviparous. Since their incubation specializations
are distinctly different and since there are also differences in
their nervous systems (Clench and Turner, 1964), we agree
with Marche-Marchad that Melo merits autonomous status.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure 15).

Remarks: Because the names in the Museum Calonnianum
have been declared invalid, we have omitted Melo Humphrey,
1797 from that source in our svnonvmy.

Subgenus Melo sensu stricto

Type species: Voluta melo Lightfoot, 1786; by tautonymy;
Recent, Malaysia and south China Sea.

Distribution: The only known living species in Melo s. s.
is found in waters off Singapore, Malavsia, and the south
China Sea.

Diagnosis: Shell is without shoulder coronations. The pro-
toconch and suture channel are completely hidden in fully
adult specimens. In all other respects, it is equal to the ge-
neric diagnosis.

Remarks: Melo s. s. differs from the subgenus Melocorona
Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 principally by having neither
shoulder coronations nor a visible suture channel. The proto-
conch is completely hidden in fully adult specimens.

Melo (Melo) melo (Lightfoot, 1786)

(Plate 28C and 28D)

1 1 86 f oluta melo Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland Museum.

p. 41. no. 969 (no locality given) [type figures limited by
Rehder (1967b) to Martini. 1777. Conchvlien-Cabinet 3.
pi. 72. figs. 772, 77.3] .

1786 I oluta anguria Lightfoot, ibid., p. 64. no. 1448 [.■\frican
Melon (in error)].

69

CYMBIINAE

1791 Valuta indica Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3467
[in inari indica (Indian Ocean)].

1798 Cymbium maculalum Rdding, Museum Boltenianum (2):152
(no locality given) (type figures based on Martini, 1777,
Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 72, bgs. 772, 773).

1807 Valuta citrina Fischer, Museum Demidofl 3:167 (refers to
Martini, 1777, Conchvlien-Cabinet 3, pi. 72, fig. 772)
(Mers des Indes).

1839 Valuta melo Solander, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:14. pi. 15 (2 views) [vers la Nouvelle-Hollande
(in error)[.

1861 Cymbium indicum Gmelin, Reeve, Gonchologia Iconica 13,
Cymbium sp. 9, pi. 17, fig. 9a; pi. 18, fig. 9b (Eastern
Seas).

1882 Mela indica Gmelin, Tryon, Manual of Conchology (1)4:80,
pi. 23, fig. 14 (Indian Ocean).

1942 Cymbium mela (Solander), M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 47, pi. 21, fig. 141; pi. 26, fig. 184.

1962 Mela mela Solander, Abbott, Sea Shells of the World, p. 102

(upper right fig.).

1963 Cymbium (Cymbium) melo Solander, Shikama et Horikoshi,

Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Golours 1:102,
pi. 85, fig. 1.

1964h Melo melo Solander, Weaver, 2nd Provisional Species List
of Living Volutidae, p. 6.

1967b Cymbium (Melo) melo (Lightfoot), Rehder, Proc. United
’ States Nat. Mus. 121 (3579) :10.

1968 Melo melo Lightfoot, Abbott, Sea Shells of the World, re-
vised edition, p. 102.

Type: Type figures limited by Rehder (1967b) to Martini,
1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 72, figs. 772, 773.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Weaver (1964h)
to waters off Singapore, Malaysia.

Range: The waters surrounding Singapore, Malaysia, and
the south China Sea.

Habitat: From the littoral to about 5 fathoms on a muddy
substrate (Johnson, in lilt.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 175 to 275 mm in length.

Figure 15: Valuta nautica Lamarck, 1822 [= Melo
(Melocawna) aethiopica (Linnaeus, 17.58)]. Radular tooth
(after Troschel, 1867) (not to scale).

Shell description: Shell is moderate in size, globose, and
heavy. In fully adult specimens the protoconch is completely
covered by the adult body whorl. Protoconch is papillary
and smooth. Teleoconch has about one and a half smooth
whorls. The adult body whorl forms the total length of the
shell. The shell neither is coronated nor shows a channeled
suture. Aperture is very wide, contracting posteriorly. Outer
lip is beveled and simple. Columella is arched, with three
strong, oblique plaits. A glaze covers the parietal area.
Siphonal notch is wide and deep; fascicle is well defined.
Base color is ivory, yellowish-orange, or yellow-brown with
several revolving bands of chestnut-brown blotches. The
entire shell is covered by a thin, brown periostracum.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Subgenus Melocorona Pilsbry
and Olsson, 1954

1954 Melocorona Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.
35(152):294, 295.

Type species: Melo broderipii (Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834);
by original designation; Recent, Philippines.

Distribution: The six living species in this subgenus in-
habit the tropical or semitropical waters of the eastern Indian
Ocean and western Pacific Ocean.

Diagnosis: Shell is coronated at the shoulder with strong,
elevated, furrowed spines. The protoconch is visible at all
stages of growth. In all other respects it is equal to the generic
diagnosis.

Remarks: Melocorona differs from Melo s. s. by having
shoulder coronations and a visible protoconch and suture
line.

Melo (Melocorona) aethiopica (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Plate 27E and 27F; Figures 15 and 16)

1758 Valuta aethiopica Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p.

735, no. 373 [in M. Persia, & Key Asaie (Persian Sea)
(in error)] [type figure limited by Hanley (1855) to
Gualtieri, 1742, Index Testarum Conchyliorum, pi. 29,
fig. I].

1798 Cymbium aethiopicum Roding, Museum Boltenianum (2):

151 (type figure based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien-
Gabinet 3, pi. 75, fig. 784).

1811 Valuta tesselata Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:58
(no locality given) (type figure based on Buonanni, 1684,
Recreatio Mentis et Oculi, fig. 1).

1822 Valuta nautica Lamarck, Animaux sans Vertebres 7:329
(FOcean asiatique) (type figure based on Martini, 1777,
Conchylien-Gabinet 3, pi. 75, fig. 785).

1824 Melo aethiopicus Quoy and Gaimard [in] Freycinet, Voyage
autour Monde, ZooL, pi. 71, fig. 1 (2 views of animal).

1839 Valuta nautica Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes

70

Melo

Figure 16: Melo (Melocownu) aethiopira (Linnaeus. 1758). a. Shell remnved; organs in natural
position, b, Shell showing expanded foot and head of animal (after (^)uov and Gaimard. 1824).

71

CYMBIINAE

Valuta 3:5, 6, pi. 2 (2 views); pi. 3 (2 views) [I'Ocean
Atlantique (in error)].

1855a Cvmhium aethiopicum Menke, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don (23):54 (Indian Ocean).

1860 Cymbium aethiopicum Linnaeus, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica

13, Cymbium sp. 1, pi. 1, Hg. la; pi. 2, figs, lb, Ic (east-
ern Seas).

1861 Cymbium tessallatum |sic| Lamarck, Reeve, ibid., Cymbium

sp. 10, pi. 18, bgs. lOa-c (4 views) (eastern Seas).

1864a Mela aethiopicus Linnaeus, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy-
liorum 3(23), 1st suppL, p. 272, pi. 262, fig. 33.

1866 Mela nautica Lamarck, Troschel, Das Gebiss der Schnecken
2:55, pi. 5, fig. 2 [1867] (radula).

1882 Mek) tessellata ]src] Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:80, 81, pi. 23, figs. 15, 16 (Indian Ocean).

1882 Mela aethiopicus Linnaeus, Tryon, ibid., p. 81, pi. 23, fig.
17.

1882 Mela aethiopica var. nautica Linnaeus, Tryon. ibid., p. 81,
pi. 13, fig. 19.

1930 Cymbium aethiopicum var. aurantium Finch, Journal of
Conchology 19(2) ;55 (localitv unknown) (type figures
based on Reeve, 1860, Conchologia Iconica 13, Cymbium
sp. 1, pi. 2, figs, lb, Ic).

1942 Cymbium aethiopica aethiopica (Linnaeus), M. Smith, A Re-
view of the Volutidae, p. 45, pi. 22, fig. 150.

1942 Cymbium aethiopica nautica (Lamarck), M. Smith, ibid., pp.
' 45. 46, pi. 22, fig. 151.

1942 Cymbium tessellata [sic] (Lamarck) M. Smith, ibid., p. 47,
■ pi. 22, fig. 152.

1954 Mela nautica Lamarck, Pilsbrv and Olsson, Bull. American
Paleo. 35(152);304. pi. 27, fig. 13 (radular tooth).

Type: Type figure limited by Hanley (1855) to Gualtieri,
1742, Index Testarum Conchylioruin, pi. 29, fig. I.

Type locality: We have no exact locality data for this
species other than the general area "Indonesia.”

Range: Indonesia.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 200 to 250 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is moderate in size and heavy.
It is globose and almost as wide as it is high. The spire is
usually sunken below the shoulder spines. Protoconch is
large and dome shaped, with about four smooth whorls.
Teleoconch has about two smooth whorls, the shoulders of
which are entirely coronated with numerous, closely spaced,
sharp spines that curve inward over tlie low protoconch.
Aperture is very wide. Outer lip is beveled, simple, and
arched above the spire. Columella is concave, with three
strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is wide and
deep; fasciole is strong and defined by a low ridge. Color is
variable. In some populations the shells are yellowish, over-
laid with several revolving bands of chestnut blotches.
Typically the shell is a uniform reddish-yellow with two
broad, light-colored revolving bands showing through. A
thin, hrown periostracum is present.

Animal and radula: The radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth (see Figure 15).

Remarks: Some contemporary authors have incorrectly

used the name aethiopica for the Philippine melon shell,
which should properly be called Melo broderipii (Criffith
and Pidgeon, 1834).

Compared to Melocorona aethiopica, Melo broderipii is a
much larger shell with more numerous and more erect
shoulder spines. Furthermore, the protoconch appears above
the spines. When we know more about the anatomy and dis-
tribution of aethiopica, Melo broderipii (Criffith and Pidgeon,
1834) may be downgraded to subspecific status under that
species.

Melo (Melocorona) amphora (Lightfoot, 1786)
{Plates 2 [bottom], 30, and 31 )

1786 Valuta amphora Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland Mu-
seum, p. 30, no. 708 [China (in error)] [type figure limited
by Rehder (1967b) to Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet
3, pi. 74, fig. 780],

1786 Valuta cithara Lightfoot, ibid., p. 96, no. 2122 [Japan (in
error)] (type figures based on Seba. 1758, Locuplet.
Rerum Nat. 3, pi. 65, figs. 1, 2) [non Valuta cithara
Lamarck, 1803, =: Athleta (Neoathleta) citharoedus Hol-
ten, 1802, a fossil species in Volutidae (fide Rehder,
1967b)].

1786 Valuta haustrum Lightfoot, ibid., p. 137, no. 3054 [China
(in error)] (type figure based on Martini, 1777, Conchy-
lien-Cabinet 3, pi. 74, fig. 781).

1798 Cymbium fiammeum Roding, Museum Boltenianum (2): 151
(no locality given) (type figure based on Martini, 1777,
Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 74, fig. 780).

1811 Valuta diadema Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:57
(I’Ocean asiatique) (type figure based on Martini, 1777,
Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 74, fig. 780).

1811 Valuta armata Lamarck, ibid., p. 57 [mers du Cap de Bonne-
Esperance (Cape of Good Hope) (in error)] (type figures
based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 76,
figs. 787, 788).

1826b Mela diadema Lamarck, Broderip [in] Sowerby, Genera of
Recent and Fossil Shells (28), 2 unnumbered plates.

1829 Valuta regia Schubert and Wagner [in] Martini and Chem-
nitz, Conchylien-Cabinet 12(1);13, pi. 218, figs. 3038,
3039 (no locality given).

1839 Valuta armata Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:8, 9, pi. 7 (2 views); pi. 8 (2 views); pi. 9, fig.
2 (2 views).

1839 Valuta diadema Lamarck, Kiener, ibid., p. 9, fig. 2 (2
views).

1860 Cymbium regium Schubert and Wagner, Reeve, Conchologia

Iconica 13, Cymbium sp. 2, pi. 3, figs. 2a, 2b; pi. 4, figs.
2c, 2d (locality?).

1861 Cymbium diadema Lamarck, Reeve, ibid., Cymbium sp. 7,

pi. 14, fig. 7a; pi. 15, figs. 7b, 7c (Eastern Seas).

1882 Valuta aethiopica var. regia Schubert and Wagner, Tryon,
Manual of Conchology (1)4:81, pi. 23, fig. 18 [non Valuta
aethiopica Linnaeus, 1758]. [Tryon also figured the fol-
lowing synonyms of amphora: Melo diadema (Lamarck),
pi. 23, figs. 22-27 (non fig. 28, = Valuta miltonis
Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834); Melo armata (Lamarck),
pi. 23, figs. 24, 25.]

1942 Cymbium aethiopicum regia (Schubert and Wagner), M.

Smith, A Review of the Volutidae, p. 46, pi. 22, fig. 153.
[M. Smith also figured the following synonyms of

Melo

amphora'. Cymbium cithara cithara (Solander), pi. 22, fig.
46; Cymbium cithara armata (Lamarck), pi. 21, fig. 40].
1954 Melo amphora knighti Jackson, The Marine Zoologist 1(2):

35-37, pi. 2, fig. 1 [Gloucester Passage, on the eastern
side of Cape Gloucester (Queensland, Australia)] (holo-
type, the Australian Museum, Sydney).

1962i Melo amphora (Solander), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
11(1):5, text figs. 1, 2.

1963 Cymbium {Cymbium) amphora (Solander), Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:102, pi. 85, fig. 3.

1967b Cymbium (Melo) amphora (Lightfoot), Rehder, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 121(3579):9.

Type: Type figure limited by Rehder (1967b) to Martini,
1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 74, fig. 780.

Type locality: Here restricted to Shark Bay, central West-
ern Australia, where live specimens, typical of the species,
have been collected by one of the authors (Weaver).

Range: From Shark Bay, central Western Australia, in a
clockwise direction north and east to Queensland, Australia,
and also parts of southern New Guinea.

Habitat: From the littoral to about 5 fathoms. Substrate
may be sand or a combination of sand and mud.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 300 to 468 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is extremely large and heavy. It
is ovate, with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is large and
dome shaped, with about three smooth whorls. Teleoconch
has about two smooth, coronated whorls. The long, widely
spaced shoulder spines become obsolete on the adult body
whorl. On gerontic specimens (see Plates 30 and 31), the
spines are worn down and barely visible. Aperture is very
wide and semicircular. Outer lip is beveled and simple.
Columella is arched, with three strong, oblique, posterior
plaits. Siphonal notch is wide and rather shallow; fasciole is
strongly defined. Color varies considerably. Typically, the
shell is white or orange-cream overlaid with longitudinal
zigzag lines of cinnamon-brown; these lines are often inter-
rupted to form two spiral bands on the adult body whorl. A
thin, brown periostracum covers the shell.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: The termination of shoulder spines on the adult
body whorl is a primary shell differentiating characteristic
of Melocorona amphora. It is a common species.

Melo (Melocorona) broderipii
(Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834)

(Plate 29C and 29D)

1834 Valuta broderipii Gray ms, Griffith and Pidgeon, Cuvier's
Animal Kingdom 12:601, pi. 26 (ventral view) (no
locality given).

1839 Valuta lamarckii Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes. Valuta
3:4, pi. 4 (2 views) [les mers de I'Inde (in error)].

1839 Valuta aethiopica Linnaeus, Kiener, ibid., pp. 6, 7, pi. 5

(2 views) \non Valuta aethiopica Linnaeus, 17.58].

1855a Cymbium broderipii Gray. Froe. Zool. Soc. Lond(jn (23):5.5.
1860 Cymbium broderipii Gray [in] Griffith and Pidgeon. Reeve,

Conchologia Iconica 13, Cymbium sp. .3, pi. 5, fig. 3a
(fully adult specimen); pi. 6, figs. 3h-<l (juvenile speci-
men) (Philippine Islands).

1864 Melo broderipii Gray, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. L(jndon
(1):,54.

1882 Melo aethiopica var. broderipii Gray, Trvon. Manual ol
Conchology (1)4:81, pi. 23, figs. 20, 21 [non Valuta
aethiopica Linnaeus, 1758].

1942 Cymbium aethiopica broderipii (Gray). M. Smith. A Review
of the Volutidae, p. 45, pi. 22, fig. 147 (a juvenile speci-
men) (Manila Bay, Philippines) [non Valuta aethiopica
Linnaeus, 17.58].

1954 Melo (Melocorona) broderipii Gray, Pilshry and Olsson,
Bull. American Paleo. 35(152):294. 295, pi. 1, fig. 1
(section of columella with plaits).

1963 Cymbium (Cymbium) aethiopicus (Linnaeus), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the orld Illustrated in
Colours 1:102, pi. 8.5, fig. 4 [non Valuta aethiopica Lin-
naeus, 1758].

Type: Type figure, Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834, Cuvier’s
Animal Kingdom 12:601, pi. 26.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by M. Smith (1942)
to Manila Bay, Philippines.

Range: The Philippine Archipelago and parts of New
Guinea.

Habitat: From the littoral to 5 fathoms on a mud-sand
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 250 to 350 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large and rather heavy. It is
globosely ovate with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is large
and dome shaped, with about four smooth whorls. Teleoconch
has about two and a half smooth, coronated whorls. The
short, closely spaced shoulder spines, which are erect or
slightly recurved, continue to the aperture in fully adult
specimens. The protoconch often rises slightly above the
coronations. Aperture is wide, semiovate, and flares slightly
anteriorly. Outer lip is beveled and simple. Columella is
curved, with four anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is wide and
shallow; fasciole is strongly defined by a ridge. The base color
of adult specimens is a pale yellowish-olive or orange- vellow ,
obscurely encircled by broad, light-colored bands. Juvenile
specimens show interrupted, longitudinal, chestnut streaks.
A thin, brown periostracum covers the surface of the shell.

Animal and radula: Not available for studv.

Remarks: Recent authors have confused the Philippine
melon sliell broderipii with Melocorona aethiopica (Lin-
naeus, 1758), from Indonesian waters. The two shells differ
in that broderipii is much larger and has more numerous and
more erect spines than aethiopica. Furthermore, tin' proto-
conch of broderipii apj)ears above the spines. When more
information becomes available, the latter mav prove to be a
subspecies of aethiopica.

According to Rehder (1969, in litt.). \ olume 12 of
Griffith's edition of Cuvier's .Animal Kingilom. w hose authors

73

CYMBIINAE

are Griffith and Pidgeon, covers the Mollusca and Radiata.
Grav apparently had nothing to do with this work. The
names cited from this work are derived from plate legends
and explanations of plates. Since Griffith and Pidgeon used
many specimens from the British Museum collections for
their figures and since many of these specimens bore manu-
script names of Gray (as can be seen on page 601 with the
list of figures), these names have often been credited to Gray,
whereas they should he credited to Griffith and Pidgeon.

In the genus Melo, the preceding applies not onlv to Melo-
corona broderipii, but to Melocorona georginae and Melo-
corona miltonis as well.

Melo (Melocorona) georginae
(Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834)

(Plate 28A and 28B)

1834 Valuta georginae Gray nis, Griffith and Pidgeon, Cuvier's
Animal Kingdom 12:601. pi. 34 [Swan River (Western
Australia) (in error)].

1848b Melo mucronatus Broderip [in] Sowerby. Thesaurus Con-
chvliorum 1(8):415. 416. pi. 83. tigs. 23-28 [Moreton
Bay, in New Holland (Gtueensland, Australia)].

1855a Cymbium georginae Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):54
[Moreton Bav; Blackwood Bav; Port Essington (Aus-
tralia)].

1860 Cymbium georginae Grav, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 13,
Cymbium sp. 6, pi. 11, hg. 6a; pi. 12. fig. 6b.

1864 Melo georginae Gray, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1):
54.

1962 Melo sp. McMicbael, Australian Natural History 14(1) :25,
text fig. (bottom center) (Moreton Bav).

1962i Melo georginae (Gray [in] Griffith and Pidgeon), Weaver,
Hawaiian Shell News 11(1):5, text figs. 6, 7.

Type: Holotvpe, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1952.8.1.1.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Broderip [in]
Sowerby I (1848) to Moreton Bay, south Queensland, Aus-
tralia.

Range: Known onlv from the general area surrounding the
type locality.

Habitat: In shallow water (from 1 to 3 fathoms) on a sand
or coral-rubble and sand substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 200 to 250 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is moderately large and rather
heavy. It is ovate and ventricose, with a low, blunt spire.
Protoconch is large, smooth, and dome shaped. It has about
three whorls and is visible just below the tips of the shoulder
spines. Teleoconch has about two and a half smooth, coro-
nateil whorls; the coronations consist of erect, rather low,
closely spaced, hollow spines extending to the edge of the
outer lip on adult specimens. Aperture is semiovate, becom-
ing wdder at the anterior end. Outer lip is beveled and simple.
Golumella is concave, with three strong, oblique plaits.

74

Siphonal notch is wide and shallow; fasciole present. Base
color of juvenile specimens is a reddish-brown with white
triangular markings forming a wide, central revolving band.
A pattern of cbestnut-colored linear streaks is present, par-
ticularly on tbe ventral side. On fully adult specimens tbe
white triangular markings become obsolete and tbe whole
shell appears a uniform reddish-brown. A tbin, brown peri-
ostracum covers the surface of the shell.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Melocorona georginae can be readily separated
from its closest geographical relative, Melocorona umbilicatus
Broderip [in] Sowerby I, 1826, by its visible protoconch
and by its more numerous spines, which are narrower,
shorter, and more erect. Furthermore, it is a smaller, nar-
rower species with a different color pattern. It differs from
Melocorona amphora (Lightfoot, 1786) in that the shoulder
spines continue to the outer lip in adult specimens.

Melo (Melocorona) miltonis
(Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834)

(Plate 28E and 28F)

1834 Valuta miltonis Gray ms, Griffith and Pidgeon, Cuvier’s
Animal Kingdom 12:601, pi. 29 (ventral and spire views)
[New Holland (Western Australia)].

1839 Valuta miltonis Gray, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:10, 11, pi. 10 (2 views).

1855a Cymbium miltonis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):55
(Australia; Swan River).

1861 Cymbium miltonis Gray, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 13,
Cymbium sp. 8, pi. 16, figs. 8a, 8b.

1864 Melo miltonis Gray, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1):54.
1882 Melo ducalis var. miltonis Gray, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:82, pi. 23, fig. 28.

1942 Cymbium miltonis (Gray), M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 47, pi. 22, fig. 154.

1960b Melo miltonis Gray, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News 8(10):4,
text fig.

1962i Melo miltonis (Gray [in] Griffith and Pidgeon), Weaver,
ibid., 11(1):5, text fig. 5 (Abrolhos Islands, Western .Aus-
tralia).

1963 Cymbium (Cymbium) miltonis (Grav). Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:103,
pi. 85, fig. 2.

Type: Holotvpe, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1952.5.i3.2.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Gray (1855a)
to Swan River, Western Australia.

Range: From Mandurah northward to Bluff Point, Western
Australia — a coastal distance of about 400 miles.

Habitat: From the littoral to 10 fathoms on a sandy sub-
strate. One of the authors (Weaver, 1960b) collected an
enormous specimen, 445 mm in length, in 2^ fathoms off
East Wallaby Island, the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia.

Cymbiola

The shell was lying in a large oval depression that it had
made in the sandy bottom.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 300 to 445 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is very large and rather heavy. It
is cylindrically ovate and contracted posteriorly, with a low,
blunt spire. Protoconch is large, erect, and dome shaped,
with about three smooth whorls. Teleoconch has about two
and a half smooth, coronated whorls. Coronations consist of
long, recurved, hollow spines, which give the posterior end
of the shell a constricted appearance. Aperture is semiovate,
expanding anteriorly; the interior color is bright orange.
Outer lip is beveled and simple. Columella is arched, with
three strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is wide
and shallow; fasciole well defined. Base color is a yellowish-
cream overlaid with purple-chestnut reticulations forming
two broad bands on the adult body whorl. A thin, brown
periostracum is present.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This species differs from Melocorona amphora
(Lightfoot, 1786), its geographically closest relative, by its
cylindrical-ovate shape and in the fact that the shoulder
spines continue to the aperture and curve inwards.

Melo (Melocorona) umbilicatus
Broderip [in] Sowerby I, 1826

(Plate 29A and 29B)

1811 Valuta ducalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:57, 58
[I’Ocean indien (in error)] [type figures based (with a
question mark) on Chemnitz, 1788, Conchylien-Cabinet
10(1), pL 148, figs. 1385-1387, which represent Valuta
cymbiola Gmelin, 1791]. Lamarck’s holotype was a small
specimen, 70 mm in length, too juvenile for positive
identification [species dubia\.

1826b Melo umbilicatus Broderip [in] Sowerby, The Genera of
Recent and Fossil Shells (28):224, fig. 3 (no locality
given) .

1855a Cymbium umbilicatum Broderip, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don (23):54 [Moreton Bay (Australia)].

1860 Cymbium ducale Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 13,
Cymbium sp. 4, pi. 7, fig. 4a; pi. 8, figs. 4b-e; pi. 9, fig.
5a; pi. 10, fig. 5b.

1942 Cymbium cithara umbilicatus (Broderip), M. Smith. A Re-
view of the Volutidae, p. 46, pi. 22, fig. 148.

1962 Melo umbilicatus, McMichael, Australian Natural History

14(1):25, text fig. (upper left).

1962i Melo ducalis (Lamarck), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
11(1):5, text figs. 3, 4.

1963 Cymbium (Cymbium) ducalis Lamarck, Shikama et Hori-

koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:102, 103, text fig. 151.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1837.12.1.34.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Gray (1855a) to
Moreton Bay, south Queensland, Australia.

Range: From Moreton Island, south Queensland, north to
Thursday Island, in the Torres Strait, Australia.

Habitat: From the littoral to 5 fathoms on a substrate com-
posed of sand or a mixture of sand and mud.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 325 to 400 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large, globose, and heavy. The
large, smooth, papillary protoconch is hidden or almost hid-
den by the recurved shoulder spines. Teleoconch has about
two smooth, coronated whorls. The coronations consist of
wide, inwardly curved, hollow spines which follow the curva-
ture of the globular shaped shell, thus giving it an almost
overall circular appearance. Aperture is semicircular. Outer
lip is beveled and simple. Columella is arched, with three
strong, oblique plaits. Siphonal notch is wide and shallow;
fasciole strong. The color of the shell is variable. Large adult
specimens from Thursday Island, north Queensland, are a
uniform brown with one or two broad, light-colored revolv-
ing bands showing through. At the southern end of the range
off Moreton Island, the shells are a pale yellow, triangularly
reticulated with red or burnt-orange lines, the adult body
whorl being encircled by two irregular bands of chestnut
blotches.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Morphologically, Melocorona umbilicatus is most
closely related to the smaller, Indonesian Melocorona
aethiopica (Linnaeus, 1758). Both species are almost globu-
lar in shape; the difference is in the short, almost erect,
closely spaced spines of aethiopica versus the longer,
broader, extremely recurved spines of umbilicatus which
completely hide the protoconch.

Melocorona umbilicatus is an uncommon species.

Genus Cymbiola Swainson, 1831

1831 Cymbiola Swainson, Zoological Illustrations (2)2:83 (type
species. Valuta cymbiola Gmelin, 1791; bv absolute
tautonymy) [non Cymbiola (ot authors), = Adelomelon
Dali, 1906).

1853 Melo (Ausoba) H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Recent
Mollusca 1:160 (type species. Valuta cymbiola Chemnitz,
1788; by original designation).

1926 Cymbiola Swainson, Marwick, Trans. New Zealand Inst.

■ 56:263. 264.

1943 Cymbiola (Cymbiola) s. str. Swainson. A enz. Handb. Falao.

6(1), Gastropoda, p. 133,5, text fig. 3788.

1949 Cymbiola Swainson. Cotton, Rec. South Australian Mus.

‘ 9(2): 188, 189.

Type species: Valuta cymbiola Gmelin. 1791; hv altsolute
tautonymy; Recent, Moluccas.

Distribution: The 16 living species in this genus inhabit
the tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern Indian
Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. Thev have a balhv-
metric range from the littoral to 75 fathoms. Their degree of
abundance varies from the very common Aulicina vespertilio

CYMBIINAE

(Linnaeus, 1758) to the extremely rare Aulica kaupi
(Dunker, 1863) and Aulica mariaemma (Gray, 1858), both
known from only a single specimen.

Diagnosis: Shells vary in size from the small (50 mm in
length) Aulica chrysostoma (Swainson, 1824) to the large
(250 mm in length) Aulica imperialis (Lightfoot, 1786). They
are light to heavy in weight, are variable in shape, and have
a rather low, blunt spire. Protoconch is variable in shape
and size; it is either smooth or has nodules or axial ridges
that radiate from the apex. Teleoconch is with or without
shoulder coronations, hut is otherwise smooth except for
axial growth lines. A thin periostracum may be present.
Operculum is absent.

The radula, where known, is uniserial with tricuspid teeth
(see Figure 17).

Remarks: We follow Wenz (1943) in assigning Aulica
Gray, 1847 and Aulicina Rovereto, 1899 as subgenera under
Cymbiola Swainson, 1831.

Subgenus Cymbiola sensu stricto

Type species: Valuta cymbiola Gmelin, 1791; by absolute
tautonymy; Recent, Moluccas.

Distribution: The exact type locality for the only known
rare species in the nominate genus is unknown. Only the
general area "Moluccas, Spice Islands” appears on museum
labels and in the literature. Its habitat is unknown.

Diagnosis: Shell is relatively small and light in weight.
Protoconch is small, low, very obtuse, of about three smooth
whorls. Teleoconch has about three whorls with spiny coro-
nations. Columella has about six plaits; the posterior two
plaits are weak, recessed, and set at right angles to the vertical
axis of the shell. A periostracum is absent.

To the best of our knowledge, the radula and soft parts
have never been available for study and description.

Remarks: Cymbiola s. s. differs from Aulica Gray, 1847
principally by having a small, low, very obtuse protoconch
and a verv low spire and by having six columellar plaits, of
which the posterior two plaits are weak and set at right angles
to the vertical axis of the shell. In comparison, Aulica has a
higher spire, a large, papillary protoconch, and four columel-
lar plaits, with the exception of Aulica rossiniana (Bernardi,
1859), which has live plaits. The protoconch of Aulicina
Rovereto, 1899 diflers from the smooth protoconch of Cym-
biola by being axially sculptured.

Cymbiola (Cymbiola) cymbiola (Gmelin, 1791)
(Plate 38A, 38B, and 38C)

1791 Valuta cymbiola Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3468
(Oceano indica) (type figures here limited to Chemnitz,
1788. Conchvlien-Cahinet 10(1), pi. 148, figs. 1385-
1.388).

1817 Valuta corona Dillwvn. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent
Shells 1:576 (no locality given).

1828 Valuta Jlammula Wood, Index Testaceologicus, suppl., p. 10
(locality unknown) [holotype, British Museum (Natural
History), London].

1839 Valuta corona Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes, Valuta 3:49,
50, pi. 41, fig. 1 (2 views) (les mers de I’lnde).

1845 Valuta corona Chemnitz, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5):193, pi. 55, figs. 120, 121 (juvenile) (no locality
given).

1849 Valuta cymbiola Chemnitz, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 46, pi. 19, fig. 46 (Moluccas).

1882 Valuta cymbiola Sowerby, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:99, pi. 29, figs. 118, 119 (Moluccas).

1942 Aulica cymbiola (Chemnitz), M. Smith, A Review of the

Volutidae, p. 35, pi. 17, fig. 113 (Moluccas, Spice Islands).

1943 Cymbiola (Cymbiola) cymbiola (Chemnitz), Wenz. Handb.

Palao. 6(1), Gastropoda, pp. 1334, 1335, text fig. 3788.

Type: Type figures here limited to Chemnitz, 1788, Con-
chylien-Cabinet 10(1), pi. 148, figs. 1385-1388.

Type locality: Known only from the vague locality "Mo-
luccas, Spice Islands.”

Range: Unknown.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 60 to 75 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is relatively small and light in
weight. It is oblong-pyriform, with a low, blunt spire. Proto-
conch is small, low, and obtuse, with about three smooth
whorls. Teleoconch has about three coronated whorls sculp-
tured with fine, longitudinal growth lines. Coronations consist
of widely spaced, low, thin, sharp spines on the outer edge
of the sloping shoulders. Aperture is long and narrow, con-
tracting anteriorly; interior color is olive-ash. Outer lip is
rather thin and simple. Columella is slightly curved, with
six plaits, the posterior two plaits being very weak, recessed,
and set at right angles to the vertical axis of the shell. The
anterior four plaits are stronger and oblique. Juvenile speci-
mens lack the two weak posterior plaits. Siphonal notch is
narrow and deep: fasciole well defined. Color is variable.
Typically (see Plate 38A), the base color is ash-green over-
laid with irregularly spaced brown and brownish-yellow dots
and short longitudinal lines. Chocolate-brown dots appear
below the suture on the spire. For an atypical color form see
Plate 38B and 38C.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: It is doubtful if any specimens of Cymbiola
cymbiola, dead or living, have been collected in this century.

Subgenus Aulica Gray, 1847

1847 Aulica Cray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (15): 141 (type spe-
cies, Valuta aulica Sowerby, 1825; by original mono-
typy).

1954 Volutocorona Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.

35(152):25 (type species. Valuta imperialis Lamarck,
1811; by original designation).

1960 Aulica Gray, McMichael, .lourn. Malac. Soc. Australia
(4):5, 6.

76

Cymbiola

Type species: Voluta aulica Sowerby, 1825; by original
monotypy; Recent, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines.

Distribution; The eight living species assigned to the sub-
genus Aulica are geographically distributed from the Philip-
pines westward through Indonesia and Malaysia, then south
to northern Australia and New Caledonia. The type localities
of three of the species, Aulica kaupi (Dunker, 1863), Aulica
chrysostoma (Swainson, 1824), and Aulica mariaemma (Gray,
1858), are either questionable or unknown.

The species in Aulica have a bathymetric range from the
littoral to 40 fathoms. Their degree of abundance varies from
the common Aulica flavicans (Gmelin, 1791) to the ex-
tremely rare Aulica kaupi (Dunker, 1863) and Aulica
mariaemma (Gray, 1858), both known from only a single
specimen.

Diagnosis; Shells are medium to large (50 to 250 mm in
length) and heavy. They are ovate-conic or squarely ovate,
with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is smooth, medium to
large, papillary or obtusely pupiform. Teleoconch has
smooth or coronated shoulders; the coronations, when pres-
ent, consist of large, sharp, hollow spines; short, blunt spines;
short, pointed spines; or low knobs. Columella usually has
four or five strong, more or less oblique, anterior plaits.
Siphonal notch and fasciole are present. Periostracum is
usually absent.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure 17).

Remarks; Pilsbry and Olsson (1954) erected the genus
Volutocorona to accommodate Voluta imperialis Lightfoot,
1786. They based the new genus on several morphological
shell characteristics, the principal one being the large, long,
recurved spines that occur on the edge of the shoulders of
the teleoconch whorls. To a lesser degree, they considered
the massiveness of the shell, the large, obtuse, pupiform pro-
toconch, and the ovate-conic shape.

Aulica aulica (Sowerby I, 1825), type species for the
genus Aulica Gray, 1847, has geographical populations that
exhibit short pointed spines on the edge of the teleoconch
whorl shoulders. The protoconch of aulica, although smaller
and less obtuse than that of Aulica imperialis (Lightfoot,
1786), is similar in all other respects. Since the size of the
spines, shell, and protoconch is of relatively little importance
in generic and subgeneric separation, we are placing Volu-
tocorona Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 in the synonymy of Aulica
Gray, 1847.

Cymbiola (Aulica) aulica (Sowerby I, 1825)

(Plate 32C through 32F; Figure 17a and 17b;
Map 7)

1786 Voluta aulica Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland Mu-
seum, p. 189 [nomina dubia {fide Rehder, 1967)].

1825 Voluta aulica Sowerby, Cat. Shells Tankerville. App., p. 29,
pi. 3 (2 views) (no locality given).

1826a Voluta aulica Sowerby, Broderip, The Zoological Journal
2(5):33-35 (no locality given).

1842 Voluta aulica Solander, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(10):53, 54 (no locality given).

1845 Voluta aulica Solander, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5):198, 199, tigs. 9-12 (no locality given).

1849 Voluta aulica Solander, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Voluta sp. 4, pi. 2, figs. 4a-d [Sooloo Archipelago (Philip-
pines)] .

1855a Scapha aulica Solander, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23):56.

1856 Voluta cathcartiae Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (24) :2,
3 (locality unknown).

1882 Voluta aulica Sowerby, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:87, 88, pi. 26, figs. 61, 62.

1882 Voluta cathcartiae Reeve, Tryon, ibid., p. 88, pi. 27, fig. 79
(locality unknown).

1887 Voluta cathcartiae Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
5(44), 2nd suppl., p. 301, pi. 16, fig. 158.

1942 Aulica aulica (Solander), M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, pp. 34, 35, pi. 13, figs. 94, 97.

1942 Aulica cathcartiae (Reeve), M. Smith, ibid., p. 35, pi. 24,
fig. 167.

1962b Aulica cathcartiae (Reeve), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(4):6, text figs. 3, 4, ]Laminusa. Siasi, Philippine
Islands (doubtful)].

1963 Cymbiola (Aulicina) aulica Solander, Shikarna el Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:102,
pi. 82, fig. 4.

1966d Aulica cathcartiae (Reeve), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
14(6):4, 5, text figs. 1, 2 [Turtle Island off Sandakan,
North Borneo (doubtful)].

1966d Aulica aulica (Sowerby), Weaver, ibid., pp. 4, .5, text figs.
3-6.

Type; Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 195929.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Reeve (1849) to
"Sooloo Archipelago,” Sulu Archipelago, southern Philip-
pines.

Range: From Sibuguey Bay, southern Mindanao, southwest
to the Tapul Group, southern Sulu Archipelago — a distance
of approximately 300 miles.

Habitat: In from 2 to 25 fathoms on a sandy substrate.
Inasmuch as the species is carnivorous, native fishermen
sometimes catch Aulica aulica on baited fish hooks.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 85 to 150 mm in length.
Shell description: Shells are extremely variable in shape
and color. Typically, the shell is medium in size, heavy, and
ovate, with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is rather large,
papillary, of about two and a half smooth w horls. Teleoconch
has about three smooth or coronated whorls. The coronations,
when present, consist of short, blunt spines; short, pointed
spines; or low knobs. Aperture is large and ohlong-semiovate.
Outer lip is thickened and simple. Columella is arched, with
four strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is nar-
row and deep: fasciole well defined. The base color is typi-
cally pale orange-flesh overlaid with tomato-red blotches and
very fine, closely spaced, wavy, longitudinal lines. The
tomato-red blotches usually form two revolving hands on the
adult body whorl, hut are sometimes so numerous they com-
pletely obscure the base color.

Animal and radula: According to Turner (1969. in litt.).
the foot, siphon, proboscis, and intromittent organs oi Aulica

CYMBIINAE

MAP 7

78

Cymbiola

Figure 17a: Cymbiola (Aulica) aulica (Sowerby I. 1825). Radular teetli from a specimen taken
at Laminusa Island, Tapal Group, Sulu Archipelago, Philippine Islands (drawing bv Turni'r, 1969).

Figure 17b: Valuta cathcartiae Reeve, 1856 [ = Cymbiola (Aulica) aulica (Sowerby I, 182.5) |.
Radular teeth from a specimen taken at Sacol Island. Zamboanga, Philippine Islands (drawing bv Turner.

1969).

Figure 17c: Cymbiola (Aulica) flavicans (Gmelin, 1791). Radular tooth (after McMichael. 1960).
Figure 17d: Cymbiola (Aulicina) sophia (Gray, 1846). Radular tooth (after Cooke. 1922).

Figure 17e: Cymbiola (Aulicina) vespertilio (Linnaeus. 17.58), Two radular teeth (alter I'liielc.
1929).

Figure 17f: Cymbiola (Aulica) nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786). Radular tooth (after Troschel. 1867).

79

CYMBIINAE

aulica and its form. Valuta cathcartiae Reeve, 1856, are a
mottled medium to dark brown or red-brown with irregular
white spots and streaks. The intromittent organ of the male
animal, which is large and Hat with an open vas deferens
canal extending along the posterior edge from its tip to the
body wall, extends from the base of the siphon across the
right side of the body wall to the posterior end of the mantle
cavity where it enters the prostate gland. The tentacles, which
are black and are small, short, and thin with minute eyes,
are situated at the base on the outside. There are two narrow,
triangular lobes at the base of the siphon. The anterior end
of the digestive tract was poorly preserved and very con-
tracted.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure
17a and 17b).

Remarks; Dr. Donald F. McMichael and Dr. Ruth D. Turner
examined the animals from numerous preserved specimens
representing three Philippine populations of Aulica aulica
that exhibited extreme differences in shell morphology and
color pattern. One population variant, formerly called Valuta
cathcartiae Reeve, 1856, came from Taquite Bay in Sibuguey
Bay, Zamboanga, southern Mindanao (see Plate 32E). An-
other population variant with knobhy shoulders and a color
pattern of hlack blotches over a yellow-cream base came
from Sacol Island, Zamboanga, Mindanao (see Plate 32F).
The third population, typical of the species, came from Siasi
Island, Sulu Archipelago (see Plate 32C and 32D). No
anatomical or radular differences were found in any of the
specimens examined from these three localities (see Figure
17a and 17b). For this reason cathcartiae cannot be con-
sidered a valid species, nor can it be given subspecific status
since there is no geographical isolation involved. All three
populations live along a continuous geographical range.

Geographical locations appearing in the synonymy, other
than Sibuguey Bay, for the population variant formerly called
cathcartiae are doubtful (Dayrit, in litt.). According to Mr.
Fernando Dayrit, the fishermen bringing in these shells sel-
dom keep reliable locality data. Sacol Island and Tunguan
in the Sibuguey area of southern Mindanao have been con-
firmed by him to be the correct locality for this variant.
Aulica aulica is an uncommon species.

Cymbiola (Aulica) chrysostoma (Swainson, 1824)
(Plate 32A and 32B)

1824 Valuta chrysostoma Swainson, (,)uarterlv Journal of Science
17:31 (Indian Ocean).

1841 Valuta chrysostoma Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second
edition hv Hanley, p. 16, pi. 45.

1844 Valuta luteostoma Deshayes [in] Lamarck, Animaux sans

Verti'hres, 2nd ed., 10:409 (no locality given).

1845 Valuta luteostoma Chemnitz, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyli-

orurn 1(5):193, 194, pi. 51, hg. 59 (East Indian Seas).
1849 Valuta luteostoma Chemnitz, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
f alula sp. 47, pL 20, hg, 47 (no locality given).

1853 Aulica luteostoma Meuschen, H. and A. Adams, The Genera
of Recent Mollusca 1:161.

1855a Scapha luteostoma Chemnitz, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23):57.

1882 Valuta [Aulica] luteostoma Deshayes, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:88, pi. 25, fig. 58 (habitat unknown).
1942 Aulica luteostoma (Chemnitz), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 37, pi. 14, fig. 99 (East Indian Seas).

19631) Aulica chrysostoma (Swainson), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 12(2):5, text figs. 1, 2 (East Indian Seas).

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1837.12.1.84.

Type locality: The vague locality "East Indian Seas” was
subsequently given by Sowerby I in 1845. Because of the
relatively large number of specimens in Dutch museums, this
species is thought to come from Indonesian waters, but the
exact type locality remains unknown.

Range; ?Indonesia.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: The length of the adult holotype is about 50
mm. An adult specimen in the Delaware Museum of Natural
History is 60 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small for the genus and heavy.
It is ovate-conic, with a short, blunt spire. Protoconch is
medium in size, of about four smooth, pupiform whorls. The
suture is indented. Teleoconch has about three coronated
whorls. The coronations consist of short, rather thick, pointed
spines, which are placed on the outer edge of the whorl
shoulders. Aperture is narrow and irregularly oblong. The
inner lip is yellowish-white with a golden-yellow interior.
Outer lip is thick and simple. Columella is almost straight,
with four strong anterior plaits set almost at right angles to
the vertical axis of the shell. Siphonal notch is narrow and
deep; fasciole is well defined. The white base color of the
shell shows through an overlay of chestnut-red as irregular,
white, triangular markings.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Aulica chrysostoma is a rare species. There are
perhaps fewer than a dozen specimens in various museums
throughout the world. It resembles some forms of Aulicina
vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) but differs in having a smooth,
protoconch.

Cymbiola (Aulica) jiavicans (Gmelin, 1791)

(Plate 32 G, 32 H, and 321; Figure 17c)

1791 Valuta jiavicans Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3464
(no locality given) (type figures here limited to Martini,
1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, figs. 922, 923).

1811 Valuta volvacea Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist, Nat. 17:72,
73 [TOcean africain; les cotes de la Guinee (in error)
(based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, figs. 922,
923).

80

Cymbiola

1823a Valuta lugubris Swainson, Philosophical Magazine 61:378
(locality unknown) [holotype, British Museum (Natural
History), London].

1828 Valuta modesta Wood, Index Testaceologicus, suppl., p. 11,
fig. 24 (no locality given).

1839 Valuta punctata Swainson, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:64, pi. 46, fig. 1 (2 views) (les mers de Flnde)
(nan Valuta punctata Swainson, 1823, = Cymbiola com-
plexa Iredale, 1924).

1841 Cymbiola lugubris Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second
edition by Hanley, p. 20, pi. 40 (2 views) (locality un-
known) [holotype, British Museum (Natural History),
London).

1848a Valuta signifer Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (15):232,
233 (in Oceano Oriental!?) [holotype, British Museum
(Natural Historv), London).

1849 Valuta flavicans Gmelin, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 45, pi. 19, figs. 45a. 45b (Australia).

1855a Volutella volvacea Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):63.
1864a Valuta volvacea Lamarck, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchv-
liorum 3(23), 1st suppl., p. 269.

1864 Valuta ( Volutella) flavicans Gmelin, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.

London (1):52 (Port Essington; also probably New Guinea
and adjacent islands).

1867a Valuta tissotiana Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie (5)15:

195-197, pi. 6, fig. 1 (locality unknown).

1870b Volutella tissotiana Crosse, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(3):561 (far north of Australia near to Liverpool River,
Arnhem Land).

1882 Valuta (Aulica) flavicans Gmelin, Try on. Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:91, pi. 26, fig. 71; pi. 27, fig. 84.

1887 Valuta tissotiana Crosse, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
5(44), 2nd suppl., pp. 301, 302, fig. 157.

1942 Aulica scafa (Solander), M. Smith, A Review of the Voluti-
dae, pp. 41, 42, pi. 17, figs. 118, 120 (non fig. 119, =
Valuta norrisii Gray, 1838) (non Valuta scafa Lightfoot,
1786, = Valuta cymbium Linnaeus, 1758).

1949 Cymbiola flavicans Gmelin, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
' Mus. 9(2):189.

1956 Aulica quaesita Iredale, Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. New South
Wales (1954-1955), pp. 76, 77, fig. 1. (2 shells) [Bou-
caut Bay, Northern Territory (Australia)] (holotype, the
Australian Museum, Svdney).

1957a Aulica kellneri Iredale, Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. New South
Wales (1955-1956), pp. 91, 92, unnumbered plate (3
shells) (eastern Arnhem Land, North Australia) (holotvpe,
the Australian Museum, Sydney).

1960 Aulica flavicans (Gmelin), McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc.

Australia (4):6-8, text fig. Ic (radular tooth).

1963 Cymbiola (Aulicina) flavicans (Gmelin), Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:101, pi. 83, fig. 8.

Type: Type figures here limited to Martini, 1777, Conchy-
lien-Cabinet 3, figs. 922, 923.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Angas (1864)
to Port Essington, Northern Territory, Australia.

Range: From Darwin, Northern Territory, eastward along
the coast to the Gulf of Carpentaria, then north to south
Papua, New Guinea.

Habitat: From the littoral to 5 fathoms on a mud substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 60 to 100 mm in length.

Shell description: Shells vary considerably in cohjration
and in the presence or absence of shoulder tubercles. Shell
is of medium size and very heavy. It is ovate or oblong-ovate,
with a rather short, blunt spire. Protoconch is relatively
small and papillary, with about three smooth whorls. Teleo-
conch has about four and a half smooth whorls, the shoulders
of which may or may not have heavy, blunt, widely spaced
tubercles. Aperture is semiovate and somewhat constricted
posteriorly. The inside rim of the outer lip is cream colored;
interior is a pale to dark violet. Outer lip is thick and simple.
Columella is slightly concave, with four very strong, anterior
plaits, the posterior two plaits being less oblique than the
others. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole is well
defined. Typically, the base color is a creamy-white, boldly
marked with sinuous, longitudinal streaks of bluish-purple;
these streaks coalesce in places to form two bands on the last
whorl. Spire is marked with subsutural spots and streaks of
the same bluish-purple color.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1960), who
observed a specimen preserved in alcohol for several months,
the sides of the foot were a mottled purplish-brown; other-
wise the animal was cream colored. The stout, projecting
siphon was prominent but not long, with small, subequal
appendages. The head was small, without prominent tenta-
cles, and with the eyes barely visible. The radula consisted
of 46 tricuspid teeth, each tooth with an arched base, a long
central cusp, and shorter side cusps (see Figure 17c, page
79).

Remarks: This moderately common species is distinguished
by its heaviness, its very strong columellar plaits, and its
unique color.

Cymbiola (Aulica) imperialis (Lightfoot, 1786)
(Plate 33A, 33B, and 33Q

1786 Valuta imperialis Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland
Museum, p. 183, no. 3913 [from Luconia (Luzon Island.
Philippines)) (type figures subsequently limited bv Reh-
der (1967b) to Martini. 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi.
97, figs. 934. 935).

1811 Valuta imperialis Lamarck. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 17:62.
1839 Valuta imperialis Lamarck. Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes.

Valuta 3:17, 18, pi. 18 (2 views) (I'Ocean oriental des
Grandes Indes).

1849 Valuta imperialis Lamarck. Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 36. pi. 16. fig. 36 (Philippine Islands).

1855a Volutella imperialis Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (2.3):63.
1882 Valuta (Aulica) imperialis Lamarck. Tr\on. Manual of Con-
chologv (1)4:88. 89. pi. 26. fig. 6.5.

1942 Aulica imperialis (Lamarck). M. Smith. A Review of the
Volutidae. p. .37. pi. 15. fig. 107.

1949 Cymbiola imperialis Lamarck. Cotton. Rec. South Australian
■ Mus. 9(2)489.

1954 Aulica imperialis forma rabinsona J. (,). Burch. Concholog-

81

CYMBIINAE

ical Club of Southern California, Minutes 140, pp. 5-7,
3 text fi«s. (Zamboanga).

1954 Volutocorona imperialis Lamarck, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull.

American Paleo. 35(152):17, 25, pi. 26, fig. 10.

1963 Cymbiola (Volutocorona) imperialis Solander, Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:102, text fig. 150, pi. 84 (single shell, dorsal
view onlv) (Sulu Sea, Philippines).

Type: Type figures subsequently limited by Rebder (1967b)
to Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 97, figs. 934, 935.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by J. Q. Burch
(1954) to Zamboanga, southern Philippines.

Range: From Mindanao through the islands of the Sulu
Archipelago, Philippines.

Habitat: In 1 to 10 fathoms on a sandy substrate.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 200 to 250 mm in length.

Shell description: Shells are the largest in the genus and
vary somewhat in shape and color pattern. Typically, the
shell is heavy, stoutly ohlong-ovate, with a relatively high,
blunt spire. Protoconch is large and obtusely pupiform, with
about four and a half smooth whorls. Teleoconch has three to
three and a half smooth, coronated whorls. These corona-
tions consist of large, long, recurved, hollow spines situated
on the edge of the whorl shoulders. Aperture is wide and
rectangularly ovate. Outer lip is somewhat thickened and
simple. Columella is slightly arched, w ith four strong, oblique
plaits. Sipbonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole is
strongly defined. Base color is flesh overlaid with numerous
longitudinal, zigzag lines and tentlike chestnut markings
which sometimes coalesce to form two broad bands on the
adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: In some populations of Aulica imperialis the
anterior portion of the shell is constricted, giving the shell a
triangular outline. These shells sometimes have a lighter
base color; the longitudinal lines do not coalesce, and the
tentlike markings are absent (see Plate 33A). Burch (1954)
applied the forma name robinsona to such variants. We have
placed this name in the synonymy of imperialis.

Cymbiola (Aulica) kaupi (Dunker, 1863)

{Plate 27C and 27D)

1863 Valuta kaupii Dunker, Malakazool. Blatt. 10:145 (in Nova
Seelandia? (probably in error)].

1871 Valuta kaupi Dunker (spelling emended), Crosse, Journal
de Conehyliologie (3)19:285. 286 (Nouvelle-Zeland?).
1882 Valuta (Aulica) kaupii Dunker, Tryon. Manual of Conch-
ologv (1)4:90, pi. 26. fig. 69.

1887 Valuta kaupii Dunker. Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvliorum
5(44). 2nd suppl.. p. 300. pi. 18, fig. 167.

1964h V oluta kaupii Dunker, ^ eaver. 2nd Provisional Species
List of Living Volutidae. p. 5.

Type: Holotype, Institut fiir Spezielle Zoologie und Zoolo-
gisches Museum, East Berlin, No. 101.541.

Type locality: In all probability, the locality given by
Dunker ("Nova Seelandia?”) for the single known specimen
of Aulica kaupi is an error, since no species in the subgenus
Aulica is known to come from cool, temperate zone waters.

Range: Unknown.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 56.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 28.0 mm.

Shell description: This description is given from the only
specimen known. Shell is rather small and heavy. It is oblong-
ovate, with a short, blunt spire. Protoconch is medium in
size, of about three smooth, obtusely pupiform whorls. Teleo-
conch has about three noncoronated, sculptured whorls. The
sculpture consists of low, irregular, longitudinal ribs between
tbe sutures of early whorls; the last whorl is smooth. Suture
is indented. Aperture is long and narrowly oblong-ovate.
Outer lip is rather thick, simple, and indented posteriorly at
tlie suture to form a notch. Base color is a pale yellow-white;
the entire shell is clouded with rusty-red, with the base color
showing through in random spots.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Cymbiola (Aulica) mariaemma (Gray, 1858)
{Plate 33D and 33E7)

1858a Scapha maria-emma Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (26):230,
231, pi. 48 (most probably from some of the Malaya Is-
lands, Singapore being merely the entrepot). (Not 1859
as often dated.)

1864a Valuta maria-emma Gray, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
3(23), 1st suppl., p. 271, pi. 12. fig. 133 (no locality
given).

1864 Valuta {Scapha) maria-emma Gray, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.

London (1):51 (most probably from the northwest coast
of Australia).

1871 Valuta gravae Grosse. Journal de Conehyliologie (3)19:287.
1882 Valuta {Aulica) grayae Crosse, Tryon, Manual of Conch-
ology (1)4:91, pi. 26, fig. 74 (northwest coast of Aus-
tralia).

1942 Aulica maria-emma (Gray), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 38, pi. 14, fig. 103.

1949 Cymbiola mariaemma Gray, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
' Mus. 9(2):189.

1960 Scapha maria-emma Gray, McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc.
Australia (4):6, 7.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1859.7.4.30.

Type locality: Uncertain. Most probably from one of the
islands in Malaysia.

Range: Unknown.

82

Cymbiola

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 140 mm.

Shell description: This species is known from only a single
specimen. Shell is of medium size and ovate, with a relatively
high, hlunt spire. Protoconch is rather large, obtusely pupi-
form, and smooth, with indented suture. Teleoconch has three
and a half smooth, almost straight whorls, the last whorl
being somewhat swollen. Aperture is wide and semiovate.
Outer lip is thickened and simple. Columella is arched, with
four oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is narrow and
deep; fascicle weak. Base color is a pale creamy-brown with
narrow, wavy, longitudinal, dark-brown lines extending from
suture to suture. Where the undulations are greatest and
closest together, four more or less distinct spiral bands are
formed on the adult body whorl. Dark-chocolate spots appear
where the longitudinal lines meet the suture.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Aulica mariaemma most closely resembles Aulica
nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786) in size, in protoconch characteris-
tics, and, to a lesser degree, in color pattern. It differs, how-
ever, in its narrower shape and in the lack of any parietal
glaze on the columella.

Cymbiola (Aulica) nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786)
{Plate 34A through 34D; Figure 17 f)

1786 Valuta nobilis Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland Mu-
seum, p. 6, no. 89 (E. Indies) (type figure here limited to
Martini, 1777, Conchylien-Cabinet 3:54, 55, pi. 72, fig.
774).

1791 Valuta scapha Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3468
[pretiosa ad caput bonae spei (Cape of Good Hope) (in
error)] (based on Martini, 1777, Conchylien Cabinet 3,
pi. 72, fig. 774; pi. 73, figs. 775, 776) {non Valuta scafa
Lightfoot, 1786, = Valuta cymbium Linnaeus, 1758).

1811 Valuta scapha Gmelin, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist., Nat.

17:61, 62 (les mers du cap de Bonne-Esperance; les
cotes de Java).

1829 Valuta fasciata Schubert and Wagner [in] Martini and
Chemnitz, Conchylien-Cabinet 12, pi. 216, figs. 3029,
3030 (no locality given).

1839 Valuta scapha Gmelin, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:59, 60, pi. 16 (2 views); pi. 17 (2 views): pi. 18
(2 views) (two plates are numbered 18: one shows Valuta
scapha Gmelin, 1791, = Valuta nobilis Lightfoot, 1786;
the other shows Valuta imperialis Lightfoot, 1786).

1845 Valuta scapha, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1(5): 194,
195, pi. 48, fig. 35 (no locality given).

1845 Valuta scapha var. parva Sowerby, ibid., p. 219, pi. 46,
fig. 1.

1845 Valuta scapha var. tuberculata Sowerby, ibid., p. 219, pi.
46, fig. 2.

1849 Valuta scapha Gmelin, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 37, pi. 16, fig. 37 (Singapore).

1855a Volutella scapha Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):62
(China?, Australia).

1866 Valuta {Aulica) nobilis (Solander), Troschel, Das Gebiss der
Schnecken 2:55, pi. 5, fig. 3 [1867] (radular tooth).
1882 Valuta {Aulica) scapha Gmelin, Try on. Manual of Conch-
ology (1)4:89, pi. 26, fig. 68.

1942 Aulica nobilis nobilis (Solander), M. Smith, A Review of
the Volutidae, p. 39, pi. 16, figs. Ill, 112.

1942 Aulica nobilis fasciata (Schubert and Wagner), M. Smith,
ibid., p. 39 (unfigured).

1949 Cymbiola nobilis Solander, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
' Mus. 9(2):189.

1963 Cymbiola {Volutocorona) nobilis Solander, Shikama et

Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:102, pi. 83, fig. 10.

1964 Aulica {Volutocorona) nobilis (Solander), J. Johnson,

Hawaiian Shell News 12(7):7, figs. 1-3.

1964h Volutocorona nobilis (Solander), Weaver, 2nd Provisional
Species List of Living Volutidae, p. 6.

1967b Volutocorona nobilis (Lightfoot), Rehder, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 121(3579):6.

1968 Volutocorona nobilis (Lightfoot), Abbott, Swainson’s Exotic
Conchology (facsimile, pp. 43, 47).

Type: Type figure here limited to Martini, 1777, Conchylien-
Cabinet 3, pi. 72, fig. 774.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by .Reeve (1849)
to Singapore, Malaysia.

Range: From Taiwan, in the China Sea, to Singapore Island.
The range was recently extended to south Palawan Island,
southern Philippines, where a single dead specimen was
trawled in 30 to 40 fathoms (Dayrit, in lilt.).

Habitat: From the littoral to 40 fathoms, on a mud or mud
and sand substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 100 to 188 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell varies greatly in size and color
pattern. Typically, the shell is rather large and very heavy.
It is squarely ovate, with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is
large and obtusely pupiform, with three and a half to four
smooth whorls. Teleoconch has about two and a half smooth
whorls, the shoulders of which rarely have widely spaced,
low, flattened tubercles. Aperture is wide. Outer lip is thick-
ened, simple, and winglike at the posterior end. Columella is
calloused, with four strong, oblique plaits, the posterior two
plaits being less oblique. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep;
fasciole is well defined. Typically, the base color is a pale
yellowish-cream overlaid with longitudinal, chestnut zigzag
lines and cloudy blotches of the same color which sometimes
form two indistinct revolving bands on the adult body whorl
(see Plate 34A and 34B). Two other color forms are repre-
sented in Plate 34C and 34D.

Animal and radula: According to Troschel (1867), the
radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth, the central cusp being
the longest. The height is 0.55 mm; the width is 0.61 mm
(see Figure 17f, page 79).

Remarks: There is a population of Aulica nobilis, found
north of Taiwan between 20 and 40 fathoms in the China
Sea, having shells that are huge and ponderous and that

83

CYMBIINAE

measure at least 188 mm in length, with a maximum diameter
of 160 mm.

Aulica nobilis is a rather common species.

Cymbiola (Aulica) rossiniana (Bernardi, 1859)
(Plate 34E and 34F)

1859 Valuta rossiniana Bernardi, Journal de Conchyliologie

(2)7:377 (Nouvelle-Caledonie).

1860 Valuta rossiniana Bernardi, Journal de Conchyliologie

(2)8:127, pi. 1, fig. 1.

1864a Valuta rossiniana Bernardi, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con-

chyliorum 3(23), 1st suppl., p. 271, pi. 12, fig. 135.

1864 Valuta (Volutella) rossiniana Bernardi, Angas, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London (1);52.

1871 Valuta rossiniana Bernardi, Crosse, Journal de Conchy-
liologie (3)19: 282 (Pile des Pins, dependence de la
Nouvelle-Caledonie) .

1882 Valuta (Aulica) rossiniana Bernardi, Tryon, Manual of

Conchology (1)4:88, pi. 26, fig. 64.

1942 Aulica rossiniana Bernardi, M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 41, pi. 14, fig. 102.

1949 Cymbiola rossiniana Bernardi, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
' Mus. 9 (2): 189.

Type; The whereabouts of the type specimen described by
Bernardi in the Journal de Conchyliologie (2)7:377 is not
known to the authors.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Crosse (1871)
to the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia.

Range: Southeast coast of New Caledonia from Coro Bay
to "Five Mile Reef’ then south to the Isle of Pines.

Habitat: In 1 or 2 fathoms on a substrate composed of
clean, white coral sand. The few known live specimens were
collected between May and September (Tourres, in litt.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 150 to 180 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large and heavy. It is broadly
ovate, with a relatively high, blunt spire. Teleoconch has
about three coronated whorls. Coronations consist of rather
widely spaced, thick, short, pointed spines set on the outer
edge of the whorl shoulders and reflected outwards. The adult
body whorl coronations extend anteriorly as broad axial ribs
that become obsolete at the periphery. Suture is slightly im-
pressed. Aperture is wide and semicircular; interior is a
tawny-yellow. Outer lip is thickened and expanded posteriorly
as a short winglike projection. Columella is glazed and
slightly sinuous, with five strong, anterior plaits; the first
posterior plait being almost at right angles to the vertical
axis of the shell. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep: fasciole
is well defined. Base color is a tawny-yellow or ivory-white
overlaid with chestnut-brown, the base color showing through
as irregular, tentlike markings. These markings sometimes
form one or two indistinct revolving bands on the adult body
whorl.

Animal and radlla: Not available for study.

Remarks: This rare species has some affinities with Aulica

84

imperialis (Lightfoot, 1786), but differs by its much shorter
spines and higher spire, by having five instead of four plaits,
and by the winglike expanded posterior portion of the outer
lip.

Subgenus Aulicina Rovereto, 1899

1847 Scapha Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (15):141 (type
species, Valuta vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758; by original
designation (non Scapha Motschulsky, 1845, a genus of
beetles).

1852 Vespertilio (Klein ms) Morcb, Catalogus Conchyliorum
1:123 (type species. Valuta vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758;
by original designation) (non Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758,
a genus of bats).

1899 Cymbiola sec. Aulicina Rovereto, Atti Soc. Ligustica 10:3,
4 (type species. Valuta vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758; by
subsequent designation, Tbiele, 1929).

1929 Aulica (Aulicina) Rovereto, Thiele, Handb. Syst. Weicht.

1:349 (type species. Valuta vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758).

Type species: Valuta vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758; by sub-
sequent designation, Thiele, 1929; Recent, Philippines.

Distribution: The six living species and one subspecies in
this subgenus are found in waters surrounding the Philip-
pines, New Guinea, Australia, and New Caledonia.

They have a bathymetric range from the littoral to 75
fathoms. Their degree of abundance varies from the very
common Aulicina vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) to the rather
rare Aulicina irvinae (E. A. Smith, 1909).

Diagnosis: Shells are medium in size (50 to 125 mm in
length), moderately solid to solid, ovate or fusiform, with
low, blunt spires. Protoconch is obtusely papillary, with
axial nodules or axial ridges radiating from the apex. Teleo-
conch is with or without shoulder coronations, but otherwise
smooth. Columella usually has four rather strong, more or
less oblique plaits. Sipbonal notch and fasciole are present.
A thin periostracum may be present.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure
17d and 17e, page 79).

Remarks: Aulicina is distinguished from other subgenera in
Cymbiola by its nodulose or axially ribbed protoconch.

Cymbiola (Aulicina) deshayesi (Reeve, 1855)
(Plate 35D and 35E)

1855 Valuta deshayesii Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (22):73,
pi. 26 (New Caledonia). (Not 1854 as often dated.)

1855a Scapha deshayesii Reeve, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23):56 [Solomon’s Island (in error)].

1864 Voluta (Scapha) deshayesii Reeve, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1);51 (north coast of New Caledonia).

1864a Valuta deshayesii Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
3(23), 1st suppl., p. 270, pi. 12, fig. 134.

1871 Voluta deshayesi Reeve (spelling emended), Crosse, Journal
de Conchvliologie (3)19:282 (le nord de la Nouvelle-

Cymbiola

Caledonie, dans une certaine zone seulement, et principale-
ment a Arama, an nord de Balade).

1882 Valuta (Aulica) deshayesii Reeve, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:88, pi. 26, fig. 63.

1942 Aulica deshayesi (Reeve), M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 36, pi. 17, figs. 115, 116.

1949 Cymbiola deshayesi Reeve, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9 (2): 189.

1963 Cymbiola (Aulicina) deshayesi Reeve, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:102,
pi. 83, fig. 9.

Type: The holotvpe is not, as one would expect, in the British
Museum (Natural History), London, and its location has not
yet been established. Type figure here limited to Reeve
(1855), Proc. Zool. Soc. London (22):73, pi. 26.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Crosse (1871)
to Arama, north New Caledonia.

Range: Northwestern and northern coast of New Caledonia
from Karembe Reef off Koumac to Saint Phalle and Balabio
Islands (Tourres, in lilt.).

Habitat: On sand banks from the littoral to about 1 fatbom
buried in coral sand and algae. Tbe mollusk is nocturnal
(Tourres, in lilt.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 75 to 105 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is medium in size and heavy. It
is oblong-ovate, with a moderately low, blunt spire. Proto-
conch is papillary, of about three and a half pale-yellow,
slightly noduled, convex whorls with indented suture. Teleo-
conch has about two and a half sculptured whorls which are
somewhat concave between sutures. Sculpture consists of
strong, spiny tubercles situated at the outer edge of the slop-
ing shoulders. There are about eight such tubercles on the
adult body whorl. Fine spiral striae and axial growth lines
are also present. Aperture is rather narrow and constricted
anteriorly; interior is orange-carnelian. Outer lip is thickened
and simple. Columella is almost straight, with four strong,
slightly oblique plaits. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep;
fasciole present. Base color is ivory overlaid with wavy,
longitudinal zones of orange or orange-brown; these zones
often form two or three revolving bands on the adult body
whorl. The spire is marked with short, irregular, longitud-
inal, orange-brown lines between sutures. A thin periostracum
is present.

Remarks: This once rare species is now quite common. It
was named for Mr. G. P. Deshaves, author of numerous works
on fossil mollusca.

Cymbiola (Aulicina) irvinae (E. A. Smith, 1909)
(Plate 35A, 35B, and 35C)

1909 Valuta irvinae E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)4:97, 98,
pi. 5 (from one of the manv reefs of Rottnest Island off
Freemantle in Western Australia).

1949 Cymbiola irvinae Smith, Cotton, Rec. South .Australian Mus.
9(2):189.

1957a Aulicina irvinae Smith, Cotton, .Australian Recent and

Tertiary Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae, 1st
unnumbered page.

1963 Cymbiola {Aulicina) irvinae Smith, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:101,
pi. 81, fig. 3.

Type: The location of the holotvpe is unknown. Type figure
here limited to E. A. Smith, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(8)4:97, 98, pi. 5 (one figure only).

Type locality: From off Rottnest Island, Fremantle, West-
ern Australia.

Range: From Cape Naturalist to Shark Bay, Western Aus-
tralia— a coastal distance of approximately 700 miles.

Habitat: In from 25 to 75 fathoms on a sand and broken
shell substrate. To our knowledge only crab-occupied shells
have been taken either by dredging or in craypoLs.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 85 to 125 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large and rather heavy. It is
oblong-ovate and ventricose, with a low, blunt spire. Proto-
conch is large, obtuse, papillary, of about three noduled
whorls with indented suture. Teleoconch, which may or may
not be coronated (compare Plate 35B and 35C), consists of
three to three and a half smooth whorls. The coronations,
when present, are closely spaced, short, sharp, hollow spines
situated at the outer edge of the sloping shoulders. There are
about 20 such spines on the adult body whorl of a shell meas-
uring 110 mm in length. The shoulders of the last two whorls
are concave. Aperture is wide; interior color is whitish with
an orange border inside the outer lip. Outer lip is slightly
thickened and simple. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep;
fasciole is well defined and marked with fine, wavy red lines.
Columella is slightly curved, with four white, oblique,
anterior plaits. Shell is a light salmon-red with the white
base color showing through as numerous, snowy-white flakes.
Two revolving bands of irregular, longitudinal, dark-brown
lines encircle the adult body whorl, one at the periphery and
one just above the siphonal notch. Below the spire suture
appear numerous closely spaced, axial, dark-brown streaks of
varying lengths.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: The rather rare Aulicina irvinae is closely allied
to Aulicina nivosa (Lamarck, 1804) but dilTers in having
twice as manv hollow spines as nivosa. whose spines, when
present, are solid. Furthermore, irvinae is a much larger,
more ventricose shell, with deep channels at the upper part
of the last two w’horls and with white colnmellar plaits, fea-
tures which nivosa does not possess.

Cymbiola (Aulicina) nivosa (Lamarck, 1804)
(Plate 35F through 351)

1804 Valuta nivosa Lamarck. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. .5:1.58-160.

pi. 12, figs. 2a, 2b. 3 (Les cotes de la Nouvelle-Holland.
a la baie des Chiens inarins).

1804 Valuta nivosa nautica Lamarck, ibid., pp. 158. 159. pi. 12.
figs. 2a. 2b.

85

CYMBIINAE

MAP 8

86

Cymbiola

1804 Valuta nivosa subspinosa Lamarck, ibid., pp. 159. 160, pi.
12, fig. 3.

1839 Valuta nivasa Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,

Valuta 3:43, pi. 34 (3 views).

1840 Cvmbiala nivasa Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, Voluti-

dae, p. 317.

1845 Valuta nivasa Broderip, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5):200, pi. 51, figs. 63, 64 (from Garden Island, Aus-
tralia).

1845 Valuta narrisii Sowerby, ibid., p. 201, pi. 51, fig. 65 (nan
Valuta narrisii Gray, 1838).

1849 Valuta narrisii Sowerby, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 15, pi. 7, fig. 15 [Dupuch’s Island, Australia
(Western Australia)] (nan Valuta narrisii Gray, 1838).

1849 Valuta nivasa Lamarck, Reeve, ibid.. Valuta sp. 17, pi. 7,
fig. 17 (Swan River, Coast of Australia).

1853 Aulica nivasa Lamarck, H. and A. Adams, The Genera of
Recent Mollusca 1:161.

1855a Scapha nivasa Lamarck, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23);56.

1864 Valuta (Scapha) narrisii Sowerby, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.

London (1):51 (King George’s Sound, Western Australia)
(nan Valuta narrisii Gray, 1838).

1864 Valuta (Scapha) nivasa Lamarck, Angas, ibid., p. 51 (west
coast of Australia from Swan River to Shark’s Bay).

1882 Valuta (Vespertilia) nivasa Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:86, pi. 25, fig. 53.

1882 Valuta (Vespertilia) narrisii Gray, Tryon ibid., p. 86, pi. 25,
fig. 55 (nan Valuta narrisii Gray, 1838).

1909 Valuta ablita E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)4:96
(new name for Valuta narrisii Sowerby I, 1845) [holotype,
British Museum (Natural History), London] (non Valuta
Twrrisii Gray, 1838).

1942 Aulica nivasa (Lamarck), M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, pp. 38, 39, pi. 17, fig. 121.

1942 Aulica narrisi (Gray), M. Smith, ibid., p. 39, pi. 17, fig. 117
(non Valuta narrisii Gray, 1838).

1949 Cymbiola nivosa Lamarck, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2): 189.

1957a Aulicina nivosa Lamarck, Cotton, Australian Recent and
Tertiary Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae, 1st
unnumbered page.

1957a Aulicina narrisi Gray, Cotton, ibid., 1st unnumbered page
(non Valuta narrisii Gray, 1838).

1960d Aulica (Aulicina) narrisi Gray, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 8(12) :1, text figs. 9, 10 (non Valuta narrisii Gray,
1838).

1962h Aulicina nivosa (Lamarck), Weaver, ibid., 10(12):5, text
figs. 3-6.

1963 Cymbiola (Aulicina) nivosa ablita (Smith), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:101, pi. 83, fig. 4.

1963 Cymbiola (Aulicina) nivosa (Lamarck), Shikama et Hori-
koshi, ibid., p. 101, pi. 83, figs. 6a, 6b.

Type; Holotype, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, No.
1103.13.1.

Type locality; Subsequently restricted by Sowerby I

(1845) to Garden Island, south-central Western Australia.

Range: From Bunbury north to Broome, Western Aus-
tralia— a coastal distance of approximately 1500 miles.

Habitat: From the littoral to 20 fathoms on a sandy sub-
strate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 60 to 85 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is extremely variable in color,
color pattern, and the presence or absence of shoulder
nodules or spines. Typically, the shell is oblong-ovate, with
a rather short, blunt spire (see Plate 35F and 35G). Proto-
conch is medium in size and obtuse, with two and a half to
three and a half noduled whorls. Teleoconch has two and a
half to three smooth whorls with low, obscure, blunt tubercles
on the outer whorl shoulders. Aperture is long, rather nar-
row, and semiovate; interior color is a dull brown-ash.
Outer lip is beveled and simple. Columella is orange-carnelian
in color, arched, with four oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal
notch is narrow and deep; fasciole is well defined. Base color
of the shell is a bluish-lead, marked with irregular, closely
spaced black lines which extend from suture to suture on the
spire and on the adult body whorl from the suture to the edge
of the shoulder. The adult body whorl has two revolving
bands of irregular, interrupted chocolate lines; the areas sur-
rounding the bands are flaked with snowy-white spots.

Animal and radula: Not available for studv.

Remarks: The common Aulicina nivosa has had a somewhat
confused nomenclatural history in the literature, no doubt
due to the species’ variability in color and color pattern and
in the presence or absence of nodules or spines.

The spiny form of the Western Australian Aulicina nivosa
(Lamarck, 1804) was incorrectly figured as norrisii by
Sowerby I (1845) and was then renamed oblita by E. A.
Smith (1909). Reeve (1849), Tryon (1882), M. Smith
(1942), Cotton (1957a), and Shikama et Horikoshi (1963)
continued this error. Actually, Valuta norrisii Gray, 1838 is
the correct name for the New Guinea species formerly known
as Valuta piperita Sowerby I, 1845.

Cymbiola (Aulicina) rutila rutila
(Broderip, 1826)

(Plate 36E and 36F; Map 8 )

1826a Valuta rutila Broderip, The Zoological Journal 2(5):30-32
(Austral?).

1839 Valuta aulica Solander, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:57, pi. 47, fig. 1 (2 views) (I'Ocean Austral)
(non Valuta aulica Sowerbv I, 1825).

1845 Valuta rutila Broderip, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvlioruin
1(5):200, pi. 46, figs. 5, 6 (no localitv given).

1849 Valuta rutila Broderip, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6.

Valuta sp. 8, pi. 4, fig. 8 (Northeast coast of Australia).
1853 Aulica rutila Broderip, H. and A. Adams, The Genera of
Recent Mollusca 1:161.

1855a Scapha rutila Broderip, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(25):56.

1864 Valuta (Scapha) rutila Broderip. .Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1):50.

1882 Valuta (Vespertilia) rutila Broderip, Trvon. Manual of Con-
chologv (1)4:87. pi. 25. fig. .56.

1942 .Aulica rutila rutila (Broderip), M. Smith. Review of the
Volutidae. p. 40, pi. 18, fig. 125.

87

CYMBIINAE

1949 Cymhiola rutila rutila Broderip, Cotton, Rec. South Austral-
ian Mus. 9(2):189.

1957a Aulicina rutila rutila Broderip, Cotton, Australian Recent
and Tertiarv Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae,
1st unnumbered page.

1962h Aulicina rutila (Broderip), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(12):5, text figs. 9, 10.

1963 Cymbiola (Aulicina) rutila (Broderip), Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:101, pi. 83, fig. 7.

Type: Holotvpe, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1967607.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Reeve (1849) to
the northeast coast of Australia.

Range: From waters off Cairns north to Thursday Island,
Torres Strait, north Queensland, Australia.

Habitat: In from 1 to 5 fathoms on a sandy substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 75 to 125 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large for the subgenus and
heavy. It is ovate, with a low spire, blunt at the apex. Proto-
conch is medium in size, obtusely papillary, with from three
to three and a half noduled whorls. Teleoconch has two and a
half to three and three-quarters smooth whorls. Rarely there
are low, blunt tubercles on the shoulder of the adult body
whorl. Aperture is long, wide, and semiovate; interior color
is flesh. Outer lip is thickened and simple. Columella is
slightly arched, flesh colored, with four strong, oblique, an-
terior plaits. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole is
well defined. Base color is ivory or whitish, overlaid profusely
with closely spaced, blood-red blotches and triangular mark-
ings. Three obscure bands appear on the adult body whorl
where these markings coalesce. The spire is ornamented with
oblique, irregular, axial blood-red stripes from suture to
suture and from tbe suture to the shoulder of the last whorl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: At present the Torres Strait seems to provide
sufficient geographical isolation for us to consider the rather
common Aulicina rutila rutila and Aulicina rutila norrisii
(Gray, 1838) as separate subspecies. However, if at some
future date this geographical gap is closed, norrisii may then
be placed in the svnonvmy of rutila.

Cymbiola (Aulicina) rutila norrisii (Gray, 1838)
(Plate 36A through 36D and 36G; Map 8)

1838 Valuta norrisii Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1(5):414 (locality
unknown).

1845 Voluta pipenta Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1(5):198,
pi. 51, fig. 62 (no locality given) (holotvpe, the National
Museum of Victoria. Melbourne).

1849 I' oluta innexa Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6, Voluta sp. 9,
pi. 4, figs. 9a, 9b (locality unknown) [holotype, British
Museum (Natural History), London].

1855a Scapha piperita Sowerby, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23):56 (no locality given).

1864 Voluta (Scapha) piperita Sowerby, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1);51 [Woodlark Island (New Guinea)].

1867b Voluta riickeri Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie (3) 15:444,
445, [Nichol Bay, Swan River, Australia (in error)].

1868 Voluta riickeri Crosse, ibid., (3)16:97-99, pi. 1, fig. 1.

1870b Aulica rueckeri Crosse, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(2):560, 561 (New Georgia, Solomon Islands).

1873 Voluta macgillivrayi Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (2):568,
pi. 48, fig. 8 [Woodlark Island (New Guinea)] (holotype,
the Australian Museum, Sydney).

1873 Voluta innexa Reeve, Cox, ibid., p. 568 (Louisiade group of
islands to the northeast of the Australian continent).

1880 Voluta riickeri var. ceraunia Crosse, Journal de Conchyliolo-
gie (3)28:148, 149, pi. 4, fig. 1 (2 views) (Archipel de
la Nouvelle-Bretagne).

1882 Voluta (Vespertilio) rutila var. innexa Reeve, Tryon, Manual
of Conchologv (1)4:87, pi. 25, fig. 54.

1882 Voluta (Vespertilio) piperita Sowerby, Tryon, ibid., p. 87, pi.
26, fig. 60; pi. 27, figs. 75, 76, 78.

1909 Voluta norrisii Gray, E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(8)4:95, 96.

1942 Aulica piperata [sic] (Sowerby), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, pp. 39, 40, pi. 18, fig. 122.

1942 Aulica rutila ruckeri (Crosse), M. Smith, ibid., p. 41, pi. 18,
fig. 129.

1949 Cymbiola rutila inexta [sic] Reeve, Cotton, Rec. South
Australian Mus. 9 (2): 189.

1962h Aulicina norrisii Gray, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(12):5, text figs. 1, 2, 7, 8.

1963 Cymbiola (Aulicina) norrisii Gray, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:101,
pi. 83, fig. 1.

Type: Location of the holotype is unknown. Sowerby I
(1845) based his description of Voluta piperita upon the
same shell that Gray used for norrisii (fide E. A. Smith,
1909). Therefore, the type figure for norrisii is here limited
to Sowerby I, 1845, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1(5): 198, pi.
51, fig. 62.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Gray (1864) to
Woodlark Island, off northeastern New Guinea.

Range: From Port Moresby, Papua, New Guinea westward
to include the Louisiade Archipelago, the Bismarck Archi-
pelago, and the Solomon Islands (see Map 8).

Habitat: From the littoral to 4 fathoms on a mud-sand
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 65 to 85 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is extremely variable from one
population to the next in color, color pattern, and strength
of the shoulder nodules (see Plate 36A through 36D and
36G). Typically, the shell is oblong-ovate and solid, with a
low spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is medium in size,
obtuse-papillary, of three to three and a half slightly noduled
whorls. Teleoconch has two and a half to three and a half
smooth whorls, with very low, blunt, indistinct tubercles on
the whorl shoulders — generally on the adult body whorl
only. Aperture is wide and semiovate, expanding somewhat
anteriorly; interior color is a dull brown-ash. Outer lip is
thickened and simple. Columella is slightly arched, orange-

88

Cym hiola

carnelian in color, with four oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal
notch is narrow and deep; fasciole is well dehned. Base color
is a grayish-white covered profusely with minute black dots
and axially marked with broad, black, wavy, irregular streaks.
These streaks form three broad revolving bands on the adult
body whorl, the posterior band covering the entire spire.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: After studying a large series of specimens of the
common Aulicina rutila norrisii from populations taken in
waters off eastern New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago,
the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands, we find
a gradual gradation in shell morphological characteristics
from one population to the next. For atypical population
variants see Plate 36C, 36D, and 36G.

For clarification of the confused nomenclatural back-
ground in the literature concerning the name norrisii Gray,
1838, please refer to "Remarks” under Aulicina nivosa
(Lamarck, 1804) on page 87.

Cymbiola (Aulicina) sophia (Gray, 1846)
(Plate 37 A, 37B, and 37C; Figure 17 d)

1846 Valuta sophia Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 18:431 (North
Australia, Endeavour Sound).

1849 Valuta sophia Gray, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6, Valuta
sp. 21, pi. 10, fig. 21.

1855a Volutella sophia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):63
(Australia, Endeavour Straits).

1864 Valuta (Scapha) sophia Gray, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don (1):52.

1877 Valuta (Vespertilio) sophia Gray, Kobelt, Jahrb. Deutsch.
Malak. 2:304.

1877 Aulica sophia Gray, Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales 1:205.

1882 Valuta (Vespertilio) sophiae Gray, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:87, pi. 25, fig. 57.

1922 Valuta sophia Gray, Cooke, Proc. Malac. Soc. London
15:6-9, fig. 2 (radular tooth).

1942 Aulica sophia(Vra.y), M. Smith, A Review of the Volutidae,
p. 42, pi. 17, fig. 114.

1949 Cymbiola sophia Gray, Cotton, Rec. South Australian Mus.

' 9(2):189.

1957a Aulicina sophia Gray, Cotton, Australian Recent and Tertiarv
Species of the Molluscan Eamily Volutidae, 1st un-
numbered page.

1958 Cymbiola (Vespertilio) sophiae (Gray), Okutani, Journ.
Malac. Soc. Australia (2):44, 45, text figs. 1. 2.

Types: Syntypes, British Museum (Natural Flistory), Lon-
don.

Type locality: "Endeavour Sound,” Endeavour Strait,
north Queensland, Australia.

Range: From Gape York westward along the coasts of north
Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia, and the
Arafura Sea.

Habitat: From the littoral to 20 fathoms on a muddy sub-
strate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 50 to 75 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in color and color
pattern. Typically, the shell is ol medium size and not very
heavy. It is ovate, with a low spire, blunt at the apex. Proto-
conch is small, obtuse-papillary, with about two and a half
creamy-tan whorls, ornamented with small white nodules.
Teleoconch has from two and a half to three smooth whorls.
The shoulders of the last two adult whorls have rather widely
spaced, low, pointed, hollow spines, with 10 such spines on
the last whorl of a shell 60 mm in length. Aperture is angled
and narrow at the posterior end, becoming wide below; in-
terior is a whitish-gray. Outer lip is thickened slightly,
beveled, and simple, with a creamy-tan band rimmitig tlu'
inner lip edge. Columella is white, arched, with four rather
weak, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is narrow and
deep; fasciole is strong, white, and crossed with undulating
chestnut lines. On the adult body whorl the white base color
shows through a creamy-tan overlay as irregularly shaped
spots, dashes, and tentlike markings. There are two wide,
revolving, creamy-tan zones on the body whorl where the
brownish-black spots are sparsely and irregularly arranged
along the edges of these revolving zones. The spire is marked
only with brown axial lines from the suture to the outer edge
of the shoulder. On Plate 37C is shown an atypical form of
Aulicina sophia from Thursday Island, north Queensland,
which is found side by side with typical specimens oi sophia
shown in Plate 37A and 37B.

Animal and radula: According to Okutani (1958), the
animal has a broad, massive foot, which is rough on the
dorsal surface. The color of the top of the foot is gray with
four transverse bands of yellowish-grav spotted with ashv-
white. The epipodium is smoothly rounded at the edge but
projects laterally with fine mammillar papillae along the
margin. The bottom of the foot is smooth and yellow ish-gray,
with fine transverse lines. The metapodium is blunt at the
end. The cephalic tentacles are short, obtuse at the tip, flat-
tened, and gray. The siphon is long, tuhelike, open on the
ventral side, and gray with flark spots. The proboscis is short.
The mantle is a yellowish-white spotted with gray and yellow
along the margin.

According to Cooke (1922), the radula is uniserial with
tricuspid teeth. The radular cusps are massive, long, and
swordlike — all deeply stained with red. brown, or orange
(see Figure 17d, page 79).

Remarks: The rather common Aulicina sophia remimls us
of the tubercled form of Aulicina nivosa (Lamarck. 1804)
from Cape Leveque (see Plate 35H) but differs in having hol-
low spines instead of solid, sharplv j)ointed tubercles. The
color and color pattern of the two species are ipiite different.

Cymbiola (Aulicina) I'espertilio (Linnaeu.s, 1738)
(Plate 37 D through 371: Figure I7e)

1758 f oluta vespertilio Linnaeus. Svstema Naturae, ed. 10. j). 73.3
(in O. utrius(|ue Indiae) (type figure based on Bnonanni.
1681. Recreatio Mentis et Oculi .3. fig. 294).

89

CYMBIINAE

1811 Valuta pellis serpentis Lamarck. Animaux sans Vertebres
17:63 (I'Ocean des g;randes Indes) (type fifi;ure based on
Runipbius, 1705, D'Amboinische Rariteitkammer, pi. 32,
fia. 1).

1811 Valuta mitis Lamarck, ibid., p. 64 (les mers de la Nouvelle-
Hollande et des grandes hides) (type bgure based on Mar-
tini, 1777. Conchylien-Cabinet 3, pi. 98. fig. 940).

1811 Valuta serpentina Lamarck, ibid., p. 65 (I'Ocean des

grandes Indes) (no reference to a type figure given).

1831 Crmbiola vespertilia Linnaeus, Swainson, Zoological Illus-
trations (2)2, pi. 84.

1839 Valuta vespertilia Linnaeus, Kiener. Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:21, pi. 20 (2 views).

1839 Valuta pellis-serpentis Lamarck, Kiener. ibid., pp. 22. 23, pi.
23 (2 views) (les mers de Linde).

1839 Valuta mitis Lamarck. Kiener. ibid., p. 24. pi. 24, fig. 1 (2
views).

1841 Valuta linealata Kiister [in] Martini and Chemnitz,

Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, Volutacea (26):194. pi. 38, fig.
6 (locality unknown).

1849 Valuta vespertilia Linnaeus, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 11, pi. 5, figs. 1 la-1 Id (Philippine Islands,
Moluccas).

1855a Scapha vespertilia Linnaeus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23):56.

1866 Valuta (Aulica) vespertilia Lamarck, Troschel, Das Gebiss
der Schnecken 2:56, pi. 5, fig. 4 [1867] (radular tooth).

1882 Valuta {Vespertilia) vespertilia Linnaeus, Tryon, Manual of
Conchologv (1)4:86, pi. 25, figs. 43—49, 52.

1886 Valuta (Vespertilia) vespertilia var. pellis-serpentis Lamarck,
Watson, Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 15:254 [Sam-
boangan (Zamboanga), the Indian Ocean, Moluccas,
Papua] .

1929 Aulica (Aulicina) vespertilia (Linnaeus), Thiele, Handb.
Syst. Weicht. 1:348, text fig. 418 (radular teeth).

1942 Aulica vespertilia vespertilia (Linnaeus), M. Smith, A Re-
view of the Volutidae, p. 43, pi. 18, fig. 126; pi. 19, figs.
131, 132.

1942 Aulica vespertilia mitis (Lamarck), M. Smith, ibid., p. 43,
pi. 19, fig. 130.

1942 Aulica vespertilia pellis-serpentis (Lamarck), M. Smith, ibid.,
p. 43, pi. 25, fig. 173.

1942 Aulica vespertilia serpentina (Lamarck), M. Smith, ibid., pi.
18, fig. 127.

1949 Cvmbiola vespertilia Linnaeus, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
' Mus. 9 (2): 189.

1957a Aulicina vespertilia Linnaeus, Cotton, Australian Recent
and Tertiary Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae,
1st unnumbered page.

1961 Aulicina vespertilia Linnaeus, McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc.

Australia (5):50, 54, pi. 4, fig. 8 [range extension to
southem New Guinea and Bathurst Island off the north-
west tip of Arnhem Land (Northern Territory, Australia)].

1963 Cvmbiola (Aulicina) vespertilia Linnaeus, Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:100, 101, text fig. 148 (3 shells).

Type: Holotvpe, Linnaean Collection, London (fide Dodge,
1955, p. 126).

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Watson (1886)

to "Samboangan” (Zamboanga), Mindanao, southem Philip-
pines.

Range: From the Philippines through the eastern islands of

90

Indonesia to New Guinea and northwest to Arnhem Land,
Northern Territory, Australia.

Habitat: From the littoral to 10 fathoms on a mud or mud-
sand substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 45 to 115 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is extremely variable in shape
and color and in the presence or absence of shoulder
tubercles. Typically, the shell is moderately large and heavy
(see Plate 37G). It is ovate-oblong, with a short spire, blunt
at the apex. Protoconch is rather small, of about three ob-
tuse, papillary, and nodose whorls. Teleoconch has two to
three and a half smooth whorls with large, solid, incurved
tubercles on the whorl shoulders. The tubercles on the adult
body whorl extend anteriorly for a short distance as wide ribs.
Aperture is long, semiovate, and slightly contracted at the
center; interior color is carnelian-white. Outer lip is thick-
ened and simple. Columella is almost straight, with four
strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is narrow
and deep; fascicle is well defined. Base color is whitish, flesh
tinted or fulvous, overlaid variously with a network of
chocolate, olive, chestnut, or scarlet-colored triangulations
and zigzag lines.

Animal and radula: The animal is not available for study.
The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth, the central tooth
being longest (see Figure 17e, page 79).

Remarks: In 1811 Lamarck gave Latin names to three
variants of the very common Aulicina vespertilio, whose
color, shape, or lack of distinct shoulder tubercles seemed
to set them apart. Today these forms are recognized as popu-
lation variants or color forms of vespertilio and properly
belong in the synonymy of that species (see Plate 37D, 37E,
37F, 37H, and 371).

Subgenus Cymbiolena Iredale, 1929

1929b Cymbiolena Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 17(4);180, 181
(type species. Valuta magnifica Gebauer, 1802; by
original designation).

Type species: Voluta magnifica Gebauer, 1802; by original
designation; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The single living species represented in this
subgenus inhabits waters off the coast of New South Wales
northward to southern Queensland, Australia. This rather
common species has a bathymetric range from 1 to 60
fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shell is large (up to 300 mm in length) and
ovately ventricose, with a low or moderately high spire, blunt
at the apex. Protoconch is papillary and moderate in size;
the protoconch whorls are obsoletely granulose. Teleoconch
is smooth, usually with low, blunt tubercles on the last half
of the adult body whorl. Outer lip is thick and reflected
posteriorly. Aperture is very large. Columella usually has
four oblique, anterior plaits, the posterior two plaits being

Callipara

weak. Siphonal notch and fascicle are present. The presence
of a periostracum is not known to the authors; an operculum
is absent. Animal and radula are not available for study.

Remarks: Although Iredale (1929) described Cymbwlena
as a full genus, we do not feel that there are sufficient mor-
phological differences to warrant more than subgeneric
status under Cymbiola Swainson, 1831.

Cymbiola (Cymbiolena) masnifica
(Gebauer, 1802)

(Plate 38D, 38E, and 38F)

1802 Valuta magnijica Gebauer, Syst. Verz. Seesterne, p. 26 (no
locality given) (type figures based on Chemnitz, 1795,
Conchylien-Cabinet 11(1):8, pi. 174, fig. 1693; pi. 175,
fig. 1694).

1811 Valuta magnijica Chemnitz, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist.

Nat. 17:69 (les mers de la Nouvelle-Hollande [Aus-
tralia]).

1839 Valuta magnijica Chemnitz, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:42, 43, pi. 33 (2 views).

1845 Valuta magnijica Chemnitz, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy-
liorum 1(5):200, pi. 54, fig. 103 (in some Australian
estuaries. In Rose Bay, Port Jackson).

1849 Valuta magnijica Chemnitz, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 2, pi. 1, fig. 2.

1853 Cymhiala magnijica Chemnitz, H. and A. Adams, The Genera
of Recent Mollusca 1:163.

1855a Valuta (Scapha) magnijica Chemnitz, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (23):57.

1864 Valuta (Scapha) magnifica Chemnitz, Angas, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London (1):50.

1882 Valuta (Aulica) magnijica Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:89, pi. 26, fig. 70.

1929b Cymbiolena magnijica Perry, Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus.
17 (4); 180, 189.

1942 Aulica magnijica (Chemnitz), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, pp. 37, 38, pi. 14, fig. 101.

1951 Cymbiolena magnijica altispira Mayblom, Australian Zool-
ogist 11(4):281, pi. 26, fig. 1 (Continental shelf on the
New South Wales Coast).

1951 Cymbiolena magnijica magnijica Shaw and Nodder, Mav-
blom, ibid., p. 281, pi. 26, fig. 2.

1963 Adelamelan {Cymbiolena) magnijica (Lamarck), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:107, pi. 88, fig. 9.

Type: Type figures based on Chemnitz, 1795, Conchylien-
Cabinet 11(1):8, pi. 174, fig. 1693; pi. 175, fig. 1694.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Sowerby I
(1845) to "Rose Bay, Port Jackson,” New South Wales,
Australia.

Range: From the environs of Sydney, New South Wales,
northward at least as far as Wide Bay, southern Queensland,
Australia.

Habitat: In from 1 to 60 fathoms. According to Angas
(1864), Cymbiolena magnijica is found half buried among
the weeds and ooze on a sandy or muddy substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 200 to 300 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is the largest in the genus and
rather heavy. It is ovately ventricose, usuallv with a low
spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is medium in size,
papillary, with three to four obsoletely granulose whorls.
Teleoconch has about three and a half smooth whorls, usually
with low, blunt shoulder tubercles on the last half ol the
adult body whorl. Posterior portion of the early teleoconch
whorls is slightly concave. Aperture is very wide; interior
color is flesh or pale orange. Outer lip is thick and somew hat
reflected posteriorly. Columella is glazed, slightly arched,
orange-carnelian in color, with four oblitjue, anterior plaits,
the posterior two plaits being weak. Parietal area is also
glazed. Siphonal notch is wide and deep; fasciole is well
defined. Base color is flesh or pinkish-white, with three or
four broad revolving bands on the adult body whorl that
consist of axial and zigzag, rusty-chestnut lines. The base
color shows through as horizontal lancelike markings. The
areas between the bands are a pale, mottled tan.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This moderately common species is distinguished
by its large size and bv its rather large papillary protoconch,
the whorls of which are obsoletely granulose.

A deep-water, narrow variant of Cymbiolena magnifica
with a higher than normal spire was given the subspecific
name of altispira by Mayblom (1951). In his original descrip-
tion Mayblom noted that both the typical form and the high
spired form were taken in the same dredge hauls at a depth
approximating 40 fathoms. Subspecific recognition is ob-
viously not warranted. We have therefore relegated altispira
to the synonymy of magnijica.

Genus Callipara Gray, 1847

1847 Callipara Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (15); 141 [tvpe
species. Valuta bullata Swainson. 1829 {non I'oluta
bullata Bom, 1778 in Marginellidae); by monotvpvj.

1954 Callipara Gray, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. .American Paleo.
35(152) :287.

Type species: Voluta bullata Swainson. 1829 [preoccu-
pied], = Callipara hullatiana Weaver and duPont. 1967;
bv monotvpy; Recent, South Africa.

Distribution: The single living species in this genus is
known from empty shells taken on beaches from Saint
Francis Bay northeast to Port Alfred, Republic of South
Africa. There is no record of a live specimen having been
collected. Dead specimens are common.

Diagnosis: Shell is oblong and subcylindrical. with a very
short spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is small, low. of
one to one and a half smooth whorls. Teleoconch has three
to three and a half smooth whorls, except for a few spiral
grooves on the anterior portion of the adult body whorl.
Suture is indented. Columella has about two anterior plaits.
Siphonal notch is almost obsolete; fasciole present.

91

CYMBIINAE

Since there is no record of a living specimen having been
taken, the presence of a periostracuin and operculum and the
anatomy of the animal are not known.

Remarks: Until the soft parts have been studied, the exact
allocation of the genus is in doubt. We are provisionally
placing CaUipara in Cymbiinae on the basis of the appearance
of the shell’s protoconch and columellar plaits.

CaUipara bullatiana Weaver and duPont, 1967

{Plate 38G and 38H)

1829 Valuta bullata Swainson, Zoological Illustrations (2)1, pi.

15 {Valuta pi. 1) [nan Valuta bullata Born, 1778; Gmelin,
1791; Wood, 1828, which are all in Marginellidae].

1840 Harpula bullata Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, Volu-
tidae, pp. 107, 318 (no locality given).

1845 Valuta bullata Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
(1)5:206, 207, pi. 53, hg. 88 (Algoa Bay, South Africa).
1849 Valuta bullata Swainson. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 55, pi. 21, hg. 55.

1882 Valuta {CaUipara) bullata Swainson, Tryon, Manual of
Conchologv (1)4:100, pi. 29, hg. 116.

1942 CaUipara bullata (Swainson), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae. p. 45. pi. 20, hg. 136.

1959 Valuta bullata Swainson, Barnard, Ann. S. African Mus.

45(1);22, 23, text hg. 6 (2 protoconch views).

1967 CaUipara bullatiana Weaver and duPont, The Veliger9(4):

385, pi. 53. hg. 14 (new name for preoccupied Valuta
bullata Swainson, 1829).

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1966617.

Type locality: Designated by Sowerby I (1845); Algoa
Bay, Republic of South Africa.

Range: Approximately from Saint Francis Bay northeast to
Port Alfred, Republic of South Africa — a coastal distance
of about 125 miles.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 50 to 70 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small and light in weight. It is
oblong-cylindrical, with a very short spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is low and papillary, of one to one and a half
smooth whorls. Teleoconch has three to three and a half
smooth whorls, except for a lew spiral grooves on the anterior
portion of the adult bf)dy whorl. Suture is indented. Aperture
is narrow, long, pinched in above the center, and four times
the height of the spire. Outer lip is slightly thickened and
simple. Columella is almost straight, with two strong, oblique,
anterior plaits; these are sometimes followed posteriorly by
an obscure third plait. There is a narrow parietal callus in
the posterior angle of the aperture. Siphonal notch is indis-
tinct; fascicle dehned. Base color is a pale brown speckled
with chestnut. IiTegular blotches and sinuous lines form
three faint revolving bands.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: It is surprising that although this species is
frequently collected dead, we know of no record of a live
specimen ever having been taken.

Genus Cymbiolacca Iredale, 1929

1929b Cymbiola {CYmbiolacca) Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus.
i7(4);181. '

1959a Cymbialacca Iredale, McMichael, Australian Zoologist
■ 12(4):374-383, pi. 44, figs. 1-8.

1961 Pseudacymbiola McMichael, .Journ. Malac. Soc. Australia
(5):54. 55, pi. 4, figs. 9, 10 (type species, Pseudacymbiala
pravacationis McMichael, 1961, = Cymbiola complexa
Iredale, 1924; bv original designation).

1963 Cymbiolacca Iredale, McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc. Austra-
lia (7):33^1, text figs. 1-8 (radular teeth), pi. 6 (top
right, bottom right, bottom left).

Type species: Cymbiola complexa Iredale, 1924; by original
designation; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The seven living species in the genus Cym-
biolacca are distributed along the east coast of Australia,
among islands in the Coral Sea, and eastward to the Chester-
held Islands and Bampton Reef, just northwest of New
Caledonia. They have a bathymetric range from the littoral
to 120 fathoms. Their degree of abundance varies from the
rather common Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerby I, 1825) to
the extremely rare Cymbiolacca perplicata (Hedley, 1902).

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to moderately large (45 to
125 mm). Whorls are shouldered and noduled. Protoconch
is comparatively small and turbinate, with radial ribs that
are sometimes covered by a glaze. Periostracum and opercu-
lum are absent. Radula, where known, is uniserial with
tricuspid teeth.

Remarks: Many of the seven species in Cymbiolacca show
considerable intraspecihc variability, as mentioned by
McMichael (1959a, 1963). We have therefore attempted to
be conservative in our evaluation of the many geographical
populations by relegating some of them to synonymy.

Two species, Cymbiolacca thatcheri (McCoy 1868) and
Cymbiolacca perplicata (Hedley, 1902), are placed in this
genus with reservations. Our judgment is based only on shell
morphology, as we have not seen the animal of either species.
In our opinion the radially ribbed protoconchs and more
numerous (more than four) columellar plaits place these
species closer to the genus Cymbiolacca than to the genus
Notovoluta, Cotton, 1946, because the species of the latter
genus have a smooth protoconch and only four columellar
plaits.

The genus Cymbiolacca appears to be most closely related
to the subgenus Aulicina Rovereto, 1899. They differ in
that Cymbiolacca has a smaller, conical protoconch and often
more numerous columellar plaits.

92

Cymbiolacca

MAP 9

93

CYMBIINAE

Figure 18a: Cymbiolacca complexa (Iredale, 1924). Radular teeth from a specimen collected off
Caloundra, (Queensland. Australia.

Figure 18b: Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerbv I, 1825). Radular teeth from a specimen collected at
Hervev Bay, Bundaberg, (Queensland, formerly called Cymbiolacca complexa nielseni McMichael, 1959.

Figure 18c: Cymbiolacca cracenta McMichael, 1963. Radular teeth from a specimen collected off
Cape Bowling Green, north (Queensland.

Figure 18d-e: Cymbiolacca peristicta McMichael, 1963. d, Radular teeth from a specimen col-
lected at Swain Reefs. (Queensland, e. Small radular teeth from a specimen taken at Swain Reefs, (Queens-
land.

Figure 18f-g ; Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerbv I, 1825). f, Radular teeth from a specimen col-
lected at Swain Reefs. (Queensland, g, Radular teeth from a specimen collected at Fitzroy Island, Bunker
Group, (Queensland, formerly called Cymbiolacca pulchra woolacottae McMichael, 1958.

Figure 18h: Cymbiolacca icisemani (Brazier, 1870). Radular teeth from a specimen collected at
I ndine Reef, (Queensland.

(.All figures after McMichael. 1963. .All teeth drawn to the same magnification; see text for actual
dimensions.)

94

Cymhiolacca

Cymbiolacca complexa (Iredale, 1924)

(Plates 39A, 39B, 39C, 39F, 39G, and 70 [top];

Figure 18a; Map 9)

1823b Valuta punctata Swainson, Zoological Illustrations 3, pi.

161 (no locality given) {non Valuta punctata Allan, 1818,
a French fossil from Nice).

1845 Valuta punctata Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyli-
orum 1(5):198, pi. 53, figs. 89, 90.

1849 Valuta punctata Swainson, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 52, figs. 52a, 52b.

1871a Valuta punctata Swainson, Cox, Journal de Conchvliologie
(3)19:77, pi. 5, fig. 2 [Cotes de la Nouvelle Galles du
Sud, entre Broken Bay et Port Jackson (New South Wales,
Australia)].

1871b Valuta punctata Swainson, Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(2):324, 325, pi. 34, fig. 6 [Between Port-Jackson Heads
and the mouth of the Clarence River (Australia)].

1924 Cymbiola complexa Iredale, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales 49(3) :183, 258 (new name for preoccupied Valuta
punctata Swainson, 1823).

1929b Cymbiolacca complexa Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus.

■ 17(4):181.

1942 Aulica punctata (Swainson), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 40, pi. 18, fig. 128.

1959a Cymbiolacca complexa (Iredale), McMichael, Australian Zo-
ologist 12(4):376-378, pi. 44, figs. 1, 2.

1961 Pseudocymbiola provocationis McMichael, Journ. Malac.

Soc. Australia (5):54, 55, pi. 4, figs. 9, 10 [Ulladulla,
N. S. W. (Australia)] (holotype, the Australian Museum,
Sydney) .

1963 Cymbiolacca complexa (Iredale), McMichael, ibid., (7):33,
35, 41, text figs. 1, 2 (radular teeth).

1963 Cymbiola (Cymbiolacca) complexa Iredale, Shikama et Hori-
koshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:101, pi. 83, fig. 2.

Type: The holotype of Valuta punctata Swainson, 1823 is
also the holotype of Cymbiolacca complexa (Iredale, 1924);
British Museum (Natural History), London, No. 1837.12.-
1.81.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Cox, 1871:
between Broken Bay and Port Jackson, New South Wales,
Australia.

Range: From Ulladulla, south of Sydney, New South Wales,
north to Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia — a distance of
approximately 800 miles.

Habitat: Taken by trawling in 5 to 120 fathoms on the
continental shelf. Substrate consists of sand and mud.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 45 to 100 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small to rather large and
solid. It is ovate with a low attenuated spire, blunt at the
apex. Protoconch is small and turbinate, of three and a half
pale-orange whorls on which are widely spaced, white radia-
ting ribs crossed by a few fine lirae. Teleoconch has three
to four tubercled whorls, the tubercles being either small
knobs or sharp spines set on the outer edge of the whorl

shoulder. Aperture is long and wide; interior is white
bordered with pale orange. Outer lip is simple, slightly
thickened and beveled. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep;
fascicle is defined by a narrow ridge. Columella is white and
slightly concave, with four strong, oblique plaits. Color is
variable. Typically the shell is yellow to orange-red with the
white base color showing through as small triangular mark-
ings. Minute reddish or brown spots are sprinkled over the
entire shell. Irregular reddish-brown blotches form two bands
on the adult body whorl. Below the spire suture is a band of
short, closely spaced, axial brown lines.

Animal and radula: The radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth (see Figure 18a).

Remarks: A deep-water population of dwarf complexa exists
off Cape Moreton, Queensland, in 80 to 120 fathoms of
water. Another deep-water variant, from off Ulladulla, New
South Wales, was named Pseudocymbiola provocationis by
McMichael (1961). The protoconch of this dwarf complexa
is smooth because the radial ribs are covered by a glaze.
This phenomenon occurs occasionally in typical specimens of
complexa, as well as in certain populations of Volutoconus
grossi (Iredale, 1927).

Cymbiolacca complexa is a rather common species.

Cymbiolacca cracenta McMichael, 1963
(Plate 40D and 40E; Figure 18c)

1963 Cymbiolacca cracenta McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc. Austra-
lia (7):40, 41, pi. 6 (top right), text fig. 7 [15 miles
south-east of Cape Bowling Green (south of Townsville),
Queensland].

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C.64044.

Type locality: Fifteen miles southeast of Cape Bowling
Green, south of Townsville, Queensland, Australia.

Range: From Townsville south to Bowen, Queensland,
Australia — a distance of about 100 miles.

Habitat: In 17 to 25 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 60 to 80 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size and solid. It
is elongate-oblong and relatively slender, with a short, blunt
spire. Protoconch has three and a half orange-pink whorls
on which are superimposed distinct white ribs. Teleoconch
has about three gently sloping whorls, the shoulders of
which bear short pointed spines. Aperture is long, narrow,
semiovate, and white, bordered with orange-brown. It is about
two-thirds the total length of tlie shell. Outer lip is simple
and beveled. Columella is white with four or live strong
oblique plaits between which are often found secondarv
plaits. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; lasciole is stronglv
defined. Base color is light pink sprinkled with verv fine

95

CYMBIINAE

chocolate dots and generously overlaid with reddishdirown,
forming hroad encircling hands. There are two or three such
hands on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1963), the
radula consists of about 84 very small teeth, measuring 0.12
mm in length (see Figure 18c).

Remarks: This species is closely related to Cynibiolacca
pulchra (Sowerby I, 1825) but differs from it by its more
slender outline, more numerous columellar plaits, and
reddish color pattern. The radula of cracenta is proportion-
ately smaller than those of all other species in the genus.
Furthermore, the two outer cusps point inward at a more
acute angle. (Compare Figure 18c with other radular figures
in CYmbioIacca.)

Cymbiolacca peristicta McMichael, 1963
{Plate 40 A, 40B, and 40C; Figure 18d and 18e)

1963 Cymbiolacca peristicta McMichael. lourn. Malac. Soc.

Australia (7):40, pi. 6 (bottom right) [Big Sandy Cav
situated at 151° 57' E.; 21° 48' S., in the western part of
Swain Reefs (Australia)].

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C.64f)42.

Type locality: Big Sandy Cay, long. 151° 57' E/lat. 21°
48' S, in the western part of Swain Reefs, Queensland,
Australia.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Hahitat: Taken in 2 fathoms on a sandy substrate.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 60 to 75 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size and solid. It
is oblong-ovate, with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is white,
of three axially ribbed wborls on wbicb appear ratber widely
spaced revolving lirae. Teleoconch bas about three and a
half low, strongly shouldered whorls. Shoulders are sculp-
tured with prominent, sharp, slightly recurved tubercles,
giving the spire a turreted appearance. On adult specimens
these tubercles become obsolete as they approach the outer
lip. Aperture is wide; interior is pink bordered with pale
orange. Outer lip is simple and beveled. Siphonal notch is
narrow and deep; fasciole present. Columella is almost
straight, with four strong, oblique plaits. Base color is pink-
ish-white overlaid with numerous dark-chocolate spots of
varying size which are concentrated below the shoulder.
Adjacent to the chocolate spots are pale pinkish-brown
triangular markings. Large, dark, pinkish-brown blotches
form a band at the periphery of the adult body whorl. Short,
longitudinal, reddish-brown lines may appear below the
suture on the spire or may be replaced by blotches of the
same color.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1963), the
animal has a small head and tentacles, prominent eyespots

96

and rather broad lateral head lobes. The siphon is long and
bears long appendages of equal size. Male animals are
equipped with a large, club-shaped penis, flattened along the
inner surface and situated just posterior to the right lateral
lobe.

The radula is uniserial, consisting of 85 tricuspid teeth
(plus nascents). The size is variable, ranging in width from
0.12 to 0.23 mm and in length from 0.11 to 0.19 mm (see
Figure 18d and 18e).

Remarks: This species is most closely related to some of
the more southerly coral cay populations of Cymbiolacca
pulchra (Sowerby I, 1825), and at some future date it may
prove to be conspecific with Sowerby’s species.

Cymbiolacca perplicata (Hedley, 1902)
{Plate 39D and 39EJ)

1902 Voluta perplicata Hedley, Rec. Australian Mus. 4(5):309,
text fig. 23 (on the neighboring reefs of the Great Barrier
or one of the atolls of the Coral Sea).

1942 Alcithoe perplicata (Hedley), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 29, pi. 9, fig. 68.

1949 Notovoluta perplicata Hedley, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2):194.

1963e Voluta perplicata Hedley, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
11(12):8. figs. 1,2.

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C9679.

Type locality: Not firmly established in the original de-
scription by Hedley, 1902, that is, ”on the neighboring reefs
of the Great Barrier or one of the atolls of the Coral Sea!”

Range: Probably northeast Australia.

Habitat: Llnknown.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 75.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 32.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size and solid. It
is broadly fusiform with a moderately low, blunt spire. Pro-
toconch has three radially ribbed whorls. Teleoconch has
three whorls on whose shoulders appear blunt nodules; there
are nine such nodules on the last adult whorl of a shell
measuring 75 mm in length. These nodules extend as low
ridges to the periphery. Aperture is narrow and simple.
Columella has six oblique plaits, the posterior plait occasion-
ally splitting into two smaller plaits. Siphonal notch is wide
and shallow; fasciole is well defined. Base color is white with
widely spaced, narrow, orange, wavy longitudinal lines. At
the anterior of the shoulder and at the periphery of the adult
body whorl are faint, broadly suffused spiral bands of orange.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: This extremely rare species is known from only
three beach-worn specimens, which are deposited in the
Australian Museum, Sydney. The type locality remains

Cymbiolacca

ambiguous. The final determination of this species’ generic
position must await the collection and anatomical study of
live specimens.

Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerby I, 1825)

{Plates 39H, 391, 39J, and 41E through 41H;
Figure 18b, 18 f and 18g; Map 9)

1825 Valuta pulchra Sowerby, Cat. Shells Tankerville, App., p.

28, pi. 4. fig. 2 (no locality given).

1845 Valuta pulchra Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvliorum 1(5):
199, pi. 51, fig. 61.

1849 Valuta pulchra Sowerby, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 54. pi. 21, figs. 54a, 54b (Australia).

1864 Valuta (Scapha) pulchra Sowerby, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1);51.

1882 Valuta pulchra Sowerby, Trvon, Manual of Conchologv (1)
4:86, pi. 25. fig. 50 {nan fig. 51, = Valuta vespertilia
Linnaeus, 1758).

1942 Aulicina pulchra pulchra (Sowerby), M. Smith, A Review of
the Volutidae. p. 40, pi. 18, fig. 124.

1949 Cvmbwla pulchra wisemani Brazier, Cotton, Rec. South
Australian Mus. 9(2):189, pi. 13 (center right) {nan
Valuta {Aulica) wisemani Brazier, 1870).

1957 Aulicina perrri Ostergaard and Summers, Journ. Malac.

Soc. Australia (1):30, text figs., dorsal and ventral views
(Wistari Reef, Capricorn Group, Queensland) (holotype,
the South Australian Museum, Adelaide).

1958 Cymbiolacca pulchra waalacottae McMichael, Proc. Roy.

Zool. Soc. New South Wales (1956-1957), pp. 149, 150,
text figs. 1, 2 (Heron Island, Queensland) (holotvpe. the
Australian Museum. Sydney).

1958 Cymbiolacca pulchra pulchra (Sowerby). McMichael. ibid..
pp. 148-152, text figs. 3-6.

1959a Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerbv). McMichael, Australian
Zoologist 12(4):378-380. pi. 44, figs. 4, 5. 6. 9, text fig.
B (radula).

1959a Cymbiolacca complexa neilseni McMichael. ibid., p. 377,
pi. 44, fig. 3, text fig. A (radular teeth) [Hervev Bay
(Australia)] (holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney).
1963 Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerby), McMichael, Journ. Malac.

Soc. Australia (7):33, 35, 39. text figs. 3, 4, (radular
teeth).

1963 Cymbiolacca complexa nielseni McMichael (spelling
emended), ibid., pp. 33. 34, text fig. 2 (radular teeth).
1963 Cymbiola {Cymbiolacca) pulchra (Sowerbv), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:101, pi. 83, fig. 3.

Type; Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, No. 1957.10.10.1.

Type locality; Subsequently restricted by McMichael
(1959a) to Bustard Bay, Queensland, Australia, where shells
similar to the holotype have been found.

Range; From Bustard Bay north to Swain Reefs, Queens-
land, Australia — a distance of about 200 miles.

Habitat; From the littoral to about 30 fathoms on a sandy
substrate.

Dimensions; Adult specimens are 65 to 90 mm in length.

Shell description; This species is extremely variable in
color and shape. Typically, the shell is of medium size and
solid. It is narrowly ovate with a low, attenuated spire, blunt
at the apex. Protoconch is small and turbinate, with about
three and a half radially ribbed whorls; these ribs are crossed
by tine lirae. Teleoconch has three to three and a half slightly
shouldered whorls bearing short, sharp shoulder tubercles.
Aperture is semiovate; interior is white bordered with orange-
brown. Outer lip is simple, slightly thickened and beveled.
Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole present.
Columella is straight or slightly concave, white, with four
oblique plaits. Color pattern is extremely variable. Typically,
the shell is orange-brown with the white base color showing
through as small triangular markings. Three darker orange-
brown bands encircle the adult body whorl; these bands are
marked with numerous dark-brown to chocolate spots and
dashes. Below the suture is a hand of short, closely spaced
brown lines.

Animal and radula; According to McMichael (19.59a),
the animal is brightly colored with deep-red stripes and
patches imposed on a creamy background. The foot is wide;
siphon is long, and the proboscis and tentacles are large.

The uniserial radular ribbon from a Swain Reefs shell
has 94 tricuspid teeth measuring 0.19 mm in length and
0.18 mm in width (see Figure 181).

Remarks; For a discussion on the relationship between the
coastal pulchra and the coral cay populations, we quote
McMichael (1963):

"When an attempt is made to apply names to populations
varying this way, the limitation of our trinomial nomen-
clatural system is revealed. None of these island populations
is sufficiently distinctive to warrant a sub-specific name and
indeed the variation indicated that it is no longer possible
to maintain the distinction between the deep water (and
coastal) shells hitherto regarded as pulchra pulchra and the
coral cay shells which were lumped together undci pulchra
woolacottae. It seems clear that each population is different
and is the product of an interaction between its particular
genetic constitution (which may be quite distinctive as a
result of a high degree of interbreeding) and the local en-
vironment in which it is found.”

Cymbiolacca pulchra is a (juite common species.

Cymbiolacca thatcheri (McCoy, 1868)

{Plate 40F and 40G)

1868 I oluta thatcheri McCov. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) I :.54. [)1.
2. fig. 1 (no locality given).

1870b I oluta brazieri Angas. manuscript name [in] Brazier. F^roe.

Zool. Soc. London (2):.561 (Bampton Reef, in latitude
19° .51' south, longitude 1.58° 20' east, near the north-
west coast of New Caledonia).

1882 ] oluta thatcheri McCov. Trvon. Manual of Concholog\

(1)4:96. pi. 30. fig. 126.

97

CYMBIINAE

1887 Valuta ihalrheri McCoy, Sowerl)y, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
5(44), 2nd suppL, p. 299, pi. 15, hg. 147.

1942 Alcithoe thatcheri (McCoy), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 30, pi. 9, fig. 70.

1949 Notovoluta thatcheri (McCov), Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9 (2): 194.

Type: Holotype, National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne,
Australia, No. F22764.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Brazier
(1870b): Bampton Reef (lat. 19° 51' S/long. 158° 20' E)
near the northwest coast of New Caletlouia.

Range: From the Chesterfield Islands to Bampton Reef, New
Caledonia — a distance of about 150 miles.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 75 to 125 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is relatively large and solid. It is
elongate-fusiform, with an extended tapering spire, blunt at
the apex. Protoconch is small, of four and a half pupiform,
flesh-colored whorls with radiating white ribs. Teleoconch has
about five rather narrow, slightly shouldered whorls, the
shoulders hearing raised pointed nodules. There are about
10 such nodules on the penultimate whorl of a shell 65 mm
in length. Aperture is long and narrow, about three-fourths
the total length of the shell. Outer lip is thickened, curving
posteriorly toward the suture in adult specimens. Columella
has seven or eight plaits that decrease in strength posteriorly.
Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole is well defined.
Shell is orange-red with the base color showing through as
white triangular markings and the red blotches forming two
or three revolving bands on the adult body whorl. In addition,
a row of dark-orange, (juadrangular spots encircles each
whorl below the suture.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: To our knowledge no living specimens of this
rare species have been collected. The small ribbed proto-
conch and multiplaited columella (seven to eight) persuade
us to provisionally place this species in Cymhiolacca. We do
not agree with Cotton that this species belongs in the genus
Notovoluta, which is characterized by a relatively large,
smooth protoconch and only four colurnellar plaits.

The species was named after Mr. Charles M. Thatcher of
Melbourne, an enthusiastic and knowledgeable conchologist.

Cymbiolacca wisemani (Brazier, 1870)
{Plate 41A through 41D; Figure 18h)

1870a Valuta (Aulica) wisemani Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1):108 (Islands on north-east coast of Australia).

1871 Valuta {Aulica) wisemani Brazier, Journal de Conchyliologie
(3)19:78^80. pi. 5, fig. 1.

1871 Valuta wisemani Brazier, Crosse, Journal de Conchvliologie
(3)19:278.

1882 Valuta wisemani Brazier, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:86, pi. 25, fig. 51.

1887 Valuta wisemani Brazier, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
5(44), 2nd suppl., p. 297, pi. 14, fig. 139.

1929a Valuta wisemani Brazier, Iredale, Memoirs of the (Queens-
land Museum 9:283, 284 (Michaelmas Cay, (Queensland).
1942 Aulica pulchra wisemani (Brazier), M. Smith, A Review of
the Volutidae, pp. 40, 41 (unfigured).

1958 Cvmhialacca wisemani Brazier, McMichael, Proc. Roy. Zool.

Soc. New South Wales (1956-1957), pp. 148, 149.

1959a Cymbiolacca wisemani Brazier, McMichael, Australian
Zoologist 12(4):375, 380, 381, pi. 44, figs. 7, 8.

1961 Cymhiola randalli Stokes, Rov. Soc. S. Australia Malac.

Sec. (16):3, 4, text fig. (ventral and dorsal views) (holo-
type, the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne).

1963 Cymbiolacca wisemani Brazier, McMichael, Journ. Malac.

Soc. Australia (7):33, 41, pi. 6 (bottom left), text fig. 8
(radula).

1966c Cymbiolacca wisemani Brazier, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 14(5) :7, text figs. 1^.

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C.11497.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Iredale (1929)
to Michaelmas Cay, Queensland, Australia.

Range: From Keeper Reef, near Townsville, north to St.
Crispin’s Reef, just north of Cairns, Queensland, Australia —
a distance of about 175 miles.

Habitat: In 1 to 15 fathoms on a sandy substrate.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 60 to 85 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size and solid. It is
elongate-ovate, with a low, pyramidal spire, blunt at the
apex. Protoconch is turbinate, of about three and a half
radially ribbed whorls; these widely spaced ribs are crossed
by a few fine revolving lirae. Teleoconch has two and a half
whorls bearing shoulder tubercles. The tubercles vary; that
is, in some populations they are low and suppressed, whereas
in others they are erect and pointed. In all cases, however,
they become obsolete toward the outer lip on adult speci-
mens. Suture is slightly indented. Aperture is rather narrow
and semiovate, about four-fifths the total length of the shell.
The interior is white, bordered with pale orange. Outer lip
is simple, slightly thickened and beveled. Siphonal notch is
narrow and deep; fasciole is defined by a ridge. Columella
is slightly curved, with four strong, oblique plaits. Color and
color pattern are variable. Typically, the base color ranges
from creamy-white to pinkish-orange. The entire shell is
suffused with orange-brown markings that join to form two
or three darker revolving bands on the adult body whorl.
The surface of the shell is sprinkled with dots or short dash-
like markings. Clumps of short lines may or may not be
superimposed on the orange-brown markings just below the
suture.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1963), a
tricuspid radular tooth measures 0.20 mm in length and
width (see Figure 18h).

Remarks: The holotype has minute dark spots similar to

98

Sigaluta

those in populations from Keeper Reef near Townsville,
Queensland, Australia.

Recently some specimens were collected a few miles
north of Cairns, at Undine and St. Crispin’s Reef. In these
specimens the spots are replaced by fine, elongate, axial
orange-brown dashes; no other color pattern is present. This
form was named Cymbiola randalli Stokes, 1961. However,
it has been shown that this population grades into and is
replaced by the spotted population (McMichael, 1963;
Weaver, 1966c). It is therefore synonymous with Cymbi-
olacca wisemani.

Genus Sigaluta Rehder, 1967

1967a Sigaluta Rehder, Pacific Science 21(2):182, 183, text figs.

1-4 (type species, Sigaluta pratasensis Rehder, 1967; by
original designation).

Type species: Sigaluta pratasensis Rehder, 1967; by
original designation; Recent, south China Sea.

Distribution: The single living species in this genus is
found only from waters west of Pratas Reef, south China
Sea, in 208 fathoms. Only two specimens are known.

Diagnosis: Shells are of moderate size and not heavy. They
are ovate, shiny, with a rather low spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is large, bulbous, of about two and one-quarter
smooth whorls. Teleoconch has about two smooth whorls.
Aperture is ovate; outer lip is flaring and somewhat thick-
ened, with a shallow rounded sinus at the junction of the
adult body whorl. Columella has about two very oblique,
anterior plaits.

The presence of an operculum and the anatomy of the
animal are unknown.

Remarks: Although the two known specimens were dredged
alive in 1908 by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer
Albatross 1, the soft parts were unfortunately lost. We there-
fore follow Rehder (1967a) in provisionally placing the genus

Sigaluta in Cymbiinae on the basis of the shell’s protoconch
and columellar plaits.

Sigaluta pratasensis Rehder, 1967
{Plate 40H and 401)

1967a Sigaluta pratasensis Rehder, Pacific Science 21(2):182,
183, text figs. 1-4 (West of Pratas Reef, South China Sea;
20° 37' N., 115° 43' E.).

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D. C., No. 237018.

Type locality: Off Hong Kong, west of Pratas Reef, south
China Sea.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: In 208 fathoms on a substrate composed of gray
mud and sand.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 53.9 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 28.5 mm. The single paratype length is 60.95 mm;
maxipium diameter, 29.6 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and not
heavy. It is ovate, with a rather low spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is large, bulbous, of about two and a quarter
smooth, shiny whorls. Teleoconch has one and three-fourths
to two smooth, shiny whorls, the body whorl rather strongly
descending on the penultimate whorl. Suture is glazed over.
Aperture is narrowly ovate, acuminate posteriorly, broadly
truncate anteriorly. Outer lip is slightly thickened with a
whitish callus and marked with a shallow sigmoid sinus be-
low the suture. Columella is angled at the center, with two
very oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch and fasciole
are absent. Shell is unicolored, light yellowish-brown to
light grayish-olive-brown, with a slightly grayish cast.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: This very rare species does not resemble any
other species in the family Volutidae.

99

Subfamily

ZIDONINAE

H. and A. Adams, 1853

1853 ZIDONINAE H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Recent
Mollusca 1:161.

1954 ALCiTHOiNAE Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American
Paleo. 35(152):287.

1964 ZIDONINAE H. and A. Adams, Clench and Turner,
Johnsonia 4(43): 147-151, pis. 82, 83, 88-91.

Type genus: Zidona H. and A. Adams, 1853; mono-
typic.

Distribution: The subfamily Zidoninae, as considered
here, contains 28 species under nine genera and four sub-
genera.

The table at tbe right shows the geographical group-
ings of these genera; their subgenera are shown in paren-
theses.

The greatest number of species (13) is concentrated
in New Zealand waters. The two species in the genus
Provocator are geographically separated. One species,
Provocator pulcher Watson, 1882, is found in south
Indian Ocean waters; the other, Provocator corderoi Car-
celles, 1947, comes from the east coast of South America.

Taxa in this subfamily have a bathymetric range from
the littoral to abyssal depths. Their degree of abundance
varies from the common Alcithoe arabica (Gmelin, 1791)
to the extremely rare Provocator pulcher Watson, 1882,
known only from a single specimen.

Diagnosis: Shells vary greatly in shape. In size they
range from the small (33 mm in length) Palomelon
grahami Powell, 1965 to the large (350 mm in length)
Cottonia nodiplicata (Cox, 1910).

Both coasts of South
America, eastern
Pacific Ocean

Zidona H. and A. Adams, 1853
Adelomelon Dali, 1906

[Weaveria Clench and
Turner, 1964)
(Pachycymbiola von
Ihering, 1907)
Arctomelon Dali, 1915
Provocator Watson, 1882

New Zealand

Alcithoe H. and A. Adams, 1853
{Leporemax Iredale, 1937)
Pachymelon Marwick, 1926
{Palomelon Finlay, 1926)
Teremelon Marwick, 1926

Ceylon and southern

India

Harpulina Dali, 1906

Australia

Cottonia Iredale, 1934

According to Clench and Turner (1964), Zidoninae is
characterized by the following: a uniserial radular ribbon
with tricuspid teeth, two equal lobes at the base of the
siphon, and a tubular salivary gland loosely wound
around the moderately compact racemose salivary gland.

Species in this subfamily (where known) are ovipa-
rous. There is no operculum.

Genus Zidona H. and A. Adams,

1853

1841 Volutella d’Orbigny, Voyage dans I’Amerique Meridionale
5: (3)422 (type species, Valuta angulata Swainson, 1821;
monotypic) [non Volutella Perry, 1810, in Vasidae; non
Volutella Swainson, 1821, in Marginellidae].

1853 Zidona H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Recent Mollusca
1:161 (type species, Zidona angulata "Solander,” H. and
A. Adams, 1853; monotypic) [non Voluta angulata Light-
foot, 1786, in Vasidae].

Type species: Voluta angulata Swainson, 1821, Voluta
dufresnei Donovan, 1823 [non Voluta angulata Lightfoot,

100

Zidona

1786, in Vasidae]; by original designation; Recent, south-
western Atlantic.

Distribution: The single species in this genus inhabits
waters from Cabo Frio, Estuary Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, south
to the Gulfo San Matias, Argentina — a distance of approxi-
mately 1800 miles. It has a bathymetric range from 20 to 40
fathoms. The species is rather common.

Diagnosis: In this monotypic genus the shells are rather
large and solid. They are elongate-oblong with a narrow,
extended spire. The entire surface is covered with a glaze.
This glaze, manufactured by the mantle of the animal, can
completely envelop the shell. Protoconch is smooth and is
covered by a thick, nacreous coating that extends from the
protoconch as a long, pencil-like prolongation. This pro-
longation is sometimes lumpy and curved. Columella has
several plaits.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure
19a).

Remarks: The crediting of Zidona angulata Swainson,
1821 (type species of Zidona) to Solander [Lightfoot] rather
than to Swainson was an error on the part of H. and A.
Adams (1853). They illustrated and described Zidona
angulata Swainson, = dufresnei Donovan, and not angulata
Lightfoot, in Vasidae.

Zidona dufresnei (Donovan, 1823)

{Plate 42D and 42E; Figure 19a and 19b)

1821b Valuta angulata Swainson, Exotic Conchology 1(3), 6th
unnumbered page, pis. 3, 4 (Pacific Ocean) [non Valuta
angulata Lightfoot, 1786, in Vasidae] [potential lecto-
type, British Museum (Natural History), London].

1823 Valuta dufresnei Donovan, Naturalist’s Repository 2, pi. 61
[east coast of the Cape of Good Hope (in error)].

1829 Valuta nasica Schubert and Wagner [in] Martini and Chem-
nitz, Conchylien-Cabinet 12(1):10, pi. 217, figs. 3031,
3032 (locality unknown).

1839 Valuta angulata Solander, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:65, pi. 38, figs. 1, 2 (3 views).

1841 Volutella angulata Swainson, d’Orbigny, Voyage dans
I’Amerique Meridionale 5:423, pi. 60, figs. 1-3 (Rio de
la Plata to San Bias, Patagonia) .

1841 Valuta angulata Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second edi-
tion by Hanley, p. 17, pis. 3, 4.

1845 Valuta angulata Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy-
liorum 1(5):202, pi. 47, figs. 13, 14.

1849 Valuta angulata Swainson, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 35, pi. 40, fig. 35.

1853 Zidana angulata "Solander,” H. and A. Adams, The Genera
of Recent Mollusca 1:161.

1882 Valuta angulata Swainson, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:98, pi. 29, figs. 112, 121.

1895 Valuta angulata Swainson, Lahille, Rev. Mus. de la Plata
6:307, pi. 2, figs. 69-78, pis. 6, 7. Lahille described the
following forms which are synonyms of dufresnei: luteola,
p. 309; mixta, p. 309 [non Galleotti, 1837]; similis, p. 310;
distincta. p. 310; ventricasa, p. 310 [nan Dillwyn, 1817];
affinis, p. 311 [nan Brocchi, 1814].

Figure 19: Zidona dufresnei (Donovan, 1823). a. Single
tooth and two radular teeth in normal position. Off Isla Lobos,
Uruguay. Length of radula, 6 mm (after Clench and Turner,
1964). b. Ventral view of the siphon showing the relationship
of the basal lobes, gill, and osphradium (after Clench and
Turner, 1964).

1942 Zidona angulata (Swainson), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 62, pi. 13, figs. 93, 96.

1954 Zidona angulata (Swainson), Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull.

American Paleo. 35(152):287, 306, pi. 28, fig. 4 (radular
ribbon).

1963 Adelomelon (Zidona) angulata Swainson, Shikama et Hori-

koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:107, 108, pi. 88, fig. 7.

1964 Zidona dufresnei Donovan, Clench and Turner, Johnsonia

4(43): 147-151, pis. 82, 83, 88-91 (anatomy, radular
teeth).

1968 Zidona dufresnei Donovan, Abbott, Swainson’s Exotic

Conchology (facsimile, p. 41, pis. 3. 4).

Type: Type figure, selected by Clencb and Turner (1964)
as Donovan, 1823, Naturalist’s Repository 2, pi. 61 (2
views) .

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by d’Orbigny
(1841) as Rio de la Plata, between Argentina and Uruguay.

Range: From Cabo Frio (just north of Rio de Janeiro),
Brazil, south to the Gulfo San Matias, central Argentina —
a distance of approximately 1800 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 20 to 40 fathoms on a sand and mud
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 125 to 207 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is extremelv variable in shape.
Typically, the shell is rather large and heavy. It is elongate
with a narrow, extended spire. The entire surface is covered
by a glaze. Protoconch is smooth, of two whorls, and is cov-
ered with a thick, nacreous coating that extends from the
protoconch as a long, pencil-like prolongation. This pro-
longation is sometimes lumpy and curved and projects up to
35 mm beyond the first protoconch whorl. Teleoconch has
about five shouldered, nearlv flat-sided whorls and is sculp-
tured with fine, longitudinal growth lines. Suture is somewhat
indented. Aperture is long and subquadrate, with a slightly

101

ZIDONINAE

thickened, simple outer lip. The interior color is pale orange.
Columella is curved, with two to four very oblique plaits.
Siphonal notch is wide and rather shallow; fasciole prom-
inent. Base color is yellow-cream to orange, overlaid with
irregular, longitudinal, zigzag, brown lines. Operculum and
periostracum are absent.

Animal and radula: According to Clench and Turner
(1964), the radula is uniserial, consisting of tricuspid teeth,
each tooth having three sharp, subequal, pointed cusps (see
Figure 19a). The animal has a broad foot and a mantle that
is capable of almost completely covering the shell. The spur,
which may be over 35 mm long, increases the length of the
shell. The body of the animal is mottled with dark green
on a rich cream background.

Remarks: That this is an extremely variable species may
be attested to by the many subspecific names given to the
numerous population variants by Lahille (1895). None of
these taxa have been accepted by Dali (1907a), Carcelles
(1944), or Clench and Turner (1964). We also reject them
and place them in the synonymy of the rather common
Zidona dufresnei.

Genus Adelomelon Dali, 1906

1906 Adelomelon Dali, The Nautilus 19(12):143 (type species,
Voluta ancilla Lightfoot, 1786) [non Adelomelon Pilsbry
and Olsson, 1954, in Odontocymbiolinae].

1954 Janeithoe Pilsbrv and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo. 35
(152):25 (type species, Voluta beckii Broderip, 1836).
1964 Adelomelon Dali, Clencb and Turner, Johnsonia 4(43):151-
167 (with numerous figs, of shells, anatomy and radulae).

Type species: Voluta ancilla Lightfoot, 1786; by original
designation; Recent, southwestern Atlantic.

Distribution: The three subgenera in the genus Adelo-
melon contain seven living species that inhabit waters off
eastern South America and the Falkland Islands.

They have a bathymetric range from the littoral to 100
fathoms. Their degree of abundance varies from the rather
common Adelomelon ancilla (Lightfoot, 1786) to the ex-
tremely rare Adelomelon barattinii Klappenbach and Ureta,
1966, known only from two dead-collected shells.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to very large in size (85 to
450 mm in length). They are subglobose or elongate with a
depressed or elevated spire. Protoconch is small to moder-
ately small and smooth, with or without a calcarella. Teleo-
conch is smooth, longitudinally ribbed, or knobbed. Where
present, sculpture consists of fine growth lines and some-
times fine spiral threads. Columella is with or without plaits.
Periostracum is thin and translucent or thick; it mav be
deciduous. An operculum is absent.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth. There are
lobes ol equal size on the base of the siphon (see Figure 20).

Remarks: Adelomelon s. s. differs from the subgenera

102

Weaveria Clench and Turner, 1964 and Pachycymbiola von
Ihering, 1907 in the following manner: in Weaveria the
columella is usually without plaits (the other subgenera have
several plaits), but it may have one obscure anterior fold.
The deciduous periostracum is very thick and the teleoconch
whorls are very globose. The sculpture, consisting of strong
spiral lirae that become most pronounced on the adult body
whorl, is not found in the other two subgenera.

In Pachycymbiola the shell is subglobose, smooth or
tuberculate. The protoconch does not have a calcarella as is
found in the other two subgenera. There is a thick, non-
deciduous periostracum present, in contrast to the thin
periostracum of Adelomelon and the deciduous periostracum
of Weaveria.

Subgenus Adelomelon sensu stricto

Type SPECIES: Voluta ancilla Lightfoot, 1786; by original
designation; Recent, southwestern Atlantic.

Distribution: The four species in Adelomelon s. s. are dis-
tributed from southern Brazil southward to the Falkland Is-
lands. They have a bathymetric range from the littoral to 45
fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to large (110 to 450 mm in
length). They are fusiform and have an elevated spire. Pro-
toconch is relatively small and smooth. A calcarella is
present. Teleoconch is moderately convex, smooth or with
shoulder tubercles. Surface sculpture, where present, con-
sists of fine axial growth lines and may have axial ribbing on
the early whorls. Columella has several plaits. Periostracum
is thin and deciduous. Mantle does not extend over the shell.

Adelomelon (Adelomelon) ancilla
(Lightfoot, 1786)

(Plate 42 A, 42 B, and 42C;

Figure 20a, 20b, 20c, and 2 On)

1786 Voluta ancilla Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland Mu-
seum, p. 137, no. 3061 (Straits of Magellan) [type figure
based on Davila, 1767, Catalogue des Curiosites de la
Nature 1:140, no. 181, pi. 8, fig. S].

1791 Voluta spectabilis Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p.

3468 (pars) (in freto magellanica) [type figure based on
Davila, 1767, ibid., pi. 8, fig. Sj.

1811 Voluta magellanica Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:69
(Straits of Magellan [type figure based on Lamarck, 1798,
Tab. Encyc. Meth. 3, pi. 385, figs, la, lb (detroit de
Magellan) [non Voluta magellanica Gmelin, 1791, in
Odontocymbiolinae] .

1828 Voluta gracilis Wood, Index Testaceologicus, suppL, p. 59,
pi. 3, fig. 2 (no locality given).

1839 Voluta magellanica Lamarck. Kiener, Icon. Coquilles

Vivantes, Voluta 3:40, pi. 51 (2 views) [non Voluta
magellanica Gmelin. 1791, in Odontocymbiolinae].

1845 Voluta magellanica, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum

Adelomelon

1(5):2C)4, pi. 54, tig. 99 [non Valuta rnagellanica Gnielin,
1791, in Odontocymbiolinae].

1849 Valuta ancilla Solander, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 39, pi. 42, fig. 39.

1859 Valuta (Cymbiola) ancilla, Chenu, Manuel de ConchvHologie
1:189,’ fig. 955.

1882 Valuta ancilla Solander, Trvon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:97, pi. 29, fig. 110.

1889 Valuta bracata Mabille and Rochebrune, Rochebrune and
Mabille, Mission Scientifique de Cap Horn 6:48, 49 [Baie
Orange (Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego, Chile)].

1891 Scaphella (Valuta) arnheimi Rivers, Proc. California Acad.

^i. 3 (2): 107 [Monterev Bay, California (locality in
error)] .

1895 Valuta ancilla Solander, Labille, Rev. Mus. de la Plata
3:313-316, pi. 1, figs. 9, 10; pi. 2, figs. 62, 63, 63a; pi. 8,
figs. 159, 184—192 (Argentina). Labille described and
illustrated the following forms which are synonyms of
ancilla'. typica, p. 314, pi. 11, figs. 4, 5, 8; ponderosa, p.
315 (unfigured); elongata, p. 315, pi. 11, fig. 2; inflata,
p. 315, pi. 11, fig. 7; expansa, p. 315, pi. 11, fig. 1; abbre-
viata p. 316, pi. 11, fig. 3.

1906 Valuta martensi Strebel, Zool. Jahrb. 24:124, pi. 9, figs. 34,
35, 42-44; pi. 10, figs. 56, 56a (Straits of Magellan;
Peru).

1906 Valuta bracteata [5!c] Mabille and Rochebrune, Strebel,
ibid., p. 92.

1906 Adelomelan ancilla Solander, Dali. The Nautilus 19(12):
143.

1942 Adelomelan rnagellanica (Lamarck), M. Smith, A Review of
the Volutidae, pp. 57, 58, pi. 11, fig. 83 [non Valuta
rnagellanica Gmelin, 1791, in Odontocymbiolinae].

1954 Pachycymbiala rnagellanica Sowerby, Pilsbry and Olsson.

Bull. American Paleo. 35(152):306, pi. 28, fig. 3 [nan
Valuta rnagellanica Gmelin, 1791, in Odontocymbiolinae].
1960 Adelomelon ancylla [stc] Solander, Barattini and Ureta, La
Fauna de las Costas Uruguayas del Este, p. 124, pi. 34.
1962] Adelomelon martensi (Strebel), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 11(2):5, text fig. 1.

1964 Adelomelon (Adelomelon) ancilla Solander, Clench and
Turner, Johnsonia 4(43):152-154, pis. 82, 83, 92-94
(figs, of shells, anatomy and radular teeth).

1967b Adelomelon ancilla (Lightfoot), Rehder, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 121 (3579): 15.

Type: Type figure based on Davila, 1767, Catalogue des
Curiosites de la Nature 1:140, no. 181, pi. 8, fig. S.

Type locality: Straits of Magellan.

Range: Southern Brazil and south to the Straits of Magellan
— a coastal distance of approximately 1500 miles. Melvill
and Standen (1907) reported specimens taken in the Falk-
land Islands.

Habitat: Dredged in 5 to 100 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 135 to 186 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather large, solid, and
elongate. Spire is high, with a pointed apex. Protoconch is
rather small, with' about two smooth whorls and with a cal-
carella at the apex. Teleoconch has about five slightly convex
whorls, sculptured with fine growth lines. Sometimes longi-
tudinal ribs appear on the early whorls. Suture is indented.
Aperture is long and rather narrow, slightly less than two-

thirds the total length of the shell. The color of the interior
is pale orange. Columella is almost straight; it is glazed,
with two or more oblique plaits. Siphonal notch is deep;
fasciole present. Base color is a dull pinkish-white overlaid
with widely spaced, brown, longitudinal, zigzag lines. A thin,
deciduous periostracum is present.

Animal and radiila: The radula is uniserial, consisting
of tricuspid teeth, the central cusp being the longest (see
Figure 20a, 20b, and 20c).

Remarks: We are indebted to Clench and Turner (1964)
for putting in order the considerable confusion that sur-
rounded the two similar but different species, Adelomelon
ancilla (Lightfoot, 1786) and Odontocyrnhiola rnagellanica
(Gmelin, 1791). In 1811 Lamarck initiated this confusion
when he proposed his Voluta rnagellanica (= ancilla Light-
foot), evidently ignoring magellanica Gmelin. Pilsbry and
Olsson (1954) added to this confusion when they used the
name magellanica "Sowerby,” based upon Lamarck’s name
and not that of Gmelin. Then they compounded the error
when the alcohol-preserved parts of ancilla Lightfoot and
magellanica Gmelin became switched, with the result that
the illustrations of their radulae appeared in reverse. Fortu-
nately, Clench and Turner also had the preserved animals of
both species to study and were able to unravel the problem.

Specimens of Adelomelon ancilla that showed longitudinal
ribbing on the early whorls were named Valuta martensi by
Strebel in 1906. They are simply population variants and
are synonyms of the rather common ancilla.

Adelomelon (Adelomelon) barattinii
Klappenbach and Ureta, 1966

{Plate 43C and 43D)

1%6 Adelomelon barattinii Klappenbach and Ureta, Com. Zool.

Museo Hist. Nat. Montevideo 9(lll):l-6, pi. 1 (2 ventral
views); pi. 2 (2 dorsal views) ]Desembocadura del rio de
la Plata, 15 inillas al sur de la isla de Lobos (Uruguav)].

Type: Holotype, National Museum of Natural History,
Montevideo, Uruguay, No. 1314.

Type locality: Estuarv of the Rio de la Plata, 15 miles
south of the Island of Lobos, southern Uruguay.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: The two known specimens (empty shells) were
trawled in about 43 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 110.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 48.0 mm. Paratvpe length, 126.5 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 55.0 mm. Aperture length, about two-thirds the total
length of the shell.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size for the genus
and solid. It is fusiform, with a high, pointed spire. Proto-
conch is rather small, with two smooth, straight-sided whorls.
The first whorl is very small, sharply pointed, and eccentric.

103

ZIDONINAE

104

Figure 20: See legend on facing page.

1 mm

Adelomelon

Teleoconch has four and a half slightly convex whorls, with
several revolving striae below the suture. The shoulders of
the last two and a half whorls have elongated nodules which
become six or seven low, rounded knobs on the adult body
whorl. Aperture is long and oval. Siphonal notch is broad
and shallow; fasciole present. Columella is calloused, with
two or three rather weak, obliquely angled plaits set well
back in the aperture. Periostracum is pale brown and
deciduous; it is present only on scattered areas. Base color
is a dirty pale yellow. The presence of an operculum is un-
known.

Animal and radulas Unknown.

Remarks: In their original description, Klappenbach and
Ureta emphasized the extraordinary weight of the shell. For
example, the holotype of Adelomelon barattinii (length 110
mm) weighed 91 grams as compared with a specimen of
Adelomelon beckii (Broderip, 1836) (length 121 mm) that
weighed only 31 grams.

The species is extremely rare, known only from two dead-
collected specimens. It was named to honor the memory of
Professor Luis P. Barattini.

Adelomelon (Adelomelon) beckii
(Broderip, 1836)

{Plate 43A and 43B; Figure 20d, 20e, and 20f)

1836 Valuta beckii Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (4):43
(locality unknown).

1839 Valuta fusiformis Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes, Valuta
3:41, pi. 49 (2 views) (I’Ocean Meridional, les Cotes
Magellan iques) [non Valuta fusiformis Brocchi, 1814, a
fossil; non Turton, 1819; non Swainson, 1822, = Valuta
sowerbri Kiener, 1839; non Defrance, 1829].

1841 Valuta festiia d’Orbigny. Voyage dans rAmeri(|ne
Meridionale 5(3):426 (soutli of the Rio Negro, near
Ensenada de Rios) [nan Valuta festiia l,atnarck, 1811).
1845 Valuta beckii Broderip, Sowerby, Thesaurus Com hvlioruin
1(5):205, pi. 54. fig. 104.

1849 Valuta beckii Broderip. Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,

Valuta sp. 42, pl. 43, fig. 42.

1882 Valuta beckii Broderip, Trvon, Manual of Conchologv

(1)4:97, pl. 29, fig. 109.

1895 Valuta fusiformis Kiener, Labille, Rev. Mus. de la Plata
6:.300. pl. 1, figs. 14, 15; pl. 3, figs. 18. 21-23. Labille
also described and illustrated the following forms which
are svnonvms of beckii: omata. p. .301, pl. .3, figs. 16, 17;
pl. 4, figs. 24—26; and connexa, p. 302, pl. 3, figs. 19. 20.
1906 Valuta (Cymbiola) becki Broderip. Strebel. Zool. Jahrb.

24:97. '

1907a Adelomelon beckii Broderip, Dali. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
48(3):.360.

1908 Adelomelon indigestus von Ihering, Anal. .Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires (3)10:433, text fig. 2 (oH the llha Sao Sebastian,
Sao Paulo. Brazil, in the stomach of a fish).

1942 Adelomelon beckii (Broderip), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. .56. pl. 23, fig. 156.

1963 Adelomelon (Janeithoe) becki (Broderip), Shikama et Hori-

koshi. Selected Shells of the W orld Illustrated in Colours
1:108, text fig. 159.

1964 Adelomelon (Adelomelon) beckii Broderip. Clench and

Turner, Johnsonia 4(43): 160-162. pis. 82. 99, 100
(figs, of shells and radular teeth).

Type: Lectotype, selected by Clench and Turner (1964),
Cambridge University Department of Zoologv Museum (ex
Saul collection). A syntype from the Broderip Collection is
in the British Museum (Natural Historv), London.

Type locality: Here restricted to 7 miles off llha Rasa.
Estuary Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Range: From southern Brazil to southern Argentina — a

Legend for Figure 20

Figure 20a-c: Adelomelon (Adelomelon) ancilla (Lightfoot. 1786). Off Rio Colorado. Argentina.
Length of radula, 11 mm. a. Front view of single tooth, b. Back view of single tooth, c. Three teeth in
normal position.

Figure 20d-f: Adelomelon (Adelomelon) beckii (Broderip, 1836). 011 Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.
Length of radula, 48 mm. d. Single tooth near the forward end. e. Single tooth near the back end. f. Two
teeth in normal position.

Figure 20g-j: Adelomelon (W eaveria) riosi Clench and Turner, 1964. About 150 miles east-
southeast of Cabo San Antonio. .Argentina. Length of radula, 12 mm. g. Front view of single tooth, h.
Back view of single tooth, i. Three teeth in normal position, j. Old tooth showing wear.

Figure 20k-m: Adelomelon (Pachvcymbiola) brasiliana (Lamarck. 1811). Off Isla L>bos.
Uruguay. Length of radula. 7 mm. k. Single tooth. I, Old tooth show ing wear. m. Three teeth in nonnal
position.

Figure 20n: Adelomelon (Adelomelon) ancilla (Lightfoot. 1786). Ventral view of the siphon
showing the relationship of the basal lobes, gill, and osphradium.

Figure 20o: Adelomelon ( W eaveria) riosi Clench and Turner. 1964. Ventral view of the siphon
showing the relationship of the basal lobes, gill, and osphradium.

(.All figures after Clench and Turner. 1964.)

105

ZIDONINAE

coastal distance of approxiinatelv 1800 miles. Carcelles
(1951) reports specimens from the Falkland Islands.

Habitat; From the littoral to about 32 fathoms on a sand
and mud substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 350 to 450 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is verv large and moderately
solid. It is elongate, with a high, pointed spire. Protoconch is
small and smooth, of about one and a half whorls, with a
calcarella at the apex. Teleoconch has about hve and a half
knobbed whorls, the knobs sometimes becoming obsolete on
the adult bodv whorl. Suture is indented. Aperture is semi-
circular; interior is peach colored. Outer lip is slightly
thickened. Columella is almost straight, with two or three
oblique plaits. Siphonal notch is broad and rather deep;
fasciole present. Base color is pale orange-white overlaid
with scattered brown, longitudinal, zigzag bands on early
whorls. A thin, deciduous periostracum is present.

Animal and radula: According to Clench and Turner
(1964), the radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth, the cen-
tral cusp being tbe longest (see Figure 20d, 20e, and20f).

Remarks: The uncommon Adelomelon beckii is the largest
volute known from the x^tlantic Ocean; it attains a length of
450 mm. Occasionally, it is taken on baited hooks by hsher-
men and is therefore presumed to be carnivorous.

Broderip named this shell after Dr. Beck, the distinguished
conchologist.

Adelomelon (Adelomelon) paradoxa
(Lahille, 1895)

(Plate 44A and 44B)

1895 Voluta paradoxa Lahille, Rev. Mus. de la Plata 6:321, 322,
pi. 5, fig. 41; pi. 7, figs. 139. 147; pi. 8, fig. 157 (Argen-
tina) [non figs. 68, 68a. 76a. 76b; pi. 8. figs. 161, 166,
= Voluta magellanica Gmelin, 1791. in Odontocym-
biolinae].

1901 Cymbiola mangeri Preston. Proc. Malac. Soc. London 4:237,
text fig. (Falkland Islands) [holotvpe, British Museum
(Natural Histon'). London].

1907a Adelomelon paradoxa Lahille. Dali. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
48(3):362, 363.

1942 Adelomelon paradoxa (Lahille), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae. p. 58 (unfigured).

1942 Adelomelon mangeri (H. B. Preston), M. Smith, ibid., p. 59.
pi. 12, fig. 89.

1964 Adelomelon ('.'') paradoxa Lahille, Clench and Turner, John-
sonia 4(43): 157. pi. 97 (ventral view).

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1901.8.1.35.

Type locality; ’Argentina.” Here restricted to Puerto
Deseado, Patagonia, Argentina.

Range: Southern Argentina and the Falkland Islands.
Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 170 to 200 mm in length.

106

Shell description: Shell is large, solid, and heavy. It is
elongate-ovate, with a moderately high, convex spire. Proto-
conch is too corroded to determine the number of whorls or
the presence of surface sculpture. Teleoconch is smooth, of
about four wborls. Aperture is semicircular. Siphonal notch
is broad and shallow; fasciole is well defined. Columella is
almost straight and calloused, with three or more oblique
plaits. Color is brownish-wbite (on worn specimens). The
presence of an operculum is unknown.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: To our knowledge only dead beach specimens
have ever been collected. Until the soft anatomy of the rather
rare Adelomelon paradoxa is examined, its generic position
will remain in doubt. It appears to be a larger and heavier
representative of Adelomelon ancilla (Lightfoot, 1786).

Subgenus Weaveria Clench and
Turner, 1964

1964 Adelomelon (Weaveria) Clench and Turner, Johnsonia 4
(43):162-164, pi. 83 (anatomy); pi. 101 (ventral view);
pi. 102 (radular teeth).

Type species: Adelomelon (Weaveria) riosi Clench and
Turner, 1964; by original designation; Recent, southeastern
South America.

Distribution: The single species in Weaveria inhabits
waters between Cabo San Antonio and Mar del Plata, Argen-
tina, about 130 to 150 miles offshore in 95 to 100 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shell is large (190 to 245 mm in length) and
elongate, with extremely globose whorls. Protoconch is small
and has a calcarella. Sculpture consists only of revolving
striae that are more prominent on the adult body whorl.
Columella is usually without plaits but sometimes bas one
obscure, anterior fold. Siphonal notch and fasciole are ob-
scure. Periostracum is thick and deciduous.

The radula is uniserial, each tooth having three sharp,
pointed cusps, the central cusp being the longest (see Figure
20g through 20j).

Adelomelon (Weaveria) riosi
Clench and Turner, 1964

(Plate 44C and 44D; Figure 20g through
20j and 20o)

1964 Adelomelon {Weaveria) riosi Clench and Turner, Johnsonia
4(43): 162-164, pis. 83, 101, 102 (130 miles east of
Mar del Plata, Argentina).

1964i Adelomelon riosi Clench and Turner. Weaver. Hawaiian
Shell News 12(12):2. text fig.

Type: Holotvpe, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
Lbiiversity, Cambridge, Mass., No. 245017.

Adelomelon

Type locality: About 130 miles east of Mar del Plata,
Argentina.

Range: Between Cabo San Antonio and Mar del Plata, Ar-
gentina, about 130 to 150 miles offshore.

Habitat: Dredged in 95 to 100 fathoms on a substrate
composed of mud and broken shells.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 190 to 245 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large and rather light in
weight. It is elongate with very globose whorls. The spire is
about one-half the length of the aperture. Protoconch is
small, of about two whorls, and has a calcarella. Teleoconch
has about four whorls, with a deeply impressed suture. Sculp-
ture consists of revolving striae which are particularly evident
at the shoulder of the adult body whorl. Aperture is semi-
circular; outer lip is thin. Interior is orange colored. Colu-
mella is nearly straight and is calloused, without plaits, or
with one obscure, anterior fold. Siphonal notch and fasciole
are not evident. Base color is a pale diffused orange. The
periostracum is dark reddish-brown, thick, and deciduous.

Animal and radlla: According to Clench and Turner
(1964), the radula is uniserial, each tooth having three sharp,
pointed cusps, the central cusp being the longest (see Figure
20g through 20j).

Remarks: As pointed out by Clench and Turner, the shape
of the shell of Weaveria riosi resembles that of the abyssal
volute Guivillea alabastrina Watson, 1882, dredged in 1600
fathoms between Marion Island and the Crozets in the south
Indian Ocean. However, riosi is larger, is somewhat heavier,
and has a much smaller protoconch. Since the soft anatomy
of alabastrina is unknown, no comparison can be made in
this respect.

Examination of the stomach contents of riosi showed that
the mollusk had been eating a species of Astropecten (deter-
mination by Dr. E. Deichmann).

Clench and Turner named this species for Dr. E. de
Carvalho Rios, a prominent malacologist of the Museum
Oceanografico de Rio Grande, Brazil.

Subgenus Pachycymbiola
von Ihering, 1907

1907 Pachycvmbiola von Ihering, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires
(3)7:209.

Type species: Voluta brasiliana Lamarck, 1811; by original
designation; Recent, eastern South America.

Distribution: The two living species in Pachycymbiola
inhabit waters from the southern coast of Brazil south to the
Straits of Magellan.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to large (85 to 183 mm in
length) and lieavy. They are subglobose with a depressed
spire. Protoconch is rather small and has a blunt apex.
Teleoconch is either smooth or noduled. The periostracum
is smooth.

The radula, where known, is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth, typical of the genus (see Eigure 20k, 201, and 20m).

Adelomelon (Pachycymbiola) brasiliana
(Lamarck, 1811)

{Plate 45A and 45B; Figure 20k, 201, and 20m)

1786 Volula brasiliana Lightfoot. A Catalogue ol the Portland
Museum, p. 186, no. 3958 |«om. nud. {fide Chmch and
Turner, 1964)].

1811 Voluta brasiliana Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:62
(type figures based on Chemnitz, 179,5, Conchvlien-
Cahinet 11(1):10-12, pi. 176, figs. 169.5. 1696) (Brazil).
1817 Voluta eolocynthis Dillwvn, Descriptive Catalogue of Recent
Shells p. 574 (the coast of Brasil).

1839 Voluta brasiliana Solander, kiener. Icon. Co(juilles Vivantes,

Voluta 3:61, pi. 30 (2 views).

1840 Cymbiola braziliensis Swainson, Treatise on Malacology,

Volutidae, p. 118 (refers to Chemnitz, 1795, Conchylien-
Cabinet 11(1):10-12, figs. 1695. 1696).

1845 Voluta brasiliana Solander. Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchv-
liorum 1(5):204, pi. 54, fig. 98.

1849 Voluta brasiliana Solander. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica 6,
Volula sp. 34, pi. 15, fig. 34.

1882 Volula brasiliana Solander, Tryon, Manual of Conchologv
(1)4:98, pi. 29, figs. 113, 115 [non pi. 29, fig. Ill or pi.
30. fig. 131. = Voluta ferussacii Donovan. 1824).

1895 Voluta eolocynthis "Chemnitz” Dillwyn, Lahille, Rev. Mus.

de la Plata 6:302, pi. 2, figs. 50, 52, 57-60; pi. 5, figs.
27-29. 31-3.5. 38; pi. 7, figs. 119. 120; pi. 12, figs.
26-29. Lahille described and illustrated the following
forms which are synonvms of brasiliana: lactea, p. 304.
pi. 10, figs. 1-3; intermedia, p. 304; pi. 5, figs. 42-47;
globosa, p. 305, pi. 1, fig. 3; pi. 5, figs. 48, 49 [non Voluta
gtobosa Dillwvn, 1817]; depressa, p. 305, pi. 5, fig. 39
[non Voluta depressa Lamarck, 180.3]; pseudomagel-
lanica. p. 305, pi. 5, fig. 40; subcarinata, p. 305, pi. .5.
fig. 30; carinata, p. 305. pi. 5, fig. 30 [non Voluta carinata
Zekeli, 1852]; altemata, p. 306 (unfigured); spirabilis,
p. 306, pi. 1, fig. 4; pi. 5, fig. 37.

1907 Pachycymbiola brasiliana Lamarck, von Ihering. Anal. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires (3)7:209.

1907a Adelomelon brasiliana Solander. Dali. Smithsonian Misc.
Coll. 48(3):36L

1942 Adelomelon brasiliana (Solander). M. Smith. A Review of
the Volutidae. p. 56, pi. 11. fig. 84.

1960 Cymbiola brasiliana (Solander), Barattini and I'reta. la
Fauna de las Costas I ruguavas del Este. p. 12.3. [d. 36.

1963 Adelomelon (Pachycymbiola) brasiliana (Solander). Shi-

karna et Horikoshi. Selected Shells oi the A orld Illus-
trated in Colours 1:108. pi. 88. tig. 6.

1964 Adelomelon (Pachymelon) brasiliana lamarck. Clench and

Turner, Johnsonia 4(43):16.5-167. pis. 82. 10.3-10.5
(figs, of shells, animal and radular teeth).

Type: The holotvpe of Voluta brasiliana Lamarck. 1811.
slated by Kiener to he in the Paris Museum, could not Ite
located by Dr. D. F. McMichael in 1961 ( fide Gletn h and
Turner. 1964). Tvpe hgure based on Ghemnitz. 179.5. Con-
chy lieti-Cabinet 11(1):10-12. pi. 176. figs. 169.5. 1696.

Type locality: "Brasil." Here restricted to the Estuarv of
the Rio Grande do Snl. southern Brazil.

107

ZIDONINAE

Range: From southern Brazil south to Deseado, Santa Cruz,
Argentina.

Ha bitat: From the littoral to 35 fathoms on a sand or mud
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 140 to 183 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is medium to large and solid. It
is globose, with a depressed spire. Protoconch is small, of
about one and a half whorls, blunt at the apex. Teleoconch
mav or may not be nodulose and has about six somewhat
convex whorls, slightly indented at the suture. Sculpture
shows longitudinal growth lines. Aperture is wide and semi-
circular; interior color is brown-orange. Outer lip is
simple. Siphonal notch is broad and shallow; fasciole present.
Columella is curved, heavily calloused, and sharply margined.
It has two or more oblique plaits, the anterior plait being
the strongest. Base color is grayish-white overlaid with a thick
periostracum. No other markings are present.

Animal and radula: According to Clench and Turner
(1964), the foot, head, and siphonal canal are a finely mot-
tled purple, the foot about equal to the length of the shell.
The young shells of brasiliana are subglobose and have a
very short, rounded calcarella. In contrast, the young shells
of Adelomelon aricilla (Lightfoot, 1786) are attenuated and
have an extended, pointed calcarella.

The radula is uniserial, each tooth with three cusps of
about equal size. This species also produces an ovicapsule
that may contain five to 15 embryos. The single egg capsules,
about the size of ping-pong balls, are cast ashore in large
numbers after severe storms (Abbott, personal communica-
tion).

Remarks: According to Carcelles (1944), hrasiliana is very
common in the sandy intertidal zone at Cabo San Antonio
and at Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Adelomelon (Pachycymbiola) ferussacii
(Donovan, 1824)

{Plate 45C and 45D)

1824 Valuta ferussacii Donovan, Naturalist’s Repository 2, pi. 67
(Straits ot Magellan) (type specimen lost, Clench and
Turner, 1964).

1834 Valuta nidis Griffith and Pidgeon, Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom
12:601, pi. 30, hg. 1 (no locality given) [holotype, British
Museum (Natural History), London].

1845 Valuta ferussacii Donovan, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy-
liorum 1(5);203, pi. 56, fig. 7.

1849 Valuta Jerussacii Donovan, Reeve. Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 23, pi. 10, fig. 23.

1871 Valuta {Aulica) jerussaci, Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie
(3)19:286.

1882 Valuta ferussaci Donovan, Trvon, Manual of Conchology
{1)4:98, pi. 29, fig. Ill; pi. 30, fig. 131.

1895 Valuta ovifamiis Lahille, Rev. Mus. de la Plata 6:312, 313,
pi. 1, figs. 1, 2; pi. 2, figs. 53-56; pi. 7, figs. 121-135,
137; pi. 10. figs. 4-6; pi. 12, figs. 22-25 (las costas de
Santa Cruz). Lahille described and illustrated the follow-
ing forms which are synonvms oi ferussacii: langiuscula.

p. 312, pi. 7, fig. 136; pi. 10, fig. 9; fratercula, p. 313,
pi. 10, figs. 7, 8.

1906 Valuta (Cymbiola) ferussaci Strebel, Zool. Jahrb. 24:100,
pi. 9, figs. 46, 46a, 48, 49.

1907a Adelomelon ferussacii Donovan, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
48(3) :362.

1942 Adelomelon ferussacii (Donovan), M. Smith, A Review of
the Volutidae, p. 57, pi. 12, figs. 87, 88.

1964 Adelomelon (?) ferussacii Donovan, Clench and Turner,
Johnsonia 4(43):157-159, pi. 98, figs. 1-3.

1966f Adelomelon ferussacii Donovan, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 14(i2);5, text fig.

Type; Holotype lost {fide Clench and Turner, 1964). Holo-
type of Valuta rudis Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834 (= Valuta
ferussacii Donovan, 1824) in the British Museum (Natural
History), London.

Type locality: Straits of Magellan.

Range: From latitude 42° S, Gulfo San Matias, Argentina,
south to the Straits of Magellan.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions; Adult specimens are 85 to 116 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size, solid, and
heavy. It is globose, with a low spire. Protoconch is smooth,
of about one and a half whorls. Teleoconch has about four
and a half smooth, convex whorls. Suture is deeply indented.
The adult body whorl is swollen. Aperture is semicircular,
with a heavily calloused inner lip. Columella has three to six
oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is broad; fasciole
present. Base color is a uniform brown. The presence of a
periostracum is unknown.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Little is known of this rare species. To our knowl-
edge no living specimens have ever been collected. Its closest
relative appears to be Pachycymbiola brasiliana (Lamarck,
1811). Until the soft anatomy can be studied, the generic
position of ferussacii will remain in doubt.

Genus Alcithoe H. and A. Adams,

1853

1853 Scaphella {Alcithoe) H. and A. Adams. The Genera of
Recent Mollusca 1:164 (type species. Valuta pacifica
Perry, 1810, = Valuta arabica Gmelin, 1791; by original
designation).

1926 Alcithoe H. and A. Adams, Marwick, Trans. New Zealand
Inst. 56:287-301, pis. 63-70.

1937a Gilvostia Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 20 (2): 105 (type
species, Gilvostia ostenfeldi Iredale, 1937; by original
designation).

1962 Alcithoe H. and A. Adams, Powell, Shells of New Zealand,
4th ed., p. 99.

Type species: Valuta pacifica Perry, 1810, = Valuta

arabica Gmelin, 1791; by original designation; Recent, New

Zealand.

108

Alcithoe

Distribution: The seven species in the genus Alcithoe are
endemic to waters surrounding the islands of New Zealand.
They have a bathymetric range from 1 to 344 fathoms. Their
degree of abundance varies from the common Alcithoe
arabica (Gmelin, 1791) to the rare Leporemax chathamensis
(Dell, 1956).

Diagnosis: Shells are small to large (55 to 225 mm in
length) and may be light in weight or solid and heavy. They
are fusiform, with a small or bulbous, regularly coiled, some-
times obtuse protoconch. Teleoconch may be smooth or
have shoulder nodules and longitudinal ribs. Outer lip is
thickened and sometimes slightly reflected. Columella usu-
ally has four or more plaits. Siphonal notch is present. The
fasciole is usually defined, but sometimes it is indistinct. A
thin periostracum may be present. Operculum is absent.

The radula, where known, is uniserial with tricuspid teeth;
the center cusp is longest. The bases of the teeth are arched
(see Figure 21). Species in this genus are oviparous.

Remarks: The classification of New Zealand volutes is badly
in need of revision. Within this genus the extreme variability
of some species, notably Alcithoe arabica (Gmelin, 1791)
and Alcithoe swainsoni Marwick, 1926, has led to a confusing
nomenclatural history in which more names appeared than
there were valid species. On the basis of shell morphology
alone, we have relegated a number of these names to syn-
onymy. It seems safe to say that when more anatomical
material becomes available for study, a further reduction
will take place.

Alcithoe s. s. differs principally from Leporemax Iredale,
1937 in the following ways: it has a smaller, regularly
coiled protoconch as opposed to the larger, obtuse proto-
conch of Leporemax; the number of columellar plaits in
Leporemax is consistently four, but there are usually more
than four in Alcithoe.

Subgenus Alcithoe sensu stricto

Type species: Valuta pacifica Perry, 1810, = Valuta
arabica Gmelin, 1791; by original designation; Recent, New
Zealand.

Distribution: The four species in Alcithoe s. s. are endemic
to waters surrounding New Zealand. They have a bathymetric
range from 1 to 344 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to large (80 to 225 mm in
length) and solid. They are stoutly fusiform, with a relatively
small, bulbous, regularly coiled protoconch. Teleoconch
may or may not have shoulder nodules. Aperture is usually
wide; outer lip is thickened. Columella often has more than
four plaits. Siphonal notch and fasciole are present. A perios-
tracum and operculum are absent.

Species in Alcithoe s. s. differ from those in the subgenus
Leporemax in having proportionately smaller protoconchs
and in being much larger and more ventricose.

The radula, where known, is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth; the center cusp is the longest. The bases of the teeth
are arched (see Figure 21).

Alcithoe (Alcithoe) arabica (Gmelin, 1791)

(Plates 46C, 46D, 46E, 47C, 47D, and 47E;
Figure 21a and 2 1 b; Map 1 0)

1791 Valuta arabica Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. .3461
(type figure based on Martyn, 1788, Universal Concholo-
gist 2, fig. 52) [ad novam Seelandiam (New Zealand)].

1810 Valuta pacifica Perry, Arcana, Mollusca, pi. 30 (discovered

by Solander near New Zealand).

1811 Valuta pacifica Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 17:70

(type figure based on Martyn, 1788. Uniyersal Concholo-
gist 2, fig. 52) (les cotes de la Nouyelle-Zelande).

1821b Valuta pacifica Chemnitz, Swainson, Exotic Conchology
1(3), 5th unnumbered page.

1839 Valuta pacifica Solander, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:44, 45, pi. 37, fig. 1 [nan fig. 2, = Alcithoe
swainsoni Marwick, 1926].

1841 Cvmbiola pacifica Chemnitz, Swainson, Exotic Conchology,
second edition by Hanley, p. 18, pis. 14, 43.

1845 Valuta pacifica Solander, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5):205, 206, pi. 48, figs. 26, 27 [non fig. 25, = Alcithoe
swainsoni Marwick, 1926].

1849 Valuta pacifica Solander, Reeye, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 38, pi. 17, fig. 38a [non fig. 38b, = Alcithoe
swainsoni Marwick, 1926].

1853 Scaphella [Alcithoe] pacifica Solander, H. and A. Adams,
The Genera of Recent Mollusca 1:164.

1855a Scaphella pacifica Solander, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23);58.

1864 Valuta [Scapha] pacifica Solander, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.

London (1):51, 52 (along the shores of North Island.
New Zealand).

1882 Valuta (Alcithoe) pacifica Solander, Tryon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:94, pi. 28, fig. 97 [non figs. 98, 99, =
Valuta fusus Quoy and Gaimard, 1833].

1908 Fulgoraria (Alcithoe) depressa Suter, Proc. Malac. Soc.

London 8(3):182, 183, pi. 7, fig. 11 [Spirits Bay, North
Island (New Zealand)].

1913 Fulgoraria arabica Martyn. Suter, Manual of the New Zea-

Figure 21: a. Alcithoe (Alcithoe) arabica (Gmelin.
1791). Three of the 69 rows from the radula (after Powell.
1928). b, Alcithoe johnstoni Powell. 1928 [= Alcithoe
(Alcithoe) arabica (Gmelin, 1791)]. Three (d the 86 rows
from the radula (after Powell. 1928). (a and b not to scale.)

109

ZIDONINAE

land Mollusca, pp. 445^447, pi. 48. fijj;s. 5, 7 [North
and South Islands; Foveaux Strait (New Zealand)].

1924 Alcithoe arabica jaruloides Powell. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon-
don 16(1):108, 109, text figs. 1-3 (off' Whakatane, Bay
of Plenty, in 40-50 lath.; and ofl Cuvier Island in 40
lath., New Zealand).

1928 Alcithoe johnstoni Powell, Trans. New Zealand Inst. 59(2):

363, pi. 53, hgs. 7,, 8; text hg. 2 (radular teeth) |off
Cuvier Island, in 44 fathoms (New Zealand)).

1942 Alcithoe arabica (Martvn). M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 25. pi. 8, fig. 63.

1942 Alcithoe depressa (Suter), M. Smith, ibid., pp. 25, 26, pi. 8,
fig. 67.

1942 Alcithoe jaculoides Powell, M. Smith, ibid., pp. 27, 28, pi. 8,
fig. 66.

1942 Alcithoe johnstoni Powell, M. Smith, ibid., p. 28 (unfigured).
1962 Alcithoe depressa (Suter), Powell. Shells of New Zealand,
4th ed.. p. 99, pi. 12, fig. 1.

1962 Alcithoe arabica (Gmelin), Powell, ibid., p. 99, pi. 12, fig. 2
(egg case).

1%3 Alcithoe (Alcithoe) arabica (Gmelin), Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:105. pi. 87. fig. 7.

1968 Alcithoe arabica Gmelin, Paul, The W. A. Shell Collector,
pp. 6-8 [Porirua Harbour, North Island (New Zealand)].

Type: Type figure based on Martyn, 1788, Universal Con-
chologist 2, fig. 52

Type locality: ”ad novam Seelandiam.” Restricted by
Paul (1968) to Porirua Harbour, southwest coast of North
Island, New Zealand.

Range: Both coasts of North Island and parts of South
Island, New Zealand.

Habitat: In 1 to 50 fathoms on a mud or mud and sand
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 80 to 195 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is extremely variable in size,
color, shape, and presence or absence of shoulder nodules
and axial sculpture on the teleoconch whorls. Typically, the
shell is of medium size and solid. It is oblong-fusiform, with a
moderately low spire, hlunt at the apex. Protoconch is small
to medium, of about two and a half regularly coiled whorls,
the first coil projecting slightly. Teleoconch has five or six
sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of slightly oblique, low,
rounded axial ribs on the first three whorls. On the last
whorls these ribs become low tubercles that vary in their
degree of strength. Aperture is long and narrowly ovate,
about two-thirds the total length of the shell. Outer lip is
thickened, sometimes sinuate at the middle, and extends
posteriorly toward the suture. Columella is arched, usually
with tour or, rarelv, five strong, oblique, anterior plaits.
Parietal area and columella are covered by a thin callus,
slightly raised at the fasciole. Siphonal notch is narrow and
deep; fasciole present. Base color is yellowish-white or
fulvous overlaid with dark-brown or blackish angular lines
and zigzag markings that anastomose to form three or four
revolving bands on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radlila: According to Suter (1913), the ani-

mal has a large foot that is rather square in front. The head
is broadly rounded, with two short tentacles. The eyes are
situated at some distance from the base of the tentacles. The
siphon is not long. The color of the animal is wine-purple,
dusted with vellow. The mantle has a reddish border.

The radula is uniserial with about 69 rows of tricuspid
teeth. Each tooth is arched at the base; the central cusp is
the longest (see Figure 21).

Remarks: On the southwest coast of North Island, between
Paekakariki and Foxton, there are shells that appear to be
intermediate between arabica and Alcithoe swainsoni Mar-
wick, 1926. At some future date when a critical analysis of
the anatomies of these two species has been made, we believe
they may prove to be conspecific (see also "Remarks” under
swainsoni, p. 113).

Fulgoraria depressa Suter, 1908 (see Plate 46E) is simply
a low-spired, northern population variant of arabica that
grades into that species and is not geographically isolated
from it. Alcithoe jaculoides Powell, 1924 (see Plate 47C
and 47D) is the deep-water form of arabica; whereas Alcithoe
johnstoni Powell, 1928 (see Plate 47E) is a larger version of
jaculoides with weaker sculpture (see Map 10).

Alcithoe arabica is the most common species in Alcithoe.

Alcithoe {Alcithoe) fissurata (Dell, 1963)
(Plate 46A and 46B)

1963 Pachymelon (Palomelon) fissurata Dell, Trans. Roy. Soc.

New Zealand 3(20);213, pi. 1, fig. 3 [11-14 miles N. 20°
E. of Motiti Island (New Zealand)].

Type: Holotype, Dominion Museum, Wellington, No.
M. 16277.

Type locality: Eleven to 14 miles N 20° E of Motiti
Island, Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 290 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 195.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 71.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is large and light in weight. It is
fusiform, with a moderately high spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is bulbous, of about two and three-quarter
whorls; the last one and a half whorls are sculptured with
fine, widely spaced, revolving lines crossed by equally de-
veloped, widely spaced axials. Teleoconch has five and a
quarter sculptured, gently convex whorls. The sculpture con-
sists of oblique axial ribs extending from suture to suture on
the first one and a half teleoconch whorls. There are about
17 such ribs per whorl. Except for microscopic spiral threads,
the remaining whorls are smooth. Aperture is elongate, ex-
pands anteriorly, and is two-thirds the total length of the
shell. Outer lip is slightly thickened. Columella is arched,
with four strong, oblique, anterior plaits. A wide, thin glaze

110

Alcithoe

MAP 10

111

ZIDONINAE

extends over the columella and parietal area, covering the
weak fasciole. Siphonal notch is wide and deep. Base color is
light orange overlaid with dark reddish-brown patterns.
These patterns are arranged in an irregular fashion with two
broad bands of discontinuous, longitudinal masses on the
adult body whorl. These broad masses are joined longitudi-
nally by irregularly arranged, narrower, zigzag markings.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks; Based on an evaluation of the shell charac-
teristics, this rare species should be placed in the genus
Alcithoe rather than in its original position under Pachymelon
(Powell, in litt.).

Alcithoe (Alcithoe) larochei Marwick, 1926
(Plate 47F and 47G)

1926 Alcithoe larochei Marwick, Trans. New Zealand Inst. 56:294,
295, pi. 63, fig. 6 [off Opotiki (New Zealand)].

1942 Alcithoe larochei Marwick, M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 29 (unfigured).

1962 Alcithoe larochei Marwick, Powell, Shells of New Zealand,

4th ed., p. 99.

1963 Alcithoe (Alcithoe) larochei [sic] Marwick, Shikama et

Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:106, 107, pi. 87, fig. 6; text fig. 156, fig. 2.

Type: Holotype, Auckland Institute and Museum, Auckland,
No. TM-19.

Type locality: Off Opotiki, Bay of Plenty, North Island,
New Zealand.

Range; Approximately from Poor Knights Island south to
the Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand — a coastal
distance of about 300 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 30 to 344 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 75 to 130 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and solid
(deep-water specimens are light in weight). It is broadly
fusiform, with a rather low spire, blunt at the apex. Proto-
conch is small, with about two and a half regularly coiled,
corroded whorls, the last whorl with fine, widely spaced,
axial lines and indications of fine spiral lirae. Teleoconch
has three and a half to five and a half sculptured, convex
whorls, flattened and steep above the shoulders. On the first
three whorls there are about 18 rather low, slightly angled
axial ribs that disappear anteriorly. The remaining whorls
are smooth except for strong growth lines. Aperture is wide,
semiovate to oblong-ovate, a little more than two-thirds the
total length of the shell. Outer lip is thickened and reflected.
Columella is arched, with four strong, oblique, anterior
plaits. Parietal area and columella are covered by a thin
glaze that is not raised at the fasciole. Siphonal notch is
wide and deep; fasciole present. Shell color is pink-flesh.
Juvenile specimens sometimes show a few pale-brown,
longitudinal, zigzag lines on the last whorl.

112

Animal and radula: The radula is typical of Alcithoe
(Cernohorsky, in litt.).

Remarks: This uncommon species is closely related to
Alcithoe swainsoni Marwick, 1926, but is shorter, is more
ventricose, has one less columellar plait, and lacks a color
pattern. Specimens taken in deep water (200 to 344 fathoms)
have thin shells and are therefore much lighter in weight
than are those from shallow-water populations. A. swainsoni
generally inhabits much shallower water than larochei. In
localities where the two species overlap, their differences
remain constant.

The species was named for Mr. W. La Roche of Auckland,
New Zealand, who sent the holotype to Marwick.

Alcithoe (Alcithoe) swainsoni Marwick, 1926

(Plates 46F, 46G, 47 A, 47B, 48A, 48B, and 48C;
Map 10)

1821b Voluta elongata Swainson, Exotic Conchology 1(3), 6th
unnumbered page (Pacific Ocean) [non Voluta elongata
Lightfoot, 1786, in Bulimulidae; non Schroeter, 1804
(= ?Aurinia sp.)] [holotype, British Museum (Natural
History), London].

1839 Voluta pacifica Solander, Kiener, Icon, Coquilles Vivantes,
Voluta 3:44, pi. 37, fig. 2 [non fig. 1, = Voluta arabica
Gmelin, 1791] [non Voluta pacifica Perry, 1810, =
Voluta arabica Gmelin, 1791].

1841 Scaphella elongata Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second
edition by Hanley, pp. 23, 24, pis. 20, 21 [Bay of Islands
(New Zealand)].

1845 Voluta pacifica var. elongata Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus
Conchyliorum 1(5):205, 206, pi. 48, fig. 25 [non Voluta
elongata Lightfoot, 1786, in Bulimulidae].

1849 Voluta pacijica Solander, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Voluta sp. 38, pi. 17, fig. 38b [non fig. 38a, = Voluta
arabica Gmelin, 1791] [non Voluta pacijica Perry, 1810,
= Voluta arabica Gmelin, 1791].

1913 Fulgoraria arabica elongata Swainson, Suter, Manual of
the New Zealand Mollusca, pp. 446, 447, pi. 48, fig. 6
[non Voluta elongata Lightfoot, 1786, in Bulimulidae].
1926 Alcithoe suainsoni Marwick, Trans. New Zealand Inst.

56:294, pi. 63, fig. 4 [a Kai-Iwi fossil (Upper Pliocene
of New Zealand)].

1928 Alcithoe swainsoni Marwick, Powell, Trans. New Zealand
Inst. 59:361, pi. 53, figs. 1, 2 (2 views of holotype)
[Wellington Harbour (southwest North Island, New
Zealand)].

1928 Alcithoe swainsoni motutarensis Powell, ibid., pp. 361, 362,
pi. 53, figs. 3, 4 [Motutara and Muriwai Beach, West
Coast, Auckland (North Island, New Zealand)] [holotype,
in Powell collection, Auckland].

1928 Alcithoe calva Powell, ibid., p. 362, pi. 53, figs. 5, 6 [off
Cape Campbell, Marlborough in 40-50 fathoms (northeast
South Island, New Zealand)] [holotype, the Dominion
Museum, Wellington].

1937a Gilvostia ostenfeldi Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 20(2):105,
106, pi. 17, fig. 2 [twelve miles off Greymouth on a bank
of shallow depth, about 18 fathoms (northwest South
Island, New Zealand)] [holotype, the Australian Museum,
Sydney].

Alcithoe

1942 Alcithoe calva Powell, M. Smith, A Review of the Volutidae,
p. 25 (unfigured).

1942 Alcithoe swainsoni swainsoni Marwick, M. Smith, ibid., p.

30, pi. 9, fig. 72; pi. 24, fig. 161 (views of 4 protoconchs).
1942 Alcithoe swainsoni motutarensis Powell, M. Smith, ibid., p.
30 (unfigured).

1962f Alcithoe ostenfeldi (Iredale), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(9):4, text figs. 1, 2.

1963 Alcithoe (Alcithoe) swainsoni Marwick, Shikama et Horiko-
shi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:105, 106, text fig. 156, fig. 4; pi. 87, fig. 8.

1963 Alcithoe (Alcithoe) calva Powell, Shikama et Horikoshi,
ibid., p. 105, text fig. 156, no. 1.

1963 Alcithoe (Alcithoe) moturtarensis [sic] Powell, Shikama et
Horikoshi, ibid., p. 105, text fig. 156, no. 3.

Type: An Upper Pliocene, Kai-Iwi fossil. Geological Survey
Collection. Wellington, No. TM-1057.

Type locality: The fossil holotype of Alcithoe swainsoni
Marwick, 1926 came from Kai-Iwi, Wanganui District,
southwest North Island, New Zealand. Living specimens,
typical of the holotype, are found in Wellington Harbour,
North Island, about 100 miles south of Kai-Iwi.

Range: From both coasts of South Island northward along
the south coasts of North Island, New Zealand.

Habitat: In 4 to 50 fathoms on a mud or mud and sand
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 90 to 225 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is extremely variable in size,
shape, color pattern, and presence or absence of shoulder
tubercles and axial ribbing. Typically, the shell is rather
large and solid. It is oblong, with a low, attenuated spire,
blunt at the apex. Protoconch is smooth, of about two and a
half regularly coiled whorls, the first coil projecting slightly.
Teleoconch has four and a half to six smooth or sculptured
whorls. Typical specimens have sculpture that consists of
low, wide, axial ribs on early whorls. These ribs become low
tubercles on the antepenultimate and penultimate whorls and
disappear on the adult body whorl. Aperture is oblong-ovate.
Outer lip is thickened and slightly reflected. Columella is
almost straight, with four to six strong, oblique, anterior
plaits. Columella and parietal area are covered by a heavy
callus, which is sometimes raised at the fascicle. Siphonal
notch is wide and rather deep; fascicle present. Base color
is pale fulvous overlaid with longitudinal, widely spaced,
zigzag, brown lines that form three obscure broad bands.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Several authors have dignified population variants
of the rather common swainsoni by giving them specific and
subspecific names. For example, the shallow-water Alcithoe
swainsoni motutarensis Powell, 1928, from Motutara, is not
confined to that area, but merges into typical swainsoni
farther south at Waikanae, about 50 miles north of Welling-
ton. Gilvostia ostenfeldi Iredale, 1937 (see Plate 47 A and
47B) is a large form of Alcithoe calva Powell, 1928, the latter
being a nontubercled, smooth-shelled, deep-water form of
swainsoni (see Map 10).

Future research may prove that the swainsoni complex of
populations and Alcithoe larochei Marwick, 1926 are
synonyms of the arabica complex. If this is so, it would leave
only two valid species in the nominate genus: Alcithoe
arabica (Gmelin, 1791) and Alcithoe fissurata (Dell, 1963).

Marwick named this species for Swainson because the
original name for his species, elongata, was preoccupied.

Subgenus Leporemax Iredale, 1937

1937a Alcithoe (Leporemax) Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 20(2):

105 (type species. Valuta fusus Quoy and Gaimard, 1833;
by original designation).

1937a Alcithoe (Carolluta) Iredale, ibid., p. 105 (type species,
Fulguraria [sic] (Alcithoe) hedlevi Murdock and Suter,
1906; by original designation).

1962 Alcithoe (Leporemax) Iredale, Powell, Shells of New 2^aland,
4th ed., p. 99, pi. 12, fig. 4.

Type species: Valuta fusus Quoy and Gaimard, 1833; by
original designation; Recent, New Zealand.

Distribution: The three living species in the subgenus
Leporemax inhabit waters surrounding the islands of New
Zealand. They have a bathymetric range from 3 to 300
fathoms.

Diagnosis; Shells are small (47 to 88 mm in length) and
solid. They are fusiform or elongate-fusiform, with a rela-
tively large, bulbous, obtuse protoconch. Axial sculpture is
usually present on some or all teleoconch whorls. Outer lip
is thickened and somewhat reflected. Columella has four
plaits. Siphonal notch is present; fasciole indistinct. Perios-
tracum and operculum are absent.

Shells in this subgenus differ from those of Alcithoe s. s.
in having a proportionately larger protoconch and in being
much smaller and more slender in shape.

Radula, where known, is typical of Alcithoe (Cernohorskv,
in litt.).

Alcithoe (Leporemax) chathamensis (Dell, 1956)
{Plate 48D and 48E)

1956b Leporemax chathamensis Dell. Dominion Museum Bull.

(18):120, 121, pi. 17, figs. 166. 167 [east of the Forty
Fours, in 130 fathoms (Chatham Rise, New Zealand)].
1962 Alcithoe (Leporemax) chathamensis Iredale. Powell. Shells
of New Zealand. 4th ed., p. 99.

Type: Holotype, Dominion Museum. Vi ellington. No.
M.9783.

Type locality: Chatham Rise, east South Island. New
Zealand.

Range: Known onlv from the general area surrounding the
type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 120 to 300 fathoms.

113

ZIDONINAE

Dimensions: Holotype length, 47.5 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 18.5 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small and solid. It is narrowly
fusiform to fusiform, with a relatively high spire, blunt at the
apex. Protoconch has about two very flattened whorls, sculp-
tured with very fine spiral lirae. Teleoconch has about four
whorls, slightly concave above the shoulders, then gently
convex. The first whorl and sometimes part of the second
whorl have low, narrow axial ribs. The rest of the whorls
are smooth except for microscopic spiral lirae crossed by fine
growth lines. Aperture is semiovate, a little more than one-
half the total length of the shell. Outer lip is slightly thick-
ened and simple. Columella is thinly glazed, with four
oblique, anterior plaits. Parietal area is also thinly glazed.
Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole indistinct. Base
color is light orange-brown with widely spaced, irregularly
shaped, longitudinal markings that form three broad revolv-
ing bands on the adult body whorl. On the spire whorls these
axial markings form a spiral row below the upper suture,
and a portion of another row protrudes above tbe lower
suture.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Leporemax chathamensis differs from Leporemax
fusus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) in the lack of strong axial
sculpture, the lack of a well defined shoulder angle, and the
completely different color pattern.

Alcithoe (Leporemax) fusus
(Quoy and Gaimard, 1833)

(Plate 49 A, 49B, and 49C; Map 10)

1824 Valuta gracilus Swainson, (,)uart. Jqurn. Sci., pp. 32, 33 [Bay
of Island (New Zealand)] [non Valuta gracilis Dillwyn,
1823, in Columbellidae; non Wood, 1828, = Valuta
ancilla Lightfoot, 1786].

1833 Valuta fusus Quoy and Gaimard, Voyage de FAstrolabe,
Zoologie 2(2):627, 628, pi. 44, figs. 7, 8 (dans la baie
Tasman de la Nouvelle-Zelande).

1835 Valuta gracilis Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second issue,
pi. 42.

1839 Valuta elongata Swainson, Kiener, Icon, Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:45, 46, pi. 45, fig. 2 (2 views) [non Valuta
elongata Swainson, 1821, = Alcithoe swainsoni Marwick,
1926].

1841 Cymbiola gracilis Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second
edition by Hanley, p. 20, pi. 42.

1845 Valuta gracilis Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5);206, pi. 55, figs. 117, 118.

1849 Valuta gracilis Swainson, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 40, pi. 17, figs. 40a, 40b [Australia (in error)].
1882 Valuta pacifica var. gracilis Swainson, Tryon, Manual of
Conchologv (1)4:94, pi. 28, fig. 99.

1906 Fulgoraria (Alcithoe) gracilis Swainson, Murdock and Suter,
Trans. New Zealand Inst. (1905) 38:287.

1913 Fulgoraria gracilis Swainson, Suter, Manual of the New
Zealand Mollusca, p. 448, pi. 48, fig. 8 (Bay of Islands).
1926 Alcithoe gracilis Swainson, Marwick. Trans. New Zealand
Inst. 56:300, pi. 69, fig. 5.

1937a Alcithoe (Leporemax) fusus Quoy and Gaimard, Iredale, Rec.
Australian Mus. 20(2): 105.

1942 Alcithoe gracilis (Swainson), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 26, pi. 9, fig. 74.

1956a Alcithoe fusus fusus (Quoy and Gaimard), Dell, Rec.

Dominion Mus. 3(1):53, 54, text figs. 66, 67.

1956a Alcithoe fusus haurakiensis Dell, ibid., pp. 54—56, text figs.

68, 69 [Oneroa (Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand)].

1963 Alcithoe (Alcithoe) fusus (Quoy and Gaimard), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:105, 106, text fig. 156, no. 5.

1968 Alcithoe (Leporemax) fusus (Quoy and Gaimard), Abbott,
Swainson’s Exotic Conchology (facsimile, p. 47).

Type: Lectotype, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don.

Type locality: "Bay of Island,” [Bay of Islands], north-
east North Island, New Zealand.

Range: The east coast of North Island south through Cook
Strait to South Island, New Zealand.

Habitat: Dredged in 3 to 60 fathoms on a sand or mud and
sand substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 55 to 81 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell varies considerably in sculpture
along its rather long, eontinuous range. Typically, the shell
is small and fusiform, with a moderately high spire, blunt at
tbe apex. Protoconeh has about two smooth, coiled, obtuse
whorls. Teleoconch has three and a half to four sculptured
whorls. The sculpture consists of numerous, longitudinal ribs
on the early teleoeonch whorls, with about 19 such ribs on
the penultimate whorl. The ribs become obsolete on the
penultimate whorl and disappear entirely on the adult body
whorl. The shoulders slope gently on the last two whorls.
Aperture is narrowly semiovate. Outer lip is slightly thick-
ened and reflected. Columella is slightly concave, with four
rather weak, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is shal-
low; fasciole indistinct. Base color is ivory overlaid with a
pattern of zigzag, chestnut-brown lines that coalesce to form
three dark, revolving bands on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: According to Quoy and Gaimard
(1833), the animal has a wide, subquadrilateral foot with a
depression in the front. The tentacles are short, widely
spaced, and borne on a rounded hood. The eyes are situated
a short distance from the base of the tentacles. The siphon
is narrow and elongated. The color of the animal is a very
finely spotted reddish-brown on a yellowish base. Information
on the radula is not available.

Remarks: Swainson corrected the spelling of gracilus to
gracilis in his 1835 reissue of the 1821 Exotic Conchology.
This part, with no text, shows gracilis on Plate 42.

In 1956 Dell gave the name Alcithoe fusus haurakiensis
to the smaller, more heavily sculptured, and knobby shells
from the northern end of the range. The fact that both popu-
lations live along a continuous coastal range, each inter-
grading into the other, excludes subspecific recognition (see
Map 10). We have, therefore, placed haurakiensis in the
synonymy of fusus.

114

Pachymelon

Alcithoe (Leporemax) hedleyi
(Murdoch and Suter, 1906)

{Plate 49D and 49E)

1906 Fulgoraria (Alcithoe) hedleyi Murdoch and Suter, Trans.

New Zealand Inst. (1905) 38:288, pi. 23, figs. 20, 21
(shell and protoconch) (no locality given).

1913 Fulgoraria hedleyi Murdoch and Suter, Suter, Manual of the
New Zealand Mollusca, pp. 448, 449, pi. 20, fig. 7 (off
Great Barrier Island in 110 fathoms [type]; four miles
west of Cuvier Island, in 44 fathoms).

1926 Alcithoe hedleyi Murdoch and Suter, Marwick, Trans. New
Zealand Inst. 56:301, pi. 69, fig. 8.

1937a Alcithoe (Carolluta) hedleyi Murdoch and Suter, Iredale,
Rec. Australian Mus. 20(2): 105.

1942 Alcithoe hedleyi Murdoch and Suter, M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae, p. 27, pi. 23, fig. 158.

1%2 Alcithoe (Leporemax) hedleyi (Murdoch and Suter), Powell,
Shells of New Zealand, 4th ed., p. 100.

1963 Alcithoe (Alcithoe) hedleyi (Mudlock [stc] and Suter), Shi-
kama et Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illus-
trated in Colours 1:105 (unfigured).

Type: Holotype, Dominion Museum, Wellington, No.
M.1298.

Type locauty: Off Great Barrier Island, northeast North
Island, New Zealand.

Range: From East Cape north to Great Barrier Island,
North Island, New Zealand — a coastal distance of about 250
miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 30 to 300 fathoms on a mud substrate.
The depth of 300 fathoms was recently supplied by Mr.
Walter 0. Cernohorsky (in lilt.).

Dimensions: Holotype length, 61.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 18.0 mm; aperture length, 39.0 mm.

Shell description; Shell is small and solid. It is elongate-
fusiform, with a rather high spire, blunt at the apex. Proto-
conch is bulbous and obtuse, with about two coiled whorls,
the second whorl with one or two spiral lirae. Teleoconch
has about five narrow, sculptured, and shouldered whorls.
The sculpture consists of axial ribs extending over the
anterior two thirds of each whorl but disappears on the last
half of the adult body whorl. There are about 10 such ribs on
the antepenultimate whorl. Two spiral threads appear below
the suture, which is distinct but not impressed. Aperture is
high, narrow, and slightly canaliculated posteriorly. Outer
lip is thickened and simple. Columella is slightly concave,
with four strong, very oblique, anterior plaits. A thin glaze
covers the columella and parietal area. Siphonal notch is
wide and shallow; fasciole indistinct. The base color is flesh
sparsely overlaid with fine, longitudinal, brown, zigzag lines
which mark all the whorls.

Animal and radula: The radula is typical of Alcithoe
(Cernohorsky, in lilt.).

Remarks: Leporemax hedleyi is a rare species but is known
to have been collected alive. It is related to Leporemax

fusus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833), from which it differs by its
narrower shape, narrower aperture, fewer axial ribs, and
finer and less crowded zigzag markings.

The s|)ecies was named in honor of the late Mr. Charles
Hedley, of the Australian Museum, Sydney, the originator
and leader of the dredging expedition that discovered the
new species.

Genus Pachymelon Marwick, 1926

1926 Waihaoia (Pachymelon) Marwick, Trans. New Zealand
Inst. 56:281 (type species, Waihaoia amoriaformis Mar-
wick, 1926; by original designation).

1942 Pachymelon Finlay, M. Smith, A Review of the Volutidae,
p. 33.

1967 Pachymelon (Pachymelon) Marwick, Beu, Trans. Roy. Soc.
New Zealand 5 (3): 112.

Type species: Waihaoia amoriaformis Marwick, 1926; by
original designation; a Lower Miocene New Zealand fossil.

Remarks: As far as shell morphology is concerned, so few
differences exist between Pachymelon and Palomelon Finlay,
1926 that we follow Powell (1962) in assigning all Recent
species to Palomelon, a subgenus of Pachymelon. Pachymelon
sensu stricto would, for the present, accommodate fossil
species only.

Subgenus Palomelon Finlay, 1926

1926c Waihaoia (Palomelon) Finlay, Trans. New Zealand Inst.

(1927) 57:432 (type species, Cymbiola lutea Watson,
1882; by original designation). (Not 1927 as often dated.)
1962 Pachymelon (Palomelon) Finlay, Powell, Shells of New
Zealand, 4th ed., p. 99.

Type species: Cymbiola lutea Watson, 1882; by original
designation; Recent, New Zealand.

Distribution: The five living species in the subgenus
Palomelon are endemic to waters surrounding the islands of
New Zealand. They have a bathymetric range from 50 to 400
fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells range in size from the small (32 mm in
length) Palomelon grahami Powell, 1965 to the large (186
mm in length) Palomelon benthicola Dell. 1963. They are
broadly fusiform to fusiform. Protoconch is obtusely papil-
lary or cylindrical. Teleoconch whorls generally have ribs
that vary in their degree of strength. Columella usually has
four weak to strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch
is wide and shallow; fasciole indistinct.

The radula, where known, is uniserial with tricuspid teeth.
The outer cusps are directed inward, and the base of each
tooth is strongly arched (see Figure 22).

Remarks: According to Dell (196.3), there is a great pos-
sibilitv that as more deep-water volutes are collected from
New Zealand waters, it will become more difficult to main-

115

ZIDONINAE

tain the distinction between Pachymelon (Palomelon) and
Alcithoe H. and A. Adams, 1853. The only general shell
characteristic that now remains to differentiate the two
genera is the lack of a distinct fascicle in Pachxmelon
{Palomelon). In some specimens of Alcithoe larochei Mar-
wick. 1926, the fascicle is as indistinct as it is in species
attributed to Palomelon.

A comparison of the radular teeth of Alcithoe arabica
(Gmelin, 1791) (see Figure 21) with the teeth of Palomelon
smithi Powell, 1950 (see Figure 22) shows that in the latter
the base is more strongly arched and the two outer cusps are
directed inward to a greater degree.

Pachymelon (Palomelon) benthicola Dell, 1963
(Plate 50C and SOD)

1963 Pachymelon (Palomelon) benthicola Dell, Trans. Roy. Soc.

New Zealand 3(20):213, pi. 1, fig. 8 (8 miles E. of White
Island, Bay of Plenty).

Type: Holotype, Dominion Museum, Wellington, No.
M. 16276.

Type locality: Eight miles east of White Island, Bay of
Plenty, North Island, New Zealand.

Range: From White Island to the Alderman Islands, Bay of
Plenty, North Island, New Zealand — a distance of about 75
miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 300 to 400 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 186.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 60.6 mm; aperture length, 80.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is large and light in weight. It is
fusiform, with a high spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch
(eroded in both available specimens) has about three whorls,
the last whorl with three or four spiral lirae crossed by fine,
widely spaced axial ribs. Teleoconch has about five sculp-
tured whorls. The first three or four whorls are sculptured
with broad axial ribs. There are 14 such ribs on the ante-
penultimate whorl; these become obsolete on the penultimate
whorl. The adult body whorl is smooth except for fine,
longitudinal growth lines and some indistinct, irregular spiral
lirae. Aperture is narrowly semiovate, somewhat expanded
posteriorly. The interior color is bright orange-brown. Outer
lip is slightly thickened and simple. Columella is arched, is
twisted considerably to the left at the anterior end, and has
four rather weak, oblique, anterior plaits. A thin glaze covers
the columella and parietal area. Siphonal notch is wide and
very shallow; fasciole indistinct. The shell is a uniform
chalky white, with the bright orange-brown interior shining
through the chalky surface.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This species seems to be most closely related
to Palomelon lutea (Watson, 1882), differing from it by its
more elongate shape and much narrower aperture.

This species was known from only two specimens until
recent dredgings brought up a number of specimens.

Pachymelon (Palomelon) grahami Powell, 1965
(Plate SIC and SID)

1965 Pachymelon (Palomelon) grahami Powell, Rec. Auckland
Inst. Mus. 6(2);166. pi. 23. fig. 14 [ofl Oaniura (New
Zealand) in .50 fathoms].

Type: Holotype, Auckland Institute and Museum, Auck-
land, No. TM-1243.

Type locality: Oamura, southeast South Island, New
Zealand.

Range: From off Oamura eastward to Chatham Rise, South
Island, New Zealand.

Habitat: Dredged in 50 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 32.5 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 15.3 mm.

Shell description: Shell is the smallest in the subgenus.
It is ovate to ovate-fusiform, with a low to moderately high
spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is large, cylindrical, of
about two and a half smooth whorls. Teleoconch has about
four and a half sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of
numerous, rounded axial ribs extending from suture to suture
and, in the holotype, over the entire adult body whorl. These
axial ribs become progressively weaker over the anterior
part of the base. Aperture is semiovate. Outer lip is rounded
and thick, especially thickened over the shoulder area to the
suture. Columella is arched, with four evenly developed,
slightly oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is wide and
shallow; fasciole is weak, not defined by a ridge. Color of
shell is a uniform pinkish-buff.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: We know of only two specimens of this very rare
shell in collections; one is deposited in the Auckland In-
stitute and Museum; the other is in the Delaware Museum
of Natural History.

Pachymelon (Palomelon) lutea (Watson, 1882)
(Plate SIE and SIF)

1882 Cymbiola lutea Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London 16:331,
332 (Lat. 38° 52' S, Long. 169° 20' E; about 200 miles
west of Cape Earewell, New Zealand).

1887 Valuta lutea Watson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
5(44), 2nd suppL, p. 304, pi. 18, fig. 172.

1926c Waihaioa (Palomelon) lutea Watson, Finlay, Trans. New
Zealand Inst. (1927) 57:432. (Not 1927 as often dated.)
1942 Pachymelon lutea Watson, M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 33, pi. 13, fig. 91.

116

Pachy melon

1943 Alcithoe (Palomelon) lutea Watson, Wenz, Handb. Palao.

6(1), Gastropoda, p. 1345, text fig. 3811.

1962 Pachymelon {Palomelon) lutea (Watson), Powell, Shells of
New Zealand, 4th ed., p. 99.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1887.2.9.880.

Type locality: About 200 miles west of Cape Farewell
(lat. 38° 52' S/long. 169° 20' E), north South Island, New
Zealand.

Range: Known only from the general area surrounding the
type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in about 275 fathoms on a substrate
consisting of globigerina ooze.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 64.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 32.0 mm; aperture length, 44.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size and solid. It
is ovate-fusiform, with an irregularly bent spire, blunt at the
apex. Protoconch is papillary, of about two and a quarter
convex whorls that are sunken into each other. Teleoconch
has about four and a half lightly sculptured whorls. The last
teleoconch whorl is swollen. On the early whorls there are a
few, slight, narrow axial ribs that become almost obsolete
on the last whorl. Each whorl is crossed by minute, hairlike
growth lines. Aperture is long and semiovate. Outer lip is
thin, rounded at the edge and reflected, and a rich buff color.
The lip rises toward the suture at its junction with the penulti-
mate whorl, where the outer lip is drawn back into a slight
sinus with a very reverted edge. Columella is arched, with
four weak, very oblique, anterior plaits that are set well
back in the aperture. A thin, rich buff-colored glaze covers
the columella and parietal area. Siphonal notch is broad and
shallow; fasciole is indistinct and covered by a glaze. Color
of shell is a uniform pale buff overlaid with ashy-white, with-
out any gloss.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: There are two known specimens of Palomelon
lutea in collections. The holotype, dredged by the Challenger
in 1874, is in the British Museum (Natural History). We
were notified of a second specimen from the same locality
(Powell, in litt.), presumably in the Auckland Institute and
Museum.

Pachymelon (Palomelon) smithi Powell, 1950

(Plate 50 A and SOB; Figure 22)

1950 Pachymelon (Palomelon) smithi Powell, Rec. Auckland Inst.

Mus. 4(1):81, pi. 7, figs. 1, 2 [Eastern Otago (New Zea-
land)].

1954 Pachymelon (Palomelon) smithi Powell, ibid., 4(4);240.
1956a Pachymelon (Palomelon) smithi Powell, Dell, Dominion
Museum Bull. (18): 120, text fig. A7 (radular tooth).

1963 Alcithoe (Pachymelon) smithi Powell, Shikama et Horikoshi,

Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:105,
pi. 87, fig. 5.

Type: Holotype, Auckland Institute and Museum, Auckland,
No. TM-1169.

Type locality: Eastern Otago Province, South Island, New
Zealand.

Range: From eastern Otago Province north to Timaru, east
central South Island, New Zealand.

Habitat: Dredged in 55 to 70 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 73 to 118 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size and solid. It
is narrowly fusiform, with a high spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch has about three smooth whorls. Teleoconch has
six sculptured whorls. The sculpture consists of axial ribs,
with 14 or 15 ribs per whorl. These ribs extend from suture
to suture and onto part of the adult body whorl. Aperture is
long and narrowly semiovate. Outer lip is thickened and well
calloused. Columella is straight, with four rather weak,
oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is moderately wide
and shallow; fasciole indistinct. Base color is pale orange
with a conspicuous, bright-purple stain over the fasciole and
the anterior end of the shell. Some specimens exhibit a
pattern of narrow, angular streaks of dark reddish-brown
arranged in three revolving bands on the last whorl.

Animal and radula: The radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth. The outer teeth are directed inward, and the base of
each tooth is strongly arched (see Figure 22).

Remarks: Palomelon smithi appears to be closely related
to Palomelon wilsonae Powell, 1933, from which it differs

Fig;ure 22: Pachymelon (Palomelon) .smithi Powell,
1950. Radular tooth (after Dell, 19.56) (not to scale).

117

ZIDONINAE

by its narrower shape, higher spire, weaker columellar
plaits, and presence of a bright-purple blotch on the anterior
portion of the adult body whorl.

The species was named for Mr. J. G. Smith, who presented
the holotype to the Auckland Institute and Museum.

Pachymelon {Palomelon) wilsonae Powell, 1933
{Plate 51 A and 5 IB)

1933 Pachvmelon (Paloineloti) wilsonae Powell, Rec. Auckland
Inst. Mus. 1(4):204, 205, pi. 36, fig. 18 [Owenga Beach
(New Zealand)].

1942 Pachvmelon wilsonae Powell, M. Smith. A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 33, pi. 23, fig. 160.

1962 Pachvmelon (Palomelon) wilsonae Powell, Shells of New
Zealand, 4th ed., p. 99, pi. 12, fig. 6.

Type; Holotype, Auckland Institute and Museum, No.
TM-581.

Type locality: Owenga Beach, Chatham Island, east of
South Island, New Zealand.

Range: Known only from the general area surrounding the
type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 175 to 250 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 109.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 47.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is large and solid. It is fusiform,
with a moderately low spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch
has about three smooth whorls. Teleoconch has about five
sculptured whorls, slightly shouldered at the middle. The
adult body whorl is somewhat inflated and is contracted
anteriorly. The sculpture consists of narrow axial ribs,
slightly thickened in the middle where they cross the
shoulder. These ribs extend from suture to suture on the
spire but terminate at the periphery of the adult body whorl.
There are 12 axial ribs on the antepenultimate whorl and
14 on the penultimate whorl. Aperture is narrowly semiovate,
about two-thirds the total length of the shell. Outer lip is
thickened and simple. Columella is straight, with four strong,
oblique, anterior plaits; the posterior plait is the strongest
and the lower plaits become increasingly weaker. A thin
glaze covers the columella and parietal area. Siphonal notch
is wide and shallow; fasciole is indistinct. Base color is a
pinkish-buff. The adult body whorl is overlaid with three
revolving zones of irregular, longitudinal, reddish-brown,
zigzag lines.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: The very rare ivilsonae differs from Palomelon
smitlii Powell, 1950 in the following manner: it has a more
ventricose shape, lower spire, and stronger columellar plaits;
it lacks the purple blotch at the base of the adult body whorl.

The species was named for the discoverer of the holotype.
Miss B. M. Wilson, of Wharekauri, New Zealand.

118

Genus Teremelon Marwick, 1926

1926 Waihaoia (Teremelon) Marwick, Trans. New Zealand Inst.

56:279 (type species, Scaphella tumidor Finlay, 1926; by
original designation).

1954 Teremelon Marwick, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American
Paleo. 35(152) :287.

1956b Teremelon Marwick, Dell, Dominion Museum Bull. (18):

121, 122, pi. 17, figs. 169, 172 (first mention of a Recent
species in the genus).

Type species: Scaphella tumidor Finlay, 1926; by original
designation; a Tertiary New Zealand fossil.

Distribution: The single living species in the genus is
endemic to New Zealand waters. It has a bathymetric range
from 220 to 320 fathoms. Shells are rather small (70 to 85
mm in length) and solid. They are narrowly fusiform, with
a high spire, about equal to or slightly less than the aperture
length. Protoconch has a calcarella and is of about two whorls,
the second whorl with a few, low, indistinct spiral lirae.
Early teleoconch whorls are sculptured with oblique axial
ribs. The rest of the shell is smooth except for minute, wavy,
revolving striae. Siphonal notch is wide and deep; fasciole
present. Columella has four or five plaits.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure
23).

Remarks: Teremelon differs from the subgenera Pachymelon
(Palomelon) Finlay, 1926 and Alcithoe (Leporemax) Iredale,
1937 principally by having a calcarella on the first proto-
conch whorl and a much deeper siphonal notch.

Teremelon knoxi Dell, 1956
{Plate 52A and 52B; Figure 23)

1956b Teremelon knoxi Dell, Dominion Museum Bull. (18): 121,

122, pi. 17, figs. 169, 172; Radula A, fig. 5 [Chatham Rise
(New Zealand)].

Type: Holotype, Dominion Museum, Wellington, No.
M.9784.

Type locality: Chatham Rise, east of central South Island,
New Zealand.

Range: Known only from the general vicinity of the type
locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 220 to 320 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 72.4 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 24.5 mm; aperture length, 39.8 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size and solid. It
is narrowly fusiform, with a high spire about equal to or
slightly less than the aperture length. Protoconch is large,
of about two whorls, the first whorl spurlike and curling
upward. The second whorl has about four low, indistinct
spiral lirae. Teleoconch has about five sculptured whorls,
slightly concave helow the suture to the middle of each

Arctomelon

Figure 23: Teremelon knoxi Dell, 1956. Radular tooth
(after Dell, 1956) (not to scale).

whorl, then slightly convex. Adult hody whorl is evenly
convex helow the shoulder, then tapers off anteriorly. Sculp-
ture on early whorls consists of narrow, oblique axial ribs.
These ribs, about 14 per whorl, rapidly become obsolete on
the adult body whorl. The rest of the shell has irregularly
developed, low, spiral striae and longitudinal growth lines.
Aperture is narrow. Outer lip is slightly thickened; interior
is a biscuit-brown color. Columella is almost straight, with
four anterior plaits that become more oblique anteriorly.
Rarely there is a fifth posterior plait. A rather thick glaze
covers the columella and parietal area. Siphonal notch is
wide and rather deep; fasciole is defined principally by a
change in direction of the growth lines and is only slightly
raised in most specimens. Generally, the shell is colored a
imiform chalky white. However, a few specimens exhibit
traces of irregular, subsurface, brown markings.

Animal and radulas The radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth (see Figure 23).

Remarks: Teremelon knoxi is a rare species.

Genus Arctomelon Dali, 1915

1915 Fulgoraria (Arctomelon) Dali, Bull. United States Nat. .Mus.

(90):57 [type species. Valuta (Scaphella) steamsii Dali,
1872; by original designation].

1918 Fulgoraria (Boromelon) Dali, Proc. Bio. Soc. Washington

31:138 [type species. Valuta (Scaphella) steamsii Dali,
1872; by original designation].

1954 Arctomelon Dali, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.
35(152):17.

Type species: Voluta (Scaphella) steamsii Dali, 1872; by
original designation; Recent, northeast Pacific.

Distribution; There are two living species in Arctomelon:
one, Arctomelon benthalis (Dali, 1896), is found in the Gulf
of Panama; the other, Arctomelon steamsii (Dali, 1872),
comes from the northeast Atlantic Ocean, principally from
the Bering Sea and the Shumagin Islands off Alaska. They
have a bathymetric range of 55 to 1672 fathoms. A. benthalis
is known from a single specimen, whereas A. steamsii is un-
common.

Diagnosis: Shells are of moderate size (105 to 125 mm in
length). They are solid and fusiform or ovate-fusiform, with
a high, blunt spire. The protoconch of the single known
specimen of benthalis is decorticated, preventing a descrip-
tion. The protoconch of steamsii is small, white, and mam-
milate. Teleoconch is smooth (except for growth lines) with
whorls that are slightly convex to roundly convex. Suture is
calloused or appressed. Siphonal notch and fasciole are
present. Columella has several plaits. Periostracum and
operculum are absent.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure
24).

Remarks: The shell characteristics of the species in this
genus closely resemble those of Odontocymbiola magellanica
(Gmelin, 1791) but differ in not having the fanglike radular
teeth of that genus and subfamily.

Arctomelon benthalis (Dali, 1896)

{Plate 52 C and 52 D)

1896 Scaphella benthalis Dali, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.

18:13 (Gulf of Panama, I . S. Fish Comm'ssion Station
3360).

1907a Adelomelon benthalis Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 411(3):
357.

1942 Boromelon benthalis (Dali), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 60, pi. 26. fig. 179.

1964h Arctomelon benthalis (Dali), W eaver. 2nd Provisional Species
List of Living Volutidae, p. 2.

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum. W ashing-
ton, D. C., No. 122.998.

Type locality: Station 3360, Gulf of Panama.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged by the U. S. steamer Albatross in 1672
fathoms on a sandy substrate.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 125.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 60.0 mm; aperture length, 70.0 mm.

119

ZIDONINAE

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size. It is ovately
fusiform, with a high spire, hlunt at the apex. Protoconch is
decorticated, preventing a description. Teleoconch is also
decorticated and has five rounded whorls. Suture is calloused.
Aperture is semiovate and simple; interior color is pale flesh.
Columella has three obsolete, anterior plaits, the middle
plait being the strongest. Siphonal notch and fasciole are
weak. Since the outer layer of the shell has been corroded,
the color is unknown. Dali (1896) states that there is no
operculum present.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: According to Dali (1896), this extremely rare
species approaches Odontocymbiola magellanica (Gmelin,
1791) but differs in being stouter with more rounded whorls,
in having a shorter and wider aperture, and in having a broad
flexure where the posterior end of the lip turns to meet the
adult bodv whorl. In addition, benthalis has obsolete colu-
mellar plaits, as opposed to the strong plaits found in magel-
lanica.

Arctomelon stearnsii (Dali, 1872)

(Plate 52E and 52F; Figure 24)

1872 Valuta (Scaphella) stearnsii Dali, Proc. California Acad. Sci.

4:270, pi. 1, tig. 1 [Living, from stomach of cod, Shu-
magin Islands. Dead on beach: Gull Rocks, Akutan Pass,
and west side of Amaknak Islands, Captains Bay, Unalashka
(Alaska)].

1882 Valuta (Cymbiala) stearnsii Dali, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chologv (1)4:97, pi. 30, fig. 130.

1889 Scaphella stearnsii Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 18:155,
156 (animal description).

1902 Scaphella stearnsii Dali, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
23(1264):517, pi. 35, fig. 4.

1907a Adelamelan stearnsii Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 48(3):
363.

1915 Fulgoraria (Arctomelon) stearnsii Dali, Bull. United States
Nat. Mus. (90):57.

1921 Boromelon stearnsii Dali, ibid., (112):86.

1942 Boromelon steamsii (Dali), M. Smith, A Review oi the Volu-
tidae, p. 60, pi. 12. fig. 90.

1954 Arctomelon steamsii (Dali), Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. Ameri-
can Paleo. 35(152):304, pi. 27, fig. 4 (section of radular
ribbon).

1965b Boromelon steamsii ryosukei Habe et Ito, Shells of the World
in Colour 1:77, pi. 29, fig. 2 (Bering Sea).

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D. C., No. 108.993.

Type locality: Subsequentlv restricted by Dali (1907a) to
Shumagin Islands, Alaska.

Range: From Shumagin Islands, westward to Captains Bay,
Unalaska, Alaska. Also in the Bering Sea northward to the
line of floating ice in winter.

Habitat: In 40 to 100 fathoms on a sandy or muddy sub-

120

Figure 24: Arctomelon steamsii (Dali, 1872). A small
portion of the radular ribbon. Width of each tooth, 0.78 mm.
Shumagin Islands, Alaska (after Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954)
(not to scale).

strate. Bottom temperature of water ranges from 37° to 41°
F (2.8° to 5° C).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 105 to 150 mm in length.
Shell description: Shell varies in shape from fusiform

Harpulina

to ovate, with either a high or low spire. Typically, it is
moderately large, solid, and fusiform, with a high spire,
blunt at the apex. Protoconch is small and mammilate with
about two smooth whorls. Teleoconch has six to eight smooth
(except for growth lines), slightly convex whorls. Suture is
appressed. Aperture is semiovate; the interior is white and
livid purple, with a dash of brighter purple at the posterior
notch and on the anterior portion of the columellar callus.
Outer lip is slightly thickened and simple. Siphonal notch
and a strong fasciole are present. Columella is slightly arched
and has two or three weak, oblique, anterior plaits. A raised
callus covers tbe columella and parietal area. Shell ranges
in color from charcoal to an ashy-white, with no other mark-
ings.

Animal and radula: According to Dali (1889), the top of
the foot is coarsely granulose. The color is whitish with spots
and streaks of vermillion. The color gland produces quan-
tities of a pure blue secretion. The sole of the foot (as con-
tracted in alcohol) has a spongy layer with a reticulated
structure. The penis is broad, short, and folded under and
backward; it is shaped like the distal end of a flattish bean
pod and is transversely striated and thickest at the anterior
end. There are two lobes at the base of the siphon.

The radula is uniseral with tricuspid teeth, the center
cusp being the longest. Each tooth measures 0.78 mm in
width (see Figure 24).

Remarks; Habe and Ito (1965b) gave the subspecific name
ryosukei to a dark-colored, oval-shaped form of steamsii
from the Bering Sea. Since the principal subspecific require-
ment of geographical isolation is not met in this case, we are
relegating the name ryosukei to the synonymy of steamsii.

Genus Harpulina Dali, 1906

1853 Harpula Swainson, H. and A. Adams, The Genera of Recent
Mollusca 1:165 [non Harpula Swainson, 1831, in Volu-
tinaej (type species. Valuta vexillum Gmelin, 1791, =
Valuta arausiaca Lightfoot, 1786).

1906 Harpulina Dali, The Nautilus 19(12):143 [new generic
name for Harpula of authors (non Harpula Swainson,
1831, in Volutinae)] (type species. Valuta arausiaca
Lightfoot, 1786; by original designation).

1943 Harpula Swainson, Wenz, Handb. Palao. 6(1), Gastropoda,
p. 1333 fig. 3783 (non Harpula Swainson, 1831, in
Volutinae).

1954 Harpulina Dali, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.
35(152):287.

Type species: Valuta arausiaca Lightfoot, 1786; by original
designation; Recent, Ceylon.

Distrirution: The two species in this genus inhabit waters
bordering northern Ceylon and those northward to the coastal
regions of southern India. Their bathymetric range is between
10 and 30 fathoms. Harpulina arausiaca (Lightfoot, 1786)
is rather rare; whereas Harpulina lapponica (Linnaeus,
1767) is rather common.

Diagnosis: Shells are of moderate size (60 to 105 mm in

length) and solid. They are oblong-ovate, witli an acuminate
spire, pointed at tbe apex. Protoconch has three small,
smooth, papillary whorls, tlie second of the three being the
largest. Early teleoconch whorls are axially ribbed. Later
wborls have low shoulder tubercles which sometimes dis-
appear on the adult body whorl. Columella has numerous,
small, oblique plaits which become stronger anteriorly.
Siphonal notch present; fasciole indistinct. Operculum is
absent.

Remarks: This genus differs from other genera in the sub-
family Zidoninae by its small, pointed, papillary protoconch;
its attenuated spire; and the number, arrangement, and
strength of its columellar plaits.

Harpulina arausiaca (Lightfoot, 1786)

(Plate 53A and 53B)

1786 Valuta arausiaca Lightfoot, A Catalogue of the Portland
Museum, p. 26 [Amboyna (in error)] (type figure based
on Rumphius, 1705, D’Amboinische Rariteitkammer, pi.
37, fig. 2).

1791 Valuta vexillum Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, 1(6):3464
(no locality given) (type figure based on Rumphius, 1705,
D’Amboinische Rariteitkammer, pi. 37, fig. 2).

1839 Valuta vexillum Gmelin, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:53, 54, pi. 44, fig. 2 (Habite 1 ’Ocean des
Grandes-Indes).

1845 Valuta vexillum Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch vliorurn 1(5):
210. pi. 50, figs. 54-56.

1849 Valuta vexillum Chemnitz, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 32, pi. 13, fig. 32 (Cevlon).

1853 Harpula vexillum Martini, H. and A. Adams, The Genera ol
Recent Mollusca 1:165.

1882 Valuta (Harpula) vexillum Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:85, pi. 31, fig. 153.

1906 Harpulina arausiaca Solander, Dali, The Nautilus 19(12):
143.

1942 Harpulina arausaica [sic] (Solander). M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae, pp. 23, 24, pi. 8, lig. 62.

1963 Harpulina arausaica [st'e] Solander, Shikama et Ilorikoshi.

Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:100,
pi. 81, fig. 9 (2 views).

Type: Type figure based on Rumphius, 1705, D’Amboin-
ische Rariteitkammer, pi. 37, fig. 2.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Reeve (1849)
to Cevlon. Here restricted to waters in Nilaveli, Trincomalee.
northeast Ceylon.

Range: Known only from waters off northern Ceylon.

Habitat: In about 12 fatboms on a sandv substrate (Clover.
in lift.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 7.5 to 10.5 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and solid. It
is oblong-ovate with a rather short, acuminate spire. Proto-
conch is small and papillary, with about two and a half
smooth whorls, pointed at the apex. The second whorl is the

121

ZIDONINAE

largest. Teleoconch has five or six whorls; the early whorls
are axially rihhed. The remaining whorls have low, hlunt
shoulder tubercles. Suture is slightly impressed. Aperture
is semiovate. Outer lip is beveled and simple. Siphonal notch
is narrow; fasciole indistinct. Columella is slightly curved,
with six to eight plaits, the anterior plaits being the strongest.
The base color is pinkish-white overlaid throughout with
narrow spiral bands of bright orange.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: The rather rare Harpulina arausiaca differs from
Harpulina lapponica (Linnaeus, 1767) principally in the
lack of revolving striae on the adult body whorl and in its
higher and more attenuated spire. Furthermore, the color and
color pattern are completely different (compare Plate 53A
and 53B with Plate 53C, 53D, and 53E).

Harpulina lapponica (Linnaeus, 1767)

(Plate 53C, 53D, and 53E)

1767 Valuta lapponica Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, p.

1195, no. 434 [in 0. Americano (in error)] (type figures
based on Seba, 1758, Locuplet. Reruin Nat. 3, pi. 57,
figs. 25, 26).

1791 Valuta lapponica Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, 1(6):
3463 (in Oceano Indico st. Americano).

1839 Valuta lapponica, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes, Valuta
3:55, 56, pi. 43, fig. 1 (2 views).

1845 Valuta indica Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1(5):210,
211, pi. 51. figs. 68-70 (in East Indian Ocean).

1849 Valuta interpuncta Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6, Valuta
sp. 12, pi. 6, fig. 12 (Cevlon).

1863 Valuta loroisi Valenciennes, Journal de Conchyliologie
(3)11:72 (locality?).

1882 Valuta (Harpula) interpuncta Martyn, Trvon, Manual of
Gjnchology (1)4:84, pi. 24, fig. 39.

1942 Harpulina interpuncta interpuncta (Martyn), M. Smith, A
Review of the Volutidae, p. 23, pi. 7, fig. 61.

1942 Harpulina interpuncta undata (Martyn), M. Smith, ibid., p.
23, pi. 7, fig. 60 (Indian Ocean).

1942 Harpulina loroisi (Valenciennes), M. Smith, ibid., p. 24, pi.

8. fig. 64 (seas between India and Ceylon).

1955 Valuta lapponica Linnaeus, Dodge, Bull. American Mus.
Nat. Hist. 107(1):134, 135.

1963 Harpulina japponica [sic] (Linnaeus), Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:100, pi. 81, fig. 8.

Type: Type figures based on Seba, 1758, Locuplet. Rerum
Nat. 3, pi. 57, figs. 25, 26.

Type locality: Here restricted to Pearl Banks, northwest
Ceylon.

Range: From northern Ceylon to southern India.

Habitat: In 8 fathoms on a sand and mud substrate.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 62 to 100 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size, ovate, with
a low spire. Protoconch is small, papillary, with about three

122

smooth whorls, pointed at the apex. Teleoconch has five or
six sculptured whorls. The sculpture consists of narrow axial
ribs on the early whorls. These ribs are replaced on later
whorls with low, indistinct shoulder tubercles that become
obsolete on the adult body whorl. Fine spiral striae appear
most strongly on the anterior portion of the adult body whorl.
Suture is puckered. Aperture is semiovate. Outer lip is
beveled and simple. Columella is almost straight, with seven
or eight plaits, the anterior plaits being the strongest. Color
and color pattern are very variable. Typically, the shell has
a cream base color with closely spaced spiral lines. These
lines consist of a series of short, brown dashes covering the
entire body whorl and spire. Two or three interrupted revolv-
ing bands of tan blotches appear on the body whorl. They
vary in their intensity and are sometimes absent.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Harpulina lapponica differs from Harpulina
arausiaca (Lightfoot, 1786) principally in the presence of
revolving striae on the adult body whorl and in its lower and
less attenuated spire. The color and color pattern are en-
tirely different.

One deep-water population variant of lapponica, formerly
called loroisi Valenciennes, 1863, exhibits solid or inter-
rupted longitudinal stripes (see Plate 53C). In all other
morphological characteristics it is equal to the relatively
common lapponica, in whose synonymy we have placed it.

Genus Provocator Watson, 1882

1882 Provocator Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London 16:329 (type
species, Provocator pulcher Watson, 1882; by original
monotypy).

1886 Provocator Watson, Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 15:260,
pi. 13, fig. 5.

Type species: Provocator pulcher Watson, 1882; by original
monotypy; Recent, southern Indian Ocean.

Distribution: The two living species in this genus are
found in the southern Indian Ocean and in the Atlantic Ocean
in waters off the coast of Argentina, South America. They
have a bathymetric range between 18 and 180 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells are of moderate size (52 to 90 mm in
length) and are fragile. They are fusiform, with a high,
pointed, enameled spire. Protoconch is small and pointed.
It is originally papillary but subsequently becomes corroded
and is then covered by enamel, thus preventing a count of the
whorls. Teleoconch whorls are convex and smooth except
for tiny axial growth lines. Suture is broadly impressed,
oblique, and covered by a glaze. Outer lip is thin, simple,
and slightly reflected. Aperture expands anteriorly. Columella
is short and spiral, with one or more very oblique, anterior
plaits. Color of shell is a uniform porcelain. A thin, light-
brown periostracum is present. There is no operculum.

According to Clench and Turner (1964), the animal has
the characteristics of those in the subfamily Zidoninae. The
radula is uniserial with very heavy, tricuspid teeth.

Provocator

Remarks: Insofar as shell characteristics are concerned,
species in this genus differ from other genera in Zidoninae
principally by having a small, originally mammillary proto-
conch that is covered with enamel and pointed. To a lesser
degree they differ in that they are very fragile and have a
short sinus at the posterior juncture of the outer lip and adult
body whorl.

Provocator corderoi Carcelles, 1947
(Plate 53H and 531; Figure 25a and 25b)

1947 Provocator corderoi Carcelles, Com. Zool. Museo Hist. Nat.

Montevideo 2(40):5-8, pi. 1, figs. 1-5 [Lat. 39° 00' S.,
long. 57° 10' 0 (W.)].

1951 Provocator cf. pulcher Watson, Powell, Discovery Reports
26:164 (between Falkland Is. and Patagonia, 52° 36' S,
63° 40' W) (non Provocator pulcher Watson, 1882).

1964 Provocator corderoi Carcelles, Clench and Turner, John-
sonia 4(43):168, 169, pi. 107, figs. 1, 2 (radular teeth).

Type: Holotype, National Museum, Buenos Aires, No.
15219.

Type locality: About 100 miles ESE of Necochea, Argen-
tina; lat. 39° 0' S/long. 57° 10' W.

Range: From southern Uruguay to waters between the
Falkland Islands and Patagonia, Argentina.

Habitat: According to Carcelles (1947), the species is
found on a stony substrate from the littoral to the edge of
the continental shelf. More recently, quite a few specimens
have been dredged” in 38 to 180 fathoms.

Figure 25: Provocator corderoi Carcelles. 1947. a.
Outer view of a single worn tooth taken from the anterior end
of the radular ribbon, b, Back view ot a single tooth taken
from the middle of the ribbon, showing the thickened ridge
that is attached to the ribbon (after Clench and Turner. 1964).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 50 to 65 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather small and fragile. It is
fusiform, with a moderately low, pointed spire. Protoconcli
is covered by a glaze, preventing a description of the whorls.
Teleoconch has about five convex, sculptured whorls. Sculp-
ture consists of very fine growth lines and microscopic spiral
lirae. Suture is broadly impressed and covered by a glaze.
Aperture is irregularly semicircular and expands anteriorly.
Outer lip is thin and slightly reflected. Parietal wall is
glazed, the glaze extending to just below the apex of the spire.
Columella is concave and twisted, with one to three knifelike,
very oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is wide and
shallow; fasciole absent. A narrow anal canal or sinus is
present. Base color is a porcelain-white covered by a thin,
light-brown periostracum.

Animal and radula: According to Clench and Turner
(1964), the posterior end of the foot is an intense bright
orange, becoming gradually light and diffused anteriorly.
The anterior end of the foot is a light salmon color. The
mantle is light salmon with a bright-orange band just inside
the edge. The siphon is bright orange. The lateral lobes of
the head and tentacles are orange; the broad central lobe is
light orange, changing to tan at the center. The bottom sur-
face of the foot is a uniform ivory color. Head is very broad
and flat. The tentacles are short and broad. The eyes are small
and black and are located on the lateral lobes at the base of
the tentacles. Siphon has two equal basal lobes that, in
preserved specimens, are almost as long as the siphon. The
single animal studied was too poorly preserved for detailed
anatomical work, but enough could be observed to state
definitely that it [corderoi] agrees with the characteristics of
the subfamily Zidoninae.

The uniserial radular teeth are tricuspid and extremely
heavy, though typical of the subfamily (see Figure 25).

Remarks: Provocator corderoi differs from Provocator
pulcher Watson, 1882 in these respects: it is smaller, has
fewer whorls, and has a proportionately lower spire. Most
museum collections now have representatives of this once
rare species.

Carcelles named this species in honor of Professor Ergasto
H. Cordero, then Director of the Museo de Historia Natural
de Montevideo, Uruguay.

Provocator pulcher Watson, 1882
(Plate 53F and 53G)

1882 Provocator pulcher Watson, lourn. Linn. Soc. London
16:330, 331 (St. 149j; Lat. 48° 43' S.. long. 69° 15' L..
West Christmas Harhour. Kerguelen).

1886 Provocator pulcher Watson. Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger

15:260. pi. 13. fig. 5.

1887 Provocator provocator Sowerbv. Thesaurus Conchy I ioruni

5(44), 2nd suppL. p. 30.5. pi. 18. fig. 173 (new name
for Ihovocator pulcher W atson. 1882. which Sowerbv 111
incorrectly thought was preoccupied bv I alula pulchra
Sowerbv 1. 182.5).

123

ZIDONINAE

1942 Provocator provocator (Sowerbv), M. Smith, A Review of

the Volutidae, pp. 62, 63, pi. 13, hg. 95.

1943 Zidona (Provocator) pulchra Watson, Wenz, Handh. Palao.

6(1), Gastropoda, p. 1350, text fig. 3822.

1963 Adelomelon (Provocator) pulchra Watson, Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:107, text fig. 158.

Types: A holotype was not designated. Syntypes, British
Museum (Natural History), London.

Type locality: West Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island,
southern Indian Ocean, Station 149j; lat. 48° 43' S/long.
69° 15' E.

Range: Between Kerguelen Island and Heard Island, south-
ern Indian Ocean — a distance of about 300 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 105 to 150 fathoms on a mud or rock
substrate; bottom temperature (at 150 fathoms), 35.2° F
(1.8° C).

Dimensions: Holotype length, 90.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 46.0 mm; aperture length, 51.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and fragile.
It is fusiform, with a high, pointed apex. Protoconch is small
and pointed. It is originally papillary but subsequently be-
comes corroded and is then covered with enamel, thus pre-
venting a count of the whorls. Teleoconch has seven or eight
convex whorls that are smooth except for fine axial growth
lines. Suture is oblique and completely buried in a thick
glaze. Aperture is large and pear shaped. Outer lip is
rounded, with a sutural sinus. Columella is arched, with one
or two narrow, very oblique, white, anterior plaits. Siphonal
notch is wide and shallow; fasciole absent. Base color is a
uniform rich buff, thinly overlaid with a whitish glaze. For
some distance below the suture, the whitish glaze is covered
by a dull buff enamel.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: We know of only two dead-collected specimens,
which are in the British Museum (Natural History), London.

Genus Cottonia Iredale, 1934

1934 Cottonia Iredale, The South Australian Naturalist 15(2);57,
58 (type species, Scaphella dannevigi Verco, 1912, =
Valuta nodiplicata Cox, 1910; hy original designation).
1954 Cottonia Iredale, Pilshry and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.

35(152) :287 [placed under Alcithoinae Pilshry and
Olsson, 1954, = Zidoninae H. and A. Adams, 1853].

Type species: Scaphella dannevigi Verco, 1912, = Valuta
nodiplicata Cox, 1910; by original designation; Recent,
Australia.

Distribution: The single living species in this genus in-
habits waters oft the southwestern and southern coasts of
Western Australia at depths ranging from 2 to 105 fathoms.
It is rather rare.

Diagnosis: Shells are large (390 mm in length) and nar-

124

rowly ovate, with a low spire. Protoconch is very large,
bulbous, and deciduous. Most teleoconch whorls have
shoulder tubercles. Columella has about three long, oblique,
anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is broad and rather shallow;
fasciole not in evidence. A thin, brown periostracum covers
the shell.

Animal and radula were not available for study.

Remarks: The monotypic genus Cottonia differs from all
other genera in Volutidae in that the very large, mammillary
protoconch is deciduous; that is, it breaks when the shell is
very young to form a laterally positioned, ragged-edged,
oblique peak at the point of separation (see Figure 26).

Cottonia nodiplicata (Cox, 1910)

{Plate 54A and 54B; Figure 26)

1910 Valuta nodiplicata Cox, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 9:146,
pi. 3 (3 views) (Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 12
miles north-west of Fremantle).

1912 Scaphella dannevigi Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia
36:225, pi. 13, figs. 1, 2 [90 miles west of the meridian
of Eucla (South Australia)] [holotype, the Australian
Museum, Sydney].

1934 Cottonia nodiplicata Cox, Iredale, The South Australian
Naturalist 15(2):57, 58.

1942 Cottonia nodiplicata (Cox), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 34, pi. 20, fig. 135.

1963 Alcithoe (Cottonia) nodiplicata Cox, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:105,
text fig. 155.

Type: The whereabouts of the type specimen illustrated in

Figure 26: Cottonia nodiplicata (Cox, 1910). Deciduous
protoconch, showing part of the first teleoconch whorl (after
Cox, 1910) (not to scale).

Cotton ia

the Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 1910, 9:146, pi. 3, is not
known to the authors. However, the holotype of Scaphella
dannevigi Verco, 1912, = Cottonia nodiplicata Iredale,
1934. is in the Australian Museum, Sydney, No. E. 3845.

Type locauty: Rottnest Island, southwest Western Aus-
tralia, Australia.

Range: From waters south of the Ahrolhos Islands, south
central Western Australia, south and then east to waters off
the boundary line separating the states of Western Australia
and South Australia.

Habitat: In 2 to 105 fathoms. Very large adult specimens
are sometimes taken in fish nets drawn over a sand and
seaweed substrate in shallow water.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 275 to 390 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large and solid. It is narrowly
ovate with a low spire. Protoconch is very large, bulbous,
and deciduous, that is, breaking off at an early age to form
a laterally positioned, ragged-edged, oblique peak at the
line of separation (see Figure 26). Teleoconch has three and
a half to four sculptured whorls that are shouldered at the
posterior fourth of the intersutural space and are slightly
concave above the shoulders. The first whorl is smooth, fol-

lowed by whorls whose shoulders bear tubercles. There are
about 11 or 12 such tubercles per whorl. There are also
about 20 fine, closely spaced, sinuous spiral lirae above the
shoulders. The suture is slightly channeled. The adult body
whorl is large and oval and narrows anteriorly’. Aperture is
narrowly elliptical; interior is a rich peach color. Outer lip
is thickened and somewhat reflected. Columella is slightly
concave, with three long, very oblique, anterior plaits, the
lowest forming the margin of the siphonal notch, which is
wide and rather shallow. A thin, pale-yellow glaze covers the
columella and parietal area. Fascicle is not in evidence. The
shell is a mottled chestnut-brown, the base color showing
through as closely spaced, whitish flecks. The tips of the
shoulder tubercles are marked in dark chocolate. On the
periphery of the adult body whorl there is a narrow, revolv-
ing, cream-colored band. A thin, brown periostracum covers
the shell.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Cottonia nodiplicata is distinguished from all
other living species in Volutidae by its very large, mam-
millary, and deciduous protoconch (see Figure 26). This
species was once known from only two dead specimens. Now,
fishermen occasionally bring in live specimens.

125

Subfamily

ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE

Clench and Turner, 1964

1954 ADELOMELONiNAE Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American
Paleo. 35(152):289 [type genus, Adelomelon
Dali, Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 (non Adelomelon
Dali, 1906, in Zidoninae)].

1964 ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE Clench and Turner, Johnsonia
4(43):170.

Type genus: Odontocymbiola Clench and Turner, 1964;
by original designation.

Distribution: The subfamily Odontocymbiolinae, as
considered here, contains 11 species and one subspecies
under four genera. The table at the right shows the geo-
graphical grouping of these genera.

Taxa in Odontocymbiolinae have a bathymetric range
from 5 to 2232 fathoms. Their degree of abundance
varies from the rather common Odontocymbiola magel-
lanica (Gmelin, 1791) to the extremely rare Miomelon
scoresbyana Powell, 1951, known only from the holo-
type.

Diagnosis: Shells vary in size from the small (35 mm
in length) Odontocymbiola americana (Reeve, 1856) to

Eastern South America

Odontocymbiola Clench

and Turner, 1964

Southeastern Pacific,

Miomelon Dali, 1907

b alkland Islands

Gulf of Panama

Tractolira Dali, 1896

Australia

Volutoconus Crosse, 1871

the moderately large (190 mm in length) Odontocymbiola
magellanica (Gmelin, 1791). Protoconch is medium to
large; it is smooth and may have a calcarella or a needle-
like projection at the apex. Columella has one or more
plaits. Periostracum may be present. Operculum is absent.
Where known, the racemose salivary gland is wrapped
tightly around the tubular salivary gland.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid, fanglike teeth
(see Figure 27). This feature separates Odontocymbioli-
nae from all other subfamilies in Volutidae.

Genus Odontocymbiola Clench
and Turner, 1964

1954 Adelomelon Dali, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.

35(152):280, 289, 306 [non Adelomelon Dali, 1906, in
Zidoninae].

1964 Odontocymbiola Clench and Turner, Johnsonia 4(43):170-
176.

Type species; Adelomelon ancilla Solander, Pilsbry and
Olsson, 1954, Voluta magellanica Gmelin, 1791 [non
Voluta ancilla Lightfoot, 1786]; by original monotypy;
Recent, western Atlantic, Magellanic Province.

Distribution; We recognize four living species in this
genus, all of which appear to be restricted to the east coast
of South America, the Falkland Islands, and the Magellanic
Province.

Diagnosis: Shells are small to moderately large (35 to 190
mm in length). They are elongate-ovate, with an elevated

126

Odontocymbiola

Figure 27a-c: Odontocymbiola ameiicana (Reeve, 1856). a. Three radular teeth in normal posi-
tion. b, Single radular tooth showing structure, c. Side view of single tooth.

Figure 27d-f: Odontocymbiola pescalia Clench and Turner, 1964. d, Three radular teeth in
normal position, e, Single radular tooth showing structure, f. Side view of single tooth.

Figure 27g-i: Odontocymbiola magellanica (Gmelin, 1791). Shoal Bav, Straits ot Magellan.
Chile. Length of radula, 12 mm. g and h, Single radular teeth, i. Two radular teeth in normal position.
(All figures after Clench and Turner, 1964.)

spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is rather large and
smooth. Teleoconch is either smooth, axially ribbed, or
knobbed. Columella has several plaits. Periostracum is pres-
ent; operculum is absent. Where known, the racemose sali-
vary gland is wrapped tightly around the tubular salivary
gland.

Radula is uniserial with three fanglike teeth (see Figure
27).

Remarks: Odontocymbiola differs from Tractolira Dali,
1896 and Volutoconus Crosse, 1871 in that the protoconch
has neither a calcarella nor a needlelike projection at the
apex. It differs from Miomelon Dali, 1907 in that the sj)ecies

in the latter genus have a smaller protoconch and have axial
sculpture; whereas in Odontocymbiola the shell has shoulder
knobs.

Odontocymbiola americana (Reeve, 1856)

{Plate 55C and 55D:

Figures 27a, 27b, 27c, and 28a}

18.56 I oluta americana Reeve. Froc. Zool. Sue. Lendon (June)
(24):2. pi. .33. figs. 1. 2 (Brazil).

127

ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE

Figure 28: See legend on facing page.

128

Odontocymbiola

1856 Valuta clenana Petit de la Saussaye, Journal de Conchy-
liologie (November) 5:182, pi. 6, figs. 3, 4 [sur la cote du
Bresil, par le travers du cap Sainte-Tome, Brazil].

1882 Valuta americana Reeve, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:94, 95, pi. 28, figs. 100, 101.

1963d Valuta americana Reeve, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
11(10):3, figs. 5, 6.

1964 Odantacymbiala americana Clench and Turner, Johnsonia
4(43):174^176, pis. 81, 82, 112, 113 (shells, anatomy,
radular teeth).

Type: Holotype lost (Dr. D. F. McMichael [in] Clench and
Turner, 1964). Holotype of Voluta cleryana Petit de la
Saussaye, 1856, = Odontocymbiola americana (Reeve, 1856)
in the collection of the Journal de Conchyliologie of Paris.

Type locality; "Brazil.” Here restricted to Ilha de
Sant’ Anna, Macae, Brazil.

Range: From Macae, southwest to Cananeia, Brazil — a dis-
tance of approximately 400 miles.

Habitat: In 5 to 40 fathoms on a substrate of sand and
dead shells.

Dimensions; Adult specimens are 35 to 63 mm in length.

Shell description; Shell is variable in shape and color. It
is small, not heavy, and elongate, with a moderately high,
rounded spire. Protoconch is large, smooth, and bluntly
papilliform, with about three smooth convex whorls. Teleo-
conch has three slightly convex whorls, supporting a series
of knobs on the whorl shoulders; these knobs are sometimes
rather weak. Aperture is semicircular, flaring anteriorly.
Outer lip is simple and slightly thickened. Siphonal notch is
broad and shallow; fasciole present. Columella is angled but
straight, with four strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Base color
varies from yellowish-gray to pale brownish-orange and is
overlaid with many longitudinal zigzag lines. Some speci-
mens show three of four revolving bands of widely spaced,
brown blotches. A thin periostracum is present.

Animal and radula: As reported by Dr. Bernard Tursch
[in] Clench and Turner (1964), the color of the animal is a
uniform, rich, yellow-beige, without any design. In their
detailed anatomical discussions. Clench and Turner (1964)
state that there are two equal lobes on the base of the siphon.
The penis is large and folded back over the visceral hump

completely within the mantle cavity. The vas deferens lead-
ing to it is embedded in the body wall. (See Figure 28a.)

The radular teeth are typically fanglike (see Figure 27a,
27b, and 27c).

Remarks: Most authors considered this uncommon species
to be a synonym of Valuta tuberculata Swainson, 1821. The
latter, however, is equal to Odontocymbiola subnodosa
(Leach, 1814). Although young specimens of both species
are similar in appearance, an adult shell of subnodosa has a
dull hnish and will attain a length of over 150 mm. The shell
of americana has a glossy finish, is less shouldered and
narrower, and will attain a length of only about 60 mm.

Odontocymbiola magellanica (Gmelin, 1791)
{Plate 55A and 55B; Figures 27 g, 27h, 27i, and 28b)

1791 Valuta magellanica Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p.

3465 (Straits of Magellan) [based upon Chemnitz, 1788,
Conchylien-Cabinet 10(1):138, pi. 148, figs. 1383, 1384]
[nan Valuta magellanica Lamarck, 1811, = Valuta
ancilla Lightfoot, 1786].

1791 Valuta spectabilis Gmelin, ibid., p. 3468 ( pars) (Straits of
Magellan) [based on Kaemmerer, 1789, Die Conchylien
im Cabinette, pi. 7, figs. 1, 2].

1839 Valuta ancilla Solander, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:39, pi. 52 (2 views) [nan Voluta ancilla Light-
foot, 1786].

1845 Valuta ancilla Solander. Sowerbv, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5):203, pi. 54, fig. 101 [nan Valuta ancilla Lightfoot,
1786].

1849 Valuta magellanica Chemnitz. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica
6, Voluta sp. 33, pi. 14, figs. 33a, 33b.

1882 Voluta magellanica Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of Concbology
(1)4:97, pi. 29, figs. 107, 108.

1895 Valuta magellanica Chemnitz, Lahille, Rev. Mus. de la
Plata 6:317, pi. 1, figs. 11, 12; pi. 2, figs. 64, 65; pi. 7,
fig. 149; pi. 8, figs. 172-177; pi. 11, fig. 4; pi. 12, figs.
36, 37. Lahille described and figured the following forms
which are synonyms of magellanica: curta, p. 318, pi. 7,
fig. 148 and taeniolata. p. 318, pi. 7, fig. 154.

1895 Voluta ambigua Lahille, ibid., p. 319, pi. 2 fig. 61; pi. 12,
figs. 11-16 (Argentina). Lahille described and figured the
following forms which are synonyms of magellanica:
subnodosa, p. 319, pi. 11, fig. 9 [non Voluta subnodosa

Legend for Figure 28

Figure 28a: Odontocymbiola americana (Reeve, 1856). Semidiagrammatic illustration of the
anatomy. 1, Testes. 2, Stomach. 3, Vas deferens. 4, Ventricle. 5, Pericardial cavity. 6, Auricle. 7. Kidney.
8, Renal opening. 9, Intestine. 10, Hypobrachial gland. 11, Anus. 12, Mantle cavity. 13, Gill. 14, Osphra-
dium. 15, Siphon with two equal basal lobes. 16, Racemose salivary gland. 17. Tubular salivary gland.
18, Duct of the racemose salivary gland. 19, Buccal mass. 20, Esophagus. 21, Mouth. 22, Nerve ring.
23, Penis. 24, Supra-esophageal nerve. 25, Anterior aorta. 26, Vas deferens embedded in body wall. 27,
Gland of Leiblein. 28, Digestive gland. 29, Columellar muscle (cut end).

Figure 28b: Odontocymbiola magellanica (Gmelin, 1791). Ventral view of the siphons to show
the relationship of the basal lobes, the gill, and the osphradium.

(Both figures after Clench and Turner, 1964.)

129

ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE

Leach, 1814]; constricfa, p. 320, pi. 8, figs. 163, 164; pi.
11, fig. 11; pseudotuberculata, p. 320, pi. 11, fig. 6.

1954 Adelomelon ancilla Solander, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull.

American Paleo. 35(152);306, pi. 28, fig. 6 [non Valuta
ancilla Lightf’oot, 1786].

1963 Adelomelon (Adelomelon) ancilla (Solander), Shikama et

Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:107, pi. 88, fig. 5 [non Valuta ancilla Light-
foot, 1786].

1964 OdontocYmbiola magellanica Gmelin, Clench and Turner,

Johnsonia 4(43):171, 172, pis. 82, 83, 108, 109 (shells,
anatomy, radular teeth).

Type: Type figures based on Chemnitz, 1788, Conchylien-
Cabinet 10(1):138, pi. 148, figs. 1383, 1384.

Type locality: Straits of Magellan.

Range: From Rio de la Plata, Argentina, south to the Straits
of Magellan, north to Chiloe Island, Chile, and the Falkland
Islands.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 100 to 190 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather large and light in
weight. It is elongate-ovate, with an attenuated spire, blunt
at the apex. Protoconch is small and smooth, of about one and
a half whorls, deeply indented at the suture. Teleoconch has
about four convex whorls, sculptured on the early whorls
with widely spaced longitudinal growth lines and occasional
crenulations. Aperture is large, flaring anteriorly; interior
color is light salmon. Columella is straight or slightly arched,
with three or four strong plaits. Siphonal notch is broad and
shallow; a strong fasciole is present. Periostracum is decid-
uous. Base color is pale ivory overlaid with numerous
longitudinal, zigzag, brown lines that sometimes form re-
volving bands.

Animal and radula: The radula is three pronged and fang-
like, projecting outward and down in an arc. The two lobes
on the base of the siphon are equal. (See Figures 27g, 27h,
27i, and 28b.)

Remarks: Much confusion has existed over the years be-
tween the common OdontocYmbiola magellanica (Gmelin,
1791) and Valuta ancilla Lightfoot, 1786. This was caused
principally by Lamarck in 1811 when he authored his
magellanica = ancilla Lightfoot, 1786 (non Valuta
magellanica Gmelin, 1791). Although the shells of ancilla
Lightfoot, 1786 and magellanica are similar, the radular
teeth of magellanica have fanglike cusps in contrast to the
straight cusps in ancilla.

Odontocymbiola pescalia
Clench and Turner, 1964

(Plate 55E and 55F; Figure 27d, 27e, and 27f)

1964 OduntocYmbiola pescalia Clench and Turner, Johnsonia
4(43): 172-174, pis. 110, 111 (shell and radular teeth)
(160 miles ENE of Mar del Plata, Argentina).

1964i OdontocYmbiola pescalia Clench and Turner, Weaver,
Hawaiian Shell News 12(12):1, 2, front page plate.

Type: Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Mass., No. 233795.

Type locality: About 160 miles ENE of Mar del Plata,
Argentina.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: The only known specimen was dredged at an un-
known depth on a mud substrate.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 103.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 45.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and heavy.
It is elongate-ovate, with a relatively high, blunt spire. Proto-
conch is small, of about one and a half smooth, poorly de-
fined whorls. Teleoconch has three and a half strongly
convex whorls, deeply impressed at the suture and sculp-
tured with finely incised spiral threads that become weak
anteriorly. Aperture is subovate; interior color is salmon.
Outer lip is simple. Columella is nearly straight, with three
strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is barely
discernible. Fasciole is brown; it is strong and extends be-
yond the base of the columella. Base color is a dull grayish-
tan with faint, revolving brown bands. Periostracum is thin,
present only on scattered areas. Operculum is absent.

Animal and radula: According to Clench and Turner
(1964), the upper surface of the foot is a mottled salmon-
pink, bordered with ivory; the color of the under surface is
ivory. The head has one central and two large lateral lobes.
The tentacles are at the junction of the lobes. The eyes are
small and black and are located on the lateral lobes at the
base of the outer side of the tentacles. The color of the head
is a mottled salmon; the color of the tentacles and mantle is
ivory. The siphon, also ivory, has two large equal lobes on
the base. The osphradium and gill are set well back from the
base of the siphon. The anatomy is similar to that of Odonto-
cymbiola magellanica (Gmelin, 1791) and Odontocymbiola
americana (Reeve, 1856).

The radula is uniserial, each tooth with three fanglike
cusps (see Figures 27d, 27e, and 27f).

Remarks: This species can be separated from Odonto-
cymbiola magellanica (Gmelin, 1791) by its more globose
whorls, distinctive spiral sculpture, much stronger fasciole,
and higher spire. Although it somewhat resembles Adelo-
melon (Weaveria) riosi Clench and Turner, 1964, it is a
much smaller species and the radular teeth are fanglike in-
stead of flat.

The species was named for the Argentine fishing boat
Pescall II and is known from only a single specimen.

Odontocymbiola subnodosa (Leach, 1814)
(Plate 56A and 56B)

1814 Valuta subnodosa Leach, Zoological Miscellany 1:24, pi. 8
(locality unknown) [lectotype, selected by Clench and
Turner, 1964, in the British Museum (Natural History),
London, No. 1952.5.10.2].

130

Miomelon

1821b Valuta tuberculata Swainson, Exotic Conchology 1(3), 5th
unnumbered page, pi. 29 (locality unknown) [holotype in
the Broderip Collection in the British Museum (Natural
History), London].

1828 Valuta tuberculata Wood, Index Testaceologicus, suppl., pi.
3, fig. 22 (locality unknown).

1840 Cymbiala tuberculata Swainson, Treatise on Malacology,

Volutidae, p. 118.

1841 Cymbiala tuberculata Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second

edition by Hanley, pp. 19, 20, pi. 29 (locality unknown).
1845 Valuta tuberculata Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy-
liorum 1(5):204, 205, pi. 50, figs. 49, 50.

1895 Valuta tuberculata Wood, Lahille, Rev. Mus. de la Plata
6:322, pi. 1, fig. 12; pi. 2, figs. 67, 67a; pi. 7, figs. 142,
143; pi. 12, figs. 3-5. Lahille described and figured
the following forms which are synonyms of subnodasa:
ferruginea, p 323, pi. 1, fig. 13; pi. 7, figs. 144, 145; pi.
12, fig. 6; decipiens, p. 323, pi. 7, figs. 151, 152; pi. 11,
fig. 10; fulgurea, p. 323, pi. 7, figs. 150, 153; pi. 12,
figs. 1, 2; pseudofusifarmis, p. 324, pi. 7, figs. 140, 141,
146; pi. 12, figs. 7-10.

1944 Cymbiala subnadasa (Leach), Carcelles, Rev. Mus. de la
Plata 3(23);255 [desde Puerto Quequen, Provincia de
Buenos Aires, hasta Tierra del Fuego (Argentina)].

1963d Valuta subnodasa Leach, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
11(10):3, figs. 3, 4.

1964 Adelomelon ? subnodasa Leach, Clench and Turner, John-
sonia 4(43): 155-157, pis. 96, 97.

1968 Adelomelon subnodasa (Leach), Abbott, Swainson’s Exotic
Conchology (facsimile, p. 45).

1968 Adelomelon subnodasa (Leach), Ureta, Com. Soc. Malac.

Uruguay 2(14):229, 230 [a cinco millas al sur de Isla de
Lobos (Departmento de Maldonado, Uruguay)].

Type: Lectotype, selected by Clench and Turner, 1964,
British Museum (Natural History), London, No. 1952.5.10.2.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Ureta (1968) to
5 miles south of Isla de Lobos, Department of Maldonado,
Uruguay.

Range: From the eastern part of Tierra del Fuego, Argen-
tina, north to Isla de Lobos, Maldonado, Uruguay.

Habitat: Living specimens have been dredged at a depth of
90 fathoms on a sandy substrate.

Dimensions: Lectotype length, 121.5 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 65.0 mm. According to Ureta (1968) one large speci-
men has a length of 170 mm, a maximum diameter of 85
mm, and an aperture length of 128 mm.

Shell description: Shell is rather large and solid. It is
elongate-ovate, with a moderately extended, blunt spire.
Protoconch is smooth, with two whorls. Teleoconch has four
or five sculptured whorls. The sculpture consists of low,
pointed tubercles on the shoulders, these tubercles dis-
appearing on the last adult whorl. Fine revolving lirae cover
the shell but are often worn smooth on adult specimens.
Suture is impressed. Aperture is semicircular; outer lip is
simple. Columella is straight, with three or four oblique,
anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is wide and shallow; fasciole
is present and covered by a glaze, as is the parietal area.
Base color is a dull yellowish-orange overlaid with longitu-
dinal, zigzag, brown lines that form two revolving bands.
Periostracum is thin and transparent. Operculum is absent.

Animal and radula: The radular teeth have three fanglike
cusps.

Remarks: Odontocymbiola subnodosa differs from its closest
relative, Odontocymbiola magellanica (Gmelin, 1791), by the
presence of revolving lirae that cover the surface of the shell,
by its strongly shouldered and tubercled whorls, and by the
presence of a thin, transparent periostracum.

Until Dr. Eli Rios sent us the preserved animal of sub-
nodosa in 1966, its generic position was in doubt. On the
basis of this animal, we now know the species belongs in
Odontocymbiolinae (Turner, in litt.).

For many years this rare species was referred to by many
authors as Valuta tuberculata Swainson, 1821. A comparison
between Leach’s figure of subnodosa and Swainson’s figure of
tuberculata shows them to be one and the same species.

Genus Miomelon Dali, 1907

1907a Adelomelon {Miomelon) Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.

(February) 48(3) :365 (type species, Volutilithes philip-
piana Dali, 1890; by original designation).

1907 Proscaphella von Ihering, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires
(June) 7(3):100, 202, 205 (type species, Proscaphella
gracilior von Ihering, 1896; bv original designation).
1943 Miomelon Dali, Wenz, Handb. Palao. 6(1), Gastropoda, p.

1350, text fig. 3823 (subadult specimen).

1954 Miomelon Dali, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. American Paleo.
35(152);289, pi. 27, fig. 9 (radular tooth).

Type SPECIES: Volutilithes philippiana Dali, 1890; by
original designation; Recent, southwest Chile.

Distribution; The two living species in this genus inhabit
waters off the southwest coast of Chile and between the Falk-
land Islands and the Straits of Magellan. They have a bathy-
metric range between 70 and 677 fathoms. Miomelon
scoresbyana Powell, 1951 is known from only a single speci-
men; whereas Miomelon philippiana Dali, 1890 is known
from several dozen examples.

Diagnosis: Shells are rather small (48 to 80 mm in length).
They are broadly fusiform and solid, with a spire equal to or
less than the length of the aperture. According to von Ihering

Figure 29: Miomelon philippiana (Dali.
1890). Single radular tooth; Irom the bolotvpe.
Width of tooth. 0.25 mm. Oil the southwest coast
of Chile (after Pilsbrv and Olsson. 19.54) (not to
scale).

131

ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE

(1907), the protoconch is very small, smooth, and scaphel-
loid. Teleoconch is axially and spirally sculptured in varying
degrees of strength. Suture is puckered or deeply and nar-
rowly channeled, adpressed below by a slight concavity.
Columella has one or more rather weak, anterior plaits.
Periostracum is thin and delicate. Siphonal notch is present;
fasciole is ill-defined. Operculum is absent. At abyssal depths
the animal may be blind.

Remarks: Miomelon differs from the other three genera in
Odontocymbiolinae in having numerous, fine axial and
spiral sculpture and a much smaller protoconch.

Miomelon philippiana (Dali, 1890)

(Plate 56C and 56D; Figure 29)

1890a Volutilithes philippiana Dali, Proc. United States Nat. Mas.

12:313-315, pi. 9, fig. 4 (Station 2791, in south latitude
38°08' and west longitude 75°53', oft the southwest coast
of Chile).

1907a Adelomelon (Miomelon) philippiana Dali, Smithsonian Misc.
Coll. 48(3):365.

1942 Miomelon philippiana Dali, M. Smith, A Review of the

Volutidae, pp. 60, 61, pi. 25, fig. 169 (suhadult speci-
men).

1943 Miomelon philippianus Wenz, Handb. Falao. 6(1), Gastro-

poda. p. 1350, text fig. 3823 (subadult specimen).

1954 Miomelon philippianus Dali, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull.

American Paleo. 35(152):304, pi. 27, fig. 9 (radular
tooth).

1964a Miomelon philippiana (Dali). Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
12(5):8, upper right text fig. (2 views, adult specimen).

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D. C., No. 97128.

Type locality: Off the southwest coast of Chile, station
2791; lat. 38° 08' S/long. 75° 53' W.

Range: From waters off Cautin, northward to Coquimho,
Chile — a coastal distance of about 625 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 65 to 677 fathoms on a muddy sub-
strate. Bottom temperature 37.9° F (3.3° C) at 677 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 70 to 95 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather small and solid. It is
fusiform, with an elevated spire about equal to the length
of the aperture. Protoconch is very small and corroded, pre-
venting a description. Teleoconch has six to eight sculptured,
convex, corroded whorls. The sculpture consists of rounded
axial ribs from suture to suture. These ribs are crossed by
weak, sinuous, spiral cords which become weaker on the
last two whorls. Suture is puckered and adpressed anteriorly
by a slight concavity. Aperture is narrowly semiovate; in-
terior is a creamy-brown. Outer lip is thin and simple.
Parietal wall is glazed. Columella is glazed and has two to
four whitish, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is wide

and shallow; fasciole is present but ill-defined. The dull,
chalky surface of the shell is corroded, exposing a brownish-
colored underlying layer. Periostracum is greenish, thin,
delicate, and deciduous.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: The animal from the holotype, which was dredged
in 677 fathoms, was described by Dali (1890a) as being
blind. Recently, shrimp trawlers working off Coquimho,
Chile, have brought in numbers of live specimens from the
relatively shallow depth of 60 to 80 fathoms. Although we
have not seen the soft parts of these specimens, they are
presumed to have eyes.

This species differs from Miomelon scoresbyana Powell,
1951 by its much higher spire and stronger sculpture and
by having a puckered suture rather than a narrowly chan-
neled one.

Once extremely rare, this now more common species was
named for the late Dr. Philippi of Santiago, Chile, who con-
tributed to our knowledge of malacology for three quarters
of a century.

Miomelon scoresbyana Powell, 1951
(Plate 56E and 56F)

1951 Miomelon scoresbyana Powell, Discovery Reports 26:163,
pi. 9, fig. 43 (st. WS 816. Between Falkland Is. and Strait
of Magellan, 52° 09' 45" S, 64° 56' W).

Type: Holotype, Auckland Institute and Museum, No. TP
52108.

Type locality: Between the Falkland Islands and the
Straits of Magellan, station WS 816; lat. 52° 09' 45" S/long.
64° 58' W.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: The single known specimen was dredged in 82
fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 48.4 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 25.5 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small and solid. It is broadly
fusiform, with a low, conical spire, 0.35 times the height of
the aperture. Protoconch is corroded, preventing a descrip-
tion. Teleoconch has about six convex and sculptured whorls.
Sculpture consists of very numerous but very weak axial
growth lines and equally numerous subobsolete spiral lirae.
Suture is deeply and narrowly channeled and adpressed
below by a wide, shallow trench. Aperture is narrowly semi-
ovate. Outer lip is thickened and simple. The parietal glaze
is cream colored and extends halfway across the front of the
adult body whorl. Columella is straight, with four strong,
oblique, anterior plaits of equal strength. Siphonal notch is
broad and very shallow; fasciole is defined only by the

132

Tractolira

sinuous growth lines and not by a ridge. Posterior notch is
deep, narrow, and constricted; it forms a weak sutural sinus.
Color of the shell is a uniform, chalky white.

Ammal and radula: According to Powell (1951), the foot
of the animal is smooth and somewhat pointed posteriorly.
The animal has long, tapered tentacles, 10 mm in length. The
eyes are at the outer side of the bases of the tentacles. The
radula was not removed for examination.

Remarks: This extremely rare species is known from only
the holotype. It was named for the ship R. R. S. William
Scoresby, which conducted trawling surveys in Magellanic
waters.

Genus Tractolira Dali, 1896

1896 Tractolira Dali, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 18:12. (Not
1895 as often dated.)

Type species: Tractolira sparta Dali, 1896; by original
designation; Recent, west coast of Central America.

Distribution: The single living species in this genus has
been collected at abyssal depths (1672 to 2232 fathoms)
from the Gulf of Panama to Acapulco, Mexico.

Diagnosis: Shell is small (about 60 mm in length) and
slender. Protoconch is large, with a calcarella at the apex.
Periostracum is present; operculum absent.

The three fanglike cusps on the radular teeth indicate that
this genus probably belongs in the subfamily Odonto-
cymbiolinae.

Remarks: Tractolira differs from the other three genera in
Odontocymbiolinae by its slender shape and by the presence
of a projecting calcarella at the apex of the protoconch.

Tractolira sparta Dali, 1896

{Plate 56G and 56H)

1896 Tractolira sparta Dali, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 18:12
(Gulf of Panama to Acapulco, Mexico). (Not 1895 as
often dated.)

1907a Tractolira sparta Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 48(3):365,
366.

1942 Tractolira sparta Dali, M. Smith, A Review of the Volutidae,
p. 61, pi. 26, fig. 178.

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D. C., No. 122999.

Type locality: Gulf of Panama to Acapulco, Mexico.

Range: From the Gulf of Panama north to Acapulco,
Mexico — a distance of approximately 1500 miles.

Habitat: Abyssal, from four stations, registered by the
Albatross, in depths of 1672 to 2232 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 60.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 19.0 mm; aperture length, 28.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small and light in weight. It is
elongate with a pointed apex. Protoconch large and corroded,
of about two whorls, the first whorl forming an apical spur.
Teleoconch of about four sculptured, drawn-(jut, convex
whorls. Sculpture consists of widely spaced axial folds on
early whorls, with fine, closely spaced, revolving lirae cover-
ing the entire surface. Suture is deeply indented. Aperture is
subovate, flaring somewhat anteriorly. Outer lip is simple;
interior color is white. Columella is curved, with a single,
strong, anterior plait. Juvenile specimens have several addi-
tional very weak, threadlike plaits which disappear on adult
specimens. Siphonal notch wide and shallow; fasciole barely
discernible. Base color is ash-gray with no other markings.
A greenish periostracum covers the shell. Operculum is
absent.

Animal and radula: The uniserial radula has teeth with
three fanglike cusps that curve outward and down.

Remarks: Tractolira sparta is a very rare, abyssal species.

Genus Volutoconus Crosse, 1871

1871 Valuta (Volutoconus) Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie

(3) 19:306.

1960 Volutoconus Crosse, McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc. Australia

(4) :4— 13, pi. 1, fig. 1.

Type species: Valuta coniformis Cox, 1871; by original
monotypy; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The four living species and one subspecies
in the genus Volutoconus are geographically restricted to
east, north, and west Australian waters. They have a bathy-
metric range from the littoral to 118 fathoms. Tlieir degree
of abundance varies from the uncommon Volutoconus grossi
grossi (Iredale, 1927) to the very rare Volutoconus coniformis
(Cox, 1871).

Diagnosis: Shells are moderately large (60 to 174 mm in
length), solid, and marked in a wide range of color patterns.
Spire is variable: elevated or depressed. Frotoconch is
smooth or radially ribbed with a needlelike calcarella at the
apex. Teleoconch is smooth or longitudinallv ribbed. Colu-
mella has four or more plaits. Periostracum and opercidum
are absent.

Radula, where known, is uniserial with large tricus])id
teeth, the cusps strongly arched and fanglike (see Figure 30).

Remarks: The most distinguishing shell characteristic of
the species in this genus is the needlelike calcarella that
extends vertically from the apex of the first protoconch whorl.
No other species in Odontocymbiolinae possesses this feature.

We are provisionally placing Volutoconus in Odontoevm-
biolinae because of the fanglike teeth exhibited in the known
radulae of two species and because of the similarities of the

133

ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE

Figure 30a-d: Volutoconus bednalli (Brazier, 1878). a. Dorsal view of preserved animal, showing
siphon at left with its two hasal lobes, the head, foot, and visceral mass, b. Attachment of radular tooth,
c. Dorsal view of radular tooth, showing two cross sections, d. Three-quarter side view of fanglike radu-
lar tooth.

Figure 30e-g: Volutoconus grossi grossi (Iredale, 1927). e, Dorsal view of a portion of the radu-
lar ribbon, showing alternating arrangement of teeth, f. Dorsal view of radular tooth, showing three cross
sections, g. Side view of fanglike radular tooth.

(All figures after Abbott, 1958. All radular teeth X 100; Figure a reduced V2.)

134

Volutoconus

basal lobes on the siphons with that of other genera in this
subfamily.

Volutoconus bednalli (Brazier, 1878)

{Plate 61A and 61B; Figure 30a through 30d)

1878 Voluta bednalli Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales
3(2):81, pi. 8, fig. 3 (Port Darwin, north coast of Aus-
tralia). (Not 1879 as often dated.)

1880 Voluta bednalli Brazier, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(3):418, pi. 40, fig. 1.

1882 Voluta bednalli Brazier, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:89, pi. 26, fig. 66.

1887 Voluta bednalli Brazier, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvliorum
5(44), 2nd suppl., p. 304, pi. 18, fig. 171.

1942 Aulica bednalli (Brazier), M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 35, pi. 14, fig. 98.

1949 Volutoconus bednalli Brazier, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2): 189.

1958 Crmbiola (Volutoconus) bednalli (Brazier), Abbott, Journ.

Malac. Soc. Australia (2):2, 3, pi. 1, fig. 3.

1963 Cymbiola (Volutoconus) bednalli Brazier, Shikama et Hori-
koshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
IslOl, pi. 82, fig. 1.

Type: Holotype, the South Australian Museum, Adelaide,
No. D14514.

Type locality: Port Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.

Range: Arafura Sea, northern Australia, centered on Port
Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.

Habitat: From 5 to 25 fathoms on a sandy substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 90 to 130 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large for the genus and solid.
It is elongate-ovate, with a barely discernible, needlelike
calcarella at the apex of a relatively high, rounded spire.
Protoconch has about three and a half whorls, with weak
longitudinal lirae. Aperture is long and rather wide, with a
thickened outer lip. Columella has four very strong, slightly
oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole
present. Base color is yellow-cream or pink-cream criss-
crossed with dark-chocolate, revolving and axial bands.

Animal and radula: According to Abbott (1958), the soft
parts of Volutoconus bednalli are typically volutid and
closely resemble those of Cymbiola vespertilio (Linnaeus,
1758) in general appearance, but they have no distinctive
color pattern. The soft parts preserved in alcohol are pink-
ish. The head is proportionally much smaller than that of
Voluta musica Linnaeus, 1758. The tentacles are moderately
long and thin. The siphonal lobes are short, the left one only
slightly larger than the right (see Figure 30a).

The radular ribbon from a shell 103 mm in length is about
5 mm in length. It is narrow and strong and has 43 rows of
strong, uniserial teeth, whose bases are set closely together
so that the cusps overlap two teeth in front. The tooth has

a moderately thick base with a very large, narrow, arching
central cusp that is triangular in cross section. On each side
is a lateral cusp about one-third as large, but thinner and
narrower and also arching, giving the tooth a fanglike profile
(see Figure 30b, 30c, and 30d).

Remarks: The color pattern of broad, dark-brown, zigzag,
axial lines crossed by revolving bands of the same width and
color creates a unique, netlike appearance. Moreover, the
columellar plaits are stronger and less oblique than are those
of the other species in the genus.

Once very rare, Volutoconus bednalli is now being brought
in by divers on pearling luggers in ever-increasing numbers.

Volutoconus coniformis (Cox, 1871)

{Plate 61C and 61 D)

1871a Voluta coniformis Cox, Journal de Conchyliologie (3)19:74,
pi. 4, fig. 1 (Nickol Bay, Western Australia).

1882 Volutoconus coniformis Cox, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:100, pi. 30, fig. 129.

1887 Volutoconus coniformis Cox, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyli-
orum 5(44), 2nd suppl., p. 298, pi. 15, fig. 145.

1942 Volutoconus coniformis (Cox), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 44, pi. 20, fig. 139.

1949 Volutoconus coniformis Cox, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2):189.

1958 Cymbiola (Volutoconus) coniformis Cox, Abbott, Journ.

Malac. Soc. Australia (2):3, pi. 1, figs. 4, 6.

1960 Volutoconus coniformis (Cox), McMichael, ibid., (4):9, pi. 1,
figs. 2, 3.

1960e Volutoconus coniformis (Cox), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
9(2) :1, 7, front page plate, figs. 3, 4.

Type: Holotype lost (McMichael, in litt.).

Type locality: Nickol Bay, northwest Western Australia,
Australia.

Range: From Nickol Bay to Cape Leveque, north Western
Australia, Australia — a distance of about 500 miles.

Habitat: From the littoral to about 10 fathoms on a sandy
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 60 to 76 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small for the genus and solid.
It is ovate in shape, with a depressed spire. Protoconch has
a barely discernible, needlelike calcarella at the apex, from
which radiate minute, closely spaced lirae. On the teleoconch
minute, longitudinal and revolving lirae produce a reticu-
lated sculpture that roughens and tends to dull the luster of
the surface of the shell. Suture is deeply indented, forming
rounded shoulders. Aperture is long and rather narrow, ex-
tending about four-fifths the total length of the shell. Outer
lip is beveled. Siphonal notch and fasciole are present.
Columella is straight, with four small, anterior plaits. The
two posterior plaits are set at right angles to the vertical axis
of the shell and are separated by a gap from the two anterior.

135

ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE

MAP 11

136

PACIFIC OCEAN

Vol iitoconus

more obliquely angled plaits. Color is a rust-red with the
white base color showing through in three indistinct, inter-
rupted bands of tentlike markings on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Three shell characteristies set this species apart
from others in the genus: the reticulated sculpture produced
by minute, longitudinal and revolving lirae; the two posterior
columellar plaits set at right angles to the vertical axis of the
shell and separated by a gap from the other two anterior
plaits; and the low spire that is about one-fifth the total length
of the shell.

In 1956 Dr. Barry Wilson collected a live Volutoconus
coniformis on an exposed sand flat east of Dixon Island near
Cossack, not far from the type locality. A skin diver from a
pearling lugger took another live specimen (Plate 61C and
61D) from 10 fathoms at Cape Bossut. On rare occasions,
dead beach specimens are found after a cyclone at Port Hed-
land. However, in all the shallow- and deep-water dredging
done by the Hawaiian-Western Australian Expedition
(Weaver, 1960a-e) and later by Mr. Will Goode and others,
not a single coniformis was taken, dead or alive. This appears
to be a very rare species.

Volutoconus grossi grossi (Iredale, 1927)

{Plate 62A, 62B, and 62C; Figure 30e, 30f, and 30g;
Map 11)

1927 Amoria grossi Iredale, Australian Zoologist 4:336, pi. 46,
fig. 2 [Caloundra (Australia)].

1949 Amoria grossi Iredale, Cotton, Rec. South Australian Mus.
9(2):193.

1956 Amoria grossi Iredale, J. Allan, Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. New
South Wales (1954-1956), pp. 48, 49, fig. 1.

1958 Cymbiola {Volutoconus) grossi Iredale, Abbott, Journ. Malac.

Soc. Australia (2):3, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2.

1960c Volutoconus grossi Iredale, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
8(11):1, 3, front page plate, shell on extreme right, no. 6
in caption.

1961 Volutoconus grossi Iredale, Rippingale and McMichael,
Queensland and Great Barrier Reef Shells, p. 116, pi. 15,
fig. 13.

1963 Cymbiola (Volutoconus) grossi (Iredale), Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:101, pi. 82, fig. 2.

1966 Volutoconus grossi grossi (Iredale), McMichael, Journ.

Malac. Soc. Australia (9):53-57, pi. 14 (shells at top left,
top right, center, and bottom left).

Type; Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C19213.

Type locality; Caloundra, Queensland, Australia.

Range: From CofT s Harbour, northern New South Wales,
north to Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia — a distance ol
approximately 600 miles.

Habitat: From 25 to 50 fathoms on a broken coral and
shell substrate.

Dimensions; Average length is about 110 mm. A faded hut
glossy specimen in the collection of Mr. Gordon Jarrett
measures 174 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large for the genus and solid.
It is elongate, with a relatively high, pointed spire. Proto-
conch is smooth, of abf)ut three and a half whorls, the apex
tipped with a needlelike calcarella. Teleoconch has two and
a half to three whorls, slightly concave below the impressed
suture. Sculpture consists only of minute, longitudinal growth
lines. Aperture is long and rather narrow; interior is pale
rose. Outer lip is beveled. Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole
present. Columella has four strong, obli(|ue, anterior plaits;
and on fully adult specimens a raised callus appears just
above the last posterior plait. Color is salmon-red with the
bluish-white base color showing through in scattered, tentlike
designs, forming three or four indistinct bands on the adult
body whorl.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1960), the
foot is banded with orange-red or pink on a cream base. The
siphon is elongated with long, equal appendages. The head
is compressed, with slender tentacles that have eyes promi-
nent at their bases.

The radular ribbon consists of 35 tricuspid teeth, each
tooth fanglike in appearance, similar to those of Volutoconus
bednalli (Brazier, 1878) (see Figure 30e, 30f, and 30g).

Remarks: Volutoconus grossi grossi, from off Yeppoon, is
geographically isolated from the northern subspecies, Volu-
toconus grossi mcmichaeli Habe and Kosuge, 1966, from off
Townsville. It differs from the latter species principally by
the presence of the posterior callus, by the absence of longi-
tudinal ribbing on the protoconch and teleoconch, and by its
larger size.

Before the shrimp and scallop fishermen took them in
quantity, grossi was considered a rare species.

Volutoconus grossi mcmichaeli Habe and
Kosuge, 1966

{Plate 62D and 62 E; Map 11)

1966a Volutoconus grossi mcmichaeli Habe et Kosuge, Shells of the
World in Colour (15 January) 2, pi. 33. fig. 1 [Townsville.
Queensland (Australia)].

1966 Volutoconus grossi helenae McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc.

Australia (28 January) (9):53-57, pi. 14, shell at bottom
right [south of Townsville, Queensland (.\ustralia)].
1966b Volutoconus grossi mcmichaeli Habe et Kosuge. \ enus
24(4):335, pi. 29, fig. 19.

Type; Holotvpe, in the Kajivama Collection. Japan.

Type locality: Townsville, Queensland. Australia.

Range: Known only from the area oil Gape Bowling Green,
just south of Townsville, Queensland, .Australia.

Habitat: Dredged in 15 to 25 fathoms on a l)roken shell
and mud substrate.

137

ODONTOCYMBIOLINAE

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 60 to 97 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather small and solid. It is
elongate, with a relatively high spire. Protoconch is radially
ribbed and has a needlelike calcarella at the apex. Teleo-
conch has two to two and a half whorls, with a slightly im-
pressed suture and longitudinal ribs that become somewhat
less pronounced on the adult body whorl. Aperture is long
and rather narrow; interior is bluish-white. Siphonal notch
is deep; fasciole present. Columella is straight, with four
strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Color is deep salmon-red
with the bluish-white base color showing through in small,
scattered, tentlike markings. Four discontinuous, dark-
chocolate bands encircle the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1966), the
animal (preserved in alcohol) is cream colored, streaked, and
spotted with purplish-red. The siphon is purplish-red above
and cream below. Proboscis is long and muscular. The tubu-
lar salivarv glands are long and complexly coiled together,
without racemose glands. The gland of Leiblein is large and
loosely bound with connective tissue.

The radular ribbon has 31 teeth that are similar to those
of Volutoconus grossi grossi (Iredale, 1927) (see Figure 30e,
30f, and 30g).

Remarks: Volutoconus grossi mcmichaeli differs from grossi.
s. s. by lacking a posterior columellar callus, by having longi-
tudinal ribs on the protoconch and teleoconch, and by its
smaller size. It is uncommon.

Volutoconus hargreavesi (Angas, 1872)
(Plate 61E, 61 F, and 61G)

1872 Valuta hargreavesi Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (39):613,
614, pi. 42, fig. 13 (locality unknown).

1958 Cymbiola (Volutoconus) hargreavesi Angas, Abbott, Journ.
Malac. Soc. Australia (2):4.

1960c Volutoconus hargreavesi Angas. Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 8(11):1, 3. front page plate (4 shells on left).
1960c Volutoconus "species” Weaver, ibid., pp. 1, 3, front page
plate (large center shell).

1967 Volutoconus hargreavesi (Angas), Weaver, The Veliger
9(3):302, 304, pi. 41, figs. 1^, map.

1967 Volutoconus hargreavesi daisyae Weaver, ibid., pp. 302,
304. pi. 41, figs. 5-9, map (southwest of North West

Cape, central Western Australia) [holotype, Delaware
Museum of Natural History, Greenville],

Type: Weaver (1967a) stated that the holotype was de-
posited in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York, No. 8403. Since then some doubt has been raised as
to whether this specimen is actually the holotype as the
markings do not coincide exactly with those of the type figure
(Emerson, in litt.).

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Weaver
(1960c) as Bezout Island, Dampier Archipelago, north
Western Australia, Australia, where the first live specimen
was collected.

Range: From the Dampier Archipelago, south to Houtman
Abrolhos Islands, central Western Australia, Australia.

Habitat: From 23 to 118 fathoms on a broken coral
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 75 to 128 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in the presence or
absence of sculpture and in the number of columellar plaits.
Typically, the shell is of moderate size and solid. It is
elongate and either narrow or somewhat bulbous, with a
high, pointed spire. Protoconch is smooth, of about four
whorls, and with a needlelike calcarella projecting vertically
from the apex. Teleoconch has about four whorls, somewhat
concave below tbe indented suture. Sculpture consists only of
minute growth lines. Aperture is long and narrow; interior
is pinkish-white. Outer lip is moderately thickened. Siphonal
notch is deep; fasciole present. Columella is straight, with
four well developed, oblique, anterior plaits. Color is a deep
orange-red with scattered, white, tentlike markings showing
through in three discontinuous bands on the adult body
whorl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: At the southern end of the coastal range of
hargreavesi there is a sculptural variant that has longitudinal
ribbing on the protoconch and teleoconch and that has five
instead of four columellar plaits (see Plate 61G). In 1967
there appeared to be a geographical gap separating the two
forms, so Weaver (1967a) gave the subspecific name daisyae
to the southern form. Recent collecting has closed this gap;
it now appears the two forms intergrade in the vicinity of
North West Cape. We are therefore placing hargreavesi
daisyae in the synonymy of hargreavesi.

138

Subfamily

SCAPHELLINAE

H. and A. Adams, 1858

1858 SCAPHELLINAE H. and A. Adams, The Genera of
Recent Mollusca 2:619.

1942 AURiNiiNAE M. Smith, A Review of the Volutidae,

p. 55.

1943 SCAPHELLINAE Wcnz, Handb. Palao. 6(1), Gastro-

poda, pp. 1340-1353.

1954 SCAPHELLINAE H. and A. Adams, Pilsbry and Olsson,
Bull. American Paleo. 35(152):17, 18.

Type genus: Scaphella Swainson, 1832; by original
monotypy.

Distribution: The subfamily Scaphellinae contains 35
living species and one subspecies arranged under nine
genera and five subgenera.

The table at the right shows the three geographical
groupings of these genera, with their subgenera given in
parentheses.

The greatest number of species (27) is concentrated in
Australian waters. Taxa in Scaphellinae have a bathy-
metric range from the littoral to 509 fathoms. Their de-
gree of abundance varies from the common Zebramoria
zebra (Leach, 1814) to the extremely rare Volutifusus
piratica (Clench and Aguayo, 1940), known from only
a single specimen.

Diagnosis: Shells vary considerably in size, from the
small (25 mm in length) Amoria dampieria Weaver,
1960 to the relatively large (175 mm in length) Cym-
biolista hunteri Iredale, 1931. Their shape is generally
fusiform with an elevated spire. Protoconch may be
smooth or axially ribbed, sometimes with a calcarella,
and varies in shape from reverse-conic to obtuse-papillary.
Columella may or may not have plaits. Siphonal notch
and fasciole are usually present. Periostracum is either
absent or thin to rather heavy. Operculum is absent.

The radula is uniserial, either with tricuspid teeth or

Group 1

Atlantic Ocean, south-
east United States,
Gulf of Mexico,
Caribbean Sea

Scaphella Swainson, 1832
(Clenchina Pilsbry
and Olsson, 1953)
(Aurinia H. and A.
Adams, 1853)
Volutifusus Conrad, 1863

Group 2

Australia

Amoria Gray, 1855

(Amorena Iredale,
1929)

(Relegamoria

Iredale, 1936)
{Zebramoria Iredale,
1929)

Paramoria McMichael,
1960

Notovoluta Cotton, 1946
Notopeplum Finlay, 1927
Nannamoria Iredale,

1929

Cymbiolista Iredale, 1929

Group 3

Portugal and Spain

Ampulla Rolling, 1798

Y-shaped teeth that have weak side cusps or no cusps at
all (see Figures 31 through 39).

Remarks: Pilsbry and Olsson (1954) separated the
subfamily Scaphellinae into three tribes. The first trihe.
Scaphellides, contained genera in our geographical

139

SCAPHELLINAE

Group 1. The embryonic shells in these genera are mem-
branous and transitory, followed by a secondaiy proto-
conch that oiten bears a spurlike calcarella. The radular
teeth are Y shaped, with or without weak side cusps.

The second tribe, Amorides, contained genera in our
geographical Group 2. The embryonic shells in these
genera are calcareous from the start and haye a reverse-
conic or turbinate protoconch. The radular teeth may be
tricuspid or Y shaped.

The third tribe. Halides, was represented by a single
genus, Halia Risso, 1826, = Ampulla Roding, 1798 in
our geographical Group 3. The embryonic shell is cal-
careous and has a low, turbinate protoconch. No columel-
lar plaits are present. The radular teeth are tricuspid.

Although in our systematics we do not group genera
into tribes as Pilsbry and Olsson did, we hope the pre-
ceding explanation will give the reader a clearer picture
of the relationship of the three geographical groupings.

Genus Scaphella Swainson, 1832

1832 Scaphella Swainson, Zoological Illustrations (2)2:87 (type
species. Valuta junonia Lamarck, 1804; by subsequent
designation, Herrmannsen, 1848).

1906 Maculopeplum Dali, 1906, The Nautilus 19(12):143 (type
species. Valuta junania Lamarck, 1804; by original desig-
nation).

1946 Scaphella Swainson, Clench, Johnsonia 2(22);48-60 (nu-
merous figs, of shells).

Type species: Valuta junonia Lamarck, 1804; by subse-
quent designation, Herrmannsen, 1848; Recent, southeastern
United States.

Distribution: The four living species in the genus Sca-
phella are found from North Carolina southward along both
coasts of Florida, including Cuba and the Gulf of Mexico to
Yucatan. They have a bathymetric range from 10 to 509
fathoms. Their degree of abundance varies from the not
uncommon Scaphella junonia (Lamarck, 1804) to the ex-
tremely rare Scaphella neptunia (Clench and Aguayo, 1940),
known only from the holotype.

Diagnosis: Shells are small to medium in size (20 to 130
mm); they are fusifonn and rather solid. Protoconch is
papilliform and smooth; often it has a spurlike calcarella on
the first whorl. Teleoconch whorls are convex and finely
sculptured. Siphonal notch is absent; fasciole is absent or
indistinct. Columella has several plaits. A thin periostracum
is present.

Scaphella have only a left lobe at the base of the siphon.
The radular teeth are uniserial and Y shaped, with or without
weak side cusps (see Figure 31).

Remarks: It is the growing opinion among such eminent
malacologists as Dr. Ruth D. Turner, Dr. R. Tucker Abbott,
and among biologists, such as Mr. Harvey R. Bulbs, Jr.,
that there are only three or possibly four valid volute species
in Scaphella. Hundreds of dredging operations conducted
by the Fish and Wildlife Service during the 1960’s off
Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico have proved that the iso-
lated population variants, which Clench (1946) thought to
Ije valid species, are variants of a single species, Scaphella
(Clenchina) dohrni (Sowerby III, 1903). These variants are:
gouldiana Dali, 1887; robusta Dali, 1889; bermudezi Clench

and Aguayo, 1940; florida Clench and Aguayo, 1940; atlantis
Clench, 1946; and cuba Clench, 1946.

Subgenus Scaphella sensu stricto

Type species: Valuta junonia Lamarck, 1804; by subse-
quent designation, Herrmannsen, 1848; Recent, southeastern
United States.

Distribution: The two living species in Scaphella s. s. are
found from North Carolina, along both coasts of Florida, in
the Gulf of Mexico, and in waters surrounding Cuba. They
have a bathymetric range from 10 to 322 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to large in size (50 to 130
mm in length), fusiform, and rather solid. Protoconch is
papilliform and smooth, usually with a spurlike calcarella at
the apex of the first whorl. Teleoconch is sculptured with
spiral lirae and incised lines. Columella has three or more
anterior plaits. Siphonal notch and fasciole are present. A
thin periostracum is present.

The radular teeth, where known, are Y shaped, that is,
with a single cusp (see Figure 31a and 31b).

Remarks: Scaphella s. s. differs from Scaphella [Clenchina)
Pilsbry and Olsson, 1953 principally in that the radular teeth
have a single cusp and no side cusps. Furthermore, species
in Clenchina have less-solid shells. Aurinia H. and A. Adams,
1853 has tricuspid radular teeth with a long central cusp
(see Figure 3 If and 31g).

Scaphella (Scaphella) junonia (Lamarck, 1804)
(Plate 57 E through 57 H; Figure 31a and 31b)

1804 Valuta junonia Chemnitz, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.

5:156 (type figures, Chemnitz, 1795, Conchylien-Cabinet
11(1):16, pi. 177, figs. 1703, 1704) (no locality given
by Lamarck; Chemnitz gave "South Seas”).

1808 Valuta junonia Shaw', The Naturalist’s Miscellany 19:815,
pi. 5 [Southern Pacific (in error)].

1839 Valuta junania Chemnitz, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3:48, 49, pi. 45, fig. 1 (2 views) (le golfe du
Mexique).

140

Scaphella

Figure 31a-b: Scaphella (Scaphella) junonia (Lamarck, 1804). Key West, Florida. Top and
oblique views of a radular tooth. Width of tooth, 0.14 inm.

Figure 31c-d: Scaphella (Clenchina) dohmi (Sowerhv III. 1903). Somhrero Key Light, Florida.
Top and side views of a radular tooth from a radula about 2 mm long, with ap|)roximatelv 120 teeth.

Figure 31e: Clenchina rohusta marionae Pilsbrv and Olsson, 1953b, = Scaphella (Clenchina)
dohmi (Sowerby III, 1903). Radular tooth.

Figure 3 If: Aurinia kieneri ethelae Pilsbrv and Olsson, 1953, = Scaphella (Aurinia) dubia
(Broderip, 1827). South Pass, Mississippi River. Radular tooth from a radular ribbon 12 mm in length;
width of teeth, about 0.28 mm.

Figure 31g: Rehderia georgiana Clench, 1946, = Scaphella (Aurinia) dubia (Broderip. 1827).
Palm Beach. Florida. Radular tooth from a radular ribbon about 10 mm long, with about 160 teeth.

(All figures after Pilsbry and Olsson, 1953, 1954; not drawn to scale.)

U1

SCAPHELLINAE

1840 Scaphella junonia Lamarck, Swainson, Treatise on Mala-
cology, p. 108 (footnote).

1845 Valuta junonia Lamarck, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5): 197, 198, pi. 49, fig. 44 (Gulf of Mexico).

1849 Valuta junonia Chemnitz, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 50, pi. 20, fig. 50 (northern shore of the Gulf
of Mexico, near the mouth of the Appalachicola River).
1855a Scapha junonia Chemnitz, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(23):57.

1882 Valuta (Aulica) junonia Chemnitz, Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:90, pi. 26, fig. 67 (East and West Coasts of
Florida).

1906 Maculopeplum junonia Lamarck, Dali, The Nautilus 19(12):
143.

1940 Aurinia junonia Shaw, Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de la
Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 14:90, 91.

1942 Aurinia junonia (Hwass), M. Smith, A Review of the Voluti-
dae, pp. 65, 66, pi. 6, fig. 53.

1946 Scaphella {Scaphella) junonia Shaw, Clench, Johnsonia
2(22):49-51, pi. 28, figs. 1-3 (off Sanibel Island, Lee
County, Florida).

1953 Scaphella junonia johnstonae Clench, ibid., 2(32):376, 377,
pi. 186, fig. 2 (off Petit Rois Islands, Alabama).

1953 Scaphella junonia butleii Clench, ibid., pp. 377, 378, pi.
186, fig. 3 (Bav of Campeche, Yucatan, Mexico).

1953 Scaphella junonia Shaw, Pilsbry and Olsson, The Nautilus

67(1):4, 8, text figs. 1, la (radular teeth).

1954 Scaphella junonia (Shaw), Pilsbry and Olsson, Rull. Ameri-

can Paleo. 35(152):304, pi. 27, figs. 14, 14a (radular
teeth).

1957 Scaphella junonia, P. and T. McCinty, The Nautilus 71(2):
39.

1963 Scaphella {Scaphella) junonia (Shaw), Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:109,
pi. 89, figs. 7, 8.

Type: Type figures based on Chemnitz, 1795, Conchylien-
Cabinet 11(1):16, pi. 177, figs. 1703, 1704 of a specimen
belonging to Hwass, whose main collection is in the Museum
of Natural History, Geneva.

Type locauty: "South Seas” (given by Chemnitz, 1795).
Subsequently restricted by Clench (1946) to Sanibel Island,
Lee County, Florida.

RA^GE: North Carolina, south along both coasts of Florida,
then westward and south to Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan Chan-
nel, Mexico — a coastal distance of approximately 4000 miles.

Habitat: In 10 .to 45 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 80 to 130 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell varies considerably in color along
its continuous coastal range (about 4000 miles). Typically,
the shell is large, fusiform, and solid, with a rather low spire.
Protoconch is obtuse-pupiform, with about one and a half
smooth, brown whorls. The apical calcarella is generally
worn awav. Teleoconch has about five lightly sculptured
whorls. Sculpture consists of fine spiral lirae crossed by
very fine axial ridges on the first two whorls. The last two
whorls are smooth except for a few fine lirae near the base.
Suture is indented. Aperture is long and somewhat elliptical;
outer lip is beveled. Siphonal notch is absent; fasciole in-
distinct. The parietal area is thinly glazed. Columella is

almost straight, with four strong, anterior plaits. Typically,
the base color is yellow-ivory to cream overlaid with spiral
rows of mahogany spots, irregular in shape. Periostracum
is brownish and very thin.

Animal and radula: According to Clench (1953), the
animal is colored like the shell except that the spots are much
larger and more irregular. The surface of the sides of the
foot is finely granulose. The radula is uniserial with Y-shaped
teeth, that is, with a single central cusp (see Figure 31a and
31b).

Remarks: Two color forms were given the subspecific names
johnstonae and butleri by Clench (1953). However, since they
live along a continuous coastal dine we have relegated them
to the synonymy of junonia.

Scaphella (Scaphella) neptunia
(Clench and Aguayo, 1940)

(Plate 571 and 57J)

1940 Aurinia neptunia Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de la Soci-
edad Cubana de Historia Natural 14:90, pi, 16, fig. 5
{Blake station No. 8, N. Lat. 17°45'; W. Long. 77° 58'
40", off Banner Reef, Pedro Bank, 75 miles south of
Jamaica).

1942 Aurinia neptunia Clench and Aguayo, M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae, p. 66, pi. 6, fig. 54.

1946 Scaphella {Aurinia) neptunia Clench and Aguayo, Clench,
Johnsonia 2(22):57, pi. 31, figs. 3, 4.

Type: Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Mass., No. 119025.

Type locality: Blake station No. 8, lat. 17° 45' N/long.
77° 58' 40" W; off Banner Reef, Pedro Bank, 75 miles south
of Jamaica, British West Indies.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 322 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 50.5 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 18.1 mm; aperture length, 35.0 mm.

Shell description: The holotype and only known speci-
men is a juvenile. Shell is medium in size, light in weight,
and fusiform. Protoconch is very large and has about one
and a half whorls. The first whorl and calcarella extend above
the second whorl. Teleoconch has about four and a half
slightly convex and sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of
numerous, very finely incised spiral lirae. Suture is slightly
indented. Aperture is elliptical and lengthened; outer lip is
thin. Siphonal notch is absent; fasciole ill-defined. Columella
is nearly straight, with three weak plaits. Base color is straw-
yellow, with five brownish, revolving bands that may be solid
or broken up into lengthened bars.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: This species is known from only a single juvenile
specimen. It has the large protoconch of Scaphella junonia

142

Sea p hell a

(Lamarck, 1804); but when more specimens become avail-
able, it may eventually prove to be a population variant ol
that species.

Subgenus Clenchina Pilsbry
and Olsson, 1953

1953 Clenchina Pilsbry and Olsson, The Nautilus 67(1):4, 5,
(type species. Valuta dohrni Sowerby, 1903; by original
designation).

Type species: Valuta dohmi Sowerby III, 1903; by original
designation; Recent, southeastern United States.

Distribution: The one living species in the subgenus
Clenchina is found from North Carolina, south along the
coasts of Florida, the Bahama Islands, and in the Gulf of
Mexico. It has a bathymetric range from 75 to 509 fathoms.
Some population variants are rare; others are not.

Diagnosis: Shells are small to medium in size (30 to 120
mm in length) and are not heavy. They are fusiform or
ovate-fusiform, usually with an attenuated spire. Columella
has three or four plaits.

The radular teeth are small and Y shaped with minute side
cusps (see Figure 31c, 31d, and 31e).

Remarks: Clenchina differs from Scaphella s. s. principally
in its radular teeth, which have minute side cusps not present
in the latter subgenus. In Aurinia H. and A. Adams, 1853,
the radular teeth have strong side cusps with a long central
cusp (see Figure 31f and 31g).

Scaphella (Clenchina) dohrni
(Sowerby III, 1903)

(Plates 57 A through 57D, 58A through 58J,

59 A and 59B; Figure 31c, 3 Id, and 31e)

1879 Valuta dubia Broderip, Dohrn, Jahrb. Deutsch. Malak.

6:150, pi. 4, figs. 1-3 (shores of the Caribbean on the
Florida Peninsula) [non Valuta dubia Broderip, 1827].
1882 Valuta (Aulica) dubia (Broderip), Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology (1)4:90, pi. 27, fig. 27 [nan Valuta dubia
Broderip, 1827].

1887 Valuta gouldiana Dali, The Conchologists’ Exchange [The
Nautilus] 2(1):10 (7 miles South by East of Fowey Rock
Light, Florida) [holotype. United States National Museum,
Washington].

1889 Aurinia robusta Dali, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 18:153, 154,
pi. 35, fig. 2 (Gulf of Mexico and off Havana) [holotype.
United States National Museum. Washington].

1889 Aurinia gouldiana Dali, ibid., pp. 154—156. pi. 29, fig. 3
(description of animal).

1903b Valuta dohmi Sowerby, Journal of Malacology 10(3);74, 75,
pi. 5, fig. 8 (no locality given).

1940 Aurinia dohmi Sowerby, Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de
la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 14:88, pi. 16.
fig. 2.

1940 Aurinia dohrni florida Clench and Aguayo, ibid., ji. 88, pi.

16, fig. 1, text fig. 1 (radular tooth) (off Punla Alegre.
Camagiiey. Cuba) [tvpe figure, Dohrn. Jahrb. Deutsch.
Malak. 6:150, pi. 4, fig. 1].

1940 Aurinia bermudezi Clench and Aguayo, ibid., pj). 89. 90, pi.

16, fig. 2 (Bahia de Cochinas, Santa Clara, Cuba) [holo-
type, Museum of C(jmparative Zoology, Harvard Uni-
versity, Cambridge].

1940 Aurinia gouldiana Dali, Clench and Aguayo, ibid.,

pp. 91, 92.

1942 Aurinia dohmi florida Clench and Aguayo, M. Smith, A Re-
view of the Volutidae, pp. 63, 64, pi. 6, fig. 49.

1942 Aurinia gouldiana (Dali), M. Smith, ibid., pp. 64', 6.5, ])1.
23, fig. 155.

1942 Aurinia robusta Dali, M. Smith, ibid., p. 66, pi. 2.5, fig. 168
(protoconch enlarged).

1946 Scaphella {Aurinia) dohmi Sowerby, Clench, Johnsonia

2(22);51, pi. 29, figs. 1, 2 (off the Lower Florida Keys).

1946 Scaphella {Aurinia) florida Clench and Aguayo, Clench,

ibid., pp. 52, 53, pi. 24, fig. 3 (radular tooth); jd. 29,

fig. 3.

1946 Scaphella {Aurinia) atlantis Clench, ibid., pp. 53, .54. |)1. 29,
fig. 5 (off Punta Alegre, Camagiiey, Cuba) ]bolotype, Mu-
semn of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge] .

1946 Scaphella {Aurinia) gouldiana Dali, Clench, ibid., pp. ,55,
56, pi. 30, figs. 3-5.

1946 Scaphella {Aurinia) bermudezi Clench and Aguayo, Clench,
ibid., pp. 56, 57, pi. 30, fig. 6 (holotype).

1946 Scaphella {Aurinia) cuba Clench, ibid., p. .58, pi. 31, fig. 2
(off Sagua la Grande, Las Villas, Cuba) (holotype. Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard I niversitv, Cam-
bridge] .

1946 Scaphella {Aurinia) robusta Dali. Clench, ibid., pp. .59, 60.
pi. 31, fig. 5.

1953 Clenchina gouldiana (Dali), Pilsbry and Olsson. The Nau-
tilus 67(1):8.

1953 Clenchina robusta Dall, Pilsbry and Olsson, ibid., p. 8.

195.3 Clenchina robusta marionae Pilsbry and Olsson. ibid., pp. 8,
9, pi. 2, figs. 4, 5. text fig. 3 (radular tooth) (Gulf of
Mexico) [holotype, .Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia],

1957 Clenchina robusta, P. and T. McGinty, The Nautilus
71(2):41.

1957 Clenchina dohrni, P. and T. McGinty, ibid., p. 45.

1963 Scaphella {.Aurinia) dohrni Sowerbv, Shikama et Horikoshi.

Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:108.
pi. 89. fig. 5, text fig. 160. no. 4.

1963 Scaphella {.Aurinia) gouldiana Dall. Shikama et Horikoshi,
ibid., p. 109. pi. 89. fig. 4.

1963 Scaphella {.iurinia) cuba Clench. Shikama et Horikoshi.
ibid., p. 109. text fig. 160, no. 3.

1963 Scaphella {.lurinia) dohrni florida Clench and .\guavo. Shi-
kama et Horikoshi. ibid., p. 109. text fig. 160. no. 5 [non
pi. 89. fig. 6, = a population variant of dohmi formerly
called robusta Dall, 1889].

1963 Scaphella {.Aurinia) robusta Dall. Shikama et Horikoshi.
ibid., p. 109, text fig. 161 (unnumbered upper shell).

1966a Scaphella bermudezi Clench and .■\guavo. W eaver. Hauaiian
Shell News 14(3) :4. text fig. 3 (holotype).

1966a .Aurinia atlantis Clench. W eaver. ibid., p. 4. text fig. 4.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History). London,
No. 1903.11.5.7.

143

SCAPHELLINAE

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Clench (1946)
to ofi the lower Florida Keys.

Range: From North Carolina southward along both coasts
of Florida, including Cuba and tbe Gulf of Mexico to Texas.

Habitat: The vertical distribution of the population \ariants
of dohrni varies considerably anti ranges troin 40 to 509
(athoms on a substrate of rocks or coarse, gray sand. The
bottom temperature at 509 lathoms, for the population
variant formerly called Valuta gouldiana Dali, 1887, regis-
tered 45.2° F (7.3° C).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 30 to 125 mm in length.

Shell description: This is an extremely variable species.
The typical shell is moderately large (60 to 100 mm in
length) and not very solid. It is fusiform with a relatively
high spire. Protoconch is large, with about two smooth
whorls. The first whorl and calcarella are small. Axial sculp-
ture on early teleoconch whorls may be present or absent.
Typically, tbe teleoconch has about five, smooth, convex
whorls, with fine spiral lirae that continue to the adult body
whorl. These lirae become somewhat coarser toward the base
of the shell. Suture is slightly impressed. Aperture is elliptical
and somewhat lengthened. Outer lip is beveled. Siphonal
notch is absent; fasciole indistinct. Columella is moderately
arched, with three to four oblique, rather strong, anterior
plaits. Base color is a yellowish-orange to yellowish-ivory
overlaid with nine or 10 spiral rows of dark-hrown spots on
the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: The radula is uniserial with small,
Y-shaped teeth that have minute side cusps (see Figure 31c,
31d, and 31e).

Remarks: Hundreds of dredging operations conducted by
the Fish and Wildlife Service during the 1960’s off Florida
and in the Gulf of Mexico have proved that the isolated popu-
lation variants, which Clench (1946) thought to be valid
species, belong to a single species, dohrni. The species that
we have relegated to synonymy are as follows: gouldiana
Dali, 1887; robusta Dali, 1889; bermudezi Clench and
Aguayo, 1940; florida Clench and Aguayo, 1940; atlantis
Clench, 1946; and cuba Clench, 1946.

The completely different color pattern of gouldiana Dali,
1887 is probably due to changes in the mantle glands brought
about by environmental conditions.

Submenus Aurinia H. and A. Adams,

1853

18.53 Fulgoraria {Aurinia) H. and A. Adams, The Genera of
Recent Mollusca 1:166 (type species. Valuta dubia
Broderip, 1827; by original monotypy).

1946 Rehderia Clench, Johnsonia 2(22) :45, 46, pi. 24, fig. 5
(radular teeth) (type species, Aurinia schmitti Bartsch,
1931; by original designation).

1946 Scuphella (Aurinia) H. and A. Adams, Clench, ibid., p. 51
(type species. Valuta dubia Broderip, 1827; by original
monotvpy).

1953 Auriniopsis Clench, ibid., 2(32):378, 379 [type species,
Fusus ti’ssellatus Kiener, 1840, = Scaphella (Aurinia)
kieneri Clench, 1946; by original designation] {nan Fusus
tessellatus Schubert and Wagner [in] Martini and Chem-
nitz, 1829, a nomina dubia].

1953 Aurinia H. and A. Adams, Pilsbry and Olsson, The Nautilus
67(l):5-7, text fig. 4 (radular teeth).

Type species: Valuta dubia Broderip, 1827; by original
monotypy; Recent, Gulf of Mexico.

Distribution: The one living species in Aurinia is found
from North Carolina south to the Florida Keys, then west
through the Gulf of Mexico to Yucatan, Mexico. It has a
bathymetric range from 40 to 220 fathoms. Some population
variants are rare; others are not.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium to large in size (55 to 225
mm in length), light in weight, and elongate-fusiform. Proto-
conch is large, with a strong, projecting calcarella. Siphonal
notch and fasciole are absent. Columellar plaits may be ab-
sent or weak. A thin periostracum is present.

The radular teeth are tricuspid, the center cusp broadest
at the middle, with the outer cusps strong and sickle shaped,
that is, curving outward and inward (see Figure 31f and 31g).

Remarks: The subgenus Aurinia differs from Scaphella s. s.
in that its radular teeth are strongly tricuspid, whereas those
in the latter are Y shaped with a single central cusp; it differs
from the subgenus Clenchina in not having the minute side
cusps.

Scaphella (Aurinia) dubia (Broderip, 1827)

(Plates 59C through 59H, 60A and 60B;
Figure 3 If and 31g)

1827 Valuta dubia Broderip, The Zoological Journal 3:81-84,
pi. 3, fig. 1 (locality unknown).

1840 Fusus tessellatus Schubert and Wagner, Kiener, Icon. Co-
quilles Vivantes, Fusus 5:38, pi. 29, fig. 1 (locality un-
known) [non Fusus tessellatus Schubert and Wagner [in]
Martini and Chemnitz, 1829, a nomina dubia],

1845 Valuta dubia Broderip, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5);209, 210, pi. 40, fig. 115.

1849 Valuta dubia Broderip, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 59, pi. 22, fig. 59 (locality unknown).

1853 Fulgoraria (Aurinia) dubia Broderip, H. and A. Adams,
The Genera of Recent Mollusca 1:166.

1858 Scapha (Aurinia) dubia Broderip, H. and A. Adams, ibid.,
2:617.

1907a Aurinia dubia Broderip, Dali, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
4S(3);366-369.

1931 Aurinia schmitti Bartsch, Joum. Washington Acad. Sci.

21(2):539, 540, text fig. 1 [south of Tortugas (Florida)]
[holotype. United States National Museum, Washington].
1940 Aurinia dubia Broderip, Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de la
Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 14:87, 88.

1942 Aurinia schmitti Bartsch, M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, pp. 66, 67, pi. 7, fig. 58.

1946 Rehderia georgiana Clench, Johnsonia 2(22):47, 48, pi. 27,

144

Volutifusus

fig. 3 (about 100 miles off Darion, Georgia) [holotype.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,
Cambridge] .

1946 Scaphella (Aurinia) dubia Broderip, Clench, ibid., pp. 54,
55, pi. 30, figs. 1, 2 [Gulf of Mexico, about 75 miles
south of Cape San Bias, Florida. Albatross station 2402
(N. Lat. 28° 36'; W. Long. 85° 33' 30")].

1946 Scaphella {Aurinia) kieneri Clench, ibid., pp. 58, 59, pi. 31,
fig. 1 (locality unknown) [holotype. Museum d’Histoire
Naturelle, Geneva] .

1953 Auriniopsis kieneri Clench, ibid., 2(32):379, 380, pi. 187 (2
views) (Gulf of Mexico west to Texas and south to Yuca-
tan, Mexico).

1953 Aurinia schmitti Bartsch, Pilsbry and Olsson, The Nautilus
67(1):8, 12, pi. 1, fig. 1.

1953 Aurinia georgiana (Clench), Pilsbry and Olsson, ibid., pp. 8,
12, 13, pi. 1, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, text fig. 4 (radular tooth).
1953 Aurinia kieneri (Clench), Pilsbry and Olsson, ibid., pp. 9-12,
pi. 2, figs. 1, la.

1953 Aurinia kieneri ethelae Pilsbry and Olsson, ibid., pp. 10-12,
pi. 2, figs. 3, 3a; pi. 3, figs. 1 (radulae), 2, 2a (off South
Pass, Mississippi River) [holotype. Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia].

1957 Aurinia georgiana, P. and T. McCinty, The Nautilus 71(2):
40, 41, 45.

1957 Aurinia schmitti, P. and T. McCinty, ibid., pp. 44, 45.

1957 Aurinia dubia, P. and T. McCinty, ibid., pp. 45, 46.

1963 Scaphella (Aurinia) dubia Broderip, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:108,
text fig. 160, nos. 1, 2.

1963 Scaphella (Rehderia) schmidtti [iic] Bartsch, Shikama et
Horikoshi, ibid., p. 109, text fig. 161 (lower 2 shells).

1963 Scaphella (Clenchina) kieneri (Clench), Shikama et Hori-
koshi, ibid., p. 109, pi. 89, fig. 9.

Type: According to Dali (1907a), the holotype was lost.
Clench (1946) designated a neoholotype. United States
National Museum, Washington, D.C., No. 54544.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Clench (1946)
as about 75 miles south of Cape San Bias, Florida; Albatross
station 2402; lat. 28°36' N/long. 85°33'30" W.

Range: From North Carolina south to the Florida Keys, then
west through the Gulf of Mexico to Yucatan Channel, Mexico.

Habitat: Dredged in 40 to 220 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 55 to 225 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is extremely variable. Typically,
it is medium in size and light in weight. It is elongate-fusiform
with an attenuated spire, pointed at the apex. Protoconch is
large, with about one and a half smooth whorls. The calcarella
is large and extended. Teleoconch has about four slightly
convex and slightly sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of
fine spiral striae with a series of narrow axial costae on the
shoulders of the early whorls. Suture is slightly indented.
Aperture is elliptical and lengthened. Outer lip is thin and
simple. Siphonal notch and fascicle are absent. Columella is
straight and is usually without plaits although occasionally
there may be one or two low, obscure, recessed plaits at the
anterior end. Base color is yellowish-ivory to pinkish with
six or seven revolving rows of square, brown spots.

Animal and radula: According to Pilsbry and Olsson

(1953), the preserved contracted animal of a clinal variant
called kieneri Clench, 1946 has a foot about 70 mm in length.
The color of the foot is a dirty cream smudged irregularlv
with black. The tentacles are broad, triangular, and flat, with
a small protuberance on each side of the outer base, probably
bearing small eyes. The buccal mass is a large, sausage-
shaped, thick-walled organ.

The radular ribbon is relatively long and slender, ap-
proximately 12 mm in length. The width of a single radular
tooth is about 0.28 mm. The radular tooth is tricuspid; the
center cusp widest at the middle, the side cusps curving
inward (see Figure 31f and 31g).

Remarks: Several hundred dredging operations conducted
by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the 1960’s, between
North Carolina and the Yucatan Channel in Mexico, have
shown that kieneri Clench, 1946; schmitti Bartsch, 1931;
georgiana Clench, 1946; and dubia Broderip, 1827 are all
the same species. In a letter to Dr. R. Tucker Abbott in 1965,
Mr. Harvey R. Bulbs, Jr., base director of the Fish and Wild-
life Service at Pascagoula, Mississippi, stated that these
zoogeographic gradients beautifully exemplify clinal varia-
tion. Each population occupies an almost identical ecological
niche insofar as depth and temperature are concerned. The
composition of the substrate appears to be the deciding factor
in these population variants.

The dark-chocolate markings on the siphonal canal that
sometimes appears in the population variant of dubia for-
merly called kieneri Clench, 1946 is no doubt due in part
to diet and environment.

Genus Volutifusus Conrad, 1863

1863 Volutifusus Conrad. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (for
1862), p. 563 (type species, Voluta mutabilis (Conrad,
1834); by original monotypy).

1940 Bathyaurinia Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de la Sociedad
Cubana de Historia Natural 14:92 (tvpe species. Aurinia
torrei Pilsbry, 1937; bv original designation).

1953 Volutifusus Conrad, Pilsbry and Olsson, The Nautilus 67 (1):
7, 8.

Type species: Voluta mutabilis (Conrad, 1834); by
original monotypy; a Miocene fossil from Saint Marv’s River.
Maryland, United States.

Distribution: The three living species in Volutifusus in-
habit waters off Cuba and the east coast of Florida. They have
a bathymetric range from 10 to 440 fathoms. Their degree
of abundance ranges from the extremely rare Volutifusus
piratica (Clench and Aguavo. 1940), known from a single
specimen, to the rare Volutifusus torrei (Pilsbry. 1937).
known from perhaps two dozen specimens.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium in size (75 to 113 mm in
length) and light in weight. They are fusiform to ovate-
fusiform, with either a short or moderately high spire, pointed
at the apex. Protoconch is large and smooth, with a projecting
calcarella. Teleoconch has convex, shouldered whorls that are
axiallv ribbed on the earlv whorls. Fine spiral brae are

145

SCAPHELLINAE

found on the adult body whorl. The animal’s mantle, which
envelops the shell, produces a highly polished enamel glaze
throughout. This glaze covers the suture. The columella is
without plaits in adult specimens. Periostracum is absent.

The radular ribbon is very small with tricuspid teeth; the
center cusp is widest at the middle, and the side cusps curve
inward (see Figure 32).

Remarks: Volutifusus differs from its closest generic relative,
Scaphella {Aurinia) H. and A. Adams, 1853, by having a
much smaller radular ribbon (2 to 7 mm in length as com-
pared with those 10 to 12 mm in length), by lacking a perio-
stracum, and by the animal’s ability to cover its entire shell
with its mantle.

Volutifusus aguayoi (Clench, 1940)

{Plate 60C and 60D; Figure 32a)

1940 Bathvaurinia aguayoi Clench, Memorias de la Sociedad
Cubana de Historia Natural 14:241, pi. 42, fig. 4, text
fig. 1 (radular tooth) [Atlantis station 3783 (N. lat. 30°
03'; W. Long. 78° 37') about 164 miles east of St.
Augustine, Florida].

1946 Bathyaurinia aguayoi Clench, Johnsonia 2(22):44, 45, pi.
26, fig. 3.

1953 Volutifusus aguayoi (Clench). Pilsbry and Olsson, The
Nautilus 67(1):7, 8.

1963 Scaphella (Bathyaurinia) aguayoi Clench, Shikama el
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:109, text fig. 162.

Type: Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University Cambridge, Mass., No. 111,858.

Type locality: Atlantis station 3783; lat. 30°03' N/long.
78° 37' W; about 164 miles east of St. Augustine, Florida.

Range: Known only from the vicinity of the type locality.

Figure 32: a, Volutifusus aguayoi (Clench, 1940). A
single radular tooth (after Clench, 1940). b, Volutifusus torrei
(Pilsbry, 1937). A single radular tooth (after Clench and
Aguayo, 1940). (a and b not to scale.)

Habitat: Dredged in 425 to 440 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 113.0 mm; maximum- di-
ameter, 38.0 mm; aperture length, 75.5 mm.

Shell description: Shell is medium in size and light in
weight. It is fusiform, with a rather low spire, pointed at the
apex. Protoconch is large; its color is white, and it has about
one and a half smooth whorls bearing a pointed calcarella at
the apex. Teleoconch has about four and a half convex,
sculptured whorls, moderately shouldered. There are no
spiral striae on the first whorl, but later whorls are sculptured
with very small axial ribs that disappear on the penultimate
whorl and on the adult body whorl. The entire shell is
covered with a highly polished enamel glaze. Suture is im-
pressed and glazed over with the whorls shingled one upon
another. Aperture is subelliptical and lengthened. Outer lip
is thin and simple. Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent.
Columella is strongly arched; there are no plaits on adult
specimens. Base color is a diffused, light brownish-orange
with a deeper brownish subsutural band below a whitish
band at the suture. A periostracum is absent.

Animal and radula: The radula is uniserial with small tri-
cuspid teeth. The central cusp is large; the side cusps are
small and curve inward. The radular ribbon measures 7.0
mm in length.

Remarks: This species differs from Volutifusus torrei
(Pilsbry, 1937) and Volutifusus piratica (Clench and Aguayo,
1940) in having less-shouldered whorls, weaker axial ribs,
and a more strongly arched columella.

This species was named in honor of Dr. C. G. Aguayo,
the Cuban malacologist.

Volutifusus piratica (Clench and Aguayo, 1940)
(Plate 60E and 60F)

1940 Bathyaurinia piratica Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de la
Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 14:93, pi. 15, fig. 2
[Atlantis station no. 2982A (N. Lat. 22° 48'; W. Long.
78° 50') off Punta Alegre, Camagiiey, Cuba].

1942 Bathyaurinia piratica Clench and Aguayo, M. Smith, A
Review of the Volutidae, p. 67, pi. 7, fig. 57.

1946 Bathyaurinia piratica Clench and Aguayo, Clench, Johnsonia
2(22):42, 43, pi. 25 (2 views).

1964h Volutifusus piratica (Clench and Aguayo), Weaver, 2nd
Provisional Species List of Living Volutidae, p. 7.

Type: Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Mass., No. 135235.

Type locality: Atlantis station no. 2982A; lat 22° 48'
N/long. 78° 50' W; off Punta Alegre, Camagiiey, Cuba.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 210 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 93.5 mm; maximum diameter,
41.8 mm; aperture length, 55.0 mm.

146

Amoria

Shell description: Shell is medium in size and light in
weight. It is ovate-fusiform with an attenuated spire, pointed
at the apex. Protoconch is large, with about one and a half
smooth whorls and a short calcarella at the apex. Teleoconch
has four and a half convex, shouldered, and sculptured
whorls. Fine spiral striae cover all but the first whorl; these
striae become stronger near the base of the shell. Narrow,
axial ribs appear on the second whorl and disappear on the
inflated adult body whorl. Suture is impressed and covered
with a glaze, with the whorls shingled one upon another.
Aperture is semiovate. Outer lip is thin and simple. Siphonal
notch and fasciole are absent. Columella is arched and with-
out plaits. The color of live specimens is probably yellowish
to salmon. A periostracum is absent.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: This species is known onlv from the holotype, a
dead-collected and rather badly broken shell.

The inflated body whorl, the shape of the columella, and
the extension of axial ribs through the penultimate whorl
differentiate pimtica from the other two species in the genus.

Volutifusus torrei (Pilsbry, 1937)

{Plate 60G and 60H; Figure 32b)

1937 Aurinia torrei Pilsbry, The Nautilus 51(2):37, 38, pi. 4, fig.

1 (2 views of the shell and protoconch) ( off Cayo Francis,
Caibarien, on the north coast of central Cuba).

1940 Bathyaurinia torrei (Pilsbry) Clench and Aguayo, Memorias
de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 14:93, text
fig. 2 (radular tooth).

1946 Bathyaurinia torrei Pilsbry, Clench, Johnsonia 2(22):43, 44,
pi. 26, figs. 1, 2.

1964 Volutifusus torrei (Pilsbry) Weaver, 2nd Provisional Species
List of Living Volutidae, p. 8.

Type: Holotype, Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, No. 168804.

Type locality: Off Cavo Frances, Caibarien, on the north
coast of Cuba.

Range: Tbe north and south coasts of Cuba.

Habitat: The holotype was taken from a fish trap in over
10 fathoms. Other specimens were dredged in 220 to 265
fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 75 to 120 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather large and light in weight.
It is fusiform with an attenuated spire, pointed at the apex.
Protoconch has about two rather small, smooth whorls, white
in color, with an extended calcarella. Teleoconch has about
four convex, shouldered and sculptured whorls. Sculpture
consists of a few very fine spiral striae on the first whorl.
Strong axial ribs, most prominent on the whorl shoulder,
extend from suture to suture on the following whorls, be-
coming irregular and indistinct on the adult body wborl. Tbe

entire shell is covered by a bigbly polished, enamel glaze.
Suture is impressed and glazed smooth, with the whorls
shingled one upon another. Aperture is subelliptical and
lengthened. Outer lip is beveled. Siphonal notch and fasciole
are absent. Columella is nearly straight and without plaits.
Base color is a diffused salmon-pink overlaid with a series
of small, dark reddish-brown spiral spots just below the
suture on the third and fourth whorls. On the ventral area
of the adult body wborl are two or three short, narrow, longi-
tudinal streaks of dark reddish-brown scattered in an ir-
regular pattern. No periostracum is present.

Animal and radula: The radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth. The central cusp is uniformly wide and is larger than
the two side cusps, which are rather straight (see Figure 32b).

Remarks: This species differs from Volutifusus piratica
(Clench and Aguayo, 1940) by having a much narrower
body whorl and much stronger axial ribbing and in lacking
any spiral striae on the adult body whorl. It differs from
Volutifusus aguayoi (Clench, 1940) in having a smaller
protoconch, much stronger axials, and a straight rather than
strongly arched columella. Furthermore, torrei is marked
with spiral subsutural spots rather than with a solid whitish
band. The side cusps on the radular teeth are straighter than
those in aguayoi.

This species is named for Dr. Carlos de la Torre, a leading
authority on Cuban mollusks and past president of tbe Ameri-
can Malacological Society.

Genus Amoria Gray, 1855

1855a Amoria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):64.

1953 Amoria Gray, Ludbrook, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 30:131-
153, pis. 14^18 (numerous figs.).

1964 Amoria Gray, McMichael, Rec. Australian Mus. 26(8):265.

Type species: Valuta tumeri Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834; by
subsequent designation, Harris, 1897; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The 19 living species classified under
Amoria s. s. and three subgenera are restricted to waters on
the continental shelf surrounding Australia. They have a
bathymetric range from the littoral to 250 fathoms. Their
degree of abundance varies from the common Zebramoria
zebra (Leach, 1814) to the very rare Amoria spenceriana
(Gatliff, 1908).

Diagnosis: Shells are small to moderatelv large (25 to 138
mm in length) and generally solid. They are elongate or
ovate, with an elevated spire. Shells may be unicolored or
exhibit a wide range of color patterns. Protoconcb is smooth,
small to large, and conical. It is papilliform or irregularlv
coiled. Teleoconch is smooth or has weak longitudinal rib-
bing on the early whorls. Suture is slightly impressed or
channeled. Outer lip is simple or has a raised longitudinal
callus just inside the outer edge. Whorls are convex. Colu-
mella has several weak to strong plaits that sometimes join

147

SCAPHELLINAE

to form double plaits. Sometimes there is a raised callus
above the plaits. Periostracum and operculum are absent.

The radula is uniserial with unicuspid, Y-shaped teeth
(see Figures 33 through 36).

Remarks: According to Turner (1969, in litt.), the uni-
cuspid, Y-shaped radular teeth of Amoria seem to be close
to those of Scaphella. This may not necessarily indicate a
relationship between the two genera. The gland of Leiblein is
certainly different, but the tubular salivary glands and the
racemose glands are similar. At this stage of collecting of
Indo-Pacific material, it is difficult to assess the exact meaning
of these relationships; the similarity in radulae may be due
to convergence.

Few mollusks have shells as elegantly colored as the
Amoria. The lustrous, smooth surface rivals the glassy polish
of the Cypraea and may be accounted for by the animal’s
protective mantle, which can be extended to cover the shell.

Excellent revisions of the genus were published by
Ludbrook (1953) and McMichael (1964).

Sub genus Amoria sensu stricto

Type species: Valuta tumeri Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834;
by subsequent designation, Harris, 1897; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The 13 species in this subgenus are found
on the continental shelf surrounding Australia. They have a
bathymetric range from the littoral to 50 fathoms. Their
degree of abundance varies from the rather common Amoria
damonii Gray, 1864 to the very rare Amoria spenceriana
(Gatliff, 1908).

Diagnosis: Shells are small to moderately large (25 to 138
mm in length) and generally solid. Protoconch is large,
smooth, and bluntly papilliform or conically pointed.
Teleoconch is smooth. Columella has several sharply angled,
weak to moderately strong, anterior plaits; but there is no
posterior callus above the plaits, nor does the inside of the
outer lip bear a callus. Periostracum and operculum are
absent.

Remarks: This subgenus differs from Amorena by its
conically pointed protoconch and weaker columellar plaits.
It differs from Relegamoria by the absence of both an inner
lip callus and a posterior columellar callus adjacent and
sometimes connected to the posterior plait. It differs from
Zebramoria by its smooth early whorls and much larger
protoconch, which is not irregularly coiled.

Amoria (Amoria) canaliculata (McCoy, 1869)
(Plates 63E, 63F, 63G, and 69; Figure 33a)

1869 Valuta (Amoria) canaliculata McCoy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

(July) (4)4:34, pi. 3, figs. 1, 2 [Port Denison, Queensland
(Australia)].

1869 Valuta harfardi Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (September)

148

(2) :358, pi. 26, figs. 2a, 2b [Wreck Reef, near Lady
Elliott’s Island (Wreck Reefs, near Lady Elliot Island,
Queensland, Australia)] [holotype, British Museum
(Natural History), London].

1871 Valuta canaliculata McCoy, Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie

(3) 19:292.

1871 Valuta harfardi Cox, Crosse, ibid., p. 292.

1877 Valuta (Amoria) canaliculata McCoy, Kobelt, Jahrb. Deutsch.
Malak., p. 308.

1877 Valuta (Amoria) harfardi Cox, Kobelt, ibid., p. 308.

1879 Valuta harfardi Cox — V. canaliculata McCoy, Petterd,
Journal of Conchology 2:343.

1882 Valuta canaliculata McCoy, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:93, pi. 28, fig. 95.

1887 Valuta harfardi Cox, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
5(44), 2nd suppL, p. 303, fig. 170.

1910 Scaphella canaliculata McCoy, Hedley, Australasian Assoc.
Adv. Sci. (1909) 12:362.

1942 Amoria canaliculata (McCoy), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 50, pi. 4, fig. 38.

1949 Amoria canaliculata McCoy, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2):293.

1953 Amoria (Amoria) canaliculata (McCoy), Ludbrook, Proc.

Malac. Soc. London 30:131, 132, pi. 15, figs. 9, 10.
1961 Amoria canaliculata McCoy, Rippingale and McMichael,
Queensland and Great Barrier Reef Shells, p. 116, pi. 15,
fig. 14.

1963 Amoria (Amoria) canaliculata (McCoy), Shikama et

Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:103, pi. 86, fig. 2.

1964 Amoria canaliculata (McCoy), McMichael, Rec. Australian

Mus. 26(8) :266, text fig. 1.

Type: In the absence of the holotype, which is apparently
lost (fide Ludbrook, 1953), we are designating as neotype
of canaliculata McCoy, 1869 the type specimen of Valuta
harfordi Cox, 1869, British Museum (Natural History),
London, No. 1920.8.10.1, from Wreck Reefs, near Lady
Elliot Island, Queensland, Australia.

Type locality: Port Denison, Queensland, Australia.

Range: Cape Moreton, south Queensland, north to Keppel
Bay near Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia — a distance of
about 350 miles.

Habitat: In 2 to 70 fathoms on a coral and sand substrate
(Nielsen, in litt.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 40 to 69 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather small for the genus and
solid. It is elongate-ovate, with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch
is smooth, of about three and a half roundly conical whorls.
Teleoconch has about two smooth, slightly convex whorls.
Suture is indented, becoming deeply channeled on the adult
body wborl. Aperture is moderately wide; interior color is
white to coffee. Outer lip is simple and slightly thickened.
Siphonal notch is narrow; fasciole present. Columella has
four oblique, anterior plaits.

There are two basic color forms; first, there is the shallow-
water (from 2 to 15 fathoms), white form overlaid with brown
longitudinal lines and indistinct revolving blotches, from
the Bunker Island and Capricorn Island groups. The holotype

Amoria

Figure 33a: Amoria (Amoria) canalwulata (McCoy, 1869). Profile of radular teeth from a speci-
men taken off Keppel Island, (Queensland, Australia.

Figure 33b: Amoria (Amoria) maculata (Swainson, 1822). Two views of radular teeth from a
specimen taken east of Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia.

Figure 33c: Amoria (Amoria) tumeri (Griffith and Pidgeon, 18.34). Dorsal view of Y-shaped
radular tooth (after Troschel, 1867).

Figure 33d- e: Amoria (Amorena) undulata (Lamarck. 1804). d. Semiprofile of radular teeth
from a specimen taken near Eden, New South Wales, Australia, e. Two views of radular teeth from
a specimen taken off Barrenjoey, Broken Bay, New South Wales. Australia.

Figure 33f: Amoria (Relegamoria) molleri (Iredale. 1936). Two views of radular teeth from a
specimen taken off Barrenjoey, Broken Bay, New South Wales, Australia.

(Figures after McMichael, 1964 unless otherwise indicated.)

149

SCAPHELLINAE

MAP 12

150

Amoria

of Valuta harfordi Cox, 1869 represents this form. Second,
there is the deep-water (from 15 to 70 fathoms), pink form
with deep-red longitudinal lines and four rows of distinct
revolving red blotches, from Keppel Bay, south to Moreton
Island, Queensland, Australia.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1964), the
animal of a specimen from off Keppel Island is reddish-
purple with many cream spots that run together to leave a
reticulation of reddish-purple. The siphon is similarly
colored, with slender, subequal appendages, about opposite
to each other.

The uniserial radula consists of some 300 Y-shaped teeth,
which differ from typical Amoria teeth in that the cusp is
expanded into a bladelike plate, running backward over the
angle of the basal plate (see Figure 33a) .

Remarks: This species was extremely rare until several
years ago when night dredging in 2 to 5 fathoms brought up
quantities of the shallow-water form.

Mr. Andrew Melville of Southport, Queensland, Australia,
sent us a specimen of canaliculata (pink and red, the deep-
water form) that was dredged in 70 fathoms off Moreton
Island, Queensland, Australia, thus establishing a new
southern range extension.

Amoria (Amoria) damonii Gray, 1864
{Plate 64A through 64G; Map 12)

1844 Valuta reticulata Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (11);144

[New Holland (Australia)] [non Valuta reticulata Lin-
naeus, 1767, in Cancellaridae (fide Rehder. in litt.)\ non
Valuta reticulata Gmelin, 1791, = Valuta praetexta
Reeve, 1849].

1845 Valuta reticulata Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvliorum

1(5):197, pi. 49, figs. 47, 48 [from the coast of New
Holland (Australia)].

1845 Valuta pallida Gray, Sowerby, ibid., pp. 196, 197, pi. 53.

fig. 94 (New Holland) [non fig. 91. = Amoria grayi
Ludbrook, 1953; non fig. 93, = Valuta volva Gmelin,
1791; non Valuta pallida Linnaeus, 1767, in Marginel-
lidae (fide Goan, 1965); non Valuta pallida Griffith and
Pidgeon, 1834, = Amoria grayi Ludbrook, 1953].

1849 Valuta reticulata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6, Valuta sp.
25, pi. 11, figs. 25a, 25b.

1855a Amoria reticulata Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23);64.
1859 Valuta redculata Chenu, Manuel de Conchvliologie 1:189,
fig. 966.

1864 Valuta (Amoria) reticulata Reeve, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1):53.

1864 Amoria tumeri damonii Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 14:
237 (no locality given).

1864a Valuta reticulata Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchvliorum
3(23), 1st suppL, p. 269.

1864a Valuta reevei Sowerby, ibid., p. 269 [from the coast of New
Holland (referring to Sowerby I, 1845)] [holotvpe. British
Museum (Natural History), London].

1882 Valuta (Alcithoe) reticulata Reeve, Trvon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:94, pi. 28, fig. 93.

1882 Valuta (Alcithoe) praetexta Reeve, Tryon, ibid., p. 94, pi.

28, fig. 96 [non Valuta praetexta Reeve, 1849].

1910 Valuta (Amoria) gatlifii Sowerby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

(8)6:611, text fig. (Port Keats. Northern Territory,
Australia) [non Valuta gatlijfi Pritchard, 1898, a fossil
species in Livonia) [holotype, British Museum (Natural
History), London].

1914 Scaphella hedleyi Iredale, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (.3):674
[Gulf of Carpentaria (Australia)] [nom. mut. for Valuta
reticulata Reeve, 1844].

1942 Amoria gatlijfi (Sowerby), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 51, pi. 5, fig. 41.

1942 Amoria pallida damonii Gray, M. Smith, ibid., pp. 52, 53,
figs. 42, 44.

1942 Amoria pallida reticulata (Reeve), M. Smith, ibid., p. 53,
pi. 7, fig. 59.

1953 Amoria (Amoria) damoni Grav, Ludbrook, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 30:133, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2 (north of Swan
River, Western Australia).

1953 Amoria (Amoria) keatsiana Ludbrook, ibid., p. 138, pi. 18,
fig. 9 [Port Keats, Northern Territory (Australia)].

1953 Amoria (Amoria) reevei (Sowerby), Ludbrook, ibid., p. 141,
pi. 17, figs. 1, 2.

1960b Amoria (Amoria) reevei (Sowerby), Weaver. Hawaiian Shell
News 8(10):1, figs. 1, 2.

1960b Amoria (Amoria) damoni Gray, Weaver, ibid., p. 1, figs. 3-6.
1963 Amoria (Amoria) damoni Gray, Shikarna et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:103.
104. pi. 86. fig. 11.

1963 Amoria (Amoria) keatsiana (Ludbrook), Shikama et

Horikoshi, ibid., p. 104, text fig. 153 (shell on extreme
right).

1963 Amoria (Amoria) reevei Sowerby, Shikama et Horikoshi,
ibid., p. 104, pi. 86, fig. 12.

1964b Amoria damoni reevei (Sowerbv), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 12(6);7, fig. 1.

1964b Amoria damoni damoni Gray. Weaver, ibid., p. 7, figs. 2, 3.
1964g Amoria damoni damoni Gray, Weaver, ibid.. 12(11):5,
figs. 1-5.

1967 Amoria (Amoria) damonii damonii Gray, Weaver and

duPont, The Veliger 9(4):382-385, pi. 52. figs. 1-8
(table, map).

1967 Amoria (Amoria) damonii reevei (Sowerbv), Weaver and
duPont, ibid., p. 385, pi. 53, figs. 9-13 (table, map).

Type: Holotvpe, British Museum (Natural History). London.
No. 1862.6.4.1.

Type locality: Subsequently designated bv Ludbrook
(1953) as north of Swan River, Western Australia. Australia.

Range: From Rottnest Island, Western Australia, extending
north, then eastward along the coast to Cooktown, north
Queensland. Australia — a distance of approximatelv 3500
miles (see Map 12).

Habitat: From the littoral to 50 fathoms on a sandy sub-
strate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 90 to 138 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell varies greatly in form and color
pattern from population to population along its 3500 mile
coastal range. Tvpicallv. the shell is large for the genus and

151

SCAPHELLINAE

solid. It is elongate-ovate, with a moderately high spire.
Protoconch is smooth, large, and roundly conical, with about
four and a half slightly convex whorls. Protoconch is white
for the hrst two and a half whorls, then fawn with a white
subsutural line continuing to the hrst teleoconch whorl.
Teleoconch is smooth, of about two whorls; the penultimate
whorl is straight and a rich, shining chestnut color. The
adult body whorl is large, slender and convex, with an in-
dented suture. Aperture is long and widens anteriorly; in-
terior color is coffee. Outer lip is slightly thickened and
beveled. Siphonal notch is broad; fasciole is well dehned and
bordered with brown. Columella is straight; it is white and
has four moderately strong, oblique, anterior plaits. The
base color of the body whorl is cream overlaid with two or
three broad, revolving bands of hne, triangular, brown
reticulations. Suture is obliquely streaked with darker brown.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: During tbe past 125 years, various authors have
given different specihc names to shells representing widely
separated populations of danwnii when these populations
differed in appearance from Gray’s original figure.

Recently, many specimens of this species have been col-
lected at dozens of localities connecting these once isolated
areas. A study of their shell morphology (protoconch, teleo-
conch, columellar plaits, color pattern, etc.) shows that the
earlier taxa simplv represented population variants living
along a continuous coastal range beginning at Rottnest Island,
Western Australia, and extending north then eastward along
the coast to Cooktown, northern Queensland (see Map 12).
Each population grades into and is replaced by succeeding
populations without interruption.

A darkly reticulated form, similar to the damonii popula-
tion at Dolphin Island, Dampier Archipelago, was named
Voluta reticulata bv Reeve in 1844. Along tbe northern
Australia coast line, specimens show a gradual color gra-
dation from typical damonii at Broome (see Plate 64A and
64B) to a white, almost patternless shell found off Port Keats
(see Plate 64C). This lightly patterned color form of damonii
was given the name Voluta {Amoria) gatlijfi by Sowerby III
in 1910. The name gatliffi was preoccupied by Pritchard’s
(1898) fossil species, now in the genus Livonia Gray, 1855.
Sowerby’s name, therefore, is a homonym and a synonym.

Many years later, Lubrook (1953) described a population
with similar markings from off Port Keats, Northern Terri-
tory, giving it the name Amoria {Amoria) keatsiana. For the
holotype, Ludbrook used the same specimen that Sowerby
had assigned as the holot>q)e for gatlijji. With much more
material now at hand than was at Ludbrook’s disposal, we
can readily see that keatsiana is synonymous with damonii.

There is a terminal population at the southwestern end
of the range of damonii that exhibits a low spire and swollen
body whorl (see Plate 64F; Map 12). This population was
given the name Voluta reevei by Sowerby II in 1864. At one
time we considered this population to be a valid subspecies of
danwnii. However, intergrades have been taken between
Point Quobba and Thevenard Island (see Plate 64G) that
have closed the gap, thus precluding subspeciation.

Amoria (Amoria) dampieria Weaver, 1960
{Plate 63C and 63D)

1949 Zebramoria zebra dampieria Iredale, Cotton, Rec. South
Australian Mus. 9(2):191 [nom. nud.\.

1957a Zebramoria zebra dampieria Iredale, Cotton, Australian
Recent and Tertiary Species of the Molluscan Family
Volutidae, 4th unnumbered page [nom. nud.] [N. W. A.
(north Western Australia)].

1960d Amoria {Amoria) dampieria Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
8(12), front page plate, figs. 6, 7 (5 miles northwest of
Steamboat Island, Dampier Archipelago, north Western
Australia).

1963f Amoria {Amoria) dampieria Weaver, Joum. Malac. Soc.

Austraha (7):28-31, pi. 5 (6 figs.); pi. 6 (center 2 figs).
1%4 Amoria dampieria Weaver, McMichael, Rec. Australian
Mus. 26(8) :268.

Type: Holotype, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, No.
205554.

Type locality: Five miles northwest of Steamboat Island,
Dampier Archipelago, north Western Australia, Australia.

Range: From Montebello Island, central Western Australia,
north-northeast to Melville Island, Northern Territory,
Australia — a distance of approximately 1200 miles.

Hahitat: In 20 to 35 fathoms. The live holotype was
dredged in 28 fathoms on a sand and coral rubble substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 25 to 33 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is very small for the genus and
heavy. It is elongate, with a low, rounded spire. Protoconch
is smooth, papilliform, and fawn colored, with about three
whorls. Teleoconch has two and a half smooth, convex whorls,
slightly impressed at the suture. The adult body whorl is
large. Aperture is narrow; interior color is coffee. Siphonal
notch is narrow and deep; fasciole present. Columella is
white, with four small but strong, oblique, anterior plaits.
Base color is creamy-wbite with narrow, chestnut, longi-
tudinal lines that are occasionally interrupted. These lines,
about 1.5 to 2 mm apart, run the length of each whorl but
do not join at the suture.

Animal and radula: The following description of the
external animal was written by Weaver (1960d) while aboard
the motor vessel Davina: The top of the foot is chalk-white
covered with an orange network of fine lines, one such line
encircling the rim of the broadly expanded foot. Tentacles
are cbalk-white with one fine, orange line running along the
outer edge of each tentacle, and then forming an encircling
loop near the tip. Siphon is off-white with two fine, orange,
longitudinal lines on the upper surface, these lines encircling
the siphon at its center. Base of the foot is off-white.

Remarks: During the Hawaiian-Western Australian Ex-
pedition in May and June of 1960, over a dozen living speci-
mens of this little volute were dredged from waters surround-
ing the Dampier Archipelago at depths ranging from 20 to 30
fathoms. Weaver tentatively identified them as Zebramoria

152

Amoria

zebra dampieria Iredale, 1914, after a listing he had seen
(Cotton, 1957). However, a close examination of the large,
blunt, papillary protoconch showed that this species belongs
in the genus Amoria s. s. and not in the subgenus Zebramoria,
which has a small, pupiform protoconch.

The small size, thickened outer lip, and longitudinal
markings could easily lead the casual observer into mistaking
dampieria for Zebramoria zebra (Leach, 1814), a species of
similar appearance living a distance of some 2000 miles on
the opposite side of the Australian continent.

When an attempt was made to locate the original descrip-
tion and figure of "Zebramoria zebra dampieria ” it was
found that the name was a nomen nudum. Apparently, the
name, author, and date had been seen on a museum label
and published without a check on their validity.

Amoria (Amoria) ellioti (Sowerby II, 1864)
(Plate 63A and 63B)

1864a VolutM ellioti Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchylioruni 3(23), 1st
suppl., p. 272, pi. 11, figs. 126, 127 (no locality given).
1864b Valuta ellioti Sowerby, Journal de Conchyliologie (3)12:
338.

1877 Valuta (Amoria) ellioti Sowerby, Kobelt, Jahrb. Deutsch.
Malak. 2:307.

1879 Valuta turneri var. ellioti Sowerby, Petterd, Journal of
Conchology 2:343.

1882 Valuta ellioti Sowerby, Tryon, Manual of Conchology (1)4:

92, pi. 30, fig. 123 [erroneously placed by Tryon in the
synonymy of Voluta turneri Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834].
1914 Scaphella zebra var. Leach, Iredale, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(3):674 (no locality given) [non Voluta zebra Leach,
1814].

1942 Amoria ellioti (Sowerby), M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 51, pi. 4, fig. 39.

1949 Amoria pallida ellioti Sowerby, Cotton, Rec. South
Australian Mus. 9 (2): 193.

1953 Amoria (Amoria) ellioti (Sowerby), Ludbrook, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 30:135, 136, pi. 14, figs. 3, 6.

1961 Amoria (Amoria) ellioti (Sowerby), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 9(3):1, 8, front page plate, figs. 1, 2.

1963 Amoria (Amoria) ellioti Sowerby, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:103,
pi. 86, fig. 6.

Type: Neotype (selected by Ludbrook, 1953), British
Museum (Natural History), London, No. 1952.3.24.2.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Ludbrook
(1953) as Western Australia. Here restricted to Port Hed-
land. Western Australia, Australia.

Range: Not definitely established. Roughly, it extends from
Roebourne to Broome — a distance of about 400 miles. The
species appears to be most abundant at Port Hedland.

Habitat: In sand on exposed sand flats at extreme low tide.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 70 to 110 mm in length.
Shell description: Shell is rather large and solid. It is

elongate-ovate, with a narrow, blunt spire. Protoconch is
smooth, large, papilliform, and flesh color, with about four
whorls. Teleoconch has about two smooth whorls, slightly
convex and indented at the suture. The adult body whorl is
large. Aperture is rather wide; interior color is coffee. Outer
lip is beveled. Siphonal notch is deep and narrow; fascicle is
well defined. Columella is straight, with four strong, oblique,
anterior plaits. Base color is a rich cream color overlaid with
narrow, longitudinal brown stripes about 3 to 4 mm apart.
These stripes extend the length of each whorl in a slightly
sinuous pattern.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This moderately common species is much larger
in size than the other longitudinally striped species in the
genus. The suture is not channeled and the plaits are stronger
than in either Amoria jamrachi Gray, 1864 or Amoria
macandrewi (Sowerby III, 1887). Furthermore, the broad,
slightly sinuous, longitudinal stripes do not join at the suture
as in jamrachi and Amoria turneri (Griffith and Pidgeon,
1834).

Some of the largest and finest Amoria ellioti we have ever
seen have been taken by Mr. and Mrs. Pat Sevmour at ex-
treme low tide from the vast, sandy tidal flats off Port Hed-
land, Western Australia.

Amoria (Amoria) grayi Ludbrook, 1953
(Plate 63H, 631, and 63J; Figure 34)

1834 Voluta pallida Griffith and Pidgeon, Cuvier's Animal King-
dom 12:601, pi. 30, fig. 4 (no localitv given) [non Voluta
pallida Linnaeus, 1767, in Marginellidae (jide Goan,
1965)] [holotype, British Museum (Natural History),
London].

1845 Voluta pallida Gray, Sowerbv, Thesaurus Conch vliorurn

Figure 34: .Amoria (.Amoria) grayi Ludbrook. 19.53.
Three views of radular teeth, a. Dorsal view, h, Semiprolile.
c. Profile. Bells Bav. north of Carnarvon. 600 miles north ol
Perth, Western Australia (bv Turner).

153

SCAPHELLINAE

1(5):196, 197, pi. 53, fig. 91 (New Holland [Australia])
[non fig. 94, = Amvria damonii Gray, 1864; non fig. 93,
= Valuta volva Ginelin, 1791; non fig. 92, = Amoria
jamrachi Gray, 1864; non Valuta pallida Linnaeus, 1767,
in Marginellidae].

1849 Valuta rolva Chemnitz, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 24, pi. 11, fig. 24 (Mouth of Swan River,
Australia) [non Voluta volva Gmelin, 1791].

1855a Amoria tumeri Grav, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):64
(jrars) [non Voluta tumeri Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834].

1864 Amoria tumeri pallida Grav. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)14:
237.

1864 Voluta {Amoria) volva Chemnitz, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1);53.

1871 Voluta volva Chemnitz, Crosse. Journal de Conchvliologie
(3)19:290.

1882 Voluta [Amoria) volva Gmelin, Trvon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:93, pi. 28, fig. 90.

1914 Scaphella volva Gmelin, Iredale, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(3):667.

1942 Amoria pallida pallida (Gray), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 52, pi. 4, fig. 33; pi. 5. fig. 43.

1949 Amoria pallida pallida Grav. Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9(2);193.

1953 Amoria (Amoria) grayi Ludbrook, Proc. Malac. Soc. London
30:136, 137, pi. i4, figs. 4, 5 (mouth of the River Swan,
Western Australia).

1961 Amoria (Amoria) grayi Ludbrook, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 9(3);1. 8, front page plate, figs. 3, 4.

1963 Amoria (Amoria) grayi Ludbrook, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:104,
pi. 86, fig. 9.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1952.3.21.1.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Reeve (1849)
to the mouth of the Swan River, Western Australia, Australia.

Range: Bunburv, south Western Australia, to Cambridge
Gulf, Northern Territory, Australia — a distance of approxi-
mately 1600 miles.

Habitat: At the southern end of its distribution, that is,
the Bunbury to Shark Bav area, this species prefers deeper
water (5 to 25 fathoms), where it lives in a substrate com-
posed of a mixture of sand, broken shells, and mud. From
Maud’s Landing, Point Maud, north to Cambridge Gulf,
Western Australia, Amoria grayi may be found burrowing
under sand on exposed tidal flats where the tidal fluctuation
is from 2 to 3 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 45 to 100 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell ranges from small to rather large
in size and is solid. It is elongate-ovate, with a low, pointed
spire. Protoconch is large, smooth, and roundly conical, with
about five slightly convex whorls. The tip of the protoconch is
white, turning to grayish-brown with a subsutural white
band on later whorls. Teleoconch is smooth and has about
three convex whorls. The adult body whorl is large and tapers
anteriorly. Suture is indented. Aperture is large and wide;
interior color is coffee. Siphonal notch is narrow and deep;

fasciole is well defined by a ridge. Columella is straight,
with four strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Base color is
grayish to creamy-white, sometimes with two obscure, light-
brown bands composed of short, linear, brown lines en-
circling the adult body whorl (see Plate 63J). On specimens
taken along the northern coastal range, these encircling bands
disappear.

Animal and radlla: According to Turner (1969, in litt.),
the animal is the same color as the shell. The tentacles are
long and broad, with large black eyes on the large lobes at
the base. Siphon has large lobes at its base. The vas deferens
is imbedded in the intromittent organ and in the body wall,
where it shows as a ridge extending posteriorly along the
right-hand side to the posterior end of the mantle cavity.

The radula is Y shaped, similar to that figured for the genus
Scaphella Swainson, 1832 (see Figure 34); and, as in
Amorena exoptanda (Reeve, 1849), it is more three dimen-
sional than the flatter radula found in Scaphella.

Remarks: According to Ludbrook (1953), the synonymy of
this species has been hopelessly confused in the past, the
shell being generally known as either Voluta pallida Gray,
1834 (= Voluta pallida Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834) or
Voluta volva Gmelin, 1791. Ludbrook was greatly indebted
to Dr. Thorson of the Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen,
for the loan of the holotype of volva from the Spengler Col-
lection, enabling ber to prove that the species known as
pallida is distinct from volva. The name pallida was already
employed for another shell by Linnaeus, 1767. Gray himself
introduced in the synonymy of pallida the name "Voluta
grayi Sowerby.” Although it was not valid as from Gray
because of the mode of its introduction, the name grayi was
validated by Ludbrook in 1953 and is currently used to
replace Voluta pallida Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834, a junior
homonym of Voluta pallida Linnaeus, 1767, in Marginel-
lidae.

There are two variants exhibited by this moderately com-
mon species that are worthy of note: the first has two rather
narrow bands of short, linear, brown lines on the body
wborl of subadult specimens (and sometimes adult speci-
mens). This variant is found at the southern end of the
coastal range of grayi. The second is a dwarf population
living in shallow water near Point Maud, central Western
Australia. Anatomical comparisons made by Dr. McMichael
between the dwarf specimens and typical grayi showed no
significant differences to warrant separation of any nature.

Amoria (Amoria) guttata McMichael, 1964
(Plate 65G and 65H)

1964 Amoria guttata McMichael, Rec. South Australian Mus. 26
(8);269, pi. 28 (top 2 shells) [south of Cairns, Queensland
(Australia)].

1964e Amoria guttata McMichael, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
12(10):5, fig. 1.

154

Amoria

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C63998.

Type locality: South of Cairns, Queensland, Australia.

Range: Known only from the general area surrounding the
type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in about 20 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 45 to 60 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and solid. It
is elongate, with a short, pointed spire. Protoconch is smooth
and conical, with about three and a half whorls; its color is
fawn with a white subsutural band. The teleoconch has about
two and a half almost straight whorls, slightly impressed at
the suture. Aperture is slender; interior bluish-white. Outer
lip is simple, margined on the inside with light brown.
Siphonal notch is narrow and deep; fasciole present. Colu-
mella is glazed, with four strong, oblique, anterior plaits.
Base color is white overlaid with brown, the white appearing
as scattered, irregular markings covering the entire surface
but concentrated in the areas between four dark-brown en-
circling bands that appear on the adult bodv whorl.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: How such a distinct and beautiful species could
remain unknown to science for such a long time is indeed a
mystery. It was discovered by Mr. Tom Nielsen in 1963,
and since then numerous specimens have been taken by
dredging.

The narrowly ovate shape and distinctive color set guttata
apart from all other species in the genus Amoria.

Amoria (Amoria) jamrachi Gray, 1864
(Plate 65C and 65D)

1845 Valuta pallida Gray, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1(5):196, 197, pi. 53, fig. 92 [New Holland (Australia)]
[non fig. 91, = Amoria grayi Ludbrook, 1953; non fig.
93, = Valuta volva Gmelin, 1791; non fig. 94, = Amoria
damonii Gray, 1864; non Valuta pallida Linnaeus, 176;,
in Marginellidae {fide Goan, 1965)].

1864 Amoria tumeri jamrachi Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)14:
236 (no locality given).

1879 Valuta tumeri var. jamrachi [sic] Gray, Petterd, Journal of
Gonchology 2:343.

1887 Valuta jamrachi Gray, Sowerby, Thesaurus Gonchyliorum
5(44), 2nd suppL, p. 298, pi. 14, fig. 142.

1942 Amoria jamrachi Gray, M. Smith. A Review of the Volutidae.
p. 51, pi. 24, fig. 164.

1949 Amoria jamrachi Gray, Cotton, Rec. South Australian Mus.
9(2);193.

1953 Amoria (Amoria) jamrachi Gray, Ludbrook, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 30:137, 138, pi. 18, figs. 5, 6 (North-\^ est
Australia).

1960d Amoria (Amoria) tumeri Gray, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
8(12):1, figs. 4, 5 [non Valuta tumeri Griffith and
Pidgeon, 1834].

1960e Amoria (Amoria) tumeri Grav, Weaver, ihid., 9(2):1,
figs. 7, 8.

1962g Amoria jamrachi Gray, Weaver, ibid.. 10(11):4, figs. 6-9.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1859.7.25.1.

Type locality: Subsequently designated by Ludbrook
(1953) as Northwest Australia. Here restricted to Enderbv
Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, where
several live specimens have been collected.

Range: Roughly from North West Cape to Cape Leveque,
Western Australia — a distance of about 700 miles.

Habitat: Live specimens were taken during the 1960
Hawaiian-Western Australian Expedition between Enderby
Island and Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. Thev
were all dredged on the continental shelf in 10 to 20 fathoms
(Weaver, 1960e). The bottom was generally a mixture of
sand, mud, and broken shells. Farther north, at Pender Bay,
Amoria jamrachi are found on exposed tidal flats. Apparently
the vertical distribution of the species rises in the warmer
waters at the northern end of its range.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 55 to 70 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and solid. It
is rectangularly ovate, with a low, rounded spire. Protoconch
is smooth, rather large, and papilliform. Its color is cream,
and it has about four whorls. Teleoconch is smooth, of about
two whorls. The adult body whorl is large. The suture of
the last whorl becomes channeled as it reaches the aperture.
Aperture is large, widening anteriorly; interior color is coffee.
Outer lip is simple and beveled. Siphonal notch is wide and
shallow; fasciole present. Columella is almost straight, with
four (rarely five) narrow, oblique, anterior plaits. Base color
is creamy-white, overlaid with narrow, longitudinal, brown
bands that varv in their degree of waviness and the distance
separating them. Typically, these lines are widely spaced (3
to 4 mm apart), are rather straight, and coalesce at the suture,
where a dark spot marks their junction.

Animal and radula: The following description of the live
animal was made by Weaver aboard the motor vessel
Davina: The base of the foot is pinkish-gray rimmed with
white. Top of the foot is white with radiating forklike dis-
connected lines of reddish-brown. Siphon is encircled with
broad rings of reddish-brown. The eyestalks are white, with
one Y-shaped, longitudinal, brown line at the tip.

Remarks: The deeplv channeled suture of the adult body
whorl and the stoutly rectangular outline of adult jamrachi
are morphological characteristics that help differentiate it
from such allied species as Amoria macandreid (Sowerhv
III, 1887), Amoria ellioti (Sowerby 11. 1864). and the
northern Australian Amoria tumeri (Griffith and Pidgeon.
1834). all of which bear longitudinal lines that look similar.

A northern population of jamrachi at Pender Bav has a
base that is brownish-cream, with narrower and more
numerous longitudinal lines than are found in typical

155

SCAPHELLINAE

southern populations. However, they can be identified as
jamrachi by the two morphological characteristics mentioned
previously.

Amoria (Amoria) macandrewi
(Sowerbj III, 1887)

{Plate 65A and 65B)

1887 Valuta macandrewi Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 5
(44), 2nd suppl., p. 297, pi. 14, figs. 140, 141 (Barrow
Island. Western Australia).

1942 Amoria macandrewi (Sowerbv), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae. p. 52, pi. 5. fig. 45.

1949 Amorena macandrewi (Sowerby), Cotton, Rec. South
Australian Mus. 9(2):191.

1953 Amoria (Amoria) macandrewi (Sowerbv), Ludbrook, Proc.

Malac. Soc. London 30:139, pi. 15, figs. 11, 12.

1960e Amoria (Amoria) macandrewi (Sowerbv), Weaver, Hawaiian
Shell News 9(2):1, 7, front page plate, figs. 5, 6.

1963d Amoria (Amoria) macandrewi Sowerbv, Weaver, ibid., 11
(10) :6, figs. 1, 2.

1963 Amoria (Amoria) macandrewi Sowerby, Shikama et
Horikoshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:103, 104, pi. 86, fig. 7.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1903.11.5.2.

Type locality: Barrow Island, Western Australia, Australia.

Range: Known only from the general area surrounding the
type locality.

Habitat: Live specimens have recently been collected on
Barrow Island in 1 fathom of water at low tide on a coral and
sand bottom (Barker, in lilt.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 50 to 91 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and not heavy.
It is ovate, with a low, rounded spire. Protoconch is smooth
and papilliform, with about three whorls. Teleoconch is
smooth, of about two whorls, impressed at the suture which
becomes slightly channeled at the aperture. Aperture is
large and inflated; interior color is coffee. Outer lip is simple,
slightly thickened, and beveled. Siphonal notch is deep;
fascicle is well defined. Columella is almost straight, with
four narrow, oblique, anterior plaits. Base color is a creamy-
white overlaid with widely spaced (4 mm apart), longitudinal,
brown, zigzag lines, which are sometimes interrupted.

Animal and radula: According to Mr. George Barker {in
litL), the mantle has yellow stripes on a blue-gray back-
ground.

Remarks: This species has often been confused with the
white color form of Amorena undulata (Lamarck, 1804),
which also has axial undulating lines. Amoria macandrewi
has a large, smooth, papilliform protoconch, in contrast to
the small, irregularly coiled protoconch of undulata. The
columellar plaits in the latter species are much stronger and
less angled than those in macandrewi.

The species was named for Mr. J. J. MacAndrew, from

whose collection Sowerby borrowed the holotype for his
description.

Amoria {Amoria) maculata (Swainson, 1822)

{Plates 65K, 65L, 65M, and 70 [bottom];
Figure 33 b)

1822 Valuta maculata Swainson, Bligh Catalogue, App., p. 11
(no locality given).

1832 Scaphella maculata Swainson, Zoological Illustrations 2(2),
pi. 87.

1841 Scaphella maculata Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second
edition by Hanley, p. 23, pi. 38.

1845 Valuta maculata Swainson, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchylio-
runi 1(5);196, pi. 53, figs. 85, 86.

1849 Valuta maculata Swainson, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 30, pi. 13, fig. 30.

1855a Amoria maculata Swainson, Gray, Proc. Zook Soc. London
(23):64.

1864 Amoria tumeri maculata Swainson, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (3)14:237.

1882 Valuta maculata Swainson, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:93, pi. 25, fig. 59.

1924 Scaphella caroli Iredale, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales
49(3):258 (no locality given).

1942 Amoria caroli (Iredale), M. Smith, A Review of the Voluti-
dae, p. 50, pi. 4, figs. 36, 40.

1953 Amoria (Amoria) caroli (Iredale), Ludbrook, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 30:132, pi. 16, figs. 5, 6 (Port Denison,
North Queensland [Australia]).

1961 Amoria caroli Iredale, Rippingale and McMichael, Queens-
land and Great Barrier Reef Shells, p. 116, pi. 15, fig. 11.
1963a Amoria maculata (Swainson), Weaver, Provisional Species
List of Living Volutidae, p. 4, footnote #4.

1963 Amoria (Hmoria) macuZata (Swainson), Shikama et Horikoshi,

Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:104,
pi. 46, fig. 10.

1964 Amoria maculata (Swainson), McMichael, Rec. Australian

Mus. 26(8):266.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1837.12.1.82 (Broderip Collection).

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Ludbrook
(1953) to Port Denison, northern Queensland, Australia.

Range: From northern New South Wales, north to Cairns,
Queensland, Australia — a distance of approximately 1000
miles. A possible range extension eastward to Lord Howe
Island was reported by McMichael (1964).

Habitat: From the littoral to 40 fathoms on a sandy sub-
strate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 50 to 75 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is moderate in size and not
heavy. It is elongate, with a short, rounded spire. Protoconch
is smooth, large, and papilliform, with about four and a half
whorls. Teleoconch is smooth, of about two and a half whorls,
slightly impressed at the suture. Aperture is long and rather
narrow and widens anteriorly. Outer lip is slightly thickened
and beveled. Siphonal notch is wide and rather shallow;

156

Anioria

fascicle is defined by a ridge. Columella is almost straight,
with four (rarely five or six) sharply angled, anterior plaits.
Color is variable. Typically, the base color is creamy-white
with about four revolving bands of longitudinal, brown- or
tawny-colored lines. On deep-water specimens from off
Fraser Island these longitudinal lines coalesce into dark
orange-red bands, the posterior band having a wavy, flame-
like appearance. Sometimes there is a narrow, pale-yellow
band just above the body whorl suture.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1964), an
animal of Amoria maculata taken in 30 fathoms, 12 miles
east of Fraser Island, Queensland, is brilliantly colored with
alternating reddish-orange and cream radial bands around
the edge of the foot; these bands split and interjoin somewhat
on the body. The head is striped longitudinally, but the
tentacles and proboscis are cross striped in the same color
pattern. The siphon has long appendages, and the radula con-
sists of about 137 typically Y-shaped teeth (see Figure 33b,
page 149).

Remarks: This is probably the most common species in
Amoria. Known for years under the synonym caroli Iredale,
1924, its closest relative is Amoria spenceriana (Gatliff,
1908). It differs from that species in three respects: the spire
is higher; the base of the aperture is more attenuated; and
the columellar plaits are stronger and more numerous.
Furthermore, the color pattern is not the same (compare
Plate 65K, 65L, and 65M with Plate 651 and 65 J).

Iredale (1924) introduced caroli as a replacement for
maculata Swainson, which he thought was preoccupied by
maculata Meuschen. When Meuschen’s work was rejected
as nonbinomial by the International Commission on Zoo-
logical Nomenclature, Swainson’s name again became avail-
able.

Amoria (Amoria) praetexta (Reeve, 1849)
(Plate 65E and 65F)

1849 Valuta praetexta Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6, Valuta sp.

29, pi. 12, figs. 29a, 29b (North Australia).

1864 Valuta {Amaria) praetexta Reeve. Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1):53.

1864a Valuta praetexta Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
3(23), 1st suppl., p. 271, pi. 11, fig. 125.

1864 Amoria turneri cumingi Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)14:

237 (Australia) [holotype, British Museum (Natural
History), London].

1882 Valuta praetexta Reeve, Tryon, Manual of Conchology (1)4:

94, pi. 28, fig. 94 [nan fig. 96, = Amaria damanii Gray,
1864].

1942 Amoria praetexta (Reeve), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 53, pi. 6, fig. 47.

1953 Amoria {Amaria) praetexta (Reeve), Ludbrook, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 30:140, pi. 15, figs. 7, 8.

1%1 Amoria (Amoria) praetexta (Reeve). Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 9(3):1, 8, figs. 5, 6.

1963 Amoria (Amoria) praetexta (Reeve), Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:10.3,
pi. 86, fig. 3.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1952.3.21.5.

Type locality: "North Australia.” Here restricted to Long
Island, North West Cape, central Western Australia,
Australia, where Dr. Thomas Richert and Mr. Clifton Weaver
collected 14 specimens.

Range: Point Quobba, central Western Australia, in a north-
easterly direction to Broome, north Western Australia — a
distance of approximately 750 miles.

Habitat: From the littoral to about 25 fathoms on a sandy
substrate.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 45 to 67 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is relatively small and not heavy.
It is elongate, with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch is smooth
and papilliform, with about three flesh-colored, convex
whorls. Teleoconch is smooth, of about two whorls, slightly
indented at the suture. Aperture is long and rather narrow;
interior color is coffee. Outer lip is simple and beveled.
Siphonal notch is broad and shallow; fasciole is well defined
by a ridge. Columella is almost straight, with four narrow,
oblique, anterior plaits. Color is light golden-brown with
the cream base color showing through as triangular, tentlike
markings covering the entire shell. Three bands, composed
of widely spaced, short, dark-brown, linear lines, encircle
the body whorl; one such band is situated anterior of the
suture.

Animal and radula: The following description of the living
animal was made by Weaver aboard the motor vessel Davina:
"The top of the foot is white with radiating orange lines
(some forked). On the posterior part of the foot the white is
tinted with yellow. Siphon is orange encircled with yellow-
bands. Tentacles are similarly marked but with narrower
bands of brighter yellow. Bottom of the foot is pinkish,
rimmed with white.”

Remarks: The most distinguishing shell characteristic of
this uncommon species is its cloth-of-gold, reticulated color
pattern, not found in any other species in Amoria.

Amoria (Amoria) spenceriana (Gatliff, 1908)
(Plate 651 and 65J)

1908 Valuta (.Amoria) spenceriana Gatliff. \ ictorian Naturalist 25
(5):84. pi. 4 (North Queensland (Australia)].

1910 Scaphella spenceriana Gatliff. Hedlev. Australasian Assor.
Adv. Sci. (1909) 12:362.

1942 Amoria spenceriana Gatliff. M. Smith. Review of the
Volutidae. p. .54. pi. 25. fig. 176.

1953 .Amoria (.Amaria) spenceriana (fiatliff). Ludbrook. Proc.

Malac. Soc. London .30:141. 142. pi. 18. figs. .. 8.

1961 Amoria spenceriana (iatlifi. Rippingale and McMichael.

(.iueensland and Great Barrier Reef Shells, p. 116. pi. 1.5.
fig. 16.

1964f .Amoria spenceriana (Gatliff). \X eaver. Hawaiian Shell News
12(10):6. figs. 1. 2.

157

SCAPHELLINAE

Type: Holotype, Gatliff Collection, National Museum of
Victoria, Melbourne, No. F455.

Type locality: Northern Queensland, Australia.

Range: Little is known of the range of this very rare species
except for the vague type locality originally given by Gatliff
as "North Queensland."

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 45 to 55 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather small and solid. It is
rectangularly elongate, with a short, rounded spire. Proto-
conch is smooth and papilliform, with about four and a half
whorls. Teleoconch is smooth, of about two whorls; the adult
body whorl expands posteriorly. The impressed suture on
the penultimate whorl is partly covered with a callus. The
suture becomes slightly channeled as it reaches the outer lip.
Aperture is not wide and flares posteriorly. Outer lip is
simple and curves upward toward the suture. Siphonal notch
is wide and shallow; fasciole is well defined by a ridge.
Columella is sinuate, with diree (rarely four) rather weak,
oblique, posterior plaits. Base color is creamy-white with
scattered, irregular, longitudinal, brown, linear markings
forming five ill-defined bands. Some brown dots appear below
the suture.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Amoria spenceriana differs from its closest rela-
tive, Amoria maculata (Swainson, 1822), in these respects:
the spire is lower; the body whorl is expanded posteriorly;
the outer lip curves upward to the suture; and generally there
are only three columellar plaits, as compared with four or
more in maculata.

The American Museum of Natural History in New York
had a specimen with a fourth, very weak posterior plait; it
was identified bv Ludbrook as spenceriana. This shell is now
in the John duPont Collection, Delaware Museum of Natural
History, Greenville, Delaware (see Plate 651 and 65J).

There are probably only seven known specimens of this
extremely rare species in museums and private collections.
Ludbrook (1953) lists four in Australia: three of these are
in the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, and one is
in the Australian Museum, Sydney. McMichael (1964) lists
one in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. We are
listing the one mentioned above in the Delaware Museum of
Natural History and one other in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York.

Amoria (Amoria) turneri (Griffith and
Pidgeon, 1834)

(Plate 66A, 66B, and 66C; Figure 33c)

1834 Valuta turneri Griffith and Pidgeon, Cuvier's Animal King-
dom 12:601, pi. 40, fig. 1 (Western Australia).

1849 Valuta turneri Gray, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6, Valuta
sp. 27, pi. 12, figs. 27a, 27b.

1855a Amoria turneri Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):64 (pars).
1864 Amoria turneri Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)14:237.

1864 Amoria turneri broderipi Gray, ibid., p. 237 (Australia) [nan
Valuta broderipii Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834].

1864a Valuta turneri Gray, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 3
(23), 1st suppl., p. 271, pi. 11, fig. 12a.

1882 Valuta turneri Gray, Tryon, Manual of Conchology (1)4:92,
pi. 27, fig. 85 [non pi. 30, fig. 123, = Valuta ellioti
Sowerby II, 1864]; pi. 2, fig. 5 (radular tooth).

1942 Amoria pallida turneri (Gray), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 53, pi. 14, fig. 105a.

1949 Amoria newmanae Cotton, Rec. South Australian Mus. 9(2):

192, pi. 13, (north Western Australia) [holotype, South
Australian Museum, Adelaide].

1953 Amoria (Amoria) turneri (Gray), Ludbrook, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 30:142-144, pi. 15, figs. 1-6.

1957a Amoria newmanae Cotton, Australian Recent and Tertiary
Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae, 3rd un-
numbered page, fig. 8.

1961 Amoria turneri Gray, Rippingale and McMichael, Queensland
and Great Barrier Reef Shells, p. 116, pi. 15, fig. 12.
1962g Amoria turneri (Gray), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News 10
(11):4, 5, figs. 1-5.

1963 Amoria (Amoria) turneri broderipi Gray, Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:103, pi. 86, fig. 1 [non Valuta broderipii
Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834].

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1952.3.21.4.

Type locality: "Western Australia.” Here restricted to
Torres Strait, northern Queensland, Australia.

Range: From Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, north Western
Australia, eastward to Torres Strait, north Queensland,
Australia — a distance of approximately 2000 miles. Amoria
turneri is also found on the south coast of New Guinea.

Habitat: From 5 to 25 fathoms on a sandy substrate.
Dimensions: Adult specimens are 40 to 57 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is variable in color pattern. It is
of medium size and is not heavy. It is elongate, with a rela-
tively high, blunt spire. Protoconch is smooth, papilliform,
and fawn colored, with about four slightly convex whorls.
Teleoconch is smooth, with from two to two and a half convex
whorls, impressed at the suture. Aperture is relatively narrow
with a slightly thickened outer lip. Columella is nearly,
straight, with four narrow, oblique plaits. Siphonal notch
is wide and shallow; fasciole is defined by a weak ridge. Ac-
cording to the coloration represented by Griffith and
Pidgeon’s holotype, the base color is white, overlaid with
orange-brown, zigzag lines (about 2 mm apart) running the
length of each whorl and sometimes coalescing. Short, brown,
linear lines appear below the suture. Two widely spaced
bands of orange spots appear on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: The radula is typically Y shaped (see
Figure 33c, page 149).

Remarks: Amoria turneri is extremely variable in color pat-
tern throughout its geographical range. These color variants

158

Amoria

are not subspecies. Ludbrook (1953) recognizes three main
variants:

Zigzag variant. This variant was originally bgured by
Griffith and Pidgeon as the holotype. The pattern is one of
undulating, zigzag, axial lines about 2 mm apart which oc-
casionally coalesce. The species that was described as Amoria
neumanae Cotton, 1949 is this form.

Fine-lined variant (see Plate 66C). This is the variant
described by Gray (1864) as the subspecies Amoria tumeri
broderipi. It is marked with narrow and slightly angular,
sinuated, axial lines about 0.5 to 1 mm apart.

Coarse-lined variant. This variant was figured by Reeve
(1849) as Valuta tumeri and since then interpreted, incor-
rectly, as the typical foim of the species. The axial lines are
about 4 mm apart and are correspondingly wider and
stronger.

The base color of Cotton’s variant, newmanae, is bluish-
white; that of Gray’s variant, broderipi, is a pale creamv-
brown.

This rather common species is closely allied to several
other longitudinally lined Amoria, particularly Amoria
jamrachi Gray, 1864 and Amoria ellioti (Sowerby II, 1864),
from which it differs bv its narrower shape and smaller size,
as well as by its shallower suture.

Amoria (Amoria) volva (Gmelin, 1791)
(Plate 66D and 66E)

1791 Valuta volva Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13. p. 3457
(Guinea).

1839 Valuta pallida Gray var., Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Valuta 3, pi. 48, fig. 2 (2 views) [non fig. 1, = Amoria
grayi Ludbrook, 1953; non Valuta pallida Linnaeus,
1767, in Margined idae (fide Goan, 1965)].

1845 Valuta pallida Gray, Sowerby, Thesaurus Gonchvliorum 1
(5):196 (pars), pi. 53, fig. 93 [non fig. 91, = Amoria
grayi Ludbrook, 1953; non fig. 92, = Amoria jamrachi
Gray, 1864; non fig. 94, = Amoria damonii Gray, 1864;
non Valuta pallida Linnaeus, 1767, in Marginellidae (fide
Goan, 1965)].

1953 Amoria (Amoria) volva Gmelin, Ludbrook, Proc. Malac. Soc.

London 30:144, 145, pi. 16, figs. 1^.

1961 Amoria volva Gmelin, Rippingale and McMichael, Queens-
land and Great Barrier Reef Shells, p. 116, pi. 15, fig. 15.

Type; Holotype, Spengler Collection, Zoologiske Museum,
Copenhagen, Denmark.

Type locality: "Guinea.” Restricted by Ludbrook (1953)
to Cooktown, north Queensland, Australia.

Range: From Cooktown, north Queensland, Australia, prob-
ably as far north as New Guinea.

Habitat; From 1 to 4 fathoms on a coral sand substrate
(Nielsen, in litt).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 55 to 70 mm in length.
Shell description: Shell is of moderate size and biconic.

with a short, blunt spire. Protoconch is smooth, papilliform,
and fawn colored, with about four narrow, convex whorls,
with impressed suture. Teleoconch is smooth, of about two
whorls. The adult body whorl is large and slender. Aperture
is not wide; outer lip is thickened. Siphonal notch is wide
and shallow; fasciole present. Columella is slightly curved,
with four oblique plaits. In the holotvpe the base color is
cream overlaid with light-chestnut, triangular reticulations.
Three bands of flexuous, dark-brown splashes appear on the
adult body whorl. More often the shell is a unihuin cream
color.

We have illustrated here the unicolored, creamy-white
form of volva from oh Cairns, northern (^lueensland, Australia
(see Plate 66D and 66E).

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: For years this taxon has been incorrectly identified
with Amoria grayi Ludbrook, 1953. Amoria volva was
named, figured, and described by Chemnitz from a specimen
in the Spengler Collection; the Chemnitz name was later
validated bv Gmelin in 1791. As Chemnitz’s figure closely
suggests the species later described bv Griffith and Pidgeon
(1834) as Valuta pallida [non Valuta pallida Linnaeus,
1767], almost all authors have assumed that volva is synony-
mous with pallida Griffith and Pidgeon.

Through the courtesy of Dr. Thorson of the Zoologiske
Museum, Copenhagen, Dr. Ludbrook was able to examine
and photograph the holotvpe of volva. She found that it was
not a specimen of grayi but a valid species unto itself.

There are three typically marked specimens of volva in
the British Musemn (Natural History), London. Vi e have
seen only the uncommon, uniformlv cream-colored form from
off Cooktown, northern Queensland, Australia.

Subgenus Amorena Iredale, 1929

1929b Amorena Iredale. Rec. Australian Mus. 17(4): 180. 189.
1953 Amorena Iredale, Ludbrook, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 30:
145-148, pi. 16, fig. 7; pi. 17. figs. 3. 4.

Type species: Valuta undulata Lamarck, 1804; bv original
designation; Recent, ,'Vustralia.

Distribution: The four living species in this subgenus are
found from Albany, south Western Australia, eastward to
Eden, New South W ales, Australia, and including Tasmania.
Thev have a bathymetric range from the littoral to 2.50
fathoms. Their degree of abundance varies from the common
Amorena undulata (Lamarck. 1804) to the ratlier rare
Amorena exoptanda (Reeve. 1849).

Diagnosis: Shells are small to moderately large (28 to 122
mm in length), ovately fusiform, and generally solid. Proto-
conch is large f)r medium, smooth or with irregularly coiled,
convex whorls. The whorls are strongly impressed at tlie
suture, which is sometimes covered bv a thin callus. The
four columellar plaits are strong, and secondary plaits are
often present between the normal plaits.

159

SCAPHELLINAE

The radula, where known, is typically Y shaped (see
Figures 33d, 33e, and 35 — pages 149 and 160).

Remarks: Amorena differs from Amoria s. s. in having a
smaller, irregularly coiled protoconch and stronger, less
oblique, columellar plaits, often with secondary plaits be-
tween the normal ones. It differs from Relegamoria in that
it lacks an inner lip callus and a callus above the last posterior
plait. Furthermore, the first protoconch whorl in Amorena is
not pointed as it is in Relegamoria. It differs from Zebramoria
in having a much larger, papilliform protoconch (that of
Zebramoria is small and pupiform) and in lacking the axial
ribs often present on the early teleoconch whorls of
Zebramoria.

Amoria (Amorena) benthalis McMichael, 1964
{Plate 66H and 661)

1964 Amoria (Amorena) benthalis McMichael. Rec. South
Australian Mus. 26(8):271. pi. 28 (bottom 2 figs.) [off
Cape Moreton. Moreton Island, Queensland (Australia)].
1964e Amoria (Amorena) benthalis McMichael, Weaver, Hawaiian
Shell News 12(10):5, figs. 2-5.

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C63999.

Type locality: Off Cape Moreton, Moreton Island, Queens-
land, Australia.

Range: Known only from the area surrounding the tvpe
locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 80 to 100 fathoms on a sandy substrate
(Nielsen, in lift.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 28 to 38 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small and not heavy. It is
ovate and has a short, blunt spire. Protoconch is medium
in size. It is bluntly conical with whorls that are slightly ir-
regular; its color is creamy-brown, and it has about two
whorls with an impressed suture covered by a thin callus.
Teleoconch is smooth, of about two and a half whorls. Aper-
ture is wide; interior color is orange. Outer lip is thickened.
Siphonal notch is rather shallow; fasciole weak. Columella is
slightlv curved, with four rather strong, somewhat oblique,
anterior plaits. Base color is cream overlaid with numerous,
fine, reddish-brown, undulating lines about 1 to 2 mm apart.
An encircling cloudy-brown band appears just below the
suture and at the anterior tip; in the area between there are
two spiral bands of brown blotches.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: This small, rather rare, deep-water species
resembles, in miniature, Amorena undulata (Lamarck, 1804),
particularly with respect to its color pattern of undulating,
longitudinal lines and its shape; but it differs in that it has a
bluntly conical protoconch in contrast to the irregularly
coiled, papilliform protoconch of undulata. The columellar
plaits in benthalis are also much weaker and more oblique;

moreover, they lack the secondary plaits between the pri-
maries. Recent dredging has supplied most museums with
examples of benthalis.

Amoria (Amorena) exoptanda (Reeve, 1849)
(Plate 66F and 66G; Figure 35)

1849 Valuta exoptanda Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6, Valuta sp.

22, pi. 10, figs. 22a, 22b (Port Lincoln, South Australia).
1864a Valuta exoptanda, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 3(23),
1st suppl., p. 271, pi. 12, fig. 136.

1882 Valuta exoptanda Sowerby, Tryon, Manual of Conchology
(1)4:91, pi. 26, fig. 72.

1942 Aulica exoptanda (Sowerbv), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 36, pi. 14, fig. 100.

1957a Amoria exoptanda Sowerby, Cotton, Australian Recent and
Tertiary Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae, 3rd
unnumbered page, fig. 7.

1964 Amoria (Amorena) exoptanda (Reeve), McMichael, Rec.
Australian Mus. 26(8) :270.

1966 Amorena exoptanda (Reeve), Clover, Hawaiian Shell News
14(14) ;8, text fig.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1952.3.21.3.

Type locality: Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia.
Range: The coastal waters of South Australia, Australia.

Habitat: In 6 to 10 fathoms on a substrate of gravel (Jay,
in litt.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 85 to 105 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is rather large and solid. It is
ovate, with a low, bluntly conical spire. Protoconch is smooth,
large, and papilliform, of about four and a half slightly

Figure 35: Amoria (Amorena) exoptanda (Reeve, 1849).
Three views of radular teeth, a. Dorsal view, b. Semiprofile,
c. Profile. From a specimen taken off Normanville, Yankalilla
Bay, Australia (by Turner).

160

Amoria

irregular whorls, indented at the suture. Teleoconch is
smooth, of about three whorls. The adult hody whorl is large
and swollen at the shoulder. Aperture is gaping; outer lip is
thickened. Siphonal notch is wide and deep; fasciole present.
Columella is sinuate, with four strong, anterior plaits, the
posterior plait set almost at right angles to the vertical axis
of the shell. Base color is rosy-white, densely and longi-
tudinally covered with hne, closely spaced, chestnut-red, zig-
zag (and often interrupted) lines running the full length of
the whorls and producing a tentlike pattern.

Animal and radula: According to Turner (1969, in litt.),
the foot, head, siphon, and intromittent organ of exoptanda
are bright orange with a pattern of white polka dots. There is
a conspicuous open canal, as is seen in Cymbiola (Aulica),
which connects the intromittent organ with the prostate
gland. The intromittent organ is paddle shaped, broad distally,
and connected to the body by a narrow neck. The tentacles
are large and there are large, black eyes at the base. The
siphon is short and has two short, broad lobes at the base.
The anterior end of the digestive tract is similar to that
figured for the Zidoninae [Clench and Turner, 1964] except
that the tubular salivary glands are not as intimately coiled
with the racemose glands.

The radula is Y shaped, similar to that figured for Scaphella
except that it is more three-dimensional, whereas in Scaphella
the radulae are much flatter (see Figures 31 and 35 — pages
141 and 160).

Remarks: This species is one of striking beauty. It does not
appear to have any closely related taxa. Although it is still
quite rare, scuba divers occasionally bring them in.

Amoria (Amorena) sclateri (Cox, 1869)
{Plate 66J and 66K)

1869 Valuta sclateri Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (2);358, pi. 26,
fig. 3 [Bass Strait (between Victoria and Tasmania,
Australia)].

1871a Valuta kingi Cox, Journal de Conchyliologie (3)19:76, pi.

4, fig. 2 [King Island (Bass Strait, Australia)] [holotype,
the Australian Museum, Sydney].

1879 Valuta undulata var. sclateri Cox, Petterd, Journal of Conch-
ology 2:342.

1879 Valuta undulata var. kingi Cox, Petterd, ibid., p. 342.

1882 Valuta sclateri Cox, Tryon, Manual of Conchology (1)4:92,
pi. 27, fig. 83.

1882 Valuta kingi Cox, Tryon, ibid., pi. 27, fig. 86.

1887 Valuta kingi Cox, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 5(44),
2nd suppL, p. 299, pi. 15, fig. 146.

1887 Valuta sclateri Cox, Sowerby, ibid., p. 302, pi. 17, fig. 164.

1921 Scaphella undulata var. schlateri [sic] Cox, Mav, Check List

of the Molluska of Tasmania, p. 68.

1921 Scaphella undulata var. kingi Cox, May, ibid., p. 68.

1942 Amoria undulata sclateri (Cox), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 54 (unfigured).

1942 Amoria kingi (Cox), M. Smith, ibid., p. 52, pi. 4, fig. 37.
1949 Amoria sclateri Cox, Cotton, Rec. Soutli Australian Mus.
9(2):191.

1949 Amarena kingi Cox, Cotton, ibid., p. 191.

1953 Amaria {Amorena) sclateri (Cox), Ludbrook. Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 30:147, pi. 16, fig. 7.

1957a Amorena kingi Cox, Cotton, Australian Recent and Tertiary
Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae. 3rd unnum-
bered page, fig. 10.

1963 Amoria (Amoria) schlateri [stcj (Cox), Shikama et Horikoshi,

Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:161.
pi. 83, fig. 5.

1964 Amoria (Amorena) sclateri (Cox), McMichael, Rec. Austral-

ian Mus. 26(8):270.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1903.11.5.16.

Type locality: "Bass Strait," between Victoria and Tas-
mania, Australia.

Range: Restricted to Bass Strait, from South East Point,
Victoria, Australia, to Tasmania — a distance of approximately
100 miles.

Haritat: Dredged in 20 to 30 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 85 to 115 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is moderately large and solid. It
is oblong-ovate, with a short, broadly conical spire, blunt at
the apex. Protoconch is small, smooth, and papilliform, with
about four irregularly coiled, convex whorls. Teleoconch is
smooth, of about three whorls, constricted below the im-
pressed suture and roughly convex above. Aperture is rather
wide; outer lip is thickened. Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole
present. Columella is glazed, with four strong plaits, between
which are sometimes found secondary plaits. A round callus
appears on the parietal area. Shell is a uniform creamy-white,
with short, brown, axial dashes above the suture.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: There is a close affinity between Amorena sclateri
and Amorena undulata (Lamarck, 1804). Pale-colored forms
of the latter, exhibiting barely visible lines, are sometimes
confused with sclateri, but no evidence of intergradation has
been brought to our attention, even though the geographical
ranges of the two species overlap.

In fully adult specimens of sclateri there is usually a rather
large callus on the parietal area not to be found in undulata-,
nor does undulata possess the short, brown, axial dashes
above the suture or the uniform creamy-white color of
sclateri.

Amoria (Amorena) undulata (Lamarck, 1804)

(Plate 71A, 71B, and 71C; Figure 33d and 33e)

1804 Valuta undulata Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d llisl. Nat. .5:1.57.

pi. 12. figs, la, lb [Bass Strait and Maria Island. Tas-
mania (Australia)].

18.39 Valuta undulata Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. (A(juilles \ ivantes.

Valuta 3:52. pi. 44. fig. 1 (2 views).

1841 Scaphella undulata Lamarck. Swainson. F.xotic Conchology.

second edition bv Hanlev. p. 21. pi. 27.

1845 Valuta undulata. .Sowerbv. Thesaurus Conclivlionim 1 (.5):
196. pi. 48. figs. 28. 29.

161

SCAPHELLINAE

1849 Valuta undulata Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 26, pi. 11, fig. 26.

1855a Amaria undulata. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):64.
1864 Valuta (Anwria) undulata Lamarck, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1);52.

1864a Valuta angasii Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 3(23),
1st suppl., pp. 271, 272 [Port Lincoln (South Australia)]
(based on Sowerby, 1845, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1(5),
pi. 48, fig. 29).

1871 Valuta angasii Sowerby, Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie

(3)19:288.

1872 Valuta (Anwria) australiae Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. London

(3);643, pi. 52, fig. 1 [Bass Strait (between Victoria and
Tasmania, Australia)] [holotype, the Australian Museum,
Sydney] .

1882 Valuta undulata Lamarck, Tryon, Manual of Conchology (1)
4:92, pi. 28, figs. 87, 88.

1882 Valuta australiae Cox, Tryon, ibid., p. 91, pi. 26, fig. 73.
1887 Valuta australiae Cox, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum
5(44), 2nd suppl., p. 300, pi. 16, fig. 15.

1912 Scaphella moslemica Hedley, Rec. Australian Mus. 8(3):145,
pi. 43, figs. 29, 30 (East of Sydney in 250 fathoms)
[holotype, the Australian Museum, Svdney].

1918 Scaphella undulata Lamarck, Hedley, Journ. Roy. Soc.

New South Wales 51, suppl., p. M73.

1929b Valuta (Amorena) undulata Lamarck, Iredale, Rec.
Australian Mus. 17 (4): 189.

1932 Amorena undulata Lamarck, Cotton and Godfrey, The

South Australian Naturalist 13(2):47, pi. 2, fig. 1.

1942 Anwria undulata undulata (Lamarck), M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae, p. 54, pi. 6, fig. 52.

1942 Amoria undulata angasii (Sowerby), M. Smith, ibid., p. 54,
pi. 6, fig. 48.

1953 Amoria (Amorena) undulata (Lamarck), Ludbrook, Proc.

Malac. Soc. London 30:145, pi. 17, figs. 3, 4.

1957a Amorena undulata Lamarck, Cotton, Australian Recent and
Tertiary Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae, 3rd
unnumbered page, fig. 9.

1960e Amoria (Amorena) undulata (Lamarck), Weaver, Hawaiian
Shell News 9(2) :1, 7, front page plate, figs. 1, 2.

1961 Amorena undulata Lamarck, Garrard, Journ. Malac. Soc.
Australia (5):20.

1963 Anwria (Amorena) undulata (Lamarck), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:104, pi. 86, fig. 13.

Type: Holotype, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva,
Switzerland; Lamarck Collection No. 38.

Type locality: Here restricted to Maria Island, Tasmania,
Australia.

Range: From Eden, New South Wales, south-southwest
along the Great Australian Bight, probably as far as Albany,
south Western Australia — a distance of approximately 2000
miles. It is also found in the coastal waters surrounding
Tasmania.

Habitat: On sand bars exposed at low tide or in depths to
250 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 80 to 122 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large, solid, and variable in
shape and color pattern. Typically, the shell is oblong-ovate,
with a low, conical spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is

small, smooth, and papilliform, with about four irregularly
coiled, convex whorls. Teleoconch is smooth, of about two
slightly convex whorls. Adult body whorl is large and tapers
anteriorly. Aperture is not wide; interior color is apricot.
Outer lip is thickened. Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole is
well defined. Columella is slanted, with four strong, primary
plaits, between which are often found secondary plaits. Base
color is cream, longitudinally overlaid with angularly wavy,
orange-brown lines about 3 mm apart. Large, brown blotches
sometimes encircle the adult body whorl at the periphery.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1964), the
animal of Amorena undulata is cream colored, with a reddish
pattern of radiating lines, coalescing and splitting, but fairly
widely spaced. The head has two very large tentacles and
large lateral lobes with prominent eyes. The siphon is stout
and muscular with flattened appendages of equal size.

The radula has about 135 typically Y-shaped teeth (see
Figure 33d and 33e, page 149).

Remarks: The color and shape of undulata are extremely
variable. The base color may vary from white to creamy-white
to orange-brown, with the longitudinal reddish-brown lines
changing their angle, spacing, and degree of color intensity.
In one population from Eden, New South Wales, the longi-
tudinal lines have been replaced by commalike dashes, form-
ing four revolving bands on the adult body whorl. Cox (1872)
described this population variant as Valuta australiae.

The shape varies in the degree of shouldering and the
size of the protoconch. Typically, the subgenus Amorena has
a small protoconch compared with those in the subgenus
Amoria. A deep-water population from 250 fathoms off
Sydney, named Scaphella moslemica Hedley, 1912, exhibits
a smaller protoconch than is typical of Amoria undulata. In
addition, moslemica is much more narrowly shouldered than
undulata and has its suture covered over by a glaze.
McMichael (1964) regards moslemica as a deep-water
ecophenotype and agrees with Ludbrook (1953) in relegating
it to the synonymy of undulata.

Although most specimens are between 80 and 90 mm in
length, one giant, sent to us by Mr. Keith Johnstone and
collected at Clark Island, Furneaux Group, Tasmania, at-
tained a length of 122.3 mm with a maximum diameter of
53.80 mm.

Subgenus Relegamoria Iredale, 1936

1936 Relegamoria Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 19(5) :314.

Type species: Relegamoria molleri Iredale, 1936; by
original designation; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The single living species representing the
subgenus Relegamoria inhabits waters from Sydney north
to Cape Byron, New South Wales, Australia — a distance of
about 400 miles. It has a bathymetric range of 70 to 120
fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shell is moderately large (80 to 105 mm in

162

Amoria

length) and not heavy. It is elongate, with a conical, sharply
pointed spire. Columella has a raised callus just above and
sometimes joining the fourth posterior plait. A raised, ridge-
like callus is also found inside the outer lip and runs parallel
to the edge of it.

The Y-shaped radula is typical of Amoria (see Figure 33f,
page 149).

Remarks: Three important shell characteristics in
Relegamoria molleri (Iredale, 1936) are so distinctive that
they warrant its separation from the other subgenera in
Amoria. The first difference, and perhaps the most important,
is the presence, on all adult specimens we have seen, of a
raised, ridgelike callus running parallel to and just inside
of the leading edge of the outer lip (see Plate 71H). The
second differentiating characteristic is the presence of a fifth,
broad, calluslike plait just above the last posterior columellar
plait and sometimes joining it to form a double plait, M
shaped in cross section. Finally, the protoconch is sharply
pointed and has a narrow, raised, hairlike ridge spiraling
below the suture — shell characteristics not found in the
other subgenera.

Amoria (Relegamoria} molleri (Iredale, 1936)
(Plate 71H and 711; Figure 33f)

1936 Relegamoria molleri Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 19(5):

314, pi. 23, fig. 10 (radular teeth) [off Manly, New South
Wales (Australia)].

1953 Amoria (Amoria) molleri (Iredale), Ludbrook, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 30:140 (not figured).

1961 Relegamoria molleri Iredale, Garrard, Joum. Malac. Soc.
Australia (5);21.

1962d Relegamoria molleri Iredale, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(7):3, text figs. 5, 6.

1963 Amoria (Relegamoria) molleri Iredale, Shikama et Horikoshi,

Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:104,
pi. 86, fig. 5.

1964 Amoria molleri (Iredale), McMichael, Rec. Australian Mus.

26(8) :267, text fig. 3 (radular teeth).

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
60669.

Type locauty: Off Manly, New South Wales, Australia.

Range: From Sydney north to Cape Byron, New South Wales
— a distance of about 400 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 70 to 120 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 80 to 105 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is moderately large and not
heavy. It is elongate, with a low, conical, sharply pointed
spire. Protoconch is conical and pointed, with about four
almost straight-sided whorls; a narrow, raised, hairlike ridge
spirals below the suture. Teleoconch is smooth, of about
two and a half whorls with the slightly impressed suture
glazed over. Aperture is long, narrow, and slightly thickened
at the edge. There is a long, ridgelike callus just inside the

outer lip, this callus being about two-thirds the length of the
aperture. Siphonal notch is deep; fasciole present. Columella
has four strong, oblique plaits, between which are often found
secondary plaits. A fifth, broad, calluslike plait appears just
above the last posterior plait, often joining it to form a double
plait that is M shaped in cross section. Base color is shiny
and creamy-brown, rarely with two revolving bands of short,
longitudinal lines on the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: According to McMichael (1964), the
animal is cream colored, overlaid with a salmon-pink pattern
in irregular reticulations, mainly parallel to the margin of
the foot. The proboscis and siphon are irregularly striped in
a longitudinal pattern. The tentacles are predominantly cross
striped with salmon-pink. The siphon is rather short and
stout and tapers to a point with comparatively long, stout,
subequal appendages.

Tbe radula consists of about 125 typically Y-shaped teeth
(see Figure 33f, page 149).

Remarks: Once a very rare shell, molleri is now being
trawled in ever-increasing numbers and is becoming rather
common in collections.

The species was named for Captain Moller of the vessel
that collected the specimen described by Iredale.

Subgenus Zebramoria Iredale, 1929

1863 Pilidia Valenciennes, Journal de Conchyliologie (3)11:71,
72 (nomen oblitum) (type species, Volula zebra Leach,
1814).

1929b Zebramoria Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 17(4):180, 189
(type species, Voluta zebra Leach, 1814).

1953 Amoria (Zebramoria) Iredale, Ludbrook, Proc. Malac. Soc.

London 30:148-150, pi. 18, figs. 1^.

1964 Zebramoria Iredale, McMichael, Rec. Australian Mus. 26
(8):271, 272, text figs. 6, 7 (radular teeth).

Type species: Voluta zebra Leach, 1814; by original desig-
nation; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The single living species in this subgenus
inhabits waters from the Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Ter-
ritory, to Broken Bay, New South Wales, Australia — a
distance of approximately 2000 miles. It has a bathymetric
range from the littoral to 30 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shell is small (35 to 55 mm in length) and
oblong-ovate. Protoconch is small, pupiform, and smooth,
with convex whorls. The first teleoconch whorl may or inav
not have axial costae. In other morphological aspects,
Zebramoria is similar to the genus Amoria.

The radula is typicallv Y shaped (see Figure 36).

Remarks: McMichael (1964) reinstated Zebramoria to full
generic rank on the basis of its small protoconch: ”. . .
elevated, pupiform, of several rounded whorls. . . .”

With the exception of the protoconch and early teleoconch
whorls, the shell morphological characteristics ni Zebramoria
conform to those of Amoria. ^ therefore, accept the con-

163

SCAPHELLINAE

servative view of Ludbrook (1953) that Zebramoria is a

subgenus of Amoria.

Amoria (Zebramoria) zebra (Leach, 1814)
{Plates 67, 68, and 71D through 71G; Figure 36)

1814 Valuta zebra Leach, Zoological Miscellany (paragraph pri-
ority) 1:31, pi. 12, fig. 1 (no locality given).

1814 Valuta lineata Leach, Zoological Miscellany 1:31, 32, pi.

12, fig. 2 (Australia) [nan Voli^tu lineata Gmelin, 1791,
in Mitridae (Cernohorsky, in litt.)] [holotype, British
Museum (Natural History), London].

1822 Marginella radiata Lamarck, Animaux sans Vertebres 7:356
(no locality given).

1829 Valuta stragulata Megerle [in] Schubert and Wagner,
&)nchylien-Cabinet 12:11, pi. 217, fig. 3033 (no locality
given).

1839 Valuta zebra Leach, Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes, Valuta
3, pi. 43, fig. 2 (2 views).

1841 Valuta zebra Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second edition by
Hanley, p. 22, pi. 44 (New South Wales).

1845 Valuta zebra Leach, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1
(5): 195, pi. 53, fig. 83.

1845 Valuta zebra var. lineata Leach, Sowerby, ibid., p. 195, pi.
53, fig. 84.

1849 Valuta zebra Leach, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica 6, Valuta
sp. 43, pi. 18, figs. 43a, 43b.

1855a Amaria zebra Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (23):64.

1855a Amoria lineata Gray, ibid., p. 64.

1864 Valuta {Amoria) zebra Leach, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1):53.

1864 Valuta (Amoria) var. lineata Leach, Angas, ibid., p. 53.

1879 Valuta zebra var. lineata Leach, Petterd, Journal of Gonch-
ology 2:342.

1882 Valuta zebra Leach, Tryon, Manual of Conchologv (1)4:93,
pi. 28, fig. 91.

Figure 36: Amoria (Zebramoria) zebra (Leach, 1814).
Three views of radular teeth, a. Dorsal view, b. Semiprofile,
c. Profile. From a specimen taken at Southport, Queensland,
Australia (by Turner).

1910 Scaphella zebra Leach, Hedley, Australasian Assoc. Adv.
Sci. 12:362.

1929b Zebramoria zebra, Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 17(4):180.
1942 Amoria zebra zebra (Leach), M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 55, pi. 6, fig. 50.

1942 Amoria zebra lineata (Leach), M. Smith, ibid., p. 55, pi. 6,
fig. 55.

1949 Zebramoria zebra Leach, Cotton, Rec. South Australian Mus.
9(2);191.

1949 Zebramoria zebra lineata Leach, Cotton, ibid., p. 191.

1953 Amoria (Zebramoria) zebra (Leach), Ludbrook, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London 30:149, pi. 18, figs. 1, 2.

1953 Amoria (Zebramoria) lineata (Leach), Ludbrook, ibid., pp.
148, 149, pi. 18, figs. 3, 4.

1953 Valuta strangulata [iic] Megerle, Ludbrook, ibid., p. 149
(not figured).

1957a Zebramoria zebra Leach, Cotton, Australian Recent and
Tertiary Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae, 3rd
unnumbered page, fig. 11.

1961 Zebramoria zebra Leach, Rippingale and McMichael, Queens-
land and Great Barrier Reef Shells, p. 115, pi. 15, fig. 9.
1961 Zebramoria lineata Leach, Rippingale and McMichael, ibid.,
p. 116, pi. 15, fig. 10.

1961 Zebramoria zebra Leach, Garrard, Journ. Malac. Soc.
Australia (5);21.

1963 Amoria (Zebramoria) zebra Leach, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:104,
pi. 86, fig. 4.

1967 Zebramoria lineatiana Weaver and duPont, The Veliger 9
(4):386, 387, pi. 53, figs. 15, 16 [new name for Valuta
lineata Leach, 1814 (non Valuta lineata Gmelin, 1791,
in Mitridae)].

Type: Neotype, selected by Ludbrook (1953), British
Museum (Natural History), London, Broderip Collection
No. 121.

Type locality: Subsequently restricted by Ludbrook
(1953) to Broken Bay, New South Wales, Australia.

Range: From the Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory, to
Broken Bay, New South Wales — a distance of approximately
2000 miles.

Habitat: From the littoral to 3 fathoms on a sandy substrate.
Occasionally, specimens are dredged in 20 to 30 fathoms
(Nielsen, in litt.).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 35 to 55 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell varies greatly in color and in
the presence or absence of axial ribbing on the first teleoconch
whorl. Shell is small and solid. It is oblong-ovate, with a
low, broadly conical spire. Protoconch is small and pupiform,
with two and a half to three smooth, globose wborls with an
indented suture. Teleoconch has two to three and a half
whorls, which may or may not bear 14 to 17 axial ribs on the
first whorl. The adult body whorl is large and not shouldered.
Aperture is moderately wide; interior is brownish-gray or
tawny. Outer lip is thickened and simple. Siphonal notch is
narrow and deep; fasciole present. Columella is almost
straight, with four strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Typically,
tbe base color is pale yellowish-white, longitudinally lined
in rusty orange; these lines are about 4 mm apart on tbe adult

164

Paramoria

body whorl. Longitudinal lines sometimes take the place of
the early axial ribs where the lines are 1 mm apart, and fre-
quently they coalesce at the suture. Unicolored golden and
black color forms are also known.

Animal and radula: According to Turner (1969, in litt.),
the head, siphon, proboscis, foot, etc., are all colored and
marked similarly to the shell. The fairly large tentacles are
broad and have a small black eye in the lobe at the base.
The specimen examined was dried up, but it was possible
to see that the tubular salivary glands apparently were not
interwoven with the racemose glands. The gland of Leiblein
was very long and slightly swollen at the distal end, with the
end tucked under the esophagus as it is in Cymbiola (Aulica).

The radula consists of about 135 typically Y-shaped teeth
(see Figure 36).

Remarks: Examination of hundreds of specimens of zebra,
representing populations living along its 2000 mile coastal
range, has shown that each population grades into and is
replaced by the succeeding one. The appearance of axial ribs
on the first teleoconch whorl of shells living along the
northern part of the range (formerly called Valuta lineata
Leach, 1814) is a general, transitional, morphological
process. Therefore, we can find no valid reason to separate
the northern and southern populations. Since there is no
geographical isolation involved, subspeciation is also ruled
out.

Genus Paramoria McMichael, 1960

1960 Paramoria McMichael, Joum. Malac. Soc. Australia (4);12.

1961 Paramoria McMichael, ibid., (5):55-57.

Type species; Valuta guntheri E. A. Smith, 1886; by
original designation; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The single living species and one subspecies
in the genus Paramoria inhabit South Australian and Western
Australian waters at moderate depths of about 20 to 80
fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells are small (27 to 43 mm in length) and
solid. They are ovate with a rounded apex. Protoconch is
papilliform, usually with a white spiral band below the
suture. This band disappears at the junction of the first
teleoconch whorl. Teleoconch whorls have shoulder nodules.
Columella usually has four strong plaits. Siphonal notch and
fasciole are present. Operculum and periostracum are absent.
The radula is uniserial with Y-shaped teeth.

Remarks: The genus Paramoria was erected by McMichael
in 1960 to accommodate Valuta guntheri E. A. Smith, 1886
and additional fossil species. In 1961 McMichael added
Paramoria weaveri. The former species lives off the coast of
South Australia, whereas its subspecies, guntheri weaveri, is
found off south central Western Australia.

McMichael feels that Paramoria is more closely related to
Notovoluta Cotton, 1946 than to Nannamoria Iredale, 1929;

and he bases his opinion on the similarity of their proto-
conchs, columellar plaits, and shell size.

We have relegated weaveri to subspecies status under
guntheri because we do not feel that there are sufficient
morphological differences to warrant species separation.
The closeness of their relationship is expressed by McMichael
(1961) in his original description of weaveri which reads in
in part: "The new form [weaveri] is small, but apparently
adult and resembles guntheri in shape, though the spire is
more depressed and the whorls more shouldered. The colour
pattern is of a generally similar type, but the arrangement
of the chestnut lines is distinctive. For this reason it is
described as a new species of the genus Paramoria
McMichael. . .

In the preceding description the emphasis is placed on
"the chestnut lines.” When one considers how variable color
pattern can be within species, the distinctive arrangement of
the chestnut lines would not, in our opinion, warrant species
separation, even in conjunction with a shorter spire and
smaller size than in guntheri. Geographical separation
between the two subspecies is present (see Map 13).

Paramoria guntheri guntheri (E. A. Smith, 1886)
(Plate 72A, 72B, and 720, Map 13)

1886 Valuta guntheri E. A. Smith, Journal of Conchology 5:62,

63 (West Australia).

1887 Valuta guntheri E. A. Smith, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchy-

liorum 5(44), 2nd suppl., p. 302, pi. 17, figs. 162, 163.
1889 Valuta adcocki Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 11:64,
65, pi. 11, fig. 8 [Middleton (South Australia)] [holotype,
the South Australian Museum, Adelaide].

1942 Aulica guntheri guntheri (E. A. Smith), M. Smith, A Review
of the Volutidae, p. 36, pi. 14, fig. 104.

1942 Aulica guntheri adcocki (Tate), M. Smith, ibid., pp. 36, 37,
pi. 24, fig. 162.

1949 Nannamoria guntheri E. A. Smith, Cotton, Rec. South
Australian Mus. 9(2);192.

1949 Nannamoria adcocki Tate, Cotton, ibid., p. 192.

1957a Nannamoria adcocki Tate, Cotton, Australian Recent and
Tertiary Species of the Molluscan Family Volutidae, 4th
unnumbered page, text fig. 12.

1957a Nannamoria guntheri E. A. Smith, Cotton, ibid., 4th un-
numbered page, text fig. 13.

I960 Paramoria guntheri Smith, McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc.
Australia (4):11, 12, pi. 1, fig. 5.

1960 Paramoria adcocki Tdte, McMichael, ibid., pp. 11, 12.

1961 Paramoria guntheri Smith, McMichael, ibid.. (5):55-57.

pi. 5 (bottom 2 figs.).

1963e Paramoria guntheri (Smith), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
11(12):8, text figs. 3, 4.

Type; Holotype, British Museum (Natural History ), London,
No. 1886.4.29.2.

Type ’ locality: "West Australia.” Here restricted to
Encounter Bay, South Australia, where specimens resembling
the holotvpe have been collected alive.

165

SCAPHELLINAE

MAP 13

166

guntheri weaver! Me Michael, 1961

Notovoluta

Range: Approximately from the boundary between Western
Australia and South Australia, in the Great Australian Bight,
eastward to Victoria — a coastal distance of about 1200 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 20 to 40 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 43.0 mm; maximum di-
ameter, 22.0 mm; aperture length, 35.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is relatively moderate in size and
is solid. It is ovate, with a short, rounded apex. Protoconch
is papilliform, with about three smooth whorls and with a
white spiral band below the suture. This band disappears at
the junction of the first teleoconch whorl. Teleoconch has
about three convex whorls that bear low knobs on the
shoulders. Other sculpture consists of fine axial lines. Aper-
ture is rather narrow and elongate; interior is white. Outer
lip is thickened and simple. Columella is straight, with four
strong, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is narrow and
shallow; fasciole strong. Base color is creamy-white, orna-
mented with numerous fine, chestnut-brown, longitudinal
lines that undulate in such a manner that about three revolv-
ing bands are simulated where the undulations are greatest
and the lines closest together.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: There is a color form of guntheri that was given
the name adcocki by Tate in 1889, principally because of
the two narrow, chestnut, spiral lines on the last whorl (see
Plate 72C). This taxon was relegated to the synonymy of
guntheri by Weaver (1963e).

Paramoria guntheri weaveri McMichael, 1961
{Plate 72D and 72E; Map 13)

1960a Nannamoria guntheri Smith, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
8(9):7 \non Valuta guntheri E. A. Smith, 1886].

1960b Nannamoria guntheri. Weaver, ibid., 8(10):4 [rwn Valuta
guntheri E. A. Smith, 1886).

1960d Nannamoria (species). Weaver, ibid., 8(12):1, 3, front page
plate, figs. 1-3.

1961 Paramoria weaveri McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc. Australia
(5):55-57, pi. 5 (top 3 figs.) [Zeewyck Channel, Abrolhos
Islands (Australia)].

1962e Paramoria weaveri McMichael, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 10(8) :3, figs. 3, 4.

Type: Holotype, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, No.
213874.

Type locality: Zeewyck Channel, Abrolhos Islands,
Western Australia, Australia.

Range: Known only from the general area surrounding the
Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia.

Habitat: The live holotype was dredged in 80 fathoms on a
substrate composed of broken coral, sand, and broken bi-
valves.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 27.0 mm; maximum di-
ameter, 14.5 mm; aperture length, 24.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small and solid. It is ovate,
with a short, rounded apex. Protoconch has three and a half
smooth whorls that are fawn colored, with a narrow, white
spiral band below the suture. This band disappears at the
junction of the first teleoconch whorl. Teleoconch has two
and a half convex whorls, with low, sharply pointed nodules
on the shoulders. There are about 10 such nodules on the
adult body whorl. Aperture is rather narrow; interior is white.
Outer lip is thickened and simple. Columella is straight, with
four rather strong, oblique plaits. Siphonal notch is narrow
and moderately deep; fasciole strong. Base color is pinkish-
cream overlaid longitudinally with numerous, fine, closely
spaced, undulating, chestnut-brown lines which are often
discontinuous. Where the undulations are greatest and closest
together, two revolving bands are simulated.

Animal and radula: The following description of the color
of the animal was written by Weaver while aboard the motor
vessel Davina: The top of the fool is white, faintly tinted
with yellow at the border and covered by bright orange
reticulations which diminish in size toward the edge of the
foot. Antennae are encircled by fine brown lines. Siphon is
encircled by bright orange bands. The base of the foot is
white.

According to McMichael (1961), when the animal was
placed in alcohol, the color faded, except for the brown lines
on the tentacles and head lobes. Siphon is short, with rela-
tively long appendages, which are expanded distally. Ten-
tacles are long, with broad lobes beside them. Eyes are
prominent at the bases of the tentacles. A fleshy hood above
the proboscis is white, with a fringed margin.

The radula is typically uniserial, with about 250 Y-shaped
teeth, each approximately 0.159 mm. The arms of the Y are
long and slender; the cusps are short, slender, and sharply
tapering.

Remarks: The holotype of weaveri remained the onlv known
specimen until Dr. Barrv Wilson informed us that another
shell had been collected about 40 miles south of the Abrolhos
Islands, Western Australia.

The subspecies guntheri weaveri differs from the nominate
species in being much smaller and in having a more depressed
spire, more shouldered whorls, and a color pattern of more
closely spaced lines. They are separated geogra[)hically hy
about 900 coastal miles (see Map 13).

Genus Notovoluta Cotton, 1946

1946 Notovoluta Cotton, The South .Australian Naturalist 24
(1):1.3.

Type species: Valuta kreuslerae .Angas. 186.5; hv original
designation; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The three living species included in the

167

SCAPHELLINAE

genus Notovoluta are endemic to southern Australia and have
a hathynietric range from 12 to 80 fathoms. Their degree of
abundance varies from the uncommon Notovoluta verconis
(Tate, 1892) to the extremely rare Notovoluta rossiterie
(Brazier, 1898), known only from the holotype.

Diagnosis: Shells are small to moderately large (23 to 108
mm in length) and may be solid or light in weight. They are
generallv elongate-fusiform. Protoconch is smooth, mod-
erately large, and papilliform. Earlv teleoconch whorls are
axially ribbed, the ribs becoming low, rounded knobs on
the shoulders of the last two whorls. Columella usually has
four oblique plaits.

The eves are situated next to, but not on, the two tentacles.
The radula, where known, is uniserial with tricuspid teeth;
the central cusp is offset (see Figure 37).

Remarks: Cotton (1949, 1957) included the following
species under ISotovoluta: kreuslerae Angas, 1865; rossiterie
Brazier, 1898; thatcheri McCoy, 1868; perplicata Hedley,
1902; occidua Cotton, 1946 [= verconis Tate, 1892]; and
verconis Tate, 1892. However, thatcheri and perplicata have
small, radially ribbed, conical protoconchs and more than
four columellar plaits. These characteristics do not fit
Cotton’s diagnosis of Notovoluta or his description of the type
species, kreuslerae, in which he mentions a papilliform proto-
conch and only four columellar plaits. Therefore, we are not
including them in this genus but in the more appropriate
genus, Cymbiolacca Iredale, 1929.

Notovoluta kreuslerae (Angas, 1865)

(Plate 72J and 72K)

1865a Valuta (Alcithoe) kreuslerae Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1):55, pi. 2, tig. 3 (South Australia).

1882 Valuta kreuslerae Angas, Tryon, Manual of Conchology (1)
4:94. pi. 30, fig. 124.

1887 Valuta kreuslerae Angas, Sowerbv, Thesaurus Conchvliorum
5(44), 2nd suppl., p. 299, pi. 12, fig. 150.

1942 Alcithoe kreuslerae Angas, M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 28, fig. 73.

1946 Notovoluta kreuslerae Angas. Cotton. The South Australian
Naturalist 24(1); 15, 16.

1949 Notovoluta kreuslerae Angas. Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9 (2); 194.

1962e Notovoluta kreuslerae (Angas), ^ eaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(8):3, text figs. 1, 2.

Type: Holotvpe, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1892.4.1.2.

Type locality: "South Australia.” Here restricted to off
Portland, \ ictoria, Australia.

Range: Beach specimens and live shells have been taken
along the coast of South Australia, from Ceduna to Yankalilla
— a distance of about 350 miles.

Habitat: In 25 to 80 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 70 to 99 mm in length.

168

Shell description: Shell is rather large and solid. It is
elongate-fusiform, with an extended, blunt spire. Protoconch
is large, flesh colored, and papilliform, with about three
smooth whorls and a brown spot at the apex. Teleoconch has
about four and a half whorls on a shell 99 mm in length.
Early whorls are radially ribbed, these ribs becoming low,
rounded knobs on the shoulders of the last one and a half
whorls. Aperture is rather narrow, about two-thirds the total
length of the shell. Outer lip is slightly thickened and beveled.
Columella is slightly curved, with four strong, oblique, an-
terior plaits. Siphonal notch is wide; fasciole weak. Base
color is off-white overlaid with intricate, zigzag, brown lines,
forming a design of triangular markings. Sinuous, linear lines
appear on the anterior portion of the adult body whorl.

Animal and radula: According to Cotton (1946), the foot
is fairly large and white, with a salmon-colored patch behind
and three other patches on each side. The tentacles are short,
speckled salmon and white. The eyes, near the bases of the
tentacles, are black and are not on stalks. The siphon is also
speckled white and salmon.

Notovoluta kreuslerae differs from the closely related
Notovoluta verconis (Tate, 1892) in having a much larger
protoconch and much stronger columellar plaits. Further-
more, the shell is three times as large as that of verconis and
the color pattern of the animals differs.

This rather rare species was named for Mrs. Kreusler, a
resident of South Australia, who, by her diligent efforts,
added to the knowledge of the molluscan fauna of that state.

Notovoluta rossiterie (Brazier, 1898)

(Plate 72 F and 72G)

1898 Valuta rossiterie Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales
22:779, 780 [Gippsland Lakes Entrance, Victoria
(Australia)].

1958 Voluta rossiterie Brazier, Iredale, Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc.
New South Wales, p. 118.

Type: Holotype, the South Australian Museum, Adelaide,
No. D8322.

Type locality: Gippsland Lakes Entrance, Victoria,
Australia.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Unknown.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 108.0 mm; maximum
diameter, 37.0 mm.

Shell description: The only known specimen is large and
light in weight. It is ovate-fusiform, with a short, blunt spire.
Protoconch is papilliform and decollated, preventing a whorl
count. Teleoconch has six sculptured whorls. Sculpture on
early whorls consists of axial ribs that develop into shoulder
tubercles on the last three whorls. Suture is indented and
slightly crenulated. Aperture is long and narrow; interior
is pale orange-brown. The lip is broken in the holotype.

Notopeplum

Columella is straight, with four thin, oblique, anterior plaits.
Siphonal notch and fasciole not reported by the author [prob-
ably because the shell was too worn]. Color, according to
Brazier (1898), is yellowish-brown ornamented with longi-
tudinal and transverse, opaque white and reddish-brown,
interrupted lines, showing more on the angle between the
tubercles and below in the form of a band. These lines give
the shell the appearance of being reticulated at the upper and
lower parts, showing pale in the middle below the angle.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: This unique species differs in its ovate-fusiform
shape and in its color pattern of longitudinal and transverse
lines from the other two species in Notovoluta.

Notovoluta verconis (Tate, 1892)

{Plate 72 H and 721; Figure 37)

1892 Valuta verconis Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia (2):125,
126, pi. 1, fig. 5 [Yankalilla Bay, St. Lawrence Gulf
(South Australia)].

1912 caphella [sic] verconis Tate, Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. S.

Australia 36:224, 225 [apparently spelling of the genus
is a typographical error and should read Scaphella] .

1942 Aulica verconis (Tate), M. Smith, A Review of the Volutidae,
p. 44 [non pi. 24, fig. 166, = an indeterminate species].
1946 Notovoluta verconis Tate, Cotton, The South Australian
Naturalist 24(1):16.

1946 Notovoluta occidua Cotton, ibid., p. 16 [Hopetoun (Western
Australia)] [holotype, the South Australian Museum,
Adelaide].

1962c Notovoluta verconis (Tate), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(5):3, text figs. 5, 6.

1963 Amoria {Notovoluta) verconis (Tate), Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:104,
105, pi. 86, fig. 8.

Figure 37: Notovoluta verconis (Tate, 1892).
A single, tricuspid radular tooth with central cusp
offset (after Cook, 1922) (not to scale).

Type: Holotype, the South Australian Museum, Adelaide,
No. D442.

Type locality: Yankalilla Bay, St. Lawrence Gulf, South
Australia, Australia.

Range: From Hopetoun, southeastern Western Australia,
to Encounter Bay, South Australia — a distance of approxi-
mately 1200 miles.

Habitat: In 12 to 22 fathoms on a sponge and coral sub-
strate (fide Cotton, 1946).

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 23 to 30 mm in lengtli.

Shell description: Shell is small and solid. It is elongate-
fusiform, with a short, blunt spire. Protoconch is papilliform
and relatively small, with about two and a half smooth whorls.
Teleoconch has about three and a half sculptured whorls.
Sculpture consists of low, narrow, axial ribs on early whorls.
There are about 14 such ribs on the penultimate whorl of a
shell 23.5 mm in length. These ribs become low, elongate
shoulder nodules on the last adult whorl. Microscopic revolv-
ing striae cover the surface of the shell and are crossed bv
equally fine, sinuous, axial lirae. Aperture is narrow, about
two-thirds the total length of the shell; interior is yellowish.
Outer lip is simple and beveled. Columella is almost straight,
with four weak, oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is
narrow and deep; fasciole weak. Base color is off-white
overlaid with intricate axial, zigzag, reddish-brown lines,
forming a design of triangular markings. Scattered chestnut
spots show below the spire and at the periphery of the last
whorl.

Animal and radula: According to Cotton (1946), the foot
is nearly square in front, straight laterally, and rounded
behind. The base of the foot is white, with four vaguely
speckled, lateral, brown patches above. The tentacles are
short, stout, and white; the eyes are close by on the outer
surface and not on the tentacles. The siphon, which projects
from the notch, is moderately long and speckled brown.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth, the central
cusp offset (see Figure 37).

Remarks: In 1946 Cotton described Notovoluta occidua
from Hopetoun, southeastern Western Australia. Since the
only apparent differences between it and the more easterly
Notovoluta verconis are that the shell is somewhat narrower
with a longer spire, we here relegate the former to the
synonymy of verconis.

The uncommon verconis resembles Notovoluta kreuslerae
(Angas, 1865) in miniature, but differs in having a much
smaller protoconch and much weaker colurnellar plaits. The
color pattern of the animals also differs.

Genus Notopeplum Finlay, 1927

1927 Notopeplum Finlay, Trans. New Zealand Inst. .57:514 (type
species, Scaphella victoriensis Cossmann, 1899: by
original designation).

1943 Notopeplum Finlav, A enz. Handb. Paliio. 6(1). Gastropoda.

p. 1.340, text fig. .3799 (drawing of I olula victoriense
Cossmann, 1899).

169

SCAPHELLINAE

Type species: Scaphella victoriensis Cossmann, 1899; by
original designation; an Australian Tertiary fossil.

Distribution: The single living species in this genus is
found in the Great Australian Bight between Eucla, Western
Australia, and Backstairs Passage, South Australia, Australia,
in from 6 to 100 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium in size (about 40 mm in
length), elongate-ovate, and very thin. Protoconch is obtusely
convex, of about one and a half smooth whorls. Teleoconch
is smooth except for obsolete axial striae. Columella has four
oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch is wide and shallow;
fasciole not in evidence. A thin, deciduous, white perio-
stracum is present.

Fossil species have six columellar plaits; but in other shell
characteristics, they resemble the living species.

Remarks: Notopeplum differs from other genera in Scaphel-
linae bv its verv thin, translucent shell, its deciduous white
periostracum, and its distinctive color pattern.

Notopeplum translucidum (Verco, 1896)
(Plate 73C and 73D)

1896 Valuta translucida Verco, Trans. Rov. Soc. S. Australia
20(1):217, pi. 6, figs. 4. 4a [20 fathoms off Newland
Head, outside Backstairs Passage (South Australia)].

1912 Scaphella translucida Verco. ibid., 36:225 (range extended
to Eucla. south Western Australia).

1942 Aulica translucida (Verco). M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, p. 42 (unfigured).

1949 Notopeplum translucidum Verco, Cotton, Rec. South Austra-
lian Mus. 9(2);190.

Type: Holotype, the South Australian Museum, Adelaide,
No. D13614.

Type locality: Off Newland Head, outside Backstairs Pass-
age, eastern South Australia, Australia.

Range: In the Great Australian Bight, between Newland
Head, in east South Australia, westward to Eucla, southeast
Western Australia — a coastal distance of about 800 miles.

Habitat: Dead specimens have been dredged in 6 to 100
fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotvpe length, 39.5 mm; maximum di-
ameter, 16.0 mm; aperture length, 25.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size. It is elongate-
ovate, very thin, and has a rather low spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is inconspicuous, obtuse, of about one and a half
smooth whorls which merge imperceptibly into the first teleo-
conch whorl. Teleoconch has four and a half sloping, slightly
convex whorls that are smooth except for obsolete, incre-
mental striae. Suture is impressed. Aperture is elongate-ovate
and becomes narrow posteriorly. Outer lip is thin and simple.
Golumella is convex in the posterior half and almost straight
anteriorly, with four anterior plaits. The upper plait is the
weakest and is closer to the three equidistant, anterior plaits.
Siphonal notch is wide and shallow; fasciole not in evidence.

Shell is translucent and glossy, with a narrow, revolving, red-
dish-brown line just anterior to the suture. The whorls are
marked with narrow, curved, longitudinal, reddish-brown
lines. There are about 16 such lines on the adult body whorl.
These lines are composed of minute zigzags or of small,
horizontally elongated spots. Two indefinite revolving color
bands encircle the last whorl. A thin, deciduous, white peri-
ostracum is present.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: The species is known from fewer than a dozen
dead-collected shells.

Genus Nannamoria Iredale, 1929

1929b Nannamoria Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 17 (4): 181, 182,
pi. 40, fig. 4.

1960 Nannamoria Iredale, McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc. Aus-
tralia (4):11, 12.

Type species: Nannamoria amicula Iredale, 1929; by
original designation; Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The two living species in this genus inhabit
deep water from 50 to 130 fathoms and are found from
Moreton Island, southern Queensland, south to Montague
Island, New South Wales, Australia — a distance of approxi-
mately 650 miles.

Diagnosis: Shells are small (25 to 35 mm in length) and
solid. They are elongate with a low spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is small, smooth, and pupiform. Teleoconch
whorls have either low, rounded knobs at the shoulders or
sharply pointed, hollow spines. Columella has numerous weak
plaits. Siphonal notch is narrow and shallow; fasciole weak.
Operculum and periostracum are absent. The soft anatomy
is unknown.

Nannamoria differs from Amoria in having a small pupi-
form protoconch and more numerous columellar plaits, as
well as in the presence of shoulder nodules on later teleo-
conch whorls.

Nannamoria amicula Iredale, 1929
(Plate 73A and 73B)

1929b Nannamoria amicula Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 17(4):

180, 181, pi. 40, fig. 4 [Montague Island, New South
Wales (Australia)].

1949 Nannamoria amicula Iredale, Cotton, Rec. South Australian
Mus. 9 (2): 192.

1960 Nannamoria amicula Iredale, McMichael, Journ. Malac.

Soc. Australia (4): 11, 12.

1961 Nannamoria amicula Iredale, Garrard, Journ. Malac. Soc.

Australia (5):20.

1962c Nannamoria amicula Iredale, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
10(5):3, text figs. 3, 4.

1966b Nannamoria amicula Iredale, Weaver, ibid., 14(3):8, text
fig. (4 views).

170

Nannamoria

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C57719.

Type locality: Montague Island, New South Wales, Aus-
tralia.

Range: From Broken Bay, south to Montague Island, south-
ern New South Wales, Australia — a distance of approxi-
mately 200 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 50 to 120 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 25 to 31 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small and solid. It is elongate,
with a steeply angled spire, slightly less than one-half the
length of the aperture. Protoeonch is smooth and pupiform,
with about three and a half whorls. Teleoconch has about
three sculptured whorls showing weak axial ribbing. These
ribs change to 12 or 13 low, rounded knobs on the penulti-
mate whorl, with about eight such knobs on the last adult
whorl. Aperture is straight, narrow, and simple. Columella
is straight, with four oblique plaits and several weak second-
ary plaits appearing between the primaries. Siphonal notch
is shallow; fasciole weak. Surface of the shell is glossy. Base
color is pale fawn overlaid with undulating, axial, chestnut
lines running from suture to suture and along the full length
of the last whorl. The last whorl is also encircled by a row of
chestnut blotches, with chestnut dashes below the suture.
Periostracum is absent.

Animal and radlla: Unknown.

Remarks: Nannamoria amicula is a very rare species with
probably fewer than six live-collected specimens known. One
such live-collected specimen, sent in by Mr. Gordon Jarrett,
is illustrated here (Plate 73A and 73B). It differs from the
more common Nannamoria parabola Garrard, 1960 in its
narrower shape, higher spire, and low, rounded shoulder
knobs, which are replaced by sharp, hollow shoulder spines
in parabola.

Nannamoria parabola Garrard, 1960
(Plate 73E and 73F)

1960 Nannamoria parabola Garrard, Journ. Malac. Soc. Australia

(4):2, 3, pi. 1, figs. lA, IB [off Moreton Island, (Queens-
land (Australia)].

1961 Nannamoria parabola Garrard, ibid., (5):20.

1962c Nannamoria parabola Garrard, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 10(5):3, text figs. 1, 2.

1963 Amoria (Nannamoria) parabola Garrard, Shikama et Hori-
koshi. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours
1:105, pi. 87, fig. 2 (2 views).

Type: Holotype, the Australian Museum, Sydney, No.
C63141.

Type locality: Off Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia.

Range: Known only from the general area surrounding the
type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 75 to 125 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 30 to 35 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is small and solid. It is conical,
tapering anteriorly with a low, attenuated spire that is less
than one-half the length of the aperture. Apex is blunt. Pro-
toconcb is pupiform, with about three smooth whorls. Tele-
oconch has about four sculptured whorls, the sculpture con-
sisting of fine, axial growth lines and short, sharp, liollow
spines on the shoulders. There are about 10 such spines on
the adult body whorl; they extend as short axial ridges that
become obsolete anteriorly. Aperture is narrow; outer lij) is
thickened and simple. Columella is slightly curved, with
from seven to 11 weak plaits that become less oblique poste-
riorly. Siphonal notch is narrow and rather shallow; fasciole
weak. Base color is pale fawn overlaid with fine, closely
spaced, axial, chestnut lines that sometimes split and anasto-
mose. A band of pale-chestnut blotches circles the adult body
whorl at its periphery, with a less defined band showing
below the shoulder spines. The closeness of the axial lines
at the anterior tip suggests a third band. Periostracum is
absent.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: In comparing this species with Nannamoria
amicula Iredale, 1929, we find that parabola has a shorter
spire and is broader at the shoulder of the adult body whorl.
The low, blunt shoulder knobs in amicula have been replaced
by sharply pointed, hollow spines in parabola. The latter is
now being dredged quite frequently.

Genus Cymbiolista Iredale, 1929

1929b Cymbiola (Cymbiolista) Iredale, Rec. Australian Mus. 17
(4):181 (type species. Valuta marmorata Swainson. 1821,
= Cymbiolista hunteri Iredale, 1931) (non Valuta mar-
morata Shaw and Nodder, 1808); by original designation.
1931 Cymbiolista Iredale, ibid., 18(4):223.

1960 Cymbiolista Iredale, McMichael, Journ. Malac. Soc. Australia
■ (4):11.

Type species: Voluta marmorata Swainson. 1821, = Cym-
biolista hunteri Iredale, 1931; by original designation;
Recent, Australia.

Distribution: The single species in the genus Cymbiolista
lives in waters on the continental shelf of eastern Australia
from southern Queensland south to central New South VI ales.
It has a bathvmetric range of 10 to 75 fathoms and is rather
common.

Diagnosis: Shell is moderately large and light in weight,
with a very low spire. Protoconch is large, conical, and
smooth. Teleoconch whorls have small, pricklv spines at the
outer edge of the sloping shoulders. Suture is indented. The
posterior portion of the outer lip flares outward in a wing-
like manner. Columella has several strong, obliijue. anterior
plaits. Siphonal notch and fasciole are present. Operculum
and periostracum are absent.

According to McMichael (1960). the animal is tvpicallv
volutid. The uniserial radular ribbon has Y-shaped, scajihel-

171

SCAPHELLINAE

loid teeth with a broad, bladelike central cusp and a deeply
indented basal plate (see Figure 38).

Remarks: Although the type species has been referred to
the genera Aulica by Tryon (1882) and Cymbiola by Hedley
(1918), the Y-shaped radular teeth place Crmbiolista in the
subfamily Scapbellinae.

Cvnibiolista hunteri Iredale, 1931
(Plate 74C, 74D, and 74E; Figure 38)

1821b Valuta mamwrata Swainson, Exotic Conchology 1(1), 4th
unnumbered page, pi. 1 (localitv unknown) (non Valuta
mamwrata Shaw and Nodder, 18081.

1839 Valuta mamwrata Swainson. Kiener, Icon. Coquilles Vi-
vantes. Valuta 3:33. 34, pi. 36 (2 views) (no locality
given).

1841 Valuta mamwrata Swainson, Exotic Conchology, second
edition by Hanley, pp. 15, 16, pi. 1.

1845 Valuta marmorata Swainson, Sowerbv. Thesaurus Conchy-
lioruni 1(5):192, pi. 46, hg. 8 (Australian form).

1849 Valuta marmorata Swainson, Reeve. Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta sp. 31, pi. 13, figs. 31a, 31b.

1855a Amoria ? mamwrata Swainson, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (23):64.

1872 Scaphella marmorata Swainson, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc.

London (1):23 [from Outer Manly Beach near the north
head of Port Jackson northward as far as the Clarence
River (New South Wales, Australia)].

1882 Valuta (Aulica) marmorata Swainson, Trvon, Manual of
Conchology (1)4:92. pi. 28. fig. 89.

1918 Cymbiola marmorata Swainson, Hedley, Journ. Roy. Soc.

New South Wales 51, suppL, p. 73.

1929b Crmbiolista marmorata Swainson, Iredale, Rec. Australian
■ Mus. 17 (4): 180, 189.

1931 Cymbiolista hunteri Iredale, ibid., 18(4):223 (new name
for preoccupied Valuta marmorata Swainson, 1821).

1942 Amoria mamiorata (Swainson). M. Smith, A Review of the
Volutidae, p. 52, pi. 5, fig. 46.

1960 Cymbiolista hunteri Iredale. McMichael, Journ. Malac Soc.

Australia (4):11, 12, text fig. Id (two views of radular
tooth).

1963 Adelomelon (Cymbiolista) hunteri (Iredale), Shikama et
Horikoshi, Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in
Colours 1:107, pi. 88, fig. 8.

Figure 38: Cymbiolista hunteri Iredale, 1931. Two
Hews of radular tooth (after McMichael, 1960).

Type: The whereabouts of tbe type specimen described by
Swainson (1821) in Exotic Conchology 1(1), 4th unnumbered
page, is not known to tbe authors.

Type locality: Here restricted to the locality first men-
tioned by Brazier (1872): Outer Manly Beach near the north
head of Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia.

Range: From Newcastle, central New South Wales, north-
ward to Moreton Island, south Queensland, Australia — a
distance of about 500 coastal miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 10 to 75 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 100 to 175 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is moderately large, oblong, and
rather light in weight with a very low spire. Protoconch is
large, conical, with about three and one half smooth whorls.
Teleoconch has about three and one half smooth, shiny
whorls with small, prickly spines situated at the outer edge
of the sloping shoulders. There are about 11 such spines on
a shell 125 mm in length. Suture is indented. Aperture is
oblong-ovate and becomes wider anteriorly; it is about five-
sixths the total length of the shell. The posterior portion of
the outer lip flares outward in a winglike manner. The edge is
thickened and slightly reflected. Columella is slightly curved,
with four strong, very oblique, anterior plaits. Siphonal notch
is narrow and deep; fasciole is well defined. The color varies
according to the depth at which the shell lives. The typical
shell (see Plate 74C and 74D), from 10 to 40 fathoms, has
an ivory base color overlaid with light, chestnut-brown, zig-
zag lines and bluisb-gray blotches that coalesce to form four
or five revolving bands on the adult body whorl. On the
teleoconch whorls are narrow, oblique, widely spaced, axial,
brown lines that descend from the suture.

Animal and radlla: According to McMichael (1960), the
animal is typically volutid. The uniserial radular ribbon has
267 Y-shaped, scaphelloid teeth with a broad, bladelike,
central cusp and a deeply indented basal plate (see Figure
38).

Remarks: A deep-water color form, from 50 to 75 fathoms
off Cape Moreton, exhibits a peach base color overlaid with
longitudinal, orange, flashlike markings and reddish-brown
blotches that form about three revolving bands on the adult
body whorl (see Plate 74E).

This rather common species was named after Captain J.
Hunter, who showed considerable interest in the shells of
Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia.

Genus Ampulla Roding, 1798

1798 Ampulla Roding, Museum Boltenianum (2); 110 (type
species. Ampulla priamus Bolten, 1798, = Ampulla
priamus (Gmelin, 1791); by subsequent designation
Pilsbry, 1908).

1829 Halia Risso, Histoire Naturelle 4, Bulla, p. 52 (type species,
the fossil Bulla helicoides Brocchi, 1814; by monotypy).

1838 Priamus Beck [in] Deshaves, Animaux sans Vertebres, 2nd

172

Ampulla

Figure 39: Ampulla priamus (Gmeiin. 1791). a. Animal seen from the right side. mm', mantle;
tf, tentacles; oo , eyes; 5, siphon; p, foot; ov, ovary, b. Animal with mantle removed. It', tentarles:
oo', eyes; p, foot; «, uterus; i, intestine; vc. anterior visceral chamber, c. Section of radular rihhon.
/, lateral teeth; m. median teeth. (All hgures after Poirier, 1885a.)

173

SCAPHELLINAE

ed., 8:300 (type species, Achatina priamus Lamarck,
1822, = Ampulla priamus Gmelin, 1791; by monotypy).
1908 Ampulla Rdding, Pilsbry, The Nautilus 22(8):83.

1964 Halia Risso, Gavala y Laborde, Rev. Real Acad. Ciencias
Exactas 58(3):327-330.

Type species: Ampulla priamus Bolten, 1798, = Ampulla
priamus (Gmelin, 1791); by subsequent designation, Pilsbry,
1908; Recent, eastern Atlantic Ocean off Spain and Portugal.

Distribution: There is only one living species in the genus
Ampulla' it inhabits waters at depths from 25 to 150 fathoms
off the coasts of Spain and Portugal. It is not rare.

Diagnosis: Shells are medium in size and are fragile. They
are oval in shape, with a low, blunt spire. Protoconch and
teleoconch whorls are smooth. Columella is without plaits.
Operculum and periostracum are absent.

The radula is uniserial with Y-shaped scaphelloid teeth
(see Figure 39).

Remarks: In 1969 Dr. Harald A. Rehder petitioned the
International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature to
emend the spelling of Helix priapus Gmelin, 1791 to Helix
priamus, on the grounds that priapus was a typographical
error for priamus. The outcome of this petition is pending.

Ampulla priamus (Gmelin, 1791)

{Plate 74A and 74B; Figure 39)

1791 Bulla stercus-pulicum Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p.

3434 (type figures based on Chemnitz, 1786, Conchylien-
Cabinet 9(2) :35, pi. 120, figs. 1026, 1027) (a subjective
synonym of Helix priapus Gmelin, 1791) (no locality
given).

1791 Helix priapus Gmelin, ibid., p. 3654 (type figures based on

Meuschen, 1781, Zoophylacium Gronovianum, fasc. 3, pi.

2, figs. 10, 11) (no locality given). [Rehder, in 1969,
petitioned the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature to declare the specific name priapus
Gmelin, 1791, as published in the combination Helix
priapus, to be a typographical error for priamus].

1792 Bulimus priamus Bruguiere, Tab. Encyc. Meth. 1(2):360

[Africa: Coast ol Guinea (in error)] (type figures based
on Meuschen, 1781, Zoophylacium Gronovianum, fasc.

3, pi. 2, figs. 10, 11).

1798 .4mpulla priamus Rdding, Museum Boltenianum (2):111,
no. 1422 (no locality given).

1814 Bulla helicoides Brocchi. Conch. Foss. Subap. 2:281 [the
tossil representative of Ampulla priamus (Gmelin, 1791)]
(Piacenza, Italy).

1822 Achatina priamus (Bruguiere), Lamarck, Animaux sans
Vertebres 6(2):131 (Guinea?).

1838 Priamus stercus-pulicum Beck [in] Deshayes, Animaux sans

Vertebres, 2nd ed., 8:300 [Golfo de Cadiz (Portugal,
Spain)].

1853 Halia priamus Meuschen, H. and A. Adams, The Genera
of Recent Mollusca 1:282.

188.5a Halia priamus (Risso), Poirier, Bull. Malac. Soc. France
2:17-50, pis. 2-4 (numerous figs, of anatomy and radular
ribbon).

1885b Halia priamus (Risso), Poirier, Comptes Rendus 100:461-
464.

1908 Ampulla priamus Bolten, Pilsbry, The Nautilus 22(8):83
(no locality given).

1942 Halia priamus Meuschen, M. Smith, A Review of the Volu-
tidae, pp. 67, 68, pi. 24, fig. 165 (off Spain and Portugal).

1964 Halia priamus Meuschen, Gavala y Laborde, Rev. Real
Acad. Ciencias Exactas 58(3):327-330.

Type: Type figures based on Chemnitz, 1786, Conchylien-
Cabinet 9(2) :35, pi. 120, figs. 1026, 1027.

Type locality: No type locality was designated. Later, Beck
[in] Deshayes (1838) mentioned the Gulf of Cadiz, Portugal,
and Spain, which have since proved to provide live speci-
mens.

Range: From Spain to Portugal.

Habitat: Dredged on a mud or mud and sand substrate at
a depth of 25 to 150 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 60 to 80 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is medium in size and light in
weight. It is globose with a blunt spire. Protoconch has about
three rounded, smooth whorls. Teleoconch has three or four
very convex and smooth whorls. Suture is slightly indented.
Aperture is large; outer lip simple. Columella is arched and
has no plaits. Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. The
base color of the shell is a uniform pinkish-fawn with spiral
rows of small, brown dots. Periostracum and operculum are
absent.

Animal and radula: According to Poirier (1885a), the
animal has an exceedingly large foot colored a deep chestnut-
brown. The well developed mantle has a slightly thickened
border without papillae. The head has well developed, coni-
cal tentacles that are slightly flattened. The eyes are situated
on the posterior border and at the base of the tentacles. The
lingual pocket is enormous, ovoid, and swollen posteriorly.
The proboscis is conical, diminishing in diameter toward its
tip (see Figure 39a and 39b).

The radula is imiserial with Y-shaped, scaphelloid teeth
(see Figure 39c).

Remarks: The sole species in this genus is distinguished by
its fragile shell; globose shape; low, rounded protoconch;
and large, ovate aperture.

174

Subfamily

CALLIOTECTINAE

Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954

1954 CALLIOTECTINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull. Ameri-
can Paleo. 35(152):289.

Type genus; Calliotectum Dali, 1890.

Distribution: The subfamily Calliotectinae contains
16 living species arranged under four genera. In the
genus Calliotectum the single species is restricted to
tropical waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Of the six
species under Teramachia, one is restricted to the Carib-
bean Sea, one is found in Japanese waters, and four in-
habit waters surrounding the Philippine Islands.
Neptuneopsis has a single species that is found at the
southern tip of South Africa with a range that includes
both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. All seven species
under Fusivoluta come from the tropical to subtropical
western Indian Ocean off the south African coast.

Taxa in this subfamily have a bathymetric range from
33 to 812 fathoms and live on a continental shelf or in
deep, off-island waters.

Diagnosis; Shells range from the small (35 mm in

length) Fusivoluta decussata Barnard, 1959 to tlie large
(200 mm in length) Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerby 111,
1898. They are light in weight and fusiform to elongate-
fusiform in shape. In some species the protoconch is
corroded or decollated, precluding a description. Where
known, the protoconch is small to large, smooth, and
bulbous or cylindrical. Sometimes the first whorl is
slightly raised or laterally positioned. Teleoconch is
smooth, with fine spiral sculpture or with spiral and axial
ribbing on some or all of the whorls. Suture is indented
or canalled. Outer lip is simple and thin or slightly
thickened. Columella has no visible plaits in adult speci-
mens. Callus is lacking on the columella and parietal
wall. Siphonal notch is absent or barely discernible;
fasciole absent. A horny operculum and periostracum are
present.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth. In the
monotypic genus Neptuneopsis, degenerate lateral teeth
with no free margins are present. These laterals can
scarcely be called teeth (see Figure 42a — page 180). The
anatomy, where known, is typically volutid.

Genus Calliotectum Dali, 1890

1890a Calliotectum Dali, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 12:304.

Type species: Calliotectum vernicosum Dali, 1890; by origi-
nal designation; Recent, tropical eastern Pacific Ocean.

Distribution: The single living species in this genus in-
habits depths of 741 to 812 fathoms off the coast of Ecuador
and near the Galapagos Islands.

Diagnosis: Shells are rather small (about 48 mm in length)
and fusiform. Protoconch cannot be completely described
because of corrosion. Teleoconch has slightly convex, axially
sculptured whorls. The axial ribs become obsolete on the last

adult whorl. Suture is deeply indented. Columella has no
visible plaits in adult specimens. Siphonal notch and fasciole
are absent. A horny operculum and periostracum are [uesent.
Radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure 40).

Calliotectum vernicosum Dali, 1890

(Plate 75A and 75B; Figure 40)

189()a Calliotectum vernicosum Dali. Pror. I iiited Stale.s Nat. Mus.

12:304. pi. 5. tig. 8 (ot1 the coast of Lcuador).

1942 Calliotectum vernicosum Dali. M. Smith. A Rp\h‘\\ of the
Volutidae. p. 16. pi. 25. fig. 172.

175

CALLIOTECTINAE

Figure 40: Calliotectum vemicosum Dali,

1890. A single radular tooth; diameter, 0.22 mm.
Collected near Galapagos Islands (after Pilsbrv and
Olsson. 1954) (not to scale).

1954 Calliotectum vemicosum Dali, Pilsbry and Olsson, Bull.

American Paleo. 35(152):289, pi. 27, fig. 16 (radula).
1964 Calliotectum vemicosum Dali, Clench and Turner, Johnsonia
4(43): 176, 177.

Type: Holotvpe, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C., No. 96555.

Type locality: Off the coast of Ecuador, Station 2793.
Range: From the coast of Ecuador to the Galapagos Islands.

Habitat: From 741 to 812 fathoms on a mud and coral
substrate; bottom temperature 38.4° F (3.6° C).

Dimensions: Holotvpe length, 48.0 mm; maximum di-
ameter, 19.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is rather small, elongate, and
light in weight. Protoconch whorls cannot be analyzed be-
cause of corrosion. Teleoconch has five and a half slightly
convex and sculptured whorls. Suture is deeply indented.
Sculpture consists of narrow, subequal, flattened axial ribs
extending from suture to suture but disappearing on the last
adult whorl near the outer lip. There are 37 such ribs on the
penultimate whorl of a shell 48 mm in length. Aperture is
oval; interior color is dark brown. Outer lip is thin and
simple. Callus is lacking on the parietal wall and columella.
Columella is white, straight, and without plaits. Siphonal
notch and fasciole are absent. Periostracum is a shiny chest-
nut-brown. The operculum is thin; it is yellow ish-browm, with
marked growth lines and a large surface of attachment. It
reaches a length of 10 mm and a width of 6 mm. It is shaped
like that of Fusus, but is more curved and shows variation in
form in different specimens.

Animal and radula: According to Dali (1890), the soft
parts of the animal are mostly yellowish-white. A gland
alongside the distal part of the intestine ejects a dark, rose-
colored dye. The head is wide; the tentacles are broad, flat-
tened. and connate at the median sinus. The gills, osphrad-

ium, and siphon are typically volutid. The foot is wide,
rounded-acute posteriorly, double-edged, and slightly auricu-
late in front. The proboscis is small and short, with large
salivary glands whose axis has a greenish streak. There is
no poison gland or dental sac. The animal appears to be
without teeth [in error]. The penis is large, stout, and some-
what flattened, with its tip obliquely truncate, leaving a
granulous oval area at the upper end of which is a small,
conical papilla. The anal orifice is not prominent.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth (see Figure 40).

Remarks: In Dali’s original description of the genus he
stated that there were no teeth present in the soft animal of
Calliotectum vemicosum. This was in error. Pilsbry and Olsson
(1954) illustrated a tricuspid radular tootb from a shell
dredged off the Galapagos Islands (see Figure 40).

Calliotectum vemicosum is a rare species.

Genus Teramac/iia Kuroda, 1931

1915 Prodallia Bartsch, Banquet Brochure for W. H. Dali, p. 10
(name and figure only) (type species, Prodallia dalli
Bartsch, 1915) [brochure was never made available to the
general public and therefore the name was invalidly
introduced].

1931 Teramachia Kuroda, Venus 3(l):45-47, text figs. 2, 3 (type
species, Teramachia tibiaeformis Kuroda, 1931; mono-
typic).

1941 Howellia Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de la Sociedad

Cubana de Historia Natural 15:177, 178 (type species,
Howellia mirabilis Clench and Aguayo, 1941; by original
designation).

1942 Prodallia Bartsch, The Nautilus 56(1):9-13, pi. 2, figs. 1-5

(type species, Prodallia dalli Bartsch, 1942; by original
designation).

Type species: Teramachia tibiaeformis Kuroda, 1931; by
original monotypy; Recent, Japan.

Distribution: There are six living species under Tera-
machia-. one is restricted to the Caribbean, one is found in
Japanese waters, and four inhabit waters surrounding the
Philippine Islands.

The bathymetric range begins at 75 fathoms for the single
Jap.anese taxon and between 285 and 495 fathoms for the
remaining five species.

Diagnosis: Shells are small to large and not heavy. They
are elongate, with a high, pointed spire. Protoconch is small,
with a slightly elevated first whorl. Teleoconch sculpture
consists of sinuous axial ribs on some or all of the whorls.
Suture is indented or canalled. Columella is without plaits
in adult specimens. Siphonal notch is absent or barely dis-
cernible; fasciole absent. Operculum is horny; periostracum
is shiny and translucent.

The soft parts and radula of five of the species in this genus
are unknown. The soft parts of the sixth species, Teramachia
tibiaeformis Kuroda, 1931, are not available for study.

Remarks: In the monotypic genus Hoivellia, the holotype
represents a shell dredged without the animal and is the only

176

Teramachia

known specimen. On the basis of shell structure and sculp-
ture, which closely resemble those of species in Teramachia,
we have provisionally placed Howellia in the synonymy of
that genus.

Teramachia barthelowi (Bartsch, 1942)
(Plate 75C and 75D)

1942 Prodallia barthelowi Bartsch, The Nautilus 56(1):12, 13,
pi. 2, fig. 2 [off Cagayan Island, Jolo Sea {in error; Sulu
Sea) (Philippines)].

1964h Teramachia barthelowi (Bartsch), Weaver, 2nd Provisional
Species List of Living Volutidae, p. 2.

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C., No. 238444.

Type locality: Dredged by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries
steamer Albatross off Cagayan Island, Sulu Sea, Philippines,
Station 5425.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: In 495 fathoms on a gray mud and coral-sand
substrate; bottom temperature 49.4° F (9.7° C).

Dimensions: Holotype length, 27.3 mm; maximum dia-
meter, 8.3 mm; aperture length, 5.8 mm.

Shell description: Shell is small and not heavy. It is
elongate and has a high, pointed spire. Protoconch is small,
of two smooth whorls about equal in size. Teleoconch has
four and a half slightly convex whorls, the first three sculp-
tured with strong axial ribs wider than the spaces separating
them. These ribs disappear on the last one and a quarter
whorls. The antepenultimate whorl has about 15 axial ribs.
Additional sculpture consists of very fine spiral striations.
Suture is impressed. Aperture is irregularly elongate-ovate
and channeled anteriorly; outer lip is thin. Columella is
curved, without plaits, and covered by a thin callus. Perio-
stracum, which covers the entire surface, is thin and isabel-
line in color. Operculum was missing from the holotype.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Bartsch named this deep-water species in honor
of the navigating officer of the Albatross, Benjamin Barthe-
low. It is known only from the holotype.

Teramachia dalli (Bartsch, 1942)

(Plate 75E and 75F; Figure Ala)

1915 Prodallia dalli Bartsch, Banquet Brochure for W. H. Dali,
p. 10 [brochure not available to general public and there-
fore the name was invalidly introduced].

1942 Prodallia dalli Bartsch, The Nautilus 56(1):10, 11, pi. 2,
figs. 1, 4 (operculum) [Cape Santiago, Luzon (Philip-
pines)].

Figure 41: a, Teramachia dalli (Bartsch, 1942). Oper-
culum from a specimen dredged from 394 fathoms off Cape
Santiago, Luzon, Philippines (after Bartsch, 1942). b, Tera-
machia tibiaeformis Kuroda, 1931. Operculum from a speci-
men trawled off Kii, Japan (after Kuroda, 1931). (a and b
not to scale.)

1964h Teramachia dalli (Bartsch), Weaver, 2nd Provisional
Species List of Living Volutidae, p. 3.

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C., No. 231758.

Type locality: Dredged by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries
steamer Albatross off Cape Santiago, Luzon, Phillippines,
Station 5119.

Range: From Cape Santiago to Lubang Island, Philippine
Archipelago — a distance of about 200 miles.

Habitat: In 394 to 422 fathoms on a substrate of green mud
and sand or gray mud and globigerina; bottom temperature
from 43.0° to 43.7° F (6.1° to 6.5° C).

Dimensions: Holotype length, 151.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 51.5 mm; aperture length, 66.5 mm.

Shell description: Shell is large, elongate-turreted. with
a high, pointed spire. Protoconch is corroded, precluding a
whorl count. Teleoconch has about 11 convex whorls crossed
by regular, sinuous axial ribs. These ribs are as wide as the
spaces separating them and form cusps at their posterior
ends. About 36 ribs appear on the penultimate whorl of a
shell 151 mm in length. These ribs become weak and less
noticeable on the last two whorls. Suture is canalled. Aper-
ture is irregularlv oval, channeled anteriorlv; interior is
purple. Outer lip is reflected and inflated. Columella is with-
out plaits. Parietal wall and columella have a heavv. slightlv
raised callus. Periostracum. which covers the entire surface,
is brownish-olivaceous, shiuv. paling to olivac(‘ous-grav on

177

CALLIOTECTINAE

the anterior half of the last whorl. Operculum is horny, half-
moon in shape, and consists of overlapping layers radiating
from the nucleus and bent almost at right angles near the
edge.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: The name ProdaUia dalli was first printed and
the shell illustrated on April 21, 1915, in a privately printed
brochure at a ban(|uet in honor of Dr. William Healey Dali
at the Cosmos Club, Washington, D.C. The occasion was to
commemorate his 50 years of sendee to science. However, it
was not until 1942 that Bartsch validated the name by pub-
lishing a description that was available to the general public.
The species is known from two specimens, both of which are
in the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.

Teramachia johnsoni (Bartsch, 1942)

(Plate 75G and 75H)

1942 ProdaUia johnsoni Bartsch. The Nautilus 56(1):12, pi. 2,
fig. 3 [off Cagayan Island. Jolo Sea (in error; Sulu Sea)
(Philippines)].

1964h Teramachia johnsoni (Bartsch), Weaver, 2nd Provisional
Species List of Living Volutidae, p. 5.

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C., No. 238419.

Type locality: Ofl' Cagayan Island, Sulu Sea, Philippines,
Station 5424.

Range: Known only from the tvpe localitv.

Habitat: Dredged in 340 fathoms on a coral and sand sub-
strate; bottom temperature 50.4° F (10.2° C).

Dimensions: Holotype length, 104.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 26.0 mm; aperture length, 44.5 mm.

Shell description: Shell is relatively large and elongate-
turreted, with a high, pointed spire. Protoconch is corroded,
precluding a whorl count. Teleoconch has about 10 sculp-
tured, convex whorls. Sculpture consists of sinuous, closely
spaced, strong, axial ribs. These ribs disappear at midpoint
on the adult body whorl. Ribs are somewhat wider than the
spaces separating them; they form cusps at their posterior
ends. Early whorls are encircled by moderately strong, equi-
distant lirae. These lirae become weaker on the last two
whorls. Suture is canalled. Aperture is irregularly oval and
channeled anteriorly; interior color is isabelline. Outer lip
is thin, simple, and slightlv notched anteriorly. Columella is
curved, with two deeply recessed, verv weak lirations.
Siphonal notch is weak; fasciole absent. Periostracum is shiny
and isabelline in color. It covers the entire surface of the shell.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: The species, known only from the holotype, was
named in honor of Rear Admiral Johnson, who was "Skip-
per” during the first half of the Albatross expedition to the
Philippines.

Teramachia mirabilis (Clench and Aguayo, 1941)
(Plate 76A and 76B)

1941 Howellia mirabilis Clench and Aguayo, Memorias de la

Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 15:177, pi. 14, fig.
2 (off Matanzas, Cuba).

1964 Howellia mirabilis Clench and Aguayo, Clench and Turner,
Johnsonia 4(43): 176-178, pi. 114.

1964h Teramachia mirabilis (Clench and Aguayo), Weaver, 2nd
Provisional Species List of Living Volutidae, p. 6.

Type: Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Mass., No. 135291.

Type locality: Off Matanzas, Matanzas Province, Cuba;
lat. 23° 12' N/long. 81° 23' W; Station No. 3483.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged by the Atlantis in 285 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 93.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 28.0 mm; aperture length, 44.5 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of medium size and rather
solid. It is elongate and has a high, pointed spire. Protoconch
is decollated in the single known specimen. Teleoconch has
about 10 strongly sculptured whorls. Sinuous axial ribs form
cusps posteriorly and are crossed by fine, spiral striae on
the early whorls. These striae become obsolete anteriorly.
Suture is impressed. Aperture is irregularly oval, canalled
anteriorly; interior is reddish-brown. Outer lip is rather thin,
slightly flaring, simple, and margined by an interior white
band. Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. Columella is
curved and has no plaits. Base color is a shiny cream tinged
dully with brownish-red; this color extends to the columella
and canal.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: The soft animal of the single known specimen
was decayed and thus impossible to study. We therefore place
this species in the genus Teramachia with reservations, bas-
ing our assignment entirely on its close shell morphological
afifinity to Teramachia tibiaeformis Kuroda, 1931, type spe-
cies for the genus.

Teramachia smithi (Bartsch, 1942)

(Plate 76C and 76D)

1942 ProdaUia smithi Bartsch, The Nautilus 56(1);11, 12, pi. 2,

fig. 5 [off Balicasag Island, Bohol (Philippines)].

1964h Teramachia smithi (Bartsch), Weaver, 2nd Provisional
Species List of Living Volutidae, p. 8.

Type: Holotype, United States National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C., No. 231760.

Type locality: Off Balicasag Island, Bohol, Philippines,
Station 5528.

Range: From Balicasag Island to Maestre de Campo Island,
Philippine Archipelago — a distance of about 200 miles.

178

Neptuneopsis

Habitat: In 281 to 439 fathoms in globigerina ooze; bot-
tom temperature, 53.3° F (11.8° C).

Dimensions: Holotype length, 134.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 42.7 mm; aperture length, 65.9 mm.

Shell description: Shell is large and elongate-turreted. It
has a high spire. Protoconch is decollated in all known
specimens. Teleoconch has about eight convex, sculptured
whorls which are shouldered between tbe sutures. Sculpture
on all whorls but the last consists of strong, sinuous axial
ribs, as wide as the spaces separating them. Twenty-one such
ribs are present on the antepenultimate whorl of a shell 134
mm in length. Ribs form slight cusps posteriorly and are
crossed by hne, closely spaced, revolving striations. Suture
is moderately impressed. Aperture is irregularly ovate and
channeled anteriorly; interior is pale brown. Columella is
curved, with no plaits on adult specimens, although feeble
indications of two plaits are evident on early whorls. The
surface of the shell is covered by a thin, shiny periostracum.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: The three known specimens are all in the United
States National Museum, Washington, D.C.

The species was named in honor of Dr. Hugh M. Smith,
Director of the Philippine Albatross Expedition.

Teramachia tibiaeformis Kuroda, 1931

(Plate 76E and 76F; Figure 41b)

1931 Teramachia tibiaeformis Kuroda, Venus 3{1):45^7, text
tigs. 2, 3 [off Kii (Japan)].

1950 Teramachia tibiaeformis Kuroda, Kuroda and Habe, Illus-
trated Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):36, 37,
pi. 5, fig. 1, text fig. 5 (operculum).

1963 Teramachia tibiaeformis Kuroda, Shikama et Horikoshi, Se-
lected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:97, pi.
79, fig. 6.

Type: Holotype, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
No. 246797.

Type locality: Off Kii, Honshu Island, Japan.

Range: Kii, Honshu Island, and Tosa, Shikoku Island,
Japan.

Habitat: In 75 to 150 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 61.0 mm; maximum diam-
eter, 21.3 mm; aperture length, 29.5 mm.

Shell description: Shell is moderate in size. It is elongate,
not heavy, and has a high, pointed spire. Protoconch has
about two frequently corroded whorls; the first whorl is
small and rounded, with an obliquely indented suture. Teleo-
conch has about 10 and a half convex whorls; the first eight
and a half are sculptured with sinuous axial ribs, tbe ribs
as wide as tbe spaces separating them. Posterior end of the
ribs has weak cusps. No spiral sculpture is discernible.
Suture is impressed. Aperture is irregularly oval, channeled
anteriorly; interior is wine colored, margined in white.
Columella is curved, glazed, and has no plaits. Parietal wall

is without a callus. Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent.
Base color is a pale, shiny gray with a subsutural band of
pale brown on tbe last three or four whorls. Periostracum is
shiny and translucent. The horny opiuculum is thin, kidney
shaped, and dark brown, with a subspiral apex roughly
marked with incremental growth lines and ill-detined spiral
impressions (see Figure 41b).

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

Remarks: Large numbers of Teramachia tibiaeformis have
been dredged despite the depths at which they live. Few are
obtained with the protoconch uncorroded.

Genus Neptuneopsis Sowerby III, 1898

1898 Neptuneopsis Sowerby, Marine Invest. S. Africa (.5):.5-7, jil.
1, figs. A-D (shell, operculum, radula).

Type species: Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerby, 1898; by
monotypy; Recent, south Africa.

Distribution: The single species in this genus has a south
African range extending from Algoa Bay in the Indian Ocean,
counterclockwise around the Cape of Good Hope to False
Bay, in the Atlantic Ocean — a coastal distance ol about 450
miles. The bathymetric range is 33 to 253 fathoms.

Diagnosis: Shell is large (about 200 mm in length), fusi-
form, and light in weight. Protoconch is large, bulbous, and
smooth, the first whorl rising to a point; the nucleus situated
laterally. Teleoconch has smooth, convex whorls covered
with microscopic, closely spaced, spiral lirae. Suture is in-
dented. Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. Columella is
without plaits. A horny operculum and a thin periostracum
are present.

Anatomy is similar to that of Voluta but differs in that the
supra-intestinal ganglia more nearlv ap[)roach that of the
Buccinidae.

According to Barnard (1959), the radula is uniserial with
tricuspid teeth. Also present in the basal membrane are
degenerate laterals, with no free margins, that can scarcely
be called teeth (see Figure 42a).

Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sow erby III, 1898

{Plate 77F and 77F; Figure 42)

1898 Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerby. Marine Invest. S. Africa
(5):5-7, pi. 1. figs. A-D (shell. o[)erculum. radula) (ofl
the Cape of Good Hope).

1900 Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerby. Woodward. Froc. Malac.

Soc. London 4:120. |)1. 10, fig. 2 (anterior aspect of head,
foot, and mantle). Iig. 3 (side dissection widi jiroboscis
protnided). figs. 11, 13. 14 (details of nervous system).
1902 Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerby. Pace. Froc. Malac. Soc.
london 5:25, pi. 2. figs. 5-8.

1942 Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerbv. M. Smith. Review of the

Volutidae, pp. 14. 1.5, pi. 3. figs. 29-.31.

1943 Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerbv. W enz. Handb. Falao. 6(1).

Gastropoda, p. 1.32.5. text fig. .3767.

179

CALLIOTECTINAE

Figure 42: Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerby III, 1898. a. Three central teeth with degenerate
laterals from near front of radula. The expansion of the basal membrane thins out laterally, as indicated
bv the spacing of the dots (after Barnard, 1959). b. Anterior aspect of the head, foot, and mantle (after
Woodward. 1900). c. Operculum (after Sowerby III, 1898). (Not to scale.)

180

Fusivoluta

1959 Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerby, Barnard, Ann. S. African
Mus. 45(l):33-35, text fig. 94.

1963 Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerby, Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of tbe World Illustrated in Colours 1:97,
pi. 79, fig. 5.

Type: The holotype appears to have been lost [fide Barnard,
1959); it is not in the British Museum (Natural History),
London. A topotype is in the South African Museum, Cape
Town.

Type locauty: Off the Cape of Good Hope in 33 fathoms.

Range: Algoa Bay in the Indian Ocean, counterclockwise
around the Cape of Good Hope to False Bay, in the Atlantic
Ocean — a coastal distance of about 450 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 33 to 250 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 115 to 200 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large and fusiform. It is light
in weight with a high, pointed spire. Protoconch has two
large, smooth, bulbous whorls, the first whorl rising to a
point; the nucleus is situated laterally. Teleoconch has about
six or seven smooth, convex whorls that are covered with
microscopic, closely spaced, spiral lirae. Aperture is wide
and irregularly oval; interior is white. Golumella is curved
and without plaits. Suture is indented. Parietal area is covered
with a white glaze. The canal is short. Siphonal notch and
fasciole are absent. Color of the shell is a uniform, light
pinkish-buff covered by a very thin, olive-brown perio-
stracum. Operculum, which is much smaller than the aper-
ture, is homy, oblong, and dark brown, with a terminal
nucleus (see Figure 42c).

Animal and radula: According to Woodward (1900), the
head has large, conical tentacles that are widely spaced and
bear eyes on an extension of tbeir posterior external margin.
The proboscis is long. The foot is large, and a well developed
siphon is present (see Figure 42b). The gill, osphradium, and
mucous gland, as well as the position of the anal, genital, and
renal orifices, are indistinguishable from those of Voluta.

An enormous appendix to the esophagus fills the anterior
body cavity. The nervous system appears to resemble that
of Voluta but differs in the relation of the supra-intestinal
ganglia which approach that of the Buccinidae.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth. Also present
in the basal membrane are degenerate laterals, with no free
margins, that can scarcely be called teeth (see Figure 42a).

Remarks: This rather common species was named for Dr.
J. D. F. Gilchrist of the Department of Agriculture, England,
who presented Sowerby with the type specimen.

Genus Fusivoluta von Martens, 1902

1902 Voluta {Fusivoluta) von Martens, Sitzber. Ges. Naturl.

Freunde, p. 237 (type species, Voluta (Fusivoluta)
anomala von Martens, 1902; by subsei|uent designation.
M. Smith, 1942).

1904 Fusivoluta von Martens, Tietsee Exped. 7(1): 107. (Not
1903 as often dated.)

1942 Fusivoluta von Martens, M. Smith, A Keview of tlie Voliiti-
dae, pp. 16, 17.

1969a Fusivoluta von Martens, Rehder, The Veliger 11(3):20.5.

Type species: Voluta (Fusivoluta) anomala von Martens,
1902; by subsequent designation, M. Smith, 1942; Recent,
east Africa.

Distribution: The eight living species in the genus Fusi-
voluta inhabit waters of the western Indian Ocean irom
Kenya, east Africa, southward to the Capt' ol Good Hope,
Republic of South Africa. Their hathvmetric range is .39 to
400 fathoms. Most species live in deep water on the conti-
nental shelf.

Diagnosis: Shells are fusiform and range from the small
(about 35 mm in length) Fusivoluta decussata Barnard, 19.59
to the large (about 117 mm in length) Fusivoluta hamardi
Rehder, 1969. Protoconch is medium to large, bulbous or
cylindrical, rarely with the nucleus situated laterally. Teleo-
conch is sculptured with axial ribs and spiral lirae on some
or all of the whorls. Suture is indented. Columella is without
plaits, although juvenile specimens may have a weak an-
terior fold. Siphonal notch is weak or absent; fasciole absent.
A thin, transparent periostracum and hornv operculum are
present.

Radula, where known, is uniserial with tricuspid teeth
in one plane (see Figure 43a and 43c).

Remarks: Barnard (1959) described Fusivoluta elegans
from a single dead specimen dredged in 460 fathoms off
East London, South Africa. Because of the verv small proto-
conch (diameter, 1.2 mm) and general shape of the shell,
Rehder (1969a) suggested that elegans belongs in Fusinidae.
We are in agreement and therefore have m)t includ«‘d it here
in Fusivoluta.

Fusivoluta anomala (von Martens, 1902)
[Plate 78E and 78F; Figure 43a and 43b)

1902 Voluta (Fusivoluta) anomala von Martems, Sitzber. Ges.

Naturf. Freunde. p. 237 |Ost-Afriea, an der Somalikiiste.
in 463 m Tiefe (east Africa, on the Somali coast)].

1904 Fusivoluta anomala von Martens. Tiefsee Exped. 7(l):10i.

108, pi. 3, fig. 13 (ventral viev\ and 2 views of tbe ])roto-
conch). fig. 14a (operculum), fig. 14b (juvenile). (Not
1903 as often dated.)

1929 Fusivoluta anomala von Martens. Thiele, llandb. Svst.

Weicht. 1:345. fig. 413 (radula). fig. 414 (shell), fig. lida
(operculum).

1942 Fusivoluta anomala von Martens. M. Smith. ,‘\ Review of tbe
Volutidae. pp. 16. 17 (unligured).

1969a Fusivoluta anomala (Martens). Rehder. Tbe \ eliger I 1(3):
205. 206. pi. 42, fig. 33.

Type: Holotype. Inslitut fiir S|)ezielle Zoologie imd
Zoologisches Museum, East Berlin, No. .59.918.

181

CALLIOTECTINAE

Figure 43a-b: Fusivoluta anomala (von Martens, 1902). a, Radula. b. Operculum.
Figure 43e-d: Fusivoluta pynhostoma (Watson, 1882). c, Radula. d. Operculum.
(Not to scale, a and b after Thiele, 1929; c and d after Sowerby HI, 1903.)

Type locality; East Africa, off the Somali coast.

Range: From north of Zanzibar Island northward to waters
off Kenya, east Africa.

Habitat: Dredged in 253 fathoms on a substrate of blue
clay and globigerina ooze.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 70.0 mm; maximum di-
ameter, 25.0 mm; aperture length (ineluding anterior canal),
37.0 mm.

Shell description: Shell is of moderate size. It is elongate-
fusiform and turreted, with a high spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is large, of one and two-tenths smooth, globose
whorls. Teleoconch has about six convex, angulate, strongly
sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of axial ribs, somewhat
nodiform posteriorly. There are 11 such ribs on the pen-
ultimate whorl of a shell 70 mm in length. Relatively strong
spiral lirae cross these ribs. Suture is deeply indented.
Aperture is lanceolate, that is, tapering anteriorly to a point.
Outer lip is thin and simple. Siphonal notch is very weak;
fasciole absent. Columella is calloused, pale reddish in color,
recurved, and without plaits. Shell is a uniform reddish-gray.
A small, horny, unguiculate operculum is present but is not
large enough to close the aperture (see Figure 43h).

Animal and radula: The radula is uniserial with tricuspid
teeth (see Figure 43a).

Fusivoluta barnardi Rehder, 1969
(Plate 77 A and 77 B)

196.3 Fulgoraria bluizei Barnard. Journal of Conchologv 25(4):163
Isouthern slope of the Agulhas Bank in 10.5 fathoms; off

the Tugela River (Natal-Zululand) in 160-180 fathoms]
(non Fulgoraria blaizei Barnard, 1959).

1969a Fusivoluta bamardi Rehder, The Veliger 11(3):207, 208,
pi. 40, hg. 9; pi. 43, hgs. 40-43 (off Natal coast).

Type: Holotype, Delaware Museum of Natural History,
Greenville, Delaware, No. 10751.

Type locauty: Southern slope of the Agulhas Bank; off
the Tugela River (Natal-Zululand), Republic of South Africa.

Range: Off the Natal coast, south Africa, generally in the
vicinity of the mouth of the Tugela River, Republic of South
Africa.

Habitat: Dredged in 20 to 180 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 93 to 117 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is large for the genus. It is
elongate-fusiform and rather light in weight, with a high
spire, blunt at the apex. Protoconch is large, of about one to
one and a quarter smooth, bulbous whorls. Teleoconch has
about eight sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of axial
ribs and spiral threads. The axial ribs start to diminish in
strength on the fourth whorl, become obsolete on the fifth
and sixth, and disappear entirely on the last two whorls. The
surface of the last whorl is marked only by irregular growth
lines that cross the crowded, fine, unecjual spiral threads. On
the penultimate whorl of a shell measuring 11.2 mm in
length there are 62 spiral threads. Suture is indented. The
aperture is elongate. Outer lip is thickened and somewhat
effuse. Columella is almost straight and has no plaits. A thin
glaze appears on the parietal wall. The color of fresh speci-
mens is a uniform dull white. Dead shells are orange-yellow,
probably stained by iron oxide.

Animal and radula: Not available for study.

182

Fusivoluta

Remarks: This species can be separated from its closest
relative, Fusivoluta clarkei Rehder, 1969, by its bulbous
protoconch, bner and more numerous spiral threads, less
pronounced axial ribs, and the apparently different color of
live-collected shells. Furthermore, clarkei occupies a more
northerly geographic range.

Fusivoluta barnardi was named for the late Dr. Keppel
Harcourt Barnard, former Curator of Mollusks, South African
Museum, Cape Town.

Fusivoluta blaizei (Barnard, 1959)

(Plate 78 A and 78B)

1959 Fulgoraria blaizei Barnard, Ann. S. African Mus. 45(1):28,
29, text tig. 8h (shell, operculum, protoconch) [off Cape
St. Blaize, 73 miles (South Africa)].

1963a Fusivoluta blaizei (Barnard), Weaver, Provisional Species
List of Living Volutidae, p. 1.

1969a Fusivoluta blaizei (Barnard), Rehder, The Veliger 11(3):
206, pi. 40, fig. 7; pi. 43, figs. 35, 36.

Type: Holotype, South African Museum, Cape Town, No.
A3433.

Type locality: 73 miles off Cape St. Blaize, Cape of Good
Hope, Republic of South Africa.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 105 to 125 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype (a subadult specimen) length, 39.0
mm; maximum diameter, 11.5 mm; aperture length, 17.0
mm.

Shell description: Since no fully adult specimens have
been collected, the following is a description of the subadult
holotype: Shell is rather small. It is elongate-fusiform and
light in weight, with an attenuated spire, blunt at the apex.
Protoconch is large (diameter, 2.8 mm) and has two smooth
whorls. The nucleus is situated laterally. Teleoconch has
four sculptured whorls without shoulders. Sculpture consists
of low, arcuate axial ribs (16 on the first whorl; 18 on the
second) that become obsolete on the third whorl and disap-
pear on the last. Fine spiral lirae appear only on the first
and second whorls. The body whorl exhibits fine, arcuate,
longitudinal growth lines and about 20 spiral lirae above the
anterior tip. Suture is indented. Aperture is narrowlv ovate;
outer lip thin. Columella is slightlv curved, with a weak
anterior fold (probably a juvenile characteristic). Siphonal
notch absent, canal short; fasciole absent. Color of shell is
a uniform salmon-buff. A horny, obovate operculum with an
apical nucleus is present.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: Rehder (1969) states that Barnard (1963) con-
fused this very rare species with large, adult specimens of
Fusivoluta barnardi Rehder, 1969. However, the arrange-
ment and degree of strength of the sculpture are (piite dil-
ferent in the two species (compare Plate 77A and 77B with
78A and 78B).

Fusivoluta capensis (Thiele, 1925)

(Plate 78C and 78D)

1925 Glypleulhria (?) capensis Thiele, Wiss. Krgehn. Oeulseli.

Tiefsee-Exped. 17(2): 179, pi. 19. fig. 27 [35° 9' siidl.
Br., 18° 32.8' dstl. 1. an der Agulhashank (South Africa) j
[nwi Glypteuthria capensis Tondiii, 1932. = Glypleuthria
sculplurata Tomlin, 194.5] .

1959 Fusivoluta capensis (Thiele), Barnard, Ann. S. African Mus.
45(1):30, 31 (j)ars).

Type: Holotype, Institut fiir Spezielle Zoologie und
Zoologisches Museum, East Berlin, No. 101552.

Type locality: On the Agulhas Bank, Cape of Gooil Hope,
Republic of South Africa, Station 110, lat. 35° 9' S/long.
18° 32.8' E.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 308 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 11.0 mm; maximum di-
ameter, 4.5 mm.

Shell description: Shell is very small and rather heavy.
It is obovate, with a high spire, blunt at the apex. Prf)toconch
is medium (diameter, 2.0 mm) and has about two smooth,
bulbous whorls. Teleoconch has about six sculptured whorls.
Sculpture consists of arcuate axial ribs. There are 14 such
ribs on the first whorl and 22 on the adult body whorl. They
run from indented suture to indented suture. These ribs are
crossed by 18 to 20 fine, spiral lirae which become stronger
anteriorly, giving the shell a beaded appearance. A strong
subsutural cord is present. Aperture is narrow and slightlv
shorter than the spire. Outer lip is slightly thickened and
simple. Columella is curved, glazed, and without plaits.
Siphonal notch is broad; canal short; fasciole absent. The
color of the shell is a uniform ivory-white.

Animal and radlla: Unknown.

Remarks: This species is known onlv from the tvpe speci-
men in the Institut fiir Spezielle Zoologie und Zoologisches
Museum, East Berlin, and was dredged without the animal.

Barnard (1957), Weaver (1965a). and Rehder (1969a)
confused Glypteuthria capensis Tomlin. 1932, = Fusivoluta
sculpturata (Tomlin, 1945) with Glypteuthria (?) capensis
Thiele, 192.5. Barnard (1957) gave radula and op('rculum
descriptions of Tomlin’s species. This confusion was clarified
when we received j)holographs of the tvpe specimen of
Thiele’s capensis. Thev showed a small (11 mm in length),
unilormly white shell with a scul|)ture of axial ribs and sjhral
lirae that gives the shell a beaded a])pearance uidikt' sculp-
turata.

Fusivoluta clarkei Rehder, 1969
(Plate 77C and 77D)

1969a Fusivoluta clarkei Kelider. The \ eliger 1 1 (3):206. 207. pi.

40. tig. 8; |)l. 43. tigs. 37-39 (off loan Belo. Disirici Laza.
Mozambique).

183

CALLIOTECTINAE

Type: Holotype, Delaware Museum of Natural History,
Greenville, Delaware, No. 12833.

Type locality: Off Joao Belo, District Gaza, Mozambique.

RA^GE: From off the coast of the District of Gaza,
Mozambi(|ue.

Habitat: Dredged in 240 to 300 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype length, 96.7 mm; maximum di-
ameter, 31.3 mm; aperture length, 47.6 mm.

Shell description: Shell is rather large for the genus. It
is elongate-fusiform and solid, with a high spire, blunt at the
apex. Protoconch has about two medium whorls; the first
whorl is low and immersed in the first teleoconch wdiorl.
The rest of the protoconch has axially oriented peripheral
nodules. Teleoconch has about six somewhat angulate,
sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of prominent axial
ribs on early whorls. These ribs become obsolete on the fifth
and sixth whorls. The ribs are crossed by fine, sharp, sub-
equal spiral lirae that gradually increase in strength and num-
ber. There are 18 such lirae on the antepenultimate whorl
of the holotype. Suture is indented. Aperture is elongate.
Outer lip is effuse and thickened and has a broad, shallow
sinus just above the periphery. The interior color is yel-
lowish-pink. Columella is slightly sinuous, without plaits,
and with a yellowish-pink glaze on the parietal area. Siphonal
notch and fasciole are absent. Shell color is a dull, uniform,
yellowish-flesh. A thin, brownish-pink periostracum is pres-
ent. Operculum is small, horny, and unguiculate, with a
terminal nucleus.

Animal and radula: The following anatomical description
of Fusivoluta clarliei was provided to Rehder (1969a) by
Dr. Ruth Turner of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard University; The siphon has a large left lobe but
no right one. Minute blank eyes are situated at the base of
broad, flat tentacles. The digestive tract anatomy approaches
that figured for the Volutinae bv Clench and Turner (1964).
Because of partial disintegration of the available soft parts, it
is not clear whether the racemose salivary glands and tubular
glands were free of each other, as in the Volutinae, or
whether they were only loosely connected and became un-
wound, as in the Zidoninae (Clench and Turner, 1964).
The gland of Leihlein has an enlarged distal end as in the
Volutinae. Males have very large intromittent organs.

The radula is uniserial with tricuspid teeth. The teeth are
very similar to those in Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma (Watson,
1882) except that the basal edge is more broadly emarginate.
They are also similar to the radula of Calliotectum vernicosum
Dali, 1890 (see Figures 40 and 43c — pages 176 and
182).

Remarks: Fusivoluta clarkei most closely resembles Fusi-
voluta barnardi Rehder, 1969 hut differs from it by the
stronger sculpture, different protoconch, and different color
of the shell. The species is rather rare.

It was named for Mr. Barry Clark, who first discovered the
species.

Fusivoluta decussata Barnard, 1959
{Plate 79 A and 79B)

1959 Fusivoluta decussata Barnard, Ann. S. African Mus. 45(1):

31, text fig. 8c [Buffalo River, East London, 15 miles
(South Africa)].

1969a Fusivoluta decussata Barnard, Rehder, The Veliger 11(3):
206, pi. 42, fig. 34.

Type: Holotype, South African Museum, Cape Town, No.
A3432.

Type locality: Fifteen miles off the mouth of the Buffalo
River, East London, Republic of South Africa.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Habitat: Dredged in 310 fathoms.

Dimensions: Holotype (a subadult specimen) length, 35.0
mm; maximum diameter, 12.0 mm.

Shell description: Since no fully adult specimens have
been collected, the following is a description of the subadult
holotype; shell is small, elongate-fusiform, and light in
weight. Protoconch is large for the genus (diameter, 3.5
mm), of about two to two and a half whorls, smooth except for
a few narrow axial folds near the junction of the first teleo-
conch whorl. Teleoconch has four evenly convex and sculp-
tured whorls. Sculpture consists of slightly arcuate axial
ribs crossed by spiral lirae, producing a cancellate texture,
slightly nodulose at the intersections. The ribs are a little
stronger than the lirae. There are 30 ribs on the first whorl,
45 on the second, and 55 on the last whorl. There are seven
lirae on the first whorl, eight on the second, and 10 on the
last whorl. Suture is indented. Aperture is semiovate; outer
lip broken. Siphonal notch and fasciole are absent. Color of
shell is a uniform chalky-white.

Animal and radula: Unknown.

Remarks: This species, known only from a single dead
specimen and a fragment of a second, was placed pro-
visionally in Fusivoluta by Barnard. Because of the nature of
its protoconch and general shell morphology, we are in agree-
ment with Rehder (1969a) that it should remain in this genus
until future evidence indicates otherwise.

Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma (Watson, 1882)
(Plate 79C and 79D; Figure 43c and 43d)

1882 Fusus (Sipho) pyrrhostoma Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London
16:374, 375 (Lat. 34° 41' S., Long. 18° 36' E., Station
141, 20 miles SSE of Cape of Good Hope, 98 fms.).

1903a Neptuneopsis py rrhostoma Watson, Sowerby, Marine Invest.

S. Africa 2:226, pi. 3, fig. 1 (shell, protoconch, oper-
culum, radula).

1904 Fusivoluta py rrhostoma Watson, von Martens, Tiefsee Exped.
7(1):32, pi. 3, fig. 15. (Not 1903 as often dated.)

184

Fusivoluta

1959 Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma (Watson), Barnard, Ann. S. African
Mus. 45(i):29, 30, text figs. 7b, 7c, 9b, 9c.

1959 Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma forma major Barnard, ibid., p. 30,
text figs. 7c, 9c [off South Head (Saldanha Bay), 190
fathoms] .

1962a Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma (Watson), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 10('3):4, text figs. 5, 6.

1963 Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma (Watson), Shikama et Horikoshi,
Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:97,
pi. 79, fig. 4.

1965a Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma (Watson), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell
News 13(3):7, text figs. 7, 8.

1969a Fusivoluta pYrrhosloma (Watson), Rehder, The Veliger 11
(3):205, pi. 42, fig. 31.

Type: Holotype, British Museum (Natural History), London,
No. 1887.2.9.708.

Type locality: Twenty miles southeast of the Cape of Good
Hope (lat. 34° 41' S/long. 18° 16' E), Station 141, South
Africa.

Range: From Cape Sainte Blaize to Saldanha Bay, Repuhlic
of South Africa — a coastal distance of about 300 miles.

Habitat: Dredged in 39 to 200 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 40 to 83 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is medium in size. It is fusiform
and light in weight, with a high, hlunt spire. Protoconch
is cylindrical, medium in size (diameter, 2.0 to 2.5 mm), of
two to two and a half corroded, slightly hent whorls, the first
whorl being produced and twisted. Teleoconch has about
seven convex, sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists of low,
arcuate axial ribs that extend from indented suture to in-
dented suture and form a very slight shoulder. There are 13
to 14 such ribs on the first whorl and 15 to 20 on the pen-
ultimate whorl. These ribs gradually become obsolete and
frequently disappear on the adult body whorl of large shells.
Fine, closely spaced spiral lirae appear on early whorls
(when not corroded) and become obsolete on later whorls.
Aperture is irregularly oval and wide. Outer lip is thin and
simple. Columella is arched and without plaits. Anterior
canal is short; siphonal notch and fasciole absent. Color of
shell is a uniform, ruddy, brownish-yellow, covered by a thin,
pale-fawn periostracum. Operculum is horny and elongate-
ovate, with a terminal nucleus at the small end.

Animal and radula: Radula is uniserial with about 4.5
tricuspid teeth, each tooth measuring about 1.5 mm in length.

Remarks: Barnard (1959) gave the name forma major to
large specimens of this species. After careful examination of
over 20 specimens ranging in length from 30 to 80 mm, we
can find no justification for this formal distinction. This
evaluation is in agreement with Rehder (1969a).

Fusivoluta sculpturata (Tomlin, 1945)

1932 Glypteuthria capensis Tomlin, Ann. S. African Mus. 30(2):

165, fig. 6 {non Glypteuthria (?) capensis Thiele. 1925)

[Cape Point, N 41°E., 38 miles (Repuhlic of South
Africa)].

194.5 Glypteuthria sculpturata Tomlin. Journal of Conctiologv 22
(6):13.5 (new name for preoccupied Glypteuthria capensis
Tomlin, 1932).

1957 Fusivoluta capensis (Thiele), Barnard, Journal of Cotiehologv
24(2) :210 (non Glypteuthria (?) capensis Thiele, 1925).
1959 Fusivoluta capensis (Thiele). Barnard, Ann. S. Alriean Mus.
45(1):30-31.

196.5a Fusivoluta capensis (fhiele). Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News
13(3):7, text figs. 5, 6.

1969a Fusivoluta capen.sis (Ihiele), Rehder. The Veliger 11 (3):
205, pl. 42, fig. 32.

Type: Holotype, South Al’rican Museum, Cape Town. No.
A3446.

Type locality: N 41° E, 38 miles from Cape Point, Re-
public of South Africa.

Range: Found only in the general area surrounding the tvjte
locality.

Habitat: Dredged in .318 to 400 fathoms.

Dimensions: Adult specimens are 29 to 38 mm in length.

Shell description: Shell is medium in size and fusiform
with an attenuated spire, hlunt at the apex. Protoconch has

Fusivoluta sculpturata (Tomlin. 1945)
Cape Point, Republic of South Africa.
So. Af. Mus. No. A3446 (holotvpe)

185

CALLIOTECTINAE

about two corroded whorls. Teleoconch has about six and a
half moderatelv convex, sculptured whorls. Sculpture consists
of arcuate axial ribs (16 to 18 on the adult body whorl),
crossed hv crowded, spiral cords of varying strength. Below
the slight shoulder and adpressed suture is a series of five
fine cords. Aperture is ovate; outer lip simple. Siphonal
notch and fasciole are absent; canal short. Columella is
without plaits. Color of the shell is a uniform grayish-white.
The horny operculum is ovate-unguiculate with a terminal
nucleus.

Animal and radula: According to Barnard (1959), the
radula, measuring 2.75 mm in length, with 45 to 50 teeth.

resembles that of Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma (Watson, 1882)
(see Figure 43c — page 182).

Remarks: In 1932 Tomlin described Glypteuthria (?)
capensis not knowing that the name was preoccupied by
Thiele (1925). He corrected this oversight in 1945 by re-
naming the species scidpturata.

Fusivoluta sculpturata differs from capensis Thiele, 1925
in being almost three times as large, in having a more slender
spire, and by the presence of the five fine spiral cords below
the suture instead of a single strong subsutural cord. Further-
more, it does not possess the beadlike sculpture of capensis.

A few living examples of this rare species are known.

186

Color Plates

PLATE 1

A-B Valuta virescens Lightfoot, 1786 (X 1)

South Texas coast; Clover collection. (See p. 7.)

C-D Valuta ebraea Linnaeus, 1758 (X f)

Paripueira, Maceio, Brazil; DMNH No. 10198. (See p. 3.)

E-F Valuta musica musica Linnaeus, 1758 (X 1)

Margarita Island, Venezuela; DMNH
No. 12207. (See p. 3.)

G Valuta musica musica Linnaeus, 1758 (X 1)

A population variant formerly called
camealata Lamarck, 1811; Barbados,

British West Indies; DMNH No. 12205. (See p. 3.)

H Valuta musica musica Linnaeus, 1758 (X 1)

A form previously called palypleura
Crosse, 1876; locality unknown; DMNH
No. 12204. (See p. 3.)

1 Valuta musica demarcai Olsson, 1965 (X 1)

El Mezquital, Mexico; DMNH No. 12208. (See p. 7.)

J Valuta musica musica Linnaeus, 1758 (X 1)

A form previously called guinaica
Lamarck, 1811; locality unknown; DMNH
No. 12206. (See p. 3.)

188

PLATE 1

J

PLATE 2

Top: Valuta ebraea Linnaeus, 1758

Side view with animal showing foot, siphon,
and tentaeles. (See p. 3.)

Bottom: Mela {Melocorona) amphora (Lightfoot, 1786)

Dorsal view showing animal with expanded
foot, siphon, and tentacles. (See p. 72.)

190

PLATE 2

PLATE 3

A-B Ternivoluta studeri (von Martens, 1897) ( X 1)
Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10247. (See p. 13.)

C-D Volutocorbis abyssicola (H. Adams and Reeve,

184B) (X 1)

Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; DMNH
No. 10229. (See p. 10.)

E Volutocorbis abyssicola (H. Adams and Reeve,

1848) (X 1)

Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; collection
of Helen Boswell. (See p. 10.)

F-G Volutocorbis boswellae Rehder, 1969 ( X 1)

Mossel Bay, Repubbc of South Africa; USNM
No. 683585. (See p. 10.)

H-1 Volutocorbis lutosa Koch, 1948 (X 1)

Orange River, Republic of South Africa;

DMNH No. 10301. (See p. 12.)

J-K Volutocorbis gilchristi (Sowerby HI, 1902) (X 1)
Tugela River Mouth, Republie of South Africa;
DMNH No. 10286. (See p. 12.)

L-M Volutocorbis epigona (von Martens, 1904) ( X 1)
Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania; ISZZM No. 61.052
(holotype). (See p. 11.)

N-0 Volutocorbis disparilis Rehder, 1969 (X 1)

Agulhas Bank, Cape Town, Republic of South
Africa; DMNH No. 10761 (paratype). (See p. 11.)

192

PLATE 3

PLATE 4

A-B Lyria (Lyria) delessertiana (Petit de la Saussaye,

^ 1842) (X 1^)

Mayotte, Fomoro Island, northwest of
Madagascar; DMNH No. 10018. (See p. 17.)

C-D Lyria {Lyria) deliciosa deliciosa (Montrouzier,

■ 1859) (X If)

New Caledonia; DMNH No. 10266. (See p. 18.)

E Lyria (Lyria) deliciosa howensis Iredale, 1937 ( X If)
Keppel Bay, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10267. (See p. 18.)

F-G Lyria (Lyria) cassidula (Reeve, 1849) ( X 2)

’ Japan; DMNH No. 10860. (See p. 16.)

H Lyria (Lyria) cassidula (Reeve, 1849) ( X 2)

Kii Suido, Japan; DMNH No. 10238. (See p. 16.)

I-J Lyria (Lyria) beauii (Fischer and Bernardi, 1857) ( X 2)
Marie Galante, Lesser Antilles, French West
Indies; Paris Museum. (See p. 16.)

K-L Lyria (Lyria) kimberi Cotton, 1932 (X 2)

Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia; SAM
No. D. 10185 (holotype). (See p. 21.)

M-N Lyria (Lyria) cloveriana Weaver, 1963 ( X 1^)

Tangalla, south Ceylon; DMNH No. 10139
(paratype). (See p. 17.)

194

PLATE 4

PLATE 5

A-B Lyria (Lyria) lyraeformis (Swainson, 1821) (X 1)
Mombasa, Kenya, east Africa; DMNH No.

19223. (See p. 21.)

C-D Lyria {Lyria) mitraeformis (Lamarck, 1811) (X 1)
Tumby Bay, Spencer Gulf, South Australia;

DMNH No. 6264. (See p. 22.)

E Lyria {Lyria) mitraeformis (Lamarck, 1811) (X 1)
Color form; Port Lincoln, South Australia;

DMNH No. 19209. (See p. 22.)

F-G Lyria {Lyria) nucleus (Lamarck, 1811) (X 1)

Norfolk Island, Pacific Ocean, Australia;

DMNH No. 10311. (See p. 23.)

H Lyria {Lyria) nucleus (Lamarck, 1811) (X 1)

Sunday Island, Kermadec Islands, New
Zealand; DMNH No. 10310. (See p. 23.)

I-J Lyria {Lyria) pallidula Habe, 1962 (X 1)

Cape Ashizuri, Tosa Wan, Shikoku Island,

Japan; Teramachi Collection. (See p. 23.)

K-L Lyria {Lyria) planicostata (Sowerby HI, 1903) (X 1)
Locality unknown; BM(NH) No. 1903.11.5.3
(holotype). (See p. 24.)

196

PLATE 5

PLATE 6

A-B Lyria {Lyria) mitraeformis (Lamarck, 1811) (X 1)
A population variant formerly called grangeri
Sowerby III, 1900; Albany, Western
Australia; collection of Mr. Cate. (See p. 22.)

C-D Lyria {Lyria) queketti (E. A. Smith, 1901) (X 1)
South Zululand, Republic of South Africa;

DMNH No. 10000. (See p. 24.)

E Lyria {Lyria) queketti (E. A. Smith, 1901) ( X 1)
Color variant; Durban, Republic of South
Africa; DMNH No. 15463. (See p. 24.)

F-G Lyria {Lyria) vegai Clench and Turner, 1967 ( X 1)
Dominican Republic, Hispaniola; MCZ No.
256494 (holotype). (See p. 25.)

H Lyria {Harpeola) anna (Lesson, 1835) (X 1)
Cargados Island, Molucca Sea, Indonesia;

DMNH No. 15460. (See p. 29.)

I Lyria {Harpeola) anna (Lesson, 1835) ( X 1)
Cargados Island, Molucca Sea, Indonesia;

DMNH No. 10025. (See p. 29.)

J-K Lyria {Harpeola) kurodai (Kawamura, 1964) ( X 1)
South Formosa; DMNH No. 12201. (See p. 30.)

198

PLATE 6

PLATE 7

A-B Lyria (Enaeta) cuniingii (Broderip, 1832) (X 2)

San Carlos Bay, Sonora, Mexico; DMNH
No. 10270. (See p. 26.)

C-D Lyria {Enaeta) guildingii (Sowerby I, 1844) ( X 2)
Saint Vincent Island, British West Indies;

BM(NH) No. 1967.616 (lectotype). (See p. 27.)

E-F Lvria {Ly reneta) laseroni (Iredale, 1937) ( X 3)

Mullaway, New South Wales, Australia; DMNH
No. 19341. (See p. 29.)

G-H Lyria {Enaeta) archeri (Angas, 1865) (X 2)
Montserrat, West Indies; BM(NH) No.

1892.4.1.1 (holotype). (See p. 25.)

I-J Lyria {Enaeta) cylleniformis (Sowerby I, 1844) (X 2)
Alicetown Flats, North Bimini, Bahamas,

British West Indies; DMNH No. 10166. (See p. 27.)

K-F Lyria {Enaeta) barnesii (Gray, 1825) ( X 2)

Saint Elena, Colombia, Pacific Ocean; DMNH
No. 10812. (See p. 26.)

200

PLATE 7

PLATE 8

A-B Harpovoluta vanhoeffeni Thiele, 1912 ( X 1^)
Gaussberg Mountain, east Antarctica; ISZZM
No. 62.989 (holotype). (See p. 62.)

C-D Guivillea alabastrina Watson, 1882 (X |)

Between Marion Island and the Crozet Islands,
South Indian Ocean; BM(NH) No. 1887.2.9.890
(holotvpe). (See p. 47.)

E-F Harpovoluta charcoti (Lamy, 1910) (X 1^)

King George Island, South Shetland Islands;
Auckland Institute and Museum. (See p. 61.)

202

A

PLATE 8

PLATE 9

A-B Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) hamillei (Crosse, 1869) (X Ij)
Hizen Island, Japan; DMNH No. 10183. (See p. 33.)

204

PLATE 9

PLATE 10

A-B Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) kamakurensis Otuka, 1949 (X l^)
Hachijo Island, 120 miles south of Honshu
Island, Japan. (See p. 34.)

C-D Fulgoraria {Fulgoraria) leviuscula Rehder, 1969 ( X Ij)
Northwest of Tun^-sha-Tao (Pratas Island),

China Sea; USNM No. 231770 (holotype). (See p. 35.)

206

PLATE 10

PLATE 11

A-B Fulgoraria {Volutipysma) humerosa Rehder, 1969 (X 1)
Pratas Island, China Sea; USNM No. 237732
(paratype). (See p. 40.)

C-D Fulgoraria {Fulgoraria) rupestris (Gmelin, 1791) ( X 1)
Formosa; DMNH No. 10294. (See p. 35.)

208

PLATE 11

PLATE 12

A-B Fiilgoraria (Psephaea) concinna (Broderip, 1836) ( X 2)
Kii Suido, Japan; DMNH No. 10181. (See p. 37.)

C-D Fiilgoraria {Psephaea) daviesi (Fulton, 1938) (X j)
Tosa Wan, Shikoku Island, Japan; DMNH
No. 5606. (See p. 38.)

E-F Fulgoraria {Musashia) elongata Shikama, 1962 (X j)
Choshi, Honshu Island, Japan; DMNH
No. 10184. (See p. 43.)

G-H Fulgoraria (Psephaea) kaneko Hirase, 1922 (X ^)
Between kyushu Island. Japan, and south
Korea; DMNH No. 12199. (See p. 38.)

I-J Fulgoraria (Psephaea) kaneko \ . Hirase, 1922 ( X ^)

A population variant formerly called hayashii
Habe and Ito, 1965; Tajima, Japan; DMNH
No. 12202. (See p. 38.)

210

PLATE 12

PLATE 13

A-B Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria) exoptanda Shikama, 1967 ( X 1)
Northwest of Taiwan; collection of Professor
Shikama (holotype). (See p. 33.)

C-D Fulgoraria (Psephaea) yamamotoi Shikama, 1967 ( X 1)
Southwest coast of Cheju Island, south Korea;
collection of Professor Shikama (holotype). (See p. 40.)

E-F Fulgoraria (Psephaea) megaspira (Sowerby I, 1844) (X 1)
Japan; BM(NH) No. 196708 (holotype). (See p. 39.)

G-H Fulgoraria {Musashia) formosana Azuma, 1967 (X 1)
Formosa Strait; collection of Mr. Azuma
(holotype). (See p. 44.)

212

PLATE 13

PLATE 14

A-B Fulgorana {Fulgoraria) angulosa (Shikama, 1967) (X 1)
Sagami Nada, Honshu Island, Japan; DMNH
No. 5623. (See p. 33.)

C Fulgoraria {Musashia) prevostiana (Crosse, 1878) (X 1)
Choshi, Honshu Island, Japan; DMNH
No. 10298. (See p. 44.)

D Fulgoraria (Musashia) prevostiana (Crosse, 1878) (X 1)
A population variant formerly called magna
Kuroda and Habe, 1950; Mito, Honshu Island,

Japan; DMNH No. 10280. (See p. 44.)

214

PLATE 14

PLATE 15

A-B Fulgoraria (Musashia) cancellata Kurocla and
Habe, 1950 (X 1)

Tosa Wan, Shikoku Island, Japan; DMNH
No. 10191. (See p. 41.)

C-D Fulgoraria (Musashia) ckira (Sowerby III, 1914) ( X 1)
Kii Suido, Japan; DMNH No. 19488. (See p. 43.)

E Fulgoraria (Musashia) clara (Sowerby III, 1914) (X 1)
A population variant formerly called noguchii
Hayashi, 1960; Mikawa, Honshu Island, Japan;
DMNH No. 19490. (See p. 43.)

F-G Fulgoraria (Psephaea) mentiens (Fulton, 1940) (X 1)
Tosa Wan, Shikoku Island, Japan; DMNH
No. 10306. (See p. 39.)

216

PLATE 15

PLATE 16

A-B Fulgoraria {Musashia) hirasei (Sowerby III, 1912) (X 1)
Kii Suido, Japan; DMNH No. 10273. (See p. 44.)

C-D Fulgoraria {Saotomea) delicata (Fulton, 1940) (X 1)
Tosa Wan, Shikoku Island, Japan; DMNH
No. 5412. (See p. 46.)

E-F Fulgoraria (Kurodina) smithi (Sowerby III, 1901) (X 1)
Hitachi, Honshu Island, Japan; DMNH
No. 10285. (See p. 45.)

218

PLATE 16

PLATE 17

Livonia mammilla (Sowerby I, 1844) ( X j)
Eden, New South Wales, Australia; DMNH
No. 10652. (See p. 48.)

Livonia mammilla (Sowerby I, 1844) (X 5)
Color form previously called leucostoma
Mayblom, 1951; Eden, New South Wales,
Australia; DMNH No. 10652. (See p. 48.)

PLATE 17

PLATE 18

A-B Livonia roadnightae (McCoy, 1881) (X 1)
Bass Strait, Victoria, Australia; DMNH
No. 10260. (See p. 49.)

222

PLATE 18

PLATE 19

A-B Ericusa (Ericusa) fulgetra (Sowerby I, 1825) ( X |)

A color form previously c aWed fulgetrum
lunulisligata Verco, 1912; Great Australian
Bight; DMNH No. 10248. (See p. 50.)

C Ericusa (Ericusa) fulgetra (Sowerby I, 1825) ( X |)

A color form previously called fulgetrum alba
Verco, 1912; Great Australian Bight; DMNH
No. 10249. (See p. 50.)

D Ericusa (Ericusa) fulgetra (Sowerby I, 1825) ( X |)

Peake Bay, South Australia: DMNH No. 10833. (See p. 50.)

E-F Ericusa (Ericusa) area Cotton, 1952 (X |)

90 miles west of Eucla, Great Australian Bight;

SAM No. D. 13816 (holotype). (See p. 51.)

G-H Ericusa (Ericusa) papillosa (Swainson, 1822) (X |)

Black River Beach, Tasmania, Australia; DMNH
No. 10318. (See p. 51.)

I Ericusa (Ericusa) papillosa (Swainson, 1822) ( X f)

A sculptured variant formerly called keuYoniana
Brazier, 1898; Great Australian Bight; DMNH
No. 12196. (See p. 51.)

224

PLATE 19

PLATE 20

A-B Ericusa (Mesericusa) stokesi (Cotton, 1961) (X j)
Discovery Bay, South Australia; DMNH
No. 10153. (See p. 54.)

C Ericusa {Ericusa) sericata Thornley, 1951 (X 1)
Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10171. (See p. 52.)

D Ericusa {Ericusa) sericata Thornley, 1951 (X 1)
Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10171. (See p. 52.)

E-F Ericusa {Mesericusa) sowerbvi (Kiener, 1839) (X f)
Black River Beach, Tasmania, Australia;

DMNH No. 10274. (See p. 53.)

G Ericusa {Mesericusa) sowerbyi (Kiener, 1839) (X §)
A population variant formerly called perspecta
Iredale, 1929; New South Wales, Australia;
DMNH No. 10275. (See p. 53.)

H Ericusa {Mesericusa) soiverbyi (Kiener, 1839) ( X f)
A color form previously called porcellana
Jackson, 1954; Victoria, Australia; DMNH
No. 10261. (See p. 53.)

226

PLATE 20

PLATE 21

A Festilyria africana (Reeve, 1856) (X 1)

Durban, Republic of South Africa; DMNH
No. 10665. (See p. 57.)

B Festilyria africana (Reeve, 1856) (X 1)

Durban, Republic of South Africa; DMNH
No. 10665. (See p. 57.)

C Festilyria africana (Reeve, 1856) (X 1)

A population variant formerly called beckeri Turton,
1932; East London, Republic of South Africa;
DMNH No. 19348. (See p. 57.)

D Festilyria africana (Reeve, 1856) ( X 1)

A strongly tubercled variant formerly called
rietensis Turton, 1933; Durban, Republic of
South Africa; DMNH No. 19346. (See p. 57.)

E-F Festilyria ponsonbyi (E. A. Smith, 1901) (X 1)
Durban, Republic of South Africa; DMNH
No. 10625. (See p. 59.)

228

PLATE 21

PLATE 22

A-B Festilyria duponti Weaver, 1968 (X 1)

Boa Paz, Mozambique;

DMNH No. 13706 (holotype). (See p. 57.)

C-D Festilyria (estiva (Lamarck, 1811) (X 1)

? "East Africa”; AMNH No. 8416. (See p. 58.)

E-F Iredalina mirabilis Finlay, 1926 (X 1)

Off the east coast of South Island, New
Zealand; DMNH No. 10830. (See p. 60.)

230

PLATE 22

PLATE 23

FestilYria duponti Weaver, 1968

Two views of shell with animal showing foot,
siphon, and tentacles. Dredged in 12 fathoms,
150 miles northeast of Lourengo Marques,
Mozambique; MCZ No. Z62150. (See p. 57.)

232

PLATE 23

PLATE 24

A-B Cymbiiirn glans (Gmelin, 1791) (X j)

Ghana, west Africa; DMNH No. 10048. (See p. 65.)

C-D Cymbium rnarmoratum Link, 1807 (X j)

Formerlv called gracilis Broderip, 1830;

Senegal, west Africa; DMNH No. 10197. (See p. 66.)

E-F Cymbium cucumis Boding, 1798 (X |)

Formerly called rubiginosa Swainson, 1821;

200 miles south-southwest of Teneriffe, Canary
Islands; DMNH No. 10185. (See p. 64.)

234

PLATE 24

I

PLATE 25

A-B Cymhium pachyus (Pallary, 1930) (X 1)

Aba, east Nigeria, west Africa; AMNH No.
126272. (See p. 68.)

C-D Cymbium marocanus (Pallary, 1930) (X 1)
Essaouira (formerly Mogador), Morocco,
northwest Africa; DMNH No. 10305. (See p. 66.)

236

PLATE 25

PLATE 26

A-B Cymbiurn pepo (Lightfoot, 1786) (X |)

Formerlv called neptuni Gmelin, 1791;

Senegal, west Africa; DMNH No. 10325. (See p. 68.)

C-D Cymbium olla (Linnaeus, 1758) (X 1)

Melilla, Spanish Morocco, northwest Africa;

DMNH No. 10320. (See p. 67.)

238

PLATE 26

PLATE 27

A-B Cymhiiim cymbium (Linnaeus, 1758) (X |)

Formerly called porciria Lamarck, 1811;
northwest Africa; DMNH No. 10846. (See p. 64.)

C-D Cymbiola {Aulica) kaupi (Bunker, 1863) (X 2)

Type locality "Nova Seelandia" [probably in
error); ISZZM No. 101.541 (bolotype). (See p. 82.)

E-F Melo (Melocorona) aethiopica (Linnaeus, 1758) (X j)
Indonesia; DMNH No. 10635. (See p. 70.)

240

PLATE 27

PLATE 28

A-B Melo (Melocorona) georginae (Griffith and
Pidgeon, 1834) (X 5)

Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10189. (See p. 74.)

C-D Melo {Melo) melo (Lightfoot, 1786) (X j)

Singapore, Malay Peninsula; DMNH
No. 12260. (See p. 69.)

E-F Melo {Melocorona) miltonis (Griffith and Pidgeon,

1834) (X ^)

Fremantle, Western Australia; DMNH No. 10651. (See p. 74.)

242

PLATE 28

PLATE 29

A-B Melo (Melocorona) umbilicatus Broderip [in]
Sowerbv I, 1826 (X i)

Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia;
DMNH No. 5426. (See p. 75.)

C-D Melo [Melocorona) broderipii (Griffith and
Pidgeon, 1834) (X |)

A geographical population variant from
Samarai Island, Papua, New Guinea; DMNH
No. 15462. (See p. 73.)

244

PLATE 29

PLATE 30

Melo (Melocorona) amphora (Lightfoot, 1786) (X j)
Gerontic specimen from Broome, Western
Australia; DMNH No. 10177. (See p. 72.)

246

PLATE 30

PLATE 31

Melo (Melocorona) amphora (Lightfoot, 1786) (X f)
Gerontic specimen from Broome, Western
Australia; DMNH No. 10177. (See p. 72.)

248

PLATE 31

PLATE 32

A-B Cxmbiola (Aulica) chrysostoma (Swainson, 1824) (X 1)
Spice Islands, Molucca Sea, Indonesia; DMNH
No. 10352. (See p. 80.)

C-D Cvmbiola (Aulica) aulica (Sowerby I, 1825) (X 1)

Jolo Island, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines;

DMNH No. 4069. (See p. 77.)

E Cvmbiola (Aulica) aulica (Sowerby I, 1825) ( X 1)

A population variant formerly called cathcartiae
Reeve, 1856; Taquite Bay, Zamboanga,

Mindanao Island, Philippines; DMNH No.

22854. (See p. 77.)

F Cvmbiola (Aulica) aulica (Sowerby I, 1825) (X 1)

A color form of the above variant; Sacol Island,
Zamboanga, Mindanao Island, Philippines;

DMNH No. 10196. (See p. 77.)

G-H Cvmbiola (Aulica) Jlavicans (Gmelin, 1791) (X 1)

Fly River, Papua, New Guinea; DMNH No.

10271. (See p. 80.)

I Cwibiola (Aulica) flavicans (Gmelin, 1791) ( X 1)

A strongly tubercled form; Crocodile Islands,
Northern Territory, Australia; DMNH No.

10272. (See p. 80.)

250

PLATE 32

PLATE 33

A Cymbiola {Aulica) imperialis (Lightfoot, 1786) (X to)
A variant formerly called robinsona
J. Q. Burch, 1954; Mindanao Island,

Philippines; DMNH No. 10660. (See p. 81.)

B-C Cymbiola {Aulica) imperialis (Lightfoot, 1786) (X to)
Mindanao Island, Philippines; DMNH No.

10660. (See p. 81.)

D-E Cymbiola {Aulica) mariaemma (Gray, 1858) ( X to)
Locality unknown; BM(NH) No. 59.7.4.30
(holotype). (See p. 82.)

252

PLATE 33

PLATE 34

A-B Cymbiola {Aulica) nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786) (X |)
Singapore, Malay Peninsula; DMNH No.

10314. (See p. 83.)

C Cymbiola {Aulica) nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786) (X |)
Color form; Singapore, Malay Peninsula;

DMNH No. 10316. (See p. 83.)

D Cymbiola (Aulica) nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786) (X |)
Color form; Singapore, Malay Peninsula;

DMNH No. 10315. (See p. 83.)

E-F Cymbiola (Aulica) rossiniana (Bernard!, 1859) ( X 1)
lie des Pins, New Caledonia; DMNH No.

10757. (See p. 84.)

254

PLATE 34

PLATE 35

A-B Cymbiola (Aulicina) irvinae (E. A. Smith, 1909) ( X 1)
Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia; DMNH
No. 10287. (See p. 85.)

C CYmbiola {Aulicina) irvinae (E. A. Smith, 1909) (X 1)
A smooth form from south of Shark Bay,

Western Australia; DMNH No. 19520. (See p. 85.)

D-E Cymbiola {Aulicina) deshayesi (Reeve, 1855) ( X f)
Balabie Island, New Caledonia; DMNH No.

10333. (See p. 84.)

F-G Cymbiola {Aulicina) nivosa (Lamarck, 1804) ( X 1)
Peron Peninsula, Shark Bay, Western Australia;
DMNH No. 10307. (See p. 85.)

H Cymbiola {Aulicina) nivosa (Lamarck, 1804) (X 1)

A spinose form previously called oblita
E. A. Smith, 1909; Cape Leveque, Western
Australia; DMNH No. 10308. (See p. 85.)

I Cymbiola {Aulicina) nivosa (Lamarck, 1804) ( X 1)

A spinose color form; Dampier Archipelago,

Western Australia; DMNH No. 12227. (See p. 85.)

256

PLATE 35

PLATE 36

A-B Cymbiola (Aulicina) rutila norrisii (Gray, 1838) (X 1)
Trobriand Island, Papua, New Guinea; DMNH
No. 10313. (See p. 88.)

G Cymbiola {Aulicina) rutila norrisii (Gray, 1838) (X 1)

A population variant formerly called riickeri
Crosse, 1867; Woodlark Island, Papua, New
Guinea; DMNH No. 10312. (See p. 88.)

D Cymbiola {Aulicina) rutila norrisii (Gray, 1838) (X 1)

A population variant formerly called ceraunia
Crosse, 1880; Manus Island, Bismarck
Archipelago; DMNH No. 10109. (See p. 88.)

E-F Cymbiola {Aulicina) rutila rutila (Broderip, 1826) (X 1)
Stephens Island, Torres Strait, north
Queensland, Australia; DMNH No. 10121. (See p. 87.)

G Cymbiola {Aulicina) rutila norrisii (Gray, 1838) (X 1)

A population variant formerly called macgillivrayi
Cox, 1873; Samarai Island, Papua, New Guinea;

DMNH No. 10117. (See p. 88.)

258

PLATE 36

PLATE 37

A-B Cymbiola (Aulicina) sophia (Gray, 1846) (X 1)
Thursday Island, north Queensland, Australia;

DMNH No. 10738. (See p. 89.)

C Cymbiola {Aulicina) sophia (Gray, 1846) (X 1)

Color form; Thursday Island, north Queensland,
Australia; DMNH No. 22855. (See p. 89.)

D-E Cymbiola (Aulicina) vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) (X 1)
Variant; Philippines; DMNH No. 10774. (See p. 89.)

F Cymbiola (Aulicina) vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) (X 1)
Variant; Zamboanga, Mindanao Island,

Philippines; DMNH No. 3829. (See p. 89.)

G Cymbiola (Aulicina) vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) (X 1)
West Quaming Island, Bohol Island,

Philippines; DMNH No. 10217. (See p. 89.)

H Cymbiola (Aulicina) vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) (X 1)
Variant; Admiralty Islands, Bismarck
Archipelago; DMNH No. 10296. (See p. 89.)

I Cymbiola (Aulicina) vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) (X 1)
Variant; Samar Island, Philippines; DMNH No.
10773. (See p. 89.)

260

PLATE 37

PLATE 38

A Cymbiola {Cymbiola) cymbiola (Gmelin, 1791) (X 1)
Spice Islands, Molucca Sea, Indonesia; DMNH
No. 10289. (See p. 76.)

B-C Cymbiola (Cymbiola) cymbiola (Gmelin, 1791) (X 1)
Golor form; Molucca Sea, Indonesia; DMNH
No. 10355. (See p. 76.)

D-E Cymbiola (Cymbiolena) magnifica (Gebauer, 1802) (X j)
Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia;

DMNH No. 5616. (See p. 91.)

F Cymbiola (Cymbiolena) magnifica (Gebauer, 1802) (X 2)
Albino color form; Southport, Queensland,

Australia; DMNH No. 10304. (See p. 91.)

G-H Callipara bullatiana Weaver and duPont, 1967 (X 1)
Jeffreys Bay, Republic of South Africa. (See p. 92.)

262

PLATE 38

PLATE 39

A-B Cymbiolacca complexa (Iredale, 1924) ( X 1)

Tin Can Bay, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10078. (See p. 95.)

C Cymbiolacca complexa (Iredale, 1924) ( X 1)

A dwarf, deep-water form; Cape Moreton,

Queensland, Australia; DMNH No. 10079. (See p. 95.)

D-E Cymbiolacca perplicata (Hedley, 1902) (X 1)

Northern Queensland, Australia; AM No.

C.9679 (holotype). (See p. 96.)

F-G Cymbiolacca complexa (Iredale, 1924) (X 2)

A deep-water variant from Ulladula, New South
Wales, Australia, formerly called provocationis
McMichael, 1961; AM No. C.63182
(holotype). (See p. 95.)

H-I Cymbiolacca piilchra (Sowerhy I, 1825) (X 1)

Keppel Bay, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10082. (See p. 97.)

J Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerhy I, 1825) ( X 1)

A color variant formerly called complexa
nielseni McMichael, 1959; Bundaberg,

Queensland, Australia; DMNH No. 10088. (See p. 97.)

264

PLATE 39

PLATE 40

A Cvmhiolacca peristicta McMichael, 1963 (X 1)
Swain Reefs, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10106. (See p. 96.)

B-C Cvmbiolacca peristicta McMichael, 1963 ( X 1)
Color form without axial lines helow suture;
Swain Reefs, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10105. (See p. 96.)

D-E Cymbiolacca cracenta McMichael, 1963 (X 1)
Townsville, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 5435. (See p. 95.)

F-G Cymbiolacca thatcheri (McCoy, 1868) (X 1)
Chesterfield Islands, Coral Sea; DMNH
No. 10538. (See p. 97.)

H-I Sigaluta pratasensis Rehder, 1967 (X 1)

West of Pratas Reef, south China Sea; USNM
No. 237018 (holotvpe). (See p. 99.)

266

PLATE 40

PLATE 41

A-B Cymbiolacca wisemani (Brazier, 1870) ( X 1)

St. Crispin’s Reef, Queensland, Australia;

DMNH No. 10096. (See p. 98.)

C Cymbiolacca wisemani (Brazier, 1870) ( X 1)

A population variant formerly called randalli
Stokes, 1961; Undine Reef, Queensland,

Australia; DMNH No. 10136 (paratype). (See p. 98.)

D Cymbiolacca wisemani (Brazier, 1870) ( X 1)

Color form; Michaelmas Cay, Queensland,

Australia; DMNH No. 10098. (See p. 98.)

E-F Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerby I, 1825) ( X 1)

A shallow-water population variant formerly
called pulchra woolacottae McMichael, 1958;

Heron Island, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10089. (See p. 97.)

C Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerby I, 1825) (X 1)

A population variant formerly called perryi
Ostergaard and Summers, 1957; Fitzroy
Lagoon, Capricorn Group, Queensland,

Australia; DMNH No. 10102. (See p. 97.)

H Cymbiolacca pulchra (Sowerby I, 1825) (X 1)

Color form; Musgrave Island, oft Gladstone,
Queensland, Australia; DMNH No. 10104. (See p. 97.)

268

PLATE 41

PLATE 42

A-B Adelomelon (Adelomelon) ancilla (Lightfoot, 1786) (X 1)
Montevideo, Uruguay; DMNH No. 10670. (See p. 102.)

C Adelomelon (Adelomelon) ancilla (Lightfoot, 1786) (X 1)

A population variant with axial ribbing on early
whorls, formerly called martensi Strebel, 1906;

Mar del Plata, Argentina; DMNH No. 10199. (See p. 102.)

D-E Zidona dufresnei (Donovan, 1823) ( X 5)

South Albardao, Rio Grande, Brazil; DMNH
No. 10190. (See p. 101.)

270

PLATE 42

PLATE 43

A-B Adelomelon {Adelomelon) beckii (Broderip,

1836) (X I)

Southern Brazil; DMNH No. 10377. (See p. 105.)

C-D Adelomelon {Adelomelon) barattinii Klappenbach
and 1 reta, 1966 (X 1)

Isla de Lobos, Rio de la Plata Estuarv,

Uruguay; NMNHU No. 1314 (holotvpe). (See p. 103.)

272

PLATE 43

PLATE 44

A-B Adelomelon (Adelomelon) paradoxa (Lahille, 1895) (X f)
Patagonia, Argentina; DMNH No. 10324. (See p. 106.)

C-D Adelomelon {Weaveria) riosi Clench and Turner,

1964 ( X I)

East of Mar del Plata, Argentina; DMNH
No. 10767 (paratype). (See p. 106.)

274

PLATE 44

PLATE 45

A-B Adelomelon {Pachycymbiola) brasiliana
(Lamarck, 1811) (X to)

Estuary of the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
DMNH No. 10182. (See p. 107.)

C-D Adelomelon [Pachycymbiola) ferussacii (Donovan,
1824) (X ^) ■ ■

Tierra del Fuego, Argentina; DMNH No.
10181. (See p. 108.)

276

PLATE 45

PLATE 46

A-B Alcithoe (Alcithoe) fissiirata (Dell, 1963) ( X j)

Metiti Island, Bay of Plenty, North Island,

New Zealand; DM No. M. 16277 (holotype). (See p. 110.)

C-D Alcithoe {Alcithoe) arabica (Gmelin, 1791) (X 1)

Manakau Harbour, west coast of North Island,

New Zealand; DMNH No. 22852. (See p. 109.)

E Alcithoe {Alcithoe) arabica (Gmelin, 1791) (X 1)

Variant formerlv called depressa Suter, 1908;

Spirits Bay, North Island, New Zealand;

DMNH No. 97312. (See p. 109.)

F-G Alcithoe {Alcithoe) sivainsoni Marwick, 1926 ( X f)

East Otago, South Island, New Zealand; DMNH
No. 10186. (See p. 112.)

278

PLATE 46

PLATE 47

A-B Alcithoe (Alcithoe) sn ainsoni Marwick, 1926 ( X f)

A deep-water population variant tonnerlv
called ostenfeldi Iredale, 1937; Greymouth,

South Island, New Zealand; DMNH No. 10319. (See p. 112.)

C-D Alcithoe (Alcithoe) arabica (Gmelin, 1791) (X |)

A deep-water population variant formerly
called jaculoides Powell, 1924; Bay of Plenty,

North Island, New Zealand; DMNH No. 10187. (See p. 109.)

E Alcithoe (Alcithoe) arabica (Gmelin, 1791) (X 5)

A deep-water population variant formerly called
johnstoni Powell, 1928; Bay of Plenty, North
Island, New Zealand; DMNH No. 18355. (See p. 109.)

E-G Alcithoe (Alcithoe) larochei Marwick, 1926 (X |)

Bay of Plentv, North Island, New' Zealand;

DMNH No. 10299. (See p. 112.)

280

PLATE 47

PLATE 48

A-B Alcithoe (Alcithoe) sicainsoni Marwick, 1926 ( X 1)
Timaru, South Island, New Zealand; DMNH
No. 10262. (See p. 112.)

C Alcithoe {Alcithoe) sicainsoni Marwick, 1926 ( X 1)

\ dwarf form; Manakau Beach, New Zealand;
AMNH No. 87642. (See p. 112.)

D-E Alcithoe (Leporemax) chathaniensis (Dell, 1956) (X 2)
Chatham Rise, South Island, New Zealand; DM
No. M.9783 (holotype). (See p. 113.)

282

PLATE 48

PLATE 49

A-B Alcithoe (Leporemax) fusus (Quoy and Gaimard,
1833) (X 2)

Otago Head, North Island, New Zealand;
DMNH No. 10263. (See p. 114.)

C Alcithoe (Leporemax) fusus (Quoy and Gaimard,
1833) (X 2)

The nortliern population variant formerly
called fusus haurakiensis Dell, 1956; Hauraki
Gulf, North Island, New Zealand; DMNH
No. 10268. (See p. 114.)

D-E Alcithoe (Leporemax) hedleyi (Murdoch and
Suter, 1906) ( X 2)

Great Barrier Island, North Island, New
Zealand; DMNH No. 22861. (See p. 115.)

284

PLATE 49

PLATE 50

A-B Pachymelon (Palomelon) sniithi Powell, 1950 (X 1)
Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand; DMNH
No. 10293. (See p. 117.)

C-D Pachymelon (Palomelon) benthicola Dell, 1963 (X 1)
Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand; DM
No’. MK.276. (See p. 116.)

286

PLATE 50

PLATE 51

A-B Pachymelon (Palomelon) tvilsoriae Pov/eW, 1933 (X 1)
Chatham Rise, east of South Island, New
Zealand; DMNH No. 15457. (See p. 118.)

C-D Pachymelon {Palomelon) grahami Powell, 1965 (X 1)
Chatham Rise, east of South Island, New
Zealand; DMNH No. 19202. (See p. 116.)

E-F Pachymelon {Palomelon) lutea (Watson, 1882) (X 1)
200 miles west of Cape Farewell, South
Island, New Zealand; BM(NH) No. 87.2.9.880
(holotype). (See p. 116.)

288

F

PLATE 51

PLATE 52

A-B Teremelon knoxi Dell, 1956 (X 2)

Chatham Rise, off the east coast of South
Island, New Zealand; DM No. M.9785
(holotype). (See p. 118.)

C-D Arctomelon bent kalis (Dali, 1896) (X 1)

Guff of Panama; USNM No. 122998
(holotype). (See p. 119.)

E-F Arctomelon steam sii (Dali, 1872) (X 1)

Aleutian Islands, Alaska; DMNH No. 10801
(paratype). (See p. 120.)

290

PLATE 52

PLATE 53

A-B Harpulina arausiaca (Lightfoot, 1786) (X 1)

Northern Ceylon; DMNH No. 22853. (See p. 121.)

C Harpulina lapponica (Linnaeus, 1767) (X 1)

A color variant formerly called loroisi
Valenciennes, 1863; between India and Ceylon;
AMNH No. 48064. (See p. 122.)

D-E Harpulina lapponica (Linnaeus, 1767) (Xl)

Northern Ceylon; DMNH No. 10283. (See p. 122.)

F-G Provocator pulcher 'Batson, 1882 (X 1)

Kerguelen Islands, south Indian Ocean;

BM(NH) No. 87.2.9/887-8 (syntype). (See p. 123.)

H-I Provocator corderoi Carcelles, 1947 ( X 1)

Off Rio de la Plata, Argentina; DMNH No.

22859. (See p. 123.)

292

PLATE 53

PLATE 54

A-B Cottonia nodiplicata (Cox, 1910) ( X |)
Mandurah, Western Australia; DMNH
No. 10176. (See p. 124.)

294

PLATE 54

PLATE 55

A-B Odontocymbiola magellanica (Gmelin, 1791) (X 1)

150 miles east of Cabo San Antonio, Argentina;

DMNH No. 10281. (See p. 129.)

C-D Odontocymbiola americana (Reeve, 1856) (X 1)

Ilha de Sant' Anna, Macae, Brazil; DMNH
No. 10265. (See p. 127.)

E-F Odontocymbiola pescalia Clench and Turner, 1964 (X 1)
East-northeast of Mar del Plata, Argentina;

MCZ No. 233795 (holotype). (See p. 130.)

296

!

PLATE 55

1

i

5

PLATE 56

A-B Odontocymbiola subnodosa (Leach, 1814) (X §)

Punta Villarino, Argentina; DMNH No. 10284. (See p. 130.)

C-D Miomelon philippiana (Dali, 1890) (X 1)

Coguimbo, Chile; DMNH No. 10003. (See p. 132.)

E-F Miomelon scoresbyana Powell, 1951 ( X 2)

Falkland Islands; Auckland Institute and
Museum No. TP 52108 (holotype). (See p. 132.)

G-H Tractolira sparta Dali, 1896 (X 1)

Gulf of Panama; USNM No. 122999 (holotype). (See p. 133.)

298

PLATE 56

PLATE 57

A-B Scaphella (Clenchina) dohrni (Sowerby III, 1903) (X 1)
A population variant with thick columellar
plaits formerly called bermudezi Clench and
Aguayo, 1940; Bahia de Cochinos, Las Villas,

Cuba; MCZ No. 135245 (holotype). (See p. 143.)

C-D Scaphella (Clenchina) dohrni (Sowerby III, 1903) (X 1)
A population variant formerly called cuba
Clench, 1946; Sagua la Grande, Las Villas,

Cuba; MCZ No. 135229 (holotype). (See p. 143.)

E-F Scaphella (Scaphella) junonia (Lamarck, 1804) (X f)
Dry Tortugas Island, Florida; DMNH No.

10188. (See p. 140.)

G Scaphella (Scaphella) junonia (Lamarck, 1804) (X f)

A color form previously called butleri Clench,

1953; Yucatan, Gulf of Mexico; DMNH No.

10194. (See p. 140.)

H Scaphella (Scaphella) junonia (Lamarck, 1804) (X |)

A population variant formerly called johnstonae
Clench, 1953; Cameron, Louisiana; DMNH No.

10193. (See p. 140.)

I-J Scaphella (Scaphella) neptunia (Clench and
Aguayo, 1940) (X 1)

Banner Reef, Pedro Bank, Jamaica, West
Indies; MCZ No. 119025 (holotype). (See p. 142.)

300

A j

pf

P f ^ /

m w ®

1

1

PLATE 57

PLATE 58

A-B Scaphella [Clenchina) dohrni (Sowerby III, 1903) (X 1)
Key West, Florida; DMNH No. 10224. (See p. 143.)

C-D Scaphella {Clenchina) dohmi (Sowerby III, 1903) (X 1)
A sculptured form previously called dohrni
florida Clench and Aguayo, 1940; Sand Key,

Key West, Florida; DMNH No. 10255. (See p. 143.)

E-F Scaphella {Clenchina) dohrni (Sowerby III, 1903) (X 1)
A population variant formerly called gouldiana
Dali, 1887; Melbourne, Florida; DMNH No.

10179. (See p. 143.)

G Scaphella {Clenchina) dohmi (Sowerby HI, 1903) (X 1)
Adult specimen of a dwarf color form of a
population variant formerly called gouldiana
Dali, 1887; Boynton Beach, Florida; DMNH
No. 10246. (See p. 143.)

H-I Scaphella {Clenchina) dohmi (Sowerby HI, 1903) (X 1)
A population variant formerly called robusta
Dali, 1889; Gulf of Mexico off Alabama;

DMNH No. 22864. (See p. 143.)

J Scaphella {Clenchina) dohmi (Sowerby HI, 1903) (X 1)
A population variant formerly called robusta
marionae Pilsbry and Olsson, 1953; Gull of
Mexico off Florida; ANSP No. 189920. (See p. 143.)

302

PLATE 58

PLATE 59

A-B Scaphella (Clenchina) dohmi (Sowerby III, 1903) (X 1)
A population variant formerly called atlantis
Clench, 1946; Punta Alegre, Camagiiey, Cuba;

MCZ No. 135263 (holotype). (See p. 143.)

C-D Scaphella {Aurinia) dubia (Broderip, 1827) ( X 1)

Palm Beach, Florida; DMNH No. 22863. (See p. 144.)

E-F Scaphella {Aurinia) dubia (Broderip, 1827) (X 1)

A population variant formerly called georgiana
Clench, 1946; Cape Kennedy, Florida; DMNH
No. 5603. (See p. 144.)

G-H Scaphella {Aurinia) dubia (Broderip, 1827) ( X f)

A population variant formerly called kieneri
Clench, 1946; Cameron, Louisiana; DMNH
No. 5614. (See p. 144.)

304

PLATE 59

PLATE 60

A-B Scaphella {Aurinia) dubia (Broderip, 1827) ( X 1)

A population variant formerly called schmitti
Bartsch, 1931; Fort Jefferson, Key West,

Florida; DMNH No. 10021. (See p. 144.)

C-D Volutifusus aguayoi (Clench, 1940) (X 1)

East of St. Augustine, Florida; MCZ No.

111858 (holotype). (See p. 146.)

E-F Volutifusus piratica (Clench and Aguayo, 1940) ( X 1)
Punta Alegre, Camagiiey, Cuba; MCZ No.

135235 (holotype). (See p. 146.)

G-H Volutifusus torrei (Pilshry, 1937) ( X 1)

Sagua la Grande, Las Villas, Cuba; DMNH No.
10244. (See p. 147.)

306

PLATE 60

PLATE 61

A-B Volutoconus bednalli (Brazier, 1878) (X 1)

Turu Cay, Turtle Island, Northern Territory,

Australia; DMNH No. 10151. (See p. 135.)

C-D Volutoconus coniformis (Cox, 1871) ( X 1)

La Grange Bay, Cape Bossut, Western
Australia; DMNH No. 10158. (See p. 135.)

E-F Volutoconus hargreavesi (Angas, 1872) (X 1)

Southwest of Onslow, Western Australia;

BPBM No. 214693. (See p. 138.)

G Volutoconus hargreavesi (Angas, 1872) (X 1)

A population variant with sculptural differences,
formerly called hargreavesi daisjae
Weaver, 1967; Point Cloates, Western
Australia; DMNH No. 10142 (paratype). (See p. 138.)

308

PLATE 61

PLATE 62

A-B Volutoconus grossi grossi (Iredale, 1927) ( X 1)

Tin Can Bay, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10160. (See p. 137.)

C Volutoconils grossi grossi (Iredale, 1927) ( X 1)
Southern form; CofF s Harbour, New South
Wales, Australia; DMNH No. 10161. (See p. 137.)

D Volutoconus grossi mcmichaeli Habe and Kosuge,
1966 ( X 1)

Cape Bowling Green, Queensland, Australia;
DMNH No. 10536. (See p. 137.)

E Volutoconus grossi mcmichaeli Habe and Kosuge,
1966 ( X 1)

Keppel Bay, Queensland, Australia; DMNH No.
10038. (See p. 137.)

310

PLATE 62

PLATE 63

A-B Amoiia (Amoria) ellioti (Sowerby II, 1864) (X 1)

Port Hedland, Western Australia; DMNH No.

10290. (See p. 153.)

C-D Amoria {Amoria) dampieria Weaver, 1960 (X 1)

Bezout Island, Dampier Archipelago, central
Western Australia; DMNH No. 10141
(paratype). (See p. 152.)

E-F Amoria (Amoria) canaliculata (McCoy, 1869) ( X 1)

Tin Can Bay, south Queensland, Australia;

DMNH No. 1488. (See p. 148.)

G Amoria (Amoria) canaliculata (McCoy, 1869) ( X 1)

A shallow-water variant formerly called
harfordi Cox, 1869; Capricorn Island Group,

Queensland, Australia; DMNH No. 10227. (See p. 148.)

H-I Amoria (Amoria) grayi Ludbrook, 1953 ( X 1)

Thevenard Island, central Western Australia;

DMNH No. 10173. (See p. 153.)

J Amoria (Amoria) grayi Ludbrook, 1953 ( X 1)

Subadult form showing revolving bands;

Geraldton, Western Australia; DMNH No.

10225. (See p. 153.)

312

PLATE 63

PLATE 64

A-B Amoria (Amoria) damonii Gray, 1864 (X 1)

Broome, Western Australia; DMNH No. 10071. (See p. 151.)

C Amoria (Amoria) damonii Gray, 1864 (X 1)

A population variant formerly called keatsiana

Ludbrook, 1953; Port Keats, Northern

Territory, Australia; DMNH No. 10056. (See p. 151.)

D Amoria (Amoria) damonii Gray, 1864 ( X 1)

A population variant; Princess Charlotte Bay,

Queensland, Australia; DMNH No. 10057. (See p. 151.)

E Amoria (Amoria) damonii Gray, 1864 (X 1)

An end of dine population variant; Dawson
Reef, Cooktown, Queensland, Australia;

DMNH No. 10058. (See p. 151.)

F Amoria (Amoria) damonii Gray, 1864 (X 1)

An end of dine population variant formerly
called reevei Sowerby II, 1864; Rottnest Island,

Fremantle, Western Australia; DMNH
No. 10073. (See p. 151.)

G Amoria (Amoria) damonii Gray, 1864 (X 1)

A population variant; Point Quobba, Western
Australia; collection of Mrs. Buchanan. (See p. 151.)

314

imM

IVltMl

it "^1

PLATE 64

PLATE 65

A-B Amoria {Amoria) macandrewi (Sowerby III, 1887) (X 1)
Barrow Island, Western Australia; DMNH No.

10256. (See p. 156.)

C-D Amoria (Amoria) jamrachi Gray, 1864 (X 1)

Roebourne, Western Australia; DMNH No.

10297. (See p. 155.)

E-F Amoria (Amoria) praetexta (Reeve, 1849) (X 1)

Cape Bossut, Western Australia; DMNH No.

10239. (See p. 157.)

G-H Amoria (Amoria) guttata McMichael, 1964 ( X 1)

South of Cairns, Queensland, Australia;

DMNH No. 5431. (See p. 154.)

I-J Amoria (Amoria) spenceriana (Gatliff, 1908) ( X 1)

North Queensland, Australia; DMNH No.

10134. (See p. 157.)

K-L Amoria (Amoria) maculata (Swainson, 1822) ( X 1)

Bunker Island Group, Queensland, Australia;

DMNH No. 10303. (See p. 156.)

M Amoria (Amoria) maculata (Swainson, 1822) ( X 1)
Deep-water color form; Tin Can Bay,

Queensland, Australia; DMNH No. 10302. (See p. 156.)

316

PLATE 65

PLATE 66

A-B Amoria [Amoria) tumeri (Griffith and Pidgeon,

1834) (X 1)

Badu Island, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10278. (See p. 158.)

C Amoria [Amoria) tumeri (Griffith and Pidgeon,

1834) (X 1)

A color variant lonnerlv called hroderipi Gray,
1864; Badu Island, Queensland, Australia;

DMNH No. 10282. (See p. 158.)

D-E Amoria (Amoria) volva (Gmelin, 1791) (X 1)

A color form without markings; Green Island,
Cairns, Queensland, Australia; DMNH No.

10222. (See p. 159.)

F-G Amoria (Amorena) exoptanda (Reeve, 1849) (X 1)
West coast of Fleurieu Peninsula, South
Australia; DMNH No. 10154. (See p. 160.)

H-I Amoria (Amorena) benthalis McMichael, 1964 ( X 1)
Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10149. (See p. 160.)

J-K Amoria (Amorena) sclateri (Cox, 1869) (X 1)

Bass Strait, Tasmania, Australia; DMNH No.
10252. (See p. 161.)

318

PLATE 66

PLATE 67

Amoria (Zebramoria) zebra (Leach, 1814) showing
expanded foot, siphon, and tentacles. (See p. 164.)

PLATE 67

PLATE 68

Amoria {Zebramoria) zebra (Leach, 1814) showing
expanded foot, siphon, and tentacles. (See p. 164.)

322

PLATE 68

PLATE 69

Top;

Amoria (Amoria) canaliculata (McCoy, 1869).
Shell with animal showing part of the foot, the
siphon, and tentacles. (See p. 148.)

Bottom: Amoria {Amoria) canaliculata (McCoy, 1869).

A view in situ of the buried shell with a portion
of the dorsum showing. (See p. 148.)

324

PLATE 69

PLATE 70

Top; Cymbiolacca complexa (Iredale, 1924). Shell with
part of the expanded foot showing. (See p. 95.)

Bottom: Amoria {Amoria) maculata (Swainson, 1822).

Shell with animal showing expanded foot,
siphon, and tentacles. (See p. 156.)

326

PLATE 70

PLATE 71

A-B Amoria {Amorena) undiilata (Lamarck, 1804) (X 1)

Tasmania, Australia; DMNH No. 10276. (See p. 161.)

C Amoria (Amorena) undulata (Lamarck, 1804) (X 1)
Color form; Port Lincoln, South Australia;

DMNH No. 10277. (See p. 161.)

D-E Amoria (Zebramoria) zebra (Leach, 1814) (X 1)

A geographical variant formerly called lineata
Leach, 1814; Mackay, Queensland, Australia;

DMNH No. 10300. (See p. 164.)

F-G Amoria (Zebramoria) zebra (Leach, 1814) ( X 1)

Tweed Heads, New South Wales, Australia;

DMNH No. 10295. (See p. 164.)

H-I Amoria (Relegamoria) molleri (Iredale, 1936) ( X 1)
Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 5625. (See p. 163.)

328

PLATE 71

PLATE 72

A-B Paramoria guntheri guntheri (E. A. Smith, 1886) ( X 1)
Middleton, South Australia; a color form
previously called adcocki Tate, 1889;

Australian Museum. (See p. 165.)

C Paramoria guntheri guntheri (E. A. Smith, 1886) (X 1)
Ceduna, South Australia; a color form
previously called adcocki Tate, 1889; DMNH
No. 10292. (See p. 165.)

D-E Paramoria guntheri weaveri McMichael, 1961 (X 1)
Zeewvck Channel, Ahrolhos Islands, Western
Australia; BPBM No. 213874 (holotype). (See p. 167.)

E-G Notovoluta rossiterie (Brazier, 1898) (X 1)

Gippsland Lakes Entrance, Victoria, Australia;

SAM No. D8322 (holotype). (See p. 168.)

H-I Notovoluta verconis (Tate, 1892) ( X 2)

Yankalilla Bay, St. Vincent Gulf, South
Australia. (See p. 169.)

J-K Notovoluta kreuslerae (Angas, 1865) ( X 1)

West Portland, Victoria, Australia; DMNH No.

19204. (See p. 168.)

330

PLATE 72

PLATE 73

A-B Nannamoria amicula Iredale, 1929 (X 2)

Between Broken Bay and Montague Bland,
New South Wales, Australia; collection of
Mr. Jarrett. (See p. 170.)

C-D Notopepluni translucidum (Verco, 1896) (X 2)

Off Newland Head, outside Backstairs Passage,
eastern South Australia; SAM No. D13614
(holotvpe). (See p. 170.)

E-F Nannamoria parabola Garrard, 1960 (X 2)

Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia; DMNH
No. 10309. (See p. 171.)

332

PLATE 73

PLATE 74

A-B Ampulla priamus (Gmelin, 1791) ( X 1)

Southwest Gulf of Cadiz, Spain; DMNH No. 10321. (See p. 174.)

C-D Cymbiolista hunteri Iredale, 1931 (X 1)

New South Wales, Australia; DMNH No. 8066. (See p. 172.)

E Cymbiolista hunteri Iredale, 1931 (X 1)

A deep-water color form; Cape Moreton,

Queensland, Australia; DMNH No. 19461. (See p. 172.)

334

PLATE 74

PLATE 75

A-B Calliotectum vemicosum Dali, 1890 (X 2)

Galapagos Islands, Ecuador; DMNH No. 10135
(paratype). (See p. 175.)

C-D Teramachia bartheloivi (Bartsch, 1942) (X 2)

Cagayan Islands, Sulu Sea, Philippines; USNM
No. 238444' (holotype). (See p. 177.)

E-F Teramachia dalli (Bartsch, 1942) (X 1)

Cape Santiago, Luzon Island, Philippines;
USNM No. 231758 (holotype). (See p. 177.)

G-H Teramachia johnsoni (Bartsch, 1942) (X 1)

Cagayan Islands, Sulu Sea, Philippines; USNM
No. 238419 (holotype). (See p. 178.)

336

PLATE 75

PLATE 76

A-B Teramachia mirabilis (Clencli and Aguayo, 1941) ( X 1)

Matanzas, Cuba; MCZ No. 135291 (holotype). (See p. 178.)

C-D Teramachia smithi (Bartsch, 1942) (X 1)

Balicasag Island, Bohol Island, Mindanao Sea,

Philippines; USNM No. 231760 (holotype). (See p. 178.)

E-F Teramachia tibiaeformis Kuroda, 1931 (X 1)

Tosa Wan, Shikoku Island, Japan; DMNH
No. 5630. (See p. 179.)

338

PLATE 76

PLATE 77

A-B Fusivoluta barnardi Rehder, 1969 (X 1)

Natal Coast, Republic of South Africa; DMNH
No. 10751 (holotype). (See p. 182.)

C-D Fusivoluta clarkei Rehder, 1969 (X 1)

Mozambique Channel, east Africa; DMNH
No. 19307 (paratype). (See p. 183.)

E-F Neptuneopsis gilchristi Sowerby III, 1898 (X 1)
Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; DMNH
No. 10195. (See p. 179.)

340

PLATE 77

PLATE 78

A-B Fusivoluta blaizei (Barnard, 1959) (X 2)

73 miles off Cape St. Blaize, Cape of Good
Hope, Republic of South Africa; So. Af. Mus.
No. A3433 (holotype). (See p. 183.)

C-D Fusivoluta capensis (Thiele, 1925) (X 2j)

Agulhas Bank, Cape of Good Hope, Republic
of South Africa; ISZZM No. 101552
(holotype). (See p. 183.)

E-F Fusivoluta anomala (von Martens, 1902) ( X I5)
Somali Coast, east Africa; ISZZM No. 59.918
(holotype). (See p. 181.)

342

PLATE 78

PLATE 79

A-B Fusivoluta decussata Barnard, 1959 ( X 2)

Buffalo River, East London, Republic of South
Africa; So. Af. Mus. No. A3432 (holotype). (See p. 184.)

C-D Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma (Watson, 1882) (X 2)

Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; DMNH
No. 10322. (See p. 184.)

344

PLATE 79

w

1

t '

a ^

11

I

i

i

.fw

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABBOTT, ROBERT TUCKER

1958. Notes on the Anatomy of the Australian Volutes, bednalli
and grossi. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia
(2):2-7, pi. 1, text hgs. 1-3. Melhourne. (13 November).
1962. Sea Shells of the World, pp. 1-160. Golden Press, New
York.

1968. Ibid., 11th revised printing, pp. 1-160. Golden Press,
New York.

1968. Modem Explanation of Plates [in] Swainson’s Exotic
Conchologv [facsimile, pp. 43-47]. Van Nostrand,
Princeton, N. J.

ADAMS, ARTHUR and LOVELL REEVE

1848-1850. The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. "Samarang"’
(6), Mollusca, pp. i-84, pis. i-24. London. (May).

ADAMS, HENRY and ARTHUR ADAMS

1853-1858. The Genera of Recent Mollusca; Arranged Ac-
cording to Their Organization 1:1-484; 2:1-661; 3; pis.
1-138. London.

AIKEN, DONALD W.

1969. Radula of Valuta africana Reeve. The Conchological So-
ciety of Southern Africa, Circular No. 104, p. 2a. text figs.
(February).

ALLAN, JOYCE

1956. The Reappearance of a Rare Australian Volute Shell,
Amoria grossi Iredale (Mollusca: Gastropoda), A New
Record for New South Wales. Proceedings of the Royal
Zoological Society of New South Wales (1954—1956), pp.
48, 49, fig. 1. Sydney. (10 April).

ALLAN, THOMAS

1818. Transactions of the Roval Society of Edinborough
8(2):461, ex T. Brown mss.

ANGAS, GEORGE FRENCH

1864. Observations on tbe Geographical Distribution of the
Species of Valuta and Crmbium in the Australian Seas.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (l):50-55.
(July).

1865a. Descriptions of Ten New Species of Shells, Chiefly from
the Australian Seas. Ibid., (l):55-58, pi. 2, figs. 3-5.
(June).

1865b. On the Marine Molluscan Fauna of the Province of
South Australia: With a List of All the Species Known
up to the Present Time, Together with Remarks on
Their Habitat and Distribution, etc. Ibid., (1): 155-190.
(June).

1872. Description of a New Species of Valuta. Ibid., (2):613,
614, pi. 42, fig. 13. (November).

1880. Description of Three Species of Marine Shells from Port
Darwin, Torres Strait, Discovered by Mr. W. T. Bednall. . . .
Ibid., (3):418, pi. 40, fig. 1. (October).

ARNOLD, WINIFRED H.

1965. A Glossary of a Thousand-and-One Terms Used in Con-
chology. The Veliger 7, suppl., pp. 1-50, figs. 1-155.
Berkeley. (March).

AZUMA, MASAO

1967. A New Volutidae from the Taiwan Strait. Venus 26(2):
39, 40, text fig. 1. Tokyo. (December).

BARATTINI, L. P. and ELIAS H. URETA

1960. La Fauna de las Costas Uruguavas del Este, pp. 122-126.
Montevideo.

BARNARD, KEPPEL HARCOURT

1957. Glypteuthria capensis: A Generic Correction. Journal of
Conchologv 24(2) :210. London. (26 June).

1959. Contributions to the Knowledge of South African Marine
Mollusca. Part II, Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Rachi-
glossa. Annals of tbe South African Museum 45(l):l-237,
figs. 1-52. Cape Town. (June).

1963. Fulgoraria blaizei Barnard. Journal of Conchology 25(4):
163. London. (3 April).

BARNES, D. H.

1824. Notice of Several Species of Shells. Annals of the Lyceum
of Natural History 1 (5):131-140, pi. 9. New York. (Sep-
tember) .

BARTSCH, PAUL

1915. Banquet Brochure for William Healey Dali, p. 10.

1931. A New Volutid Mollusk, Aurinia schmitti. Journal of the
Washington Academy of Science 21(21):539, 540, text
fig. 1. (19 December).

1942. Some Deep-Sea Philippine Volutides. The Nautilus
56(1):9-13, pi. 2, figs. 1-5. Philadelphia. (July).

BECK, H.

1838. [in] Deshayes, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Vertebres, ed. 2, 8:300. Paris.

BERNARDI, M.

1859. Descriptions d’Especes Nouvelles de I’Archipel Cale-
donien. Journal de Conchvliologie (2)7:377. Paris. (June).

1860. Description du Valuta rossiniana. Ibid., (2)8:127. pi. 1.
fig. 1. (January).

BEU, A. G.

1967. Deep-Water Pliocene Mollusca from Pallister Bay, New
Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand,
Geology 5(3):89-122. pis. 1, 2, text fig., map. Wellington.
(25 May).

BOLTEN, J. F.

1798. The Museum Boltenianum [see RODING[.

BORN, IGNATIUS

1778. Index Rerum Naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis;
Part 1: Testacea, pp. 1-458, pi. 1. Vienna.

BOUVIER, EUGENE LOUIS

1887. Systeme Nerveux. Morpbologie Generale et Classification
des Gasteropodes Prosobranches. Annales des Sciences
Naturelles, Zoology (7)3:1-510, pis. 1-19. Paris.

BRAZIER, JOHN

1870a. Descriptions of Three New Species of Marine Shells
from the Australian Coast. Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London (1):108. 109. (June).

1870b. Notes on the Localities of Two Species of Land-Shells
and Three Species of Volutes. Ibid.. (1869) (2):560. .561.
(November).

1871. Description d'l ne Espece Nouvelle de Valuta. Journal de
Conchvliologie (3)19:78-80. pi. 5. fig. 1. Paris. (1 Jan-
uary) .

347

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1872. Descriptions of Seven New Species of Land and Marine
Shells from the Solomon Islands, Western Polynesia and
Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London

(1) :20-23. pi. 4, figs. 5-10. (June).

1877. List of Marine Shells, with Descriptions of New Species
Collected during the Chevert Expedition. Proceedings of
the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Volutidae 1(3):
199-215. Sydney. '

1878. Descriptions of Seven New Species of Terrestrial and
Marine Shells from Australia. Ibid., 3(2):77-81, pi. 8.
(December).

1898. New Marine Shells from the Solomon Islands and Aus-
tralia. Ibid.. 22:779-782. (4 June).

BROCCHI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA

1814. Conchiologia Fossile Subapennina con Osservazioni Geo-
logiche sugli Apennini e sula Suolo Adiacente 2:241-712,
pis. 1-16. Milan.

BRODERIP, WILLIAM JOHN

1826a. Descriptions of Some New and Rare Volutes. The Zoo-
logical Journal 2(5):27-36. London. (April).

1826b. [in] Sowerby, The Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells
(28):22{)-224. London.

1827. Description of Some New and Rare Shells. The Zoological
Journal 3:81-84, pi. 3, figs. 1-3. London. (January).

1830. A Monograph of the Genus Cymba [in] Broderip, W. J.
and G. B. Sowerbv, Species Conchyliorum l(l):l-7, figs.
1-9. London. (November).

1832. Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Corres-
pondence. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London

(2) :33. (April).

1836. Description of Some New Species of Shells Belonging to
the Genera Spondylus, Valuta, Purpura, and Bulinus. Ibid.,
(4):43^45. (19 July).

1842. Additional Notes of Descriptions of Shells from the H.

Cuming’s Collection. Ibid., (10);53-56. (November).

1848. [in] Sowerby II, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1(8):415.
London.

BRUGUIERE, JOSEPH GUILLAUME

1791 [1792]. Tableau Encyclopedique et Metbodique desTrois
Regnes de la Nature 1(2), pis. 160-488 (no text). Paris.

BUONANNI, LILIPO

1684. Recreatio Mentis et Oculi in Observatione Animalium
Testacoeruiu Curiosis Naturae Inspectoribus, pp. 1-282,
pis. 1-141. Rome.

BURGH, JOHN (J.

1954. A New Form of Aulica imperialis (Lamarck). Concho-
logical Club of Soutbem California, Minutes 140, pp. 5-7,
text figs. 1-3. Los Angeles.

CARGELLES, ALBERTO R.

1944. Catalogo de los Moluscos Marinos de Puerto Quequen.
Revista del Museo de la Plata, Seccion Zoologia, Volutidae
3(23):254-258. (August).

1947. Notas sobre Algunos Gastropodos Marinos del Uruguay y
la Argentina, I-VI. Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Musco
de Historia National de Montevideo 2(40):l-27, pis. 1-7.
(14 October).

GARCELLES, ALBERTO R.
and SUSANA I. WILLIAMSON
1951. Catalogo de los Moluscos Marinos de las Provincia
Magellanica. Revista del Institute Nacional de Investigacion
de los Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoologicas 2(5):225-
383. Buenos Aires, Argentina.

CARPENTER, PHILIP P.

1864. Supplementary Report on the Present State of Our Knowl-
edge with Regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of
North America. The Report of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, p. 554. London.

CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS (1800-1900)

1867-1925. Compiled by the Royal Society of London, 19 vols.

CERNOHORSKY, WALTER OLIVER

1965. The Mitridae of Fiji. The Veliger 8(2):70-160, pis. 13-
23, text figs. 1-11, map, 2 tables, index. Berkeley. (1
October).

CHEMNITZ, JOHANN HIERONYMOUS

1786-1795. Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet (con-
tinuation of F. H. W. Martini) 9:1-194 (1786); 10(1):
1-376, pis. 131-173 (1788); 11(1):1-310, pis. 175-213.
Niirnberg.

CHENU, JEAN CHARLES

1859. Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchylio-
logique. Illustrated 1:1-508 (Mollusks). Paris.

1862. Ibid., 2:1-327 (Fossil Mollusks).

CLENCH, WILLIAM JAMES

1940. A New Bathyaurinia from off Northern Florida. Memorias
de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 14:241-242,
fig. 1. Havana. (19 October).

1946. The Genera Bathyaurinia, Rehderia and Scaphella in the
Western Atlantic. Johnsonia 2(22):41-60, pis. 24—31,
numerous figs. Cambridge, Mass. (21 December).

1953. Tbe Genera Scaphella and Auriniopsis in the Western
Atlantic. Ibid., 2(32):376-380, pis. 186, 187. (13 April).

1964. The Portland Catalogue. Ibid., 4(42): 127, 128.
CLENCH, WILLIAM JAMES and
CARLOS GUILLERMO AGUAYO

1940-1941. Notes and Descriptions of New Deep-Water Mol-
lusca Obtained by the Harvard-Habana Expedition off the
Coast of Cuba, III, IV. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de
Historia Natural 14:77-94, pis. 14—16, text figs. 1, 2
(1940); 15:177-180, pi. 14, figs. 1-4. Havana.

CLENCH, WILLIAM JAMES and RUTH DIXON TURNER

1964. The Subfamilies Volutinae, Zidoninae, Odontocymbio-
linae and Calliotectinae in the Western Atlantic. Johnsonia
4(43):129-180, pis. 80-114. Cambridge, Mass. (13 Feb-
ruary).

1967. A New Species of Lyria (Volutidae) from Hispaniola.
The Nautilus 80(3):83, 84, figs. 1-3. Havertown, Pa.
(January).

CLOVER, PHILIP

1966. The Rare Volute Amorena exoptanda with Animal.
Hawaiian Shell News 14(14):8, text fig. Honolulu. (Decem-
ber).

COAN, EUGENE

1965. A Proposed Reclassification of the Family Marginellidae.
The Veliger 7 (3): 184— 194, text figs. 1-9. Berkeley. (1
January).

CONRAD, TIMOTHY ABBOTT

1834. Descriptions of New Tertiary Fossils from the Southern
States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia 7:135. (post September).

1848. Observation on the Eocene Formation, and Descriptions
of One Hundred and Five New Fossils of that Period, from
the Vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi; with an Appendix.
Ibid., 2(1):119, pi. 13, fig. 1. (August).

348

Bibliography

I860. Descriptions of New Species of Cretaceous and Eocene
Fossils of Mississippi and Alabama. Ibid., (1858-1860),
4:275-297.

1863. Catalogue of the Miocene Shells of the Atlantic Slope.
Ibid., (1862), pp. 559-582.

1865. Catalogue of the Eocene and Oligocene Testacea of the
United States. American Journal of Conchology 1:1-35.
Philadelphia. (15 February).

COOKE, A. H.

1922. The Radula of the Volutidae. Proceedings of the Mala-
cological Society of London 15:6-11, figs. 1-8. (April).

COSSMAN, ALEXANDRE EDOUARD MAURICE

1899. Essais de Paleoconchologie Comparee, Volutidae 3:99-
148, figs. 1-15. Paris. (April).

COTTON, BERNARD CHARLES

1932. Notes on Australian Mollusca with Descriptions of New
Genera and New Species. Records of the South Australian
Museum 4:537-547, figs. 1-9. Adelaide. (30 July).

1946. Some Rare Southern Australian Shells. Ibid., 24(1): 13-
16. (2 September).

1949. Australian Recent and Tertiary Mollusca, Family Volu-
tidae. Ibid., 9(2):181-196, pis. 13-16, numerous figs.
(31 May).

1952. Australian Recent and Tertiary Mollusca (Terebridae,
Rissoinidae, Rissoidae, Fasciolaridae, Volutidae). Trans-
actions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South
Australia 75:38-54, pis. 3, 4. Adelaide. (September).

1957a. Australian Recent and Tertiary Species of the Molluscan
Family Volutidae, 4 unnumbered pages, text figs. Adelaide.
(18 March).

1957b. The Lightning Volute, Ericusa fulgetra Sowerby. Journal
of the Malacological Society of Australia (1):8-10, figs.
1-10. Melbourne. (13 September).

1961. A New Species of Volute, Mesericusa stokesi sp. nov. from
South Australia. Royal Society of South Australia Mala-
cological Section (16) :1, 2, text figs. Melbourne. (10 May).

COTTON, BERNARD CHARLES and
ERANK K. GODFREY

1932. South Australian Shells, Part 3. The South Australian
Naturalist 13(2):35-86. Adelaide. (February).

COX, JAMES CHARLES

1869. On Three New Species of Australian Marine Shells. Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society of London (2):358, pi.
26, figs. 2a, 2b, 3. (September).

1871a. Description de Deux Especes Nouvelles Valuta et Ob-
servations sur le V. punctata Swainson. Journal de Con-
chyliologie (3)19:74-77, pis. 4, 5, figs. 1, 2. Paris. (1
January).

1871b. Description of New Species of Land and Marine Shells
from Australia and the South-Western Pacific. Proceedings
of the Zoological Society of London (2):323-325, pi. 34.
(August).

1872. Description of a New Volute and Twelve New Species of
Land Shells from Australia and the Solomon Islands. Ibid.,
(3):643-647, pi. 52. (April).

1873. Descriptions of New Species of Land and Marine Shells
from Australia and the Solomon and Louisiade Islands.
Ibid., (2):564-569, pi. 48, figs. 8, 9. (August).

1910. Description of a New Species of Valuta from West Aus-
tralia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London
9:146, pi. 3. (10 June).

CROSSE, JOSEPH CHARLES HIPPOLYTE

1866. Note sur les Volutes Operculees, et Catalogue des

Especes Vivantes qui Appartiennent au Genre Lyria.
Journal de Conchyliologie (3)14:105-117. Paris. (1 April).

1867a. Descriptions d’Especes Nouvelles. Ibid., (3)5:19.5-197.
pi. 6, fig. 1. (1 July).

1867b. Diagnoses Molluscorum Novorum. Ibid., (3)15:444—
449. (1 October).

1868. Description d’Especes Nouvelles. Ibid.. (3)16:97-101,
pi. 1, fig. 1. (1 January).

1869. Diagnose d’LIne Espece Nouvelle de Valuta. Ibid., (3)17:
278. (1 January).

1870. Descriptions d’Especes Nouvelles. Ibid., (3)18:97-99.
pi. 1, fig. 5; pi. 2, fig. 1. (1 Januarv).

1871. Distribution Geographique et Catalogue des Especes
Actuelles du Genre Valuta. Ibid., (3) 19:263-,309, pi. 12,
fig. 7 (1 October).

1876. Sur Une Variete Nouvelle du Valuta musica Linne. Ibid.,
(3)24:163, pi. 5, fig. 6. (1 January).

1877. Description d’Especes Nouvelles. Ibid., (3)25:97-99.
(1 Januarv).

1878. Diagnoses Generis Novi Pneumonopomorum et Volutae
Novae. Ibid., (3)26:163-166. (1 January).

1879. Description de Deux Genres et de Trois Especes de Mol-
lusques, Provenant de la Nouvelle-Guinee et du Japon.
Ibid., (3)27:36—43, pis. 1, 2. (1 January).

1880. Description de Mollusques Inedits, Provenant de la Nou-
velle-Caledonie et de la Nouvelle-Bretagne. Ibid., (3)28:
142-149, pi. 4, fig. 1. (1 January).

DALE, WILLIAM HEALEY

1872. Descriptions of New Species of Mollusks from the North-
west Coast of America. Proceedings of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences 4:270, pi. 1, fig. 1. San Francisco. (8
October).

1887. Correspondence. The Conchologists’ Exchange |The
Nautilus] 2(1):9, 10. Philadelphia. (July).

1889. Reports on the Results of Dredging under the Super-
vision of Alexander Agassiz in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-
78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879-80) by the U. S. Coast
Survey Steamer Blake; No. 20, Report on the Mollusca,
Part 2, Gastropoda and Scaphopoda. Bulletin of the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology 18:1-492, pis. 1-40. Har-
vard University. (January-June).

1890a. Scientific Results of Exploration by the Li. S. Fish Com-
mission Steamer Albatross; No. 7, Preliminary Report on
the Collection of Mollusca and Brachiopoda Obtained in
1887-88. Proceedings of the United States National Mu-
seum 12:219-362, pis. 5-14. Washington, D. C. (7
March).

1890b. Contributions to the Tertiarv Fauna of Florida with
Special Reference to the Miocene Silex Beds of Tampa and
the Pliocene Beds of the Caloosahatchie River. Transactions
of the Wagner Free Institute of Science 3(1):1-178, pis.
1-12, index. Philadelphia. (August).

1896. Diagnoses of New Species of Mollusks from the West
Coast of America. Proceedings of the United States Na-
tional Museum 18:7-20. Washington, D. C. (23 April).

1906. Notes on Some Names in the Volutidae. The Nautilus
19(12):143, 144. Philadelphia. (April).

1907a. A Review of the American Volutidae. Smithsonian Mis-
cellaneous Collections 48(3):341-373. Washington, D. C.
(4 February).

1907b. Notes on Some Llpper Cretaceous Volutidae, with De-
scriptions of New Species and a Revision of the Groups to
Which Thev Belong. Ibid., 50(l):l-23, figs. 1-12. (7
March).

1908. Reports on the Dredging Operations off the V'est Coast

349

BIBLIOGRAPHY

of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of
Mexico, anil in the Gulf of California. . . . Carried on hy
the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891.
XIV. The Mollusca and Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology 43(6):203^87, pis. 1-22.
Harvard University. (October).

1915. A Monograph of the Molluscan Fauna of the Orthaulax
Pugnax Zone of the Oligocene of Tampa, Florida. Bulletin
of the United States National Museum (90), Family Volu-
tidae. pp. 57-59. Washington, D. C. (21 .January).

1918. Changes and Additions to Molluscan Nomenclature. Pro-
ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 31:137-
138. Washington. D. C. (29 November).

DANCE. S. PETER

1962. The Authorship of the Poi-tland Catalogue (1786).
Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural
History 4(l):30-34. London.

1966. Shell Collecting: An Illustrated History, pp. 1-344, pis.
1-35. University of California Press, Berkeley.

DAVILA, PEDRO ERANCISCO

1767. Catalogue Systematique et Raisonne des Curiosites de la
Nature et de I'Art fjui Coinposent le Cabinet de M. Davila
1:1-571, pis. 1-22. Paris.

DeERANCE, martin JACI^UES LOUIS

1829. Volutes (Foss.). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles
58:474-481. Strasbourg and Paris.

DELL. R. K.

19.56a. Some New Off-Shore Mollusca from New Zealand. Rec-
ords of the Dominion Museum 3(l):27-59. bgs. 1-69.
Wellington. (April).

1956b. The Archibenthal Mollusca of New Zealand. Dominion
Museum Bulletin (18):l-235. pis. 1-25. Radula A, B, num-
erous figs. Wellington. (November).

1963. Archibenthal Mollusca from Northern New Zealand.
Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology
3(20):205-216. pi. 1, figs. 1-8. Wellington. (28 August).

DESHAYES, GERARD PAUL

18-44. [in] Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Ver-
tebres. 2nd ed.. 10:469. Paris.

DILLWYN. LEWIS WESTON

1817. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, .Arranged .Ac-
cording to the Linnaean Method, with Particular Attention
to the Synonymy 1:1-580; 2:581-1092. London.

1823. An Index to the Historia Conchvliorum of Lister. . . . pp.
1-4-8. Oxford.

DODCJE, HENRY

1955. A Historic Review of the Mollusks of Linnaeus; Part 3:
The Genera Bulla and Valuta of the Class Gastropoda.
Bulletin of the .American Museum of Natural History 107
(1);1-157. New Aork. (7 November).

DOHRN, HEINRICH

1879. Ueber Valuta dubia Broderip. Jahrbiicher der Deutschen
Malakozoologischen Gesellscbaft 6:150. pi. 4. figs. 1-3.
Frankfurt.

DONOVAN, EDWARD

1823-1824. The Naturalist’s Repository 2, pi. 61 (1 December,
1823); pi. 67 (1 February. 1824). London.

DUMERIL. ANDRE MARIE CONSTANT

1806. Zoologie Analytique, ou Method Naturelle de Classifica-
tion des Animaux, Rendue Plus Facile a I’Aide de Tableaux
Svnoptique, pp. 1-344. tables. Paris.

DUNCAN, E. MARTIN, F. H. WATERHOUSE,
and HENRY PEAVOT

1937. On the Dates of Publication of the Society’s "Proceed-
ings,” 1859-1926 [Duncan]; With an Appendix, Contain-
ing the Dates of Publication of "Proceedings,” 1830-1858
[Waterhouse] , and ol the "Transactions,” 1833-1869
[Peavot], Originally Published in P. Z. S. 1893, 1913.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 107(1):
71-84. (April).

DUNKER, WILLIAM

1863. Fine Neue Valuta. Malakozoologische Blatter 10:145.
Cassel. (August).

EALES, N. B.

1923. Mollusca; Part 5: Anatomy of Gastropoda (except the
Nudibranchiata). British Antarctic ("Terra Nova”) Ex-
pedition, 1910, Zoology 7(l):l-46, text figs. 1-42. (27
October).

FINCH, S. G.

1930. Cymbium aethiapicum Linn. var. aurantium. nav. Journal
of Conchology 19(2):55. London. (July).

FINLAY, HAROLD JOHN

1926a. On Iredalirui. a New' Genus: A Volute without Plaits.
Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 17(1):
59-62. text fig. (April).

1926b. New Shells from New Zealand Tertiary Beds; Part 2.
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
56:227-258, pis. 55-60. Wellington. (12 July).

1926c. A Further Commentary on New Zealand Molluscan
Systematics. Ibid., (1927) 57:320-480, pis. 18-23. (23
December).

1927. New Specific Names for Austral Mollusca. Ibid., 57:488-
533. (10 March).

FISCHER, PAUL

1867. Sur I’Anatomie des Lyria. Journal de Conchyliologie (3)
7:349-356, pi. 13, figs. 1-7. Paris. (1 October).

1880-1887. Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie
Conchvliologique ou Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques
Vivantes et Fossiles, Fasciule VI:513-608, pis. 1-23, figs.
1-600. Paris. (20 December, 1883).

FISCHER, PAUL and A. C. BERNARDI

1857. Descriptions d’Especes Nouvelles. Journal de Conchyli-
ologie (3)5:296. pi. 9, figs. 1, 2. Paris. (July).

FISCHER VON WALDHEIM, G.

1807. Museum Demidoff 3:1-330, pis. 1-6. Moscow.

FLEMING, JOHN

1822. The Philosophy of Zoology; or a General View of the
Structure. Functions, and Classification of Animals 2,
Family 4, Volutidae, pp. 490-491. Edinburgh.

FULTON, HUGH C.

1938. Descriptions and Figures of New Japanese Marine Shells.
Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 23
(1):55, 56, pi. 3. (16 March).

1940. List of Recent Japanese Valuta (Fulgararia) with Descrip-
tions of Two New Forms. Ibid., 24(1):30, 31, pi. 2. (30
April).

GARRARD, T. A.

1960. A New Species of Nannamoria (Mollusca: Volutidae)
from Southern Australia. Journal of the Malacological
Society of Australia (4):2, 3, pi. 1, figs. lA, IB. Melbourne.
(13 November).

350

Bibliography

1961. Mollusca Collected by m. v. Challenge off the East Coast
of Australia. Ibid., (5):3-37, pis. 1, 2. (13 November).

GATLIFF, J. H.

1908. Description of Valuta (Amoria) spenceriana sp. nov.
from North Queensland. Victorian Naturalist 25(5);84, pi.
4. Melbourne. (September).

GATLIFF, J. H. and C. J. GABRIEL

1909. First Record of the Animal of Valuta mamilla. Gray; with
Remarks Thereon. Ibid., 26(8):117, 118, pis. 2, 3, figs.
1-5. (9 December).

GAVALA Y LABORDE, JUAN

1964. Revision de las Especias de Moluscos Figuradas por
Thomas Martvn en Su Obra "The Universal Conchologist.”
Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y
Naturales de Madrid 58(3):326-357.

GEBAUER, JOHANN JACOB

1802. Systematisches Verzeichniss der Seesterne Seeigel,
Conchylien und Pflanzenthiere nach Linne Systema Naturae.
Halle.

GMELIN, JOHANN ERIEDRICH

1791. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. . . . Editio
Decima Tertia, Aucta, Reformata 1(6):3021-3910. Leipzig.

GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON, IV
and HOYT RODNEY GALE

1931. Catalogue of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mol-
lusca of California and Adjacent Regions. Memoirs of the
San Diego Society of Natural History 1:1-1036, pis. 1-32,
text figs. 1-15. (3 November).

GRAY, JOHN EDWARD

1825. Monograph on the Cypraeidae. The Zoological Journal 1:
511, 512 (note in Errata). London. (Month unknown to us).

1838. Description of a New Volute. Annals and Magazine of
Natural History 1(5):414. London. (July).

1846. New Species of Volute. Ibid., 18(121):431. (December).

1847. A List of the Genera of Recent Mollusca, Their Synonyma
and Types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
(15):129-219. (November).

1855a. Observations of the Species of Volutes-Volutidae. Ibid.,
(23):50-65. (16 May).

1855b. List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British
Museum (1), Volutidae, pp. 1-23. London.

1858a. Description of Scapha maria-emma, a New Species of
Volute. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
(26):230, 231, pi. 48. (13 July).

1858b. An Arrangement of the Volutidae: Appendix in H. and
A. Adams. The Genera of Recent Mollusca 2:615-620.
London.

1859. Description of the Adult State of Valuta mamilla Gray.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (27):34^
36, pi. 45. (February-June).

1864. Some Observations on the Genus Amoria with Descrip-
tions of Some New Varieties. Annals and Magazine of
Natural History (3)14:236, 237. London. (1 September).

GRIFFITH, EDWARD and EDWARD PIDGEON

1834. The Mollusca and Radiata (in] Cuvier, Animal Kingdom
12:601, pis. 26, 29, 30, 34, 40. London.

GUALTIERI, NICOLAI

1742. Index Testarum Conchyliorum Quae Adservantur in
Museo Nicolai Gualtieri (1-4):1-133, pis. 1-110. Florence.

HABE, TADASHIGE

1943. On the Radulae ol Japanese Marine Gastropods. Venus
13(l-4):68-76, |)ls. 3, 4. Tok\o. (December).

1962. Coloured Illustrations of the Shells of Japan (2):1-182.
App. 1-46, pis. 1-66. Hoikusha Publ. Co., Osaka.

HABE, TADASHIGE and KIYOSHI ITO

1965a. New Genera and Species of Shells Chieflv Collecteil
from the North Atlantic. Venus 24(1):16^5, pis. 2—4.
numerous figs. Tokyo. (July).

1965b. Shells of the World in Colour, The North Pacific 1:1-
176, pis. 1-55. Osaka.

HABE, TADASHIGE and SADAO KOSUGE

1966a. Shells of the World in Colour, The Tropica! Pacific
2:1-193, pis. 1-68. Hoikusha Publ. Co., Osaka. (15 Janu-
ary).

1966b. New Genera and Species of the Tropical and Subtropical
Molluscs. Venus 24(4):335, pi. 29, fig. 19. Tokyo. (May).

HANLEY, SYLVANUS

1855. Ipsa Linnaei Conchvlia, The Shells of Linnaeus Deter-
mined from His Manuscripts and Collections, pp. 1-452.
London.

HARRIS, GEORGE F.

1897. The Australasian Tertiary Mollusca. Catalogue of Tertiary
Mollusca . . . British Museum (l):l-407, pis. 1-8. London.

HAYASHI, SHOICHIRO

1960. On a New Subgenus and a New Species of Fulgoraria
from Japan. Venus 21(1):!^, pi. 1, figs. 1-5. Tokyo.
(July).

HEDLEY, CHARLES

1902. A New Australian Volute. Records of the Australian
Museum 4(5):309, text fig. 23. Sydney. (6 January).

1910. The Marine Fauna of Oueensland. Australasian Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science (1909) 12:329-371.
Brisbane Meeting. (December).

1912. Description of Some New or Noteworthy Shells in the
Australian Museum. Records of the Australian Museum
8(3):131-160, pis. 40-45. Sydney. (6 May).

1915. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Proceedings of the Lin-
nean Society of New South Wales (1914) 39(4):695-755,
pis. 67-85. Sydney. (20 February).

1918. A Check List of the Marine Fauna of New South Wales.
Journal and Proceedings of the Roval Society of New South
Wales 51, suppl., pp. 1-120. Sydney. (19 June).

HERRMANNSEN, AUGUST NICOLAUS

1846-1852. Indices Generum Malacozoorum Primordia 1:1-
637 (1846-1847); 2:1-717 (1847-1849); Supplementa et
Corrigenda (1852). Cassel.

HIDALGO, J. G.

1870. Moluscos Marinos de Espaha y Catalogo de los Moluscos
Terrestres de Espana 2:1-590, figs. 1-146. Madrid.

HIRASE, SHINTARO

1934. A Collection of Japanese Shells with Illustrations in
Natural Colours, pp. 1-217, pis. 1-129. Tokyo.

HIRASE, YOICHIRO

1908. Summan': On Japanese Marine Mollusca (XIX). with
Descriptions of Two New Lyria. The Conchological Maga-
zine 2(7):35-37, pis. 31-33, figs. 1. 121-132. Kyoto.
(,Iu!y).

1922. The Illustrations of a Thousand Shells (4). Kyoto.

351

BIBLIOGRAPHY

HOLTEN, HANS S.

1802. Enumeratio Systematica Conchvliorum Beat. J. H.
Chemnitz. 1-88. Copenhagen. [See R. Winckworth, 1943,
Proc. Malacological Soc. London, 24:146-150.]

HUBERT, ROYCE E.

1969. Observations on the Genus Cymbium. Australian News-
letter, New Series No. 5, pp. 1-4, figs. 1-8. Sydney.

HUMPHREY, GEORGE

1797. Museum Calonnianum. Specifications of the Various Ar-
ticles Which Compose the . . . Museum of Natural History,
Collected bv M. de Calonne in France; Genus Melo, pp. 16,
17. London. (1 Mav)-

IHERING, HERMANN von

1896. Nachrichtsblatt fiir den Deutsche Malakozoologische
Gesellschaft. p. 96. Frankfurt am Main.

1907. Les Mollusques Fossiles du Tertiare et du Cretace Su-
perieur de LArgentine, Family Volutidae. Anales Museo
National de Buenos Aires (3)7:201-212, pis. 6, 14. (6
June).

1908. Mollusques du Pampeen de Mar del Plata et Chapal-
malan Recueilles par le Dr. Florentine Ameghino en 1908.
Ibid., (3)10:429^38, text figs. 1, 2. (28 December).

INTERNATIONAL CODE OE ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE ADOPTED BY THE XV
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OE ZOOLOGY
1961. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, pp. 1-
176. [In English and French]. Publications Office of the
International Trust, 41 Queen's Gate, London, S. W. 7.

IREDALE, TOM

1914. Report on the Mollusca Collected from the Monte Bello
Island. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London

(3) :665-680. (7 September).

1924. Results from Rov Bell's Molluscan Collections. Proceed-
ings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 49(3):
179-278, pis. 33-36. Sydney. (24 October).

1927. Caloundra Shells. The Australian Zoologist 4:336, pi. 46,
fig. 2. Svdnev. (18 May).

1929a. Queensland Molluscan Notes, No. 1. Memoirs of the
Queensland Museum 9(3):261-297, pis. 30, 31. Brisbane.
(29 June).

1929b. Mollusca from the Continental Shelf of Eastern Aus-
tralia. Records of the Australian Museum 17(4):157-189,
pis. 38—41. Sydney. (4 September).

1931. Australian Molluscan Notes, No. 1. Ibid., 18(4):235.
(29 June).

1934. Two New Generic Names for South Australian Marine
Mollusca. The South Australian Naturalist 15(2):57, 58.
Adelaide. (27 March).

1936. Australian Molluscan Notes, No. 2. Records of the
Australian Museum 19:267-340, pis. 20-24. Sydney.
(7 April).

1937a. Notes on Neozelanic Deepwater Marine Mollusca. Ibid.,
20(2):103-107, pi. 17, figs. 1, 2. Sydney. (27 August).
1937b. Rediscovery of Valuta brazieri Cox. Ibid., 20(2): 128,
129. (27 August).

1940. Marine Mollusks from Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island,
Australia and New Caledonia. The Australian Zoologist 9

(4) :429— 443. pis. 32-34. Sydney. (9 December).

1956. A Northern Australian Volute. Proceedings of the Royal
Z(tological Society of New South Wales (1954—1955), pp.
76, 77, fig. 1. Sydney. (10 April).

1957a. Another Australian Volute. Ibid., (1955-1956), pp. 91,
92. unnumbered plate. (8 May).

1957b. An Intriguing Volute. Ibid., (1955-1956), pp. 121-123,
fig. 1. (8 May).

1958. John (William) Brazier. Ibid., (1956-1957), pp. 105-
118. (27 June).

JAGKSON, NATASHA

1954. Albinism in Volutes. Tbe Marine Zoologist l(2):35-37,
pi. 2, figs. 1, 2. Sydney. (24 May).

JOHNSON, JOHNNIE

1964. Variable Color Patterns in Aulica nobilis. Hawaiian Shell
News 10(7);7, figs. 1-3. Honolulu. (May).

KAEMMERER, G. L.

1789. Die Conchylien im Cabinette. . . . Rudolstadt 5; pi. 7,
figs. 1, 2. Leipzig.

KAWAMURA, RYOSUKE

1964. On a New Species, Harpeola kurodai, sp. nov. Venus
23(l):22-25, pi. 2, fig. 1. Tokyo. (May).

KAY, E. ALLISON

1965. The Reverend John Lightfoot, Daniel Solander and the
Portland Catalogue. The Nautilus 79(1): 10-19. Havertown,
Pa. (July).

KEEN, A. MYRA

1958. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, pp. 1-626, pis.
1-10, figs. 1-1709. Stanford.

1963. Marine Molluscan Genera of Western North America:
An Illustrated Key, pp. 1-126, numerous figs. Stanford.

KIENER, LOUIS CHARLES

1839-1840. Especes General et Iconographie des Goquilles
Vivantes, Valuta 3:1-69, pis. 1-52 (1839); Fusus 5:38,
pi. 29, fig. 1 (1840). Paris.

KING, L. C.

1933. Tertiary Molluscan Faunas from the Southern Waiarapa.
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
63(3) :334— 354, pis. 35-39, figs. 1-32. Auckland. (June).

KIRA, TETSUAKI

1962. Shells of the Western Pacific in Color 1:1-224, pis. 1-
72. Osaka. (July).

KLAPPENBACH, MIGUEL A. and ELIAS H. URETA

1966. Nueva Espece de la Familia Volutidae (Moll. Gastropoda)
Obtenida al Sur de la Isla de Lobos, Uruguay. Comuni-
caciones Zoologicus del Museo de Historia Natural de
Montevideo 9(ll):l-6, pis. 1, 2. (December).

KOBELT, WILHELM

1877. Catalog de Gottung Valuta Lam. (em.). Jahrbiicher der
Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 2:301-312.
Frankfurt am Main.

KOCH, H. J.

1948. A New South African Volute. Journal of Conchology 23
(1):5, 6, pi. 2, figs. 1-6. London. (November).

KURODA, TOKUBEI

1931. Two New Species of Volutacea. Venus 3(1):45— 49, text
figs. 1-3. Tokyo. (November).

KURODA, TOKUBEI and TADASHIGE HABE

1950. Illustrated Catalogue of Japanese Shells, Volutidae (5):
31-38, pis. 5-7. Tokyo. (15 May).

KUSTER, H. C.

1841. Die Familie der Walzenschnecken (Volutacea, Menke)
[in] Martini and Chemnitz, Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2 (26):
194, 195, pi. 38, fig. 6. Niirnberg.

LAHILLE, F.

1895. Contribucion al Estudio de las Volutas Argentinas. Revista

352

Bibliography

del Museo de la Plata 6:293-332, pis. 1-12. (Month
unknown to us).

LAMARCK, JEAN BAPTISTE PIERRE ANTOINE
DE MONET, COMTE de

1798. Tableau Encyclopedique et Methodique des Trois Regnes
de la Nature 3, pis. 379-385. Paris.

1803. Suite des Memoires sur les Fossiles des Environs de Paris.
Annales du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle 2(1):
57-64. Paris.

1804. Sur Deux Especes Nouvelles de Volutes des Mers de la
Nouvelle-Hollande. Ibid., 5:154—160, pi. 12, figs. 1-3.

1811. Suite de la Determination des Especes de Mollusques
Testaces, Valuta. Ibid., 17:54—80. (July).

1822. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres 7:1-711.
Paris.

LAMY, EDOUARD

1910. Mission dans I’Antarctic Dirigee par le Dr. Charcot:
Collections Recueilles par le Dr. J. Liouville. Gastropodes.
Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle 16:
318-324. Paris.

1911. Gastropodes Prosobranches, Scaphopodes et Pelecypodes.
Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Frangaise (1908-10),
pp. 1-32, pi. 1. Paris.

LEACH, WILLIAM ELFORD

1814. The Zoological Miscellany 1:5-144, pis. 1-60. London.

LESSON, RENE PRIMEVERE

1832-1835. Illustrations de Zoologie, pu Recueil de Figures
des Animaux. Issued in 20 livraisons, with 60 colored plates
and unnumbered descriptive text. livr. 1-5 (1832); livr.
6-11 (1833); livr. 12-14 (1834); livr. 15-20 (1835).
Paris.

LIGHTFOOT, JOHN

1786. A Catalogue of the Portland Museum . . . , pp. 1-194.
Privately printed, London.

LINK, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH

1807. Beschreibung der Naturlien-Sammlung der Universitat
zu Rostock (3): 1-160. (March).

LINNAEUS, CAROLUS

1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae . . . , Editio
Decima, Regnum Animale, Reformata 1:1-824. Stockholm.
(1 January).

1766-1767. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae . . . ,
Editio Duodecima, Reformata l(l):l-532 (1766); 1(2):
533-1327 (1767). Stockholm.

LOWE, RICHARD THOMAS

1861. A List of Shells Observed Collected at Mogador and in
Its Immediate Environs during a Few Days’ Visit to the
Place in April, 1859; with Notes and Observations. Pro-
ceedings of the Linnean Society of London 5:169-204.

LUDBROOK, NELLY HOOPER

1953. Systematic Revision of the Volutid Genus Amoria. Pro-
ceedings of the Malacological Society of London 30:131-
153, pis. 14—18, numerous figs. (31 December).

McCOY, F.

1868. On a New Volute. Annals and Magazine of Natural History
(4)1:54, pi. 2, fig. 1. London. (January).

1869. On a New Volute. Ibid., (4)4:34, pi. 3, figs. 1, 2. (July).
1881. Description of a New Volute from the South Coast of

Australia. Ibid., 18:88, 89, pi. 7, figs. 1, 2. (August).

McGINTY, PAUL L. and THOMAS L. McGINTY

1957. Dredging for Deep Water Shells in Southern Florida. The
Nautilus 71(2):37-47. Philadelphia. (October).

McMICHAEL, DONALD F.

1958. A New Name for the Heron Island Volute. Proceedings of
the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales (1956-
1957), pp. 148-152, figs. 1-6. Sydney. (27 June).

1959a. Marine Mollusca of Eastern Australia; 1, The Genus
Cymbiolacca Iredale (Family Volutidae). The Australian
Zoologist 12 (4): 374— 383, pi. 44, figs. 1-8. Sydney
(February).

1959b. The Rediscovery of Temivoluta studeri Martens. Pro-
ceedings of Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales
(1957-1958), pp. 60-62, text fig. 1. Sydney. (18 Sep-
tember) .

1960. Notes on Some Australian Volutidae. Journal of the
Malacological Society of Australia (4):4— 13, pi. 1, text figs.
1-3. Melbourne. (13 November).

1961. New Species and New Records of Marine Mollusca from
Australia. Ibid., (5):51-57, pis. 4, 5. (13 November).

1962. Baler Shells. Australian Natural History 14(1):24— 27,
2 plates. Sydney. (March).

1963. Descriptions of Two New Species of the Genus Cym-
biolacca Iredale (Gastropoda: Volutidae). Journal of the
Malacological Society of Australia (7):33^1, pi. 6, text
figs. 1-8. Sydney. (6 December).

1964. Notes on the Genus Amoria Gray, 1855, and Zebramoria
Iredale, 1929 (Gastropoda: Volutidae), with Descriptions
of New Species. Records of the Australian Museum 26(8):
265-274, pi. 28, figs. 1-7. Sydney. (19 June).

1966. A New Subspecies of Volutoconus grossi (Iredale)
(Gastropoda: Volutidae) from North Queensland. Journal
of the Malacological Society of Australia (9):53-57, pi. 14.
Sydney. (28 January).

MARCHE-MARCHAD, IGOR

1968. Un Nouveau Mode de Development Intracapsulaire Chez
les Mollusques Prosobranches Neogastropodes: I’lncubation
des Cymba (Volutidae). Comptes Rendues de 1’ Academic
des Sciences de Paris 266(7) :706-709.

MARTENS, EDUARD CARL von

1897. Conchologische Miscellen II. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte
63(1):157-178, pi. 17, fig. 2. Berlin.

1902. Einige Neue Arten von Meer-Conchylien aus den Samm-
lung der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Sitzungs-berichte
der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, pp.
237-244.

1904. Die Beschalten Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-
Expedition 1898-1899. A, Systematisch-Geographischer
Teil, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse auf dem Dampfer
Valdivia (1903) 7(1):1-146, pis. 1-5. [According to J.
Thiele (letter, April 14, 1905), this work was published
during the second half of January, 1904; he received his
copy on January 30, 1904].

MARTINI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH WILHELM

1777. Neues Systematisches Conchy lien-Cabinet 3:1—434, pis.
66-121. Niimberg.

MARTYN, THOMAS

1784—1792. The Universal Conchologist, vols. 1-4, pis. 1-160.
London.

MARWICK, JOHN

1926. Tertiary and Recent Volutidae of New Zealand. Trans-
actions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 56:
259-303, pis. 61-70. Wellington. (12 July).

MAWE, JOHN

1823. Linnean System of Conchologv, pp. 1-207, pis. 1-36.
London.

MAY, W. L.

1921. A Check List of the Mollusca of Tasmania, pp. 1-114.
Government Printer, Hobart.

353

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MAYBLOM, ALLAN R.

1951. Dee|)-Sea Shells from New South Wales. The Australian
Zoologist ll(4):281-284. pi. 26, figs. 1^. Sydney. (31
July).

MAYR, ERNST

1964. Systeniatics and the Origin of Species, Dover ed., pp.
1-334. New \ork.

MAYR, ERNST, E. GORDON LINSLEY,
and ROBERT L. USINGER

1953. Methods and Principles of Systematic Zoology, pp. 1-
336. New York.

MEGERLE von MUHLEELD

1829. [in] Schubert and W'agner's suppl. to Martini and
Chemnitz, Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet 12;
11, pi. 217. fig. 3033. Nurnberg.

MELVILL, JAMES COSMO and ROBERT STANDEN

1907. Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, Mollusca 5:89-
127. Edinburgh.

MENKE, KARL THEODOR

1828. Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum Generum Omnium et
Specierum Eorum quae in Museo Menkeana Adservantur.
Pvrmont.

MEUSCHEN, ERIEDRICH CHRISTIAN

1781. [in] Gronovius and Meuschen, Zoophylacium Gronovia-
num, fasc. 3, pi. 2, figs. 10, 11. Leiden.

MONTEORT, PIERRE DENYS de

1810. Conchyliologie Systematique et Classification Methodique
des Coquilles. . . 2:1-676, numerous figs. Paris.

MONTROUZIER, R. P.

1859. Descriptions d’Especes Nouvelles de PArchipel Cale-
donien. Journal de Conchyliologie (2)7:373-375. Paris.
(June).

MORCH, otto ANDREAS EOWSON

1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum que Reliquit D. Alphonso
d'Aguirra et Gadea, Gomes de Yoldi 1:1-170. Copenhagen.

MOTSCHULSKY, VICTOR von

1845. Sur la Collection [et PArrangement] les Coleopteres
Russes. Bulletin de la SociOe Imperial de Naturalists de
Moscou. Moscow.

MURDOCH, R. and HENRY SUTER

1906. Results of Dredging on the Continental Shelf of New
Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand
Institute (1905) 38:278-305. Wellington. (June).

NEAVE, SHEEEIEED AIREY (ed.)

Nomenclator Zoologicus, a List of the Names of Genera and Sub-
genera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus in
1758 to the end of 1935, vols. 1~4 (1939); vol. 5, cover-
ing the years 1936—1945. (1950) Zoological Society of
London.

NEWTON, R. BULEEN

1906. Note on Swainson’s Volutilithes. Proceedings of the
Malacological Society of London 1(2): 100-104, pi. 12.
(June).

OKUTANI, TAKASHI

1958. Cvmbiola sophiae (Gray), Erom the Arafura Sea. Journal
of the Malacological Society of Australia (2):44, 45, text
figs. 1, 2. Melbourne. (13 November).

1964. Report on the Archibenthal and Abyssal Gastropod Mol-

lusca Mainly Gollected from Sagami Bay and Adjacent
Waters by the R. V. "Soyo-Maru” during the Years 1955-
1963. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of
Tokyo, Sec. 2, 15(3):416^18, pis. 1-7, text figs. 1-7.
(30 November).

OESSON, AXEE ADOLE

1965. A Review of the Genus Voluta and the Description of a
New Species. Bulletins of American Paleontology 49(224):
636-671, pis. 81-83. Ithaca, N.Y. (19 November).

OLSSON, AXEL ADOLE and S. PETER DANCE

1966. The Linnean Olives. Bulletins of American Paleontology
50 (227) :2 15-223. Ithaca, N. Y. (5 April).

ORBIGNY, ALCIDE DESSALIERS d’

1834—1847. Voyage dans I’Amerique Meridionale. Mollusques
5 (3): 1-758, pis. 1-85. Paris.

OSTERGAARD, J. M. and RAY SUMMERS

1957. A New Species of the Volutidae from North Australia.
Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia (1):30,
text figs. Melbourne. (13 September).

OTUKA, YANOSUKE

1949. Fossil Mollusca and Rocks of the Kiyosumi Group Ex-
posed at Minato-Machi, Chiba Prefecture, and Its Environs
(1st Paper). Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography
21(l^):295-309, pi. 13, figs. 1-18. Tokyo. (1 Novem-
ber).

PACE, S.

1902. On the Anatomy and Relationships of Voluta musica,
Linn.; with Notes upon Certain Other Supposed Members
of the Volutidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society
of London 5:21-31, pi. 2. (April).

PAETEL, FRIEDRICH

1888. Catalogue der Conchylien-Sammlung 1, Volutidae, pp.
166-171. Berlin.

PAEEARY, M. PAUE

1930. Revision du Genre Yetus. Annales du Musee d’Histoire
Naturelle de Marseille 22(3):54-77, pis. 1, 2. (Month un-
known to us).

PAUL, W.

1968. Some Notes on New Zealand Volutes. The W. A. Shell
Collector, pp. 6-8, 11. Perth, Western Australia. (June).

PERRY, GEORGE

1810. Arcana or Museum of Natural History, Mollusca, pis.
1-84. London.

1811. Conchology or the Natural History of Shells, pp. 1^,
pis. 1-61. London. (April).

PETIT DE LA SAUSSAYE, M. S.

1842. Descriptions de Quelque Coquilles Nouvelle (Tellina
mexicana. Helix boivinii. Cyclostoma cuvierianum, Mar-
ginella punctata, etc.). Magasin de Zoologie, d ’Anatomic
Comparee et de Palaeontologie (2)4:57. Paris.

1856. Description d’Une Nouvelle Espece de Voluta. Journal
de Conchyliologie (2)5:182, 183, pi. 6, figs. 3, 4. Paris.
(November) .

PETTERD, W. F.

1879. List of the Australasian Volutes. Journal of Conchology
2:340-345. London. (September).

PILSBRY, HENRY AUGUSTUS

1908. Note in The Nautilus 22(8):83. Philadelphia. (December).

1937. Aurinia torrei, A New Cuban Volute. Ibid., 51(2):37-38,
pi. 4, fig. 1. (October).

354

Bibliography

PILSBRY, HENRY AUGUSTUS and
AXEL ADOLF OLSSON

1953. Materials for a Revision of East Coast and Floridian
Volutes. The Nautilus 67(1):1-13, pis. 1^. Philadelphia.
(July).

1954. Systems of the Volutidae. Bulletins of American Paleon-
tology 35(152):271-306, pis. 25-28. Ithaca, N. Y. (7
September).

POIRIER, M. J.

1885a. Recherches Anatom iques sur VHalia priamus (Risso).
Bulletin of the Malacological Society of France 2:17-50,
pis. 2^, numerous figs. Paris. (July).

1885b. Sur la Structure Anatomique et la Position Systematique
de VHalia priamus (Risso). Comptes Rendus des Seances
de I’Academie des Sciences 100:461-464. Paris. (Month
unknown to us).

POWELL, ARTHUR WILLIAM BADEN

1924. Description of a New Subspecies of Alcithoe arabica
Martyn from New Zealand. Proceedings of the Malaco-
logical Society of London 16(1);108, 109, text figs. 1-3.
(April).

1928. Three New Recent Volutes from New Zealand. Trans-
actions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 59(2):
361-364, pi. 53, figs. 1-8, text fig. (31 August).

1933. The Marine Mollusca of the Chatham Islands. Records
of the Auckland Institute and Museum 1 (4):181-208, pis.
33-36. (25 September).

1950. Mollusca from the Continental Shelf, Eastern Otago.
Ibid., 4(1):73-81, pi. 7, figs. 1-6. (20 December).

1951. Antarctic and Subantarctic Mollusca; Pelecypoda and
Gastropoda. Discovery Reports 26:1-196, pis. 5-10. figs.
G to N. Cambridge and London.

1954. New Zealand Molluscan Systematics with Descriptions
of the New Species, Part 2. Records of the Auckland In-
stitute and Museum 4(4):235-240, pi. 39, figs. 1-5. (12
February).

1962. Shells of New Zealand, 4th ed., pp. 1-203, pis. 1-36.
Whitcombe and Tombs, Ltd. Auckland. (February).

1965. New Zealand Molluscan Systematics with Descriptions of
New Species, Part 5. Records of the Auckland Institute
and Museum 6(2):161-168, pis. 22, 23. (15 October).

PRESTON, H. B.

1901. Description of Cymbiola mangeri, A Supposed New
Species from the Falkland Islands. Proceedings of the
Malacological Society of London 4:237, text fig. (10 May).

PRITCHARD, GEORGE B.

1898. Contributions to the Paleontology of the Older Tertiary
of Victoria, Gastropoda. Proceedings of the Royal Society
of Victoria 2(1):108, 109, pi. 8, fig. 6. Melbourne.
(September) .

QUOY, JEAN MARIE CONSTANT and
JOSEPH PAUL GAIMARD

1824—1826. [in] Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde . . .
Execute sur VUranie et la PhYsicienne, pendant . . . 1817-
20. Zoologie 4:1-712, pis. 1-96. Paris.

1833. Voyage de Decouvertes de FAstrolabe Execute par Ordre
du Roi pendant les Annees 1826-1827-1828-1829. Zoo-
logie 2(2):321-686. Paris.

RAFINESQUE-SCHMALTZ, CONSTANTINE SAMUEL

1815. Analyse de la Nature ou Tableau de FUnivers et des
Corps Organises, pp. 1-224. Palermo.

REEVE, LOVELL AUGUSTUS

1844. On a New Species of Delphinula and a New Valuta. Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society of London (11): 141-144.
(March).

1849. Monograph of the Genus Valuta. Conchologia Iconica 6,
Valuta, pis. 1-22. London.

1855. Description ol a New Volute from New Caledonia. Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1854) (22):
73; Mollusca, pi. 26. (10 February).

1856. Description of Three New Volutes from the Collections
of the Hon. Mrs. Cathcart and Mr. Cuming. Ibid., (24):l-3,
pi. 33, figs. 1-4. (June).

1860-1861. Conchologia Iconica 13, Cymbium, text pages un-
numbered, pis. 1-26. London. (February 1860-March
1861).

REHDER, HARALD A.

1967a. A New Genus and Two New Species in the Families
Volutidae and Turbinellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from
the Western Pacific. Pacific Science 21(2):182-187, figs.
1-11. (April).

1967b. Valid Zoological Names of the Portland Catalogue. Pro-
ceedings of the United States National Museum, Smith-
sonian Institution 121(3579):1^7. Washington, D. C.

1969a. Volutocorbis and Fusivaluta, Two Genera of Deepwater
Volutidae from South Africa. The Veliger 1 1(3): 200-209.
pis. 40^3, figs. 1^3. Berkeley. (1 Januarv).

1969b. New Species and Subgenera of Volutidae (Fulgorarinae)
from the South China Sea and Japan. Venus 27(4) :127-
132, pi. 7, figs. 1-6. Tokyo. (January).

RIPPINGALE, 0. H. and DONALD F. McMICHAEL

1961. (Queensland and Great Barrier Reef Shells, pp. 110-117,
pi. 15, figs. 1-19. Brisbane.

RISSO, ANTOINE

1826. Histoire Naturelle des Principals Productions de I'Eur-
ope Meridionale et Particulierenient de Celles des Environs
de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes 4:1-439, pis. 1-12. Paris.

RIVERS, J. J.

1891. A New Volutid Shell from Monterev Bay. Proceedings of
the California Academy of Sciences 3(2):107. (14Julv).

ROCHEBRUNE, ALPHONSE TREMEAU and
JULES MABILLE

1885. Diagnoses de Mollusques Nouveau Recueillis par les
Membres de la Mission du Cap Horn et M. Lebrun. Pre-
parateur au Museum, Charge d'Une Mission a Santa Crus
de Patagonie. Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de
Paris (7)9:100-111. (June).

1889. Mission Scientific du Cap Horn (1882-1883). Zoologie.
Mollusques 6:1-143, pis. 1-9. Paris.

RODING, PETER FRIEDRICH

1798. The Museum Boltenianum . . . (2):1-199. Hamburg. (10
September).

ROVERETO, GAETANO

1899. Prime Ricerche Sinoniniiche Sui Generi dei Gasteropodi.
Atti della Societa Ligustica de Scienze Naturali e Geogra-
fiche, Familia Volutidae 10:101-110 (or pp. 1-10 in re-
print). Genoa.

RUMPHIUS, GEORGE EVERHARD

1705. D’Amboinische Rariteitkaminer. pp. 1-340. pis. 1-60.
Amsterdam.

SCHACKO, G.

1881. Radula-Utersuchungen, [in] von Martens. Mittheilungen

355

BIBLIOGRAPHY

als Fortsetzung der Novitates Conchologicae 2:122-128,
pi. 24. figs. 1-5. Cassel. (December).

SCHENK. EDWARD T. and JOHN H. McMASTERS

1956. Procedures in Taxonomy. 3rd edition, enlarged and in
part rewritten by Keen and Muller. Stanford Univ. Press.
Stanford.

SCHRANK, L. V. P.

1802. Fauna Boica 2{2):168. Niirnberg.

SCHROETER. JOHANN SAMUEE

1804. Neue Conchvlienarten und Abenderungen. Anmerkungen
und Bericbtigungen nach dem Linneiscben System, der 12
Ausgabe. Arcbiv fiir Zoologie und Zootomie, Herausgegeben
von C. R. W. Wiedemann 4(l):l-80. Berlin.

SCHUBERT, GOTTHIEF HEINRICH and
JOHANN ANDREAS WAGNER

1829. [in] Martini and Chemnitz. Neues Systematisches Con-
chylien-Cabinet 12(1):1-196. pis. 214-237. Niirnberg.

SCHUMACHER, CRETIEN FREDERIC

1817. Essai d’L n Nouveau System des Habitations des Vers
Testaces, pp. 1-287, pis. 1-22. Copenhagen.

SCLATER, P. L.

1893. List of the Dates of Delivery of Sheets of the "Proceed-
ings” of the Zoological Society of London, from the Com-
mencement in 1830 to 1859 Inclusive. Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London (2):435— 440. (August).

SCUDDER, S. H.

1882. Nomenclator Zoologicus. Bulletin of the United States
National Museum (19):l-376. Washington. D. C.

SEAMON, NEIL and EVA SEAMON

1967. Collecting in the Netherlanders Antilles (Notes on the
Feeding Habits of Captive Mure.x brevifrons and Valuta
musica). New 5ork Shell Club Notes (134):3-6. (Septem-
ber).

SEBA, ALBERTUS

1758. Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Tliesauri Accurata
Descriptio 3, pis. 1-94. Amsterdam.

SHAW, GEORGE and F. P. NODDER

1808. Naturalist’s Miscellany 19:815, pi. 5. London.

SHERBORN, CHARLES DAVIES

1902-1933. Index Animalium (in 2 parts, 10 vols.): Pt. 1,
Generic and trivial names and references 1758-1800
(1902); Pt. 2, Generic and trivial names and references
1800-18.50 (1922-1933). London.

SHERBORN, CHARLES DAVIES and
ALEXANDER REYNELL

1915. Notes on Swainson's Exotic Conchology. Proceedings of
the Malacological Society of London ll(5):276-282. (17
June, 1915).

SHIKAMA, TOKIO

1926. On Some Noteworthy Shells from off Chosi, Chiba Pre-
fecture. Science Reports of the Yokohama National Uni-
versity. Sec. 2(8):29-56, pis. 1-3 (numerous figs.).
(March).

1967. System and Evolution of Japanese Eulgorarid Gastropods.
Ibid.^ Sec. 2(13):23-132, pis. 1-17, text figs. 1-26, tables
U40. (January).

SHIKAMA, TOKIO et M. HORIKOSHI

1963. Selected Shells of the World Illustrated in Colours 1:97-
109. pis. 79-89. text figs. 144—161. Tokyo.

SMITH, EDGAR A.

1886. Description of a New Species of Valuta from West Aus-
tralia. Journal of Conchology 5:62-63. London. (April).

1901. A List of the Known Forms of Volutidae from South
Africa, with Descriptions of Two New Species of Valuta
from Natal. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of
London 4(6);231-235. (October).

1904. Note on Valuta brazieri, Cox. Ibid., 6:178, 179, text fig.
(September).

1909. Notes on Valuta norrisii, V. piperita, V. saphia, and
Description of a New Species. Annals and Magazine of
Natural History (8)4:95-98, pi. 5. London. (August).

1915. British Antarctic ("Terra Nova”) Expedition, 1910;
Natural History Report, Mollusca Part 1 — Gastropoda
Prosobranchia, Scaphopoda and Pelecypoda. Zoology 2(4):
61-112, pis. 1, 2. London. (27 March).

SMITH, MAXWELL

1942. A Review of the Volutidae, pp. 1-127, pis. 1-26, figs.
1-185. Lantana, Florida.

SOWERBY, GEORGE BRETTINGHAM (first of name)

1825. A Catalogue of the Shells Contained in the Collection of
the Late Earl of Tankerville, Arranged According to the
Lamarckian Conchological System; Together with an Ap-
pendix, Containing Descriptions of Many New Species . . .,
pp. 1-92, Appendix, pis. 1-8. London. (January).

1826-1827. The Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells (28), (29).
London.

1844. Descriptions of Six New Species of Volutes. Proceedings
of the Zoological Society of London (12): 149-152.
(December).

1845. Monograph of the Genus Valuta. Thesaurus Conchyliorum
1 (5): 191-220, pis. 46-55. London, (ante 15 January).

SOWERBY, GEORGE BRETTINGHAM (second of name)

1864a. Thesaurus Conchyliorum 3(23), 1st suppL, pp. 269-
275, pis. 11-12. London.

1864b. Diagnose d'Une Nouvelle Espece de Volute de FAus-
tralia. Journal de Conchyliologie (3)12:338. Paris.

SOWERBY, GEORGE BRETTINGHAM (third of name)

1887. Thesaurus Conchyliorum 5(44), 2nd suppL, pp. 297-
305, pis. 14—18. London.

1897. Marine Shells of South Africa, App., 1^2; pis. 6-8.
London. (December).

1898. Description of_a New South African Marine Gasteropod.
Marine Investigations in South Africa (5):5-7, figs. A-D.
Cape Town.

1900. New Species of Mollusca of the Genera Valuta, Canus,
Siphanalia, and Euthria. Annals and Magazine of Natural
History (7)5:439, 440, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2. London. (May).

1901. Valuta smithi. New Name to Replace that of V. uniplicata
(preoccupied). Ibid., (7)8:161. (August).

1902. Mollusca of South Africa. Marine Investigations in South
Africa, pp. 93-100, pi. 2, figs. 1-11. Cape Town.

1903a. Notes on Species Little Known, Inadequately Described
or Hitherto Unfigured, Mollusca of South Africa. Ibid.,
2:213-232, pi. 3, fig. 1.

1903b. Descriptions of New Species of Nassa. Purpura, Latirus,
Valuta, Canus, Stomatella and Spondylus. Journal of Mala-
cology 10(3):74— 76, pi. 5, figs. 7, 8. London. (20 October).

1910. Description of a New Volute. Annals and Magazine of
Natural History (8)6:611, text fig. London. (December).

1912. Descriptions of New Species of Valuta, Latiaxis and

356

Bibliography

Calliostoma from Japan. Ibid., (8)9:471-473, fig. 1.
(April).

1914. Notes on Valuta prevostiana, Crosse, and Valuta megas-
pira, Sowerby, with a Description of a New Variety of the
Former. Ibid., (8)14:481, pi. 19, fig. 12. (December).

SOWERBY, J. DE C.

1850. Descriptions of Shells [in] Dixon, The Geology of Fos-
sils of the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations of Sussex,
pp. 162-194. London.

STOKES, A. J.

1961. A New Species of Volute from Undine Reef, Queensland:
Cymbiala randalli, sp. nav. Royal Society of South Aus-
tralia Malacological Section (16) :3, 4, text fig. Adelaide.
(10 May).

STREBEL, HERMANN

1906. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna der Magal-
haen-Provinz. Zoologische Jahrbiicher 24:91-174, pis.
7-13. Jena. (11 July).

1908. Die Gastropoden. Wissenchaftliche Ergebnisse der
Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901-1903 6(1) :22-
24, pi. 3 (numerous figs.). Stockholm.

SUTER, HENRY

1908. Descriptions of New Species of New Zealand Marine
Shells. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London
8(3):178-191, pi. 7, %s. 1-27. (October).

1913. Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. Family Volutidae,
pp. 444-450, pis. 20, 48. Wellington.

SWAINSON, WILLIAM

1821a. Zoological Illustrations (1)1, pi. 54. London. (June).

1821b-1822. Exotic Conchology; or Figures and Descriptions
of Rare, Beautiful, or Undescribed Shells (4 parts): (1)
August, 1821; (2) October, 1821; (3) December, 1821; (4)
March, 1822: 12 unnumbered pages; 32 unnumbered
plates. London.

1822. A Catalogue of the Rare and Valuable Shells Which
Formed the Celebrated Collection of the Late Mrs. Bligh,
App., 55 pp., 2 col. pis. London.

1823a. The Characters of Several Rare and Undescribed Shells.
Philosophical Magazine 61:375-378. London.

1823b. Zoological Illustrations 3, pis. 161, 181. London.

1824. The Character of Several New Shells Belonging to the
Linnaean Volutae, with a Few Observations on the Present
State of Conchology. Quarterly Journal of Science, Litera-
ture and the Arts 17(33):28-38. London. (April 1824).

1829. Zoological Illustrations (2)1, pi. 15. London.

1831. Zoological Illustrations (2)2:77, pi. 77. London.

1831-1832. Zoological Illustrations (2)2:1-19, pis. 1-91.
London,

1834-1835. Exotic Conchology, second issue [no text], plates
only: (1) 15 January, 1834; (2) 1 April, 1834; (3) 2 June,
1834; (4, 5) 12 January, 1835; (6) [undated, but not earlier
than 1 March, 1835] . London.

1840. A Treatise on Malacology or the Natural Classification of
Shells and Shell-Fish. Volutidae, pp. 1-419. London.

1841. Exotic Conchology, 2nd edition, edited by Sylvanus Han-
ley. pp. 5-39, pis. 1-48. London.

1968. Exotic Conchology, Fascimile, edited by Robert Tucker
Abbott with reproduction of 1821-1822 edition, pp.
i-xxiii; reproduction of Sylvanus Hanley’s 1841 edition, pp.
1-39, pis. 1^48; and modern explanation of plates by
Abbott, pp. 43^7. Van Nostrand, Princeton, N. J.

TATE, RALPH

1889. New Species of Marine Mollusca from South Australia

and Victoria. Transactions of the Royal Society of South
Australia 11:60-66, pi. 11, fig. 8. Adelaide. (April).

1892. Descriptions of Some New Species of Marine Mollusca
from Australia. Ibid., (2);125, 126, pi. 1, fig. 5. Adelaide.
(July).

THIELE, JOHANNES

1912. Die Antarktischen Schnecken und Muscheln. Deutsche
Sudpolar-Expedition (1901-1903) 13:183-285, pis. 11-

19. Berlin.

1925. Gastropoda der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 2, Wis-
senschaftliche Ergebnisse auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia”
17(2):36-382, pis. 13^6. Jena.

1929. Handbucb der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. Familia
Volutidae 1:344—351. Jena.

THORNLEY, GERTRUDE

1951. A New Species of Volute Shell (Volutidae) from Deep
Water off Broughton Island, New South Wales. Proceed-
ings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales
(1949-1950), pp. 53, 54, fig. 6. Sydney. (2 April).

TOMLIN, JOHN READ le BROCKTON

1932. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the
South African Museum, vi-vii. Annals of the South African
Museum 30(2);157-169, figs. 1-10. Cape Town. (July).

1945. Two South African Species Renamed. Journal of Con-
chology 22 (6): 135. (31 May).

1947. A New South African Volutid. Ibid., 22(10) :244—245,
fig. 1. (2 June).

1948. The Mollusca of Macquarie Island. Report of the British,
Australian, and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedi-
tion (1929-1931), Section B, 5(5):221-232. Adelaide.
(30 July).

TROSCHEL, ERANZ HERMANN

1866-1867. Das Gebiss der Schnecken zur Begrundung Einer
Naturlichen Classification Untersucht 2, Volutacea, pp. 54—
56, pi. 5, figs. 1-5. Berlin.

TRYON, GEORGE WASHINGTON, JR.

1882. Monograph of the Volutidae. Manual of Conchology (1)
4:73-105, pis. 1, 2, 22-31 (numerous figs.). Philadelphia.
(January) .

TURTON, WILLIAM H.

1819. A Conchological Dictionary of the British Islands, vols.
1-8. London.

1932. The Marine Shells of Port Alfred, South Africa, pp. 1-
1331, pis. 1-70. London.

1933. The Marine Shells of Port Alfred, South Africa. Journal
of Conchology 19(11):370, 371. (December).

URETA, ELIAS H.

1968. Otra Especie de la Familia Volutidae, Nueva para Aguas
Uruguayas. Comunicaciones de la Sociedad Malacologica
del Uruguay 2(14):229, 230. Montevideo. (April).

VALENCIENNES, A.

1863. Description d’LIne Voluta Nouvelle. Journal de Conch-
yliologie (3)11:71, 72. Paris. (January).

VERCO, JOSEPH C.

1896. Descriptions of New Species of Marine Mollusca of South
Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Aus-
tralia 20(1):217-231, pis. 6, 7. Adelaide. (December).

1909. Notes on South Australian Marine Mollusca, with
Descriptions of New Species. Ibid., (10)33:270-276, pis.

20, 21. Adelaide. (December).

1912. Shells from tbe Great Australian Bigbt. Ibid., 36:224,
225. (December).

357

BIBLIOGRAPHY

VERRILL, A. E.

1870. Descriptions of Shells from the Gulf of California. Ameri-
can Journal of Science (2)49; (146):217-227. New Haven,
Connecticut. (March).

WARMKE, GERMAINE E. and
ROBERT TUCKER ABBOTT
1961. Caribbean Seashells; A Guide to the Marine Mollusks of
Puerto Rico and Other West Indian Islands, Bermuda, and
the Lower Florida Keys, pp. 1-346, pis. 1^14, text figs.
1-34. Pennsylvania.

WATERHOUSE, C. 0.

1902. Index Zoologicus, pp. xii, 1-420. Zoological Society of
London.

1904. Supplementary List of Generic Names.

1912. Index Zoologicus No. II, includes names from 1901-
1910, 324 pp.

WATSON, ROBERG BOOG

1882. Mollusca of H.M.S. "Challenger" Expedition. Journal of
the Linnean Society of London 16:324-343. (12 June).
1886. Report on the Gasteropoda Collected by H.M.S.
Challenger during the Years 1873-76, Zoology. Challenger
Expedition 15:1-756, pis. 1-50. London.

WEAVER, CEIFTON STOKES

1960a. Hawaiian Scientific Expedition Einds Rare Western
Australian Volutes. Hawaiian Shell News 8(9), front page
plate, figs. 1-5.. Honolulu. (July).

1960b. Hawaiian Scientific Expedition Einds Rare Western
Australian Volutes. Ibid., 8(10):4, front page plate, figs.
1-6, text fig. (August).

1960c. The "Hawaiian Scientific Expedition” Collects Rare
Western Australian Volutes. Ibid., 8(11):1, 3, figs. 1-6.
(September).

1960d. Hawaiian Scientific Expedition Einds Rare Western
Australian Volutes. Ibid., 8(12):1, 3, 4, front page plate,
figs. 1-10, text fig. (October).

1960e. Hawaiian Scientific Expedition Einds Rare Western
Australian Volutes. Ibid., 9(2):1, 7, front page plate, figs.
1-8. (December).

1961. Hawaiian Scientific Expedition Einds Rare Western
Australian Volutes. Ibid., 9(3):1, 8, front page plate, figs.
1-6. (January).

1962a. Volute Problems. Ibid., 10(3):4, figs. 1-6. (January).
1962b. Volute Problems. Ibid., 10(4):6, figs. 1-4. (Eebruary).
1962c. Volute Problems. Ibid., 10(5):3, figs. 1-8. (March).
l962d. Volute Problems. Ibid., 10(7);3, figs. 1-6. (May).
1962e. Volute Problems: Rare Australian Volutes. Ibid., 10

(8) :3, figs. 1-6. (June).

1962f. Volute Problems: Rare New Zealand Volutes. Ibid,, 10

(9) :4. text figs. 1-6. (July).

1962g. Volute Problems: Variants in Two Australian ,4moria.

Ibid., 10(1 1):4, 5, figs. 1-9. (September).

1962b. Volute Problems. Ibid., 10(12):5, figs. 1-10. (October).
1962i. Volute Problems: The Australian Baler Shells. Ibid., 11
(1):5. text figs. 1-7. (November).

1962). Volute Problems. Ibid., 11(2):5, figs. 1-5. (December).
1963a. Provisional Species List of Living Volutidae, pp.
1-7. Honolulu. (1 January).

1963b. Volute Problems. Hawaiian Shell News 11(5):5, figs.
1^. (March).

1963c. Volute Problems: Habitat of Rare Volutes Pound. Ibid.,
11(9):3. figs. 1, 2. (July).

1963d. Volute Problems: MacAndrew’s Volute. Ibid., 11(10):
6, figs. 1-6. (August).

1963e. Volute Problems: Ibid., 11(12):8, figs. 1^. (October).
1963f. Redescription of Amoria dampieria Weaver, 1960
(Gastropoda: Volutidae). Journal of the Malacological
Society of Australia (7);28-31, pis. 5, 6. Victoria. (6
December).

1963g. A New Species of Lyria from Ceylon (Gastropoda:

Volutidae). Ibid., (7):31-32, pi. 6, top left fig. (6 December).
1963h. The Extremely Rare Volute Aulica chrysostoma. Hawai-
ian Shell News 12'(2):5, figs. 1, 2. Honolulu. (December).
1964a. Volute Problems. Ibid., 12(5):8 (upper right text fig.).
(March).

1964b. Volute Problems. Ibid,, 12(6):7, figs. 1-3. (April).
1964c. Volute Problems. Ibid., 12(8):7, text figs. 1-6. (June).
1964d. Volute Problems. Ibid., 12(9):5, figs. 1-2. (July).
1964e. Volute Problems: Two Recently Published Species.

Ibid., 12(10):5, figs. 1-5. (August).

1964f. An Extremely Rare Volute. Ibid., 12(10):6, text figs. 1,
2. (August).

1964g. Volute Problems: North-Northeastern Cline of Amoria
damoni Gray. Ibid., 12(11):5, figs. 1-5. (September).
1964h. 2nd Provisional Species List of Living Volutidae, pp.

1-10. Honolulu. (30 September).

19641. Shells Named After a Boat and After a Man. Hawaiian
Shell News 12(12):1, 2, front page plate. Honolulu.
(October).

1964). 3rd Lyria cloveriana Discovered. Ibid., 12(12):4, text
figs. (2 views of )uvenile). (October). .

1964k. New Volute Described. Ibid., 12(13) :8, text fig.
(November).

1965a. Volute Problems. Ibid., 13(3):7, figs 1-8. (January).
1965b. Volute Problems (Three Lyria, One Very Rare). Ibid.,
13(5):5, figs. 1-6. (March).

1965c. Volute Problems: The West African and Canary Island
Cymbium. Ibid., 13(7):4, 5, text figs. 1-14. (May).

1965d. Volute Problems: Sexual Dimorphism. Ibid., 13(9):3,
text figs. 1, 2. (July).

1965e. Volute Problems: Variability within Species. Ibid., 13

(10):5, text figs. 1-6. (August).

1966a. Volute Problems: Some Holotypes in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Ibid., 14(3):4,
figs. 1-4. (January).

1966b. A Small Very Rare Volute. Ibid., 14(3):8, text fig.
(January).

1966c. Volute Problems: Color Forms of Cymbiolacca wisemani.

Ibid., 14(5):7, figs. 1-4. (March).

1966d. Volute Problems: North Borneo and Philippine Aulica.

Ibid., 14(6) :4, 5, figs. 1-6. (April).

1966e. Volute Problems: Similar Species of Florida Volutes.

Ibid., 14(10):7, figs. 1-3. (August).

1966f. Rare South American Volute. Ibid., 14(12):5, text fig.
(October).

1967. A New Subspecies of Volutoconus hargreavesi (Angas,
1872) from Central Western Australia. The Veliger 9(3):
301, 304, pi. 41, figs. 1-9. Berkeley. (January).

1968. A New Marine Mollusk from Mozambique in the Genus
Festilyria Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954. Ibid., 1 1 (4) :442— 445,
pi. 60, figs. 1-7, map. (1 April).

WEAVER, CEIETON STOKES
and JOHN EEEUTHERE duPONT
1967. A Review of Amoria damoni Gray, 1864 and Two New

358

Bibliography

Species Names Proposed for the Homonyms Valuta bullata
Swainson, 1828, and Valuta lineata Leach, 1814. The
Veliger 9(4):382-387, pis. 52, 53, figs. 1-16, map. (April).

1968. The Rediscovery of Valuta (Lyria) grangeri Sowerby 3rd,
1900. Ibid, ll(l):36-38, pi. 3, figs. 1-6, map. (1 July).

WENZ, WILHELM

1943. Handbiich der Paliiozoologie 6(1), Gastropoda, pp. 1311-
1355, numerous text figs. Berlin.

WOOD, WILLIAM

1828. Index Testaceologicus, or A Catalogue of Shells, British
and Foreign, Supplement, pp. 1-59, pis. 1-8. London.

WOODWARD; MARTIN F.

1900. Notes on the Anatomy of Valuta ancilla (Sol.), Nep-
tuneopsis gilchristi. Shy., and Valutilithes abyssicala (Ad.

& Rve.). Proceedings of the Malacological Society of Lon-
don 4:117-125, pi. 10, figs. 1-14 (anatomy). (October).

YOKOYAMA, MATAJIRO

1920. Fossils from the Muira Peninsula and its immediate
North. Journal of the College of Science, Tokyo Imperial
University 39, Art. 6:1-193, pis. 1-20. (22 March).

ZAHL, PAUL A.

1969. The Magic Lure of Seashells. National Geographic 135
(3) : 386-429. (March).

ZOOLOGICAL RECORD

1864 to date. Published in yearly volumes by the Zoological
Society of London. Includes generic and specific names
listed systematically; generic names also listed alpha-
betically at the end of each volume. [Volume 102 is for
the year 1965 and was published in 1968.]

359

1

-4

A

i

GLOSSARY

Terms Used in Describing Volute Shells

Abyssal: Of or pertaining to the great depths of the
oceans.

Acuminate: Terminating in a long, tapering point.

Adult body whorl: The largest and last whorl of an adult
gastropod, that is, from the outer lip back to a point
immediately above the outer lip.

Anastomose: Fusing or running together to form a net-
work.

Antepenultimate whorl: The second whorl before the
adult body whorl.

Anterior: The end nearest to the head of the animal.

Aperture: The opening in the gastropod shell.

Apex: The extreme top of the spire; generally consists of
the embryonic shell.

Archibenthal: Flora and fauna living between 100 and
500 fathoms.

Auriculate: Eared or with earlike projections.

Axial: Parallel to the axis of coiling in a gastropod;
longitudinal, not spiral. A term applied to ribs and
flames or streaks of color, etc.

Base: The part of the gastropod shell below the periphery
of the adult body whorl and to the left of the aperture.

Buccal: Pertaining to the mouth or pharynx. The buccal
mass is a bulging, tonguelike process made of muscle
and cartilage; it supports the center of the radula.

Calcarella: Spurlike projection emanating from the first
protoconch whorl.

Calcareous: Composed of lime; shelly.

Callus: A thickened deposit of shelly enamel, mostly
around the inner lip in gastropods.

Canaliculate: With deep channeled sutures.

Cancellated: Longitudinal ribs or threads crossed by
spiral ones of about equal size. Intersecting at right
angles.

Cline: A gradual change in character in a series of geo-
graphically continuous populations; a character gra-
dient.

Columella: The central pillar of a univalve shell around
which the whorls are built, extending from the apex
to the base; the lower portion of the columella is seen
in the aperture of most spiral univalves.

Corneous: Consisting of a pliable, hornlike material, as
in the opercula of some mollusks.

Coronated: Having a series of processes that appear
crownlike; bearing a row of tubercles or prominent
nodes, especially on the shoulder of the adult body
whorl.

Corroded: Chemically worn away by the elements in
which the mollusk lives, rather than by mechanical
action.

Costae: Rounded ridges on the surface of a shell; riblike
structures parallel to the axis of the shell.

Ctenidium: The gill of a mollusk.

Cusp: A hooklike tooth on the anterior edge of a radular
tooth; a denticle.

Deciduous: Having a tendency to fall off or slough away,
as in the periostracum of some mollusks.

Decollated: Worn away at the apex; without apical
whorls.

Decorticated: Without the exterior coating or periostra-
cum; outer coat partially or entirely eroded away.

Decussate: With a latticework surface formed by the in-
tersection of fine ribs, but not necessarily at right
angles.

Denticles: Minute teeth or projecting points; cusps.

Dimorphism: Occurrence of two distinct morphological
forms (for example, different male and female forms
= sexual dimorphism).

Dorsal: Side of a univalve opposite the aperture or foot.

Dorsum: The back of a gastropod shell, opposite the
aperture.

Ecophenotype: a form showing nonheriditary modifica-
tion caused by specific ecological conditions.

Emarginate: Bluntly notched or hollowed out, having the
margin notched; the lip is emarginate when it is slit or
incised.

Endemic: Native, not introduced; of a certain region or
country and not found anywhere else.

Epipodium: A muscular lobe developed from the lateral
and upper surfaces of the foot.

Eroded: Eaten away or worn off rnechanicallv.

Esophagus: A membranous tube through which the food

361

GLOSSARY

passes from the pharynx to the stomach. Alternate
spelling = oesophagus.

Fasciole; a spiral growth band formed by the successive
additions to the anterior canal in gastropods.

Fold: A spiral ridge on the columella projecting into the
interior of the shell, more commonly called a plait.

Foot: The muscular undersurface of the body of a mol-
lusk upon which the animal moves; a fleshy organ of
locomotion.

Fulgoraroid: Resembling a member of the genus Ful-
goraria. Protoconch bulbous with whorls coiled around
a tilted axis.

Fulvous: Orange, reddish-yellow, tawny, rust, or reddish-
brown.

Fusiform: Spindle shaped, elongate, with spire and body
whorl of nearly equal length and similar outline.

Ganglion: A well defined collection of nerve cells and
fibers forming a subsidiary' nerve center.

Gastropoda: Glass of mollusks, namely, the univalves —
including conchs, whelks, volutes, snails, etc. Means
the stomach is situated in the region of the foot.

Gland of Leiblein: A duct which leaves the esophagus
and runs to a mass of glandular tissue that is wrapped
around the esophagus and the anterior aorta. It has
been shown to be a source of powerful digestive
enzymes.

Growth lines: Axial lines of the shell surface indicating
rest periods during growth.

Hypobranchial gland: An elongated secretory gland at-
tached to the upper wall of the mantle and running
parallel to the gills.

Incremental lines: Axial lines or faint marks on the
shell indicating the growth; growth lines.

Intergradation: Merging gradually through a continuous
series of intermediate forms or populations.

Intromittent organ: The penis of a mollusk, often called
verge.

Laterals: The radular teeth on either side of the central
rachidian teeth.

Lingual ribbon: The odontophore bearing the radular
teeth.

Lip: The outer or inner edge of the aperture in gastro-
pods.

Lirae: Fine raised lines on the surface of a shell; orna-
ments of sharp, raised threads; threadlike sculptural
features. Singular = lira.

Littoral: The area along the shore, usually between low
and high tide lines.

Mammilate: Having the rounded shape of teat or female
breast.

Mantle: The membranous covering in mollusks from
which the shell is secreted.

Morphology: The structure, form, or parts of the ani-
mal and its shell.

Nacreous: Resembling the iridescent luster of mother of
pearl.

Nodulose: Having knobs or nodelike projections, usu-
ally small.

Nucleus: The first protoconch whorl, forming the apex
of the adult gastropod shell; center or beginning of an
operculum.

Odontophore: The ribbon and its radular teeth found
in the buccal cavity of a snail.

Operculum: A horny or calcareous plate growing on the
back of the foot and serving to close the aperture,
wholly or partially, when the animal is retracted.

Osphradium: A narrow, laminated ridge parallel to the
gill axis and along its left side; a major sense organ
which, it is believed, tests the water entering the man-
tle cavity.

Oviparous: Producing eggs or ova which hatch some time
after leaving the body of the female; egg-bearing.

OvoviviPAROUS: Producing eggs that are incubated within
the body of the female, from which the young emerge
just before, during, or immediately after the eggs are
deposited; live-bearing.

Papillae: Small, often minute, nodes or fingerlike pro-
jections.

Parietal wall: The wall of the last whorl of a univalve,
outside the aperture and opposite the outer lip; the
broader, upper portion of the inner lip.

Penultimate whorl: The next to the last whorl.

Periostracum: A skinlike or horny covering on the ex-
terior of many shells, serving as a protection against
erosion; may be partially or entirely chitinous in com-
position.

Periphery: The part of the gastropod whorl that is far-
thest from the axis; usually the widest part of the last
whorl.

Plait: Fold on the columella.

Plications: Folds, especially on the columella of gastro-
pods. Also called plicae.

Population: The individuals of a given locality that
potentially form a single interbreeding community.

Posterior: Situated away from the anterior part of the
shell; in gastropods the spire represents the posterior
end.

Proboscis: Tubular feeding process or prolongation of
the head or oral region.

Protoconch: The embryonic whorl or whorls of a uni-

362

Glossary

valve, frequently different in design, texture, and
color from the adult shell or teleoconch whorls.

Pupiform: Formed like a pupa; cocoon shaped.

Pyriform: Pear shaped; round and large at one end, gen-
erally tapering at the other.

Racemose gland: A compound gland of freely branching
ducts that end in a compact cluster somewhat re-
sembling grapes.

Rachidian: The median or central tooth on the radula;
also called the rachidian tooth.

Rachiglossate: Typically marine, mostly carnivorous
gastropods having a radula with three, or sometimes
one, long series of teeth, of which each may have one
or many cusps.

Radula: A rasplike organ; the odontophore, or lingual
ribbon, armed with toothlike processes; found in
nearly all mollusks except clams.

Reticulated: Cross ridged, with distinct lines crossing
each other like a network pattern; cancellated.

Rib: A long and narrow axial ridge.

Scaphelloid: Resembling a member of tbe genus Scaph-
ella; with the first protoconch whorl bearing a cal-
carella or spurlike projection.

Siphon: An anterior, tubelike fold of the mantle con-
veying water into the mantle cavity.

SiPHONAL NOTCH or CANAL: An arch or canal accommodat-
ing the fleshy siphon near the base of the columella.

Spire: The upper part of a spiral shell including the
whole series of whorls except the last, or adult body
whorl.

Spur: An extension of the first protoconch whorl; a cal-
carella.

Striae: Minute furrows or very fine incised lines, usu-
ally arranged spirally, rarely axially.

Substrate: The surface or base on which an organism
lives.

Suture: The spiral line that marks the junction of the
whorls in a gastropod shell.

Teleoconch: The entire gastropod shell except the pro-
toconch.

Tentacles: The fleshy tactile processes (sometimes bear-
ing eyes) on the head of gastropod mollusks.

Trochoid: Having the form of a top shell, Trochus.

Turbinate: Turban shaped; the coils piled one on an-
other and tapering from a broad base to the apex.

Turreted: Whorls of the spire regularly stepped in out-
line; tower shaped, with a long spire and somewhat
shouldered whorls.

Unguiculate: Clawlike; resembling a claw or talon.

Varices: Periodic resting stages in growth, marked by a
thickening of the outer lip. Singular = varix.

Vas deferens: A spermatic duct.

Ventral: Underside; aperture side, opposite the dorsum.

Ventricose: Swollen or inflated; bellied in appearance.

Verge: Penis.

Vernicose: Appearing as though varnished or brilliantly
polished; covered with a very thin, glossy periostra-
cum.

Viviparous: Producing live young (instead of eggs) from
within the body of the female, in the manner of nearly
all mammals, but not in mollusks (see ovoviviparous) .

Whorl: A volution or turn of the spire of a univalve
shell; one complete spiral turn of the protoconch or
teleoconch.

Terms Used in Scientific Nomenclature

Absolute tautonomy: If a genus without originally desig-
nated or indicated type contains among its original
species one possessing the generic name as its specific
or subspecific name, either as a valid name or a
synonym, that species or subspecies becomes ipso
facto the type of the genus. Example — Melo melo or
Aulica aulica.

Binomial nomenclature: The system of nomenclature
first standardized by Linnaeus in 1758 and adopted
by the International Congress of Zoology, by which a
scientific name of an animal is designated by both a
generic and species or trivial name.

Conchology: The study of mollusks based largely upon
the hard parts.

CoNSPECiFic: Of or pertaining to the same species; mem-
bers of the same species.

Emended: Deliberate alteration in the spelling of a name.

Genus: A taxonomic category, including one or a group of
species, presumably of common phylogenetic origin,
which is separated from related, similar units (genera)
by a decided morphological gap.

Geographical isolation: A condition in which inter-
breeding between two or more separated populations
is prevented by extrinsic barriers or geographical
distance.

Holotype: The single specimen designated or indicated as
the "type” by the original author at the time of publica-
tion of the original description.

363

GLOSSARY

Homonym; The latter of two identical names that have
been given to two different species or genera.

Junior homonym: The more recently published of two or
more identical names for the same or different taxon-
omic categories.

Lectotype: One of a series of syntypes which, subsequent
to the publication of the original description, is
selected and designated through publication to serve
as the "type.”

Malacology: The study of mollusks and their soft parts.

Neotype: A specimen selected as type subsequent to the
original description in cases where the primary type is
definitely known to be lost or destroyed.

Nomen dubium; The name of a nominal species for which
insufficient information was given to permit recognition
of the taxonomic species to which it was applied.

Nomen nudum: A published scientific name that does not
meet the requirements for availability, usually because
a description was not given.

Nomen oblitum: An unrecorded name that has not been
used by subsequent authors and therefore is rejected.

Nominate subspecies: That subspecies of a polytypic
species which shares with its species the same type
specimen and the same name. Example = Volutoconus
grossi grossi.

Objective synonyms; If two taxa are based on the same
type (specimen or figure in the case of species names,
the same species in the case of generic names), their
names are objective synonyms.

Original description: The first description accompanying
the proposal of a name for a new taxonomic entity.

Original designation: When, in the original publication of
a genus, one of the species is definitely designated as
the type.

Paratype; a specimen other than the holotype which was
before the author at the time of preparation of the
original description and was so designated or indicated
by the original author.

Parentheses ( ); If ( ) enclose the name of an author
and date of publication, they signify that the species
name was originally associated with some other generic
name but has since been transferred to the present
combination.

Preoccupied: A name invalidated because some previous
author had used the same name or combination for a
different species.

Question mark ?: Standing before a scientific name, a ?
indicates that there is uncertainty as to the relationship
of the species or genus concerned; if it stands between
a generic or subgeneric name and the specific name.

it means there is uncertainty as to whether the species
properly belongs in this genus or subgenus.

Senior homonym: The earliest published of two or more
identical names for the same or different taxonomic
categories.

Sic: Here used to indicate a misspelling or error in the
original.

Species: Groups of actually (or potentially) interbreeding
populations which are reproductively isolated from
other such groups.

Subgenus: An optical category below the genus and above
the species levels, placed in parentheses between the
generic and specific name. Example = Lyria (Enaeta)
reevei.

Subjective synonymy: If two taxa with different names
are subjectively united into a single taxonomic unit,
their names are subjective synonyms.

Subsequent designation: If an author, in publishing a
genus with more than one valid species, fails to desig-
nate or to indicate its type, any subsequent author
may select the type.

Subspecies: A geographically defined aggregate of local
populations that differ taxonomically from other such
subdivisions of a species.

Synonym: One of two or more different names for the
same taxonomic unit; customarily the latter of two
different names; technically, both are synonyms.

Synonymy; A chronological list of the scientific names
that have been applied, correetly or incorrectly, to a
given taxonomic unit, including the dates of publica-
tion, the authors applying the names, and the literature
citation.

Syntype: One of a number of specimens of equal
nomenclatural rank that formed all or part of the
material before the original author, in those cases in
which the author did not designate or indicate a holo-
type. Also called cotype.

Taxon: A taxonomic unit or category, without specifying
rank. Plural = taxa.

Topotype: a species collected in the same locality where
the original type was obtained.

Type figure: A drawing representing the shell used in
the author’s original description of a species, usually
assigned by the author or a subsequent author in place
of the holotype.

Type locality; The locality at which the holotype, lecto-
type, or neotype was collected.

Valid name: The name of a taxonomic unit that is avail-
able nomenclaturally and also is recognized as valid
on zoological grounds.

364

Abbreviations

LATIN ABBREVIATIONS

ibid, (ibidem): The same reference, that is, the same journal or book as given in the
preceding citation.
i. e. (id est): That is.
in litt. (in litteris): In correspondence.

nom. dub. (nomen dubium): Representing a taxon of doubtful status; unidentifiable.
nom. mut. (nomen mutatum): Name changed.

nom. nud. (nomen nudum): Name lacking any description, definition, or other
indication of validity.

pars (partim): Part of but not all; some are, some are not.
s. 1. (sensu latu): In the broad sense,
s. s. (sensu stricto): In the strict sense.
sp. nov. (species nova): New species.

MUSEUM ABBREVIATIONS

AM; Australian Museum, Sydney

AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New York City

ANSP; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

BM(NH); British Museum (Natural History), London

BPBM; Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu

DM; Dominion Museum, Wellington

DMNH; Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville

ISZZM; Institut fiir Spezielle Zoologie und Zoologisches Museum, East Berlin

MCZ; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

NMNHU; National Museum of Natural History, Montevideo
SAM; South Australian Museum, Adelaide
So. Af. Mus.; South African Museum, Cape Town
USNM; United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.

Fathom; 6 feet

Meter; .547 fathom; 39.37 inches
Millimeter (mm); 1 mm = .03937 inch; 1 inch = 25.37 mm

365

1

INDEX

This alphabetical index of all taxa mentioned in the book is arranged
in the following manner:

a) Initial bold face indicates valid living taxa as proposed here. Species
and subgenera are followed by their generic names in italics. Bold face
numerals indicate the page where the description of the taxon begins; other
numerals are pages where the taxon is also mentioned.

b) Initial italics indicate all other taxa, excepting the above, and include
synonyms, homonyms, fossils, taxa removed from the Volutidae, etc.

c) Parentheses ( ) around a taxon indicate a subgenus.

abbreviata. Valuta ancilla, 103
abyssicola, Volutocorbis, 9, 10, 11-14; PI. 3C-E;
Fig. 2

adcocki. Valuta, 165, 167; PI. 72C
(Adelomelon), ylde/ome/on, 102
Adelomelon Dali, 75, 100, 102, 126
Adelamelan Dali, Pilsbry and Olsson, 102, 126
Adelamelaninae , 126

aethiopica, Mela (Melacarana), 47, 69, 70, 72,
73,75; P1.27E,F; Figs. 15, 16
aethiapica. Valuta, 73
affinis. Valuta, 101
affinis. Valuta angulata, 101
africana, Festilyria, 54, 57, 58; PL 21A-D; Fig.
11a

aguayoi, Valutifusus, 146, 147; PL 60C, D; Fig.
32a

alabastrina, Guivillea, 47, 107; PL 8C, D
alba, Scaphella fulgetrum, 50; PL 19C
Alcithoe, 100, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116
(Alciihoe), Alcithae, 109, 113
Alcithainae, 100, 124
alternata. Valuta calacynthis, 107
altispira, Cymbialena magnifica, 91
ambigua. Valuta, 129

americana, Odantacymbiala, 126, 127, 129, 130;

PL 55C,D; Figs. 27a-c, 28a
amicula, Nannamaria, 170, 171; PL 73A, B
(Amorena), /Imoria, 139, 148, 159, 160, 162
Amoria, 139, 147, 148, 151, 155, 157, 158, 163,
164, 170

(Amoria), Amaria, 147, 148, 153, 160, 162
amariafarmis, Waihaaia, 115
Amarides, 140
Amphipadus, 47

amphora, Mela (Melacarana), 63, 69, 72, 73-75;

Pis. 2 (bottom), 30, 31
ampla, Yetus porcinus, 65
Ampulla, 139, 140, 172, 174
anciWa^ Adelamelan (Adelamelan), 102, 103, 106,

108, 114, 126, 129, 130; PL 42A-C; Fig.

20a-c, n

ancilla. Valuta, 126, 129, 130
angasii. Valuta, 162
angulata, Cymbium rubiginasum, 64
angulata. Valuta, Lightfoot, 100, 101
angulata. Valuta, Swainson, 100, 101
angulata, Zidana, 100

angulosa, F ulgararia (Fulgoraria), 33, 45; PL

14A,B

anguria. Valuta, 69

anna, Lyria (Harpeala), 29, 30; PL 6H, I
anomala, Fusivaluta, 181; PL 78E, F; Fig. 43a, b
arabica, Alcithae (Alcithae), 100, 108, 109, 110,
112, 113, 116; Pis. 46C-E, 47C-E; Fig. 21a, b;
Map 10

arausiaca, Harpulina, 121, 122; PL 53A, B

archeri, Lyria (Enaeta), 25, 26; PL 7G, H

Arctomelon, 100, 119

armata. Valuta, 72, 73

arnheimi, Scaphella (Valuta), 103

Astrapecten sp., 107

Athletinae, 1, 9

atlantis, Scaphella (Aurinia), 140, 143, 144; PL
59A,B

(Aulica), Cymbiala, 63, 76,77, 82, 161, 165, 172
auliea, Cymbiala (Aulica), 76, 77, 87; PL 32C-F;

Fig. 17a, b; Map 7
aulica. Valuta, 87

(Aulicina), Cymbiala, 63, 76, 84, 92
aurantia, Iredalina, 60, 61; Fig. 12
aurantium, Cymbium aethiapicurn, 72
(Aurinia), Scop/?e//«, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146
Auriniinae, 139
Auriniapsis, 144
(Ausaba), Mela, 75
australiae. Valuta (Amaria), 162

barattinii, Adelamelan (Adelamelan), 102. 103,
105; PL 43C. D

367

INDEX

barnardi, Fusivoluta, 181, 182, 183, 184; PI.
77A,B

barnesii, Lyria (Enaeta), 25, 26; PL 7K, L
barthelowi, Teramachia, 177; PL 75C, D
Bathyaurinia, 145

beauii, Lyria (Lyria), 16, 24, 25; PL 41, J
beckeri. Valuta africana, 57; PL 21 C
beckii, Adelomelon (Adelomelon), 58, 102, 105,
106; PL43A,B;Fig. 20d-f
bednalli, Volutoconus, 135, 137; PL 61A, B; Fig.
30a-d

benthalis, Amoria (Amorena), 160; PL 66H, I
benthalis, Arctomelon, 119, 120; PL 52C, D
benthicola, Pachymelon (Palomelon), 115, 116;
PL 50C, D

bermudezi, Aurinia, 140, 143, 144; PL 57A, B

bicincta, Scaphella fulgetrum, 50

blaizei, Fulgoraria, 182

blaizei, Fusivoluta, 183; PL 78A, B

(Boromelon), Fulgoraria, 119

boswellae, Volutocorbis, 9, 10, 11; PL 3F, G

bracata. Valuta, 103

brasiliana, Adelomelon (Pachycymbiola), 107,
108; PL 45A, B; Fig. 20k-m
brazieri. Valuta, Angas, 28, 29, 97
brazieri. Valuta (Callipara), Cox, 28, 29
braziliensis, Cymbiola, 107
broderipi, Amoria turneri, 158, 159; PL 66C
broderipii, Mela (Melocorona), 70, 72, 73, 74,
158; PL29C,D
Buccinidae, 179, 181
Bulimulidae, 112
bullata. Valuta, Born, 91, 92
bill lata. Valuta, Gnielin, 92
bullata. Valuta, Swainson, 91, 92
bullata. Valuta, Wood, 92
bullatiana, Callipara, 91, 92; PL 38G, H
butleri, Scaphella junonia, 142; PL 57G

Calliotectinae, 175
Calliotectum, 175
Callipara, 63, 9 1 , 92

calva, Alcithoe, 112, 113

canalieulata, Amoria (Amoria), 148, 151; Pis.

63E-G, 69; Fig. 33a
Cancellaridae, 151

eancellata, Fulgoraria (Musashia), 41, 44; PL
15A, B; Fig. 6a

capensis, Fusivoluta, 183, 185, 186; PL 78C, D

capensis, Glypteuthria, 183, 185, 186

capitata. Valuta, 35

carinata. Valuta, 107

carinata. Valuta colocynthis, 107

carneolata. Valuta, 5; PL IG

caroli, Scaphella, 156, 157
(Carolluta), Alcithoe, 113

cassidida, Lyria, (Reeve), Kuroda and Habe, 23
eassidula, Lyria (Lyria), (Reeve), 16, 23; PL
4F-H

cathcartiae. Valuta, 77, 78; PL 32E; Fig. 17b;
Map 7

ceraunia. Valuta riickeri, 88; PL 36D
charcoti, Harpovoluta, 61; PL 8E, F; Fig. 13a, b
chathamensis, Alcithoe (Leporemax), 109, 113,
114; PL 48D,E

chinensis, Fulgoraria, 31, 33, 35
Chlorosina, 2
chlorosina. Valuta, 3
chorea, Plejona, 3

chrysostoma, Cymbiola (Aulica), 76, 77, 80;
PL 32A, B

cisium, Cymbium, Menke, 65, 66
cisium, Cymbium, Menke, Reeve, 66
cithara. Valuta, Lamarck, 72, 73
cithara. Valuta, Lightfoot, 72
citharoedus, Athleta (Neoathleta), 72
citrina. Valuta, 70

clara, Fulgoraria (Musashia), 43, 44; PL 15C-E;
Map 5

clarkei, 183, 184; PL 77C, D

(Clenchina), Scap/fe//a, 139, 140, 143, 144
cleryana. Valuta, 129

cloveriana, Lyria (Lyria), 16, 17, 22; PL 4M, N
colocynthis. Valuta, 107
Columbellidae, 114

complexa, Cymbiolacca, 81, 92, 95; Pis. 39A-C,
F, G, 70 (top); Fig. 18a; Map 9
concinna, Fulgoraria (Psephaea), 13, 37, 38;

PL 12A, B; Fig. 5; Map 4
concinna. Valuta (Psephaea), 13
confusa, Plejona, 5

coniformis, Volutoconus, 133, 135, 137; PL 61C,
D

connectens, Scaph ella fulgetrum, 50
connexa. Valuta beckii, 105
constricta. Valuta ambigua, 130
corderoi, Provocator, 100, 123; PL 53F1, I; Fig.
25a, b

corona. Valuta, 76

corrugata, Fulgoraria (Psephaea) concinna, 37;
Map 4

costata. Valuta, Gmelin, 29
costata. Valuta, Swainson, 29, 30

Cottonia, 100, 124

cracenta, Cymbiolacca, 95 , 96; PL 40D, E; Fig.
18c

Cuba, Scaphella (Aurinia), 140, 143, 144; PL 57C,
D

368

Index

cucumis, Cymbium, 64, 66; PI. 24E, F
cumingi, Amoria turneri, 157
cumingii, Lyria (Enaeta), 25, 26, 27; PI. 7A, B
curta. Valuta magellanica, 129
cylleniformis, Lyria (Enaeta), 26, 27; PI. 71, J
Cymba Broderip, 63, 64
Cymba Marche-Marchad, 63
Cymbiinae, 63 , 92, 99
Cymbiola (of authors), 75
(Cymbiola), Cymbiola, 75, 76
cymbiola, Cymbiola (Cymbiola), 75, 76; PI.
38A-C

cymbiola. Valuta, 75

Cymbiola Swainson, 63, 75, 76, 84, 91, 172
Cymbiolacca, 63, 92, 95, 98, 168; Map 9
(Cymbiolena), Cymbiola, 63, 90, 91
Cymbiolista, 139, 171, 172
cymbium, Cymba, 66

cymbium, Cymbium, (Linnaeus), 63, 64, 65, 66,
68, 83; PI. 27A, B

cymbium, Cymbium, Linnaeus, Weaver, 65
Cymbium Marche-Marchad, 69
Cymbium Boding, 63, 64, 69
Cypraea, 148

daisyae, Volutoconus hargreavesi, 138; PL 61 G
dalli, Teramachia, 176, 177, 178; PI. 75E, F;
Fig. 41a

damonii, Amoria (Amoria), 148, 151, 152, 154,
155, 157, 159; PI. 64A-G; Map 12
dampieria, Amoria (Amoria), 139, 152, 153;
PI. 63C, D

damula. Valuta musica, 5
dannevigi, Scaphella, 124, 125
daviesi, Fulgoraria (Psephaea), 37, 38, 40; PI.
12C,D

decipiens. Valuta tuberculata, 131
decussata, Fusivoluta, 175, 181, 184; PI. 79A, B
delessertiana, Lyria (Lyria), 17, 18, 22; PI.
4A,B

delicata, Fulgoraria (Saotomea), 46; PI. 16C, D;
Fig. 7

deliciosa, Lyria (Lyria) deliciosa, 16, 18, 21, 23,
24; PI. 4C, D; Fig. 4a-c; Map 2
demarcoi, Valuta musica, 7; PI. II; Map 1
depressa, Fulgoraria (Alcithoe), 109, 110; PI. 46E;
Map 10

depressa. Valuta, 107
depressa, Valuta colocynthis, 107
deshayesi, Cymbiola (Aulicina), 84, 85; PI. 35D,
E

diadema. Valuta, 72
dictua. Valuta fulgetrum, 50
dilitata, Yetus marocanus, 67

disparilis, Volutocorbis, 9, 1 1 ; PI. 3N, O

distincta. Valuta angulata, 101

dohrni, Scaphella (Clenchina), 140, 143, 144;

Pis. 57A-D, 58A-J, 59A, B; Fig. 31c-e
dubia, Scaphella (Aurinia), 140, 143, 144, 145;

Pis. 59C-H, 60A, B; Fig. 31f, g
dubia. Valuta, 143
ducalis. Valuta, 75

dufresnci, Zidona, 100, 101, 102; PI. 42D, E;
Fig. 19a, b

duponti, Festilyria, 57, 58, 59; Pis. 22A, B, 23;
Fig. llc~f; Map 6

ebraea. Valuta, 2, 3, 8; Pis. 1C, D, 2 (top); Fig.
la-d

elegans, Fusivoluta, 181

cllioti, Amoria (Amoria), 153, 155, 158, 159; PL
63A,B

elongata, Fulgoraria (Musashia), 41, 43; PL
12E,F

elongata. Valuta, Lightfoot, 112
elongata. Valuta, Schroeter, 112
elongata. Valuta, Swainson, 112-114
elongata. Valuta, Swainson, Kiener, 114
elongata. Valuta ancilla, 103
(Enaeta), Lyria, 15, 16, 25, 29
epigona, Volutocorbis, 9, 1 1 , 12; PL 3L, M
Ericusa, 31, 49, 60
(Ericusa), Ericusa, 50, 53
ethelae, Aurinia kieneri, 145; Fig. 31f
exoptanda, Amoria (Amorena), 154, 159, 160,
161; PL 66F, G; Fig. 35

exoptanda, Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria), 31, 33;
PL 13A, B

expansa. Valuta ancilla, 103

fasciata. Valuta, 83

ferruginea. Valuta tuberculata, 131

ferussacii, Adelomelon (Pachycymbiola), 107.

108;PL45C,D
Festilyria, 31, 54

festiva, Festilyria, 54, 58, 59, 105; PL 22C, D
festiva. Valuta, 58, 105
finlayi, Iredalina, 60

fissurata, Alcithoe (Alcithoe), 110, 113; PI. 46A,
B

flammeum, Cymbium, 72
flammula. Valuta, 76

flavicans, Cymbiola (Aulica), 77, 80, 81; PL
32G-I; Fig. 17c

florida, Aurinia dohrni, 140, 143, 144; PL 58C, D
formosana, Fulgoraria (Musashia), 44; PL 13G.

H

fratercula. Valuta oviformis, 108

369

INDEX

fulgetra, Ericusa (Ericusa), 49, 50, 51; PL
19A-D; Fig. 9

Fulgoraria, 31, 41, 45, 46, 54
(Fulgoraria), Eulgoraria, 33, 37, 40
Fulgorarinae, 31, 60

fiilgura, Eulgoraria, 35
fiilgurea, Voliita tuberculata, 131
fulminata, Voluta, S5
fiilva, Voluta, 1

fusiformis, Voluta, Brocchi, 53, 105
fusiformis, Voluta, de France, 105
fusiformis, Voluta, Kiener, 105
fusiformis, Voluta, Swainson, 53, 105
fusiformis, lo/z/fa, Turton, 105
Eusinidae, 181
Fusivoluta, 175, 181, 184
Eusus, 176

fusiis, Alcithoe ( Leporemax), 109, 113, 114, 115;
PI. 49A-C; Map 10

gatliffi, Voluta, 151
gatliffi, Voluta (Amoria), 151, 152
georgiana, Rehderia, 144, 145; PI. 59E, F; Fig. 31g
georginae, Melo (Melocorona), 74; PI. 28A, B
gilchristi, Aep?zz/zeop5Z5, 175, 179, 181; PI. 77E,
F ; Fig. 42

gilehristi, Voliitocorbis, 9, 12; PI. 3J, K
Gilvostia, 108

glans, Cymbium, 63, 64, 65, 66; PI. 24A, B
globosa, Voluta, 107
globosa, Voluta colocynthis, 107
gouldiana, Voluta, 140, 143, 144; PI. 58E-G
gracilior, Proscaphella, 131
gracilis, Cymba, 66; PI. 24C, D
gracilis, Voluta, Dillwyn, 114
gracilis, Voluta, Swainson, 114
gracilis, Voluta, Wood, 102, 114
grahami, Pachymelon (Palomelon), 100, 115,
116; P1.51C,D

grangeri, Voluta (Lyria), 22, 23; PI. 6 A, B
grayae, Voluta, 82

grayi, Amoria (Amoria), 151, 153, 154, 155, 159;
PI. 63H-J; Fig. 34

grossi, Volutoconus grossi, 95, 133, 137, 138;

PI. 62A-C; Fig. 30e-g; Map 11
guiltlingii,Lvna (Enaeta), 15, 27, 28; PI. 7C, D
guinaica, Voluta, 5; PI. IJ
guineensis, Voluta musica, 5
Guivillea, 31,47
guntheri, Nannamoria, 167

giintheri, Paramoria guntheri, 165, 167; PI.
72A-C; Map 13

guttata, Amoria (Amoria), 154, 155; PI. 65G, H
guttata, Voluta, Dillwyn, 28

guttata, Voluta, Reeve, 28
guttatum, Cymbium, 68

Halia, 140, 172, 174
Halides, 140

hamillei, Eulgoraria (Eulgoraria), 31, 33, 34,
35; PL 9A,B; Map 3
hannafordi, Voluta,
harfordi, Voluta, 148, 151; PL 63G
hargreavesi, Volutoconus, 138; PL 61E-G
harpa, Voluta, Barnes, 26, 30
harpa, Voluta, Lamarck, 26
harpa, Voluta, Mawe, 23, 26
harpa, Voluta, Swainson, 30
Harpella Gray, 29
Harpella Schrank, 29
(Harpeola), Lyria, 15, 16, 25, 28, 29
Harpovoluta, 31, 61 , 62
Harpula, Swainson, 2, 121
Harpula, Swainson, H. and A. Adams, 121
Harpulina, 100, 121

haurakiensis, Alcithoe fusus, 114; PL 49C; Map 10
haustrum, Voluta, 72

hayashii, Eulgoraria kaneko, 38, 39; PL 121; Map 4
hebraea, Voluta, 3

hedleyi, ^/ciMoe (Leporemax), 113, 115; PL
49D, E

hedleyi, Scaphella, 151
helenae, Volutoconus grossi, 137
helicoides. Bulla, 172, 174

hirasei, Eulgoraria (Musashia), 41, 43, 44; PL
16A, B; Eig. 6b
Hoivellia, 176, 177

howensis, Lyria (Lyria) deliciosa, 18, 19-21; PL
4E; Map 2

humerosa, Eulgoraria (Volutipysma), 40; PL
11A,B

hunteri, Cymbiolista, 139, 171, 172; PL 74C-E;
Eig. 38

imperialis, Cymbiola (Aulica), 76, 77,81, 82-84;
PL 33A-C

incornata, Plejona, 3
incurva, Cymbium rubiginosum, 64
indica, Voluta, Gmelin, 70
indica, Voluta, Sowerby, 122
indigestus, Adelomelon, 105
indurata, Miopleione., 37
inflata, Voluta ancilla, 103
innexa, Voluta, 88
insignita, Lyria, 23
intermedia, Voluta colocynthis, 107
interpuncta, Voluta, 122
Iredalina, 31, 59, 60

370

I ndex

irvinae, Cymbiola (Aulicina), 84, 85; PI. 35A-C
itoi, Fulgoraria (Psephaea) kaneko hayashii, 38

jacobinum, Cymbium, 64

jaculoides, Alcithoe arabica, 110; PL 47C, D; Map
10

jamrachi, Amoria (Amoria), 153, 154, 155, 156,
159; PI. 65C,D
Janeithoe, 102

johnsoni, Teramachia, 178; PI. 75G, H
johnstonae, Scaphella junonia, 142; PI. 57H
johnstoni, Alcithoe, 110; PI. 47E; Fig. 21b; Map 10
junonia, Scaphella (Scaphella), 140, 142; PL
57E-H; Fig. 31a, b

kamakurensis, Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria), 34;
PL lOA, B

kaneko, Fulgoraria (Psephaea), 38, 39, 40; PL
12G-J; Map 4

kaupi, Cymbiola (Aulica), 75, 76, 82; PL 27C, D
keatsiana, Amoria (Amoria), 151, 152; PL 64C;
Map 12

kellneri, Aulica, 81

kenyoniana. Valuta, 51, 52; PL 191

kieneri, Scaphella (Aurinia), 144, 145; PL 59G, H

kimberi, Lyria (Lyria), 21; PL 4K, L

kingi. Valuta, 161

knighti, Melo amphora, 73

knoxi, Teremelon, 118, 119; PL 52A, B; Fig. 23
kreuslerae, Notovoluta, 167, 168, 169; PL 72J, K
kurodai, Lyria (Harpeola), 29, 30; PL 6J, K
(Kurodina), Fulgoraria, 31, 41, 45

lactea. Valuta colocynthis, 107
laevigata, Plejona, 3
lamarckii. Valuta, 73

lapponica, Harpulina, 121, 122; PL 53C-E
larochei, Alcithoe (Alcithoe), 112, 113, 116; PL
47F,G

laseroni, Lyria (Lyreneta), 28, 29; PL 7E, F
Lepidoptera, 29

(Leporemax), /l/ci^Aoe, 100, 109, 113, 118
leucostoma, Livonia mamilla, 48, 49; PL 17C
leviuscula, Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria), 35; PL IOC,

D

limopsis. Valuta (Volutilithes), 9

lineata, Plejona, 3

lineata. Valuta, Gmelin, 164

lineata. Valuta, Leach, 164, 165; PL 71D, E

lineatiana, Zebramoria, 164

lineolata. Valuta, 90

Livonia, 31, 47, 48, 151, 152

longiuscula. Valuta oviformis, 108

loroisi, Voluta, 122; PL 53C

lugubris, Voluta, 81

lunulisligata, Scaphella fulgetrum, 50; PL 19A, B
lutea, Pachymelon (Palomelon), 115, 116, 117;
PL51E,F

luteola, Voluta angulata, 101
luteostoma, Voluta, 80
lutosa, Volutocorbis, 9, 12, 13; PL 3H, I
lyraeformis, Lyria (Lyria), 15-17, 21, 22, 44;
PL 5A, B

lyrata, Voluta, Brocchi, 29
lyrata, Voluta, Sowerby, 29
(Lyreneta), Lyria, 15, 28, 29
Lyria, 15, 16, 22
(Lyria), Lyria, 15, 25, 29
lyriformis, Lyria, 21

lyriformis, Voluta, Swainson, Broderip, 21, 22
lyriformis, Voluta, Swainson, Kiener, 44
lyriformis, Voluta, Wood, 21, 22

Lyriinae, 15, 30

macandrewi, Amoria (Amoria), 153, 155, 156;
PL 65A, B

macgillivrayi, Voluta, 88; PL 36G
mcmichaeli, Volutoconus grossi, 137, 138; PL
62D,E; Map 11

macquariensis, Voluta papillosa, 51, 52
maeulata, Amoria (Amoria), 156, 157, 158; Pis.

65K-M, 70 (bottom); Fig. 33b
maeulata, Plejona, 3
maculatum, Cymbium, 70
Maculopeplum, 140

magellanica, Odontocymbiola, 102, 103, 106,
119, 120, 126, 129, 130, 131; PL 55A, B; Figs.
27g-i, 28b

magellanica, Voluta, 102, 129
magna, Fulgoraria prevostiana, 45; PL 14D; Map
5

magnifica, Cymbiola (Cymbiolena), 90, 91; PL
38D-F

major, Fusivoluta pyrrhostoma, 185
Mamillana, 47, 48

mammilla, Livonia, 47, 48, 49; PL 17A-C; Fig.
8a

mangeri, Cymbiola, 106

Marginellidae, 28, 91, 92, 100, 151, 153-155, 159
mariaemma, Cymbiola (Aulica), 75, 76, 82, 83;
PL33D,E

marionae, Clenchina robusta, 143; PL 58J; Fig.
31e

marmorata, Voluta, Shaw and Nodder, 171, 172
marmorata, Voluta, Swainson, 171, 172
marmoratum, Cymbium, 66, 69; PL 24C, D
maroeanus, Cymbium, 64, 66, 67; PL 25C. D
martensi, Voluta, 103; PL 42C

371

INDEX

megaspira, Fulgoraria (Psephaea), 34, 39, 40,
45; PI. 13E,F
megaspira, Voluta, 34
megaspira, Voluta (Alcithoe), 45
(Melo), Melo, 69, 70
nielo, Melo (Melo), 68, 69; PL 28C, D
Melo Broderip, 63, 64, 69, 74
Melo Humphrey, 69
(Melocorona), Melo, 63, 69, 70
mentiens, Fulgoraria (Psephaea), 39, 40; PI.
15F,G

(Mesericusa), Ericusa, 31, 50, 53
miltonis, Melo (Melocorona), 72 , 74; PL 28F, F
minor-ponderosa, Yetus tritonis, 68
Miomelon, 126, 131, 132
Miopleione, 37

mirabilis, Iredalina, 59, 60; PL 22F, F; Fig. 12
mirabilis, Teramachia, 176, 178; PL 76A, B
mississippiensis, Fulgoraria, 15
mitis, Voluta, 90

mitraeformis, Lyria (Lyria), 16, 18, 21, 22, 23;

Pis. 5C-F,6A,B; Fig. 4f
Mitridae, 21,22,29, 164
mixta, Voluta, 101
mixta, Voluta angulata, 101
modesta, Voluta, 81
modica, Yetus gracilis, 66

molleri, Amoria (Relegamoria), 162, 163; PL
71H,I; Fig. 33f
moslemica, Scaphella, 162

motutarensis, Alcithoe sivainsoni, 112, 113; Map

10

mucronatus, Melo, 74
multicostata, Voluta,22
(Musashia), Fulgoraria, 31, 41
Music a, 2

musica, Voluta musica, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 135; PL
IF-H, J; Fig. le-i; Map 1
muta, Plejona, 5
mutabilis, Voluta, 145

Nannamoria, 139, 165, 170
nasica, Voluta, 101
nautica, Voluta, 70, 72; Fig. 15
nautica, Voluta nivosa, 85
navicula, Voluta, 68
nebulosa, Voluta thiarella, 5
Neptuneopsis, 175, 179
neptuni, Voluta, 63, 68, 69; PL 26A, B
neptunia, Scaphella (Scaphella), 140, 142; PL
571, J

neivmanae, Amoria, 158, 159

nielseni, Cymbiolacca complexa, 97; PL 39J; Fig.
18b

nipponkaiensis, Fulgoraria (Fulgoraria), 34; Map
3

(Nipponomelon), Musashia, 41
nivosa, Cymbiola (Aulicina), 85, 87, 88; PL
35F-I

nobilis, Cymbiola (Aulica), 64,83, 84; PL 34A-D;
Fig. 17f

nodiplicata, Cottonia, 100, 124, 125; PL 54A, B;
Fig. 26

nodulosa, Voluta, 5

noguchii, Fulgoraria (Musashia), 43; PL 15F;
Map 5

norrisii, Cymbiola (Aulicina) rutila, 81, 87, 88,
89; PL 36A-D,G; Map 8
norrisii, Voluta, 87
Notopeplum, 139, 169, 170
Notovoluta, 92, 98, 139, 165, 167, 168, 169
nucleus, Lyria (Lyria), 15, 17, 18, 23, 26; PL
5F-H

oblita, Voluta, 87; PL 35H
occidua, Notovoluta, 168, 169

Odontocymbiola, 126, 127
Odontocymbiolinae, 102, 103, 106, 126, 131-
133

olla, Cymbium, 64, 67, 68; PL 26C, D; Fig. 14
opposita, Lyria, 23

orca, Ericusa (Ericusa), 49, 51; PL 19F, F
ornata, Voluta beckii, 105

ostenfeldi, Gilvostia, 108, 112, 113; PL 47A, B;

Map 10
Otocheilus, 15
Oviformis, Voluta, 108

(Paehycymbiola), Adelomelon, 100, 102, 107
Paehymelon, 100, 112, 115
(Pachymelon), Pac/?yme/o/i, 115
pachyus, Cymbium, 68; PL 25A, B
pacifica, Voluta, Perry, 108, 109, 112
pacifica, Voluta, Solander, Kiener, 112
pallida, Voluta, Gray, Kiener, 159
pallida, Voluta, Gray, Sowerby, 151, 155
pallida, Voluta, Griffith and Pidgeon, 151, 153,
154

pallida, Voluta, Linnaeus, 151, 153-155, 159
pallidula, Lyria (Lyria), 16, 23, 24; PL 51, J
(Palomelon), Paehymelon, 100, 115, 116, 118
papillaris, Scaphella, 51
papillaris, Voluta, 68
papillatum, Cymbium, 67, 68
papillosa, Ericusa (Ericusa)) 50, 51, 52; PL
19G-I

parabola, Nannamoria, 171; PL 73F, F
paradoxa, Adelomelon (Adelomelon), 106; PL

372

Index

44A,B

Paramoria, 139,165

parva. Valuta scapha, 83
pattersonia. Valuta, 23
patula, Cymba, 68
pedersenii, Enaeta, 26, 27
pellis-serpentis. Valuta, 90

pepo, Cymbium, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69; PI. 26A, B
perdicina. Valuta, 23

peristicta, Cymbialacca, 96; PL 40A-C; Fig.
18d,e

peraniana, Lyria,23

perplicata, Cymbialacca, 92,96, 168; PI. 39D, E
perryi, Aulicina, 97; PI. 41G

perspecta, Mesericusa sawerbyi, 53, 54; PI. 20G
pescalia, Odantacymbiala, 130; PI. 55E, F; Fig.
27d-f

philipinum, Cymbium, 67, 68

philippiana, Miamelan, 131, 132; PI. 56C, D;

Fig. 29
Pilidia, 163
piperita. Valuta, 87, 88

piratica, Valutifusus, 139, 145, 146; PI. 60E, F
planicostata, Lyria (Lyria), 15, 16, 24; PI. 5K, L
Plejana, 2
plicata. Valuta, 5

palypleura. Valuta musica, 5; PI. IH
palyzanalis. Valuta, 2, 7
panderasa. Valuta,^!
panderasa. Valuta africana, 57
panderasa. Valuta ancilla, 103
ponsonbyi, Festilyria, 58, 59; PL 21E, F; Fig.
11b

parcellana, Ericusa sawerbyi, 53, 54; PL 20H
parcina. Valuta, 65, 66; PL 27A, B
praeputium, Cymbium, 68

praetexta, Amaria (Amaria), 151, 157; PL 65E,
F

praetexta. Valuta (Alcithae), 151
pratasensis, Sigaluta, 63, 99; PL 40H, I
prevastiana, Fulgararia,33

prevostiana, Fulgararia (Musashia), 33, 39,44,
45; PL 14C, D; Map 5
prevastiana. Valuta, 45
Priamus, 172

priamus. Ampulla, 172, 174; PL 74A, B; Fig. 39
prabascidalis, Cymba, 65
prabascidalis. Valuta, 63, 65
Pradallia, 176

praducta, Yetus prabascidalis, 65
praductum, Cymbium, 67
Prascaphella, 131

pravacatianis, Pseudacymbiala, 92, 95; PL 39F, G
Provocator, 60, 100, 122

pravacatar, Pravacatar, 123, 124
(Psephaea), Fulgararia, 31, 37, 40
Pseudacymbiala, 92
P seudacymbium , 47

pseudafusifarmis. Valuta tuberculata, 131
pseudamagellanica. Valuta calacynthis, 107
pseudatuberculata. Valuta ambigua, 130
(Pteraspira), Valuta, ^3

pulcher, Pravacatar, Watson, 100, 122, 123; PL
53F, G

pulcher, Pravacatar, Watson, Powell, 123
pulchra, Cymbialacca, 92, 96, 97, 123; Pis.

39H-J, 41E-H; Fig. 18b, f, g; Map 9
pulchra, Zidana (Pravacatar), 124
punctata. Valuta, Allan, 95
punctata. Valuta, Swainson, 81, 95
punctata, Fo/nf«, Swainson, Kiener, 81
punctisligata, Scaphella fulgetrum, 50
pusia. Valuta, 7

pyrrhostoma, Fusivaluta, 184, 185, 186; PL
79C,D;Fig. 43c, d

quaesita, Aulica, 81

queketti, Lyria (Lyria), 24; PL 6C-E; Fig. 4d, e
quisqualis, Livania, 48, 49

Rachiglassa, 62
radiata, Marginella, 164
randalli, Cymbiala, 98, 99; PL 41 C
reevei, Lyria (Enaeta), 28; photo, 28
reevei. Valuta, 151, 152; PL 64F; Map 12
regia. Valuta, 72
Rehderia, 144

(Relegamo ria), ylmorm, 139, 148, 160, 162
reticulata, Plejana, 3
reticulata. Valuta, Gmelin, 151
reticulata. Valuta, Linnaeus, 151
reticulata. Valuta, Reeve, 151, 152
rietensis. Valuta africana, 57; PL 21D
riosi, Adelamelan (Weaveria), 106, 107, 130; PL
44C, D; Fig. 20g-j, o

roadnightae, Livania, 48, 49; PL 18A, B; Fig. 8b
rabinsana, Aulica imperialis, 81; PL 33A
rabusta, Aurinia, 140, 143, 144; PL 58H, I
rasea, Fulgararia (Psephaea) cancinna, 37; Map 4
rasea, Plejana, 3

rossiniana, Cymbiala (Aulica), 76,84; PI. 34E,F

rossiterie, Natavaluta, 168; PL 72F, G

rubiginasa, Cymba, 66

rubiginasa. Valuta, 64, 66; PL 24E, F

riickeri. Valuta, 88; PL 36C

rudis. Valuta, 108

rugifera. Valuta, 5

rupestris, Fulgararia (Fulgararia), 31, 33. 34.

373

INDEX

35,38; PI. 11C,D
rupestris. Valuta, 33, 34, 38

rutila, Cymbiola (Aulicina) rutila, 87, 88; PL
36E, F; Map 8

ryosukei, Boromelon stearnsii, 120, 121

salebrosa, Musashia (Nipponomelon) prevostiana,

45; Map 5

(Saotomea), Fulgoraria, 31, 46
scafa. Valuta, 64, 81, 83
scapha, Aulica,^\
scapha, Valuta, 64, 83
Scapha Gray, 84
Scapha Motsclwilsky, 84
Scaphella, 139, 140, 148, 154, 161
(Scaphella), ScapAe/Za, 140, 143, 144
Scaphellides, 139
Soaphellinae, 31, 139, 170, 172
schmitti, Aurinia, 144, 145; PL 60A, B
sclateri, Amaria (Amarena), 161; PL 66J, K
scoresbyana, Miamelan, 126, 131, 132; PL
56E,F

sculpturata, Fusivaluta, 183, 185, 186; photo,
185

sericata, Ericusa (Ericusa), 52; PL 20C, D

serpentina. Valuta, 90

Sigaluta, 63, 99

signifer. Valuta, 81

similis. Valuta angulata, 101

sinica, Fulgararia (Fulgararia) hamillei, 34; Map
3

smithi, Fulgararia (Kuradina), (Sowerhy III), 45,
46; PL 16E, F

smithi, Pachymelan (Palamelan), Powell, 116,
117, 118; PL 50A, B;Fig. 22
smithi, Teramachia, (Bartsch), 178; PL 76C, D
Sophia, Cymbiala (Aulicina), 89; PL 37A-C; Fig.
17d

sowerbyi, Ericusa (Mesericusa), 49, 50, 53, 54,
105; PL 20E-H; Fig. 10
sparta, Tractalira, 133; PL 56G, H
spectabilis. Valuta, 102, 129

spenceriana, Amaria (Amaria), 147, 148, 157,
158; PL 651, J

spirabilis. Valuta calacynthis, 107
stearnsii, Arctamelan, 119, 120, 121; PL 52E, F;
Fig. 24

stercus-pulicum. Bulla, 174

stokesi, Ericusa (Mesericusa), 54; PL 20A, B
stragulata. Valuta, 164
striatula, Harpavaluta vanhaeffeni, 62
studeri, Ternivaluta, 13, 14, 38; PL 3A, B; Fig. 3
subcarinata. Valuta calacynthis, 107
subnodosa, Odantacymbiala, 129, 130, 131;

PL 56A, B

subnadasa. Valuta ambigua, 129
subspinasa. Valuta nivasa, 87
sulcata. Valuta, 5

swainsoni, Alcithae (Alcithae), 109, 110, 112,
113, 114; Pis. 46F, G, 47A, B, 48A-C; Map 10

taenialata. Valuta magellanica, 129

Teramachia, 175, 176, 177, 178
Teremelon, 100, 118
(Teremelan), Waihaaia, 118
Ternivoluta, 9, 13

tesselata. Valuta, 70, 72

tessellatus, Eusus, Schubert and Wagner, 144
tessellatus, Fusus, Schubert and Wagner, Kiener,
144

thatcheri, Cymbialacca, 29, 92, 97, 98, 168; PL
40F,G

thiarella. Valuta, 5

tibiaeformis, Teramachia, 176, 178, 179; PL
76E, F; Fig. 41b
tissatiana. Valuta, 81

torrei, Valutifusus, 145, 146, 147; PL 60G, H;
Fig. 32b

tasaensis, Fulgararia (Fulgararia) hamillei, 34;
Map 3

Tractolira, 126, 127, 133

translucidum, Natapeplum, 170; PL 73C, D

tricincta, Scaphella fulgetrum, 50

tritanis, Cymba, 68

tuberculata. Valuta, 129, 131

tuberculata. Valuta scapha, 83

tumidar, Scaphella, 118

turbata, Plejana, 5

turbinata. Valuta, 3

Turbinellidae, 57

turneri, Amaria, 154

turner!, ^morta (Amaria), (Griffith and Pidgeon),
147, 148, 151, 154, 155,158, 159; PL 66A-C;
Fig. 33c

turneri, Amaria (Amaria), Gray, Weaver, 155
turriculatus, Yetus, 67
typica. Valuta ancilla, 103
typica. Valuta musica, 5

umbilicatus, Mela (Melacarana), 74, 75; PL
29A,B

undata, Harpulina interpuncta, 122
VLTidnXala,, Amaria (Amarena),\b(), 159, 160, 161,
162; PL 71A-C; Fig. 33d, e
unicincta, Scaphella fulgetrum, 50
unicalar, Cymbium, 64
uniplicata. Valuta, J. de C. Sowerby, 45
uniplicata. Valuta, Sowerby III, 45, 46

374

Index

vanhoeffeni, Harpovoluta, 61, 62; PI. 8A, B;
Fig. 13c

Vasidae, 100, 101

vegai, Lyria (Lyria), 16, 25; PI. 6F, G
ventricosa. Valuta, 101
ventricosa, Valuta angulata, 101
verconis, Natavaluta, 168, 169; PI. 72H, I; Fig.
37

vernicosum, Calliatectum, 175, 176, 184; PL
75A, B; Fig. 40

vespertilio, Cymbiala (Aulicina), 75, 80, 84, 89,
90,97,135; PI. 37D-I; Fig. 17e
Vespertilia Linnaeus, 84
Vespertilia Morch, 84
vexillum. Valuta, 121
victariensis, Scaphella, 169, 170
vialacea. Valuta musica, 5
virescens. Valuta, 2, 7, 8; PI. lA, B; Fig. Ij
Voluta,2,3, 54,179,181
Valutae, 1
Valutarius, 2
Valutella d’Orbigny, 100
Valutella Perry, 100
Valutella Swainson, 100
Valutharpa, 62

Volutidae, 1, 31, 58, 72, 99, 124-126, 184
Valutidia, 1, 2

Volutifusus, 139, 145, 146
Valutilithes, 10
Volutinae, 2, 3, 31, 121
(Volutipysma), Fulgararia, 31, 40
Volutoconus, 126, 127, 133
Volutocorbis, 9, 13
(Valutacarbis), Valutilithes, 9
Valutacarana, 76, 77
Valutalyria, 2

volva, Amaria (Amoria), 151, 154, 155, 159; PI.
66D,E

valva. Valuta, 154
valvacea. Valuta, 80, 81

Xenaphara, 12,25

yamamotoi, Fulgararia (Psephaeaj, 37, 40;

PI. 13C,D
Yetus, 63

zebra, Amaria (Zebramaria), 139, 147, 153, 163,
164, 165; Pis. 67, 68, 71D-G; Fig. 36
zebra, Scaphella, 153

(Zebramoria), Amaria, 139, 148, 153, 160, 163,
164

Zidona, 100, 101

Zidoninae, 51, 60, 100, 121-124, 126, 161, 184

weaver!, Paramaria guntheri, 165, 167; PI. 72D,
E; Map 13

(Weayeria)^ Adelamelan, 100, 102, 106
wilsonae, Pachymelan (Palamelan), 117, 118;
PL51A,B

wisemani, Cymbiala pulchra, 97
wisemani, Cymbialacca, 97, 98, 99; PI. 41A-D;
Fig. 18h

ivaalacattae, Cymbialacca pulchra, 97; PI. 41E, F;
Fig. 18g

Wyvillea Haswell, 47
Wyvillea Watson, 47

375

/

f.

a

(

• 1-'^ »

1

y.

■

i

1

■§