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Luperosaurus joloensis Taylor; from the cotype, from Jolo; PECAMAMMIOLES aAbOUG D<. Ti2 See Dasia olivacewm semicincta (Peters) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view: 0 1t2.22 4 Dasia olivaceum griffini Taylor; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral views. 01.0322 ee Page. 92 98 104 157 159. 161 164 169 171 173 175 177 178 181 185 189 191 195 F1a. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. ILLUSTRATIONS. Dasia smaragdinum (Lesson) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, PatehammeroaC enim” Xi as ee Leiolopisma semperi (Peters) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin; xX 3. (No. 714, E. H. Taylor collec- OIE. een eben aA Oe Os Seed Sy A PE gk Meas Jap Ol Sl Leiolopisma pulchellum grande Taylor; a, head, dorsal view; Pmanead. laceralo view > ©, Chime <8. 2.2... cee loc cceclecseee eee Siaphos kempi Taylor, from the type; a, head, dorsal view; b, eaopelabenal view $s; Cc; “Chim <. 4.00 Siaphos infralineolatum (Giinther) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, ec ademlebe bale VIEW 2" Co4.CMIM Go. 5 cc cdecskscoecucdeece snc ke cee Emoia ruficauda Taylor, from the type; a, head, dorsal view; Opanead lateral Views. C3 CMe, Bice ea san eaten oaaces eecceck eee Emoia atrocostatum (Lesson) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin; x 2. (No. R693, E. H. Taylor col- SCTE NOW aN 4) ist ee a lear A a es oc a Emoia cyanurum (Lesson) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lat- Tae Vile Wace Gow CANTY Re Ceneht ae. See ee tn amen ed ieee Se eo . Riopa bowringii (Gtnther), from Jolo; a, head, dorsal view; Dr eadelaver ale VAGW: sie Gite ee eee eee Pec Net . Lygosoma chalcides (Linnzus) ; after de Rooij; a, head, dor- sal view; b, head lateral view; much enlarged........................ . Tropidophorus grayi Ginther; after Boulenger; a, head, lat- Clalmview Owmamal GOGIONE soon. ee . Tropidophorus rivularis Taylor; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, JIENSSEREW) AYE AR SS bas al CNT te ene eae hh a Ri i ee . Tropidophorus misaminius Stejneger; after Stejneger; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; enlarged........ Pra . Brachymeles boulengeri sp. nov.; chin shields; X& 2................ . Brachymeles gracilis (Fischer) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, MALLET AL WAC Wea Ce CMI? Baek es seca nee ene wkient ns . Brachymeles eriadenberc: (Fischer) ; a, head, dorsal view; Deheag lateral view: c.chin sx 2) lc . Brachymeles bicolor (Gray); a, head, dorsal view; 6, head, lateral view; c, chin; x 2. (Unnumbered specimen, Santo PIRGTAVAS Me MIISE NTs) Meret Se acca Lisi aseebaedaneillel es . Brachymeles elere Taylor; a, chin shields of the type; b, chin Slaves G Leche sCOLYMels, OM Ba cetes clans soderet cece ee cake case cotees wactaceeh . Brachymeles burksi Taylor; chin shields; X_ 2..............-...------ . Brachymeles bonite Duméril and Bibron; a, head, dorsal view) 0, head, lateral view; c, chin; >< © 5.:---220-..4.2222222.-22- . Brachymeles vermis Taylor, from Sulu; a, head, lateral view; b, head, dorsal view (normal) ; c, chin; d, head, dorsal view (variation of Papahag specimen); X 4.........22-.-....:-2:::e0--+- 2. q : a “ : 4 aw { ees ' eo 1d gels a r % x eh \ : - . ” ‘ - n reed \ 4 , - i we aes a « p : a ‘i Gc ene ‘ 3 . : a ; i ay % * . 7 ‘ ' % \ q . : S i e ‘ Or? ee te Ae ere af en . wy Se ye ea . > ’ ~~ 4 Z : a siete p . , P 1 1 ' Z . : . ‘ 5 5 aS rte doa wos r. Cares A ; 7 \ ‘ - ty ae ay Kies tre eee . . ( ar : rs ean Re i Br was ‘ ’ 4 aS, pes . f ae ee ‘ate: hy ie = + ye mieon oie Sine have we » : eee hang r 4, . I emiere tee an bla { , ~ . ‘ heat re me a sek ‘ WEG Ae een Ned alg le «hin th eam 9 + ey Go ; 1) ; : s : ae Nie plead et ; / aS AE ae eee ee is a * . r i + eyes ey 7 . of ie i on simiwa ns tad é Rte . . d ‘ » . % ¥ . ian ¥ , Kh , f ‘é gamut ‘ ie j f f + ‘ hw, f , i 2 as . aw THE LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS By EpwaArpD H. TAYLOR INTRODUCTION This account of the lizards of the Philippine Islands is based primarily on the collection of the Bureau of Science, taken in various parts of the Archipelago since 1898. The collection, while not extensive, contains a number of type specimens, most of which have been described in the Philippine Journal of Science.* Examination of the herpetological collections of the Ateneo de Manila was made possible to me through the kindness of the Di- rector, Rev. Father Sola. The snake collection is representative of the Philippine snake fauna and contains many rare forms and most of the commoner ones. The lizard collection is neither so extensive nor so representative. Rev. Father Llanos kindly per- mitted me to study the collections in the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, and to describe two species new to science. These are Brachymeles elerxe Taylor and Sphenomorphus llanosi Taylor, the types of which remain in the Santo Tomas collection. Some of the specimens reported by Casto de Elera + as being in the university collection are not to be found there now. In conse- quence there is still some doubt as to the authenticity of certain of ‘his records. My own collection, consisting of about 2,500 specimens, made during 1912 to 1916, contains for the most part specimens from central Mindanao and Negros, collected during my residence in those islands, with smaller collections from Mindoro, Luzon, Pa- nay, and Balabac. I am indebted to Mr. Homer McNamara, for- merly of the Bureau of Agriculture, for a collection made at La Carlota, Occidental Negros; to Mr. Archie Howard, of the Bureau of Education, for a small but interesting collection from Panay; and to Mr. Clark Burks, of Sumagui, Mindoro, for a col- lection from that locality. _It is a matter of great regret that I have been unable to ex- amine Philippine material contained in European museums. For the most part the collections in Europe, notably those of the * Taylor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 (1915) 89-110. + Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 399-454. 13 14 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS British Museum and the Senckenberg Museum, have been studied and reported on. by able herpetologists. I have, with few ex- ceptions, accepted their identifications without question. HISTORICAL ‘ In passing it will be interesting to note some of the more im- portant collections that have been made in the Islands. Probably the earliest noteworthy collection is that made by Hugh Cuming in 1836-1840. The following types were collected: Luperosaurus cumingti Gray. Varanus grayi Boulenger. Draco ornatus (Gray). Mabuya multicarinata (Gray). Draco bimaculatus Giinther. Sphenomorphus fasciatus (Gray). Gonyocephalus sophix (Gray). Otosaurus cumingti Gray. Varanus rudicollis (Gray). Leiolopisma pulchellum (Gray). Varanus cumingi Martin. Tropidophorus grayt Ginther. (“Isle of Mindanao.’’) Brachymeles bicolor (Gray). Unfortunately the exact type localities of all except one of these species are no longer known, most of them bearing the record “Philippines.” Specimens of all of them have been taken in the Islands in more recent times, with the exception of Luperosaurus cumingw, of which it appears that only the two type specimens, an adult female and a half-grown specimen, have ever been found. Besides the type specimens listed, Cuming collected sev- eral other species which seem to be among the earliest, if not the first, captures recorded for the Islands. Among them the following are noteworthy: Varanus nuchalis (Ginther). Gekko gecko (Linneus). (‘“Cataguan.’’) Dasia olivaceum (Gray). Brachymeles schadenbergi (Fischer). ‘(Type of Tiliqua grisea Gray.) Brachymeles gracilis (Fischer). Emoia atrocostatum (Lesson). Sphenomorphus jagoru (Peters). (Type of Mocoa cumingii.) Draco spilopterus (Wiegmann). . The first four are undoubtedly the earliest recorded specimens of these species captured, but they were not recognized as new by Gray, who appears to have been the first to examine the collec- tion. It was not until much later that the types were described. It is quite possible, but not certain, that Cuming collected the first specimens taken in the Philippines of the following: Calotes marmoratus (Gray). Cosymbotus platyurus (Schneider). Draco reticulatus Giinther. Gekko monarchus (Duméril and Bi- Gymnodactylus philippinicus Stein- bron). dachner. Varanus salvator (Laurenti). Hemidactylus garnotii Duméril and (“Cataguan.”) Bibron. Mabuya multifasciata Kuhl. HISTORICAL 15 - The last-named species are represented in the collection of the British Museum from the locality ‘‘Philippines,” but the collector is not recorded in Boulenger’s lists of specimens. It is known that certain of Cuming’s specimens were collected at ‘““Cataguan,”’ namely, Varanus nuchalis; so that Varanus salvator from this locality may without a reasonable doubt be considered with his collection. _ Thus we have, as a result of Cuming’s work, seventeen species new to science; of these thirteen were made types of legitimate species, and four, that were not recognized until much later as distinct, were wrongly classified with other species. Besides these seventeen species, four others were taken that were not new to science. Two, however, were made types of new species by Gray, but these have been referred by later herpetologists to other already known species. Whether Cuming collected the types of Calotes marmoratus (Gray), Draco reticulatus Ginther, and the earliest specimens of Gymnodactylus philippinicus Stein- dachner may be doubted, but it is highly probable that he did. It is certain that his collection was the earliest considerable Phil- ippine collection to reach London. At least the first and the last species were examined by Gray prior to the publication of his Catalogue in 1845. If Cuming did not collect specimens of the common species, Gekko monarchus (Duméril and Bibron) and Cosymbotus platyurus (Schneider), it is a matter of wonder. However, there is no published evidence to show that he collected Peropus mutilatus (Wiegmann) or Hemidactylus frenatus Dum- éril and Bibron, which are certainly quite as common as the two Species just mentioned. A small herpetological collection was obtained by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, 1838 to 1842, when it visited the Philip- pines. The type of Leiolopisma vulcanium (Girard) was ob- tained at Caldera, Zamboanga, Mindanao; and specimens of E'moia cyanurum (Lesson), which appear to be the first record of this species for the Philippines. Peropus mutilatus (Wieg- mann) and Gekko gecko (Linnzus) were also obtained. A small collection made in the Philippine Islands by M. Hom- bron and M. Jacquinot, surgeons of the Astrolabe and Zélée, dur- ing the expedition of these ships to the South Pole, contained the type of Perochirus ateles (A. Duméril). The second considerable collection of reptiles was made some time during 1859 to 1861 by a European traveler, Friederich Jagor. This collection was studied by Peters, who reported on it in 1864. It contained the types of Sphenomorphus jagorii 16 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (Peters), from Samar and Leyte; Sphenomorphus acutus (Peters), from Samar; and EHuprepes biteniatus Peters. The last species is now regarded as a synonym of E'moia atrocostatum (Lesson). The collection of snakes made by Jagor was very much more important than that of lizards. The third important collection is that obtained during 1858 to 1866 by Dr. Karl Semper, who came to the Islands for the first time in 1858. From 1859 to 1861 he traveled through the Phil- ippine Archipelago, in 1862 he was in the Pelew Islands, in 1863 in Bohol, and during 1864 in Mindanao. He returned to Europe in 1866, and the lizard collections were reported upon by Peters in 1867. In the collection the following types are found: : Lepidodactylus labialis (Peters); Mindanao. Draco reticulatus cyanopterus Peters; Mindanao. Gonyocephalus semperi (Peters) ; “Philippines.” Sphenomorphus variegatus (Peters) ; Mindanao. — Leiolopisma semperi (Peters); Mindanao. Siaphos quadrivittatum (Peters); Mindanao. Dasia semicincta Peters; Mindanao. Besides these seven new species, he discovered a specimen of what is probably Calotes marmoratus (Gray), which Peters made the type of a new species, Calotes philippinus. The next collection of importance was that of Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, 1870 to 1873. A number of important specimens were taken, some of which apparently were sent to Berlin, while others found their way into the British Museum. The type of Tropido- -phorus leucospilos (Peters), Luzon, and specimens of other known species were obtained. Mr. A. H. Everett, the noted English traveler-naturalist, col- lected widely throughout the Archipelago. His saurian collec- tions were sent to the British Museum; they contained the following species: , Draco guenthert1 Boulenger; Philippines. Type. Draco everetti Boulenger; Mindanao and Dinagat. Type. Gymnodactylus philippinicus Steindachner; Dinagat. Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron; Palawan. Cosymbotus platyurus (Schneider); Dinagat. Draco volans Linneus; Palawan. Draco ornatus (Gray) ; Dinagat. Draco spilopterus (Wiegmann); “S. Negros.” Draco bimaculatus Giinther; Dinagat. Calotes cristatellus (Kuhl) ; Palawan. Varanus nuchalis (Giinther) ; “S. Negros.” Varanus cumingi Martin; Mindanao. Varanus salvator (Laurenti); Palawan. Sphenomorphus acutus (Peters); Dinagat. Otosaurus cumingu Gray; Dinagat. HISTORICAL Oe Mr. John Whitehead made a trip to Palawan in 1885 during a sojourn in northern Borneo. The reptiles he collected were studied by Mocquard, whose report contained the first record for the Philippines of Draco volans. During 1890 to 1896 White- head made zoological collections in other Philippine islands, where the types of two new lizards were taken; namely Sphenomorphus decipiens (Boulenger), from Isabela Province, Luzon; and Sphe- nomorphus luzonensis (Boulenger), from “Mt. Benguet,’ Luzon. These were obtained for the British Museum. Dr. O. Fr. von Moellendorff made reptile collections in various parts of the Archipelago, which were sent to the Senckenberg Museum, at Frankfort. His specimens have been reported upon by Dr. O. Boettger. Types were collected of Lepidodactylus bre- vipes Boettger, Samar, 1897, and Sphenomorphus moellendorff (Boettger), Tablas. It is known that a number of the specimens in the Moellendorff collections were actually collected by José Florencio Quadras and Dr. Leon Guerrero. A small collection from the Calamian Islands, sent to Dresden by A. Schadenberg, of Manila, contained a specimen of Lygosoma chalcides (Linnzus), which is the first record for the Islands of this species. Boettger mentions a collection of Philippine reptiles belonging to B. Schmacker, Shanghai, China, containing several specimens from Mindoro. Of the Philippine specimens in this collection, I know nothing further than what has been recorded by Boettger. Prof. J. B. Steere collected the type of Sphenomorphus steerei Stejneger, in Guimaras Island. A few small collections made in the Philippines since American occupation have found their way into the United States National Museum. Among these are the collections of Mr. Richard C. Me- Gregor, ornithologist of the Bureau of Science, who collected in the Babuyanes group in 1908. On Calayan he collected the type of Luperosaurus macgregori Stejneger and specimens of: Mabuya multicarinata (Gray). Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Dasia smaragdinum (Lesson). Bibron. Sphenomorphus jagori Peters. Gekko monarchus (Duméril and Bi- Emoia atrocostatum (Lesson). bron). » Dr. Edgar A. Mearns sent to the United States National Mu- seum with his other collections a number of lizards, among which were the types of Draco mindanensis Stejneger, from Min- danao; Sphenomorphus atrigularis Stejneger, from “Catagan,”’ Mindanao; and Tropidophorus misaminius Stejneger, from ‘“Ca- _tagan,” Mindanao. These are still known only from the type Specimens. They were collected in 1906. 161466——2 18 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The collections of reptiles made in Mindanao in 1908 by Maj. J. M. T. Partello resulted in the discovery of the new and striking Tropidophorus partellot Stejneger, at Cotabato, Mindanao. This species is still known only from the type. Dr. J. B. Thompson, surgeon of the United States Battleship Cincinnati, made collections of reptiles which were sent to Stan- ford University. No new lizards were described from the Philip- pine material. The collections I made in the Islands from 1912 to 1917 rosultel in the discovery of the following new species and subspecies: Gymnodactylus annulatus Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Gymnodactylus agusanensis Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Hemidactylus luzonensis Taylor; Manila, Luzon. Hemiphyllodactylus insularis Taylor; Sumagui, Mindanao. Lepidodactylus aureolineatus Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Lepidodactylus christiani Taylor; Mount Canlaon, Negros. Lepidodactylus naujanensis Taylor; Lake Naujan, Mindoro. Lepidodactylus divergens Taylor; Little Govenen Island, Sulu. Luperosaurus joloensis Taylor;- Jolo. Gekko mindorensis Taylor; Mindoro. Ptychozoon intermedia Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Sphenomorphus jagoru divergens subsp. nov.; Mindoro. Sphenomorphus jagorii grandis subsp. nov.; Mount Canlaon, Negros. Sphenomorphus jagorii palustris Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Sphenomorphus coxi Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Sphenomorphus arborens Taylor; Mount Canlaon, Negros. Sphenomorphus mindanensis Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Sphenomorphus curtirostris Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Sphenomorphus biparietalis Taylor; Sulu. Leiolopisma pulchellum grande Taylor; Mount Canlaon, Negros. Emoia ruficauda Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Siaphos auriculatum Taylor; Mount Canlaon, Negros. Siaphos kempi Taylor; Lake Naujan, Mindoro. Tropidophorus rivularis Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. Brachymeles burksi Taylor; Sumagui, Mindoro. Brachymeles suluensis Taylor; Bubuan Islands, Sulu. Brachymeles vermis Taylor; Sulu. Dibamus argenteus Taylor; Agusan, Mindanao. The following species were discovered for the first time in the Philippine Islands and reported by me: Lepidodactylus woodfordi Boulenger; Sulu. Mabuya rudis (Boulenger); Sulu. Siaphos infralineolatwm (Ginther); Mindanao. Riopa bowringii (Ginther) ; Jolo. BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 I have described. as new the following species taken in the Philippine Islands by other collectors: Pseudogekko compressicorpus (Tay- Brachymeles elere Taylor. lor. Sphenomorphus lednickyi Taylor. Sphenomorphus lanosi Taylor. Dasia olivaceum griffini Taylor. On page 28 is given a table showing the chronological order in which the types of Philippine species were described. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHILIPPINE LIZARDS Only titles that have a direct value in the systematic study of the Philippine forms have been included in this list. Other works contain references to Philippine lizards, but practically none of them has any original systematic data. BARBOUR, THOMAS. A contribution to the zodgeography of the East Indian Islands. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College 44 (1912) 1-203; 8 plates. This is an excellent work on faunal relationships of the Malay Ar- chipelago and the East Indian Islands, with an annotated list of her- petological specimens collected or studied. There is appended a long series of tables of distribution, which include species known to this territory. From the Philippines are listed twenty-one frogs, includ- ing Rana signata Giinther and Rana chalconota Schlegel; eighteen lizards, including Ptychozoon horsfieldii; twenty-six snakes; one turtle. BOETTGER, OSKAR. Katalog der Reptilien-Sammlung im Museum der Senck- enbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. I. Theil. (Rhynchocephalen, Schildkroten, Krokodile, Eidechsen, Cha- maeleons.) (1898) 140. Three genera, eight new species, and one new variety are described. Draco quadrasi Boettger is described from Sibuyan Island, Philippine Islands. BOETTGER, OSKAR. Neue Reptilien und Batrachier von den Philippinen. Zool. Anz. 20 (1897) 161-166. Lepidodactylus brevipes, from Samar, and Lygosoma (Homolepida) moellendorfi (= Sphenomorphus moellendorfi) Boettger, from Ta- blas, are the new lizards described. Two new snakes, Typhlops ruber and Ablabes philippinus, and a frog, Calophrynus acutirostris (= - Kalophrynus acutirostris), are also described. BOETTGER, OSKAR. Aufzihlung der von den Philippinen bekannten Rep- tilien und Batrachier. Ber. Senck. Natur. Ges. (1886) 91-134. This paper is a check list of the turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, and frogs known from the Philippines. It lists the following: Five species of turtles: belonging to five genera and three families; two species of crocodiles belonging to one genus; 20 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS forty-eight species of lizards (including two subspecies) belonging to eighteen genera and four families. The lizards are distributed as follows: Geckonidz, 8 genera, 11 species; Agamidz, 4 genera, 12 species; Varanide, 1 genus, 5 species; Scincide, 5 genera, 20 species. Highty-five species of snakes belonging to forty genera and eighteen families are listed. This paper was written subsequent to the publication of Boulenger’s Catalogue of Lizards, and only a single species and two subspecies of lizards are listed other than those given in Boulenger’s work. BOULENGER, G. A. On the geckos of New Caledonia. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1883) 116-131; pls. 21 and 22. : Mentions Hemidactylus garnotti Duméril and Bibron as occurring in the Philippine Islands and gives figure of foot (pl. 22). BOULENGER, G. A. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum of Natural History, ed. 2, 1 (1885) i-xii + 1-436, pls. 1-32; 2 (1885) i-xiii + 1-498, pls. 1-24; 3 (1887) i-xii + 1-575, pls. 1-40. This is a monographic catalogue of the lizards of the world, based on British Museum collections. Volume 1 contains descriptions of the following new species from the Philippines: Draco guenthert, Draco everetti, and Gonyocephalus interruptus; eighteen other Phil- ippine species are listed. Five species are figured. Volume 2 de- scribes Varanus grayi and lists four other species from the Philip- pines. Volume 3 lists twenty-one species from the Philippines, five of which are splendidly figured. A total of forty-seven species is listed in this work, four of which are described for the first time. Ten species are figured. BouLENGER, G. A. On the herpetological fauna of Palawan and Balabac. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. VI 14 (1894) 81-90. One turtle, seven lizards, sixteen snakes, and thirteen frogs are listed. BOULENGER, G. A. Second report on additions to the lizard collection in the Natural-History Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1894) 722-736, pls. 47-49. Draco quadrasi Boettger (type specimen) is reported; Lygosoma luzonense and Lygosoma decipiens, both collected by Whitehead in northern Luzon, are described as new. Complete drawings of both species, with head figures, are shown on plate 49. These species are treated under Sphenomorphus in the present work. BOULENGER, G. A. A catalogue of the reptiles and batrachians of Celebes, with special reference to the collections made by Drs. P. and F. Sa- rasin in 1893-1896. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1897) 193-237; pls. 7-16. A list is given of species occurring in the Philippines which are also common to Celebes. A discussion of the faunal relations is added. — CASTO DE ELERA. Catalogo sistematico de toda la fauna de Filipinas cono- cida hasta el presente, y a la vez el de la coleccién zoolégica del Museo de PP. Dominicos del Colegio-Universidad de Sto. Tomas de Manila. Manila, Imprenta del Colegio de Santo Tomas (1895-1896) 3 vols. Volume 1 (1895), Vertebrados, devotes pages 399 to 454 to a list of the crocodilians, batrachians, turtles, lizards, and snakes. Among the BIBLIOGRAPHY 21 sixty-one species of lizards listed the following records have not been authenticated: Gymnodactylus marmoratus Duméril and Bibron. Gymnodactylus consobrinus Peters. Gymnodactylus platyurus White. Hemidactylus maculatus Gray (may = Hemidactylus luzonensis Taylor; one specimen is at present in the collection at Santo Tomas). Gecko vittatus bivittatus Gray. Draco spilonotus Gunther. Draco dussumieri Duméril and Bibron. Draco quinquefasciatus Gray. Egerma cunningham Gray. Calotes ophiomachus Gray. The catalogue states that there are specimens of almost all of these species in Santo Tomas. I am unable to find any of these species in the collection, with the exception of the final one. A specimen of Calotes ophiomachus is present in the collection, labeled “Filipinas.” but this, I suspect, was collected at a southern Asiatic seaport by some priest en route to the Islands from Spain. CoPE, EDWARD DRINKER. Observations on reptiles of the old world. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1868) 316-323. Describes Hemidactylus longiceps (= Hemidactylus frenatus Du- méril and Bibron) from Manila. DE Roois, NELLY. The reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Vol. 1, Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosauria, with 132 illustrations. Vol. 2, Ophidia. Leiden (1915). Describes species known to occur in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Boulenger has been followed, as a rule, in classification. DUMERIL, AUGUSTE. Description des reptiles nouveaux ou imparfaitment connus de la collection du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle et remarques sur la classification et les characteres des reptiles. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 8 (1855-1856) 437-588. Hemidactylus ateles (= Perochirus ateles) is described and figured as new, from Zamboanga. _ FISCHER, J. G. A list of reptiles and batrachians of Mindanao. Jahrb. d. wiss. Anst. Hamburg 2 (1885) 80, 81. Two lizards and two snakes are described; namely, Brachymeles gracilis, Brachymeles schadenbergi, Geophis schadenbergi, and Trime- resurus schadenbergi. About five other lizards are included, at least two of which are wrongly named. These are Hemidactylus cocteaut (= peropus mutilatus Wiegmann) and Tiaris subcristata (= Go- nyocephalus interruptus Boulenger). Twenty-three Philippine snakes and four frogs are listed. The identifications of frogs and snakes are not trustworthy. FLOWER, STANLEY 8S. Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November, 1896, to September, 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1899) 600-966, pls. 36, 37. A tahle showing the reptiles common to Siam and the Philippines is given on pages 602-608. 29 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS GIRARD, CHARLES. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1857) 196. Describes Leiolopisma vulcanium under the name of Lipinia vulcania. GIRARD, CHARLES. United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S. N., Vol. 20, Herpetology. With folio atlas. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co. (1858) i-xvii + 1-496. Lists two frogs, one snake, and five lizards from the Philippines. Gekko gecko is beautifully figured, pl. 16, figs. 9-16. GOGORZA Y GONZALES, JoSE D. Datos para la fauna Filipina. Vertebrados. Madrid, Imprenta de Fortaner (1888) 57 pages. [Extract from Anal. de la Soc. Esp. de Hist. Nat. 17 (1888).] Eighty-seven reptiles and ten amphibians are listed. GRAY, JOHN EDWARD. Catalogue of Lizards, ed. 1, London (1845). The following Philippine species are described in this work: Luperosaurus cumingi. Dracunculus ornatus (= Draco ornatus). Tiaris sophix (= Gonyocephalus sophiz). Bronchocela marmoratus (= Calotes marmoratus). Uaranus rudicollis (= Varanus rudicollis) . Otosaurus cumingit. Hinulia fasciatum (= Sphenomorphus fasciatus). Lipinia pulchellum (== Leiolopisma pulchellum). Tiliqua multicarinata (= Mabuya multicarinata). Brachymeles bicolor. Besides these new species the following Philippine species are re- corded: Peropus mutilatus Wiegmann; Uaranus ornatus (non Daudin = Varanus grayi) Boulenger; Mocoa cumingi (=Lygosoma atrocos- tatum) Lesson; Tiliqua grisea (= Dasia species?); and Keneuxia smaragdinum (= Dasia smaragdinum). GUNTHER, A. Notes on some reptiles and batrachians obtained by Dr. Adolph Bernhard Meyer in Celebes and the Philippine Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1878) 165-172, pls. 17, 18. Ten Philippine lizards are listed, with copious notes. A drawing of the head of Sphenomorphus jagori Peters is given under the name of Hinulia variegata. The snakes Oligodon notospilus, from Min- danao, and Zaocys luzonensis, from Luzon, are described as new. Ho- logerrhum philippinum Ginther and Oligodon notospilus are figured by complete drawings, and Pseudorhabdium oxycephalum Ginther by three text figures under the name Oxycalamus oxycephalus. A total of six snakes is listed. The frogs Polypedates similis (= Rana - similis) Ginther and Platymantis meyeri (= Cornufer meyert) Gtn- ther are described as new from Laguna de Bay. GUNTHER, A. On two species of Hydrosaurus from the Philippine Islands. Proc. Zool. Soe. London (1872) 145 and 146, pls. 7, 8. Discusses Varanus cumingi Martin and describes Hydrosaurus nuchalis (= Varanus nuchalis) , showing splendid figures of the heads of both species. GUNTHER, A. On the reptiles and amphibians of Borneo. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1872) 586-600, pls. 35-40. Reports specimens of Tiaris sophie = (Gonyocephalus sophie Gray) from the Philippines with drawing of the head, fig. c, pl. 37. BIBLIOGRAPHY 23 GUNTHER, A. Second list of Siamese reptiles. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1861) 187-189. Tropidophorus grayi described as new from specimens referred by Gray to Tropidophorus cocincinensis Cuvier. GUNTHER, A. List of the mammals, reptiles, and batrachians sent by Mr. Everett from the Philippine Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1879) 74-79, pl. 4. Lists one tortoise, one crocodile, twenty lizards, seventeen snakes, and seven frogs. Among the Philippine lizards are listed Draco cor- nutus Gunther (which is probably Draco everett: Boulenger), H1- nulia variegata Peters (= Brachymeles gracilis Fischer), and Hu- prepes rufescens Shaw (Mabuya multifasciata Kuhl). Note is made of the variations in Lophura amboinensis Schlosser (= Hydrosaurus pustulosus Eschscholtz). A new genus of snakes, Typhlogeophis, is described with T. brevis as the type. Dendrophis philippinensis is ‘described as new. This is a Dendrelaphis, and probably a variety of D. terrificus. MARTIN, W. On two specimens of saurian reptiles sent to the society by Mr. Cuming. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1838) 68-70. Describes Varanus cumingi and records Lophura amboinensis Schlosser, from the Philippines. Mocquarp, M. F. Recherches sur la faune herpétologique des iles de Bornéo et de Palawan. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. III 2 (1890) 115-165, pls. 7-11. A resumé of the literature of Bornean and Palawan faunas, with descriptions of the collections made in Borneo, principally on Kina- balu, and in Palawan, by Whitehead, an English naturalist. Four lizards, one snake, and four frogs are listed from Palawan. One frog, Ixalus nubilus, is described as new. This species has been referred to Staurois natator Giinther by Boulenger, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist: VI 14 (1894) 87. MULLER F. Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums, (1878). Draco fimbriatus, part, (= Draco ornatus Gray), is listed. MULLER, F. I. Nachtrag Catalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Mus. (1880); II. Nachtrag Cat. Herp. Samml. Basler Mus. (1882) ; III. Nachtrag Cat. Herp. Samml. Basler Mus. (1883); IV. Nachtrag Cat. Herp. Samml. Basler Mus. (1885). In the fourth paper Mabuya multifasciata lateropunctata is de- scribed from Luzon. This subspecies is probably only a normal female of the species. In the catalogue and the various supplements a few ; species of Philippine lizards are listed. PARENTI P., and PICAGLIA, L. Rettili ed anfibi raccolti da P. Parenti nel viaggio di circumnavigazione della r. coruetta “Vettor Pisani” negli anni 1882-85, e da “V. Ragazzi” sulle coste del mar rosso e dell’ America meridionale negli anni 1879-84. Atti. Soc. Mod. Mem. Orig. III 5 (1886) 1-96. This paper lists a number of reptiles from Ticao. Many of the identifications are very untrustworthy. The following species are listed: Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron. 24 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Spathoscalabotes mutilatus Gunther (= ? Hemiphyllodactylus insu- laris Taylor). Lophura amboinensis Schlosser. Gecko japonicus (= ?). Monitor chlorostigma (= ?). Dendrophis punctulata Gray (= ?). Dendrophis philippinensis Giinther (= Dendrelaphis species). Dendrophis octolineata (= Dendrelaphis terrificus Peters). Rhacophorus maculatus Gray (= Polypedates leucomystax Graven- horst). PETERS, W. Ueber die Eidechsenfamilie der Scincoiden, insbesondere tiber die Schneider’schen, Wiegmann’schen und neue Arten des Zoologischen Museums. Mon. Berl. Ak. (1864) 44-58. The following Philippine species are described as new: Euprepes subgen. Mabuya Gray, Eumeces Duméril and Bibron (non Wiegmannn) bitxniatus (= Emoia atrocostatum Lesson), from Paracale, Luzon, and Catbalogan, Samar. Lygosoma (Hinulia) jagorii (= Sphenomorphus jagorii Peters), from Samar and Leyte. Lygosoma (Hinulia) acutum (= Sphenomorphus acutus Peters), from Loquilocum, Samar. PETERS, W. Herpetological notes. Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 13-87. The following species are described from the Philippines from the collection of Carl Semper: Gecko labialis (= Lepidodactylus labialis) Peters. Draco reticulatus cyanopterus (very probably D. everetti Bou- lenger). Lophyrus (Tiaris) semperi (= Gonyocephalus semperi Peters). Calotes (Bronchocele) philippinus (= Calotes marmoratus Gray). Lygosoma (Lipinia) semperi (= Leiolopisma semperi Peters). Lygosoma (Cophoscincus) quadrivittatum (= Siaphos quadrivit- tatum Peters). Lygosoma (Hinulia) variegatum (= Sphenomorphus variegatus Peters). Euprepes (Tiliqua) semicinctus (= Dasia olivaceum semicincta Peters). One snake, Dipsas philippina (= Boiga philippina Peters, is de- scribed from the Islands. Three frogs, Ivxalus acutirostris (= Philautus acutirostris) . : Leptomantis bimaculata, and Hyloplesia brevis (= Bufo brevipes) are described. PETERS, W. Ueber eine neue von Hrn. Dr. A. B. Meyer auf Luzon ent- deckte Art von Eidechsen (Lygosoma (Hinulia) leucospilos) und eine von demselben in Nordcelebes gefundene neue Schlangengattung, Allophis nigricaudus. Mon. Berl. Ak. (1872) 684-687. Tropidophorus leucospilos is described as new. 'STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. Three new frogs and one new gecko from the Phil- ippine Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28 (1905) 343-348. Rana mearnsi, Cornufer worcesteri, Philautus woodi are the three frogs. Lepidodactylus planicaudus is the new lizard described. STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. A new geckoid lizard from the Philippine Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 33 (1908) 545 and 546. BIBLIOGRAPHY 25 Luperosaurus macgregori is described as new from Calayan Island, Babuyan Islands, north of Luzon. The paper gives a short list of other lizards taken by R. C. McGregor on Calayan and Fuga Islands. STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. A new species of flying lizard from the Philippine Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 33 (1908) 677-679. Draco mindanensis is described as new from Mount Malindang, Mindanao, collected by Maj. E. A. Mearns. STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. Three new species of lizards from the Philippine Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 34 (1908) 199-204. Sphenormorphus atrigularis, Sphenomorphus steerei, and Tropido- phorus misaminius are described as new. The first and last are from Mindanao; S. steerei is from Guimaras Island. STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. A new scincoid lizard from the Philippine Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 39 (1911) 97-98. Tropidophorus partelloi is described from Cotabato Province, Min- danao. STOLICZKA, F. Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 39 (1870) 134-228. Tiliqua olivaceum is listed from the Philippines. STEINDACHNER, F. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commo- dore B. von Wiillerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Reptilien, Wien (1867), 4to pp. 98, 3 plates; Amphibien, Wien (1867), 4to pp. 70, 5 plates. One new species, Gymnodactylus philippinicus, is described and a few others are listed from the Philippines. TAYLOR, EpwarD H. New Philippine lizards. Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 (1915) 89-110, pl. 1, figs. 1-12. The following new species are described: Gymnodactylus annulatus, Gymnodactylus agusanensis, Ptychozoon intermedia, Lepidodactylus aureolineatus, Hmoia ruficauda, Sphenomorphus mindanensis, Spheno- morphus coxi, Sphenomorphus curtirostris, Sphenomorphus palustris, Tropidophorus rivularis, and Dibamus argenteus from Mindanao; Hemidactylus luzonensis and Luperosaurus compressicorpus (= Pseu- dogekko compressicorpus Taylor) from Luzon; Dasia griffint from Palawan. TAYLOR, EDWARD H. Brachymeles, a genus of Philippine lizards. Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 267-278, pl. 1, figs. 1-6, text figs. 1-7. Six species of this genus are described and figured. Brachymeles burksi, from Mindanao, and Brachymeles elerx, locality unknown, are new. TAYLOR, EDWARD H. Snakes and lizards known from Negros, with de- scriptions of new species and new subspecies. Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 353-382; pls. 1, 2, text figs. 1, 2. Twenty-four snakes and twenty-four lizards are listed. Two new snakes and three new subspecies of snakes are described. The new lizards are Lepidodactylus christiani, Sphenomorphus arborens, Siaphos auriculatum, and Leiolopisma pulchellum grande, all from Mount Canlaon, Negros. TAYLOR, EDWARD H. Reptiles of the Sulu Archipelago. Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 233-267, 3 plates, 11 text figures. 26 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The following lizards are described as new: Lepidodactylus diver- gens, Hemiphyllodactylus insularis, Luperosaurus joloensis, Sphe- nomorphus biparietalis, Brachymeles suluensis, and Brachymeles vermis. A new snake, Typhlops suluensis, is described; and four lizard species are recorded for the first time from the Philippines; Lepidodactylus woodfordi Boulenger; Mabuya rudis (Boulenger) ; Sia- phos infralineolatum (Gunther); Riopa bowringu (Ginther). TAYLOR, EDwarpD H. New or rare Philippine reptiles. Philip. Journ. Sci. 14 (1919) 105-125, 2 plates, 4 text figs. . Lepidodactylus naujanensis, from Mindoro; Sphenomorphus llanosi, locality unknown; Sphenomorphus lednickyi, from Masbate; and Gekko mindorensis, from Mindoro, are described as new. Several new spe- cies of Typhlops are described. WERNER, F. Ueber neue oder seltene Reptilien des Naturhistorischen Mu- seums in Hamburg. Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg 27 (1910) 1-45. First record of Draco cornutus Gunther for the Philippines, page 9; list of Philippine species of Draco, page 19. LIST OF SPECIES OF LIZARDS ERRONEOUSLY ATTRIBUTED TO THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Cyrtodactylus marmoratus Gray, reported by Gray, Cat. Liz. (1845) 1738 = Gymnodactylus philippinicus Steindachner. Hemidactylus longiceps Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1868) 320 = Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron. Hemidactylus cocteaui (Duméril and Bibron) Fischer, Jahrb. wiss. Anst. Hamburg 2 (1885) 80 = Peropus mutilatus (Wiegmann). Spathoscalabotes mutilatus Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1872) 594; Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. (1885) 156, pl. 13, ne. 1 = Hemiphy- llodactylus typus Bleeker. Platydactylus guttatus Peters, Preuss. Exped. O. Asien, Zool. Teil 1 (1876) 374 = Gekko gecko (Linneus). Gekko verus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1879) 76 = Gekko gecko (Linnzus). Draco fimbriatus Kuhl (part) Miller, Cat. Herp. Samml. Basel. Mus. (1878) 634 = Draco ornatus (Gray). Dracontoides personatus Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. (1843) 51 = Draco spilop- terus (Wiegmann). Tiaris subcristata Fischer, Jahrb. wiss. Anst. Hamburg 2 (1885) 80 = Gonyocephalus interruptus Boulenger. Tiaris belli Gray, Cat Liz. (1845) 240 = Gonyocephalus sophiz (Gray). Tiaris peters Giinther, Zool. Rec. 4, 1836 = Gonyocephalus sophie (Gray). Calotes (Bronchocele) philippinus Peters, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 16. ?Lophyrus spinosus A. Duméril, Cat. Méth. Rept. 91 = Calotes marmoratus (Gray). Lophura amboinensis (Schlosser) Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 402 = Hydrosaurus pustulosus (Eschscholtz). Varanus ornatus (Daudin) Gray, Cat. Liz. (1845) 10 = Varanus grayt Boulenger. Hydrosaurus marmoratus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1872) 145 = Varanus nuchalis (Giinther) and Varanus salvator (Laurenti). Enoplosaurus insignis Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. 3 (1879) 211 = Tropido- phorus grayi Giinther. ERRONEOUS RECORDS pa Tropidosaurus cocincinensis Gray (part) = Tropidophorus grayi Giinther. Mocoa cumingii Gray, Cat. Liz. (1845) 81 = Emoia atrocostatum (Lesson). Euprepes biteniatus Peters, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1864) 53 = Emoia atrocos- tatum (Lesson). Euprepes cumingvi Peters, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 20 = Emoia atrocostatum (Lesson). Euprepes otus Peters, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 20 = Otosaurus cumingii Gray. Hinulia variegata Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1878) 165, pl. 171, fig. _B; (1879) 76 = Sphenomorphus jagori Peters. Lygosoma naxvium Peters and Doria, Ann. Genova 13 (1878) 340 = Sphe- nomorphus variegatus (Peters). Eumeces carinatus var. Peters, Preuss. Exped. O. Asien. Zool. Teil 1 (1876) 376 = Mabuya multicarinata (Gray). Euprepis ocellatus Bocourt Miss. Scient. an. Mexique (1879) 414, pl. 22c, fig. 8 = Mabuya multifasciata Kuhl. The following have been reported from the Philippines, but it is impossible to determine the species with which they are synonymous. It is uncertain whether the identifications or the localities are incorrect. Gecko japonicus (Duméril and Bibron) Parenti and Picaglia, Atti. Soc. Nat. Modena, Mem. Orig. III 5 (1886) 15. Reported from Ticao, P. I. _Calotes ophiomachus (Gray) Westphal-Castelnau, Cat. Coll. Rept., Mont- pellier (1870) 16; Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 416. There is a specimen of this species in Santo Tomas Museum, but it is very probably not of Philippine origin. Hemidactylus maculatus Duméril and Bibron, Erp. Gén. 3 (1835) 358; and Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 409. Gymnodactylus platyurus (White) Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 409. Reported from Paragua, Ynagauan. Gymnodactylus consobrinus (Peters) Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 408. Gecko vittatus (Houttuyn) Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 413, and var. bivittatus, from Luzon, Manila, Mindanao, Davao. Draco spilonotus (Gtnther) Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 414. Reported from Paragua, Tagburus. Draco dussumiert (Dumeéril and Bibron) Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 415. Reported from Luzon, Manila. Draco quinquefasciatus (Gray) Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 415. Reported from Samar, Paranas, Calbayog. Egernia cunninghami (Gray) Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 418. Reported from Paragua, Puerto Princesa. Hinulia nevia Gray, Cat. Liz. (1845) 75 = Lygosoma melanopogon Duméril and Bibron. Leiolopisma telfairi (Desjard.) A. Duméril, Cat. Meth. Coll. Rept. Mus. Mist. Nat. Paris, (1851) 175. Monitor chlorostigma (Cuvier) Parenti and Picaglia, Atti. Soc. Nat. Modena, Orig. III 5 (1886) 26. From Ticao. 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S87 Sag cae ane See ee TIYIUNY) SNZNUAOI OIDA | OTST _ *19.341900q Fe sapi9aj}DYya (DWOSODAT) DUOosObhT (2) Bate Sr cs ieee esuensng ;~~"~~ B1OGUSPBUOS Sas || sanmen sean nae CEB IS LOK f | SNBUUIT Sapiaj70yI DWOsSODAT | GE8T 5 GOS Ter | eoamen ie oe CANE [le | heer PBOYSUYM “Lf [77777 [OREM OBO sneuulyT suvjoa oopuiq | 0681 = "aoyjuny A, SNTDIWWZNW snjfizoppoyzwds (Gi Sm seca ee ee OvdLT, (i) ““Bl[SBolg pus lyueied |---- 77 7> Tayesa[gq sndfhz snjphjowpophydimay | 988T ical “UOIg Ie, os OF=ICSids | Semen sourddyiyd | - suluny *H Eg | Ops Ss pue [Mpuing 2270ULD6 snjhjovprmary | G8st Bf fat te etn ne feeee ee ere eee e CL ANG |G Cle |e TOKE GY Nef Oye Pee 20.5 00/00 Ce seinen tein [UNM $N7707098149 $2}10709) | G88T a “IayUNYH snyIIMUOUm O90) | SL-OL8T | TTT 7050 Ul (hia seen LO/AC]|Alena Va) ee dayyuny) |-~""uoiqig pus [lIauUING snyoLDUOW OYYAH | GLET Nn ‘rleuyoep = -uls1G snunhyn}ad sazoquhsop (2 keen ans ee a elLUueyy () = = | Sarees ATOUYOBPUIBYG [77777777 Iaplauyog snunhin)d snz0Qu fisop| 6981 — — N ae bo ta “uoly 4 a “SyIeWoy -d9[[09 *AVI[BIO'T *10199[[0D “AVLIOUINY *salvedg S Ss jo oyeq a = st 3 co) ‘ponutyu0g—samddyiygq ay, ut bursino00 sp pajsodas waaqg say aany fiay4 Yyoyn Ur saps4o poorbojouo.yo ay. ur ‘auddiiyq-v1jzxa aun sadh} asoym spavzy auddipyd fo savadS—zZ alavL 32 DISTRIBUTION 33 DISTRIBUTION OF PHILIPPINE LIZARDS Five saurian families, Gekkonide, Agamidz, Varanide, Scinci- dz, and Dibamide, are represented in the Philippine Islands. These five families and no others are also found in Celebes and the Moluccas. New Guinea has representatives of five; also’an endemic family, the Pygopodide. | Borneo has representatives of the five families found in the Philippines and of three others; namely Helodermatide, repre- sented by the extremely rare Lanthonotus borneensis; Lacer- tide, represented by a single widespread species, Takydromus sexlineatus ; and the Anguide, also represented by a single species, Ophisaurus buttikofert, known from a single specimen. I have suggested that representatives of the last three families may be found in Palawan, since the reptilian fauna of that island shows a more-marked affinity to that of Borneo than to that of other Philippine island groups. The representative of the Lacertidse might be regarded as a recent immigrant to this eastern locality since the species is known on the land masses intervening between this locality and the Afro- Asian regions in which the family appears to have originated. The representatives of the two latter families are obviously rem- TABLE 3.—Distribution of saurian families. 3 Plas ae SS aee 2 OSE a liet S lag : s| | 3/8/38 Family. a 3 |e ela .| § g Bid! a a) O\a\/e\al\ ala] ¢ Ge | 3]/g/a)al/< SN) BIS) 2 ele) S| jel els! | Sl alels| sl] BIE BIB Sel s/El Se Si Sls/e) 3/2) a] als 3] %} 3) %;}O/ S| ew] o/s] 3] Si wg] 214) S| 3/0] ao] 6 GAZA ZONA IAlH A Sl ala a4 /a/B/AZlola Gelikonidiet 2222 sh ask SCS XG ESO XG OED |S NOS OS OK OG Oa Eublepharidz _.__________. -__- olsen bl LS El a | Ie al iG Fe DBO Wroplatidze 22220222) Nl a yl ase oe FE eS fal >a Fy ee | Py eopodidcse 222-225-2222 | re SC ye ea al Ie A Al lpg a gle || el ed ee PXe@amidco snes ee Se SC SEIS OSA CAS NOSIS <5 SIG ate 1 Cah oa | le Ieuamidze te ne fee SSeS PES as ie aa ee ae a | Pe PE OX) = aS eal bow OTANI seh a ee Les ets Ra) Sa a Fa ie otal SK, Th Kh eee Pf al Ang ING eae 2 oo be a SRS ag A LS AES sae HO a Ee at a PSU Gillie eae POS eo-S th DSI DS Helodermatide -___-_._________- PRs ie ar |e Pere Hata IE RL ad i eeSN aR Neg emi WAS Theta Se Wramnanidze tao e JL IS SK sel SSS AS POS Nh OK eT OCI Ree GI Te Set ES feel ee Amphisbzenids -____.__________ ap APE TS TU | PR bp READ GNC esa Ca ay a Wacerntidces. el ue ot rep ae ec PL || CA VU FG |G nv Gerrhosauridz_-________..--____- SIA Si aa il ea a8 i Men ey We RSA | . llPe cut, eel] cre lime (ese 2 (ice? leg nS 5 cas a aa | aka ten Pal haa ne a eae ea Kk OX SGEOUITO Ul ULE}ABOM A) [stot ea tsa te Sal ie sale Gale ae Cie |S Saale et tee) |e ere a PS OS POX OS OX Sa leeeted |e |i Ses oem | Oi eel oem x |X eal ae eee | eg oil ae Peele La {2 || eSollees pics br o> | ness pia fede Ins eed Ree DSlieZ®, PX Safa cl lentil oes Wiad baka ile SN PSA DAN eco irae ere ees | | ee ee [ene | ee | eee er sofene- aa RUE OS eae eX slee SE e I< Lape (Pe Sy Ne ia er Pie SSR ee EE a ROE ILC SGI a ace Saber anes lee “‘UBAIB Ul UleJJaDUy) | K | XK | KY] KY] KY] KEK Po Kx a\vielzielsleleieislele Opaleeea Sa leeslecd lees cl miele easier |S 5 5 eleig/e(sieie/e/2)8/2 | 8 — rs) = 0g © oO 9 i) ct i) Has Hh ae >|: ) R 5 i) 3 a BEBE cee nd 6 Sal pore te ) © 3 ® © rio z “sy TBUloy ee Sees Z | 8 lia ee BEE P/E |g : E ler lee »| |2 > KOK *pue[s] epung useyseq Sasa Sesssae5 Ree E ee aA Sale eae ees ee ol aes ore eae $a10/D004a0T ere oye eis ay ale tml Fae acl Gee lle ee | ae ae syowumyady SC SS Seal NE Aes See Tee = aS aes So ae es ra ea ooDAd :epluesy Be pan are Bae (aig | PRS cer a lee ee SUpvT :epipodosig 7 laa amie lca bin Pa ie Me ce Bee Wine aes Oe ne woozoyohig Sie edge all eee a ame el, oa Bir cae Ga ite aes em oyyabopnasq BSG ees coe oa RSC Ve a ta a oc I Nima at re ee 04349D) eer Nea Fe SK [Rae a | eae lee | Sede Cul megane on SNALYIOLOT ge lle Gale Tes eae tl Loerie” etotal eon |e Ae ae oe, SNANDSOLAUNT MM aries ol GIN ah aa oe snjhjoppopidaT ab OS X28 PONS etica a eae | alr ga al ul (Ea snjfijonpophiydwwmay SGealiig> Sele Coulee eS g||
    role melee lita a ee ee ee sndo1ag SF SEI Ss | SEE at aa snzoquhsoy eee | ae |e aoe | Reps | ame ee SSSR | FSS | eee eae WOOZ0JAWIT SEA Ga | CSREES oS | i fa ed eee snjhizoppiMmaH atl ae eee Se NS Ste ara | pe anes snpfizonpvoey, L ea ah ea Erte (aaerra lap Coy eee llr aS $0]0QD)]DISO.LN2] 7 pores ae reas wae) Meliss Tote ltac> Foes se os sapoznuUoyy Sal ed ee Se |e ell ec Ploulyg woncee------- SNUOLPRYDT, :eplqe0e'T a--+ en ---------- SNUDAD A sS2pPlussle a -------------- snunvs1yaQ ‘epinsuy sates “>"==""" SNIOUOYIUNT [pl VUl.1s pole fT -~----------- SnNANDSOLPRET ------------ pLoyaoLodr1g Sooeosesessaasars svdaj0vT ~----------- snywubishyg ae snAinpsophwnjy) wane crenn-- DANDSOYIUNI ------------ DUYDHDApUad see enn eon -------- $a}070) ---------------- pinjodve ee sn) py das0huor) SeSSnee on ase ea shydoxoyd SeoSSOESasa+: SNANDSACADET ----------------- s1qoyado) LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 36 Neeeam Sei acme Goal eael || cay seed rps (Sees las xa Sp heel bes tte | [i Sek alle Gl aad | oat eet | ae Rater) fas Se [Fee ec Se al elec b ess fecce a ed ec esac | een o--|---|2on-|4---|----|-on0|--2=|---=]----|--=2|-22=|-20-|2---|22--|2--2]s---]2---]-=--|-=--]22--] 9 Je-oa[e-— a ses Fea | ae, | pa | | a Sag ge ol eel Pee ae ec ame Co ek ae Hee nS eal GM EE ie oe alae | ee S| ee [tel > <7 lee elfen me Coll 5 milk il 2 Gel a) ej/Eelele ie lP |S lela |B 1s SE PRLS a De Se teed eel ch dS Q 3 > 5 ° w 5 3 =) a | © an) ed < 5 ; a e ay s e)/e|3 |e & Se panh— g Ra eos mW erabe os aes ERATE Bele Salee iis. 5 2/9} S|» 5 ee er hs » 5 &ie)s Pele) | & ® s|/5 8 tambo -— be | 2 ee £ 33 D 3.1 8 © CI.) Qe Safe t= 5 ei ies = 5 s/s ~ x “BISOUA[Og | ---------- ------ snumnqgiqd seeprureqiq -----~------- SopauMfhiyooig OOS $N10U0]0QU4, J, Bosna snsoydoprdowT, Seb oReECs s1upyda7qozdhag *penulquoj—eploulog ‘snueas pues A[IWey ‘ponultyu0j—spinzy fo pvuauah unipuy ysoq fo uoynqgruiystg—yf q1av 1 DISTRIBUTION 27 nants of much older faunas, and not recent arrivals. The nearest relative of Lanthonotus is found in southern North America. No other representative has been discovered in the Old World. The Anguidze have their largest number of representatives in Central America and the West Indies, with species in both North and South America. Two genera occur in Europe, each repre- sented by one species, and one genus with one species in Asia. This is Ophisaurus gracilis of India, which is the locality nearest to Borneo where a representative of this family occurs. Ophi- saurus is a very widespread genus, having only a few species, but these occur on four different continents. There are twenty-eight recognized genera in the Philippine Islands, about thirty in Borneo, and about twenty-five in the Celebes-Moluccas group. Twenty-one genera are common to Borneo and the Philippines, and all but two of these are also found in the Celebes-Moluccas group; the exceptions are He- miphyllodactylus (which very probably also occurs in the latter islands) and Ptychozoon. There are three endemic genera in the Philippines; these are Brachymeles, Luperosaurus, and Pseudogekko. Lanthonotus is the only known endemic genus in Borneo. The Philippines have three genera in common with the Celebes-Moluccas group which are as yet unknown in Borneo; these are Lygosoma, Otosaurus, and Hydrosaurus. One genus, Perochirus, is known only in Mindanao and in the Caroline Islands. Of the nine Bornean genera not found in the Philippines, Taky- dromus, Ophisaurus, Japalura, and Aphaniotis are common to Borneo, to the islands lying south and west, and to Asia; Homo- lepida is common to Borneo, Celebes, Java, and Sumatra. Gono- todes and Aleuroscalabotes have representatives in Australia and the Malay Peninsula, but they are apparently absent from Cele- bes, Java, and Sumatra; Mimetozoon is common to Borneo and the Malay Peninsula; and Lanthonotus, as remarked above, is endemic. Of the three Celebes-Moluccas genera not known in the Philip- pines Cryptoblepharis is widely distributed over Polynesia, Aus- tralia, Africa, Asia, and Japan, but appears to be wanting in Borneo, the Philippines, and even in Celebes proper; Homolepida occurs in Borneo; and Tiliqua has representatives in Australia and New Guinea. Brachymeles is the most important and most distinctive of the three endemic Philippine genera; it is represented by eight species and exhibits a great diversity of size and development or degeneration of limb. No species is known 'to occur in 88 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Palawan, but the genus appears to be represented with equal frequency elsewhere in the Islands. No closely related genus is known in any adjacent territory. The absence of this genus from northern Borneo (if it is indeed absent) would suggest that it is of comparatively recent development. There are no less than three species of the genus in the Sulu region, which lies nearest Borneo. If our theories of the migration of species merits serious consideration, some of these species should certainly have reached the northern Borneo coast while the transfer of species represented bythe twenty-one common genera mentioned above was being made, unless they are indeed a later development. This theory, however, is hardly substan- tiated by the wide distribution in the Philippines. Luperosaurus has three known species; one on Calayan, Babu- yan Islands, in the extreme northern part of the group, and a second on Jolo Island, in the extreme southern part of the Archipelago. The exact type locality of the third is unknown. All of these species are known by only the types and cotypes. Owing to the apparent rarity of the lizards of this genus they may have easily remained undiscovered in Borneo and neigh- boring islands. Pseudogekko appears to have its nearest relative in the genus Thecadactylus, which occurs in New Guinea and certain adjacent islands. It is extremely rare, only three specimens, of the single known species, being known. CLASSIFICATION OF THE LIZARDS Several systems for the classification of the lizards have been offered by various authors in recent years. They vary material- ly, chiefly in the relative importance of the higher groups. Bou- lenger’s Catalogue,* since its publication, in 1885-1887, has been the standard work on this group of animals; just as the Erpéto- logie General, of Duméril and Bibron, had been prior to that time. Boulenger’s system of classification of the living forms is as follows: Order. Squamata.; Suborder I. Ophidia (snakes). (Numerous families.) * Boulenger, G. A., Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History) 1 (1885), 2 (1886), 3 (1887). ~ + See also Boulenger, Fauna Brit. India (1890) 52; and Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. V 14 (1884) 120. 7 CLASSIFICATION Suborder II. Lacertilia. Family 1. Geckonide. 2. Eublepharide. 3. Uroplatide. 4, Pygopodide. 5. Agamide. 6. Iguanide. 7. Xenosauride. 8. Zonuride. 9. Anguide. 10. Aniellide. 11. Helodermatide. 12. Varanide. 13. Xantusiide. 14. Teiide. 15. Amphisbenide. 16. Lacertide. 17. Gerrhosauride. 18. Scincidee 19. Anelytropide. 20. Dibamide. Suborder III. Rhiptoglossi. Family 21. Chamezleontide. Cope * has followed a system that varies considerably from that accepted by Boulenger. 39 He relegates the Rhiptoglossa to a place under the Sauria as a superfamily and makes use of other superfamilies. His system follows: Order Squamata. 1. Suborder Ophidia. 2. Suborder Sauria. 1. 7 Superfamily Rhiptoglossa. 1. Family Chameleonide. Superfamily Nyctisauria. 2. Family Eublepharide. 3. Family Geckonide. . Superfamily Pachyglossa. 4. Family Agamide. 5. Family Iguanide. . Superfamily Uroplatoidea. 6. Family Uroplatide. . Superfamily Thecoglossa. 7. Family Varanide. . Superfamily Helodermatoidea. 8. Family Helodermatide. * Cope, E. D., in An. Rep. Smithsonian Institution (1898) ; see also Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1861) 224 and Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. sei 19 .(1871), 236. 40 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Order Squamata—Continued. Suborder Sauria—Continued. 7. Superfamily Diploglossa. 9. Family Zonuride. 10. Family Pygopodide. 11. Family Anguide. ’ 12. Family Xenosauride. 8. Superfamily Leptogilossa. 13. Family Xantuside 14. Family Teiide. 15. Family Lacertidz. 16. Family Gerrhosauride. 17. Family Scincide. 18. Family Acontiide. 19. Family Dibamide. 20. Family Anelytropide. 9. Superfamily Annulati. 21. Family Trogonophide. 22. Family Amphisbenide. 23. Family Euchirotide. 10. Superfamily Annielloidea. 24. Family Anniellide. Stejneger, in his work on Japanese reptiles, appears to have agreed with Boulenger in vegard to the status of the Rhipto- glossi as a suborder. Stejneger’s accepted names for the two other suborders are Sauria and Serpentes, instead of Lacertilia and Ophidia of Boulenger, both of which are older names and synonymous with those used by Boulenger. No matter which of these systems is followed, the position and the terminology of the various families found in the Philippines remain unchanged, as they are identical in all. Stejneger’s arrangement of the higher groups is here followed. Order SQUAMATA The order Squamata is divided into three suborders as follows: 1. Rhiptoglossi, the true chameleons. 2. Sauria, the lizards. 3. Serpentes, the snakes. No member of the first suborder is found in the Philippines. Suborder SAURIA The living Sauria are divided into numerous families, the actual number varying with different authors. In the Philippines five well-defined families are represented. They are characterized as follows: Family I. GEKKONIDZ.—Tongue smooth or with villose papille; no postorbital or postfrontosquamosal arches; clavicle dilated proxi- mally; vertebre amphicclian; parietal bones distinct. Family II. AGAMID42.—Tongue smooth or with villose papille; clavicle not dilated proximally; postorbital and postfrontosquamosal arches present; supratemporal fossa not roofed over by bone; tongue thick; dentition acrodont. Family III. VARANIDZ.—Tongue elongate, forked at end, sheathed pos- teriorly; postorbital arch incomplete; postfrontosquamosal arch present; supratemporal fossa not roofed over; nasal bone single. Family IV. Scincip4.—Tongue covered with imbricate scalelike papil- le; dentition pleurodont; arches present; premaxillary double; body with osteodermal plates. Family V. DIBAMIDZ.—Tongue covered with curved lamelle or plice; no interorbital septum; no arches; no osteodermal plates. GEKKONIDA® Gekkonide STEJNEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 58 (1907) 164. Eleven genera of geckos are known from the Philippines. Many of the species are domestic and are carried from place to place through the agency of man. The species that are gene- rally found in human habitations are Hemidactylus frenatus, H. luzonensis, H. garnotu, Peropus mutilatus, Cosymbotus platy- urus, Gekko gecko, and G. monarchus. The first five are the smaller species, and are known variously as tal6-t6 (Leyte Vi- sayan), alo-ti-it (Ilocano), butiki (Tagalog), sweswe (Manobo), 41 4? LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS and pirrit (Moro) ; the larger ones are known as chacon (Spa- nish-Tagalog) ti-ki (Leyte Visayan), ti-kdé (Ilocano) and tok-ko (Tagalog). The call of the smaller species is a series of quickly repeated clicks or chirps. When fighting they utter a long growling note in a much lower pitch, which can be heard at a distance of several meters. The call of Gekko gecko is preceded by several short, rapid, guttural notes. The call is “tok-kd,” repeated slowly, seven or eight times, the ultimate note somewhat prolonged. The tails of the geckos are very fragile. When one is broken off, a cartilaginous process is developed from the centrum of the last remaining vertebra, and muscles, skin, and scales appear on this process. Regeneration continues until the tail regains nearly its normal length. The new tail readily breaks, and a new growth takes place. Specimens showing three or four separate growths are not uncommon. Occasionally a double or bifid tail is produced. In the normal] tail of many species the various vertebrez of the tail are indicated by annulations due to the arrangement of the scales. In the regenerated tail these annulations are usually wanting, and the character of the scales is different. Most of the geckos are lowland species. None was found by me in the vicinity of Baguio, which has an elevation of about 1,400 meters; and Lepidodactylus planicaudus Stejneger from — less than 2,000 meters on Mount Apo, Mindanao, has the highest range of any Philippine gecko. Key to the Philippine genera of the Gekkonide. — a. Digits slightly dilated at base, two or three distal joints narrow, compressed, and angularly bent; all digits clawed; claw between two scales, a small superior and a large lateroinferior. Gymnodactylus Spix (p. 43). *. Digits dilated; a single distal phalanx long and compressed. a The free distal joint long, rising from within the extremity of the distal expansion; digits with transverse lamelle below, either in double or single rows. c’. Infradigital plates in a double series. d’. Inner digit with a compressed clawed phalanx; dorsal scales granular or with tubercles intermixed; no lateral flaplike CXPAanNSlon:.01 sSkinie = eee ee Hemidactylus Oken (p. 52). d@. Inner digit with clawed distal phalanx; a lateral flaplike expan- sion of skin; scales granular; no tubercles. Cosymbotus Fitzinger (p. 59). c’. Infradigital plates divided by a median line; inner digits without distal phalanx or BEN digits strongly dileseeds Peropus Wiegmann (p. 62). GYMNODACTYLUS A3 c’. Infradigital plates in a single series; inner digit rudimentary, clawless on foreleg, clawed on hind leg. Perochirus Boulenger (p. 65). b®. The free distal joint rises from the extreme tip of the digital ex- pansion. _¢. A single series of infradigital lamelle. ad. Digits narrowed at base, distal joint long and slender; inner digit very rudimental........ Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (p. 65). @. Digits slightly narrowed at base; distal joint short; inner digits well developed, clawless........ Lepidodactylus Fitzinger (p. 70). c. A single series of infradigital lamelle. d’. Digits half webbed, inner clawless.. Luperosaurus Gray (p. 85). d*. Digits free or slightly webbed, inner clawless. Gekko Laurenti (p. 90). d’. Digits entirely webbed, inner clawless. Ptychozoon Kuhl (p. 100). a. Digits dilated, entire length with a single series of lamellze divided at tip only; claw sessile and retractile; body narrowed; digits slightly SEE] S106 Ue ee oe Se eo Pseudogekko g. nov. (p. 103). Genus GYMNODACTYLUS Spix Gymnodactylus SPIX, Spec. Nov. Lacert. Bras. (1825) 17. Digits strong, clawed, cylindrical or depressed on the base and strongly compressed, the remaining portion usually with a strong angular kink; claw between two enlarged scales; digits more or less enlarged with transverse plates below; body usually covered with granules and tubercles intermixed; males and fe- males * with or without preanal or femoral pores. Distributed over the borders of the Mediterranean Sea, south- ern Asia, Malay Archipelago, Australia, Pacific Islands, and tropical America. The species of this genus differ greatly from the other Philip- pine Gekkonide, in the absence of broadened lamellze under the toes, which enable the other species to move rapidly over smooth, _perpendicular surfaces, or even to run in an inverted position over a smooth ceiling. In consequence lizards of this species are only rarely found in houses. One group of the species of Gymnodactylus is terrestrial, a large number living in desert regions where they are known as sand or rock geckos. The other group of the species is largely arboreal. The Philippine species are usually found under logs or rocks or under loosened bark of forest trees a short distance from the ground. Not infrequently a gecko when surprised by the over- turning of a log remains quite motionless, and due to its strongly * Only recorded in Gymnodactylus agusanensis Taylor and G. fwmosus Miller. ; A4 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS protective coloration can be discovered only with difficulty. If the collector chances to search the earth below the log or to dig it up, the gecko may even submit to burial without moving. This is especially true of Gymnodactylus annulatus Taylor, a terres- trial species, which is found only rarely in trees. The color and markings are highly protective when on the ground. In the forest, where their chief enemies are wild hogs, it is obvious that these habits and the protective coloration avail much. Key to the Philippine species of Gymnvdactylus Spix.* a’. Males with 4 to 6 preanal pores in an inverted V-shaped groove; none in females; no femoral pores........ G. annulatus Taylor (p. 44). a’. Males with 12 preanal pores in a longitudinal groove arranged in two parallel series; no femoral pores; no pores in females. G. philippinicus Steindachner (p. 47). a*. Males with 8 to 11 preanal pores in a broadly angular series; 9 to 11 femoral pores widely separated from the former; pores in females much reduced: in! 'Size@m0. 2c eee G. agusanensis Taylor (p. 49). GYMNODACTYLUS ANNULATUS Taylor Gymnodactylus annulatus TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 (1915) 92, 13 (1918) 234. Description of the species—(From a large series of speci- mens, including the type, from the type locality, Bunawan, Agu- san, Mindanao.) Head slightly flattened, moderately large, with a shallow depression delineating supraorbital regions and con- tinuing on snout; depressed area behind nostrils not prominent; eye comparatively small, its diameter little less than half the * Casto de Elera, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 408-409, includes in his list Gymnodactylus marmoratus, from Luzon and Cavite; G. consobrinus, from Palawan, Samar, and Borongan; and G. platyurus, from Palawan, with specimens of all in the Santo Tomas Museum. I am inclined to regard these records as doubtful as there are no specimens now in Santo Tomas Museum. However, it is not improbable that the first and the second may be found in Palawan; it is extremely improbable that the third species occurs there. Gray erroneously referred the British Museum specimens of G. philip- pinicus Steindachner to Cyrtodactylus marmoratus Kuhl. I believe no other record of any of these species is to be found. I add the characters of the above species. a. Males with 12 or 13 preanal pores in a longitudinal groove, and on each side, separated from these, a row of 5 or 6 femoral pores; dorsal tubercles small, roundish, feebly keeled. G. marmoratus Kuhl. b. Male with an angular series of 9 to 11 preanal pores not inclosing a pubic groove; no femoral pores; dorsal tubercles very small. G. consobrinus Peters. c. Tail as broad as body, leaf- shaned) no preanal or femoral pores. &. platyurus White. GYMNODACTYLUS 45 length of snout; distance of eye to auricular opening slightly less than distance of eye to nostril; height of head in occipital region equal to length of snout; rostral subquadrangular, with a suture entering above, bifurcating a little above the middle of the scale; nostril bounded by three or four postnasals, the first labial usually, the rostral, and a supranasal; latter rather large, in contact with rostral, separated from its fellow by one or two small internasals; twelve to fourteen upper labials with a row of rather enlarged keeled scales above; ten to thirteen lower labials; mental large, triangular, with a pair of much enlarged chin shields bordering it behind; these are also in contact with each other and with first labial, but separated from second labial by an enlarged scale; second pair of chin shields frequently pres- ent, of variable size, usually small, in contact with each other Fic. 1. Gymnodactylus annulatus Taylor, from Sulu; preanal pores, variation; x 3. Fic. 2. Gymnodactylus annulatus Taylor, from Mindanao; preanal pores, typical; X 3. and with first pair; snout covered with granules slightly larger than those on occiput or body ; body covered with minute granules intermixed with large, round, trihedral tubercles in fourteen to sixteen irregular longitudinal rows; tail covered above with small uniform granules arranged in transverse rows; at the base a few transverse rows of tubercles marking annulations; granules on neck small, increasing a little in size toward labials; belly with cycloid, imbricating scales, fifty to sixty between the lateral skin folds, which run from axilla to groin; tail below with 46 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS somewhat larger scales in irregular transverse rows; males with a narrow angular series of four to six (very rarely seven) pre- anal pores inclosing a distinct groove bordered by two or three rows of enlarged scales rapidly diminishing in size; scales im- mediately in front of anus small; females with a distinctly dif- ferentiated series of six preanal scales bordered with larger scales; no femoral pores; lateral skin fold without, or with only very small, tubercles; digits moderately compressed, the plates under digits well differentiated at base, about eighteen to twenty under longest toe. | Color in life—Body rather light brown to black-brown above, with four or five broad, irregular, darker brown spots or bands, usually with darker edges; tail marked with darker and lighter annulations; yellow to light brown or grayish below; tubercles above usually lighter; head reticulated with darker brown. Measurements of Gymnodactylus annulatus Taylor. No. 564 E. H. T. collection. mm Total length 131 Snout to vent 60 Tail GA. Width of head 12:5 Length of head 18 Foreleg 19 Hind leg ; 28 Axilla to groin 25 Remarks.—The largest specimen taken is only 141 millimeters long. Obviously this species is much smaller than the other known Philippine species. This form is most closely related to G. consobrinus Peters. The following differences are evident: In the latter there is a larger number of preanal pores, not ar- ranged in a pubic groove; the eye is apparently larger; there are enlarged tubercles on the lateral skin fold, and there is a greater number of rows of scales across the belly. The type was collected in July, 1918, by myself. The first specimens, however, were collected nearly a year earlier in the same locality. In 1917 I collected the species on the following Sulu islands: Great Santa Cruz, Basilan, Teipono, Tamuk, Can- cuman, Bubuan (Tapiantana group), Dipolod, Bitinan, Jolo, Tulian, Bubuan (Tapian group), Tawitawi, Papahag, and Bon- gao. Itis one of the commonest species in the Sulu Archipelago. It was noted that specimens from the various islands showed slight differences, especially in the arrangement and size of the preanal pores and the scales surrounding them. Specimens from Sulu have an average of only four preanal pores. GYMNODACTYLUS AT GYMNODACTYLUS PHILIPPINICUS Steindachner Cyrtodactylus marmoratus GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 173, part. Gymnodactylus philippinicus STEINDACHNER, Novara Exp., Rept. Wien (1869) 17, pl. 2, fig. 1; BouLENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 46; BorttcER, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. (1886) 94; DE Root, Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 17; Taywor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 367. Description of species—(From a series of specimens from Negros, Mindoro, and Polillo.) Head rather large, not espe- cially depressed, much longer than wide, depth of head in oc- cipital region equal to length of snout; eye large, its distance (Sy SA P. ets oe: fos ey Cs Cs Gs SS ACS CY eo Bs ws Ces SLC oot ween sree ta Ss cS CE us < : LO a Waseaeetecs RII LAL (2 re cH an eae. eek 2208 a a SY Fic. 11. Gekko mindorensis Taylor; from the type; a, chin; b, head, lateral view; c, preanal pores; X 2. tral, first labial, two subequal supranasals, and a postnasal; rostral forming the longest side of nostril; a single scale inserted between the two anterior supranasals; twelve upper labials, ten lower; the line of the mouth makes a sharp angle upward immediately below eye; loreal region covered with rather en- larged granules, largest immediately in front of eye; a row of enlarged granules bordering upper labials above; interorbital region and medial area on snout depressed, covered with much smaller granular scales; occipital region covered with minute granules, interspersed with indistinct larger ones; mental trian- GEKKO 99 gular, followed by two elongate chin shields nearly three times as long as wide; a few enlarged pentagonal scales behind and at sides of chin shields; throat covered with equal-sized granules, larger than those on dorsal surface. Body rather slender, covered above with minute granules, intermixed with numerous rounding granules; an indistinct lateral fold; about thirty longitudinal rows of scales between the folds cross belly; preanal and femoral pores continuous, twenty-seven or twenty-eight on each side, slightly separated medially, a total of fifty-five pores; tail regenerated wholly, above covered with fine granules, with no traces of annulations; below with irregular, large, broad scales; two enlarged tubercles at base of tail; legs moderate, digits not greatly dilated, about sixteen lamellae under longest toe; no rudiment of web evident. Color in lufe-—Above almost uniform olive brown, with very little variation delineating the lighter and darker areas. No markings evident; below yellowish white. Measurements of Gekko mindorensis Taylor. mm. Total length 162 Tail, regenerated 80 Snout to foreleg 34.5 Snout to vent 82 Snout to ear opening 7H Foreleg 30 Hind leg 40 Variation.—Eight other specimens, all young, taken by my- self about Lake Naujan, Mindoro, have been studied. They are darker than the type, with blackish stripes across the back and on the tail. Two males in the lot have sixty-two and sixty-four pores, respectively. Remarks.—This species is related to Gekko monarchus, from which it differs in the following points. The measurements of two male specimens are compared. Comparative measurements of Gekko mindorensis and G. monarchus. G. niindorensis. ° G. monarchus, mm. mm. Snout to vent 82 85 Foreleg 26 29 Hind leg 35 40 Width of body 16 18 Width of head 18 20 Diameter of eye 6.5 5 Diameter of auricular opening 3.3 2 Interorbital measurement 6.75 8 Preanal and femoral pores 55 33 Scale rows across belly 30 A5 100 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The ear opening of Gekko mindorensis is larger, equaling half the eye. The eye itself is much larger than in G. mo- narchus; the interorbital distance is less; there are more preanal and femoral pores; the number of scale rows across the belly is about fifteen less; the tubercles are fewer and much less prominent; and the very characteristic markings of Gekko mo- narchus apparently are wanting. The type specimen was cap- tured with the assistance of Mr. Clark Burks, of Sumagui, Mindoro; two eggs were found at the same time. Oshima * has described Gecko kikuchii from Formosa, which seems to vary from Gekko monarchus much in the same way as does the present species. Although no specimen of Oshima’s species is at hand for comparison, the following differences are evident; G. mindorensis has many more femoral pores, 55 to 64, while 48 are recorded in G. kikuchii. The legs are longer in the present species, and the basal web on the feet is wanting in both sexes. Genus PTYCHOZOON Kuhl Ptychozoon KuHL, Isis (1822) 475; WAcLER, Syst. Amph. (1830) 141; WIEGMANN, Herp. Mex. 1 (18384) 20; FITZINGER, Syst. Rept. (1843) 100; GRAy, Cat. Liz. (1845) 164; GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 105; BouLENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 189. Pteropleura GRAY, Phil. Mag. II 3 (1827) 56; F1TzINGER, Syst. Rept. (1843) 101. Platydactylus, part., DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 3 (1836) 290. Ptychozoom. BoETTGER, Kat. Rept. Mus. Senckenberg. 1 (1893) 35. Digits strongly dilated, entirely webbed, with undivided la- mellz below; distal phalanx of toes compressed, curved, with retractile claw rising a little in front of the end of digital expansion, wanting on inner digits. A broadened cutaneous fringe on either side of head, legs, and body. Body above with small granules, tubercles present or absent; below with im- bricating scales; lateral membranes covered above with rather large scales, scaleless below. Pupil vertical. Males with pre- anal, or preanal and femoral pores. Tail bordered with lateral fringelike lobes. East Indian Archipelago, Malay Peninsula, Formosa, and the Philippines. Only a single species is known in the Philippines, the recently discovered Ptychozoon intermedia, which seems to stand between the other two known species, P. kuhli and P. horsfieldi. * Philip. Journ. Scins; Di7 (1912) 241. PTYCHOZOON 101 PTYCHOZOON INTERMEDIA Taylor PLATE 5 Ptychozoon intermedia TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 (1915) 94. Description of species.—(From No, 1776, Bureau of Science collection; collected at Bunawan, Agusan Province, Mindanao, July 12, 1912, by E. H. Taylor.) Rostral large, rectangular, with a triangular depression in upper edge; nostril surrounded ‘by rostral, first labial, two postnasals, and a rather large supra- nasal; latter distinctly triangular, forming a suture with its mate behind rostral; a large scale lies partly between supra- nasals; a small roundish scale on either side of this, directly behind supranasals, touching superior postnasals, eleven upper labials, ten lower; mental much smaller than rostral or any of first five lower labials, followed by two postmental chin shields; latter elongate, widest in the middle; a second smaller pair borders these laterally on each side of the chin shields; a row of scales gradually diminishing in size bordering labials; scales on snout and supraocular regions of head at least twice as large as those on occiput; latter area with scattered small tubercles; a group. of enlarged scales directly in front of eye; back with uniform granular scales intermixed with flat round- ish tubercles, six or seven irregular rows on each side; scales on belly much larger than dorsal scales, or those on neck; on each side of head below auricular opening is a dermal flap, widest in front of auricular opening, which continues from near angle of mouth to some distance on neck; a similar flap on foreleg borders the leg entirely; dermal flap on hind leg is wanting from groin to knee; on each side of body a wide dermal flap, or parachute, extends from foreleg, where it joins flap of foreleg, and continues to groin; tail with a lateral series of small rounded lobes decreasing in size toward tip and directed backward “sawtooth” fashion; tail with a flap on tip, which is scarcely wider than nearest lobes; each segment of tail with a number of enlarged scales; above on first half of tail there are trom six to eight on each segment, on last half the number is reduced; digits almost entirely webbed; digits, except inner, with claws, and below with undivided lamellze which cover outer half of digit, about ten under longest toe; distal phalanx on inner finger and inner toe replaced by a large flattened scale; a series of ten differentiated preanal scales arranged in a curved line; widely separated from these is a series of differentiated 102 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS femoral scales, thirteen or fourteen in number, which probably represent the number of preanal and femoral pores in the male; a large scale on each side of tail behind anus; diameter of eye equals its distance from ear, but is less than distance from nostril; a depression behind nostril. Color in life.-—A soft olive gray above with touches of bluish and brown; body traversed by several wavy lines of dark brown. Head more or less flecked with brown; a broad brown band, from eye to shoulder; tail marbled variously with brown; legs indistinctly barred with reddish brown bands; below cream with large indistinct darker spots under tail. Measurements of Ptychozoon intermedia Taylor. mm. Total length 189 Snout to vent . 92 Length of head 24 Depth of head 10 Width of head 21 Axilla to groin AT Foreleg 30 Hind leg 43 Width of lateral flap 8.5 Length of femur 15 Greatest body width 20 Remarks.—This species seems to be a form rather inter- mediate between the two known species of the genus. From Ptychozoon kuhli it differs in the absence of the wide flap at the extremity of the tail, the very different character of the lateral lobes on the tail, and.the much larger number of tubercles on the body; perhaps also in the presence of femoral pores. From P. horsfieldw it differs in having the body granules inter- mixed with numerous flat tubercles and broad transverse plates below the tail except on the outer tip. A comparison of the descriptions will reveal other differences. Only the type specimen was found; it was captured about. ten o’clock in the morning on the buttress of a large naga tree, near the small Manobo village of Bunawan on Simulao River. When disturbed the animal jumped to the earth amid a mass of leaves and bark and was practically indistinguishable from its surroundings. Stejneger * expresses a doubt that Pryer’s + specimen of P. homalocephalum came from the Riu Kiu Islands. He has exam- * Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 58 (1907) 172. + Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1887) 146. PSEUDOGEK KO 103 ined the specimen and states that he regards it as identical with Gray’s P. horsfieldii.* The finding of this rare Mindanao species extends the known range of the genus. It was unknown to the Manobos; undoubt- edly, its striking shape would have attracted their notice, were it at all common. Repeated trips were made to the locality in the hope of finding other specimens. - Very probably the usual habitat of the species is in tall forest trees. Genus PSEUDOGEKKO novum Digits entirely dilated with infradigital lamella extending to base, those on tip divided;; digits except inner with sessile retractile claw; a slight web between digits; no lateral skin fold; no enlarged chin shields; pupil vertical. Body com- pressed, with a narrow abdominal region; preanal pores (prob- ably) present in males in a single row. Type of the genus, Luperosaurus compresicorpus Taylor. This genus seems to have its closest relationship with Theca- dactylus as regards the structure of the digits. The elongation of the body and the structure and arangement of the lamellze warrant referring this species to a new genus. PSEUDOGEKKO COMPRESSICORPUS (Taylor) Luperosaurus compresicorpus TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 ' (1915) 96. Description of species.—(From No. 1781, Bureau of Science collection; collected at Limay, Bataan, Luzon; collector un- known.) Body elongate, compressed laterally, with a narrow abdominal region; rostral large, nearly twice as wide as high, entering nostril; a slight suture entering medially from above, where there is a small notch in the scale; rostral bordered behind by two supranasals and five smaller scales between them; dorsal scales granular, those on snout largest; nineteen or twenty upper labials, angle of mouth bordered by small undif- ferentiated scales; first row of scales above upper labials en- larged somewhat; lower labials sixteen; mental smaller than adjoining labials; first few rows of scales bordering lower labials Slightly enlarged, gradually diminishing in size away from la- bials; granules on neck extremely minute; granules on lower jaw below ear enlarged slightly; nostril small; eye large, its diameter one-half its distance from end of snout; auricular opening very small, its distance from eye less than the dis- * Gray, Philos. Mag. II 2 (1827) 56. + The statement, “digits with undivided lamella,” in the original descrip- tion is incorrect. 104 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS tance from eye to nostril; mouth extends well behind eye, form- ing an angle directly below eye; scales on body small, granular, subequal in size; scales on abdomen larger, cycloid, juxtaposed, and irregular, arranged in more or less regular transverse rows, sixteen to eighteen across abdomen; an angular row of fourteen differentiated preanal scales, probably representing the number of preanal pores in the male, the scales having depressions in them; angular rows of scales behind this row, diminishing in size toward anus; distal phalanx of digits very short with a retractile claw on each save thumb and inner toe; fifteen or sixteen lamellze under longest toe; those on point of toes divided or semidivided; a small web at base of digits more noticeable on hind feet; digits about same width along entire length, slightly tapering at point; no web present on sides of Fic. 12. Pseudogekko compressicorpus (Taylor); a, chin; b, preanal region; c, undersur- face of foot; X 3. body or on legs; tail cylindrical, slightly flattened, no fringe on sides, annulations not indicated; tail probably prehensile. Color in life-—Above light cinnamon brown, darker on arms and legs; below immaculate yellowish white; tail with a slight peppering of brown on undersurface. No markings in evi- dence. Measurements of Pseudogekko compressicorpus (Taylor). mm. Total length 110 Snout to vent * eee Width of head 9 Greatest width of body 7.5 Axilla to groin 36 Foreleg 15 Hind leg 23 AGAMID 105 Variation.—In April, 1917, I found two eggs belonging to what was apparently an unknown species. They were accident- ally broken, and were found to contain almost fully developed embryos of Pseudogekko compressicorpus. These differ slightly from the type. The small scales about the angle of the mouth are slightly more differentiated, and might be counted as labials, which would make the number of labials twenty-five; there are three small nasal scales above and behind the nostril. There is no evidence of a depression behind the nostril, and the ar- rangement of the preanal scales is similar; one specimen has a series of small pits in the scales; in the other they are smooth. The embryos measure 43 millimeters in length; snout to vent, 22 millimeters. In color they are light gray. Remarks.—Only these specimens are known. The type local- ity is Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon. The eggs were found in the topmost branch of a tree which had just been felled. They were attached to the underside of a leaf and were flattened on two sides, where they had been attached to the leaf and to each other; they were broken before measurements of the eges could be taken. Apparently this is a very rare species, or its habits are such as to prevent its being found easily. AGAMIDZ Agamidse GRAY, Phil. Mag. II 2 (1827); Cat. Liz. (1845) 234; BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 250. Skull with bony postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches, the first named formed by the frontal and the jugal, the latter by the postfrontal and the squamosal; supratemporal fossa not roofed over; premaxillary single; nasals distinct; parietal single; an interorbital septum; a columella cranii. Acrodont dentition, usually with molars, canines, and incisors. No teeth in palate. No dermal ossifications on head or body. Tongue short or moderate, thick, not or but slightly nicked anteriorly, villose. Eye small, pupil round; eyelids well de- veloped. Ear distinct or hidden. Scales imbricate or juxta- posed, scales on head quite irregular. Limbs well developed, the hind limbs usually very much longer than front; tail usually very long, not fragile; femoral and preanal pores are absent in the largest part of the genera. It is a remarkable fact that they are found in all Australian genera save one. Arboreal Agamide have the body compressed, and terrestrial forms flattened. (After Boulenger.) Much has been written regarding the parallelism which occurs between this family and the Iguanide, which are confined to the New World. 106 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Cope says:* No genus of Agamide is found in America, where the Iguanide represent them. The two families present some interesting parallels, which show the effects of identical causes in producing similar effects on the organism. These parallels are seen in the depressed form of the terrestrial forms in both families and the relatively compressed form of the arboreal types. In both families the former have representatives with horny processes on the head and on the scales of the body; and in both are types with horny spines on the tail. Among arboreal forms we find genera of both families with series of horny processes forming a median dorsal crest, and in others a prolongation of the spines of the dorsal and caudal vertebrz, producing. a like result. In many cases the similarity is so striking that specimens from the two families might easily be referred to the same genus without examination of skeletal and dental characters. The application of the name “iguana” to certain Agamidz which occur in the Philippines is incorrect, as the Iguanide are confined to North, Central, and South America, and the West Indies. The Agamidz are found in Australia, the East Indian Archipelago, Asia, Africa, and Europe. They are unknown in Madagascar and New Zealand. There are only four genera of this family known in the Philippines, Key to the Philippine genera of the Agamide. a. Ribs much prolonged, supporting a winglike lateral dermal expansion which is folded close to body when not flying.. Draco Linnzus (p. 107). a’. No winglike expansion. As ne femoral pores. . A strong fold on throat; usually a crest on neck or body. Gonyocephalus Kaup (p. 1380). c’. No fold or only a slight fold on neck; gular pouch more or less developed; tail extremely long, dorsal scales nearly equal. Calotes Cuvier (p. 136). b°. Femoral pores present; toes lobate; a fan on tail. Hydrosaurus Kaup (p. 140). The food of these genera varies; the first three are insect- ivorous while the last is, almost if not wholly, herbivorous. All lay eggs, those of Calotes being spindle-shaped. The eggs of Hydrosaurus are somewhat oval to round and are deposited in sand or loose earth along streams and rivers. The genus Calotes is noted for the ability of certain of its species to make rapid color changes; these changes take place in some species, especially Calotes marmoratus and C. cristatellus, with startling rapidity. * Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898 (1900) 219. DRACO 107 Genus DRACO Linnzus Draco LINNZUS, Syst. Nat. 1 (1758) 358; BouLENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 253. Dracunculus WIEGMANN, Herp. Mex. (1834) 14. Rhacodracon FITZINGER, Neue Class. Rept. (1826) 50. Pterosaurus FITZINGER, Neue Class. Rept. (1826) 51. Pteropterus FITZINGER, Neue Class. Rept. (1826) 51. Dracontoidis FITZINGER, Neue Class. Rept. (1826) 51. Dracocella GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 234. Body depressed, elongate, with long slender tail. Large lateral winglike membranes, supported by extensively elongated ribs, folding down like a fan. The male has a gular appendage and small skin flaps on each side of head; the gular appendage is largely wanting in the females. Tympanum distinct or covered. No preanal or femoral pores. The Philippines are rich in species of this genus, eleven being recognized. Many of the Philippine peoples believe they are deadly poisonous, which of course is not the case. They are known under various native names; such as, alap-d-pan (Bicol), tabili-paghan (Misamis Visayan), amodzjdka (Manobo), hunia- ngo (Tagalog), bocaboca (Moro). The young are reproduced from eggs which are deposited in trees, usually about aérial plants or in the axils of the leaves of certain trees. The adults are exceedingly agile and difficult to capture. Males and females usually vary greatly in color and markings; exceptions are found in Draco volans and D. ornatus, in which species the sexes differ but little. The differences appear very great in D. rizali, D qua- drast, D. spilopterus, and D. mindanensis. Dracos are unable to rise from the ground, and must take flight from some higher point. Their method of flight is to spread the wing membranes and sail. They do not move the wings up and down like a bird or bat. They feed largely on ants and other small insects. Like many other species of the Agamide and Iguanide they readily change color. 3 Key to the Philippine species of Draco Linnezus. a’. Nostril lateral, directed outward, sometimes slightly upward and back- ward. b*. Adpressed hind leg reaches at the utmost slightly beyond elbow of adpressed foreleg; tympanum distinct; a Y-shaped series of scales on forehead. ec’. No orbital spines; a prominent scale on posterior part of super- ciliary region sometimes present. d’. Snout as long as diameter of orbit; tympanum smaller than eye opening. 108 7 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS e’. Wing membranes with rows of rectangular brown spots above, black spotted below.................--.---- D. volans Linneus (p. 109). e*. Wing membranes of male with dark brown meshwork inclosing greenish white spots; immaculate below. D. reticulatus Gunther (p. 110). ad’. Snout longer than orbit; tympanum as large as eye opening; wing membranes of female black marbled above, with one or two black spots on outer edge below. . : D. guentheri Boulenger (p. 111). c’. A larger spinelike scale on the superciliary border. d’. Largest median dorsal scales at least twice as large as ventral scales; tympanum as large as eye opening; males, wing mem- branes brown with five large blue spots between ribs, black spots below; females, wing membranes black with blue spots; below -immaculate..0-0.3. 222 D. everetti Boulenger (p. 112). d’. Dorsal scales hardly larger than ventrals; tympanum smaller than eye opening; wing membranes above spotted or marbled, black, below with spots or crossbands; lower surface of legs and a broad zone on belly blue; males, gular appendage red. D. cornutus Giinther (p. 114). d’. Dorsal scales about equal to ventrals; tympanum equals eye opening; males above yellow-green to bluish; wing membranes blackish with wash spots of blue or green, below salmon or red with one or two small black spots; females gray, wing membranes black with rounded salmon spots, with salmon in- side the outer border; below very large curved dark spots. D. rizali Wandollek (p. 115). b’. Adpressed hind leg reaches halfway from elbow to insertion of fore- arm; tympanum, if distinct, smaller than eye opening. c. Snout longer than diameter of eye; a Y-shaped series of scales on forehead, a low compressed scale frequently present on super- ciliary edge; tympanum scaled or partly bare; wing membranes above blackish, inclosing whitish spots, below with a few black SPOUS Lin. etl LL LS ee eee ee D. ornatus (Gray) (p. 117). ec. Snout nearly equals diameter of orbit; tympanum scaled. d'. A Y-shaped series of scales present or absent; males, with wing membranes spotted above with brown; below with black spots; females, wing membranes black with narrow whitish lines or White. “Spots: sere ee D. spilopterus (Wiegmann) (p. 119). d’. A Y-shaped series of scales on head; male, minute gular appendage longer than head; males with wing membranes yellow above, immaculate or with minute darker flecks and edged with darker; female dark with narrow whitish or grayish lines, a few dark spots below............. D. quadrasi Boettger (p. 123). c*. Snout shorter. than orbit; head small; tympanum scaly; male gular appendage shorter than head; males greenish to bluish gray with transverse spots, a black white-centered spot at corner of mouth; females same with two dark black-blue transverse stripes on neck. D. bimaculatus Giinther (p. 126). a’. Nostrils directed upward; snout as long as diameter of orbit; tympa- HUM eSeCaAlet:... Ave ee D. mindanensis Stejneger (p. 128). DRACO 109 DRACO VOLANS Linnzus PLATE 6, FIG. 3 Draco volans LINNZUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1: (1758) 199; CANToR, Cat. Mal. Rept. (1847) 37; GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 124; BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1884) 256; Mocquarp, Nov. Arch. du Mus. III 2 (1890) 280; pe Roots, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. iolodoa)y: (0; 71, fig. 43. Draco praepos LINNAUS, Syst. Nat. 1 (1758) 200. Draco major LAURENTI, Syn. Rept. (1768) 50. Draco minor LAURENTI, Syn. Rept. (1768) 51. Draco viridis DAUDIN, Hist. Nat. Rept. 3 (1802) 301, pl. 41; KUHL, Beitr. Zool. Verg]l. Anat. (1820) 102; SCHLEGEL, Abbild. (1844) 89, pl. 24, fig. 1. Draco fuscus DAUDIN, Hist. Nat. Rept. (1802) 307; KUHL, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat. (1820) 102. Draco daudiniti DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 4 (1837) 451. Description of species —(From six specimens from Palawan.) Snout as long as diameter of orbit; rostral broader than high, bordered by six to nine scales; nasal craterlike, nostril directed outward, slightly backward and upward, separated from rostral and labials by one or two scale rows, from each other by eight rows; an inverted Y-shaped series of enlarged keeled scales on snout; scales on head keeled or rugose, very unequal; two or three rows of scales in intersupraorbital region; a low com- pressed scale on posterior part of superciliary border, and a subconical tubercle on posterior upper edge of orbit; a row of seven or eight suborbital scales differentiated, separated from last upper labial by three scale rows; tympanum distinct, slightly smaller than eye opening; an enlarged scale on its anterior border; two or three much-enlarged scales extending in a row from orbit to above tympanum; two or three tubercles behind temporal region; nine or ten upper labials (usually ten), last largest; nine to twelve lower labials; mental about as wide as rostral, with two rows of enlarged scales running back to neck, | parallel to labials but separated from them by two scale rows; nuchal crest very low and indistinct in males, not or barely dis- cernible in females; no lateral nuchal crest; dorsal scales with or without distinct keels, very unequal, with a series of enlarged, keeled, distant scales on each side separated by about twenty- six scales rows; foreleg brought forward reaches beyond tip of snout; hind leg brought forward reaches almost to elbow; gular appendage of males about length of head (very small in females) ; lateral throat appendages not prominent. Color in alcohol_—Above metallic variegated bluish brown, the brown usually forming undulating crossbands; back and sides usually flecked with numerous small, dark brown spots; 110 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS sides of neck strongly reticulated with brown; a distinct inter- orbital spot and a prominent nuchal spot of brown with a minute white spot on its anterior border; brown lines radiating from eyes; wing membranes dull orange, densely spotted with squarish brown spots arranged in rows; spots confluent and darker on outer border; a few dark spots beneath wings, and small spots on belly; gular appendage in male bluish, on tip purplish, at base not or but slightly reticulated with darker; in female throat greenish gray. Measurements of Draco volans Linnzus, male and female. No. 3949? No. 3950. mm. mm. Total length 21Z i W9E Tail 132 PA Snout to vent 80 81 Snout to foreleg 25 7s als Axilla to groin 45 44 Width of head 11 10 Length of head LG 2h: oh eee Gular appendage 4.5 15 Foreleg 34 34 Hind leg ; 39 36:5 4 Numbers refer to E. H. T. collection. b Tip missing. Variation.—_Judging by the descriptions of this species given by Giinther, Cantor, and Stoliczka the markings and colorations in the species vary greatly. Five specimens from Palawan agree very well with each other in markings. Five specimens in the Santo Tomas Museum agree remarkably well with this descrip- tion; in color and markings they are nearly identical and are probably from Palawan. This is probably the best-known species of Draco; it occurs from the Malay Peninsula throughout the Malay Archipelago and Palawan. I believe it has not been discovered in other is- lands of the Philippine group. DRACO RETICULATUS Giinther Draco reticulatus GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 125; PETERS and DortA, Ann. Mus. Genova 13 (1878) 374; BouLENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 257, pl. 20, fig. 1 (head); Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1897) 206; WERNER, Mitt. Natur. Mus. Hamburg (1910) 20. Description of species—(From Boulenger.) ‘Head small; snout as long as the diameter of the orbit; nostril directed outwards and slightly upwards; tympanum naked, smaller than the eye-opening. Upper head-scales very unequal, keeled; a DRACO : iE Y-shaped series of enlarged scales on the forehead ; a compressed prominent scale on the posterior part of the supraciliary region ; eight upper labials, the last twice as large as the preceding. The male’s gular appendage as long as the head. Male with a distinct nuchal crest and with a similar crest along each side of the neck. Dorsal scales irregular, very feebly keeled, the largest at least twice as large as the ventrals; on each side of the posterior half of the trunk a continuous series of keeled scales, some of which are larger than the rest. The fore limb stretched forwards extends beyond the tip of the snout; the ad- pressed hind limb reaches slightly beyond the elbow of the ad- pressed fore limb.” Color.—‘Brownish with metallic lustre above, with darker reticulation; wing-membranes above with a dark-brown mesh- work enclosing round greenish-white spots, below immaculate; throat and wattles with purplish-brown reticulation.” Measurements of Draco reticulatus Giinther. Total length 225 Head 16 Width of head ital Body 69 Foreleg 35 Hind leg 41 Tail 140 Remarks.—I have seen no specimen referable to this species. The exact type locality appears to be unknown. The species is reported by Werner from Lombok, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Sang- hir Islands, and Celebes. DRACO GUENTHERI Boulenger Draco guentheri BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 257, pl. 20, fig. 2 (head) ; WERNER, Mitt. Natur. Mus. Hamburg (1910) 9. Description of species—(From Boulenger.) ‘Head larger than in D. volans; snout a little longer than the orbit; nostril lateral, directed outwards; tympanum naked, as large as the eye-opening. Upper head-scales very unequal, keeled; a Y- shaped series of enlarged scales on the forehead; a compressed prominent scale on the posterior part of the supraciliary region; twelve upper labials, subequal. Dorsal scales irregular, keeled, the largest at least twice as large as the ventrals; on each side of the back a series of enlarged keeled distant scales. The fore limb stretched forwards extends to the tip of the snout; the adpressed hind limb reaches the elbow of the adpressed fore limb.”’ bis LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Color.—‘Greenish gray with metallic lustre above, with very indistinct darker markings; a black spot between the orbits; wing-membranes largely black-marbled above, immaculate in- feriorly except near the outer border, where there are one or two small black spots; lower surface of neck whitish, blackish- dotted.” Measurements of Draco guentheri Boulenger. mm. Total length 192 Head 16 Width of head fA Body 55 Foreleg 28° Hind leg 34 ° Tail 121 Remarks.—This species, like the preceding, is founded on a single female specimen, the type, collected by Mr. Everett. The exact type locality is unknown. DRACO EVERETTI Boulenger PLATE 6, FIG. 2 Draco everettti BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 258, pl. 20, fig. 83; WANDOLLEK, Abh. Mus. Dresden (1900) 16. Description of species.—(From No. 661, adult male; E. H. Taylor collection, collected in Bunawan, Agusan, 1913, by E. H. Taylor.) Snout slightly longer than diameter of orbit; ros- tral broader than high, bordered by seven scales; nasal conical, craterlike; nostril directed out and slightly back; separated from rostral and labials by two scale rows; separated from its fellow by six scales; a prominent Y-shaped series of enlarged, keeled scales present on snout; head scales keeled or rugose, occipitals and supraorbitals large; interorbital area with two small scale rows; a very prominent compressed spinelike scale on posterior superciliary border; upper labials eight (nine on left side), the last elongated, bordered above by a much enlarged scale; infraorbital scales distinctly enlarged, separated from labials by one row of small scales, continuous with the longi- tudinal series of enlarged scales which extend back from orbit; tympanum naked, with one or two enlarged scales on anterior border; ten lower labials; mental no wider than rostral, with a series of slightly enlarged chin shields running back on either side, parallel with labials but separated from them by two or three scale rows; scales on back rather large, unequal, more or less keeled, with a row of enlarged, keeled, distant scales DRACO Eps: on each side, separated in the widest part by twenty-four scale rows; nuchal crest strongly developed; a small lateral nuchal crest and a series of four enlarged scales above and behind tympanum; a single conical scale behind temporal region; legs short; hind leg brought forward fails to reach elbow of adpressed foreleg. | | Color in life.—Ground color above metallic brown, mixed with a lighter brown; two or three indistinct narrow light bands across back, that on shoulder distinct; a few other small whitish dots on back and on inner margin of wings; snout and neck dark brown; the nuchal crest blue; wing membranes brownjsh with minute lighter scales, and five large elongate blotches of yellow- ish green between ribs (ultramarine in alcohol). A white line below orbit; a small white spot in front of tympanum; throat and neck variegated brown reticulated with whitish; gular appendage purplish brown, the tip orange, reticulated with brown at base; lateral gular appendages reticulated with darker brown; tail annulate; underwing membranes with slightly darker spots; belly densely spotted brown. Measurements of Draco everetti Boulenger, male and female. Male. Female. mm. mm. Total length 184 184 Tail 110 109 Snout to vent 74 TO Snout to foreleg 24 24 Axilla to groin 43 42 Foreleg 26 28 Hind leg 30 35 Width of head 10 10 Length of head 5 16 Gular appendage rea Variation.—A second specimen in the collection agrees better with Boulenger’s type description as regards color. It is a female and: differs markedly from the color description given here for the male. A description follows: A metallic bluish gray above with a faint suggestion of three lighter bands cross- ing back. No light spots on back; wing membranes with minute white scales in lines, along the ribs; on the inner third, large irregular blotches of bluish color surrounded by black between the ribs; throat and sides of neck light, very dimly reticulated with dark; below, wing membranes distinctly spotted with scattered blackish spots; a slight nuchal spot present, the interorbital spot distinct, with the brown on snout arranged in bands. Excepting sexual differences they agree very well in 161466——8 114 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS scalation and proportions. The second specimen recorded is from Butuan, Agusan. Remarks.—The specimens were captured in the afternoon while feeding on the boles of coconut trees. They apparently eat nothing but ants. The species appears to be rare, since no other was seen. The types were collected by Everett, one from Placer, northeastern Mindanao, the second (also a female) from Dinagat. Known only from these two islands. The type is larger than my specimens, having a length of 208 millimeters. DRACO CORNUTUS Ginther Draco cornutus GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 125; BouLENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 258, pl. 20, fig. 4 (head) ; WANDOLLEK, Abh. Mus. Dresden 9 (1900) 16; WERNER, Mitt. Natur. Mus. Ham- burg 27 (1910) 9; Taytor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 246. Description of species——(From Boulenger). “Head small; snout as long as the diameter of the orbit; nostril lateral, di- rected outwards; tympanum naked, smaller than the eye-open- ing. Upper head-scales very unequal, keeled; a Y-shaped series of enlarged scales on the forehead; a large compressed spine- like scale on the posterior part of the supraciliary region; eight or nine upper labials, the last twice or thrice as large as the preceding. The male’s gular appendage as long as the head. A slight indication of a nuchal crest in both sexes. Dorsal scales subequal, keeled, small, hardly larger than the ventrals; a more or less distinct lateral series of enlarged keleed [sic] distant scales. The fore limb stretched forwards extends to the tip of the snout or slightly beyond; the adpressed hind limb does not reach the elbow of the adpressed fore limb.”’ Color.—‘Upper surfaces variegated olive reddish-brown; a black spot between the orbits, another on the nape, and another on each side of the neck before the shoulders; wing-membranes above spotted or marbled with black and with the margin black, inferiorly with a few black spots or cross bands; lower surface of limbs and a broad zone along the belly blue in both sexes; throat with blue-green variegations; the male’s gular append- age red.” Measurements of Draco cornutus Giinther. mm. Total length 222 Head 16 Width of head 11 Body 76 Foreleg 30 Hind leg 36 Tail 130 DRACO 1h5 Remarks.—This species is included in the Philippine fauna solely on the strength of Werner’s record. His specimen is from Jolo. I strongly suspect that it is in reality D. rizali Wan- dollek. DRACO RIZALI Wandollek PLATE 7, FIGS. 3 AND 4 Draco rizali WANDOLLEK, Abh. Mus. Dresden IX 9 (1900-1901) 15, pl., fig. 6; TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 245. Description of species——(From a series of specimens in the Bureau of Science collection from Zamboanga and Sulu Archi- pelago, collected September and October, 1917, by E. H. Taylor.) Owing to the fact that the sexes are different I shall describe the male and female separately. Male.—Rostral large, very much broader than high, surround- ed by seven or, usually, eight scales; nasal somewhat elongate, nostril directed outward and slightly upward and backward, separated from rostral and first labials by two scales and from its fellow by five to seven scales; a series of enlarged strongly keeled scales on head uniformly arranged in Y-shaped formation ; canthus rostralis formed by three or four much-enlarged, sharp- edged scales continuous with the superciliary edge, the latter also sharp and formed of enlarged scales which continue to above middle of eye and then suddenly cease; a conical, or some- what compressed, prominent spine on posterior part of super- ciliary edge; another prominent conical tubercle on posterior part of orbit; scales on supraorbital areas large, somewhat keeled, the enlarged scales separated from the superciliary edge by several rows of minute scales; occipital scales large, irregular, rugose; a row of scales under orbit, posterior side of orbit usually enlarged with a row of enlarged scales extending back to above tympanum; later naked, about size of eye opening, with usually an elongate, slightly enlarged scale immediately in front; nine to eleven upper labials, the last usually elongate, first very small; an enlarged scale usually above last labial; labials separated from suboculars by two or three scale rows; mental as large as rostral, bordered by seven or eight scales; gular appendage a little longer than head, much narrowed to- ward tip; nuchal crest very prominent; lateral crests very low; two spiny scales back of temporal region above tympanum; a row of enlarged, keeled distant scales on sides varying in distinctness, very prominent or dim, more or less continuous with lateral nuchal crests; wing membranes moderate; scales on tail keeled, those on back only slightly or not keeled; about twenty-five rows 116 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS of scales between the keeled outer rows in widest part; belly scales strongly keeled, the scales not as large as largest dorsal scales; foreleg brought forward reaches beyond end of snout; hind leg brought forward reaches elbow of adpressed foreleg; fourth finger and toe slightly longer than third; lateral nuchal appendages angular, not prominent. Female—In adult female specimens the head is much larger and wider, the nuchal crest indistinct or wanting; the gular appendage is wanting but on the fold of skin that represents the appendage in the female there is invariably present a smal: tit or barb of skin about 1 millimeter long and about as wide at base; there is an average of one or two more labials than in males; the hind leg brought forward usually reaches elbow of foreleg, except in the largest specimen. Color in life—The sexes vary markedly in color and mark- ings. Female.—Metallic, iridescent gray, with dim, narrow, black- ish reticulations, sometimes forming dim, irregular, brownish bands across back; a few indistinct whitish spots laterally; a large nuchal and an interorbital dark spot with dark markings or reticulations on side of head; frequently radiating lines from eye; shoulders with or without a greenish wash; tail gray to brown with broad, fairly distinct bars of darker brown; below, belly cream-white, reticulated with darker; throat and chin re- ticulated with bluish; wing membranes above black, slightly washed with gray, inclosing bright reddish to orange spots; these spots are lighter nearest the body, and are of deeper red color near outer border of wing; below, light, with a light wash of yellow. Several small black spots near upper and outer bor- ders; sometimes small spots scattered on entire undersurface. Male.—Brilliant yellow-green, somewhat metallic, with occa- sional scales of a lighter color. Wing membranes darker with numerous (usually) roundish spots of bluish to yellowish green, the outer edge light salmon washed with gray. Head with the interorbital dark spot, the nuchal spot absent; dark markings either present or absent on sides of head; below, belly and wing membranes salmon color to brick red, usually with only one large or small dark spot in outer margin of wing; gular ap- pendage canary yellow at tip, the remainder bright purple to wine color, a green wash at base; throat and chin reticulated with darker; belly with very dim reticulations of darker, either present or absent. DRACO 117 The males can make extremely rapid changes of color. They change from light to dark green, to light, or dark reddish brown in less than a minute, and vice versa. When the brown specimens are placed in alcohol the green returns largely and when fixed they are blue-green to blue in color, the salmon below largely disappearing. The head markings vary considerably in preserved specimens. Measurements of Draco rizali Wandollek. Female. Male. mm. mm. Total length 210 209 Snout to vent 81 81.5 Tail 129 MA Snout to foreleg 27 Pa | Axilla to groin 48.5 45 Length of head 18 16.2 Width of head 1255 i Interorbital distance ila 10 Foreleg BI BY) Hind leg 38.5 37 Remarks.—I have referred to this species the common Draco of Sulu Archipelago. The type is from northwestern Minda- nao. I have taken several specimens in Zamboanga. The type was collected by Dr. José Rizal while exiled in Dapitan. Thanks to Prof. Austin Craig, of the University of the Philippines, I have been able to obtain a print from a photograph of the type specimen, taken by him in the Dresden Museum. One striking difference between the sexes, which the photo- graph of the Bureau of Science here reproduced has failed to show, is that the light spots on the female are readily discerni- ble through the wing, while the spots on the male are more in the nature of a wash and can scarcely be discerned, or not at all, through the membrane. : DRACO ORNATUS (Gray) PLATE 6, FIG. 1 Dracunculus ornatus GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 235. Draco ornatus GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1873) 167; Bou- LENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 259; BorETTcER, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. (1886) 97; WERNER, Mitt. Natur. Mus. Hamburg 27 (1910) 17. Description of species.— (Described from four specimens from E. H. Taylor collection; collected 1912-1913, in Agusan Valley, Mindanao, by E. H. Taylor.) Snout longer than diameter of orbit; rostral wider than deep, bordered by six or seven scales ; 118 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS nasals conical, craterlike, rather low, pointing almost directly outward, separated from rostral by two rows of scales, from labials by two (sometimes three) scale rows and from each other by from six to eight scales; a Y-shaped series of enlarged, keeled scales on snout, distinct; superciliary edge with a single, very low, enlarged, compressed scale, sometimes replaced by two — or three smaller scales, or they may be entirely wanting; the compressed scale on the upper posterior border of orbit very prominent; all head scales strongly keeled or rugose; occipitals about as large as scales on supraorbital region; interorbital region with four or five rows of small scales; eight to ten upper labials, usually nine, the last usually elongate with an enlarged scale directly above; posterior infraorbital scales not distinctly enlarged; a longitudinal group of prominent scales behind orbit, three to five in number; tympanum scaled or partly bare; an enlarged white scale surrounded by several small white scales directly ‘in front of tympanum; eight to ten lower labials; mental wider than rostral; a row of enlarged scales run back on either side from mental, separated from labials by one or two rows of scales; two or three prominent spines at back of head; scales on body not or but slightly keeled with a row of keeled, unequal scales on either side, the largest arranged in groups, not continuous, separated by twenty-four to twenty-six rows of scales in widest part of back; a nuchal crest, rather prominent; foreleg brought forward reaches much beyond snout; hind leg: brought forward reaches axilla; gular appendage of male as long as or minutely longer than head, very small in females; lateral nuchal appendages fairly well developed; no lateral nuchal crest. Color in life-—Above metallic greenish blue with darker and lighter marking; usually with a row of greenish white spots covering the groups of enlarged lateral scales; wing membranes with blackish reticulations arranged so.as to inclose rounded, yellowish white spots arranged in continuous rows; neck green- ish; head gray-blue with black spots or bands; the interorbital spot distinct; labials and sides of head and neck lighter, spotted or reticulated with black; gular appendage of male gray-blue, reticulated with blackish or dark bluish spots or lines, tipped with orange; chin with bluish and whitish spots or reticula- tions; throat of female crossed by numerous wavy dark lines; belly with a few scattered small dark specks; wing membranes below with dark spots, the largest near outer border. DRACO 119 Measurements of Draco ornatus (Gray), largest female specimen. mm. Total length 226 Tail 145 Snout to vent 81 Axilla to groin 43 Snout to foreleg 26 Foreleg 35 Hind leg . 43.5 Head width 12 Head length 18 Remarks.—The number and distinctness of the rounded white spots vary; they are less distinct in the male than in the female specimen. The gular appendage on the largest male measures 16.5 millimeters. The four specimens studied were taken at Bunawan, in the upper Agusan Valley, all in the same immediate locality. This form seems to be widely distributed in the Islands. Boulenger reports it from Luzon, Negros, and Di- nagat. Its habits are quite similar to those of other species of Draco. It feeds largely on ants. Werner’s opinion that Draco ornatus is the female of Draco spilopterus is certainly incorrect. DRACO SPILOPTERUS (Wiegmann) PLATE 6, FIG. 4 Dracunculus spilopterus WIEGMANN, Nova Acta Acad. Caes.-Leop. I 17 (1835) 216, pl. 15; Gray, Cat. Rept. Brit. Mus. (1848) 236. Draco spilopterus DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 4 (1837) 461; GERVAIS, in Eyd. Voy. Favorite; Zool. Atlas, pl. 27; SCHLEGEL, Ab- bild. (1844) pl. 92; BouLENGER, Cat. Rept. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 260. Dracontoidis personatus FITZINGER, Syst. Rept. (1848) 51. Description of species—(From seven male specimens from Luzon.) Snout about as long as diameter of orbit; rostral varies from low and broad to nearly round, bordered by from five to seven scales; behind separated from nasal by three rows of scales; nasal conical, crater-shaped, directed outward, slightly upward, and backward, separated from its fellow by six to nine scales; the supranasals elongate, slightly prominent; scales on head very irregular, those on canthus rostralis large, com- pressed; enlarged scales on snout either arranged in a straight line or, more usually, a Y-shaped series; part of supraorbital region covered with large keeled scales; occipitals large, rugose, but not keeled; no compressed scale on posterior superciliary border; a rather prominent scale on posterior border of orbit; 120 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS three to five small scale rows in interorbital space; nine to eleven upper labials, last usually much elongate; nine to eleven lower labials; a row of suboculars below latter half of orbit, rather prominent, separated from labials by three to four rows of scales; a-row of three or four large, prominent scales back of eye; tympanum covered with several scales larger than the surrounding ones; body with rather large keeled scales on back with a series of distant large scales forming indistinct lines on either side, separated from each other by twenty-two to twenty-four rows of scales, and on neck forming slight, continuous, lateral crests; a dorsal nuchal crest rather prominent; two or three scattered prominent scales back of tem- poral region; gular appendage one and one-half times length of head; foreleg brought forward reaches much beyond snout; hind leg contained in axilla-to-groin distance about one and one- tenth times; lateral nuchal appendages rather small. 3 Color in life.—Greenish gray above with metallic reflections, slightly iridescent, with small brownish spots on sides of body and neck. Wing membranes above with numerous small brown spots over a light yellowish to dull orange field, with a large, dark, irregular spot near upper, outer border; below light, with- out spots save on extreme border; gular appendage orange with blackish brown reticulations at base and on chin; a strong brown bar across snout, and a green and purple area in occipital region. In some specimens an interorbital spot is present, in others wanting. Measurements of Draco spilopterus (Wiegmann). [Average of seven nearly equal-sized specimens. ] mm Total length 201 Snout to vent TS Tail 124 Head length 15.2 Head width 9.4 Snout to foreleg 26 Axilla to groin 41 Foreleg 34 Hind leg 38.4 | Gular appendage 23 Variation.—(Male.) In the collection of the Santo Tomas University there are several male specimens of this species. With one exception they agree fairly well with the specimens here recorded. In none however is the series of enlarged scales on snout arranged in a Y-shaped formation. All agree DRACO 1A in having the tympanum scaled, nostrils pointed directly out- ward, and a few larger spots on the outer part of the wings. There are about twenty-five scale rows between the enlarged outer rows of keeled scales which are not very distinct. Female.—For the most part the females are larger than the males, and markings and coloration are entirely different. The following is a color description of a large female in alcohol from the collection of W. Schultze, Manila, collected at Mon- talban, Luzon: Above variegated olive to grayish brown; body traversed by three prominent, variegated, irregular, darker spots; the line of enlarged scales on either side of body darker olive brownish; one spot across shoulders and a very strong nuchal spot; head dull bluish gray or very light ultramarine, with a transverse bar across head and supraorbital regions; snout blackish; numerous blackish flecks on sides of head and neck; wing membranes black with whitish spots on inner part and with very narrow diagonal stripes of whitish; below throat brownish with dark specks; belly pale ultramarine; wing mem- branes below with a large outer dark area and numerous smaller blackish spots; forelegs transversely barred, and hind legs and toes spotted or barred with darker; base of tail with trans- verse bars. A second adult female from the same collection is marked similarly, save that the back is rather coppery brown, with more or less metallic iridescence, and the light spots are almost en- tirely wanting on the wing membranes. Two young females have the dark interorbital stripe merged into the dark color of the anterior part of forehead; the light spots on inner part of wing membranes are contiguous, forming more or less distinct transverse lines; transverse marks on back are very distinct; one is of coppery brown. A very young female (measuring, snout to vent, 30 millimeters) has the wing membranes whitish with a large outer dark spot, and numerous scattered dark spots arranged in transverse rows, thus approaching the markings of the male. In the species there appears to be a number of regional varia- tions which at first I was inclined to regard as worthy of sub- specific distinction; with examination of a larger series of specimens I find that in these regional groups there is also certain variation which would tend to break down the distinc- tions drawn between the various groups. The chief distinctions are as follows: je LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1. Adult male, with gular appendage equal to distance be- tween tip of snout and near elbow, the foreleg being brought back; dorsal scales: rather large, unequal, moderately keeled, a row of enlarged keeled scales along sides; male with a distinct nuchal crest; a Y-shaped series of scales on forehead; inter- orbital spot dim or wanting in both males and females; no nuchal spot. Wing membranes of males yellow to orange, — spotted brown, the spots arranged in regular transverse rows; below unspotted. Female with wing membranes black, with numerous, diagonal, threadlike, whitish stripes, occasionally with lighter spots near body, especially in young; underside with numerous dark spots; tympanum, with two exceptions, covered. Eighteen specimens from Lubang Island and four from Mount Mariveles, Bataan (this part of Luzon is nearest Lubang Island). 2. Gular appendage of adult male equal to distance from tip of snout to forearm or axilla; two to four median scale rows on back enlarged, strongly keeled, the lateral scales smaller than on first group. A row of enlarged keeled scales present on sides, a Y-shaped series of scales on forehead, a distinct in- terorbital spot present in both sexes, a nuchal spot present in females. Wing membranes yellow to orange with numerous, irregularly arranged, brownish spots and a large outer dark spot; below immaculate or with one dark spot; females with membranes black, with numerous diagonal, lighter, fine stripes, and whitish spots near inner border. Four males and four females examined, from mountains of Luzon, near Montalban and Sibul Springs. 3. Gular appendage equal to distance from tip of snout to axilla or somewhat beyond; six or eight rows of small median keeled scales; scales outside these very small, also strongly keeled; no outer row of enlarged keeled scales; a longitudinal row of enlarged keeled scales on forehead; tympanum naked, smaller than eye opening; wing membranes rather sparsely spotted black on light (yellow?) ground with large outer spot; a very small spot on outer tip of wing below. Two males from Negros.* 4. Gular appendage fails to reach insertion of arm. Scales on back not very strongly keeled, the median and laterals not clearly differentiated; a longitudinal row of enlarged keeled scales on forehead; tympanum partly naked; wing membranes * These specimens were examined through the kindness of Dr. J. W. Chapman, of Silliman Institute, Dumaguete, Oriental Negros, to which institution they belong. DRACO 123 so densely spotted with brown spots that the ground color ap- pears brown reticulated with light, below with numerous brown spots. One male specimen examined, Bureau of Science spec- imen No. 817; from Siquijor? There are three female specimens which I am unable to as- sociate positively with these groups; they very probably belong to either the third or fourth. Two specimens from northern Negros have the head very large, one with a Y-shaped, the other with a longitudinal, series of scales on forehead; wing mem- branes black-brown reticulated with whitish; below with one or two small spots on outer edge. A specimen from southern Negros has the longitudinal row of scales on snout, the wing membranes black with indistinct lighter markings arranged in curved transverse series, and is spotted below with black along the outer border. The scales on the back in each of the three specimens are rather dimly keeled and not enlarged, and there is a row of small keeled scales on the sides. A fourth female which may represent a fifth group, has the wing membranes black, with fine whitish striations and lighter spots visible when held to the light; below are numerous black spots; the scales are nearly smooth above. The tympanum is scaled. (No. 396 E. H. Taylor collection. Locality unknown.) Remarks.—lIt is highly probable that with additional material it will be possible to relegate certain of these forms to species or subspecies. This does not seem feasible at the present time. The species is known from Negros, Mindoro, Lubang, and central Luzon. DRACO QUADRASI Boettger PLATE 8, FIGS. 1 AND 2 Draco quadrast BOETTGER, Kat. Senckenb. Mus. (1893) 94; WERNER, Mitt. Natur. Mus. Hamburg; BOoULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1894). 773. _ Description of species—(From Nos. 1816 and 1818, E. H. Taylor collection; collected in Sibuyan, by C. M. Weber.) (Adult male.) Head moderate, similar to Draco spilopterus, the snout equal or nearly equal to diameter of eye; rostral rather large, bordered by eight scales, separated from nostril by two scales; nostril points outward and upward, and slightly back- ward; a Y-shaped series of enlarged irregular scales on snout; canthus rostralis rugged; scales on head very irregular, strongly keeled; a scale on posterior part of orbit slightly prominent; no compressed spinelike scale on superciliary edge but, instead, a 124 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS continuous series of small, slightly enlarged, keeled scales, bor- dered by small granular scales; occipital scales large; ten upper labials, the last two or three times as long as those preceding; a series of enlarged scales behind and under posterior part of eye; a series of three or four scales forms a longitudinal row from eye to above tympanum; tympanum covered with small scales preceded by a slightly prominent enlarged scale; a strong longitudinal skin fold on neck surmounted by a serrated nuchal crest usually folded over, forming a wavy line; ten lower labials; mental small; the diverging rows of chin shields very small and not strongly differentiated; scales on chin small and equal; largest scales on back distinctly larger than belly scales; the six median dorsal rows largest, strongly keeled, the keels forming continuous longitudinal lines; a row of enlarged irregular scales on each side, strongly keeled, almost continuous, not noticeable on sides of neck; no lateral nuchal crest; about eighteen scale rows across back, between these outer enlarged rows at their widest divergence; gular appendage much longer than head, al- most equal to distance from snout to shoulder; foreleg brought forward the wrist reaches end of snout; hind leg brought for- ward reaches axilla; thirteen or fourteen enlarged scales form a fringe on posterior aspect of thigh. Color wn alcohol—Above metallic lavender-brown to olive brown or gray with darker and lighter areas; neck with bluish cast; no nuchal spot; head darker with an interorbital spot and darker brown markings on snout; edges of eyelids whitish; orbit very dark brown or black; a few spots of darker on labials; prominent bluish black spots in temporal region immediately behind orbit; lateral gular appendages, chin, and throat yellow to gray with small spots or reticulations; gular appendage olive gray to yellowish at base; tip bright lemon yellow; wing, membranes yellow with the outer edge dark gray and black; traces of grayish darker lines barely evident; below, uniform yellowish with outer area dark; belly bluish gray to whitish with small darker spots; tail same as body. Variation.—Many specimens in the collection vary slightly from these markings. In many the wing membranes are yellow with numerous darker yellow spots on the surface; the blackish dots on the belly are sometimes absent. In younger male speci- mens the wings show but little yellow and the markings approach those of the female. The brilliant yellow tip on the gular ap- pendage is always present. DRACO IZ Adult female.—The female differs from the male in being larger and more heavily built; the nostrils are directed more nearly upward than outward; the rostral is prominent, rugose; the Y-shaped marking is prominent, the anterior part forming a straight keel; supraocular region is wider, and the line of scales on the superciliary edge is not so prominent or continuous; the occipital scales are rather regular and large; there are eleven upper labials, the last three times as large as the preceding; there are five or six rows of scales between labials and orbit; there is no enlarged subocular series as in males, and the postorbital series which extends to above tympanum is prominent, composed of two much-enlarged scales; this series is touched by a series of smaller scales which border the posterior part of the tem- poral region; the tympanum is rather depressed, and covered with small scales; the lateral gular appendages are smaller; there are two small, spinelike scales above and slightly posterior to tympanum, there is a slight trace of scales on back, rather irregular, the seven median rows largest, and their keels form continuous rows; a distant row of keeled scales is prominent on each side, separated by eighteen scales at the greatest width; hind leg reaches axilla. Color in alcohol_—(Freshly preserved.) Above mottled and variegated, bluish green, olive, to grayish brown, to lavender, with darker variations, a distinct series of brown horseshoe markings on the back, and a series of darker brown markings along the outer series of keeled scales on sides; a distinct nuchal, black- brown spot and a very prominent interorbital black spot; ra- diating dark lines from orbit; labials dimly barred with dark; anterior part of head mottled brown with a dim transverse stripe passing through interorbital spot; usually a light line below orbit and an indistinct lighter spot behind orbit; wing membranes black with traces of grayish transverse broad lines, and numerous narrow, elongate, grayish spots forming curved lines running longitudinally; outer part of wing darkest with scattered grayish spots; wings below with a yellow wash and a few outer dark spots; chin light, peppered with brown; an oval white spot on the very slight gular fold; belly iridescent with- out spots. 7 Variation.—The dorsal scales vary in size; the distinctness of the keeled outer row of scales also varies, being indistinct in certain specimens and prominent in others. The color pat- terns on back vary greatly, but the nuchal spot is always present. | 126 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Measurements of Draco quadrasi Boettger. Male. Female. mm. mm. Total length 218 235 Snout to vent AS) 85 Tail . 139 150 Snout to foreleg 27 29 Axilla to groin 41 45 j Width of head 10 11.5 Length of head 16 18 Foreleg 34 40 Hind leg 42 AG Remarks.—Thanks to Mr. C. M. Weber, I have been able to obtain a remarkable series of two hundred twenty-two specimens of this little-known Philippine species. Of these eighty-six were females, and one hundred thirty-six males. All are from Sibu- yan. No specimen has yet been taken elsewhere in the Visayas, but it very probably occurs in Romblon and Tablas, since it is found in Mindoro. The males and females are very different in appearance. The following characters are constant throughout the series. The male has a brilliant, immaculate, yellow gular appendage, a strong nuchal fold with small serrated crest; the wings are yellow and the orbit black or dark brown; the female has a larger body and a larger head with distinct nuchal and interorbital spots. The orbit is never of a solid color. The light spot on the throat, the blackish wings with grayish spots forming curved longitudinal lines, and a lemon yellow wash on wing membrane below are constant characters.. In the young these sex differences are not so evident, as the young males resemble the females. The species is very distinct; its closest affinity appears to be Draco spilopterus. The species appears to have been collected for the first time in Sibuyan by José Quadras, for whom it was named by Boettger. I collected a single specimen on the western coast of Mindoro. DRACO BIMACULATUS Ginther PLATE 7, FIGS. 1 AND 2 Draco bimaculatus GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 127; Bovu- LENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 263, pl. 20, fig. 6; BoETTGER, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. (1886) 97; CASTO DE ELEerRA, Cat. Fauna Fili- pinas 1 (1895) 414; Tayxor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 246, pl; 25, figs. alee Description of species.—(Based on eighteen specimens in EK. H. Taylor collection; collected at Bunawan, Agusan, Minda- nao, 1912-1913, by E. H. Taylor.) Head small, snout slightly DRACO 127 less than diameter of orbit; rostral wide and low usually, and smaller than mental, usually about twice as wide as high, bordered behind by five or six small subequal scales, and nar- rowly in contact with first upper labial; nasal scale large, conical, separated from rostral and labials by two or three rows of scales ; nostril round, craterlike, lateral, directed outward and slightly backward; head scales rather variable, strongly keeled; inter- orbital region narrow, supraorbital region rather clearly de- lineated by a series of more or less enlarged scales, beginning with three or four greatly elongated keeled scales, which are found above and in front of anterior border of orbit; a small, rather rounding tubercle above posterior part of orbit; the supra- orbital scales vary, those on inner part larger, those along pos- terior outer part very small; a series of longitudinally enlarged scales on snout, usually taking the form of the letter T, I, or Y (inverted) ; eight to ten upper labials, the last usually largest; an equal number of lower labials; tympanum unscaled, a few enlarged scales between tympanum and orbit; four scales border mental, outer largest; male with a slight nuchal crest, barely indicated in female; dorsal scales rather regular, not or slightly keeled, about thirty-five across back; on outer part on each side near parachute a broken series of enlarged, keeled, distant scales ; scales on arms, legs, and abdomen strongly keeled; foreleg stretched forward almost reaches the point of snout; adpressed hind leg reaches shoulder; gular appendage of male nearly as long as head; that of female very much smaller; lateral flaps on side of neck as wide as distance from orbit to tip of snout; a prominent row of serrated scales on posterior aspect of thigh. Color in life-—Upper surface with a metallic, slightly irides- cent gloss, greenish gray to bluish gray with numerous more or less distinct, broad, irregular, dark bands, traces of which are frequently found on wing membranes; a distinct nuchal spot; head and neck with various dark spots, usually an inter- orbital spot, and a prominent, roundish, black spot behind angle of jaws with a minute white center; tail barred with dark and light bands; wing membranes striated, above with thin bluish white lines, twelve to fifteen in number, running lengthwise, the ground color bluish gray; below wing membranes with nu- merous large black spots; chin with darker and _ lighter reticulations; belly frequently with black dots; gular appendage bluish white to greenish gray, to yellowish, usually paper white, with indistinct darker areas. Female has two broad distinct black bands, beginning at base of neck flaps, crossing neck, 128 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS separated by a band of blue; these involve the small gular ap- pendage and are interrupted by a narrow blue line which fol- lows its edge; usually fewer dark bands across the back, and suggestions of transverse white bar on upper wing membranes are also present in the female. Measurements of Draco bimaculatus Giinther. mm Total length p72, Snout to vent 67 Tail 125 Snout to foreleg 22.5 Axilla to groin 36 Width of body (wing's extended) 58 Gular appendage | ao Foreleg 35 Hind leg 40 Remarks.—This species is common in the upper Agusan Valley. The dracos usually feed on exposed trunks of trees in the after- noon and generally in the sunshine. They are very elusive creatures. Several were obtained for me by Manobo boys by . the use of blow guns. Females usually lay two eggs, about 15 millimeters long and 9 millimeters wide, finely striated. Speci- mens were obtained in Zamboanga and the species was observed in Tawitawi. The type locality is “Philippines.” The types were collected by Cuming. Everett collected specimens in Dinagat. DRACO MINDANENSIS Stejneger Draco mindanensis STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 33 (1908) 677. Description of type—(Adult male.) (From Stejneger.) “Snout as long as diameter of orbit; rostral wide and low, more than twice as wide as high, bordered behind by seven subequal, nearly regularly pentagonal scales and slightly in contact with first supralabial; nostril directed upward, perfectly vertical, sep- arated from rostral by three rows of scales and from supralabial by three or four scales; interorbital space narrow; scales on top of head small, more or less keeled, with a slightly developed median series of larger, keeled scales on top of snout, but with- out any posterior, diverging branches; about five small scales in a line across the middle of the interorbital space and about thirteen across the supraocular region, the outer ones being almost granules, the median ones larger, irregular, hexagonal; a small, blunt spine at posterior end of superciliary margin; occipital shield scarcely differentiated, surrounded by subequal, DRACO 129 keeled scales; tympanum hidden by small scales; fifteen supra- labials; mental large, nearly as wide as rostral, triangular; a nuchal fold, but no median series of enlarged scales; upper surface of body covered with small, keeled scales, largest on the middle portion of the back, becoming gradually smaller on the sides toward the parachute, the larger about the same size as the ventrals; a few dorsolateral enlarged scales barely indicated; the gular appendage broadly triangular, with posterior outline nearly straight, slightly longer than the head, the scales elongate, somewhat increasing in length toward the tip, where they almost reach the size of the ventrals; lateral neck fans very large, with rounded outline, the peripheral scaies large and elongate above; forelegs long and slender, the wrist extending to the tip of the snout; extended hind leg reaches to the shoulder; posterior edge of tibia and femur strongly serrate, with a group of three large scales at the upper end near the body; tail nearly twice as long as head and body together.” Color in alcohol.— ‘Above dull grayish brown, almost sepia, with pale rounded spots; on the back about five transverse series of whitish round spots alternating with four transverse series of larger, more conspicuous spots consisting of a median nearly lozenge-shaped spot with a large circular spot on each side; upper side of parachute slightly paler than the back and somewhat more reddish especially posteriorly, with numerous longitudinal whitish lines narrow and of uneven width, like very elongate beads on fine threads; underside whitish; throat brownish gray with indistinct paler spots; gular appendage pale yellow, with a fine dusky line on each scale on the anterior margin; no spots on underside of parachute; limbs and tail above cross barred, dark grayish brown and whitish in strong contrast.”’ Measurements of Draco mindanensis Stejneger. mm. Total length | 261 Tip of snout to vent 90 Vent to tip of tail liga Width of head 13 Foreleg 45 Hind leg 55 Tip of snout to posterior end of jaws 19 Gular appendage 18 Remarks.—Stejneger remarks that the present species is re- lated to Draco quinquefasciatus and Draco maximus but that it differs from both in many characteristics. It is founded on two male specimens in the United States National Museum, Nos. 161466——-9 : 130 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 37388 and 37387. The latter specimen differs from the former, which is the type, in having the occipital scales much better differentiated, being rounded plates almost as large as the nasal. The gular appendage is also a few millimeters longer. The color is nearly identical, but there is a very distinct whitish line on the middle of the forehead, and another across the supraocular region. Type locality ‘Datu Anib’s place, near Calagan, northwest Mindanao, at base of Malindang Mountain, 1,100 ft. altitude.” Known only from this locality. The types were collected by Dr. EK. A. Mearns. ; Genus GONYOCEPHALUS Kaup Gonyocephalus KAuP, Isis (1825) 590; (1827) 614; BoULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 282. Lophyurus, part., (non Latreille) DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gen. 4 (1837) 410. Lophosaurus FITZINGER, Syst. Rept. (1843) 46. Dilophyrus GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 238; GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 136. Tiaris GRAY, Cat. Liz. o 239; GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 151: Coryphophylax (Fitzinger) STEINDACHNER, Novara, Rept. (1867) 30. Hypsilurus PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 707. Arua DoriA, Ann. Mus. Genova 6 (1874) 345. Lophosteus PETERS and DoriA, Ann. Mus. Genova 13 (1878) 377. Body compressed with elongate tail; tympanum distinct. Dorsal scales small, becoming larger laterally, usually intermixed with larger scales. A dorsal crest and a gular fold; male with a small gular sac. No preanal or femoral pores. Three species of this genus are recognized from the Philip- pines. They are terrestrial and arboreal. They feed on the ground, on insects and the larve of beetles, and live for the most part in holes in trees. They are sometimes found under rotting logs, feeding. On being exposed they frequently remain per- fectly quiet, trusting to their coloration to escape observation, and even when touched frequently maintain the same attitude. They readily change their colors and markings. The eggs are usually elongate in shape. Key to the Philippine species of Gonyocephalus Kaup. a’. Nuchal and dorsal crests continuous; a few scattered enlarged scales among, dorsals) 2.3.0. 8h. i eee G. sophie (Gray) (p. 183). a’. Nuchal and dorsal crests separated. b*. Enlarged dorsal scales forming a row parallel to the doreat crest; scattered seales’on sidess=s== er. G. semperi (Peters) (p. 131). b’. No row of scales parallel to dorsal crest; scales on sides arranged in irregular vertical rows........-.-- G. interruptus Boulenger (p. 134). GONYOCEPHALUS 131 | | GONYOCEPHALUS SEMPERI (Peters) _ Lophyurus (Tiaris) semperi PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 16. Gonyocephalus semperi BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 289. Description of species.—(From No. 765, E. H. Taylor collec- tion; collected at Bunawan, Agusan Province, Mindanao, 1912, by E. H. Taylor.) Snout not as long as diameter of orbit; nostril slightly farther from orbit than tympanum; rostral large, bordered by eight scales; nasal rather large, lateral, separated from rostral and first labial by one scale; canthus rostralis sharp, slightly projecting, continuous with superciliary edge, which continues almost to posterior border of orbit; a curved row of slightly enlarged scales below and behind orbit, with three large postorbital scales extending to above tympanum; forehead much depressed with a median row of enlarged keeled scales de- lineated by a curved row of slightly enlarged keeled scales, which are separated from each other by seven or eight rows of small scales; occipital scales irregular with two slight bony knobs present, somewhat anterior to the beginning of the nuchal crest; tympanum large, more than two-thirds diameter of eye, separated from orbit by a distance less than its diameter; twelve and thirteen upper labials, the last small; bordered above by a row of enlarged scales anteriorly; separated from suboculars by two scale rows; twelve and thirteen lower labials; mental narrow; two diverging rows of chin shields, first pair in contact border- ing mental; first two or three pairs border labials; balance sep- arated from labials by from one to three scale rows; scales on . chin and neck small, rather equal, with no median prominent row; a few scattered enlarged scales on temporal region and on angle of jaw; gular pouch small; nuchal crest very low, not con- tinuous with dorsal crest; a row of enlarged, somewhat keeled or spiny scales run from shoulder to base of tail parallel with dorsal crest; numerous enlarged scales on sides, arranged in irregular vertical rows; scales on back minute, becoming larger laterally; belly scales strongly keeled; front leg brought for- ward, wrist reaches end of snout; hind leg brought forward reaches tip of snout; fourth finger longest; a number of scattered enlarged scales on thigh. zich Color in life—Above greenish to olive brown with fairly dis« tinct transverse bars or blotches of darker brown across back, which continue to tip of tail and encircle the tail; one bar crosses neck, and is usually more prominent than the others; arms, legs, and digits barred with darker brown; sides darker, the enlarged scales usually yellow; head variegated brown, with a lighter Stripe across head in supraorbital region; labials yellowish 132 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS brown; brown lines radiating from eye; tympanum light, below dirty brownish yellow, with indications of darker spots or re- ticulations. Measurements of Gonyocephalus semperi (Peters). mm Total length 228 Snout to vent 88 Tail (tip missing) 140 Snout to foreleg _ 36 Axilla to groin 41 Width of head sky) ; Length of head 29 Foreleg 51 Hind leg 83 Variation.—There are five other specimens in my collection from Bunawan, Agusan, and two from Mindoro. Of the Min- doro specimens one was collected by myself at San Teodoro, on the northern coast; the second was collected by Mr. Clark Burks at Sumagui, Mindoro. The Bunawan specimens are females and, with a single exception, all have very distinct lines of enlarged scales, one on either side of dorsal crest; on the largest specimen (100 millimeters from snout to vent), the rows of enlarged scales are dim or wanting on the anterior part; a small knob on the posterior part of orbit is prominent, and the two bony spines in occipital region are more prominent. One specimen has the rostral broken into three equal parts; the upper and lower labials vary between ten and thirteen. The hind legs in the different specimens always reach beyond the eye, but only in the one described does it reach the tip of the snout. Much of | the coloring is lost after they are preserved, but the black nuchal collar followed by a light yellowish brown stripe is usually prom- inent; the brown transverse bars on legs, tail, and digits are usually discernible. The two specimens from Mindoro have the nasal in contact with the first labial and separated from the rostral by a single scale; the median scales on the snout are larger and arranged in a Y-shaped formation. The markings are similar to those of the Mindanao specimens. Remarks.—No male of this species is at hand for study. Ap- parently the species does not differ greatly from G. interruptus Boulenger. The type specimen was collected by Semper in the Philippines in 1858-1866; the exact locality is no longer known. Known from Mindanao and Mindoro. GONYOCEPHALUS 133 GONYOCEPHALUS SOPHIZ (Gray) PLATE 9, FIG. 2 Tiaris bellii (non Duméril and Bibron) GRAy, Cat. Liz. (1845) 2389. Tiaris sophiex GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 240. Tiaris petersii GUNTHER, Zool. Rec. 4: 136. Tiaris sophie GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1872) 593, pl. 37, fic. C.; F. Murr, III. Nachtr. Cat. Herp. Samml. Basel. Mus. (18838) 23. Gonyocephalus sophiz BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 288; TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci § D 12 (1917) 371. Description of species.—(From No. R117, Bureau of Science collection; collected in Negros, by C. S. Banks.) (Adult fe- male.) Snout as long as diameter of eye, not sloping gradually from top of orbit to end of snout, but sloping rather abruptly to above nostril, then continuing parallel to line of mouth; super- ciliary ridge and canthus rostralis (which is confluent with it) projecting; tympanum distinctly smaller than eye opening, its distance from orbit equal to that of nostril from orbit; height of head at eye equal to distance from center of eye to end of snout; rostral well developed, larger than labials, bordered be- hind by four regular scales, the median largest; separated from rostral by a single scale, nasal fairly large with nostril pierced through its center; a row of somewhat prominent scales below and behind orbit, with a short row extending from orbit to above tympanum; orbital scales very small, those on supraocular re- gion largest and strongly keeled; supraorbital region delineated by two curving rows of strongly keeled scales; an inverted Y- shaped series of scales on snout, quite distinct; a few distinctly enlarged scales between eye and upper part of tympanum; ab- dominal scales strongly keeled; a few slightly enlarged keeled scales behind and on angle of jaw, not prominent. Nine upper labials with a row of slightly enlarged scales above them, largest anterior to orbit; a row of scales bordering orbit below rather trihedral; only three rows of scales between upper labials and orbit; mental small; ten and eleven lower labials; two diverging series of chin shields, only the first pair touching rostral or la- bials and in contact; scales on chin and throat small, the median longitudinal series slightly enlarged, all strongly keeled; gular sac small, appearing as a slight fold on neck; nuchal and dorsal crests continuous, formed of lanceolate spines with smaller spiny Scales along sides of crest; height of crest on neck nearly equal to length of snout; dorsal crest gradually diminishing in size, but 134 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS still present at base of tail; anteriorly, the nuchal crest reaches forward to a vertical, halfway between eye and tympanum; dorsal scales very small, feebly keeled, pointing upward and back- ward; a few irregularly scattered enlarged scales on sides; ven- tral scales large, strongly keeled; scales on legs very irregular but for the most part enlarged; scales under tail large and strong- ly keeled; limbs strong; hind leg brought forward reaches nostril or. beyond; third and fourth fingers equal; lamelle under toes strongly keeled; tail keeled and slightly compressed. Color in alcohol—Above yellowish brown, body and neck crossed by four broad, darker brown lines which reach low on sides; the two median bars broadest and three body bars rather coalescing on sides; brown bars spotted with darker brown, and a few darker spots on the light interspaces; head brown with a brown spot in occipital region and a few scattered brown spots on lips; chin with numerous brown spots forming indistinct, curved, longitudinal lines; tail barred with rings of dark brown separated by similar rings of light yellow-brown; limbs and digits barred with darker brown. Measurements of Gonyocephalus sophix (Gray). mm. Total length 155 Snout to vent 105 Tail, part missing 50 Length of head 32 Depth of head 19 Supraocular width 18 Snout to foreleg 46 Axilla to groin 46 Diameter of eye 8 Diameter of tympanum 5 Foreleg 58 Hind leg 89 Remarks.—The only specimen of this species examined is the one here described. It is an adult female containing two unde- veloped eggs. The six specimens listed by Boulenger, including the type, were collected by Cuming. The exact locality is no longer known. F. Miiller listed specimens from Mindanao. Known only from Negros and Mindanao. GONYOCEPHALUS INTERRUPTUS Boulenger PLATE 9, FIG. 1 Gonyocephalus interruptus BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1. (1885) 290, pl. 21; Borrtcrer, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. (1886) 98. Tiaris subcristata, (non Blyth) FiscHER, Jahrb. wiss. Anst. Hamburg 2 (1885) 80. GONYOCEPHALUS 135 Description of type—(From Boulenger.) ‘“Snout as long as the diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis and supraciliary edge projecting ; tympanum smaller than the eye-opening; upper head-seales small, keeled, slightly enlarged on the supraorbital region; scattered conical scales on the back of the head and on the temple; ten or eleven upper and eleven or thirteen lower labials. Gular sac small, without serrated anterior edge; gular scales strongly keeled, smaller than ventrals, intermixed with a few enlarged ones on the sides. Nuchal crest formed of lan- ceolate spines with smaller keeled ones at the base; its height equals two thirds the length of the snout; dorsal crest not con- tinuous with, and lower than, the nuchal, gradually decreasing in height. Dorsal scales very small, smooth or indistinctly keeled, with the points directed upwards and backwards; enlarged scales on the flanks, forming irregular vertical series; numerous small tubercles on the nape; ventral scales of moderate size, keeled. Limbs with unequal keeled scales; third and fourth fingers equal; the adpressed hind limb reaches the nostril. Tail strongly com- pressed, with slightly serrated upper edge; caudal scales all keeled, largest inferiorly; length of the tail twice that of head and body.” Color.—‘‘Pale olive above, the enlarged tubercles and two cross bands, one on the nape, the other between the shoulders, whitish; tail with regular dark-brown annuli; limbs with rather indistinct dark cross bands; throat with very indistinct dark lines.’ Measurements of Gonyocephalus interruptus Boulenger. mm. Total length 280 Head 29 Width of head 22 Body 66 Foreleg 53 ‘Hind leg 85 Tail 185 Remarks.—The type of this species was collected in Mindanao and presented to the British Museum by G. Taylor. The differences between this form and Gonyocephalus semperi do not appear to be very marked. The specimens which I ob- tained in Mindanao were referred to G. semperi on the character of the row of scales parallel to the dorsal crest. Among them is one in which most of the scales of this row are missing but it agrees in most, even minute, details with the other forms. Peters’s description is very meager. I am convinced that the variations in the skull will be eventually used in differentiating these species. 136 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus CALOTES Cuvier Calotes CUVIER, Reg. Anim. 2: 35; BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 314. “Tympanum distinct. Body compressed, covered with equal- sized scales. A dorso-nuchal crest. A more or less developed gular sac in the male; no transverse gular fold, or a very feebly marked one. Tail round or feebly compressed. No femoral or przanal pores.” (Boulenger.) There are two species * of Calotes known in the Philippines. Key to the Philippine species of Calotes Cuvier. a’. Males, dorsal crest strongly developed.... C. marmoratus (Gray) (p. 136). a. Malesdorsalicrest low.:.2...455404)) oe C. cristatellus (Kuhl) (p. 139). The genus is distributed over southeastern Asia and the Ma- lay Archipelago. Species of the genus Calotes are capable of changing color rapidly. I have frequently observed brilliant green specimens of Calotes cristatellus on tree trunks or on the earth which when observed would fade gradually to a dull gray or dark brown color becoming practically invisible if at some distance, so near- ly do they merge into the color of their environment. CALOTES MARMORATUS (Gray) PLATE 11, FIG. 2 Bronchocela marmorata GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 242. Calotes (Bronchocela) philippinus PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 16. Bronchocela marmorata GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1878) 168. Calotes marmoratus BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 318. Two forms appear to merit subspecific distinction. Key to the subspecies of Calotes marmoratus (Gray). a’. Gular pouch moderately developed.... C. m. marmoratus (Gray) (p. 186). o. Gular pouch strongly developed........ C. m. sanchezi subsp. nov. (p. 138). CALOTES MARMORATUS MARMORATUS (Gray) Description of subspecies.— (From No. 169, Bureau of Science collection; collected at Banaue, Mountain Province, by H. Otley Beyer.) (Adult male.) Rostral small, rectangular, surrounded by six scales, separated from nostril by three scales; upper head scales moderate, strongly keeled, uniform; canthus rostralis formed by larger shingled scales. forming a projecting edge; curved row of enlarged scales outlining the supraocular regions *T believe that Casto de Elera’s record of Calotes ophimachus Merrem for the Philippines is an error. CALOTES 137 on the top of head, separated from each other by four scale rows; occipital scales small and spiny; nostril pierced in a eraterlike nasal which is separated from the second labial by a single scale; eight and nine upper labials; a few temporal scales slightly enlarged; tympanum large, superficial, its diam- eter as large as eye opening; mental larger than rostral, separating the first pair of chin shields; seven and nine lower labials; gular pouch well developed, the row of scales on its lower part forming a strongly serrated edge; seventy-eight rows of scales around body, the upper lateral scales larger than the lower; scales on belly largest, all scales strongly keeled; a strong crest beginning on the occipital region continues dor- sally to above tail, gradually diminishing in size, formed by about forty lanceolate spines directed backward; the keels on the six upper scale rows on side of neck point upward and backward; only the row joining the dorsal crest on the body points upward and backward, the others point backward or backward and downward; scales on legs more or less enlarged; legs well developed, the third and fourth digits on foreleg of equal or nearly equal length; the foreleg adpressed backward reaches the groin; fourth toe on hind leg longer than third; the hind leg brought forward reaches the anterior corner of orbit; body and tail compressed, somewhat triangular in cross section; the keels on tail scales form continuous lines. Color in alcohol.—Dull greenish blue, reticulated or diagonally striped with light brown; a large brown area on side behind foreleg; tail lavender; head dimly reticulated like body; belly uniformly lavender. Measurements of Calotes marmoratus marmoratus (Gray). Total length 550 Snout to vent 125 Tail 425 Length of head AO Width of head between eyes 19 Depth of head posterior to orbit 21 Foreleg Te Hind leg 118 Diameter of orbit 12 Tympanum from orbit 8 Variation.—A very great deal of variation occurs in this species. There are four other specimens in the Bureau of Science collection from Banaue, Mountain Province. In all of these the nuchal and dorsal crests are differentiated, the spines 138 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS of the nuchal crest being narrower and more elongate than those of the dorsal. There are eleven spines in the nuchal crest in the males. The single female specimen in the lot has a high nuchal crest composed of eight spines; the dorsal crest is lower than in the males. An adult male specimen from Camarines has the high nuchal crest composed of nine spines followed by a low serrate dorsal crest; the nostril is smaller and more pos- terior than in other specimens examined. There are sixty-five scale rows around the body. The body (in alcohol) is bluish lavender with dim brown spots or dots, the last half of tail is very light gray without annulations. The number of scale rows around the middle of the body varies between fitty and seventy-five in the specimens examined. Remarks.—The species is distributed over Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, and Panay. I question whether it is to be found in Mindanao where it seems to be replaced by a variety of Calotes cristatellus. The eggs of this species are por shaped; two eggs are laid at one time. CALOTES MARMORATUS SANCHEZI subsp. nov. PLATE 11, FIG. 1 Type.—No. 827, Bureau of Science collection; collected on Polillo Island by C. Canonizado. Description of type.—The subspecies differs from C. m. mar- moratus in the presence of a very distinct gular pouch; the nasal scale and nostril are larger; the hind leg extends nearly halfway between the eye and nostril; the nuchal crest is com- posed of ten narrow lanceolate spines; the dorsal crest is low, > serrate. Color in formalin.—Deep brown above with very dim lighter ~ reticulations; dim dark spots below tympanum and on sides of neck; chin and gular pouch cream without spots; a light brown edged spot behind the insertion of the hind leg extending on base of tail and on posterior aspect of femur. Measurements of Calotes marmoratus sanchezi subsp. nov. mm. Snout to vent 95 Tail mutilated 90 Foreleg 54 Hind leg 85 Length of head 30 Width of head between eyes 15 CALOTES 139 Variation.—T wo other specimens, an adult female and a young, in the Bureau of Science collection, are from the same locality. The female has no gular pouch. The nuchal crest is nearly as high as that of the male and consists of eleven spines. The latter specimen has been preserved in alcohol. The color is light grayish blue heavily reticulated with spots and lines of black-brown, those on sides of neck nearly black; the belly scales are densely powdered with brown as are the scales on the underside of neck, limbs, and base of tail. The tail is. broken off but the extremity of the remaining part is light brown with frequent dense brown spots; the light spot is present be- hind the insertion of the hind leg. The young specimen re- sembles the female specimen. Remarks.—The subspecies is known only from Polillo. The subspecies is named for Rev. Francisco de P. Sanchez, 8S. J., of the Ateneo de Manila. CALOTES CRISTATELLUS (Kuhl) Agama cristatella KUHL, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat. 108. Calotes cristatellus FITZINGER, Neue Class. Rept. 49. Agama moluccana LESSON, Voy. Coquille, Rept. pl. 1, fig. 2. Calotes gutturosa GUERIN, Icon. Req. Anim., Rept. pl. 7, fig. 3. Bronchocela cristatella KAUP, Isis (1827) 619; DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 4 (1837) 395; CANToR, Cat. Mal. Rept. (1847) 30; GIRARD, U. S. Expl. Exped., Herp. (1858) 411; GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 1388; Prrers, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 17; STEINDACHNER, Novara, Rept. (1869) 27. Bronchocela moluccana PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1868) 17. Bronchocela burmana BLANFORD, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 48 (1878) 127. Calotes cristatellus BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 316; TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 264. Description of species —(From No. 815, Bureau of Science collection; collected on Busuanga, Calamianes, 1918, by E. H. Taylor.) Rostral small, surrounded by five scales; nostril in moderate nasal which is separated from rostral by two scales; nine upper labials; upper head scales rather small, more or less uniform; canthus rostralis distinct, formed by shingled scales; slightly projecting; scales delineating supraorbital region enlarged and strongly keeled; a few small compressed scales be- hind superciliary edge; gular pouch moderately developed; tym- panum about the size of eye opening, superficial; mental larger than rostral; eight lower labials; scales on occiput small, strong- ly keeled; a nuchal crest consisting of eight scales begins on 140 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS posterior part of occiput; dorsal crest very low, but distinctly separated from nuchal crest; scales on body strongly keeled; the keels on the eight upper rows form broken lines pointing up- ward and backward; scales in sixty-eight rows around body; scales on belly largest; a more or less distinct depression on neck behind tympanum; foreleg brought back reaches to groin; the adpressed foreleg reaches to nostril; body and base of tail | broadly triangular in cross section. Color in life—Bright yellow-green above, darker green on head and neck; the body crossed by nine or ten dim whitish bars made up of more or less rounded spots, each alternate bar more distinct; belly and underside of chin and throat greenish yellow or greenish white; tail dimly barred with darker at base; end of tail gray. Measurements of Calotes cristatellus (Kuhl). mm Total length 425 Snout to vent 104 Tail 321 Length of head 30 Foreleg 55 Hind leg 90 Variation.—The size of the lateral scales varies considerably. Boulenger gives the range of scale rows as fifty-seven to ninety- seven. The arrangement and disposition of the nuchal and dor- sal scales vary considerably. Certain Palawan specimens have a much higher nuchal crest than the one described, and the dor- sal crest is likewise higher. There is a distinct break between the two crests. Several specimens in my own collection from Mindanao have the spines forming the nuchal crests strongly overlapping at the base and curving strongly backward, not making a serrated crest. : remarks.—With larger collections it will doubtless be possible to separate out more than one form worthy of subspecific rank. I do not regard my treatment here as wholly satisfactory. In the Philippines this form is found in Palawan, Calamianes, Ca- gayan Sulu, Mindanao, and the Sulu Archipelago. Boulenger lists a specimen from Dinagat. Genus HYDROSAURUS Kaup Hydrosaurus KAupP, Isis (1828) 1147. Lophura GRAY, Phil. Mag. 2 (1827) 86;, WAGLER, Syst. Amph. (1830) HYDROSAURUS 141 151; WIEGMANN, Herp. Mex. (1834) 14; FITZINGER, Syst. Rept. (1843) 49; Gray, Cat. Liz. (1845) 247. Istiurus CUVIER, Reg. Anim. ed. 2 2: 41. Istiurus, part., DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 4 (1837) 376. Tympanum distinct. Body strongly compressed with a large fanlike crest on basal part of tail; a dorsal crest of lanceolate spines; throat longitudinally plicate, with numerous skin folds on sides of neck and shoulder; a transverse gular fold; toes with lateral fringe of enlarged scales; tail strongly compressed; femoral pores present. This genus is distributed throughout the East Indies. The species deposit eggs usually along the banks of streams. They are vegetarians and eat the leaves of plants, and even feed in trees growing along streams and rivers. They are largely aquatic and can run across the surface of water with ease. They frequently dive and can remain under water more than a minute. The flesh is prized as food by many of the Philippine peoples. It is variously known as ibid (Visayan) ; balubid (Tagalog), humango (Ilocano). HYDROSAURUS PUSTULOSUS §(Eschscholtz) Histiurus pustulatus ESCHSCHOLTZ, Zool. Atlas. (1829) pl. 7. Lophura pustulata WIEGMANN, Nova Acta Acad. Caes.-Leop. Carol. I iy (1995) 207. Lophura amboinensis GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1873) 168; BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1 (1885) 402 (part.) ; PARENTI and PICAGLIA, Atti. Soc. Nat. Modena, Mem. Orig. III 5 (1886) 18. Description of species.—(From No. 1416, Bureau of Science collection ; collected on Polillo, October, 1909, by C. Canonizado.) Head moderately large; snout longer than diameter of orbit; snout rapidly elevated with a strong nasal crest beginning be- hind rostral; latter moderately large, broader than high, bor- dered laterally by first labials, behind by five small scales; nasal crest composed of four or five compressed scales with enlarged scales at their base; nostril in a single raised nasal followed by a groove, behind and below which are two or three much- enlarged scales; canthus rostralis moderately distinct, contin- uous with superciliary border, formed of larger compressed scales; eleven and twelve upper labials, bordered above by a row of slightly smaller scales, these separated from other frenal scales by a fairly straight depressed line; subocular scales in a straight line; head scales strongly keeled, small, fairly uniform, with a large white pineal “‘eye-spot;’’ a few enlarged tubercular 142 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS scales in temporal region; tympanum large, its diameter more than two-thirds that of eye; a row of enlarged scales above and extending somewhat back of tympanum; mental large, trian- gular, followed by two diverging series of chin shields, only the first pair of which is in contact; first two pairs in contact with labials, eleven scales in each series; nine and ten lower labials; scales on chin very irregular in size with seven or eight — enlarged tubercles on throat below angle of jaw; gular pouch quite large; a strong fold in front of shoulder; scales on sides of neck minute, with four or five very large, conical tubercles arranged in a longitudinal row; on upper part of each side of body a series of groups of enlarged scales, six or seven groups to base of tail, which form a row parallel with dorsal crest; dorsal crest begins above tympanum and continues to base of tail, and is composed of numerous lanceolate spines, sixty in all; nuchal and dorsal crests continuous but spines somewhat smaller above shoulder; none of the spines as high as diameter of orbit; caudal crest with sawlike edge higher than tail at base, extending about one-fourth the length of tail; about twenty-two scales in a vertical row on widest part of cau- dal fan; scales on back small, keeled, the keels directed upward and backward; scales near dorsal crest largest; scales on breast in front of insertion of arms greatly enlarged; numerous en- larged scattered scales low on sides, continuing somewhat on abdomen; belly scales numerous, more or less regularly arranged in transverse rows, and the ends of scales notched somewhat; a series of femoral pores, fourteen or fifteen on each side, in single broken rows, separated medially; scales under tail very strongly keeled, the keels forming continuous lines; limbs well developed, the anterior reaching a little beyond snout, the poste- rior reaching to about eye; scales on limbs strongly keeled, those on anterior aspect of upper arm and thigh much enlarged; third and fourth fingers equal; fourth toe much longer than third; digits of arm with slight lateral fringes, equally wide on each side; toes with broad lateral fringes; that on outer side of toes widest; composed of thirty-five transversely widened scales on fourth toe; about same number of scales on inner fringe but these are very much smaller; claws strong. Color in life-—Olive to greenish slate, spotted or reticulated with black; tail brownish with irregular lighter areas; belly greenish slate to yellowish; head brownish, labials and chin bluish slate. HYDROSAURUS 143 “Measurements of Hydrosaurus pustulosus (Eschscholtz). - Total length 897 Snout to vent 255 Tail 642 Snout to foreleg 98 Axilla to groin 118 Length of head 62 Width of head 36 Foreleg 128 Hind leg 210 Height of tail fan 35 Variation.—A female from the same locality differs from the male in having a lower caudal fan and a higher nasal crest. A lateral fold from axilla to groin is much more prominent than in the male, which is a smaller specimen; there are twelve femoral pores on each side. Of the two specimens in my collection from Mindoro, one has the body scales about a third larger and, instead of sixty- four scales (as in the Polillo specimen) from dorsal crest to the axilla-to-groin fold, there are only about forty-eight in the widest part; the row of groups of enlarged scales is present and an additional row of single scales is present between this and the crest; there is a very distinct break in the dorsal crest above the shoulder which is filled with very small lanceolate scales; the enlarged scales on the outer edges of the abdomen are much more numerous than in the described specimen; the enlarged scales above the labials are broken up into rows of small scales; temporal scales are enlarged and are strongly compressed and keeled; the diverging series of chin shields are separated from each other and do not touch any labials; no definite groups of scales are present on neck below the angle of the jaws; seventeen femoral pores present on each side; the pores are larger in the Polillo specimens; the lanceolate spines on the caudal fan are more prominent. The second specimen from Mindoro repre- sented by a mutilated skin has the nasal crest wanting but the dorsal lepidosis resembles the other Mindoro specimen. Two young Negros specimens are in the collection, and a single one from Mindanao. | Remarks.—This species is regarded by Barbour as differing from Lophura amboinensis Schlosser. I have no extra-Philip- pine material for comparison, but have followed his conclusions. 144 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The Philippine forms may be advantageously divided into sub- species when larger series have been obtained. I did not find it in Sulu but probably it occurs there on the larger islands. The species is known from Luzon, Polillo, Min- doro, Negros, Dinagat, and Mindanao. VARANIDA Varanidze COPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1864); BouLEN- GER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 2 (1885) 303. “Tongue smooth, very long and slender, forked, retractile into a sheath at the base. Teeth large, dilated at the base, which is fixed to the inner side of the jaws; palate toothless. Pre- maxillary single, narrowed and much prolonged posteriorly. Nasal bones coalesced, narrow; two frontals; a single parietal; a supraorbital bone; postorbital arch incomplete; a bony post- frontosquamosal arch; pterygoids and palatines widely separated; infraorbital fossa bounded by the pterygoid, palatine, and trans- verse bone, the maxillary being excluded. No dermal cranial ossifications ; head covered with small polygonal scales. Eyelids well developed; ear-opening distinct. Limbs well developed; clavicle slender; interclavicle anchor-shaped. Dorsal scales roundish, juxtaposed, surrounded by rings of minute granules; ventral scales squarish, arranged in cross rows. No femoral or preanal pores. Tail very long.” (Boulenger.) A single genus, confined to Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. About thirty species are known. Genus VARANUS Merrem Tupinambis, part., DAUDIN, Rept. 3 (1802) 5. Varanus MERREM, Tent. Syst. Amph. (1820) 58; DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 3 (1886) 467; GRAy, Cat. Liz. (1845) 9; GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 64; BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 2 (1885) 304. Psammosaurus FITZINGER, Neve Class. Rept. (1826) 50; WAGLER, Syst. Amph. (1830) 165. ?Hydrosaurus GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 64. ?Polydxedalus WAGLER, Syst. Amph. (1830) 165. Monitor SCHLEGEL, Abbild. Amph. (1844) 65; PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1870) 106. Characters of the genus are the same as those of the family. The species of this genus of large lizards are among the most striking specimens of the Philippine reptile group. They attain a larger size than any other Philippine lizard, not in- VARANUS .. Fag frequently reaching 2 meters or more in length. There are five known species in the Philippines, the largest being Varanus salvator. They occur in all the larger islands and probably in most of the smaller ones. In habits they do not differ greatly from other lizards. The eggs are laid in tree trunks or in the hollow roots of stumps, usually near water. They dive readily and swim beneath the surface of the water. They can climb trees. Their food is varied. Seemingly they prefer rotting animal flesh, and will even eat the flesh from human cadavers which are buried in shallow graves or are placed among the rocks for burial. Some species eat beetles and grasshoppers and any other food they can obtain such as small bugs, animals, or even eggs. They readily catch and eat domestic chickens. They are known in the Islands under a variety of names, among which are bayawak (Tagalog), banas (Ilocano), halo (Visayan), guibang (Butuan Visayan and Manobo). Not in- frequently they are called “iguanas,” but they certainly are not iguanas. They are widely known among English-speaking people as monitors. | In many parts of the Islands they are eaten. In some parts certain internal organs of the reptile are used as medicine. A -Manobo considers it a calamity for one to enter his house. In most countries where they occur they are considered poisonous, but this belief is a fallacy. Key to the Philippine species of Varanus Merrem. a*. Nostril an oblique slit; tail compressed and keeled above; abdominal scales keeled. b*. Nostril equally distant from orbit and end of snout. V. grayi Boulenger (p. 145). b*. Nostril nearer orbit than end of snout; snout long and pointed; nuchal scales extremely large and strongly keeled. V. rudicollis (Gray) (p. 146). a’, Nostril oval, at least twice as far from orbit as from end of snout; tail compressed and keeled above. b*. Nuchal scales not larger than dorsals.. V. salvator (Laurenti) (p. 147). b*. Nuchal scales larger than occipitals and dorsals. V. nuchalis (Giinther) (p. 150). b®. Nuchal scales smaller than occipitals, larger than dorsals. V. cumingi Martin (p. 151). VARANUS GRAYI Boulenger Varanus ornatus (non Daudin) GRay, Cat. Liz. (1845) 10. Varanus grayi BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 2 (1885) 312. 161466——10 146 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Description of type.—(From Boulenger.) ‘‘Snout pointed, depressed at the end, slightly shorter than the distance from the anterior corner of the eye to the anterior border of the ear; canthus rostralis distinct. Nostril oblique, equally distant from the orbit and the end of the snout. Digits long. Tail strongly compressed, keeled above. Scales of head moderate, larger than | those on the temples, those between the orbits largest; no trans- versely dilated supraocular scales. The nine anterior rows of nuchal scales nearly as large as the head-scales, as broad as long, smooth; the following become gradually smaller and elongate; dorsal scales small, oval, strongly keeled. Scales on upper face of limbs strongly keeled. Abdominal scales keeled, in a hundred transverse rows. Caudal scales keeled; the caudal keel with a very low, doubly-toothed crest. Greenish anteriorly, with broad blackish bands across the upper face of the neck and back, these bands darkest at their borders; hinder part of back, tail and hind limbs olive-brown, dotted with greenish; a few blackish spots on the upper surface of the head, and a blackish temporal streak commencing from the eye.” | Measurements of Varanus grayi Boulenger. mm. Total length 546 Head length 46 Neck 50 Body length ; 130 Foreleg 79 Hind leg 105 Tail 320 Remarks.—The type, in the British Museum, was collected by H. Cuming in 1836-1840 and has no more exact locality than “Philippines.” No other specimen has been recorded. VARANUS RUDICOLLIS (Gray) Uaranus rudicollis GrAy, Cat. Liz. (1845) 10. Varanus rudicollis BOULENGER, ‘Cat. Liz. Brit Mus. 2 (1885) 318. Description of species—(From Boulenger.) ‘Teeth acute, compressed. Snout pointed, very long, considerably longer than the distance from the anterior corner of the eye and the ear; canthus rostralis swollen. Nostril an oblique slit, its distance from the tip of the snout twice and a half that from the orbit. Digits elongate. Tail compressed, keeled above. Scales of head moderate, subequal; supraocular scales with a posterior central series of three to six transversely dilated scales. Scales VARANUS 147 on upper surface of neck extremely large and prominent, strongly keeled, forming ten to twelve longitudinal series; they become gradually smaller as they pass into the dorsal region; latter and limbs with small, strongly-keeled scales. Abdominal scales keeled, in 85 transverse series. Caudal scales keeled; the caudal keel with a very low, doubly-toothed crest. Black- ish above, neck and anterior part of body yellowish, the former with three black longitudinal streaks, the latter with two broad transverse black bands; hinder part of back and flanks with yellowish ocelli; limbs with small yellowish spots; lower sur- faces obscured by black reticulations.” Measurements of Varanus rudicollis (Gray). mm Total length 840 Head length 90 Neck length 110 Body length : 240 Foreleg 170 Hind leg 200 Tail, injured 400 Remarks.—The type locality is “Philippines,” the exact local- ity no longer known. Known also from Borneo and Malay Peninsula. The type specimen was collected by H. Cuming, 1836-1840, and is in the British Museum. Evidently this species and Varanus grayi are rare or are confined to some particular island. So far as I know, no specimen other than the type has been collected in the Philippines. VARANUS SALVATOR (Laurenti) PLATE 23 Stellio salvator LAURENTI, Syn. Rept. (1768) 56. Tupinambus bivittatus KUHL, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat. (1820) 125. Momtor elegans GRAY, Zool. Journ. 3 (1828) 225. Varanus vittatus LESSON, in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or., Rept. 307. Hydrosaurus bivittatus WAGNER, Syst. Amph. (1830) 164. Hydrosaurus marmoratus WIEGMANN, Nova Acta Acad. Caes.-Leop. Carole 1°17 “(1835)\ 196, pl. 14. Varanus bivittatus DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 3 (1836) 487. Varanus salvator CANTOR, Cat. Mal. Rept. (1847) 29. | Hydrosaurus salvator GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 13. Monitor bivittatus SCHLEGEL, Abbild. (1844) 76, pls. 21, 22, figs. 1, 2; MULLER and SCHLEGEL, Verh. Natur. Gesch. Nederl. ov. Bezitt., Rept. (1874) 38. Hydrosaurus salvator GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 67, pl. 9, fig. E. 148 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Varanus salvator BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 2 (1885) 314; BOETTGER, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. (1886) 100; BARBouR, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 44 (1912) 88; pE Roo1s, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 146. : Description of species.—(No. 1605, Bureau of Science col- lection.) Snout moderately long, rather depressed at end; dis- tance of nostril to end of snout twice that from nostril to eye; diameter of tympanum equals distance from nostril to tip of snout; above nostrils two distinctly raised areas with a distinct groove between; scales on snout rather small, juxtaposed; nos- trils longitudinally oval, separated from mouth by four rows of scales, and from small rostral by five; a more or less dis- tinct line or groove from base of nostril to eye sharply delineat- ing the frenal from the supralabial region; three or four scale rows on latter in front of eye, two below eye; four rows of frenal scales; two rows of scales from anterior corner of eye border orbit below, the outer ‘row larger, composed of rectan- gular scales; twenty-nine labial scales bordering upper lip, and a similar number bordering lower lip; temporal region nearly | vertical; fifteen rows of small scales in temporal region; four or five enlarged transverse supraocular scales, rather broken, separated from superciliary region by two scale rows; twelve superciliaries; five scale rows between supraocular regions; parietal scales rather enlarged, sixteen scales in a line across occiput; nuchal scales enlarged, not or but slightly larger than dorsals, arranged in about sixteen to eighteen rows; scales above small, oval, keeled; below small, regular, keeled or smooth, arranged in transverse rows, about seventy rows from axilla to groin; about the same number of scales in the transverse rows; digits moderate, scales below digits small, arranged in transverse series, about twenty-eight under longest toe; a row of rounded tubercles along lower margin on basal half of fourth toe on side next third toe, and a shorter series on third toe; scales on bottom of foot small, rounded. Color in lufe-—Above deep black with five transverse rows of yellow ocelli, about five in each row; traces of two yellow bars present on snout; a yellow ring about tympanum, and a narrow line behind; scattered yellow scales on limbs; tail barred with yellow above; below, belly yellow, with traces of eleven black bars from neck to groin; throat yellow, with a few black spots; tail not barred below. VARANUS 149 Measurements of Varanus salvator (Laurentt). Total length 960 Tail 570 Snout to vent 390 Axilla to groin 180 Snout to foreleg 165 Width of head 38 Length of head 83 Foreleg 130 Hind leg 174 Variation.—The variation in this species is not marked. There is a slight difference in the number of labials, and in the number of scales in a line across the neck and the occiput. On “some specimens the tubercles on the outer side of the third toe are wanting. The color pattern varies greatly. Some specimens show only series of large ocelli on a black ground; others have the number of ocelli reduced and there is much yellow mixed throughout the black over the entire dorsal part of the body. The number of transverse rows of scales on the belly varies between seventy- five and ninety. The persistence of the black transverse bars on belly varies considerably with age. Older specimens are en- tirely yellow, or show only a trace of markings. In young specimens the markings are more pronounced than in older specimens and the bars on the belly are never especially prom- inent and do not join in the middle; the edges of many of the scales are yellowish, and the ocelli are not prominent; the tail is distinctly barred. Remarks.—This species is the largest of the genus, specimens attaining a length of more than 2 meters; they are frequently seen especially along rivers and swamps and seem to be semi- aquatic in their habits. They are, at least for the most part, carnivorous and eat any flesh they can obtain, and will attack any animal they think they can kill; carrion is eaten with relish; eggs are deposited in rotting logs or stumps. The species is widely distributed and is known from China, southern Asia, Cey- lon, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Celebes. It was first reported from the Philippines by Wiegmann, in 1835, from specimens probably collected by Meyen; it is known from Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan, and Luzon. 150 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS VARANUS NUCHALIS (Giinther) PLATE 10, FIG. 1 Hydrosaurus nuchalis GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1872) 145, pl. 8; (1873) 165. Hydrosaurus marmoratus (non Wiegmann) GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1878) 165. Varanus nuchalis BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 2 (1885) 315; ~ TaYLor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 371. Description of species —(From No. 1511, Bureau of Science collection.) Teeth acute, compressed. Snout slightly depressed at tip, with slight elevations above nostrils, and a slight groove between elevations; rostral small, pentagonal, larger than ad- jacent labials; separated from nostril by six scales; scales on head usually irregularly pentagonal; two scales border rostral behind; eight scale rows between nostrils; latter longitudinally oval, the distance between nostril and end of snout contained more than twice in distance of nostril to eye; six transversely elongated scales in supraocular region, separated from super- ciliary edge by three rows of small scales; supraocular groups separated from each other by seven rows of very unequal scales; occipital region level, temporal regions vertical to it; a rather prominent temporal angle; about twenty scale rows across occip- ital region; temporal scales small, equal, sixteen or seventeen rows from angle of mouth to temporal-occipital edge; about thirty labials border edge of both jaws; nostril separated from labials by three scale rows; frenal region depressed; a noticeable groove behind nostril delineates the frenal region, which is separated from labials by two rows of somewhat enlarged scales; mental larger than rostral; a prominent longitudinal groove on chin beginning shortly behind mental; tympanum large, superficial, its diameter slightly smaller than length of eye; scales on neck large, scattered, larger than scales on back or occipital region; about eight rows on neck between an imaginary line drawn backward from occipito-temporal edge; scales separ- ated from each other by areas of skin covered with minute granules; keels on nuchal scales sometimes evident; scales on back and tail strongly keeled; a prominent skin fold on neck; scales on belly elongate, arranged in regular transverse rows, about seventy-eight rows from axilla to groin, some of the scales with slight keels; scales on tail arranged in transverse rows, VARANUS | 151 those below much enlarged and very strongly keeled; limbs large, armed with strong claws; third finger longer than fourth; fourth toe much the longest; scales under digits tubercular, arranged in transverse rows; a few enlarged tubercles on inner side of fourth finger and toe, and a few on outer side of third. Color in life—Above black, with a few scattered yellow spots ‘on limbs and tail; ‘head uniformly dark, the sides a shade of ‘dark brown; a yellow spot on point of chin; belly yellowish, -with traces of numerous black bars; these do not meet medially; tail lighter below. Measurements of Varanus nuchalis (Giinther). Total length 1,050 Snout to vent 500 Tail (part missing) ¢ 550 Snout to foreleg 200 Snout to eye 44 Snout to ear 81 Axilla to groin 225 Foreleg 157 Hind leg 196 Length of head 95 Width of head 45 Remarks.—Very little variation is evident. This species apparently does not attain as large a size as Varanus salvator, to which species it is most nearly allied. Its food consists of crabs, insects, slugs, decaying flesh, birds, small mammals, and small reptiles. The species is regarded as edible by some Fili- pinos and does not differ from V. salvator in flavor. | It is known from Mindoro, Negros, and Luzon, and probably occurs on various other islands. The specimen described is from Dumaguete, Negros. VARANUS CUMINGI Martin PLATE 10, FIG. 2 Varanus cumingi MARTIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1838) 69. Hydrosaurus cumingii GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1872) 145, ple. Varanus cumingii BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 2 (1885) 316. Description of species.—(From No. 346, E. H. Taylor col- lection; collected at Bunawan, Agusan, Mindanao, July, 1913, by 152 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS E. H. Taylor.) Head elongate, nostril rounded, much nearer end of snout than eye; distance of nostril to end of snout less than half the distance of snout to eye; rostral scale very small, scarcely larger than the adjacent labials, a little higher than wide; scales on snout small, pentagonal, fairly regular; nine scales surround nostril; nine scales between nostrils; a few trans- versely elongate scales, wnich do not extend to superciliary edge, in the supraocular region which is only slightly raised; two rather prominent raised areas above nostrils; about four- teen scales on superciliary edge; nostril separated from labials by three scale rows; a curved row of very slightly enlarged scales below orbit, which are separated from labials by a single row of scales; thirty-two small upper labials; scales in temporal region very small, regular, arranged in about fifteen rows; scales In occipital region very irregular, the (pineal) ‘‘eye-spot”’ usually prominent; tympanum large, its diameter about four- fifths eye; mental about size of rostral, followed by a distinct groove; lower labials as numerous as upper, of about same size; scales on dorsal surface of neck smaller than occipital scales, not keeled, somewhat larger than those on back, arranged in twenty or more rows; an indistinct skin fold from tympanum to shoulder, and a fold on throat; latter with minute scales; belly with scales elongate, arranged in definite transverse bands, about seventy rows from axilla to groin and about an equal number of scales in the widest rows; limbs strong, well devel- oped; anterior brought forward reaches anterior border of or- bit, posterior reaches axilla; third and fourth fingers equal; fourth toe longest with numerous rows of small rounded tuber- cles below; a row of enlarged tubercles on fourth toe near base, on side next third toe; scales on anterior aspect of thigh much larger than those on posterior; tail compressed with a slight indication of a caudal crest; scales "underneath tail strongly keeled; scales on belly, sides, and back very slightly keeled. Color in fe-—Above deep black with numerous small yellow spots, usually arranged in transverse rows, with numerous, scattered, yellow scales; tail barred with yellow bands, much narrower than the black intervening bands; neck more yellow- ish than black; a distinct black stripe from eye to above ear; black spots or lines on neck; head with irregular transverse dark bands, dimly visible on chin and throat; belly and neck crossed with very numerous, irregular, dark lines, separated by yellow lines of nearly the same width. SCINCID 153 Measurements of Varanus cumingi Martin. mm Total length 520 _ Snout to vent 205 Tail 315 Snout to eye 23 Snout to foreleg 84 Axilla to groin 87 Foreleg 66 Hind leg 86 Length of head 39 Width of head 22 Variation.—The measurements given are for the largest spec- imen of the seven in my collection. The smallest specimen has a total length of 305 millimeters. All agree fairly well in mark- ings ‘and color. Sometimes the yellow spots are larger with black centers, the legs dotted with yellow, and the digits barred with yellow; three specimens have an area in the occipital re- gion filled with minute scales similar to Giinther’s figure. Remarks.—Whether this species grows to a size as large as the other Philippine forms I cannot say, but I do not believe it reaches the size of V. salvator or V. nuchalis. This species is common in Mindanao; it has not been found in other islands. SCINCID At Scincidz, part., GRAY, Ann. Phil. II 10 (1825) 201; BouLENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. V 14 (1884) 120; Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 130. “Tongue moderately long, free and feebly nicked in front, covered with imbricate scale-like papille. Dentition pleuro- dont; teeth conical, bicuspid, or with spheroidal or compressed crowns; the new teeth hollow out the base of the old ones. Pterygoid teeth may be present. “Praemaxillary bones two, sometimes incompletely separated; nasal double; frontal single or double; parietal single; post- orbital and postfrontotemporal arches complete, osseous; inter- orbital septum and columella cranii well developed; infraorbital fossa present, bounded! by the maxillary, the transverse bone, the palatine, and often also by the pterygoid. Skull with bony ~ dermal plates over-roofing the supratemporal fossa. “Limbs present or absent; pectoral and pelvic arches con- stantly present. Clavicle dilated and usually perforated proxim- ally; interclavicle cruciform. Ossified abdominal ribs are absent. 154 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS “Body protected by bony plates underlying the scales, which are cycloid-hexagonal, rarely rhomboidal, imbricate, arranged quincuncially. These plates provided with symmetrical tubules, which usually consist of a transverse one anastomosing with several longitudinal ones. Head covered with symmetrical shields; an azygos occipital is rarely present. Pupil round. Kyelids well developed. No femoral pores.” (Boulenger.) This is the largest family of the Sauria; it is cosmopolitan in distribution. The various species are adapted to many modes of life; some are arboreal, some terrestrial, some subter- restrial, and some semiaquatic. Many are oviparous, but most of them are ovoviviparous. These characteristics are of little more than specific value. Certain members of a genus may produce eggs which are incubated wholly outside the body, and others bring forth living young. This is shown in two closely related species of Mabuya; M. multicarinata lays eggs, whereas M. multifasciata brings forth living young. The same condi- tion obtains in two Philippine species of Leiolopisma,; L. pul- chellum is oviparous, and L. semperi gives birth to living young. Another character which ordinarily merits generic distinction fails in this group. This is the degree of development of the legs and digits. A very notable example is the Philippine genus of Brachymeles. Here we find a complete retrogression from the pentadactyl species with moderately developed limbs to small burrowing species with no external vestiges of legs. Thus we have pentadactyl and tetradactyl forms; species having small legs and no digits, and finally one species with no legs. The same retrogression is paralleled in the genus Lygosoma Gray (non Boulenger). : Many species of the Scincide are very small. In certain instances these small ones agree so closely with one another in the scalation of the head and in markings that it is almost impossible to define them so they may be recognized as different species. This is especially true of certain small ones belonging to the genus Sphenomorphus. A difficulty encountered in the study of the Philippine skinks is that considerable variation occurs in the same species in coloration and scalation, especially in those found on various island groups. In some cases I have resorted to trinomial nomenclature to record these apparently constant variations. There are eleven genera in the Philippines. Key to the Philippine genera of the Scincide. a’. Palatine bones in contact on the median line of the palate; tympanum either superficial, deeply sunk, or covered. MABUYA 155 b'. Pterygoid bones separated on the median line of the palate, the palatal notch extending anteriorly to an imaginary line connecting the center of the eyes; supranasals present; lateral teeth conical. Mabuya Fitzinger (p. 155). b*. Pterygoid bones in contact (at least quite anteriorly) to between the center of the eyes. c’. Supranasals usually present; wanting in Dasia smaragdinum. d', Limbs well developed, pentadactyl. e’. Lower eyelid scaly. f. A pair of enlarged preanals........ Otosaurus Gray (p. 163). Ff. No enlarged preamnals................--......:..-- Dasia Gray (p. 200). e’?, Lower eyelid with transparent disk........ Emoia Gray (p. 228). d’?. Limbs short or rudimentary; lower eyelid scaly or with disk; preanals sometimes present..................-.---- Riopa Gray (p. 230). c’, Supranasals absent. d’. Lower eyelid scaly. e’. Limbs well developed, pentadactyl. f'. Tympanum more or less deeply sunk. Sphenomorphus Fitzinger (p. 166). f’. Tympanum superficial. Tropidophorus Duméril and Bibron (p. 234). e’, Limbs short, rudimentary or absent; prefrontals small and widely separated: -.....2<2:222:c.:2-8:-- Lygosoma Gray (p. 233). d’. Lower eyelid with a transparent disk. e’. Frontoparietal divided (Philippine species). i Leiolopisma Duméril and Bibron (p. 208). e*. Frontoparietal single (some species have scaly eyelids). Siaphos Gray (p. 216). a’. Palatine bones separated on the median line; supranasal shields present; nostril pierced in a very small nasal or between 2 or 3 scales; a postnasal present or absent; limbs short, rudimentary or \ NVA GR eae ea ee Brachymeles Duméril and Bibron (p. 248). Genus MABUYA Fitzinger Mabuya FITZINGER, Neue Class. Rept. (1826) 23. Spondylurus FITZINGER, Neue Class. Rept. (1826) 28. Euprepis WAGLER, Nat. Syst. Amph. (1830) 161, part. Euprepes WIEGMANN, Herp. Mex. (1834) 36. Mabouya GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 98. Mabuia Cork, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1862) 185; BoULEN- GER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 150. Palatine bones in contact medially; palatal notch separating entirely the pterygoids, extending forward to between centers of eyes; pterygoid teeth minute or absent; maxillary teeth coni- eal or bicuspid; eyelids movable; ear distinct ; tympanum more or less deeply sunk; nostril pierced in a single nasal; supranasals, _prefrontals, and frontoparietals present; single or double inter- parietal usually distinct, sometimes coalesced with the parietals; limbs well developed, pentadactyl; digits subcylindrical or com- 155 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS pressed, with transverse lamelle beneath. Widely distributed in Africa, Asia, East Indies, Central America, South America, and West Indies. There are three Philippine species of this genus. Key to the Philippine species of Mabuya Fitzinger. a’. No postnasal; scales quinquecarinate or septemcarinate; ear opening without projecting lobules; scales rows, 28 to 30; hind leg adpressed reaches” elbows 00:42..15-.-etscttssn eng M. multicarinata (Gray) (p. 156). a’, A postnasal. b*. Seales tricarinate or quinquecarinate; scale rows, 32 to 36 around body; hind leg adpressed does not reach axilla. M. multifasciata Kuhl (p. 158). b’. Scales tricarinate; scale rows, 30 to 32; hind leg adpressed reaches asclla, or beyondt:.:. s+ ee ee M. rudis (Boulenger) (p..161). The first two species listed are extremely common forms, and are known from one end of the Islands to the other. Both are found in Borneo, while the second also has a wide distribution in Asia. The first is oviparous, the second is ovoviviparous, as many as ten young being born atatime. Iam uncertain whether the third lays eggs or not. The third species, M. rudis, has only recently been discovered in the southern part of the Sulu Archipelago. MABUYA MULTICARINATA (Gray) PLATE 12, FIG. 2 Tiliqua multicarinata GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 109; GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1879) 76. Mabuia multicarinata BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 185, pl. 11, fig. 2; DE Rooty, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 161. Eumeces carinatus (var.) PETERS, Preuss. Exped. O. Asien, Zool. Teil, 1 (1876) 376. Mabuya multicarinata TAYLor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 247. Description of species—(From No. 987, E. H. Taylor col- lection; collected at Isabela, Negros, by E. H. Taylor.) Habit lacertiform, the head rather wedge-shaped, the supraocular region not or but slightly raised; rostral moderate, forming a narrow suture with frontonasal; suture with labial anterior to nostril; supranasals present, long, narrow, not in contact; fronto- nasal longer than broad, separated from nasal, touching a single frenal and forming a narrow suture with frontal; prefrontals well developed, separated, in contact with two frenals, first su- perciliary and first two supraoculars; frontal longer than broad, narrower than supraocular region, its widest part anterior to eye, in contact with second supraocular only; frontoparietals double, small, each touching three supraoculars; interparietal MABUYA 157 very small, the parietals forming a suture behind it; parietals small, transversely elongate, more than twice as broad as long, followed by a single pair of nuchals; four supraoculars, second widest and longest; nasal elongate, nostril pierced near its cen- ter; no postnasal; two frenals; first higher than second, second longer than first; two preoculars between fourth labial and first superciliary; five superciliaries; lower preocular followed by a small scale above fifth labial; lower eyelid scaly; temporals not or but slightly enlarged; eight upper labials, that below eye large, entering orbit broadly; ear opening moderate with minute anterior lobules; mental larger than rostral; a large postmental touching two lower labials; seven lower labials; two pairs of chin shields, only first pair in contact; scales on head slightly rugose or striated; twenty-eight scale rows around body, all save ten ventral rows strongly quinquecarinate or septemcari- Fic. 138. Mabuya multicarinata (Gray); a, head, dorsal view; 6b, head, lateral view; ec, ching; <2! nate, some of the scales on neck even novemcarinate; scales above and below tail somewhat broadened transversely ; limbs well de- veloped; the anterior brought forward reaches nostril; hind leg brought forward barely reaches axilla; digits strong, fourth fin- ger slightly longer than third; fourth toe much longer than third with twenty-six smooth lamelle below; anus bordered anteriorly by four slightly enlarged scales; ear nearer foreleg than end of snout. Color in life-—Above brilliant, iridescent olive green with ir- regular series of dark spots dorsally; head and neck rather brownish; a broad, brown, lateral stripe from eye to hind leg with indications of darker and lighter markings; below this stripe olive greenish with a few whitish ocelli; below, belly bluish green; tail marked like back with darker and lighter spots; la- bials cream with darker sutures; chin creamy white; palms yellowish; lamelle of digits black. 158 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Measurements of Mabuya multicarinata (Gray). mm. Total length 220 Snout to vent 75 Tail 145 Snout to foreleg 27.5 Axilla to groin 35 Foreleg 27 Hind leg 37 Variation.—Many specimens have only four instead of five small labials anterior to the large subocular; the scale rows vary from twenty-eight to thirty-two. A certain amount of variation in coloration is evident. Frequently there is a lighter line above the broad, lateral, brown stripe, and occasionally there is a trace of a median lighter line; not infrequently, especially in younger specimens, the light stripe.of upper labials continues back to groin as a stripe below the broad, lateral, brown band. A young specimen found in the mountains near Baguio by my wife, Hazel Clark Taylor, shows a striking variation in markings. This specimen has three distinct creamy white markings down the middle of the back, none of which borders the brown lateral stripe. This may represent a distinct species. Remarks.—Skinks of this species are extremely common in the Philippines wherever there is forest. In places they are incredibly numerous, especially along roadways or sunny, open spots in a forest. They do not take to cover when disturbed, but continue running in various directions, which habit makes them difficult to capture. They lay eggs, usually in leaves or under the bark of fallen logs. They are for the most part ter- restrial but ascend small trees and brush in search of insects. They are known in the Philippines as tabilt, tambuli, tambilihan, bubuli, etc. Most Filipino peoples do not differentiate them from other skinks of this and other genera. The species is widely distributed throughout the Achipelago, as is Mabuya multifasciata. It has been reported from the Babuyan Islands, north of Luzon, and I have taken specimens in Bongao Island in the southern part of the Sulu Archipelago. — It has been taken on practically all the larger intervening is- lands and in Palawan. It was noted that southern specimens usually averaged two to four scale rows more than the northern specimens. Known also from Borneo. MABUYA MULTIFASCIATA Kuhl Mabuya multifasciata KUHL, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat. (1820) 126. Scincus carinatus, part., SCHNEIDER, Hist. Amph. 2 (1801) 183. Lacerta rufescens, part., SHAW, Zoology 3: 285. MABUYA 159 Mabuya multifasciata FITZINGER, Neue Class. Rept. (1826) 52. Tiliqua rubriventris GRAY, Ill. Ind. Zool. 2 (1880-34) pl. 75, fig. 1. Tiliqua rufescens, part., GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 109. Euprepes sebx, part., DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 5 (1839) 692. Euprepis rufescens CANTOR, Cat. Mal. Rept. (1843) 46. Euprepes seb# GRAVENHORST, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. I 23 (1851) 332, pl. 33. Euprepes carinatus GRAVENHORST, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. I 23 (1851) 338; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex. Rept. -pl. 22 ¢, fig. 5. Plestiodon sikkimensis GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. II 12 (1853) 388. Tiliqua rufescens GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp. (1858) 227. Euprepes rufescens, part., GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 79. Tiliqua carinata, part., STOLICZKA, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 39 (1870) 169. Euprepes carinatus, part., THEOBALD, Cat. Rept. Brit. India (1876) 49. Euprepes ocellatus Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. VI 7 (1878) art. 16, 414, Di. 22 ‘c,. fig. 8. Mabuia multifasciata BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 186; DE Roos, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 112, fig. 69. Mabuia multifasciata lateripunctata F. MULLER, III. Nacht. Cat. Herp. Samml. Basel. Mus. (1888) 21. Mabuya multifasciata BARBOUR, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 44 (1912) 89; Tay Lor, Philip Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 3871; § D 13 (1918) 246. Description of species —(From No. 443, E. H. Taylor col- lection ; collected in Occidental Negros, by E. H. Taylor.) (Fe- male.) Snout short, head and neck not distinct from each other; \\ aa OO Wire Mae TIN Pde ios, SUR FE SUL SE Fic. 14. " Mabuya multifasciata Kuhl; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin: x2. rostral small, supranasals. meeting behind it, separating it from frontonasal; latter much broader than long, in contact with first frenal; prefrontals very large, broadly in contact; frontal small, not or barely in contact with first supraocular, broadly in contact 160 j LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS with second, separated from third; four supraoculars (three on left side), second widest and longest; frontoparietals elongate, distinct; interparietal small, parietals not forming a suture be- hind it; a pair of nuchals present; nostril large, pierced in posterior part of nasal; a small postnasal; two frenals longer than high; six elongate superciliaries; several enlarged tem- porals, the largest not bordering parietal; seven upper labials, fifth below eye; mental narrow; an azygos postmental, and two paired chin shields; thirty-two scales around middle of body, the dorsals with three to five sharply defined keels; laterals smooth or keeled; ventral scales smooth; preanals no larger than other ventral scales; limbs strong, twenty lamelle under fourth toe; scales under tail not widened except under regenerated part; adpressed hind leg reaches elbow of foreleg; ear opening small, with anterior lobules, nearer foreleg than end of snout; lower eyelid scaly. Color in life-—Above brown with a slight olive wash, and slightly iridescent; the five median scale rows edged with black on their sides which gives the appearance of five indistinct stripes of black; laterally much darker, with greenish to milky white quadrangular spots or ocelli; below bluish green; labial sutures edged with black. Tail with dark spots or lines above with a black lateral stripe; ocelli continued on tail. Measurements of Mabuya multifasciata Kuhl. Total length 295 Snout to vent 123 Tail, regenerated ; 175 Snout to foreleg 46 Axilla to’ groin 59 Foreleg 38 Hind leg 54 Variation.—Males are bluish to olive green, uniformly col- ored, or with a large, lateral orange or yellow spot usually present during the breeding season, and in certain specimens during the entire year. The Negros specimens, of which an adult female is described, are apparently larger and longer than those occurring in other localities. The largest two specimens measure 131 and 134 milli- meters from snout to vent; the total length of the first is 317 millimeters; in the second the tail is broken. The scale rows vary between thirty-two and thirty-four. .-Large series are present in my collection from Mindanao, Mindoro, and Manila; in the Bureau of Science collection there is a good series from MABUYA 161 Sulu, Palawan, and Luzon. Of more than sixty specimens examined none is as large as any of the six specimens in the Negros collection. The number of scales varies from thirty to thirty-six. The relation of the internasals varies; in many specimens they are in contact, but in the larger number they are separated. Remarks.—The species is an extremely common one, though it probably does not occur with as great frequency as does M. multicarinata. The females give birth to from five to ten young at a time. One female from Negros contains ten embryos. These lizards feed largely on crickets and other similar insects. Many of them occupy burrows. Known from all the large islands, and they probably occur on most of the smaller ones. MABUYA RUDIS (Boulenger) PriAre 12. Fie. 1 Mabuia rudis BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 188, pl. 11, fig. 3; DE Roots, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 161. Mabuia lewist BARTLETT, Croc. Liz. Borneo (1895) 93. Mabuya rudis TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 247. Description of species—(From No. 344, Bureau of Science collection; collected on Papahag Island, by E. H. Taylor.) Rostral rather small, wider than high, well visible above, slightly in contact with frontonasal; su- pranasals present, small, elongate, not in contact; frontonasal slightly broader than deep, in contact with frontal behind; prefrontals rather large, separated, touching the first and second supraoculars; frontal narrow, elongate, not as wide as supraocular region, much longer than distance to end of snout, and longer than parietal region; fron- toparietals distinct, rather elon- gate, longer than interparietal; parietals wider than long, not forming a suture behind interpa- 5... is Mapuya ridia (Boulenger), rietal; a pair of large nuchals; four from Sulu; a, head, lateral view; 5, supraeculars,) the first is much 2¢*% ‘4! view: <2 reduced, not touching frontal; second large, the only supraocular touching frontal; nostril in a rectangular nasal, pierced behind the vertical of suture of rostral and first labial; a postnasal; two 161466——11 YR L/ oH pats 1d! 7. LTS 4 41 Od) 2) $ ro a : 162 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS frenals, the anterior much higher than nasal, much smaller than second; two preoculars between first superciliary and fourth la- bial, superior small; four labials anterior to large subocular; six lower labials, first small, third much elongate; mental narrow, fol- lowed by a postmental and two pairs of divided chin shields, first pair in contact; temporals not or but slightly enlarged; six super- ciliaries, first and third much the largest; lower eyelid scaly; ear moderate, tympanum deeply sunk, lobules projecting; scales in thirty rows around body, all keeled, except the ten ventrals; head scales somewhat rugose; legs well developed; adpressed hind limb reaches slightly beyond shoulder; fourth toe much longer than third with twenty unicarinate lamellze below; anals not or but slightly enlarged; tail long, somewhat compressed, tapering very suddenly behind anus; eye nearer ear than end of snout; ear much nearer foreleg than end of snout. Color in life-——Above, head and body dark brown with some scales flecked with black; below, throat and chin bluish, with black flecks; belly yellowish with blackish spots on many of the scales; underside of legs and base of tail grayish brown. Measurements of Mabuya rudis (Boulenger). mm. Total length 229 Snout to vent 93 Snout to foreleg 34 Tail 136 Axilla to groin 44 Width of head 15 Length of head 22 Foreleg 35 Hind leg 50 Variation.—Two other specimens have: been examined; an | adult from Tawitawi and a young example from Papahag. The first specimen does not differ from the one described, save that the black spots on the back form continuous lines and that there is a bright orange band along the side (greenish in al- cohol) ; the throat is bluish with indistinct bluish longitudinal lines; the labials have black spots, and the tail is flecked with white. The young specimen is olive green, with a broad black stripe beginning behind the eye; the sides of neck and body are greenish, and below it is greenish white. De Rooij * states that the scale rows range between thirty and thirty-six. *S1sOG. neh. OTOSAURUS 163 Remarks.—This species was first observed on Bitinan, a small island north of Jolo, Sulu Archipelago. It was also observed on Jolo and on most of the southern islands visited by me. The first specimen was taken on Tawitawi. It appears to be very common but is extremely difficult to,capture. It does not replace either of the other species of Mabuya, M. multicarinata or M. multifas- ciata, since the three apparently occur with the same frequency on the islands from Bitinan to Sibutu Channel. I did not observe any of the three species on the Sibutu group between Sibutu and Alice Channels, but I suspect they are present there, since all three are known to occur in Borneo. Many of the specimens seen had the anterior part of the body a bright russet to orange color; in others the orange color was present low on the sides of the body. It is extremely elusive, and specimens shot with an air rifle usually managed to escape. Unlike M. multicarinata, but similar to M. multifasciata, it takes refuge in holes in the ground which are probably burrows made by it. It occurs in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes. In the Philippines it is known only from the Sulu Archipelago and Zamboanga. Genus OTOSAURUS Gray Otosaurus GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 98. Lygosoma sec. Otosaurus BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 201. Parotosaurus BOULENGER, Trans. Zool. Soc. London 20 (1914) 257. Legs well developed, pentadactyl. Lower eyelid scaly. Ear opening large, without auricular lobules. Supranasals present. Frontal not broader than supraocular region. Frontoparietals distinct. Enlarged preanals. Otosaurus cumingi Gray, the only species of the genus that is known from the Philippines, is the largest skink found in the Islands. OTOSAURUS CUMINGII Gray PLATE 13, FIG. 2 Otosaurus cumingw GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 93. Euprepes otus PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 20. Otosaurus cumingti GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1879) 76; F. MULLER, III. Nacht. Cat. Herp. Samml. Basel. Mus. (1883) 21. Lygosoma cumingii BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 209, pl. 16; fig 2. Description of species.—(From No. 861, E. H. Taylor collec- tion; collected at Bunawan, Agusan, Mindanao, August, 1912, by E. H. Taylor.) Rostral about as broad as deep, the sides narrowing much in front of first labial; supranasals elongate, 164 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS large, forming a distinct suture, equal to about one-half their width; frontonasal small, as wide as long, separated from ros- tral and frenals, in contact with frontal; prefrontals large, separated, touching both frenals laterally; frontal large, as wide as supraocular region, longer than its distance from snout and longer than the combined parietal length, touching four supra- oculars; seven or eight supraoculars, the last two small, first narrowly in contact with prefrontal; frontoparietals separate, longer than wide; interparietal small, longer than wide, the parietals forming a suture behind it; no nuchals; nostril large, in a single nasal; latter followed by two frenals of the same height, the second very much the broader; two preoculars, the lower largest; twelve or thirteen superciliaries, the first very much enlarged, narrowly separated from frontal; eight upper labials, fifth, sixth, and seventh below orbit and separated from LA ey LLY i! Fic. 16. Otosaurus cumingit Gray; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin; X 2. it by two or three rows of small scales; temporals enlarged. the largest bordering parietal; eight or nine lower labials; mental small, transversely elongate, much smaller than rostral, followed by a narrow postmental, one conjoined pair and two separated pairs of chin shields, all wider than deep, the third pair separ- ated from labials; fifty-two scale rows around body, dorsals largest; two slightly enlarged preanals; distance from snout to forelimb less than axilla-to-groin distance; adpressed hind limb reaches shoulder or slightly beyond; limbs strong, fourth finger and fourth toe longest; twenty-five bicarinate lamelle under fourth toe; length of tail nearly one and one-half times distance from snout to vent; eye nearer end of snout than ear opening; latter large, nearly equaling eye; no auricular lobules; tympanum superficial; lower eyelid scaly. Color wn lfe.—Yellowish to reddish brown, lighter on head and neck, with a double series of irregular blackish spots which OTOSAURUS 165 persist as dim, irregular, transverse bars on posterior part of body and tail; a series of ten or eleven large blackish spots begins behind ear and continues to near groin; the spots merge together or are separated only by narrow bluish white lines; below this row the color is broken and reticulated with darker; a short, broken, dark line from eye to above ear; tail barred or mottled with dark; undersurfaces brownish yellow. Measurements of Otosaurus cumingti Gray. Total length 333 Snout to vent 135 Tail , 198 Snout to foreleg 48 Axilla to groin 66 Width of head 22 Foreleg 49 Hind leg 12 Variation.—Three or four localities are represented by the nine specimens in the collections studied; five are from Buna- wan, Agusan. These agree with each other fairly well; how- ever, the following variations are observable: Lower labials vary between ten and twelve; the superciliaries between twelve and fourteen; the scale rows between fifty and fifty-two. All, save the specimen described, have the prefrontal and supraocular separated; No. 863 (E. H. Taylor collection) is the largest, and measures 144 millimeters from snout to vent; this specimen is figured. The color on the belly is a dirty bluish yellow, the neck and throat bluish, with most of the scales edged with black. One specimen from Sumagui, Mindoro, varies from the described specimen as follows: The interparietal is very large, and the parietals form no suture; it has eight upper labials; fifty-two scale rows; and the prefrontal and supraocular are in contact. Two specimens from Limay, Bataan, Luzon, have sixteen to eighteen superciliaries and fifty-eight to sixty scale rows. The single specimen in the Bureau of Science collection (No. 1362, from Mindanao) has fifty-six scale rows. | The young usually have distinct vertical yellow bars on the side which divide the large black spots and terminate above in a larger yellow spot; the spots on the back are usually represented by dim bars. This condition exists also in certain adult speci- mens. Remarks.—Boulenger states that the lamelle are unicarinate; all the specimens examined have distinct bicarinate lamelle. This is the largest Philippine skink and reaches a length of at 166 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS least 360 millimeters. When disturbed these skinks readily take refuge in holes in the ground; hence they -are difficult to capture. They are common about the base of Mariveles in Ba- taan. Vogt* has reported a specimen of this species from Dutch New Guinea. De Rooij + has expressed a doubt as to its correct identification. Undoubtedly the differences recorded between the typical O. cumingit Gray and Vogt’s specimen war- — rant the making of a new species for the reception of the latter. The type of O. cumingw was discovered in the Philippines by H. Cuming, 1832-1836; the exact locality is now unknown. Known from Dinagat, Mindanao, Mindoro, and Bataan, Luzon. Genus SPHENOMORPHUS Fitzinger Sphenomorphus FITZINGER, Syst. Rept. (1843) 23; STEJNEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 58 (1907) 216. Hinulia GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 74. Lygosoma (section Hinulia) BoULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 212. Legs well developed, pentadactyl. Lower eyelid scaly. Tym- panum distinct. No supranasals; the frontoparietal is single or divided. The length of hind leg usually exceeds the distance between center of eye and foreleg. For a proper understanding of the Philippine skinks I prefer to recognize Boulenger’s genus Lygosoma as a supergenus, and his various sections of the genus as genera. It is true that there is no strong dividing line between certain of these genera as, for instance, Boulenguer { states that Lygosoma decipiens Boulenger and Lygosoma luzonense Boulenger connect sections Hinulia and Homolepida, but that both should be referred to the former. The distinction between Siaphos and Leiolopisma is rather slight, and Siaphos kempi Taylor might easily be re- garded as a Leiolopisma. Stejneger § has regarded Otosaurus Gray as belonging to the genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger. I do not follow him in this. A careful study of Otosaurus cumingit Gray, the type of the genus, causes me to regard it as belonging to a separate genus. The presence of a large, well- defined supranasal does, I believe, separate it from Spheno- morphus. The genus as here considered has sixteen known representa- tives in the Philippine fauna, besides three forms regarded as sub- * Vogt, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Fr. (1911) 417; (1912) 365. + De Rooij, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 166. ~ Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1894) 7384. § Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 58 (1907) 216. SPHENOMORPHUS 167 species. Many are rather local in distribution and doubtless many species remain undiscovered, especially in the northern part of Luzon, in Mindanao, and on high mountains. Most of these skinks are terrestrial in habit, although Sphenomorphus arborens, and to some extent S. acutus and S. variegatus, are ex- ceptions in this respect. Sphenomorphus fasciatus is a burrow- ing form and is never seen except when disturbed under some log, rock, or plant. In consequence of this habitat the eye is reduced somewhat in size. Most of the species of Sphenomor- phus are rather diminutive. The largest form is S. jagorii subsp. grandis; it reaches a length of more than 260 millimeters. ~ Sphenomorphus steerei, S. decipiens, S. luzonensis, S. atrigularis, S. biparietalis, and S. moellendorffi probably never attain a length of 100 millimeters, and most of the individuals are much shorter. Key to the Philippine species of Sphenomorphus Fitzinger. a’. Frontoparietal single. b*, Anterior frenals, 2, superimposed.* c. Six supraoculars; 26 to 30 scale rows; 32 to 34 subdigital lamelle; 7 180 millimeters in length.................... S. acutus (Peters) (p. 168). c’. Four supraoculars; 40 scale rows; 16 to 19 subdigital lamelle on longest toe; 98 millimeters in length. S. curtirostris Taylor (p. 170). b’, Anterior frenal single. c. Five supraoculars; 34 to 36 scale rows; 22 lamelle; 166 millimeters Tidy “IGT aR EO Se ee Se ee eo Re ite Meee selene eR. S. coxi Taylor. (p. 173). c’. Four supraoculars. d’, Twenty-eight scale. rows; hind leg equals distance between eye and foreleg; 80 millimeters in length. S. luzonensis (Boulenger) (pielioy. d’. Thirty-six scale rows; hind leg equals distance between nostril and foreleg; 80 millimeters in length. S. decipiens (Boulenger) (p. 176). d*. Thirty to 34 scale rows; 10 lamellex; 70 millimeters in length; 2 pains; Of parietals............<...-- S. biparietalis Taylor (p. 177). d’. Thirty-two scale rows; 16 lamelle; 90 millimeters in length. S. moellendorffi (Boettger) (p. 179). d’. Thirty scale rows; 12 lamelle; 74 millimeters in length. S. steerei Stejneger (p. 180). a’. Frontoparietal double. b*, Anterior frenals, 2, superimposed; 5 supraoculars. c’. Forty-two scale rows; 23 lamelle; 148 millimeters in length. S. llanosi Taylor (p. 182). c’. Thirty-eight to 40 scale rows; 20 to 25 smooth lamelle; 139 millimeters in length.................... S. variegatus (Peters) (p. 184). _b*. Anterior frenal single. i * Sphenomorphus steerei and S. curtirostris vary in the condition of the anterior frenal. See descriptions. + The count of subdigital lamelle is for the fourth toe. 168 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS c. Four supraoculars. d’. Forty to 42 scale rows; 21 lamelle; 168 millimeters in length. S. arborens Taylor (p. 186). d’. Thirty scale rows; 10 lamella; 64 millimeters in length. S. atrigularis Stejneger (p. 196). c’. Five supraoculars. d’. Twenty-eight scale rows; 22 lamelle; 183 millimeters in length. S. fasciatus (Gray) (p. 188). ad’. Forty scale rows; 22 lamellae; 114 millimeters in length. S. lednickyi Taylor (p. 190). d’. Thirty-eight to 44 scale rows; 23 lamelle; 270 millimeters in plenethisi a eee eA Is Oe S. jagorii (Peters) * (p. 192). d*. Thirty-two scale rows; 17 unicarinate lamelle; 116 millimeters Invlene th... ates aoe eee S. mindanensis Taylor (p. 198). . The arrangement of the species within the key is rather mis- leading as it brings together species that have nothing in com- mon save the position and number of the frenals, and a similar condition of the frontoparietal. Thus the two forms Spheno- morphus acutus and S. curtirostris are probably least closely related. Just what the actual relationship is among the species of this genus is largely a matter of conjecture. It appears that S. acutus, S. atrigularis, S. fasciatus, and S. biparietalis have no close relationship among the other Philippine species. It is not improbable that more than one species has been included under the name of S. steeret. SPHENOMORPHUS ACUTUS (Peters) PLATE 14, Fic. 2 Lygosoma (Hinulia) acutum PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1864) 54. Hinulia acutum GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1879) 76. Lygosoma acutum BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 248. BOETTGER, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. (1886) 100. Description of species—(From No. 500, E. H. Taylor collec- tion; collected at Bunawan, Agusan, Mindanao, 1912, by E. H. Taylor.) Habit lacertiform, slender; head pointed; fronto- nasal very large, forming a suture with rostral but minutely separated from frontal; prefrontals large, barely in contact; bordered by three frenals laterally; no supranasal; frontal elongate, not or scarcely as wide as supraocular region, longer than distance to end of snout, less than the combined parietal length ; six supraoculars, first the longest and in contact with pre- frontal, third widest, first three touching frontal; frontopa- * Sphenomorphus jagorit varies in the condition of the frontoparietal; it is single in S. jagorii divergens Taylor. See descriptions. SPHENOMORPHUS 169 rietal single, much wider than long; interparietal longer than wide, rounded in front, pointed behind; parietals narrowly in contact behind interparietal; a pair of nuchals (scale on right side broken) ; nostril in a single nasal; latter followed by two superimposed frenals, the upper largest; these are followed by a low, elongate frenal three times as long as high, behind which are two superimposed frenals, the upper largest; three super- imposed preoculars; ten or eleven superciliaries; nine upper labials separated from orbit by a row of scales; several enlarged temporal scales, the largest bordering parietal; five or six lower labials, all small, long, and narrow; mental smaller than rostral, ee ZI EH i Ey ere IESE, (\y S\ LEE, Fic. 17. Sphenomorphus acutus (Peters) ; a, head, dorsal view; 6b, head, lateral view; x 3. followed by two postmentals, the second of which is twice as large as first, and three paired chin shields; thirty rows of scales around body, the dorsals very much the largest, all per- fectly smooth; on neck the median rows are transversely dilated and narrowed; two enlarged preanals; adpressed hind leg reaches shoulder; digits long and especially slender, compressed; fourth toe much the longest, with thirty-four smooth subdigital lamelle ; nearer ear opening than end of snout; ear opening smaller than eye opening, without lobules; scales under tail transversely elongate. Color in life—Above light brown with a median irregular series of black-brown spots that continue to the tail as irregular, broken, indistinct bars on tail; a black streak begins on nostril, continuing to above arm, where it breaks into irregular spots and continues to base of tail; chin, labials, throat, and belly immaculate. 170 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Measurements of Sphenomorphus acutus (Peters). mm. Total length 205 Snout to vent 69 Tail 136 Width of head 9 Snout to foreleg 26 Axilla to groin 31 Foreleg 24 Hind leg 36.5 Variation.—There are twenty-one specimens in my collection from the Agusan Valley, Mindanao. The number of scale rows varies from twenty-six to thirty; in practically all specimens save the one described the prefrontals form a strong suture. In the young the tails are pinkish. Remarks.—This species is especially common about Bunawan and hundreds of specimens might easily have been obtained. Specimens usually feed on the ground about trees; when dis- turbed they take refuge on the nearest tree, which they ascend for a distance of one or more meters and then keep out of sight by running around the trunk keeping on the side of the bole opposite the pursuer; they rarely if ever ascend a tree any considerable distance. The species has also been taken in Di- nagat and Samar. The type locality is “Loquilocun, auf der Insel Samar.” The type was collected by F. Jagor, 1859-1861. SPHENOMORPHUS CURTIROSTRIS Taylor PLATE 14, FIG. 3 Sphenomorphus curtirostris TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 (1915) 101. Description of species —(From No. R1695, Bureau of Science collection; collected at Bunawan, Agusan, Mindanao, September 8, 1912, by E. H. Taylor.) Head very short; diameter of eye about equal to distance from eye to end of snout; latter distance much less than that from eye to ear; ear midway between end of snout and insertion of foreleg; rostral twice as broad as high, forming a broad curved suture with frontonasal; latter about twice as wide as long, narrowly touching frontal; prefrontals - large, wider than deep, narrowly separated; frontal diamond- shaped, in contact with two supraoculars and with first super- ciliary (on one side only), about as wide as supraocular region; frontoparietals fused into a single plate, not as long as fron- tal; parietals much longer than broad, forming a broad su- SPHENOMORPHUS jas ture behind interparietal, which is similar in shape but much smaller than frontal; no nuchals; four supraoculars; five on left side; nasal moderate, single, nostril pierced near its center; no supranasals; two anterior frenals, superimposed, the lower in contact with first and second labials; second frenal separated from labials by the large inferior preocular, superior preocular small; ten or eleven superciliaries; two rows of small scales separating labials from orbit; seven upper labials, third larger than fourth; two enlarged anterior temporals, the largest bor- dering parietal; mental broader than rostral followed by a single large postmental which is in contact laterally with two lower labials; three pairs of chin shields, first pair in contact, second wider than first pair; forty rows of scales around body, those on back and belly much larger than lateral scales; three enlarged preanal scales; anus some distance behind insertion Fic. 18. Sphenomorphus curtirostris Taylor, from the type; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin; X 8. of hind legs; legs well developed; adpressed hind leg reaches beyond wrist of adpressed foreleg; length of hind leg about equal to distance from snout to foreleg ; fourteen or fifteen smooth lamelle below fourth toe, slightly compressed but not distinctly keeled; tail tapering distinctly, compressed laterally. Color in life-——Above, body variegated yellowish brown with a median row of quadrangular chocolate spots separated by equal areas of light yellow-brown; two or three very narrow, dim, brownish lines on either side of the median spots; laterally a broad band of chocolate brown from snout to hind limb, wider on neck and sides, more or less dovetailed with the lighter spots above; tail rather lighter in color, mottled with darker brown; legs slightly lighter above with brown stripes on their outer aspect; toes and fingers: barred with brown; below yellowish white, with small brownish spots on throat; very numerous spots on undersurface of tail. 72 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Measurements of Sphenomorphus curtirostris Taylor. Total length 98 Snout to foreleg 16 Snout to vent 44 Tail 54 Axilla to groin 21 Foreleg 10.5 Hind leg 15 Width of head 7 Variation.—The type of this species was collected by myself in Agusan Province between Simulao and Gibong Rivers. Two other specimens were taken in the same locality, and sev- eral from about Lake Mainit in the northeastern peninsula of Mindanao; seven were collected about Mount Maquiling, Luzon. _ These specimens vary considerably in the relation of the pre- frontals,* the frontal to the first superciliary, and in the ar- rangement of the frenals. Out of fifteen specimens examined, three have the frenals nor- mal, that is, one behind the other, both touching the labials; two have the posterior frenal fused with the lower anterior, thus leaving a single frenal in contact with the labial; and ten speci- mens have the anterior frenal divided into two superimposed scales and the posterior separated from the labials by the in- ferior preocular.j Nine specimens have the prefrontals in con- tact broadly, while six have them narrowly separated; in about the same proportion of specimens the frontal touches the first superciliary. The scale rows vary between thirty-eight and forty ; the lamelle under fourth toe, between fifteen and eighteen ; and two specimens have the first supraocular broken into two scales. One specimen from Mount Maquiling has a black throat. Remarks.—It appears that this species is closely related to S. moellendorfi (Boettger), from Tablas. It is differentiated, however, by an average of six to eight more scale rows around the body. The character of the frenal scales is not constant, and the condition which obtains in the type does not hold throughout the series. The species is known only from the localities mentioned. *The original description (Taylor op. cit.) states that “the nasals are separated in one half of the specimens, and form a suture in the others.” For nasals read prefrontals. + Very similar variations occur in Sphenomorphus steerei Stejneger. SPHENOMORPHUS Vis SPHENOMORPHUS COXI Taylor Sphenomorphus coxi TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 (1915) 100. Description of species.—(From No. 70, E. H. Taylor collec- tion; collected at Bunawan, Agusan, September, 1912, by E. H. Taylor.) Rostral forms a slightly curved suture with fronto- nasal; latter very much broader than long, laterally in contact with anterior frenal; behind, it forms a suture with frontal less than one-half as wide as rostral suture; no supranasals; prefrontals about half as large as frontonasal, not widely separated, in contact with two frenals, first superciliary, and narrowly with first supraocular; frontal moderate, kite-shaped, in contact with two supraoculars, as wide as, or slightly narrower than, suproacular region; frontoparietal a _ single EN Fic. 19. Sphenomorphus coxi Taylor; a, head, dorsal view; 6b, head, lateral view; c, chin; X 3. scale, wider than frontal but slightly shorter; interparietal very small; parietals large, forming a moderate suture behind inter- parietal; nasal single, set diagonally, with nostril pierced near middle, touching two labials, followed by a single, narrow, ante- rior frenal and a second frenal lower and broader ; two preoculars superimposed, upper smallest, lower followed by two narrow scales placed diagonally above fourth and fifth labials; five supraoculars, first twice as long as second, second broadest, last followed by four scales arranged in pairs, two of which border parietal but do not separate it from fifth supraocular; eleven superciliaries, first largest; two or three small scales above upper preocular, and a number of small scales below eye, bor- dering sixth and seventh labials; a much-enlarged temporal 174 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS borders parietal and is surrounded by three large and two smaller temporals; seven upper labials, sixth and seventh largest, below eye; mental large, followed by a single azygos postmental; this followed by two pairs of chin shields bordering the labials, first in contact, second pair separated by a single scale; thirty- six scale rows around body, laterals somewhat smaller than dorsals or ventrals; two enlarged preanals; the median row of scales under tail slightly widened; ear opening very much smaller than eye; tympanum rather deeply sunk; eye nearly equal to its distance from nostril; distance of eye to ear greater than distance of eye to nostril; lower eyelid scaly; adpressed hind leg just fails to reach elbow of adpressed foreleg; twenty- two lamellze under fourth toe. Color in life-—Above rather reddish brown with a series of dim, irregular, slightly darker bands separated by very narrow, irregular, broken, lighter lines across back but darker on sides, where they appear as large blackish spots (especially on neck and shoulder), more indistinct along sides; many small black spots scattered along back and on tail; head lighter brown with yellow spots on labials; a distinct dark spot between eye and ear; tail with narrow, broken, lighter, transverse bands, rather indistinct, about thirty-seven in number; throat and chin with a few darker markings; belly immaculate dull white; arms and legs above mottled and finely streaked with darker; tail below dull purplish pink. Measurements of Sphenomorphus coxi Taylor. mm, Total length 166 Snout to vent | | 66 Tail * 100 Width of head 11 Width of body 14 Foreleg 18 Hind leg 25 Variation.—Specimens from Mindanao vary but little among themselves. All have thirty-six scale rows, a single specimen excepted, which has thirty-four. The lamellze under fourth toe — are either twenty-two or twenty-three. The frontoparietal is constantly single. By this character the species is readily dis- tinguished from S. jagorii that occurs in the same locality. However, in the Mindoro specimens of S. jagorii the frontopa- rietal is normally single. This form has been given subspecific rank. The differences in size and markings, however, distin- guish S. coxi from the various subspecies of S. jagori. SPHENOMORPHUS 3 | 175 Remarks.—The species is known only from eastern central Mindanao and is very probably confined to this island, and per- haps the islands to the northeast. In habit it is terrestrial, and it is usually found under logs and leaves or running about on the ground. SPHENOMORPHUS LUZONENSIS (Boulenger) PLATE 15, FIG. 1 Lygosoma luzonense (sec. Hinulia) BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don (1894) 733, pl. 49, fig. 2. Description of species—(From No. 1625, Bureau of Science collection; collected at Banaue, Ifugao, northern Luzon, May, 1918, by H. Otley Beyer.) Body slender, elongate, the scales extremely smooth and shiny; snout moderately short; rostral moderate; frontonasal broader than long, forming a_ broad, straight suture with rostral; prefrontals much broader than wide, completely fused (probably abnormal); frontal rather narrow and elongate, longer than its distance to end of snout, and longer than frontoparietal; four supraoculars, anterior largest, triangular, not or but slightly in contact with prefrontals; frontoparietal a single scale; parietals elongate, forming a suture behind the small interparietal; no nuchals; nostril pierced in a single nasal; two normal frenals, first higher and narrower than second; two preoculars between first superciliary and third labial; length of orbit equal to distance of eye from nostril; six or seven F'- 20. Spheno- one 5 2 morphus luzo- superciliaries; temporals enlarged, that touching = nensis (Boulen- parietal very large; seven upper labials, fourth, ake gar’ a fifth, and sixth below eye; mental small, followed — dorsal view: en- by a very large postmental, longer than wide; _ arsed. first pair of chin shields in contact; ear opening large, rounding, nearer foreleg than end of snout; scales smooth, in twenty-eight rows about body, the four median dorsal rows enlarged, of nearly equal size; preanal scales distinctly enlarged; legs weak, barely meeting when adpressed; thirteen lamellz under fourth toe. Color in alcohol_—Above yellowish brown, somewhat lighter on tail, with a median dark stripe broken by groups of very small whitish dots; head darker with an indefinite dark inter- orbital area, and a few minute scattered whitish dots; a broad, slightly undulous, dark line begins behind ear opening and con- tinues on tail, the upper edge bordered by a row of small grouped whitish dots; sides, below dark stripe, grayish brown with numerous whitish dots which are also on sides of tail; temporal 176 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS region with a blackish spot; upper and lower labials grayish with white spots; neck and chin whitish, marbled and spotted with darker; belly pinkish white; base of tail pinkish. Teil broken and regeneration merely begun. Measurements of Sphenomorphus luzonensis (Boulenger). mm. Total length 65 Snout to vent 41 Tail, part missing 24 Snout to foreleg 15 Axilla to groin 22 Length of head 9.2 Width of head Sp Foreleg 10 Hind leg 15 Remarks.—This specimen agrees with the type in scalation of head and body, but there are certain differences in the propor- tions of the various measurements. The specimen at hand is larger than the type; the hind leg is longer than in the type and equals the distance from snout to foreleg instead of from posterior part of eye to foreleg; the coloration and markings, however, are rather similar; the union of the prefrontals in the described specimen is probably abnormal. This rare species is known only from the high mountains in northern Luzon. The type is from “Mt. Benguet,’ where the collector, Whitehead, made a considerable collection of mammals. The specimen described is from near Banaue, Ifu- gao,* at an elevation of about 2,000 meters. SPHENOMORPHUS DECIPIENS (Boulenger) PLATE 15, Fic. 2 Lygosoma decipiens BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1894) 734, Oy AES sn caae 5. Description of species—(From Boulenger.) “This small Scink so much resembles the preceding [Lygosoma luzonense] in coloration and in the scaling of the head that one would * Mr. Beyer made a considerable herpetological collection about Banaue in May, 1918. Among the specimens collected at this high elevation were the following snakes, lizards, and frogs: Elaphe erythrurus (Duméril and Bibron), Cyclocorus lineatus (Rein- hardt), Natrix spilogaster (Boie), Mabuya multicarinata (Gray), Calotes marmoratus (Gray), Oxyglossis levis Gtinther, Rana magna Stejneger, and Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst) (both the spotted and the lined forms). SPHENOMORPHUS ET at first be inclined to refer it to the same species. It differs, however, in several important characters. The ear-opening is much larger and oval, nearly two-thirds the size of the eye- opening. The rostral forms a much broader suture with the fronto-nasal; the frontal is slightly longer than the fronto-parietal. The body is shorter, the distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb once and one-fourth to once and one-third in atone the distance between axilla and groin. The length yy¢ a1. spre. of the hind limb equals the distance between the omorphus nostril and the fore limb. There are 36 scales round (gonence), the middle of the body. The tail tapers gradually after Boulen- from the base. As stated above, the coloration is focal ow. much the same as in L. luzonense; there are, however, enlarged. no other dark spots on the back but those forming the inter- rupted vertebral line; a well-defined dark brown streak, con- tinued as a dorso-lateral line, extends along each side of the head and neck, passing through the eye, and the temple and neck below it are white.” Measurements of Sphenomorphus decipiens (Boulenger). mm. Total length 80 Head length 9 Head width 5 Body 26 Foreleg 10 Hind leg We Tail A5 “Both this species and the preceding [L. luzonense] connect the sections Hinulia and Homolepida, but should be referred to the former, as defined by me.” “Two specimens were obtained by Mr. Whitehead on Isabella icici IN. i. Luzon.” This species is one of the group of closely related small Phil- ippine skinks. I have been unable to obtain any specimens “which are referable to this form. Only the two type specimens are known. SPHENOMORPHUS BIPARIETALIS Taylor Sphenomorphus biparietalis TaytLor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 249. *Through an oversight, the section Hinulia is stated in my Catalogue to be characterized by distinct frontoparietals; L. acutwm forms an ex- ception in having these shields fused. [Boulenger’s footnote 1.] 161466——12 178 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Description of species.—(From the type, No. 1991, Bureau of Science collection; collected at Lapac, Sulu Archipelago, Sep- tember 28, 1917, by E, H. Taylor.) Head short; snout trun- cate, rostral rather small, forming a board straight suture with frontonasal; latter wider than deep, minutely in contact with frontal; prefrontals large, barely separated, touching minutely first supraocular; frontal much longer than broad, scarcely as wide as supraocular region, in contact with two supraoculars; frontoparietals large, distinct, touching three supraoculars; in- terparietal small, longer than wide; parietals nearly rectan- gular, broadly in contact with each other behind interparietal; a second pair of parietals between first pair and last supra- ocular; this pair much smaller, in contact with frontoparietals, the last supraocular, and one or two small temporals; no nuchals; nostril pierced in a single nasal, which is followed by one frenal; latter followed by two preoculars, between first super- ciliary and second labial, the lower largest; behind this a row of seven subequal scales, separating labials from orbit; six upper labials, third, OE fourth, and fifth below eye; six lower iy, | labials; temporals slightly enlarged; b Leh mental small, followed by a broad post- een any etek mental; two pairs of chin shields, both dorsal ee b, head, interal aes broad, first pair in contact broadly ; as ear opening large, round; tympanum not deeply sunk; limbs weak, failing to meet when adpressed by considerable distance; thirty-two scale rows around body, those on belly largest; lateral rows in straight longitudinal lines; preanal scales not enlarged; third and fourth toes of almost equal length, ten smooth lamelle under each; scales on underside of tail not enlarged; ear much nearer foreleg than end of snout. Color in life-—Above brownish, many of the scales flecked with whitish; a more or less distinct, light, dotted line from behind eye along side; below this a stripe of slightly darker brown flecked with white; below cream; underside of tail flecked with brown; upper and lower labials with light spots; SPHENOMORPHUS 179 Measurements of Sphenomorphus biparietalis Taylor. mm, Total length 70 Snout to vent 35 Snout to foreleg 11.5 Tail 35 Axilla to groin Ail Width of head 5 Foreleg 8 Hind leg ali Variation.—Eleven other specimens are from various local- ities in the Archipelago, as follows: Basilan, 1; Jolo, 4; Lapac, 1; Tawitawi, 1; Sangasanga, 1; Papahag, 2; Bongao, 1. The Basilan specimen is darker, and more heavily built; the head is slightly broader; the scales are in thirty-six rows about body; the prefrontals are broadly in contact; the throat has black spots; and two frenals are present on the right side. The specimens from Jolo are lighter, and the two lateral light lines more or less distinct. The type is from Lapac. Spec- imens from the more southern part of the Archipelago have from thirty to thirty-four scale rows about the body, and the number of labials varies, being either five or six. Remarks.—This species seems to be very clearly differen- tiated by the arrangement of the parietals which is different from that in any other form in the Islands. The only Philippine lizard in which the parietals approach this condition is the varia- tion of Brachymeles vermis Taylor, found on Papahag near Tawitawi. SPHENOMORPHUS MOELLENDORFFI (Boettger) Lygosoma (Homolepida) moellendorffi BOETTGER, Zool. Anz. 20 (1897) 162. , Description of species.—(After Boettger.) Habitus slender, somewhat short-legged; distance between end of snout and fore limb contained one and one-half times in distance from axilla to groin; snout short, truncate; under eyelid scaled; nostril in the middle of a large nasal; no supranasals; two simple frenals standing behind each other; frontonasal much broader than long, forming a broad suture with rostral; prefrontals in con- tact in the middle; frontal much shorter than frontoparietals and interparietals together; in contact with first two supra- oculars; four supraoculars, first longest, second broadest; nine 180 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS superciliaries; frontoparietals united in a single large shield; interparietals large, similar in form to frontal but smaller; parietals in contact behind interparietals; nuchals wanting; seven supralabials, fifth below eye but separated from it by a row of small scales; auricular opening vertically oval, large, two-thirds of eye opening; no projecting lobules on anterior border; thirty-two scales about middle of body, smooth; lateral scales somewhat smaller than dorsals and ventrals; two en- larged preanals, which are longer than broad; hind leg stretched forward reaches a little more than half the distance from axilla to groin; fingers and toes cylindrical, fourth toe with sixteen smooth subdigital lamelle. Color.—Above dark reddish brown with a median line of dark spots; a dark dorsolateral stripe runs from eye. The dark dorsolateral stripe has a small, three-cornered spur in the region of the foreleg, bordered above with a bright line and below with lighter spots. Below bright reddish brown, lips and sides of head flecked and marbled with brown; throat with brown longitudinal stripes. | Measurements of Sphenomorphus moellendorffi (Boettger). mm. Total length 90 Length of head 8 Width of head 6.25 Head to anus 44 Foreleg 10 Hind leg 14 Tail 46 Remarks.—No specimen of this species has been examined. It appears that the type specimen (No. 6318a Senckenberg Museum from Tablas, Philippine Islands) is unique. This de- scription is taken from the original type description by Boettger. SPHENOMORPHUS STEEREI Stejneger * Sphenomorphus steerei STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 34 (1908) 202; TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 372. * The small lizards in this group, which includes S. steerei Stejneger and S. luzonensis (Boulenger), are quite closely related, are about the same size, and have much the same color pattern. Apparently both of these forms were described from single specimens and, in the case of the former, presumably from an immature specimen. Fortunately, I have been able to obtain specimens of S. steerei from the type locality, Guimaras Island. These agree very well in scalation but vary in the proportions of legs and body; thus the legs are rather longer in proportion in young specimens than in adults. One specimen has the ear slightly nearer the snout than the foreleg. SPHENOMORPHUS 181 Description of species.—(From No. 968, E. H. Taylor collec- tion; collected on Guimaras Island, December 28, 1914, by E. H. Taylor.) Snout pointed, the supraocular region but slightly raised; rostral large, broadly in contact with frontonasal; latter much broader than deep; prefrontals broadly in con- tact; frontal shorter than frontopa- rietal, touching two supraoculars and first superciliary; frontoparietals sin- gle; interparietal shorter than frontal; parietals form a suture behind inter- parietal; four supraoculars; eight superciliaries; nostril pierced in the middle of a diagonally elongate nasal; two vertical frenals, both touching labials; lower eyelid scaly; seven upper labials separated from orbit anteriorly by one row, posteriorly by two rows, of small scales; temporals distinctly en- larged, two anteriorly; no nuchals; b ear opening large, about two-thirds eye !% 28- Sphenomorphus steerei 5 ra as Stejneger; after Stejneger; a, opening, distinctly nearer foreleg than head, dorsal view: b, head, end of snout; thirty smooth scale rows __ 2teral view; enlarged. about body; preanals enlarged; adpressed limbs meet; fourth toe with twelve lamellz bellow; scales below tail not enlarged. Color in life—Above light brown with a broken line of dark brown medially ; two short brownish lines evident on either side beginning on occipital region; dorsolaterally a dark line begin- ning on neck above ear continues to tail, where it is broken up into a series of dark, almost black spots; limbs brown, with roundish light spots; head mottled with brown; labials brown, each with a yellowish spot; below pinkish white, undersides of - tail specked with brown. Eto ee — wie Ons EN KV ws NEN ( \ \ N TOC K 8 N LN Measurements of Sphenomorphus steerei Stejneger. mm. Length, tip of tail regenerated 66 Snout to vent 2 Width of head 4.5 Axilla to groin 15.2 Snout to foreleg 11 Foreleg 6.4 Hind leg 10 Variation.—I have also referred to this species specimens from Canlaon Volcano, Negros; from Butuan, Mindanao; from 182 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Mount Maquiling, Luzon; and from Mindoro. They vary as follows: Canlaon specimens.—The anterior frenal consists of either a single vertical scale or two superimposed scales (44 per cent show the latter condition) ; the second loreal is small and is never in contact with the labial. The specimens reach a larger size, and are darker in color. The median dark line has the appearance of being continuous with a chain of lighter spots on it; the limbs are shorter in proportion to the size of the body; the adpressed limbs do not meet; the male has a brilliant rose red spot below the neck, and the belly is canary yellow; usually black spots are present on the preanal scales; the pre- frontals occasionally are separated. Fifty-five specimens were examined. Mindoro specimens.—The specimens here agree well with those from Negros. In the four specimens examined from this island the frontal is broken and forms a small, regular scale between frontal and prefrontal.* The markings are very similar. Butuan spectmens.—Ten specimens of this form were col- lected in the Swamps near the town of Butuan, Mindanao. The frenals are normal; that is, both are vertical and both in contact with the labials; the color is chestnut brown; the body is slender- er, and the tail elongate. The snout and body appear slenderer and more elongate than in the typical form. Mount Maquiling specimens.—Hight specimens were collected on Mount Maquiling. These on the whole are smaller than other specimens; the markings are very similar to those of the type form. The frenals are vertical, both touching the labials. Remarks.—It is possible that some of these forms might profitably be separated into species or subspecies, since to the eye they appear distinctly different. However, the absence of stable characters to define these differences causes me to wait until specimens from more localities are available. SPHENOMORPHUS LLANOSI Taylor PLATE 16 Sphenomorphus llanosi TAyYtor, Philip. Journ. Sci. 14 (1919) 121, pl. 2. Description of species.—(From the type, an unnumbered spec- _ imen in Santo Tomas Museum, Manila; collector unknown; probably from Luzon.) Habit lacertiform; snout narrower and longer than in Sphenomorphus jagorii; rostal much wider * This same curious anomaly occurs in specimens of S. jagorii divergens, found in the same locality. SPHENOMORPHUS 183 . than high, much narrowed laterally in front of first labial below nasal; frontonasal a little broader than deep, forming a straight suture with rostral, laterally in contact with upper anterior frenal, posteriorly in contact with frontal; prefrontals rectangular, separated in the middle, in contact laterally with upper anterior frenal, the posterior, and a single superciliary ; frontal much elongate, narrowed behind and in front; distance between supraocular regions about one-third the width of region above one eye; frontal little shorter than frontoparietal and interparietal length, in contact with two supraoculars; frontoparietals slender, pointed in front, forming a common suture much more than half their length; interparietal nearly as broad as frontal, but not nearly as long; as large as a single frontoparietal scale; parietals large, in contact behind inter- parietals, touching last supraocular and two small postoculars; no nuchals; nasal quite large, the scale placed diagonally, touch- ing only one labial; two anterior frenals superimposed, the two not as high as nasal, but higher than the very large frenal follow- ing, which is much wider at top than at bottom, touching two labials; two preoculars, lower largest, followed by two moder- ately large scales below eye, second partly wedged in between fifth and sixth labials; ten superciliaries; five large supraoculars followed by two paired scales, first supraocular more than a third of the length of the supraocular region, second widest; nine upper labials, sixth below orbit, sixth and seventh largest; five distinctly enlarged temporals, the largest bordering parietal; eight or nine lower labials; one unpaired postmental; two paired chin shields, first pair in contact, second separated by one scale; anals enlarged; twenty-three lamelle under longest toe; ear opening moderate, vertically oval; forty-two scale rows around middle of body; adpressed hind leg reaches beyond elbow of ad- pressed foreleg ; adpressed foreleg reaches anterior corner of eye. Color in alcohol.—Above rich reddish brown traversed by about thirteen indistinct bands of light, black-edged dots on back, and continuing on tail; behind eye to above foreleg is a large, broad, dark brown stripe, bordered below by a white stripe which begins on second labial and continues back to ear, then widens and takes a backward and downward course to front limb; below this there is a rather irregular mottled area of brown; lower labial flecked with brown; limbs above mottled with elongate light spots; sides somewhat lighter, flecked with brown; a brown area above hind limb; below yellowish. There is a very dim row of brown spots along upper lateral region. 184 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Measurements of Sphenomorphus llanosi Taylor. mm. Total length 148 Tail, end regenerated 60 Foreleg 16 Hind leg 26 Axilla to groin DAD Snout to foreleg 2ALB Snout to eye 5 Eye to ear | a5 2 Ear to foreleg 8.5 Width of head 9 Remarks.—This species is closely related to Sphenomorphus jagoriu, but differs in the following points: The first frenal is divided and the scales are superimposed; the second frenal is proportionately much larger; there are five instead of four large supraoculars; the frontoparietals are slenderer and extend farther forward; the coloration is also distinctive; there are more rows of scales about the body. Unfortunately the collections in the Santo Tomas Museum are unnumbered, and for the most part are without authentic local- ities. It is highly probable that this species is from Luzon, and perhaps the northern part of the island. Only a single specimen, the type, is present in the collection. It has been named for the Manila scientist Rev. Florencio Llanos, rector of San Juan de Letran College, professor in the University of Santo Tomas, and director of Santo Tomas Museum, who has been untiring in his courtesy and has rendered much assistance in my study of the Santo Tomas collections. SPHENOMORPHUS VARIEGATUS (Peters) PLATE 14, Fic. 1 Lygosoma melanopogon, part., DUMERIL and BIBRON Erp. Gén. 5 C1S30)ei2a. Lygosoma (Hinulia) variegatum PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 20. Lygosoma (Hinulia) nevium PETERS and Dort4, Ann. Mus. Genova 13 (1878) 340. Lygosoma variegatum BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 246; DE Roos, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 196. © Sphenomorphus variegatus BARBOUR, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard . Coll. 44 (1912) 90. Description of species —(From No. 535, E. H. Taylor collec- tion; collected at Bunawan, Agusan, Mindanao, 1912, by E. H. Taylor.) Snout short, obtuse, the supraocular region raised and the intersupraocular region very narrow; rostral broad and low; frontonasal very much broader than long, broadly in con- SPHENOMORPHUS 185 tact with rostral; prefrontals large, broadly in contact medially ; frontal elongate, drawn to a slender point behind, narrower than - gupraocular region; seven supraoculars, last very small, second and third widest; three supraoculars in contact with frontal; frontoparietals distinct; interparietal small; parietals forming a suture behind it; no nuchals; nostril pierced in a single nasal: latter followed by two superimposed frenals, the lower largest; these followed by a large frenal separated from orbit by three superimposed preoculars; eleven superciliaries, first very large; several enlarged temporals and several smaller ones; seven upper labials, fifth and sixth below eye; six lower labials; mental narrow, followed by an azygos postmental; this followed by four paired chin shields, only one pair of which is in contact; forty ¥ (| S SS Ss SS ©, <> Sy SS [aS SSS SS a) SS YW, LEY aa 5 SM Fic. 24. Sphenomorphus variegatus (Peters) ; a, head, dorsal view; 6b, head, lateral view; ec; ehin ; <.23 rows of smooth scales about body, dorsals only slightly smaller than ventrais; scales under tail not enlarged; eye equidistant from tip of snout and ear opening; latter vertically elongate, much smaller than eye, nearer foreleg than end of snout; legs strong, adpressed hind leg reaches shoulder; digits slender, compressed, with twenty-three unicarinate lamelle below fourth toe; preanals somewhat enlarged; tail much broadened at base, but tapering quickly to one-half its basal width, then gradually to a fine point. Color in life-——Above yellowish brown with two more or less distinct rows of irregular, dark brown spots medially; laterally with a distinct dark spot on neck, and a broken, irregular, dark stripe along side of body and neck (sometimes dim or wanting) ; below yellowish to pinkish white; labials with dark and light 186 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS spots; frequently a dark line from eye to ear; dim yellowish spots scattered on back and sides, and above limbs. Measurements of Sphenomorphus variegatus (Peters). mm Total length 155 Snout to vent 57 Snout to foreleg 23 Tail 98 Width of head 9 Axilla to ‘groin 26 Foreleg 22 Hind leg 33 Variation.—Fourteen specimens are in the collection from the Agusan Valley, and they agree fairly well in scalation; the young are always more brilliantly marked, the tails being a rosy pink color, and the light spots on legs and along the lateral dark stripe are brilliant yellow; in each of two specimens (Nos. 542 and 536, E. H. Taylor collection) there is a small scale intercalated between the prefontals, while in No. 548 (E. H. Taylor collection) the frontal is in contact with the frontonasal. Remarks.—The species is largely terrestrial, and specimens are found running on the ground or feeding under logs, about stumps, and the bases of trees. When alarmed they most fre- quently take refuge in trees, running around the trunks and keeping out of sight of the pursuer. They rarely ascend any considerable distance in a tree. In the Philippines the species appears to be confined to the southern part of the Archipelago; Dinagat Island is the most northern record. Found also in Borneo, Celebes, New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago. The type locality is ‘Philip- pines,” very probably from Mindanao, and very probably col- lected there by Dr. C. Semper, although Peters does not seers state that such is the case, SPHENOMORPHUS ARBORENS Taylor PLATE 17 Sphenomorphus arborens TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 373, pl. 1. Description of species.—(From the type, No. 413, E. H. Taylor collection; collected on Mount Canlaon, Occidental Negros, December 20, 1915, by E. H. Taylor.) (Adult male.) Head short and blunt, rostral bent backward over snout, forming a curved suture with frontonasal; latter much wider than deep, SPHENOMORPHUS 187 in contact with first frenal; no supranasals; prefrontals very large, broadly in contact; frontal triangular, its broadest part anterior to first supraocular, in contact with three supraoculars; frontoparietals distinct, broadly in contact, elongate, touching three supraoculars; parietals large, forming a suture behind interparietal, which is narrow and elongate; nasal large, pierced by a rather large nostril; two frenals, first higher and narrower than second, which is larger than first; two preocular scales superimposed, the lower much the larger; two or three rows of scales between labials and orbit; ten superciliaries, first especially large, in contact with frontal; five supraoculars, last very small (can scarcely be considered a supraocular) ; lower eyelid covered by two rows of scales, the upper small, second row vertically elongate, enlarged, eleven or twelve in number; small postoculars; five temporals, that bordering parietal very large; ear large, about one-half diameter of eye; six upper labials, fourth and fifth below eye, fifth largest; lower labials four or five, very narrow and elongate; mental moderate, first postmental more than twice as deep; four pairs of chin shields, first pair in contact, second pair separated by one scale, third pair by three scales, fourth pair broken in two; forty to forty-two scale rows about body, laterally arranged in vertical rows; two en- larged preanals, with enlarged scales in front of them; twenty- one rounding lamelle under fourth toe; adpressed hind leg fails to reach axilla, but reaches to near elbow of adpressed foreleg; ear slightly nearer foreleg than end of snout. Color in hfe-—Above brown, variegated with lighter and darker scales, and a median row of irregular dim, dark spots; a lateral stripe, beginning on point of nose, widening behind ear, continues as a broken line of dark, irregular spots to some dis- tance on tail; labials and chin muddy white with bluish tinge; belly with a wash of canary yellow; tail spotted below; spots present on preanal scales. Measurements of type of Sphenomorphus arborens Taylor. mm. Total length — 168 Snout to vent 65 Vent to end of tail 103 Snout to foreleg 25 Axilla to groin 32 Width of head 9 Width of body 10 Foreleg . 20 Hind leg 28 188 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Variation.—The collection contains six adult specimens and seven young, all taken on Mount Canlaon. There is a slight amount of variation in the width of the frontal and in its rela- tion with the first superciliary. Several of the specimens have neck and throat a dark muddy color, with a bluish tinge; the young are colored like the adults, Remarks.—This species superficially resembles Sphenomorphus variegatus (Peters), but differs in a number of essential points. There are fewer supraoculars, the scales on the foot, and especial- ly the heel, are larger; the first frenal is high and not superim- posed above another; the hind leg is much shorter and does not reach the axilla. In S. variegatus the hind leg reaches halfway between the foreleg and ear. | It is common on Mount Canlaon at an elevation of 800 to 1,200 meters; it is strictly arboreal, and is seldom seen on the ground. - SPHENOMORPHUS FASCIATUS (Gray) PLATE 2. RiG sc Hinulia fasciata GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 75; F. MuUuumr, II]. Nacht. Cat. Herp. Samml. Basel. Mus. (1888) 21; FISCHER, Jahrb. wiss. Anst. Hamburg 2 (1885) 80. Lygosoma (Hinulia) fasciatum PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1872) 588. Lygosoma fasciatum BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 287, Dl. dip ete eZ. Sphenomorphus fasciatus TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) ota Description of species.—(No. 534, E. H. Taylor collection ; col- lected at Bunawan, Agusan, Mindanao, 1912, by E. H. Taylor.) Body elongate, limbs short; snout short, obtuse; frontonasal broader than deep, forming a narrow, curved suture with rostral, in contact with nasal and anterior frenal laterally; no supra- nasals; prefrontals large, not touching supraocular, barely in contact medially; frontal nearly as long as frontoparietals and interparietal together, as wide as supraocular region; five supra- oculars, second widest, first two in.contact with frontal; fronto- parietals distinct, longer than wide; interparietal small, the parietals forming a broad suture behind it; five pairs of nuchals; nostril pierced in a single nasal; two frenals, second lower and wider than first; two preoculars, lower largest; nine superci- liaries, first touching frontal; lower eyelid scaly ; several enlarged temporals, those in front of ear opening vertically elongated, largest in contact with parietal; eight upper labials, sixth be- low eye but separated from orbit by a row of scales; six lower labials not much longer than wide; mental moderate, followed by one postmental, touching two labials and four paired chin SPHENOMORPHUS 189 shields, first two in contact; twenty-eight sows of smooth scales around body, the two dorsal median rows tranversely dilated; seales under tail small; preanals enlarged; legs weak, not meet- ing when adpressed; digits compressed; fourth toe longest with twenty-two keeled, divided lamellz below; tail thick, nearly one and one-third times as long as head and body, cylindrical, tapering gradually; ear opening oval, not as large as eye; latter slightly nearer tip of snout than ear; latter nearer foreleg than tip of snout; no auricular lobules present. 6 Fic. 25. Sphenomorphus fasciatus (Gray); a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, ching , eet IO} SUS ui CVIwort Ss + ee. \ eae \ Sn S 2s Rey INS Siaphos GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 172, 88. Lygosoma, part., BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 223. Legs only very moderately developed; lower eyelid scaly or with a transparent disk; ear covered with scales or tympanum unscaled; no supranasals; nuchals present (in Philippine species) ; prefrontals either well or moderately developed, some- times wanting; frontal not broader than supraocular region; species small. Four species are known to occur in the Philippines. Key to the Philippine species of Siaphos Gray. a>. Lower eyelid with a transparent disk. b*. Prefrontals present, moderately large. ec. Auricular opening distinct; limbs barely touch when adpressed, olive brown above with a broad, darker, lateral stripe. S. kempi Taylor (p. 216). ce’. Auricular opening hidden; limbs usually touching when adpressed; light brown with 4 blackish stripes on back. S. infralineolatum (Gunther) (p. 218). b.” Prefrontals wanting. Auricular opening large; limbs fail to touch when adpressed; olive brown above with a median brownish stripe, and 2 broad, brown, lateral stripes... §. auriculatum, Taylor (p. 221). a’. Lower eyelid scaly; auricular opening concealed; 4 blackish stripes onv body: ses Ae S. quadrivittatum (Peters) (p. 223). SIAPHOS KEMPI Taylor Siaphos kempi TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. 14 (1919) 118. Description of species—(From the type, No. 2,006 E. H. Taylor collection; collected at Lake Naujan, Mindoro, April 23, 1916, by E. H. Taylor.) Head short; snout blunt, not especially depressed; rostral covering tip of snout, the part visible above much less than depth of snout at posterior border of rostral; no supranasals; frontonasal large, the suture with rostral equal to or smaller than that with nasal and slightly larger than that with frontal; prefrontals much reduced, separated, not in con- tact with first supraocular; frontal moderate, about equal to frontoparietal in length, as long as its distance from end of snout, in contact with two supraoculars and first superciliary ; fronto- SIAPHOS re 217 parietals fused in a single scale, a little broader than long; inter- parietal triangular, a little wider than frontal but shorter; parietals forming a suture behind interparietal; four pairs of nuchals; nasal pierced medially by nostril, touching a single labial; two frenals, both higher than wide; four supraoculars, last longest, second widest; eight superciliaries; several much- enlarged temporals; seven upper labials, fifth below center of eye; five or six lower labials; mental larger than rostral; ear opening obliquely oval, moderately large; eye nearer tip of snout than ear opening; limbs small, barely touching when adpressed ; digits not or but slightly compressed; twenty lamelle under Fic. 36. Siaphos kempi Taylor, from the type; a, head, dorsal view; 6, head, lateral view ; c, chin; X 4. fourth toe; two enlarged preanals; median row of scales under tail slightly widened; twenty-two rows around body; scales smooth, the median dorsal rows widest. Color in life-—Above silvery olive to brown, somewhat lighter on tail; laterally a broad dark stripe from eye to near end of tail, becoming a somewhat lighter color on tail, bordered above and below with a narrow, greenish silver line; head uniform dark brown; belly dirty greenish white with a few small specks of dark color under chin; under part of tail creamy white; limbs mottled brown and yellowish. Measurements of Siaphos kempi Taylor. mm, Total length 93 Tail 53 Axilla to groin Hah Snout to vent 40 Snout to foreleg 14.5 Foreleg 9 Hind leg 14 218 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Variation.—Two other specimens were taken in the same locality, both agreeing with the type in color and markings, save that both are lighter above; they are practically identical in scalation. : Remarks.—This species appears rather intermediate between Leiolopisma and Siaphos. I have referred it to the latter rather than to the former group because of its closer superficial resem- blance to the other Philippine members of that genus and the reduction of the prefontals and limbs; the ear opening however is large and distinct. The known Philippine species of Lezolo- pisma have the divided frontoparietal; the three known species of Siaphos have the frontoparietal single. The species is named for Ollie C. Kemp, Mangyan Agent in Mindoro, who accompanied me on the collecting trip to Lake Naujan and assisted in making collections. The species was found living under the leaves of small, close- clinging vines on trees. When these vines were loosened at the base of the tree and torn down, the lizards were revealed on the side of the tree at some distance from the ground, and they im- mediately took refuge much higher up in the tree. Thus many of the specimens seen escaped. Only three, brought down with the vines, were captured. This species differs quite markedly from the two small species, Siaphos infralineolatum (Giinther) and Siaphos quadrivittatum (Peters) in size, markings, and the presence of an auricular opening. From the recently described Staphos auriculatum Taylor, which it resembles greatly in marking, it differs in the presence of small prefrontals, and it probably does not grow to so large a size. Many other differences are obvious on a comparison of descriptions and figures. Known only from the type locality. SIAPHOS INFRALINEOLATUM (Ginther) PEATE 5, HIGAIS Cophoscincus infralineolatum GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1873) 166. Cophoscincus subvittatus GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1873) 16%? Lygosoma infralineolatum BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 328, pl. 27, fig. 1; DE Roors, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 269. Description of species.—(Described from fifty-two specimens from Bunawan, Agusan, Mindanao, and various islands of the Sulu Archipelago.) Head rather short, rather sharply pointed ; SIAPHOS 219 rostral covering point of snout, the part visible above not longer than its height; sutures with frontonasal not longer than those with nasal; frontonasal as wide as deep or wider, in contact with one frenal laterally, forming its shortest suture with frontal, its longest with prefrontals (in one specimen the frontal suture is much widened, and the frenal suture is shorter) ; prefrontals well developed, invariably separated, touching two frenals laterally ; frontal narrower than supraocular region, as long as its distance to end of snout, narrowly truncate in front, much narrowed behind; four supraoculars, first and fourth longest, second widest; frontoparietal very large, single, a little broader than long, much broader than frontal or supraocular region; interparietal usually triangular, the parietals forming a suture behind it; three to five pairs of nuchals; nostril pierced in a single nasal, followed by two frenals, anterior a little higher than wide, posterior broader than anterior; two preoculars, Fic. 37. Siaphos infralineolatum (Giinther) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; cy chins <3. lower largest; nine to eleven superciliaries; several enlarged temporals, largest bordering parietal; six upper labials, fourth and fifth under eye, fourth alone entering orbit; two scales above third labial, and a scale partially inserted between fourth and fifth; five or six lower labials; mental little larger than rostral, followed by a large undivided postmental; this followed by three pairs of chin shields, first pair in contact, second pair widest; eye moderately large with a transparent disk on lower eyelid; disk sometimes opaque; auricular opening wanting, its position marked by a small depression covered with scales; sixteen to twenty-two lamellze under fourth toe; limbs small, weak, touch- ing when adpressed; preanals enlarged; twenty to twenty-two rows of smooth scales around body, the median dorsals much enlarged; ventral scales frequently irregular in size; scales not widened under tail, except when regenerated. 22.0 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Color in life-—A bright golden brown above with four heavy black stripes from head to base of tail; the two median stripes begin on anterior part of supraocular region and continue practically the same width to base of tail, and they usually continue some distance on tail as dim dotted lines; the two lateral stripes begin on point of snout, continue through eye, and along side to above hind leg; belly yellow to pinkish brown; chin and throat more or less speckled with brown; tail usually pinkish brown above and flesh pink below; lipiale spotted brown; digits with brown crossbars. Measurements of Siaphos infralineolatum (Ginther). Total length 74 Snout to vent 34 Snout to foreleg 14 Tail, tip regenerated 40 Axilla to groin 17.5 Foreleg 8.5 Hind leg dt Variation.—A few differences in coloration are discernible in the specimens at hand. Some specimens have a heavier wash of brown on the tail; the continuation of the median stripes on the tail is variable; sometimes even the dotted lines are absent, or dim. In certain specimens there is indication of a banded arrangement of the brownish coloration on the tail; in two spec- imens there are faint suggestions of longitudinal lines on the belly. Specimens from the Sulu Archipelago are usually darker, and the markings frequently appear as three yellow to golden brown stripes on the back; the sides of the neck, the chin, and sometimes the sides are dark, specked with white. In scalation the chief variations are in scale rows and the number of lamelle under the fourth toe; the length of the legs and the proportional length of the fourth and third toes vary. Only one specimen has twenty-two scale rows; the others have twenty. In each of them there is a distinct depression marking the position of the auricular opening. The longest is 90 millimeters long; snout to vent, 41 millimeters. Remarks.—This species is commonly found under bark on dead trees and stumps, where it remains concealed, feeding on the larvee of beetles and other insects which live in such local- ities. I have never observed it crawling in daylight unless routed from its natural] habitat. It is not rare at Bunawan, at Zamboanga, or in the Sulu Ar- chipelago. I have failed to find specimens in any other local- SIAPHOS 22] ities. This is the first record of this species * in the Islands. Known also from Celebes and Sanghir Islands, the latter being the type locality; the type was collected there by Dr. A. Meyer. SIAPHOS AURICULATUM Taylor PLATE 3, FIG. 2 Siaphos auriculatum TAY Lor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 377, Dl.2, fg. 2. Description of species—(From the type, No. 894, E. H. Tay- lor collection; collected on Canlaon Volcano, Negros, De- cember 238, 1915, elevation 900 meters, by E. H. Taylor.) Rostral large, covering the end of the conical snout, forming a broad suture with frontonasal, about equal to that with nasals; frontonasal very large, convex anteriorly and concave pos- teriorly, forming its largest suture with frontal; prefrontals absent; frontal rather triangular in shape, longer than broad, the anterior part rounding, not as wide as supraocular region; frontoparietals fused into a single large scale, which is distinctly wider than supraocular region, and in contact with three supra- oculars; interparietal as wide as frontal, but shorter; parietals elongate, diagonal, more than twice as long as wide, joined be- hind interparietal, in contact anteriorly with two very small postoculars; three or four pairs of enlarged nuchals; nostril pierced in the middle of the single nasal, which is followed by two frenals subequal in size, as high as nasal; two super- imposed preoculars; eight superciliaries, anterior largest; four supraoculars, two touching frontal, second widest; two pairs of slightly enlarged postoculars and a row of scales above upper * Except for the disk present on the lower eyelid, this species might be united with S. quadrivittatum. The coloration and markings are nearly identical, and they vary in no other essential detail save the one mentioned. Peters states of his species, ‘“Unteres Augenlid undurchsichtig und Trom- -melfell vollstandig von dachziegelf6rmigen Schuppen versteckt.” While he states that the eyelid is opaque, he neither mentions the presence of a disk, nor states that the eyelid is scaled. Boulenger’s description (op. cit.) which appears to be taken from Peters’s description (op. cit.) of type, states “Lower eyelid scaly.” Whether or not he examined the type is not stated. I am strongly inclined to believe that the two forms, infralineolatum and quadrivittatum are identical. I shall, however, retain them as separate species until the types of the latter are examined on the point in question. The fact that the type locality of S. quadrivittatum is Mindanao, with specimens known from Celebes, makes the habitat of the two species iden- tical. If the types of S. quadrivittatwm have the lower lids scaled, it might prove a case of individual variation. Nelly de Rooij (op. cit.) retains the two separate, and also states that the lower eyelid is scaled. 2ae LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS labials; a rather enlarged scale between fourth and fifth upper labials; eight upper labials, fifth and sixth largest, below eye; two enlarged temporals, with three or four others not so large; auricular opening comparatively large, a little more than half the diameter of eye; tympanum distinct, not covered with scales, not deeply sunk; six or seven lower labials; mental rather large, followed by a large undivided postmental, which is followed by three pairs of chin shields, first pair in contact, second pair > separated by a single scale, third pair separated by three scales and followed by one enlarged scale; scales in twenty-four rows around body, the two median dorsal rows greatly enlarged; two enlarged anals; fourth toe slightly longer than third; adpressed legs fail to meet; twenty lamelle under fourth toe; lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. Color in life-—Above grayish brown with a median stripe of dark brown, covering part of the two median scale rows, con- tinuing as a dotted stripe on tail, dim on neck; a dark brown stripe begins behind eye and continues laterally to near end of tail; this does not involve ear and is about three scales wide on side; it grows dimmer on tail; head grayish brown with irregular darker markings; laterally quite dark with a lighter area on each labial; below rather dirty whitish; fingers and toes barred with blackish brown. | Measurements of Siaphos auriculatum Taylor. mm Length 97 Snout to vent 43 Axilla to groin 24 Snout to foreleg 17 Foreleg 8.5 Hind leg 14 Width of head 6 Width of body ‘ Variation.—Two other specimens in my collection were ob- tained in the same locality. Each has twenty-two rows of scales around the body. In No. 893 the interparietal is partially fused with the parietal; the median stripe is very dim and the color is iridescent olive brown with a suggestion of a narrow greenish line just above the lateral brown stripe. In No. 895 the stripe appears as a doubie row of dots. It is the largest specimen and measures 47 millimeters from snout to vent. Remarks.—This species has no close affinity. The absence of prefrontals, the size of the auricular opening, and the tym- panum being free from scales are characteristics that clearly EMOIA 993 differentiate it from other members of the genus. Three speci- mens were taken in the type locality. It is an arboreal species. SIAPHOS QUADRIVITTATUM (Peters) Lygosoma (Cophoscincus) quadrivittatum PrtTers, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 19; (1872) 583. Lygosoma quadrivittatum BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 329; DE Rools, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 271. Description of species—Snout short, pointed; lower eyelid scaly; ear hidden under scales; nostril pierced in a single nasal which is diagonally elongated; no supranasals; frontonasal in contact with rostral and frontal; prefrontals small and separated ; - frontal small, pointed behind, touching two supraoculars; fronto- parietal single, large; interparietal distinct; parietals in contact behind latter; three pairs of nuchals; fourth and fifth upper labials below eye, fourth entering orbit, fifth separated from it by two scales; two equal-sized frenais; eight or nine supercilia- ries; four supraoculars; temporals enlarged; two enlarged pre- anals; eighteen to twenty smooth scales around body, the dorsals much enlarged; distance between end of snout and foreleg con- tained one and three-fifths times in axilla-to-groin distance; tail thick, a little shorter than head and body; limbs short, over- lapping slightly when adpressed; digits slender, fourth toe longest, with fifteen to sixteen lamelle below. Color.—Yellowish above, with four black longitudinal bands, the median one reaching supraoculars, the laterals reaching eye; lips, chin, and sides of head and neck spotted with black; digits with black crossbars; tail dark spotted, the spots sometimes forming short vertical bars on each side. Lower parts yellow- ish white. Measurements of the type of Siaphos quadrivittatum (Peters). j mm. Total length 80 Head and body 250 Foreleg Leo Hind leg: 10 Remarks.—The types of this species were collected by Dr. C. Semper in Mindanao. It has since been reported from Bor- neo, Celebes, and Malacca. (Note remarks under Siaphos infra- lineolatum.) Genus EMOIA Gray E'moia GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 95. Emoa GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp. (1858) 262. Lygosoma (sec. Hmoa). BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) ZAIN 2IA LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Legs well developed, pentadactyl, overlapping when adpressed; lower eyelid with a transparent disk; tympanum distinct; supra- nasals present; rostral forming a suture with frontonasal: frontal not broader than supraocular region; preanals not or scarcely enlarged; digits with large number of lamellz below. Three species of moia are known from the Philippines. Key to the Philippine species of Emoia Gray. a’. Interparietal distinct. b*. Lamell#2 under fourth toe, 60 to 62; scales around body, 26; body with greenish yellow stripes; tail red.. E. ruficauda Taylor (p. 224). b’. Lamelle under fourth toe, 35 to 38; scale rows about body, 30 to 40; body grayish mottled with black.. E. atrocostatum (Lesson) (p. 226). a’. Interparietal fused with frontoparietal. Lamelle under fourth toe, 40 to 60; scales around body, 26 to 86; body with greenish yellow stripes>? tail azure blues 2 E. cyanurum (Lesson) (p. 228). The two species listed last are terrestrial in habit and widely distributed. They are found near seacoasts, where they feed jargely on small crabs and other marine crustaceans. EHmova atrocostatum is almost aquatic, and not infrequently will enter the sea water and dive. This species swims well and probably can thus go long distances. I have found specimens on floating logs a short distance from land. Hmoia ruficauda is arboreal in habit, and feeds on small insects in trees and in the coarse, high, swamp grass. It is rarely seen on the ground. EMOIA RUFICAUDA Taylor PLATE 18, FIG. 2 Emoia ruficauda TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 (1915) 98. Description of species.—(Described from four cotype speci- mens in E. H. Taylor collection, from Bunawan, Agusan.) Head slightly distinct from neck; snout bluntly pointed; rostral forming a broad suture with frontonasal; latter broader than long, in contact with frontal; supranasals present, small, elon- gate, bordering nostril; prefrontals separated, large, barely in contact with first supraocular; frontal about as long as fronto- parietal, not as wide as supraocular region, in contact with two supraoculars; frontoparietal single, larger than frontal; inter- parietal distinct, small; parietals forming a suture behind lat- ter, bordered behind by a pair of nuchals and a pair of very much enlarged elongate temporals; nasal divided; nostril sur- rounded by three scales; two frenals, second largest and widest; three preoculars, the median largest; four much-enlarged tem- porals; four supraoculars; seven superciliaries; seven upper EMOIA 295 labials, fifth largest and below eye; six lower labials; eye nearer ear than tip of snout, the lower eyelid with an undivided trans- parent disk; auricular opening oval, not as large as disk in eyelid, nearer foreleg than end of snout; auricular lobules very small, if present; legs well developed; the adpressed hind leg about reaches elbow; digits depressed proximally, with extremely numerous, narrow lamelle below; distal portion compressed with broad scalelike lamelle, fifty-eight to sixty-two under fourth toe. Fig. 38. Hmoia ruficauda Taylor, from the type; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin; X 3. Color in life-—Above black with five golden yellow lines on the back; the median line begins on tip of snout and continues to base of tail; the dorsolateral lines begin on first supraocular and are lost in the reddish color of tail; the two broad dark stripes on back, bordered laterally by the yellow stripes, join behind the end of the median yellow stripe and continue as a narrow dark line some distance on tail; lateral yellow lines begin on upper labials and continue to groin; below bluish white; light above on limbs; tail bright red; colors of young and adult are the same, save that the golden yellow stripes in the young are sometimes greenish instead of golden yellow. In al- cohol the ground color becomes brown with a black spot on each scale, the tail yellow, and the yellow lines bluish. Measurements of Emoia ruficauda Taylor. mm. Total length 129 Snout to vent 50 Tail 719 Snout to foreleg 78 Axilla to groin 27 Foreleg 105) Hind leg 22 161466——_15 226 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Variation.—In the specimens examined very little variation was evident save in the number of lamellz under the toes. Remarks.—I found this species abundant along the upper Agusan River and in the sunken lake region of central eastern Mindanao. It was conspicuous by its brilliant colors in the tall grass (tigbao) that bordered the lakes and streams, but in this habitat it was almost impossible to capture it. From the other Philippine species of E’mova it is easily distinguished by the color of the tail, the presence of the small interparietal, and the large number of subdigital lamelle. | EMOIA ATROCOSTATUM (Lesson) Scincus atrocostatus LESSON, Voy. Coquille, Zool. 2 (1830) 50, pl. 4, HONS. Mocoa cumingti GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 81. Mabouya atrocostatus GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 95. Eumeces freycinetti DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 5 (1839) 648. Euprepes bitzniatus PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1864) 58. Euprepes (Mabuya) cumingti PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1867) 20. Euprepes (Mabuia) microstictus PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1874) 373. Euprepes (Mabuya) atrocostatus PETERS and Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova 13 (1878) 358. Mabuia erdoniana SToLiczKA, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal (1870) 172. EHumeces serratus FISCHER, Abh. Natur. Ver. Hamburg 9 (1886) pl. Pays VIS yp Lygosoma cerdonianum BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 300. Eumeces singaporensis STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Ak. Wien I 62 (1870) Salle, toe 2. Lygosoma atrocostatum BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 295; Rept. and Batr. Mal. Pen. (1912) 94, 95; ANNANDALE, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal I 2 (1905) 147; pg RoorJ, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 259. Emoia atrocostatum BARBOUR, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 44 (1912) 94. Description of species.—(From No. 880, Bureau of Science collection ; collected at Bantayan, Cebu, by L. E. Griffin.) Snout long and obtusely pointed; portion of rostral visible above about equal to its height; small, elongate supranasals present, widely separated, bordering nostril; frontonasal broader than long, forming a broad suture with rostral, barely in contact with frontal; prefrontals large, narrowly separated; frontal small, truncate behind, about equal in length to the single fronto- parietal, but slightly smaller; four supraoculars, second largest; frontal in contact with two supraoculars; interparietal very small; parietals forming a suture behind latter; a pair of nuchals bordered by slightly enlarged body scales; nasal divided, the nostril surrounded by three scales; two frenals, second much EMOIA 22k wider than deep, nearly twice the size of first; eight upper labials (seven on left side), sixth largest and normally below eye; three preoculars, the lowest much the largest; seven superciliaries; five enlarged temporals, largest bordering parietal; five or six lower labials; lower eyelid with a disk, frequently opaque; ear- opening small, with small anterior lobules, nearer arm than end S ES = 4 Se ‘Ss eS < N ae Fic. 39. Emoia atrocostatum (Lesson) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin; x 2. of snout; preanals elongate, slightly enlarged; median row of scales under tail widened; legs strong, well developed, the hind leg reaching beyond elbow when adpressed; thirty-eight lamellze under fourth toe; toes depressed and slightly compressed dis- tally; forty scale rows about body; scales smooth with no evidence of keels, dorsals largest. Color in life—Above a uniform grayish olive, with darker and lighter indistinct spots; sides somewhat darker; belly greenish to dirty yellowish white. Measurements of Emoia atrocostatum (Lesson). mm Total length 195.5 Snout to vent 81.5 Snout to foreleg 32 Tail 114 Axilla to groin 40 Foreleg 25 Hind leg 37 Variation—The amount of variation is small among the eight specimens in the Bureau of Science collection. The lamellz under the fourth toe vary between thirty-seven and forty-two; 228 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS the number of scale rows is forty; the frontonasal and frontal are usually separated. Ina Series of nine specimens * in my col- lection I find the frontal broadly in contact with the frontonasal in all except one specimen, in which it barely touches; the toes are more depressed; the scales are in forty rows, the lamelle vary between thirty-five and thirty-eight. Nearly all the scales on the head and the body are dimly edged with black. According to de Rooij the scale rows vary between thirty and forty. The Mindoro specimens also differ from the Bantayan specimens in having the median instead of the lower preocular largest. Remarks.—Found throughout the Malay Archipelago and northern Australia, Caroline Islands, etc. In the Philippines it is known from Dinagat, Bantayan, Mindoro, Zamboanga, and most of the islands of the Sulu Archipelago. Stejneger reports a specimen from Bubuyan Islands, north of Luzon, collected by Mr. R. C. McGregor. It is usually found along sandy beaches and mangrove swamps. I have never encountered it more than a few meters from the shore. It burrows in the sand, and feeds almost wholly on small shore crabs. The female deposits two eggs in a burrow near the surface of the sand. This species is much larger than the other Philippine species of the genus. EMOIA CYANURUM (Lesson) PLATE 15, FIG. 4 Scincus cyanurus LESSON, Voy. Coquille, Zool. 2* (1830) 49, pl. 4, fig. 2, Tiliqua cyanura GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 (1888) 289. Eumeces lessonit DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 5 (1839) 654. Mabouya cyanura GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 96. Emoa cyanura GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp. (1858) 270. Euprepes cyanurus STEINDACHNER, Novara Rept. (1869) 44. Mabouia baudinii (non Duméril and Bibron) GUNTHER, Pree Zool. Soc. London (1874) 296. Euprepes (Mabuya) kordoanus MEYER, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1874) 188; PETERS and Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova 13 (1878) 357. Euprepes (Mabuya) beccarii Dori4, Ann. Mus. Genova 6 (1874) 338, pedi new D: Euprepes (Mabuya) cyanurus Doris, Ann. Mus. Genoya 6 (1874) ' 338; PETERS and DoriA, Ann. Mus. Genova 6 (1874) 356. Lygosoma cyanurum BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 290; DE Roois, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 253, fig. 90. Emoia cyanurum BARBOUR, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 44 (1912) 93. Description of species.—(No. 1344, Bureau of Science collec- tion; collected on Comiran Island, near Balabac, by W. Schultze.) * From Mindoro. EMOIA 229 Head rather distinct from neck, snout pointed, somewhat de- pressed; rostral comparatively small; supranasals present, nar- row, elongate, bordering nostril above (one on right side broken) ; frontonasal broader than long, forming equal sutures with fron- tal and rostral; prefrontals rather small, widely separated; fron- tal much longer than its distance to end of snout, not wider than supraocular region, longer than, or as long as, the large fronto- parietal, in contact with two supraoculars; frontoparietal single, fused with interparietal into a single large shield; parietals small, forming a suture, bordered by a pair of nuchals and a pair of temporals; nasal divided into an anterior and a posterior part which, with the supranasal, surround nostril; two frenals, first high and narrow, second low, broad, and very much larger than first; four supraoculars, first two bordering the frontal, Fie. 40. Emoia cyanurum (Lesson); a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin; x 3. last three the frontoparietal, second much the largest; eight superciliaries; three preoculars; eight upper labials (seven on left side), sixth much broadened, bordering orbit below; four enlarged temporals; five or six lower labials; thirty scale rows around body, smooth or very dimly keeled laterally; ventrals a little larger than dorsals; preanals only slightly enlarged; ear opening fairly large, about the size of disk in eyelid, with small lobules anteriorly; eye moderate, equidistant from ear and end of snout; ear much nearer foreleg than end of snout; legs stout, the hind limb reaching axilla when adpressed; fourth toe very long, with forty lamelle below. Color in life-—Above almost a uniform gray-olive, below lighter. Younger specimens are dark olive brown with three yellow stripes down back; tail bright bluish; chin, throat, and belly dirty yellowish white; lamellze dark. 230 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Measurements of Emoia cyanurum (Lesson). mm Total length 140 Tail 90 Snout to vent 50 Snout to foreleg a ae, Axilla to groin 23 Foreleg 18 Hind leg 24 Variation.—This widely distributed species is very variable.* The length of the hind leg varies in its reach between the elbow and the shoulder; the number of scale rows varies between twenty-six and thirty-six, and of the lamellze under the fourtn toe, between forty and sixty. Adult specimens lose the stripes and become plain brown, even on the tail. None of the speci- mens shows more than three golden to greenish lines on the back. Remarks.—Mr. Schultze, the collector of the specimen, assures me that the species is unbelievably numerous on the low island of Comiran, and that it is the only lizard there, exclusive of geckos. It very probably occurs on other islands of the Palawan-Balabac groups. In the Sulu Archipelago I found it on a single small island, known as Tulian Rock, situated directly west from Jolo at a distance of about a kilometer. The island is about 200 meters long and less than 100 meters wide with an elevation of about 20 meters. Three specimens were captured, while many seen escaped. The brilliant blue tail of this spe- cies makes it conspicuous and if it were common in the Archi- pelago its presence would surely have been observed on others of the numerous islands visited. : Girard’s Philippine specimens were probably from somewhere in the Balabac Straits, whether on Philippine territory or not I am not certain. He states, “the same species was also met with at the Sandwich Islands, and the Philippine Archipelago.” This is the first and I believe the only Philippine record prior to the specimens recorded by myself from Tulian Rock and Comiran. The species is widely distributed in the Moluccas, Papuasia, Polynesia, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and Sanghir Islands. Genus RIOPA Gray Riopa Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 (1839) 332; Cat. Liz. (1845) 96. * Philippine specimens vary but little from the one described. RIOPA roe Legs usually short or rudimentary; lower eyelid scaly or with an undivided transparent disk; ear opening present; supranasals present; prefrontals well developed; frontal not broader than supraocular region. This genus contains about twenty-four species, distributed from India to New Guinea and Africa. Only a single species has been found in the Philippines; this is the widely distributed Riopa bowringu (Giinther). The only Philippine localities are five islands in the southern part of Sulu Archipelago. The spe- cies is a diminutive skink, usually found under logs or leaves. It is probably fairly common in Sulu. All specimens seen by myself were captured. RIOPA BOWRINGII (Giinther) Eumeces bowringii GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 91. Euprepes (Riopa) punctatostriatus PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1871) 31. Lygosoma bowringii BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 308, pl. 28, fig. 8; DE Rools, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 264. Lygosoma whiteheadi MocquarD, Le Nat. 12 (1890) 144; Nouv. Arch. Mus. III 2 (1890) 134, pl. 8, fig. 3. Riopa bowringi TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 251. Description of species—(From No. 1990, E. H. Taylor col- lection; collected at Siet Lake, Jolo, September 22, 1917, by E. H. Taylor.) Snout rather obtuse, rostral slightly visible above; supranasals present, in contact behind rostral; frontonasal much broader than long, broadly in contact with frontal; prefrontals present, very small, __ very widely separated, leaving frontal in con- tact broadly with frontonasal; frontal longer than broad, as long as interparietal and fron- toparietal; parietals in contact behind latter ; a pair of nuchals and a large temporal border parietals; nostril pierced in a rectangular nasal, followed by two frenals, anterior higher than nasal and posterior frenal; two preocu- lars between first superciliary and fourth ros Maen feds oa labial; seven superciliaries; four supraoculars, 4, head, dorsal view: b, first broadly in contact with prefrontal; lower ¢24, lateral view; x 3. eyelid scaly; seven upper labials, fifth large, below eye, fourth as small as first; three or four enlarged temporals; six lower labials; mental rather wide, followed by a wide postmental; three pairs of divided chin shields, first only in contact, third small; ear opening small, with two projecting lobules; twenty-six rows of 237, LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS scales about middle of body, all smooth; preanal scales somewhat enlarged; scales on underside of tail slightly larger than those above; limbs rather small; fourth toe only a little longer than third, thirteen lamellze under fourth toe; tail thick, tapering very gradually; eye nearer end of snout than ear; latter nearer insertion of foreleg than end of snout; adpressed limbs fail to meet by a considerable distance. Color wn life—Above yellowish to dark brown, the scales on each dorsal row with black spots, forming more or less regular longitudinal dark lines; a broad black line begins behind eye and continues above limbs to some distance on tail; scale row above the black line lighter than ground color; below the black line, other indistinct lines of brown with numerous distinct yellow punctations and occasional scales of reddish brown; below orange to pink; rather pinkish in groin; a distinct white line along upper labials. Measurements of Riopa bowringu (Ginther). Total length, extreme tip of tail regenerated 84.5 Snout to vent 42 Snout to foreleg 15 Axilla to groin 25 Tail 41.5 Width of head Fall Length of head tae Foreleg 10 Hind leg LAT Variation.—Five other specimens from the Sulu Archipelago are in the collection. They agree with the above description with a few exceptions; one specimen has two pairs of nuchals, another has the frontoparietals fused. All save the one de- scribed have twenty-eight scale rows. A younger specimen in the collection is olive brown above. None shows evidence of carinations on the scales. Remarks.—These specimens of Riopa bowringiw (Ginther) are the first recorded from the Philippines. The occurrence of this species is hardly a matter for surprise, since de Rooij has identified Mocquard’s Lygosoma whiteheadi from North Borneo as a synonym. The specimens obtained in the Sulu Archipelago are from the following islands: Siet Lake, Jolo, two specimens; Lapac, one specimen; Bongao, one specimen; Simonor, one specimen; Tawi- tawi, one specimen. Also known from several localities in LYGOSOMA Zoo Borneo, and from Java, Celebes, Malacca, Siam, Burma, and Hongkong. The type locality is Hongkong, the type having been collected by Sir J. Bowring. Genus LYGOSOMA Gray Lygosoma GRAY, Zool. Journ. 3 (1828) 228; Cat. Liz. (1845) 85. Elania GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 80. Lygosoma sec. Lygosoma BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 224, Legs short or rudimentary; no supranasals present; prefron- tals small and widely separated; frontal broader than supra- ocular region; lower eyelid scaly; ear opening small or wanting. Only a single species of this genus has been discovered in Philippine territory. This is Lygosoma chalcides (Linneus). It is also known in Sumatra and Java, and on the southeastern part of the Asiatic Continent. It appears that it has not as yet been reported from Borneo. LYGOSOMA CHALCIDES (Linnzus) Lacerta chalcides LINN/US, Syst. Nat. 1 (1766) 369. Anguis quadrupes LINNUS, Syst. Nat. 1 (1776) 390. Lacerta serpens BLOCH, Beschaft. Ges. Naturf. Freunde 2 (1776) 28, pl. 2. Scincus brachypus SCHNEIDER, Hist. Amph. 2 (1801) 192. Lygosoma serpens GRAY, Zool. Journ. 3 (1828) 228. Lygosoma aureta GRAY, Grif. A. K. IX Syn. 72. Lygosoma abdominalis GRAY, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2 (1839) 332. Lygosoma brachypoda DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 5 (1839) 721. Lygosoma chalcides CANTOR, Cat. Mal. Rept. (1847) 49; BoULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 340; pE Rools, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 225; BARBourR, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 44 (1912) 95. Lygosoma (Lygosoma) chalcides BoETTGER, Abh. u. Ber. Konig Zool. u. Anth. Ethnog. Mus. Dresden 7 (1894-1895) 1. Eumeces chalcides GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 90. Description of species—(From Boulenger.) ‘Body much elongate, limbs very weak; the distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb is contained four or five times in the distance between axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in the centre of the nasal; no supranasal; frontonasal broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with the frontal; latter shield small, a little broader than the supraocular region, in contact with the first and second supraoculars; four supraoculars; seven supra- ciliaries; frontoparietal single, large; interparietal distinct; 234 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal; first upper labial larger, fifth below the centre of the eye. Ear-opening punctiform, about as large as the nostril. 24 or 26 smooth scales round the middle of the body. Preanals not or very slight- ly enlarged. The fore limb, stretched forwards, reaches about half-way from the ear; the hind limb equals about the length of the shielded part of the head. Digits extremely short, subequal. Tail thick, as long as, or a little shorter than, head and body. Pale brown above, with more or less distinct darker longitudinal lines running between the series of scales; lower surfaces yel- lowish, uniform or with brown longitudinal lines.” Measurements of Lygosoma chalcides (Linnxus). mm. Total length 192 Head length tele 10 Width of head 6 Body 86 Foreleg 5 Hind leg 8 Tail 96 It is distributed throughout Java, Malay Peninsula, Siam, and southern China. In the Philippines it is known only from Palawan and Calamian Islands. Remarks.—Four specimens were taken on Busuanga Island and sent to the Dresden Museum by Dr. A. Scha- denberg. I believe the first recorded specimen for the Philippines is that of Gogorza y Gonzales. I collected several of these diminu- tive skinks on Busuanga and one spe- cimen in Palawan during April, 1918. They feed largely on the larve and adults of white ants and can usually be found about rotting logs where Fic. 42. Lygosoma chalcides (Lin- neus); after de Rooij; a, head, there are ants. The young have dorsal view; b, head lateral view; much enlarged. numerous stripes on the back. Genus TROPIDOPHORUS Duméril and Bibron Tropidophorus DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 5 (1839) 554; GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 101; GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. India (1864) 76; Bou- LENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 359; Fauna Brit. India, Rept. (1890) 217; pp Roots, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 275. TROPIDOPHORUS 235 Leposoma (non Spix) CUVIER, Reg. Anim. ed. 2 2: 38. Norbea GrRAy, Cat. Liz. (1845) 101. Aspris BLYTH, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 22 (1853) 650. Amphixestus PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1871) 578. Enoplosaurus SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. VII 3 (1879) 211. “Palatine and pterygoid bones in contact on the middle line of the palate, which is toothless. Teeth conical. Eyelids well developed, scaly. Tympanum distinct, superficial. Nostril pierced in a single nasal; no supranasals; prefrontals well de- veloped; frontoparietal present, single or double; interparietal distinct. Limbs well developed, pentadactyle; digits cylindrical, with transverse lamelle inferiorly.” (From Boulenger.) The species of this genus are semiaquatic and for the most part are found along fresh-water streams in the low mountains. When disturbed they readily take to the water and are able to remain some time beneath the surface. They feed largely on small insects and frequently on fresh-water crustaceans. The young are born alive. Five species are known from the Philip- pines. The genus is distributed from southeastern China to Australia. Absent from Malay Peninsula. Key to the Philippine species of Tropidophorus Duméril and Bibron. a’, A single frontoparietal plate; scales smooth; a pair of enlarged preanals. T. leucospilos (Peters) (p. 235). a’, Frontoparietal double. b* Three enlarged preanals; dorsal and lateral scales strongly keeled; subdigital lamelle keeled; head shields rugose; an azygos shield between the frontonasals and the prefrontals. T. grayi Giinther (p. 236). b’. Single enlarged preanal. c’. Head shields smooth; dorsal and lateral body scales strongly keeled; tail with vertical spines................ T. partelloi Stejneger (p. 238). c’, Head shields feebly rugose; numerous small scales above anterior Meta eta aM ev A T. rivularis Taylor (p. 240). ce’. Head shields smooth; no small scales above anterior upper labials. T. misaminius Stejneger (p. 242). TROPIDOPHORUS LEUCOSPILOS (Peters) Lygosoma (Hinulia) leucospilos PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1872) 684. Tropidophorus leucospilos BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 360. Description of species—Head moderately long; snout not longer than diameter of eye; head scales perfectly smooth; ros- tral large; frontonasal broader than long, in contact with rostral, nasal, and anterior frenal; prefrontals broadly in contact; frontal rhomboidal, the anterior part short, the hinder part drawn out to a long, sharp angle, a little longer than fronto- parietal; latter single, rather heart-shaped; interparietal of 236_ LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS nearly the same shape as frontal, but only half as large; parie- tals forming a suture behind it; nasal irregularly rhomboidal, pierced with a round nostril; four supraoculars, first longest; eleven superciliaries; seven upper labials, fourth to sixth, or fifth and sixth, below orbit, from which they are separated by a series of scales; five lower labials; mental large, with an un- divided postmental, and three pairs of chin shields; tympanum smaller than eye opening, superficially placed; body surrounded by thirty rows of smooth scales, dorsals largest, laterals small- est; a pair of enlarged preanals; foreleg brought forward reaches halfway between eye and ear; third and fourth fingers equally long; hind leg reaches wrist; subdigital lamelle smooth; tail compressed; a little longer than head and body. Color.—Brown above, variegated with darker, and with bluish white spots arranged in longitudinal and transverse series; base of arm, axilla, and lower surfaces reddish flesh color. Measurements of Tropidophorus leucospilos (Peters) .* mm Total length 118 Head 12 Width of head 8 Body 43 Foreleg 15 Hind leg 21 Tail 63 Remarks.—This species is apparently rare. The type is from Luzon (locality not stated), collected by Meyer, and I believe no specimen has been found elsewhere. It is a clearly defined spe- cies and diifers from other Philippine species of the genus by the smooth head scales and the absence of keels on the body. TROPIDOPHORUS GRAYI Gunther PLATE 21, FIG. 1 Tropidophorus grayi GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1861) 189. Tropidophorus cocincinensis (non Duméril and Bibron) Gray, Cat. Liz. (1845) 101. : Enoplosaurus insignis SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. VII 3 (1879) 211. Tropidophorus grayi BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 364; DE Roois, Rept. Indo-Aust. Arch. 1 (1915) 279. Description of species.—(From No. 661, E. H. Taylor collec- tion; collected on Mount Mariveles, Bataan, 1914, by E. H. Taylor.) Head broadened in temporal region, distinct from neck, upper head scales very rugose, and strongly striated; ros- tral narrowly visible from above, twice as broad as high; fronto- *From Boulenger’s Catalogue. TROPIDOPHORUS Zot nasal divided, each part nearly twice as long as wide; prefrontals large, separated by a small azygos interfrontal scale which forms a narrow suture with frontal; frontal twice as long as wide, but little wider in front than behind, longer than its dis- tance from snout; four supraoculars, anterior narrow and long, first two in contact with frontal; frontoparietal divided, each part smaller than interparietal, which is broken behind; parie- tals separated, as broad as long, bordered behind by a pair of nuchal scales, which are widely separated by several small scales ; nasal at least partially divided; two large irregular frenals, the posterior in contact with anterior superciliary; two preoculars, lower large, and two smaller, keeled scales above fourth labial; eight superciliaries, first two large, strongly keeled; these keels, together with the keels on pre- frontals and frontoparietals, form a rather distinct canthus rostra- lis; three small scales below anterior superciliaries ; tempo- Fic. 43. Tropidophorus grayi Giinther; rals moderate, the largest border- . ail a, head, lateral view > ing parietal, none as large as scales on neck or body; eight upper labials, fifth largest, directly below eye; five lower labials; mental small, followed by a large single postmental; latter followed by two pairs of chin shields, first pair in contact, second pair (of which the scale on left side is fused with the preceding scale) separated by a few minute scales; a third pair, largest, rather widely separated; tympanum superficial, about as large as eye opening; twenty-six rows of scales about middle of body, the lateral scales, forming diagonal series; on back, six rows of much-enlarged scales with heavy spiny keels; a median row beginning behind arms continues some distance on base of tail, the scales of which are smaller than the other dorsal scales; scales on hind legs very much more strongly keeled than those on forelegs; lateral scales and scales on neck and throat keeled, the six abdominal rows smooth; scales on underside of tail small, smooth, slightly striate; scales on upper side of tail with very spiny keels; legs strong; adpressed hind leg reaches to near elbow of adpressed foreleg; digits and palms with unicarinate lamelle below, about sixteen under fourth toe; three enlarged preanals; tail compressed, with lateral longi- tudinal depressions. Color in life-—Brown above with indications of lighter and darker transverse bands, most distinct on tail; throat brown; belly yellowish white; tail rather indistinctly barred below. 238 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Measurements of Tropidophorus grayi Giinther. mm. Total length 213 Snout to vent 109 Tail, tip regenerated 104 Snout to arm 44 Axilla to groin 46 Foreleg 26 Hind leg 41 Variation.—I have at hand six specimens from Mount Mari-_ veles, Bataan, and fourteen from Isabela, Occidental Negros. The scale rows vary between twenty-six and twenty-eight, (twenty-four to twenty-eight, according to Boulenger). The tail is a little longer than head and body when intact. Younger specimens have the belly scales keeled rather strongly. Remarks.—I have found this species common in the two local- ities mentioned, but have failed to find it elswhere. The type was collected by H. Cuming, the exact type locality not known. These lizards live along small mountain streams, and are usually found under partly submerged rocks or logs; they readily dive under water when disturbed and take refuge under completely submerged objects. Their extremely spiny appearance makes them easily recognizable. The species is also reported from Celebes by de Rooij. TROPIDOPHORUS PARTELLOI Stejneger Tropidophorus partelloi STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 39 (1911) 97. Description of type.—(From Stejneger.) “Upper head shields smooth; fronto-nasal broader than long; prefrontals broadly in contact; frontal as long as fronto-parietals and interparietal together, in contact with two anterior supraoculars; five supra- oculars, first longest, fifth smallest, second in contact with fronto- parietal; two anterior supraciliaries larger, followed by five very small ones, none behind the suture between third and fourth supraocular; fronto-parietals separate, shorter than in- terparietal; parietals not in contact behind interparietal; nostril a round hole in the middle of a single nasal, which is followed by two loreals one behind the other; behind the orbit three ver- tical rows of small scales followed by two rows of large temporal shields; between these and the unprotected ear-opening several rows of scales keeled vertically; seven supralabials, the anterior four low and slightly increasing in size backward, the fifth sud- denly much higher, but not much wider, sixth and seventh nearly as large; fifth supralabial under the center of the eye, sixth just touching the orbit anteriorly, and both separated from the orbital i TROPIDOPHORUS . 239 scales by a single row of small scales, smaller than the posterior supraciliaries; four lower labials, first very small, second and third excessively elongate, together nearly as long as five supra- labials; a large unpaired postmental followed by three pairs of large submandibulars, the two anterior pairs of which are in contact on the middle line; ear-opening oval, slightly smaller than eye-opening; 32 scales around the middle of the body; nine dorsals in the shielded part of the head; dorsals and laterals strongly keeled and on the posterior half of the body strongly mucronate, the keels of the dorsals forming six straight lines on the back, the laterals forming numerous oblique lines converging toward the sacrum; ventrals smooth, much smaller than dorsals, about fifteen in a head length; a single very large preanal plate; legs covered above with strongly keeled and mucronate scales; third finger nearly as long as fourth; subdigital lamellae smooth, 24 under the fourth toe; extended hind leg reaches beyond the elbow; tail slightly compressed with six series of very strong mucronate keels at base, this arrangement soon giving way to a mass of high, nearly vertical spines, each one occupying the whole scale, and all nearly the same size, there being no pro- nounced serial nor verticillate arrangement; tail underneath with a series of smooth, wide plates, on each side with a single series of mucronate scales; length of tail not one and one-half the length of the body.” Color in alcohol.—‘Above vandyke-brown more sooty on the sides, with about eight irregular and more or less interrupted, narrow, pale cross bars; tail with indications of similar pale cross bars; fingers and toes with distinct cross bars of dark and pale brown of about equal width; head above and on sides uniform glossy brown; throat and lower neck more grayish brown, a narrow pale line crossing the commissure from the third supralabial and another from the fifth across the sub- mandibulars to the throat; underside of abdomen, legs, and basal portion of tail pale, the terminal two-thirds dark brown like the upper side; scale-row nearest subcaudals pale, form- ing a pale line on more than basal half of tail.” Measurements of Tropidophorus partelloi Stejneger- Total length, tip of tail regenerated Zu2 Snout to vent 105 Snout to ear opening 25 Width of head 19 Vent to tip of tail Oe Foreleg 34 Hind leg 46 240 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS kemarks.—This species, of which no specimen is at hand, may be readily distinguished by the spines on the tail which reach a length of 2 to 2.5mm. The type, an adult male, was collected at the Mataling River Falls, 430 meters altitude, Cotabato, Mindanao, on December 12, 1908, by Maj. J. M. T. Partello. TROPIDOPHORUS RIVULARIS Taylor PLATE! 21, FIG, 2 Tropidophorus rivuaris TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 (1915) 106. Description of species.— (From the type, No. 1780, Bureau of Science collection ; collected by E. H. Taylor.) Head scales feebly rugose with grooves between shields; rostral broader than high, concave above; frontonasal as long as broad, or slightly broader than long; prefrontals broadly in contact, touching both frenals and first superciliary; frontal elongate, equal to or slightly narrower than supraocular region, longer than its distance to end of snout, equal to length of frontoparie- tals and interparietals together, in contact with three anterior supraoculars; first su- praocular much longer than wide; fifth and last small; frontoparietals distinct; inter- parietal small, followed by a narrow, elongate scale completely separating the parietals their entire length; nostril in single nasal (in some ‘specimens nasal partially broken) ; two frenals, latter large, _ separated from labials, the back part iT lanis Tevlone a heaa, depressed in a very distinct groove run- dorsal view ; b, head, lateral ning diagonally in front of eye; ten super- eae eae ciliaries, first two very large, last two behind fourth supraocular which borders orbit; temporals not much enlarged, those bordering parietal elongate, largest being midway between eye and auricular opening; eight upper labials, sixth and seventh largest, below eye; a deep groove above labials and a series of five or six small scales inserted, separating second frenal from labials; mental small, followed by a large, unpaired postmental and three pairs of chin shields, first two in contact; four lower labials, second much elongate; thirty to thirty-two rows of scales around middle of body; scales on neck and sides of body and tail keeled; keels on back forming a longi- tudinal line, those on sides diagonal lines; scales on underside of neck, legs, and tail smooth; scales on back little larger than TROPIDOPHORUS 2A1 those on belly; scales under tail broadened; a single, large pre- anal; limbs strong, fourth toe with twenty smooth lamelle be- low; auricular opening a little more than half eye. Color in life-——Body above reddish brown, barred across back with a series of indistinct irregular crossbands, not or scarcely visible on sides; sides darker, with bright yellow spots, seldom more than two or three scales in size; lateral scales flecked with small yellow or orange spots; head lighter brown without mark- ings above; lips and underside of throat and chin grayish blue; abdomen and underside of limbs yellowish white; basal third of tail rather pinkish. Measurements of Tropidophorus rivularis Taylor. Total length GT Snout to vent 91.5 Tail (regenerated) 105.5 Snout to foreleg 3D Axilla to groin 45 Foreleg 26 Hind leg 39 Variation.—The several specimens from the type locality agree fairly well in scalation. One specimen shows the two inter- parietals fused into one. Several specimens taken near Zam- boanga differ from typical specimens in having the head shields almost smooth and the two interparietals fused. This character of the type is probably variable. A younger specimen with the tail intact measures as follows: Total length, 160 millimeters; snout to vent, 59; tail, 101. The largest taken measures 101 millimeters from snout to vent. Remarks.—This species and T. misaminius Stejneger are closely related to Tropidophorus brooki Gray, of Borneo. Stej- neger has pointed out the differences between T. misaminius and T. brooki.* The present species differs from both by the presence of a series of small scales above the upper labial scales, and the strong, deep, diagonal groove in front of-the eye. The species is common in the small mountain streams of the upper Agusan Valley. These skinks live for the most part under partly submerged rocks and logs, or in small holes in the banks of streams. They are even more aquatic than T. grayi and in- variably take to water when disturbed. I have found the spe- cies only at Bunawan, Agusan, Mindanao, and at Zamboanga. * Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 34 (1908) 208, 204. 161466——16 242 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS There are two specimens of this species, in the collection of the Ateneo de Manila, without locality label. TROPIDOPHORUS MISAMINIUS Stejneger Tropidophorus misaminius STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 34 (1908) 202. Description of type—(From Stejneger.) “Adult male. Up- per head-shields smooth; fronto-nasal slightly longer than broad; prefrontals broadly in contact; frontal as long as fronto-. parietals and interparietal together, in contact with three ante- rior supraoculars; five supraoculars, first. longest, fifth smallest; two or three anterior superciliaries large, followed by six very small ones; none behind the suture between third and fourth | supraocular; fronto-parietals sep- arate, shorter than interparie- tal; parietals not in contact be- hind interparietal; nostril in a single nasal, which is followed by two loreals, one behind the other; anterior row of temporals differ- entiated from the scales behind, the upper three being shorter and broader, the lower two long and narrow; eight supralabials, the anterior five low and subequal, the sixth suddenly much higher and twice as wide, seventh equal- h ling sixth and with the latter Fic. 45. Tropidophorus misaminius Stej- entering the orbit, from which neger; after Stejneger; a, head, dorsal they are separated, however, by view; b, head, lateral view; enlarged. i a single row of small scales as large as the smaller superciliaries; a large unpaired postmental followed by three pairs of large submandibulars, the two anterior pairs of which are in contact on the middle line; ear-opening oval, erect, smaller than eye-opening; 32 scales around the middle of the body; dorsals, ten in the shielded part of the head, and laterals strongly keeled, not mucronate, the keels forming eight straight lines on the back; ventrals smooth, perceptibly smaller than the dorsals, twelve in a head length; a single, very large preanal plate; third finger almost as long as fourth; subdigital lamellze smooth, 25 under the fourth toe; extended hind leg barely reaches the elbow; tail strongly compressed, with four strong 11777. esr No RYE SH BRACHYMELES 243 keels above at base, diminishing to two towards the middle, and with a medium series of wide smooth plates underneath; length of tail much less than twice the length of body.” Color (in alcohol). —‘“Above and on sides vandyke-brown, shiny on the head, dull on body and extremities; obscure traces of blackish cross-bars on the back and of vertical bars of pale spots. on sides of body and tail; a blackish postocular streak below which on the temples a cluster of small whitish spots and a few scattered ones on the side of neck; underside shiny, chin, throat, lower neck, palm, soles, and posterior two-thirds of tail blackish brown, each scale with a narrow pale edge; rest ‘of underside whitish.” Measurements of Tropidophorus misaminius Stejneger. mm. Total length 219 Tip of snout to vent 89 Tip of snout to ear opening 18 Width of head | L225 Vent to tip of tail 130 Foreleg | 26 Hind leg 41 Remarks.—The young differ in having the head shields slightly rugose. The color is lighter brown with better-defined crossbars; there is a whitish streak between eye and ear instead of spots; the chin and middle of throat whitish. Known only from Malindang Mountain, 338 meters altitude, Misamis Prov- ince, Mindanao. The type was collected by Dr. E. A. Mearns, on May 25, 1906. Two other specimens were also collected, one half grown and the other young. Genus BRACHYMELES Duméril and Bibron Brachymeles DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 5 (1839) 776; GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 98; Corr, Ann. Report U. S. Nat. Mus. (1900) OZ TAYLOR, Philip. Journ..Sci..§ D 12 (1917) 267. Senira GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 98; Corre, Ann. Report U. S. Nat. Mus. (1900) 620. Palatine bones meeting on the median line of palate which is toothless; lateral teeth conical; eye small, upper eyelid not developed, lower one more or less transparent; ear distinct or absent; nostril small, pierced in a small nasal or between first upper labial and supranasal; postnasal sometimes present; supranasals, prefrontals, frontoparietals, and interparietals present. Body elongate, limbs short, rudimentary, or absent; digits pentadactyl, tetradactyl, or wanting. 244 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Boulenger lists a series of characters applicable to the whole genus. In many of the species now known these do not hold. The genus as here understood is the same as that defined by Boulenger; that is, it includes the genera Brachymeles Duméril and Bibron and Senira Gray. Regarding the fallacy of ar- ranging the various forms of skinks on the development of the legs Boulenger * states the following: In a family like the Scincoids, in which the limbs are undergoing a process of abortion, this character must be abandoned as one expressing relationship by itself; and I trust that the arrangement of the species in one or more series within a genus, passing from forms with well-developed pendactyle limbs and lacertiform physiognomy to such as have rudimentary limbs, or even none at all, marks a great improvement upon the artificial classifications in use down to the present day. Gunther + also remarks upon this matter. Cope quite dis- agrees with Boulenger. He replies to Boulenger’s statement as follows: I am not prepared to admit that the above remarks of Dr. Boulenger have more than an application to the cases where the development of the limbs and digits is irregular in the same species. This has not been shown to be the case more frequently than we expected to find in all other zoological characters, and particularly those which we call generic. It is indeed precisely the grades of characters expressed by the last structural modification of parts that the generic nomenclature is created to record. So long as the characters are constant then it is necessary to designate them by generic terms, and I have therefore adopted in the following synopsis of genera those which have been proposed by my predecessors for the various degrees of development of the limbs and toes. In the case of Brachymeles I am inclined to follow Boulenger. When his catalogue was published only four species of this Philippine genus were known; namely, three large pentadactyl forms, and a fourth with small stumplike limbs. Since 1912 I have discovered four new species, all of which are referable to this genus. One is pentadactyl, one tetradactyl, one has stumps of limbs, and the last is legless. Taking Brachymeles schadenbergi as the most-specialized form of the genus (since in this species the leg development seems greatest; that is, the length of the hind leg is contained in the * Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 181. + Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1871) 248. y Op. cits pois: BRACHYMELES QA5 axilla-to-groin distance an average of only three and a quarter times), it is seen that the relative length of the body (axilla- to-groin distance) increases, and the length and development of the limbs decrease, proportionately, in each species of the ‘series. Thus in B. gracilis the hind leg is contained in the axilla-to-groin distance an average of three and six-tenths times; in B. bicolor, seven times; in B. elerz, nine and six-tenths times; in B. bonite and B. burkst, more than twenty-five times. Four of the species are pentadactyl, one is tetradactyl, two have stumplike limbs with digits wanting, and one is legless. The genus is strictly Philippine, so far as is known. As yet tho specimen has been taken in Palawan and the Calamian Islands. Due to the fact that the species are burrowing, they have remained but little known. It is highly probable that other intergrading species occur in the Islands, which will be found later. Key to the Philippine species of Brachymeles Duméril and Bibron. a. Legs pentadactyl. b’. Length of hind leg contained three to five times in distance between axilla and groin. c’. Second pair of chin shields broader than first, separated by one scale. d’. Hind leg in axilla-to-groin distance three to four times; auricular opening and eye well developed...... B. boulengeri sp. nov. (p. 246). d. Hind leg in axilla-to-groin distance four to five times; auricular opening minute; eye very small...... B. gracilis (Fischer) (p. 247). c’, First pair of chin shields broader than second, in contact or sep- arated; hind leg in axilla-to-groin distance three to four times; auricular opening and eye well developed. B. schadenbergi (Fischer) (p. 249). b’. Length of hind leg in axilla-to-groin distance about seven times; first pair of chin shields broadest; largest species. B. bicolor (Gray) (p. 251). a’, Legs tetradactyl; length of hind leg in axilla-to-groin distance nine to ten times; second pair of chin shields broadest. B. elere Taylor (p. 254). a*. Legs stumplike, digits wanting; legs contained in axilla-to-groin distance twenty-five or more times. b*. Second pair of chin shields broadest, separated by a single scale. B. burksi Taylor (p. 255). b*. First pair of chin shields broadest; second pair separated by three scales........ Oe ae co, ne Ce B. bonite Duméril and Bibron (p. 256). a’. Legs wanting; similar in form to the two preceding species. B. vermis Taylor (p. 258). 246 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS BRACHYMELES BOULENGERI sp. nov. PLATE 22, FIG,''2 Senira bicolor, part., GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 98; GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1879) 76. Brachymeles gracilis BOULENGER (non Fischer), Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 887; TAyLor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 270, 379; § Dis Gorse oT. Type.—No. 205, E. H. Taylor collection; collected on Polillo Island, July 15, 1920, by E. H. Taylor. Description of type.——Rostral much broader than high, in contact with frontonasal, separating the two supranasals ; fronto- nasal much wider than deep, in contact with frontal; prefrontals narrowly separated; frontal quadrangular, a little longer than wide; five supraoculars, the second the widest, the first broadly in contact with the prefrontal; frontoparietals four-sided, form- ing a median suture; interparietal small; parietals meeting be- hind the interparietal; nostril in a small nasal followed by a postnasal; two large loreal scales, the anterior largest; two preoculars; six upper labials, the fourth entering the orbit; temporals not differentiated; mental much broader than deep; an azygous postmental ; three pairs of chin shields, first pair in contact; second pair widest, separated by a single scale; third pair small; the scales on tip of snout thicker than others on head; legs small, pentadactyl, the tee . pire ie foreleg fails to reach the ear by a distance equal Cr pee ah to one-third to one-half its length; hind leg con- x2. tained in axilla-to-groin distance about three and eight-tenths times; tail thick, partially regenerated; eight lamellz under longest toe; preanals somewhat enlarged. Color in life-—Above brown, each scale with a darker brown area; a lighter dorsolateral streak from head to tail not well defined; belly dirty yellow-brown. Measurements of the type of Brachymeles boulengeri sp. nov. mm. Total length 165 Tail 90 Axilla to groin 57 Snout to foreleg 25 Foreleg 10 Hind leg 15 Width of head | 10.5 BRACHYMELES OAT Variation.—I have examined large series of this species from Polillo, Los Banos, Mindoro, and Negros. They vary in the relation of the head scales. Thus, the supranasals are in con- tact in eleven specimens, in twenty-six they are separated; the prefrontals are never in contact; the parietals are in contact in nineteen specimens, separated in eighteen; frontoparietals sep- arated in four specimens, in contact in thirty-three; the first pair of chin shields is in contact in twenty-nine specimens, separated narrowly in eight. The distance from snout to fore- leg is contained in axilla-to-groin distance 2.1 to 2.6 times (average 2.46); the length of hind leg in axilla-to-groin dis- tance, 3 to 4.3 times, the average being 3.6 times. The size and arrangement of the second pair of chin shields are invariable in all specimens examined. The variation in relative proportion of leg and body length is due largely to the age of the specimens. Scale rows vary from 24 to 28. A specimen from Canlaon Vol- cano, Negros, has 30. Sometimes the fourth labial is broken and the fourth and fifth enter orbit. Remarks.—This species was regarded as_ identical with Brachymeles gracilis (Fischer) due to the fact that I did not have Fischer’s original description at hand, but depended on Boulenger’s Catalogue for the identification of the species. I have recently obtained a photographic copy of Fischer’s work and find that Brachymeles suluensis Taylor is identical with B. gracilis (Fischer) and that the species which Boulenger calls B, gracilis is the species here described but most certainly not B. gracilis (Fischer). I have named the species for Dr. G. A. Boulenger, the eminent herpetologist of the British Museum. Note the comparative measurements at the end of the descrip- tion of Brachymeles gracilis in this work. BRACHYMELES GRACILIS (Fischer) Eumeces (Riopa) gracilis FISCHER, Jahrb. wiss. Anst. Hamburg 2 (1885) pl. 3, fig. 1. | Brachymeles suluensis TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 254. Description of species.—(From No. 1666,* Bureau of Science collection; collected on Bubuan Island,+ Tapiantana group, Sulu, September, 1917, by E. H. Taylor.) Snout blunt, rather flat- tened; rostral bent back over end of snout, forming a moderate * Type of Brachymeles suluensis Taylor. + There are several islands in the Sulu Archipelago by this name. One is in the Tapiantana group, and a second lies to the south in the Tapul group. IASB LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS suture with frontonasal; latter longer than broad, narrowly separated from frontal; prefrontals narrowly in contact, wider than deep, touching both frenals, first superciliary, and first supraocular ; frontal large, a little longer than broad, in contact with two supraoculars, narrowly in contact with interparietal; latter little longer than wide, much larger than frontoparietals which are nearly square; parietals elongate, narrowly in con- tact behind interparietal; no nuchals; nostril pierced in a minute nasal, followed by a small postnasal; anterior frenal nearly twice as large as second and very much higher; a small preocular between first superciliary and third labial; five supra- oculars, second largest and widest; five or six superciliaries; six upper labials, first very large, fourth below eye entering Fic. 47. Brachymeles gracilis (Fischer) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin; : x 3. orbit; two small scales above fifth labial, bordering orbit; mental deeper than postmental but not as wide; three pairs of chin shields, first pair in contact, second pair widest, separated by a single scale; third pair separated by three scales; ear opening minute, nearer end of snout than foreleg; twenty-four rows of smooth scales around body; preanals not or but slightly enlarged; limbs pentadactyl, the anterior very short, reaching slightly more than halfway to ear; three scales above longest finger and an equal number of subdigital lamelle, five under longest toe; third and fourth toes subequal in length; hind leg contained in axilla-to-groin distance five times. Color in life-—Above and below yellowish brown, each scale with a large brown spot; a lighter stripe from behind eye to hind leg, also with small, irregular spots and dots; head rather uniform brown; scales on tip of snout milky white; chin shields rather yellowish; tail same as body. BRACHYMELES 249 Measurements of Brachymeles gracilis (Fischer). mm. Total length a lv Snout to vent | 81 Snout to foreleg 19 Tail broken 36 Axilla to groin 55 Width of head 6.3 Foreleg 6 Hind leg aia) Remarks.—Only one specimen was found. It is an adult female containing two embryos, 46 millimeters long. In one the frontonasal and frontal are broadly in contact. The arrange- ment of chin shields ig identical with that in the mother. The lateral stripes are prominent. This species forms another link in the chain of retrogression in the genus Brachymeles. It stands between Brachymeles schadenbergi and B. bicolor, and differs from both in the degree of development of the limbs and the relative length of the body. As compared with B. boulengeri the following differences are evident: The eye is very much smaller and apparently can open. but very slightly; the lid is opaque and probably not movable. In B. boulengeri the eye is of considerable size and the eyelid moves so as to expose the eyeball. The ear opening in B. gracilis is minute, scarcely visible. Comparative measurements of Brachymeles boulengeri sp. nov. and Brachy- meles gracilis (Fischer). B. boulengeri. B. gracilis. mm. mm. Snout to vent 81 81 Snout to foreleg 22 19 Axilla to groin 50 55 Width of head 10 6.3 Height of head 9 5 Snout to ear 12 10 Foreleg 10 6 Hind leg ies 11 BRACHYMELES SCHADENBERGI (Fischer) PLATE 22, FIG. 1 Senira bicolor, part., GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 98. Eumeces (Riopa) schadenbergi FISCHER, Jahrb. wiss. Anst. Hamburg 2 (1885) 87, pl. 3, fig. 2. 250 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Brachymeles schadenbergti BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 386. Brachymeles schadenbergi TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 268. Description of species.—(Described from twenty specimens from Mindanao.) Rostral large, longer than wide, pointed be- hind, in contact with frontonasal in seven specimens, separated in thirteen specimens; supranasals present, either in contact or separated; frontonasal usually broader than wide; prefrontals constantly separated, having frontal narrowly in contact with frontonasal; frontal large, longer than broad, or equal, con- stantly in contact with two supraoculars; frontoparietals usually in contact (two specimens show exception), as broad as long, or a little broader; interparietal large, longer than broad, with a whitish ‘“‘eye-spot;” parietals not forming a suture behind interparietal (one exception) ; no nuchals; nostril pierced in -Fig. 48. Brachymeles schadenbergi (Fischer) ; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin; X 2. a small nasal which is followed by a small postnasal; two frenals, first much higher than wide; second lower than first, nearly square; two small preocular scales; five supraoculars, second widest; six superciliaries; six or seven upper labials, fourth en- tering orbit (two specimens have a fifth), first largest; four subequal scales at posterior corner and below eye; temporal scales slightly enlarged; mental large, somewhat rectangular ; five to seven, usually six, lower labials; an undivided postmental, wider than deep; first pair of chin shields wider than second pair, in contact or not (ten specimens in contact, ten separate) ; rostral, mental, first upper and first lower labials, nasal, post- nasals, and internasals all apparently thickened, and lighter in color; eye small, its orbital diameter equals one-half its distance from snout; distance from eye to auricular opening greater BRACHYMELES ~ 25t than distance from eye to nostril; auricular opening small, about halfway between end of nose and insertion of foreleg; foreleg pressed forward fails to reach auricular opening in large specimens, but does so reach in some younger specimens; front leg followed by a slight lateral depression into which it is usually folded; distance from end of snout to insertion of arm contained in distance from axilla to groin from 2 to 2.6 times (average 2.3); length of hind leg contained in this distance from 3 to 4 times (average 3.25); limbs pentadactyl, with unicarinate lamellze, six under the longest finger, eight under longest toe; third and fourth toes practically equal, although sometimes fourth is slightly longer, sometimes third; preanal scales slightly enlarged; twenty-six to twenty-eight rows of scales about body (seventeen specimens twenty-eight, three spec- imens twenty-six) ; scales of back part of body frequently dimly tricarinate; tail is 1.1 times length of body. Color in lfe.—Above brown, each scale with a darker brown area, covering eight scale rows; laterally and ventrally brownish yellow with some lateral scales flecked with the darker brown of the dorsal color; scales of belly sometimes flecked with brown; scales under tail usually with darker spots; head and upper labials usually darker brown, with the scales on end of snout lighter. Measurements of Brachymeles schadenbergi (Fischer). Average of eight nearly Largest equal-sized specimens. specimens, mm. mm. Total length 220 206 Snout to vent 12, 99 Tail 108 106 Snout to foreleg owt 29 Axilla to groin (ial 64 Foreleg 13 12,5 Hind leg 20 19 Remarks.—This species is common in Mindanao. Most of the specimens examined are from Agusan River Valley. The female gives birth to from two to five young. It is a burrowing form, and is usually found under logs or trash. BRACHYMELES BICOLOR (Gray) PLATE 138, FIG. 1, AND PLATE 22, FIG. 3 Senira bicolor, part, GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 98. Brachymeles bicolor BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 388; CASTO DE ELERA, Cat. Fauna Filipinas 1 (1895) 422; TAyLoR, PHilip dOuUrmamcci ise) 12 (191%) 272, pl. 1, fig. 3; text fig. -3. 252 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Description of species.—(Described from an unnumbered specimen in Santo Tomas Museum, Manila; locality ‘“Filipinas.’’) Rostral very much broader than deep, not touching frontonasal; internasals large, broadly in contact behind rostral and forming their longest suture with frontonasal; latter much broader than deep, in contact with one frenal, and with frontal at a single point; prefrontals large, minutely separated, wider than deep; frontal longer than wide, rather pointed in front, touching two supraoculars; two frontoparietals, a little wider than deep, broadly in contact behind frontal; two very elongate parietals lying diagonally, nearly three times as long as wide, forming a suture behind interparietal; latter longer than broad; a pair of nuchals, narrow and elongate; a large, elongate temporal bor- ders parietal; nasal extremely small, only a ring about nostril; oe, i; iy Fic. 49. Brachymeles bicolor (Gray); a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view; c, chin: xs a postnasal of nearly same size; two large frenals, first higher than wide, second nearly square; a preocular directly in front of eye; five supraoculars, second longest, and arranged as in other members of the genus, two in contact with frontal; a few small scales below orbit, above labials; six superciliaries; six upper labials, first largest, not touching internasal, fourth under eye, first four of nearly same size; two or three scales in temporal region enlarged; six lower labials ; mental broader than deep, rather rectangular; postmental single, wider than deep; first pair of chin shields in contact, wider than second pair; latter small, separated by three scales (like the arrangement in B. schadenbergi); ear opening greatly reduced; twenty-eight rows of scales around body; anals not or scarcely enlarged; legs small, five fingers and toes present, all clawed; lamellze below BRACHYMELES 253 digits feebly compressed and unicarinate; limbs rather broadened at base; hind leg contained in distance from axilla to groin 7.4 times; tail broken and partial regeneration begun. Color in alcohol—Above dark red-brown covering ten scale rows, each scale with a darker brown spot, which is not readily discerned; head and upper parts of legs brown; laterally and ventrally the color is yellowish to brownish white, distinctly contrasted with the color above. Measurements of Brachymeles bicolor (Gray). Total length, tail partially regenerated 215 Snout to vent 155 Width of body 18 Width of head 14 Snout to ear 15 Snout to eye 6 Snout to foreleg OZ Axilla to groin aa ly, Foreleg 8 Hind leg 15 Remarks.—The specimen here described contained two em- bryos, almost fully matured. They measure 90 and 86 milli- meters, respectively; the heads are 6.5 millimeters wide; snout to vent, 48; hind leg, 6. The head scales are identical with those of the mother save that the interparietals are a little wider than deep; the nuchals are present in one specimen, in the other they are broken. I am inclined to regard the presence of the nuchals as a normal character, although the type does not show them. This species is apparently very rare. I have been un- able to find it, and there is no specimen in the Bureau of Science collection. I believe that it is an inhabitant of northern, central, and eastern Luzon. It is the largest known species of the genus and is readily recognized by the elongate body. Boulenger gives the following measurements of the type: Measurements of the type of Brachymeles bicolor (Gray). mm. Total length 315 Head 18 Width of head 13 Body 137 Foreleg 11 Hind leg 17 Tail, injured 160 254 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS BRACHYMELES ELERA Taylor PLATE 22) (PIG a4 Brachymeles elere TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 273; pled, figs) 45) text fies. 4; 5; Description of species—(From the type, an unnumbered specimen in Santo Tomas Museum; collector unknown; labeled, “Filipinas.”’) Rostral but little wider than deep, bending back somewhat over end of snout, broadly in contact with fronto-- nasal; supranasals reduced, separated, in contact with first labials ; frontonasal nearly as long as broad, narrowly in contact with frontal; latter longer than broad, produced to a point in front, in contact with two supraoculars; frontoparietals quad- rangular, moderate, separate; frontal touches interparietal which is diamond-shaped; parietals elongate, three times as long as wide; nasal minute, a mere rim around nostril; two frenals, first higher than wide, second almost square; one large preocular; five supraoculars, second Fic. 50. Brachymeles widest; six superciliaries; six upper labials, cKiids at the ape,» farst largest, fourth entering orbit; one pair chin shields of the co- of nuchals present; temporals somewhat en- a oss larged, largest bordering parietal; mental quadrangular, wider than deep; one postmental, wider thar deep; first and second pairs of chin shields divided by a single, median, much-enlarged scale, second pair somewhat broader than first pair, third pair divided by three scales; legs much reduced, each with four diminutive, clawed digits; ear opening wanting; two preanals, distinctly enlarged; eye rather small; twenty-four scale rows around anterior part of body, twenty-two about middle; hind leg contained about ten times in distance from. axilla to groin. Color in alcohol.—Very light yellowish brown, each scale with a dark brown spot, forming longitudinal dotted lines on each scale row; dots below smaller and not so distinct as above. Measurements of Brachymeles elere Taylor. Type. Cotype. mm. mm. Total length 128 108 Snout to vent 68 63 Width of body 6 6 Width of head aE 5 Axilla to groin 51 44 Snout to foreleg 15 12 Foreleg 3.5 3.1 Hind leg 5.2 4.6 BRACHYMELES 255 Variation—The cotype in Santo Tomdés Museum is in the same container, and is probably from the same locality. Its measurements are included in the preceding table. The two specimens agree very well save that in the cotype the scale dividing the first pair of chin shields is smaller, and the second pair is divided by another scale. This is probably the normal condition. While no locality is given, I am assured by the director of the museum that the specimens are from Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon. Remarks.—Superficially this species resembles Lygosoma lineatum Gray, and thus the specimens were found labeled. In common with the latter, Brachymeles elere has four digits on the legs, and the coloring and markings are strikingly similar; but here the resemblance ceases. It has no close affinity in the genus. BRACHYMELES BURKSI Taylor PLATE 22, FIG. 5 Brachymeles burksi TAYLor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 12 (1917) 275. Description of species—(From the type, No. 700, E. H. Taylor collection ; collected at Sumagui, on the Liddell Plantation, eastern coast of Mindoro, May 4, 1916, by E. H. Taylor.) General ap- pearance rather wormlike; head pointed bluntly; rostral large, visible above for nearly half its length, rather broadly in con- tact with frontonasal; nostril in a minute nasal between first labial, supranasal, and rostral; supranasal in contact with largest frenal and first labial; scales on point of snout thick- ened and of lighter color; frotonasal a little broader than long, narrowly in contact with frontal, which is & slightly longer than broad, and in contact with first and second supraoculars; prefrontals rather rectan- Fic.51. Bra- gular, touching two frenals, first superciliary, and first a eel supraocular; four supraoculars, second widest, last lor; chin smallest; four or five superciliaries; frontoparietals °')°'**: somewhat rectangular, little larger than prefrontals, touching two supraoculars; interparietal a little longer than broad, narrowly in contact with frontal; parietals more than twice as long as wide, in contact behind interparietal, touching two supraoculars, two temporals, and an elongate nuchal; two frenals, and a small preocular before eye; no postnasal; six upper labials, fourth entering orbit; six lower labials; mental moderate, thickened, wider than high; an unpaired postmental, followed by three pairs of chin shields, none of which is in contact, second pair widest; two temporals between parietal and sixth labial; twenty-four scale rows; two distinctly enlarged 256 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. preanals; eye small; ear completely hidden; legs reduced to scaled, stumplike rudiments with no indication of digits; length snout to foreleg contained four and five-tenths in distance be- tween axilla and groin. Color in life-—Above and below dark (sometimes purplish) brown, each scale having a darker area with the edges somewhat lighter; end of snout grayish. Measurements of Brachymeles burksi Taylor. mm Total length, tail partially regenerated 103 Snout to vent 73.5 Axilla to groin 60 Snout to foreleg 13.5 Width of head 4.5 Width of body 5.4 Foreleg it Hind leg 1.3 Variation.—Very little variation is evident; most of the spec- imens have twenty-two instead of twenty-four scale rows; one specimen has only five upper labials, the third entering the orbit. Remarks.—Several specimens were taken on the eastern coast of Mindoro at Sumagui, on the Liddell Plantation; ten others were taken near Calapan on the northern coast. They were found burrowing under logs and rotting wood. The females give birth to two young. Embryos taken from one female measured 56 and 54 millimeters, respectively; they seemed almost entirely developed. Known only from Mindoro. This species is closely related to Brachymeles bonite, but dif- fers from it in the following characters: The limb stumps are even more reduced; the prefrontals and frontoparietals are smaller; nuchals are present; the mental is much smaller, and the postmental is in contact with two scales instead of one; the second pair of divided chin shields is broader than the first pair, and is separated by a single scale. BRACHYMELES BONITA= Duméril and Bibron PLATE 22, FIG. 6 Brachymeles bonits2 DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 5 (1839) 777; GRAY, Cat. Liz. (1845) 98; BorTTGER, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. (1886) 103; BoULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 3 (1887) 888; TAyYLor, Philip. Journ. Sci: § D 12 (1917) 276: Description of species.— (Described from No. 1151, E. H. Tay- lor collection; collected at Los Banos, Laguna, Luzon, on the side of Mount Maquiling, elevation about 100 meters, April 10, 1916, by E. H. Taylor.) Rostral large, triangular, about as high as BRACHYMELES 257 wide; supranasals present, large, separated, in contact with first labial behind nostril; frontonasal large, a little wider than long, in contact laterally with a single frenal, forming sutures with rostral and frontal; prefrontals separated, in contact laterally with frenals and first superciliary; frontal about as broad as long, in contact with two supraoculars and narrowly with interparietal; frontoparietals rather large, separated; parie- tals about three times as long as wide, forming a suture behind interparietal; nostril pierced in a minute nasal; no postnasal; first labial in contact with internasal; two enlarged frenals; five superciliaries; four supraoculars, second widest; six supra- Fic. 52. Brachymeles bonite Duméril and Bibron; a, head, dorsal view; b, head, lateral view ; c, chin; X 5. labials, fourth entering orbit; temporals enlarged; nuchals slightly enlarged; mental large, followed by an enlarged post- mental, which is in contact with a single lower labial; four pairs of divided chin shields, first largest and widest, fourth pair very small; ear hidden; legs reduced to stumps, with no digits; twenty-six rows of scales about body; eye small; scales on point of snout thickened; length of legs twenty-eight times in axil- la-to-groin distance; preanals not enlarged. Color in life-—Uniform purplish brown, lighter on throat and chin. Scales on snout lighter than other head scales. Measurements of Brachymeles bonitz Duméril and Bibron. mm. Length, tail regenerated 1138 Length of head ; 9 Width of head 5.5) - Axilla to groin 65 Foreleg 2.3 Hind leg 2.3 Snout to foreleg . 13.5 161466——17 258 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Remarks.—This species stands much in the same relation to B. burksi that B. schadenbergi does to B. gracilis. The following differences between the two species are noted: The mental is larger in B. bonitx, the arrangement of the chin shields is es- sentially different, and the postmental is in contact with a single labial, instead of with two labials as in B. burksi. Several _ other minor differences are evident on a comparison of the two species. As compared with the specimen reported by Boulenger the following variations are evident: The distance between end of snout and foreleg is contained 4.8 in distance between fore and hind legs instead of 4.5 times; there are two more rows of scales about body. In fact, the specimen described by Boulenger more closely resembles B. burksi than B. bonitx. Unfortunately, Boulenger failed to mention the submandibular scalation, which is very important in determining these species. BRACHYMELES VERMIS Taylor Brachymeles vermis Taytor, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 13 (1918) 255. Description of species.—(From the type, No. 2000, Bureau of Science collection; collected at Bubuan, Sulu, 1917, by E. H. Fic. 58. Brachymeles vermis Taylor, from Sulu; a, head, lateral view; 6b, head, dorsal view (normal) ; c, chin; d, head, dorsal view (variation of Papahag specimen) ; X 4. Taylor.) Rostral about as high as wide, bending back over point of snout, visible above by more than half its height; frontonasal broader than deep, broadly in contact with rostral, narrowly with frontal; prefrontal wider than long, narrowly separated, touching two frenals, first superciliary and first supra- ocular; frontal slightly longer than wide, in contact with two BRACHYMELES 259 supraoculars and interparietal; latter with a prominent ‘“eye- spot,’ longer than broad, inclosed by parietals, larger than frontoparietals; latter separated, touching two supraoculars; a pair of nuchals present; parietals more than three times as long as wide; five supraoculars, first largest, second widest, last three touching parietal; nostril pierced between large supra- nasal and first labial; if a nasal scale is present it is indistin- guishable; two frenals, first nearly twice as large as second; one large preocular; only two anterior superciliaries distinguishable; six upper labials, first very large, third and fourth below eye; a large scale partially inserted between fourth and fifth labials; mental large, extending back to near vertical of suture between first and second upper labials; four lower labials; postmental smaller than mental, touching one labial; three pairs of chin shields, none in contact, second pair broadest, first two pairs - separated by a single scale, third pair by three scales; temporals slightly enlarged, two touching parietal; one pair of nuchals bordering parietal; twenty-two scale rows around body, all smooth; preanals slightly enlarged; no legs; a slight depression on either side of anus with two or three elongate scales; no auricular opening; scales on anterior part of snout thickened. Color in life—Above light brown, each scale with a darker brown spot, making broken, longitudinal, dotted lines; belly and tail same, slightly lighter. Measurements of Brachymeles vermis Taylor. mm. Total length 144 Snout to vent 86 Tail 58 Width of head 4 Width of body 5 Variation.—Specimens were obtained in four localities: Bi- tinan, 3 specimens; Lapac, 4; Bubuan (southern island), 3; and Papahag, 4. All show variation. The Bitinan specimens have twenty-four scale rows; two have the nuchal much elongate, and only one temporal touching the parietal. The Lapac specimens have twenty-six scale rows; one specimen has the parietal broken on one side. Of the Bubuan specimens, the type and two cotypes have only twenty-two scale rows. All of the Papahag specimens have the parietal broken in two parts. The first pair is small, about the size of the prefrontals; the second posterior pair elongate, forming the normal postinterparietal suture; they 260 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS have twenty-two to twenty-four scale rows about the body. There is no other variation of note and, were it not that this Same variation occurs in one of the Lapac specimens, I should regard the form with two pairs of parietals as a distinct subspecies. Remarks.—Thigs species is closely related to Brachymeles burkst Taylor and B. bomtx# Duméril and Bibron. It carries the retrogression of the genus another step, and we find the devolution complete from the most highly developed forms, B. gracilis and B. schadenbergi, with well-developed pentadacty1 limbs, to this small legless species. DIBAMIDA: Dibamide BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. V 14 (1884) 120. “Tongue short, bifid posteriorly, pointed, undivided in front, covered with curved lamelle or plice. Teeth small, pointed, hooked, none on palate. Skull compact; no interorbital septum ; no columella cranii; no arches; no infraorbital foramen; pre- maxillary double. Limbs absent, the hind pair represented, in the male, by a pair of flaps on the sides of the anal opening; no rudiments of the sternal apparatus. Body vermiform, covered with cycloid imbricate scales. No osteodermal plates. Eyes concealed under the skin. No ear-opening. No preanal pores.” (Boulenger.) One genus is known. Genus DIBAMUS Duméril and Bibron Dibamus DUMERIL and BIBRON, Erp. Gén. 5 (1839) 833; GRAy, Cat. Liz. (1845) 129. Typhloscincus PETERS, Mon. Berl. Ak. (1864) 271. Rhinophidium STEINDACHNER, Novara Exped., Rept. (1869) 52. Snout normally covered by three large shields; namely, rostral, and a labial on each side which, however, may fuse into a single shield; nostril pierced in rostral, with a straight horizontal suture behind it; limbs totally absent in female, the hind pair represented in the male by two flaplike rudiments; no preanal pores; eggs with calcareous shell, not circular. There are three species of the genus known, only one of which enters our territory. The genus is widely distributed from Sumatra to New Guinea, the Nicobars, Borneo, and the Philippines. . _DIBAMUS 261 DIBAMUS ARGENTEUS Taylor Dibamus argenteus TAYLOR, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 10 (1915) 107, ped, figs. 11, 12; 12 (1917) 379; 13 (1918) 257. Description of species—(From the type, No. 1691, Bureau of Science collection; collected at Butuan, Agusan, Mindanao, May, 1913, by E. H. Taylor.) Body wormlike; snout covered with a single large rostral shield; nostril pierced near anterior part of snout with a suture issuing from it, continuing back, first curved and then as a straight line, to edge of rostral at point opposite eye; frontal shaped like a double convex lens, forming curved sutures with rostral and interparietal, in contact laterally with ocular; interparietal larger than frontal, rather convex on anterior side, bordered laterally by oculars and postoculars, be- hind by five body scales; oculars elongate, eye discernible; a single enlarged scale follows rostral above angle of jaws; mental narrow, longer than wide; one lower labial on each side extending back farther than rostral; a single, slightly enlarged scale fol- lowing mental; two small, vertically elongate scales behind first lower labial, bordering first upper labial below; scales on snout and lower jaw noticeably thickened; twenty-four scale rows around body; 250 scales in a longitudinal row from head to tail; scales bordering anus very small, but preceded by two or three enlarged scales; forty scales in a line from anus to tip of tail; tail blunt, its length contained in length from snout to vent 6.36 times. Color in life——Light chocolate brown above and below, with two irregular blotches of silver gray, which encircle the body; anal region creamy white; frontal plate silvery; rostral, mental, and lower labials light. Measurements of Dibamus argenteus Taylor. _ Total length 125 Snout to vent 108 Tail UT, Width of head 4.5 Variation.—Four other specimens have béen found and re- ferred to this species since the type was discovered. Two of these are from Negros; the third from Papahag, Sulu, and the fourth from the coast of Borneo, near Tunku Point. The Negros specimens differ from the typical form in having the rostral broken in three scales and forming a large upper labial on either side posterior to nostril; there are two postoculars instead 262 LIZARDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS of one; there are five body scales bordering the interparietal, seven including the superior postoculars; the rostral is some- what rugose; there are twenty-four and twenty-six scale rows about the body; both specimens are females; the largest measures 154 millimeters, and the tail length is contained in distance from snout to vent 6.7 times. The silver blotches are confined to the anal region and the tail; the head is widened behind the angle of the mouth. The Papahag specimen is a male and consequently differs from the preceding specimens in the presence of leg rudiments; these are small flaps about 3 millimeters long which fold back, their tips almost in contact behind the anus; they are covered with scales; the terminal scale is single; the preanal scales are drawn out to a sharp point, the scales bordering the anus small, with two much-enlarged scales behind them, between the bases of the leg rudiments; there is a single postocular; the prefrontal is proportionately narrower than the interparietal; two large silver blotches are present, one on the anterior part of the body, the second on the tail; the tail length is contained in the body length 6.7 times. The Bornean specimen is very small, but has the silver blotches. Remarks.—All the specimens were found under fallee logs, except the Bornean specimen, which was found burroyene in sand at the base of a tree. This species differs from Dibamus nove-guinea in the eae ings and the proportionately longer tail. In D. nove-guinea the length of the tail is contained in the body more than nine times. The length of the frontal and the interparietal together is in- variably less than the length of the rostral from the frontal to the end of the snout. A abdominalis, Lygosoma, 233. acutirostre, Lygosoma, 206. acutum, Hinulia, 168. Lygosoma, 168. Lygosoma (Hinulia), 168. acutus, Sphenomorphus, 168. Agamide, 105. Agama cristatella, 139. moluceana, 139. agusanensis, Gymnodactylus, 49. amboinensis, Lophura, 141. Amphixestus, 235. Amydosaurus, 70. Anguis quadrupes, 233. annulatus, Gecko, 94. Gymnodactylus, 44. -arborens, Sphenomorphus, 186. argenteus, Dibamus, 261. Arua, 130. Aspris, 235. ateles, Hemidactylus, 65. Perochirus, 65. atrigularis, Sphenomorphus, 196. atrocostatum, Emoia, 226. Lygosoma, 226. atrocostatus, Euprepes (Mabuya), 226. Mabouya, 226. Scineus, 226. aureolineatus, Lepidodactylus, 83. aureta, Lygosoma, 233. auriculatum, Siaphos, 221. B baudinii, Mabouia, 228. becearii, Euprepes (Mabuya), 228. bellii, Tiaris, 133. Bibliography, 19. bicolor, Brachymeles, 251. Senira, 246, 249, 251. bimaculatus, Draco, 126. biparietalis, Sphenomorphus, 177. bitaeniatus, Euprepes, 226. bivittatus, Hydrosaurus, 147. Monitor, 147. Tupinambus, 147. Varanus, 147. bonitz, Brachymeles, 256. boulengeri, Brachymeles, 246. bowringi, Riopa, 231. bowringii, Eumeces, 231. Lygosoma, 281. Riopa, 231. INDEX Brachymeles, 243, bicolor, 251. bonitez, 256. boulengeri, burksi, 255. elerz, 254. gracilis, 246, 247. schadenbergi, 249, 250. schadenbergii, 250. suluensis, 247. vermis, 258. brachypoda, Lygosoma, 233. brachypus, Scincus, 233. brevipes, Lepidodactylus, 74. Bronchocela burmana, 189. cristatella, 139. marmorata, 136. moluceana, 139. burksi, Brachymeles, 255. burmana, Bronchocela, 139. 246. C Calotes, 136. eristatellus, 139. ' gutturosa, 139. marmoratus, 136. marmoratus marmoratus, marmoratus sanchezi, 138. (Bronchocela) philippinus, ecarinata, Tiliqua, 159. carinatus, Eumeces, 156. Euprepes, 159. Scincus, 158. cerdonianum, Lygosoma, 226. chalecides, Eumeces, 233. Lacerta, 233. Lygosoma, 233. Lygosoma (Lygosoma), 233. Chalinoenemis, 62. chaus, Gecko, 53. christiani, Lepidodactylus, 81. Classification, 38. eocincinensis, Tropidophorus, 236. coelestinus, Scincus, 205. compresicorpus, Luperosaurus, 103. compressicorpus, Pseudogekko, 103. Contents, 3. Cophoseineus infralineolatum, 218. subvittatus, 218. cornutus, Draco, 114. Coryphophylax, 130. Cosymbotes platyurus, 59. Cosymbotus, 59. platyurus, 59. 136. 136. 263 264 coxi, Sphenomorphus, 178. cristatella, Agama, 139. Bronchocela, 189. cristatellus, Calotes, 139, Crossurus, 59. platyurus, 59. cumingi, Varanus, 151. cumingii, Euprepes (Mabuya), 226. Hydrosaurus, 151. Luperosaurus, 86. Lygosoma, 163. Mocoa, 226. Otosaurus, 163. Varanus, 151. curtirostris, Sphenomorphus, 170. cyanura, Emoa, 228, Mabouya, 228. Tiliqua, 228. cyanurum, Emoia, 228. Lygosoma, 228. cyanurus, Euprepes, 228. Euprepes (Mabuya), 228. Scincus, 228. Cyrtodactylus marmoratus, 47. D Dactyloperus, 62. insulensis, 62. daudinii, Draco, 109. Dasia, 200. griffini, 201, 204. olivacea, 200. olivaceum, 200, 201. olivaceum griffini, 204. olivaceum semicincta, 201. semicincta, 201. smaragdinum, 205, 206. decipiens, Lygosoma, 176. Sphenomorphus, 176. Dibamidz, 260. Dibamus, 260. argenteus, 261. Dilophyrus, 130. Distribution, 33. idivergens, Lepidodactylus, 71. Doryura gaudama, 57. vulpecula, 57. Draco, 107, bimaculatus, 126. cornutus, 114. daudinii, 109. everetti, 112. fuscus, 109. guentheri, 111. major, 109. mindanensis, 128. minor, 109. ornatus, 117. praepos, 109. quadrasi, 123. reticulatus, 110. rizali, 115. spilopterus, 119. viridis, 109. volans, 109. INDEX Dracocella, 107. Dracontoidis, 107. personatus, 119. Dracunculus, 107. ornatus, 117. spilopterus, 119. K Elania, 233. elegans, Monitor, 147. elerze, Brachymeles, 254. Emoa, 223. cyanura, 228. Emoia, 223. atrocostatum, 226. cyanurum, 228. ruficauda, 224. Enoplosaurus, 235. insignis, 236. erdoniana, Mabuia, 226. ernestii, Euprepes, 200. Eumeces bowringii, 231. carinatus, 156. chalecides, 233. freycinetii, 226. lessonii, 228. serratus, 226. singaporensis, 226. (Riopa) gracilis, 247. (Riopa) schadenbergi, 249. Euprepes, 155. bitaeniatus, 226. earinatus, 159. ecyanurus, 228. ernestii, 200. ocellatus, 159. olivaceus, 201. otus, 163. pulchellus, 212. rufescens, 159. sebze, 159. (Mabuia) microstictus, 226. (Mabuya) atrocostatus, 226. (Mabuya) becearii, 228. (Mabuya) cumingii, 226. (Mabuya) cyanurus, 228. (Mabuya) kordoanus, 228. (Riopa) punctatostriatus, 231. (Tiliqua) semicinctus, 201. Euprepis, 155. rufescens, 159. everetti, Draco, 112. EF fasciata, Hinulia, 188. fasciatum, Lygosoma, 188. Lygosoma (Hinulia), 188. fasciatus, Sphenomorphus, 188. frenatus, Hemidactylus, 52. freycinetii, Eumeces, 226. fuscus, Draco, 109. G garnotii, Hemidactylus, 56. Hoplopodion (Onychopus), 57. gaudama, Doryura, 57. Gecko, 90. annulatus, 94. chaus, 53. guttatus, 94. labialis, 385. marginatus, 59. monarchus, 91. pardus, 62. platyurus, 59. reevesii, 95. teres, 94. verus, 94. Gekko, 94, 95. Lacerta, 94. Stellio, 94. Gehyra mutilata, 62. Gekkonide, 41. Gekko, 90. gecko, 94, 95. indicus, 95. mindorensis, 98. monarchus, 91. verticillatus, 94, 95. Gonyocephalus, 130. interruptus, 134. semperi, 131. sophize, 1338. gracilis, Brachymeles, 246, 247. Eumeces (Riopa), 247. grayi, Tropidophorus, 236. Varanus, 145. griffini, Dasia, 201, 204. grisea, Tiliqua, 200, 204. guentheri, Draco, 111. guttatus, Gecko, 94. Platydactylus, 95. gutturosa, Calotes, 139. Gymnodactylus, 43. agusanensis, 49. annulatus, 44. philippinicus, 47. H Hemidactylus, 52. ateles, 65. frenatus, 52. garnotii, 56. inornatus, 53. longiceps, 538. ludekingii, 57. luzonensis, 55. marginatus, 59. mutilatus, 62. peronii, 62. platyurus, 59. vittatus, 58. (Doryura) mandellianus, 57. (Peripia) mutilatus, 62. (Peropus) mutilatus, 62. Hemiphyllodactylus, 65, insularis, 66. typus, 69. himalayanum, Nycteridium, 59. INDEX Hinulia, 166. acutum, 168. fasciata, 188. variegata, 192. Histiurus pustulatus, 141. Historical, 14. 265 Hoplopodion (Cosymbotus) platyurum, 59. (Onychopus) garnotii, 57. Hydrosaurus, 140, 144. bivittatus, 147. cumingii, 151. marmoratus, 147, 150. nuchalis, 150. pustulosus, 141. salvator, 147. Hypsilurus, 130. Illustrations, 7. indicus, Gekko, 95. infralineolatum, Cophoscincus, 218. Lygosoma, 218. Siaphos, 218. inornatus, Hemidactylus, 53. insignis, Enoplosaurus, 236. insularis, Hemiphyllodactylus, 66. insulensis, Dactyloperus, 62. intermedia, Ptychozoon, 101, interruptus, Gonyocephalus, 134, Introduction, 13. Istiurus, 141. J jagori, Sphenomorphus, 192, 195. jagorii, Lygosoma, 192. Lygosoma (Hinulia), 192. Sphenomorphus, 192. divergens, Sphenomorphus, 194. grandis, Sphenomorphus, 195. jagorii, Sphenomorphus, 192. palustris, Sphenomorphus, 194. joloensis, Luperosaurus, 88. ik kempi, Siaphos, 216, Keneuxia, 200. smaragdina, 205. kordoanus, Euprepes (Mabuya), 228. L labialis, Gecko, 85. ’ Lepidodactylus, 85. Lacerta chalcides, 233. gecko, 94. rufescens, 158. schneideriana, 59. serpens, 238. Lampropholis, 208. lednickyi, Sphenomorphus, 190. Leiolopisma, 208. pulchellum, 212. pulchellum grande, 214. semperi, 209. vuleanium, 211, 266 Lepidodactylus, 70. aureolineatus, 83. brevipes, 74. ehristiani, 81. divergens, 71. labialis, 85. naujanensis, 76. planiecaudus, 75. woodfordi, 78. Leposoma, 235. lessonii, Kumeces, 228. leucospilos, Lygosoma (Hinulia), 235. Tropidophorus, 235. lewisi, Mabuia, 161. Liolepisma, 208. Lipinia, 208. pulchella, 212. vuleania, 211. llanosi, Sphenomorphus, 182. longiceps, Hemidactylus, 58. Lophosaurus, 130. Lophosteus, 130. Lophura, 140. amboinensis, 141. pustulata, 141. Lophyurus, 180. (Tiaris) semperi, 131. ludekingii, Hemidactylus, 57. Luperosaurus, 85. compresicorpus, 103. cumingii, 86. joloensis, 88. macgregori, 87. luzonense, Lygosoma, 175. luzonensis, Hemidactylus, 55. Sphenomorphus, 175. Lygosoma, 163, 166, 200, 208, 216, 223, 233. abdominalis, 233. acutirostre, 206. acutum, 168. atrocostatum, 226. aureta, 233. bowringii, 231. brachypoda, 233. cerdonianum, 226. chaleides, 233. cumingii, 163. eyanurum, 228. decipiens, 176. fasciatum, 188. infralineolatum, 218 jagorii, 192. luzonense, 175. melanopogon, 184. olivaceum, 201. pulchellum, 212. quadrivittatum, 223. semperi, 209. serpens, 233. smaragdina, 205. smaragdinum, 205. variegatum, 184. vuleanium, 211. whiteheadi, 231. INDEX Ly gosoma—Continued. (Cophoscincus) quadrivittatum, 223. (Hinulia) acutum, 168. (Hinulia) fasciatum, 188. (Hinulia) jagorii, 192. (Hinulia) leucospilos, 235. (Hinulia) nezvium, 184. (Hinulia) smaragdinum var. cum, 205. (Hinulia) variegatum, 184. (Homolepida) moellendorffi, 179. (Keneuxia) smaragdinum, 205. (Lipinia) semperi, 209. (Lygosoma) chalcides, 233. M Mabouia baudinii, 228. Mabouya, 155. atrocostatus, 226. cyanura, 228. Mabuya, 155. erdoniana, 226. lewisi, 161. multicarinata, 156. multifasciata, 159. multifasciata lateripunctata, 159. rudis, 161. saravacensis, 201. Mabuya, 155. multicarinata, 156. multifasciata, 158, 159. rudis, 161. macgregori, Luperosaurus, 87. major, Draco, 109. mandellianus, Hemidactylus (Doryura), BT. marginatus, Gecko, 59. Hemidactylus, 59. marmorata, Bronchocela, 136. marmoratus, Calotes, 136. Cyrtodactylus, 47. Hydrosaurus, 147, 150. marmoratus, Calotes, 136. sanchezi, Calotes, 138. melanopogon, Lygosoma, 184. microstictus, Euprepes (Mabuia), 226. mindanensis, Draco, 128. Sphenomorphus, 198. mindorensis, Gekko, 98. minor, Draco, 109. misaminius, Tropidophorus, 242. Mocoa, 208. eumingii, 226. moellendorffi, Lygosoma (Homolepida), 179. Sphenomorphus, 179. moluccana, Agama, 139. Bronchocela, 139. monarchus, Gecko, 94. Gekko, 91. Platydactylus, 91. Platydactylus (Scelotretus), 91. Monitor, 144. bivittatus, 147. elegans, 147. viridifus- multicarinata, Mabuia, 156. Mabuya, 156. Tiliqua, 156. multifasciata, Mabuia, 159. Mabuya, 158, 159. lateripunctata, Mabuia, 159. mutilata, Gehyra, 62. Peripia, 62. mutilatus, Hemidactylus, 62. Hemidactylus (Peripia), 62. Hemidactylus (Peropus), 62. Peropus, 62. Spathodactylus, 69. Spathoscalabotes, 69. N nevium, Lygosoma (Hinulia), 184 naujanensis, Lepidodactylus, 76. Norbea, 235. nuchalis, Hydrosaurus, Varanus, 150. ° Nycteridium, 59. himalayanum, 59. platyurus, 59. sehneideri, 59. 150. O ocellatus, Euprepes, 159. Oligosoma, 208. olivacea, Dasia, 200. Tiliqua, 201. olivaceum, Dasia, 200, 201. Lygosoma, 201. griffini, Dasia, 204. semicincta, Dasia, 201. olivaceus, Euprepes, 201. ornatus, Draco, 117. Dracunculus, 117. Varanus, 145. Otosaurus, 163. cumingii, 163. otus, Euprepes, 163. P packardii, Peropus, 62. palustris, Sphenomorphus, 194. pardus, Gecko, 62. Parotosaurus, 163. & partelloi, Tropidophorus, 238. Peripia, 62, 70. mutilata, 62. peronii, 62. Perochirus, 65. ateles, 65. peronii, Hemidactylus, 62. Peripia, 62. Peropus (Dactyloperus), 62. Peropus, 62. mutilatus, 62. packardii, 62. (Dactyloperus) peronii, 62. personatus, Dracontoidis, 119. petersii, Tiaris, 133. philippinicus, Gymnodactylus, 47. INDEX philippinus, Calotes (Bronchocela), 136, planicaudus, Lepidodactylus, 75. Platydactylus, 70, 90, 100. guttatus, 95. monarchus, 91. (Scelotretus) monarchus, 91. 267 platyurum, Hoplopodion (Cosymbotus), 59. Platyurus, 59. Cosymbotes, 59. Cosymbotus, 59. Crossurus, 59. Gecko, 59. Hemidactylus, 59. Nycteridium, 59. Stellio, 59. Plestiodon sikkimensis, 159. Polydaedalus, 144. Praepos, Draco, 109. Psammosaurus, 144. Pseudogekko, 103, compressicorpus, 103. Pteropleura, 100. Pteropterus, 107. Pterosaurus, 107. Ptychozoom, 100. Ptychozoon, 100, intermedia, 101. pulchella, Lipinia, 212. pulchellum, Leiolopisma, 212. - Lygosoma, 212. grande, Leiolopisma, 214. pulchellus, Euprepes, 212. punctatostriatus, Euprepes pustulata, Lophura, 141. pustulatus, Histiurus, 141. pustulosus, Hydrosaurus, 141. Q quadrasi, Draco, 123. quadrivittatum, Lygosoma, 223. Lygosoma (Cophoscincus), 2238. Siaphos, 223. quadrupes, Anguis, 233. R reevesii, Gecko, 95. reticulatus, Draco, Rhacodracon, 107. Rhinophidium, 260. Riopa, 230. bowringi, 231. bowringii, 231. rivularis, Tropidophorus, 240. rizali, Draco, 115. rubriventris, Tiliqua, 159. rudicollis, Uaranus, 146. Varanus, 146. rudis, Mabuia, 161. Mabuya, 161. rufescens, Euprepes, 159. Euprepis, 159. Lacerta, 158. Tiliqua, 159. ruficauda, Emoia, 224. 110. (Riopa), 231. 268 S salvator, Hydrosaurus, 147. Stellio, 147. Varanus, 147, 148. saravacensis, Mabuia, 201. Sauria, 41. Scelotretus, 90. schadenbergi, Brachymeles, 249, 250. Eumeces (Riopa), 249. schadenbergii, Brachymeles, 250. schneideri, Nycteridium, 59. schneideriana, Lacerta, 59. Scincidze, 1538. Scincus atrocostatus, 226. brachypus, 233. carinatus, 158. coelestinus, 205. eyanurus, 228. smaragdinus, 205. viridipunctus, 205. seb, Euprepes, 159. semicincta, Dasia, 201. semicinctus, Euprepes (Tiliqua), 201. semperi, Gonycephalus, 131. Leiolopisma, 209. Lophyurus (Tiaris), 181. Lygosoma, 209. Lygosoma (Lipinia), 209. Senira, 248. bicolor, 246, 249, 251. serpens, Lacerta, 233. Lygosoma, 238. serratus, Eumeces, 226. Siaphos, 216. auriculatum, 221. infralineolatum, 218. kempi, 216. quadrivittatum, 223. sikkimensis, Plestiodon, 159. singaporensis, Eumeces, 226. smaragdina, Keneuxia, 205. Lygosoma, 205. smaragdinum, Dasia, 205, 206. Lygosoma, 205. Lygosoma (Keneuxia), 205. var. viridifuscum, Lygosoma (Hinulia), 205. smaragdinus, Scincus, 205. sophie, Gonyocephalus, 133. Diaris) loo Spathodactylus, 66. mutilatus, 69. Spathoscalabotes, 66. mutilatus, 69. Species of lizards erroneously attributed to the Philippine Islands, 26. Sphenomorphus, 166. acutus, 168. arborens, 186. atrigularis, 196. biparietalis, 177. coxi, 1738. curtirostris, 170. INDEX Sphenomorphus—Continued. decipiens, 176. fasciatus, 188. jagori, 192, 195. jagorii, 192. jagorii divergens, 194. jagorii grandis, 195. jagorii jagorii, 192. jagorii palustris, 194, lednickyi, 190. llanosi, 182. luzonensis, 175. mindanensis, 198. moellendorffi, 179. palustris, 194, steerei, 180. variegatus, 184. spilopterus, Draco, 119. Dracunculus, 119. Spondylurus, 155. Squamata, 41. steerei, Sphenomorphus, 180. Stellio gecko, 94. platyurus, 59. salvator, 147. subcristata, Tiaris, 134. subvittatus, Cophoscincus, 218. suluensis, Brachymeles, 247, 1 teres, Gecko, 94. Tiaris, 130. bellii, 133. petersii, 133. sophiz, 138. subcristata, 134. Tiliqua carinata, 159. cyanura, 228, grisea, 200, 204. multicarinata, 156. olivacea, 201. rubriventris, 159. rufescens, 159. Tropidophorus, 234. cocincinensis, 236. grayi, 236. leucospilos, 235. misaminius, 242. partelloi, 238% rivularis, 240. Tupinambis, 144. Tupinambus bivittatus, 147. Typhloseincus, 260. typus, Hemiphyllodactylus, 69. U Uaranus rudicollis, 146. V Varanide, 144. Varanus, 144, bivittatus, 147. cumingi, 151. cumingii, 151. Varanus—Continued. grayi, 145. nuchalis, 150. ornatus, 145. rudicollis, 146. salvator, 147, 148. vittatus, 147. variegata, Hinulia, 192. variegatum, Lygosoma, 184. Lygosoma (Hinulia), 184. variegatus, Sphenomorphus, 184. vermis, Brachymeles, 258. verticillatus, Gekko, 94, 95. verus, Gecko, 94. INDEX 269 viridipunctus, Scincus, 205. viridis, Draco, 109. vittatus, Hemidactylus, 53. Varanus, 147. volans, Draco, 109. vuleania, Lipinia, 211. vuleanium, Leiolopisma, 211. Lygosoma, 211. vulpecula, Doryura, 57. WwW whiteheadi, Lygosoma, 231. woodfordi, Lepidodactylus, 78. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] Fig. 1. Gekko monarchus (Duméril and Bibron). 2. Gymnodactylus agusanensis Taylor. PLATE 1. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] PHILIPPINE GECKOS PEATE. 2 BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] 2. Siaphos auriculatum Taylor. Fig. 1. Lepidodactylus christiani Taylor. PLATE 3 oo a oo ie a¥ BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] 2. Hemiphyllodactylus typus Bleeker. Fig. 1. Luperosaurus cumingii Gray. PLATE 4. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] PLATE 5. PTYCHOZOON INTERMEDIA TAYLOR. NY “\ BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] PLATE 6. PHILIPPINE DRACOS. “SOOVHO ANIddITNIHd “L 3LW1d [LI ‘ON NOILVOITANG FAONGIOS JO AVaNN, Dy BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] PLATE 8. DRACO QUADRASI BOETTGER. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] oN Sr, % Ae ns GONYOCEPHALUS. INTERRUPTUS BOULENGER AND G. SOPHIA (GRAY). PLATE 9. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] 2. Varanus cumingi Martjn. Fig. 1. Varanus nuchalis (Gunther). PLATE 10. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] one S' FEED cS) Fig. 1. Calotes marmoratus sanchezi subsp. nov. 2. Calotes marmoratus (Gray). PLATE 11. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] ¥ oS: a nie Seal ss, PLATE 12. PHILIPPINE LIZARDS. "AVYD HONINND SNYNVSOLO ANY (AVYD) YONO0IG SATSWAHOVYE “ET 3LWId 6 4 SA RSS [°LI ‘ON’ NOILVOITENG GONAIOS JO AvVaNN,G BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] PLATE 14. THREE SPECIES OF SPHENOMORPHUS. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] PHILIPPINE LIZARDS. BEATE eS: BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] 3 S' =; 3. TAYLOR. SPHENOMORPHUS LLANOSI PLATE 16. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] ~ TTT py = Rodine Zs j Cadikeg Zea ar Ps 3 EZ. Le ne = ( Vit NN A SOY AN ANUMNGS: oe es ee ul AN a a & ——- Sonn 5 as » SPHENOMORPHUS ARBORENS TAYLOR. PEATE 17. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] PHILIPPINE LIZARDS. PLATE 18. * \ BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] a aa ss on ee Cra E 8. ee a, 7 ss ae (Ee Gas. Re Wwe A Ne ge Ky oe (3 og SEMEREIE LE TAYLOR AND D. OLIVACEUM SEMICINCTA (PETERS). PLATE 19. DASIA OLIVACEUM GRIFFINI BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] DASIA SMARAGDINUM (LESSON), VARIETIES. PLATE 20. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] Fig. 1. Tropidophorus grayi Gtinther. 2. Tropidophorus rivularis Taylor. PLATE 21. AX £ PUBLICATION NGO. 17.] a J N¢ I BureAvu oF Sc . i uy Cate age ee Pr) oe S VARANUS SALVATOR (LAURENTI). PLATE 23. BUREAU OF SCIENCE PUBLICATION No. 17.] Qo o PLATE 22. SIX SPECIES OF THE GENUS BRACHYMELES, Li 97048 _ nhrept e lizards o zards of