/

Agric. Dept.

Issued May 13, 1911.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF SOILS— CIRCULAR No. 25.

MILTON WHITNEY, Chief of Bureau.

SOILS OF TEE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND THEIR USE— IV.

THE SASSAFRAS SILT LOAM.

BY

JAY A. BONSTEEL,

Scientist in Soil Survey.

WASHINGTON :

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1911.

BITREAU OF SOILS.

MILTON WHITNEY, Chief of Bureau.
ALBERT G. RICE, Chief Clerk.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

FRANK K. CAMERON, in charge of Physical and Chemical Investigations.
CURTIS F. MARBUT, in charge of Soil Survey.
OSWALD SCHREINER, in charge of Fertility Investigations.
W: J. McGEE, in charge of Soil Water Investigations.
2

SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND THEIR USE-IV.

THE SASSAFRAS SILT LOAM.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The areas of the Sassafras silt loam which have been encountered
by the soil survey are confined entirely to the Coastal Plain portions
of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. A total
area of 518,142 acres of this type has been included in 12 different
soil surveys in these 4 States. It is probable that the soil type does
not occur farther north than New Brunswick, N. J., nor farther
south than Norfolk, Va. The type is confined to seaward portions
of the Coastal Plain in each of these States.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL AND SUBSOIL,

The surface soil of the Sassafras silt loam, to an average depth of
9 or 10 inches, is a soft, friable brown silt loam occasionally contain-
ing small amounts of fine gravel, This is underlain to a depth of 36
inches in nearly all cases, and frequently to a depth of 7 or 8 feet, by
a yellow or reddish-yellow heavy silt loam, which is generally suf-
ficiently heavy to be called a clay in the localities where it occurs.
At a depth varying from 3 feet to 8 or 10 feet this subsoil is fre-
quently underlain by beds of gravel or gravel and sand, which sepa-
rate the mass of soil and subsoil from underlying formations. In
the southern portion of the Maryland-Delaware Peninsula, however,
this gravel bed is frequently lacking, and the subsoil rests not infre-
quently on beds of sand. While the subsoil is rather stiff and heavy,
it is still sufficiently granulated and friable to give reasonable under-
drainage, and it is only in caso of depressions occurring throughout
the type that drainage is likely to be deficient.

The Sassafras silt loam is easily distinguished from the soils of
the Elkton series, which occur in the same region, since the latter
possess gray to brown surface soils and mottled yellow and gray sub-
soils. It is best distinguished from the soils of the Norfolk series by
the slightly reddish cast of its deeper subsoil. It does not possess
the black surface soil of the Portsmouth series of soils, which is
sometimes found in the same localities.

88303°— Cir. 25—11 3

4 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

SURFACE FEATURES AND DRAINAGE.

Throughout the region in which it occurs the Sassafras silt loam
occupies low undulating or nearly level terraces, which slope from
the inland regions gently to a rather steep frontal escarpment where
the type ordinarily terminates, and is replaced at lower levels by other
soils. In southern New Jersey the soil type is found at an altitude
of 25 to 50 feet on the low terraces which border the eastern shore of
the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, and it rises gently inland to
a higher level at about 90 feet altitude. Some portions of the type
between the low and the higher terrace are rolling to sloping in their
surface features. In the Maryland-Delaware Peninsula the highest
altitudes of the type are found in the form of narrow terraces where
the Coastal Plain section borders on the Piedmont. Some of these
higher terraces rise to an altitude of 200 feet or more. In general
the highest altitudes of the Sassafras silt loam within the Coastal
Plain proper are found at about 100 to 110 feet above tide in the
vicinity of Chesapeake Bay, and the surface slopes gently eastward
toward Delaware Bay through Maryland and southern Delaware,
reaching its lowest level of about 10 feet above tidewater in the east-
central portion of the State of Delaware. In southern Maryland the
Sassafras silt loam exists along the west shore of Chesapeake Bay
and along the main tidewater embayments tributary to the bay in the
form of distinct terraces, having an altitude of 60 to 100 feet above
tidewater. Some of these terraces extend a considerable distance
inland along the principal streams, and their surface rises gently
with the slope of the stream bed to altitudes of over 200 feet. In all
regions where it occurs the surface is so level that power machinery
may be used upon all parts of the type when it is properly cleared of
its natural hardwood growth. The altitude above the local water
level renders the natural drainage effective over the greater portion
of the type. Slight hollows and regions remote from the drainage
courses constitute the only exception to this general rule.

LIMITATIONS OF YIELD.

Although the Sassafras silt loam is remarkably uniform in its
inherent characteristics from its most northern extension to its
southern limits, there are noticeable variations in the yields of the
general farm crops which are produced upon the type. In the more
northern regions, where this soil is highly esteemed for general farm-
ing, it has been the subject of the most careful tillage and treatmei
As a result the yields of all the farm crops are high, and the soil is
rarely sold at a price lower than $75 to $100 an acre. Farther south,
where a different and less effective system of farming has been in
use, the yields are less, the price of the land is not more than one-

THE SASSAFRAS SILT LOAM. 5

third as great, and the surface soil is more yellow and lacks suf-
ficient organic matter. It is also more likely to be compacted
and clodded when cultivated in a moist condition. These differences
in its condition indicate the chief limitations upon the producing
capacity of the Sassafras silt loam. Where a careful and systematic
crop rotation is practiced, where stable manure and other organic
manures are used, and particularly where moderate amounts of lime
are applied in connection with the seeding down of the grasses,
maximum yields are always secured, and the soil is found to be in its
best condition. On the contrary, where organic manures are not used,
where liming is never practiced, and where hoed crops are cultivated
year after year upon the same area, the soil is much less productive
and much less esteemed for the production of crops. The introduc-
tion of better methods in the regions last referred to will slowly in-
crease the producing capacity of this soil and render it as fertile and
as valuable as in the locations where it has received better treatment
in the past. In all cases the natural capacity of the soil is above the
average for each region where it occurs.

IMPROVEMENTS IN CROP YIELD.

The necessary steps for the improvement of crop yields upon this
type have already been indicated in the discussion of the limitations
of such yields. One of the paramount necessities is the application
of all stable manure which is available, and in case this supply is not
sufficient to meet the needs some leguminous crop like crimson clover
or the medium red clover should be produced for the sole purpose of
being plowed under to increase the humus content, preferably with
an application of 2,000 pounds of lime per acre. In certain localities
difficulty has been encountered in securing a good stand of clover
upon this soil type. Liming will largely overcome this difficulty,
and better results can be obtained by seeding the clover without a
nurse crop.

There are small local areas within the general area of the type
where additional artificial drainage would prove beneficial. These
usually consist of small saucer-shaped depressions or of flat inter-
stream areas where the headwater drainage of the streams is only
partially established.

THE EXTENT OF OCCUPATION.

Practically every available acre of the Sassafras silt loam has been
brought under cultivation in the various regions where it occurs. It
is one of the most highly prized general farming soils of the North
Atlantic Coastal Plain section, and the original hardwood timber
was cleared from its surface from 100 to 200 years ago. The soil type

6 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

was early sought for the production of corn, wheat, and grass, and
certain special crops have been produced upon it with success as
transportation facilities and market demands increased. \Vhile there
is considerable variation in the yields produced, owing to more or
less efficient management, it is naturally an excellent soil for general
farming.

TILLAGE REQUIREMENTS.

It is apparent from the textural characteristics of the Sassafras silt
loam, from its level to gently undulating surface topography, and
from the classes of crops best suited for production upon this soil
that the equipment required for its most economical tillage will dif-
fer very materially from the equipment to be used upon such other
Coastal Plain soils as the Norfolk fine sand or sandy loam, which are
more easily worked and are not so universally planted to the general
farm crops. The Sassafras silt loam should be plowed to a depth of
8 or 9 inches, and if the natural soil is not so deep as this the depth
should be gradually increased from year to year. •

It would be practically impossible to secure such adequate tillage
of the type with light weight one-horse or one-mule outfits, which are
perfectly adequate for the handling of such soils as the Xorfolk
sandy loam or fine sandy loam, or others of that class. Economy in
the conduct of tillage operations demands that at least two-horse
teams where each animal will weigh from 1,300 to 1,500 pounds
should be used, and the most economical working of land of this
class would justify the four-horse hitch, which is used to special ad-
vantage upon the heavy general farming soils, such as the limestone
soils of Maryland and Pennsylvania and the prairie soils of the
Central States.

For the same reasons the lightweight turning plow used upon the
more sandy soils of the Coastal Plain is totally inadequate for the
proper tillage of the Sassafras silt loam. In its place there should
be used either the one or two gang sulky plow, or the two or three
blade disk plow. These implements drawn by adequate horsepower
are capable of turning and thoroughly pulverizing the surface soil
to the required depth of 8 or 9 inches. Less powerful equipment,
either of team or tools, is not competent to bring out the best qualities
and the full efficiency of the soil.

Both the soil and subsoil require frequent stirring, and it is de-
sirable to use such implements as the disk harrow, the spring-tootl
harrow, or the spike-tooth harrow to secure this preparation of
land. Wherever possible, power machinery should also be used
the planting and intertillage of crops.

In the same way that heavier teams and tools are required for the
proper tillage of the Sassafras silt loam, so also are more expensive

THE SASSAFRAS SILT LOAM. 7

and commodious farm buildings requisite. These exist in New Jersey
and on the Maryland-Delaware Peninsula, where the soil type is most
profitably tilled. The storage of grain, hay, and straw and the
proper housing of tools and work stock, even in the absence of the
dairy industry or of cattle breeding, require the more elaborate equip-
ment of buildings and barns.

Thus the nature of the soil and its characteristic properties deter-
mine the character of the best farm equipment in the form of work
stock, machinery, and buildings.

CROP ADAPTATIONS.

The Sassafras silt loam is probably the best general farming soil
to be found in the Coastal Plain regions. Its level surface, its soft,
friable surface soil when properly handled, the considerable depth of
both surface soil and subsoil, and the adequate drainage features of
the type all tend to render it suitable for the production of the prin-
cipal farm crops of the latitude in which it occurs.

The Sassafras silt loam is well suited to the production of corn.
The dent varieties are principally grown, and the yields obtained
depend upon the previous preparation of the land and its treatment
for a series of years. Where the land has been properly manured
with stable manure, where lime has been applied at least once in the
rotation, where a regular rotation of crops has been practiced for a
considerable period of time, the yields of shelled corn range from
50 to 80 bushels per acre. The latter 37ield, of course, is only secured
by the best farmers under the most favorable circumstances. It is
probable, however, that the average yield for the type upon well-tilled
areas will be in excess of 50 bushels per acre. Corn is grown not only
for the shelled grain, but also for silage purposes, particularly in
southern New Jersey. Yields of silage corn frequently exceed 12
tons per acre, although the average yield may be stated at from 10 to
12 tons.

The Sassafras silt loam is almost universally used, also, for the
production of winter wheat. In the more northern areas, especially
in southern New Jersey, wheat yields from 20 to 2'5 bushels per acre,
and yields of 35 and even 38 bushels are not infrequently secured
when the land is in the best condition and the season is favorable. A
good grade of hard winter wheat is produced, and even though the
value of the land is unusually high the excellent yield of wheat and
its good quality warrant its production upon the Sassafras silt loam.

Although oats are not seeded so extensively as wheat upon the
Sassafras silt loam, still the yields per acre are good wherever the
crop is grown. In some of the eastern Maryland counties yields of
40 to 50 bushels per acre of oats are reported, and it may be said that
a yield of 35 to 45 bushels may normally be expected.

8 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

Both timothy and red clover are commonly seeded with one or the
other of the small grain crops in regular rotation in order to furnish
hay. In general, clover makes a good stand, especially if the land
has been limed, and timothy is equally satisfactory. The mixed hay
will yield from 1^ to 2 tons per acre, and where the soil is in par-
ticularly good condition this yield, even, may be exceeded.

These principal farm crops are usually grown upon the Sassafras
silt loam in regular succession. There is some diversity in the order
of the crop rotations, but in general the sod land is fall plowed and
fitted in the succeeding spring for the production of corn. In this
fitting the application of stable manure, either upon the sod before
plowing or upon the plowed land before the planting of the corn is
the usual practice. In the latter case the manure is thoroughly har-
rowed into the surface soil. Commercial fertilizers are also used in
connection with the stable manure and a complete fertilizer, carrying
3 or 4 per cent of nitrogen, usually about 4 per cent of potash and 10
to 12 per cent of phosphoric acid is quite commonly selected. The
amount of the application varies considerably in different localities,
ranging from 250 pounds an acre to as much as 500 pounds an acre
in the more intensively farmed districts. Frequent cultivation of the
corn during the growing season is the rule where the largest crops
are secured. Corn is usually followed by wheat either for one or
two crops. The second crop of wheat is not infrequently replaced
by oats. In either case the land is seeded to timothy and clover
with the second crop of grain and remains in grass for two years
or more.

Special crops. — In the Chesapeake Bay region where the Sassafras
silt loam is extensively developed upon both sides of the bay a con-
siderable canning industry has been developed. This type of soil has
contributed largely to the maintenance of the industry, through the
extensive production of sweet corn and of tomatoes. The canning
corn is picked in the husk and sold, usually by the ton, to the local
factories. The yield varies from 2^ to 3| tons per acre under normal
conditions. Prices, of course, vary, but the crop usually brings in a
cash return of $25 to $35. The blades and stalks remain as rough
forage to be fed upon the farm and constitute a valuable by-product
to those farmers who feed live stock or dairy cows.

Tomatoes are produced extensively on the Maryland-Delaware
Peninsula and around the head of Chesapeake Bay in general. The
soil is usually prepared for tomato growing by the application of
such stable manure as is available and by the application of a com-
plete commercial fertilizer. The plants are set to be cultivated in
both directions and are not supported in the field. Yields vary mate-
rially. Where the ground has not been occupied previously for the
production of this crop the Sassafras silt loam has been known to

THE SASSAFRAS SILT LOAM. 9

produce 12 tons or more of tomatoes per acre. In general, average
yields, however, run from 6 to 8 tons upon this type of soil. The
tomatoes produced upon the Sassafras silt loam are well known for
quality and flavor, but constitute a late crop suitable for canning
purposes rather than an early crop for market shipment.

The medium to late summer crop of Irish potatoes is also largely
produced upon the Sassafras silt loam, both in southern New Jersey
and upon the Maryland-Delaware Peninsula. The preparation of
the land does not differ materially from that of the preparation for
corn, although spring plowing is possibly more generally practiced
for the potato crop. In the fertilization commercial fertilizer is used
in larger quantities, applications of 1,000 pounds or more per acre
being made by the best growers. A fertilizer high in potash con-
tent is usually employed. The yields vary from about 100 bushels
per acre for the earlier potatoes to over 200 bushels per acre for the
later crop in a favorable season. The Sassafras silt loam is almost
an ideal late potato soil for the North Atlantic Coastal Plain, pro-
vided the ground is properly prepared. It would, therefore, seem
that a rotation such as is used in the more northern potato-growing
sections might be adopted to advantage. This would bring potatoes
into the place of corn, following the clover sod, with an application
of 500 to 1,000 pounds of commercial fertilizer per acre applied in
the drill at the time of planting. Under this system yields of Irish
potatoes might be increased to an average of 200 to 250 bushels per
acre after a few years of careful management. The potato crop
might well be followed in the succeeding season by either beans or
peas for the canning factories. Either crop could be removed from
the ground in time for the sowing of the winter wheat crop in the
fall. The land should be limed with the bean or pea crop and com-
mercial fertilizer again applied with the wheat crop. The clover
should only be allowed to stand one year, the early summer cutting
being harvested for hay and the aftergrowth or rowen crop should
again be turned under as a basis for the restoration of organic matter
to the soil preceding the planting of potatoes.

A four-year rotation approximating this course has been found
particularly successful in some of the northern potato-growing sec-
tions and has resulted in the increase of average yields from about
150 bushels per acre to 200 and even 300 bushels upon farms where
it has been most systematically practiced. The principal points of
the rotation are the restoration of organic matter through the plow-
ing in of the clover, the production of two leguminous crops in the
four-course rotation, the use of organic matter as the principal fer-
tilizer preceding the potato crop, and the use of lime with the pro-
duction of the beans or peas. Wherever areas of the Sassafras silt
loam are located near to transportation facilities so that the potatoes

10 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

do not need to be hauled more than 2 or 3 miles to the shipping point
this crop will prove an excellent money crop for the land.

In certain localities near to the canning factories, tomatoes might
well take the place of potatoes in this rotation on the Sassafras silt
loam.

Locally, both in southern New Jersey and on the Delaware-Mary-
land Peninsula, asparagus is produced to a considerable extent upon
the Sassafras silt loam. The beds are long-lived and productive,
but the asparagus is not ready for marketing as early in the spring
as the crop Avhich is grown upon the more sandy soils, although the
quality is excellent.

The Sassafras silt loam was at one time extensively used on the
Maryland-Delaware Peninsula for the production of peaches and
proved its value for this crop. Owing to the invasion of certain
diseases many orchards have been cut out, and their area is at present
devoted to the general farm crops. If it should ever seem desirable
to reestablish some of these orchards, the Sassafras silt loam will
still be found to be an excellent soil for peaches, though it may be
regarded as rather too heavy and retentive of moisture for an ideal
peach soil. The fruit is usually large and well colored, the trees
fairly long-lived and thrifty, and the yield large.

Recently the Sassafras silt loam has been extensively planted to
pears, the Kieffer being the variety usually selected. The Kieffer
is fairly resistant to blight, makes a strong growth, and usually gives
a heavy yield. In both Maryland and Delaware thousands of bushels
of Kieffers are annually canned in the local canneries. A consider-
able proportion of this crop is produced upon the Sassafras silt loam.

The Sassafras silt loam is undoubtedly one of the best soils for
apple production in the Maryland-Delaware Peninsula and in south-
ern New Jersey. Several varieties are adapted to this type, but it
is probable that the Winesap group, including Winesap, Staymai
Winesap, and Paragon, and the Grimes Golden are best suited foi
this particular soil, under the climatic conditions existing in thos
sections of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and of the Chesapeake Bay
region where the type is developed. Wherever apples are to
planted upon this type there should be some elevation to the soi]
body and good natural drainage, both for water and for air.

TVTiere the Sassafras silt loam is encountered in southern Marylam
a considerable amount of the Maryland pipe-smoking tobacco is stil
grown upon it. The soil is generally considered rather too heavy anc
retentive of moisture to produce the best quality of leaf and the
area planted to tobacco is gradually being restricted.

It will be seen from the discussion of the above crop adaptatk
of this soil that it constitutes one of the best general farming soils
be encountered in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In fact it is generall]

THE SASSAFRAS SILT LOAM. 11

preferred above all others in the North Atlantic district for the pro-
duction of the crops enumerated. It is a strong, fertile, well-
drained, level-surfaced soil, and every acre of it lias usually been
cleared and placed under cultivation. In the hands of skillful farm-
ers its crop-prqducing power has been increased from year to year
until yields higher than the average for other soils in its localities
are habitually produced. It is practically the only soil in the Atlan-
tic Coastal Plain which compares favorably with the soils of the
Limestone Valleys for the production of corn, wheat, and grass. It
is one of the best soils in the Coastal Plain for the production of
apples, pears, and peaches. It is well suited to the production of
Irish potatoes, and of tomatoes and sweet corn for canning purposes.
Its improvement may easily be accomplished through the restoration
of organic material to the surface soil, aided by the application of
lime.

The Sassafras silt loam furnishes an excellent example of the con-
trast between a well-drained upland soil with level topography and
other soils of similar texture, but with different characteristic drain-
age and topographic features. It is thus strongly contrasted with
the Portsmouth silt loam which occurs in the same general region of
the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but which lacks the excellent natural
drainage of this type. The two soils are only comparable in the
production of corn, where each produces from 40 to 60 bushels per
acre under ordinary circumstances. Winter wheat, however, is not
suited to production upon the Portsmouth silt loam. Oats may only
be raised as a summer crop, and in the seeding to grass, timothy and
redtop are suited to the Portsmouth silt loam, whereas timothy, red
clover, and crimson clover may be grown upon the better drained
Sassafras silt loam. While potatoes and tomatoes are well suited to
the Sassafras silt loam, neither can be raised to particularly good
advantage upon the Portsmouth silt loam, but the latter is far the
better soil for the production of cabbage and onions.

The Portsmouth silt loam is not under any circumstances favorable
to the production of apples and peaches, but is one of the chosen
strawberry soils of the Middle Atlantic States.

It is thus apparent from these contrasts between the two types,
which are so closely similar in the texture of their soils and sub-
soils, but which differ materially in their drainage and in the source
of materials from which they are formed, that slight differences in
the characteristics of soils frequently exert a strong controlling influ-
ence upon the character of crops which may be raised economically
upon the different types.

As a natural consequence of the suitability of the Sassafras silt
loam to the production of corn, oats, the grasses, and the leguminous
)rage crops, the type is one of the best soils in the North Atlantic

12 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

Coastal Plain to serve as a basis for the establishment of the dairy
industry. Where the price of land is high, ranging from $65 to $100
or more an acre, the conduct of the operations should be upon a
decidedly intensive basis. Pasturage should only constitute part of
the regular rotation, and no land of this type should be set aside as
permanent pasture. It is possible so to arrange the crop produc-
tion of a farm upon the Sassafras silt loam that the corn silage and
corn for the grain, peas, oats, and barley as soiling crops, rye or
winter wheat as an early soiling crop, and the mixed grasses or even
alfalfa may all be produced for forage purposes. The capability of
producing these crops, taken together with good transportation facili-
ties and the abundance of fresh pure water throughout the region,
render the soil and its products ideal as a basis for dairying.

Wherever rough land or pasture land of lower value is included
in a farm made up principally of the Sassafras silt loam, sheep rais-
ing is also a profitable industry. The keeping of sheep in connec-
tion with the dairy industry has proved profitable in several locations.

The Sassafras silt loam is practically the only one of the Atlantic
Coastal Plain soil types upon which the fattening of beef cattle
could hold rank comparable with that of the beef production of the
Limestone Valleys or the Central Prairie States.

SUMMARY.

The Sassafras silt loam occurs in southern New Jersey, south-
eastern Pennsylvania, and in Delaware and eastern Maryland.

Its surface soil is a mealy, soft, brown loam which may be some-
what yellow in areas where organic matter is deficient. The subsoil
is a stiff, yellow, heavy silt loam approaching a clay in texture. The
depth of soil and subsoil is considerable, but the mass of the type
usually rests upon gravel or sand, thus insuring adequate drainage.

The surface of the Sassafras silt loam is level to gently undulating.

The natural drainage of the type is normally adequate, and only
small areas require artificial drainage.

The Sassafras silt loam is well suited to the production of corn,
wheat, oats, timothy, clover, and Irish potatoes among the general
farm crops.

It is well suited to the production of tomatoes and sweet corn for
canning purposes.

Certain varieties of apples and pears are grown to advantage.

In certain of the more southern locations tobacco is grown, but as
the crop is not particularly well suited to this soil it might well
abandoned in favor of other more profitable crops.

It is in these latter localities that the restoration of organic matter
and the application of lime are particularly desirable, in order to in-

THE SASSAFRAS SILT LOAM. 13

crease the productivity of the type and enhance its value for general
farming purposes.

The Sassafras silt loam requires adequate equipment of heavy work
stock and tillage machinery and of farm machinery and buildings.

It is suited to maintain the dairy industry and to produce beef
cattle for market.

Practically every available acre of the Sassafras silt loam in all
localities is held under cultivation.

The acreage value of the soil varies with its distance from market
or from transportation facilities, and with the previous treatment
which the soil has received. Prices range from $75 to $125 in the
more favorable locations, and from $25 to $40 an acre in those less
favorably situated.

Approved.

JAMES WILSON,

Secretary of Agriculture.

APPENDIX.

The following table shows the extent of the Sassafras silt loam in
the areas surveyed to this time.

In the first column is stated the particular survey in which the soil
was encountered ; in the second column, its extent of development in
acres ; and in the third column, the volume of the Field Operations of
the Bureau of Soils in which the report upon the area may be found.
Those desiring a detailed description of the soil and of the general
conditions which surround it in any particular area may consult these
volumes in almost any public library.

Areas of Uic Sassafras silt loam encountered in ihe soil survey.

Survey.

Area of
soil.

Year of
publica-
tion, Field
Opera-
tions.

Delaware:
Dover area l

Acres.
32,960

1903

Maryland:
Anne Arundel County ,

31,040

1909

Calvert County 2

8,850

1900

Cecil County2"

50,500

1900

Easton area . .

130, 944

1907

Ilarford County 2

29,810

1901

Kent County 2

59, 140

1900

Prince Georges County 2 •

9,090

1901

St. Marys County 2

16,200

1900

New Jersey:
Salem area*

64,930

1901

Trenton area 3 .

82,560

1902

Pennsylvania:
Chester County '

fi

1905

Trenton area, 'N. J.2 ..

2,112

1902

Mapped as Norfolk silt loam.

Mapped as Sassafras loam.

14

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