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LOCAL DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF BIRDS OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
ALFRED OTTO GROSS
THESIS
FOR THE
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS
ZOOLOGY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
JUNE 19087
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THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY
Mr. Alfred Otto Gross
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Acknowledgments are due to Professor S. A. Forbes who has offered many helpful suggestions and has made innumerable correc- tions in my preliminary manuscript. I am especially indebted to him also for permission to use in this thesis many data obtained in the course of oe service as a field ornithologist on the staff of the State Laboratory of Natural History.
The notes and data of this discussion were collected by Mr. Howard A. Ray and myself pitts making statistical observations on the birds of Illinois, for the State Laboratory, under the di- rection of Professor Forbes. Although a bird census was the pri- mary object of these observations, we were given many opportuni- ties to see interesting incidents in the life of the birds and to make notes of situations which could not be studied in a statisti- Cal way because of the character of the vegétation. It is the purpose of this paper to supvlement the data reported to Professor Forbes for his discussion and to empnhasize those species which Were seen in the forests and which seldom if ever appeared on the bird census revorts. The southern part of the state was selected for this purpose because of the predominance there of forests, cypress swamps, large river courses, and broken country, all of
them arcas on which the birds could not be accurately counted, but
which offered most interesting conditions to the field ornitholo-
gist. The nature of our work required us to avoid, rather than
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| of the state was bound to lead us into a great diversity of condi- || tions. This constantly changing scene was indeed a fascinating
a - . 4 panorama and gave us an excellent opportunity to study the birds
hi} ‘ ‘| from a general ecological standpoint.
The ecology of a limited area is influenced by many local
conditions which are liable to give wrong impressions of the rela-
tions of certain spyecies. . For instance, a preliminary bird cen-
}/ sus of the University farm, made at Urbana in 1905, gives us a mis- " icading idea of the relative importance of the bronzed grackle pop-
| Betton during the fall and for the state at large because of the | presence of a large blackbird roost at no great distance from this use, The red-winged blackbird usually frequents swamps and ‘marshes and there builds its nest in the weeds, several inches
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qT above ground, put in localities where there are no swamps, it 4 a ‘builds on the ground in timothy or grain fields - a great change
1 of nesting habit Beeurea by difference of local environment. By
gs up all the various conditions and relations derivable from
|
| targe area, we can gain a truer paneneeiod of, the tafe of the
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1 Species, as well as a truer view of the bird population taken as a | wnote. My annotated list of svecies is necessarily very incom=- a since a limited part of one year was devoted to southern mets, and especially since no records were made there during BD. nt of the spring and fall migration.
By southern Illinois we mean gericrally that part of the state south of the northern boundaries of Crawford, Jasper, Bgding-
han, Fayette, Bond, and Madison counties. Although this list is
limited to the species recorded in that section, frequent
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same year, in central and northern Illinois.
METHOD AND EQUIPMENT
The prescribed method of the bird census required us to traverse the state in various directions, traveling always in ’ straight lines and always thirty yards apart, and noting and re= cording the species, numbers, and exact situation of all birds flushed by us on a strip fifty yards in width, including also those crossing this strip within one hundred yards to our front.
Our usual equipment consisted of two prism binocular field glasses, a sixteen-gauge shotgun and ammunition, a heavy leather lnapsack, a passimeter, compass, maps, data-sheets, and clothing adapted to the various conditions of weather throughout the year. Our winter equipment and apparel are shown on plate L. The field glasses were of the very best that could be obtained. They were absolutely essential to accurate field work on birds. The at was carried for the purpose of collecting rare specimens, or those birds we failed to recognize in the field. The skins were preserved and are now in the museum of the University of Illinois at Urbane. The kmapsack was used to carry miscellaneous articels from maps to preserved birds, and in certain parts of the state | where prospects of a dinner were poor, it served fs a lunch bOX. The passimeter is an instrument about the size of a watch, used to
ascertain the distances traveled. It records the number of. steps,
Pp dtug the length of which is determined by repeated tests on known dis-
tances, A mechanical tally was used on very rough surfaces, or CS a
lyorbes Bul, Ill. State Lab. of N.‘H. '07, vol. Papin 507
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in winter when the ground was icy - conditions under which the
passimeter failed to register correctly. Constant use was made of the maps and compass, especially in densely timbered country, to keep our general direction and to determine our line of march. During the latter half of the year we carried two cameras, one 31/4 X 4 1/4, and another 4 x 5, screen focus, which, although increasing the weight and bulk of our pack, added much to the interest of the trips and later proved useful in illustrating the haunts and nests of birds. In addition to the above equipment we used for ovr sup=- plies and permanent records, a trunk which was expressed ahead of
us from week to week.
ITINERARY The following is a chronological list of the trips made in southern Illinois'- Cairo, Alexander County, to Pana, christian County, October 31 to November 16, 1906 , Thebes, Alexander county, to Eldorado, Saline County, February 6 to 21, 1907; Robinson, Crawford County, to Browmmsville, White County, April 5 to 1l,
1907 ; radiating trips from Benton, Franklin County, and from pu
Quoin, Perry County, June 4 to 25, 1907; Metropolis, Massac County, | to Cave-in-Rock, Hardin County, June 25 to duly 1, 1907: and a personal trip to Grand Tower, Jackson County and Running Lake, Union County, December 23 to 28, 1907, and to Olive Siecle Alex- ender County, December 31, 1907,to January 3, 1908. Cairo to Pana trip. From Cairo we followed the Ohio River levee to Mound
City and from there we went to Villa Ridge. We then continued
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northward from Villa Ridge to Carbondale, Jackson County, follow- ing the course of the Illinois Central and keeping at least within a mile of that road. Then going by rail to Ashley, Washington County, we continued on foot, November 9, from the latter place to Pana, Christian County, following the Illinois Central as before.
When we started from Cairo, the migration was practically Over for most of the birds, and such winter residents as the junco aa made their appearance. There were, however, many birds pres- G6nt, especially of the gregarious species, which were congrégating @eeereParation for their final departure to the south. The wea- ther during the first week was usually fair, and was very warm auring the day but cool at night. During the latter part of this trip it was considerably colder, and we encountered one heavy snow storm.
Thebes to Eldorado trip.
From Thebes we crossed the hills of Alexander County to Sandusky, but, being unable to cross the flooded Cache River, at that point, we turned northward to Ullin and then south to Pulaski. From Pulaski we went across country to Grand Chain, and thence southeast to Baccus Landing on the Ohio in Massac County. At this point conditions forced us to continue via steamboat to Metropolis. We made a trip to Brookport and return February 11.
“The next day we followed the course of the Illinois Central
' Yailroad to Reevesville, Johnson County, going east from there to
Golconda, Pope County. Leaving Golconda, February 18, we con-
tinued northward through the Eagle mountains to Eldorado, Saline
County. This was perhaps the most interesting of our jour-
ney through southern Illinois. The winter of 1906 and 1907 was
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ground and the air was crisp and cold. It soon moderated, however,
to such a degree that we were very comfortable without our winter Goats. During the latter part of the trip it again grew colder hana several inches of snow fell on February el.
Robinson to Brownsville trip.
This short trip was the southern section of one begun at Harvey, Cook County, aye Bor Yat from Robinson to Lawrenceville was made April 5, and on the following day, we went to Brookport and returned. We then followed the general direc=- jTfon or the Big Four Railroad from Lawrenceville to St. Frances- vilieé, from Mount Carmel to Grayville, and from Carmi to Browns- ville in White County. The weather during the greater part of the trips was very cold and the wind was sharp and icy, the spring Deang very late - conditions greatly in contrast with those of our previous visit to southern Illinois. The bird migration was cor- respondingly delayed, and comparatively few of the migrants due at this time were seen. The condition and advancement of the trees and other vegetation are shown by figures 1 and 2, plate XXXIII.
Benton and DuQuoin trips. A different plan was adopted for the summer work and
instead of making coutinuovs journeys from one part of the state
| to another we established ourselves first at Benton and then at
DuQuoin, radiating outward from each of these points as a center.
| The following trips were made from Benton, Franklin County: Benton } to Galatia, then sovtheast through Harrisburg to the Fagle moun-
‘tains,and from there north to Eldorado; Benton south to Hudgens,
Williamson County; and Benton north to Mount Vernon, then east to
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) back to Tamaroa, thence southwest to Pickneyville and from there to
| DuQuoin; DuQuoin to Christopher, Franklin County, and DuQuoin south
1 to Desoto, Jackson County.
Metropolis to Cave-in~-Rock trip.
From Metropolis we traveled northeast to Golconda, going through the villages of Rosebud and Homburg. From Golconda we continued along the Ohio River to Cave~-in-Rock.
Was excessively warm and there was but little rain during this trip. The conditions of the vegetation and the advancement of the crops are shown by the series of landscape views taken at various points along the route.
Grand Tower, Running Lake, and Olive Pranch trip,
This was a personal trip made to determine, as accu- Pevery 28 possible, the bird life of the Mississippi bottomlands ‘and the cypress swamps during the winter and to supplement the Winter records made the previous year, February 6 to 21, 1907. || Special attention was paid to the forests and but little time was
mepent in the open or cultivated fields. December 26 to 28, inclu-
> | Sive was spent with a hunting party encamped near Running Lake,
} Union County (Figure 2, plate XXXVIII.) - an ideal place for game and for many other kinds of birds. At Olive Branch most of the
} time was devoted to a study of the cypress swamps in the vicinity
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the weather during my visits to those places was unusually warm for
the season. This fact must of course be taken into account for
it is doubtful that the phoebe, hermit thrush, brown thrasher, Grin-
nel's water-thrush, yellow-bellied sapsucker, and some others, are
commonly present in Illinois during the winter months.
These trips to southern Illinois were made through regions representing typical conditions of topofrraphy and vegetation, and the birds recorded form a typical Jist of species for that part of the state. Our method of study was not such as to give us a long i Bemeeemowever, as places favorable to bird life were given no larger proportion of ovr time and attention than the open and more extensive areas of cultivated fields, where birds were represented by only a few characteristic species. I have recorded more species from a | Single small tract of woods near Urbana during the spring migrations than were seen by us during a1] the time spent in southern Illinois. In so limited an area, however, ecological relationships cannot be studied to so gocd advantage as by more extended travel over a
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ANNOTATED LIST
51. Larus argentatus (Brinn). Herring Gull.
Five herring gulls were seen February 9 flying over the Ohio River at Baccus Landing, Massac County. Several other gulls were noticed flying along the opposite side of the stream, but were too far away for positive identification.
132. Anas boschas (Linn.). Mallard.
Mallards were common at Running Lake, Union County, December 26 to 28, 1907. They were usually seen from seven till nine in the morning, feeding on the acorns and bulbs at the margin Or the lake, in places such as are illustrated by figure 2, plate KXXXVIII. On the morning of December 27, a flock of eighteen flew over, almost within gunshot of our tent, and on January 1, 1908, I saw five on Horse-shoe Lake, Alexander County.
149. Aythya affinis (Eyt). Lesser Scaup Duck.
The little blue-bill, as the hunters call the lesser scaup duck, was reported common along the Mississippi bottoms at Grand Tower, and at Horse-shoe Lake in Alexander County. I saw one small flock while returning to Grand Tower late one afternoon, and probably some of those fi; ine too high for positive recognition were of this species.
172. Branta canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose. Several flocks of Canada geese were seen, February 9
jto 17, at various points between Yates Landing and Golconda. A
Wflock of ten was flushed south of Grand Tower December 23, 1907,from
}a fringe of willows bordering the bank of the Mississippi River.
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Sandy Island, where they were easy victims for the hunters, who con- cealed themselves in pits dug in the sand. On the evening of Dec- ember 31, an immense flock of fifty eight was seen at Horse-shoe
Lake. (Figure 1, Plate XXXVII.). Several smaller flocks were
noticed flying over at this lake and in the vicinity of Olive Branch.
A few farmers in southern Illinois complained of serious
damage done by the Canada geese to the winter wheat, especially in
fields in the lowlands and alone the Ohio River.
194.. Ardea herodias (Linn.). Great Blue Heron.
‘The great blue heron is local throughout Illinois, but most abundant in the bottomlands of the larger rivers, and in the cypress swamps beside the smaller streams and lakes. Figure 1, plate XXXII, illustrates the conditions of the Ohio River bottoms above Metropolis during our etait there June 25, 1907. The great blue heron was found here, and, although it may not nest in the vi- Cinity, a place of this nature affords good feeding grounds, and probably attracts the herons for many miles. A colony of these giant birds was discovered June 26 in a small cypress swamp along Big Bay Creek, near Homberg, Pope County. When first seen two of them were perched in the dead tops of tall trees and were very con- spicuous from a considerable distance. Although they were seem- ingly unaware of our approach, we were unable, by the most careful maneuvers, to get within camera or gunshot of them. In passing through the swamp we saw no nests of this heron, but no doubt a more thorough search along the stream would have revealed them, for the
surroundings were ideal for a rookery. Mr.. E. W. Nelson in his
notes upon birds observed in southern Illinois in 1375+ mentions a
1Bul. Essex Institute '77, vol. 9 pp. 32-65.
10 During the preceding week several were killed on sand bars about
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trip from Harvey, Cook County, to Brownsville in the lower Wabash
; 11 rookery in a cypress swamp near Mount Carmel, with nests in the tops
of tall sycamores,- one tree containing as many as nine nests.
201. Butorides virescens (Linn.). Green Heron.
About ten green herons were seen in southern Illinois
during the month of June. The majority of these were in places re-
mote from streams or large bodies of water, in situations not at-
tractive to most of our herons. June 20, two were flushed from the
vegetation seen in the foreground of figure 1, plate XXXI, but this
place was probably a feeding ground merely and not a nesting resort.
No nests were found in southern Illinois, but I have seen many in
the central part of the state, commonly at some distance from the
water courses. In Piatt County, near Atwood, a small colony nested
régularly for many years in a grove of box elders only a few rods
from my father's farmhouse where they were never disturbed.
228. Philohela minor (Gmel. ). American Woodcock.
A woodcock was seen November 6 in an old, deserted
orchard about three miles northwest cf Cobden, Union County - the
only one we saw in southern Illinois.
250. Gallinago delicata (Ord). Wilson's Snipe.
We found Wilson's snipe to be very common during the
valley, March 26-April 10, 1907. It was especially abundant in the
low, wet, cultivated fields where the soft, water-soaked places of-
fered little resistance to their long, sensitive bills. Not less
than seventy of these birds were flushed March 26 from a cornfield
about five miles south of Harvey. It was the afternoon of a typical
spring day, warm and cloudy, with occasional threatening showers and
| thunder storms. There was but little vegetation on the field, ex-
|cepting the old cornstalks and scanty growth of dead weeds and grass.
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Small parts of it were submerged, “and the exposed places were very soft. In this black, mucky soil, were innumerable small holes made
by the snipe in their search for food. These birds were not con-
gregated in one large flock, but were scattered over a comparatively
@t a time, and their flight did not seem to disturb those farther in
wide area in the field. As we walked along, only a few were flushed
advance. Many were found in the low open fields, and pastures of |
| the Wabash valley, but nowhere so numerous as in the cornfield south of Harvey. No Wilson's snipe were seen in southern Illinois during the winter and summer visits.
261. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Bartramian Sandpiper.
During the month June 4 to July 1, about fifteen Bar-
jtramian sandpipers were seen distributed widely over the territory visited. Of these, the majority were in corn and small grain fields while only one was seen in a pasture, and none in meadows,- places often frequented by these sandpipers during the spring. In most
Cases they were probably nesting in the field in which they were
found, At times they displayed the most reckless bravery when at- tempting to lead us from their nesting grounds. One was flushed @une 10 from a ripening wheat field north of Tamaroa, Perry County.
This bird uttered her sharp, penetrating notes as she arose in the
@ir to join her mate, but instead of flying away the pair awept in
Circles about our heads, sometimes alighting,seemingly helpless, in
the tall wheat a few yards from us. The shell of a Bartramian
|Sandpiper's egg was found in a bare place in the wheat field and the recently hatched young was apparently present, as the parents con- tinued their peculiar antics, preceding us until we were at least a
; Quarter of a mile from the point where they were first seen.
ad t Will: me yoy aod y * AAD q '
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ra 262. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieill.). Buff-breasted sandpiper.
On a trip from Harvey to Brownsville, March 26 to
April 11, several flocks of sandpipers, probably the buff-breasted,
were seen in the open fields. April 5, 1907, we had an excellent
opportunity for observing a flock of twenty five while they were
feeding in a closely grazed pasture two miles south of Robinson,
Crawford County.
Although we were unable to secure any specimens,
we could by the use of excellent prism glasses be reasonably cer- tain of their identification. The birds were very active and flew
in a compact mass wheeling and circling, now rising, now dipping
with wonderful precision. The perfect unity maintained by the flock during its rapid erratic flight astonished us and aroused our
admiration.
Ee W. Nelson reported this bird as a rare migrant in north- eastern Illinois? and discredited the statement of Dr. Hoy that it
was "quite common" near Racine, Wisconsin, from September 15 to
October 10, 1873. Dre A. K. Fisher shot numbers of the species and saw hundreds of them on a dry prairie at Maywood, Cook County, Illinois, during August 1874",
‘
273. Oxyechus vociferus (Linn.)., Killdeer.
The killdeer is a permanent resident of southern Illi-
nois, but it was not abundant at any time during our visits to that
part of the state. Five were seen February 13 feeding about a
small pond, north of Round Knob, Massac County, but no others were
noticed during the winter.
ee es ee
About twenty five were found June 4 to
‘
¢
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9 Tx"
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Toe
July 1, widely distributed, usually on plowed ground and in corn- fields. The corn at this time ranged from a few inches to about
two feet in height. The actions and cries of some of these birds
when flushed, gave evidence of their nesting, but no nests or eggs
were discovered.
289. Colinus virginianus (Linn.). Bob-white, quail.
The quail is the most abundant and important of the
game birds of souther Illinois. It is eagerly sought by scores
of hunters who visit this part of the state during the open season.
Most of the sportsmen are kept within bounds by the game laws which
greatly check the destruction of the quail, and the farmers, by
their general prohibition of hunting on their farms, do much to pre- vent a wholesale slaughter of these valuable birds.
In fall and winter, the quail were usually foumd in flocks numbering from three or four to thirty birds. FPields cf com stalks
and stubble were their favorite resorts, although covies were
flushed from almost every kind of surface where there was good pro=- tection, or a plentiful food supply. In winter they usually re-
sorted, for protection against the cold winds, to denser vegetation and to the shrubbery of valleys and aides. In the breeding sea- son the remants of the surviving flocks were widely scattered, and } Pas-
we never found more than one pair nesting in a single field.
tures and meadows were the favorite nesting places. The nests were
always on the ground among low, dense vegetation such as timothy
grass, or weeds, end none were seen among shrubbery or in the woods.
Figures 1-2, plate II, are photographs of a typical nest discovered
in a timothy field south of Bois in Washington County. This nest
V2.8 almost wholly of grass shaped into a dome with the entrance at
bne side. The sun had so dried and bleached the structure that it
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ED contrasted strongly with the surrounding green of the timothy. The
€ggs were fresh, and, as there were only six, the set was probably
incomplete. Neither of the parent birds were present, another rea-
son for believing that incubation had not yet begun. The remark- able nest illustrated in figure 1, plate I, was found June 22 east of Benton, Franklin County, in a tall, rank growth of grass ond
weeds at the edge of a cornfield. It was well concealed, being
roofed over by the surrounding vegetation intervoven with a little plucked grass. The weeds and grass stood erect about the nest, hid- ing it completely, and, if the female had not flown, it no doubt would never have been found. There were sixteen eggs in this nest, all of which can be distinguished in figure 2, plate I, a photo- ' graph taken at close range. The eggs of the quail are white, but they are usually stained a dull brown, or yellow, by the grass upon which they lie. These stains and grass marks show very plainly on the eggs in the picture. A nest containing twelve eggs was found
in a wheat field. This nest had no roof, but the dense foliage of
@ dewberry vine served as a protection.
¢
$05. Tympanuchus americanus (Reich.). Prairie Hen.
November 12, 1906, sixteen prairie hens were flushed
from a corm field about two miles north of Centralia. Another was
seen near Sendoval, Marion County; and, on the following day, still another in a corm field south of Shobonier, Fayette county. April 5, 1907, a magnificent specimen was started from a field in the Wab-
ash Valley, near Robinson, Crawford County. The above observations
vere made north of the 58th parallel, and not a prairie hen was
found by us south of that latitude.
The considerable expanse of
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the extreme southern part of the state less attractive to the prairie)
hen, than central and northern Illinois in which this bird is not at
all wmcommon. Traveling in the early mornings of springtime, we
often beard its booming from some neighboring or distant field and
several times we were startled by the whirr of wings as a prairie
hen arose from concealment nearby.
A flock of fifty two was flush-
ed from a stubblefield South of Rockford, in extreme northern Ilii-
nois,- a magnificent sight seldom seen in this state at the present
day A flock of this size would soon be destroyed, however, were
it not for the persistent and co-operative efforts of the farmers
and game wardens in that part of the state, It is evident that our
stringent game laws are doing much to protect this species which has
been in danger of extermination. May 16, 1907, a prairie hen's nest
containing nine eggs was found in a large timothy field three miles
east of Clinton, Illinois. This nest,which is well illustrated by
the figures 1 and 2, plate III, was placed in a rank growth of grass
on the side of a gradually rising knoll. In its construction but very little material was added to the dried grass already present. No dome covered it, as in the case of the nest of the Meadowlark or jof the quail,but grass growing around the margin bent inwards and formed a natural concealment which served the purpose so well that the nest could not be seen at a distance of two or three Yards »
SL
4 Phasianus torquatos (qmel. Ring-necked Pheasant.
The ring-necked pheasants have apparently been success-=
fully introduced into certain parts of southern Illinois. Mr. E.
lark of Golconda liberated numbers of them on his large estate in rope County,
the greater part of which consists of timbered hills
nd ravines affording an excellent protection and a place where these
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| tures, and grain fields. As the wheat ripened, the numbers of
southern Illinois, but it was reported by sportsmen and others as
2 i birds will thrive if left unmolested. We saw none, but obtained
reliable information,from hunters and farmers,of their presence in Hardin and Saline counties, where they were said to be common in such places as are illustrated by figures 1-4, plate XLVII.
310. Meleagris gallopavo silvestris (Vieill ). Wild Turkey.
We did not see the wild turkey during our visits to
being still present in small numbers in some of the wild timbered regions of that part of the state. At Thebes, a merchant told me that several were seen and one was killed January, 1907, in the hills of Alexander County, northeast of Thebes. It has been seen near Elizabethtown, in southern Hardin County, within recent years. Specimens were taken in Union county by K. W. Ellis near the place Panetratea by figure £,; plate XXXVI. Mr. Ellis tells me that. turkeys frequented the bottoms near Running Lake to feed on the berries which are very abundant in the open places of that vicinity. At Olive Branch a farmer assured me that they were abundant in the dense timbers and the cypress swamps in the vicinity of Horse-shoe Lake. (Figure 1-2, plate XXXIX). Si6, Zenaidura macroura (Linn.). Morning Dove.
The morning dove is a common resident of southern Tlilinois throughout the year, ard large numbers were in the open Fields during the winter. A flock of seventy five was flushed, February 8, from a field of corn stalks near Grand Chain, Pulaski County, where they were feeding on the corn left behind at harvest- ing. In summer this species was very widely distributed, occurring / almost everywhere except in woods and in dense shrubbery. It was
most abundant in orchards (figures 1-2, plate XXVIII), meadows, pas-
o> ee ae eee
‘nw: A y Blas =e son a Aha Ae
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me ko ae e
a ’ ; | : | : iy | ¥ ae a ae rie oe ; v “ore Tay ‘eh | ; WHE eed ies nS abe +) sa ak Me ; iv, teeta it de
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i. , - ao? tol . Stree,
a= eo _ : + - a ys pe grees :
18 morning doves increased in wheat fields, indicating that it was the
grain these birds were seeking. Indeed the gullets of several specimens collected were gorged with wheat. The orchards afforded many favorite nesting sites, and many were to be found in such places; but a large proportion of the nests were on the ground in timothy, wheat, and pasturelands,. Some were in the grass between rows of apple trees, showing that the birds prefer to nest on the ground even when favorable sites in trees are close at hand. The nests (figures 1-2, plate IV) found east of Mout yernon, Jue 14, are fair examples of the crude ground nest of the dove. In addi- tion to the mat of grass already present, only a few grass stalks were used in its construction. Peedacia, the grass to the right of the apple tree seen in the foreground of photograph (figure 1, plate XXVIII). The firm and well constructed nest illustrated by figure 1, plate V, was in the crotch of the tree just mentioned. Being built in a tree, it was necessarily of a better construction than the one on the ground, but a few yards distant. This nest was an exceptionally good one, for even nests in trees were usually fragile and loosely put together. Some were built on horizontal branches
in such a way that it was a miracle that they escaped destruction in
the wind storms. The nest figure 2, piate V, was found in a corn-e
field near Beason, Logan County, June 16, Its situation was un- usual as it was exposed on the freshly tilled earth without conceal- ment or protection except by corm stalks which afforded but little Shade at this stage of their growth, The corn had been plowed for
the last time, and it is probable that the young were successfully reared.
- ~ ? oh a ee ones L (aw a. ri ree ; ‘, es
pr eit” s aomtieeP eB ead rn en. © Vy
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f ’ etn Lt ‘a ; ds aul Fees \ J te ve +6 ti x { Laie 6078 f - ; e% 0 dim nae ae it 2 ove Tol , ane: Shem a5 . Baths: - 5 beta a a Le ; ts it teen et f . Vj : r P & o ’
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‘ | be bette: 2 aad, oo bhai, haat! “horn: a ia ooo “el 20S
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, +2 325. Cathartes aura (Linn.). Turkey yulture.
No landscape of southern Illinois is complete with-
out one of these ungainly creatures circling about the wooded hills
or leisurely soaring over the couwtry in search of carrion. In extreme southern Illinois the turkey vulture was seen throughout the year, and its numbers in winter were even greater than in sum- Bor. In our statistical data seventy were recorded for southem Illinois, February 6 to 21, while but thirteen were seen June 4 to
July 1.
In the winter when hunger presses them hardest, they were
very easy of approach and oftentimes we were able to get within a
few rods of the tree in which they were perched. In the coldest weather they were most abundant in the dense timberlands resting in
the tops of the giant trees, or perhaps soaring aimlessly about
over the tree tops. They were very common in the vicinity of Olive Branch, Alexander County, December 31, 1907 to January 3, 1908. On the afternoon of December 31 a partial albino was seen in company with three other vultures near Horse-snhoe faites This bird had large white patches on the wings and a broad white band across the tail - both very conspicuous at a long distance.
The black vulture has been reported from southerm Illinois, but it was not seen by us during our visits to that section of the
State.
Circus hudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Hawk,
331.
A marsh hawk was seen November 9, 1906, in a small orchard a mile north of a Washington County. This is the only record of this bird made by us in southem Illinois.
535. Accipiter cooperii enea.ks Cooper's Hawk.
Hawks of this species were seen in southern Illinois
| * seas ing “kt sat | Fe te ¥ 328 , pba ee ® ‘ ‘ . ‘oS i¢ e teri Ded eruftiow 4 | OF ; ody. geen ote. Sai ot Bey: | Y rites roy ey none ) , ory shen Pe SRY find, Ao it
a has noe: a iin “canis pid at Ln neadneg 4
gee welt pide ie ofa
+e) “nese Tend ak eer . 7 - _ : is oth i bts Ardea en . se hg 0 | eRe: saad. ee ee) ui me : Ac OULD , oo Pg tHe ‘ ah ’ : ae Pa Let: by BY PA OE
| ta db theh Sete 2h i Sr | : aor
’ - ’
; . F ga LLY ‘« See yan ; ; . ng wae f q : ; ef ly ae ’ } J e a t ae 7 Pek. 7 oS . 1 | j C5 ee Fat ong :
" : * tid, tne . y . ini: B nd @ rad hey 0s ee Sea ch ing SON. Pros EAs M : 2stcd gir xl Le Ge .
7 | » ae ee Cv ok) nu deities
| + cam ok eral ct wih senha hice : —_ ot techie eae 3e dive | oul ne eb, ot pha wiht pha iw nn patie: ( Cog poi) bi ageeR =
4 goon ston Beloege mie we i : ; . é i ey: 7 a | | Lai
7 pelpapese* Pn TRS sata berm
as follows:=- two November 2 circling over a pasture near Ullin,
Pulaski County, one November 6 northwest of Cobden, Union Cowty, another November 13, north of Patoka, Marion County, and three February 6, east of Thebes, Alexander County.
337. Buteo borealis (Gmel. ). Red-tailed Hawk.
The red=-tailed hawk was the most abundant of the
larger hawks in southern Illinois, outnumbering even the red-
shouldered hawk, which is usually considered the commonest species,
The extensive timber areas of that part of the state attract many such birds because of the favorable retreats and nesting sites
which these forests offer. No specimens of this hawk were se-
cured, and I am unable to say whether any belonged to the subspecies
krideri, or to the westem form calurus both of which have been
taken, although rarely within this state.
339. Buteo lineatus (Gmel. ). Red-shouldered Hawk.
The red=-shouldered hawk was common throughout the
year. A female was secured at Running Lake, northeasterm Union
County, December 26, 1907. This bird was captured at ten o'clock
at night by one of the dogs in company with a coon-hunting party. Its gullet was gorged with flesh indicating that it had been feed-
ing at or near the time of its capture, It was still alive and
seemed to be in a healthy condition, It was probably surprised in
the act of feeding upon the ground,
$49, Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.). Golden Eagle.
Our only record of the golden eagle was made February 19, 1907, when one was seen from the top of Williams Hill in the
Eagle Mountains of southeastem saline County. This bird pre-
sented a striking appearance as it swept down the narrow wooded
|valley, uttering its defiant scream as if proclaiming himself
iy. aotladebies pg eet opet ee ieectysa We
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ae
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st? Parotidend At Tagan st cits Bs we rhe a tyedc: Panel ear edi
tao de¥ Lolcats aye cialeats ok Sacks at av ea
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beyshLenrteanert \ | (lee muinsh ‘ow Mite: “wom ae berngtugZa ste ; - etn) Bacie we. es hatty ore “aw 7 " ras = - 72 if 22a rater’ Bas: j
. ctinw vpesmd, BE 47 Ob ate ‘Se
09 Ey o) Bis feet? Atio peyay, 8
aes ate, 88h TOC eee le as
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wore anw aa , to 2S EES vi cad ‘7
palelhe ots) oti? rot eloat webiod st, mbdy vos omen
HBSS CDR Sp gos eke neornd Labatalale
pit! woh age ye ty Chi wei rttn
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the monarch of the hills.
357. Falco colwnbarius (Linn.). Pigeon Hawk.
A pigeon hawk was seen November 1, 1906, near Villa Ridge, Pulaski County - the only one recorded by us in southern Illinois.
360. Falco sparverius (Linn.). American sparrow Hewk.
The American sparrow hawk was the commonest of the
hawks represented in southern Illinois, and was about equally abune
dant in winter and in summer. It showed no decided preference for
any kind of situation, but was as often found in the open, culti-
vated fields as in forests or wooded pasturelands. When in the
fields it was often seen leisurely resting on a fence post or dead
tree, but was commonly hovering in mid air,- its accustomed method
of searching for food. In a visit to Grand Tower, December 23 to
28, 1907, I found it oftenest in the clearings and about the large,
dead trees which contained many deserted woodpeckers' holes, appro-
priated by the hawks for their winter quarters,
566. Asio wilsonianus (Less.), American Long-caredé Owl,
A long-eared owl was found february 12, 1907, ina
tract of timber about a mile north of Metropolis, Masseec county.
568. Syrmium verium (Barton). Barred Owl
Iwo barred owls were seen April 9, 1907, ina woodland
about two and a half miles north of Keensburg, Wabash county. These
birds were accidentally discovered while I was counting with the
assistance of a fiela glass a number of goldfinches which were
frolicking and singing merrily in the upper branches of the trees,
Although stupid in eppearance, these wise creatures were well aware
pe + wOPsiire f : ; a
2 4 is . 4 ~ > = ¢ =
et % “ 4 +f 7: isa
= Z
- Je 2 ‘4 ‘a its) ; 5 ‘ iA 3? + i ,
~
4 ; oy bo ged! : at pod) fear og wo hanna. Tad. 4510 ep a Pa OLEI% 1 gig rath it
| | | b yor (porto), sees hi i . vs Se 2 oe ates huretoed one s<i 0 Oe nol tin, kare Ay rile eked Zan] > rravedet bh’ oe , meant ow ts. thaw \ cbr cat i
: un aa ee, Oe ie 3 ‘| . ‘ it ylisrew biah Siem ise , ' 1) ede 7 oh alec pane ie” Gel ae wre city Fata
*,
Pp ‘of my presence, for when I walked about the tree to get different views, their drowsy looking faces closely followed my movements. December 27, 1907, I secured a fine female of the barred owl in the dense timberland bordering Running Lake in Northwestern Union Seanty. - The condition of the timber and the jungle of vines
is illustrated by figure 2, plate XXXVI. January 2, 1908, an=
| other was seen in the cypress swamp at Horse-shoe Lake, Alexander County. This owl is comparatively common in this part of the state, and is often taken by hunters and farmers who condem it because of its supposed depredations on poultry and wild game birds. 387. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.). Yellow-billeda Bhekoe, ‘ During June 4 to July 1, the yellow-billed cuckoo was
common, and widely distributed over the area visited. It was
oftenest met with in timberlends and orchards, and in places where there was more or less shrubbery. A nest containing one egg was found, June 4, in an apple orchard near Thompsonville, Franklin
County.
588. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Black-billed cuckoo.
A black billed cuckoo was seen June 13, near Ina, Jefferson county, in shrubbery at the margin of a plowed field. This Sse our only record of this species in southem Illinois.
590. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). Belted Kingfisher.
Since but little time was spent along the rivers, very few of this species were Sereeney On February 9, a pair flew by us several times while we were on the Ohio River at Baccus Landing, Massac County, and we were told that kingfishers usually
spent the winter in that locality. Another was seen June 21, about
aie at Aner a ee 2 f] 2 L. Me ea uate vin tin f oe 2 te Se gin! ah ‘. oY wi voce
Mee -! ; pot * okt Segoe = proat fe | pont yrceaued ube een eis
vere |
4 nme pete “te mort sala, gels peed na) ‘ae ae
“ ¢ SON k FF "SA Lp, Ds: 4 PO es orate 1° ant : chee
aa,
; Grtaak. : ~ “peg a Yd SoS dish ate, 9) age aP oe
As hpeirrerty exe benny sable ‘teh Ace eae a aa ( a pity one ke
e a ot sea ta ohi adr hab pawegeaie | Jaden bole ewehig? ., baie aie li any
<= +A : ony + 9 orth geet ~beticodly 20cte wid tae Ds snk gS $ a
} Le alae 2 F : : a f . he | 4 wher t bein y > ps dager TR eeinnns oleae t - \ , > \ . ae nl 7 pt'y & ; . ray So a Tou - “ ‘ ~ J ‘4
, ‘ A ’ iG ae) . deine at a 1! So ieee ge
' . . «(ee iow tar
~ 3 . } ~ ae Ce ibs ‘wie eoty 38 Fi . ‘ , ’ é ) tet S A“ — ay ine warded
oy seh “oe O@ 2 bene
ee ay ¥ ity Pua ery ds oad Sats ay t
one and a half miles north of Desota, Jackson county.
393. Dryobates villosus (Linn.). Hairy woodpecker, The hairy woodpecker was present in greater numbers in the winter than in the summer, During February 6 to 21, we found it almost entirely restricted to the larger forests, prefer-
ably those containing many large trees. This and the following
species were common at Grand Tower and Olive Branch, December 23, 1907 to January 3, 1908.
394c. Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swain.). Northern powny Woodpecker,
The downy woodpecker was much more common and gener= ally distributed than its cousin, the nei. There was no ap= preciable difference in its numbers in winter and in summer, Patches of tall"hog weeds"along the edges of cultivated fields, or on the bottomlands were favorite resorts of this species, especially
during the winter. Often this confiding creature would allow me to stand within a few feet of it while it dextrously extracted an appetizing larve from the pith of a giant eee:
402. Sphyrapicus varius (Linn.). Yellow-bellied sapsucker, very few yellow-bellied sapsuckers were recorded in
southem Illinois, as but little time was spent there during either the spring or the fall migration. Only two were seen on our trips in the Wabash Valley from Robinson to Brownsville, wpril Sto 1a, inclusive. One was noticed December 28, 1907, in the heavy growth of timber above Running Lake, Union County, but no others were ob-
served during the winter months.
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ve. Hear’ -~yato aquivoaty vires ory ot lel oul: ee ae eS be ak 12% re eh he aa E ani ke D MO aati taw= Gee no fa tahoe not big " wh. rap ‘to narhiigee’ Gage nes 7° i At y "i ar » whi 4: etd eee i a" eae
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405a. Ceophloeus pileatus (abieticola?). (Bangs.). Northern (?) Pileated Woodpecker.
The occurrence of this species in Illinois is at
present restricted mainly to the densely wooded districts, espe-
cially those of southern Illinois. Whe ther it is in hills or in bottomlands, extensive tracts of timber seem to be essential for its existence, and it is seldom that it is seen near the haunts of man, Figures Be4, plate XLVII show the condition of the timber in some of the places inhabited by this woodpecker, Most of the available
timber has been cut, and a dense second growth is rapidly taking its place; but among this growth a few giant trees and dead tree trunks are left standing, and these are ideal material for the woodpecker's chisel. My first acquaintance with this large and beautiful woodpecker was made February 19, in the hills know as the Eagle Mountains, in southeastem Saline County. _ As we were com= ing down the slope of Williams Hill a female pileated flew past and alighted on @ large dead tree trunk about seventy five yards dise- tant. She was followed by a magnificent male which uttered a loud rattling call, resembling that of a kingfisher, as he slighted on the same tree, The male went through very peculiar antics, calling vigorously and tapping off a love song to his mate as she worked her way along a dead branch, seemingly indifferent to the attentions of her ardent lover, AS soon as these birds caught sight of us, they
took wing, flew far down the valley, and were seen no more, Their
flight is not undulating, as is that of the flicker, but with head
and neck outstretched and crest thrown back, they fly in an appar-
ently straight line, There is no bird more striking in appearance
than one of these large woodpeckers as he flies in his seemingly
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awkward and laborious fashion, uttering his sharp penetrating call and displaying the bright crest and the large white patches on his black wines. On a collecting trip to Jackson and Union counties, dure
ing the latter part of December, 1907, I found the pileated to be
common in the low, swampy timber of the Big Muddy bottoms. figure
2, Plate XXXVIII, illustrates a favorite resort of this bird, and incidentally shows the primitive character of this part of the state There are many such timbered swamps and shallow lakes, which pre-
sent a tangled mass of fallen tree trunks, moss-covered logs, snags
end other obstacles, which make them difficult to traverse, In
such a place the wary woodpecker can easily get away and scoff at
the vain efforts of his pursuers to come within gunshot of him, Often, while resting at the tent, I could hear distinctly the loud
flicker-like call of the pileated or his vigorous pounding on a
resonant limb, the sound of which came from the hills across Run-
ning Lake. The chips cut by this woodpecker in his search for food
are enormously large, and the ground abor
Vogt te) 6 fevorite trees is
sometimes covered with the debris of his eave: January 3, 1908,
while at Olive Branch, Alexander Comty, I was
surprised to find a
large male in an open grove at the very margin of the village. He
did not linger long, however, and was off for the hills. No other
specimens were seen during the time spent in the vicinity of Olive
Branch, although very favorable places were visited.
The ranges of the northern and southern pileated woodpeckers
C, pileatis and C pilleatus_ abieticola intersect in southem Ill-
jinois, and since no specimens were collected, it is impossible to
Say with certainty to which sub-
species the specimens seen belong.
a
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eee : . 27h Gut? ie ae 3 Le } Med wh 707 tu Te . <u
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be - ¥ ~ a! 4 > ~
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The northerm forms have larger white wing patches, the black is
more brownish, and their size is somewhat larger, A difference too)
’
slight for recognition in the field.
a
406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn. ). Red=headed woodpecker.
The red=-headed woodpecker is a common permanent resi-«-
dent of southern Illinois. Its numbers during the winter are ap-
parently very erratic. On the winter trips from Thebes to Tldo-
rado, February 6 to 21, less than a half dozen of these woodpeck=
ers were seen, but at Grand Tower, Running Lake, and Olive Branch,
December 23, 1907 to January 3, 1908, they were excessively abun-
dante Every one of the woodlands and forests visited at these
places - especially those in the bottoms near Grand Tower, was
voiced with the incessant calling and chattering of these noisy
birds; and it seemed as though the whole red-headed woodpecker popu-
lation of Illinois was assembled in this comer of the state.
Often they were quite annoying to one attempting to observe or col-
lect other birds; and at times as many as a dozen would follow of-
ter me, protesting my progress, and scaring every creature within
range e Even when several of them were shot this did not puta
stop to their interference. They were most active during the
early morning hours, but were well represented at all times of the
day. Another instance of the irregular movements of this wood-
Neer eee eee. nn a ——eoeEeEe>eEeeeeeeee
pecker is shown in Mr. Ridgway's account of an unusual migration
from the vicinity of Mowt Carmel in 18797, During October, al-
though he made daily excursions to the woods in various directions
oY ) ; Bul. Nuttall Ornithological club 81, vol. 6, pp. 120-122,
Po a
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G » Bh . a at Lt x i: : ft entdd vitae Tact iaedtaio Dus pi Lead ees it Ll é y fy¢ ad Maal 8 b> | Lao 5 2 7 Wy eis “Ss ant utods 9) to Pedtes elit ht Beas a4). ey ee iy : é a . ~ “6 ¢ ; ria 4 Li wer of - nd > 4 ay t far + ; g ¢ i rs : it 7 é av
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he saw but three individuals, while shortly before, and during the
winter of previous years, they outnumbered all other species taken
together. He says further that the other members of the family
were normally abundant.
409. Centurus carolinus (Linn.). Red-bellied woodpecker.
The red=-bellied woodpecker was one of the most abumn-~ dant members of its family between Cairo and Pana, October 51 to November 16, 1906, and between Thebes and Eldorado, pemurary 6 to 21, 1907. Only two were seen during the summer (June 4 to July 1, 1907) and the majority evidently go elsewhere to breed, but ap- parently not to the northward, as not a red-bellied woodpecker was seen in central Illinois, July 9 to 24, or in northern Illinois, July 29 to August 23, and they are reported as rare in wisconsin,
Minnesota, and northern Iowa. In southern Iowa this bird has been found common during the winter, and Dr. W. W. Cook has been
unable to determine just where they go to preed=.
412a. Colaptes auratus luteus (Bangs.). WNorthem Plicker.
The flicker was common in southerm Illinois at all
times, but was most abundant in the open fields. It was seldom
seen in the dense forests. During the sunmer it was oftenest met
with in pasturelands and uncultivated fields,- as was to be ex=
pected because of its well known practice of feeding on ants. In
the winter the cornfields offer the greatest attractions to this species,
loook Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, p. 132.
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i utysin 4h <0. 6 oons) Be oe a mt go heba sce Suk ey Bee ee ch Ort Mx ubaew ear a. Cottages ini ; ‘er oe, ee eel Te: “peotd ioe eM. , Taney Vs sna, Sar eros ado, (eae) we) eee ae 4 cid ing Ait ncndien eee oa mer | Severe 48 ard .
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423. Chaetura pelagica (Linn.). Chimney Swift.
The chimney swift was very common in southern Illi- nois from June 4 to July 1, 1907, especially in some of the cities and towns, where, shortly before dusk, immense swarms of them could be seen circling about and entering tall unused chimneys which served as roosting places. Large numbers of them were often seen, however, skimming over the fields in the heat of the day far from any city or town.
428. Trochilus colubris (Linn.). Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
One ruby-throated hummingbird in the vicinity of Benton, maa two in a woodland near Harrisburg, June 6, are all that we saw from June 4 to July 1, 1907. Although a well known bird, it is apparently not common in the southern part of the state.
444, Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.). Kingbird.
The kingbird was the commonest representative of the | fly catchers, and one which was widely distributed. It was usually found in open fields about the shrubbery along fences, or in the Orchards, places which offered favorite nesting sites. A nest containing three eggs was jercated near the top of the tree seen in
' the foreground of figure 1, plate XXVIII. Here these birds were
V dwelling in harmony with a pair of orchard orioles which had hung
their nest on the opposite side, and with a pair of mourning doves with their two fledglings in the fork below. | 452. Myiarchus crinitus. (Linn.). Crested Flycatcher. The crested flycatcher was common, June 4 to July l, in the forests and woodlands, vreferably in those where there were
} numbers of old trees containing natural cavities or deserted
20 Ce a
.
¥ ‘ a? - “a aee” r : a aoe Py é. oa) ‘ + r i)
i" i es cei > :
.\ Poe eth Coal
4
yh | nut pene ee a a“
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if
eo
woodpecker holes where this peculiar bird could build its nest and
display its warning sign of snake skins. Its sharp calls and barks
always attracted our attention, even when at a great distance and for this reason the relative abundance of this svecies probably seemed to us much greater than it really was.
456. Sayornis phoebe (Linn.). Phoebe.
Apparently few phoebes breed in southern Illinois as
not more than five were seen during our studies there from June 4
fo ~wuly 1, 1907. January 1, 1908, one was seen at Horse-shoe Lake
near Olive Branch, Alexander County, When first noticed it was perched on an overhanging cypress limb from which it darted out fre-
quently for the small insects flying over the surface of the lake.
The winter was unusually mild, and in all probability it is nota
regular permanent resident in that locality.
461. Contopus virens (Linn.). Wood Pewee.
The wood pewee was common only in the higher parts of
the dense woodlands and forests, such as are illustrated by figure, 2, Plate XXXV. For this reason this and other. birds of similar
Habitat seldom appear on the statistical records of the bird census.
Often times, especially during the heat of the day, the pewee's plaintive call was the only sound that broke the utter stillness of these woodland haunts.
465. Empidonax virescens (Vieill.). Green-crested Flycatcher. Acadian Flycatcher.
A green-crested flycatcher was seen, June 4, in a low,
wet woodland southeast of Renton, Franklin County, and another on
| the following day, a mile southeast of Thompsonville, in the orchard
| illustrated by figure 2, plate XXVIII.
|
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.
ie veer we at te ‘laa we
Juetbon le ut ta
‘o.
sninbe tet ¥ (ing v ifs
TORE ice
H
iit > (~ b SA Deeee
ee 2 ee
a
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Ue h
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7
Ly
tsa hail cy, io, nae Sais soweih
nga sof Bre
és ‘ 4
od dh in TiLy po eee #
eee * Dy hd bh Las I Py *~ es Pal +R? ,. a Wa’ »*: STAG ty t mt at ee : ine iat cites 7 mm eeya Yi wy ‘ong Y: i } “op irred os piaig 1 wea ' J pvt ha MAM aah nthe wanes - ey Vag went or FaomemmaRy ; A aan + +09 net 1. Die ei, Me x ox ne *, i + Ms dytibie’ a? ® <i TVA ee |
466. Empidonax traillii (traillii ?) (Aud.).
Several of the small flycatchers belonging to the species trailii were seen during the month of June. They were usually found in the hedges along the open cultivated fields, or
along old fences and places grown up to shrubbery. No attempt
‘was made to distinguish in the field between the two subspecies
alnorum and traillii; and unfortunately we were unable to secure
any specimens for close examination. June 3, 1907, E. S. Woodruff
Saw a pair of alnori at the edge of a small apple orchard at Gran- din, Carter County, Missouri’, and secured the female but as yet there are no authentic records of this subspecies in southern Ill-
inois.
474b. Otocoris alpestris praticola (Hensh.).Prairie Horned Lark.
The prairie horned lark is a common permanent resident
of southern Illinois, but its numbers during February 1907 greatly
exceeded those recorded during June of the same year. From Feb-
Bueryeoe tO <1, more than 70 percent of these birds were found in meadows and stubble fields. Here they snent the greater part of the day, feeding on oats and the small seeds of grass and of weeds.
In June an unusval number was found on newly plowed ground and in
Beeenty cultivated fields of corn. They were not infrequently flushed in grain fields, places in which they sometimes selected
nesting sites.
Figure 1, plate VI, is a photograph ,taken May 28, of a nest in an oats field about one and a half miles east of Ogden, Champaign County. The stage of growth of the oats and the imme-
diate surroundings of the nest are more closely shown by figure 2,
mek *08, vol. 25, pp. 201-202.
othe none ky wae | > Me a doghor ital § La tray, i. Sea a ties re
ave 3 ny oie Pay 4 }
t De “het ’ Oa SRM avaued o
ae Sie wrG7y os si Ri
pehlewyeon se
La at wel a. ary: Capit, ‘als
rpms net eo
i a ‘ne and: ‘pe and op $0 -
$1
plate VI - a photograph taken at a distance of about six feet.
These illustrations show how admirably the nest was concealed by
the firmly lodged comstalk and by its sunken position in the
ground. Probably some of the larks seen during the winter were
praticola, but it is difficult to distinguish the subspecies of
alpestris in the field. All the specimens taken in southem I1l-
inois, however, belonged to praticola, and if the northern form
was present, it was in relatively small numbers, Several of the
latter subspecies were collected in central and northern Illinois,
where it is not at all uncommon during the colder months,
477. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.), Blue Jay.
The blue jay is a common permanent resident through-
out southem Illinois, and if the weather is not too severe, large
numbers remain through the winter. During our trip across south-
erm Illinois, February 6 to 21, the bluejay was one of the most
conspicuous and abundant birds in the woods, Its loud ringing cries, and mimicking calls gave much cheer and interest to the wood. lands, which seemed at times almost destitute of other bird life, Although the bluejay has many attractive characteristics, it is usually condemed by farmers and bird lovers because of its maraud=
ing habits, and its destruction of the eggs and nestlings of other birds.
488. Corvus brachyrynchos (C, L. Behm), American Crow. Crows were excessively abundant during the trip fron
Cairo to Ashley, October 31 to November 16, 1906. Not uncommonly
flocks of several hundred arose from the stubble or corn fields,
where they were probably feeding on the waste grain, which attracts
Many of our birds at this season,
They were common throughout the
fy ; (a Rd * ‘ed a ; i way ¥; hii a i, ee 4 Hg. : Ys . Bi B > | “7 7A on Z & _ ‘| ; F } : ni® * Ly aie 7 eae! trop. 4 4 va ‘i
". , 5 if sb rN ie hy ook! i 4 Ree ree wea viata ae
| i beech lv ts, bal bl
8 ge ine ieee aaa
a: ots Oas sel ances, § oa ‘Tis 2 - rs ry ‘we
. 6C ie ay at ey
:
a
cine “2 t4 vs >
et
: LL isha ae : hr ope 2s © res Bi +b Akh cameron ene coe ; bi Vet ee 4 Ti Ute ; orb ise Gite re; th : : “2h ’ tog ) ae fy Tie i | TE he aise de enne oe J yi *ea fd | + Stee E ys! hig vans aici =) + ro wloviwaroae ew ‘eve 5 P = coger Gf firs ast tnld ia 7 id “hast. ghee bert egal Lertis in ghee ot ae bee) tle oa . io ; git wanes bit *
“7 A cd “Se 7 - —
32
month of February, but in vicars their numbers were reduced to the
very few that remained to uae. It is surprising that more did
not remain for this purpose, for in this section of the state
‘large timber areas afford excellent nesting retreats.
495. Molothrus ater (Bodd.). Cowbird.
During June the cowbirds were in small, scattered
flocks in the open fields and pasturelands in the company of horses
and cattle, according to their well known habit. Large numbers of these birds were seen October 30 in the vicinity of cairo, but mone were noted during the trip from Cairo to Pana, October 31 to
November 16, or on any of our winter visits to southem Illinois.
498. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.). Red-winged Blackbird.
The red-winged blackbird is a2 common permanent resie
dent of southem Illinois.
During the summer, it was oftenest met with in the grassy marshes, where there was an abundance of
reeds and willow shrubs.
The small marsh illustrated by figure 2, plate XXVII, was within the city limits of Marion. At least five pairs were nesting in this limited area, seemingly uncon- scious of the pedestrians and vehicles constantly passing on either side. | The nests were supported by, and interwoven among,some of the large stalks in the branches of tall Slough grass seen in the foreground, but frequently they were among the thick growth of sprouts and willows which crow usually in such Sdneba In re- gions where marshes were few, or wanting, the redwing resorted to pastures and meadows - especially to timothy fields, where more
than half of those recorded during June 4 to July 1, were Coie:
.There they seemed to live ana thrive as well as in their more usual
coda al ante &
eR i “hn
A 8 P a ke te ae
te] she a ty ahs 4 > ee a
3 xX
sf sit ‘ a by aie hl *, {LTS ‘ i) Oretis ee aft ape t a ert hig Fate Hge'G4 , i ; E é 4 a \ x. ‘T99 y ey ages F i ryan Hoh oan ss
30 | naunts. Figure 1, plate Vit, is a photograph of a nest found June
4, 1907, in the center of a large timothy field east of Benton, Franklin County. The nest rests directly upon the ground instead of being supported at a height of several inches by the surrounding vegetation, as were those found in marshes. The nest is poorly built, and does not show the excellent and intricate workmanship usual with the ARES |
Many of the redwinged blackbirds were seen October 30, 1906, in the Mississippi lowlands west of Cairo, and immense flocks | were noticed in company with bronzed grackles and cowbirds on a | ‘| subsequent visit to Government Island. During February 6 to 21, 1907, mone were seen on the trip from Thebes to Eldorado, although “Many favorite places such as cypress swamps and marshy areas along the creeks and rivers were traversed. In a visit to Jackson County, December 23 to 28, 1907, I found flocks ranging from ten to a hundred individuals in the timbered marshes southeast of Grand Tower and along the Mississippi River. At dusk many flocks were seen flying over to the southward,evidently going to some favorite resort for the night. At Olive Branch, December 31, 1907, to Jan-
uary 5, 1908, they were abundant in the cypress swamps about Horse-
|| shoe Lake. The swamps afforded excellent roosting places and the
cornfields and shocks of corn about these resorts afforded an abun- } dance of food which kept them from starvation when nothing better || was to be found. 501. Sturnella magna aa Meadowlark.
The meadowlark is a common bird of the open fields of | southern Illinois throughout the year, and when the winters are not
too severe it may be found in large flocks in the more favorable
5 \ 1 ‘ t | 4 } . %y ‘ v } ‘ ‘ , + * f “a bs 4 i y ‘ # : ‘ " ‘ u OR oy § ens —h 4
DE Sa,
wf éwiscieel
2. pth pee vet
Dee 2 jeut cp; id
Wot a ie se NC {ut “a
} Cie te wun ° on 28
ip
Sor the rea peal im :
Hs
sah ‘ re.
54
places such as cornfields, stubble, and protected pasturelands. At Olive Branch, December 30, 1907, to January 3, 1908, meadowlarks were very abundant, and, as we traveled through the fields, Slediea of twenty to forty were not uncommon. Most of
the birds were very wary and seldom allowed us to approach within
fifty yards before flying. They were most ective during the morning hours, when they were feeding in the pastures or perched on the fence posts, pouring forth their most welcome, good-hearted
notes = as spirited and gleeful as their familiar springtime song.
These cheerful notes added not a little to the zest of our work
during our trips across the fields,
According to our quantitative observations made Pebruary
6 to 21, the meadowlark was the second most abundant bird, outnum- bered only by the Junco. The cornstalk fields proved to be a fav-
Orite resort, and fifty percent of the birds were in them, Here |
they probably found not only a certain degree of protection, but also food in the corn left in the field, their usual supply of such food being reduced to a minimum at this season of the year. They were exceedingly abundant in the Cache riverbottoms, and sev- eral large flocks were fiushed in the low grassy fields bordering
the cypress swamps. Often, when startled, whole flocks would: cir=
cle about and alight in the trees bordering the timber, but none
were found in the interior of large tracts of timber, even in the
coldest weather. In the vicinity of Golconda, February 15 to 18,
they were the commonest and most conspicuous of the birds observed
in the open fields. Here they seemed to prefer fields of timothy
stubble to those of grass and taller vegetation. At the beginning
2 Hea KA vA
“oh Sh iui ash
¢ a ' ; Vite aa | | efter ye ee | : . . - i : ny itis i | {oo hike ty
' = Sol wen ered; a. 4 ‘ “ aos i Roly ‘pti sep otis: wana, J
the quail, each pair takes up its abode in the field which best
pleases its fancy.
In the summer, as would be expected, the greatest number were found in pastures and meadows, which are
usually selected by meadowlarks for nesting. Four of ten nests
found in southem Illinois, June 4 to July 1, were in pastures,
three were in meadows, and three in untilled ground which had
grown up to grass end weeds. These numbers do not represent
the ratio of the number of birds found in these places, respect tively; for the density of the meadowlark population was greater
in meadows than on untilled land, and more than twice as great as
in pastures. Figure 1, plate XXXITI, taken south of Marion,
Williams County, illustrates the character of the vegetation on
_ many of the pasturelands in which the meadowlark was common, The
orchard in the background is also typical, for there are numerous
and extensive orchards throughout this section of the state. The
nest illustrated by figure 2, plate VIII, containing four fresh eges, was found in the foreground snugly placed in the fine "tickle grass," which being very soft and light was a good material for
a comfortable home. When this nest was discovered, it was partially concealed by some tall, overhanging weeds and rial
If the nest is not naturally concealed in this way, a dome of
grass is often constructed over the top, something after the
fashion of the quail's nest. Such a construction is beauti-
fully illustrated by figures 1 and 2, plate IX, taken in central Illinois, in the early part of the nesting season while the grass
was yet short. These nests were invariably discovered by
flushing the parent bird, and doubtless the greater number of such
ee
ot) patton), got ath Se%o neta tae,
Stes se erst ao aseiFcigh, hms in
} +e (EE ne Te tt uit Bh al) ‘
‘ ps ri’
eine sauna ion fA Hees BREE oo octet: 8 nee ea a wes rash
ont Siri fynamte ee
a jac Sas Wowie iden yt, Laotetd: dele: 2. aera
ote No moldebe eae o vache ae
Ds
tistmon’, OL Stabe rete a
a> NI pyvele iA tt) arta SEO tt al
, DoD , if ei : nine + OG yt ho a
ras nary
Athi °
Fits ot one Cie Ore ae nela
Hel nyowes ell we ee ae dor.’
tt é ‘i ; ? 102 yi doces PRae 4 chip a as at at 9 roHeaee hae iy ap iid % He04 ae
vy
¢ ctlhe ope oars oe
56 nests in our path through the fields were passed unnoticed, How- ever, as said in the introduction, our attention was fhiefly di- rected to the strip under observation, and the finding of nests outside of it was merely a secondary object. The nest shown in figure 2, plate IX, was found in a large timothy field near Clin- ton, Dewitt County, on May 16. The timothy was but eight inches
high and the meadowlark had evidently felt obliged to construct a cover to conceal and shelter her nest. While we were preparing to photograph this nest we sere suddenly surprised by a loud whirring of wings which arose from the grass not more than ten yards to the rear, and, in our amazement, we turned just in time to see a prairie hen disappear over a hill in the meadow. A search of the spot where the bird arose, revealed a nest containing nine eggs, which is illustrated and described in the article on the prairie hen. It. is interesting to note the difference in the structure of thse two nests, built under the same conditions, and well adapted to their ‘purpose. The nest shown in figure 1, plate IX, was found May 30, at Crystel Lake, near Urbana. It was in the blue-grass, and the ees about it at once suggest its situation in an oak grove. Et was not far from a much frequented path, and picnics were of ten held in this and in an adjacent grove, an wiusual place for the
meadowlark to select for nesting, The firm and strong dome of
this nest, intricately woven with fine blades of blue-grass, was an
excellent piece of architecture. The meadowlark does not go a
great distance for its nesting material, but invariably selects it | from the same kind of vegetation in which the nest is Pua The
material is not plucked from living grass, but is selected from the
| mat of dead blades of last year's growth, which lies beneath the
) iat ii be j Cee meh Ls j int t ie me | a my py pS i ; - ty Nae aa ve . | } F ‘ 44) pity i ; a aa bel go 7 4 ph . . \ 4 veg te “it li / ie ri i fy i: { ty te ‘a
a ; j ~ . 4 a 1 +. f . ‘ . / \ v
; ; f ?
? 7 .
= : ¥ id > 8 z | ; e i ‘ “ : FPP O, seat mae pelea eat m a" i , ty o & t=: rane Soe S y ey a erg) nai ek eas
tb» ‘2 nt et wees ji j eee yy S, eae
\
“NW 4 Often the wplucked blades about the nest are inter~
new grasse
“woven with this dead material, which not only strengthens the struc-
ture, but aids in concealing it. The southern meadowlark (sturnella magna argentula - Bangs)
has been taken in Richland, Wabash, and Lawrence counties of south-=
easter Illinois, but none of the specimens collected by us ap-= proached this- smaller and darker subspecies, 51lb. Butgcalus quiscula aeneus (Ridgw.). Bronzed Grackle.
We found the bronzed grackle most abundant during the fall migration. In a trip from Cairo to Anna, October 31 to Nov- ember 5, large flocks of them were met with in the corn and stubble fields, where the grain, no doubt, was the chief 4 Eee Al- though the flocks seen in the open fields were large, they were insignificant in size as compared with some of the immense assem- blages to be seen in the roosts in the bottomlands and islands of the Mississippi River. On the afternoon of October 30, we visited Government Island, which lies in the Mississippi west of Cairo. This island contains several acres, and the greater part of it is covered with a thick growth of tall, slender willows and poplar trees. There were but few blackbirds there when we arrived, at
three o'clock, but towards dusk thousands of them came pouring in
from all directions, especially from the Missouri. side of the
River. These flocks were aggregations of bronzed grackles, cowbirds
and red=-winged blackbirds. The first to arrive were almost entire=-
ly cowbirds while the majority of the bronzed grackles were the last
| to appear. The noise of these living clouds was like that of a
j}tornado as they swept and circled over and about our heads, alighting
“s
« - . s r « < & . i re a > F ‘ie LE teecea EW: \ ‘| *
AY el
A > +
‘
a i
SOs dks fk at” ie
MiG, b, 7 oe oe rina i, a Oe a m
at ‘aia 1 Baie
s
( ony Toe - : Nae
a ee ta oe i
fai ir SOO ech oo 4
ee ee
j ae ve | ape
Th ey Me ae’ Re ees ¥ ae ha: rabel
oe a a 32 a4 ¢ ith a -
me Ly
sah a | ", #38 4 ; vay "9 ans
Ly 2
er 3 hd ae YY
ey ny eee
x3 a sea oe ; Ne 4 ‘ va
i lle
here and there in the tops of the slender trees which swayed under
the weight of the incredible numbers of the birds. There were sev-
eral colored hunters on the island who were slaughtering these
birds by scores to be used as food for themselves or to be sold in
the markets where, we were told, they often received as much as five
cents a bird. It was not unusual for these men to kill as many as
a dozen at a shot, so dense was the assemblage in certain parts of
the roost. When the guns were fired hundreds of birds arose, but
flew in the dim light only to the tops of neighboring trees, thus giving their murderers repeated opportunities to slaughter them in
. their helpless and bewildered condition, Unfortunately in this
promiscuous shooting, redwings and cowbirds, which are rated high in the economic scale, were killed indiscriminately with the bronzed grackles, No rusty grackles were killed here, and we saw none dur-
ing our studies in the wicinity of Cairo at this time. We were
told by rivermen and hunters that nearly all of these birds leave at the approach of severe weather, but that under favorable condi- tions many spend the winter at these ver None were seen dur- ing our winter studies in southerm Illinois, February 6 to 21, 1907, but on the trip from Thebes to Eldorado, all of the time was spent inland, and none of the thickets in the Mississipyvi bottoms
were visited. This winter of 1908 - which has been an wnusually
mild one - a flock of about a hundred of these birds has been seen
throughout January and Febuuary, at a roost in the forestry of the University of Illinois, near Urbana, Champaign county. They do not seem abundant there during the summer, for those that remain are
widely distributed in small colonies to nest in the shade-trees of
the cities and villages, or about farm yards containing a number of
.
SMART AO VIER py)
et > agnsitts vice Reon 3 saab oat ty
ek Ls bow. soudn edits ede Oi land ete e nr yf aes nt ot OSSh. Mee S s. ied Be fi bey ae hing y feos obese Mit Ge. wethnd ui ony
tc abet alet Gereee a id tint wt)
ao atv Achat, So cane On See tn
hs Sb ok rs 4 ie: i rei urs Devens seeping | | oT bon: bee's 6 ibaa ven
Ril Heder eve stator ily es Aa wie op
AUALEY
te .
* = a
Beatie id fhe Lo eRe iste fe a 0LeeR
i 7 he PF, : Tr at ? ‘1 to “F ] ae) Ey ed ae
\
wet Tiben erly gee ae ancl
or art. ree a ys ett .4ttouy. eget 2 are wate
as
Ch View tet 48a 0 PULL Tver eS ed Ea a |
He | ig fie , Oh ePOR St ot bd erp ng yee oe fhe 2 ; Ven lacie oe ni eres 7 ty ods) Der asten Ry, ath @ ver rs) owe eat Mod Ca Bie ye yeah ae oh feth:
areata @&o colt: ieee Bee eae
ae, ia: A9t- Mu zc Peo fi te Pa oie bree , | ee ty
. weatod mak arpa) x eS ET eee oer | fe
yard Day wmaeeety ee ‘spa grae ) eULy hit 118; ae 4
[ lem eae see t ati: KE Fae Of ahaa ie thee! as
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41 |
39 thick-topped trees to cradle their large, substantial nests. There
are few birds more attractive than a male bronzed grackle perched at the topmost limb of his nesting tree, uttering his harsh metal- lic notes, and displaying the brilliant iridescence of his plumage in the bright sunshine. Although these birds are generally con- demned by farmers, little can be said against their habits during the nesting season, for it is then that large numbers of grubs and other insects are eaten which compensates, in part at least, for the damage charged against them at other times. 506. Icterus spurius (Linn.). Orchard Oriole.
The orchard oriole was common and widely distributed in the places visited in southern Illinois, June 4 to July l. It was commonest in orchards which are numerous and extensive in cer- tain sections of southern Illinois, but some of these birds were
seen in pastures where a few trees afforded suitable nesting sites,
} and not uncommonly others were found in gardens or dooryards about
country and even city houses. 507. Icterus galbula (Linn.). Baltimore Oriole. This handsome oriole, although generally common, was
rare in the parts of southern Illinois visited by us June 4 to July
}/ 1, amd we made record of a pair seen June 18 in an orchard near the
city limits of Tamaroa, Perry County, and of a male seen June 30 in
a wooded ravine near the Ohio River above Elizabethtown, Hardin
| County.
509. Euphagus carolinus (M#11) Rusty Blackbird.
The rusty blackbird was common during our trip from
Cairo to Pana, October 31 to November 16, and especially so in the
wet lowland timber and the cypress swamps of the Cache River
a bas he wre : iy ; me tip Ny oie eee
i ry ey ot Lie } ened ER tong ee
4 ne th joke di
tae ines yi cy air mrlegng i
|| pottoms. At the latter place we found it in flocks of considerable
Oftentimes many were quietly feeding at the margin of some | swamp , while others piped a lively chorus from the neighboring tree- tops and shrubbery. No other species was associated with the rusty }) blackbirds seen on this trip, very frequently, however, they mingle | "with flocks of bronzed grackles, cowbirds, and red-winged black- 3 birds. They were also common between Harvey arid Brownsville dur- Se@eevesrly spring, March 26 to April 11, 1907. : 517. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.). Purple Finch. | ‘During our trip across the southern end of the state, || February 6 to 21, the purple finch was common and widely distri- Miveted over the entire distance covered by us. It was most abun- | dant in the river bottoms, where it was usually feeding on the seeds |, of the sycamore, ask, and elm trees, which constitute the greater HW part of its food during the winter months. A female, taken at f Golconda February 15, had its crop gorged with sycamore seeds. Bitany small companies of these Beemeer wl hy tinted finches were seen 'in the ravines and protected places of the Eagle mountains, in j/ southeastern Saline County. 529. Astragalinus tristis (Linn.). American Goldfinch. The goldfinch was present during all our visits to || southern Illinois, but many more were seen during the fall trip | from Cairo to Pana, October 31 to November 16, than at any other | time. November 13 we saw eighteen in the Bear Creek bottoms, north of Patoka, Marion County. The males of this small band had not yet fj their full winter plumage, but were still in the transition stage.
4) A few of them were resting in some of the low bushes, arranging
_} their feathers in the sunshine. Others were below, drinking and
be.) ae + p> i}
Ta t * ?y .
i ay i ¢ * > ‘ i} i] i pe °
1 : eo ae # me an sg i 5 / nuke
jeadly dant aati Yt, et ae
h HAD hh * : | 4 bat a ee a 3 a cm ’ Sl 4 Mi . cS 4 | ci ei? f vi ee rie © * ‘ i » milk
bathing in the water abour a broken place in the ice. The air was crisp and every branch sparkled with glittering frost crys- tals = a most beautiful setting for this charming picture of win- ter bird life. Only a few were noticed during the trip from Thebes to Eldorado, February 6 to 21, put many were seen in the vicinity of Olive Branch, December 30, 1907, to January 3, 1908. From June 4 to July 1, they were common in orchards and in the shrubbery of the open fields and pasturelands,.
533.6 Spinus pinus (Wils.). Pine Siskin.
The pine siskin apparently has a very local distri-
bution in southern Illinois, All recorded by us in that section
of the state were seen November 2 in northern Pulaski county. A flock of five was found in a small cluster of poplar trees in the midst of a cypress swamp south of Ulilin, The gullet and stomach of a female taken here was full of the seeds of the poplar and ash. A flock of twelve was seen in the woods about two miles north of Ullin,. Near wetaug we found several small flocks associated with large numbers of American goldfinches, Both species were actively feeding and merrily singing among the very uppermost branches of some giant sycamores,. Although so common in this limited area, we saw no others during our travels over the entire state. # Passer domesticus (Linn.). English sparrow House sparrow The English sparrow is a common permanent resident of southern Illinois, No other bird is so quick to adapt itself to every existing condition, During the summer it was distributed over almost Byert: kind of crop and field, shifting its feeding
grounds as conditions changed. It was seen in forests and large
arts thai ‘ bane oak re
+ bs, | ae at ARREST
7 hs ee
orchards as well as in pastures end grain fields. It was common
in an extensive forest tract along the Saline River, especially
about the cabins which were scattered here and there at consider-
able intervals. The English sparrow has appropriated the boxes
and bird houses formerly occupied by bluebirds, purple martins, and
the like, which have been forced either to find new nesting places
or to migrate to the far north where the sparrow is unable to endure
the severe winters. Few were seen in the forests during the win-
ter, and most of these which live in the open fields in summer,
flock in winter to the farm houses, villages, and cities where they
depend largely on the crumbs and refuse of the houses for their
food. On the farms they often make themselves an intolerable
nuisance in the chicken yards snatching up the food given to the
poultry.
540. Poocaetes gramineus (Cmel.). Vesper Sparrow.
The vesper sparrow was very abundant in the open
fields during uur trip from Harvey to Brownsville ll.
» March 26 to April
About seventy five percent of them were found in pastures and
stubble, more than half the total number in the latter. A large num-
ber of vesper sparrows in company with prairie horned larks were
seen feeding April 5 in the stubblefield illustrated by figure 1, plate XXII,
- a photograph taken south of Robinson, Crawford County.
Evidently the birds found an abundance of food on these seemingly
|barren and desolate fields. Several were noticed on our trip from
Anna to Carbondale, November 5 to 7, but none were recorded during
‘
| tne summer, between June 4 ond July 1. This bird is, however, a
| summer resident in central and northern Illinois, the numbers
aan | (Bp 2 > » ' ; font ies ae ms *¥ mr hel Olatine ee @ © a ate = belaet Ue ri i! a ? ht . oY wy # 24 hss: zt: nit Fon +9 : Pome ae 4 pe 1 ponent ce) sh See thee a 39 “ae ; 0 ht i ai ee ol ae rj j' yivh Ge Wut : } vid, Sk, ov Ee Moke Sail . J , Geog rrint si x ‘Yat, bane eke. ad ie ss x F “a 4 b ft t : ; , i J (Peky? Vie ‘Rd peed cen Ea : | = Soa MB Oe . ‘ ‘ mae ie ‘- bs ) Lech) eerie as
wang 2enRes nbs t= ie
; “ P |
*
pent, at eta
itn 4 ry ’ « *
Y%& V5 4" a ae ae
. sty \ f na 4 gt Vet lad. rr Ay aA iyi Ka ff } A . tang 7, emt tit RE a 6 Ot nite a
a es j Py ga id nave? me
{ Bee Bets
io?
é £ —- be . sie atantktt »adeeee an iad ad
, 43 |
increasing very nea tecaniy ee one goes northward. July 22 a nest of the vesper sparrow containing three eggs was found near the cen- ter of an extensive cornfield two miles south of Clinton, DeWitt
County. This nest and its surroundings are beautifully illustrate
ed by a series of three photographs, figures 1 and 2, plate XI, and
figure 2, plate XXIV. It was placed in the grass seen in the fore-|
ground of figure 2, plate XXIV. This view alse shows, incidentale
ly, the condition and stage of growth of the corn at that time. The other figures show clearly the immediate surroundings, and ex-
hibit the structure of the nest and the markings of the eggs. The
set was complete as the eggs were in an advanced stage of incuba-
tion. The two figures 1 end 2, plate X, illustrate similarly a
nest found about two miles west of Belvidere, Boone County, in the
northem part of the state. This nest was in a hey field which
had been mowed a few days before our visit, and it seemed a miracle
that it escaped the procession of the mower, the rake, and the feet
of the horses and men, all of which must have passed dangerously
near to the little home..
542a. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.). Savanna Sparrow.
The savanna sparrow was occasional in the pastures and
stubble between Cairo and Anna, October 30 to November 5. A male Was taken November 3 from a small flock that was feeding on the
seeds of some tall weeds at the margin of an orchard, about one and
a half miles southeast of Anna. During the trip from Harvey to
Brownsville, March 26 to April 11, those birds were common in the
open fields, especially in the meadows and weedy stubblefields. A
‘Specimen was taken April 9 from a flock of seven that was flushed
from afield of prairie grass near Mount Carmel, Wabash County, and
8? fosiok eseed. caw WOhates snsekeea’
ett aeben > 46 Loot re sont e, trata a
do aw han nab oot abt a. ani
cet eh Si eon area eit eat F | 4 Py: iat mir ‘ane
Oem | Af ‘tndadhieg weve te (+09 seein cin Het ares we rate had Weih ines ve EE: hee, | | uel bvdgt” aii ata: arity | a> ok Fe eee st), ty A
ants, ‘baer Gee hb otay oe ; Y, MeWwGets Wd pede aad
rr 9 y pies set wou ithe (De gut ‘e wt te re Li view ape ‘ea ‘ai
: tk ee “hago Dh, hate Sais ipa df
: belie toa Sea teow bed bit oats aue- tort eta? Ae ota ae | ‘ ie ly tee rio ted: agah 9, bad: tase: aA soba one : Aue eye” 3 wre foiva: So, fis
( (tw? oplieves clang tepaee evs
rot ot. Co +ecdea00:., eee ee ot hee |
ioolt hams sient ih Ram ome y haw tad a dat gaunt » ander 8 or werk’ saad, fb Leva’ ee ne
7 Ail
,laneted 2 rut “teen a ta bee ig. > ir p aa ’ a4 ré
~ ope et tr-ee, AFI, a “aha iv ia a a oe ee oe Sik ‘inte t
on the same day one was shot near Sugar creek, where it was flushed
with a large number of others from an alfalfa field. On April 11
seven were seen, one of which was killed, in a clover field south west of Carmi, White County. Fields containing a dense growth of grass or clover seem to be most attractive to this bird.
The paler, western subspecies, alaudinus, was taken in Shannon County, Missouri, March 22, 1907, by Mr. E. S. Woodruff.
All of the specimens collected by us in Illinois, however, proved
to be the usual eastern form P. s. savanna.
CJ
546. Coturniculus savannarum passerinus (Wils.). Grasshopper Sparrow
The grasshopper sparrow is a summer resident of south-
er Illinois.
We found them common during June 4 to July 1. They
were most abundant in meadows, and in pastures where the grass was
not closely grazed, and a few were seen in wheat fields. E. W
‘e
| found them to be very rare in the vicinity of Mount Carmel, Wab-
|. ash County, July 1875. One was seen October 31 in a stubblefiela
near Mound City, Pulaski County, which was the only one noticed by
us on the trip from Cairo to Pana, October 31 to November 16. A “specimen was secured in a timothy field near Brownsville, April ll, and another was shot and three were seen in a clover patch, also
near Brownsville. From a study of the habits of this bird, it is
| evident that many escaped our notice. While we were watching the
bird most carefully it would manage to conceal itself, and its col- ors harmonized so perfectly with its surroundings that it was dif- ficult to distinguish even at a distance of a few yards. we
—e=e
lau. Essex Institute '77, vol. 9, pp. 38 and 49.
i } | / " | Si: 4} ee — re
; b A bP ees " ite ; ’ Wa ays ia ny } woe ¥ j in) war ‘i ee ty a eae : he 7 | "wen 7 mene :
‘ wt Ee
a bettis apr Mae he aan ane a
ox sbcert gaat okey A :
4 VEY evieo oid Peon ae of moon aarof Ra
| sobomamia ari ecta tt eo Ott ’ upp; he sob Bh, ee
<a baton Loe wages te
"4
a
eee. eS ’
: re : So Be artey bn |
Soa , ~ una ee pore
; = ‘ Van tee peep oul of E
etre oct mommes neat beet bi a ‘ka 3
A col 0° Ot nad ne : ‘ at? SS pay ay giey ane t - I } 4 ei an0. oY
i” , rieot vathomet® B th ines gp”
. | arr’ a. ey eed bal toa’ aaa
«
Tics t to Choe la wae
2
an) aq a fe aa whit tO aa
i ry 4 ti es ic
ah
- r Pet Ai Sa
la . re Mos ‘om ws
discovered more than seventy five percent of these birds by having our attention first attracted to their whereabouts by their chare acteristic insect-like notes, which Chapman vividly describes "pit
tuck, zee-e-c-c-ce~e-e-e," The first part of their song, ‘pit
tuck, when once learned, is so clear and distinct that it never
fails to reach the receptive ear, even when there is a chorus of
noisy dickcissels at the same time. Figure #, plate XII, isa
photograph of a nest found, May 22, in a central Illinois alfalfa
field near Urbana, Champaign County. These nests are usually well concealed in a dense growth of grass, clover, or alfalfa, and the parent bird is so clever in escaping from her treasures unseen, that) it is very difficult to locate the nest. All the nests that we happened upon were found by surprising the bird when walking rapid= | ly through the fields. It is evident that the grasshopper sparrow and other closely allied species of similar habits, are more abun-
dant than is generally supposed.
547. Anmodramus henslowii (Aud.). Henslow's sparrow.
A Henslow's sparrow was killed November 9 in a weedy
stubble field near the city limits of Centralia. It was about
five o'clock in the afternoon when the bird was first seen,and in the hazy twilight it was impossible to distinguish any of its mark- ings. It was flushed repeatedly and each time it flew but a short distance, skimming along near the tops of the weeds, but always
alighting in the stubble entirely out of sight. It was difficult
to flush the bird, as it sometimes allowed us to come within a few
feet before rising. It had a tendency also to rm from its place
of alighting, increasing the difficulty of flushing it. After
several futile shots, we succeeded in killing it on the wing.
vi q et, y is i , a r ial .
area ee By | Le 4
i pop hs SSS Hae at welt: bk ri
, 4 ;
vi 1 ap Pe
; ‘ it wee 1 bet! Oy “hws one shoal
. her a a ae pals otety mens’ lab ite ae ote:
to Stay teeta ged-punagranae
VoakIelh Hr ower Oe ee (belrrnat dhe ret
¥
te.Av ray ey 1 ge ee bg los boas ey if
b | a poh wn Le orks onina ert 3" ‘eceanh
So
iy
ee wait; dou dion € ‘lt
. fe i ; . 5 uae gett ' na “) mysmcetny ana } hae, (5408 VE AO ' vot? pace to Atror se 0% by a cide . tod moO rere eG: tavein o8 mz ote } Z att 5: ba oer et ee hnbol ot Luo BESS, 5 , “ . gk ie: vie iterated vc Baca ante | oh): Halt’ Sith, eter roh SA i | . iatdndt Mellmie So eek page! par (fe cbewte : Hangar Aone a. a teotate® . (heh? Pewee mae 4 P Harts we Wor teqn ai wo Lace a y | wey: . .clienénen to etambl: (isa Bae eee S a nce srk pete coca tts wh | hae 2 OM Biss otitts ouprh edt ws oi a vale | » heck ethene eee baxiat 2 sow om bed 2 . as i - ) ,keeowW abe 3S 2 t ots: 5AOR pros saci . | d > vier tone olddiiee ot si)3
bow iia saentteane 22) 684 4 ar oute ve aehined & Baek os forts 36 et intel Pein eee optentionk sam
vr 3 nis t ksi. ae rer eases ah Moan
rah
46
E. W. Wilson reported it common at Fox Prairie, Richland county+, July 1875; and Robert Ridgway found it somewhat abundant on Sugar Creek Prairie* of the same county, October 27 and 28, 1882,
552. Chondestes grammacus (Say.). Lark Sparrow.
This species is a common summer resident throvgh-
out southem Illinois.
It was most abundant in pasturelands where there was more or less low shrubbery and vines such as those shown in the foreground of figure 2, plate XXVII. Clearings where the brush stumps and sprouts remained, seemed to be ideal reports for this species, but it was not uncommon in cultivated areas, such as fields of oats and corn which it: often chose for its nesting place. Figure 2, plate XIII, is a photograph of a nest found June 10 in a field of young oats a mile north
of Johnston City. The nest was on high ground - a fortunate
circumstance at this time, as practically all the nests on low lend were flooded and destroyed by the heavy rains of that week. This nest was in a natural depression of the ground, and was pare tially hidden by a2 young dewberry vine which we pulled to one side ‘before making the. photograph. When the female flew from the nest, | she imitated a wounded bird so perfectly as to be very deceiving. : S| usuatiy this bird will run some distance from the nest before fly-
ing, but in this case she was suddenly surprised and resorted to
the best means she knew to lead her supposed enemies aside. The
parent birds earnestly watched us as we took the photograph, but showed no signs of excitement other than an occasional chirp. On
retwurmming to the nest, instead of flying. directly to the spot, the
‘
1 Bul. Essex Institute ie Ole 95 (De 49. 2 Bul. Nuttall Ornithological Club '83, vol. 8, pe. 58.
3 }
8 PORE CET a Oe +0 o "a hs ay operates ena state rae ew ‘8 cae.
vo 1G eRe ot
es aowl hia |
g. , Sey ee aus cued Locate &
ee ee ; i
ia viet ‘ae yal Nhe ve
| the lark sparrow flies to a point some twenty five or fifty yards
_ away and then cautiously comes back. One bird which we watched a » from a place of concealment took fully fifteen minutes to return to
her treasures. Running a few feet, she would peep out of the grass,
which was three or four inches high, and carefully survey the sur-
- roundings in every direction and when sure that the way was clear
ene would proceed a little farther and repeat the performance. This
) She continued until within a few feet of the nest, where she stopped
| as before and carefully watched for several minutes, finally dis-
appearing suddenly and darting through the grass directly to the
nest.
554. JZonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). White-crowned Sparrow.
The white-crowned sparrow was not a common bird dur-
_ing our visits to southern Illinois. One was seen November 1, in " company with a number of slate-colored juncos, in the dense shrub-
bery of an open timberland near Villa Ridge. Mr. Ray secured a
specimen,November 8,in immature plumage, in a briar patch east of
|| Carbondale, and a second specimen also of immature plumage was taken ‘by us the following day in an old orchard about a mile north of | Ashley, Washington County. This bird usually associates with
nite-throated sparrows or with others of its kind, but was a soli-
_taire in these three instances. fhree adults were seen, April 6,
in a hedge row at the margin of an oat field near Lawrenceville,
Lawrence County.
558. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.). White-throated Sparrow.
The wuite-throated sparrow was one of the most con-
‘spicuous birds in the woodlands and thickets of shrubbery between
Cairo and Anna,from October 31 to November 5. It was excessively
4
} oom wer) en os inet ie
ai 2) a
hye fi cunt sat ics bebe 7
aie Vimy
4
“f
_ abundant in the lowlands southwest of Cairo and in the shrubbery
and weed covered fields along the Ohio River levee from Cairo to
‘| Mound City. Several small flocks were seen February 6 in the
ravines among the wooded hills in Alexander County between Thebes
and Tamms. No others were seen during February 6 to 21, except-
| ine a lone individual that chose to spend the winter in a cypress
| swamp north of Round Knob, Massac County. I saw eighteen of them
| December 28, 1907, in a blackberry thicket in northeastern Union County, near Running Lake. They were in full song at Olive Branch, Alexander County, between December 31, 1907 and January 3, 1908; ‘and were common in the luxuriant growth of shrubbery along the road-
“sides in the ravines among the hills and in the cypress jungles at
Horse-shoe Lake. 559. Spizella monticola (Gmel.). Tree Sparrow.
The tree sparrow was not as abundant as in the more
northern parts of the state, but was generally and widely distribut-
ed from Thebes to Eldorado during February 6 to 2l. It was usually
"seen in the open fields, or at the margin of the forests where there
Wes an abundance of weeds, which afford a large part of their win-
| ter food supply. None were seen during the trip northward, from
)/ Cairo to Pana, October 31 to November 16, until we reached Marion
County, but after that time they were comparatively common. One
was noticed near Keensburg, Wabash County, as late as April 9.
560. Spizella socialis (Wils.). Chipping Sparrow.
ig
This well known bird and frequenter of our door yards,
was rarely found in the woodlands and fields, but was common only in the vicinity of dwellings. Five records were made during the trip
from Cairo to Pana, October 31 to November 16, the last being seen
tS ae ‘thee hiner ‘rie ‘sedan te
LBA eee 1 abe vipa ee Me iséas 1 ge shi
Bed ago eae buiahe .
iret) a fs ime “ee
ri . wate iN
; 49 November 9 near Irvington, Washington County. Only fifteen were
recorded in the quantitative work in southern Illinois, June 4 to
Dsuiy 21. Figure 2, plate XII, is a photograph taken May 24 of a
| nest built in the upper fork of a low, densely foliaged pine tree,
‘which stands on the University campus at Urbana.
565. Spizella pusilla (Wils.). Field Sparrow.
The field sparrow is a common, permanent resident of Seetrene southern Illinois, but it is much less abundant during the -midwinter months. On the morning of February 6, one of these birds was found in a protected ravine among the wooded hills near Thebes.
P f
This lone bird was in company with numbers of cardinals, tufted titmice, golden-crowned kinglets, and white-throated sparrows. The | | morning was clear and as the sun beamed through the trees and warmed the chilly air it seemed to revive the spirits of this secluded com- pany. The cardinals chased each other through the leafless shrub-
Seery, their brilliant plumage contrasting with the white, glisten-
ing background of the snow. The golden-crowned kinglets performed their acrobatic feats on the slender twigs as nimbly and gracefully as if they knew that they were being watched and admired. The tufted titmice whistled an incessant Pe-to! Pe-to!, occasionally Serowing one of the chickadees calls for variation. The white- throats gave their plaintive calls; and then from a tree on the summit of a neighboring hill came the clear echoing notes of the mockingbird. In all this festivity and merry-making, the field
Sparrow added nothing to the chorus of lively songsters except an
Occasional pessimistic chirp. It was-a different bird from the
field Sparrow we greet in the spring, or the one that nests in our | pasturelands in summer. Hight others were seen during our winter
6
a a
oi gana :e 5 late
ot al Nota aaa bald a 29 eee wae 0 _
oy" >, Bae
a EY m Sib alt eee ac) he Stebtne ote
home hombre
' “s Liat te, 46s a rt 4 { * 4 de ia cy ag grey » f © te a c ms : wae { i 7 4 ' < ‘ ae iy i #i yy or ~ a \ ‘ ' - 4 ’ me ‘ 5 rh a7 ' aj i - ‘ fe! , ‘ j a> Oe
ae pas Eyes
————
statistical studies in southern Illinois. Three of these were
"ound south of Golconda, Pope County, in a forest protected by sur- wi .
-ounding hills and containing an abundance of underbrush and shrub- ry. dhe other five were seen February 18, in an old deserted
chard near Hartsville, of the same county. The latter were “ched on a brush heap, where they were peacefully arranging their
thers and enjoying the warm afternoon sun. (
I collected specimens of the field sparrow and found them
‘uncommon in the dense srowth of blackberry vines and shrubbery
ee
ong the roadsides and in the ravines among the wooded hills dur- a trip made to Olive Branch, Alexander County, from December
, 1907 to January 3, 1908. They were usually in company with
7
cos and song- , tree- ,» and white-throated sparrows. The field
oe
BAAD ~
‘rows seen here never sang, even under the most favorable con- During the spring and summer this was one of the most dant of the sparrows. Old pasturelands where dewberries or ar shrubbery apound are their favorite haunts; and a field of ‘kind illustrated by figure 2, plate XXVI, is likely to contain
Or more pairs of them. Such a field as this is intermediate
een bare pastureland and dense timber, and, offering an unlimit- td
umber of favorable nesting sites and a large supply of food, it 6 an ideal situation for an abundance and variety of bird Two pairs of field sparrows were nesting in the field illus-
ted by figure 2, plate XXIX. A nest containing three young was
d on the ground under the dewberry vine shown in the foreground
%
1€ above figure. When first seen, the female was on the nest
7
did not leave it until we had come within a few feet of her,
PR By ONES j es a) ee “ ne ae eg se ee ; nO ie rae oe) Yd. PET a s bays:
; ae Tat oh ae 5M iM . ; DA be Bey ie % <) } i take * Aka sl ad | Pe i : ' 5 te sj adi as a f ve 2 ees: ‘ t " ws 5 ' ¢ he ; f t? i : { ‘ ’ l ‘ ’ ‘on # $ ¢ | . vy sane
relying perhaps on her protective resemblance which, in this case, as very marked. The nest is shown at close range in figure l, a XV, and but little more than the wide opened mouths of the stlings are visible. To make the young birds perform it was on- necessary to tap the margin of the nest,when instantly the lit- > heads bobbed uv and the ever hungry mouths opened wide to re- re the expected pit of dinner. The young birds did not have
ir sight as yet, and were deceived repeatedly, although no tempt- morsel rewarded their efforts. The mother bird returned with a Biiarrae in her mouth while we were taking the picture, and
— on a nearby shrub. She displayed the greatest confidence bs, and showed no anxiety until our visit seemed too prolonged,
n she uttered a-few petitioning chirps. She flew directly to ‘nest without the least hesitancy, as we left, and fed her nest- white we watched her from a point only a few yards distant. fy The nest shown in figure 1, plate XIV, was found on June =e some weeds of a poorly seeded cloverfield on the bluffs ut two miles north of Golconda, Pope County. This nest con- ed two eges and three newly hatched young. It was poorly and the young would have had no protection from the burn- sun except for the faithful mother. She was very prompt in
ae Ligh
ning to her nest as soon as we left the place, and no doubt
young were well cared for at all times. The nest shown in fig- ‘2, plate XIV, was placed about fifteen inches above the ground a growth of dewberry vines. If the field sparrow is a lover of berries, hie was wise in selecting such a convenient location. other field sparrow nests were found within a few yards of this
6, and doubtless others were hidden in the same tangle of vines.
seems to be a tendency for the field sparrow to congregate
4 ‘ ~ ’ ‘ » ~ Ai - F . y, w Ys ‘ \ 4 t + : , ’ ‘ ' ‘ H . , ’ ~ ae 7 J ’ * oid «
in small colonies, for most af the nests of this species found, ie in close proximity to others of their kind.
567. Junco hyemalis (Linn.). Slate-colored Junco. | The slate-colored junco was by far the most abun- nt bird during our winter studies in southern Illinois, February to 21. Their incessant yet cheerful and pleasing chattering was istantly heard along our course; end we traveled scarcely a mile thout seeing several of these hearty creatures, feeding among the Metches treuse open ficlds, or flitting in and about the shrub-|) Band among the branches within some of the densest forests. y were usually associated with other species, such as white- pated and tree sparrows, and birds of similar habits. In the n fields, most of the juncos were in Corniields, which, in that tion of the state, usually abound in weeds and grass. They e also among the commonest species recorded during the trip from ro to Pana, October 31 to November 16, and from Harvey to Browns- le, March 26 to April ll. 15a. Peucea aestivalis bachmanii (Aud.). Bachman's Sparrow. On a trip from Carmi to Brownsville, White County, 72, 1907, we found Bachman's sparrow not uncommon in old de- ‘ted fields which contained a few large trees and a growth of e or less dense shrubbery. A specimen was taken .in the field erated by figure 1, plate XXII, When first seen it was feed- On the ground among the weeds and cornstalks seen in the fore- d. Mr. Ray almost stepped on this bird before it sneaked y from its place of concealment. It ran along the ground for
2 distance, and finally flew to the lower branches of a large
ite-oak where it soon began its characteristic trill, so unlike
a) iit
of § Cakarthiged * Wee
=
F a Ae m ; s in ' : Ps
: oat veul
, oe rv 7 nin bbe 3
7 (hte
binge
By
‘|
“ren ee
— Foe
é ny - tah ‘
Bios of our other sparrows. The confiding songester repeated song at short intervals for fully fifteen minutes, while we tche¢ from a point but a few yards distant. It sang with its “uplifted, its beak thrown back, and it seemed to make every rt to please us. Two Bachman's sparrows were found June 6 old orchard five miles southeast of Gallatin, Saline County. chard was partially surrounded with a growth of timber, and or less shrubbery grew among the trees and fallen trunks. first seen, one of the birds was singing from the gable of an ilapidated log-cabin which stood near the margin of the or- l,- an unusual place for this"oak woods"species. The other, nly a mate, was flushed from a nearby brush-heap which was ially hidden by a rank growth of weeds. We searched for a nest . favorable Paces about the cabin, but were unable to find During our stay of about twenty-five minutes, the birds re- sry near, but their occasional chirp gave us no clew to the ion of the nest. Several were seen the following day near ne River, about four miles southeast of Harrisburg, Saline ‘s Here they preferred the tall shrubbery along the margins © forests such as is illustrated by figure 1, plate XLIX. 25 one —- seen five miles northeast of Metropolis, in the Bierowth of sassafras shown in the foreground of figure ahs : | Although no nests were found, it is probable that the. nested in one of the several localities in which it was ob-
-. Bachman's sparrow was first reported from the lower Wabash
ey, by Mr. Robert Ridgway, who noted it early in June, 1871,
Ps RE ain sp
1 gAeoptt eng w
Dees (ee
Jo lth a ee ed bout half way between Mount Carmel and Olney, Tllinoist, He found
*
extremely local and quite rare at Mount Carmel during the spring 178°, Messrs. E. W. Nelson and F. T. Jencks took several scimens, July and August 1875, in the vicinity of Mount Carmel, on Fox Prairie in Richland poumays this; bard is’ extending range to the northward, and can no longer be considered a rare j in central Illinois. O. €. Poling records in notes of the Billidae of western Illinois, the collecting of three specimens Baaincy in May, 1887", One was killed at Urbana, Champaign y, by myself, April 7, 1905; and one was seen by Professor
nk Smith and members of his bird class on March 19 and 20, 1907.
a Aaa
and I saw two in an open woodland near Oakwood, Vermilion
nty, April 22, 1907, Others were seen during the month of
1, 1908, me tue Yrcinity of Urbana. Mr. I. E. Hess secured a € and set of four eggs of this bird, a half mile west of Philo, paiar County, May 27, 1896. The identification was verified
ajor Bendire and Dr. Ralph, who say that this is probably the
a? rthern record of its breeding.
hha | Melospiza cinerea melodia (Wilson). Song Sparrow.
The song sparrow was common in southern Illinois, 6 to 21, when it was oftenest met with in low, wet forests, in the dense vegetation bordering the brooks and smaller ams . It was very abundant and in full song at Olive Branch, ember 31, 1907 to January 3, 1908. Here it showed a decided
‘erence for the cypress and the lowland timber in the neighbor-
Hor Horse~shoe Lake, as illustrated by figures 1 and 2, plate
@; Nuttall Ornithological Club '79, vol. 4, p. 220. as Nuttall Ornithological Club '78, vol. 3, p. 164. Bul. Essex Institute '77, vol. 9, pp. 38 and 49.
me 90, vol. 7, pp. 238-243.
ee
a)
pAé
Phat 0! Le eel ele
—-
sil
i ty a Vi ; y V ‘ v i a » my * Ps : ; “rr ‘ 7 ‘ Ay : r y A " ee, eum 4 es ye i *
| Me hist cag i
+ Ab ee ‘aad 7 4 és , og ON hits J | a, -, -" y Md ‘eae Nn ore Lf ; i cea s 7 . \ . ET li f | i ie as F ‘ : { ‘ t | a # ’ fey ' § , 4
fu 5 sa wi A cs cpt tA, 2) weghotteiae
i, oS Ovae I eee Sy ih.
Btu cr ype ae : Mo pind
es “at 0.49. es
, but we have found it not an uncommon summer resident in the ral and northern sections of the state.
Melospiza lincolnii (Aud.). Lincoln's Sparrow.
re
Y,
» 7.
A Lincoln's sparrow was seen November 2 at the margin mee ef ield near Wetaug, Pulaski County - the only one found in southern Lilinois.
Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). Swamp Sparrow.
q We found the swamp sparrow very common in the cypress
s along the Cache River south of Ullin, on our trip from Cairo
ia, October 31 to November 16, but it gradually diminished in
rs as we proceeded northward. One was seen February 21 in a S ; $y marsh southeast of Eldorado, Saline County - the only indi-
l seen by us in February in southern Illinois. Two were seen,
a
/ ly a breeding pair, in a weedy timothy field bear Thompson- Fra klin County, the only ones noticed during the summer. I
a specimen, December 24, 1907, in a low, wet clearing east
md Tower, and on January 1, a flock of eleven was found in an rea in a piece of low, marshy timber near Horse-shoe Lake.
act locality and surroundings are shown by figure 1, plate a.
‘ ‘They were in company with a number of song sparrows, and
f them were feeding on the seeds of carex seen in the fore- js Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox Sparrow.
| Aso
ey. The fox sparrow was found in small numbers on our trip o to Pana, October 31 to November 16, and on the winter trip between February 6 and 21. January 2, 1908, many were seen
g the bushes and in the tangled vegetation bordering Horse-shoe
4 Yer i
56
_ 587. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.). Towhee, Chewink.
7 . The towhee is a permanent resident in southern Ill- eis, and, although not abundant, it was encountered on every trip - by us in that part of the state. Several were seen February
the bottomlands along the Ohio River between Metropolis and
‘ookport. Here they vreferred woodlands containing considerable
-ubbery and many brush heaps, like those shown in figures 3 and
late XLVI. Several were seen, and one was shot, December 28,
907, at Running Lake in northwestern Union County. During the
- immer the towhee resorted to the cool, quiet woodlands the dense
a liage of which dimmed the aif, allowing only an occasional sun- m to stream throvgh. I vividly recall the keen pleasure we felt
on entering such a woodland on the afternoon of June 26, after sev-
ta al miles of travel through the dusty fields and under the buming
» 3°
bto 4
A male towhee which was vigorously scratching in the thick pet of leaves beneath a clump of hickory saplings first attracted - attention. (Figure 1, plate XL.) Occasionally he uttered a
rp defiant che-wink!, che-wink!, intimating by his actions that (Mate was not far off. We also heard here the clear, echoing tes of the woodthrush bidding us welcome,in an indescribably sweet lody, to his sylvan home.
593. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.). Cardinal.
: The cardinal was common at all times in forests and large tracts of shrubbery. It is more abundant in the southern a of the state than farther north because it finds there better tection and more attractive nesting sites. It was decidedly com- r in February than in June of the same year. At Olive Branch,
ember 31, 1907 to January 3, 1908, it was the most abundant bird -
ye tee ’, a 5 | 4 yaar.
1 4 a | Pi aie ¥ , Li a i, ee) , ha i, hang & ee, a « A } sy Lae abs td oh yaa ah - heal 7 ae V4 , Ay, ; - ‘et " ’ ARE) Seed oe Oy, Beige . i) , Ly} Ais oa , > ee ae rom @qietin, *y * b i ‘ e ol) Kor Sa A Ty “+ 3 Bet Borie ; aft nae ip Ay } iy - j ‘ 7 LuvoR . ‘ gi 4 Jt De s , ‘ ‘oe 4 “a f pat A 4 ¥ hp v ae 4 Sie & 4 ' y i) | if F } ‘ fe ' ‘ , r - 7 . c ; + wet ny 1 t, 3 ‘ P ¥ Me ‘s — \ d ‘s +t! (OO LS NS or, A ~ ’ i Y bee te { .
oly conspicuous by their bright colors during all hours of the day but
especially so at their feeding time, shortly after sunrise, On the crisp morning of January 2, I counted twelve males and five females at one place along the road from Olive Branch to the cy- igi swamps at Horse-shoe Lake. Figures 1 and 2, plate XVII,are photographs of a cardinal
grosbeak's nest taken, June 15, 1907, in an orchard southeast of
Benton, Franklin County.
598. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.). Indigo Bunting.
The indigo bunting was common and widely distributed
-in southern Illinois, Jume 4 to July 1. It was seldom found in
the interior of dense forests, but frequented clearings and pase
tures containing sprouts, clumps of shrubs, end scattering pa heeag oe
situations usually shared with the field and lark sparrows. A q typical haunt of the indigo bird is illustrated by figure 1, plate ax, @ photograph taken June 10 near the Big Muddy, about three
miles south of Benton. At this place many of these songsters
_ were heard and seen, end several of them were nesting.
604, Spiza americana (Gmel.). Dickcissel,
The dickcissel was one of the most conspicuous birds of the meadows end pastures during our visit to southern Tliinois, June 4 to July 1. It made its presence known by incessantly call- ing with the deepest earnestness from the top of some weed or shrub.
Even in the middle of the day, when most other birds sought the
4 shade, it remained in the burning sun to proclaim its presence.
oy ty BOE SO TNE AS vA owe eis
A ree “boat ae ii § ir 4% +6 sania Mec: oct ante oxetaeos
, otat 3 act 7 K ef Abe 4 “Mae f ef
Ms , if C
-* . —_* or -~
corengt
‘ . f o ' : ; * \ te Yr \¢ a 4 ~
58 field near Smothersville, a typical resort, where two pairs were
nesting near a meadowlark's nest. The nest seen in figure 2, plate XVI, was in the rank growth of timothy shown in the foree ground. It was built near the ground and was supported and pro-
tected by the surrounding grass and weeds. Figure 2, plate XV,
is a nest in an unusual place for this species. It was built
about three feet above the ground in a blossoming rose bush, a most
beautiful situation for this little home. The rose bush was in
2 bogey pasture, and it was probably the wet condition of the field which caused the bird to build so high from the ground. The nest - illustrated by figure 1, plate XVI, was found June 6, in a timothy field south of Galatia, Saline County. This is the neatest and
best constructed nest found by us in southern Illinois, It was
so well hidden by the tall grass and the overhenging dewberry vine that we should never have discovered it if the parent bird had kept her place. The eggs of this species varied in number, five being as poaron as four.
610, Piranga rubra (Linn.). Summer Tanager.
Three records were made by us of the occurrence of the summer tanager, but none for the commoner scarlet tanager, dur= ing our visit to southern Illinois, June 4 to July 1. A male was seen, June 14, in a narrow wooded ravine near Whittington, Franklin
“4
| County, end both a male and a female were seen June 20 near Chris-
topher of the same county, in the highland timber illustrated by
; figure 1, plate XV. This pair kept to the upper branches of the
tall oaks and hickories, flying leisurely from trec to tree, utter=
ing no calls and giving no indications of nesting.
ss.
en June 29 along the roadway illustrated by figure 2, plate XLIV. a
several were
HH 4
to Ad worty siete ait a
SY ekrery | extit stata 4 i ¢ “07 AOS
seen heed Pi : ae retwrt? eon Oty) j +) i hogw Wats ist! a: 1k he ve
) ana 8: Bot ape’ Pi ywaao ii
ty dk Eee, OTE
rivet het ane yee iin a8 eh Aah eines a0 | acts ‘pat hae
‘. ah oe tk yi rots en's ‘
| 59 | ' This undulating road led through a dense hilly forest near the Ohio
River east of Shetlerville, Hardin County( Figure 1, plete XLIV). These tanagers crossed and recrossed our path several times, but
it was difficult to follow them in the dense undergrowth. The
|) woodthrush and the carolina wren were also here and the liquid ' notes and ringing calls lent an enchanting to the lonely solitude. 611. Progne subis (Linn.). Purple Martin.
The purple martin was not common and the few seen
were Widely distributed over the area covered by us in Jume. They were usually seen skimming over the open fields, like swallows. A small colony was nesting in a bird house on a farm near Homberg,
; Pope County - the only instance noticed of their nesting in a place ‘prepared for them. There were many bird boxes on the farms, but, with this exception, all were occupied by the Inglish sparrow, k
which was probably keeping the martins away. The following is a
complete list of purple martin records made by us in the course of
our work in southern Illinois:- Two, June 10, in an oatfield near Benton; two, June 18, in a pasture at Tamaroa; one, June 20, ina pasture near Duquoin; two,June 26, in a barnyard west of Homberg;
| one, June 29, near Elizabethtown; one July 1, in a com field, and
another in a meadow near Cave-in-Rock, Hardin County. While stop- ping at Elizabethtown, several of them, in company with numbers of
Swallows were seen flying up and down and skimming over the wide expanse of the Ohio.
A small colony of cliff swallows was seen, June 21,
E farm south of Duquoin , Perry County - the only ones seen by -us
in southem Illinois, Figure 1, plate XXI, illustrated the shape
and arrangement of the nests of a colony found July 24, near Bar-
ee Sh al : : Lr | i j hes i + N Lal i a . " ‘ Si AF I é ea ? pleeyy re er i? iw as et) t* ay d bs ae ey Bee hy ae | 3s as ORNATE er ee ' - . it . Me (i ‘ ye T h t ¥ \ ‘ , ax ng Ra of abe ty sr On uy AD mel) One ‘Oh . ~ i mf ce eet ’ te ae a 4 ‘ oe ul : Pty ao 4 es Rey st 54 ere) . 5 ¥ bubs a y ) 6 : 4 v. 4 a D ta r a + 4 , ; - ‘a HE): { : " ae r Z i. t ? my he
t . ty = fiw pow 7 ti : i feluusee: wae 1 , : | ;
t ‘ ' / =) ) Os mee yi iy + ES | aan a >
' : bo?) Be yet, | oe be cmd
-
PP A to LETTE fe (corse | I $) [ers es : f Bett | way ; . ee eee >a i 5 . 4 dad PF Ey . ~~ ¥ ’ ree "J c as oder BWOS Uwe = io bie Ol ee “cea . Un? Wy P * ‘ oi" * dine
" +1 8 P sr ad *< pereory wht ‘att cass Me | ee oe 4 Va, - : | 0 Std) gitt bat attaued ty Tae ahha “fF tei paw:
, etirt) Bie “ee y TSS
a TY ad : Ay) ce ON ee a iw ~ a - S py gel 4 Py Th aS ai . 7 4 Je? eee a!
60
clay, Sangamon County, in central Illinois. At the time of our visit, the majority of the nests (about thirty), were occupied by half-grown fledglings, whose constant demands for food must have taxed the parent birds to the utmost. Although the species was abundant in some places, its distribution throughout the state was very local. | 613. Hirundo erythrogaster (Bodd.). Barn swallow.
| But two records of the common barn swallow were made by us in southern Illinois. One of those birds was seen April 11 in a wheat field southwest of Carmi, end June 29 a few were cir- cling about over a pasture near Elizabethtown, Hardin County. | 616. Riparia riparia (Linn.). Bam Swallow.
No bank swallows were noticed at any distance from
the large rivers, but they were common along the Ohio at the vae
rious points visited between Metropolis and Cave-in-Rock, from June 25 to July 1, 1907. 622e. Lanius ludovicianus migrans (W. dee Migrant Shrike, a} a (Northern Loggerhead shrike) The migrant shrike was common in the open fields of southern Illinois during all our visits to that part of the state. Seve ral nests were found - usually in the trees of old orchards, in hedge rows between cultivated fields, or in the low brushy : shrubbery of the pastures and cultivated fields. The nest illus- trated by figure 1, plate XVIII, was found June 15, in an orchard _ near Benton, Frank) in County. And figure 2, plate XVIII, is of a nest and seven eggs found May 17 nesr Bondville, Champaign coumty.
It was located about ten feet from the ground in the forks of a
larce hedre tree.
é Sa
ates: es alw fe er he feet, Behk Od airit hoerkus |
J 4
ch ase enone ane oti
id ly #
4% of SyaG obainne a
a wid sore f i ORL aeesttnog a
ne
a 7 y ' ;
a
id ae ane Pate A adh ie 120) « Beet alae Ont py TS erepee a ee iis
fag Sur | ait xb. vo aloes pm Sameer vii 0288 + Se cata nee ry Ld fie Sie eorrtda ne rie 9 LtiVe aretg f oye DO sai im nk eget oe Af C2 ee Lone vine: av soot mri Fhe year “Pd bet ad ‘ 7 % “us J
A - Wr yn ret @ wal ‘ ¢ 7
Where (5% si é., v < ‘i , | ak y: , ee Dy sf hl
% 4
-f
61 624. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). Red-eyed Vireo.
From June 4 to July 1, the red-eyed vireo was ea com- mon inhabitant of dense forests where there was considerable second | growth timber, and where the light was dimmed by a dense canopy of / foliage. Figures 1 and 2, plate XL, and figures 1 and 2, plate
| XLI, are typical views of forests where the red-eyed vireo was com= mone During the breeding season, we seldom found those birds in _ the open woods and clearings, but most of them spent their entire time in the dense forest interiors, where their incessant calling ; was usually in’ evidence’. 631. Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.). White-cyed Vireo.
A pair of white-eyed vireos was seen June 25 at the margin of a woodland northeast of Metropolis. One of them, when first noticed, was searching the leaves of the shrubbery shown in the foreground of figure 2, plate XXX¥, while its mate was flying about the branches of the trees. From her peculiar actions and activity it seemed probable that several hungry mouths were waite ing for the green larvae she held in her beak. We saw several of these birds June 26 in the swampy forest between Rosebud and Hom-
burg, in southern galine County.
638. Helinaia swainsonii(Aud) swainson's warbler.
On the aftermon of June 17, we hsd the good fortune . to see, and to hear for the first time the rare Swainson's warbler. It was ina narrow but tall and dense growth of willows bordering a low, wet, pasture about four miles north of Duguoin, Perry County. AS we entered the thicket, our attention was attracted
| by the loud whistle of some new bird. Going in its direction, we
found a plain-colored warbler perched about twenty feet from tle
—
ibe.
iba in tate
veg peper
Pye
At 0 ame ha
oe al ohare
wt th aie ek ee riety tit. ‘es
ty Chea Nog vonntil
ot Ly” BO ate mete fou te) hy | aie te toslg ; rin Tr ee ext! i
aot baa ab
a Sa oarhbh
i
rs ” f a | ‘ eh 4 fa) , " - a eo a a ry > y yor ‘ ' " ; (} bane ‘ ee | é Pdky ; « } j T: 1 ’ i j e: 7 P ¥ j : : sve H we 5 cal 5 f By , ' _ Tt j re A ewe ol
Arent Se nites ret ert MOS end
ni hi tat io A i Rts: i ELS noege, iia w
pa q
a
een eo eo dee vey set, ood OR tenons 64% toe? vote tlodm Releregeheiay perietiibe
1, ee ae
oe
‘7
~ or ed
62 ground among the smaller branches of the willows. It did not Brbtice us at first, but seemed to put all its spirit and energy into its ee. This consists, as Brewsterldescribes io, "ot a Badrics of clear ringing whistles, the first four uttered rather i slowly and in the same key, and the remaining five or six more “rapidly, and in an evenly descending scale. In general effect, it recalls the song of the Water Thrush, Seiurus naevius. It is very loud, very rich, very beautiful, while it has an indescribable tender cuality that thrills the senses after the sound has ceased." The olive-brown upper parts, the dull white superciliary line, and the dusky white under parts slightly tinged with yellow,
were distinctly recognizable, but the crown was not a bright red-
@ish brown as it is said to be in the breeding, or adult plumage. Unfortunately, we had no gun with us and we were unable to make a subsequent visit to that locality.
a oi ‘There are extensive areas of low, swampy forest along the Little Muddy river which may be attractive resorts for this swamp- loving species, but there are no patches of cane which, according £0 Brewster, seem to be necessary for this bird. There is however, much water, aquatic vegetation, and dense shrubbery, as is shown by figures 1 and 2, Plate XXXI. These photographs were taken in rath- | er open places east of DuQquoin. There we found the yellow breasted chat, cardinal, northern yellow-throat, wood thrush, end green heron to be very common ; onda careful study of the place at the proper
_ || time would perhaps reveal the presence of Swainson's warbler.
1
é
me * 77, Ole 2, De T2s
Se ee
Vive eho oe SES a ee ee ee Wri: BB i IT es a ‘ %
; , anny L] ir ¥ us : - J+ a . ma he : Mi» | “ae r,.
: : * ae, + ‘4 J i, ‘% > ae \ ie Oly : a . W os Be eee ‘op Sear o i A - fans F ‘ Lay af er Pr * has Wy way oe ; ao id a:
es i. be ofity ie far) aah Vy si Ott ay ate? it cour 4 ‘ vey att bal} br
as fr hime a8 iAnOe
‘ wl RBS Oh Te a
a . t + ie seme oe A - m4 Bat f . fT) LAS ze ‘ a P ana oP TE. | . yi We
a ® 00 hate ere ih y y é tt oe SER v : ; aes ig ts ates ne es 7 3 z i s ie. Wore? br ‘ ; wipe 7 gone af) at OF
fs 4 naz . 2 Pa, SPF BBS r ‘ F } 4 a s > bs. tart’ . es y
a
. ; . oe “Vee urs i Dia PAsnatig
4 , } : ' cm,
4 a0) wi) aay 4 Me Lah Oh Bega lS. he
e m cee ee) a a! > (eh WEe tg ‘ Dern Ki ed ue by Jah i b ¥
* This warbler was discovered in 1833 by Bachman, in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolinat. It was not seen again | about 1858 when W. F. Jones secured a specimen in Liberty
nty, Georgia’. Since that time it has been found in various | ces in the southeastern United States, but it is as yet compar- | |
vely rare as far north as ban ekg Iilinois. One of these
ie was seen by Mr. Ridgway and Dr. Brewster in the cypress swamps Snel in 1678, but when shot by them, unfortunately ld not pe found. This warbler was seen by O. Widmann in south- ae Tissouri in that extension of the state southward along the ssissippi known as the Peninsula of Missouri#. Other specimens re been recorded from Fulton County, Kentucky, and from Knox
inty, Indiana. A male was taken by Mr. Black, April 9, 1905, at arney, Nebraska”, which Mr. Worthen thinks is perhaps the farthest ‘th and west of any recorded locality.
8b. Compsothlypis americana ramalinae (Ridgw.). Western ’ - Parula Warbler.
A small band of parula warblers was seen June 7 in e rests along the Saline River southwest of Harrisburg. They el, a to the tops of the tallest trees, the dense foliage of which
_
it difficult to follow and identify them. They were very
ive, and Sceasionally uttered a peculiar, “puzzing, insect-like
2,
which first attracted my attention to them. Bb. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler. Three yellow warblers were seen in southern Illinois -
air of them June 28 in a large orchard north of Golconda, Pope
, Auk fee, VOL XATII, p. 227.
~ Auk 197° ROL, il, D. 66.
$ Bul. Nuttall Ornithological Plupe fe. vol. &, p. 163. meme "95, vol. 12, pp. 112-117.
| 5 aux 06. TOEN SOS Op. Bev;
i jae wan se le < 4 Palen” re | ay - al ri Ae dn CD a tr a «tl AE tee en Oana nm 7 7 f " * ory ei, ee i, nas nes i ; va, bl ch USER Ge ¢ : ; , J ae
ag i Pe iver fit te
a ¥. + ? bra ae a he to ee
. ’ a bias | it tw hori ie ee ba * / (0M
coe SBS 2S ee “ne
: et af, vid y | j force ; oDpiin
: I eye ~ vi ‘aoe AM. La% ‘ P gis 416% t ' of birt = ‘ LL 4 $
ay soe
64
County, and a male, June 14, in an orchard near Mount Vernon, Jef- ferson County.
655. Dendroica cOronata (Linn.). Myrtle Warbler.
v
_ Myrtle warblers were very common in woodlands and in
Cs
s of tall weeds and shrubbery traversed by us between Cairo
| Anna, October 31 to November 5, but none were seen on the con-
i
ation of this trip to Ashley, November 5 to 16. December 25,
; numbers of them were seen associating with golden-crowned
-
nglets, and white-throated sparrows, in the scanty growth of pines
| the top and among the crevices of Oven Rock - a small, precipi- oa
s cliff standing at the edge of the Mississippi River north of and Tower , Jackson County. (Figure 1, plate XLIII.). Several ad...
'€ were seen January 2, 1908, among the cypress trees at Horse-~
ake, Alexander County. (Figure 2, plate XXXVII.) Here
company with a phoebe, they were capturing the small gnats which \ 2
® plentiful along the margin of the lake. E
33a. Dendroica dominica albilora (Ridg.). Sycamore Warbler.
‘A male of the sycamore warbler was taken April 8,
th of Lawrenceville, in the bottomlands of Indian Creek. The ge of this bird, and of others seen here, was so badly smeared
h grease that it was difficult to recognize the species. The
te of the oil wells of this region is allowed to flow into the ek, which during the high water, deposits a layer of petroleum
> tree trunks and the lower shrubbery from which the unfortun-
2 birds become miserably bedraggled and besmeared.
Pay | The sycamore warbler has been reported a visitant in north-
mn Illinois, nesting as far north as southern Michigan; but the
°
Iter of density of its distribution in Illinois is the Wabash
NY he Ye Al > as Cs ne. el ee ee te, . are Gh rates dh i ove ‘ 4 . : Ph 1 "i Lh a 4 J u ih 4 “i
a dna
. iv TP AG ‘* 1p .
. vo ehh ee oat Ne a. ek ae f 4
hah yh Ate Fae a tbe awed Pe
sf ? > , tas if ee ioe cn ;
,*
my Y A ’ Ware, ™ &
’ ‘ & %: % ‘ a 5 a ‘ * Nd ‘ 5 ey | eee gh aw tel nate aeaiod io ‘" pen ‘ j : ren ~~
at ported it as common in the Wabash Valley in both Illinois and Inde
this warbler as common, He collected thirty six speciemns in the
_Was seven feet in diameter, and the lowest limb was forty feet from
65
Valley. E. W. Nelson in his notes on the birds of southern I1lli-
inocis observed between July 17 and September 4, 1s75 4 reports
vicinity of Mount carmel, but did not find it about Cairo or in
the Mississippi bottoms west of anna. Other observers have re-
liana. John F. Ferry found none of this species on his collect-
ing trip, August 10 to 24, 1906", in Alexander and Pulaski counties
and none were found by us during our operations in the vicinity of
Benton, Duquoin, and the lower Ohio Valley, although we kept a
sharp lookout for it in every favorable locality. The bottomlands
of the streams and rivers of southern Illinois, especially in the Wabash Valley, support a luxuriant growth of deciduous trees at-= tractive to many of the forest species. The sycamore tree reaches
here its greatest size and highest degree of perfection. The cor-"
relation between the distribution of this tree and that of the syca-
more warbler has often been mentioned and the greater abundance of
the latter in the Wabash Valley may be partly due to this prefer-
ence. It not only frequents these trees, but often nests
in the uppermost branches of a giant sycamore. Ae W. Butler® in
Birds of Indiana, mentions a pair of these birds whose nest was on
a very small branch of a sycamore sixty to seventy five feet above
ground and twenty feet from the trmk. The trunk of this tree
the ground,- an example of the inaccessible situation of some of
these nests. Figure 2, plate XXXIII, is a photograph of a scene
1 Bul. Essex Institute *77, vol. 9, De 35. g Auk '07, vol. 25, pp. 430-435. - Birds of Indiana '98, p. 1065.
7 ete, TN Ala x ibe sore’ ees me : ay z ‘ es ended am : an a: eh ‘ mT ; l { 1" / i i pe ; pani ¥ ' ey ’ i ; » oe eS Fie ett t URS +" ? h ie om wha Alea ’ le if ia te pare ; ae oto Tue. ie ‘Cet moved f ie: ; oT: i Lio sk 4 licaait
5! ip pio | by eng hha ‘Len priest conte meet: ost DOO l (okt ee ie daa te : petty gure pavot a
i y “oy yf ant betta '
yof Sos cae eet ok Oe aa
6 6. ater ae re ON Re ae i UGS ?,
« ny ™ ms f ™ P a “?
b f : J : j ‘ yee: ( d 4
P
\ 2, aa
; ‘ hws P nd mitt a
= ©
hi f a a a ; 4 Adee
oe
; 7 Ty rast we,
sioltpert: Aihe F €
> “ih ge 2 £ o dated al
.Bo tt oe (Lov) Se) Spare he nk : 42) 5 rit iad ,Ons Pleny SOL rhe 4 ‘pact
66
on Indian Creek which illustrates the character of the timber and
vegetation along some of the smaller streams. In such places one
can reasonably expect to find the sycamore warbler during the pro-
@r season of the year. These woodlands, however, occupying as
they do, the fertile land along the streams, are rapidly disappear- ing with the advaneof agriculture, and as these forests diminish
such species as the sycamore warbler will undoubtedly become less
common and gradually disappear.
675a. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (Ridg.). Grinnel's Water-Thrish
A Grinnel's water-thrush was obtained,January 2, in
the cypress swamp at Horse-snoe Lake, Alexander County. When
first seen it was actively moving and bobbing in the usual manner
about the fallen tree trunks seen in the foreground of figure l,
plate XXXVITI. This specimen. was identified by H. Ce Oberhalser
of the U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.
677. Geothlypis formosa (Wils.). Kentucky Warbler.
The Kentucky warbler was reported common at Cairo and at Mount Carmel by E. W. Nelson, during his trip to southem Illinois, made from July 17 to September 4, 18751, and Robert Ridg-=- i way found it the most abundant of the smaller birds about Mount Carmel” during the 1720's, It is apparently decreasing in num-
bers for we saw it but twice during the entire time of our studies
in southern Illinois. Although the nature of our work did not
allow an extended examination of its probable haunts, we traversed ‘| many places where, if abundant, it would surely have come to our
re as oc ees
1 Bul. Essex Institute '77, vol. 9, pp. 35 and 52. : 2 Bul. Nuttalls Ornithological Club, '78, vol. 3, p. 164.
: il i oils ge Pny A 1 ps ’ = ate A or tia D r AB pe ee 7 ‘a "4 | ule Uh See ™ } “ . a d f MEIN ial am 4 a ik -: th | ocepeka bi MAE, ee asitne: a. Platt \ ; i é °% ie,” : Wee ty 4 wen Aer es eee NY ER g ¥ ‘ Hie oat aay Ne eee ohh aN Ty
f re - habs Lita es ae wnat, 4 is iM Ri" oo arta SH os gb ae
. eee tiene aC Oe
iG ol Reade! Vb | Ae RE 1 at’ ; 7 4 rn ra * “ j ta Rae i) rt 20 By id » lawl? oe aie ; ie , a8, ee eR , 4 ‘ : Py . , ¢ Mee - vs ' ie | 4 * ‘ cr ‘vt 2 eee . . . 4 as } ree
pe, ee ates a
a v et & peste) ome * 4 m® Ors i sas
Se te ARO ae peer a0) ete (nt foe ct AO
| 67 notice. The first time we met with it was on June 13, 1907,
when an adult was seen in the bottomlands of Atchison's Creek, near
Bonnie, Jefferson County. The lowlands of this creek are covered with a very thick growth of tall shrubbery, much of which was stand- ing in water at the time of our visit. In some places the foliage of the upper branches was so thick that the spaces beneath were only dimly Ra oitad. When first seen the bird was investigating
the drift and debris about the base of a cluster of eee As soon as it caught sight of us it became much excited and flew from place to place, vigorously scolding us at every move. It gave
every indication, by its actions, that it had a nest nearby, but a
careful search of the vicinity failed to reveal one. In such a
place, however, a nest can easily be overlooked, and, although no
other individuals were seen, it is probable that the mate was there, | but was not flushed by us. The only other birds in this thicket \| were northem yellow-throats whose "Yichity! Whichity! wichity! sounded with amazing loudness through the dim recesses of this quiet retreat. Five Kentucky warblers were seen,June 28, north of Golconda, Pope County, on a wooded plateau beside the Ohio. ‘The larger trees of this timber, as in most forests of southern
yz
_Illinois, have been used for making railroad ties, the tops and
| trimmings being left on the ground; and these, with the sprouts and second growth timber that spring up in the open places, make an at- tractive resort for many such birds as the Kentucky warbler. Two
of those seen here were adults, but the other three were immature
|} and all were apparently members of one household. The plumage of the young was well developed but differed considerably from that
| of the adults. Their lores were grayish, the sides of the head and
«4
ye; ay i F A, "st v a ae re ¢ ; hie j ‘ is i a er et ca $4 aie Sane aa we 5 5 - ny .
“ft weld Megptiaan, ad ot rete Oa swede
by Fey ae sHlotwawtal aso, SS 1 Sn atom agae
tee) eee ieee ffm Wie asaya whi) BagAL woe ret PlLeiy aR oe GS sara ae
ae ar ae Ts | wit nena Sates es “Shed ee oocait
Peaewy: lien wee oe: i) go to Sere ue eye, te ah) peo ~fgnio Oh Bry y
> i ‘ih pe Shin is rt z nyph Bis. ;
{c
e ore, eo vite ae cee - é it
‘ , ‘ , : : i henry 4 : * ‘ eh) pod on AS kt bat o LO OMe a ae ae om : ted # gdinky dex poy ee * } a
Ke 4 . F, G ’ * +) te : ty Y ere ee ed (itt G eo wey arr tiny Be Yat? ce cra
wits by ie ae ie Oe ; yea Yate ~o'% HOBH COaxt. ~puald Dee pBoweke Clk ie) ate . , te aie
M0 bE ie ireee 6rz Be, PS b TOG ees Pros en oar ed . 9 go Brera bli a Pi 07, +
7
oy o ,. 2 wars / ks a phat ty Tig f ¢ wid E Whe Lew seed
i eet Cpt fy ¢ Wigton i rig Vi i iy Pury) Bye % NEO Lg em: 1 Fam: baie ap } Pe i i : @ bebtis wuite | CRIA OUsy aeons sporti 7
: 68 the upper parts of the body a light brow, the throat and the chin
a light yellowish brown, and the crissum and the belly a light yel-
low. These birds, although active, were easy to observe, often
permitting us to approach within a few yards of them.
68ld, Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swains). Northern Yellow-throate
The northern yellow-throat was common in the low,
' swampy forests where there was considerable shrubbery and a semi= ' aquatic vegetation as shown in figure 1, plate XXXI. dn certain localities, especially in the vicinity of Benton and Duquoin, it Was very abundant in the marshy growth along the small brooks, and in the tall grass and weeds at the margins of cultivated fields.
683. Icteria virens (Linn.). Yellow-breasted Chat.
The yellow-breasted chat was very common, and was | frequently heard, but, because of its skulking habits, it was sel- dom seen. When it did appear, in the open, however, it did not seem to be alarmed at our presence, but continued its clownish evo- “lutions as it chattered and screamed a most varied combination of
calls and notes. It was most frequently heard among the dense w=
aergrowth of the forests, and in cleared places grown up to briar
Patches and shrubbery. It was especially abundant, June 28 to 30,
in the numerous wooded ravines along the Ohio River between Golcon=
da and Elizabethtown. 697. <Anthus pensilvenicus (Lath.). American Pipit.
In southern Illinois the american pipit was present
y only during our fall and spring visits to'that section of the state. | Forty two were seen, October S31, in a stubble field about a mile
|| south of Villa Ridge, where they were extremely tame and easily
' ry! it Aa ts f y nat Provan a > at yy ; aA are : elie . ; t wo nfm Shen sa ti A’ i nes tah
A i i a . 4 ; - ag vie atay oa 6 PETE get) ec ee nee von d states Vy reoero 130) Oren eriton # iteisorte tae. vate
wit “ie eecery mS an ee ifom oregae: sl Pty
yh , oethee). SEX bomb aAlioatd nacteind . had ied Fe saw Le
» oS. ppgiees caste heat Wea eee ornnien dike Oc datliehs Wie RY re ongwith
hae ‘ r it penbeete * fiche
| he ete” Rs Aa f n+ asta fate’ ate seta JT Ge aM ait ante ok hes Rts beagavtt iio & ty n 7D o ehdow DS eh
; vie ee coe send) anoxia 4
Laie’ Benes oop CaN : Ag eds | Tae
} 4 eat ¢ by see : 2 Cx.
\ : , y q . eis ; J - § Bs le : > Sarit a ay of oe re aay Bg pa ‘idan -sindle: 3-2 lady tania
: fe
Tats PY ~% +e ep ne ew P |
tw Peo iY ~ zat WE 5 789 oy a | phnsiide cess. onueh eae 2° Aaa “ cf nas Yat Be.hoow 9 0 | | » rad (a ° “) 7 Ye ts rie 2) iL Gaunt
1 y A: Se ree way a OL Lit reeabaar eo ss
bitades x . no ren" 3 PO ig lwhwv’ weber. cate i hate uid 9 oe Diy) “et SIGE Ca is Be AE, fr, * “Kiar ee, a Ebnesie Dy mit Ae oh eo bi wi sy, es Oe babi |
69
observed as they ran over the weathered stubble to an adjoining e | plowed portion of the field. They gave little heed to a farmer
plowing nearby but some ran past within a few yards and others
_ followed the plow picking up small particles of food. Twenty six
of them were flushed November 13 from a weedy pasture just without *
the village of Patoka. When disturbed the flock repeatedly rose
§
from the tall frost-covered weeds, alighting but a few yards in advance of us. - When closely pressed, the whole flock left the Meeeta, but soon circled and returned. A flock of fifty eight was ein April 4, feeding in a field of freshly plowed ground about a mile south of Marshall, Clark County. The pipits, although sel- dom seen were always in flocks of considerable size. | 703. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). fockingbird.
The mockingbird is comparatively common throughout the year in southern Illinois. From February 6 to 21, it was of- tenest geen in the forests, in protected ravines, and in places where there was an abundance of mistletoe, the berries of which ‘probably formed a considerable part of its food at that time of the year. A specimen was taken,February 8,east of Pulaski, the crop ‘and stomach of which were filled with that food. I saw several of them at Grand Tower, December 26, feeding on the berries of the
| mistletoe which is very abundant in the Mississippi bottoms at that | Place. (Figure 1, plate XXXVI.) In summer the mockingbird is | most abundant in the brier patches and shrubbery of the open fields and pastures,- situations which it usually selects for nesting. 704, Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.)., Catbird. |
The catbird was not common in southern Illinois,
June 4 to July 1, but was met with occasionally in the thickets of
be an i Nl | » be LOLA re . a a i ‘ ; mre | | et f Sa nege ie us F ais ai) a f ’ i) t rt. : et ake ee é i Ld ’ r rf ’ ee TarOR a Cray hy te. os , , ~ ee i sdtwe. vo Le ey" 4 ta nh ing eo dl ‘ i a he | “% c yo . efit} ay eeels { cet ern ~o tlt ee Shoe a Batet it eet
taboos hd ‘ SGtT Gat one of .
A 4
nal
hateful ee ec ase my AS
_ oa | a YO shrubbery, hedge rows, and in old orchards. Figures 1 and 2, plate XIX, are photographs of nests which were built in the trees an apple orchard near Benton, Illinois. 705. Toxostoma rufus (Linn.). Brown Thrasher. | The brown thrasher was very common, and widely dis- uted in all favorable places visited by us June 4 to July l,
-¢ the wrens it sometimes selects peculiar places for its nests,
ral of which were found in brush heaps and one in Franklin nty was iieaereaitapite.at the edge of an open pasture, far from es and shrubbery. ike the catbird, however, it often resorts the orchards and brier patches for its nesting place. The nest oe by figure. 1, plate XX, was in the uppermost branches m apple tree near Benton, twenty feet from the ground - another “a unusual position for the thrasher to select. A specimen obtained January 1, 1908, in the cypress swamp at Horse-shoe 2 Alexander County. This was the only one we saw during the ry and this bird is probably rare in Illinois at that season. ise of its beauty and its attractive song, the brown thrasher eneouraged and protected by all who appreciate the aesthetic mas well as the practical value of our birds. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Linn.). Carolina Wren.
No lover of birds can visit the woodlands of southern
inois without being attracted by the clear, loud notes of the
lina wren. My first acquaintance with this species was made z the watter part of October, 1906. When this active, excit- ° bird was found in the lowland timber south west of Cairo, it tled nervously about among the old logs and underbrush, giving
terance to the characteristic combination of notes which Chapman
ibe hid a
wee
‘ ae) ; Le ales ae ad teal ¥ PS ys ted aia . , ‘i 3 x , ~ i ie ’ nd y a “ ah Sr: K en | , ; Bee Sige elt ( : : a: Chg : fir? Fy f aly ‘\ a | ae be | ¢ . = ie, 7 | EI ms yy ‘ % | | ray t * ; ae iy Lf oe a Ga aa ha ea Ra ae %
cwbeuadee node oleh ngntene | aes aaa 9g i , ene HOAh, ichgheatl ee
~
7
. ta | a¢ "} ee! AL if
| ee ee kere fs
Sn tale oy
A ) ae + ie meee d ue ;
ei 2
describes as scolding cacks, clinking, metallic rattles, musical
trills, and tree-toadlike kr-z-r-rings. The vigorous scolding
note was oftenest used, especially when the inquisitive intruders
ventured too near. It was a common resident of the denser
———
woods south of the thirty ninth parallel, and in winter it was
especially abundant in the cypress swamps and thick woods at Ullin,
Reevesville, and Olive Branch. (Figures 2 and 3, plate XLVIII,
and figure 2, plate XXXIX.) Here it was much in evidence and its
notes resounded through the atmosphere of those quiet places. In
the summer and fall it was found in more open areas, such as old,
deserted orchards, along fences between cultivated fields grown up
to shrubbery, in sassafras thickets, and even in yards about the
houses. While staying at the small village of Shetlerville, in
the hills along the Ohio River, June 28, I was awakened in the
night by the notes of several birds coming from a wooded ravine
below. Going out into the open air, I heard the notes of the
Carolina wren together with the song of the mockingbird and the
freak calls of the yellow-breasted chat.
The night was so clear
that the members of this band of moonlight seranaders could be easily identified. A nest of this species was found at Golconda, June 27, in
an Old woodshed near a cottage intle residence part of town. It
had been built on a shelf in a dark corner among fruit jars, old newspapers, and other debris. (Figure 2, plate VII.) There was no cover to the structure, and it was not hidden by any object as is usual with the nests of this species, It contained four nearly full grown fledglings which, however, are not clearly distinguish-
able in the above photograph.
PV adens S
Se an eat ity, POAT i ae ST a ne ‘ a i ’ ; } * Asko ee b ae Be 3 c
. aa } ’ if i oh oT oh at ri Cer feeh Be (id ' ee aot ois Seat bes) ap stosie.d Beem pshig goo A ee ee nbn ‘oot é ; ee ae ee ae a ont to 1a
Mi f eo } ‘ ¥ be Ned te
. in mate gross foie
. aan oe ye rites re ; ' f ‘ } a7 si TED 2 loka aa Se Ajo A ’ agit oA) 2 ee ee a¢ ; aac: P Lo Tee 9 Hi at ee i - ra: s . Ht , 7 tm : T { Bn ry if “a era Y v 7 ; r «yet mn fo ; ts 1¢ a f ; r . " . outa one x f “rol t rie | . : eo th e j é ‘ . i | eekomee tt t ‘ . ; ape ut t eth ? © ty te > : Py 4 les
oO ae jes 2b fines sours att
% OJ Os. | oP eh NGS Aang ve {eee orld: es
: fg ites cacti
Pi eg ee mi
f f cqeemoswtes ane ee
vt
Pay)
719. Thryomanes bewickii (Aud.). Bewick's wren.
Bewick's wren takes the place of the common house
wren in southern Illinois. It was commonly seen about the old
outbuildings of the farms, and when not molested often ventured to
build in the nooks and corners of dwellings. At a farm house in
central Massac County, north of Metropolis, a pair of these wrens
| | kitchen porch, a place where members of the family were frequently
had made their nest in a bucket which hung over the door of the
} passing at every hour of the day. Not uncommonly this wren was
| found away from dwellings, along old fences grown up to shrubbery,
Se
and in places frequented by the Carolina wren. It has been ree | ported a permanent resident in southern Illinois, but none were | seen by us on our winter visits.
| 72la. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii (Aud.). Parknan's wren, Westerm House Wren. A Parkman's wren was shot and three others were noticed
in southem Illinois. One was seen June 5 near Thompsonville,
Franklin County, in the orchard illustrated by figure 2, plate | XXVIII, and two were found nesting June 18 in an orchard north of |) Tamaroa, Perry county. Ridgway, in his Birds of North and Middle
| America, gives its range in the Mississippi Valley as northward from
| Richisnd Cowmty, Illinois, but both of these localities are farther
| south.
722. Olbiorchilus hiemalis (Vieill.). Winter Wren.
We usually found the winter wren in wet, tangled low-
land timber and in cypress swamps. It was common there,October 30,
end one was shot in the dense low timber southwest of Cairo. Here
|these nervous little creatures were fidgeting about and actively
Went acne at wa
t , is fa! iz, harisas ity ie chagimat ait. it ome onthe arog piu Derdens it me awh. to machina rane ‘eich | ot eta : ‘ dy 6 We nt pote: seinad. ams gion, nom sane Fata’ Boy ‘ art) “he ‘ii ae uno! i , mate cfowh Teo sGele bas riety ASEM ah ite wii he 8 pee tet. Yi oy oe be hy ayia kes kw Cami 1 7 . : oy owt) 2iogtaiik¢ oobeu ea Jet'y seca miav est an ele iw a wos 2 metals cr xy grh) scgant t pinion wie bi” b ae ou Qnli et wee: ‘ Sard chen eee ‘
q : it A wo I a tet acd 8 toes ’ ) a
73
exploring every old log, brush heap, and thicket that came in their
way e Several were seen and many were heard, November 2, in the
cypress swamp near Ullin, Pulaski County. One was seen near Carmi
April 11, 1907, - the only one recorded during the Harvey~Browns -
ville trip, March 26 to April 11, a time when they are usually com-=
mon in central Illinois. I secured a specimen, ond saw two others
December 24, 1907, among the brush heaps of a clearing near Running
Lake, Union County, and the species was very common, December 31
to January 3, in the cypress swamps about Horse-shoe Lake,
_ Alexander County. (Figure 2, plate XXXIX.)
726. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap.). Brown creeper.
The brown creeper is a winter resident in southem
a] Illinois, but it was not often seen during our trip from Thebes to
Eldorade, February 6 to 21.
It was common, however, in the up-
dand timber in the vicinity of Grand Tower, Jackson County, Decem-
ber 25 to 28, and among the wooded hills north of Olive Branch, | December 351, 1907 to January 3, 1908.
727. Sitta carolinensis (Lath.). White-breasted Nuthstch.
The white-breasted nuthatch is a common permanent
“resident in southem Illinois, but it was more abundant during
“February 6 to 21, than during June 4 to July 1. During the winter
} its "yenk! yank! yank!i"was often heard in the larger forests where
| it continually busied itself in scanning the tree trunks for food.
| At Olive Branch, and in northern Alexander County, its favorite
resort was the teech-wood forests which are numerous in that part of
the state. Figuresl ond 2 are photographs taken at Olive Brench
to show the condition of these woods end size and perfection of
| some Of the trees in that vicinity.
Were . gee en an vague ile ~ 56 eee ¥ 4 . | ~~ - . ‘ } / : . F ry ‘ a . < . ‘ . ‘ 4 L 7 i “i ‘ j
corm
ai vy en wie Te yur,
. A
ate (aoe ae
uden ote pete
SMe +1 rege us eee cue? 1: 1 re
coh ok aor
& Rod cept om .. Oe ; (ry 2H 9
x ae a rc tv ay hed Sane’ aint’ A nit " ‘ ¥ a, \ 1a as rr “ i, F oe tz ‘ 2 cst f ? ney ase . a by ed vig cree me niet sy
74 731. Baeolophus bicolor (Linn.). Tufted Titmouse.
The tufted titmouse is one of the most characteristic
birds of southern Illinois. During our winter visit, February 6
to 21, it was common in all the extensive forests and was exceeding-|
ay abundant in the beech woods of northem Alexander County (Fig-
ures 1 and 2, plate XXXIV.), and in various pleces visited along
the Ohio River. The white-oak timber, illustrated by figure 4,
plate XLV, was virtually alive with a large number of the hearty
Tittle creatures flying back and forth and keeping up an incessant
Peto, Peto, Peto. ‘The numbers of this bird fall off greatly dur-=
ing the
sumer, and not more than a dozen were seen from June 4 to
July le "36. Parus carolinensis (Aud.). Carolina Chickadee. The Carolina is the prevalent chickadee in southern Illinois. All seen were carefully identified and many specimens
were shot, especially during the winter, February 6 to 21, but
the northem form, the black-capped chickadee, was not found, The
Carolina chickadce is @ common permsnent resident, and, as far as
Our records go, there was little difference in abundance at the
Various seasons of our visits to southem Illinois.
748. Regulus satrapa (Licht.). Golden-crowned Kinglet.
The gsolden- crowned kinglet was common on ovr trip
from Cairo to Pana, October 31 to November 16, end between Harvey
|| and Brownsville, March 26th April 11. we saw a flock of
“seven among the shrubbery of a clearing near Running Lake, Union
County, and five others Januery 1, 1908, in the cypress swamp at
horse-shoe Lake, Alexander County.
ey aoe me
o-4 kee “y pe Ca a L xeatt one stag a8 d
*
“ye aol ie i ee oe “a nce te when Ae ear nh i aris ieee abalit oy i
ried Lee AG a2 by FY vite gta e
. ub é oi . 3 Lead yb as wr
‘earch oom toe ENS’ 9 _ ‘av
er mi
be aan
«, Oy taped say
nt deb tnereat ovew apetia ia
‘) - epee ee eee
a
boawoto ~ taht os Oey "
a Poh Oe vodthtoo see “ De ~~ , he Se See ror
BORE. #08 Aiathse odie , erro on aeOEN
a
sb) / 749, Regulus calendula. (Linn.). Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
5 a
ih
_— The ruby-crowned kinglet is common during the migra-
P tions, but no visits were made to southern Illinois during the height of its movement. Two were seen, April 4, in a woodland “near Marshall - all that were recorded by us in that section of the state.
755. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel.). Wood Thrush.
The wood thrush is a common summer resident in south- ern Illinois. We seldom found it in high or open groves and clear- ings, from June 4 to 26, but it frequented instead the low, wet woodlands along the streams and in the valleys. (Figures 1 and 2, plate XL, and figure 2, plate XLI.) Its song is its chief attrac- tion, and nothing is more pleasing than its mellow, flute-like notes as they echo through the shady avenues and recesses of its secluded haunts. Several nests were found in the dense undergrowth of the swampy forest between Benton and DuQuoin, and in the thick woods along the Saline River, southeast of Harrisburg.
759b. Hylocichla guttata pallasii (Cab.), Hermit Thrush.
The hermit thrush was common in the woodlands between Marshall and Brownsville, April 4 to ll. None were noticed during ou winter observations between Thebes and Eldorado, February 6 to el, but one lone representative was seen, January 1, 1908, in the cys €ss swamp at Horse-shoe Lake. The winter of 1907 to 1908 was @nusually mild, and it is probable that the hermit thrush is not a regular, or at least not a common, winter resident in Illinois. e, Mervla migratoria (Linn.). American Robin.
; The robin is a permanent resident of southern Illinois. xs
It was exceedingly abundant in large flocks sometimes of several
me. P lundred in the woods and cypress swamps along the Cache River, at
Seate \' y
+ alin a eee oie a
, ow (
’ sedi eke
-
Y a +) out ane ng
a ‘
wibeee i “
(bs avs vl
Le aay eae & /
pi pe
st CW r 4 yak i tA
awa?
( Baba) pe Tite sgetgg 6 cm | nd see x én ok
Keo nice Portis eh
the time of our trip from Cairo to Anna, October 31 to November 5. It was also common in the cOrnfields and grazed pastures - where it a considerable portion of its food. February 6 to 21 its Einers were reduced to the very few that wintered in the protected rests, or in the wooded ravines among the hills. I saw none in
ckson and Union counties, December 23 to 29, 1907, and only one
Olive Branch, December 31, 1907 to January 3, 1908. During the
mer it was most abundant in orchards and pastures, but was
es
lely distributed over various kinds of open fields.
6. Sialia sialis (Linn.). Bluebird.
The bluebird was present in considerable numbers
ing all our visits to southern Illinois. It is apparently more \dant in winter than in summer, for many more were seen Febru- 6 to fi, than June 4 to July 1. In the winter it was often
n in the forests, but in summer it showed no decided preference : pect to situation, but built its nests wherever a suitable Reouta be found. Several were piaced in hollow fence sosts in stumps in clearings and open cultivated fields, at some dis-
e from any trees or shrubbery.
ae
7 4%
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Quail's nest and sixteen eggs. Tall
peefiate I, Figures 1 and 2. feeds and grass at the margin of a cornfield near Benton, Franklin
county, June 22, 1907. Seeeeece it, Figures 1 and 2. Quail's nest and six eggs. Tim- othy field south of Bois, Washington County, June 18, 1907, ie Paate TII, Figures.1 and 2. Prairie hen's nest and nine eggs
Timothy field east of Clinton, DeWitt County, May 16, 1907. "Plate IV, Figure 1. Mourning dove's nest and two eggs. Tim- thy between the rows of the orchard; illustrated by figure 1, plate [VIII. Near Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, June 14, 1907. am . Figure 2. Mourning dove's nest and two eggs. Pas- ure southeast of Thompsonville, Brenklin County, June 5, 1907. Plate V, Figure 1. Mourning dove's nest and two young. Apple ree, shown in the foreground of figure 1, plate XXVIII. East of t Vernon, Jefferson County, June 14, LIOTs é Figure 2. Mourning dove's nest and two eres. Corn- field near Beason, Logan County, July 16, 1907. ‘Plate VI, Figures 1 and 2. Prairie horned lark's nest and Oatfield east of Ogden, Champaign County, May 28,
sur eges.
Plate VII, Figure 1. Red-winged blackbird's nest and three
i Timothy field near Benton, Franklin County, June 4, 190%. M ;
r Figure 2. Carolina wren's nest and four young. Interior of an outdoor building at Golconda, Pope County, June 27,
5
C “ee
J nee mw } a
R ‘Plate VIII, Figure 1. Meadowlark's nest and five eggs. Tim-
othy field near Elkville, Jackson County. June 21, 1907.
Figure 2. Meadowlark's nest and four eggs. Pasture illustrated by figure 1, plate XXIII, south of Marion, Williamson
County, June 11, 1907.
4 Seeeate IX, Figure l. Meadowlark's nest and five eggs. Open ri
woodland near Urbana, Champaign County, May 30, 1907. in Figure 2. Meadowlark's nest and five eggs. Tim-
m othy field near Clinton, DeWitt County, May 16, 1907.
4
a° Plate X, Figures 1 and 2. Vesper sparrow's nest and three
@ees. Hayfield near Belvidere, Boone County, July 31, 1907.
Plate XI, Figures 1 and 2. Vesper sparrow's nest and three Cornfield sovthwest of Clinton, DeWitt County, July 22,
191 E Ts P a » »
Plate XII, Figure 1. Grasshopper sparrow's nest and four
Alfalfa field near Urbana, Champaign County, May 22, 1907.
Figure 2. Chipping sparrow's nest and three eggs. aD
Evergreen tree on the University campus at Urbana, Champaign County,
6
May 24, 1907. | ‘ Plate XIII, Figure 1. Lark sparrow's nest and fovr eggs. Oat
a field near Oakwood, Vermilion County, May 28, 1907.
Figure 2. Lark sparrow's nest and four eggs. Oat
ld near Johnston City, Williamson County, June 10, 1907. le
"Plate XIV, Figure 1. Field sparrow's nest, two eggs and three
Weedy cloverfield nezr Golconda, Pope County, June 28,
i Figure 2. Field sparrow's nest and four eggs. Briar
“ae thicket of a pasture near Christopher, Franklin County,June 20,1907.
od mbes & tay
—— ae ok tee
& ee i. >
7 4
ot
pid ta 4
; — 2 7 +
im Plate ay) Paeure’ 1. Field sparrow's nest and three young with necks outstretched and beaks distended. Pasture illustrated by
}/ figure 2, plate-XXIxX, Near Smothersville, Franklin County, June ; Figure 2. Dickcissel's nest and four eggs. Rose
open field near Shetlerville, Hardin County, June 28,
Plate XVI, Figure 1. Dickcessél's nest and five eggs. Tin-
y field near Galatia, Saline County, June 6, 1907. Figure 2. Dickcessel's nest and four eggs. Tim-
Ovuhy field west of Smothersville, Franklin Comty, June 4, 1907.
\ Plate XVII, Figures 1 and 2. Cardinal Grosbeak's nest and
‘four eggs. Orchard at Benton, Franklin County, June 15, 1907.
Plate XVIII, Figure 1. Migrant shrike's nest and five eggs. Orchard at Benton, Franklin County, June 15, 1907,
Figure 2. Migrant shrike's nest and seven eggs.
Osage Orange tree along roadside near Bondville, Champaign County,
May 17, 1907.
Plate mon, Figure 1. Catbird's nest and three young. Or-
ay Chard neer Benton, Franklin County, June 16, 1907.
"aa 8
By Figure 2. Catbird's nest and two eggs. Orchard g 7 3 it Benton, Franklin County, June 15, 1907.
Plate XX, Figure 1. Brown thrasher's nest and four eggs. Or-
chard at Benton, Franklin County, wae. £55.) 1907.
oe: Figure 2. Robin's nest and three eggs. Orchard ; |
at Benton, Franklin County, June 15, 1907, _ Plate XXI, Figure 1.° Nests of the cliff swallow. Eve of a barn
,
lear Barclay, Sangamon County, July 24, 1907.
: ye yt
By nani «baa es,
Figure 2, Peculiar nesting site of the great crest- ed flycatcher. Parent bird perched at end of cannon. Fort Massac Park, Metropolis, Massac County, June 25, 1907.
Plate XXII, Figure 1. Pasture and feeding ground. Near Carmi, White County, April 11, 1907. | | Figure 2. Saeebinmoar Robinson, Crawford County,
April 5, 1907.
Plate XXIII, Figure 1. Pasture and orchard south of Marion,
Williamson County, June 11, 1907. Figure 2. Timothy field near Smothersville, Frank-
lin County, June 4, 1907. .
Plate XXIV, Figure 1. Fallow growmd (deserted cornfield), near Tamaroa, Perry County, June 19, 1907. Figure 2. Cornfield near Clinton, Dewitt County, July 22, 1907.
Plate XXV, Figure Le Wheat field, near New Frankford, Frenk- lin County, June 10, 1907.
. Figure 2. Hedge fence near Tamaroa, Perry Comty, June 10, 1907. Plate XXVI, Figure 1. Landscape five miles northeast of
Metropolis, Massac County, June 25, 1907, } Figure 2. Pasture and shrubbery near Bluford, Jef= ferson County, June 14, 1907, . | Plate XXVII, Figure 1. Landscape along the Ohio River three miles west of Cave-in-Rock, Hardin County, July 1, 1907. Figure 2. Landscape four miles west of ghetler-
‘
ville, Hardin County, June 26, (1907,
bie CFD 5 +, 2 :
F . ets ant. aloe 00ot Cl ante ceinagE : Piokyr yfomit | r ; r ag HORE ja onus ites poy woth. ta Li orem ye: eg | t oleh cee P ra id wo than hfes% gAeny 7.0 ane STOR: ‘ bs rat on - ; i Tt. aay ; ' corto ae [ ~ tes erent ee me rianyte 7 SOME ahs hee te i s iy on hte. se ab fe : ; , z bat Moet ie “i Ri tise X cress Wb oad er {CORE _ 7 eS es very.
Plate XXVIII, Figure 1. Orchard near Mount Vernon, Jefferson
‘
County, June 14, 1907.
Old orchard near Thompsonville, Frank-
Figure 2.
lin Comty, June 5, 1907.
Plate XXIX, Figure 1. Pasture grown up to sassafras, near Golconda, Pope County, June 28, 1907. |
Pasture near Smothersville, Franklin
Figure Re “county, June 4, 1907.
Plate XXX, Figure 1. Clearing grown up to sprouts, near Ben-
ton, Franklin County, June 10, 1907.
Figure 2.
Woodland, near Metropolis, Massac County,
wune 25, 1907.
é
Plate XXXI, Figure 1. Swampy timber, near DuQuoin, Perry
County, Jue 20, 1907.
Figure 2.
Swamp, near Bonnie, Jefferson County,
- 1s, 1907.
Plate XXXII, Figure 1. Bottomland of the Ohio River, above Metropolis, Massac County, June 25, 1907.
Figure 2,
Small marsh, within the city limits of Marion, Williamson County, June 2, 1907. |
: Plate XXXIII, Figure 1, "Spring in the woods," near Mount Carmel, Wabash County, April 9, 1907.
Figure 2, Indian Creek, near Lawrenceville, Law-=
rence Beaty, April 8, LgOF .
XXXIV, Figure 1. Beech timber, near Olive Branch, Alexander County, December 31, 1907.
Figure 2,
Giant beech tree, at Horse-shoe Lake ,
i] eer County, January 2; 1908.
r - - ' © pe % i Metis i : ae) ve ; Poof at ea vee 4 ¢ ’ <
“ie y a
. elas 4 fo: atone Son lope ae a a : ee
' ” a ah
| | om ae repli | gt eet i
: P k nae ee ough
wut eeeOe rit > rege pel es th ix oot i
ti we +) ee : aie
Pe 7: |
i> PT tear ot feed 2-185 TO. tos
: 4% ib iat ah ER 38 wit
“7
Plate XXXV, Figure u Highland timber, near Christopher, | pranklin County, June 20, 1907. Figure 2. Woodland, near Marion, Williamson County, June il, 1907. Plate XXXVI, Figure le Tree containing numerous branches of
mistletoe, near Grand Tower, Jackson County, December 28, 1907.
Figure 2. Dense timber and bluffs, at Running Lake,
Union County, December 27, 1907.6
Plate XXXVII, Figure 1. Horse~shoe Lake, near Olive Branch, Alexandcr County, January 1, 2903.
Figure 2. Cypress and knees at Horse-shoe Lake,
Alexander County, January 1, 1908.
Plate XXXVIII, Figure le Cypress swamp, at Horse-snoe Lake, | Alexander County, January 1, 1908. Figure 2. Forest, at the margin of Running Lake, | union County, December 27, 1907. Plate XXXIX, Figures 1 and 2: Views of cypress swamp, at
é
| Horse-shoe Lake, Union county, January 2, 1907.
Plate XL, Figures 1 and 2. Interior of low, wet woods con- | taining a dense second growth of timber. Figure 1, near Rosebud, "|| pope County, June 26; Figure 2, near Mulkeytowm, Franklin County, || tune 20, 1907.
| Plate XLI, Figure 7 Dense timber and shrubbery, near Rosebud» | Pope County, June 26, 1907.
T| = Figure 2, Dense forest, along the Ohio River near
| Cave-in-Rock, Hardin County, July 1, 1907,
Plate XLII, Figure 1. Back=bone Ridge. At Grand Tower, Jackson | |
" )
at |County, December 25, 1907.
re | feat i: nt
nl * y
ans
ee ethe tm . : Seika teak ms.
fl A 4 we
Pagure 2. Cliff with Big Bay Creek valley in the
| background, near Brownfield, Pope County, June 27, 1907.
; Plate XLIII, Figure i. Oven Rock, near Grand Tower, Jackson : County, December 25, 1907. RPigure 2. Cliff and shrubbery along the Ohio River, | at a Hardin County , july 1, LOOT. | Plate XLIV, Figure 1. Roadway leading through the dense tim= | ber over the hills seen in the background of figure 2. Figure 2. Wooded hills near Shetlerville, Hardin County, June 29, 1907. Plate XLV, Figure 1. Oak tree with clusters of mistletoe, } near Eldorado, Saline County 5 February 21, 1907. Figure 2e A brook in the forest near Rosebud, Pope = - 264 1907 , Figure 3. Cypress swamp, near Reevesville, Johnson County, February 13, 1907. . Figure 4, _White-oak timber near Brookport, Massac County, February 11, 1907. Plate XLVI, Figure 1. Timber on Williams Mountain, near | Hartsville, Pope County, February 19, 1907. " Figure 2. Vomball's mountain, near Somerset, Saline County, February 19, 1907. Figures 3 and 4, Partially deforested timber lands, | along the Ohio River between Metropolis and Brookport, Massac
’
| County, February ll, 1907,
“ . at a7 . if oye ( cay ote oa 70 -
mre Wiehe
Ale “ps
Ae | fe Ns Maiti! Bees ies re as net aie rhe 4 det a OR oo. Se , J icartite Pe pie ae 8 4 TORLs ot. | yteorou dint nest eri oe ey “ere MT et Hone & a yitiw Burxt. ao ne siinii «7 Nat virgo eehhae, z 4%} ‘ Loortd a ~ Ahab 7 aM tie oF , Cee SeeT ee eile Bi, Ci Me aa Pay. ad etm tah LA tw tho "Gta gd row Ripa. | Sa at St toe’ Tet ae ate mi hie Be feet sen nodited. *
F §
~ 96 ey ae ‘ ‘ or dG ) ‘ Pi we - -
7 Plate XLVIII, Figures 1 to 4. Cypress swamp, between Round ‘Knob, Massac county ,and eveoriiis . Johnson County, February 13,
1907 e 7 : plate XLIX, Figure le Shrubbery and second growth timber by clearing in the dense forest along the Saline River southeast of
Harrisburg, Saline County, June 7, 1907, Tropic-like vegetation along the Saline
Figure Ze
- Fuiie 7, 1907,
Sag ee ep Oo
0 f Lee
awn Ltmeee - yA ue
af ; oat i } oh x ' } : iby wah ee, tebe ‘ i.’ Ne,
A h
er ee fe fu Py , tte a To ay jot Niel ky + Tone \ ri . * m3 : f 1 i ) to nf a ati ay Cd Wie ora ia say ee ; “ A rT a rt My a Ne Le TAC ’ i 3 i y . \< 4”, Z 5 t 4 hi i : bined t ys we W a - ' i % r) d mo ; / 4 * ’ eres * Liv i ; ' + ; ti i 4 ‘ " « i) a fe Wi Bole aT. a dla i : Bi ke Ae j om , ah ete ear ”
PLATE I
4 y Re ae
il |
ah. ban ‘ i: v MT ‘+ i i ¥ t ths ” i “" ae if ‘ baw i ; i i 4 4 © vy ¢, Wye } 4 vn) ui 4 d! , i \ b: i Hi rik " 4 mn . 1 . 4 4 ‘ ‘ ‘ a i ' i { ' fh ‘ 4 “ ‘ ' i '
ia
“a9 he a +
Ae
“bint
PLATE ID
. mone * Dek itae haa eA Aig ye al au opty “A Wy
Aly aaa we (epi ity ‘ at 4 ! Lit fal 1 EMA) . i A i ' U i ae ty) A aaron ae Paar! fy tly-sVueahh bots ens | ay ate \ i, ri Ps A Won As i: hou me H , f' y , y T i fi os Ps api (ay ior | 4 enya se ip 4 ; i j ay ie 1 , rary ih Fi r sa Sahat , Cts ‘ reat) Wn i te Diet ! Fat {ee Beiovr ys Oe Ty, : uh MP vine ae | ene JN aie by Ny I 4 il 4 9 j a f ‘ t ’ ‘ ¥ Te Lill: i t
- ‘ ] ea A i yf i t Yi ‘ V “a ih " : Log an a, Wy r * i } ie & Ny , * i } tA f ’ « y bath) j 4 si . Ae iyi q Anh Ge \ } ‘ i i I ‘ , ‘ i q 4 j \ ws ' } i ‘ , f f ie ‘ i “4 : ‘i i Hi 4 +f rl i vy ° i teh bh ‘ i | i a a ares i , 1; eo r i P ‘ . - \ L i " vip. H ; ’ r iW } 1 eee ie rf wi , fh uN ‘ teh, . ; ALS ee dah (del d p mm P f y bd " ‘ ’ » Li od ihe ta 4 1 ) ’ 7 5 ‘ Nida Hy Nt) ae 7 EG) ny ' i i ¥ a SaLe Ha \ - ~ —
PLATE III
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HNOIS.
PLATE IV
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‘PLATE V
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PN the Mi se amet gh NB iw 9 ea oem pr: wiley wy ", at adhe he ae # v i
f nya 4 L * id -
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PLATE VI
PLATE VII
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‘PLATE IX
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PLATE XI
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PLATE XVI
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PLATE XVII
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7 . ‘ iW e be mh . § % Wy, 1 ; .. z d PAS r ‘ i . da mp Mr j Bi f e . ‘ ~ , on . Y bi 7 ih i 4 ip ti) ial fi it. hae Pa | a H A * .
PLATE XVIII
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PLATE XIX
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ATE XXV
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‘PLATE XXXI
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PLATE XXXVI
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PLATE XIIX
WANINING
DOSAOS sae s NAY I. GROSGRIONGSGSGLINGS TANTO ISIS ASA NU NUNORO NONE ONOIND
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