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LONDON
NATURALI ST

cCke {Journal of

THE LONDON NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR

1938.

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DATE OF PUBLICATION, MAY 1939.

London Natural History Society.

Founded 1358.

Officers for 1938.

Offices in the Society and its Sections are Honorary.

Honorary President:

Prof. Sir F. GOWLAND HOPKINS, O.M., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.

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LONDON NATURALIST.

PLATE I, I93S.

Photo, by J. E. S. Dallas .

THE CRESTED BUCKLER FERN.
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The

LONDON

NATURALIST

TTAe /Journal of

THE LONDON NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR

1938.

PUBLISHED BY THE

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CONTENTS.

All Ornithological matter , other than the Annual lieport of the Ornitho¬
logical Section and articles forming part of the Survey of Limpsfield
Common , will he found in The London Bird JReport.

PAGE

The London Naturalist,

The Distribution of the Grey Squirrel in the London Area —
R. S. R. Fitter,

Mammal, etc., Recording in 1938 — R. S. R. Fitter,
Archaeological Inspections — G. J. B. Fox,

The Crested Buckler Fern — L. G. Payne,

Botanical Records for 1938 — R. W. Robbins, ... ... ,..

Plant Gall Records in 1938 — H. J. Burkill, ...

Neurotcrus schlechtendali Mayr. — J. Ross,

Entomological Notes; and Records: —

Lepidoptera of a London Garden, fifty years ago — R. W.
Robbins,

Hymenoptera from S. Cornwall — K. M. Guichard,

British Butterflies in 1938 — H. J. Burkill,

Coleoptera near London — F. D. Buck,

The Invertebrate Fauna of Hyde Park and Kensington Gar¬
dens — C. L. Collenette, ...

The House Spider, Tegenaria atrica Koch — C. H. R. Thomas,
Parasites of Spiders — G. H. Locket,

5

6

19

20
29

31

32
36

40

41
43
47

43

50

The Survey of Limpsfield Common : —

The Preservation of Limpsfield Common — W. G. Sheldon,

A Vegetation Map, and some preliminary ecological notes — -
C. P. Castell,

Mycetozoa — J. Ross,

The Flora (vrith tables) — R. W. Robbins,

Hymenoptera Aculeata — K. M. Guichard,

A Winter Census of the Birds— P. W. E. Currie,

Notes on the Breeding Birds — P. W. E. Currie,

Council's Report, 1938,

Librarian’s Report, 1938, ...

Sectional Reports, 1938 : —

Archaeology,

B o t a n *v ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Ecology, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Entomology,

Ornithology,

53

55

61

62
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80

83

84

85

86

87

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89

4

CONTENTS.

Plant Galls, . 91

Geology, 92

Rambler^, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 92

Chingford Branch, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 93

Referees, . 94

Papers Read to the Society, ... ... ... ... ... ... 97

Annual Accounts, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 99

List of Members, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 101

LONDON UNIVERSITY.

CERTIFICATE OF PROFICIENCY IN NATURAL HISTORY.

The University has just instituted a Certificate of Proficiencv in
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be of special value in teaching it to children up to the age of fifteen.
Particulars on application to the University Extension Registrar,
University of London, The Senate House, W.C.l.

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

5

The London Naturalist.

The London Naturalist and its supplement The London Bird Beport
are published annually, and provide a record of the activities of the
Society during the year.

Contributions are welcomed from members of the Society on any
topic of Natural History, and — space permitting — from non-members
on any matter concerning the Society’s Area. The “ London Area,”
for the purposes of the Society, is that area which lies within a radius
of twenty miles from St Paul’s Cathedral, and includes the whole of
the county of Middlesex.

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6

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The Distribution of the Grey Squirrel
in the London Area.

By R. S. R. Fitter, F.Z.S.

rjlHE Grey Squirrel ( Scinrus carolinensis Gmelin) is now an outlaw in
this country. A native of North America, it has been introduced
into the British Isles at some thirty-five different points since 1876, and
wherever it has become at all common has proved injurious to plant and
bird life. So far as is known, all the Grey Squirrels released in this
country have been of the subspecies, Sciurus c. leucotus Gapper. which
inhabits the North-Eastern United States and South-Eastern Canada.
On July 31, 1937, the Grey Squirrels (Prohibition of Importation and
Keeping) Order, 1937, came into force, applying the provisions of the
Destructive Imported Animals Act, 1932, to the Grey Squirrel. This
signifies that it is the declared policy of the Ministry of Agriculture to
exterminate this recent addition to our fauna, though there is at present
no intention of waging an official war on it.

FOOD.

The Grey Squirrel is omnivorous. It has been recorded as having
eaten an astounding variety of substances, from growing wheat and
unripe walnuts to birds’ eggs and parts of leaden statues. Its staple
diet seems to be such vegetable matter as bark (particularly of syca¬
more), shoots, nuts, fruit and bulbs, but there can be no doubt that in
the season it is partial to the eggs and young of birds. A. D. Middle-
ton (13) lists fifteen different kinds of bird, ranging in size from domes¬
tic fowls to nuthatches, whose eggs the Grey Squirrel has been known
to take, and eight birds on whose young it has preyed. One cannot help
feeling that it is the fact that the Grey Squirrel occasionally eats the
eggs and young of game-birds that makes the outcry against it in cer¬
tain quarters so strong, but it cannot seriously be maintained that an
animal is a national menace just because it interferes with the recrea¬
tion of a small class of individuals.

Nor is there any real evidence that our song-birds are in danger on
account of the Grey Squirrel’s thieving proclivities. As Middleton (13)
pertinently observes, “in such an area as Wychwood Forest there is no
reason why the Grey Squirrel could not exterminate the entire resident
bird population in the course of one breeding season, but the enormous
squirrel population of Wychwood does not appear to have reduced the
birds to any noticeable extent.” Moreover, in most areas the Grey
Squirrel has replaced the Red Squirrel, and the Red Squirrel, as some
of its more sentimental champions seem to forget, is just as arrant an
egg-thief as the Grey.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GREY SQUIRREL IN THE LONDON AREA.

The real gravamen of the charge against the Grey Squirrel, there¬
fore, must rest on the damage it does to agriculture, and especially to
forestry. As already mentioned, the Grey Squirrel eats almost any kind
of vegetable matter, and anybody who has visited Regent’s Park with
a bag of monkev-nuts can vouch for its taste for those. It mav be of
interest to quote some actual records, collected by F. V. Theobald (20),
of its food in the London area. In the Limpsfield district Grey Squirrels
were reported as having destroyed the young shoots of chestnuts, at¬
tacked ail orchard and been “ injurious to game.” At AVoldingham,
Surrey, they did a good deal of damage to young trees and ate the eggs
of game-birds, at Esher Place they stripped a tree of walnuts, and in
Clievening Park, Kent, they entirely barked the butts of some large
beeches. At Burnham Beeches they have also done considerable damage
by peeling patches of the entire sap-bearing inner bark (13). Moreover,
they are not the sort of animals to be encouraged in the neighbourhood
of ripe fruit or nuts. In Kew Gardens, according to Sir Arthur Hill (9),
many hundreds of lead tree-labels have been torn to shreds by Grey
Squirrels. Further records of the food of the Grey Squirrel in the Lon¬
don area include eating haws in Hampton Court Park (3), and small
mammals out of traps in the Mill Hill district (4), and attacking a
mistle thrush’s nest at the Zoo (3).

There is clearly a good case to be made out for exterminating a
creature that is such a pest to the gardener and forester, especially as it
has been gratuitouslv introduced from abroad. Nevertheless, the letter
from the Chairman of the Forestrv Commission in The Times of July 9,
1937, warns us to keep a proper sense of proportion. The Commissioners
had found, he said, that the Grey Squirrel was “ of far less importance
than at least half-a-dozen other wild animals, including the Red Squir¬
rel, which has done widespread damage, particularly in the pinewoods
of the north-east of Scotland. Foresters, who have in anv event to
swallow the camel, Oryctolcigus cuniculus , are not likely to strain at the
gnat, Sciurus carolinensi-s T ’ Other landowners, however, as later cor¬
respondence showed, were inclined to rank the Grey Squirrel higher
as a forestry pest, and it has to be remembered that most of the Forestry
Commissioners’ land is purely coniferous, and as yet largely outside the
range of the Grey Squirrel.

HABITAT.

In contrast to the Red Squirrel, which is essentially a denizen of
coniferous woods and forests, the Grey Squirrel prefers open woodlands
or parklands, with mainly deciduous trees, and is frequently found for¬
aging in hedgerows far from any woods. Around London there are very
few coniferous woods, but plenty of the deciduous woodland that is the
natural habitat of the Grey Squirrel in America, and this is probably
explains how the Grey Squirrel has succeeded in overrunning practically
the whole of the Home Counties, while the Red Squirrel has experienced
great difficulty in recovering its lost ground after its disastrous decline
in numbers early in the century.

° THE LONDON NATURALIST.

INTRODUCTION TO THE LONDON AREA.

We are fortunate in being able to follow fairly closely and accurately
the introduction and spread of the Grey Squirrel in the London area,
thanks to the labours of Boyd Watt, Middleton, and Theobald. Boyd
Watt’s surveys of 1915 and 1923 (22, 23) throw valuable light on the
earl\ period, and Theobald s paper (20) tells us most of what we know
about the squirrels of Kent and Surrey up to 1926. Middleton’s four
papers (13, 15, 16, 17) are invaluable, and I am much indebted to him
and to Mr Charles Elton of the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford
for permission to make use of the records collected in the nation-wide
Grey Squirrel surveys of 1934-35 and 1936-37.

So far as I have been able to discover, the Grey Squirrel was intro¬
duced at five or six points within the 20-mile radius of St Paul’s Cathe¬
dral, between 1890 and 1916, and at one place outside it sufficientlv near
to affect the area. These are listed below in Table I, while in Tables II
and III will be found the dates of the first known occurrences of Grev
Squirrels at various points within the area. Apart from one or two
isolated cases in Cheshire and Nottinghamshire in or before 1880. the
veritable mania for setting loose Grey Squirrels that overtook British
landowners and American visitors to this country between 1890 and 1920
maA be said to have begun with the release of five specimens in Bushv
Park, Middlesex, in 1890, by Mr G. S. Page of New Jersey. These ap¬
parently failed to establish themselves, for when the Office of Works was
asked in 1923 when Grey Squirrels were first seen in that park, the
date “ about 1903 ” was given (23). At all events there is no direct
evidence of their survival. With the main introduction of Grey Squir¬
rels at Woburn, Bedfordshire, also in 1890, we need not concern our¬
selves, as it is almost certain that the northern parts of our area were
populated by squirrels spreading up the Colne Valley from Farnham
Royal, or out from Central London, and not from Woburn.

The continuous history of the Grey Squirrel in the London area,
then, begins with the release of 100 animals at Kingston Hill, adjoin-
ing Richmond Park, by another American in 1902, or possiblv a little
later. It seems probable that the squirrels seen in Bushy Park about
1903 came from Kingston Hill, which is only two or three miles awav.
At all events, we can safely assume that all the Grey Squirrels subse¬
quently seen in this part of Surrey and the adjoining parts of South
Middlesex came from this important nucleus. In May 1908 two pairs
v ere brought from V oburn and released in Kew Gardens, where thev
helped to swell the rapidly increasing Grey Squirrel population of the
district.

Meanwhile, in 1905 and the two succeeding years 91 Grev Squirrels
were brought from Woburn to the London Zoo, and released there, soon
spreading into the adjoining Regent’s Park. In 1908 and 1909 a num¬
ber of Grey Squirrels from America and one from South Africa were
released at Farnham Royal, Bucks, about two miles west of the edge of
the area and according to Capt. C. W. R. Knight a number were set free
at Sevenoaks, which is just on the boundarv, about 1911. The setting

THE DISTRIBUTION OE THE GREY SQUIRREL IN THE LONDON AREA.

9

The large ringed figures indicate the year in which Grey Squirrels were intro¬
duced at the places marked and the smaller figures the year in which Grey

Squirrels were first seen at places marked.

. indicates a county boundary.

- indicates the boundary of the area occupied by Grey Squirrels up to

1920.

- indicates the boundary of the area occupied by Grey Squirrels up to

1930.

- indicates the boundary of the area occupied by Grey Squirrels up to

1938.

SPREAD OF THE GREY SQUIRREL IN THE LONDON AREA.

10

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

loose of a few Grey Squirrels in Kensington Gardens in the autumn of
1914, mentioned by Boyd Watt, was probably not of great importance,
as they seem to have appeared there already about six years earlier.
Front the presence of Grey Squirrels in the Chislehurst-Bickley area at
least as early as 1916, and the absence as late as 1926 of any apparent
connection of this area with the lines of advance from Sevenoaks or
Richmond, it seems possible that there was an unrecorded introduc¬
tion here about this time. No records were kept of the number of
squirrels sent from Woburn to be put down in various parts of the
country, and there are probably several other unrecorded introduc¬
tions. On the other hand, cases are known of a pair or a family of
squirrels migrating for 10 or 20 miles, then settling down to form a new
colony, and this may be an example of such a movement.

It will be best to deal with the spread of the Grey Squirrel to its
present position of occupying practically the whole London area by
taking each point of introduction in turn.

Richmond Park — Kew Gardens. — So far as we can tell, all the Sur¬
rey part of our area west of a line drawn from Croydon to Reigate,
together with parts of South Middlesex, were colonised from here.
Very soon after their release at Kingston Hill in 1902 Grey Squirrels
seem to have been noticed in Bushy Park, but it is curious that they
do not appear to have been noted at the adjoining Hampton Court until
about 1916. In 1909 one was seen at Molesey? and before 1911 they were
quite common in the grounds of Manresa House. Roehampton. which
adjoins Richmond Park. One was seen at East Twickenham in 1914,
and it was suggested that some had been brought there from Regent’s
Park. This, though possible, sounds rather like a suggestion by some¬
body who did not know they had been set free as near as Kingston Hill.
By 1915 Grey Squirrels were very common in Kew Gardens, and were
said to do little harm to the trees, apart from eating nuts and cones,
often unripe, removing a little bark from trees such as Sequoia semper-
virens for nest-building and gnawing leaden garden-labels (22). In
Richmond Park they ate a quantity of St George’s mushrooms in the
spring of 1913 (22). By January 1923 there were estimated to be 150
to 200 Grey Squirrels in Richmond Park and about 15 at Hampton
Court (23).

LTp to the beginning of the War, the squirrels do not seem to have
spread beyond a fairly limited area between Roehampton and Molesey,
but thereafter they advanced more rapidly, and along three main routes,
the valleys of the Mole and Thames and the South London parks and
commons. From Wimbledon they were reported in 1915, from Clapham
Park and Tooting about five years later, from Putney before 1923 and
from Wandsworth and Streatham before 1930. That this line of in¬
vasion did not find the terrain suitable is suggested by the fact that
in Middleton's 1934-35 and 1936-37 surveys no Grey Squirrels were re¬
ported in the south-west suburbs further east- than Southfields. though
in the Richmond-Kew-Wimbledon-Putney area they were reported by 26
different observers at this period.

THE DISTRIBUTION OE THE GREY SQUIRREL IN THE LONDON AREA. 11

The first evidence of spread along the Mole Valley was the Molesey
record of 1909, which was followed by one from Arbrook, near Claygate,
about 1918, and one from Leatherhead about 1920. A Grey Squirrel
seen at Tadworth about 1920 probably also came from the Kingston Hill
stock. About 1924 a Grey Squirrel was seen at Great Bookham, before
1926 they were in Chessington, Cobliam, Esher, and Surbiton, and be¬
fore 1930 at Epsom. Up the Thames there were records from Walton
in 1915, from Weybridge before 1921, and from St Ann’s Hill, C’hertsey,
before 1923. One seen at Wisley, just outside the area, in 1925, may
either have come up the Wey Valley or across country from the Mole.

South Middlesex is largely flat, treeless, and agricultural, and so
unsuitable for Grey Squirrels, but it was originally colonised from the
Richmond-Kew area, and may be considered here. Boyd Watt saw a
squirrel actually swimming the Thames near Eel-Pie Island in 1923.
For some years the squirrels did not get any further than the Hampton-
Twickenham area, and it was not until some time before 1926 that there
was a record from Syon House. By 1934-37, however, they had extended
their range to Osterley, ITanworth, Sunbury. Sliepperton, and Laleham.
There still seems to be a large area between these places and Tver, Ux¬
bridge, Eastcote, Harrow, and Hanger Hill which is not yet colonised
by Grey Squirrels, largely because of the unsuitable nature of the
country.

Kent. — In Kent the early position is rather obscure. Before 1911
Grey Squirrels were reported from Greenwich and Deptford, and since
then there have been very few records from the more built-up parts of
suburban Kent. The two 1911 squirrels must have been either wander¬
ers from Richmond or Regent’s Parks, or isolated attempts at introduc¬
tion. About 1911, on the evidence of Capt. C. W. R. Knight, some were
set loose near Sevenoaks, and in 1913 they were reported from the dis¬
trict between there and Wresterham. In 1915 there is a doubtful record
from Chislehurst, and in the following year two definite ones from Bick-
ley, which possibly represent a distinct and hitherto unrecorded centre
of introduction. The Sevenoaks squirrels spread along the foot of the
Downs and up the chalk valleys, being reported from Chelsham before
1918, from Brasted before 1919, from the Caterham Valley about 1920,
from W7arlingham in 1921, from Woldingham and Limpsfield before

1926. and from Nutfield in 1929. The Bickley centre provided definite
records from Chislehurst and Keston before 1923 and from Hayes before

1927.

In 1926, when Theobald (20) collected records of Grey Squirrel dis¬
tribution in the south-eastern counties, the Sevenoaks squirrels had
spread right down the Darent Valley as far as Horton Kirby, and
up on the hills on each side to Chevening, Kemsing, Crockenhill. South-
fleet, and as far as Northfleet on the Thames estuary. In many of these
places they were described as “ abundant and harmful.”

By the time Middleton came to collect further records in 1934-35 and
1936-37 the Grey Squirrels from the three centres south of the Thames
(Richmond-Kew, Sevenoaks, Chislehurst-Bickley) had spread to such an
extent that there were no longer any distinct territories, and prac-

12

THE LONDON NATURALIST

tically the whole area south of the river, except for the inner built-up
parts, was fairly thickly populated with Grey Squirrels. Only the strip
along the Thames estuary in Kent, which has not much suitable country,
produced no records, and even that may have been due to a lack of
observers. The places nearest London where Grey Squirrels were seen
during 1934-37 were Putney, Southfields, Carshalton, Croydon, Dulwich
Wood, Beckenham, and Sidcup.

llegent's Park. — Three batches of Grey Squirrels were brought from
Woburn to the Zoological Gardens in Regent’s Park and released there,
5 in 1905, 36 in 1906, and 50 in 1907. It was not long before they were
spreading outwards, for the first record from Hampstead was in 1908,
and they appeared in Hyde Park about the same time, and in St. John’s
Wood before 1911. By 1913 Grey Squirrels were said to be commoner
than their red congeners in Hampstead, and there was a doubtful re¬
cord from Coldfall Wood, a mile and a half further north (7). In or be¬
fore 1915 they were seen at Golders Hill, Ken Wood, Highgate, and
Waterlow Park, and seem thoroughly to have colonised the surround¬
ings of Hampstead Heath (22). At the same time they were reported
to be disappearing in Regent’s Park, “ possibly from an excessive pro¬
duction of males,” though Boyd Watt saw ten or a dozen along the
Broad Walk in five minutes in November 1914 (22). By 1923 there were
estimated to be about 250 Grey Squirrels in Regent’s Park and about 20
in Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens (23). Grey Squirrels soon
started appearing in squares and gardens all over Inner London, such
as Kensington Square (1917), Earl’s Court (1920), Euston Square (before
1923), Queen Square, Bloomsbury (before 1926), Woburn Square (before
1926), and Russell Square (before 1930). In March 1935 I saw one
emerging from a drey in the south-west corner of Russell Square.

Eastwards the Regent’s Park squirrels seem to have spread rather
sporadically, and not to have secured a firm foothold east of the River
Lea until as late as 1936. As early as 1917 one wanderer was seen at
Wanstead, and there was a record from Clissold Park before 1923. Three
records from the edge of Epping Forest before 1923 suggest an early
unsuccessful effort to colonise it, one from Gaynes Park to the east of
Epping in 1921, one from Loughton and a doubtful one from Chingford.
Northwards the spread of the Grey Squirrel from Central London meets
another line of invasion from the Colne Valiev, and it will be useful to
consider these two together.

Farnham lloyal. — A number of Grey Squirrels were released at Farn-
ham Royal, a mile or two outside our area, in 1908 and 1909. They were
reported from Stoke Poges, still outside the area, in 1916, but not
until 1919, when one was seen in Oxhey Wood, Herts, do we find any
record inside the area which can be attributed to this stock. The Grey
Squirrels seen at Harefield in 1921 and at Bushey Heath before 1927
had also probably come up the Colne Valley, but one at Hendon before
1923 was almost certainly from Hampstead, as were squirrels at Edg-
ware and Enfield in 1928, at Whetstone before 1929, and at Hadley be¬
fore 1930. A record from Little Berkhampstead, between Hatfield and

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GREY SQUIRREL IN THE LONDON AREA.

13

Hertford, in 1926 is more difficult to assign, but one at Rickmansworth
before 1930 was certainly from the Farnham centre.

Thus by 1930 most of the country between the Lea and the Colne
as far south as Harefield was already thinly populated with Grey Squir¬
rels. The Middleton surveys of 1934-37 found them established every¬
where between the Lea Valley and the western perimeter of the area,
as far south as the line Iver-Uxbridge-Eastcote-Harrow-Hanger-Hill
already mentioned. It is no longer possible to separate out the terri¬
tories of the Central London and Farnham Royal stocks, though neither
appear yet to have joined up with the stocks originating south of the
river. In the suburbs there were more records of squirrels in the Fincli-
ley-Barnet-Southgate area than elsewhere, but this may well have been
due to a concentration of observers in this area.

East of the River Lea the situation was very different. It seems
probable that the treeless river valley, with its many reservoirs and
glasshouses, itself formed quite a considerable barrier, for otherwise
Epping Forest appears to be an eminently suitable Grey Squirrel habi¬
tat. The full story of the invasion of Epping Forest by the Grey
Squirrels has already been told in The London Naturalist (12), so that
Fere there can be only a summary. The Grey Squirrels previously re¬
corded from Essex appear to have been only wanderers, which did not
stav to breed, but the one that crossed the Lea at Rovdon in 1933 was
the first of a more successful invading army. During Middleton’s 1934-35
survey the only Essex record was from Snaresbrook, though one from
Waltham Cross was only just over the boundary. In December 1935,
however, a pair were located in Bury Wood, Epping Forest. By 1936-37
Grey Squirrels were as well established in the Forest as anywhere else
in the London area, and had appeared at Nazeing, a mile or two north
of the Forest. The sector of Essex between the Forest and the
Thames estuary still, however, appears to be free of the pest, and there
is no evidence yet that it is spreading anywhere in Essex outside Epp¬
ing Forest, much of the country being unsuitable for it.

THE PRESENT POSITION.

The present status of the Grey Squirrel round London is thus that of
a common resident over the greater part of the area. Only in Essex
outside Epping Forest, in a strip of South Middlesex westwards of
Hounslow and Feltham, along the Thames estuary in Kent, and in
parts of the eastern and southern suburbs, is it still unknown. Even in
Central London it seems to appear wherever there are a few trees and
plants for it to live on. Some idea of its numbers can be gained from
the fact that in Kew Gardens, which are now said to be almost free of
them, some 4000 Grey Squirrels have been shot since 1917 (9). In
the other Royal Parks the order to shoot Grey Squirrels went out in
1930, and a similar decision was taken by the London County Council
respecting Grey Squirrels in the open spaces under their control in 1931.
In Richmond Park, where 2100 were shot in 1932-37, 300 of them in
1936 (2), the Grey Squirrel population is still estimated at five to ten
pairs, and on the adjoining Wimbledon Common over 200 were shot in

14

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

the last few months of 1937. In the Central Parks (Hyde, Green and
St James’s Parks, and Kensington Gardens) 170 Grey Squirrels were
shot within a few weeks of the issue of the order in 1930, since when
only an odd specimen or two has been seen. In 1938 only one Grey
Squirrel was seen in Kensington Gardens, and it may be taken that
the Grey Squirrel has definitely been exterminated from the Central
Parks. In Regent’s Park not more than about six Grey Squirrels a
year are now seen and destroyed, and in Greenwich Park only two
have been shot since 1932. In the L.C.C. open spaces some 300-400
Grey Squirrels were shot annually between 1932 and 1937, and during
the year ended September 30, 1938, they were only found on four of
the open spaces under the Council’s control, 293 being shot, as follows :
Hampstead open spaces, 132; Marble Hill, Twickenham, 58; Becken¬
ham Place Park, 102; Castlewood, Jackwood, etc., 1.

GREY V. RED.

The question of the relationship between the Red Squirrel and the
Grey Squirrel seems to arouse the strongest passions, and the legend of
the “ wicked ” grey exterminating the red is a flagrant piece of post
hoc propter hoc reasoning. Middleton, in his very fair discussion of
it (14) concludes that the Red Squirrel, by reason of the elimination of
nearly all its natural enemies, such as martens and wild cats, had be¬
come extremely common in most parts of the country by 1900, not only
m its natural habitat of coniferous woods, but also in mixed and
deciduous woodlands. At about the turn of the century, when the
Grey Squirrel was only just beginning to find its feet in a few restricted
areas, there ensued among the Red Squirrel population one of those
catastrophic epidemics to which wild animals are periodically subject,
and which seem to be brought on by over-population, and within two
decades the Red Squirrel was accounted a rarity over a large part of
the country. It became just as scarce in those parts of the country
where there were no Grey Squirrels as around London, where the new¬
comers were common. In the New Forest, for example, where only one
Grey Squirrel was reported in the 1934-34 survey, the annual bag of
Red Squirrels fell from 2281 in 1889 to 35 in 1927. The most violent
partisan of the Red Squirrel must acquit the Grey of any blame for
that.

There remains the charge against the Grey Squirrel of actually at¬
tacking and driving out the Red in some places, of which there are
now many well-authenticated records. What seems to have happened
is that the Grey Squirrel, whose natural habitat is in deciduous wood¬
lands, has taken possession of the niche in the British fauna left vacant
by the decline of the Red, and is resisting the efforts of the remaining
Reds to regain their lost ground, which is in any case not their normal
habitat. In many places, especially where there are no Grey Squirrels,
the Red Squirrel is increasing again, and the next few years may well
see the final struggle between the two Squirrels for possession of the-
deciduous wood habitat. If the Grey wins, as it very possibly will,
it remains to be seen whether it will challenge the Red on the Red’s-

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GREY SQUIRREL IN THE LONDON AREA.

15

own ground, the coniferous forests of the north. Thus, though the
Grey Squirrel cannot justly be blamed for the great decline in the Red
Squirrel population, which was almost entirely due to disease, it is
probably responsible for the slowness of the recovery of the Red after
the epidemic, and may well prevent it from regaining its former posi¬
tion in the deciduous woodlands.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE RED SQUIRREL ROUND LONDON.

A few notes on the distribution of the Red Squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris
leucourus , Verr.) in the London area may be of interest. In the Victoria
County Histories at the beginning of the century it was described as
common in the wooded parts of Kent, Surrey, Essex, and Hertfordshire.
In February, 1902, one was seen on Clapton Common (28) the date
rather suggesting it may have been an escape. In 1903 it was said to*
be not common at Harrow, but nests were seen at Oxhey in that year (37).
It was said to occur at Kitchener’s Meads, St Albans, in 1904 (30),
and was still regarded as “ fairly abundant ” in St Albans district by
Oldham in 1911 (36). In Kew Gardens it was common in Queen’s
Cottage grounds and the Arboretum in 1906 (33) and was apparently
still plentiful in 1917 (40). In Richmond Park Red Squirrels were
stated to be not numerous in 1909 (29), and occasionally appeared on
Wimbledon Common (32). In 1917, however, they were said to be
“abundant ” in Richmond Park (40), and in 1919 were reported as
often seen, even in October, November, February, and March, but
decreasing (38). In the Wandle Valley they were said to be “ common
in woods ” in 1914 (31), and at Hayes and Keston, Kent, “ not
uncommon ” in 1909 (41). On Hampstead Heath and in Ken Wood,
both Red and Grey Squirrels appear to have been common in 1913 (7).
According to Beaded, Red Squirrels were once abundant in the
Chelsham-Warlingham district, and were much persecuted, organised
weekly Squirrel hunts being held (1). They were, however, already
scarce when the Grey Squirrel first appeared in 1918.

Since the War Red Squirrels have almost disappeared from the
London area, except in Epping Forest and the area for a mile or twe
round. The only records I have between 1919 and 1935 are from Abbey
Wood in 1925 (35), and from near Leatherhead (34) and on Wimbledon
Common (27) in 1927. In the past four years, however, the Red Squirrel
seems to have been slowly regaining ground. One or more were seen
in Richmond Park in 1935 (2, 34), in Ken Wood in 1936 and 1937 on at
least four occasions, on Shirley Hills in 1936 and 1938. on Ranmore
Common in 1937, at Cuffley in 1938 (34), and at Kenlev in 1938-39 (39).
It has also been recorded as breeding in Barnthorns Wood, Effingham,
just outside the area, in 1937 (34). Some of these records no doubt
relate to escaped animals, but it seems very unlikelv that thev all do.

Why has Epping Forest remained immune from the disease which
swept the rest of the area, and most of the country? A possible
explanation is to be found in two interesting notes of F. J. Stubbs
■(14, 30). He was of the opinion that the true Red Squirrel was
decreasing in Essex after 1909 and was practically extinct in the western

16

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

part of the county by 1917. About 1910 Mr C. E. Green, an Epping
landowner, purchased a number of Continental Red Squirrels (probably
Sciurus vulgaris vulgaris) in Leadenhall Market and released them on
bis estate, and Stubbs considered that the Red Squirrels to be seen in
Epping Forest in 1917 and 1923 were really of this sub-species. At all
events the Red Squirrel has flourished in Epping Forest and languished
everywhere else, and if the present Epping Red Squirrels really are from
a Continental stock — which it should be fairly easy to prove by shooting
one or two— that would explain how they came to escape the scourge
that decimated the native Red Squirrels.*

SUMMARY.

1. An account is given of the introduction and spread of the Grey
Squirrel in the area within 20 miles of St Paul’s Cathedral, with some
notes on its feeding habits in the area.

2. There is a brief discussion of the relations between the Grey and
Red Squirrel, with some notes on the distribution of the Red Squirrel
in the London area.

TABLE I.

GREY SQUIRREL INTRODUCTIONS IN OR NEAR THE LONDON AREA.

No. Source
intro- of

Year.

County.

Place.

Source.

duced.

information.

1890

Middx.

Bushy Park

U.S.A.

5

6

C. 1902

Surrey

Kingston Hill

(Richmond Park)

U.S.A.

100

13

1905

Middx.

Regent’s Park

Woburn

5

13, 26

1906

Middx.

Regent’s Park

Woburn

36

13

1907

Middx.

Regent’s Park

Woburn

50

13

1908

Surrey

Kew Gardens

Woburn

4

23

1908

Bucks

Farnham Royal

U.S.A.

9

13

1909

Bucks

Farnham Royal

U.S.A.

5

13

1909

Bucks

Farnham Royal

S. Africa

1

13

C. 1911

Kent

Sevenoaks

9

9

23

1914

Middx.

Kensington Gardens

9

9

22

f ? 1915

Kent

Chislehurst-Bickley

?

?

-]

TABLE II.

FIRST OCCURRENCES OF GREY SQUIRRELS IN LONDON AREA,
originating from introduction points south of the Thames, up to 1930.

Year.

County.

a. = ante; c. = circa.

Place. Source of

Information.

C. 1902

Surrey

Kingston Hill

(Richmond Park)

13

C. 1903

Middx.

Bushy Park

23

1908

Surrey

Kew Gardens

23

1909

Surrey

Molesey

22

a. 1911

Surrey

Roehampton

8

a. 1911

Kent

Deptford

25

a. 1911

Kent

Greenwich

25

c. 1911

Kent

Sevenoaks

23

■•Since this was written a Red Squirrel skin picked up in the Forest by Mr
F. J. Johnston in January 1936 has been definitely identified by the British
Museum authorities as S. v. vulgaris. It is hoped to be able to submit
further skins to them to establish the above hypothesis definitely.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GREY SQUIRREL IN THE LONDON AREA.

17

Year.

County.

Place. Source

of Information.

1913

Kent

Sevenoaks-Westerham

13

1914

Middx.

East Twickenham

23

1915

Surrey

Walton-on-Thames

13

1915

Surrey

Wimbledon

11

? 1915

Kent

Chislehurst

22]

1916

Kent

Bickley

13 (two observers)

C. 1916

Middx.

Hampton Court

23

a. 1918

Surrey

Chelsham

1

C. 1918

Surrey

Arbrook

20

a. 1919

Kent

Brasted

13 (two observers)

C. 1920

Surrey

Clapham Park

li

C. 1920

Surrey

Tooting

11

C. 1920

Surrey

Leatherhead

23

C. 1920

Surrey

Caterham Yalley

23

C. 1920

Surrey

Tadworth

13

a. 1921

Surrey

Walton-Weybridge

13

1921

Surrey

Warlingham

13

a. 1923

Surrey

St Ann’s Hill

23

a. 1923

Surrey

Putney

23

a. 1923

Surrey/

Middx.

Eel-Pie Island (swimming river)

23

a. 1923

Kent

Chislehurst

23

a. 1923

Kent

Keston

23

C. 1924

Surrey

Great Bookham

13

1925

Surrey

Wisley (outside area)

20]

a. 1926

Surrey

Surbiton

20

a. 1926

Surrey

Chessington

20

a. 1926

Surrey

Esher

20

a. 1926

Surrey

Cobham

20

a. 1926

Surrey

Chertsey

20

a. 1926

Middx.

Syon House

20

a. 1926

Surrey

Woldingham

20

a. 1926

Surrey

Limpsfield

20

a. 1926

Kent

Chevening

20

a. 1926

Kent

Greatness

20

a. 1926

Kent

Shoreham

20

a.'1926

Kent

Kemsing

20

a. 1926

Kent

Lullingstone

20

a. 1926

Kent

Eynsford

20

a. 1926

Kent

Crockenhill

20

a. 1926

Kent

Horton Kirby

20

a. 1926

Kent

Southfleet

20

a. 1926

Kent

Northfleet

20

a. 1927

Kent

Hayes

13

1929

Surrey

Nutfleld

13

a. 1930

Surrey

Epsom

13

a. 1930

Surrey

Streatham

10

a. 1930

Surrey

Clapham Common

10

a. 1930

Surrey

Wandsworth

10

TABLE III.

FIRST OCCURRENCES OF GREY SQUIRRELS IN LONDON AREA,
originating1 from introduction points north, of the Thames, up to 1930.

a. = ante : c. = circa.

Year. county.
1890 Middx.
1905 Middx,
-c. 1908 Middx.
1908 Middx.

Place. Source of Information.
Bushy Park (died out) 6

Regent’s Park 13, 26

Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens 23

Hampstead 22, 23

18

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Year.

County.

Place. Source of Information.

a. 1911

Middx.

St John’s Wood

25

[ ? 1913

Middx.

Coldfall Wood

7]

22

a. 1915

Middx.

Golder’s Hill

[ 1908

Bucks

Farnham Royal (outside area)

13]

a. 1915

Middx.

Ken Wood

22

a. 1915

Middx.

Highgate

22

a. 1915

Middx.

Waterlow Park

22

[ 1916

1917

Bucks

Middx.

Stoke Poges (outside area)
Kensington Square

13

1917

Essex

Wanstead Park

13

1919

Herts

Oxhey Wood

23

1920

Middx.

Earl's Court

IS

1921

Middx.

Harefield

13

1921

Essex

Gaynes Park

23

a. 1923

Middx.

Hendon

23

a. 1923

Middx.

Euston Square

23

a. 1923

Middx.

Clissold Park

23

a. 1923

Essex

Loughton

23

[ ?a. 1923

Essex

Chingford

19]

a. 1926

Middx.

Bloomsbury, Queen Square

24

a. 1926

Middx.

Woburn Square

20

1926

Herts

Little Berkhampstead

13

a. 1927

Herts

Bushey Heath

13

1928

Middx.

Edgware

13

1928

Middx.

Enfield

13

C. 1929

Middx.

Whetstone

13

a. 1930

Herts

Rickmansworth

13

a. 1930

Middx.

Hadley

13

a. 1930

Middx.

Russell Square

10

1933

Essex

Roydon

12

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.
19.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

GREY SQUIRREL.

BEADELL, A. : Mature Notes of Warlingharn and Chesham, Croydon 1932.

COLLENETTE, C. L. : A History of Richmond Park 1937

COMMITTEE ON BIRD SANCTUARIES IN ROYAL PARKS : Report for 1929

DAWSON, F. L. M., and TROUGHTON, p. G. : Unpublished notes on the
small mammal population of Mill Hill.

DENT, G., in Essex Naturalist, xxv, p. 209, March 1937.

Field : Letter on January 16, 1909, p. 117.

HAMPSTEAD SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY : Hampstead Heath, 1913.

HARDCASTLE, J. H. : Letter in the Field, June 19, 1915.

HILL, SIR ARTHLTR : Letter in The Times, July 23, 1937.

JOHNSON, w. : The Nature World of London, II 1930.

JOHNSON, W. : in litt.

JOHNSTON, F. J. : “ The Grey Squirrel in Epping Forest,” London

Naturalist, 1937, p. 94.

MIDDLETON, A. D. : ‘ The Ecology of the American Grey Squirrel in the
British Isles,” Proc. loot. Soc. Lond., 1930, Pt. 3, p. 809.

MIDDLETON, A. D. : The Grey Squirrel, 1931.

MIDDLETON, A. D. : ‘ The Grey Squirrel in the British Isles, 1930-1932 ”
Journ. Anim. Ecol., I, 1932, p. 166.

MIDDLETON, A. D. : ” The Distribution of the Grey Squirrel in Great
Britain in 1935,” Journ. Anim. Ecol., IV 1935 p 274

MIDDLETON, A. D., and PARSONS, B. T. : ” The Distribution of the Grey
Squirrel in Great Britain in 1937,” Journ. Anim. Ecol., VI., 1937 p. 286

Morning Post, September 24, 1920.

STUBBS, F. J. : “ Remarks on the Squirrels of Epping- Forest,” Appendix C
of No. 23.

MAMMAL, ETC., RECORDING IN 1938.

19

20. THEOBALD, F. Y. : “ The American Grey Squirrel in Kent, Sussex and Sur¬

rey.” Bulletin No. 4 of the South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye,
March 1926.

21. THEOBALD, F. V., in Journ. S.E. Agric. Coll., XXYI, 1929, p. 115.

22. WATT, H. BOYD : ” The American Grey Squirrel in Britain,” The Field,

June 12, 1915, p. 1044.

23. WATT, H. BOYT) : “ On the American Grey Squirrel in the British Isles,”

Essex Naturalist, XX, 1923, p. 189.

24. WATT, H. BOYD : Paper on Grey Squirrel in School Nature Studg, 1926,

p. 13.

25. WEBSTER, A. D. : Regent’s Park and Primrose Hill, 1911, p. 55.

26. ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, Official Guide to, 5th ed., 1907, p. 78.

RED SQUIRREL.

1, 2, 7 and 19 as for Grey Squirrel.

27. Daily Chronicle, September 16, 1927.

28. DAUBENY, E. T., in Nature Notes, XIII, p. 227.

29. DE YERE, CORYN : Handbook of Richmond Park, 1909.

30. GIBBS, A. E., in Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc., XII, p. 136.

31. HOBSON, J. M. : The Book of the Wandle, 1924.

32. JOHNSON, W. : Wimbledon Common, 1912.

33. KEW, The Wild Flora and Fauna of the Royal Botanic Gardens : Bulletin

of Miscellaneous Information, Additional Series, Yr, 1906.

34. LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S RECORDS.

35. MARRIOTT, ST J. : British Woodlands, as illustrated by Lessness Abbey

Woods, 1925.

36. OLDHAM, C., in Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc., XI Y, p. 245.

37. PRICE, M. P. : Notes on the Vertebrate Fauna of Harrow, 1899-1903; Harrow

School Scientific Society’s Memoirs, 1903.

3S. READ, W. R. : Unpublished MS., quoted in 2.

39. SHEPHEARD-WALWYN, H. W. : Letters to The Times, 27.xii.38, 7.ii.39.

40. STUBBS, F. J. : “ The Mammals of the London District ” in School Nature

Study, 1917.

41. Woolwich and West Kent, A Survey and Record of : ed. C. H. GRINLING,

et al., 1909.

Mammal, etc., Recording in 1 938.

By R. S. R. Fitter, F.Z.S.

G00D progress lias been made with the recording of mammals, rep¬
tiles. and amphibia in the London area in 1938. Practically all
the existing printed records have now been traced, and 24 observers
have sent in records or promised help.

During 1939 records of all mammals, reptiles, and amphibia will be
welcome, but the gaps which most need filling are for the shrews, especi¬
ally the water-shrew, the bats, the dormouse, and the harvest-mouse.
There is still no definite record of the harvest-mouse within 20 miles of
London since 1920.

Attention is also specially drawn to the national survey of reptiles
and amphibians in the British Isles, which is being conducted by Mr
H. W. Parker under the auspices of the Association for the Study of
Systematics in relation to General Biology. All records, however ap¬
parently unimportant, of frogs, toads, newts, snakes and lizards are
wanted in order to make this survey as complete as possible.

20

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Archaeological Inspections.

By G. J. B. Fox.

1937.

ST PETER AND ST PAUL, CHALDON.

Visited 5th June.

rpHE name was usually spelt up to XVIIIc. as “ Chalvedon ’ ’ ; in
XVIc. “ Chaldon ” occurs; in XVIIIc. “ Chaldron.”

The meaning usually given is “ chalk-down ” ; really it, i.s “ chalves’-
down.”

The ^ illage is situated on the chalk-downs, and the church stands
500 ft. above sea level.

Land in the parish is said to have been granted to Chertsey Abbej7
in 675, and confirmed in 967 and 1062. Dernic held the manor
of Edward the Confessor; Domesday Book states Ralph held
Chalvedon” of the Bishop of Bayeux ; in 1585 the manor was said
to be attached to the honour of Rochester Castle. Merton Priory
possessed land in Chaldon in 1201 ; later the manor was held by the
Covert family till 1475 . . .

Chaldon is said to have supplied roofing slabs healing ”) for
Westminster Abbey.

A chuich is merely mentioned in Domesday Book (1086); the original
plan of the piesent buildings (XIc.) showed an aisleless nave and chancel,
now indicated by the west wall of the nave and the east angles of the
nave and chancel. A south aisle was added at end of XIIc. (a lancet
remains in its west wall), with an arcade of two arches, and a low tower
at the west end ; probably the chapel of St Katharine' was then added
to the east end of the aisle; a north aisle followed, c. 1220, also with a
chapel at its east end (destroyed) ; a south porch (c. XIITc.) ; a modern
vestrv. In 1843 the tower was raised with a shingled spire; in 1870/71
the church was restored.

Little remains of the original chancel; the three-light east window
is c. 1460 (the date 1827 is cut on the sill) ; the chancel arch, built with
large stones, is also XVc., pointed, with semi-octagonal columns. A
square piscina, XII/XIIIc., with a circular bowl is at the south end of
the east wall, an unusual position; on the north wall are remains of an
Easter Sepulchre, possibly the tomb of Baldwin Covert (d. 1350) ; also a
firestone tablet showing a sun-face with initials I.R.E., the date 1562,
and an inscription beginning with c,/ Good, redar. warne. all. men. and
woomen ...” There are indications of a “ blind arcade,” as at
Merstham, Merton, etc. The nave has a round-headed window, but no
doorway, in its west wall, and a very high-pitched roof ; the south arcade
has a circular central column with round base and capital, the abacus
having a rectangular upper member ; each east and west respond has an

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSPECTIONS

21

impost; the north arcade also has a circular column with moulded
capital and base, and chamfered orders, the imposts of the responds
being pierced in an unusual manner; a mutilated XIT/XTIIc. piscina
is in the east respond. A consecration cross is painted on the west
Avail, and another on the column of the south arcade. The font of
local stone, with square boAvl is XIITc., but altered later. A rare
example of a Commonwealth pulpit has an inscription - — - “ Patience
Lambert. 1657 ” ; she was the widow of William Lambert of TullesAvorth,
buried in the naAre, 1656. The south aisle: — a lancet in the south Avail
Avas replaced in XVIIc. by a two-light Avindow. St Katharine’s Chapel
—the aisle arch and the south windoAv were rebuilt in early XIYc. ; the
east window is c. 1330; there are remains of a Xll/XIlIe. piscina;
the AvindoAvs haA~e fragments of XIITc. and XIVc. glass. The north
aisle: c. 1330 the lancets Avere replaced by tAvo-light windoAA’s ; the
noith dooi'AA ay is also of that date. The north chapel : — only part of
an arch remains, Avith a moulded corbel, in the chancel Avail. The plate
includes a cup with paten-coA^er of 1703; the registers commence in 1564.

The Painting. The speciality of the church is the painting in
tempera on the west wall, measuring 17 ft. by 11 ft. high; it dates
from the end of the XIIc., and is the work of a man Avell read in the
subject of the judgment, punishment, and salvation of the human soul;
it appears to be based upon the ” Guide to Painting of the Greek
Church ” (a “ Byzantine Guide to Painting ” ; see Didron’s “ Christian
Iconography, II, 1886 ”). At the restoration of 1870/71, three figures
on the west portion of the north Avail were found and destroyed ; for¬
tunately the then Rector, the Rev. H. Shepherd, was alert, and Avhen
indications of a larger painting on the west wall Avere evident, measures
were taken for its preservation and restoration. The title given to it,
“ The Ladder of the Salvation of the Soul and the Road to Heaven ” is
taken from the “ Guide to Painting.” It is in four divisions formed by
a vertical ladder and a horizontal nebuly band, shoAA'ing four major sub¬
jects and various minor details. The ladder starts from a palmette (the
emblem of life), and ends in a circle with Christ giving the benediction,
flanked by the sun and moon; little nude figures, typifying souls, at¬
tempt to climb the ladder, some succeed, some fail. The lower right
hand section commences with the Tree of KnoAvledge of Good and Evil,
AA’ith Satan as the Serpent entwined among its branches ; this portion
is probably a continuation of the scene destroyed on the north Avail Avhich
doubtless portrayed Adam and EATe with Satan in human form ; the
major scene shows tAvo huge hideous demons holding a spiked bridge,
which is being crossed by five souls — a man with a boAvl of milk, two
females Avith a ball of wool and uncarded flax, a mason with his pick,
a smith Avith pincers, horse-shoe and hammer, but no anvil ; these prob¬
ably represent sins of withholding tithes or offerings to the Church ;
below this bridge is a usurer crouching amid flames, money bags round
neck and AAaist, right hand holding up a coin, left hand catching other
coins which he is vomiting, while two demons thrust pitchforks into his
head; minor figures are demons tempting man and woman, and man

22

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

and youth. The lower left half division has the Hell Cauldron, a three-
legged pot heated by flames, in which two demons stir up the souls of
parricides and fratricides ; another soul is falling headlong into it :
another demon with a soul transfixed by a pitchfork plucks others off
the ladder; minor figures include three dancing women whose feet a
demon is biting, a pilgrim with staff and flask, who had been drunk,
a woman whose hand a dog is biting, and a man and woman to indicate
the sin of Ananias and Sapphira. The upper left hand division has St
Michael weighing souls ; one soul is trying to depress a pan, while Satan
holding a group with a rope behind him, has a claw in the other ; one
angel holding a book conducts a soul, probably that of the penitent
thief, to heaven, and another directs three more (the three Marys) to¬
ward the ladder. The upper right hand division contains the “ Harrow¬
ing of Hell;” Christ with cross and banner is thrusting a staff into the
jaws of Satan who lies bound in the jaws of hell; from flames come
many spirits, headed by Adam and Eve ; over them flies an angel with
a scroll, while another, also with a scroll, conducts two souls, said to
represent Enoch and Elijah, to the ladder. The painting was fully
described by J. G. Walker in Volume V of the Surrey Arch. Coll’ ns.

The large south porch was added in XVIc. with a west window; the
oak roof remains ; the inner doorway has a square head ; the outer door¬
way shows a curious splay on a jamb. Removed from elsewhere are a
grave slab with a plain cross (Xllc.), and another of Purbeck marble
with a cross-patee (XIIIc.). The bell formerly in the tower is the oldest
in Surrey, c. 1190, and is inscribed “ + Capena : Beati : Pauli.”

ST DUNSTAN’S, STEPNEY.

Visited 13tli November.

Stepney appears in Domesday Book (1086) as Stibenheda = hithe of
Stybba ; several other forms occur. The parish was originally of great
extent, stretching east of the City, south of Hackney, north of the
Thames, and west of the Lea ; portions were gradually detached forming
the parishes of St Mary, Whitechapel in 1338, Hackney, Stratford, Shad-
well, etc. The Manor was possessed by the Bishops of London, probably
from Pre-Conquest times; Bishop Ridley granted it in 1550 to Edward
VI; other owners were the Wentworths, Brasenose College, Oxford; the
patronage was transferred to the Bishop of London from the College
in 1864.

The “ pleasantness of its situation and the beautv of its scenerv.”
as noted by Sir Thomas More, attracted distinguished residents besides
the Bishops of London; the Archbishop of York had a residence here in
1391 ; Henry VIII had a house here; Thomas Cromwell had a “ lodging;”
a Lord Mayor; City merchants temp. Charles II; Erasmus came here
“ to drink of its rural peace and to find bounteous gifts of Nature and
saint-like tokens of innocency.” Edward I held a Parliament here in
1292.

PLATE 11, IOSS

T. o xd o x xa rr ha li st.

2

Mrs Cochseclge.

Photos hy

ST MARY’S.
STONE-BY-DARTFORD

AISLE, LOOKING EAST.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSPECTIONS

23

.A. tradition existed that any person born on the high seas could
claim Stepney as a birthplace: —

Every child that’s horn at sea,

Belongs to the parish of Stepney;

Law Courts, however, have decided against this plea.

The church has a dual dedication; originally it was “ ecclesia omnium
sanctorum;” after rebuilding by Dunstan in 952, it was rededicated to
him after his Canonization; a later church, mentioned in 1302, was
largely rebuilt. The chancel is late XIVc., the nave, etc., is XVc./XVIc. :
repairs and alterations in 1632, 1676, etc., etc.; a fire in 1901 caused
great damage; the north and south porches are modern, a west porch
of 1612 has been removed. The chancel arch has disappeared; traces of
it are seen above the second pier of the nave on the north ; the chancel
formerly extended one bay west, as shown by the stairs (in an external
turret on the south side), leading to the (destroyed) roodloft; the sedilia
are XIIIc., much restored; there are no signs of a piscina; in addition
to the high altar, others were at the east ends of the aisles; over the
y tile i estry is a reset sculptured stone panel of the Annuncia¬
tion, XT\c., probably part of a reredos. The nave now includes seven
bays with north and south arcades of two orders (late XYc.), and
columns with four attached shafts; the clerestory has five windows of
two-1 lghts on each side; a pulpit was put up in 1622, replaced by another
in 1848; the present one dates from 1886; in the east wall of the north
aisle is a squint to the high altar ; against the east wall is a stone
coffin lid (XIIIc.) with a raised cross, discovered at a recent restoration.

An inscription reset in the south wall of the south aisle reads : —

Of Carthage wall I was a stone,

O mortals read with pity ;

Time consumes all, it spareth none

Thomas Hughes, 1663.

Of its history and of the man nothing is known.

The oldest work in the church, formerly over the south doorway,
and now on the east respond of the north aisle, is a stone slab showing
the ci ucifixion with the ^ irgin and St John, with border of acanthus
type foliage; XIc. This may be compared with the Rood in the Bell
Tower of Barking Church ; also with the Saxon stone slab at Chichester
Cathedral. The font is Norman (restored); the circular base has an
inscription of 1848. The west tower has three stages with modern battle¬
ments ; an octagonal cupola with ball and vane has disappeared ; in
1539/40 four bells from Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate, were purchased
for this church, as appears from an inscription on the tenor bell ; there
are now ten bells. The Royal Arms are at the west end over the arch
of the tower. Up to 1666 the sexes were separated; five galleries have
been removed. No old glass remains; in 1610 thirteen coats of arms
were in the windows.

The plate is described by E. Freshfield (“ Communion Plate of Parish
Churches in the City of London,” 1895); the oldest piece is a cup of

24

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1559 ; the Edwardian Inventory has not been found ; that of 1659 in¬
cludes two silver and gilt bowls with covers. The registers commence
in 1568; up to 1889 the series included 159 volumes. The parish, till
1710, had two Incumbents, a Rector, appointed by the lord of the manor,
and a Vicar appointed by the Rector; a rent of a red rose wras paid
by the Vicar to the Rector as rent for the vicarage.

Monuments. Many have been destroyed; those remaining include : —
Floor slab, now' east of the font, to Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, aged
three quarters of a year, 1545; Sir Thomas Spert (1541), on south wall
of the chancel, founder of the Trinity House; on north wmll of chancel,
William Dawtney (1589) ; on same wall, Sir Henry Colet (1510), he was
twice Lord Mayor, and wras father of John Colet (Vicar of Stepney, Dean
of St Paul's, founder of St Paul’s School), a combined table-tomb, Easter
Sepulchre and recessed monument, kept in repair by the Mercers’ Com¬
pany; Dame Rebecca Berry (1696), now on south wall of south aisle,
known as the ‘£ Ring and Fish Monument ” (mullets and a fish appear
on the coat of arms); traditionally she is said to be the heroine in “ The
cruel knight or fortunate farmer’s daughter;” on west wall of north
aisle, tablet to two Abraham Rawdings, father and son, both died 1644.
“ In the churchyard there [were] more remarkable inscriptions . . . .
than in any other place I have met with,” Spectator, No. 518. One was
to a fanatic, the “ English Hermite or Wonder of this Age,” Roger
Crab (1680) ; he gave his property to the poor, except a small cottage at
Ickenham; “ he can live on three farthings a week; his constant food
is roots and hearbs, as cabbage, turneps, carrots, dock-leaves and grasse ;
also bread and bran, without butter or cheese.”

1938.

ST MARY’S, STONE-BY-DARTFORD.

Visited 11th June.

A Church is mentioned in Domesdav Book of 1086 at “ Estanes ;”
the land was held by the Bishop of Rochester, having been granted to
the Bishops by King Ethelred in 955 ; they had a house here as a half¬
way stopping place to London ; the manor house, which was on the west
side of the churchyard, was repaired at great expense in 1337.

The Church stands on a high bank overlooking the Thames, and per¬
haps w as erected during the episcopate of Bishop Laurence de St Martin
(1251-1274); the offerings at the shrine of St William of Perth (murdered
near Rochester while on pilgrimage to Canterbury, and canonized in
1266), may have contributed to the cost of its erection. The Church wras
restored by G. E. Street in 1860, who stated that, “ perhaps there is no
example of any First-Pointed building in England in which the grace
and delicacy which characterize the style have been carried to greater
perfection;” he considered, “ that in beauty of workmanship, this little
village church is undoubtedly superior to Westminster Abbey.” He was
further of opinion that the architect of the Abbey and of this Church

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSPECTIONS

2->

was the same man. This opinion, however, has not been accepted by
some authorities.

The plan shows chancel, north vestry and chantry chapel, nave of

three bays, and north and south aisles, and west tower. Chancel _

upper part including the vault is much restored; the west bay has a
barrel vault; the windows are modern, except one in the south wall of
1638/40, which has been allowed to remain; the east window has three
lights, the original window probably had lour; a blocked doorway to
former stairs to the rood-loft is at the west end of the south wall ;' the
chancel arch shows dog-tooth and foliage ; above it are quatrefoils with
foliage; the screen has disappeared; John Bokeland in his will of 1473
directs his burial to be before the ‘‘ rode,” and the procession way from
the chancel door to the west door to be paved with tiles ; a piscina niche
remains in the south wall at the east end. The feature of the chancel
is the v all arcading, four sections at the east, and six on north and
south, showing very fine stiff-leaf foliage in the spandrels. This arcad¬
ing has been compared with that on the north wall of Henry Ill’s
v ork at Westminster Abbey, showing foliage, Christ, angels, human
figures, dragons, etc., but here are no figures, only a solitary lizard on
the north wall. This arcading had been painted and gilt.

^ i estr^ was added on the north side of the east bay of the chancel
^ c-j &s a continuation of the aisle; it became roofless, its walls
covered with ivy, and interior filled with bushes; it has been restored.

^ est of the chapel was a chantry chapel, spanned by a flying but¬
tress, built by Sir John Wiltshire (d. 1562), Controller of Calais; a table
tomb to him and his wife has been despoiled of a brass showing effigies
and inscription, etc.

The nave is of three bays; the work increases in detail from west to
east; the arcades have clustered and banded columns with foliated capi¬
tals and deeply moulded arches; the east arches on north and south
show dog-tooth moulding; the windows of the aisles differ in detail. On
the north wall are two paintings of the Virgin and Child, and one of
the martyrdom of Thomas Becket (XIII/XIVc.) ; traces of colour on the
aisle walls, etc.

Brasses — on south side of altar is a fine foliated cross brass (muti¬
lated) to John Lumbard, rector, with chasuble (1408), with Latin in¬
scription; brass to Robert Chapman (1574) with eight English verses,
and four shields (Merchant Adventurers, etc.); brass to Sir John Dew,
priest, with inscription (c. 1530); brass to Anne Carew (1599).

Extei ioi the roof (modern) of the chancel is higher than that of
the nave; there was formerly a west porch; the north doorway of the
na\ e show s chevron, dog-tooth and roses ; the chevron may be an imi¬
tation of earlier work ; it has been suggested that the carving was not
done locally, but brought here from elsewhere. The west tower engages
with the aisles; it is open to them and the nave by three lofty arches,
and is supported by half arches from the aisle walls; it had a spire
destroyed by fire in 1638.

26

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

ST MARY THE VIRGIN, ALDERMANBURY.

Visited loth October.

The Church is situated in the Ward of Cripplegate (from A.S.
” crepel,” a sunken passage to the Barbican outside the gate in the
Roman wail, not from “cripple”); Aldermanbury, i.e. Alderman’s
house, appears c. 1130 and was near the Church; also close by was the
earlier Guildhall, replaced c. 1400 by another slightly to the east, its
ruins were in existence in Stow’s time; somewhat to the west was the
palace of the Saxon Kings abandoned c. 1060 by Edward the Confessor
in favour of Westminster. Near by formerly ran a minor tributary of
the Walbrook; Price (“ Safe Deposit,” p. 45) mentions a bridge in Wood
Street. By the Church was a conduit built c. 1471 at the cost of Sir
William Eastfield, Mercer and Mayor in 1438, fed from the Tyburn.
(In 1236 Henry III had granted the privilege of conveying water from
that stream in lead pipes to the City.)

Some of the neighbouring streets have unexpected origins, viz.: —
Gutter Lane, i.e. Godrunlane (c, 1185) from feminine name Godrun,
Goderun or Gudrun, and not from Guthrun, King of East Anglia;
Monkswell Street, originally Muc-hewella, Mukewellestrate, from family
name Muc, Muca, etc. (Nile.); Stow’s derivation, “Monks well ” is
wrong ; Gresham Street commemorates Sir Thomas Gresham ; Huggin
Lane is Hog’s Lane; Lily Pot Lane, from a sign; Addle Street, not
from Athelstane, but from either “ Adel, Adda ” personal name, or
noble, or “ adel ” filth; etc., etc.

In the immediate neighbourhood w’ere formerly eleven Churches of
which five have disappeared (burnt or destroyed). Attempts have been
made to destroy this Church, so far unsuccessfully.

There may have been a Church here in Saxon times ; later, a tomb
inscription to John Constantinus is said to have been dated 1116 (“ Mil
i cent, quatuor bis et oeto ”); Robert, is mentioned before 1148 as priest
of “ Aldermannesberi ”; the Church c. 1181 was in the possession of the
Dean and Chapter of St Paul’s, who in 1331 appropriated it to Elsing
Spital ; there were bequests to it in 1273, etc.; it is included in the
Taxatio of 1291, etc.

It was rebuilt by Sir William Eastfield, and was “ beautified ” in
1633; it had a large porch with an upper chamber; it was burnt in the
Great Fire of 1666.

The present Church was erected by Wren in 1670-1686 at a cost of
£5237 3s 6d ; in 1673 to reward the kindness of Wren and Robert Hooke
in expediting and perfecting the work the parishioners awarded them
twenty guineas and ten guineas respectively and entertained them at a
dinner; stone from St Mary Magdalene, Milk Street, was used in the
walls; restorations and rearrangements were made in 1864 and 1923, so
much so that “ except pillars, ceilings and font, hardly anything
Wrennian remains.” During the re-erection Divine worship by the
parishioners was performed in the Brewers’ Hall, and also in the Church
of St Peter-le-Poer. The plan shows no structural chancel, a nave with
aisles lengthened at the west end, and a west tower. On the exterior

LONDON NATURALIST.

PLATE 111, 1938.

ARCADING, SHOWING DRAGON.

Photos hy Mrs Cochsedge.

CHANCEL. S. SIDE.

ST MARY’S,
STONE-BY-DARTFORD.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSPECTIONS

27

the east end has three bays, a round-headed central window, and two
modern side windows with blocked doorways below; the north side has
tire bays, four rounded windows and one circular window, also a semi¬
circular clerestory window; the south side has five round-headed win¬
dows as on the north side, and a circular window with a doorway below
it; the west end has two round windows. The tower retains three stages
of 1437, with another stage with clock-turret and weather vane ; on the
ground floor is a north doorway and a south round window ; the second
stage has north and south round-headed windows and an east round-
headed opening ; the third stage has a similar east opening and a north
round window; the bell chamber has four round-headed windows, a
cornice and parapet ; the clock-turret is timber, lead-covered, in two
stages, with pyramidal roof, clock dial on south and east,' and four
round-headed openings. There are two bells, the earlier is of 1675.

Over the south doorway in a niche is a statuette of the Virgin and
Child, formerly over the entrance gateway.

The interior shows colonnades of five bays, composite columns on bases
with octagonal plinths ; the entablature shows an architrave and a
modillioned cornice; the west wall has a round-headed doorway to the
tower ; the north wall has two doorways at the west end to vestries ; a
plaster barrel-vault covers chancel and nave intersected by a similar
vault with north and south clerestorv windows ; the bavs show coffered
bands with flower enrichment ; each bay has- three panels with enrich¬
ment of leaves, etc., circular and lozenge shaped; the aisles have flat
plaster ceilings divided into panels with central round ornaments.

Monuments, etc. — Stow and Strype give a list of those in the former
Church; the oldest was to John Constantinus (1116); another was to
Sir William Eastfield (1438), Knight of the Bath, Alderman and Mayor,
“ a great benefactor to the Church.”

On east wall — figure seated on a gun, by Cardelli, to Lt. John Smith,
•drowned off Staten Island, 1782; on north wall — Mary (Beach), wife of
— Hack, 1704; Richard and John Chandler (1691 and 1686) two busts
in double recess, with coat-of-arms and crest (a pelican), removed from
former west gallery; Richard paid £30 for a vault at the north-west
corner of the Church; slab with inscription stating that John Emery,
bricklayer, built a vault in the north aisle for his funeral and for use
of the parish (1673); brass coffin plate to Mary Dive (1711), daughter
of Judge Jeffreys; John Fryer (1796); Robert Aske, haberdasher (1688);
on south wall — tablet to George, Baron Jeffrevs of Wem . . . Lord Chan-
cellor . . . resident in the parish . . . buried in family vault under the
altar (1685); insignia, etc., have disappeared; at south-west corner are
three erect slabs removed from vault (1713, 1727, 1728).

The reredos and pulpit were in St Alphage, London Wall, demolished
in 1923; the font of white marble was presented by Richard Chandler in
1675.

In the chancel are two chairs; in nave, a chest, c. 1660; in south
chapel, formerly over the altar, is a painting of the Last Supper, by
Constantine Francks; Royal Arms on west wall, formerly over the
altar.

28

THE LONDON NATURALIST

The plate included vessels bought in 1573; it disappeared in 1889;
and was replaced in 1890 at a cost of £107 10s.

The Churchwardens’ accounts commence in 1569, and include many
items relating to sale of glass, etc., two payments for hour-glasses,
Easter tokens, etc.

ills from 1280 include bequests to the Church for maintenance of
Chantries, lights, altars, burials in the Church, etc., completion of the
conduit, raising the belfry and providing bells.

The Registers commenced in 1538, and were re-copied in 1599. They
were reprinted by the Harleian Society in 1931 and 1932 (Vols. 61 and
62). There is an entry of Milton’s marriage on 12th November, 1656,
to his second wTife, Catharine IVoodcocke. The agreement and inten¬
tion of marriage was published on three market days in three several
weeks . . . they were married according to the Act of Parliament by
Sir John Dethick, Alderman, a Justice of the Peace.

Numerous foundlings in the parish were christened “ Alderman-
bury, or, for short, Berry.” They were more numerous after the
Commonwealth. Several payments were made to Wardens to prevent
child desertion.

The churchyard had a cloister ; other City Churches had a similar
adjunct, as may yet be seen at St Michael’s, Cornhill, and St Katharine
Cree ; Stow and Strype relate that in this cloister was fastened a large
shank bone, said to have belonged to a London giant, larger than one at
St Lawrence Jewry. Here are buried Heminge and Condell, fellow
actors with Shakespeare, and editors of the first folio of 1623 of the
latter- s plays; a monument presented by C. C. Walker, of Lillesliall
Old Hall, and unveiled by Irving in 1895, has a bust of Shakespeare and
the title page of the first folio, etc.

THE CRESTED BUCKLER FERN.

29

The Crested Buckler Fern,

LAST HE A CRISTA TA Presl.

(DRY OPT EllIS CRI ST AT A Gray - NEPEllODIUM CRIST ATOM

Rich.).

By L. G. Payne.

is with considerable pleasure that I have to report the discovery

of the above British Fern in West Surrev on June 12, 1938, and it

v 7 7

will be of interest to readers of The London Naturalist to place on record
some relevant details.

The district in which it occurs may be described as undulating; un-
cultivated land, with a dominating vegetation composed of Pinus silves-
tris L. and Betula alba L. At the lower levels the soil is sandy and
peaty, and a narrow brook of clear water drains the boglands in a wes¬
terly direction. By the brook grows Tjastrea cristata , its immediate
environment consisting of Narthecium ossifragum Huds. ; Cnicus praten-
sis Willd., Juncus spp., and the rare Myrica Gale L. with a network of
Sphagnum.

The day was hot, and I had been searching for specimens in another
branch of natural history, when my attention was attracted by a con¬
nected clump of ferns which I recognised at once as being of the greatest
interest. Here, in a remote part of the county, was an apparently wild
and well-established native fern, previously recorded in only 10 of the
112 vice-counties into which Britain is divided for the purpose of com¬
parative botanical distribution.

A reference to Floras reveals a limited list of site names, repeated
with monotonous regularity, in most of which localities the fern is now
extinct. It is probably correct to state that L,astrea cristata now occurs
only in two or three stations in East Anglia, and, so far as I am aware,
it has never been recorded south of the Thames.

It is not my purpose here to usurp the functions of the text books
by giving a botanical description of the plant, but it may be helpful to
stress two or three points of interest which may assist the amateur
botanist who has not made a specialised study of ferns.

It should be made clear that the term “ cristata ” in this case is
somewhat unhappily chosen, and has little aptitude as a descriptive
adjective. In modern fern nomenclature “ cristate ” ferns, of any
species, are “ those in which the terminal points of the fronds and sub¬
divisions branch in such a way as to form tassels or crests ” ( British
Ferns : C. T. Druery). In this connection, however, F. G. Heath, in
Th e Fern World , states: — “ The term ‘cristata’ . . . refers to the
fringed or indented margins of the frond.”

The fronds are of two kinds, barren and fertile. The barren fronds,
which are the first to appear, usually tend to arch in a backward direc-

30

THE LONDON NATURALIST

tion, so that the apex of the mature frond may nearly touch the ground ;
this characteristic may, however, be partially obscured if the associated
vegetation is sufficiently dense to compel a more erect position. In
the photograph reproduced (Plate IV), the fronds to the left of the
picture are well illustrated in this condition. The barren fronds have
short, slender stipes, in contrast to the stiffer upright stipes and con¬
tinued racliis of the fertile fronds. The pinnae of these latter are some¬
what distant towards the base of the frond, but closer toAvards the apex,
and it is these upper pinnae which bear the large sori or spore heaps.

The fertile fronds are definitely persistent, and, in the West Surrey
plants, I found the previous year’s fronds in nearly perfect condition.
Maturing fertile fronds of this year, Avith sori, are shown in the photo¬
graph reproduced as frontispiece.

It would perhaps be of interest only to the fern enthusiast to dis¬
cuss the affinities of the allied L. spinulosa Presl and L. uligmosa
Newm., but I would suggest that once the amateur has mastered the
essential characteristics, and formed a definite mind picture, there will
be little difficulty in identification.

It Avould appear that some confusion in the specific description oc¬
curred quite early in published records, for, by an unfortunate error in
English Botany (J. Sowerby, 1810), the name occurs tAvice, Plate 1949
being apparently the present L. Filix-mas Presl, and Plate 2125 show¬
ing a fern more nearly like the subject of this article, but hardly
typical.

The illustration in Nature Printed British Ferns (T. Moore, 1859)
is satisfactory.

G. W. Francis in British Ferns, 5th Edn., 1855, stresses the
“ yellowish green ” appearance of the “ leaves ” and this is a con¬
spicuous feature of all the plants I have seen.

The Surrey plants are quite exposed, and this factor probably ac¬
counts for a shorter maximum growth than the Norfolk plants seen by
our member, Mr J. E. Lousley. These latter, growing under fen con¬
ditions, in Phrag mites swamp in one case, and in association Avith Carer, r
panic ulata in the other, apparently thrive in an environment Avhere
plants in competition induce a frond growth exceeding two feet.

The Surrey plants extend over a connected area of a feAV square
yards Avith sturdy outliers at some distance. I liaAre no reason to sup¬
pose that this fern has been introduced by either deliberate or acci¬
dental human agency. Its Avhole environment is in favour of a natural
status, and one is happy to belieA'e that there is no immediate prospect
of danger to the plant.

I have had Lastrea crist at a from another source under garden con¬
ditions for more than 10 years, and it has maintained its character¬
istics in a much drier rooting medium than Avould normally be found
in the Avild.

The photographs reproduced Avere taken by Mr J. E. S. Dallas on
the occasion of a second visit to the site in his company in July of
this year (1938).

LONDON NATURALIST

PLATE 1 \

1938

Photo, by J. E. S. Dallas.

LASTREA CRISTATA PRESL

BOTANICAL RECORDS FOR 1938.

31

Complete mounted specimens have been sent to, and accepted by,
the British Museum (Natural History), Kew Herbarium, and the South
London Botanical Institute.

Botanical Records in 1 938.

By R. W. Robbins.

A BOUT 20 lists of plants observed in the Society’s District, contain¬
ing a considerable number of new divisional records, have been
sent to the Recorder. The chief contributors were Rev. P. H. Cooke
and Mr D. McClintock, whose fine list, chiefly from the neighbourhood
of Hayes, contained many species of unusual interest. Mr R. S. R.
Fitter sent a welcome list from waste ground at Lambeth, Limps-
field Common has been well explored, by the Ecological Section, and
several members have given individual records. That a good deal of
work on distribution can still be done is well shown by a list of 40 species
observed at Bricket Wood (Division 2, Rickmansworth) on July 10th,
of which no less than 21 were new to the division.

The following records new to the Area (20 miles radius from St
Paul's Cathedral) are grouped according to their apparent status. Fol¬
lowing the locality is the number of the division in the Society’s Area.

NATIVE.

Ranunculus Lenormandi F. Schultz. Hayes 20 (D. McC'.).

Euphrasia brevipila Burnat & Gremli. Limpsfield Common 19
(R. W. R.).

DENIZENS OR ESTABLISHED ALIENS.

Adonis autumnalis L. Great Amwell 7 (D. McC.).

Oxalis stricta L. Hayes Old Rectory 20 (D. McC.).

Trifolium agrarium L. Green Street Green 22 or 23 (J. E. L.).

Falcaria vulgaris Bernli. Hayes Place 20 (D. McC.). A fine long-
established patch of this interesting Umbellifer has been
destroyed by building. Efforts to transplant it to Hayes
Common failed, but a seedling has survived and is to be put on
the Common.

Lonicera Caprijolium L. Headley Lane 17 (D. McC.).

Carex vulpinoides Michx. Farnborough 20 (J. E. L.).

Azolla filiculoides Lam. Hertford Heath 7 (D. McC.).

SPECIES MORE OR LESS ADVENTIVE.

Silene gallica L. Hayes Old Rectory 20 (D. McC'.).

Hypericum datum Ait. Limpsfield Common 19 (R, W. R.).

Impatiens glandulifera Rovle. West Wickham, Lewisham, Catford,
Sydenham 20 (D. McC.).

Centaurea solstitialis L. Wickham Farm 20, in quantity 1936 (D. McC.).

.32

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Panicum sanguinale L. Bickley, Cliislehurst 20 (D. McC.).

Setaria italica L. and Phalaris paradoxa L. Green Street Green 22
(D. Me.).

It is satisfactory to learn that Centavurea Cyanus L. — the blue corn¬
flower — was scattered ££ all over a large field ” at Chelsfield (22) this
summer, and that Symphytum tuberosum L. is still to be found near
Greenhithe (21), although the site of Mr Cooke’s original discovery is
•occupied by tennis courts.

Plant Gall Records for 1 938.

Compiled by H. J. Burkill, M.A., F.R.G.S.

/AWING to weather conditions the list of species noted has been much
^ smaller than usual, but nevertheless the work of the Plant Galls
Section has resulted in several interesting observations being made,
and various species have been reported that appear^ to be new to the
British list.

The following are possibly the more important items from our
records : —

HYMENOPTERA.

CYNIPIDAE.

Some spring species on the Oak were plentiful, more so than in most
vears, but the frosts of May seem to have had a verv unfavourable effect
on the young leaves and in many instances handicapped the development
of the autumn generations. Some species, however, overcame the adverse
conditions and were plentiful later on. Mr Niblett reported Andricus
quadrilineatus Htg. and Neurotenis aprilinus Gir. as very plentiful, with
A. amenti Gir., A. glandulae Schenck, and Diplolepis divisci Htg. as
plentiful. Other observers found there was a good deal of local variation
in the numbers of specimens seen.

Mr Niblett has confirmed the coupling of Andricus amenti Gir. with
A. glandulae Schenck. Other controlled experiments produced no
results except with Trigonaspis megaptera Panzer which gave T. renum
Gir. in the autumn.

Some galls were found on Quercus Pobur L. that could not be
identified and it i.s hoped that further specimens may be discovered
so that the different species may be determined.

T. megaptera was very abundant in Shropshire and was also seen in
Surrey, where its alternate form T. renum was observed in late autumn.
Biorrlnza pallida Oliv. was plentiful aiid as usual gave rise only to
winged males and females.

Neuroterus lenticularis Oliv. was very abundant, but the other
spangle galls were scarce, especially N. fumipennis Htg. N. schlech-
tendali Mayr was locally plentiful.

PLANT GALL RECORDS IN 1938.

33

Diplolepis folii L. was fairly plentiful, and D. lon-giventris Htg.
perhaps more often seen than in .mo.st years.

Quercus pubescens Willd. in a garden at Bookham was attacked by
Cynips hollar i Htg., N. lenticularis Oliv., and N. numismatis Oliv.

Mr Xiblett reports Aulax hypochaeridis Kieff., Aulaculea liieracii
Bouche, and Diastrophus rubi Htg. as fairly plentiful, and Isocolus
jaceae Sehenck as found several times.

CHALC1MDAE.

Agropyron repens Beauv. was found galled by five different species
of larvae, apparently Isosoma spp. (see text fig. 1).

PLANT GALLS OX AGROPYRON REPENS BEAUV.

1. — No. l in Plant Gall Records, natural size. 2. — No. 2, natural size. 3. — Same
cut open, magnified twice natural size. 4. — Same cut open, natural size. 5. —
Same cut open, magnified twice natural size. 6. — No. 3 in Plant Gall Records,
natural size. 7. — Same cut open, magnified twice natural size. 8.— No. 4 in Plant
Gall Records, natural size. 9. — Same cut open, magnified twice natural size.
10. — No. 5 in Plant Gall Records, natural size.

(1) A small ovoid gall 3x2x3 mm. in diameter standing out from
the stem. Dark brown, hard, shining, thin Availed. Found at Fetcham,
Surrey, in March, probably surviving from the previous year.

(2) Elongated swelling of the stem, 20-30 mm. long by 2-3 mm.
wide, containing several cells, usually 6-10, 3-4 mm. long by 1 mm.
wide. Brown, hard Availed, arranged in a loose chain or sometimes tAvo
or three abreast. Effingham Common and elsewhere in the autumn.

03) A similarly shaped sAvellmg but much slighter and containing
only tAvo cells Avhicli differ in shape from the last, being sharply pointed
at the loAver ends. Fetcham.

34

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

(4) Another similar swelling, but containing a solid row of five larger
cells fused together into a rod, dark brown in colour, and hard walled.
The larvae differ .slightly in shape from those of the above-mentioned
galls. Headley, Surrey.

(5) A gall somewhat like an orange pip in shape, 13 nun. long by
4 mm. in diameter, rather a flattened oval embedded in the grass stem
which is split to contain it. Pale straw colour, firm to the touch like
the gall of Isosoma graminicola Gir. It fell easily out of the stem while
being examined. Headley.

Only one specimen of each of Nos. 1, 3, 4, and 5 were found, so they
are evidently not common, but the galls of I. graminicola have been
seen frequently this autumn.

Lolium perenne L. carried some galls of No. 2 of the above. Fetcham.

TENTHREDINIDAE.

In the early summer Sawfly larvae Avere plentiful, but these Avere
the non-galling species. The gall-causers Avere not very noticeable
though various specie^ Avere recorded. Pontania purpureae Cam. AA'as
once more noted in Shropshire.

COLEOPTERA.

CURCULIONIDAE.

Linaria vulgaris Mill. Avas reported by Mr W. 0. Steel as galled by
Gymnetron linariae Panzer, G. collinum Gyllh. and G. antirrhini Pavk.

Plantago maritima L. Avas noted by Mr Niblett at Benfleet galled by
Mecinus collaris Germar.

LEPIDOPTERA.

HELIOZELIDAE.

Ileliozela stanneela Fisch Ar. R. Avas noted on Quercus llobur L. in
various places and Mr Niblett found it plentiful at Boxhill.

DIPTERA.

CECIDOMYIIDAE.

Achillea millefolium L. — llhopalomyia millefolii TI. LoeAv. A species
of gall midge that forty years ago Avas common but hoav seems to be met
Avith only occasionally. Reported by Mr Niblett.

Tanacetum vulgare L. — 1th. tanaceticola Karscli. Some very fine
clusters of these galls Avere found near Albury, Surrey, and at
WistanstoAv, Shropshire.

Sambucus nigra L. — Schizomyia nigripes F. LoeAv. Shropshire.

Leontodon hispidum L. — Cystiphora leontodontis Kieff. Mr Niblett.

Veronica scutellata L. — Perrisia similis F. Locav. Bricket Wood.

Tamus communis L. — Schizomyia tami Kieff. Boxhill.

Juniperus communis L. (1) Twelve galls of the Oligotrophus sp.
(Houard 127) reported a year ago Avere seen in January at the same
place, but no traces of any fresh galls liaAm been seen there since, nor
have Ave found these galls on any other Juniper bushes in the district
or elsewhere.

PLANT GALL RECORDS IN 1938.

(2) — Small bud galls each containing a midge larva have been found
on Hackhurst Downs, West of Shere, and Limpsfield Common in March,
November, and December, so the gall is a winter one. Possibly
Oligotrophus sp.

TRYPETIDAE.

Mr Niblett reports the following plants as being plentifully galled
by Tiypetidae : —

Pulicaria dysenterica Gray. — Myopites blotii Brep.

Sene cio vulgaris L. — Sphenella marginata Fall.

Cnicus lanceolatus Willd. — Euribia stylata Fab.

C. arvensis Hoffm. — E. cardui L.

Ilieracium umbellatum L. — Noeeta pupillata Fall.

and Achillea millefolium L. — Oxyna flavipennis H. Loew. several
dimes.

HEMIPTERA.

APHIDIDAE.

Ulmus campestris L. and U. montana Stokes were again very heavily
galled by Eriosoma ulmosedens Marclial and E. ulmi L. in Shropshire.

Populus nigra L. in Shropshire was galled by Pemphigus populi
Courchet, as ivell as by P bursarius L., P. marsupialis Courchet, and
P. affi nis Kalt. The second and third of these were also recorded by
Mr R. B. Benson from Berkhampstead.

AC ARINA.

TROMBIDIIDAE.

Phragmites communis Trin. galled by Tarsonemus phragmitidis Schl.
was found bv Mr J. E. Louslev near Mucking.

ERIOPHYIDAE.

Prunus spinosa L. Eriophyes sp. causing a dense crimson “ erineum ”
of short, stout, straight or curved, unicellular hairs on the shoots,
petioles and leaves in April and May. I failed to find the species
persisting in August in the same districts. Found in three localities
in Shropshire. Dr W. J. Fordham of Barmby Moor, York, informs me
that he has seen the same species in Yorkshire.

Pyrus malus L. (1) Eriophyes sp. A somewhat similar “ erineum ”
to the last but light pink in colour, never the bright crimson, and the
hairs seem to be less vigorous in growth. Found in May in two localities
in Shropshire, and similarly not seen in August in the same places.
(2) Eriophyes sp. The leaf margins rolled up were abundant in
various localities in Shropshire near Church Stretton. The mites also
attack the centre of the lamina and cause depressions on the under
surface containing hairs, and inducing a corresponding projection on the
upper surface.

Tilia platyphyllos Scop. Eriophyes sp. Dull dark crimson circular
galls covered with short hairs, projecting as rounded domes 2 mm. high
from the lamina of the leaf in various places, not restricted to the angles

36

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

of the veins as is E. tiliae Pagnst. var. exilis Nal., but occurring all over.
Wenlock Edge, Shropshire.

Lonicera periclymenum L. Eriophyes xylostei Can. Seen again in
Shropshire. The mites can induce gall development in the middle of the
leaf similar to that described above for Pyrus malus — a depression, but
not enough to cause the pleating of the usual gall formation which occurs
near the margin of the leaf.

Ulmus minor Mill. Eriophyes brevipunctatus Nal. On Arbrook
Common, Surrey, in some abundance.

Populus tremula L. E. dispar Nal. The tree near Leatherhead that
was noted last year has been broken down and the gallg have disappeared.
We found them, however, plentifully in Bricket Wood, Herts, in
September.

Salix fragilis L. Eriophyes triradiatus Nal. Galls attributed to this
species were seen to the S.E. of Shrewsbury and at Allfield, near
Condover, Shropshire, but no evidence could be obtained as to how long
the trees had been affected.

Juniperus communis L. Eriophyes quadrisetus Thomas. North
Downs, near Shere.

NEMATODA.

Agrostis alba L. AnguiUulina graminopliila Goodey. Dark crimson
swellings at the base of the grass blades. Headley, Surrey, October.

BACTERIA.

Salix fragilis L. A tree was found near Shalford, Surrey, bearing
a number of irregular swellings on the branches which Mr Swanton of
the Haslemere Museum suggested might be due to a Bacterium, Pseudo¬
monas tumaefaciens.

Other kinds of nodules on the roots and stems of plants have been
noted which, though not identified, are probably due to bacteria.

Neuroterus schlechtendali Mayr.

(HYMENOPTERA; CYNIPIDAE.)

By J. Ross.

gOME uncertainty as to the identity of a small gall appearing on the
male catkins of Quercus Pobur L. and Q. sessiliflora Salisb. has
been dispelled as Mr M. Niblett has been able to get the flies emerging
from the galls identified by Dr Hedieke of Berlin. Mayr in 1871 named
the fly Neuroterus schlechtendali after the scientist who first recorded
it, von Schlechtendal having given it a name that had been previously
applied to another species. The fly is agamic and is now regarded by
Continental authorities as the alternate generation of Neuroterus
aprilinus Giraud, and if this view is accepted the fly should be known

NEUROTERUS SCH LECH TEN DALI MATE.

37

as Neuroterus aprilinus Giraud agamic generation or Neuroterus
aprilinus Giraud form schlechtendali Mayr.

I am not aware that the association of N. aprilinus and 'N. schlech¬
tendali has been positively proved by getting the gall, from which N.
schlechtendali emerges, as a result of oviposition by N. aprilinus, or by
getting N. aprilinus galis from oviposition by A7. schlechtendali, but
Continental literature may have appeared cn the point and not come
to my knowledge.

One of the difficulties in recognising the gall as that of N. schlech¬
tendali was that Mavr’s illustration of it (<{ Die Mitteleuropaischen
Eichengallen,” 1871) was indifferently copied in some Continental
works; better representations of the gall were given in The Entomo¬
logist (July 1878, No. 182, vol. 11, p. 145) and in Cameron’s Monograph
of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera (vol. 4, plate 7), the latter
showing galls in fresh condition.

Other flies of the genus Neuroterus in spring cause the currant or
berry gall, the blister gall, Schenck’s gall, and the hairy pea ; all these
occur on oak leaves and the first also appears on male catkins. In
autumn the flies of this group cause the four spangle galls, i.e., the com¬
mon spangle, silk button, smooth spangle, and cupped spangle.

"With these two groups there is an interval of some months between
the mature stages of the galfs of the alternate generations. If N.
aprilinus and N. schlechtendali are alternate generations of the same
fly the life history is very different. The galls of N . aprilinus occur in
oak buds and become visible in April and May, the flies emerging
quickly after the appearance of the galls. The emergence of the flies
may be spread over some weeks. In the case of N. schlechtendali the
galls occur on the male catkins in May, and in 1938, which was an
abnormal season, galls of N. aprilinus, from which the flies had not
emerged, and of A7, schlechtendali were found on the same day, i.e.,
April 23rd; admittedly, only a very few schlechtendali galls were then
found. In 1938 N. aprilinus had begun to emerge on March 31, and
continued to appear until April 27 and possibly later. A', schlechtendali
emerges in July, August and occasionally September of the same or
following year. G. C. Bignell, who first recorded the galls and flies of
A', schlechtendali in Britain {Entomologist' s Monthly Magazine. 1892,
p. 176) seems to have bred flies in the third year. My experience is
that flies which have lain over to the second vear emerge at an earlier
date than those coming out in the year of the gall’s appearance.

Regarding the suggestion of von Sehlechtendal that A’, schlechten¬
dali was the alternate of A", aprilinus, Abbe J. J. Kieffer (Species des
Hymenopteres : vol. 7. Cynipides, pp. 662-3, Note) wrote that if the
suggestion was confirmed, we have the case of a resting of the egg
during eight or nine months and the curious fact of an insect which
has the claws of the tarsi simple in the sexual state and bidentate in
the agamic state : I think that to suggest that the egg rests eight or
nine months is to exaggerate slightly as it does not allow for the larval
and pupal stages, but the point Kieffer raises has interest and import-

38

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

ance. Having repeatedly found the two kinds of galls in the same
localities and noted in some years that schlechtendali galls occur on the
later flowering oaks, my own view at present is that it is not only pos¬
sible but highly probable that the flies are alternate generations.

Cameron ( l.c ., vol. 4, p. 140) seems to accept N. schlechtendali as
the agamic form of N. aprilinus, but by an unfortunate slip labels his
short description “ Sexual form.” On the following page (141) he gives
a description of N euroterus politus Hartig. The descriptions have so
much resemblance that I suggest that they apply to the same fly. N.
politus was described by Hartig in 1840, and was only recorded sub¬
sequently by the Rev. T. A. Marshall (Entomologist s "Monthly Maga¬
zine, 1867, vol. 4, p. 125), who took it several times on oak trees in
Leicestershire. There are two flies labelled IV. politus in the Fitch
collection and these presumably were obtained from Marshall.

Kieffer (l.c., vol. 7, pp. 664, 665) contends that Spathegaster petio-
liventris Hartig is the same insect as N. aprilinus. Hartig captured
S. petiolivcntris in the neighbourhood of Berlin, and according to
Kieffer stated that all the females of the species have the radial cellule
open while the males have it closed ; the variation of the radial cellule
Kieffer points out is a character by which N. aprilinus is distinguished
from all the other species of the same genus. Though Hartig seems to
have stated that all aprilinus females had the radial cellule open, he
may not have definitely asserted that all the males had the cellule
closed. A radial cellule is said to be closed when the outer margin is
thickened and darkened like a well-marked vein of the wing. In 1938
I bred over 120 flies of N. aprilinus from Essex, Kent, and Surrey, and
though almost all the females had the radial cellule open or had only a
short part of the margin thickened, about 14 per cent, of the males
had a thickened and darkened margin to the wing over the whole length
of this cellule, the amount of thickening and darkening varying in the
other males.

Professor Kinsey in the “ Gall Wasp Genus Neuroterus ” (Indiana
University Studies, June 1923) divides the genus into three American
and three Old World sub-genera. The Old World sub-genera are
Neuroterus Hartig, Pseudo neuroterus new sub-genus, and Spathegaster
Hartig. Types are given for these sub-genera; that for the sub-genus
Neuroterus is N. politus (designated by Ashmead, 1903, Psyche 10,
p. 151), and that for the sub-genus Spathegaster is N. petioliventris
Hartig. In the sub-genus Neuroterus are included I\ . cerrifloralis
Miillner, a Lower Austrian species galling Q. Cerris, N. glandiformis
Giraud, which is recorded as occurring in Lower Austria, Hungary,
Italy and Portugal, and as causing galls on Q. Cerris L., Q. Bobur L.,
and Q. suber L., and two Japanese species; and four other Continental
and one other Japanese species in Kinsey’s opinion may belong to the
sub-genus. The four species of Neuroterus with which we are fami¬
liar: quercus-baccarum L., numismalis Fourcroy, albipes Sclienck and
tricolor Hartig come into the sub-genus SiKithegaster. Kinsey states
that other European species may belong to this sub-genus, but with-

NEUROTERUS SCHLECHTENDALI MAYR.

39

out sufficient material he preferred to withhold opinions as to sub¬
generic assignments. Neither N. aprilinus nor N. schlechtendali ap¬
pear in the index to this work, and I have failed to find any mention
of them.

Ivieffer (l.c., p. 665) records one commensal (on which, according to
Cameron, Mavr who made the record threw some doubt) and three
parasites for 2V. aprilinus , but neither commensal nor parasite for N.
schlechtendali. Because of the time of the gall’s appearance, its rapid
development in its later stage and the quick emergence of the insect
after the gall is visible, it is probable that N. aprilinus suffers little
from parasites, and that iV. schlechtendali may escape because of its
small size and the relatively short time it remains on the tree after the
male catkins have expanded.

Clearly it is most desirable that the alternation of these two flies, if
it exists, should be proved beyond possibility of doubt by breeding the
insects through the galls. I realise the difficulty of doing this, especi¬
ally as my colleagues of the Society’s Plant Gall Section who undertake
such experimental work are handicapped by not possessing oaks that
have reached the flowering stage as is required for the production of the
galls from which N. schlechtendali would emerge.

Also it may be that the long period of quiescence that follows ovi-
position by N. schlechtendali in some way limits the reproduction of
the species. Both N. aprilinus and N. schlechtendali are abundant
locally at times, and if neither suffers from parasites to the extent that
some gall-producing Cynipidae do, some other factor or factors, it must
be presumed, intervenes to keep the species in check.

Finally, if AT. aprilinus and N. schlechtendali are not alternate gene¬
rations of the same fly, what are the life histories of these insects?

40

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Entomological Notes and Records.

LEPIDOPTERA OF A LONDON GARDEN
FIFTY YEARS AGO.

By R. W. Robbins.

S a boy, in the eighties, I lived in South Hackney, near Victoria Park.

The small three-storied house with its rectangle of garden stood
with ten others forming a terrace, with a similar terrace behind and
two others at right angles. The whole formed a nearly perfect enclosure
of, say, one hundred and fifty by eighty yards. The gardens were
separated lnT brick walls four and a half feet high with a higher central
wall across the ends. Just on the other side of this end wall stood a
row of good sized black poplars, planted twenty years previously when
the houses were built.

Trained against a wall of our garden, facing south, were gooseberry
and currant bushes. The wall at the bottom was topped by a screen
covered by wild clematis, and across the top of the garden was a trellis
with openings to the side-paths and joined to the house by an open
lean-to roof; this was covered by “ tea tree ” (Lycium) and hops. So
much for the permanent features.

I believe it was the Magpie .moths ( grnssulciriata ) which first attracted
my attention. Although we killed scores of larvae, the moths were
always abundant in season. I once found a good striated form. With
these larvae were a few caterpillars of the V moth ( wauarici ), an insect
which I found regularly on the walls, but since those days have only
taken once or twice.

Another insect frequent on the walls and which has almost completely
eluded me since, was the Poplar Grey (megacephala) ; usually the moths
had a pinkish tone in the grey colouration. Their caterpillars were
plentiful on the trunks of the poplars, resting in the shape of a question
mark, and when I stood on the end Avail with my head among the poplar
branches I found them on the leaves, and sometimes a larva of the
Poplar Haivk — a great thrill.

The clematis screen harboured a small group of species of Avhich the
Waved Umber ( abrupt aiia ) Avas the most interesting. The moth Avas not
uncommon on the Avail below, and I took tAvo of the dark broAvn suffused
variety Avhich is, I think, a London speciality. The larvae of the Dot
(persicariae) were abundant and in two forms, green and brown, marked
Avith short oblique velvety streaks of deeper tone. Other frequenters
of the clematis Avere Willow Beauties of the smoky London form
(gem maria, var. perfumaria.) and SAvalloAvtails ( sambucarin ). The latter
moths I caught on the Aving, but Avhere do these conspicuous insects
secrete themseRes by day ?

The “ tea tree ” and hops on the trellis AA'ere the favourite food of
“woolly hears,” the broAvn hairy larvae of the Buff Ermine (. lubricipeda ),

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES AND RECORDS.

41

and one often came across the moths asleep on the woodwork, sometimes
in pairs. The White Ermine ( menihastri ) was much rarer. Another
common hairy larva of striking appearance was the Vapourer (cintiqua).
Although bred specimens generally produced a grub-like wingless female,-
she would attract the little brown males in plenty in the sunshine. The
local boys called them cherry-eaters.

Brindled Beauties (hirtoria) were common in the garden and doubtless
bred on a small lime tree in the front. But hirtaria was then of small
Recount to me beside the Gothic ( typico ), which turned up occasionally on
the walls. A species frequently taken was the Small Anglesliadies
( lucipara ), the larvae of which devastated our ferns, while the currant
bushes were attacked by the Currant Clearwing (tipuliformis), which
was to be found sunning itself on the leaves.

With my net at dusk I used to take the Rustic Shoulder Knot
( basilinea ), which I have hardly seen since; the Lychnis ( capsincolci ) on
the pinks; the Nutmeg ( chenopodii ), Garden Carpet, Brimstone, three
or four Pugs ( assimilata , vulgata, centaur eat n ), and other Avell
distributed species. One well-known London insect, the Double-lobed
( o phi o gramma ), I never found at Hackney, although we had in the
garden the Ribbon Grass ( Phalaris ), in the stems of which the larva
feeds. The moth waa common at Clapton and Forest Hill.

It appears in retrospect that this little London garden Avas cpiite
a good collecting ground, and, in particular, that it maintained a small
group of species that are not easily come by in rural districts. Evidently,
there is a garden fauna just as there is a fauna of cultivated land, but in
this instance there A\-as a town-garden fauna and perhaps eAwn a London
fauna. A group of species, sparse in the open country, flourished
vigorously in a built-up area not far from the heart of the city. The
density of the lepidopterous population, though limited in species, Avas
greater in that small garden than in any of the more spacious and a- aided
gardens that I ha Am since knoAvn.

It is true that Ave had very few insectRorous birds, except house
sparrows and a feAv starlings, robins, and blackbirds. I doubt Avhether
they took much toll, and at least the omnivorous London sparroAv with
plenty of scraps, horse manure (in those days) in the streets, and
crocuses and other floAvers in season, Avas Avell supplied aa i th other food.

A London garden proAddes a specialised habitat for its insect
population. There is shelter from high Avinds and extremes of
temperature, because London is neATer so cold as the surrounding country.
InsectRorous birds are feAv. The brick Avails gRe the protection and
Avarmth of rocks, yet Avithout the he a aw rainfall of our rocky and Avooded
districts. No wonder certain species of moth find in our London gardens
a congenial habitat.

HYMENOPTERA FROM SOUTH CORNWALL.

By K. M. Guichard.

This year, from July 23rd to August 7th, I spent a holiday at Pol-
perro on the South Cornish coast. Despite the phrase, “ Our Cornish

42

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Riviera,” the country appeared devoid of character, and even the cliff
scenery seemed inferior to parts of Sussex.

After one fruitless excursion inland in search of aculeates, I de¬
cided to confine collecting to the rising ground above the cliffs. This
area, about three-quarters of a square mile to the west of Polperro
Harbour, on account of its thick vegetation, gravelly paths, and abun¬
dance of flowers, looked promising. Flowers most attractive to
Hymenoptera were Wild Carrot, Ragwort, Blackberry, Wood-sage,
Dwarf Furze, and Devil’s-bit Scabious, all of which were in full bloom.

As there appears to be no complete list of Cornish aculeates, it has
not been possible to find out whether any of these records are new to
Cornwall. My list includes many common species, so that if a County
List is compiled such records may perhaps help to confirm the general
distribution of those species.

There are only two comments to make. Firstly, the occurrence of
two wasps which I had previously found only on sandhills: Ammophila
sahulosa and Podalonia viatica. There is no sand within at least five
miles of Polperro, and the soil of my area was a light clay mixed with
small stones.

Secondly, No mad a rufipes was abundant, although I could not find
its normal host, Andrena fuscipes (Kirby). This Andrena is associated
with heath-lands, so it seems probable that N. rufipes was parasitizing
Andrena nigriceps , which, however, was rare.

The following records were made during seven mornings’ collecting,
and a more intensive search would doubtless turn up other species. I
am greatly obliged to Mr G. M. Spooner for his determination of Prioc-
nemis vusillus and Pompilus trivialis.

HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA.

Hedycliridium ardcns (Latr. in Coq.), 9 ; Chrysis ignita (L.),
common: C. vindula L. ; Sapyga 5-punrtata (Fab.), 3 95; Myrmosa
melanocephala (Fab.), d ; Tetramorium caespitum (L.), nesting in
gravelly paths; Formica fusca L., var. rubescens For., under stones;
Crypto cheilus affinis (V. d. L.), very common; Priocnemis pusillus
Schiod., common; P. exaltatus (Fab.), one very large 9; Pompilus
cinctellus Spin., not uncommon along a stone wall but almost impos¬
sible to catch, 3 9?; F. trivialis Dahl, common; P. crassicornis

Shuck., 2 9 9; Anoplius nigerrimus (Scop.), very local; Aporus unicolor
Spin., d , 9 ; Odynerus spinipes (L.), 9 ; Ancistrocerus parietum,
(L.), common; A. pictus (Curt.), 9; A. trifasciatus Oliv., fairly
common; Vespula rufa (L.); 1. vulgaris (L.) ; F. germanica (Fab.);

Tachysphex pompiliformis (Panz.), local; Trypoxylon attenuatum Sm.,
common; T. clavicerum Lep.; Ammophilci sahulosa (L.), very
common; Podalonia viatica (L.), 9 9, rare on ragwort; Crabro

cribrarius (L.); Coelocrabro leucostomoides Richards, 3 9 9; C.

cetratus (Shuck.), 9; Crossocerus elongatulus (V. d. L.), common;
C. varus Lep. and Brul., 2 9 9; Blepharipus dimidiatus (Fab.), 9 ;
Clytochrysus cavifrons (Thom.), 3 9 9; Solenius continuus (Fab.); Meta -

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES AND RECORDS.

43

crdbro quadricinctus (Fab.), 9; LLoplisus bicinctus (Rossi), d, 9 ;
Xysson dim idiatus Jur., 4 9 9; LLarpactus tumidus (Panz.), 2 dd;
Cerceris cunicularia (Schr.), 2 dd, 2 9$; C. arenaria (L.)} not
common; Colletes similis Sch., very common on yellow daisies; Prosopis
hyalina-ta (Sm.), common; P. brevicornis (Nyl.), d ; P- communis (Nyl.),
common: Halictus villosulus (Kirby), common; PL. leucozonius (Schr.),
common; PL. calceatus (Scop.), common; LL. rubicundus (Christ), un¬
common; PL. punctatissimus (Sch.), common; LL. perlcinsi Bluth., 9 ; LL.
tumulorum (L.), common; PL. morio (Fab.), common; LL. leucopus
(Kirby), 9; LL. smeathmaneUus (Kirby), common; Sphccodes fasciatus
(v. Hag.), common; Andreiui llavipes Panz., very common, a huge
colony nesting in the face of a cliff; A. bicolor (Fab.); A. thoracica
(Fab.), freshly emerged dd only; A. rosae Panz., dd, $9, scarce;
A. nigriceps (Kirby), 2 9 9; A. ovatula (Kirby), very common, the
males were on the wing some davs before the females were observed :
A. fulvago (Christ), 9 9 seen at one locality for only one day, after
which they disappeared; A. minutulci (Kirby), common; Panurgus
banhsianus (Kirby), common and nesting along a gravelly path; Anthn-
phora furcata (Panz.); A. bimaculata (Panz.), common; A. quadrimacu-
latci (Panz.), d, 9; Epeolus vaHegatus (L.), common; Xomada
marshamella (Kirby), d X. rvfipe.s Fab., common; iV. hillana (Kirby),
a very worn 9 ; X. flavoguttata (Kirby), 9 ; LLcgacliile centuncularis
(L.), common; M. circumcincta (Kirby), 9; Coelioxys inermis
(Kirby), 5 9 9; Anthidium manicatum (L.), common; Stelis
phaeoptera (Kirby), d, on blackberry flowers; Osmi-a leaian-a (Kirby),
9 9, common; Psithyrus rupestris (Fab.), 9-

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IX 1938.

Bv H. J. Burkill, M.A., F.R.G.S.

For information and records I have to thank many correspondents,
including Miss E. M. Gibson. Mrs Gunyon, Miss C. E. Longfield, Miss
E. M. Miller, Miss E. A. Mattson, and Messrs O. A. Alexander, Dr

K. G. Blair, W. Carter. F. Clegg, Dr E. A. Cockayne, W. Craigs, R.
Cyriax, J. E. S. Dallas, Dr W. J. Fordham, Dr F. C. Garrett, W. E.
Gaze, C. J. Gent, K. M. Guichard, G. H. Heath, G. Jefferson, K. P.
Keywood, D. Leatherdale, J. E. Xewens, J. E. Xewton, C. Nicholson,

L. Parmenter, R. TV. Robbins, J. P. Robson, Brig. -General B. Tulloch,
D. G. Underhill, E. H. Mattson, J. C. Eales Mhite, and Dr P. H.
Millcox. These have made the compilation of the following notes
possible, for without their aid nothing could have been done.

Several of my usual correspondents declare that the season has been
so unproductive that they have no records worth submitting.

A year ago I commented unfavourably on the weather of 1937 as
being inimical to our native species of butterflies, but the conditions
then dealt with seem to have been easily surpassed by those of 1938.
Me experienced most unseasonable weather with a very dry February,

44

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

a warm March, a dry April, a series of frosts in May, followed by a cold
June and a wet July, while cold nights continued through August. The
result was a considerable diminution in most orders of insects. My
experience was that only Aphids and Sawfly larvae were in normal
numbers. Parasites were not apparently responsible for the scarcity
if my finding in September of a large colony of Aglais urticae larvae
in different stages of growth is any evidence. I bred up 160 of them
and had only one case of parasitism. Similarly the larvae of
Oonepteryx rhamni were less attacked than in recent years. I did see
various species of Ichneumon-flies but never in large numbers.

With the warm days early in the year several species of butterflies
were seen in advance of their customary dates. Some of these were: —

oth Feb. Gonepteryx rhamni at Fetcham, Surrey (H.J.B.).

5th Mar. Aglais urticae at Tresillian, Cornwall (C.N.), and at
Fetcham (H.J.B.).

6th Mar. Nymphalis io at Limpsfield, Surrey (R.W.R.).

7th Mar. Polygonia c-album at Taplow (P.H.W.).

18th Mar. Argynnis euphrosyne near Bodmin (C.N.).

31st Mar. Euchloe cardamines at Limpsfield (R.W.R.).

3rd Apr. Vanessa cardui at Limpsfield (R.W.R.).

Pararge ageria at Limpsfield (R.W.R.).

10th Apr. Vanessa atalanta at Claygate (K.P.K.).

30th Apr. Lycaena phlaeas at Church Stretton (H.J.B.).

while the warm days in September October, and November were
responsible for late appearances, such as : —

26th Sept. Vanessa cardui at Tresillian (C.N.).

0th Oct. Aglais urticae at Warlingham, Surrey (D.G.U.).

10th Oct. Polygonia c-album at Taplow (P.H.W.).

11th Oct. Pieris rapac at Limpsfield (R.W.R.).

loth Oct. Lycaena phlaeas at Fetcham (H.J.B.).

Nymphalis io at Tresillian (C.N.).

23rd Oct. Vanessa atalanta at Fetcham (H.J.B.).

5th Nov. Gonepteryx rhamni at Fetcham (H.J.B.).

Possibly some of these dates may be of interest to those observers who
argue the relative aspects of hibernation or migration of some of the
species. I understand that the weather on the Continent was cold when
we were having a warm early spell, so that it was hardly likely that
these early insects could have come across from France as the
temperature there would be too cold for them to wake up.

Little direct evidence of migration has come to hand, except for
Colias , but while the numbers of some species appear to have suffered
severely from the unfavourable conditions it does not seem that the
diffusion, so noticeable the last eight or ten years, of species such as
Polygonia c-album and Limenitis Camilla, has been checked, since the
records show a further spread of these two insects to fresh localities.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES AND RECORDS.

45

It is to be hoped that their numbers will once more increase in the
haunts they colonised so successfully a few years ago. Dr Willcox’s
observations at Taplow point to local movements of P . c-album during
the year.

The order and scientific names below are from the Royal Entomologi¬
cal Society’s list published in 1934, while the English names are taken
from Mr Froliawk’s British Butterflies (1934).

Danais plexippus L. (Milkweed). Mr Nicholson reported one as
recorded from the Scilly Isles.

Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood): Fairly plentiful to common
in the South but no records received from the Midlands or North this
year. P. in eg era L. (Wall). : Generally common, and one was recorded
from near Castle Eden, the first seen there for many years (F.C.G.).
I noticed a tendency both in Surrey and Shropshire to colouration
darker than normal. Erebia cpiphron Knoch. (Small Mountain
Ringlet) : A few worn ones near Struan (E.A.C.). E . aethiops Esp.
(Scotch Argus) : Not reported (F.C.G.). Satyrus galcithea L. (Marbled
White) : Abundant in a few localities, but absent in others where it
should have been seen. Eumenis semele L. (Grayling): Much fewer than
usual but abundant in restricted areas. Maniola tithonus L. (Hedge
Brown): Plentiful in several places. M. jurtina L. (Meadow Brown) :
Generally to be seen but not up to the average as a rule, though locally
abundant. Coenonympha pamphilus L. (Small Heath): Very erratic,
and “ not seen at all ” (B.T., and C.N.). C. tullia Muller (Large
Heath) : Much as usual on the mosses, Northumberland (F.C.G.), a
few near Witherslack and (var. scotica ) in Skye (E.M.G.), and near
Struan (E.A.C.). Aphantopus hyperanthus L. (Ringlet): Not up to
average numbers except in a few places.

Argynnis selene Schiff. (Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary) : Much as
usual in different localities. A. euphrosyne L. (Pearl Bordered F.) :
Not .much seen. A. aglais L. (Dark Green F.) : Hardly seen at all. I
met with it in Shropshire but only sparingly. .4. cydippe L. (High
Brown F.) : Similarly absent. .4. paphia L. (Silver Washed F.) : Fairly
plentiful in one locality, Sussex (O.A.A.), and a few in some other
localities. Euphydryas aurinea Rott. (Marsh F.) • Not reported.
Melitaea cinxia L. (Glanville F.) : Plentiful in one spot in the Isle of
Wight (K.G.B.) M. athalia Rott. (Heath F.) : Seemed scarcer than in
previous years (O.A.A.).

Vanessa atalanta L. (Red Admiral) : Reports show considerable
divergence of opinion, but the species was noticeable in the autumn
in many places. V. cardui L. (Painted Lady) : Not uncommon, S. Devon
(K.G.B.). Rather more plentiful than usual (E.M.M.). Other recorders
only met with it sparingly or missed it altogether. Aglais urticae L.
(Small Tortoiseshell) : Not generally abundant, but possibly more about
than in recent years. Nymphalis polychloros L. (Large Tortoiseshell) :
Only one reported (E.M.M.). N. io L. (Peacock) : Occasionally. Possibly
better than in 1937. N. antiopa L. (Camberwell Beauty) : One taken
near Darlington (F.C.G.). Polygonia e-album L. (Comma) : Fewer than

46

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

last year but still seems to be extending its range. Apatura iris L.
(Purple Emperor): One larva found and reared. (E.M.G.) Limenitis
•Camilla L. (White Admiral): Very few records, but reported as quite
abundant in one wood in Herts (K.M.G.).

Hamearis lucina L. (Duke of Burgundy): On the North Downs
(K.G.B.)

Cupido minimus Fuessl. (Small Blue): North Downs, one area. No
other records. Plebejus argus L. (Silver-studded Blue): Very abundant
in some places, but only a few correspondents mention it. Aricia agestis
Schiff. (Brown Argus): Fairly common in one part of Durham (F.C.G.).
No reports from near London. Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common
Blue) : Locally very variable, and probably below normal on balance.
Lysandra coridon Poda. (Chalk Hill Blue) : Scarcer than usual. L.
bellargus Rott. (Adonis Blue) : Similar to the last named. Alaculinea
•arion L. (Large Blue): Seen in the Cotswolds (E.M.G.). Lycaenopsis
■argiolus L. (Holly Blue) : Very scarce in the London district. Reported
from Cornwall (C.X., and K.M.G.), but not seen in Monmouthshire
(B.T.) or Essex (W.E.G. and E.M.M.). In Surrey I only saw it on the
North Downs. Lycaena phlaeas L. (Small Copper): Generally much
fewer than normal. Fairly plentiful at Danebury (E.M.M.), and many
at Church Stretton, 30th April (H.J.B.). One flew into a London bound
train at Peckham Rye, 2nd September. It was boxed and in the after¬
noon released in the country (H.J.B.). L. dispar Haw. (Large Copper) :
No records. Callophrys rubi L. (Green Hairstreak) : Very few records,
but said to be spreading in Weardale (F.C.G.). Theda betulae L. (Brown
Hairstreak) : Not seen. T. quercus L. (Purple Hairstreak) : Only
reported from Sussex (O.A.A.) and near Peterborough (P.H.W.).
Strymon w-album Enoch. (White Letter Hairstreak): Very scarce this
year. Miss Miller reports that the dark form is still conspicuous in the
colony she is watching. I found one specimen at Church Stretton in
which the marking of the white letter was abnormal. S. pruni L.
(Black Hairstreak) : Not reported.

Leptidea sinapis L. ('Wood White) : Very scarce or absent, except
in Sussex where many were seen in good condition (E.A.C.) Aporia
crataegi L. (Black-veined White) : No records. Pieris brassicae L.
(Large V hite) : Generally much less than usual, but abundant in a few
places. P. rapae L. (Small White) : Numerous in places, but not
generally a nuisance. On the whole probably well below normal. P.
napi L. (Green-veined White): Below average. Eiicldoe cardamines L.
(Orange Tip) : Normal to reduced numbers. Colias h.yale L. (Pale
Clouded Yellow) : One near Brockenhurst (G.H.H.). C. croceus Fourc.
(Clouded \ellow) : Reported as being in fair numbers in Kent, Sussex,
and Hants by various observers, with odd specimens in Surrey,
Middlesex, and Cornwall. Eleven seen in Essex (E.M.M.). Gonepteryx
rhamni L. (Brimstone) : More numerous in the spring than in summer,
but odd specimens of the new brood were about until a late date.

Papilio machaon L. (Swallow-tail) : A few seen at Wicken Fen
(K.G.B.).

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES AND RECORDS.

47

Erynnis tages L. (Dingy Skipper) : Seen in Mid-Durham (F.C.G.).
Tn about usual numbers in places in the South. Syrichtus malvae L.
(Grizzled Skipper) : About normal. Carterocephalus palaemon Pall.
(Chequered Skipper): No record. Adopuea sylvestris Poda. (Small
Skipper) : A few in places. Very plentiful in one locality in Surrey
(O.A.A.). A. Ymeola Ochs. (Essex Skipper): A few reported (K.G.B.).
A. acteoji Pott. (Lulworth Skipper) : No records. Ilcspcria eomrna I,.
(Silver-spotted Skipper) : Very plentiful in one locality in Surrey
(O.A.A.). Ochlodes venata Bremer and Grey (Large Skipper): As a
rule in fair abundance where reported but not always.

COLEOPTERA NEAR LONDON.

By F. D. Buck.

Beetle hunting in grass tufts during the winter months is a cold
occupation, but if the right place is discovered it can be most profit¬
able. The majority of beetles taken are Stapliylinidae and Carabidae,
and I have found that large isolated tufts in damp situations often
give good results.

With a large chisel used dagger-fashion the tuft is cut off flush with
the ground or a little below ground level, so as to include only the
upper part of the root mass. The root end of the tuft is then beaten
and shaken over a white sheet of waterproof material, and later pulled
to pieces and shaken again. The smaller specimens are best caught
with a sucking-tube, but it is necessary to make sure that the two
cork ends of the “ sucker ” are smooth, since small beetles are apt to
seek shelter in any crevices. I always bring home my captures alive
and then kill them with a few drops of acetic ether.

A friend and myself worked four localities close to London in the
manner just described and some of the results seem worth recording,
particularly as so few coleopterists venture forth during the cold
months. It may be added that Coreid bugs are sometimes found, also
many ichneumons, lepidopterous larvae and pupae, and various other
creatures. Not all the specimens taken in these four localities have
yet been identified.

Box Hill, 11/12/38; the best place proved to be a patch of thick
isolated grass high up on the Downs. The species included: — Myceto-
porus splendidulus Gr., Astenus angustatus Pk., A. immaculatus Stepli.,
Philontlius ebininus Gr., Stapkylinus winhleri Bern., Stenu.s brurmipes
Steph., Bembidion lampros Hb., Metabletus foveatus Geof., Ilarpahis
latus L ., Brady cellus harpalinus Ser., Galathus fuscipes Goez. (about a
hundred specimens hibernating), Hermacophaga rnercurialis F., Micco-
trogus picirostris F., Sitona tibialis Hbst., Medon melanocephalus F.,
Liodes badia Stm. (in a dead pine stump), and Zicrona caerulea L.
(Hemiptera).

Ruislip Reservoir, 1/1/39; tufts close to the water’s edge. This wet
place provided many more species than the dry locality at Box Hill.

48

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Ice and snow were still on the ground, but contrary to our expectations
beetles were still very numerous close to the ground surface. Species
included: — Mycetoporus splendidiilus Gr., Astenus immaculatus
Steph., Ocalea picata Steph., Hygronoma dimidiata Gr., Gabrius nigri-
tulus Gr., Stenus latifrons Er., S. juno F., S. fulvicornis Steph., S.
ossium Steph., Brady cell us sharp) Jy., Agonurn gracilis Gyll., Chvirur
fossor L., Bembidion mannerheimi Salilb., B. clarki Daws, (three
specimens), Anisodactylus nemorivagus Duft. (one specimen), Psylliodes
picina Marsh, Psammoecus bipun ctatus F., Notaris scirpi F., N. acri-
dulus L ., Phytonomus nigrirostris F., Sitona cambricus Steph.,
Bryaxis longicornis Leach. Another record of interest from this locality
is the taking of Bagous limosus Gyll. and B. cylind/rus Pk. under cut
reeds, 24/4/37 (K.M.G.).

Oxshott, 8/1/39; thick grass tufts in wet situations. Species in¬
cluded: — Agonurn, gracilis Gyll., Leistus ferrugineus L., Dyschirius
globosus Hbst., Bembidion mannerheimi Sahib., Lathrobium terminatum
Gr., L. geminum Kr., Tachyporus macropterus Steph., Gymnusa brevi -
collis Pk., Oxypoda lividipennis Man., Bythinus bulbifer Reich.,
Beicltenbachia impressa Pz., Pselophus heisei Hbst., Cephenium
thoracicum Mull., Euconnus hirticollis Ill.; the following four species
were taken from a semi-submerged log : Bryocharis cingulata Man.,
Scaphidium quad ri mar ulatum , 01., Cercyon tristis Ill., and C. inter -
mixtus Sharp.

Aldenham Reservoir, 15/1/39; dead reeds and debris round base of
decayed willow: — Bembidion clarki Daws, (this species of Bembidion
was the predominant one ; out of thirty-eight specimens taken, thirty-
four proved to be B. clarki ), B. doris Gyll., B. guttuia ■ F., JDemetrias
at ri cap Ulus L., Agonurn obscurum Hb., Ba (lister bipustulatus F., Cano¬
bus granulatus L., Stenus bipunctatus Er.. S. incrassatus Er., S.
cicindeloides Gr., S. juno F., Hygronoma dimidiata Gr., Dinaraea
aequata Er., Corticaria impressa 01., Galerucella fergussoni Fowl.,
Apion curtirostre Germ., Barypithes ciraneiformis Schr., Bhinoncus per-
pend icularis Reich., B. inconspectus Hbst., and Bryaxis longicornis
Leach (this species was very common, the colour of the elytra ranging,
from bright red to jet black).

THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF HYDE PARK AND
KENSINGTON GARDENS.

INSECTS.

By C. L. COLLENETTE.

As every visit to the area in suitable weather yields fresh notes and
species for the enquiry, some years must elapse before results are-
sufficiently advanced for detailed publication.

Ten species of butterflies have so far been recorded, nearly all of
which are visitors from outside the area. A Brimstone, Gonepteryx
rhamni L. was taken on 15th October, 1936 (E. W. Classev); the Reef

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES AND RECORDS.

49

Admiral, Vanessa atalanta L., and Small Tortoiseshell, Aglais urticae L.,
were commonly seen in the Flower Walk in the autumn of 1937 and 1938 ;
more than one Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui L., appeared on 24th and
25tli August, 1938; a single Peacock, Nymphalis io L., on 25th August,
1938 (D. S. Fletcher); a Comma, Polygonia c-album L., on 23rd
September. 1938 (C. L. Collenette) ; and a Clouded Yellow, Colias croceus
Fourcroy. on 1st August, 1938 (Russell James, Entom., 1938: 236).

Of the moths, 46 species have been listed, the majority of which were
probably bred locally. Among the Hawk moths, Mimas tiliae L.,
Amorpha papuli L., and S. ocellata L. have been found both in the larval
and adult stages. The Lymantriid Stilpnotia salicis L. has been recorded
so frequently, including examples in the year 1938, that it is probably
native to the area. The two Clearwings Sesia vespiformis L. and S.
myopaeformis Borkh. were found in the pupal stage by Dr E. A.
Cockayne some years ago, and for the former Hyde Park is a well-known
locality.

Coleoptera are difficult to find in any variety, partly owing to the
continued cutting and burning of dead timber and the sweeping up of
dead leaves. Coecinella bipunctata L. and its forms were exceedingly
numerous in the autumn of 1937, but less common in 1938. Four species
of Anas pis are found very frequently in flowers in the spring, and the
most prevalent dung beetle is Aphodius contaminatus Hubst.

Diptera are the most numerous order, both in numbers and in species.
Three species of mosquitoes have been recorded by Dr F. W. Edwards
{Entom., 1928 : 213) from rot holes in trees. A <5 Syrplius guttatus Fin.,
of which the British Museum (Natural History) possesses only one
specimen, was taken on 17th August, 1938, and an example of Gnopho-
myia lugubris Zett. on 11th June, 1938. Chironomus swpplicans Meig.
was common in the summer of that year (C.L.C.).

The Hemiptera are very commonly found in the area as individuals,
especially as the result of beating from the branches of trees, but only
twelve species have so far been collected. Further work will certainly
increase this total considerably.

Hymenoptera are well represented, but the determination of seme <. f
the smaller species is difficult. Larvae of the sawfly Nematus salicis L.
were abundant in 1938 (R. B. Benson).

No Odonata, and only four species of Neuroptera and five cf
Trichoptera have been found, but two or three of the latter are said
to be not without interest when the unsuitable nature of the habitat is.
considered.

The Earwig Forficida auricularia L. is very numerous under loose
bark, and probably acts as a check on other species which favour this
type of retreat

The writer of these notes will be glad to hear from anyone who can
assist in the enquiry, and specimens with data, which need not be named,
will be welcomed.

50

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

THE HOUSE SPIDER.

Tegenaria atrica Koch.

By C. H. R. Thomas.

For nearly a year I have kept a female of the common house spider
in captivity. She lives in a wooden, glass-roofed cage, 16 in. x 10 in. x 5
in., with two net-covered holes at each end for ventilation, and another
covered hole through which she is fed. Inside this cage is a small box
the size of a match-box, pressed tight against the glass, the top of the
box being partly cut away and one end open. To make this retreat
sufficiently dark and secluded for the spider I have fixed a flap outside
the cage and above her den, and when I want to see what she is doing
I lift the flap and look through the glass above the cut-away top of the
small box.

This house spider and most of my other sedentary web-building
spiders have taken well to a caged life, but the hunting species never
seem quite at home in captiviy. The Tegenaria, with her vigorous
movements, is an interesting creature to watch, although she possesses
the poor eyesight of her tribe. These web-builders seem to depend for
food almost entirely on their very delicate sense of touch and the threads
of the web act as an artificial extension of the nervous system. Hunting
becomes almost a game of blind-man's-bluff . A slight movement by
some fly or other small creature in the web brings the alert spider from
her den; she pauses expectantly, and when a second vibration is felt
rushes to the spot and buries her jaws in the prey. Sometimes, however,
if the prey keeps still the spider is at a loss to find it. I have seen my
Tegenaria dash past a stationary fly which a few moments beforei had
been buzzing and struggling, but which had remained perfectly still on
realising its danger.

Often the spider darts out of the den directly I insert the feeding
tube into her cage. She grasps the glass and I can feel the grating
of her sharp chelicerae upon it. This procedure is not due to her
knowledge that food is coming, or to a resentment at the intrusion; her
behaviour seems to be governed by instinctive reaction coupled with poor
eyesight.

Over a long period this spider has built a formidable web, but these
sheet webs are never really completed. Unlike the orb webs, they are of
no particular design, but form a mass of threads spreading fanwise
from the den. They are continually being increased and repaired because
of the damage caused by the struggles of their victims.

I do not think that the silk used to make sheet webs is nearly so
adhesive as that favoured by the orb weavers. Tegenaria does not wrap
its prey in silk and leave it on the web, but carries the struggling
prisoner straight back to the den. Spinning is done nearly always at
night, as the spider does not care to expose herself during the daytime.

In her den, at intervals of about a month, my female house spider
has produced several egg cocoons, each containing about a hundred
pearly-white eggs. The outside of the cocoon is covered with loose fluffy
silk, and underneath is a tough envelope enclosing the eggs. If uncon-

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES AND RECORDS.

51

sumed bits of fly and other debris are available she uses this material
to decorate her cocoon. The resulting spotty effect is very conspicuous
by daylight, but I think that in a dim light such an object would be
difficult to distinguish.

Spiders are great drinkers, and the quantity of liquid required seems
to depend on the amount of food available. If insects are plentiful,
organic juices are sufficient to allay thirst, but failing this source of
nourishment spiders require water. In the natural state this is provided
by rain drops and dew. I give water to my spiders with a fountain-pen
filler and they greatly appreciate the attention, applying their mouths
to the drops and drinking for considerable periods.

Finally, the female spider is by far the most interesting sex to keep
alive. To an observer, the skulking and untidy male does not compare
favourably with his active and industrious mate.

PARASITES OF SPIDERS.
By G. H. Locket.

The following records of flies of the family Cyrtidae parasitizing
spiders have been collected during the last three years. All the spiders
except No. 3 (from Blediow Bridge) were captured on Ruislip Common,
Middx.; spiders No. 1, 2, 5, and 6 have been examined by Dr A. R.
Jackson. The flies have been identified by Dr F. W. Edwards of the
British Museum (Natural History).

Parasite.

1. Oncodes gibbosus L.

2. Oncodes pallipes Latr.

3. Oncodes pallipes Latr.

4. Acrocera globulus Panz.

5. Acrocera globulus Panz.

6. Acrocera globulus Panz.

Host.

Fam. Lycosidae, pos¬
sibly a Trochosa.

Fam. Lycosidae.

Almost certainly Lgcosa
pullata Cl. 9- Another
spider of the same
species was caught at
the same time.

?

Lgcosa sp. 9, ?

Fam. Drassidae.
(Immature.)

Larva found, having
emerged from host
30/6/36.

Fly emerged 8/7/36.

Pupa found 30/6/36.
Fly emerged 2/7/36.

Larva pupated 25/6/3S.
Fly emerged 3/7/38.

Larva emerged 9/6/36.
Pupated 15/6/36.

Fly emerged 21/6/36.

Larva emerged 20/6/36.
(Spider has spun silk
cocoon as though for
eggs.)

Pupated 23/6/36.

Fly emerged 29/6/36.

Spider taken 27/10/36.
Larva emerged 6/6/37.
Pupated 10/6/37.
Emerged 16/6/37.

52

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

7. Acrocera globulus Panz. Lycosa sp. <5, mature,

but palpal organ ap¬
peared malformed from
parasitization.

Tlie larva of the last species listed emerged 10/6/38. It kept
moving, continually stretching its head out and around. The move¬
ment seemed to have no object unless for aeration. Fat globules were
apparent under the skin of the hinder part. The host was apparently
healthy until the appearance of the larva, which emerged through a
hole made in the dorsal side of the abdomen. The cephalothorax of the
spider appeared to be empty too. 13/6/38: The outlines of the seg¬
ments of the larva had practically disappeared. 15/6/38: Larval skin
cast off, then pupated. The fat globules had “ sintered ” together some¬
what. Pupa darkened during the day and fat globules disappeared.
Fly emerged 22/6/38.

The larva of another species was seen emerging from the dorsal side
of the abdomen of a spider, the head coming out last. This larva pupated
two days later, but died.

XT is with real regret that the resignation has been received of Adam
Charles Smith, one of the tiny band of schoolboy promoters of the
North London N.H. Society, against whose name the almost pre-historic
date of 1892 appears in our membership list.

“ Charlie ” Smith was a butterfly-hunter like the rest of them, and
even within the last few years has foregathered with three others of the
clan to pursue the old sport in Continental by-ways.

But his sight is no longer good, and with advancing years he has now
laid down his net. May we wish him happy memories!

It. W. It.

THE SURVEY OE LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

53

The Survey of Limpsfield Common.

SECOND YEAR.

The investigation of the Flora and Fauna of Limpsfield Common
conducted by the Ecological Section has been energetically continued
during the past year, and the material in the following articles indicates
progress made in the various sections of the work. It is recognised by
the authors of these lists that they cannot he considered exhaustive as
regards either recorded species or their distribution, nevertheless they
do give an excellent picture of the species occurring on the Common, and
their publication affords an opportunity for all members to co-operate
in adding additional species and filling in the gaps in the distribution
of those already recorded. The Secretary will be pleased to hear from
any member willing to undertake the study of groups not yet worked out
on the Common.

The work of listing the species present is regarded only as a
preliminary step in the Survey of Limpsfield Common, and it will be
seen that investigations of a more definite ecological nature have already
been taken up. It is anticipated that during the coming year it will
be possible to spend less time on ascertaining the species present, and
more time on studying their ecology. It is hoped that as many members
as possible will join in this interesting work, which offers such unique
advantages to beginners and experts alike.

J. E. Lousley.

THE PRESERVATION OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

By IV. G. Sheldon, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S.

(Formerly Hon. Secretary of the Limpsfield Common Committee of the Local

Residents.)

Until some forty or fifty years ago, commons generally throughout
England were kept pretty much in the state in which they had been for
several centimes, through those individuals possessing common rights
exercising them, by grazing horses, donkeys, cattle, goats, and other
animals, and by using bracken for litter, gorse for fuel, and bush and
forest growth for various purposes. These customs having of late largely
fallen into disuse, certain growths, such as bracken, bush and forest
trees have greatly spread at the expense of those less dominant, including
heather and ether low-growing herbaceous plants, gradually strangling
and even exterminating them over wide areas.

The advent of the motor car has brought a new peril to the amenities
of the commons, especially those in the neighbourhood of large towns,
in the arrival of hundreds of cars laden with people who picnic on those
commons, leaving, unfortunately, large quantities of litter behind, them.

Some of the neighbouring residents, too, have found the local common
a convenient place on which to deposit any rubbish they may have to

54

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

dispose of, such as cans, bedsteads, derelict bicycles, and large quantities
of other household rubbish.

Limpsfield Common, until recently, was no exception to the general
rule in these respects. In 1935, however, the attention of the Lord of
the Manor was; called to its condition, and a committee was formed by
him to take over the management and to put an end to the abuses
to which it had been subjected. To enable this committee to act it was
found necessary to raise annually a sum of about £200, which has been
subscribed by local residents.

Comparatively little could be done during the year 1935, but in the
spring of the following year, it being apparent that so far as finance
was concerned the necessary support would be forthcoming, a common
ranger was engaged, and other steps necessary to preserve the amenities
were put in hand. To deal with litter a number of boxes of the pattern
used by the National Trust on their properties were purchased and
fixed in suitable positions. Probably some fifty per cent of the litter
has been deposited in these receptacles, which are cleaned at frequent in¬
tervals and the contents burned, together with the litter that does not find
its way into them, which is collected by the ranger. The large items of
rubbish have been collected and sent away to the Rural District Coun¬
cil dump ; .several large shoots of objectionable rubbish have been covered
over with soil, and the depositing of rubbish has been stopped.

Overgrown footpaths have been opened up, and in some cases sur¬
faced with dry material. The large gorse brakes have been divided
into small areas by having rides cut through them as a precaution
against extensive fires. To keep gorse in a healthy condition it is
necessary to cut it down at the end of about seven years, otherwise
it grows leggy and unsightly, and becomes very inflammable. The old
gorse bushes have been cut down over large areas, part of these have
revegetated from the cut stumps, and great quantities of seedlings are
springing up to take the place of the old plants.

Bracken over an area of about 80 acres has been scythed, or the
stems have been broken by a machine (Holt’s Bracken Breaker) in June
and again in August each year. This has greatly weakened it, the
result being that heather and other plants it is desirable to encourage
have greatly increased, especially on that portion of the common known
as West Heath, which has undergone treatment for three years. If
the treatment producing this result is continued for another year or
two there is every reason to believe this area will have returned to its
condition when the commoners exercise their rights.

Much of the heather existing was very old and it was considered
advisable to burn it to encourage young growth, partly from revegetation
from the roots, and partly from seed. In some areas, the old plants
have revegetated well, and in all great quantities of young seedlings
have appeared, partly self sown, and partly from seed collected and
sown by the ranger. There were a number of large beds of nettles
in different parts of the common, but these have been already almost
exterminated by the use of sodium chlorate.

THE SURVEY OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

55

The extermination of bracken and the encouraging the growth of
desirable low growing plants means that large areas, formerly
inaccessible to children and the general public, are now available to
them for air and exercise.

There are still considerable portions of the common which are covered
with brambles, worn-out gorse, and forest trees, the undesirable growth
strangling the desirable. These should be gradually improved by clearing
away the brambles, old gorse. and any trees that interfere with the
growth of their neighbours. When this is done a better type of growth
will spring up in the place of that cleared away.

There is a considerable amount of birch in different parts. Birch
is of course a very picturesque tree, and should be encouraged
in moderation, but the winged seeds cause seedlings to spring up when
they are not wanted. These must be grubbed up as they appear. Care
is being taken to study the requirements of the birds and sanctuaries are
carefully reserved for them to breed and shelter m.

In order to put a stop to the abuses the common has been subject to,
it has been necessary to obtain further regulations, which the Ministry
of Agriculture and Fisheries has granted, and which are now in force.

A VEGETATION MAP OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON AND SOME
PRELIMINARY ECOLOGICAL NOTES.

By C. P. Castell.

The accompanying vegetation map of Limpsfield Common has
been prepared at the request of members of the Ecological Section.
It is based upon a coloured map prepared hurriedly, but in some de¬
tail, for the Society’s Annual Exhibition held in April 1938. This
map has been checked in the field and errors rectified, but, in order to
render it less confusing to non-botanists, the customary ecological
symbols have not been employed and many topographical details are
omitted. For the latter, the reader is referred to the description of
the Common with the delimitations of the lettered subdivisions, or sec¬
tions. by L. Parmenter and C. H. R. Thomas in The London Naturalist
for 1936 (1937), pp. 46-48 and map. A brief account of the vegetation
of each section was given by R. W. Robbins in The London Naturalist
for 1937 (1938), pp. 50-51.

It must be borne in mind that these sections bear little relation to
the vegetation and that their function is primarily a convenience to
assist workers in stating the position on the Common of any particular
habitat.

The vegetation has been split up, as far as possible, into units, each
with a more or less uniform composition.

The complexity, however, of the vegetation, the small scale of the
map, and a demand by members for simplicity rendered impracticable
the satisfactory use of the usual ecological symbols. Each unit is
mapped, therefore, with its dominant species expressed, by symbols,
in the order of their relative abundance or dominance. An area

.56

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

dominated by Bracken ( Pteris ), with abundant Heather ( Calluna ) and
much Gorse (III ex europaeus) is, for example, indicated by the symbols
Pt.C.U. The composition of the grassland areas has not been investi¬
gated sufficiently to permit of any subdivision and the various types
are mapped under the general heading “ Grassland ” (G.). Some parts
of the wooded areas comprise such a complex mixture of species that
no dominants can be recognised and these areas are mapped as kk Mixed
Open Woodland ” (M.O.W.).

The map conveys, it is hoped, some idea of the complexity of the
vegetation and it will be seen how few of the units are comparatively
pure communities.

I have adopted the specific nomenclature used in the following cata¬
logues : — Flowering Plants — The London Catalogue of British Plants,
11th Edition, 1925. Mosses and Liverworts — The British Bryological
Society's Census Catalogues of British Mosses (2nd Ed., 1926) and
British Hepatics (3rd Ed., 1930).

I am much indebted to Mr J. E. Lousley for his constant advice
and help ; he is jointly responsible for the mapping in the field of about
two- thirds of the Common. I must also express my thanks to Dr W.
B. Turrill, F.L.S., and Mr R. W. Robbins for their helpful suggestions
during the preparation of these notes, and to Messrs J. H. G. Peterken,
L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S., G. H. Spinney, B.A., and Miss P. E. F. Hare,
B.Sc-., for help in the field.

VEGETATION UNITS RECOGNISED IN THE MAP.

Heathland. — Heath (Calluna vulgaris) — C. ; Bracken ( Pteris aqui-
lina) — Pt.

Gr a s s land . — G .

Scrur. — Gorse (Ulex europaeus) — U. ; Bramble ( JRubus fruticosas L.
agg.) — R. ; Blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa) — P.s. ; Hawthorn ( Crataegus
monogyna) — Cr.

Woodland. — Dry Oakwood ( Quercus Bobur) — Q. ; Oak-Bircliwood
— Q.B. or B.Q. ; Birchwood ( Betula spp.) — B. ; Pinewood ( Pinus
sylvestris) — P. ; Mixed Open Woodland — M.O.W.

Habitats considered briefly below but not mapped: — Ponds, Ditches,
Walls, Paths, Disturbed Ground, Rubbish Dumps.

The reader is reminded that the whole of the Common lies on various
horizons of the Lower Greensand, and the vegetation is therefore that
characteristic of acid, sandy soils.

HEATHLAND.

Heath ( Calluna vulgaris) (C.). — Pure communities of Calluna are
scarce, but good examples occur in sections Ka, Kb, where a height
of two feet or more may be reached, although even in these, Ulex minor
is frequent. Where the Calluna is thick, the community is floristically
very poor, other flowering plants being shaded out and their place taken
by mosses such as Hypnum schreberi and H. cupressiforme, Dicranum
scoparium and Polytrichuin spp., and occasional lichens, e.g., Cladonia
sp. Elsewhere, Calluna is usually associated with Ulex minor,

THE SURVEY OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

57

Descliampsia flexuosa , Potentilla erecta and Erica cinei ea , and the
mosses, in addition to those mentioned above, Polytrichum pihfeium,
Campnjlopus pyriforme , C eratodon purpureus , 1 unaria hygromet 1 ica and
Dicranella heteromalla . Small patches of T accinium Myrtillus occur
here and there. Heather seems to have suffered badly from hies and
trampling, so that it is often in a weakly condition (C. G.) 01
(G. C.). Poor and degenerate Calluna is a feature of the fairways of
the golf course (sections Ra, Rb, S, Ua, Ub). here trampling is ex¬
cessive, Calluna tends to be exterminated and grass heath often takes
its place.

Bracken ( Pteris aquilina ) (Pt. ).—Pteris is now dominant over a large
part of the Common. Although almost certainly once a constituent of
oak woods on non calcareous soils, it has, as in many other parts of the
country, invaded almost every section of the Common in comparatively
recent times, spreading by means of its rhizome. Nevertheless, it is
difficult to find an absolutely pure Pteris community, possibly because
it has not yet had time to kill off all its competitors and also because
most of the bracken is now being cut and rolled in an attempt to
eradicate it. Pteris appears to be much more susceptible to treading
than is Calluna. It will be noticed how the grassland of the golf courses
is usually fringed with degenerate Calluna in which Pteris is absent.
Its dislike of deep shade is shown by its absence under the shade of the
pines in section X, and sycamores in W, and its poor growth under
beeches in T.

GRASSLAND. (G.)

Several types of grassland can be distinguished. The commonest
type is Grass Heath associated with the golf course. This type is no
doubt derived from Calluna by trampling and mowing, and is com¬
posed mainly of Agrostis tenuis and Festuca ovina L. agg., with Galium
saxatile and occasional patches of very short Calluna.

In the areas subject to less extreme treading the following appear
to be characteristic: — Agrostis tenuis, Festuca ovina L. agg.,
Deschampsia flexuosa, Sieglingia decumbens, Luzula campestris,
Galium saxatile , Stellaria graminea , Eieracium pilosella and Rumex
acetosella, with the mosses JSrachythecium albicans, P>. purum,
Eurhynchium praelongum and Ei/locomium squamosum.

In places, the following may be observed colonising burnt areas : —
Funaria hygrometrica, C eratodon purpureus, Rryum argente'um, Poly¬
trichum piliferum, Rumex acetosella, Ulex europaeus, Eieracium
pilosella, Epilobium angustifolium and Carex pilulif era.

The following occur in damp hollows: — Ranunculus repens , Tri-
folium repens, Lotus uliginosus, Rumex crispus 5 Dactylis glomerata,
Juncus effusus and in one spot, Ophioglossum vulgatum.

At the bottom of the valley between Ka and Kb a few plants
associated normally with the vegetation of chalk downs are present,
e.g., Cnicus acaulis and Pimpinella Saxifraga .

A grass verge is usually developed along the roadsides, as in Lb
and W ; here the heath grasses are replaced by Dactylis glomerata,
Eolcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Lolium perenne and Poa spp.

58

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

SCRUB.

Gorse ( TJlex europaeus ) (U.). — This is the commonest scrub element
invading the heathland areas and is abundant in many parts of the
Common, especially in sections D, W, and Y. Where it grows thickly,
little else can withstand its evergreen shade. The wooded areas of the
Common are usually" fringed with TJlex , as is well seen at the northern
boundary of section C.

Bramble (Pubus fruticosus L. agg.) (R.). — The ecology of the species
included under this aggregate has yet to be worked out. Some species
are common constituents of the woodlands, especially in sections C, T,
and X. Elsewhere on the Common other species form small communi¬
ties, usually on disturbed and open ground. An excellent example of
the invasion of a disturbed area by Ihibus is to he seen in W, where
TJlex has been cut and burned over a large area, and here Pubus dume-
torum is spreading rapidly, its long stolons trailing in all directions.
Ihibus, by its sprawling growth and habit of rooting at the tips of the
stolons, most effectively disposes of its competitors.

Blackthorn ( Primus spinosa ) (P.s.). — This forms occasional thickets
and good examples may be seen by the pool in X, in G, and by Links
Cottage.

Hawthorn ( Crataegus monogyna) (Cr.). — Thickets occur in Rb and
W and open hawthorn scrub occupies the eastern part of section Kb.

WOODLAND.

Dry Oakwood (Q.I.F.). — Section T affords an example of this com¬
munity, and the following are its more abundant constituents : — Tree
layer — Quercus Pobur (d.), Fagus sylvatica (f.), Betula alba (occ.-f.);
Shrub layer — Pteris aquilina (a.-d.), Ilex Aquifoliuin (c.-sd.), Pubus
fruticosus L. agg. (c.-sd.), Corylus avellana (l.a.), Lonicera Peri-
clymenum (a.), Pubus idaeus (c.): Herbaceous layer — Scilla non-scripta
(l.a.), Anemone nemorosa (c.-la.), Oxalis acetosella (l.c.), Iledera Helix
(c.), Melampyrum pratense (l.c.), Nepeta hederacea (l.c.), Stachys
sylvatica (l.c.).

Towards the east, Beech becomes dominant (E.I.), and correlated
with the increased density of shade, undergrowth is scarce, consisting
chiefly of Holly and young Beeches. The ground vegetation becomes
very open with Pubus fruticosus L. agg. (c.), Scilla non-scripta (c.),
Hedera Helix (c.-d. on ground in shadiest spots), Pteris aquilina (f.)T
and Lonicera Periclymenutn (occ.).

Beech appears to be spreading, as young trees are plentiful, even in
the purer oakwood ; on the other hand, there are many young oaks at
the western end of the wood. The abundance, in the oakwood, of Ilex
Aquifoliuin, and the presence of Teucrium Scorodonia (occ.). Digitalis
purpurea (1.), Solidago T irgaurca (l.c.), Deschampsia fdexuosa (c.) and
Holcus mollis (1.) are typical of Dry Oakwoods, although Quercus sessili-
flora appears to be absent. Section Uc consists of oakwood with Pteris
undergrowth.

THE SURVEY OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

59

Ill the northern part of W, an interesting example is to be seen of
the invasion of an oakwood by sycamore. In some parts, sycamore be¬
comes the dominant tree and the dense shade and thick blanket of dead
leaves effectively prevent the development of any but a poor ground
flora. Sycamore is abundant near the pool in section X, in Zb, and in
the northern part of M.

Oak-Birch Wood (Q.B.) and (B.Q.).— This type of woodland is typi¬
cal of the western end of the Common, e.g., A, C, and E to H.

Birchwood ( Betula spp.) (B.). — Although birch is abundant and has
colonized most parts of the Common, it rarely forms a pure birchwood,
the nearest approach being perhaps in sections Q and X.

Pinewood (Pinus sylvestris) (P.). — In section C, considerable invasion
by Pine has occurred, but it is nowhere in sufficient abundance to form
a pine wood, although, under some of the larger trees, the character¬
istic barren needle-covered floor can be seen. Perhaps the nearest
approach to a pine wood is the open mixture of Pine and Birch in sec¬
tion X (P.B.), the ground layer being dominated by Bubus fruticosus
L. agg.

Mixed Open Woodland (M.O.W.). — This is a puzzling type which
occupies a large part of section X. The woodland is an open mixture
of several species, viz., Quercus Robur , Betula spp., Fagus sylvatica ,
Acer pseudoplatanus, Sorbus aucuparia, , TJlmus campestris , Sambucus
nigra , Ilex Aquifolium, of which no particular species can be recognised
as dominant, with a shrub layer beneath of Bubus and Pteris. It may,
perhaps, be an early stage in the development of a closed oakwood.

The evidence so far available is insufficient to show conclusively
whether the woodlands are, in general, degenerating or regenerating.
The Common may have been covered by oakwood centuries ago and pos¬
sibly Stachys officinalis, Scilla non-scripta, and Lonicera Periclymenum
which are to be found scattered over the open parts of the Common,
may be relics of this former woodland flora. The Common appears to
have been practically devoid of trees for many years.

A six inch map of 1871 shows pines and no other trees in X, W,
and M. A few trees are shown in C, and T is an area of scattered
trees and heathland. On the other hand, the woods bordering the
common are well shown. Local inhabitants, forty to fifty years ago,
used to gather whortleberries ( Vaccinium ) in sufficient numbers to make
jam. The presence of Calluna near the western edge and of Vaccinium
in the middle of section T suggests the former presence of heathland
there. These facts, supported by the young character of nearly all the
woodland and the mixture of species, e.g. (M.O.W.) and sycamore in
section W, all favour the suggestion that the common was open heath¬
land which has been invaded in recent times by woodland.

OTHER HABITATS.

Ponds. — More or less permanent pool.s occur in sections F, M, P,
W, and X, but with the exception of P, all these are shaded by trees
and appear to support little vegetation. The pool in P is open and
is of much greater interest, and has yielded the following plants: —

60

THE LO.TDON NATURALIST.

Aquatic. — Ranunculus peltatus, Apium inundatum, Lemna minor.
Hypnum aduncum; Marginal. — Glyceria fluitans (a), Juncus effusus
(a), J. bufonius, J. articulatus , Callitriche stagnalis L. agg., Mentha
aquatica , Car ex leporina , Alopecurus geniculatus. The presence of
Lemna suggests the presence of nitrates and pH readings show that
the water is more or less neutral.

Ditches. — These occur in sections E, Rb, S, T, U, V, and W, but
they are dry for most of the year and have not yet been investigated.

Walls. — A few old walls occur at the northern end of the common
in sections La, Za, and Zb, and form the principal (and frequently
the only) habitat for the following mosses : — Grimmia pulvinata , Tortula
muralis, Rryum capillare , Carnptothecium sericeum, and the liverwort
Madotheca platyphylla.

Sides Oe Paths.- — In addition to the affects of treading, there is
often a marked decrease in acidity at the sides of paths which the
following species frequently line : — Arrhenatherum elatius, Poa annua,
Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium
repens, Plantago lanceolata, P. major , Hypochaeris radicata, and
Beilis perennis.

Disturbed Ground.- — On the heathland this habitat soon supports
an open population of such plants as Aira praecox, Spergularia rubra,
Sagina procumbens, Alchemilla arvensis, Rubus fruticosus L. agg., Erica
cinerea , Calluna vulgaris , Ulex europaeus, Rum ex acctosello. i and the
moss Polytrichum piliferurn.

Rubbish Dumps. — A characteristic plant is TJrtica dioica , which may
form dense communities as in the old pit in A where it supports a
numerous population of the snail Helix nemoralis L. Young weeds of
cultivation appear, and garden plantg become occasionally well
established as in C, where Doronicum Pardalianches now forms a strong
colony.

Many problems remain to be investigated.

It is by no means sufficient to study the vegetation of the Common
and to be able to map and describe it in detail, although even this has
yet to be achieved. The existing vegetation is far from being in a static
condition, but is continually changing, mainly through man’s inter¬
ference, and the present condition is merely a phase in a i succession.’
Cleared and burnt areas are rapidly colonized by plants which prepare
the ground for, but, sooner or later, are driven out by the
neighbouring native flora. We have still to find out which plants act
as colonizers, and in what order and why the}' are unable to compete
with the adjacent native plants. It will be useful to investigate the
results of the cutting and rolling of the bracken and to see if the
heath plants will re-assert themselves. The influence of rabbit grazing,
and especially of human trampling, upon the vegetation await inquiry.
The seasonal aspects of the vegetation, the status of the woodland trees
and, in fact, the ^status of the whole vegetation from a successional point
of view are, in themselves, problems sufficient to keep a band of workers
busy for several years.

Limpsfield Common.

VECETATION

January 1939

A. Ace.* t Sycamore..

G> 5erui.fl, Sirch .

C C/=lLLU/Nfl, Hea.fRer
Cr . Hctw/FioTn

F Fagus, Be.cc.rx.

Cr. Cr rassland.

X TL£ x . Holly .

l*)OW ' Mixed. Opan. Woodland.

R Pt NOS , Pi-nc..

Pa PRUNUh av(om # (scan.

Ps PRuNUS SPINOSUS 3/acA/^oTTX.
Pt. Precis, Bracken
Q QUE.RCUS , Oouk
ft. Pu&uS' &ramlslc.

S Sam&UCUS , Elc/zr
U. ULdX. £u/?oP/tLUS , Cror sc

U. ULnUS, Elm.

o

100 y<fe.

mile .

THE SURVEY OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

61

THE MYCETOZOA OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

By J. Boss.

Mycetozoa are dependent on moist conditions for their development,
and the shortage of rainfall in the first eight months of 1938 evidenced
by the disappearance of water from pools on Limpsfield Common, resulted
in only seven species being found until October, these including one
species found in December, 1937. The autumnal rains, of which the
Ecological Section had experience on 2nd October, brought a change,
and by the end of November, 21 species had been recorded.

The plasmodinm of the mycetozoon feeds on decaying vegetable
mattei , ano. it i.s to the u ooded areas of the common that attention
has been mainly given, (I) sticks, stems, and fallen branches and (II)
beds of leaves under holly trees being the principal sources melding
specimens. The largest wooded areas are T (Ridlands Wood), W (Hook
Wood), X (North Wood), and C (South Border Wood), but holly trees
in other areas furnished carpets of leaves where several species were
found. Ridlands Wood is a level well-wooded area; Hook Wood, also a
le^el area, is not densely wooded for the most part and tangled growth
makes it difficult to search; North Wood is on a steep slope, and South
Border Wood receives the drainage of the higher ground of Wildshaw
Heath.

It is disappointing in some measure that species definitely associated
v ith coniferous wood and pine needles have not contributed to the list.

That .species commonly found in some other woodlands have not been
reported directs attention to the absence of fallen and decaying tree
trunks and large branches and also to the absence of rotting stumps
of large trees. A stump, six or seven inches in diameter and rising a
foot or so from the ground, does not provide the fine medium for the
development of mycetozoa that a stump, one foot to eighteen inches in
diameter and level or nearly level with ground, does; the fall or felling
of the larger tree leaves the stump much more exposed to rain than
happens in the case of young trees cut out by cottagers, such as seems
to occur in Ridlands Wood.

Searching for small organisms like mycetozoa absorbs time and the
available hours on a late autumn or winter day soon pass. The ivhole
area of the common has not been effectively searched, and further effort
might result in considerable additions to the present list. It is almost
ceitain that in a .season of heavier summer rainfall with suitable
conditions of temperature species will occur that have not been found
m 1938, and it is not to be thought that all the species existing this
a ear were found, as two species recorded were each represented by a

single sporangium. Some areas, such as Ea, F, and H have received
scant attention.

The species recorded are : —

Badhamia utricularis Berkeley. Area T, November 6. Collected as Plasmodium

on <A StlCK.

Physarum viride Pers. T, October 25. On stick.

62

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

P. nutans Pers. Frequent on sticks, etc. C, November 23. T, October 25,
November 6. W, November 23. Yar. Jeucophaeum Lister. C, November
23, on pine needles and fungus. H, February 6, amongst moss on elder
(J. E. Lousley).

Craterium minutum Fries. Frequent on leaves under holly trees. C, -January
27, November 23. Ka, February 5. T, October 25, November 6. \Y,

November 23. X, October 18.

Leocarpus fragilis Rostaflnski. On leaves and pine needles close to holly bush.
X, October 18, November 23.

Diderma deplanalum Fr. T, October 25. On leaves.

Didymium clavus Rabenhorst. C, November 23. On leaf under holly.

D. nigripes Fr. Not infrequent on holly leaves. C, November 23. T, October
25, November 6. X, October 18. Yar. xanthopus. T, October 25.

D. squamulosurn Fr. Common on leaves under holly. B, February 6. C,
January 27, November 23. La, October 18. Lb, February 6. M, February
6. T, January 2, October 25, November 6. W, January 27. X. October 18,
November 23. Y, February 6.

D. anellus Morgan. One gathering on holly leaf. X, October 18.

Colloderma oculatum G. Lister. Amongst moss on tree trunk. X, December 5,
1937 (C. P. Castell and J. E. Lousley).

Stemonitis ferruginea Ehrenberg. On stick. T, November 6.

Comatricha nigra Schroeter. Common on sticks. C, January 27, November 23.
T, January 2, October 25, November 6. W, November 23. X, October 2,
October 18.

C. pulchella Rost. On leaves under hollies. T. October 25, November 6.

Lamproderma scintillans Morg. Frequent on leaves under hollies, sometimes
on matted sycamore leaves. C, January 27, November 23. M, February
6. T, November 6. X, October 18, November 23.

Reticularia Lycoperdon Bulliard. Fragment of aethalium on stick. X, Octo¬
ber 18.

Trichia Botrytis Pers. Occasionally abundant on sticks. C, November 23. T,
October 25, November 6. Yar. flavicoma Lister. On holly leaves. C,
January 27. I\a, February 6. M, February 6. T, January 2.

Arcyria cinerea Pers. X, October 18. One sporangium on stick.

A. pomiformis Rost. Not uncommon on oak sticks. C, November 23. T,
October 25, November 6. W, November 23.

A. incarnata Pers. On sticks. T, October 25, November 6.

Margarita metallica Lister. C, November 23. One sporangium on a fragment
of bracken stem collected for another species.

THE FLORA OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

By R. W. Robbins.

The table which follows is based on the London Catalogue, Ed. xi,
and is designed to give a picture of the flora of the Common in the
year 1938. It is intended to show not only the existence but the
frequency and type of distribution of the species found. While this is
facilitated by subdivision of the area, the sections have in themselves
little ecological importance. The wooded areas C, Q, T, Ec and X,
the sandpits D and Y (now disused), and the playing fields Y, are fairly
homogeneous, otherwise each section contains various types.

Imperfections are inevitable in such an attempt, and two need
special mention: — (a) A number of records, particularly earlier ones,
were made without any indication of frequency, and unless confirmed
lator they can only be given as “ species present.” (b) Not much in-

THE SURVEY OF LIMPSF1ELD COMMON.

63

tensive work was done before midsummer, hence spring annuals and
early species are too sparsely recorded, e.g., Ranunculus, Crucifers,
Cerasthim, Conopodium . some sedges and grasses. Only a limited num¬
ber of brambles have been identified; the predominant species is Rub us
cissburiensis Barton & Riddelsdell.

By making this table available to members in its present form it is
hoped that corrections and additions to it may be made in the coming
season, so as to establish a sound and reliable basis for future studies.

While the signs of frequency used are more or less familiar, it is
desirable, particularly in view of the small areas concerned — the largest
of which (T) is only 19 acres — to define as accurately as possible the
sense in which they are here employed. The signs used are: —

-t- = species present, frequency not ascertained,
rr (very rare) — a single plant in the section.

r (rare) = not more than 6, or a small patch, in one station only,
o (occasional) = thinly scattered, singly or in small quantities.

1 (local) = more than 6, or a good patch, in one station only,
lc (locally common) = same as 1. but not confined to one station,
c (common) -= frequent, local in several stations, or plentiful on suit¬
able ground (e.g.. Trifolium repens on grass verges),
la (locally abundant) — abundant in a limited area, and mainly con¬
fined to it.

a (abundant) = plentiful generally, or becoming sub-dominant in places,
d (dominant) = a dominant species in parts of the section at least.

A “ station ” is regarded as a group or assemblage of individuals
or groups of a species in a relatively limited area, widely separated from
others. A “ patch ” is a continuous group of a species which can
spread vegetatively. The difference between a small patch and a
good patch must be relative, e.g., a patch of one square yard of Mer-
curialis perennis would be a small patch, but a square yard of Viola
odoraia would be a good patch.

The expressions thinly scattered,” frequent,” ” plentiful gener¬
ally ” are grades of the same condition, not exactly defined perhaps, but
used in a common-sense application.

In the first column of the table will be found an initial indicating
the normal range of growth or type of habitat of the species, accord¬
ing to the terms first employed by H. C. Watson in his Cybele Bi'ifannica
and adopted by Druce in his “ C'omital Flora of the British Isles.”
The terms are: — Agrestal (A), cultivated land; Ericetal (E), moors
and heaths; Glareal (G), dry exposed ground; Ixuxdatal (In), ground
at times under water; Lacgstral (L), normally floating or immersed in
water; Paludal (Pa), marshy ground; Pratal (Pr), moist meadow land;
Paschal (Ps), grassy commons; Rupestral (R), rocks, walls; Septal
(Sp), hedgerows, banks; Sylyestral (Sy), woods and shady places;
^ iatical (V), roadsides, rubbish heaps, etc.

Some aliens are unmarked and plants which appear to be garden
escapes are marked Hortal (H).

64

THE LONDON NATURALIST

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/ 5

HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

A PRELIMINARY LIST.

By K. M. Guichard.

At present, this list of bees and wasps is incomplete and is chiefly
the result of spasmodic collecting. The number of species will probably
be doubled, but it is thought advisable to publish even a small list,
in the hope that* it may draw the attention of ecologists to a group
of insects which well repay study and which presents many ecological
problems. These few remarks are meant to indicate how the
Hvmenoptera Aculeata may be important and what may influence their
distribution.

Admittedly, from the present records it is not possible to draw any
conclusions of great ecological significance. Such conclusions may be
leached when time is found to study and compare the first appearance
of a species, the number of individuals of a species, the number of
parasites from year to year, the effect of weather conditions, spread
or decline of vegetation, and the food of insectivorous birds and mammals
over a period of many years. At least, before such a task can be
undertaken it is necessary to know what species exist in our area.

The distribution of bees and wasps is governed by certain factors,
some of them very obscure at present. A factor favourable to the many
burrowing species is a light dry soil. The sandy footpaths and the bare
open patches of ground in the west of the area are ideal nesting sites
for the fossorial Hvmenoptera, some of which burrow to the depth of a
foot or more.

It is difficult to judge the importance of flowers (except that some
Hovers must always be present) as factors of distribution. Yellow
daisies, hawthorn, blackthorn, and gorse are all favourite.s of wild bees,
but if these plants were exterminated in an area it is probable that
substitutes would be found. Even such nectar specialists as C'olletes
succincta and Andrena fuscipes (at ling), and Macropis labiata (at yellow
loosestrife) occasionally visit other flowers, while most of the species
of Halictus and Andrena seem to be indiscriminate in their choice. In
one locality a species of Andrena will be found visiting a particular
flower, while in another locality the same species of bee visits a different
flower although the two flowers may grow in both localities.

An abundance of suitable flowers in a small area usuallv attracts
Hvmenoptera if they are present, but that may not be a disributional
factoi , unless one considers the concentration of food to be such a great
saving of labour that it increases the survival powers of the individual.
But Hovers would have to be very scarce before a bee population was
adversely affected ; competition for nectar with other individuals of the
same or a different species does not appear to exist.

Ar this point, the ecologist may be reminded that without the honey
bee and the wild bees as fertilising agents many annuals would decrease
in numbers and vigour, as the self-fertilising mechanisms are used only

76

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

as a last resort. Apart from reproducing their own kind, the fertilisa¬
tion of flowers is the chief function performed by bees. Both the flowers
and insects are dependent on each other for survival, which is shown by
the highly specialised mechanisms that have evolved in both. The
adaptability of bees in visiting a wide range of flowers is a factor most
favourable to the continuation of their species.

It may appear at first sight that the number of individuals of
predacious wasps ought to be influenced by the abundance of their prey,
but observations in the field do not confirm this. The Crabronids,
Mellinus arvensis, and Oxybelus uniglumis provision their nests with
flies, but many of them are not particular in their choice of prey.
Although flies abound everywhere, nearly all these wasps are restricted
in their general distribution in a way which seems to indicate that soil
conditions and perhaps other factors still unknown are just as important
as a plentiful food supply for their larvae.

Parasites may influence the number of individuals of a species from
year to year, but unless one considers those parasites which have many
hosts (and they do not seem to trouble the specialised Hymenoptera),
parasitism has not become a factor of distribution, but perhaps freedom
from parasites would allow a bee to increase to such an extent as to
force it to extend its range. Many species of our aculeates have parasites
which are closely related to them as Psithyrus is related structurally to
Bombus, and Sphexocle. s to Halictus. On Limpsfield Common there are
several examples of host and parasite.

Apparently, other creatures do not prey upon aculeates except in
a few specialised instances. Sometimes a wasp preys on a bee as does
Cerceris rybyensis on Halictus leucozonius , and Philanthus on Apis and
Andrena . Shuckard records the annual destruction of fossorial
Hymenoptera by wagtails; tits have been observed killing bumble bees
for their honey; mice and ants destroy bumble bee colonies, and some
Asilid flies take Hymenoptera as prey. The effect of all this is not
properly known.

Apart from the nature of the soil, what are the deciding distributional
factors governing the Hymenoptera Aculeata ? Why are some bees so
restricted in distribution (even in a small area) when there appears
to be room and facilities for all, and why does the number of individuals
vary so much from year to year? Climate and altitude may play their
part in distribution, but to what extent and why?

Theoretically, finding the answers to these questions may appeal
to the ecologist (if there is such a being), but in practice the work would
devolve on the specialist, who, in this instance, ivould be the only one
familiar with the habits of the insects and their specific distinctions.

One imagines that the first stage of an ecological survey should consist
of as many specialists as possible providing lists of species with
preliminary data, in the hope that another specialist will seize on some
recorded fact as being important to the solution of his own particular
problem. It would be strange if the direct or indirect answer to an
ecological problem did not lie hidden somewhere in a comprehensive list

THE SURVEY OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON. 7 <

or in an account of the climatic or geological features of the area under
survey.

While writing these records it has been difficult to know what data
could possibly he of ecological importance and what could not. Wrongly
perhaps, it has been decided to err on the brief side; the aculeates’ habit
of sunning themselves on blackberry leaves is well known to
liymenopterists, and, therefore, a certain restraint has been exercised
with some very full data.

Although a fairly complete list of locality areas has been given, it
must be remembered that the same importance cannot be attached to
many of these, as to the distributional records of plants. Hymenoptera
spend much of their time on the wing, and strong fliers like Bombus are
just as likely to be found in one area as in another. There must be
some limit to the minuteness of one’s observations and that limit can
only be settled by the individual's knowledge and common sense.

For .many of these records I am indebted to Messrs Currie, Parmenter.
and Burkill, who from time to time have given me specimens with data.
I thank Mr G. M. Spooner for kindly identifying Priocnemis schiodtei.

LIST OF SPECIES.

CHRYSIDIDAE — PARASITIC ON OTHER SOLITARY WASPS.

1. Chrysis ignlta (L.). Ar. X, 11/6/38.

FORMIC IDAE — ANTS.

2. Myrmlca laevinodis Nyl. T, nest in oak stump.

3. Leptothorax acevorum (Fab.), w, Nb, amongst heather.

4. Lasius niger (L.). A, D.

5. Lasius flavus (Fab.). Ka, A.

6. Formica rufa L. $ , T, 19/6/38. Evidently a visitor, as the nearest nests

appear to be on Limpsfield Chart about a mile away.

POMPILIDAE — SPIDER-HUNTING WASPS.

7. Priocnemis schiodtei Haupt. Q, P, 4/9/38.

8. Pompilus spissus Schiod. Q, Kb, 7/6/3S.

YESPIDAE.

9. Yespula vulgaris (L.).

10. Yespula germanica (Fab.).

11. Yespula rufa (L.). Several localities. Q hibernating during 1937 winter in

D at roots of grass in bank.

SPHECIDAE.

12. Ammophila sabulosa (L.). , D , 4/9/38. This species preys upon cater¬

pillars and buries them underground as food for the larva.

13. Pemphredon lugubus (Fab.). Q , A, 13/6/38. This and the next species pro¬

vision their nests with Aphids.

14. Cemonus shuckardi Moraw. Q , Nb, 11/6/38.

15. Oxybelus uniglumis (L.). A, D, 3/7/38.

16. Coelocrabro leucostomoides Richards. $, Kb, 17/6/38.

17. Coelocrabro styrius (Kohl). $, C, 5/9/38, on bramble leaves. Very rare in

Britain.

18. Crabro peltarius (Schreber). , B, 17/6/38.

19. Crabro varus (Lep. & Brul.). O, Y, 4/9/38.

78

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

20. Nysson spinosus (Forst.). Q> G, 13/6/38; 3> Ivb, 17/6/38. Parasitic on the

next.

21. Gorytes mystaceus (L.). O, A, n/6/38: O, H, 13/6/38.

22. Mellinus arvensis (L.). A, B, C, D, E, Ka, Kb, P, August and September very

common. The males liy round gorse, oak, and birch and some were
taken on flowers of Dodder. Specimens were captured with prey 3
Cryptolucilia caesarion Mg. and 9 Pollenia rudis F.) in P, 4/9 38.

23. Cerceris rybyensis (L.). 3, A, 3 7/38. Preys on o Halictus.

24. Cerceris arenaria (L.). o, e, 8/8/37. Preys on weevils.

APIDAE — BEES.

25. Colletes succincla (L.). 3 3' 9 $> A> E> -4/9/38, at ling.

26. Halictus albipes (Fab.). O, P, 17/4/37, on dandelion.

27. Halictus zonulus Sm. Q, 3, Nb, G, 4/9/38; Kb, 5/9/37, on yarrow.

28. Halictus leucozonius (Schr.). P, 4/9/38; P, 25/7/37, on ragwort.

29. Halictus punctatissimus (Schenck). 9 •

30. Halictus minutissimus (Kirby). 9> 6/6/37.

31. Halictus leucopus (Kirby). 9 •

32. Halictus perkinsi Bluth. 9> G, 13/6/38.

33. Halictus minutus (Schr.). 9, D, 4/9/38.

34. Sphecodes pellucidus (Sm.). 3, D, 4/9/38.

35. Sphecodes crassus Thom. 9, A, 21/5/38; 2 9 9 - E> 6/6/37.

36. Andrena trimmerana (Kirby). U(a), R(b), P, E. H., L(a), 3/4-13/6/38, very

common. Visiting blackthorn and hawthorn.

37. Andrena haemorrhoea (Fab.). 3 3’ P, A, 3/4/38; 9, R(b), 17/4/37, on dan¬

delion.

38. Andrena armata (Gnu). 3 3< $ $, N(b), R(b), A> p> in April. 9 taken at

blackthorn, 3 at dandelion.

39. Andrena praecox (Scop.). 3, D, 6/3/38, sitting on birch trunk.

40. Andrena apicata Sm. 2 3 3> B> 6/3/3S, sitting on birch trunk.

41. Andrena parvula (Kirby). 9 > p> 17/4/37, on dandelion.

42. Andrena minutula (Kirby). 9, U(b), 11/6/38, on umbellifer.

43. Andrena pubescens Oliv. 3, R(b), 17/4/37, on dandelion.

44. Andrena chrysosceles (Kirby). 9, C, 13/6/38, on pig nut umbel; 9, Kb,

17/6/38, on buttercup.

45. Andrena wilkella (Kirby). 3, M, 13/6/38.

46. Andrena barbilabris (Kirby). 3> B> 21/5/38.

47. Andrena nigroaenea (Kirby). 9> R(b)> 17/4/37, on dandelion.

48. Andrena labiata Fab. 9, T(a), 11/6/38, on buttercup.

49. Andrena fuscipes (Kirby), 3 3> 9 $ > A, B, D. E, 4/9/38, at ling.

50. Anthophora acevorum (L.). 9, D, 6/6/37.

51. Epeolus sp. P, 4/9/38, not taken.

.52. Nomada hillana (Kirby). O, E> 11/6/38; 9> N(b), 11/6/38; 9> 7J(a).- 13/6/38,
on buttercup.

53. Nomada ruficornis (L.). 9. E(a)= 13/6/38.

.54. Nomada rufipes Fab. 33, 9 9, Y, D, P, E, C, L(b), August and September.

Parasitic on Andrena fuscipes.

.55. Nomada lineola Panz. 3> p> 2/5/37.

.56. Chelostoma florisomne (L.). 9, R(b), 17/6/38, on buttercup.

57. Bombus lapidarius (L.). 9, R(b), 3/4/38, on cherry blossom; 33 , D, N(b),

4/9/38, on Centaurea (N(b)).

.58. Bombus pratorum. 9, N(b), 3/4/38, on cherry.

59. Bombus humilis Ill. 9, W, 4/9/38, at wood-sage.

60. Bombus terrestris (L.). Common and widely distributed.

61. Bombus lucorum (L.). Common and widely distributed.

62. Bombus agrorum (Fab.). Common and widely distributed.

•63. Apis mellifera L. Common and widely distributed.

THE SURVEY OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

79

A WINTER CENSUS OF THE BIRDS OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

By P. W. E. Currie.

On 4th December, 1938, an attempt was made to take a complete
census of Limpsfield Common. In the event certain areas, namely Ta,
N, Y, Zb, could not be covered at all owing to the onset of darkness,
and areas E, F, and T were only incompletely surveyed. The count was
made by five persons, between 10.30 a.m, and 4 p.m. approximately.
The counters worked in two groups, of two and three, taking one area
at a time, and covering it as thoroughly as time allowed. The results
obtained have greater validity for some species than for others. The
figures given for Robin, Hedge Sparrow, and Wren are probably under¬
estimates, while that for Bullfinch is possibly an overestimate owing to
the same bird.s having been counted more than once. The figures for
Tits are probably fairly accurate, while Goldcrests are certainly under¬
estimated. However, after making due allowance for the characters
of the species concerned and the types of habitat which they frequent,
the figures are of some value as indicating the character, size and
distribution of the winter population of the common.

Comparison may usefully be made with the notes on the breeding
birds of the Common published elsewhere in this volume. The most
immediately striking fact is the almost complete disappearance of the
Song Thrush in winter : this has been noted before, and is curious in
view of tlie high winter population of Blackbirds.

I should like to thank Miss K. Douglas Smith, and Messrs K. R.
Chandler, L. Parmenter, and J. H. G. Peterken for their assistance
in taking the census.

Rook. Corvus f. frugilegus L. Nb (l), . . l

Jay. Garrulus glandarius rufitergum Hart. B (l), T (l), . 2

Starling. Sturnus v. vulgaris L. A (l), Rb (l), . . 2

Greenfinch. Ch. Ch. Chloris (L.). W (1), . . 1

Goldfinch. Carduelis carduelis britannica (Hart.). B (l), W (l), . 2

Lesser Redpoll. Carduelis flammea cabaret (P. L. S. Mull.). C (12). H (l), w (2). 15
Bullfinch. Pyrrhula pyrrhula nesa Math. & Ired. P> (3), Kb (2), Lb (3)’ M (5)

Na (5), Ra (4), Rb (3), W (8), . .’ . . ’ 33

Chaffinch. Fringilla coelebs gengleri Kleins. C (3), G (l), H (7), Kb (3), La (2),

M (2), Na (1), Nb (2), V (1), W (2), Za (1), . . ’ 25

House Sparrow. Passer d. domesticus (L.). M (3), Nb (3), V (17) . . 23

Yellow Bunting. Emberiza c. citrinella L. Kb (l), . 1

Meadow Pipit. Anthiis pratensis CL.). E (1), Kb (i), Na (l), . 3

Tree Creeper. Certhia familiaris britannica Ridgw. T (1), . 1

Great Tit. Parus major newtoni Prazak. A (2), C (1), H (2), M (1) Nb (1)

Rb (1), T (1), Ua (1), Uc (2), W (4), Za (1) . . . 17

Blue Tit. Parus caeruleus obscurus Prazak. A (2), C (4), G (l), H (7). Ka (4),

Kb (3), Lb (3), M (1), Nb (4), Rb (1), T (1), Ua (2), Uc (2), W (3), . 38

Cole Tit. Parus ater britannicus Sh. & Dress. Nb (1), . 1

Marsh Tit. Parus palustris dresseri Stejn. C (1), H (1), . 2

Willow Tit. Parus atricapillus kleinschmidti Hellm. A (2), p (l), w (3), . 6

Long-tailed Tit. Aegithalos caudatus rosaceus Math. Ka (9), Lb (8), . . 17

Goldcrest. Regulus regulus anglorum Hart. C (1), H (3), Ka (l), La (2), Lb (2)

Na (6), Ra (1), W (3), . ’

Mistle Thrush. Turdus v. viscivorus L. B (1), Ka (1), Kb (1) M (l) Na (1)
P (2), Rb (1), S (1), Ua (1), V (1) . ..’ . .

11

80

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Song Thrush. Turdus e. ericetorum Turton. M (1), I’a (5), Ub (1), . 7

Redwing. Turdus m. musicus L. M (2), Za (7), . . 9-

Blackbird. Turdus rn. merula L. A (1), B (1), C (4), D (l), H (8), Ka (2), Kb (11),

La (2), Lb (2), M (3), Na (2), Nb (1), P (3), Ra (4), Rb (15), S (2), T (1),

Ua (2), Uc (2), V (3), W (2), Za (1), . 73

Robin. Erithacus rubecula melophilus Hart. A (3), B (1), C (4), E (2), H (4),

Ka (1), Kb (1), Lb (1), M (1), Nb (1), P (2), Rb (1), Ua (1), Uc (1), W (2), ... 26
Hedge Sparrow. Prunella modularis Occident alis (Hart.). A (4), C (3), E (1),

G (1), H (1), Ka (1), Kb (1), Na (4), Nb (2), Q (1), Rb (1), . ' . 20

Wren. T. t. troglodytes L. A (1), C (3), Ka (4), Kb (4), Lb (2), Na (3), Nb (2),

Q (1), Ra (2), T (1), Ua (1), W (2), . 26

Green Woodpecker. Picas viridis pluvius Hart. Rb (l), . l

Wood Pigeon. Columba p. palumbus L. C (1), Ka (l), W (l), . 3

Totals A, 16; B, 8; C, 37; D, 1; E, 4; F, 0; G, 3; H, 34; Ka, 24; Kb, 28; La, 6;

Lb, 21; M, 20; Na, 23; Nb, 18; P, 8; Q, 2; Ra, 11; Rb, 25: S, 3; T, 6; Ta, 0:

Ua. 13; Ub, 1; Uc, 7; V, 22; W, 34; X, 0: Y, 0; Za, 10; Zb, 0: . = 385

Number of Species = 28.

NOTES ON THE BREEDING BIRDS OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

By P. W. E. Currie.

Owing to the size of the area, the paucity of observers, and the
infrequency of their visits, the following notes are of a somewhat
fragmentary nature. In particular, it proved to be impossible to locate
every nest even of the summer residents. It has therefore been necessary
to proceed on the assumption, probably fallacious in many instances,
that each singing male bird represented a breeding pair. Particular
mention is made of all nests and young birds found.

Incomplete observation probably nlso accounts for the apparently
anomalous distribution of some of the commoner species, e.g., Black¬
bird and Song Thrush. This has been noted as a subject for further
study during the coming year.

All notes given below refer to 1938 unless it is otherwise stated;

Jackdaw ( Corvus monedula spermologus Vieill.). Used formerly to breed in the
quarry, Y, but has not done so since 1935.

Jay (■ Garrulus glandarius rufUergum Hart.). T, two pairs known to have bred,
1937, 1938. X, brood of newly fledged young seen, 12/6/38. This probably
represents the total breeding population.

Starling ( Sturnus v. vulgaris L.). Several pairs bred on the Common, in holes
in trees, and also in holes in the quarry, Y.

Hawfinch (C. c. coccothraustes (L.)). 1937, two unsuccessful nests found. 1938, no
nests found, but two or more pairs probably bred. Newly fledged young
seen in T, 11 / 6/ 38.

Goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis britannica (Hart.)). One pair thought to have
bred just off the Common, by the Golf Club House.

Linnet ( Carduelis c. cannabina (L.)). Many pairs breed. Nests found in B, D
fone found, others also probably bred there), Rb, W (2), all in gorse.
Bullfinch ( Pyrrhula pyrrhula nesa Math. & Ired.). Nests found in W, la, both
in gorse. Other pairs probably bred in A. Na, P, and elsewhere.

Chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs gengleri Kleinschmidt). No nests found. Song posts
noted in A, C, M, Na, S, Ua. W (3), Y.

Yellow Bunting lEmberiza c. citrinella L.). Fledglings found in Kb, Q, 12 6/38.

One or two pairs probably bred on West Heath.

Skylark [Alauda a. arvensis L.). Not believed to have bred this year.

THE SURVEY OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

81

Tree Pipit ( Anthus t. trivialis (L.)). Nest with young found in Kb, 11/6/38. Three
other pairs had territory in A, E, Na-b.

Ti ee C reepei (Cei thiu f amiliaris britanmica Ridgw.). Seen during the summer
and may breed, in T, W, X.

Great Tit (Parus major newtoni Prazak). Two nests found. Breeds in all suit¬
able areas.

Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus obscurus Prazak). Several nests found. Breeds com¬
monly in all suitable areas.

Cole Tit ( Parus ater britannicus Sharpe & Dresser). One pair may have bred in
C, where newly fledged young were seen, 29/5/38.

Mai sh Tit (Pat us palustris dresseri Stejn.). Not believed to breed on the Common

Willow Tit ( Parus atricapillus kleinschmidtt Hellm./. One nest found, 21/5/38.
A brood of newly fledged young was seen in A on the same date. Otheb
pairs may have bred in Ka-b, and T.

Long-tailed Tit ( Aegithalos caudatus rosaceus Mathews). From a nest in Ka,
which was being built on 6/3/38, the young did not fly until after 8/5/38.'
Others may have bred on West Heath and W.

Goldcrest ( Regulus regulus anglorurn Hart.). Several pairs may have bred C
T, W, X. ’ '

Red-backed Shrike (Lanius c. collurio L.). Probably seven pairs bred. Two nests
seen, both in hawthorn, and with six eggs each, 12/6/38.

Spotted Flycatcher ( Muscicapa s. striata (Pall.)). A pair bred a few yards off the
Common near A, and were later seen on the Common with young, 13/8/38.
Others seen, and may have bred, in C, H, W, X (young seen).

Chiffchaff ( Phglloscopus c. collybita (Vieill.)). Nest found, A, 21/5/38. Song
posts noted in F. Ka, P, T (2), X, Y.

Willow Warbler ( Phglloscopus t. trochilus (L.)). Nests found in A, E, H, Ka.
Song posts of other pairs in A, E, Lb (2), Na, P, Ra, Rb, Uc, X.

Wood Warbler (Phglloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.)). Believed to have bred in T
(one, possibly two pairs) and in X.

Garden \\ arbler (Sylvia borin (Bodd.)). Nest found in X. Song posts of other
pairs in A, C, Kb, P, Ta, ITc, W. Also two pairs in the rough fringe out¬
side the North-east boundary of T.

Blackcap ( Sylvia a. atricapilla (L.)). No nests found, but fledgling young seen
in Ta, 19/6/38. Song posts of other pairs in A, C, P, T, X. (Note The
coincidence in the distribution of this species and that of the Garden
Warbler indicates not misidentification by song but similarity of habitat
requirements.)

Whitethroat ( Sylvia c. communis Lath.). Young found. Q, 12/6/38. Song posts
in E, P, V.

Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia c. curruca (L.)). One pair had territory in W.

Mistle Thrush (Tardus v. viscivorus L.). One unsuccessful nest in W. Other
territories in Kb, Rb, Fa-c, T (used nest found 8/5/38).

Song Thrush (Turdus e. ericetorum Turton). Breeds abundantly, in W seven
nests were found in one day, 3/4/38. Other nests were found in Rb S
T (4), Ua (2), Ub, Uc.

Blackbird (Turdus m. merula L.). Breeds abundantly. Nests found as follows •
A. C, H (2), T (6), Ua (2), W (4), X.

Nightingale (Luscinia m. megarhyncha Brehm.). One pair had territory in M.
two pairs in W, where one pair is known to have bred in 1937.

Robin (Erithacus rubecula melophilus Hart.). Breeds abundantly in all suitable
areas.

Hedge Sparrow (Prunella modularis occidentalis (Hart.)). Not very many. One
nest found in Ta, 19/6/38. Song posts recorded in C, Ka, Ra, P, T Uc
W (2).

Wren (T. t. troglodytes (L.)). Apparently reduced in numbers by the clearance
of bracken, but still fairly abundant on West Heath and other suitable
areas.

Sand Martin (It. r. riparia (L.)). Believed not to have bred in Y this year
though a few new holes were apparently excavated in late July or August.

Nightjar ( Caprimulgus e. europaeus L.). Probably two pairs bred.

82

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Green Woodpecker (Picas viridis pluvius Hart.). May have bred in T. A pair
and three young were seen on West Heath, 13/8/38, but probably bred
off the Common.

Great Spotted Woodpecker ( Dryobates major anglicus (Hart.)). Probably bred
in T. A hole in Q was visited both by this and by the preceding species,
but no young of either species were reared in it.

Wryneck (Jynx t. torquilla L.). One pair had its territory in Happy Valley,
another pair in gardens bordering on the golf course.

Cuckoo ( Cuculus c. canorus L.). Seen twice during the summer; one newly
fledged young seen in W.

Wood Pigeon (Columba p. palumbus L.). Several pairs bred, C, T, W', etc.
Three nests found in W.

Turtle Dove ( Streptopelia t. turtur (L.)). Nests found in W (3), H (apparently
deserted). A pair probably also bred in M, and possibly another in C.

council’s report, 1938.

83

Council’s Report, 1938.

DURING 1938 the number in the Society has increased by 17 to a
total of 584, made up of an accession of 78 comprising 64 new mem¬
bers, 4 branch associates, and 10 Country associates, accompanied by a
diminution of 61 comprising 49 members, 4 branch, and 8 Country asso¬
ciates, from which it will be seen that the increase is composed of 15
members, and 2 Country associates, while the branch associates remain
exactly level.

Attendances at General Meetings through the year have averaged
88, or, omitting the special meetings in the large Theatre, 51. It is
v ortln of note that on only three occasions did the number signing the
attendance book agree with the number actually present; the signa¬
tures showed an average of only 80 (approximately 90% of what they
should be); the Council would urge the defaulting 10% to observe the
regulation printed on each member’s ticket to sign the book on enter -
ing the building and this whether attending the Lecture or not — and
to see that their visitors sign also.

The Society had the honour of being represented this year at the
Cambridge meeting of the British Association by our Horn President,
Sir F. Gowland Hopkins.

The Annual Exhibition again beat 'its own previous best record both
in attendance and exhibits; the date being altered to Spring proved a
great success, the living specimens thus being able to be displayed, form¬
ing a deservedly popular attraction; the botanical table and the Vivaria
were worthy of special commendation.

The syllabus w as full of good things, a noticeable feature being the
increase of cinematograph films shown, many taken by our own mem¬
bers, and some in colour. The field meetings have been well attended,
and show a tendency to revert to our old-time fashion of going further
afield than our own area limits ; on several occasions motor coaches
have been engaged to carry the participants.

The Library has shown increased use under the careful supervision
of Mr R. W. Pethen, who is retiring from the librarianship after this
year; we are sorry to lose him from this work; he has fully earned the
well-deserved Testimonial presented to him at the Annual General
Meeting in recognition of his fourteen years’ hard-working service.

The London Naturalist has maintained its excellent level, and has
again been issued with the London Lied Report separate. It is re-
gretteci that Mr Graham Hopkins finds himself unable to continue the
work of Editor, which he has discharged so ably for three years.
Finance remains satisfactory, asi may be seen from Treasurer’s report.

The Society has increased, and all its activities have increased. It
onR remains to remind the membership that this success can be main¬
tained solely by the individual endeavour of each one, and the Council
would urge therefore that each strive to secure at least one new mem-

84

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

ber every year, so that we may have the recording more and more com¬
plete in our populous area of London.

A. B. Hornblower, Ron. General Secretary.

Librarian’s Report, 1938.

^INCE the last Annual Report, 332 books, manuscripts, and other
publications have been issued to 76 individual members of the
Society, compared with 321 books issued to 70 members in 1937.

These figures show that only a small proportion of our members made
use of the library, compared with our total membership, but even so,
they prove to be the greatest number of members borrowing from the
library in one year since 1 made my first Annual Report in 1925, when
14 members borrowed 25 books and manuscripts.

For the benefit of new members, I may add that in those days meet¬
ings were held only twice a month.

With regard to the subjects dealt with by the borrowed books, I find
that Ornithology again heads the list, with 130 books; followed by Gene¬
ral Natural History, 95; Entomology, 34; Transactions of Kindred
Societies, 26 ; Botany, 24 ; Ecology, 10 ; Archaeology, 8 ; Biology, 2 ;
Geology, 2; and Biography, 1.

The total additions to the Library during the year amount to 163
books, magazines, and journals, including many useful books presented
by members and friends of the Society, and also 30 Reports and Publica¬
tions of Kindred Societies, many of the latter being received in exchange
for The London Naturalist.

During the year, the following journals have been bound: — British
Birds (1 vol.); Essex Naturalist (1 vol.); Entomologist, (2 vols.); Ento -
n^ologist’s Monthly Magazine (5 vols.); and The Scottish Naturalist (1
vol.).

1 would also like to mention that through the kindness of some of
our members and friends, the following journals and publications are
added to the library at intervals and are then available to members: —
Botanical Exchange Club Report ; Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’
Club ; The Geographical Journal; North Western Naturalist; Scottish
Geographical Magazine ; and the Journal of the Society for the Preser¬
vation of the Fauna of the Empire.

In conclusion, I would like to add that there are several periodicals
still waiting to be bound, owing to odd parts being missing. These
include: — Antiquity (1 part), and The Entomologist and The Scottish
Naturalist , several parts of each.

It is a matter of regret to me personally to have to hand over the
library to my successor with these parts still missing.

Should any member care to have further particulars, I shall be only
too pleased to supply them, and I am sure my successor will welcome
any help in this direction. Robt. W. Pethen, Hon. Librarian.

SECTIONAL REPORTS, 1938.

85

Archaeological Section.

REPORT FOR 1938.

rpHE present .membership of the Section is 90. The average attendance
at excursions was 19 and at the indoor meetings 30.

In spite of unsettled weather and public anxieties the attendance
at the excursions has been well maintained.

In accordance with established policy, the excursions have been of
definite archaeological value, the aim being to make them sufficiently
popular while bearing in mind their serious object.

Two churches were recorded during the year— Stone., Kent, and St
Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury. The beautiful E. E. church of Stone
had not been visited for some years and the little known church of St
Mary the Virgin had probably not claimed attention before. It proved
to be of considerable interest and in both cases we are indebted to Mr
G. J. B. Fox for compiling the voluminous records.

V e also visited Great and Little Bookham churches, under the
guidance of Mr Molesworth Roberts, and at each church we were
honoured by the presence of the rectors. In February we visited St
John’s Gate, Clerkenwell, under the leadership of H. W. Fincham, Esq.,
Kt.J., F.S.A., and the following month Dulwich was the venue, where
we were indebted to the kindness of Miss E. Robinson, who conducted
us through the Picture Gallery and the Old College Chapel discoursing
on many subjects in a brilliant way.

One of the largest excursions was that to Westerham, Kent, where
the Section visited the church, V olfe’s House, and Pitt’s Cottage, under
the guidance of the chairman, who also on another occasion conducted
a party through the State apartments of Hampton Court Palace, where
particular attention was paid to the various architectural periods of
the buildings.

Unfortunately, the visit arranged to Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe,
in conjunction with the Geological Committee had to be abandoned
as the necessary permission was refused by the owners on the grounds
that they could not incur any liability for safety.

An exceptionally well-attended excursion was that to Old Devonshire
House, where Major Benton Fletcher had arranged a harpsichord recital,
which was greatly enjoyed by those present.

Finally, visits were paid to the Geffrye Museum, where Mrs Quennell,
the newly appointed curator, gave an interesting account of the exhibits
relating to different periods of social life in this country, and to the
Victoria and Albert Museum, where Miss H. Murphy gave a very
pleasing address on the subtleties of costume.

The lectures held under the auspices of the section were: —
“ Misericords,” by Arthur Gardner, M.A., F.S.A. ; “Sculpture of the
Middle Ages,” by Major Davidson.

80 THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Lectures given at Sectional meetings were : — “Architecture of the
Moors in Spain,” by D. Chisholm Simpson; “Our English Heritage,”
by W. C. Cocksedge; “Ecclesiastical Ironwork,” by Edward Yates,
I.S.A.; “ Fresh Glimpses of Roman London,” hv Quintin Wacldington,
F.S.A.

Antiquity , a quarterly devoted to archaeology , is circulated amongst
those members who pajT a small subscription towards its cost.

W. C. Cocksedge, Chairman.

Celia D. Cocksedge, Secretary.

Botanical Section.

REPORT FOR 1938.

SPEAKERS were secured by the Section for two general meetings.

Mr H. Stanley Redgrove, B.Sc., F.I.C., gave an illustrated talk
entitled, “ Field Botany for Use and Pleasure,” and Mr E. H. Ellis,
B.Sc., spoke upon the topic, “ The Botanist and the Species Problem.”
Both of these subjects dealt with many controversial points and resulted
in lively discussions.

In January we again had the pleasure of viewing some excellent
lantern slides of Alpine and other rarities prepared by Messrs J. E. S.
Dallas and E. M. Payne. Of the remaining two Sectional meetings the
first na.s addressed b3r Mr G. H. Spinney, B.A., upon “ Botany in the
Ancient World,” and the second by the Rev. P. H. Cooke, M.A., who
gave some notes on “ Field Botany and the Herbarium.” The excursion
syllabus included 10 outdoor rambles and a visit to the South London
Botanical Institute. The average attendance at the excursions has
been 10, and at indoor meetings 40. The Section now has a membership
of 146, which shows a decrease of 7 below last year’s figure.

The Recorder reports that about 20 lists have been received which
include a number of new divisional records. Plants of native status
which are new to the records of our District are becoming few, and
the only addition of this character in the present year appears to be
Euphrasia brevipila Burnat & Gremli found on Limpsfield Common,
division 19.

The intensive study of Limpsfield Common has also added the
established alien Hypericum datum Ait., and of a similar statues are
Trifolium agrarium Linn., Green Street Green, and Carex vulpirxoides
Michx., Farnborough, both reported by Mr Louslev, who has presented
specimens to the collection. The Carex is of unusual interest as it
reinstates in our flora a denizen belierred to be extinct.

A botanical find of quite exceptional interest was made by Mr L. G.
Payne, who discovered during the summer a flourishing colony of the
Crested Buckler Fern < Lastrea cristata Presl) in a locality in Surrey
beyond the 20 mile radius. E. cristata is one of our rare ferns, beino-
confined in Britain to a few localities in less than a dozen county

SECTIONAL REPORTS, 1938.

87

divisions in England. It i? found in lowland bogs, where drainage and
“ improvements ” are always threatening. The nearest stations to the
new discovery are in Dorset and Suffolk.

A considerable number of sheets have been added to the Herbarium
representing the less common specie? found in our District. Several
members have contributed to these addtions but the bulk are the result
of the personal labours of our devoted curator, the Rev. P. H. Cooke.

L. G. Payne, Chairman.

G. R. A. Short, Hon . Secretary.

Ecological Section.

REPORT FOR 1938.

^HL chief interests of the Section during the past year have been to
continue the survey of Limpsfield Common and to further the study
of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, especially in the Society’s area.
In addition, several who are members of both the Ornithological and
Ecological Sections have participated in the bird ecology field meet¬
ings and studies planned by the senior Section. The membership has
increased to 106.

In two years, the monthly visits which have been made to Limpsfield
Common have attracted 86 members and friends. During 1938, 60 have
visited the Common on the official dates (average 14). Many other
visits were made to continue the survey work. A preliminarv report,
with lists, was published in The Tondon Naturalist , 1937. Its twenty-
one pages are on sale as London Naturalist Tteprint No. 19, price 6d,
and if taken with the map (price Id, from the Librarian or Sectional
Secretary) should enable any member to assist in the survey work.

A particularly interesting visit was made to Peaslake, Surrey, on
September 18th by fifteen members and friends. Messrs C. L. Foster
and J. Sankey conducted the party over ground where since 1935 a
regional survey has been in progress. After tea, kindly provided by
our member Mr C. J. Grinling, a specially assembled exhibition was
examined with keen appreciation.

There was an average attendance of 45 at the three indoor Sectional
meetings, at which Messrs J. E. Lousley and L. Parmenter spoke on
“ Tlle First Year at Limpsfield,” Mr L. G. Payne on “ English Reptiles
and Amphibians,” and Mr Douglas English, F.R.P.S., F.Z.S., on

British Mammals.” We are very grateful to Mr Payne for taking
so much trouble to illustrate his talk with living exhibits of all the
English species with the exception of the Adder and the Smooth Snake.

At the general meetings of the Society lectures on “ Natural History
Societies and their link with Systematic Biology,” by H. W. Parker,
M.A., F.L.S. ; “ The Croydon Regional Survey and Atlas,” by C. C.
Fagg, F.G.S.; and “ The Genesis of Soils,” by E. W. Russell, M.A.,

88

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Ph.D., were given, the last-named in co-operation with the Geological
Committee.

The Section owes a debt of thanks to Mr C. H. R. Thomas for his
excellent arrangement of the Section’s contribution to the Annual Ex¬
hibition. The Limpsfield Survey was illustrated by a “ Map of the
Trees,’’ by R. W. Robbins; “ Vegetation Map,” by C. P. Castell and
others; “ Transect of Happy Valley,” by J. E. Lousley and Miss M. M.
Hose; twelve photographs by Miss C. E. Longfield; samples of soil from
the Common by J. E. Lousley; and typical Diptera from the Common by
L. Parmenter. In addition Mr Thomas exhibited diagrams illustrating
the progress of an ecological survey and the development of Beechwood
showing ecological relationships of certain animals.

The Section was officially represented at the summer meeting of the
British Ecological Society, held at Aberystwyth from July 16th to 21st,
by Mr R. S. R. Fitter, to whom we are indebted for an interesting re¬
port.

The Journal of Animal Ecology was circulated to 14 members at a
subscription of 2s per annum.

R. W. Robbins, Chairman.

L. Parmenter, Honorary Secretary .

Entomological Section.

REPORT FOR 1938.

SIY, evening meetings were allotted to the Section during 1938, and were
filled as follows: — “Entomology on the Norfolk Broads,” K. M.
Guichard, L. Parmenter, and E. B. Pinniger ; “Our British
Neuroptera,” E. E. Syms; Cine-Film “A Naturalist in Africa,” Miss
C. E. Longfield (Bacot Memorial Evening); “Some Pests of Garden
Plants,” G. Fox-Wilson; “Ants and their Ways,” G. E. J. Nixon;
“ South American Social Wasps,” Dr O. W. Richards.

Eight excursions were arranged, to Limpsfield Common, Byfleet,
Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, Mill Hill, Brickett Wood,
Balcombe Forest, V islev Heath, and Effingham. The average attendance
at these excursions was 8.

At the Annual Exhibition there were 16 entomological exhibits, fewer
than in 1937 but occupying a much larger space. The later date of
this event made it possible to show 9 exhibits of living insects, as well
as some fine invertebrates. Pond life under the microscope was a new
feature.

The excursion figures have been low, but fortunately they are
misleading. Five excursions were marred by bad weather, but on other
occasions profitable days were spent by small parties collecting in areas
near London

Co-operation with the Ecological Section has continued, resulting in
a list of Hymenoptera Aculeata of the Limpsfield Area.

89

SECTIONAL REPORTS, 1938.

In June, 10 members attended the Entomological Congress held at
Bournemouth. The lectures were greatly enjoyed, while Studland Heath
.and the glades of the New Forest yielded many rare insects. One member
y a,s able to present Dr Edwards of the British Museum with a specimen
ol Anthracophaga strigula F., a Chloropid fly not represented in the
National Collection.

The Society has been fortunate in acquiring a 40-drawer cabinet
■containing a splendid collection of British Lepidoptera, presented by
Mr C. Nicholson. It is proposed to add more material to his collection
thereby allowing space in other cabinets for a representative assemblage
of Biitish insects. The work of making and completing our collection
ol Lepidoptera is still going forward under the care of Mr Pinniger.
Two new drawers of Diptera have been added by Mr Parmenter.

This season, the increased interest in Diptera, Colcoptera, and
Hymenoptera has been proved by the many examples of these orders
shown to our specialists, and several rarities have been identified. Some
newcomers to Entomology have joined the Section and they have been
eneouiaged as much as possible. Next year promises to be a busy one.

K. M. Guichard, 1 Ion. Secretary.

Ornithological Section.

REPORT FOR 1938.

MEMBERSHIP OF THE SECTION.

T>URING 1938 the membership of the Section has registered another
increase, the roll of members on December 31 standing at 404,
twenty-four more than on December 31, 1937, and the first time the
becticn has ever topped its fourth century. There are 28 country
associates and 11 branch associates included in this total.

INDOOR MEETINGS.

In the two sessions of 1938 the Section has provided lecturers at two
general meetings and the Annual Exhibition, and has held six sectional
meetings. Attendances at general meetings averaged 58 and at sectional
meetings 78. At the general meetings, Mrs IT. M. Rait Kerr spoke on
Biids of Gibraltar, ’ and Mr IV. E. Glegg discussed “ Changes of
Bird Life in relation to the Increase of London.” At the Annual
Exhibition we again had the privilege of hearing Mr Ludwm Koch’s
excellent gramophone records of bird song. At the three sectional
meetings devoted to lectures, Capt. H. A. Gilbert spoke on - Ducks
and Decoys,’ and showed a fine film of the Orielton decoy taken by Mrs
C. W. Mackworth-Praed, Dr J. S. Carter discussed “ The Field
Identification of Ducks,” and Dr A. Landsborough Thomson described
‘ Some Aspects of Bird Migration.” The three remaining sectional
meetings were taken up by discussions and a dialogue. In January Mr
R- C. Homes opened a discussion on the scheme for the ecological study

90

THE LONDON NATURALIST

of birds in the London area; in May there was a dialogue between
Messrs C. S. Bayne and P. AY. E. Currie on the identification of
warblers; and in August the annual discussion on the work of the
Section took place.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

At the Annual Exhibition the Ornithological Section was again
allowed to use Hall 32 (the Society's regular meeting room), and thirteen
exhibitors maintained the usual high standards under the able direction
of Mr G. E. Manser. Among the principal exhibitors were Yliss P.
Barclay-, Smith, with charts and maps illustrating the International AYild
Fowl Inquiry; Mr Boland Green, with some of his original paintings;
Air Cecil Blackburne of the Haslemere Museum, with maps shoiving
the distribution of rookeries and nesting grey wagtails in the Haslemere
district, and Air J. AI. AYilson with a varied selection of bird skulls.
Alessrs Eric Hosking and G. B. Alountfort provided some excellent
photographic exhibits. For the first time living birds ivere shown, an
excellent selection of budgerigars of varying types of plumage being
kindly exhibited by Air P. L. Dabner of Sanderstead. Other exhibitors
included Miss Hearn and Messrs Stuart Boardman, Campbell, Hale,
and Shepherd. As in previous years, use was made of the Society’s
collection of skins to supplement various exhibits.

THE OFFICEBS OF THE SECTION.

At the beginning of the year Air L. Parmenter became Chairman
of the Section in succsssion to Aliss C. E. Longfield, and Air D. A. T.
Alorgan succeeded Aliss P. I. Wall is as Field Aleeting Secretarv. Airs
H. AI. Ba it Iverr and Air R. L. Collett were elected to vacancies on the
Committee.

INTERNATIONAL ORNITHOLOGICAL CONGRESS.

The year was noteworthy for the holding at Rouen in May of the
VIILth International Ornithological Congress. Alany members of this
section were present, headed by the President of the Society, Air C. L.
Collenette, as its official representative.

THE LONDON BTRD REPORT.

The London Bird Iieport has continued to show good progress during
1938. An account of the Section’s bird ringing activities and the
establishment of a trap at Beddington for the use of members will be
found in the London Bird Beport for 1938.

FIELD AIEETINGS.

Thirty-one field meetings were held in 1938, at which the average
attendance was 15, the highest number being 52, and the total number of
different members attending meetings during the vear, 134. This vear
for the first time meetings were held specially for beginners and also

91

SECTIONAL REPORTS, 1938.

for the study of bird ecology. At both these the attendance was good.
Among the species identified were the wood-lark, Hartford warbler,
brentgoose, pintail, Slavonian grebe, little ringed plover, spotted red¬
shank, black-tailed godwit, black tern, arctic skua and great skua. The
districts visited have included Tring and Walthamstow Reservoirs,
Slough Sewage Farm, the Thames Estuary at High Haistow and Grain
and the Black water Estuary at Bradwell. Special meetings were held
to hear the nightjar and the dawn chorus.

READING CIRCLES AND BOOK FUND.

The eight reading circles for British Birds are complete, with 64
members, and there are now 17 readers on the Scottish Naturalist circle.
The subscription for the former is half-a-crown and for the latter one
shilling per annum. Enquiries from other members will enable us to
start further circles for British Birds. The Book Fund, to which the
profits from the reading circles are turned over, has this year purchased
and presented to the Library the first two volumes of the new Handbook
of British Birds.

L. Paratenter, Chairman.

R. S. R. Fitter, Hon. Secretary.

Plant Galls Section.

REPORT FOR 1938.

PJTHE Section had two dates allotted to it for sectional meetings which
were utilised for papers as follows: — 29th March on Andricus
occultus Tschek. by Mr Ross, and 22nd November on Andricus solitarius
Fonsc. and on the genus Isocolus by Mr Niblett. The attendance at
these and the annual general meeting averaged 13.3.

Eight field meetings were arranged and Avere carried through in spite
of unfa\’ourable weather on some of the dates. Under these conditions
the attendance naturally suffered, only a few members turning out
regularly. The aA'erage attendance Avas 3.12. We Ausited Effingham on
23rd April; Arbrook Common, 14th May: Coulsdon, 28th May; Box Hill,
25th June; Colley Hill, 9th July: Worms Heath, 10th September;
Bricket Wood, 25th September; and Coldharbour Common, 8th October.

The long spell of dry and cold Aveather in the spring Avas considered
to be responsible for the non-appearance of many species of galls, but
in spite of this some interesting records Avere made Avhich seem to be of
species neAA’ to the British lists. Further details aauII be submitted for
publication in The London Naturalist.

The collection of specimens has been added to during the year and
maintained in good condition.

J. Ross, Chairman.

H. J. Burkill, Hon. Secretary.

92

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Geological Committee.

REPORT FOR 1938.

rpHE Geological Committee has made progress. The meetings at
Headquarters have been well attended. Hr A. T. Dollar gave a very
interesting talk on 20th September entitled “ Below London,” which
was well received and discussed, and on 4th October Dr E. W. Russell
of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, near Harpenden, gave a
remarkably illuminating talk at Headquarters entitled “ The Genesis
of Soils.” His knowledge of this subject made discussion somewhat
difficult, especially when applied to Geology; nevertheless there were
comments, coupled with the usual vote of thanks, and everybody agreed
that they had learnt something. Three field meetings have been held:
One on 17th July to Knock Mill, Eynsford, Kent, in conjunction with
the Ramblers Section, and another on 25th September to Chart Gravel
Pits and Ripps Marsh, in conjunction with the Botany Section, were
kindly lead by Miss M. M. Hose. A further field meeting was held in
conjunction with the Ecology Section to Limpsfield Common on the
6th November; this was conducted by our chairman, Mr J. F. Hayward,
and some fine field work was accomplished. At the Annual Exhibition,
held on the 26th April last, the Geological Committee secured a table
and our chairman, Mr J. E. Hayward, staged a fine series of specimens,
exhibits, etc., and had many enquiries.

The number of members interested in Geology is now over 30. and
further names would be welcomed.

Arthur S. Garrido, Hon. Secretary.

Ramblers Section.

REPORT FOR 1938.

jyjEMBERSHIP of the Section is now 61. Number of indoor meetings
during the year, 4; average attendance, 23. Number of outdoor
meetings, 12; average attendance, 10. Number of Committee meetings,
4; Average attendance, 6.

The Section provided a lecture for one of the Society’s general
meetings: “ Our Trip to Shetland,” by the Chairman. At the Sectional
Meetings we had interesting lectures on “ Camera Surveys ” by Mr
D. Rose, and “ Old Richmond and Petersham ” by Mr F. M. Chapman,
and on 13th September Mr C. L. Clarke showed films, many in colour,
under the title “ On holiday with a Cine-Kodak.”

The monthly excursions have been continued, some in conjunction
with other Sections, and there have also been some very successful

SECTIONAL REPORTS, 1938.

93

Saturday afternoon rambles. Among the districts visited have been
Ightham, Epping Forest, The Chilterns, Tlie North Downs, and Sun-
ningdale, and visits have been paid to the Zoo and the Victoria and
Albert Museum.

An Easter week-end was organised very successfully by Mr F. House,
the district visited being the South Downs.

The quarterly publication, The Countryman , is circulated among 15
readers at a subscription of Is per annum, and the publications of the
Commons and Footpaths Preservation Society and the kindred societies
to which the L.N.H.S. is affiliated are circulated among the Section’s
Committee. They are, of course, available for the use of all members.

'With Mr F. House as Sectional Curator, a beginning has been made
towards a collection of photographs illustrating topographical features,
interesting buildings, etc., in the Society’s area and just beyond. An
invitation is cordially extended to members of the Section and of the
Society generally to support this enterprise by contributing suitable
photographs.

J. E. Burgham, Secretary.

Chingford Branch.

REPORT FOR 1938.

rpHE Branch maintained its numbers during the past year — the new
members added to the list balancing the resignations. Attend¬
ances at Indoor Meetings, however, showed a considerable increase, the
average being twenty-seven, as against twenty-one in 1937. The Field
Meetings also received larger attendances.

Various subjects were included in Lectures given at the eight Indoor
Meetings. At the opening meeting of the year, in January, a fine show
of coloured cine films, showing the life histories of various birds, was
presented by Dr A. H. Murch, and subsequent papers (illustrated with
slides, photos, and living specimens) were given as follows: — “ Entomo¬
logy on the Norfolk Broads,” E. B. Pinniger ; “ Westward to the Golden
Gate,” Mrs Stuart Boardman ; “ Birding Round Norfolk,” G. E. Man¬
ser; “ Herbs and some Herb Gardens,” J. F. Hayward, B.Sc. ; “ Some
Hardy Reptiles and Amphibians,” L. G. Payne; ££ Notes on Birds and
other Country Matters,” Miss Douglas-Smith ; ££ A Botanist in Eire,”
J. E. Lousley.

Our thanks are due to all the above lecturers for their interesting
talks, and in particular to those whose attendance at Chingford neces¬
sitated a long and tiring journey.

An interesting paper by Mr F. J. Johnston entitled ££ The Grey
Squirrel in Epping Forest,” which was read at the September Meeting
in 1937, subsequently appeared in that year’s issue of The London
Naturalist.

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The activities of various members in the Chingford district were
shown by the large number of interesting records presented at the
meetings, and some details of the abnormal weather conditions were
given in Miss Mathieson’s monthly report. Fewer specimens were
shown than in other years, however, so an attempt was made to en¬
courage members to retain their “ finds ” by holding an Exhibition at
the September meeting. Several members exhibited, and the speci¬
mens were widely studied and discussed. It is hoped that this feature
can be repeated in the coming year, when earlier preparation should
result in an even more successful meeting.

E. T. Nicholson, Branch Secretary.

JJpHE following have kindly consented to act as Referees on questions
of identification and for advice in various branches of Natural

History.

It should be clearly understood that Referees cannot undertake work
of an onerous nature, such as the determination of collections.

Postage for reply should always be enclosed and a request inserted
for the return of the specimens if desired.

BOTANY.

General. — R. W. Robbins, Bullens Lee, Pains Hill, Limpsfield, Surrey.
Genus Rosa. E. B. Bishop, Lindfield, Marshall Road, Godaiming,

Surrey.

Umbelliferae. — L. G. Payne, 22 Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey.

Rushes and Sedges.— E. B. Bishop, Lindfield, Marshall Road,
Godaiming, Surrey,

Grasses. — R. W. Robbins, Bullens Lee, Pains Hill, Limpsfield, Surrey.

Ferns and Horsetails— L. G. Payne, 22 Marksbury Avenue, Richmond,
Surrey.

Mosses and Liverworts.— J. Ross, 23 College Gardens, Chingford, E.4.

Lichens.— I. M. Lamb, B.Sc., F.L.S., British Museum (Natural His¬
tory), S. Kensington, S.W.7.

Fungi.— J. Ramsbottom, O.B.E., M.A., British Museum (Natural His¬
tory), S. Kensington, S.W.7.

Mycetozoa.— J. Ross, 23 College Gardens, Chingford, E.4.

Medicinal Plants. G. R. A. Short, 36 Parkside Drive, Edgeware,
Middlesex.

Aquatic Plants.— H. J. Jeffery, A.R.C.S., F.L.S., 14 Coppetts Road,
Muswell Hill, N.10.

Algae (including Seaweeds).— A. D. Cotton, O.B.E., F.L.S., Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey.

REFEREES.

95

GEOLOGY.

John F. Hayward, 13. Sc., 17 Heatlicote Grove, Ghingford, E.4.

MINERALOGY.

F, A. Bannister, M.A.5 34 Monahan Avenue, Purley, Surrey.

PALAEONTOLOGY.

E. I. White, Ph.D., F.G.S., British Museum (Natural History), S.
Kensington, SAY. 7.

1NVERTEBRATA.

Mollusca. J. R, le B. Tomlin, M.A., F.R.E.S., 23 Boscobel Road St
Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex.

Protozoa, Porifera (Sponges), Coelenterata (Jelly-fish, Sea-anemones
and Corals), A ermes, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata — M
Burton, M.Sc., F.Z.S., British Museum (Natural Historv) S*
Kensington, S.W.7.

Crustacea.— Miss Isabella Gordon, D.Sc., Ph.D., British Museum
(Natural History), S. Kensington, S.W.7.

Myriapoda (Centipedes and Millipedes).— Rev. S. G. Brade-Birks, M.Sc.

(Manch.), D.Sc. (Lond.), F.Z.S., S.E. Agricultural Colleo-e Wye
Kent. ’ ’

Insecta:— General.— C. L. Collenette, F.R.E.S., 15 Warren Avenue,
Richmond, Surrev.

Thysanura (Bristle-tails) and Collembola (Spring-tails) — J M
Brown. B.Sc., F.R.E.S., 176 Carterknowle Road, Sheffield’ 7.
Oithoptera (Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, Crickets etc) _

P. Freeman, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., Royal College of Science’, Exhibi¬
tion Road, S.W.7.

Plecoptera (Stone-flies) (Specimens in fluid only). — M. E. Moselv
43 Lansdowne Crescent, W.ll.

Psocoptera (Book-lice, etc.).— D. E. Kimmins, 16 Montrave Road
Penge, S.E. 20.

Ephemeroptera (May-flies).— D. E. Kimmins, 16 Montrave Road
Penge, S.E. 20.

Odonata (Dragon-flies). — E. B. Pinniger, 19 Endleburv Road
Chingford, E.4.

Thysanoptera (Thrips). — Edward R. Spever M.A Experimental
and Research Station, Cheshunt, Herts.

Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, Leaf-hoppers, etc.). — W. E. China
MW British Museum (Natural History), S. Kensington'

Neuroptera (Lace-wings, Ant-lions, Alder and Scorpion-flies, etc.).
D. E. Kimmins. 16 Montrave Road, Penge, S.E. 20.

Trichoptera (Caddis-flies) (Specimens expanded only). _ M. E.

Moselv, 43 Lansdowne Crescent, W.ll.

Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths).— R. W. Robbins, Bullens Lee
Pains Hill, Limpsfield, Surrey.

96

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Coleoptera (Beetles). — K. G. Blair, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., 11 Durrington
Avenue, S.AY.2.

Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, AVasps, etc.). — R. B. Benson, M.A.r
F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural History). S. Kensington.
S.W.7.

Diptera (Flies, Gnats and Midges). — L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S., 94
Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

Arachnida (Spiders, Scorpions, Harvesters, Mites, etc.). — E. A,
Robins, F.L.S., 19 Cassiobury Park Avenue, AYatford, Herts.

VERTEBRATA.

Fishes. — J. R. Nonnan, F.Z.S., British Museum (Natural History), S.

Kensington, S.AAT.7.

Amphibians and Reptiles. — L. G. Payne, 22 Marksbury Avenue, Rich¬
mond, Surrey.

Birds: — Distribution and Identification. For the Society’s Area. — The
Recorder, R. S. R. Fitter, F.Z.S., 81 Ridgmount Gardens,
AY.C.l.

Outside Society’s Area. — The Hon. Secretary of Records Commit¬
tee, R. C. Homes, 17 Park Lawn Avenue, Epsom, Surrey.

British Trust for Ornithology. — The Society’s Representative, R. S.
R. Fitter, address as above.

Anatomy. — G. Carmichael Low, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.Z.S.r
M.B.O.U., 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, AV.l.

Nests and Eggs. — J. E. Roberts, B.Sc., 24 AYarren Drive, Surbiton,
Surrey.

Mammals. — M. A. C. Hinton, F.R.S., British Museum (Natural His¬
tory), S. Kensington, S.AAL7.

PLANT GALLS.

H. J. Burkill, M.A., F.R.G.S., 3 Newman’s Court, Cornhill, E.C.3.

ECOLOGY.

L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S., 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

CHEAIISTRY.

L. Eynon, B.Sc., F.I.C., Fernleigh. Hall Lane, Upminster, Essex.

RIGHTS OF AY AY, FIELD PATHS, Etc.

Sir Lawrence Chubb, 71 Eccleston Square, AYestminster, S.AV.l.

PAPERS READ TO THE SOCIETY.

97

Papers Read to the Society during 1938.

WE wish to offer our grateful thanks to all those visitors who, by
coming to lecture to us, have added so much to our enjoyment.

Jan. 4 — ££ Natural History Societies and their link with Systematic

Biology,” . H. AY. Parker, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

,, 18 — “ Misericords,” . A. Gardner, M.A., F.S.A.

Feb. 1 — ££ Entomology on the Norfolk Broads,”

K. M. Guichard, L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S., E. B. Pinniger.
,, 15 — “ Sawfly Plant Gall Problems,”

R. B. Benson, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.E.S.

Mar. 1—” Our Trip to Shetland,” . J. E. S. Dallas.

,, 1-5 — ££ Botany for Use and Pleasure,”

H. Stanley Redgrove, B.Sc., F.I.C.

April 5 — Bacot Memorial Evening.

Film : “A Naturalist in Africa,”

Miss C. E. Longfield, F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
May 3 — Annual Exhibition.

Lecturettes : “ More Songs of Wild Birds ” (illustrated with

gramophone records), . Ludwig Koch.

Anti-Scrape,” . C. Maresco Pearce.

,, 17 — “ The Croydon Regional Survey and Atlas,” C. C. Fagg, F.G.S.

June 21 — ££ Birds of Gibraltar,” . Mrs H. M. Rait Kerr, M.B.O.U.

July 5 — ‘£ Changes in Bird Life in Relation to the Increase of London,”
W. E. Glegg, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

Sept. 6 — ££ The Botanist and the Species Problem,” E. H. Ellis, B.Sc.
,, 20 — ££ Below London,” . A. T. Dollar, Ph.D.

Oct. 4 — “ The Genesis of Soils,” . E. W. Russell, M.A., Ph.D.

Nov. 1 — Film Show.

(a) ££ Where the Green Trees Grow,” . (Kodak).

(b) ££ The Black-headed Gull,” . (Gaumont-British).

(c) ££ Some Water Insects,” . (Kodak).

(d) ££ The Ruffed Grouse,” . (Kodak).

(e) ££ The Interdependence of Pond Life,” (Gaumont-British).

,, 15 — ££ Fresh Glimpses of Roman London,”

Quinton Waddington, F.S.A., Asst. Curator, Guildhall
Museum.

Dec. 6 — Annual General Meeting.

President’s Address: ££ Wild Life in Richmond Park.”

,, 13 — “ South American Social Wasps,”

0. W. Richards, M.A., D.Sc.

98

THE LONDON NATURALIST

PAPERS READ AT SECTIONAL MEETINGS.

Jan. 11 — Ornithology. “ Discussion of the Scheme for the Ecological

Study of Birds in the London Area,” ... R. C. Homes.

,, 25 — Botany. “ Some Less Familiar Plants,” . . J. E. S. Dallas.

Feb. 8— Ornithology. “ Ducks and Decoys,” H. A. Gilbert, M.B.O.U.
>> 22 — Ecology. First Year at Limpsfield.

Plant Ecology, . J. E. Lousley.

Animal Ecology, . L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.

Mar. 3— Entomology. “ Our British Neuroptera,” . E. E. Syms.

22 Archaeology. “ The Architecture of the Moors in Spain,”
D. Chisholm Simpson.

,, 29 — Plant Galls. “ Andricus occult us ,” . J. Ross.

April 12— Botany. “Botany in the Ancient World,” G. H. Spinney, B.A*
,, 26— Entomology. “ Some Pests of Garden Plants,”

G. Fox Wilson.

May 10 — Ramblers. “ Camera Survey,” . X). Rose.

24 Ornithology. “ Warblers, and How to Identify Them,”

C. S. Bayne and C. W\ G. Paulson, M.B.O.U.

,, 31— Archaeology. “ Our British Heritage,” ... W. C. Cocksedge.

June 14— Ecology. “ English Reptiles and Batrachians,” L. G. Payne.

>> 28 Ramblers. “ Old Richmond and Petersham,” F. M. Chapman.

Aug. 9 — Ornithology. Discussion of the Work of the Ornithological

Section.

Sept. 13— Ramblers. “ On Holiday with a Cine-Kodak,” C. L. Clarke.
a 27 Archaeology. “ Ecclesiastical Ironwork,”

Edward Yates, F.S.A.

Oct. 11— Ornithology. “ Field Identification of Ducks,”

J. S. Carter, Pli.D., M.Sc., F.I.C.

Nov. 8— Entomology. “ Ants and Their W’ays,” G. E. J. Nixon B.A.

,, 22 — Plant Galls :

(a) “ Andricus solitarius . M Niblett

(b) “ Sawfly Galls,” . M. Niblett.

,, 29 — Ornithology. “ Some Aspects of Bird Migration,”

A. Landsborough Thomson, C.B., D.Sc., M.B.O.U.
Dec. 20 Botany. “ I ield Botany and the Herbarium,”

Rev. P. H. Cooke, B.A.

STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS.

99

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C0LLENETTE, Auditors. F. G. DELL, Treasurer.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

101

List of Members.

(Corrected up to 9tli May 1939.)

It is particularly requested that Members will inform the Secretary as
soon as possible of any change of address.

Honorary President:

Prof. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.,

F.R.S.

Honorary Vice-Presidents :

Sir Lawrence Chubb. E. A. Cockayne, M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.1LE.S.
Prof. M. Greenwood, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.C.P. A. Holte Macpherson,
B.C.L., M.A., F.Z.S. L. B. Prout, F.R.E.S. J. Ross.

Honorary Members:

1933 Bryce, E. J., Nelson Road, Killara, Sydney, N.S.W. (Zoo.)

1927 Le Souef, A. S., C.M.Z.S., R.A.O.U., Taronga Zoological Park
Trust, Sydney, Australia.

1899 Massey, Herbert, M.B.O.U., F.R.E.S., Ivy Lea, Burnage, Dids-
bury, Manchester. (Lep., Orn., Ool.)

Members :

1927 Aldred, Miss K. V., 5 Ladbroke Court, Ladbroke Gardens, AY. 11.

(Arch., Orn.)

1922 Aldred, Miss M., Flat 5, 21 Ladbroke Gardens, AY. 11. (Orn.)

1928 Alexander, O. A., 35 Ellington Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. (Ent.)
1937 Alston, A. H. G., B.A., F.L.S., British Museum (Natural His¬
tory), SAY. 7. (Bot.)

1932 Angell, Miss K. AY., at 104 Broxholm Road, S.E.27. (Orn., Ent.,
R., Ecol., Bot., PI. G.)

1932 Arbon, Mrs J. A., Brookskle, Eversley Park Road, N.21. (Arch.)
1915 Aris, E. A., F.Z.S. , 9 Oak Avenue, Priory Road, N.8. (Lep.)
1932 Arnold, Miss AY., 43 The Quadrant, S.AY.20. (Orn.)

1939 Ashby, C. B., 20 Denmark Road, Carshalton, Surrey. (Orn.)
1937 Austin, H. AA\, 19 Bell Moor, N.AY.3. (Orn.)

1892 Austin, S., F.Z.S., 43 Darenth Road, N.16. (Orn., Arch., R.,
Ecol., Bot.)

1931 Axford, AY. G., Surgeon Rear Admiral, C.B., F.L.S., 5 King
Edward Mansions, 212a Shaftesbury Avenue, AV.C.2. (Bot.)
1931 Back, Dr Marjorie, 16 Daisy Lane, S.AAL6. (Bot., Orn.)

1929 Baggallay, Miss J., 55 Ridgwav Place, S.AAM9. (Orn.)

1929 *Bagnall, R. S., D.Sc., F.R.S. E., 9 York Place, Edinburgh. (PI.
G., Ent., Bot.)

102

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1927 Baily, Miss A. R., F.Z.S., Cressex Lodge, Binfield, Berks.

(Arch., Bot., Orn., Ent., PI. G., R.)

1924 *Baker, E. C. Stuart, J.P., O.B.E., F.Z.S., F.L.S., M.B.O.U.,
H.F.A.O.U., 6 Harold Road, S.E.19. (Orn.)

]934 Banks, H., 172 Cromwell Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. (Bot.,
Orn.)

1927 Barclay-Smith, Miss P., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Park Lodge, Hervey
Road, S.E.3. (Orn.)

1926 Barnes, Mrs E. C., M.B.O.U., Hungerdown, Seagry, Wilts.
(Orn., Bot., Ecol.)

1937 Barnett, R. L., 30 Hans Road, S.W.3. (Bot., Orn.)

1933 Bastian, Miss S., 83 Gower Street, W.C.l.

1903 *Battlev, Mrs, 47 Gordon Road, W.5.

1932 Bayliss, C. V., 34 Golders Gardens, N.W.ll. (Arch.)

1915 Bayne, C. S., Room 303, Salisbury House, E.C.4. (Orn., Ecol.)

1936 Beckwith, Major W. M., D.S.O., 59 Albert Flail Mansions, SAY. 7.

(Orn.)

1926 Benn, Miss A., 68 South Esk Road, E.7. (Orn., Ent., PI. G., Ecol.)

1929 *Benson, R. B., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural

History), S.W.7. (Bot., Orn., Ent., esp. Sawflies, Ecol., R.,
PI. G.)

1932 Bentham, C. H., Eothen, Epsom Lane, Tadworth, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Best, Mi.ss M. G., M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lend.), 115 Wid-

more Road. Bromley, Kent. (Orn.)

1932 Binley, Miss E. M., 197 Camberwell Grove, S.E.5. (Orn., R.)
1935 Birnie, Miss V. M. O., 23 Hillway, N.6. (Orn., R.)

1937 Blackett, Miss F. R. F., Royal Empire Society, Northumberland
Avenue, W.C.2. (Orn.)

1930 Blair, K. G., D.Sc., F.R.E.S., 11 Durrington Park Road,

S.W.20. (Exit.)

1939 Blake, E. A., 16 Lindsay Road, Worcester Park, Sur rev. (Orn.)

1937 Blake, F. W., 16 Lindsay Road, Woi’cester Park, Surrey. (Orn.)

1938 Blay, N. A., L.D.S., R.C.S. (Eng.), 27 Shrubbery Gardens, N.21.

(Ecol., Orn., R.)

1939 Bolton, J. R., 49 Downs Road, E.5. (Orn.)

1933 Bonus, Miss A., 28a Nevern Place, S.W.5. (Orn.)

1939 Bowman, Miss B. M., 33 Lessar Avenue, S.W.4. (Ent.)

1933 Bowtell, J. J., Tudor House, Lynton Road, Thorpe Bay, Essex.
1939 Boyd, B. C. L., 10 Mayfield Road, Dagenham, Essex. (Orn.)

1904 Bradley, S. W., 4 Lucton’s Avenue, Buckhurst Hill. Essex.

(Bot., Ent., Orn.)

1932 Braithwaite, Miss D. M., 18 Warren Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1910 Braithwaite, Miss N. A., 18 Warren Road, E.4.

1933 Brazil, Miss F., Penby, Marshalswick Lane, St Albans, Herts.

(Orn.)

1930 Brend, Win. A., M.A., M.D., B.Sc., 14 Bolingbroke Grove,
SAY. 11. (Arch., Orn., R.)

1937 Brightwell, L. R., F.Z.S., W7hite Cottage, Chalk Lane, East
Horsley, Surrey. (Marine Life.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

103

1933 Bromley, Miss B., 18 John Street, W.C.l. (Orn., R.)

1916 Brown, A., F.Z.S., 44 Ravensdale Road, N.16. (Orn., Arch.,
Geol., R.)

1937 Brown, Miss B. E., Gresham Cottage, Granville Road, Limps-

field, Surrey.

1936 Brown, E. C., M.Sc. (Bond.), 120 Durlston Road, Kingston-on-

Thames, Surrey. (Bot., Ecol.)

1926 Browne, Miss C. H., 219 Harlesden Road, N.AV.10. (R., Arch.,

Orn., Bot.)

1938 Buck, F. D., 49 Elthorne Road, N.19. (Col., Ecol.)

1938 Budden, E. C., 253 Latymer Court, W.6. (Orn.)

1930 Burgham, Miss J. E., 4 Regent Square, W.C.l. (Orn., Geol., R.)
1915 Burkill, H. J., M.A., F.R.G.S., 3 Newman’s Court, Cornhill,
E.C.3. (PI. G., Lep., Bot., Geol., Orn., R., Ecol.)

1933 Burton, M., M.Sc., F.Z.S., 55 Pope’s Grove, Twickenham,
Middlesex. (Porifera, Orn.)

1937 Butlin, J. H., 90 East Sheen Avenue, S.W.14. (Orn.)

1935 Butterworth, Miss M. H., Dyer’s Lane, S.W.15. (Orn., Bot.,

Ecol.)

1938 Buxton, Miss L. R., New lands, Stanstead Abbotts, Ware, Herts.

(Orn.)

1932 Caiger-Smith, Miss J., 23 Hornton Street, W.8. (Orn.)

1938 Calvert, G. W., c/o Tyresoles Ltd., Palace of Engineering,
Wembley, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1928 ^Campbell, J. M. H., M D., 47 Arkwright Road, N.W.3. (Orn., R.)
1912 Capleton, A., 95 Monkham’s Drive, Woodford Green, Essex.

(Mam., Orn., R., Bot., Ecol.)

1926 Carr, Miss A. N., 7 Cambridge Road, Watford, Herts. (Orn., R.)

1936 Carrington, L. I., The Grey Cottage, Chipstead, Surrey. (Orn.)

1933 Carter, J. S., Ph.D., M.Sc., F.I.C., 26 St John’s Road, N.W.ll.

(Orn.)

1932 Castell, C. P., 52 Graham Road, S.AV.19. (Bot., Geol., Ecol.)
1936 Cawkell, E. M., 10 Algiers Road, S.E.13. (Orn.)

1936 Chandler, K. R., 33 Granville Road, Limpsfield, Surrey. (Orn.,
Ecol.)

1930 Chandler, S. E., D.Sc., F.L.S., 59 Anerley Park, S.E.20. (Bot.,

Ecol.)

1938 Chave, Mrs E. L., 15 Glenhurst Rise, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1938 Chave, S. P. AY., 15 Glenhurst Rise, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1931 Chubb, Sir Lawrence, 71 Eccleston Square, S.AV.l. (R.)

1927 Clanchy, Airs B. L., 12 Cranbourne Drive, Pinner, Middlesex.

(R., Orn.)

1927 Clanchy, D. H., 12 Cranbourne Drive, Pinner, Aliddlesex. (R.,
Orn., Ecol.)

1929 Coates, Aliss N. H., AYoodhouse, Beaumont Road, S.AY.19. (Orn.,

Bot.)

1904 Cockayne, E. A.. ALA., D.AL, F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., 16 AVest-

bourne Street, AAL2. (Lep., Biol.)

104

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

193* Cockb.urn, T. A., M.D., Town Hall, Barking, Essex. (Orn.)
1925 Cocksedge, W. C., 6 Aidersmead Boad, Beckenham, Kent. (Orn.T
Arch., Bot., Ecol., Geol.)

1929 Cocksedge, Mrs, 6 Aidersmead Road, Beckenham, Kent. (Arch.,
Bot., Eool., Geol.)

1907 Collenette, C. L., F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S., 15 Warren Avenue, Rich¬
mond, Surrey. (Ent., Orn., Bot., Ecol.)

1932 Collenette, Mrs C. L., 15 Warren Avenue, Richmond, Surrey.

(Orn.)

1933 Collett, G. W., 84 Jermyn Street, S.W.l. (Orn., Ecol., R., Bot.)

1936 Collett, R. L., 165/20 Abbey Road, N.W.8. (Orn.)

1934 Codings, Mrs M., 36 Alfriston Road, S.W.ll. (Ent., R.)

1936 Colyer, A\ . L., 8 The Mount, New Malden, Surrey. (Orn., Ecol.)
1914 Connoll, Miss E., 93 Montague Street, Worthing, Sussex. (Orn.)

1937 Cooke, H. 0. P., Lamorna, Redruth, Cornwall. (Ent., Orn.)
1904 Cooke, Rev. P. H., B.A., 19 Hainthorpe Road S.E.27. (Bot..

Arch.)

1934 Coon, F. A. H., 7 Grenville Mansions, Hunter Street, W.C.l.
(Orn.)

1938 Cooper, J. M., Fairview, Higher Drive, Purley, Surrey. (Orn.)

1939 Coote, F. D., F.R.E.S., 32 Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey.

(Lep.)

1937

1939

1928

1932

1937

1936

1931

1927

Cornwallis, R. K., 26 Bramham Gardens, S.W.5. (Orn.)
Couper, 'Miss L., 6 St John’s Road, N.W.ll. (Arch.)

Cox. Miss L. E., 72 Corringham Road, N.W.ll. (Bot.)
Creighton, Miss M. B., 78 Highview Avenue, Edgware, Mid¬
dlesex. (Bot., Biol., PI. G.)

Crispin, G. H., Meadowcroft, Abbot’s Langley, Herts.
Crompton, Miss C. E., Pioneer Club, 12 Cavendish Place, W.l.
(Arch., Orn.)

Crook, V . M., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 6 St Andrew’s Place, N.W.l.
(Orn.)

Cross-Rose, F., 20 Woolstone Road, S.E.23. (Orn.)

1892 Culpin, M., M.D., F.R.C.S., 12 Park Village East, N.W.l. (Biol.)
1930 Cunningham, J., M.B.O.U., Drinagh, Kensington Road, Knocke,
Belfast. (Orn.)

1936 Currie, P. W. E., 102 Burdon Lane, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey.
(Orn., Ecol.)

1939 Cust, Mrs M. V. J., 13 Tedworth Street, S.W.3. (Orn.)

1892 Cyriax, R. C., 23 Aberdare Gardens, N.W.6. (Arch., Aryan
question, Indo-European languages.)

1936 Daffarn, J. D., 20 Woodside Avenue, N.6. (Orn.)

1920 Dallas, J. E. S., 83 Belsizc Lane, N.W.3. (Orn., Bot., Arch
Ecol., R., PI. G.)

1925 * Dallas, Mrs Rosa F.. 83 Belsize Lane, N.W.3. (Arch., Bot., Geol.,
Orn., Ecol., R.)

1933 Davies, Miss E. B., Graffham, Petworth, Sussex. (Orn., Ent.)
1938 Davies, T. H., Flat 2a, 91 Cromer Street, W.C.l. (Bot., Ent.,
Orn., PI. G.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

105

193/ Davis, A., 188 Nether Street, N.3.

1932 Davis, Miss R., 118 College Road, S.E.21. (Orn., R.)

1926 Deane, Miss M. B. H., c/o Westminster Bank Ltd., Tangier,

Morocco. (Orn.)

1939 De Bosdar, C. D., 24 Hans Place, S.W.l.

1910 Dell, F. G., 55 Russell Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (P. L.,
Micr., Orn., R.)

1932 Denham, R., M.B.O.U., 12 Weymouth Court, 1 Weymouth Street,

W.l. (Orn., Ent.)

193/ Donnelly, R. P., B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 7 Rothesay Avenue, Rich¬
mond, Surrey. (Orn.)

1933 Doran, F. H., Toddsbrook, Gt. Parndon, Harlow, Essex. (P. L.)
1936 Douglas, Miss M., 30 The Alders, N.21. (Orn., R., Bot.)

1928 Douglas-Smith, Miss K., 19 Thurlow Road, N.W.3. (Arch., Orn.,
Bot., Ecol.)

1927 Druee, F., M.A., F.L.S., 60 Burton Court, S.W.3. (Bot.)

1934 Eales-White, Major J. C., T.D., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., 88 Mount

Ararat Road, Richmond, Surrey. (Orn., Ent., Arch.)

1938 Eardley-W il.mot, Mrs M., 24 Thurloe Square, S.W.7. (Bot., Orn.)

1936 Elcome, G. D., 28 The Avenue, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1936 Elcome, J. W., 28 The Avenue, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1939 Elies, J. H. de G., 79 Onslow Square, S.W.7. (Bot.)

1936 Ellington, Miss M. L., 3 The Terrace, Richmond Hill, Surrey.

(Orn.)

1936 Ellis, W . G., 49 Lordship Road, N.16. (Orn.)

1928 Emberson, L. M., African and Eastern (Near East) Ld., P.O.

Box No. 17, Baghdad, Iraq. (Orn., Ecol.)

1927 English. Miss F., 8 Dorville Crescent, W.6. (Orn., Bot.,

Arch., R.)

1937 Ennis, L. H., 16 Ernie Road, S.W.20. (Ent.)

1939 Eve, I. S., 49 Downs Road, E.5. (Orn.)

1907 Eynon. L., B.Sc., F.I.C., 8 Hall Lane, Upminster, Essex. (Chem.)

1935 Farquharson, A., 35 Gordon Square, W.C.l. (Ecol.)

1939 Faulkner, Miss A. M. G., 127 Lower Richmond Road, S.W.14.
(Arch., Orn., R.)

1937 Fernberg, Mrs B., 29 Steele’s Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

192/ Fisher, Mrs G. L., 41 Milton Court, Ickenham, Middlesex. (Arch.)
193/ Fisher, J. M. McC., Zoological Society of London, N.W.8. (Ecol.,
Orn.)

1934 Fitter, R. S. R., F.Z.S., 81 Ridgmount Gardens, W.C.l. (Orn.,
Ecol., Ent.)

1939 Forty, E., 24 Castleton Mansions, S.W.13. (Orn.)

1937 Fossev, H. B., 13 Abercorn Gardens, Barley Lane, Romford,
Essex. (Orn.)

1924 Foster, J. B., B.A., 12 Conway Road, S.W.20. (Orn.)

]935 Foster, Mrs J. B., 12 Conway' Road, S.W.20.

1928 Fox, G. J. B., 45 Stanwiek Mansions, W.14. (Arch.)

1932 Franklin, A. W. L., 47 Bedford Gardens, W.8. (Orn.)

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

106

1938 Franks, Miss H., 21 Queen Square House, Guilford Street,

W.C.l. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., Orn., R.)

1931 Frederick, Miss L. M., M.Sc., F.Z.S., Whitelands College, West

Hill, S.W.15. (Orn., P. L., Ecol., R.)

1937 Freeman, P., B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S., 8 Sebastion Avenue,
Shenfield, Essex. (Ecol., Ent.)

1935 French, W. A., Brook Barns, Chigwell, Essex. (Orn., Bot.)

1936 Gardner, D. H. W., Merchant Taylors’ School, Sandy Lodge,

Northwood, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1932 Garrido, A. S., 102 Clonmell Road, X.17. (Bot., Geol., Ecol.)

1933 Gaster, FI., 26a Lunham Road, S.E.19. (Bot., Orn.)

1910 Gaze, W. E., 10 The Avenue, Highams Park, E.4. (Lep., Bot.,
Chem.)

1939 Gibson, Mrs G. M., 26 Gilston Road, S.W.10. (Bot., Orn.)

1931 Gillett, J. D., F.R.E.S., 1 Beulah Road, E.17. (Ent., Rept.)

1933 Gillham, E. H., 39 Coulsdon Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Gillingham, D. W., 28 Boding Road, Loughton, Essex. (Orn.)
1910 Glegg, W. E., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 2 Burlington House, King’s

Road, Richmond, Surrey. (Orn.)

1934 Godwin, C., 20 Canonbury Park North, N.l. (Orn.)

1934 Godwin, Mrs M. L., 20 Canonbury Park North, N.l. (Orn.)

1929 Goodfellow, Miss L., 11 The Grange, Maitland Park Road, N.W.3.

(Orn.)

1930 Goodwin- Vanner, R. E., F.R.S.A., F.R.H.S., Essex Villa, Guild¬

ford, Surrey. (Arch.)

1939 Goom, Miss E., 78 Elmfield Avenue, Teddirugton. Middlesex.
(Orn.)

1937 Gosnell, V., Farm Cottage, Boxlane, Boxmoor, Herts. (Orn.)
1934 Gray, Miss J. W., 10 Canford Road, S.W.ll. (R., Bot., Arch.)
1937 Green, D. B., 20 Fitzjolin’s Avenue, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1937 Green, Mrs E. M., Gordon House, Gloucester Road, New Barnet,
Herts. (Bot., Ecol.)

1927 Green, R., F.Z.S., Ruskin Studio, 7 New Court, Lincoln’s Inn,

W.C.2. (Orn.)

1936 Greenwell, W. N., 12 Highbury, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2. (Orn.)
1899 "Greenwood, Prof. M., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., Hillcrest, Church

Hill, Loughton, Essex. (Arch., Biol.)

1928 Griffin, Miss M., 22 Addison Way, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

1920 Grinling, C. H., B.A., 71 Rectory Place, S.E.18. (Bot,, Ecol.)

1937 Guichard, K. M., 10 Lvndhurst Gardens, N.W.3. (Ent., Ecol.,

Bot., Orn.)

1933 Gunton, L., Lalilglyn, Cross Path, Radlett, Herts. (Orn.)

1938 Gunyon, Mrs D. S., 9 Raydean Road, Barnet, Herts. (Ent., Orn.)

1932 Hadfield, J., Denecroft, Heath Way, Effingham, Surrey. (Orn.,

R.)

1926 Hadfield, Mrs M. H., Denecroft, Heath Way, Effingham, Surrey.

(Orn., Bot., R.)

1927 Hale, R. W., 6 Grendon Gardens, Barn Hill, Wembley Park,

Middlesex. (Orn.)

LIST OF MEMBERS. 107

1936 Hall, J. B., Nakuru, Bridle Lane, Loudwater, Herts. (Orn.)

1939 Hamblv, E. H. T., M.B., B.S., F.R.C.S., R.X. Orthopaedic

Hospital, W.l. (Ent., Orn.)

1903 Hanbury, F. Capel, Westfield, Hoddesdon, Herts. (Lep.)

1938 Hansford, Mrs D. L, 10 Russell Grove, N.W.7. (Bot., Ecol.)

1897 *Hanson, P. J., Burcroft, Village Road, Bush Hill Park, Enfield,

Middlesex. (Orn., Arch., R., Ecol.)

1927 Hardiman, Miss A., Hyron’s Cottage, Woodside Road, Amers-
ham, Bucks. (R.)

1921 Hardiman, J. P., C.B.E., B.A., Hyron’s Cottage, Woodside
Road, Amersham, Bucks. (Orn., R.)

1935 Harris, A. H., 47 Lvnette Avenue, South Side, S.W.4. (Orn.)
1933 Harrison, Miss E. E., 44 Alexandra Road, N.W.8. (Orn., R.)

1937 Harrison, H. G., 38 Richmond Road, N.l. (Orn., Arch.)

193/ Harvie, Miss D. E.r 35 Abercorn Place, N.W.8. (Bot., Orn.,
Freshwater Biol., Ecol.)

1935 Hatch, R. S., 66 Coston’s Avenue, Greenford, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1939 Haviland, Mrs B., 121 Ashley Gardens, S.W.l. (Bot.)

1939 Haviland, Miss D. M., 121 Ashley Gardens, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1938 Haviland. Miss G. M. B., 121 Ashley Gardens, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1938 Haviland, Major L. P., 45a Chester Square, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1930 Haworth, Miss F. M., B.Sc., F.Z.S., 69 Gloucester Court, Kew

Road, Kew, Surrey. (Zoo., Bot.)

1937 Hayward, H. H. S., 9a Florence Drive, Enfield, Middlesex.

(Orn.)

1927 Hayward, J. F., B.Sc., 29 Mount Echo Drive, E.4. (Geol.. Zoo.)
1935 Hearn. Miss D. B., 56 Meadvale Road, W.5. (Orn., Bot., Arch.,
R.)

1938 Hearn, Miss M. G., 50 Princes Gate Mews, S.W.7. (Ent.)

1902 Heath, G. H., M.A., 3 Bolney Court, Portsmouth Road, Surbiton,
Surrey. (Lep.)

1935 Henderson, Miss F. E., 70 King’s Road, S.W.19. (Orn.)

1937 Hett, G. Seccombe, F.R.C.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 86 Brook Street,

W.l. (Orn., Mam., Icht., Ecol.)

1938 Heyworth, Miss G., 54 Boundary Road, N.W.8. (Orn.)

1938 Highway, Mrs H., 1 North Dene, The Park, Beckenham Junction,
Kent. (Bot., Orn.)

1936 Hilliard, R., 5 Oakleigh Gardens, Edgware, Middlesex. (Ent.,

Ecol.)

1938 Hindson, M. T., 11 Holland Park, W.ll.

1938 Hodge, Mrs E. M., 62 Roseneath Road, S.W.ll. (Arch.)

1937 Hodge, G A., 62 Roseneath Road, S.W.ll. (Orn.)

1937 Hohn, E. O., 12 Merrick Square, S.E.l. (Orn., Ecol.)

1932 Homes, R. C., 17 Park Lawn Avenue, Epsom, Surrey. (Orn.,
Ecol., R.)

1930 Hopkins, G., The Byron Studies, Ltd., 8 Farringdon Avenue,
E C. 4. (Orn., Ecol.)

Horn, P. W., Stepney Borough Museum, 77 Whitechapel High
Street, E.l. (Orn., Aqua.)

1919

THE LONDON NATURALIST

108

1905 Hornblower, A. B., 91 Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
(Api., Arch., Orn., R., Ecol.)

1931 *Hose, Miss M. M., 22 The Avenue, Bickley, Kent. (Orn., Bot.,
Ent., PI. G., Ecol., R.)

1933 House, F. C., 36 Becmead Avenue, Kenton, Middlesex. (Orn.,
R., Ecok, Bot.)

1938 Hudson, Miss B., A.R.C.A., 8 Ferncroft Avenue, Eastc-ote, Rui-
slip, Middlesex. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1938 Hurcomb, Sir Cyril, K.B.E., C.B., 12 Campden Hill Court, W.8.
(Orn.)

1937 Hussey, S. V., 40 Flanchford Road, W.12. (Bot., Orn., R.)

1930 Hutton, Miss R. E., 34 Thorneyhedge Road, W.4. (Bot., Zoo.)

1927 Jeffery, H. J., A.R.C.S., F.L.S., 14 Coppetts Road, N.10. (Bot.)

1929 Johns, Miss F. E., 30 Mount Stewart Avenue, Kenton, Middlesex.

(Orn., R., Bot.)

1933 Johns, Miss L. J., 87 Morlev Hill, Enfield, Middlesex. (Arch.,

Bot., Orn., R., Ecol.)

1931 Johnston, F. J., 19 Connaught Avenue. E.4. (Orn., Ecol.)

1937 Jones, Mrs E. G., Little Collier’s Farm, Whelpley Hill, near
Cliesham, Bucks. (Orn.)

1932 Jones, R. R. M., Tros-yr-Afon, Penmon, Anglesey. (Orn.)

1899 *Kaye, W. J., F.R.E.S., Chantrey Lodge, Longdown, Guildford,
Surrey. (Lep.)

1937 Keen, Mrs E. M., 15 Doughty Street, W.C.l. (Arch.)

1938 Keith, Miss C., 17 Abercorn Place, NAY. 8. (Arch., Bot., Orn., R.)
1937 Keith- Johnston, C.. Spring Cottage, Sarratt, Herts. (Orn., Ent.)

1934 Kerr, Mrs H. M., Rait-, 22 Elm Tree Road, N.W.8. (Orn., Arch.)
1936 Keywood, K. P., Croft Cottage, Hare Lane, Claygate, Surrey.

(Orn., Ent.)

1930 King, Miss C. A., M.D., 8 Lancaster Drive, NAY. 3. (Orn., Arch.,

R.)

1929 King, E. L., 11 Downs View, Isleworth, Middlesex. (Orn., Bot.,

R.)

1932 King, Mrs E. L., 11 Downs Yiew, Isleworth, Middlesex. (Orn.,
Bot., R.)

1928 Lack. H. L., M.D., F.R.C.S., 71 Marlborough Place, NAY. 8.

(Orn.)

1936 Lamont, Mrs E. H., 49a Netherhall Gardens, NAY. 3. (Orn.)

1927 Lane, J. H., 571/3 Commercial Road, E.l. (Chem.)

1932 La Touche, J. N. Digues, M.Inst.C.E., Woodcroft, Baldwin’s Hill,
Loughton, Essex.

1930 Ledlie, R. C. B., M.B., B.Sc., F.R.C.S., 64 Harley Street, W.l.

(Bot., Orn.)

1928 Lee, Miss M., 22 Addison AY ay, NAY. 11. (Orn.)

1928 Leech, T., 52 Park Avenue, Bush Hill Park, Middlesex. (Bot.,
Orn.)

1922 Lemon, Mrs M. L., M.B.E., J.P., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Hillcrest,
Redhill, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Lewer, F. A., 10 Oakhill Road, SAY. 15. (Orn.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

109

1938 Lewis, Miss L., Flat B, 360 Gray’s Inn Road, W.C.l. (Orn.)

1936 Lewis, Miss M., Oaklea, Whitehall Lane, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
(Orn., Bot., Ent., R., Arch.)

1919 Leyton Public Libraries, per the Librarian (E. Sydney, F.L.A.),
Central Library, E.10.

1927 Lister, Miss G., F.L.S., 871 High Road, E.ll. (Orn., Bot.)

1926 ^Littlejohn, H. A., 2 Brooklands Gardens, Roding Lane, Ilford,
Essex. (Orn., Bot., R.)

1934 Locket, G. H., M.A., M.Sc., 36 Gayton Road, Harrow, Middle¬
sex. (Ent., Ecol.)

1926 *Longfield, Miss C. E., F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.,
20 Pont Street, S.W.l. (Orn., Ent., Bot., Ecol., R.)

1936 Lousley, J. E., 7 Penistone Road, S.W.16. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1930 *Low, G. Carmichael, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.,
7 Kent House, W.8. (Orn., Zoo.)

1938 Lowe, Miss C. B. M., 14 Ross Court, S.W.lo. (Arch., Bot Orn
R.)

1938

1928
1937
1935

1933

1935

1939
1932
1911
1911

1929

1931

1932
1932
1923
1929

1936

1923

1934
1934

1936

MacAlister, D. A., 10 St Albans Grove, W.8. (Orn.)

MacAlister, Mrs E., 10 St Albans Grove, W.8. (Orn., Bot.)

McClintock, D., B.A., 20 Roland Way, S.W.7. (Bot., Orn.)

McCulloch, G. K., 65 Chester Road, Northwood, Middlesex. (Orn.)

MacDonald, Right Honourable Malcolm J., P.C., M.P., Lossie¬
mouth, Morayshire, N.B. (Orn.)

McDowell, Miss C. M., 3 Shaldon Mansions, 132 Charing Cross
Road, W.C.2. (Bot., Orn.)

McEwen, Miss E., 135 Arthur Court, Queensway, W.2. (Orn.)

Mclnnes, Miss J., 5 Longton Avenue, S.E.26. (Orn., Bot.. Ecol.)

Macintosh, Miss I. S., 3 Mayfield Road, E.4. (Arcli., Bot.)

Macintosh, Miss J. D., 3 Mayfield Road, E.4. (Arch.. Bot.)

Mackay, Helen M. M., M.D., F.R.C.P., 11 The Grange, Maitland
Park Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

McKittrick, T. H., Jim., M.B.O.U., Coombe Place, E. Grinstead,
Sussex. (Orn.)

McKittrick, Mrs T. H., Jun., Coombe Place, East Grinstead,
Sussex. (Orn.)

Mackworth-Praed, C. W., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.,
51 Onslow Gardens, S.W.7. (Orn., Ent.)

*Macplierson, A. Holte, B.C.L., M.A., F.Z.S., 21 Campden Hill
Square, W.8. (Orn.)

Maltby, Miss J., 157 Copers Cope Road, Beckenham, Kent (Orn
Bot., P. L.)

Mann, C. A., 26 Mount Avenue, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. (Ent.
Arch.)

Mann, E., 10 Frankland Road, E.4. (P. L., Orn., Ecol.)

Mann, F. R,«, M.C., Noreena, Ham Common, Surrey. (Orn.)

Manser, G. E., 51 Barnmead Road, Beckenham, Kent (Orn
Bot., Ecol.)

Ma nson-B a hr , P. H., C.M.G., D.S.O., M.A., M.D.. F.R.C.P..
M.B.O.U., F.Z.S., 149 Harley Street, W.l. (Orn.)

110

THE LONDON NATURALIST

1934 * March ant, Miss R., 24 Longmeads, Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells,

Kent. (Bot., Arch.)

1932 Mason, C. T., 144 Wembley Hill Road, Wembley, Middlesex.
(Ent., Arch.)

1938 Mason, J. H., 67 Thurlow Park Road. S.E.21. (Ent., Orn., R.)
1938 Maund, Miss L., 57 Gordon Court, Du Cane Road, W.12. (Orn.)

1935 Melluish, W. D., 56 Sunnyfield, N.W.7. (Orn.)

1938 Michael, R. P., 4 Rondu Road, N.W.2. (Orn.)

1931 Mijlburn, Miss F. C., Calderfield, St George’s Avenue, Northamp¬

ton. (Orn.)

1939 Milnthorpe, Miss W. M., B.Sc.(LomL), 22 Geneva Road, Thorn¬

ton Heath, Surrey. (Ecol., Zoo.)

1926 Mitchell, Miss E. A., 196a Northolt Road, S. Harrow, Middlesex.
(Bot., Orn.)

1932 Mitchell, Miss M. 1., 7 Penwerris Avenue, Osterley, Middlesex.

(Bot., Orn.)

1936 Mitford, Capt. Hon. J., Mountain Lake Club. Lake Wales, Cali¬

fornia. U.S.A.

1938 Monk, J. F., 5 Gayton Crescent, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1939 Moore, Miss E., 25 West Cromwell Road, S.W.5. (Arch., R.)

1937 Moreton, Miss M., 7 Abbey View Road, St Albans, Herts.

(Orn.)

1934 Morgan, D. A. T., 46 Fordhook Avenue, W.5. (Orn., R., Ecol.)
1939 Morgan, Mrs L., 10 Old Square, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.2.

1937 Morton, Miss G. M., 7 Broomfield Road, Kew, Surrey. (Orn.,

Arch.)

1938 Moss, Miss I. P., Albert House, Great Wakering, Essex. (Arch.)

1937 Mountfort, G. R., M.B.O.I ., Wildings, Green Lane, Stanmore.

Middlesex. (Orn.)

1938 Muirhead, D., 12a Glenloc-h Court, N.W.3. (Ecol., Orn.)

1938 Mulholland, Rt. Hon. H. G. H., M.P., Speaker’s House, Stor¬

mont, Belfast. (Orn.)

1934 Munro, Miss M., Furzedown Training College, Welham Road,
S.W.17. (Orn., Ecol.)

1928 Murphy, Miss H.. L.L.A., 43 Stafford Row, E.3. (Bot., Orn.,
Ent., Arch.)

1939 Muspratt, D. E., 13 Scarborough Road, E.ll.

1937 Musselwhite, I). W., 59 Mayford Road, S'. W.12. (Orn.)

1938 Myers, A. F., 43 Arkwright Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1926 Aiblett, M., 10 Greenway, W ellington, Surrey. (Ent., PI. G.)
1893 *Nicholson, Miss B., 49 Danecourt Road, Parkstone, Dorset. (Bot.)
1934 Nicholson, E. M., M.B.O.U., 13 LTpper Cheyne Row, S.WT.3. (Orn.,
Ecol.)

1934 Nicholson, E. T., 321 Brettenham Road, E.17. (Orn.)

1932 Nicholson, G., Homeland, Basildon Road, Laindon, Essex. (Orn.‘>
1928 Noel. Miss E. F., 37 Burnham Court, WT.2. (Bot., Orn., R Ent
PI. G.)

1934 Norris, C. A., M.B.O.U., Grassholme, Stratford-on-Avon, War¬
wickshire. (Orn., Ecol.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Ill

193. O Fan ell, A. F. L., Imperial College of Science, S.W.7. (Ecol.
Ent.)

1933 Oke. E. E., Tweenways, The Mount, Leatlierhead, Surrey. (Orn.
Ent., R.)

1926 *01dham, C, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.I7., Oxfield, Shooterswav,
Berkha.nisted, Herts. (Bot., Orn., Conch., Ecol.)

193' Oklroyd, H., M.A., F.B.E.S., British Museum (Natural History).
S.W.7. (Ecol., Ent.)

1937 Owen, C. E., 30 Hamilton Road, Harrow, Middlesex. (Orn )

1938 Paddington Public Libraries (H. J. W. Wilson. A.L.A..

Librarian), Porchestcr Road, W.2.

1929 Page, Miss M. M., 19 Hainthorpe Road, S.E.27. (Orn.)

1938 Park, T\ . 1)., 34 AWiito Horse Drive, Epsom, Surrey (Orn
Ecol.)

1938 Parker, Miss J. E., 202 Avery Hill Road, S.E.9. (Bot Ecol
Ent., Orn.)

1925 *Parmenter, L„ F.E.E.S.. 94 Fail-lands Avenue, Thornton Heath.
Surrey. (Ecol., Bot., Ent. (e,sp. Dipt.). Orn , PI G )

1938 Parrinder, Mrs E. D., 27 Gwalior House, Chase Road.' X 14
(Orn.)

193b Parrinder, E. R., 27 Gwalior House, Chase Road, N 14 (Orn)

1938 Pariy-Okeden. Miss M. M. C„ The Firs. IVarnham, Horsham
Sussex. (Orn.)

1921 Parsons, S. T. T., 89 Holland Park, W.ll. (Orn )

193' Patterson, H. G., 15 Queen’s Gate Gardens, S.W.7. (Orn )

1933 Paulson, C. W . G., M.B.O.U., Woodside Cottage, Wheeler’s

Lane, Smallfield, Surrey. (Orn.)

1922 Pa^ne, C. H., 13 Kidderpore Gardens, N.W.3. (Orn. Arch)

1930 Payne, E. D. B., 32 Friern Watch Avenue, N 12 (Orn)

1923- Payne, E. M., Tilgate, Long Lane, Hillingdon, Middlesex.' (Bot
Orn.)

1923 Payne, L. G.. F.Z.S.. 22 Marksbury Avenue, Richmond Surrev

(Bot., Ecol.)

193' Pearce, Miss A. H., B.Sc., White Gables, Clarence Road, St
Albans, Herts. (Orn., Freshwater Biol., Ecol.)

1935 Pearce, B. S. K., 74 Ashgrove Road. Goodmaves, Essex (Orn
Bot., Ent.)

1937 Pearce, E. W„ 60 Percy Road, Hampton. Middlesex. (Orn )

1934 Pearson. Miss D. M., St Gabriel’s College. Cormont Road S E 5

(Orn., P. L., Bot., PI. G.)

1932 Pettier. E. &., 78 Richmond Park Road, S.1V.14. (Orn., 11.)

1” Pete men, J. H. G., 73 Forest Drive East, E.ll. (Orn Bot
Ecol.)

103? if- L,' 108 XorthwoId Road> E-5- (Orn., Ent., Ecol.)

1931 Pethen. Miss R. W„ 108 Northwold Road, E.o. (Orn Rent 1

T- C E" 5 Ladbr°ke ’ 11. 11. (o™ Bot ) P

193, Philipson IV. R„ Melbrake, Park Avenue, Ruislip, Middlesex.
(Orn.)

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

112

1932 Phillips, Mrs F. M., 9 Sylvan Hill, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1932 Phillips, H. H., M.P.C.S., L.R.C.P., 9 Sylvan Hill. S.E.19.

(Orn.)

1937 Piercy, K., 10b St Edmund’s Terrace, N.W.8.

1931 Pinniger, E. 13., 19 Endlebury Road, E.4. (Ent., Orn.)

1927 Piper, Miss G. E. M., 12 Elms Road, S.W.4. (Orn.)

1935 Pollard, Mrs H. B., “ Greenacre,” Stanhope Road, East Croydon,
Surrey. (Orn., Ecol.)

1925 Poock, S. G.r 17 Green Moor Link, N.21. (Orn., Ecol.)

1928 Poole, A. C., 42 The Mall, W.5. (Orn., Bot.)

1933 Popple, Miss W, N., 11 Pemberton Gardens, X.19. (Orn., R.,

P. L., Ecol.)

1937 Powell, A. M., 35 West End Avenue, Pinner, Middlesex. (Orn.)
1910 Pratt, W. B., 10 Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. (Lep.)
1892 Prout, L. B., F.R.E.S., 168 Middleton Road, E.8. (Lep., Biol.)
1939 Pullinger, F. A., 148 Sussex Gardens, W.2. (Orn.)

1929 Purey-Cust, Miss P., 49 West Hill, N.6.

1938 Raincock, C. W., F.Z.S., 9 Bennett Park, S.E.3. (Mam., Ecol.)

1939 Rammell, Mrs E. M., Waterways, St Albans, Herts. (Orn.)

1926 Rankin, The Hon. Lady, Royal Court Hotel, S.W.l. (Orn.)
1939 Rate li it, A. G., 12 Barnmead Road, Beckenham, Kent. (Orn.)

1934 Ratcliff, P. W., 12 Barnmead Road, Beckenham, Kent. (Orn.,

Bot., Ecol.)

1938 Rawlence, D. A., Hill Top Cottage, Warboys Road, Kingston
Hill, Surrey. (Orn.)

1938 Rawlence, Mrs E. H., Hill Top Cottage, Warboys Road, Kings¬
ton Hill, Surrey. (Orn.)

1934 *Ray, Miss T., 24 Longmeads, Rust Hall, Tunbridge Wells. (Bot.,

Arch.)

1935 Redpath, K., Glanton, Manor Road, Hazlemere, High Wycombe,

Bucks. (Orn.)

1929 Reed, Miss J. B., 1 Lymington Court, S.W.19. (Orn.)

1930 Reeve, Miss E. A., The Penn Club, 22 Bedford Place, W.C'.l.

(Bot., Orn., Ent., R., Ecol.)

1929 Rew, Miss M., 23 Chester Terrace, N.W.l. (Orn.)

1925 Richardson, A., 4 Manor Road, Lea Valley, Wheathampstead,
Herts. (Orn., Ent.)

1928 Richardson, G., 75 Woodbourne Avenue, S.W.16. (Bot.)

1892 Robbins, R. W., Bullens Lee, Pains Hill, Limpsfield, Surrey.

(Bot., Lep., Orn., Arch., PI. G., Ecol.)

1934 Roberts, J. E., B.Sc., 24 Warren Drive, Surbiton, Surrey.
(Orn., Ecol.)

1933 Robinson, G. F. B., Shenley, Manor Green Road, Epsom, Surrey.
(Orn., R.)

1933 Robinson, Mrs M. L., Shenley, Manor Green Road, Epsom, Sur¬
rey. (Bot., R.)

1938 Rommel, Miss D., The Orchard House, Bicldey, Kent. (Arch.,
Orn.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

113

1937 Rose, C. C., 18 Draycott Avenue, Kenton, Middlesex. (Orn.)
1910 "Ross, J., 23 College Gardens, E.4. (PI. G.)

1935 Rowan, J. D., 65 Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey. (Orn.)

1931 Rowberry, E. C., Sabon Gida, Golf Road, Radcliffe-on-Trent,

Notts. (Orn., Ecol.)

1938 Rowbotliam, S., 71 Wimpole Street, W.l.

1932 Ryan, A. P., 19 Barnsall Street, S.W.3. (Orn.)

1929 Sampson, E. S., 60 Alexandra Road, Epsom, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Scott, Miss E. M. P., 7 Broomfield Road, Kew, Surrey. (Orn.,

Arch.)

1937 Scott, G. B., 6 Alan Road, SAY. 19. (Geol., Orn.)

1930 Scudamore, Miss M., 23 Marchmont Road, Richmond, Surrey.
1937 Seth-Smith, D., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Curator’s House, Zoological

Gardens, N.W.8. (Orn.)

1932 Seton, Sir Malcolm C. C., K.C.B., M.B.O.U., 26 Upper Park

Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1937 Sheppard, R., 10 Sylvan Avenue, NAY. 7. (Orn., Zoo.)

1935 Shill, W. A., 41 Douglas Avenue, E.17. (Bot.)

1929 Short, G. R. A., 36 Parkside Drive, Edgware, Middlesex. (Bot.,
Micr., Pharmacognosy, Ecol.)

1936 Silva, Miss E. T. T., Stone Street Farm, Sevenoaks, Kent. (Orn.)

1938 Sim, A. F. C., Amerden Ponds, Taplow, Bucks. (Orn.)

1892 Simes, J. A., O.B.E., F.R.E.S., 75 Queen’s Road, Loughton.
Essex. (Ent.)

1933 Skrimshire, E. H. N., F.R.A.I., F.Z.S., 5 The Old Well House,

The Grove, N.6. (Orn., Arch., R.)

1936 Smart, J., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural

History), S.W.7. (Ent., Orn.)

1935 Smith, Miss A. J., 26 Newman Street, W.l. (Orn.)

1892 Smith, C. B., 103 Wood Vale, N.10. (Lep.)

1929 Smith, Mrs H. K., 103 Wood Vale, N.10.

1933 Smith, Miss L., 17 Highcliffe Gardens, Ilford, Essex. (Arch.)

1937 Smith, M. A., M.R.C.S., Lane End, Putney Heath Lane, S.W.15.

(Rep. and Amph.)

1934 Smith, R. M., 124 King’s Avenue, Woodford Green, Essex. (Orn.)
1927 Solly, Miss B. N., 167 Old Brompton Road, SAY. 5. (Orn.)

1927 Southern, H. N., M.A.. F.Z.S., 67 Holden Road, N.12. (Orn.,
Ecol.)

1936 Spencer, M. D., Long Orchard, Cobham, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Spicer, A. H., M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 29 Campden Grove,

W.8. (Orn.)

1935 Spinney, G. H., B.A., 124 Overhill Road, S.E.22. (Bot., Arch.,

Ecol., R.)

1922 Spooner, H., 21 Musgrave Crescent, SAY. 6. (Bot., Orn., Arch.,
R., Ecol.)

1936 Springall, R. S., 30 Connaught Avenue, E.4. (Orn.)

1934 Steel, W. O., 16 Upsdell Avenue, N.13. (Ent., PI. G., Ecol.)

1937 Stirling, Lt.-Col. J. A., The Wick, Richmond Hill, Surrey.

(Orn.)

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

114

1920

1937

1933

1927

1930

1935
1930

1938

1938

1936

1920

1939
1939
1927

1932

1934
1892

1908

1931

1937

1935

1927

1929

1938

1933

1938

1927

1938

1925

1933

1933

*Stowell, H. S., L.R.I.B.A., Pirbright, Torland Road, Hartley
Plymouth. (Arch.)

Stales, C., B.Sc., 21 Links Road, Ashtead, Surrey.

Sulman, J. E., Crofters, Pine Grove, Totteridge, Herts. (Orn.)

Swam, A. M., 253 Crescent Drive, Petts Wood, Kent. (Orn.)

Swayne, F. G., M.A. (Cantab.), M.B., M.B.O.U., Hoskin’s Arms
Hotel, Oxted, Surrey. (Orn.)

Tams, W. H. T., F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural History)
S.W.7. (Ent.)

Tassart, Miss O. F., 36 Alfriston Road, S.W.ll. (Arch Orn
PI. G.)

Taylor, Miss M. L., 6 Kent Gardens, W.13. (Bot.)

Taylor, Miss M. S., Flat 52 King’s Court, Hamlet Gardens

W.6. (Orn.)

Thomas, C. H. R., 4 The Crest, Ellington Road N.10 (Ent..
Ecol.)

Thomas, Mrs G. E., 9 Talbot Road, Isleworth, Middlesex. (Orn
R.)

Thompson, P., 7 Paynesfield Avenue, S.W.14. (Bot., Orn.)

Thornton, J. O., 6 Arterberry Road, S.W.20. (Orn.)

Thresher, Miss G. A., 81 Stanthorpe Road, S.W.16 (Arch Bot
Ent., PI. G., R.)

Todd, Miss G. E., 17 Queensborough Terrace, W.2. (Bot., Orn.)

Tours, H., 7 Briar Road, Kenton, Middlesex.

Iremayne, L. J., F.Z.S., Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square
W.C.2. (Bot., Lep., Arch., PI. G., Orn., R.)

Tremayne, Mrs, Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square, W.C.2.
(Orn., Arch., Bot., R.)

Underwood, R. A., Greemvavs, Shoreham Road, Otford, Kent
(Orn.)

Upton, Mrs P. V., Eweland Hall, Margaretting, Essex. (Orn.)

van Oostveen, Miss M., 11 Gloucester Walk, W.8 (Orn Ent
Ecol.)

A eitch, Miss A. I., 44 Budoeh Drive, Goodmayes, Essex. (Arch.)

Venour, Miss D., 20 Burdenshott Avenue, Richmond, Surrev.
(Orn., Ecol.)

Vesey-F it zGer aid , B. S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Editor, “ The Field,”
Bream’s Buildings, E.C.4. (Zoo., Ecol., Orn.)

Vincent, W. G., 154 Winchester Road, Hale End, E.4. (Orn.)

Wadley, N. J. P., 132 Rivermead Court, S.W.6. (Orn.)

Waller, G., 158 Beckenham Road, Beckenham, Kent (Orn Ent
Ecol.) '

Warburg, G. O., 1 Woodside, Erskine Hill, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

Ward, B. T., 24 Long Deacon Road, E.4. (Arch., Bot. Ent.,
Orn., PI. G., R., Ecol.)

Ward, Miss T. W., 11 The Close, N.14. (Orn., Icht.)

Ward, Miss M., M.B., Ch.B., Threeways, Jordans, Beaconsfield,
Bucks, (Arch., Orn.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

115

1920 'Watkins, Miss H., 12 Connaught Avenue S.W.14. (Orn. R
Bot.)

1936 Watt, E. C., 13 Park Road, N.W.l. (Orn.)

1926 Watt, H. Boyd, F.Z.S., 90 Parliament Hill Mansions, N.W.5.
(Orn., Ecol., Zoo.)

1925 *W att, Mrs W . Boyd, M.B.O.L ., 90 Parliament Hill Mansions,
N.W.5. (Orn., Arch., Ecol.)

1938 Matts, G., The Shanty, AVest Farm Avenue, Aslitead, Surrey
(Orn.)

1938 *Wattson, Miss A. E., 2 Beverley Court, Kenton Lane, Harrow,

Middlesex. (Ent., Orn.)

1893 Wattson, R. Marshman, 51 Thorndene Avenue, N.ll. (Arch.
Ent.)

1928 Weeks, C., 7 Ashmount Road, N.19. (Orn., Ecol., R.)

1939 Wei ford, Miss A. M., 13 Clifton Avenue, N.3. (Orn.)

1931 Wheeler, Miss E. M., 28 Hardy Road, S.E.3. (Orn., Bot,. Ecol

R.)

1929 Wheeler, E. P., F.R.I.B.A., Park Lodge, Sutton Park Road,

Sutton, Surrey. (Orn., Arch.)

1935 Whitaker, F. 0., 51 Grosvenor Avenue, Carshalton, Surrey
(Bot., PI. G., R., Ecol.)

1930 Whitbread, R., 6 Meadow Way, Weald Village, Harrow, Middle¬

sex. (Arch.)

1932 Whitbread, Miss V7. H. E., 6 Meadow V7ay, W7eald Village, Har¬

row, Middlesex.

1937 IVhite, C. A., 18 Townsend Road, Southall, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1933 White, E. I., Ph.T)., F .G.S., Dept, of Geology, British Museum

(Natural History), S.W.7. (Palaeontology, Orn.)

1938 Vliitehead, Miss D., 173 Sunny Gardens Road, N.W.4. (Bot.

Orn., R.)

1935 Whitnhouse, F. W., WTayside East, Oak Road Harold Wood

Essex. (Bot.)

1936 VTiitgift, M., M.I.E.E., 7 Coulter Road, V7.6. (Arch.)

1937 Wiggins-Davies, WT. W., St Thomas’s House, Lambeth Palace

Road, S.E.l. (Orn.)

1934 Wightman, J. S., Wood View, Park Road, Ashtead, Surrey.

(Orn.)

1938 Wigram, A. F., 166 Rivermead Court, S.W.6. (Orn.)

1938 Wigzell, J. A., 17 WMol Road, SMV.20. (Orn.)

1936 Willcox, J. M., Middlesex Hospital Medical School, W.l. (Orn.)

1937 Williams, O. C. B., 103 Brondesbury Road, N.W.6. (Orn., Ecol.)

1931 Wills, Miss A. M., 294 Footscray Road, S.E.9. (R., Arch.)

1938 W ilson, Miss B. L., 16 Glazbury Road, WT.14. (Orn., Bot.)

1936 Wulson, J. M., Redwing, Townsend Drive, St Albans, Herts.

(Orn.)

1938 Wilton, A. R., 262 Kingston Road, S.W.20. (Orn., R.)

1937 WTmberley, R. J. G., Ingleneuk, Churchdown, Glos. (Orn., Ecol

R.)

1938 Winsloe, Mrs C. M., 63 North Gate, N.W.8. (Orn.)

iio THE LONDON NATURALIST.

193' Winters, Miss E. E>. M., 7 Broomfield Road, Kew, Surrey (Orn
Arch.) V

193' Wise, Miss U. V., 48 Warrington Road, Harrow, Middlesex
(Orn.)

1929 TVitherby, H. F., M.B.E., H.F.A.O.U., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.,
Giacious Pond Farm, Chobham, Nr. TV oking, Surrey. (Orn.)

193/ Witney, Miss M., Tarbert, Stratford Road, Watford, Herts.
(Orn., Bot.)

1935 T\ oods, Miss C. E. L., Little Ballards, Farley Road, South Croy¬

don, Surrey. (Orn., Ent., Zoo.)

1937 Worthington, Miss L. F., 104 Goldhurst Terrace, N.W.6. (Arch.)
1922 TT right, W. A., 31 Beresford Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1938 TVylie-Moore, N., 3 Helena Court, Eaton Rise, W.5. (Orn.)

1937 Yarrow, I. H. H., M.A., Ph.D., D.I.C., F.R.E.S., 14 Netherhall

Gardens, N.W.3. (Ecol., Ent.)

Affiliated Societies.

1938 Bishop’s Stortford College Natl. Histy. Society (A. L. Creed),

Robert Pearce House, The College, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts!

1936 Tiffin Boys School Scientific Society (Natural Science Section).

(D. T. Humphris), Tiffin Boys' School, Kingston-on-Thames.
Surrey. (Ecol.)

1936 Westminster School N.H. Society (L. H. Burd), Westminster

School, Dean’s Yard, S.W.l. (Orn., Ent., Ecol.)

Branch Associates:

1937 Bayes, C. S., 12 Merton Road, E.17. (Orn.)

1925 Boardman, S., 109 Monkham's Avenue, Woodford Green, Essex.
(Orn., Ent.)

1937 Boss, Miss E. F. M., 15 Orford Road, E.17. (Bot,, Orn.)

1930 Brightman, Miss A., St Osyth, Hempstead Road, E.17.

1937 Broome, Miss E. B., 15 Orford Road. E.17. (Bot., Orn.)

1938 Chingford Branch County Library (per the Librarian. E. Ley-

land), Hall Lane, E.4.

1939 Churchill, Miss E. M., N.F.U., Bays, The Uplands, Loughton,

Essex.

1937 Earl, W. J. H., Bancroft’s School, Woodford Green, Essex. (Orn )
1920 Hart, Miss H., 7 Park Hill Road, E.4.

1933 Hayward, P. D., 2 King’s Green, Loughton, Essex. (Orn.)

1937 Hiles, Miss I., 50 Drysdale Avenue, E.4.

1938 Horder, Miss J., 14 Douglas Road, E.4.

1933 Jeffery, Miss P., 64 Larkswood Road, E.4.

1939 Lewty, Miss J. P., Oaklea School, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

1911 Mathieson, Miss M. L., 7 Crescent Road, E.4. (Meteorology.)

1930 Penwarden, Miss C., 39 The Avenue, E.4.

1935 Pettit, H. A., 197 Billet Road, E.17. (Orn.)

1927 Pettit, Mrs S., 2 Victoria Road. E.4.

1927 Pettit, S., 2 Victoria Road, E.4.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

117

1932

1925

1937

1903

1935

1927
1937
1937
1 935
1937
1937
1939

1929

1929

1933

1935

1931

1920

1934
1896

1908

1937

1937

1935

1924

1938

1928

1937

1933

Pinniger, Mrs, 19 Endleburv Road, E.4.

Saul, H. J. B., 4 Buxton Road, E.4.

Smith, R. P., 22 Pelton Avenue, Belmont, Surrey. (Conch.)
Stevenson, H. E., F.C.S., 24 Wilton Grove, S.W.19. (Chem.)
Stiff, D. F. H., 214 West Barnes Lane, Motspur Park, Surrev.
(Geol.)

Stopps, W. E., 50 Gordon Road, E.4.

Sumerfield, A. R., 82 Churchgate, Cheshunt, Herts. (Orn.)
Tucker, Mrs F., 31 Frederica Road, E.4.

Tucker, D. G., 31 Frederica Road, E.4. (Orn.)

Uden, W., 48-50 Acre Lane, S.W.2. (Geol.)

Uden, Mrs W., 48 Acre Lane, S.W.2. (Biol.)

Yerini, Miss E. M., M.A.(Oxon.), 55a Palmerston Road, Buck-
hurst Hill, Essex.

loue, Miss E., 46 Station Road, E.4. (Bot.)

Country and School Associates:

Acland, Miss C. M., M.B.O.TJ., Walwood, Banstead, Surrey. (Orn.)
Ashdown, F. S., M.I.H., The Senior School, De La Warr Road.

East Grinstead, Sussex. (PI. G.)

Bell, Fairfax, M.A., B.M.B.Ch., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., c/o The
Director -of Medical and Sanitary Services, Dar-es-Salaam,
Tanganyika, Central Africa. (Ent., Orn.)

Benson, Mrs R. B., Dellfield, Featherbed Lane, Felden, Boxmoor,
Herts. (Orn., Bot., R.)

Biddiscombe, W., Ward B, Warren Road Hospital, Guildford,
Surrey. (Bot.)

Biddleeombe, P. E., 30 Hill View Road, Orpington, Kent. (Arch.)
Bishop, E. B., Lindfield, Marshall Road, Godaiming, Surrey.
(Bot., Arch., PI. G., Orn.)

Bostock, E. D., Alicoombe, Pelham Gardens, Folkestone, Kent.
(Lep.)

Bunker, H. E., 27 Broad Oak Lane, Penwortham, Lancs.

Clark. A., 9 Northridge Road, Gravesend, Kent. (Orn.)
Clerk-Rattray, Miss C. E., Easter Drimmie, Blairgowrie, Perth¬
shire. (Bot., Orn.)

Collins, Miss F., School of Gardening, Clapham, near Worthing.
Sussex. (Orn.)

Cowper, S. G., B.Sc., Ph.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.Z.S., Liver¬
pool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place. Liver¬
pool, 3. (Ecol., Ent., Orn.)

C'uningham, Miss D. W. M., Lissara, Barrs Avenue, New Milton,
Hants. (Bot., Ent., Orn., PI. G., Ecol.)

Darashah, Mrs E. G., 108 Stephen’s Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
(Arch., Bot., R.)

Evans, H. J., Jesemin, Amersham Road, Little Chalfont, Bucks.
(Orn.)

Ferrier, Miss J. M., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., A.A.O.U., Blakeney
Downs, Blakeney, Norfolk. (Orn., Ecol.)

118

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1930

1932

1938

1933

1929

1938

1927

1927

1926

1915

1935

1933

1931

1931

1902

1905

1930

1932
1897

1927

1933

1936

1928

1914

1928

Foster, Mrs S., 12 Victoria Road, Bridgnorth, Shropshire. (Orn.'

Frazer, A. D., M.B., Ch.B., 74 St James Street, Nottingham
(PI. G.)

Garnett, T. R., Charterhouse, Godaiming, Surrey. (Orn.)

Garrett, F. C., D.Sc., South View House, Alnmouth. Northum¬
berland. (Ent.)

Gibson, Miss E. M., Ashcroft, Station Road, Petersfield, Hants.
(Lep., Orn.)

Gulliver, Miss M. L>. (in Australia), c/o Mrs E. Horrex, 130 Cran-
brook Road, Ilford, Essex. (Orn., R.)

Hackett, C. A., M.A., I).PU., Paris, 42 Weoley Park Road. Selly
Oak, Birmingham, 29. (Orn.)

Harvey, F. B., The Nook, Rhodes Minnis, Elham, nr. Canter¬
bury, Kent.

Harvey, J. H., Half Moon Cottage, Preston Cross, Little Book-
ham, Surrey. (Bot.)

Hibbert-Ware, Miss A., F.L.S., M.B.O.U., Hilary, Girton, Cam¬
bridge. (Orn.)

Hopkins, Prof. Sir F. Gowland, O.M., M.A., M.D.. F.R.S.,
F.R.C.P., /I Grange Road, Cambridge. (Biochemistry.)

Leatheidale, D., Tasli, Hawks Hill, Leatherhead, Surrev (Geol
Bot., Ent., PI. G., R.)

Leith, R. F., Albion Chambers, Gloucester. (Orn., Arch.)

Lockvei , 1. N., LL.BjLond.), 14 Parkway, Rickmansworth,
Herts. (Arch., Orn., R.)

Lockyer, Mrs T. N., 14 Parkway, Rickmansworth, Herts. (Arch.
Orn., R.)

Maud, F. H., St Catherine’s, Wind Hill, Bishop’s Stortford
Herts. (Arch.)

Maud, Mrs F. H., St Catherine’s, Wind Hill, Bishop’s Stortford
Herts. (Arch.)

Millei , Miss M. E., The ( roft, Rainsford Lane, Chelmsford. (Lep.)

Moore, J. W., F.R.E.S., 151 Middleton Hall Road. King’s Nor¬
ton, Birmingham. (Exotic Lep.)

Nicholson, C., Nansgwithiek, Tresillian, Truro, Cornwall (Ent
Bot., Orn., Ast., PI. G.)

Oldfield, Miss A. R., c/o 259 Lea Bridge Road, E.10. (Arch. Bot.)

Pike, Oliver G., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., F.R.P.S., The Bungalow,
Leighton Buzzard, Beds. (Orn.)

Raikes, Miss D. T., Hen Ysgol, Bwlch, Breconshire. ( Ki ch Bot
Orn.)

Saunders, Miss A. M., St Ann’s, Wray Park Road, Reigate,
Surrey. (Bot., PI. G.)

Shaw, G. A., 18 Leyburn Grove, Shipley, Yorks. (Bot.)

Sparkes, Mrs F. M., 4 Loop Road, Kingfield, Woking, Surrev.
(Arch., Bot., R.)

Studd, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., F.R.E.S., Exeleigh, Starcross,
Devon. (Lep.)

Talbot, G., F.R.E.S., Mon Plaisir, Wormley, Surrey. (Lep.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

119

1937 Thomas. L. C., Woodlands, Cobham Road, East Horsley, Surrey.
(Bot., Orn.)

1931 Thomas, Mrs P. I., Woodlands, Cobham Road, East Horsley, Sur¬

rey. (Ecol., Orn., R.)

1935 Tracy, N., M.B.O.U., The Black Cabin, South Wootton, King’s
Lynn, Norfolk. (Orn.)

1927 Unwin, Mrs J. M., Fairway, Town Road, Rotherfield, Sussex.

1913 Wilde, Mrs C. L., Lindfield, Marshall Road, Godaiming, Surrey.
(Arch., Bot., Pi. G.)

1929 Willcox, P. H., Emmanuel College, Cambridge. (Ent., Bot.)

1932 Williams, A. R., Barclay’s Bank, Haifa, Palestine. (Orn.)

Note. — The following abbreviations are used in the above lists: —
Api., Apiculture ; Aqua., Aquaria ; Arch., Archaeology ; Ast., Astronomy ;
Biol., Biology; Bot., Botany; Chem., Chemistry; Col., Coleoptera ;
Conch., Conchology ; Dipt., Diptera ; Ecol., Ecology; Ent., Entomology;
Ethn., Ethnology; Geol., Geology; Hem., Hemiptera; Hym., Hymenop-
tera; Icht., Ichthyology; Lep., Lepidoptera ; Mam., Mammalogy; Micr.,
Microscopy; Neur., Neuroptera; Orn., Ornithology; Orth., Orthop-
tera; Ool., Oology; PI. G., Plant Galls; P. L., Pond Life; R., Ramblers’
Section; Rep., Reptilia; Zoo., Zoology.

•Signifies a Life Member.

PRESENTED

5 JUN 1939

Publications of the Society.

London Naturalist, 1921-25, 1928-31 ----- each 3s

1932-37 ------- 5s

London Bird Report, 1936-37 - . each Is 6d

Transactions of the London Natural History Society, 1914-20 each 3s
Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural

History Society, 1912-13 (1 vol.) ------ 3s

1891-1911 ------ each 2s

N.B. Members may obtain any of the above
at two-thirds of the published price.

“ LONDON NATURALIST ” REPRINTS.

1. Birds of Eppjng Forest (out of print).

2.

Botanical Records of the London Area,

Being a List of the Plants Observed within 20
Miles of St Paul’s Cathedral,

6.

8.

12.

14.

15.

16.
17.

Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8

each 6d

3. London Reservoirs and their Influence on Bird Life. By A.

Holte Macpherson (1927) ------ 6d

4. The Thames as a Bird Migration Route. President’s Address,

1928. By William E. Glegg. F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. 6d

5. Ornithological Records of the London Area, Being a Pre¬

liminary List of Birds Observed within 20 Miles of St
Paul’s Cathedral (1928) - -- -- -- 6d

7. The Birds of Middlesex since 1866. President’s Address, 1929.

By William E. Glegg, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Is

9. British Gall Mites. By Harold J. Burkill, M.A., F.R.G.S.

(1929) ---------- 6d

10. Some Diurnal Observations on the Nightjar. Bv David Lack

(1929) ---------- 6d

11. Birds of the Harrow District (North-west Middlesex), 1925-30

By T. H. Harrisson, M.B.O.U. (1933) - - - - Is

13. Ornithological Records of the London Area (1935) - - 6d

18. An Identification Key to British Grey Geese. By John Berry

(1935) ---------- 6d

19. The Survey of Limpsfield Common (1937) 6d

Map of the Society’s Area: Showing the 24 sections into which it

is divided to facilitate botanical recording - - - - 2d

London Natural History Society.

PJVHE Society is an amalgamation of the City of London Entomo¬
logical and Natural History Society, founded in 1858, and the
North London Natural History Society, founded in 1892.

A meeting is held each Tuesday (except July and August) in the
London School of Hvgiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street. Gower
Street, W.C.l. The room is open from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m., and meetings
begin at 6.30 p.m. punctually and terminate about 8.30 p.m., unless
other arrangements are announced.

The C'HINGFORD LOCAL BRANCH meets at The Clifton
Restaurant, opposite Chiiigford Station, at 8 p.m., on the Second
Monday m each month during the winter months.

At these meetings specimens of Natural History interest are
exhibited, and papers on various subjects are read and discussed. Visi¬
tors may be introduced by members of the Society, and are cordially
welcome.

The minimum Annual Subscription for members is 12s 6d, and for
associates os, but for members under 25 yeai-s of age the minimum is
7s 6d. New members and associates pay an entrance fee of 2s 6d.
Subscriptions, which should be sent to the Treasurer, become due on
January 1st. Members elected after October 1st pay no subscriptions
for the current calendar year.

Each member and associate is entitled to one copy of “ The London
Naturalist ” free; extra copies can be purchased by members, if sup¬
plies are available, at two-thirds of the published price.

The Society looks with confidence for the support of all who are
interested in the study of Natural History.

Further information may be obtained from the Secretary: —

A. B. HORNBLOWER, 91 Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

PRINTED BY T. BUNGLE AND CO. LTD.. ARBP.OATH .

Supplement to The London Naturalist .

•>

Wt0mi

i PRESENTED

15 JUN 1939

LON DOM
BIRD REPORT

FOR

1938

Being an Annual Report on Bird-Life within Twenty miles of

St Paul's Cathedral.

COMPILED BY

R. C. HOMES,

Assisted by the Recording Committee of the Ornithological Section,

L. PARMENTER (Chairman). P. W. £. CURRIE.

R. S. R. FITTER. D. A. T. MORGAN.

C. W. G. PAULSON, M.B.O.U.

Price, 1 s 6d.

PUBLISHED BY THE

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

THE LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE & TROPICAL MEDICINE,
KEPPEL STREET, GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C.l.

DATE OF PUBLICATION, MAY 1939.

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Society are invited to our Showroom to
inspect the varied stock of Books on

Ornithology.

Catalogues and Lists are published at
intervals during the year, and are sent
free upon request.

Good Prices Paid for
Books on Ornithology.

We are always willing to buy
INDIVIDUAL BOOKS or LIBRARIES
FOR CASH in Town or Country.

SPECIALISTS in ORNITHOLOGY.

MODERN FIRST EDITIONS.

PRIVATE PRESS. PUBLICATIONS.

ETC.

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SOUTH-EASTERN BIRD REPORT.

[Published Under the Auspices of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific

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To R. Whitlock, White Hill Farm, Pitton, Salisbury.

LONDON BIRD REPORT.

PLATE /, 1038.

Pliolo by j F ji0\)eris _

Birds m the London Area, 1 938.

REP OllT OX BIRD-LIFE WITHIN TWENTY MILES OF ST PAUL’S

CATHEDRAL.

INTRODUCTION.

TX this third number of The London Bird Report we include all
ornithological matter published by the Society with the exception of
the Section’s official report and articles forming part of the Survey of
Limpsfield Common, which appear in The London Naturalist. As
we feel that there must still be many potential new readers in our area,
we hope that members will assist the Society by giving copies to their
friends or bringing the report to their notice. Extra copies can lie
obtained from the Recorder.

We are glad to be able to include this year a valuable paper by Mr
W. E. Glegg on the effect of London on bird-life. Other features, besides
the usual report, include a summary of the ornithological effects in the
area of the severe weather in December.

An account of the status of the Reed Warbler, Tufted Duck, and
Turtle Dove ig given in a separate article, and we shall be grateful if
members will make full observations in 1939 on Goldfinch , Stock Dove,
and Common Sandpiper, the species selected for special study by the
British Trust for Ornithology. A questionnaire was included in the
circular sent out in January, and members who require copies should
apply to the Recorder, Mr R. S. R. Fitter, 81 Ridgmount Gardens,
W.C.l. An inquiry is also being made this year into the status of the
Redshank in the British Isles, and it will be appreciated if members who
can supply information for the area will obtain a questionnaire from
Mr R. C. Homes, 17 Park Lawn Avenue, Epsom. The Recorder will be
glad to supply any other information regarding the Trust on request,
and we hope that as many members as possible will join the Trust to
give it the widespread support which it needs to continue the valuable
work already so successfully begun.

In 1938 the Ornitholgical section commenced a study of the bird-life
of built-up areas and agricultural land in the area. These terms were
defined in a circular sent to recorders in January of that year;
unfortunately space does not permit its reproduction here, but copies
can be supplied by Mr R. S. R. Fitter on application. It would be of
considerable value to put on record a survey of the avifauna of these
types of ground, especially ag the agricultural ground of to-day around
London may well be the building land of to-morrow. It would be of
particular interest to discover how near London certain species breed
and how near they attain normal distribution. For these purposes we
need notes on all species, however common, in built-up areas, gardens,
and agricultural land, and we shall be glad if memberg will refer again
to the 1938 circular announcing the scheme, and send us their notes on
the lines suggested. Some very interesting reports on agricultural land

9

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

have been received, and are being held until .sufficient material has
accumulated to justify a preliminary survey.

One of the most notable features of the year wag the exceptionally
severe weather in the second half of December, when many species,
especially skylarks, were seen in unusual numbers. So many notes have
been received for this period that we have summarised them in a special
article, which includes some notes on the weather. The chief features
were the appearance of Brent and Pink-footed Geese, Little Gull,,
exceptional numbers of Smew and Goosander, and the extraordinary
abundance of Skylarks and passerine birds generally in inner London
and other built-up areas. Dunlin were reported from several localities,
and Knots were seen at Barn Elms. Although a few grebes and divers
were seen, they were not a prominent feature of the influx as in the
winter of 1936-7.

Records of unusual interest include a Firecrest and a Bittern, both
at Ruislip on the 31st December following the severe weather of
Christmas, a pair of Crossbills in Richmond Park in June, a Snow
Bunting at Wanstead Flats and a Black Tern at Molesey seen during
the reservoir census on 17th November, an Arctic Skua in the Lea
Valley, and a Quail heard at Belmont. On 17th November a large
raptorial bird, possibly a Harrier, was seen over Hampstead Heath but
unfortunately was not fully identified. Another bird, believed to be a
Montagu’s Harrier, was seen at Eynsford being mobbed by Crows on
22nd October. Odd records of several interesting birds of prey have-
been received, and a Short-eared Owl has been seen in Richmond Park
and on Rainham marshes. It seems probable that this species would be
more frequently reported if the Thames marshes received more attention.

Waders were more numerous than usual at Staines during the
autumn, Grey Plover, Sanderling, Knot, and Little Stint being especially
noteworthy. Spotted Redshanks were reported from two localities, while
a Wood Sandpiper in June is of particular interest. Brooklands
sewage-farm was not very productive as the tanks were more flooded
than usual. Records of Common Sandpiper wintering in two localities
are noteworthy. Strong gales in the first few days of October were
followed by a large migration of Swallows, Martins, and Sand Martins,
the numbers being unusually large for October migration. Other late
dates include the Black Tern already mentioned and a Sedge Warbler
in Richmond Park on 23rd October. In the spring Chiffchaffs were
plentiful by the week-end of March 18th-19th, but in April migrants
were inclined to be late.

A monthly census of water-fowl on all the principal waters in the
area was begun on 22nd October, and has been continued up to March,
1939. The scheme was well supported, special attention being given to
the sex-ratios among ducks, and it is hoped that the results will be
published during the summer.

All records in the specific notes are for 1938 except where it is
otherwise stated. Observers responsible for the published notes are
indicated by initials, and counties are given by their first letters : —
B. = Buckinghamshire, E. = Essex, H. = Hertfordshire, K. = Kent, M.=

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

3

Middlesex, S. = Surrey. Other abbreviations are as follows: A.M.=
adult male, B.B.=British Birds Magazine, L.B.R.= London Bird Report ,
Res. = Reservoir, and S.F. = Sewage-farm. A map of the area was
published in the Report for 1936, a few copies of which are still available.

We regret the omission of the names of Messrs G. E. Manser and
E. G. Pedler from the list of observers of 1937. The following is a list
of the 107 observers from whose notes the present report is compiled : —

Ashby, C. B.

Austin, S.

Baggallay, Miss J.
Beckett, L.,
per R.C.H.
Bentham, C. H.

Be ven, G.

Bishop, A. H.,
per C.L.C.

Blake, F. W.

Burkill, H. J.

Butlin, Mrs J. H.,
per C.L.C.

Butterworth, MissM. H.
Carrington, L. I.
Cawkell, E. M.

Cliave, S. P. W.
Collenette, C. L.
Collett, G. W.

Colyer, W. L.

Currie, P. W. E.
Daffarn, J. D.

Davis, Miss R.

Dickey, D. O’R.,
per C.L.C.

Dolley, C.,

per C.L.C.

Eleome. G. D.

Ellis, W. G.

Fisher, J. M. M.
Fitter, R. S. R.

Fossey, H. B.

Gaster, H.

Gillham, E. H.
Gillingham, D. W.
Glegg, W. E.
Greenaway, H.

Griggs, H. R.,
per R.C.H.

Hale, R. W.

Hanson, P. J.
Haviland, Miss G. M. B.

Hayman, R. W.,
per C.L.C.
Highway, Mrs H.
Hohn, 0.

Hollom, P. A. D.
Homes, R. C.

Hopkins, G.
Hornblower, A. B.
Jeffery, Miss P. H.
Johnston, F. J.
Justice, Mrs E.,
per R.C.H.

Kerr, Mrs H. M. Raft.
Key wood, K. P.

Low, G. Carmichael.
MacAlister, Mrs E.
McCulloch, G. Iv.
MacCunn, F.,
per R.S.R.F.
Macpherson, A. Holte.
Mann, E.

Mann, F. R.

Mann, P.,

per C.L.C.

Manser, G. E.
Marriott, W. H.,
per R.C.H.
Melluish, W. D.
Milnthorpe, Miss W. M.
Mitchell, A. F.,
per C.L.C.
Morgan, D. A. T.

Muir head, D.

Myers, A. F.

Nicholson, E. INI.
Nicholson, E. T.
Norris, C. A.

Park, W. 1).
Parmenter, L.
Parrinder, E. R.
Paulson, C. W. G.
Pearce, E. W.

Pedler, E. G.

Peterken, J. H. G.
Pethen, R. W.

Pettit, H. A.

Philipson, W. R.

Piercy, G. Wand,
per R.C.H.

Piercy, W. E. K.

Price, M. Philips,
per R.S.R.F.

Poock, S. G.

Popple, Miss W. N.
Rabbets, A. J.,
per G.E.M.

Ratcliff, P. W.
Rawlence, D. A.,
per C.L.C.

Roberts, J. E.

Rose, C. C.

Simms, A.,

per C.L.C.

Sladen, W. J. L.,
per C.L.C.

Smith, Miss K. Douglas.
Smith, R. McKenzie.
Sumerfield, A. R.
Thompson, P.

Thomson, Dr W. W.,
per R.C.H.

Van Oostveen, Miss M. S.
Warburg, G.

Watt, Mrs W. Boyd.
Watts, G.

Weeks, C.

White, C. A.

Whitehead, Miss D.
Wightman, J. S.

W igram, A. F.

Wigzell, J. A.

Wilton, A. R.

Windsor, R. E.

Wright, W. A.

4

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Hooded Crow. Corvus c. cornix L.

E. King George Res., one on 29th October and 17th December
(W.A.W.). Navestock Lake, one on 4th and 11th December
(R.McK.S.). Rainham marshes, one on 11th December (W.G.E.).
Walthamstow Res., one on 28th December (W.A.W .).

S. Cuddington, one flying strongly south on 26th February (P.W.E.C.).

Rook. Corvus /. frugilegus L.

K. Lee Green, a small rookery, five nests in 1937, was located within
5£ miles of Charing Cross (E.M.C.).

Magpie. Pica p. pica (L.).

S. Headley Common, a flock of 27 on 27th March; apart from a few
desultory chases there was no evidence that the gathering was
sexual in purpose (P.W.E.C.).

Hawfinch. Coccothraustes c. coccothraustes (L.).

E. Epping Forest and district, reported by several observers in first
half of year.

K. Farnborough, nested; frequently seen in Farnborough-Chevening-
Biggin Hill district (H.R.G.).

M. Hampstead Heath, seen several times in March (K.D.S.), and two
on 24th April (A.F.M.). Ruislip Common, one on 6th February
(E.G.P.) and on several dates from 16th March to 7tli April
(W.R.P.). Whitewebbs Park, one to four pairs from 4th April to
5th July (A.R.S.).

S. Ashtead, well distributed in the district in winter in woods, gar¬
dens and heaths ; one pair nested in a fruit-tree in a garden and
three other pairs seen in breeding-season (J.S.W.). Bookham Com¬
mon, one on 1st May (E.M.N.). Epsom Common, a pair
on 22nd May (R.S.R.F.). Kew Gardens, two on 24th Feb¬
ruary (W.R.P.). Mickleham Downs, a flock of 40-50 on 2nd and
15th April (P.W.E.C.). Headley, Walton, Tadworth and Kings-
wood, one to four on various occasions throughout year (H.B.).
Reigate, one singing in castle gardens on 28th January (H.B.).
Richmond Park, male feeding fully-grown young on 26th May
(J.A.W.). Warlingham, a pair on 2nd July (C.W.G.P.). Wimble¬
don Common, present in breeding-season (E.M.N., R.E.W.).

British Goldfinch. Carduelis c. britannica (Hart.).

Breeding reported from Epsom, Mitcham, Godstone and Farn¬
borough. As this species is scheduled for special study in 1939
records of breeding distribution will be welcome.

S. Epsom Common, a flock of about 150 on 18th September was seen
for some time, gradually decreasing later in the autumn (W.D.P.).

Siskin. Carduelis spinus (L.).

E. Lord’s Bushes, Woodford, six on 6th March (W.A.W. ).

K. Beckenham, 25 in alders in Kelsey Park on 23rd January, and five
or six on 13th February (A.J.R.).

BIRDS IX THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

O

M. Bushy Park, parties of 50 or 60 seen regularly up to end of Feb¬
ruary (J.E.R.), about 90 on 23rd January (E.W.P.), and appeared
in autumn on loth November when there were 20 or more (J.E.R.).
Harefield, two on 13th February (W.R.P.).

S. Arbrook Common, about sis males on 13th (R.C.H.) and two on
25th February (K.P.K.). Leatherhead, one on 22nd January (H.B.).
Limpsfield Chart, about 60 in small flocks were engaged in a sub¬
dued “ community singing ” (P.W.E.C.). Ossliott Common, about
ten on 13th February (J.S.W.). Richmond Park, a small flock up
to 5th February, maximum 10 on 4th February; one stayed till 2nd
March (C.L.C., W.L.C., J.A.W.). Wimbledon Common, several
from 17th to 21st April (R.E.W.).

Lesser Redpoll. Carduelis flammea cabaret (P. L. S. Miill.).

E. Chigwell, Knighton Wood and Epping Forest, noted as winter
visitor, 30-40 on 15th April (W.A.W.). North Weald, again seen
feeding on Epilobium hirsutum, on 27th November.

K. Beckenham, two in Kelsev Park on 9th and about six from 23rd

«>

to 30th January (A.J.R.). Elmers End S.F., one feeding on thistle
on 26th February (A.J.R.). Farnborough, small parties noted from
time to time; one pair nested ten feet up in an apple-tree, and six
visited garden on 22nd October (H.R.G.). Hayes Common, a male
on 15th May (R.S.R.F.).

M. Brent Park, Bushy Park, Hampstead Heath and Ruislip, noted in
winter. It is believed to be resident on Hampstead Heath but there
is no proof of breeding in recent years.

S. Ashtead, seen occasionally throughout winter of 1937-8 ; several
pairs in spring but breeding not proved (J.S.W.). Beddington
Lane, noted feeding on Epilobium hirsutum on 4th December (G.B.)
and on Artemisia vulgaris (L.P.). Box Hill, about ten near here
on 4th December (R.C.H. , D.A.T.M.). Epsom Common, two on
1st December (F.W.B.). Molesey, a pair feeding on seeds of Epilo¬
bium longifolium on 22nd January (P.W.E.C.). Richmond Park,
small numbers early and late in year (C.L.C.). Tadworth district,
a few pairs bred (H.B.). Wimbledon Common, noted between 19th
March and 7th May (E.M.N., R.E.W.).

Crossbill. Loxiu c. curvirostra L.

S. Richmond Park, a pair on 26th June (C.A.N.).

Braaiblixg. Fringilla montif ring ilia L.

E. Epping Forest, 12 or more at High Beech on 20th November (F.J.J.)
and four on 3rd April (W.G.E.). Romford S.F., two to six from
26th March to 9th April (H.B.F.). Sewardstone gravel-pit, two on
6th November (W.A.W.). Waltham Abbey, present on 7th Feb¬
ruary (A.R.S.).

K. Elmers End S.F., three to four on 8th January, two on 26th Feb¬
ruary and 30-40 on 27th March (G.E.M.). Hayes, 20 on 23rd
January (G.E.M.). Keston, one at Holwood on 18tli December

6

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

(H.R.G.). Knockholt Pound, a small flock on 20th November
(R.S.R.F.).

M. Brent Res., six on 12th March (W.D.M.) and two on 25th December
(G.W.). Bushy Park, one on 26th March (J.E.R.). Primrose Hill,
present from 5th to 19th March, maximum 16 on 5th (W.E.K.P.).
During hard weather at Christmas one visited a garden in St
John’s Wood on 26th December (H.M.R.K.), up to three were seen
in Ladbroke Square, W.ll, from 22nd to 24th December (A.S.), and
a keeper reported about 20 in Ken Wood on 25th December.

S. Beddington S.F., the usual large numbers not seen in spring,
maximum 12-15 on 20th March (G.E.M., P.W.R.). Mitcham, two
to three at Watermeads on 13th March. Morden, one on 24th
December (G.B.). Reigate, one on 29th October (H.B.). Richmond
Park and Wimbledon Common, reported on numerous occasions ; at
Wimbledon several stayed till 6th May, and a single bird was seen
as late as 12tli June (R.E.W.). North Downs : for the area bounded
by Cuddington, Epsom Downs, Mickleliam, Headley, Tadworth and
Kingswood there are records for February, March, October, Novem¬
ber and December, mostly single birds or small parties, maximum
about 30 near Headley on 30th March (J.S.W.).

Tree- Sparrow. Passer m. montanus <L.).

E. Still common in the Lea Valley. W.A.W. found small colonies
breeding in drain-pipes at King George and Walthamstow Reser¬
voirs (B.B., xxxii, pp. 113-4). Romford S.F., resident, 30-40 always
present, numbers rising outside breeding-season (H.B.F.).

K. Farnborough district, uncommon, two on 26th November (H.R.G.).

M. Breeding reported from Bushy Park and Staines Moor. Osterley
Park, two on 25th June (C.A.W.).

S. Seen as usual in autumn and spring on Beddington, Brooklands and
Epsom sewage-farms. G.E.M. reports breeding at Beddington.
Mitcham, resident at Watermeads (G.B., Journal Wimbledon
January 1939).

Corn-Bunting. Em h eriza calandra L.

M. Staines, present in breeding-season. One seen north of Stanwell on
25th June (R.C.H., D.A.T.M.).

S. Arbrook Common, frequent during breeding-season (K.P.K.).

Reed-Bunting. Emberiza s. sclioeniclus (L.).

M. Hampton Wick Pond, one pair nested unsuccessfully (E.W.P.).
Passage noted at Staines (c. 20 on 2nd April) and at Littleton (c.
50 on 26th August).

S. Richmond Park, up to 40 were seen feeding on heads of grass
Molinia caerulea projecting above snow during hard weather in
December (C.L.C., D.A.R.).

Snow-Bunting. Electro phenax n. nivalis (L.).

E. Wanstead Flats, one on 19th November (J.H.G.P.).

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

i

Wood-Lark. Lullula- a. arborea (L.).

M. Mill Hill, one on 8th May (W.D.M.). The call was not heard, but
the bird was seen on the ground at close range and a good descrip¬
tion obtained.

S. North Downs, much scarcer in usual localities this year (G.W.C.,
P.W.E.C., J.S.W.). Richmond Park, at least two singing males
present throughout the breeding-season and one pair thought to
have bred; they appear to stay throughout the year (C.L.C.).

Water-Pipit. Anthus s. spinoletta (L.).

E. Walthamstow Res., one was reported on 30th March by H.M.R.K.,
whose notes we summarise : —

Head, dirty greyish-brown; upper back, reddish-brown without greenish
tinge of Rock Pipit or dull brown of Meadow Pipit; breast, almost with¬
out spots or streaks, was warmish buff; legs, dark brown, darker than
in Meadow or Rock Pipits; bill longer than in Meadow Pipit and seemed
more slender and pointed; a light buff eyestripe on greyish-white surface.
In flight the bird showed white tail feathers.

We believe this to be the second record for Essex.

Rock-Pipit. Anthus spinoletta petrosus (Mont.).

E. Walthamstow Res., one on 13th November (E.T.N.).

M. Hampton Res., two on 19tli November (R.S.R.F.).

S. Island Barn Res., Molesey, two on 22nd October (P.W.E.C.).

Blue-headed Wagtail. Motacilla f. flava L.

H. Rickmansworth, a male on 30th April (G.K.McC., B.B., xxxii,
P. 19).

M. Staines Res., one on 9th and 21st April (G.D.E.). Yeoveney, one
oli 25th June (R.C.H., D.A.T.M.).

Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla flava rayi (Bp.).

E. Bred at Chigwell S.F., Sewardstone gravel-pit and commonly at
the Lea Valley Reservoirs (W.A.W.).

K. Elmers End S.F., three pairs on 29th May, probably bred as usual
(G.E.M.). Erith marshes, four pairs on 16th June (L.P.).

S. West Molesey Res., at least four pairs bred (P.W.E.C.).

Grey Wagtail. Motacilla ■ c. cinerea Tunst.

S. Fetcham, young birds seen near site of last year’s nest on 16th
June; immature birds roosting with pied wagtails in artichoke beds
on 14th September (H.J.B.). Cobham, one on R. Mole near
Pointers on 16th April (E.M.N.). Mitcham, nests annually on R.
Wandle near Watermeads (G. Hatfield); a young bird on 1st August
(G.B.). Battersea Park, one on 19th November (E.M.N.).

Pied Wagtail. Motacilla alba yarrellii Gould.

M. Hampton Wick Pond, large numbers roost in the reeds (E.W.P.).

S. Fetcham, a flock of about 150 roosting in artichoke beds on 28th
September, and a smaller flock on the 14th (H.J.B.). Richmond

8

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Park, the roost near Ham Gate ( L.B.B. , 1937, p. 28) hacl about
a dozen birds on 2nd and 40-50 on 26th January, and about 20
on 12th February. In the summer the pond was cleared of rushes
and the roost was not used in the autumn (C.L.C., W.L.C.).

W Hite Wagtail. Motacilla a. alba L.

M. Staines Res., one on 24th (G.C.L., A.R.S.), 28th (G.C.L., A.H.M.)
and 30th April (W.G.E.). One near Stanwell on 1st May
(C.A.W.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one or two from 28th April to 4tli May (A.H.M.,
D.A.T.M., W.R.P.).

British Willow-Titmouse. Par us atricapillus Ideinschmidti Hellm.

E. North Weald, two on 23rd January and on 27 th November
(R.S.R.F., R.C.H.).

K. Hayes, one singing on 19th June (G.E.M.).

M. Ruislip, frequent in winter and spring (R.W.H.), one on 23rd June
(C.A.W.). White webbs Park, two on 28th April (A.R.S.).

S. Aslitead Forest, one singing on 22nd May (R.S.R.F.). Bookham
Common, a party of at least three on 19th June (R.S.R.F.) and a
pair on Banks Common on 25th June (E.M.N.). Epsom Common,
one on 4th May collecting small green caterpillars from bushes, and
one on 5th and 6th May, 14th and 17th November, and 1st December
(F.W.B.). Oxshott, a pair on 16th April (E.M.N.). Selsdon, four
on 11th December (G.E.M.). Tadworth, one on 6th November (H.B.)
and 4th December (R.C.H., D.A.T.M.). Wimbledon Common, a
pair on 19th March (E.M.N.).

British Long-tailed Titmouse. Aegithalos caudatus rosaceus (Blyth).
There was a considerable influx of this species in London and the
suburbs in late October and early November.

M. Bushy Park, several parties of 20 or more (J.E.R.). St James's
Park, eight on 9th November (R.S.R.F.). Hyde Park, 12 near
Marble Arch on 2nd November (E.G.P.). In December about ten
were seen at Chelsea on 1st (Field, 17.12.38) and in Ladbroke Square
there were two on 3rd and six on 6th.

S. Parties were noted in Dulwich Woods on 28th October and 28th
November (R.I>.) and at Upper Norwood on 26th November
(G.D.E.), and single birds at Putney on 10th November (M.H.B.)
and at Barn Elms on 14th November (W.R.P.) ; reported to be
unusually plentiful at this time in Richmond Park (C.L.C.), at
Claygate, and on Arbrook and Esher Commons (K.P.K.).

Fire-crested Wren. Beg ulus i. ignicapillus (Temm.).

M. Ruislip Common, a pair Avere seen by R.W.H. and C.C.R. on 31st
December. As this is the first record for Middlesex, we quote
R.W.H. aaOio notes the folloAving features: —

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

9

White stripe over the eye, hlaek line through the eye and pale streak
below it; in the male, a reddish-orange crest — there was a little lemon
yellow along the side of the crest, but not nearly so much of this colour
as in the Goldcrest; in a front, view the crest looked broader than a Gold-
crest’s is in repose, and almost uniformly bright reddish-orange; a black
line on each side of the crown above the superciliary stripe; the paleness
of the underparts when seen from below; the upper parts seemed to be
of a brighter green than the Goldcrest’s.

Great Grey Shrike. Lanius e. excub it or L.

S. Richmond Park, one first reported on 1st December 1937 (. L.B.L. ,
1937. p. 8) remained in the neighbourhood throughout the winter
and was last seen on 13th March by M.S.O. One was seen on Ham
Common on 5th (P.M.) and 6th "November (F.R.M.).

Red-backed Shrike. Lanhis c. collurio L.

E.M. Breeding reported from Epping Forest, Ruislip (3 pairs) and
Staines, hut a 1937 territory near Mill Hdl was not occupied.

K. Farnborough, a few pairs (H.R.G.).

S. Ashtead, 2-3 pairs (J.S.AV.). Ham Common, one pair nested
(F.R.M.). Royal Wimbledon golf course, one pair nested (J.A.W.).
Walton Heath, several pairs (J.S.W.). Mitcham Common, four
pairs nested, only one bringing off its first clutch successfully : a
second pair left the district after the destruction of its nest before
eggs had been laid : two other pairs successfully reared broods at
second attempts, the young leaving one nest as late as 13th
September (W.W.T.).

Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa h. hypoleuca (Pail.).

S. Wimbledon Common, an adult female on 7th September (R.E.AA .).

Wood- Warbler. Phylloscopus s. sibilairix (Bechst.).

B.E.M. Heard in breeding-season at Black Park, Langley Park.
Hampstead Heath, Ruislip, Stanmore, Epping Forest, White-
webbs Park.

K. Reported in May from Farnborough and near Sevenoaks (H.R.G.'h
Hayes Common and Holwood (R.S.R.F.).

S. Dulwich Woods, three pairs throughout summer, at least one pair
nesting successfully (R.D.). Richmond Park, did not nest this year
(C.L.C.). Shirley Hills, three heard, almost certainly nested
(G.E.M.). Wimbledon Common, unusually scarce, one pair nested
(R.E.W.). Also reported from Ashtead, Box Hill, Epsom Common,
Headley and Old Malden.

Grasshopper-Warbler. Locust ella n. noevia (Bodd.).

B. Denham, heard on 24th July (W.R.P.).

H. Cuffley, heard on 28th April (A.R.S.).

M. Ruislip, fledglings seen on 18th August (W.R.P.).

S. Reported as usual from Ashtead, Bookham and Epsom Commons,
and Walton Heath.

10

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Dartford Warbler. Sylvia undata dartfordiensis Lath.

S. Nested again in locality A (c.f. previous reports) where eight pairs
were definitely located in the breeding-season. At locality B no
birds were seen after 25tli February. At the third locality men¬
tioned in the 1937 Report one bird was seen on 1st December. The
bird which appeared in Richmond Park on 19th December 1937 was
last seen on 4th February by W.L.C.

British Song-Thrush. Turdus e. ericetorum Turton.

S. Ewell, two nests, with young and eggs, on 30th April had no mud
lining, probably owing to drought (R.S.R.F.). Fetcham, a young
bird, just able to fly, on 19th October (H.J.B.). Walton Heath, a
nest with two eggs on ground in dead bracken on 18th April
(P.W.E.C.).

Greenland Wheatear. Oenanthe oe. leucorrhoa (Gm.).

S. Beddington S.F., one on 8th May (G.E.M.) was watched together
with Common Wheatears.

Whinchat. Saxicola r. rubetra (L.).

E. Bred at Chigwell S.F., King George Res., and Sewardstone
(W.A.W.). Romford S.F., about three pairs resident (H.B.F.).
Rye House, a pair on 26th June (E.R.P.).

H. Sandy Lodge, bred (G.H.).

K. Leaves Green, a male ginging on 15th May (R.S.R.F.). Elmers
End S.F., noted on autumn passage (G.E.M.).

M. Eastcote, two pairs bred (W.R.P.). Scratch Wood, male singing
on 29th May, but nesting not proved (W.D.M.). Wravsbury, a
family party on 25th June (D.A.T.M.).

S. Bookham Common, one pair in breeding-season (J.S.W.). Epsom
Common, a pair on 22nd May (R.S.R.F.). Molesey, two pairs with
fledgling young at Island Barn Res., on 2nd July, and a nest with
four young at West Molesey Res. on 9th July (P.W.E.C.). Richmond
Park, two pairs believed to have nested (C.L.C.). Reported on
spring passage at Barn Elms and Mitcham Common, and on autumn
passage at Mitcham, Beddington, and Wimbledon.

Redstart. Phoenicurus p. phoenicurus (L.).

B. Black Park, a pair on 18th June (D.A.T.M.).

E. Epping Forest, W.G.E. saw a pair feeding young on 3rd July,
and W.A.W. recorded a family party on 2nd August, but A.R.S.
considers that the species was scarce. King George Res., a female
or immature bird seen in a garden from 28th October to 1st
November (A.R.S.).

M. Bushy Park, bred as usual. Ruislip, a female on 12th May (W.R.P.).

S. A decrease in nesting pairs in Richmond Park (C.L.C.) Also
reported from Ham Common on 14th April (F.R.M.), Headley
Heath on 30th April (J.S.W.), Burwood Park on 30th April
(P.A.D.H.), Wimbledon Common on 4th August (J.B.), and Walton
Heath on 9th October (H.B.).

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

11

Black Redstart. Phoenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis (Gm.).

M. Edmonton S.F., a .male on 8th May (E.M., R.W.P., see also B.B.,
xxxii. p. 19). St John’s Wood, a male stayed for 21 hours on 22nd
June (H.M.R.K.).

S. Barn Elms Res., a male on 23rd March (E.G.P.). Beddington S.F.,
three, apparently an adult male, an immature male and a female,
from 10th December (C.B.A.) to the end of the year (many
observers). Molesey, a female at Island Barn Res. on 26th March

(P.W.E.C.).

Nightingale. Luscinia m. megarhyncha Brehm.

The following notes are included on account of the paucity of notes
received for this species from Kent : —

K. Blacklieath, one singing in a garden in Shooters Hill Road on 22nd
April ( Country Life , 18.6.38). Farnborough district, fairly well
distributed (H.R.G.). Hayes, probably bred (G.E.M.).

Martin. Delichon u. urbica (L.).

31. Highgate, bred in Chester Road in 1937 (W.N.P.). Wembley Park,
two nests in 1938 (R.W.H.). Hendon, breeds in Sunny Gardens

Road (D.W.). Hayes, one pair bred over a shop (D.A.T.M.). It
would be interesting to know in what numbers this species nests
in built-up areas.

After strong winds in the first few days of October large numbers
of Swallows, Martins, and Sand-3Iartins were seen. At Beddington
S.F., about 100 Sand-31artins were present on 9th October, and
about this date several were found drowned in the settling-tanks,
while on the 27th a House-3Iartin was rescued from them alive.
On the 16th G.B. estimated that there were several thousand
House-3Iartins, but by this date there were only three Swallows and
about 10 Sand-31artins left.

Swift. Apus a. apus (L.).

E. Chingford, four pairs bred in derelict houses (E.31.).

31. Bush Hill Park, two pairs at nesting-site on 5th May (P.J.H.).
Islington, two pairs nested (W.N.P.). 3Iill Hill, breeds in old farm
buildings at Copt Hall (D.W.). St John’s Wood, seen regularly
from 14th May up to August (H.M.R.K.).

S. Breeding reported from Norwood (40-50 pairs), Putney (1 pair), and
Richmond (3 pairs +). Further breeding notes from built-up areas
would be welcome. Fetcham, large migration, 800-1000. on 28th
3 lay (H.J.B.).

N ightjar,. Caprimulgus e. europoeus L.

Present in breeding season in Epping Forest, and at Cuffley and

Ruislip.

K. Hayes, one pair probably bred (G.E.3L).

31. Hampstead Heath, one seen and heard on 5th June (D.M.).

S. Burwood Park, a pair on 23rd June (P.A.D.H.). Epsom Common,
at least three, and possibly four, pairs (R.C.H., W.D.P.).

12

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Wryneck. Jynx t. torquilla L.

M. Northwood, one on 1st May (G.H.).

S. Reported fr-om Ashtead (two pairs, J.S.W.), Tadwortli (H.B.), Ewell
and Limpsfield (R.S.R.F.).

Short-eared Owl. Asia /. flammeus (Pontopp.).

E. Rainham marshes, one on 11th December (W.G.E.).

S. Richmond Park, one on 29th (D.A.R.) and 30th October (F.R.M.).

White-breasted Barn Owl. Tyto a. alba (Scop.).

E. Romford S.F., seen several times (H.B.F.). Sewardstonebury, one
on 1st May (F.J.J.).

H. Colney Heath, one on 10th April (A.R.S.).

S. Arbrook Common, one seen on 18th September (K.P.K.). Epsom,
two on 13th July (W.D.P.). Ham Common, a frequent visitor to
garden and common (F.R.M.). Wimbledon, one flying along Bushey
Road on 4th October (R. W. Hayman, Journal Wimbledon N.U.S. ,
January 1939, p. 12).

Peregrine Falcon. Falco p. peregrinus Tunst.

M. Staines Res., one on 2nd (G.C.L., A.H.M., D.A.T.M., C.A.W.) and
30th January (G.C.L., A.H.M.) and one flew over northwards on
10th September (D.A.T.M.).

S. Mickleham, one on 30th January. Limpsfield, one on 6th March
(P.W.E.C.).

Hobby. Falco s . subbuteo L.

S. One was seen in the Surrey section of the area on 12th June.

Merlin. Falco columbarius oesalon Tunst.

M. Staines Res., one on 15th April (D.A.T.M.).

Common Buzzard. Buteo b. buteo (L.).

M. Kew Bridge, of two birds seen over north end of bridge on 20tli

March one was definitely identified as this species (R. Preston

Donaldson, Times, 23.3.38).

Common Heron. Ardea c. cinerea L.

E. There were 56 occupied nests at Walthamstow Res. (R.W.P.) and
14 at Wan stead Park (per W. B. Alexander) as compared with 51
and 17 respectively in 1937.

M. Although groups of this species are common at the reservoirs a
party of 53 at Littleton on 15th August (A.H.M.) seems worthy of
record.

S. Battersea Park, three on 19th November, apparently a regular

morning visitor (E.M.N.). Galton Park, 15 birds on 20th March,

two pairs nested (G. Wand Piercy). Hersham, seven occupied nests
(P.A.D.H.). Richmond Park, 52 or 53 occupied nests, all in
Spanish chestnuts (C.L.C., A.H.M.).

BIRDS IX THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

13

Bittern. Botaurus s. stellaris (L.).

M. Ruislip Res., one flushed at close quarters on 31st December
(R.W.H., C.C.R.).

Pink-footed Goose, .ln.se?' brachyrhynclius Baillon.

S. Barn Elms Res., three on 27th and 30th December (A.F.W.). Bed-
dington S.F., a party of 10 was seen by P.W.E.C. on 23rd Decem¬
ber and probably left on the morning of the 24th. One which had
been shot on the 22nd was seen in the flesh by P.W.E.C., who was
told that there had been a party of 7, probably different birds. (See
also B.B.. xxxii, p. 307.) The birds at Barn Elms were very tame
and may have been escapes, but the weather was very severe at
the time and there is no reason to suppose that the birds at Bed-
dington were not wild ones.

Grey Geese.

Iv. Beckenham, a party of five flew S.W. over Barnmead Road at 9
a.m. on 25th December (G.E.M.).

Canada Goose. Branta canadensis (L.).

S. Barn Elms, two on loth April (D.A.T.M.), also present on 26th
April (W.R.P.). Gatton Park, exists in feral state, having first
appeared in 1929 or 1930. Numbers have reached about 200 in
winter, but for the past three years eggs have been destroyed to
keep down the number, and about March 1938 nearly all left. In
May only 12 remained (G. Wand Piercy).

Brent Goose. Branta bernicla. (P subspecies).

S. Molesey, a party of 8 stayed, preening and washing, for about 50
minutes at Island Barn Res. at mid-day on 17th December. The
weather was very cold at the time, and snow was widespread fur¬
ther north (P.W.E.C., see also B.B., xxxii, p. 307).

Sheld-Duck. Tadorna tadorna (L.).

E. Walthamstow Res., one on Banbury on 3rd September (E.T.X.).

M. Brent Res., one on 4th November (W.D.M.). Staines Res., three
on 6th and 13th February (C.A.W.), up to five from 10th April to
1st May (G.C.L., and others), four on 14th August and seven on
10th and 11th September (G.C.L., A.H.M., C.A.W.). These figures
include the bird which was first seen in October 1932 and has since
been seen regularly up to 19th November 1938 (A.H.M.).

Gadwall. Anas strepera L.

K. Beckenham, a female in Kelsey Park on 4th September (A.J.R.).

M. R. Thames, a pair near Westminster Bridge on 9th June, and five
in King’s Reach on 17th August (R.S.R.F.); at Isleworth, a pair
in January and a male on 24th December (W. H. Marriott).
Hampstead and Highgate ponds, a male on 22nd October (W.B.W.).

14

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

S. Battersea Park, a full-winged male in April (E.M.N.). Barn Elms
Res., up to eight seen throughout the year by many observers; one
pair bred and reared six young (G.C.L., C.A.W.). Beddington
farm pond, a pair bred and reared four young (C.B.A., G.B.).
Lonsdale Road Res., a male and three females on 14th November
(A.F.W.). West Molesey Res., four on 12tli March (H.M.R.K.).

Records of this species have been included in full, but we must
emphasise that full-winged birds are reared in St James’s Park,
and that some, if not all, the records, are probably due to this fact.

Teal. Alias c. crecca L.

E. King George Res., 122 on 17th December (W.A.W.).

M. Ruisiip Res., a brood of six young on 24th July (W.R.P., C.A.W.).

S. Maxima recorded : Barn Elms, six on 20th and 23rd December
(W.R.P.). Beddington, 35 on 26th November (G.E.M.). Island
Barn Res., Molesey, about 240 on 8th January, 412 (247 m., 165 f.)
on 5th February, about 250 on 9th March, falling to 67 on 19th
April, 62 on 15th October, rising wTith fluctuations to 206 on 17th
December (P.W.E.C.). Richmond Park, ten on lltli November
(M.H.B., W.L.C.). West Molesey Res., 28 on 8th January

(P.W.E.C.).

Garganey. Anas querquedula L.

M. Ruisiip Res., a male from 7th (W.R.P.) to 13th March (R.W.H.),
See also B.B., xxxi, p. 357.

S. Island Barn Res., Molesey, two males and a female on 9th April.
(P.W.E.C.).

Wigeon. Arias penelope L.

H. Colney Street, about six on R. Colne on 6th February (E.R.P.).

M./S. R. Thames, a male at Chiswick on 26th December (E.M.N.)r
and about 12 near Lonsdale Road on 28th and 29tli December
(G.D.E.).

M. Ruisiip Res., a pair on 12th and 13th March (R.W.H., W.R.P. ).

S. Barn Elms Res., a male on 21st April (G.C.L.) and from 22nd
November to 31st December. Beddington Lane ponds, three on
19th February (G.E.M.). Maximum at Island Barn Res., Molesey,.
17 on 17th December, and at West Molesey Res., 20 on 5th March
(P.W.E.C.).

E.H. Also reported from King George and Walthamstow Res. (4 on
28th December), Leytonstone and Hamper Mill.

Pintail. Anas a. acuta L.

M. Chiswick, a male on R. Thames on 26th December (E.M.N.).
Ruisiip Res., a female on 13th January (W.R.P.). Staines Res.,
a pair on 22nd (A.H.M., C.A.W.) and 29th May (G.C.L. , A.H.M.).
Southgate, a male reported by S.G.P. on 20th February is said
to have been there some time and is believed to be an “ escape.”"

15

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

S. Brooklands S.F., a pair on loth April (R.C.H.). Island Barn Res.,.
Molesev, a female on 17th December (P.W.E.C1.). Richmond Park,
a male on 19th November (C.L.C.).

Shoveler. Spatula clypeata (L.).

B. Langley S.F., a female on 23rd April (D.A.T.M.).

E. King George Res., a male on 27th December (F.J.J., W.A.W.).

M. Littleton Res., about 50 on 26th August (S.A.), 49 on 22nd October,
18 on 19th November and 16 on 17th December (W.E.G.). Staines
Res., numbers in first quarter varied up to 35+ on 4th March, then
fell to 15 on 10th April (C.A.W.), one on 1st and 29th May (G.C.L.),
57 on 24th September (C.B.A.), 20 on 22nd October (A.H.M.), then
a maximum of 8 for the rest of the year.

S. Barn Elms Res., a male on 26th March (D.A.T.M., E.G.P.), a female
on 16tli August (G.C.L.) and two on 12th October (E.G.P.). Mit¬
cham junction gravel-pits, six on 22nd October (C.B.A.). Richmond
Park, a male on 27th March (C.L.C.). On spring passage numbers
reached 7 at West Molesev on 26th March, while there were 17 on
this date at Island Barn Res., where there was a maximum of 23 on
19th April. A few stayed into May at both localities (P.W.E.C.).

Common Pochard. Nyroca /. ferina (L.).

M. Staines Res., from ten on 26th June there was the usual increase
to 173 on 16th July (A.PI.M.) and a maximum of 407 on 28tli August
(G.C.L.). The species also appeared at Walthamstow Res. on 13th
June when there were 14 males. Other localities as usual. Osterley
Park, one pair bred (C.A.W.).

S. Returned to several localities in June, but no large flocks reported
before the severe weather in December, when there were 111 at Barn
Elms on the 17th. On the 29th A.H.M. counted 461, and G.D.E.,
estimated that there were over 600.

[ Fer.ru ginous Duck. Nyroca n. nyroca (Gtild).

S. Barn Elms Res., a pair seen by G.C.L. on 17th July had probably
come from St James’s Park, where the same observer saw a brood
of seven young on 28th June.]

Scaup. Nyroca m. mania (L.).

E. Walthamstow Res., three males and a female on 28th and 31st
December (W.A.W.).

M. Ruislip Res., a female on 8th January (W.R.P.). Staines Res., a
o ^ 1 1 1 I c h Udi ^ , 1 3tli March, and three on 3rd (G.C.L.),
one on 10th and three on 28th April (G.C.L., A.H.M .) and one on
1st May (G.C.L.).

S. Island Barn Res., Molesev, a drake on 19th April (P.W.E.C.).

Goldeneye. Bucephala c. clangula (L.).

E. King George Res., a male on 29th January (J.H.G.P.) and two on
5th March (J.H.G.P., W.A.W.), one to three from 24th November
to the end of year (A.R.S.). Walthamstow Res., two on 28th and
31st December (W.A.W.).

16

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

H. Chesliunt, a male on Boyer’s Lake on 19th November (A:R.S.).

K. Stone, an adult male on 27tli December (E.H.G.).

M./S. R. Thames, three males and a female opposite Chiswick Eyot
from 25th to 29th December (G.D.E., E.M.N., 51 .R.P.).

M. Hampton Res., one on 19th November (R.S.R.F.). Littleton Res.,
two on 17th December (W.E.G.). Ruislip Res., two brown-headed
birds on 26th February (R.W.H.). Staines Res., maxima winter
1937-8 were seven in January, 20 in February (G.C.L., A.H.M.), 33
in March on 13th, then after falling to 12 on 3rd numbers rose to
35 on 10 tb April, 18 staying until 1st May (C.A.W.), one on 3rd
July (A.H.M.); from 1st October not more than 12 until 17th Decem¬
ber when there were 21 (A.H.M. and others).

S. Barn Elms Res., one on 10th November (W.R.P.), two on 17th
(D.A.T.M.) and one from 20th to 29th December (W.R.P., A. FAY.).
Lonsdale Rd. Res., one to four, including three males, from 24th
to 31st December (several observers). Richmond Park, one on 17th
December (C.L.C., D.A.R., J.A.W.). Island Barn Res., Molesey,
four drakes on 8th January, two on 5th February, and two to three
from 3rd December to the end of the year (P.5Y.E.C.). 55 est

Molesey Res., seen up to 19tli April, maximum 15 on two occasions;
three drakes appeared on 18th June and were going into eclipse by
7th July; six were seen on 19th November, maximum 11 on 28th
December (P.5V.E.C., and others).

Long-tailed Duck. Clang via hyemaHs (L.).

M. Staines Res., the birds first seen in September 1937 ( L.B.B. , 1937,
p. 13) stayed throughout the winter, three being seen on 10th
(C.A.5V.) and one on 24th April (G.C.L., A.R.S., C.A.5V.); one from
1st October to the end of the year (A.H.M. , and others).

S. 5Vest Molesey Res., a female or immature male from 27th January
(J.B.) to 2nd April (P.5V.E.C., R.C.H., D.A.T.M.). On 19th April
at Island Barn Res., P.5V.E.C. saw one which was probably the same
bird, being in similar plumage. It was not one of the three birds
from Staines as all four were seen on 30th January by R.C.H. and
H. H. Davis (see also B.B., xxxi, p. 335). On 5th February P.5V.E.C.
timed five dives in 25 feet of water, obtaining an average of 54.7
seconds (maximum 62; minimum 49).

Common Scoter. Oidemia n. nigra (L.).

M. Ruislip Res., a pair on 14th July (5V.R.P.). Staines Res., four on
31st July (G.C.L., C.A.5V.) and two on 2nd and 5th August
(A.H.M.).

S. Barn Elms Res., two on 21st April (G.C.L.) and an adult drake on
27th and 28th September (E.G.P.).

Goosander. Mergus m. merganser L.

E. Connaught Water, 12 on 23rd and 5 on 28th February (F.J.J.).
King George Res., seen up to 4th April, maximum 14 (A.R.S., and
others), a male on 10th and nine on 17th December (W.A.5Y.). 55Tal-

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

17

thamstow Res., maximum in early part of year nine on 23rd January
(E.T.X.); 41 on 28th (W.A.W.) and 18 on 31st December (H.A.P.).

H. Elstree Res., one on 22nd January (J.D.D.).

K. Dartford, two red-headed birds from 24th to 27th December
(E.H.G.).

M. Bushy Park, up to 12 in early mornings in January (E.W.P.,
J.E.R.). Kempton Res., six on 17th December (P.A.D.H.). Little¬
ton Res., one on 22nd October and two on 17th December (W.E.G.).
Ruislip Res., two on 20th December (W.R.P.). Staines Res., from
45 on 2nd January (A.H.A1.) numbers rose to 110 on 26th February
(H.M.R.K.) ; 15 still present on 10th (C.A.W.), two staying until
18th April (A.H.M.); one on 22nd October (A. ELM.) gradually ris¬
ing to 26 on 11th, then sharp increase to 87 on 17th and about
100 on 28th December (several observers).

S. Barn Elms Res., one to two in December increasing to ten on 30th
and 24 on 31st (many observers). Lonsdale Rd. Res., one on 31st
December (C.B.A., C.A.W.). Richmond Park, maximum 44 on 4th
January (W.E.G.). Island Barn Res.. Alolesey, seen up to 19th
April, maximum 38 on 26th March then only a few; up to six from
3rd December to end of year (P.W.E.C.). West Molesey Res., 128
(15 adult males) on 8th January falling to 46 on 12th March, then
a few till 2nd April ; one on 22nd October, but few until 17th Decem¬
ber when there were 20. On the 28th there were 184 (44 adult males)
and 121 (30 adult males) on the 31st (P.W.E.C.).

Red -breasted Merganser. 'Mery us s err at or L.

S. W est Molesey Res., four red-headed birds on 28th and one on 31st
December (P.W.E.C., see also B.B., xxxii, p. 307).

Smew. Mery us albellus L.

E. King George Res., two on 27th December (F.J.J., W.A.W. ). Wal¬
thamstow Res., one on 15th January (E.T.X.) and four on 4th
(J.H.G.P.) and 5th February (W.A.W.), ten on 28th (F.J.J.,
W.A.W.) and twenty in flight on 31st December (E.T.X.).

H. Elstree Res., one on 9th January (J.D.D.).

Iv. Dartford, 12 red-headed birds on 24th and 20, including three adult
males, on 27th December (E.H.G.).

M. Chiswick, one on R. Thames on 26th December (E.M.X.). Hampton
Res., one on 17tli December (P.A.D.H.). Kensington Gardens, one
on 20th December (G.C.L.) and three on the Serpentine on 24th and
two on 25th December (A.H.M.). Staines Res., one to three on
various dates up to 13th February (several observers), two on 8th
December (J.A.W.), one on 17th (A.H.M.), five on 25th, two on
27th (C.A.W.) and on 28th (J.A.W.).

S. Barn Elms Res., two on 3rd and six on 4th and oth February; seen
from 17th to 31st December, maximum nine on 31st- (many observers).
Beddington Farm pond, two from 25th to 31st December (many ob¬
servers). Lonsdale Rd. Res., seen up to 8th March (A.H.M.), maxi¬
mum 20 (6 a.m.) on 28th February (E.G.P.); from 17th to 31st

18

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

December, maximum 14 (5 a.m.) on 31st (many observers). West
Molesey Res., 43 on 5tli (J.B.) rising to 60 (22 a.m.) on 22nd
January, then 38 (9 a.m.) on 5th February, a few remaining till
12th March; two on 3rd December rising to 13 on 17th and to 117
(32 a.m.) on the 28th. On the 31st there were 54, including 14
a.m. (P.W.E.C., and others). The flock of 117 is the largest that
has been seen in the area.

Cormorant. Phalacro corax c. carbo <L.).

There are records from over Epping Forest, King George and Wal¬
thamstow Reservoirs, the River Thames, Barn Elms and Molesey
Reservoirs. Maximum number of birds was five in three iocalities
and period was from October to April, except for an immature bird
which stayed at Molesey until 18th June.

Shag. Phalacrocorax a. aristotelis (L.).

M. Ruislip Res., five alighted and fished on 24th April (W.R.P.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one on 4th and 5th February (G.C.L., A.H.M., and
others, see also B.B., xxxi, p. 335).

M./S. R. Thames, Barnes Bridge to Chiswick, one on 14th January
(W.R.P.), four on 24th February (A.H.M.), one on 8th and two
on 12th (W.R.P.) and on 19th March (R.W.H.), one on 4th April
(G.C.L.) and two on 29th December (W.R.P.).

Great Crested Grebe. Podiceps c. cristatus (L.).

E. Dagenham sand-pit, bred and two young seen. Chadwell Heath
sand-pit, attempted to breed (H.B.F.). Sewarclstone gravel-pit,
bred as usual (W.A.W.).

H. Elstree Res., of three eggs laid by one pair one egg at least was
destroyed by a coot (G. R. Mountfort, B.B., xxxii, p. 158). Hamper
Mill, 16 adults and six young on 1st August (G.H.).

M. Osterlev Park, one pair reared three young (C.A.W.).

S. Bred as usual at Beddington Lane ponds (one pair, C.B.A.), Mit¬
cham junction gravel-pits (two pairs, C.B.A., G.B.), and Richmond
Park (two pairs, C.L.C.).

Slavonian Grebe. Podiceps auritus (L.).

E. King George Res., one on 27th December (F.J.J., W.A.W.). Wal¬
thamstow Res., one from 12th February (J.H.G.P.) to 5th March
(E.T.N., and others); one on 28th December (W.A.W.).

M. Staines Res., one on 27th (C.B.A., A.H.M., C.A.W.) and 28th
December (A.H.M., J.A.W.).

Red-necked Grebe. Podiceps g. griseig ena (Bodd.).

E. Walthamstow Res., one on 8th, two on 22nd (E.T.N.) and one on
30th October (E.T.N., H.A.P.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one from 23rd December (W.R.P.) to the end of
the year.

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

19

Black-necked Grebe. Podiceps n, nigricollis Brehm.

E. Walthamstow Res., one on 28th (F.J.J., W.A.W.) and 31st Decem¬
ber (W.A.W.).

H. Elstree Res., one on 24th January (H.M.R.K.).

M. Staines Res., one from 1st to 28th April (A.H.M., and others), one
on 6th August (C.A.W.) and one to four from 1st to 18th September
(many observers) and two on 30th September and 12tli October
(J.A.W.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one from 5th (G.C.L.) to 29th September (D.A.T.M.).

Grjeat Northern Diver. Columbus immer Briinn.

AT. Staines Res., one from 11th December (G.C.L., A.H.M.) to the end
of the year. It seems probable that this was the bird last seen at
Molesey on 1 0th December.

S. One at Island Barn Res., on 19th (P.W.E.C.), and at West Molesey
on 27th November (P.A.D.H.). On 3rd December P.W.E.C. saw one
at Island Barn Res. in the morning but not later, while in the after¬
noon both he and R.C.H. saw one at West Molesey. On the 10th
P.W.E.C. saw it again at West Molesey for the last time.

Red-throated Diver. Colymbus stellatus Pontopp.

E. King George Res., one on 20th January (A.R.S.). Walthamstow
Res., one on 9th April (E.T.N.) and on 28th (F.J.J., W.A.W.) and
31st December (E.T.N.).

M. Staines Res., one seen with the great northern diver on 20th Decem¬
ber (W.R.P.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one was seen on 20th December by A.F.W. and one
was found dead by the same observer on the 30th.

Ringed Plover. Charadrius h. hiaticula L.

E. Romford S.F., small parties of about six on 13th November 1937,
eight on loth, seven on 22nd and 11 on 29th January, four on 14th
and 24 on 21st August, 27 on 4th September, 35 on 29th October and
one on 6th November (H.B.F.). Walthamstow Res., one on 13th
and 28th August and four on 3rd September (E.T.N.) .

M. Brent Res., five on 12th March (W.D.M.) and one on 10th April
(R.S.R.F.). Ruislip Res., one juvenile on 19th July (W.R.P.).
Staines Res., present from 14th August (G.C.L.) to 25th September,
maximum 13 on 21st August (C.A.W.) ; five on 22nd October
(A.H.M.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one on 5th July (W.R.P.) and 6th August
(D A.T.M.). Molesey, one flew over Island Barn Res., on 7th May,
and one was on bed of empty reservoir at West Molesey on 27th
August (P.W.E.C.).

Golden Plover. Charadrius apricarius (P subspecies).

E. Abridge, 400+ on 3rd December (J.H.G.P.). Little AYarley, 15 on
18th December (R.S.R.F.). North Weald, about 50 on 23rd January
(R.C.H., D.A.T.M.) and 150+ on the aerodrome on 4th December

20

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

(W.G.E.). Romford S.F., five on 24th April, and one on 6th August
(H.B.F.). Sewardstone, 20+ on 23rd January (W.A.W.), 40 on
21st November (A.R.S.) and eight on 18th December (W.A.W.).
Waltham Marsh, about 40 present on most visits up to 4th May
(A.R.S. ).

K. Keston, one near Holwood on 9th March (H.R.G.).

M. Staines Moor, about 100 on 14th February (S.A.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one on 19th (A.H.M.) and one flew in from the
east on 23rd December (W.R.P.). Beddington S.F., two on oth
March (C.B.A., W.W.T.), and one on 25th (L.P.) and 31st Decem¬
ber (G.B.). Brooklands S.F., one on 23rd April (R.C.H.). Rich¬
mond Park, one flying south with flock of 20 lapwings on 18th
December (D.A.R.). "Wimbledon Common, 13 flying over on 18th
December (J.A.W.).

Grey Plover. Squatarola s. squatcirola (L.).

M. Staines Res., one on 19th October (A.H.M.) and four flew over on
12th November (D.A.T.M.).

Rurr. Philomachus pugnax (L.).

M. Staines Res., one on 24th April (G.C.L., A.R.S.), and two on 6th
September (D. Gunn).

S. Beddington S.F., one feeding on a flooded ploughed field with lap¬
wings on 27th and 28th August (G.B.). Brooklands S.F., a male
on 13tli March (E.M.C.), two males, one of which had head, neck,
throat and belly white, with just a few grey flecks on the throat,
on 23rd April (R.C.H.). West Molesev Res., two males and a female
on 27th August (P.W.E.C.).

Sanderling. Croceihia alba (Pall.).

M. Staines Res., one on 30th July (C.A.W.), two on 11th (E.M.C.) and
one on 12th September (C.A.W.).

Knot. Calidris c. canutus (L.).

M. Staines Res., one from 8th (A.H.M.) to 12th September (C.A.W.
and other observers).

S. Barn Elms Res., one on 20th (W.R.P.) and nine on 22nd December
(W.G.E.); a dead bird which was picked up at the reservoirs has
been identified and is now in the Society’s collection.

Lapland Dunlin. Calidris a. alpina (L.).

M. South Kensington, one picked up dead on 29th December in grounds
of Natural History Museum was identified by G.C.L. as this sub¬
species.

Dunlin. Calidris alpina (P subspecies).

E. King George Res., one on 16th July (W.A.W.) and on 27th Decem¬
ber (F.J.J., W.A.W.). Romford S.F., a large flock on 15th and
29th January, three on 4th September, and two on 29th October
(H.B.F.).

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

21

M. Brent Res., one on 5th May (R.AY.H.). Littleton Res., one on 26th
August (S.A.) and on 26th December (P.A.D.H.). Ruislip Res., ten
on 20tli and two on 21st December (W.R.P.). Staines Moor, two
on 3rd April (G.C.L.). Staines Res., one on 17tli July (C.A.W.),
seven on 2nd (J.A.W.), 12 on 4th (G.C.L., C.A.W.), seven on 6th
(G.C.L.) and one on 11th September (R.E.AAk), two on 30th October
(D.A.T.M.) and one on 12th November (G.D.E.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one on 9th May (W.R.P.) and 1st August (A.H.M.),
one to three from 17th to 20tli August (A.H.M., W.R.P. , P.T.), and
one from 17th to 29th September (C.B.A., W.G.E., E.G.P.); a second
bird was seen by D.A.T.M. on the last date. The cold weather in
December brought numbers varying from six to eleven between 19th
and 31st (many observers), with an exceptional flock of 32 on the
23rd (W.R.P.). On 26th December E.M.N. saw a party of 20 feed¬
ing on the Thames shore opposite Chiswick. Beddington S.F v two
on 24th December (G.B.). Brooklands S.F., three on 23rd April
(R.C.H.). Molesev, one at Island Barn Res., on 6th August and
19th November and one at the sewage farm on 22nd October. At
West Molesev Res. on 31st December, one stayed for a short time
(P.W.E.C.).

Curlew-Sandpiper. Calidris testacea (Pall.).

S. Richmond Park, one on 23rd October (A.R.S., see also B.B., xxxii.
p. 239).

Little Stint. Calidris minuta (Leisl.).

M. Staines Res., one on 4th and 18th September (G.C.L., A.H.M.).

Common Sandpiper. Tringa hypoleucos L.

E. AValthamstow Res., one was seen on three dates in February
(E.T.N., H.A.P., A.R.S.) and on 13th November, 3rd and 31st
December (E.T.N.).

S. Island Barn Res., Molesey, one on 15th October, 19th November,
and 28th and 31st December (P.W.E.C.). Normal passage dates
wdll be summarised in the next report.

Wood-Sandpiper. Tringa glareola L.

M. Staines Moor, one on 11th June (A.H.M.).

Green Sandpiper. Tringa ochropns L.

E. Chigwell S.F., one or two from 24th October 1937 ( L.B.B. , 1937,
p. 19) to 20th March (R.McK.S., W.A.W.), and one on 22nd May.
R. Roding, near Buckhurst Hill, one on 23rd October (H.G.). Rom¬
ford S.F., one on 15th and 29th January, and 25th June, three on
13th and one on 14th and 25th August and 8th October (H.B.F.).
Walthamstow Res., one on 10th January (A.R.S.) and 5th March
(R.C.H., D.A.T.M.).

H. Hamper Mill, three or four on 24th July (G.H.) and one on 20th
August (S.A., G.H.).

22

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Iv. Eynsford, one on R. Darent on 24tli April (H.G., R.C.H., G.E.M.).

M. Brent Res., two on 21st July (H.M.R.K.) Staines Moor, two cn
23rd July (W.G.E.). Staines Res., one on 21st August (G.O.L.r
A.H.M., A.F.W.).

S. Beddington S.F., one on 23rd April (C.B.A., G.B., W.W.T.).
Brooklands S.F., one on 23rd April (R.C.H.) and on 3rd (C.A.W.)
and 4th September (E.M.C.). Epsom Common, one on 4th May
(F.W.B.). Island Barn Res., Molesey, one on 19th November
(P.W.E.C.). Leatherhead. one on R. Mole on 1st September (P.T.,
C.W.). Oxted brook, one on 19th June and 3rd July (G.W.O.).

British Redshank. Tringa totanus britannica Mathews.

Recorded in breeding-season at Erith Marshes (at least 16 pairs), Bed¬
dington, Romford and other sewage farms, Lea and Roding valleys.
Reports from other localities during May may indicate breeding
and full information on status is requested by the British Trust for
Ornithology. Noted on passage in many localities, especially in
late March and early April.

Spotted Redshank. Tringa erythropns (Pall.).

M. Brent Res., two on 11th September were seen by W.D.M., who
noted the characteristic call and sends us a good description of
plumage.

S. Barn Elms Res., one on 1st September (G.C.L.).

Greenshank. Tringa nebularia , (Gunn.).

E. King George Res., one on 22nd April (A.R.S.).

H. Cheshunt, one at Boyer's Lake on 22nd April, two miles north of
K.G.R., and six hours later than the bird seen there (A.R.S.).

M. Littleton Res., one on 26th August (S.A.). Northwood, one flew
south on 15th August (G.H.). Ruislip Res., one on 5th and 7th
August (W.R.P.). Staines Res., one to four seen regularly from
7th August to 18th September (G.C.L., A.H.M., and other obser¬
vers); one on 2nd October (A.F.W.). Also noted on Staines Moor
on 28th August and 4th September.

S. Brooklands S.F., one from 3rd to lOtli September (E.M.C., C.A.W.).
Richmond. Park, three flew south on 23rd September (W.L.C.).
West Molesey Res., three on 27th August (P.W.E.C.). Worcester
Park, one flew over on 5th September (F.W.B.).

Curlew. Numenius a. arquata (L.).

E. King George Res., one on 17th December. Sewardstone, one on
15th April (W.A.W.). Woodford Green, several flying west at 11.30
p.m. on 23rd August (R.McK.S.).

K. Beckenham, heard flying over at night on 7th July (G.E.M.).

M. Staines Res., eight flew towards south-east on 25th August
(A.F.W.).

S. Ashtead, a few heard flying over at 9.30 p.m. on 20th July (J.S.W.).
Island Barn S.F., Molesey, four flew in from N.W., circled over.

23

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

and then flew off S.W. on 9th April (P.W.E.C.). Richmond Park,
one or more flying N.E. and calling on 9th July (D.A.R.). Others
were reported in the Daily Telegraph as seen at Hampton and
Blackheath on the same day.

Whimbrel. Numenius p. phoeopus (L.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one on 23rd April (G.C'.L.). Beddington S.F., one
mobbed by a Lapwing on 14th August (C.B.A.).

Jack Snipe. Lymnocryptes minimus (Briinn.).

E. Chigwell S.F., one to four up to 1st May (R.McK.S. and others).
Sewards tone, one on 20th March (R.McK.S.).

K. Elmers End S.F., one on 6tli February (G.E.M.).

M. Brent Res., one on 9th October (W.D.M.). Ruislip Res., one to
three up to 12th March (R.W.H., W.R.P., C.A.W.). Staines Moor,
one on 6th January (C.A.W.).

S. Beddington S.F., one on 9th January (G.B.), 2nd April (P.W.R.),
.and 23rd (P.W.E.C.) and 25th December (L.P.).

Woodcock. Scolopax r. rusticola L.

K. Hayes, four shot and two more seen on 1st, and one shot on 15th
and 20th January (G.E.M.).

M. Bushy Park, wintered 1937/8 and first seen winter 1938/9 on 10th
December (J.E.R.).

S. Earlsfield, one found on 20th December was sent to the Zoo, which
also received a second bird from South London on the 24th
(J.M.M.F.). Epsom Common, one on 6th April (J.S.W.). Ham
Common, one on 13th November (F.R.M.). Mickleham, one on
27th February (P.W.E.C.). Richmond Park, one on 11th
JS.P.W.C.), 25th and 26th December (D.A.R.).

Black Tern. Chlidonias n. niger (L.).

M. Staines Res., seven immature birds seen at close range on 25th
September (C.A.W.).

S. Island Barn Res., Molesey, one on 19th November, and West Mole-
sey Res., two on 27th August (P.W.E.C.).

Sandwich Tern. Sterna s. sandvicensis Lath.

S. Barn Elms Res., one on 27th August and 8th October (A.H.M.).

Common Tern. Sterna h. hirundo L.

E. King George Res., one, probably this species, on 21st May (W.A.W.).
Walthamstow Res., one on 29th May (E.T.N.), and one, believed to
be this species, on 9th October (H.A.P.).

M. Staines Res., one of a party of six Terns on 21st was definitely iden¬
tified by several observers as hirundo and A.F.W. reports one on
23rd August ; ten on 4th September presumed to be this species
(G.C.L., A.H.M.).

S. Barn Elms Res., three on 3rd June (P.T.), one on 26th (G.C.L.)
and 27th August (A.H.M.) and on 2nd September (G.C.L.).

24

THE. LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Arctic Tern. Sterna macrura Naumann.

H. Rickmansworth, two adults on 10th July at Maple Cross gravel-pit
(G.K.McC., B.B., xxxii, p. 200).

Little Tern. Sterna ■ a. albifrons Pall.

S. West Molesey Res., three or four, including two immature birds,
on 14th October (J.B.).

Little Gull. Larus minutus Pall.

S. Island Barn Res., Molesey, a juvenile on 31st December (P.W.E.C.,
see also B.B., xxxii, p. 307).

Scandinavian Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus /. fuscus L.

M./S. R. Thames at Hammersmith, one on 24th (A.H.M.) and several
on 29th January (G.B.), and 25 with 135 of the British form on
15th August (G.B.); Chiswick, one on 24th February (A.H.M.).

S. Barn Llms Res., two on 12tli March (G.C.L.), five on 23rd July,
and up to ten seen on several dates to 8th October, 20 on 18th
October, and 12, last seen, on 8th November (G.C.L., A.H.M.).

British Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus fuscus graellsii Brehm.

Maximum counts were 71 on the Chiswick shore of the R. Thames on
21st June and 215 at Barn Elms on the 11th August and 192 on
8th October. Odd birds are seen in most months of the year and
in November there were 52 at Barn Elms on the 26th, two at West
Molesey on the 27th and one at Hampton on the 19th. They are
not usually common in the Lea Valley but in August a flock of up
to 36 frequented a sports ground near Walthamstow Res.

Great Black-backed Gull. Larus marinus L.

K. Eritli marshes, two on 16th June (L.P.).

M. St James’s Park, one on 26th July (R.S.R.F.).

M./S. R. Thames, one to three near Barnes on several dates up to
9th April (several observers), one at Chiswick on 12th December
(A.H.M.), and Southwark Bridge, one on 14th October (J.D.D.).

S. Barn Elms Res., one to three reported by several observers in
February, April, May and October-December, and one on 25th July
(A.H.M.). Richmond Park, an immature bird on 30tli January
(R.V.H.), and an adult on 21st May (D.A.R.) and 29th December
(R.E.W.). West Molesey Res., 11 on 27th November (P.A.D.H.).

Kittiwake. Bissa t. tridactyla (L.).

E. King George Res., a slightly oiled bird found dead on 21st May
(W.A.W.).

M. Staines Res., one on 27th November (G.C.L., A.H.M. , C.A.W.), and
one found dead on 4th December (G.C.L.).

Arctic Skua. Stercorarius parasiticus (L.).

E. King George Res., one on 21st and 28th August (W.A.W., see also
B.B., xxxii, p. 198).

BIRDS IN THE LONDON AREA, 1938.

25

Razorbill. AJca tarda (P subspecies).

M. S. R. Thames above Richmond, one on 22nd October (F. Dutton,
Animal and Zoo . Magazine , Yol. 3, No. 8, p. 36, and in litt.).

Land-Rail. Crex crex (L.).

M. Canning Town, one was found on 20th October and presented to
the Zoo. Primrose Hill, one calling at 10.45 p.m. on 22nd August
from long grass bordering a reservoir (J.M.M.F.).

TV ater-Rail. JRallus a. aquations L.

M. Highgate Ponds, one on 25th and 26tli December (A.F.M.).

S. Recorded at Beddington and Mitcham Junction ponds in January.
March, November, and December, not more than two being seen
at a time (C.B.A., G.B., L.P.).

Coot. Fulica a. atra L.

West Molesey Res., after not exceeding single figures since 2nd April
numbers rose from 37 on 2nd July to 241 on 27th August, while at
Island Barn Res. nearby from a May population of about 40 num¬
bers rose from 138 on 18tli June to about 350 on 6th August. Un¬
fortunately, further August or September counts are not available,
but joint figures for October and November do not exceed 100. At
the end of December numbers again rose, and further winter counts
will be published later in the waterfowl census report. It is in¬
teresting to note that the early movement of this species corres¬
ponds closely with that of Pochard.

Quail. Coturnix c. coturnix (L.).

S. Belmont, one heard calling repeatedly from a rough field between
„ 28th and 30th June by P.W.E.C., who is familiar with the call
abroad.

Red-legged Partridge. Alectoris r. rufa (L.).

B. Langley S.F., two on 23rd April (D.A.T.M.).

E. Reported by A.R.S. from Fisher's Green. Sewardstone (a covey on
29th August) and Upshire (seven on 15th January). Romford
S.F.. at least one pair bred, eight young seen (K.B.F.).

K. Crocken Hill, two pairs on 24th April (R.C.H.). Dunton Green,
two on 11th June (G.E.M.). Hayes, eight on 23rd January : a keeper
reports that two or three pairs bred successfully (G.E.M.). Leaves
Green, one on 15tli May (R.S.R.F.).

S. Beddington S.F., one on 10th April (G.B.). Island Barn Res., a
covey of ten on reservoir bank on 22nd Januarv. West Molesev,
on site of new reservoir, a pair with a brood of 12 on 9th July
(P-W.E.C.) and a small covey on 22nd October (R.C.H.).

26

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Special Species for 1 938.

rjHHE reports on the special species for 1938 are based on the Society’s
records and the publications listed on page 22 of the London Bird
Report for 1936 with the addition of new volumes of the annual reports
mentioned in that list. References to counties refer only to those
parts which lie within the Society’s area (see map in 1936 Report).

Reed-Warbler. Acrocephalus s. scirpaceus (Herm.).

The status of this species in our area was reviewed in the London
Naturalist for 1933. It is a sparse breeder in our area, its main strong¬
holds coinciding with the abundance of the reed Arundo phragmites.
A few pairs only are found in most localities as there are few exten¬
sive reed beds. The chief localities are the river vallevs of the Lea,
Colne and Thames, and some of the ponds at Beddington and God-
stone in Surrey. It is often difficult to prove breeding for obvious
reasons, but there are many records of birds throughout the summer.
As a passage migrant it occurs in many localities where it does not nest,
even in inner London.

North of the Thames the species appears to be fairly well established
in Bucks, and Middlesex along the river Colne, and a few pairs used
to nest along the Crane and Brent. A pair bred at Wraysbury in
1938 and another pair was seen there at the same time. Birds are
reported each year throughout the summer at Osterley Park, where
they frequent the bulrushes, and it also breeds at Laleham, where it
was first reported in 1934.

In Hertfordshire a colony was found near Watford in 1908, and in
1909 twenty-one nests were seen. A second colony was found in 1913,
and in 1916 both colonies were still flourishing. About the same time
a colony at Haileybury was said to be increasing. There are no recent
records of breeding, but the bird occurs on passage.

In Essex it breeds at Dagenham, and there are probably more pairs
along the Thames than the records show. Breeding was reported at
Luxborough pond and Sewardstone gravel-pit in 1934, and there are
records of nesting along the R. Roding from Abridge to Curtismill
Green. At Walthamstow Reservoirs there used to be a flourishing
colony, and five nests were seen in 1933, but in the following winter
most of the willows were cut down. An unfinished nest was seen in
1937, and it is probable that a few pairs still breed along the Lea and
adjacent channels.

South of the Thames reports of breeding are most frequent from
Godstone and Beddington in Surrey. At Beddington it is not confined
to the reed-beds, which have been much cut down, and the birds have
occupied the low willows and bulrushes. In 1938 there were at least
three pairs, and probably four pairs at Mitcham gravel-pits, where
a young Cuckoo was reared in one nest found in willow herb.

SPECIAL SPECIES.

27

The colony at Godstone shows a slight increase, and 8-10 pairs were
seen in 1934. At Esher Black Pond they are reported as common in
the breeding season, but only one empty nest has been found. At
Barn Elms gravel-pit the bird has constantly been seen in the summer
and almost certainly bred in 1938. Apart from these breeding records
it has occurred on passage in Richmond Park and Wimbledon.

In Kent the only records in the breeding season are along the
Thames, where at Erith in June 1938 twenty males were singing. The
only passage records are from Beckenham.

D. A. T. M.

Tufted Duck. Nyroca fuligula (L.).

If we take the distribution of this species by counties, wre find that
in Buckinghamshire it has nested at Poyle Pits, Colnbrook (usually
two pairs), at least since 1928, while a few are generally to be seen at
Black Park Lake and at Rowley.

In Essex breeding was first proved at the Lea Valley Reservoirs in
1905 and has been regular since 1911. Although numbers may reach
three figures even in the breeding season, the number of pairs nesting
is comparatively small, thus on 7th July 1934 117 adults and five broods
of young were counted. Breeding has also taken place at Connaught
Water (1913), Eagle Pond, Snaresbrook (1916, 1936-7), Wanstead Park
(1933) and Sewardstone (1934 and 1938).

Suitable waters in Hertfordshire and Kent are few, but in 1938
breeding was recorded in the former county at Boyer’s Lake, Cheshunt
(one pair with 7 young), and Hamper Mill (two broods). Both these
localities are gravel-pits and in the case of Hamper Mill a few birds had
stayed throughout the two previous summers without breeding. A
pair was seen at Nyn Park on lOtli April 1937. In Kent the species
has bred at Dulwich Park (1901-4, and two broods 1934-5), at Dulwich
mill pond (1934, one brood), and fairly regularly at Kelsey Park, Becken¬
ham, since 1920 (one pair). Winter records of small flocks come from
Foots Cray and Swanscombe.

In Middlesex the Tufted Duck was introduced to the Zoo in 1831
and bred regularly in Regents Park up to 1848. Young were first reared
in St James’s Park in 1838, and now full-winged birds breed freely in
all the suitable parks. Other breeding localities in the built-up area
include Victoria Park (about 1912, 1928, and two pairs 1937), Finsbury
Park and Winchmore Hill (1913). Breeding wras first proved at Hamp¬
ton Court in 1937, although suspected in 1935, and there are also re¬
cords of nesting from Littleton (1936-7), Staines (1934-5), and the
Middlesex section of Elstree Reservoir (1933, two pairs). Outside the
inner London area the species does not seem to establish itself strongly
as a breeder in Middlesex, although closer watch on some of the gravel
pits might reveal more records.

Breeding in the area is most extensive in Surrey, where there are
several regular localities : —

Barn Elms Res., 1925, 1927-30, not 1931, 1932 onwards. Maximum 4
broods, 1938.

28

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Beddington, 1929 to date. In 1938 six pairs bred on the various ponds
and gravel-pits around Beddington and Mitcham.

Gatton Lake, 1930 onwards. Maximum about 12 broods in 1935.
Godstone, 1928 (5 pairs) and definitely 1931-2. Probably other years
also.

Kew Gardens, full-winged birds breed.

Molesey Res., 1929 and probably annually since. Maximum 4 pairs.
Reigate Priory Lake, 1932-4, 1936. No information for other years.
Richmond Park, probably first bred 1924, but young not seen until
1927. Maximum 6-7 pairs 1937-8. Five broods seen in 1938.
Walton-on-Thames, one pair on gravel-pits 1935.

These dates are not necessarily complete as time has not permitted
full investigation. It will be noted that breeding is rare at the larger
reservoirs and occurs chiefly at groups of smaller reservoirs, gravel-pits
or small lakes. The presence of islands seems to be an attractive fea¬
ture, though they are not essential, for nests are found regularly at
the smaller reservoirs in the long grass growing on top of the banks.

In winter the Tufted Duck is found on most waters of any size in
the area, and at times figures reach high numbers. The small summer
population is normally first increased in early July, numbers rising in
August, September and October, then tending to fall until a further
influx may take place on the advent of hard weather. An increase of
this nature is usually only temporary, numbers soon reverting to nor¬
mal winter population, which, however, tends to decrease considerably
in February, finally reaching summer population during April. While
a generalisation of this nature is naturally not always borne out in any
particular year, it is based on several series of counts at different reser¬
voirs, and. subject to abnormality of the weather, gives an indication
of normal fluctuation. Passage in late March or in April may cause a
temporary increase in numbers, thereby obscuring the trend of the
resident winter population.

It majr be of interest to give some of the largest counts in the area : —

Barn Elms Res. and Lonsdale Rd., c. 730 on 30/1/35.

Molesey Res., 748 on 30/10/37, 864 on 13/10/37, and 693 on 18/12/37.
Staines Res., c. 600 on 2/11/30.

Walthamstow Res., c. 1000 on 8/1/32, c. 600 on 9/12/32, 795 on
10/3/34, 655 on 17/12/38.

On 18th December 1937 a census was taken on all the principal
waters in the area, and yielded a total of 2489 Tufted Ducks. Of these
2176 were sexed giving a ratio of males to females of 62 : 38. The
census was taken monthly from October to March during the winter
of 1938-9 and the totals show a rise of approximately 17 % from 22nd
October to 19th November with further rises on 17tli December and
21st January due to the severe weather in the second half of Decem¬
ber. Actually the peak was reached in the first week in January when
it was estimated that numbers reached between 1400 and 1500 at Barn
Elms alone. The biggest total for the whole area on the census dates

SPECIAL SPECIES.

29

was 3081, of which Barn Elms accounted lor 354, hence it seems prob¬
able that in early January this total for the area must have been con¬
siderably exceeded.

In large series of figures in the area the percentage of males ranges
normally between 55% and 60%, but varies considerably on different
waters ; thus at Molesey, for example, the proportion of males has
reached 88 % and in mid-winter is usually considerably above the average
for the area. In the twenty-five counts in Richmond Park for which
the sex-ratio is available the proportion of males to females is 61 : 39
in a total of 344 birds. There is some evidence of movement of large
numbers of drakes in bachelor flocks, but discussion of this question is
deferred until publication of the details of the winter census when fur¬
ther reports will be available.

R. C. H.

Turtle-Dove. Streptopelia t. turtur (L.).

The Turtle-Dove is a summer resident in the rural parts of the
London area, and is rarely seen, except on migration, in built-up areas.
In the breeding season the Turtle-Dove favours districts with high
hedges and scattered . thorn bushes rather than dense woodland, and
is often found on open commons, such as Epsom, Ruislip, and Limps¬
field. or in districts with large gardens bordering on open country, as
at C'heam, Wallington and Ham. In 1938 all four Turtle-Doves’ nests
found on Limpsfield Common were in hawthorns in a scanty mixed wood
of oak and sycamore, with scrub of hawthorn and bramble, and some
bracken among the scrub. A very similar habitat is favoured on Epsom
Common.

The distribution of the Turtle-Dove in suitable habitats in the
breeding-season is patchy , it being recorded as “ common ” in some
places and “ scarce " in others, notably Epping Forest. There seems
also to be an impression that in some areas it is decreasing, quite apart
from the inevitable retreat before the advance of the builder. As, how¬
ever, practically no accurate census work has been done on the species
in the area it is difficult to know how to assess these rough estimates.
It is more than likely that different observers’ ideas of commonness and
scarcity vary widely.

Since the A\ ar there have been actual breeding records from Biggin
Hill in Kent; from Addlestone, Ashtead Common, Bookliam, Box Hill,
Carshalton Downs, Cheam Warren, Epsom Common, Fetcham, God-
stone, Ham Common, Limpsfield Common, Richmond Park, St George’s
Hill, Stoke D’Abernon, and Warlingham in Surrey; from Colnbrook in
Bucks ; from Stanwell in Middlesex; from Bayford and Ricksmans-
wortli in Herts. ; and from Epping Forest in Essex. The lack of breed¬
ing records from Kent and north of the Thames does not accurately
reflect the distribution of the Turtle Dove here, and is probably due
as much to lack of observers as to the relatively smaller area of suit¬
able habitat compared with Surrey. There are many records of Turtle
Doves throughout the summer in the rural parts of Essex, Herts., Kent
and Middlesex in the L.N.H.S. area.

30

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

On passage in spring and autumn, and after the resident birds
have forsaken their nesting haunts in the latter part of July, Turtle
Doves are mostly seen on arable land and at the sewage farms, such as
Beddington, Epsom, Molesey, and Romford. At these times flocks of
twenty or upwards are not unusual, and a flock of more than 50 was
noted at Limpsfield on September 1, 1935. On passage, too, Turtle
Doves occasionally turn up at such oases in the desert of bricks as Barn
Elms, St James and Regent’s Parks, Kensington Gardens, and Holland
House.

In the London area the Turtle Dove is usually first seen in the first
week of May and last seen about the last week of September, the main
body probably arriving about the middle of May and departing again
at the beginning of September. The extreme dates appear to be April
2 4, 1914, in Middlesex, and October 10, 1936, at Ashtead, Surrey.

R. S. R. F.

Effects of the Severe Weather,

December 17th-26th.

rjiHE cold spell of December 17-26, 1938, brought many unusual bird
visitors to London and the surrounding area, as well as to other
parts of the country. The most marked influx was that of the sky¬
larks, but movements of other passerines and of waterfowl and waders
were also noteworthy. Exactly where the birds came from, whether
from the north of Great Britain or from the Continent, it is not pos¬
sible to say, but it seems likely that the larks at least were mainly
from the Continent. In this connection a letter in The Field of Feb¬
ruary 4, 1939, from Mr T. Wilfrid Davis is of interest. He reported
that at 8 a.m. on December 21, 1938, birds began to come aboard a
small steamer bound from Brussels to London, continuing until nearly
a thousand, mostly starlings but a few finches, were on the ship, some
finding their way to warm spots below deck. Some starlings were still
on board after the ship had docked on the 22nd, and others were seen
searching for food on buildings and in streets nearby. This appears
to be conclusive evidence that the cold spell, which was more severe on
the Continent than in England, was driving birds across the North Sea.

The weather conditions in the London area during the cold period
are shown in the following table of observations at- Kew. It will be
seen that the east wind began on the 17th, the frost and snow on the
18th. The snow, which covered the whole countryside for over a week,
added greatly to the distress of the birds by cutting them off from all
food supplies, except where footsteps or benevolent householders cleared
small patches for them, or seed-bearing grass protruded.

EFFECTS OF THE SEVEEE WEATHER IX DECEMBER.

31

WEATHER CONDITIONS AT KEW OBSERVATORY.

Date.

Wind.

Temperature

Period of

Dec. 1938.

Direction.

Min. (Night).

Max. (Day).

Snowfall.

16

S.E.

47

49

_

17

E.

42

42

_

18

E.N.E.

26

30

2 hrs.

19

N.E.

27

28

14 hrs.

20

N.

22

27

trace.

21

N.

21

29

16 hrs.

22

Calm

28

35

8 hrs.

23

S.E.

30

31

13 hrs.

24

N.N.E.

29

35

3 hrs.

25

E.N.E.

32

33

trace.

26

S.S.W.

29

36

8 hrs.

27

N.W.

35

44

_

N.B.— The hours of snowfall measure the period during which snow fell and
do not register the intensity of the fall.

The principal passerine birds affected by the cold weather were
finches, skylarks, meadow-pipits, fieldfares and redwings.

Greenfinches appeared in gardens as far apart as St John's Wood,
Hendon, Kensington, Beulah Hill, Epsom and East Sheen. Charms of
up to t\\ enty goldfinches were seen in a garden at Beulah Hill feeding
on tall weeds projecting through the snow, and one bird was noted at
Barn Elms on the 23rd. The only bullfinch reported in the suburban
area was one from Finchley on Christmas Day. A small flock of chaf¬
finches turned up in a Kensington garden during the cold spell. Bram-
blings were more surprising visitors. Several stayed in Ladbroke Square
from the 22nd to the 24th ; two were seen at the Brent Reservoir on the
25th, and one which came to a garden in St John’s Wood on the 26th
fed on shelled peanuts.

Reed-buntings also appeared and a flock of 15 in Richmond Park on
the '24th rising to 30-40 on the 26th were noted feeding on the heads of
the grass, Molinia coerulea, projecting above the snow. One was also
noted on Hampstead Heath on the 23rd.

Numerically the skylarks outdid all the other invaders, or rather
refugees. The first birds noted were two flying down Birdcage Walk
on the 21st, but on the following day many thousands were flying west
over London all day, mostly in flocks of about 50 at a height of 100-150
feet. Some alighted in the snow-clad squares and streets and were re¬
ported between the 21st and 26th from many parts of Central London,
including Grosvenor Square, Piccadilly, Oxford Circus and Lincoln's Inn
Fields, and from Ladbroke Square, Thornton Heath. Mottingham.
Kingston and Erskine Hill in the suburbs.

In many gardens throughout London and the suburbs hungry sky¬
larks came to bird tables or patches swept clear of snow. Between
December 17th and 27th they were reported from gardens in St John’s
Wood, S. Kensington, Hampstead and Hendon north of the Thames,
and from Richmond, Kew, East Sheen, Putney, Thornton Heath, Wal-
lington, Ewell, Cheam and Beulah Hill south of the river. In all the
Central Parks, on outlying open spaces such as Hampstead Heath and
along the tideway of the Thames at Hammersmith famished skylarks

32

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

were to be seen wherever there was no snow on the ground. At Beddino--
ton sewage-farm there were estimated to be many thousands, and hun¬
dreds died of cold and starvation. At Loughton about 250 took refuge
on some allotments, eating cabbage-leaves and roosting under the cab¬
bages at night; on the 26th some were eating the seeds of the grass-
Alopecurus sticking above the snow.

Accompanying the larks were a much smaller number of meadow-
pipits, which were reported from Regent’s Park, the tideway at Ham¬
mersmith and streets or gardens in Hampstead, Beulah Hill and Epsom.
At Loughton they ate Alopecurus seeds with the larks.

There is some evidence of a movement of fieldfares during the cold
spell. Several flocks of about 40 wTere noted at Mill Hill on the 22nd,
and a few flew W. over St John's Wood on the 24th. In Ladbroke
Square, Notting Hill, a party arrived on the 22nd and stayed till the
28th, roosting there at night and completely stripping three trees of
haws during the day-time; the maximum seen was 16 from the 23rd to
the 26th.

The invasion of redwings was much more marked. There was a steady
westward movement over St John’s Wood in the morning and early after¬
noon of the 21st, and on the same day unusually large flocks were seen
at Mill Hill. On the following morning two flocks of at least 50 birds-
each flew over Hampstead Heath in a S. to S.W. direction and another
flock of about 100 flew S. over Arkwright Rd., Hampstead, shortly
afterwards. At Ladbroke Square on the 22nd about 100 flew over at
10.45 a. in., six alighting to feed on haws. These were the vanguard of
2-3000 which passed over in the next hour or so. During the cold spell
redwings also came to gardens at Ivew, Kensington and St John’s Wood
to feed and two were seen in St James’s Park on the 20tli.

Small temporary increases in the number of garden-visitors during
the cold spell, mostly in Kensington and St John’s Wood, were also noted
among pied ivagtails (at Epsom), great, blue and coal tits, mistle- (in
Ladbroke Square) and song-thrushes, blackbirds, robins and hedge-
sparrows.

One of the most interesting events of the period was the occurrence
at Ruislip of a pair of Firecrests and a Bittern (cf. B.B., xxxii, pp,
370-1).

On the 17th, the day when the effects of the cold were first observed,
eight brent geese appeared at Molesev for a short time, and on the
22nd a party of eleven, and possibly more, pink-footed geese arrived at
Beddington sewage-farm, where they stayed until the following day.
Three of this species seen at Barn Elms from the 27th to 30tli were re¬
puted to be tame birds, but in any case their appearance at this period
is worthy of note. Grey geese were also noted flying S.W. over Becken¬
ham on the 25th.

During the census made on the 17th an increase of teal was noted
in several localities and between the 26th and 29th a few wigeon ivere
reported. Single pintails were reported from Molesev on the 17th and
Chiswick on the 26th but the increase in the surface-feeding was not as-
notable as in the diving ducks. At Barn Elms on the 17th pochard

EFFECTS OF THE SEVERE WEATHER IN DECEMBER.

33

numbered 117 but on tbe 29th they were put at 461+ by one observer
and about 600 by another. Tufted duck at the same reservoirs rose from
347 on the 17th to 878 on the 29th and 1400-1500 on the 7th January
when pochard were still over 500. Scaup appeared at Walthamstow on
the 28th for the first time since 1934, and goldeneye were seen at several
localities in slightly increased numbers or for the first time during the
winter. Several species of duck seldom seen on the river frequented the
Thames during the period.

Among the sawbills the weather had a pronounced effect, for num¬
bers had risen on the 17th and reached exceptionally high figures on
some waters by the 28th. Goosanders, which at Staines were only 26
on the 11th, reached 87 on the 17tli and about 100 on the 28th. On this
date there were 41 at Walthamstow and no fewer than 184 at Molesey,
where on the 17tli there had been only 20. In the three chief localities
there were thus about 325 on the 28th with doubtless a few individuals
on other waters. The number of smew at Molesey rose from 13 on the
17th to the unprecedented figure of 117 on the 28th, while at Waltham¬
stow there were 10 on this date, and at Dartford. where they have not
been noted before, 20 on the 27th. Three even appeared in Kensington
Gardens and two on a small pond at Beddington ; the total number in
the area at this time was probably over 150. By the 31st the numbers
of goosander and smeAv at Molesey had dropped to 121 and 54 respec¬
tively. Four red-breasted mergansers also were noted at Molesey on
the 28th.

Grebes and divers were not such a striking feature of the influx as
in the previous winter, though a few individuals occurred. Single
Slavonian grebes were reported on the 27th or 28th at King George,
Walthamstow and Staines reservoirs, a black-necked at Walthamstow
from the 28th and a red-necked at Barn Elms from the 23rd onwards.
Red-throated divers were seen singly at Barn Elms and Staines on the
20th and at Walthamstow on the 28th.

It is difficult to be certain of the cause of movements of the common
species of waders such as lapwings, but reports of flight over the built-
up areas in a southerly to westerly direction have been received from
Ham Common. Richmond Park and Beulah Hill, all on the 18th : in one
case a single golden plover was seen with them and thirteen of this
species flew over Wimbledon on the same day. With dunlin we can
safely attribute appearances to the severe weather as they are seldom
seen in the area in mid-winter. Reports of their occurrence have been
received from Barn Elms, Beddington, King George Res., Littleton.
Ruislip, West Molesey and the shore of the Thames opposite Chiswick,
the first being noted on the 19th. Full details are given under the
specific notes but the occurrence of a flock of 32 at Barn Elms is an
event that may well be emphasised. Perhaps even more interesting was
the appearance of a party of nine knots at Barn Elms on the 22nd after
a single bird had been seen on the 20tli. The subspecies of at least one
of the dunlin was determined when a bird of the Lapland race was picked
up dead at South Kensington on the 29th.

R. S. R. Fitter and R. C. Homes.

34

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Changes of Bird- Life in Relation to the

Increase of London.

By William E. Glegg.

Paper read to the Society on July 5th, 1938.

jyjWNY concepts have been formed as to what comprises the birds of
London. The area has been contracted or expanded to the pur¬
poses of the author, and in the imagination of one writer was so elastic
that it reached to Tring Reservoirs nearly thirty years ago. The different
parts of London fall within the ancient and ornithologically accepted
boundaries of the counties and a clearer understanding of their natural
history, particularly of the changes which may occur, will be gained by
adherence to the boundaries which existed before the creation of the
administrative county of London. There is, however, one metropolitan
area — Inner London — which is scientifically justifiable, and may be de¬
scribed as being of ecological value. I outline no boundaries but I shall
draw to your notice only changes which have occurred within the direct
influence of the development of London. To form a comprehensive view
of these alterations we should need adequate descriptions of the avi¬
fauna of very early times and these do not exist. A close study of the
whole of the affected area to-day would be necessary and this I have not
made. I claim to draw to your attention only changes which have come
to my notice, and it may be well to add that I know much more of the
district north of the Thames owing to many years work on Essex and.
Middlesex.

Although ornithological accounts of very early times have not been
handed down to us, yet occasional glimpses of these days have been dis¬
colored. It is to some of these features, which can now be onlv dimlw
imagined, that we shall in the first instance pay attention. Among the
earliest of these references is one to the Kite during the visit of the
brother-in-law of the King of Bohemia in 1465. One of his attendants,
writing of the journey, after mentioning London Bridge, states that
nowhere had he seen so many Kites as there; to kill them was a capital
offence. Uiere are further statements which serve to show how common
this bird was in the Metropolis hundreds of years ago. An unknown
Italian writer, in a work entitled A Relation of the Island of England ,
written about 1500, records that these birds were so tame that they
would often take bread smeared with butter out of the hands of little
children. It is accepted that this statement probably referred to London.
Other accounts show that Kites must have been very abundant in the
sixteenth century. J. Hunt states that in the reign of Henry the Eighth
(1509-1547) the Metropolis swarmed with Kites, wdiich were attracted
bv the various kinds of offal thrown into the streets, and were so fear¬
less as to take their prey in the midst of the greatest crowds, who were

CHANGES OF BIRD-LIFE IN RELATION TO THE INCREASE OF LONDON. 35

forbidden to kill them. Perhaps the most vivid account of these in¬
cidents is that of Charles Clusius, who visited England in 1571, and
was of the opinion that the number of Kites to be seen in Cairo could
hardly be greater than in London, where they appeared in very large
numbers at every season of the year. These earlier writers make no men¬
tion of the nest of the Kite but it is fairly safe to say that many must
have been built in and near the City. This certainly happened to some
extent in later years. E. Hamilton records that in 1734 the church of
St Giles’-in-the-Fields, which is within a stone’s throw of St Giles Circus,
was surrounded by elm-trees in which built Rooks, Magpies, and Kites.
Pennant, in a letter dated August 1777, writes “ I thank you for the
young Kites from the Rook’s nest from an elm in the garden of Gray’s
Inn Square. Their stomachs contained young frogs. The locality is.
interesting but I find that the Kite has bred in Hyde Park in two in¬
stances.” To-day the Kite is almost extinct in the British Islands.

The Raven was probably also a common bird about the beginning of
the sixteenth century. The same unknown Italian writer states that
there was a penalty for destroying Ravens, which, by reason of their
habits, assisted in keeping the streets [presumably of London] clean.
The sources from which earlier ornithological information is derived are
curious and unexpected. Robert Smith’s The Universal Directory for
Destroying Bats and other Kinds of Four-footed and Winged Vermin,
published in London in 1768, furnishes us with an impression of the
status of the Raven in and near London in the eighteenth century. He
relates how he received as much per head for killing Ravens as for the
destruction of Kites and Hawks and that he considered them equally
pernicious in killing and devouring young rabbits, ducklings, and chic¬
kens. He explains that his method of catching Ravens was to set traps
with a rat as bait. Smith’s writings create the idea that the species
must have been numerous for he relates that as soon as one bird was
taken “ great numbers will keep round him,” and that, although it was
very laborious, he had caught many in one day.

It would seem that the Ravens which made the Metropolis their head¬
quarters went further afield for their food. This author explains that he
had often captured the “ London Ravens ” twenty miles from home in
warrens where they came after young rabbits; he defines “ London
Ravens ” as those which generally frequented the outskirts of the Metro¬
polis and lived upon the filth to be found there, grubbing up the dirt
in order to get at their food. As a result the tops of their wings as¬
sumed a nasty, dusky brown colour, by means of which he could easily
distinguish them from the country Ravens, which were as black as jet.
In less than a hundred years after Smith wrote the Raven had become
a memory. It nested in Hyde Park, however, up to 1826, for E. Jesse
writes of a captive Raven which associated with workmen constructing
the bridge at the top of the Serpentine in Hyde Park. This bird, with
two or three others, had been taken from a nest at the top of an elm-
tree in the Park about the year mentioned. The Raven lingered as a
breeder in the affected area for some years longer, as it is stated to have

36

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

nested regularly at Enfield between the years 1840 and 1850. It has been
extinct in the south-eastern counties for many years.

There is yet another story which is as romantic as the early references
to the Kite and Raven. We know so little of the breeding status of the
Spoonbill in Britain that any information on the subject is of great in¬
terest. How the discovery was made has not been related but an ancient
document proves that the Spoonbill was nesting at Fulham in 1523.
This was recorded in the report of an action for trespass brough't by the
Bishop of London against a defendant to whom he had leased the park
adjoining the palace for grazing purposes. The Bishop brought the ac¬
tion on the grounds that the defendant had taken Herons and Shovelers,
which he maintained was unlawful as the wood and underwood were not
included in the lease, and as the Herons and Shovelers made their nests
in the said trees the defendant was not entitled to take the birds. The
argument, on the other hand, of the lessee was that as the only excep¬
tion in the lease was the wood and underwood he was therefore entitled
to the birds. The Bishop, however, gained the day and the Herons and
Spoonbills for the time being were safe. Nevertheless, had it not been
for the attempt of the defendant to claim the birds ornithologists would
nei ei have learned that about four hundred years ago such a striking
bn d as the Spoonbill nested close to where Putney Bridge now spans
the Thames.

The historical information which we have considered suggests that
if we had an account of the birds which resided in the area now covered
by London in mediaeval times many more changes would come to light.
Although the story comes to us in disconnected pieces, yet stretches of
the ground along the course of the Thames, even including some of those
which have suffered most by the spread of commerce, must have been
great places for birds. Graves, particularly, has handed down to us
some very enlightening reports of what frequented the stretch between
Battersea and Deptford.

This writer recorded three species of Harrier from this now terrible
area, two of them breeding. Writing about 1821, he creates the im¬
pression that the Hen-Harrier was no uncommon sight as he had often
seen this bird skimming over the fields in the neighbourhood of Londou
at the side of the Kent Road, called Rolls’s Meadows. He informs us
that a pair of Montagu’s Harrier was killed m Battersea Fields about
the middle of May 1812 and his description of this species was taken from
these birds. c The person who shot them was not able to find their
nests, though from their manner there seemed no doubt of its being near
the spot.” The same author describes how a pair of Marsh-Harriers
built their nest, composed of sticks, grass, and the leaves and decayed
stalks of the Flowering Rush, in an osier pond near the Grand Surrey
Canal on the Deptford Road in 1812. The nest was placed on a small
hillock just above the water’s edge and contained five dusky white eggs,
two of which were splashed with russet-coloured spots at the large end.
The female was shot from the nest, and being but slightly wounded lived
in confinement some months. She was fed with frogs, mice, worms,

CHANGES OF BIRD-LIFE IN RELATION TO THE INCREASE OF LONDON. 37

beetles, tlie entrails of fish and other animals, and was particularly
voracious.

This locality must have had ornithologically a resemblance to the
Norfolk Broads. The Bearded Titmouse, although there is not much
explicit evidence regarding it, is said to have bred all along the Thames
Valley from the Essex Marshes to Oxford about the beginning of the
nineteenth century and Graves about 1821 supplies supporting evidence,
for he states that lie killed this bird on the side of the Surrey Canal, on
Sydenham Common, and also on the road called Blue Anchor Lane, be¬
tween Bermondsey and Deptford. From the same source we learn that
Snipe used to breed in the osier bed bordering on the Surrey Canal in
the Kent Boad, where in 1812 he found many nests composed of dry
grass and leaves placed in the midst of a swamp scarcely above the water
and had killed several of the young birds.

The Spotted Crake was declared to be met with in greater abundance
within a few miles of London than perhaps in any other part of this
kingdom. He had known this bird to breed in the fields to the left of
the Kent Boad, called Bolls’s Meadows. One of them was killed, after
which they forsook the spot. Another writer, B. Sweet, also mentions
this locality. He states in 1833 that several pairs of Beed-Warblers an¬
nually frequented the banks of the Thames between Battersea Bridge and
the Bed House Tavern in Battersea Fields.

It is quite obvious that as the country disappears before the opera¬
tions of the builder many of the birds must also disappear, and although
some species may show greater resistance to the altering and altered
conditions than others, yet the numbers of representatives of such species
are probably reduced. A. Holte Macpherson, writing in 1929, admits
49 species as being regular in Inner London, whereas in 1934 I estimated
that 109 species occurred regularly in the County of Middlesex. The
difference between these figures roughly represents the influence of the
growth of London. At the same time we have not actual records of what
birds did occur in some parts of the area, particularly those most af¬
fected. In some instances, however, we find a certain amount of infor¬
mation and this we will consider.

The Hooded Crow, which we know now as a straggler, must have
been more strongly represented, for Albin, writing in 1734, states that
he had seen many about Hackney near London, and Graves, whose book
was published between the years 1811 and 1821, relates that it was for¬
merly very common in the vicinity of London, particularly about the
neighboui hood of Hoxton and Hackney, but that it had then become
rare so near town.

The Book has held on to its nesting localities with great tenacitv,
but slowly it has had to retreat as building has progressed. I have know¬
ledge of over fifty rookeries on the north side of the Thames which have
disappeared. The earliest of these was that at the Inner Temple, [t
was in existence in 1666, was flourishing in 1774 but had disappeared
befoie 1831. A colony was founded at the Tower of London in 1817 or
1818 and there were ten to twelve nests there in 1835. Nests for some
years annually were built on the weather-vanes of each turret of the

38

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

White Tower. In a plane-tree in Wood Street, Cheapside, there was one
nest from 1835 to 1838, two nests in 1845 and four in 1850. Prior to
1835 a nest was constructed between the wings of the dragon of the vane
of Bow Church, Cheapside, and in 1838 there was a nest on the weather-
vane of St Olave’s Church, Crutched Friars. There was a rookery in
Kensington Gardens in 1819 ; it had about one hundred nests in 1836,
forty-seven in 1873, and was deserted not later than 1880, but was re-
colonized in 1892. Other notable rookeries in Inner London were at
Holland Park, which is said to have been of ancient origin and very
large and still had forty-five nests in 1881 ; at Chesterfield Gardens, Cur-
zon Street, known many years prior to 1839, and which had fifty nests
in 1846 and was deserted in 1880 or earlier; at Gray’s Inn, a colony
which was said to have been very old and still had a few nests in 1898
and some to 1915. The last time that the Rook constructed nests in
Inner London was in 1916 and at the Temple, where the earliest rookery
was situated.

The decrease of rookeries further out is equally marked. At Hamp¬
stead the total number of nests as far back as 1893 was down to 23,
small colonies lingered at Stamford Hill to 1876, at Kilburn to 1883, two
pairs near Camden Town station to 1890, and small colonies in the streets
and gardens of Ealing to 1896. In spite of the fact that the districts
were heavily suburbanised small colonies were holding out at Mill Hill
in 1931 and Southall in 1933 and may still exist.

The Jackdaw* is stated to continue to frequent Inner London but it
is doubtful if it still breeds. At one time it held out in the very heart
of London. It was recorded in 1829 that this bird frequented some of
the towers of the churches of London, particularly St Michael’s, Corn-
hill. About 1879 six or seven pairs bred in Kensington Gardens and
Hyde Park, a pair inhabited the steeple of Grosvenor Chapel, South
Audley Street, and another pair nested for years under the wings of a
figure of an angel on the centre house of Stratford Place. Evidence
exists to show that the Magpie nested in St James’s Park as far back
as 1638 and it would seem to have nested at Chelsea in 1828. Yarrell
saw a flock of twenty-three in Kensington Gardens prior to 1843. It was
described in 1879 as having been formerly common in the parks. of Inner
London. A pair built a nest in Kensington Gardens in 1856 and a pair
nested in the grounds of Holland House as late as 1890. Bushy Park
is probably now the locality nearest to where it still nests.

It is not easy to imagine the G.W.R. station at Paddington as the
haunt of birds, nevertheless R. Bowdler Sharpe wrote in 1894 that an
old bird-catcher informed him that in his youth he once caught in a
single morning twelve dozen Goldfinches on the site of this station. The
Tree-creeper was shown to be a resident in Kensington Gardens before
1879 and, according to Yarrell, the Nuthatch was frequently seen in the
same place about 1843 but thirty-six years later it was reduced to the
level of a casual visitor.

*It was stated in discussion that evidence of breeding in this area had been

obtained in 1938.

CHANGES OF BIRD-LIFE IN RELATION TO THE INCREASE OF LONDON.

39

There is additional evidence of the earlier status of the Reed-Warb-
ler. R. Sweet in 1833 found it not uncommon in the neighbourhood of
London, several pairs annually frequenting Regent’s Park. Eleven
years later H. L. Meyer stated that it occurred in tolerable abundance
on the Middlesex and Surrey borders of the Thames and intervening
islets. These reports are confirmed by Gould, who records that on 4th
July 1862 there were at least two pairs with their nests and young in
lilac trees in the Zoological Gardens and he added that many pairs bred
annually all round the Metropolis. A Cuckoo was hatched in the nest
of this species in the Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park, in 1873. As late
as 1896 and 1897 the Reed-Warbler nested in St James’s Park.

The Dartford-Warbler was at one time established in what to-day
would be considered surprising localities. About a hundred years ago
it was recorded from such districts as Wandsworth Common, from which
place more than one collection was supplied with specimens. Although
said to be extremely scarce and local, it was found at Tooting and Barnes
Commons. Croydon and Roehampton are also quoted as localities, and
it was undoubtedly a regular breeder on Wimbledon Common. I have
been personally informed that in the memory of a living keeper it was
common in this locality but I have no means of testing the accuracy of
this report. In Middlesex it was said to have been comparatively com¬
mon at Hampstead, Highgate, and Finchley, where it bred between 1848
and 1855. It was recorded from Hampstead in 1872. It was further
reported from Stanmore and Harrow Weald Commons, also Old Oak
Common and M ormwood Scrubs. N. E. Ticehurst states that in Kent
it inhabited most of the furze-covered commons, such as Dartford and
Bexley Heaths, Shooters Hill and Blackheath. and the commons about
Keston, Hayes, and Bromley, where the bird seems to have survived
longest and to a comparatively recent date. The gradual extension of
the London suburbs in a south-eastern direction and the consequent
building operations and increase of population round its haunts is placed
first among the causes of the disappearance of the species from these
localities. There does not appear to be evidence of its breeding in its
Kentish haunts after 1874, although it was observed as late as 1891.
It is well known that the Dartford-Warbler has shown signs recently of
returning to some of its old breeding haunts but it does not appear to
be equally well known that from 1910 to 1913 it reappeared on Wimble¬
don Common. A Mr E. G. Waddilove informed the late J. E. Harting
on 23rd July 1910 that a pair had successfully brought off a brood in a
furze bush on Putney Heath and, further, that he had seen two or three
pairs there for several years previously but he had obtained no know¬
ledge of nesting until that year. Mr Waddilove was of the opinion
that the species was increasing in numbers on Putney Heath and Wim¬
bledon Common as he often found the bird without specially looking for
it, which had not been previously the case. Although some of the locali¬
ties for the Dartford-Warbler, such as Stanmore and Harrow Weald
Commons, lie beyond the confines of the suburbanized area it has been
considered advisable to include them.

40

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Among the stray references to the past we are told by Sweet in 1823
that he had frequently heard Wood-Warblers amongst the tall trees in
Kensington Gardens and that the Whincliat nested on Wandsworth Com¬
mon. The Redstart at one time bred in Inner London. E. Hamilton
states that two pairs bred in Kensington Gardens in 1876 and others in
and about Regent’s Park. It is probable that the sentimental interest
attached to the bird is responsible for the amount of information which
has been handed down to us regarding the Nightingale. The Duke of
-Buckingham, when he obtained in 1703 a lease of the ground on which
now stands the Royal Palace, found u under the windows ... a little
wilderness full of Blackbirds and Nightingales.” It was a common bird
in Fulham in 1730 and seemingly a not uncommon summer-resident
from Hyde Park Corner to Kensington Gravel Pits in 1830. At least
to 1867 the Nightingale was a summer-resident in the suburban locali¬
ties of Victoria Park, Stamford Hill, and Stoke Newington. A hawthorn
hedge at the upper reservoir at the last named locality was said to have
been a regular haunt of the bird. We are informed that this bird was
so common just prior to 1873 at Enfield Chase that one of the lodges on
the estate, taken for the season by a well-known M.P., was given up
after a few weeks' tenancy on the ground that his family could get no
sleep for the singing of the Nightingales. The small scrubby covert,
belonging to Old Hornsey Wood Tavern, now merged in Finsbury Park,
was also a favourite resort for Nightingales.

It nested annually in Gunnersbury Park until 1889 and it was con¬
sidered that there was no better place for Nightingales round London
than Highgate Woods; in 1892 Bishop’s Wood sheltered five pairs and
there were several pairs in other woods. It continued to nest in the
district of Hampstead to 1899. A similar story comes from south of the
Thames. Dulwich was at one time renowned for its Nightingales, and
many people uiust have heard them singing in the College Woods. They
might often be heard in Camberwell and until 1884 they frequented the
little copse that bounds Rye Common on the south. Writing in May
1871 the late Edward Blyth stated that within his recollection, 40 years
previously or less, this species abounded in Dulwich Wood and all about
the neighbourhood where the Crystal Palace then stood and nowhere
more than upon Penge Common.

From the account of Gilbert White we learn that the Martin bred
even to the centre of London ; he wrote in 1773 that not only had he seen
them nesting in the Borough but even in the Strand and Fleet Street,
and it would seem that the smoke nuisance was not then unknown for
he adds that their feathers partook of the filth of the sooty atmosphere.
Another naturalist records that a nest of this species was under con¬
struction on a blind window in Goswell Road in 1825 and that there
were several similarly placed in Islington Green in August 1826. White,
in D 74, described how a few Sand Martins “ haunt the skirts of Lon¬
don, frequenting the dirty pools in St George’s Fields and about White-
Chapel,” and he suggests holes in old or new deserted buildings as pos¬
sible nesting sites. The Swift was another species which was found in

CHANGES OF BIRD-LIFE IN RELATION TO THE INCREASE OF LONDON. 41

Inner London in White’s time. A party was said to frequent the Tower,
playing and feeding just below the bridge, and others to haunt some of
the churches of the Borough next the fields but they did not venture,
like the House Martin, into the closed crowded part of the town. T.
Forster, writing of Swifts in 1808, states that the old tower of Hackney
Church used to abound with them but that they had been less numerous
of late years.

It is not surprising to find that the Nightjar has receded from old
haunts. According to Graves, about 1821 it was very abundant on Syd¬
enham Common and the wood in its vicinity; he had seen a dozen or
more together flying about like Swallows. It was also found in the
neighbourhood of Hornsey, Coome Wood, Enfield Chase, and several
other places within a few miles of London.

Before closing this aspect of our subject let us consider some other
types of birds. Much of the land which is now covered by buildings must
have formed game-preserves. In the 27th year of his reign Henry VIII
issued a proclamation in order to preserve the Partridges, Pheasants,
and Herons “ from his palace at Westminster to St Giles-in-the-Fields
and from thence to Islington, Hampstead, and Hornsey Park.” Any
person, of whatever rank, who should presume to kill or in any way
molest these birds, was to be thrown into prison and visited by such
other punishments as should seem meet to his Highness the King. E.
Hamilton, writing in 1879, relates that many parts of London, which at
the time he wrote were covered with houses, had been fifty years pre¬
viously the haunt of Snipe, and that there were those living who had
shot them on what is now known as Belgrave Square. General Ogle¬
thorpe, who died in 1785, frequently killed Woodcock on the site of what
we know to-day as Conduit Street, and Wilberforce, speaking in the
House of Commons on oth June 1815, stated that he had spoken with
a person who had shot Woodcock in the parish of St Martins-in-the-
Fields.

Some birds have so reacted to the progress of urban and suburban
development that it would seem tliej^ possess greater power of resistance.
The following are quoted as examples : House-Sparrow, Great and Blue
Titmice, Spotted Flycatcher, Mistle- and Song-Thrushes, Blackbird, Red¬
breast, Hedge-Sparrow, Wren, Tawny Owl, Heron and Moorhen. All
these species, with the exception of the Heron, nest in Inner London,
the Spotted Flycatcher in several localities and in increasing numbers
outwards. It is possible that the numbers of the House-Sparrow have
declined but it is still an abundant bird and the only one to maintain
its distribution. To deal with the Heron we have to go to the external
limit of the affected area. Among Heronries which have disappeared
may be mentioned a small one at Norwood; one, evidently of some size,
at Osterley Park, and colonies in Hampton Court and Bushy Parks.
The ancient colony at Wanstead has decreased seriously in recent years.
In 1937 there were 17 occupied nests whereas in 1928 there were 60 nests.
This decrease has been compensated by an increasing colony at the Wal¬
thamstow end of the Lea Valley Reservoirs, where there were 51 occupied

42

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

nests in 1937. The heronry in Richmond Park has been growing for
many years and had 49 occupied nests in 1937. The number of Moor¬
hens is remarkable ; at the end of the nesting season of 1930 there were
from eighty to a hundred in St James’s Park.

The changes in the avifauna are not confined to decreases and we will
now consider some of the more outstanding increases. We deplore the
loss of the Raven but we are endeavouring now to reduce the numbers
of its close congener, the Carrion-Crow. We do not know' the status
of this species in mediaeval times but in more recent days it appears
to have increased. The Starling has increased as a breeder but the most
notable change in its status is in the huge gatherings which roost in the
heart of London. These flocks do not appear to have been known in
1879 but they were observed in St James’s Park in 1894, when it was
estimated that over one thousand birds were present. The Greenfinch
has been stated to have increased in Inner London but this alteration
appears to have been confined to this area. The Little Owl lias crept
into the affected district, where in earlier days it w'as an unknown
species. With one exception the remaining birds to be mentioned and
which have increased are all aquatic.

The Mallard has increased as a breeder and more so as a winter-
resident. It is a common resident in Inner London and has bred re¬
cently in New Square, Lincoln’s Inn. Its position as a breeder is prob¬
ably due to two main factors, its adaptability to nesting sites and associ¬
ation with captive or domestic birds. The Pochard has bred but it is in
winter that it is seen in numbers, 64 having been counted on the Round
Pond, Kensington, and 200 on Stoke Newington Reservoirs.

The most striking instance of increase among ducks is that of the
Tufted Duck, both as a breeder and a winter-resident. Prior to 1900 it
was a somewhat scarce winter-visitor but it is now numerous in wdnter
and also breeds in some numbers. In 1929 there were as many as a
hundred ducklings on the lake in St James’s Park alone. It is remark¬
able that most of the breeding birds of this species in the county of
Middlesex are confined to Inner London. At Barn Elms and Lonsdale
Road Reservoirs over 700 have been counted in winter. In view of the
peculiar distribution of the Tufted Duck it is advisable to review its
history in this area. These birds were first exhibited at the Zoo in 1831
and up to 1848 they bred regularly in the Three Island Pond. At St
James’s Park four were reared in July 1838 and with adults took daily
flights to the Serpentine, and three large broods were reared in 1839.
In 1913 it was stated that full-winged birds were nesting freely in the
London parks and in 1910 a full-winged female reared nestlings on the
Three Island Pond in the Zoo. Although the Tufted Ducks which we see
to-day are wild, it is probable that the status is partially the result of
birds introduced in the past. It must not be overlooked, however, that
this duck has increased in other areas under completely natural con¬
ditions just as remarkably. About 25 years ago it wTas breeding so num¬
erously at Loch Leven that other species were being crowded out. It
was decided in 1911 to clear two small islands of their nests, and as a

CHANGES OF BIRD-LIFE IN RELATION TO THE INCREASE OF LONDON. 43

result three large hampers were filled with eggs, some hundreds having
been collected.

Two more ducks, both sawbills, may be cited, the Goosander and the
Smew, which are additions to the winter-residents. Less than twenty
years ago the appearance of these species would have been recorded as a
rare event. About 1866 the Great Crested Grebe was a scarce winter
visitor whereas to-day it is not unusual in Inner London. It has bred
annually at waters in the affected area, as Stoke Newington Reservoirs
and the Lea Valley Reservoirs at Walthamstow.

Another type of bird, the Wood-Pigeon, has reacted to the influence
of London in two directions for not only has it increased to a remark¬
able extent but its habits also have been modified to suit the new en¬
vironment. There is evidence to show that as far back as 1834 these
birds were nesting in the London Parks and Kensington Gardens. To¬
day the Wood-Pigeon penetrates to the very heart of the city for it has
bred in the old lime-tree which stands in the Bank of England garden,
and it is not deterred by the most industrialized areas. In 1886 there
were perhaps not more than a dozen pairs nesting in Inner London but
a marked increase occurred during the following six years. On one oc¬
casion in July 1892 eighty-three, half of them being young birds, were
seen in St James’s Park. After the breeding season the numbers of
Wood-Pigeons are said to decline, many leaving town, but the species
becomes numerous during winter and early spring, in which seasons ad¬
ditional birds come into London. The island in the Serpentine, Hyde
Park, has been used for roosting purposes and hundreds have been ob¬
served during the winter months. Large numbers are reported to roost
on the island in Regent’s Park and five hundred were counted on the
grass in this park in September 1930. In regard to the habits of this
bird, we know that in the country it is unusually wary but in London
it is so tame that it will settle on the hand to take food. It has nested
on buildings on many occasions, twice in window-boxes and once on a
window-sill. Birds have been seen on the nest in every month of the
year.

In spite of the changes to which we have already referred, no feature
of the bird-life of the Metropolis appeals to me as being so striking as
the great number of gulls, which appear chiefly in winter. This change
has come upon us in such a way that our minds have not been impressed
to a degree commensurate with the magnitude of the movements. It
would seem that seventy years ago the gulls were only seen so far inland
during the spring and autumn migrations and after a gale. I think that
in a large measure this change may be attributed to the Thames. It was
recorded in 1889 that gulls were seen every winter on the Thames but
that they had been more numerous in 1888, one hundred and twenty
having been counted near W aterloo Bridge on 27th February of that
year. It would appear that the alteration of status was then in progress
but it received a marked impetus in 1895 during a very severe spell of
cold weather in the early months. During February and March, when
the frost was very severe, from the account of an eye-witness, the scene

44

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

on the Thames must have been very remarkable. It is said that thou¬
sands of gulls were to be seen between the London Bridges. The starving
birds were fed by the people of London and in this way the already grow¬
ing migration to London was strengthened.

Probably the most remarkable phase of these birds’ sojourn is the
evening flight. Daily during winter, towards sunset, thousands of gulls
migrate up the Thames to roosting-places, as at the large reservoirs,
where they pass the night, returning to their feeding-grounds at dawn.
The numbers which pass my home at Richmond run into many thousands
and it is probable that many must come from the estuary. At one time
this movement was confined to the Thames but now the gulls appear
similarly in the Lea Valley and roost on the reservoirs there. The
greater number of these gulls are Black-headed with about 10 % of Com¬
mon Gulls and a smaller percentage of Herring-Gulls. The Lesser Black-
back Gull is also an additional feature but its position is not quite the
same as that of the other species. At one time, even when the other
gulls had become common, it was rare, but since 1927 it has been seen in
considerable numbers during the autumn. At first this was confined to
a clearly marked passage but the gulls have evidently found the Thames
to their liking and have gradually extended the duration of their stay
so that a few may be seen throughout the winter.

In concluding these remarks it may be well to add that although in
the majority of cases the alterations may be due to the increase of build-
ing yet in certain instances other causes may have been wholly or par¬
tially responsible.

WORKS CONSULTED.

1789. The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne. Gilbert White.

1811-21. British Ornithology . C. Graves.

1815-22. British Ornithology . J. Hunt.

1823-32. The British Warblers. R. Sweet.

1879. The Birds of London. E. Hamilton. The Zoologist, p. 273.

1886. On the Former Nesting of the Spoonbill in Middlesex. J. E. Harting. The
Zoologist, p. 81.

1900. The Birds of Surrey. J. A. Bucknill.

1906. The Birds of Middlesex. Revised but unpublished edition. J. E. Harting.
1909. A History of the Birds of Kent. N. F. Ticehurst.

1913. British Diving Ducks. J. G. Millais.

1929. A List of the Birds of Inner London. A. Ilolte Macplierson. British Birds,
xx Li, p. 222.

1935. .1 History of the Birds of Middlesex. William E. Glegg.

1937. London Bird Report.

BIRD RINGING, 1938.

45

Bird Ringing, 1938.

rpHE Society’s returns to the Bird Ringing Committee of the British
Trust for Ornithology totalled 673 birds of 47 species compared
with 1976 birds of 52 species in 1937. Reductions of about 800 in the
number of Manx Shearwaters and 240 in the number of Sandwich Terns
account for a large proportion of the decrease on last year’s record total
and this t'ear s figures may be considered as normal. An encouraging
feature is that the number of birds trapped again exceeds the number
of nestlings. This indicates increased trapping activity and is likely
to increase the number of recoveries. The following table shows the re¬
sults of the 18 ringers who took part in the work : —

Name of Ringer,

F. W. Blake .

S. Boardman .

G. A. Buckland ...

H. J. Burkill .

C. L. Collenette ....
P. W. E. Currie ...
J. E. S. Dallas .

Nestlings.

55

39

1

1

Trapped.

222

9

8

H. J. Evans .

41

59

R. S. R. Fitter . .

19

1

R. W. Hale .

—

40

H.M. Office of Works

_

8

R. C. Homes .

7

12

G. E. Manser .

27

5

G. R. Mountfort .

7

53

H. A. Pettit .

4

2

J. E. Roberts .

4

_ _

R. A. Underwood .

3

t

J. M. Wilson .

16

14

239

CO

<r

1937 figures .

901

1075

1936 figures .

276

78

The most numerous species ringed

were : —

Manx Shearwater .

140

Chaffinch

Starling .

124

Bnhin

Blackbird .

79

Carrion Crow .

Song Thrush .

53

Swallow

Total.

55

261

1

1

9

15

5

100

20

40

s

19

32

60

6
4
4

30

673

1976

354

35

35

27

21

We welcome five new ringers : —Messrs G. E. Manser, G. R. Mount-
fort, W. D. Park, R. A. Underwood, and J. A. Wigzell.

During the tear, thanks to the kind co-operation of our member. Mr
Stuart Baker, Mayor of Croydon, Messrs P. W. E. Currie and L. Par-
menter succeeded in obtaining permission from the authorities for the
erection of a suitable trap on Beddington Sewage Farm. The trap was
eompleted in September, and by the end of December 63 birds of eight

46

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

species had been ringed, Starlings predominating. It had been hoped
that new ringers might have obtained experience of handling and ringing
adult birds, but unfortunately permission to visit the farm for the pur¬
pose of bird-study has been cancelled by the Croydon Corporation. Use
of the trap has, therefore, had to be abandoned until such time as per¬
mits become available again. We are grateful to Messrs Currie and
Parmenter for their initiative in erecting the trap, and hope that it
will soon be possible for members to take advantage of their enterprise.

Rings may be obtained at a cost of 1/ - per packet of 20 from the Bird
Ringing Secretary — R. W. Hale, 6 Grendon Gardens, Wembley Park.
Middlesex — who will be pleased to hear from any member interested in
ringing.

RECOVERIES OF RINGED BIRDS.

The following recoveries of birds ringed by members of the Society
have been published in British Birds since the last list was compiled: —

Starling. Sturnus r. vulgaris L.

FH.460, ringed 5/1/34 as an adult at Friern Barnet (Middlesex) by M_
V. Boys, and recovered 25/3/38 at Tottenham (Middlesex).

Blackbird. Turdus m. merula L.

SF.941, ringed 3/9/33 as an adult at Beckenham (Kent) by G. Waller.,
and recovered where ringed 9/5/38.

Manx Shearwater. Puffinus p. puffinus (Briinn.).

301192, ringed 15/8/37 as an adult at Skokholm Bird Observatory
(Pembs.) by H. J. Evans, and recovered 20/4/38 at Fouesnant
(Finistere), France.

Sandwich Tern. Sterna s. sandvicensis Lath.

AP.441, ringed 17/7/37 as a nestling at Scolt Head (Norfolk) by J. M.
Wilson, and recovered 21/9/37 at Palling (Norfolk).

Common Tern. Sterna, h. hirundo L.

YV.38. ringed 20/7/37 as a nestling at Scolt Head (Norfolk) by J. M.
Wilson, and recovered in August 1937 at Ambleteuse (Pas-de-
Calais), France.

R, W. H.

ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF MIGRANTS.

47

Arrival and Departure of Migrants, 1 938.

Compiled by D. A. T. Morgan.

JN the following table the earliest and latest dates for each county are
gH en except m cases where they are obviously of no significance.
W e hope that it maj be possible in the next Report to issue a summary
of all the migration dates entered on the Society’s records, and with
regard to notes for 1939 we shall welcome notes on the time when species
become plentiful or when the main body departs as well as first and last-
dates for odd birds.

HOODED CROW.

Oct. 29— E. King- George Res.,

W.A.W.

SISKIN.

Mar. 6 — E. Lord’s Bushes, W.A.W.
April 21 — S. Wimbledon Common,

R.E.W.

Nov. 15— M. Bushy Park, . J.E.R.

B RAMBLING.

Mar. 27 — K. Elmers End S.F.,

G.E.M.

April 9— E. Romford S.F., ... H.B.F.

,, 9 — S. Beddington, . G.B.

-June 12— S. Wimbledon, . R.E.W.

Oct. 21— S. Wimbledon, . R.E.W.

Nov. 6— E. Sewardstone, ... W.A.W.

TREE-PIPIT.

April 5 — M. Uxbridge,

Field (16/4/38).

8— S. Boxhill, . G.W.C.

17— E. Pole Hill, . E.M.

Aug. 26— S. Richmond Park, W.L.C.

YELLOW WAGTAIL.

April 2— S. Barn Elms Res.,

D.A.T.M.

,, 5 — M. Staines Moor, ... A.H.M.

,, 9— E. Walthamstow Res.,

J.H.G.P.

Sept. 26— M. Staines Res., .... A.H.M.

Oct. 1— E. Romford . W.A.W.

,, 3— K. Elmers End S.F., P.W.R.
,, 9— S. Beddington S.F., ... L.P.

WHITE WAGTAIL.

April 24— M. Staines Res.,

G.C.L., A.R.S.
,, 2S — S. Barn Elms Res., A.H.M.

RED-BACKED SHRIKE.

May 6— E. Epping Forest, ...... E.M.

S. Kingswood, . H.B.

Aug. 18 — M. Ruislip, . W.R.P.

,, 22 — H. Cheshunt, . A.R.S.

Sept. 13 — S. Mitcham, . W.W.T.

SPOTTED FLYCATCHER.

May 13 — S. Tadworth . . H.B.

>> 19— H. Theobalds Park A.R.S.

,, 21— M. Hampstead Heath

A.F.M.

,, 21— M. Bushy Park ... E.W.P.

Sept. 10 — M. Southgate . E.R.P.

,, 17— E. Epping Forest

W.D.P., W.A.W.

,, 17— H. Cheshunt . A.R.S.

,, 25 — S. Tadworth . H.B.

25 — K. Downe . R.S.R.F.

CHIFFCHAFF.

Mar. 8— S. Richmond Park

W.L.C. , R.E.W.
,, 18 — M. Whitewebbs Park

A.R.S.

,, 20— K. Elmers End S.F.

G.E.M.

,, 20— E. Knighton . W.A.W.

Sept. 22 — K. Elmers End S.F.

P.W.R.

,, 25 — E. Knighton . W.A.W.

Oct. 8 — S. Wimbledon . R.E.W.

,, 10 — H. Cheshunt . A.R.S.

,, 11— M. Kensington Gardens

E.G.P.

WILLOW WARBLER.

Mar. 23— S. Wimbledon . R.E.W.

,, 26— M. Ruislip . C.A.W.

April 9— E. Chingford . F.J..J.

Sept. 15— K. Elmers End ... P.W.R.
,, 17— E. Epping Forest, W.A.W.

,, 23— S. Richmond Park, W.L.C.

,, 25 — H. Cheshunt . A.R.S.

48

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

WOOD-WARBLER.

May

8 — B. Denham, .

R.S.R.F.

April 27— M. Hampstead Heath

3 5

8— M. Mill Hill, .

. W.D.M.

K.D.S.

3 9

9— H. Theobalds Park, A.R.S.

,, 28— S. Richmond Park .

,. C.L.C.

Sept.

29— E. Epping Forest,

A.R.S.

May 8 — B. Black Park ... :

R.S.R.F.

,, 8 — E. Epping Forest ..

. A.R.S.

FIELDFARE.

11— K. Farnborough ...

H.R.G.

April 22 — E. Waltham Marsh, A.R.S.

9 9

30 — M. Edmonton .

. E.M.

GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER.

9 9

30 — M. Ken Wood, .

... A.F.M.

.April 28— H. Cuffley .

. A.R.S.

9 9

30 — S. Beddington,

May 3— S. Ashtead .

. J.E.R.

C.B.A., G.B.

,, 7 — M. Ruislip .

W.R.P.

Oct.

18 — M. Bushy Park, ..

... J.E.R.

Aug. 18— M. Ruislip .

W.R.P.

9 3

21 — S. Epsom, .

.. R.C.H.

Nov.

6 — K. Lullingstone Park,

REED-WARBLER.

R.S.R.F.

May 5— M. Edmonton S.F.

... E.M.

11— S. Wimbledon .

R.E.W.

REDWING.

22 — E. Chigwell .

W.A.W.

Mar.

27— M. Hampstead Heath,

Aug. 23— S. Barn Elms Res.

G.C.L.

A.F.M.

Sept. 16— H. Cheshunt .

A.R.S.

April 21— S. Wimbledon. ...

.. R.E.W.

Oct.

18 — M. Hampstead Heath,

SEDGE-WARBLER.

A.F.M.

April 9— M. Edmonton S.F.

... E.M.

3 9

22 — S. Beddington, ...

. L.P.

,, 23 — S. Mitcham .

.... G.B.

9 9

22 — S. Molesev .

P.W.E.C.

Sept. 9 — H. Cheshunt .

, A.R.S.

9 9

22 — S. Wimbledon, ...

.. R.E.W.

,, 17 — E. Sewardstone

Nov.

6— K. Lullingstone Park,

S.A., W.D.P.,

W.A.W.

R.S.R.F.

Oct. 23— S. Richmond Park

M.H.B.

9 9

13 — H. Whippendell Wood.

R.S.R.F.

GARDEN-WARBLER.

9 9

22 — E. Sewardstone, .

... A.R.S.

April 14 E. Epping Forest ..

.... E.M.

15 — H. Totteridge .

. J.D.D.

WHEAT EAR.

,, 30 — S. Wimbledon .

R.E.W.

Mar.

8 — M. St James’s Park.

May 1— M. Mill Hill .

W.D.M.

Field

(19/3/38).

Aug. 23— M. Ruislip .

W.R.P.

> 9

16 — S. Richmond Park, ... J.B.

,, 24 — E. Epping Forest ..

. A.R.S.

9 9

16 — S. Wimbledon, ...

.. R.E.W.

Sept. 18— S'. Tadworth .

.... H.B.

9 9

18 — E. Sewardstoneburv, F.J.J.

Oct.

3 — K. Elmers End, ..

.. P.W.R.

BLACKCAP.

9 9

21 — S. Barn Elms Res., E.G.P.

Mar. 22— S. Walton on Thames,

9 9

21 — S. Wimbledon. ...

.. R.E.W.

Field

(2/4/38).

9 9

22 — E. King George

Res.,

April 2— K. Orpington, .......

H.R.G.

W.A.W.

,, 2— M. Bushy Park. ...

E.W.P.

,, 7— E. Buckhurst Hill,

F.J.J.

WHINCHAT.

Sept. 4— S. Tadworth, .

.... H.B.

April 30 — E. Walthamstow

Res.,

,, 4— S. Mitcham, .

. G.B.

E.M

., W.A.W.

,, 12— E. Epping Forest,

A.R.S.

Sept.

4 — M. Staines .

.. C.A.W.

9 9

18— E. Romford .

... H.B.F.

WHITETHROAT.

, ,

24 — H. Cheshunt .

.... A.R.S.

April 20— S. Selhurst, Field (30/4/38).

9 9

24 — K. Elmers End, .

.. P.W.R.

,, 24— M. Mill Hill, .

W.D.M.

Oct.

1 — S'. Beddington, ...

.... C.B.A.

,. 24— M. Ruislip, .

W.R.P.

,, 29— E. Chingford .

.. F.J.J.

REDSTART.

Sept. 15 — K. Elmers End, ....

P.W.R.

April 10 — S. Richmond Park, D.A.R.

27 — S'. Richmond Park,

W.L.C.

3 9

13 — M. Bushy Park, .

... E.W.P.

,, 29 — E. Epping Forest,

A.R.S.

9 9

15 — E. Epping Forest.

E.M

., W.A.W.

LESSER WHITETHROAT.

Sept,

24 — E. Epping Forest.

... A.R.S.

May 4 — S. Bookham .

. J.E.R.

Oct,

9— S. Walton Heath.

.... H.B.

,, 5 — E. Knighton .

W.A.W.

Nov.

1 — E. King George

Res.,

,, 5 — E. Epping Forest,

.... E.M.

A.R.S.

AltltlVAL AND DEPARTURE OE MIGRANTS.

4(J

NIGHTINGALE.

April lG— S. Bookham, . H.J.B.

22 — K. Blacklieath,

Country Life (18/6/38).
.. 25— E. Cliingford, ......... F.J.J.

,, 28— M. Stanwell, G.C.L., A.H.M.

Sept. 22— E. Epping Forest, A.R.S.

SWALLOW.

April 8— S. Beddington . C.B.A.

,, 8 — H. Clieshunt, . A.R.S.

,, 9— E. Cliingford Mount, E.M.

9 — M. Staines Res., .... G.D.E.
Oct. 3— K. Elmers End, ... P.W.R.

>, 9— H. Clieshunt, . R.S.R.F.

,, 16 — M. Staines Res., ... C.A.W.

,, 16— S. Beddington, C.B.A. , etc.

,, 16 — S. Fetcham, . H.J.B.

,, 16— S. Norwood, . s.P.W.C.

,, 24— E. King George Res., A.R.S.

HOUSE-MARTIN.

Mar. 19— S. Sutton, Field (26/3/38).
April 22— E. King George Res., A.R.S.

,, 29— M. Bushy Park, ... EAV.P.

Oct. 14— K. Kelsey Park, ... A.J.R.

,, 16 — E. Romford . . PI.B.F.

» 16— M. Northwood, ... R.S.R.F.

Nov. 6— H. St Albans . D.A.T.M.

,, 12— S. Barn Elms Res., ... P.T.

SAND-MARTIN.

April 4— E. Chingford, . A.R.S.

>> 9— M. Staines Res., .... G.D.E.

9— S. Beddington . h.B.

OQt. 3 — K. Elmers End, ... P.W.R.
„ 13— E. King George Res., A.R.S.

16— M. Staines Res . C.A.W.

,, 21— S. Barn Elms Res., E.G.P.

SWIFT.

April 27— S. Selhurst, Field (7 5/38).

,, 28 — M. Staines Res.,

G.C.L.. A.H.M.

,, 3G — E. Walthamstow Res..

J.H.G.P.

May 5 — h. Clieshunt . A.R.S.

Aug. 21 — K. Elmers End, ... P.W.R.
,, 21— E. King George Res..

W.A.W.

Sept. 4 — H. St Albans . A.R.S.

” ^ — M. Staines Res., .... J.A.W.

,, 28 — S. Belmont, . P.W.E.C.

NIGHTJAR.

May 8 — S. Leatherliead,

Field (21/5/38).

,, 20 — H. Cuffley . ARS

Aug. 15— H. Cuffley. .. \ R S

WRYNECK.

Mar. 31 — S. Warlingham,

Field (9/4/38).

CUCKOO.

April 15— M. Staines, . A.H.M.

,, 16— E. Navestock, . W.A.W.

,, 18— S. Wimbledon, . R.E.W.

Sept. 9 — K. Elmers End, ... P.W.R.

,, 11— M. Brent Res., . W.D.M.

,, 18— E. Romford, . H.B.F.

,, 24— S. Beddington, . l.P.

GOLDENEYE.

April 19— S. Molesey Res., P.W.E.C.
May l— M. Staines Res., .... A.H.M.
Oct. l— M. Staines Res., D.A.T.M.
Nov. 10— S. Barn Elms Res., W.R.P.

,, 19— H. Clieshunt, . A.R.S.

,, 24— E. King George Res., A.R.S.

GOOSANDER.

April 4— E. King George Res., A.R.S.
,, 18— M. Staines Res., .... A.H.M.

,, 19— S. Island Barn Res.,

P.W.E.C.

Oct. 22— M. Littleton Res., ... W.E.G.

,, 22— M. Staines Res . A.H.M.

22— S'. Molesey Res., P.W.E.C.

SMEW.

Mar. 12 — S. Molesey Res.,

H.M.R.-K.

Nov. 19 — m. Stoke Newington Res.,

C.W.

Dec. 3— S'. Molesey Res., P.W.E.C.
TURTLEDOVE.

April 28 — S. Wimbledon . R.E.W.

May 5 — M. Brent Res., .... R.W.H.

,, 8— B. Denham, . R.S.R.F.

,, 8— E. Epping Forest, . S.A.

Aug. 21 — S. Arbrook Common,

K.P.K.

,, 25 — E. Romford . H.B F

Sept. 3— H. Clieshunt, . . a.r’.s!

COMMON SANDPIPER.

April 23 — S. Barn Elms Res., E.G.P.

24 — M. Staines Res. . G.C.L.

Sept. 25 — S. Beddington . l.P.

Oct. 8 — E. Romford S.F . H.B.F.

9 — M. Brent Res., . W.D.M.

15— H. Clieshunt, . A.R.S.

JACK SNIPE.

Mar. 12 — M. Ruislip Res., ... C.A.W.

,, 24— E. Chigwell . W.A.W.

April 2 — S'. Beddington, ...,. P.W.R.
Oct. 9 — M. Brent Res . W.D.M.

50

THE LONDON BIRD REPORT.

Books Received.

At the Turn of the Tide, by Richard Perry. Pp- xv, 206. (London :

Lindsay Drummond Ltd., 1938; 12s 6d.)

The author has attempted, and succeeded in, the difficult task of
writing a book that is a contribution both to literature and to ornitho¬
logy. At the Turn of the Tide is the fruit of several years’ full-time
bird-watcliing in Norfolk, at Holy Island, and on the Solwaj. The
field observations it contains, notably on the Geese and "W aders, should
be read by every bird-watcher. There are also many passages in which
Mr Perry has given his descriptive pen full rein, and these, while add¬
ing considerably to the value of the book for the lay reader, do not in
the least detract from its value as a contribution to serious ornithology.

R. S. R, F.

Report of the Committee on Bird Sanctuaries in Royal Parks ( England )
for 1937. Pp. 32. (H.M. Stationery Office; 6d.)

The Royal Parks Bird Report for 1937 maintains the high standard
its predecessors have taught us to expect of it. It is a mattei oi
great satisfaction to members of the London Natural History Society
that all but one of the official observers for the Royal Parks round Lon¬
don, who are responsible for the body of this Report, are members of
the Society. For 1937 the Report contains the usual valuable records
of London bird life, not only of such rarities as a Great Grey Shrike in
Richmond Park and a Slavonian Grebe on the Serpentine, but also of
the humbler residents of the parks, some of which, such as the Jackdavs
of Kensington Gardens, are in none too flourishing a state. It is to be
hoped that one day the L.C.C1. can be persuaded to sponsor a similar
report for the open spaces under its control, such as Hampstead Heath
and the South London commons.

R. S. R. F.

PRESENTED

m5 JUN 1939

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8x30 BROA/CLAR DE LUXE, 75/-

(The Glass with a Broad Clear View).

Other 8 x 30 Binoculars — £3 15/ , £7 15/*, £8 15/-, £10 10/-,

and £ 16 16/-

ONE-EYED PRISMATIC
POCKET

TELESCOPES

8x25, 35/- 8x30, 42/6

10x30,47/6 12x30,50/-

1 5x38, 55/- 20x40, 70/-

Each Complete with Case.

POWERFUL

PORTABLE

Telescopes

(Open 29', Closed 1 0J'). 25x50/- and 63/-

4 Power Models — 25x30x35x40x, 75/- to £6 6/-

Note our Name and Address

BROADHURST CLARKSON & CO. Ltd.

“TELESCOPE HOUSE,”

H 63 FARRINGDON ROAD, LONDON, E.C.l

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