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LONDON

NATURALIST

TT/je Journal of

THE LONDON NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR

1942

PRICE 3s 6d, OR COMPLETE WITH SUPPLEMENT,
THE LONDON BIRD REPORT, 5s.

PUBLISHED BY THE

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

THE LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE,
KEPPEL STREET, GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C.l.

DATE OF PUBLICATION,

September 1943.

/

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Founded 1858.

Officers for 1942.

Offices in the Society and its Sections are Honorary.

Honorary President:

Prof. Sir F. GOWLAND HOPKINS, O.M., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S,

Honorary Vice-Presidents:

Sir LAWRENCE CHUBB.

E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

Prof. M. GREENWOOD, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.C.P.

A. HOLTE MACPHERSON, B.C.L., M.A., F.Z.S.

L. B. PROUT, F.R.E.S.

J. ROSS.

President:

J. B. FOSTER, B.A.

Vice-Presidents:

J. E. S. DALLAS. W. E. GLEGG, F.Z.S. , M.B.O.U.

Miss a E. LONGFIELD, F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
H. SPOONER. L. J. TREMAYNE, F.Z.S.

Secretaries:

General — A. B. HORNBLOWER, 91 Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,

Essex.

Minuting— E. R. PARRINDER, M.B.O.U.

Syllabus— G. WALLER.

Publications (and Editor) — R. S. R. FITTER, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

Treasurer:

F. G. DELL, 55 Russell Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
Librarian: G. H. SPINNEY, B.A. Curator: L. G. PAYNE, F.Z.S.

Director of Sectional Organisation: S. AUSTIN, F.Z.S.

Members of Council:

H. J. BURKILL, M.A., F.R.G.S.; W. C. COCKSEDGE ; R. C.
HOMES; Miss L. J. JOHNS; L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S.; I. H. H.

YARROW, Ph.D., D.I.C., F.R.E.S.

Lanternists:

Mrs E. D. PARRINDER (Secretary); K. E. HOY; Miss L. J. JOHNS;
J. A. KRAMER; Miss W. N, POPPLE.

The Society is affiliated with the British Association for the Advance¬
ment of Science; the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies; the
Commons, Open Spaces, and Footpaths Preservation Society; the
British Ecological Society; the British Trust- for Ornithology; the
Pedestrians’ Association; and the Ray Society.

The London Naturalist, 1942

The London Naturalist and its supplement The London ■ Bird Report
are published annually, and provide a record of the activities of the
London Natural History Society and its members. Contributions are
welcomed from members of the Society on any natural history subject,
and, if space permits, from non-members on any natural history subject
concerning the London Area. The London Area, as defined by the
Society, is comprised within a radius of 20 miles from St Paul’s Cathe¬
dral, and includes the whole of Middlesex and London, and parts of
Bucks, Essex, Herts, Kent and Surrey. A map of the area is obtain¬
able from the Librarian, price Id. All papers intended for publica¬
tion in The London Naturalist and The London Bird Report should be
submitted in the first instance to the Secretary of the appropriate Sec¬
tion (Archaeology, Botany, Ecology, Entomology, Geology, Ornithology,
Plant Galls, Ramblers), and not directly to the Editor. Other inquiries
may be sent to the Editor at 39 South Grove House, Highgate, N.6.

Contents.

Obituary : Flying Officer J. E. Sulman, .

Nature Reserves, .

The Starling Roosts of the London Area — R. S. R. Fitter,

Plant Gall Records for 1942 — H. J. Burkill, .

Absent Friends, .

Lepidoptera Notes, 1942 — H. J. Burkill, .

Herbs Needed for Drug-Making, .

The Survey of Bookham Common : —

Some Preliminary Observations on the Base Map and Topography —

C. P. Castell, .. . . .

Index to Place Names on Bookham Common, .

Bookham Common r A Short History — John H. Harvey, .

The Survey of Limpsfield Common : —

Rabbits on Limpsfield Common — J. L. Harrison, .

Grasshoppers on Limpsfield Common — J. L. Harrison, .

The Epping Forest Survey, .

Official Reports for 1942, .

Statement of Accounts, 1942, .

List of Members, . .

LIST OF MAPS

1. The Starling Roosts of Inner London, ...

2. The Starling Roosts of the London Area,

3. Bookham Common : Ecological Survey Base

4. The Inclosures of Bookham Common, ...

5. Rabbit Holes on Limpsfield Common, ...

6. The Cuckoo Pits Survey Area, .

PAGE

2

2

3

24

23

24
27

30

32

40

41

43

45

48

49

Map,

Opposite page
7

. 14

. 28

. 32

. 40

. 44

2

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Obituary.

Flying Officer J. E. Sulman.

J OHN EDWARD SULMAN was born on November 12, 1916, and
educated at Highgate School. Even as a small boy he was always
deeply interested in natural history, and spent much of his time study¬
ing it, especial^ bird life. He joined the Society in 1933, becoming a
member of the Ornithological Section, and a valued contributor to the
Sectional records and the London Bird Report. In 1934 he was awarded
a prize in the Public Schools Essay Competition of the Royal Society
for the Protection of Birds for an essay on “ Wings and their Uses,”
which he read before the Ornithological Section of the L.'N.H.S. in
February 1936. In December 1938 he joined the R.A.F.V.R., and in
June 1940 won his wings and was commissioned as a fighter pilot. He
fought in the Battle of Britain in August and September 1940, and was
promoted Flying Officer in June 1941. He was killed in action in the
Middle East while defending Tobruk in November 1941, and his body is
buried two miles from El Gubi, Cyrenaica. Flying Officer Sulman had
the sad distinction of being the first active member of the London
. Natural History Society to be killed in action in this war, and will be
greatly missed by his friends in the Society.

Nature Reserves.

T'HE Nature Reserves Investigation Committee of the Conference on
Nature Preservation in Post-War Reconstruction has asked this
Society to co-operate in the work of recommending to the Ministry of
Town and Country Planning what areas should be preserved as nature
reserves. Accordingly, the Council has set up a sub-committee, consist¬
ing of Messrs L. J. Tremayne (Chairman), S. Austin, C. P. Castell and
R. S. R. Fitter (Secretary), to deal with the matter. The Sub-Commit¬
tee confidently appeals to all members of the Society for help and sug¬
gestions in this most important task. Our Society exists to further the
study of natural history in the London area, and it is clearly of the first
importance that the areas where we can carry out this study should be
safeguarded. The Chingford Branch has agreed to co-operate in respect
of the Essex part of the Society’s area. Information is wanted (a) of
existing nature reserves and sanctuaries within the Society’s area (a
radius of 20 miles from St Paul's Cathedral), and (b) of places in the
same area which ought to be preserved as nature reserves, either be¬
cause they contain rare species, or because they contain an important
habitat that is liable to suffer from drainage or cultivation, or because
they are of value from an educational point of view. Please send this
information, and any offers of help with the sifting and collation of the
data and surveying of the areas, to the Secretary of the Sub-Committee,
R. S. R. Fitter, 39 South Grove House, Highgate, N.6.

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

3

The Starling Roosts of the London Area

By R. S. R. Fitter, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

I. INTRODUCTION.

rpHE aim of this paper is to describe and map all starling* roosts and fly¬
lines in the London area, to show, that is to say, where all the
starlings that feed in the London area by day roost at night, and where
all the starlings that roost in the London area feed in the day-time.
The London area is defined as the area lying within a 20-mile radius
of St Paul’s Cathedral, the area studied by the London Natural
History Society, and includes the whole of London and Middlesex, and
parts of Bucks, Essex, Herts, Kent, and Surrey. All known roosts,
both past and present, within this area are listed, but roosts outside it
are mentioned only in so far as they are fed by fly-lines from within
the area.

Most of the records available are for the period since 1929, but I am
most indebted to Mr E. M. Nicholson, a pioneer in the study of Lon¬
don’s starlings, for permission to make use of a survey of Inner London
roosts and fly-lines he did in 1925-26, and also for permission to draw
on his summary of the results for the London area of the Marples sur¬
vey of 1932-33. I am also most grateful for permission to use the original
material collected by Mr B. J. Marples in his national survey of starling
roosts in 1932-33, which is now deposited at the Edward Grey Institute
of Field Ornithology at Oxford, and for permission to make use of a
large and valuable series of notes on starling fly-lines in the Harrow
district in 1933-40, made by Mr G. H. Locket and boys of Harrow
School. The records of the London Natural History Society have been,
as always, a most valuable quarry of facts, and my especial thanks are
due to all those individual members of the Society and others who have
answered my queries and supplied me with information.

The most notable feature of the roosting habits of London starlings
is the fact that they now fly into the centre of the city to roost in the
evenings instead of out into the country, as they did in the 19th cen¬
tury. Let us first examine the origin of this habit.

II. the ORIGIN OF INNER LONDON STARLING ROOSTS.

The earliest reference to starlings roosting in Inner London in large
numbers appears to be in a letter to The Times from Sir T. D. Pigott on
Nov. 13, 1894 (25), in which he drew attention to the fact that starlings
were coming into London to roost in the trees of Duck Island in St
James’s Park. This was evidently a very recently formed habit, since
the second edition of Pigott’s ” London Birds and Other Sketches,”
published in 1892 (26), made no reference to it. Kirke Swann’s little
book on London birds (29), which appeared in 1893, also made no men-

*Sturnus v. vulgaris L.

4

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

tion of starlings roosting in London. Further, Tristram-Valentine (30),
writing in 1888, described the starling as a common breeding bird in
the London parks, adding that though they were to be found in London
throughout the year, the main body of starlings left town at the end of
the summer. It is a curious coincidence that the severe winter of
1894-95, which “ is generally accepted as marking the beginning of the
regular invasion ” of London by gulls (28), also apparently marked the
beginning of the regular invasion of London by starlings.

W hen Hudson (10) wrote in 1898, the roosting of starlings in several
London parks was already an established practice, and the number of
birds, at least in 1897 compared with 1896, was increasing. At that
time the birds showed a distinct preference for the islands in the orna¬
mental lakes in the parks, roosting on such islands in Regent’s Park,
Battersea Park, Hyde Park and Buckingham Palace grounds, as well
as in St James’s Park. Subsequent records have added the islands in
^ ictoria Park and at Walthamstow Reservoirs to this list (13). In the
late 90’s, however, most of the starlings left their London roosts at the
beginning of October, and spent the winter at roosts in the country.

Exactly when starlings began to roost in large numbers on buildings
in London does not seem to have been recorded. According to Mac-
pherson (16), “ the roosting on buildings was a gradual habit developed
in the early years of the present century, and possibly started by the
steps taken to drive the birds away when they became too numerous
in St James’s Park.” Frank Finn (3) records in 1923 that when
starlings first began to roost on the Nelson Column, they arrived only
in ones or twos, instead of in flocks as at present, which seems to con¬
firm the gradual development of the habit.

We have evidence that both the British Museum and St Paul’s
Cathedral began to be used as roosts during the war of 1914-18, the
British Museum probably in 1917 (23). Parker is the first reliable
observer to have actually recorded starlings roosting on any building in
London, on the British Museum in November 1919, and on St Paul’s in
January 1920 (22, 23). By 1922 Harding could write that St James’s
Park was “ well-nigh forsaken ” by starlings, that “ nowadays starlings
roost in London wherever there are a few trees,” that the Temple and
the Savoy Churchyard were the most crowded roosts, and that the
National Gallery and the Nelson Column were also used (8). In 1923
Low (14) recorded that none of the starlings which came into the island
in the Serpentine at dusk stayed to roost, all flying off eastwards, pre¬
sumably to the Trafalgar Square area. By 1925-26, when Nicholson
carried out a detailed survey of London starling roosts and fly-lines (21a),
all the principal existing roosts on buildings were being used.

Thus, some time between 1898 and 1917-19, the starlings roosting in
trees on the islands in the parks, and in some cases, according to Mac-
pherson (16), already in “ various squares and open spaces,” instead
of migrating to country roosts in the autumn, when the trees lost their
leaves and became unsuitable, seem to have adapted themselves to
roosting on the ledges of buildings in the neighbourhood of their urban
tree-roosts, and especially on the acanthus leaves of Corinthian capitals.

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

5

It seems at least possible that this transition first took place from Duck
Island in St James’s Park to the buildings surrounding Trafalgar
Square, for at this point an existing building-roost is nearer a former
island-roost than at any other. The function of the island roosts, in so
far as they continued to be used, then became to act as gathering-places
for the starlings prior to their actually taking up their quarters for the
night .

III. INNER LONDON STARLING ROOSTS AT PRESENT.

There are at present five main types of starling roosts in inner Lon¬
don :

(a) Autumn roosts, mostly on islands in parks outside the central
built-up area, where starlings began the habit Of roosting in Inner Lon¬
don, and which are now only used, if at all, as gathering-places for
starlings proceeding further into London; e.g., the islands in the Ser¬
pentine and the Regent’s Park lake.

(b) Autumn roosts in trees in squares and other open spaces, which
appear to be mostly forsaken for building-roosts when the leaves fall in
October-Xovember ; e.g., Duck Island in St James’s Park, Leicester
Square.

(c) Roosts on buildings, usually on ledges or the acanthus, leaves of
Corinthian capitals, which appear to be used throughout the roosting
season (June-March) ; e.g., the National Gallery, the Royal Exchange.

(cl) Small roosts in such places as church steeples, away from the
central area, probably only used by local starlings; e.g., Albert Bridge,
'Westminster City School.

(e) Summer roosts used by non-breeding birds during the breeding
season; the only roosts of this type appear to be Duck Island and some
of the buildings round Trafalgar Square. Birds were flying into Lon¬
don over Highgate Cemetery right through the breeding season in 1942
and 1943 (5).

A list of all the starling roosts traced in the built-up area of London
up to the winter of 1941-42, divided into the above main types, will be
found in Section IY, and the roosts are mapped in Fig. 1 on page 6.

A glance at the map shows that the great majority of the roosts in
the (b) and (c) categories, that is tree-roosts and building-roosts, are
situated in two small areas in Central London. One is centred on Char¬
ing Cross, and extends north to the junction of Shaftesbury Avenue_and
High Holbom, east to Somerset House, south to Parliament Street and
west to Piccadilly Circus. The other lies in the heart of the City, ex¬
tending north to Finsbury Circus, east to the Tower, south across the
river to Guy’s Hospital and west to St Paul’s Cathedral and St Sepul¬
chre’s, Newgate Street. * A secondary area is to be found along the
Marylebone Road between the Great Central Hotel and St Marylebone
Parish Church, and extends south to the Marble Arch.

Since, as Nicholson (21a) has shown, there is a constant interchange
of birds between these two main roosting areas, birds flving in from the

7 xJ O

east passing over the City to the Charing Cross area and vice versa,

I

Fig. 1. STARLING ROOSTS OF INNER LONDON.
For Key to Roosts see pp. 10-13.

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

7

practically tlie whole of the north bank of the river between Westminster
and the Tower must be regarded as one gigantic starling roost, and
many more buildings have probably been used from time to time than
are listed here. In the main, however, the City group is fed from the
suburbs in the north-eastern and south-eastern quadrants, while the
Charing Cross area is resorted to nightly by birds coming from the two
western quadrants.

Remarkably little field work has hitherto been done on London star¬
lings, though there must be hundreds of ornithologists living in London.
Nicholson carried out two surveys, a private one in 1925-26 (21a) and
another in 1932-33 (21) in connection with Marples’s nation-wide survey
(18). Neither of these has ever been published.

The 1925-26 survey (21a) established the existence of a number of
fly-lines, such as that over Primrose Hill to the British Museum roost,
and one from Finsbury Park to St Paul’s. It also showed that only
certain areas in the inner suburbs were frequented by starlings during
the day-time. The slum areas of the East End and the mansion areas
of South Kensington, Mayfair and Bayswater were found to be devoid
of starlings, whereas districts with larger gardens than the slums and
smaller houses than Mayfair, such as Clissold Park, Swiss Cottage and
Barnes, provided feeding-grounds for them. On the basis of his 1925-26
investigations, Nicholson was led to divide “Starling-London ” into
three zones : an outer zone, where they remained continually, surround¬
ing an inner zone where they were found by day and not by night, and
in the centre a core where they roosted in large numbers but hardly
any spent the day.

These three zones still exist, though not, of course, with any precise
boundaries. Even in the heart of London, in St James’s Park, up to
50 starlings feed every day in the winter, and a few starlings seem to
be regular inhabitants of Bloomsbury. Thirteen starlings, for example,
were feeding on the turf in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, on October
11, 1940 (5). In the middle zone also there are a number of small local
roosts, such as those in the City Road and the Stoke Newington Road,
which show that not all the starlings in this zone flv to Inner London
in the evenings. Probably the boundaries of these zones fluctuate from
year to year.

The 1932-33 survey (21) summarised most of what is known about
the extent of the foraging area of the Inner London starling roosts.

The London starling roosts north of the Thames have a single more or less
defined foraging area. This area includes hardly any of S.E. London, even
immediately south of the river, except for odd birds. It does include most of
S.W. London, although the day population of Battersea Park, and Clapham,
Tooting Bee and Wandsworth Commons combined was only about 50 or less
during January 1933 (J.H.W.), and the number coming into central London
either from this area or from beyond it is evidently very small (J.H.W., E.M.N.).
Fairly large numbers come in from the Wimbledon-New-Malden-Richmond-Park-
Richmond-Kew-Gardens-Barnes area, the farthest proved feeding grounds in
this direction being all within .nine miles of Charing Cross.

North of the Thames they come in from Hounslow, or perhaps a little farther.
Continuing north, the boundary of the London foraging parties seems to run
within the Wembley-Kingsbury-Green-Mill-Hill line. This boundary seems to

8

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

have remained fairly stable since Harrisson sketched it in 1929-30 (9). A sub¬
stantial number come in over Hampstead (H.F.W.) from towards the Welsh
Harp, while there is a strong line over Ken Wood from Finchley way (E.M.N.).

All the birds so far discussed come in by fly-lines gradually converging over
Battersea Park halting place and Victoria (J.H.W., C.W., C.L.C., E.P.C., E.M.N.),
or by Kensington and Hyde Park (G.C.L., W.S.) or by Regent’s Park and Kentish
Town (A.T., E.M.N.) towards the West End group of roosts round Charing Cross.
East from Kpn Wood appears to be the point where the City group of roosts
tends to become the objective, but as on reaching either group a large propor¬
tion of birds continue on opposite lines to sleep in the other group, the two
groups cannot properly be separated. A small number only come over Alexan¬
dra Palace on the line for Trafalgar Square, six miles away (E.M.N.). Farther
east exact information about the boundary is lacking, but it runs well on the
London side of Cliingford, which is only eight miles from St Paul’s (B.T.W.),
and of Dagenham (E.M.N. ). Some come in by Islington (C.W.) and Mile End
Road (H.B.), but observation in the City shows that practically none come in to
the roosts north of the river from anywhere between E. and S.W., going round
clockwise. At St Paul’s on November 26, 1932. 80-90 per cent, came in from the
northern half of the field of vision and 50-60 per cent, from between N.E. and
N.W. (E.M.N.).

A number of observations on rate of flow show that very small numbers pass
most points five miles or more from. Charing Cross. At Hounslow East 25 birds
in three parties \vere noted on January 1, 1933 (E.M.N.); at Kew Gardens less
than 40 in five or six parties on December 31, 1932 (E.M.N.); at Wimbledon Com¬
mon about five per minute for at least half an hour, which only gives 150 birds
seven miles out; at Barnes Common eight per minute for 15 minutes; Wands¬
worth Common one per minute, Clapham Common 36 in 30 minutes (all these
four observations in early January 1933, J.H.W.). Birds leaving or crossing
Richmond Park only number 30-40 (C.L.C.). The strongest fly-line recorded two
miles or more from the roost was in Upper Street, Islington, where C.W. counted
904 birds over in 15 minutes on December 19, 1932.

This summary plainly shows how exaggerated is the common idea of the
absolute and relative magnitude of the central London starling roosts. Although
several roosts have probably not been investigated, the total population of
roosts in London north of the Thames probably does not normally much exceed
15,000 or 20,000 at a generous estimate. In fact if there were 20,000, and the
ample allowance were made of 5000 day population within the five-mile radius,
which is mostly built up and unsuitable for foraging, then the number passing-
in and out over every half-mile of the 31.4 mile circumference at five miles out
should average about 238 birds. In fact this figure is nearer the maximum than
the average at that distance, which is not unnatural, seeing that the distance
from the roosts to the edge of the foraging area varies between half a mile and
eleven miles, with a probable average -of less than six miles.

There are remarkably few starlings in the foraging area for roosts south of
the Thames. The only strong line discovered was to S.S.E., about 50 passing-
over the west end of We’sthorne Avenue, Eltham Green, in seven minutes on
January 6, 1933 (E.M.N.). The farthest out point found was Eltham, six miles
from the Southwark Park roost. The maximum possible extent of this southern
area appears to be within the Charlton-Eltham-Sydenham-Brixton-Vauxhall line.
There is no reason to suppose that it can include more than 5000 birds at the
outside, and there may be as few as 1000, although several minor roosts no
doubt remain to be located.

Comparatively little information has come to hand since 1933. Par-
menter (13) counted 897 starlings in less than an hour flying towards the
West End between Edgware Road and Kensington Gardens in Sept.
1929. Hale (7) traced a fly-line from Hendon sewage farm to Trafalgar
Square in 1933. Parrinder (13) saw- a small flock flying S. from South-
gate in June 1941. Mann (17) saw many small parties flying over

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

9

Edmonton sewage farm in the Lea Valley towards the City in Sept.
1934, while at the same time a flock of many hundreds rose and flew
in the opposite direction, showing this to be on the border between the
middle and outer zones. Boardman (13) saw about 200 flying south over
Hackney in Sept. 1929. Parmenter (13) recorded a fly-line to the
N.N.W. at Sydenham in Aug. 1928. Hollom (13) traced the fly-line
into London along the main Southern Railway line from Waterloo out
as far as a point half-way between Earlsfield and Wimbledon in March
1933. White (13) recorded regular London-ward flights over Southall of
several thousand birds in the winters of 1935-36 and 1936-37, and of
smaller numbers in 1941.

Bearing in mind, then, that it is a line that probably fluctuates
from year to year, and that there appears to be an intermediate zone
where some birds fly towards and some away from London, the boundary
between the second and third zones of Starliug-London, between the
area where the starlings fly into London to roost and the area where
they fly away from the city every evening, roughly corresponds with
that of the heavily built-up area. Beginning in Kent, it appears to
run approximately from Charlton to Eltham and Sydenham (though
Catford and Lewisham starlings were flying S.E. in the evenings in
1932), then through Streatham and Tooting to Wimbledon and Rich¬
mond Park. North of the river the boundary seems to run through
Hounslow, Southall, Harrow, Hendon, Mill Hill, Southgate and Ed¬
monton, but it is noteworthy that from nearly all these places there are
also records of starlings flying away from London in the evenings, and
there is evidence that the starlings of Hanger Hill district, well within
this boundary were roosting away from London early in 1939. In Essex,
information is lacking, excepting that at Chingford, Woodford Green
and Dagenham the starlings fly away from London. Hackney Marshes
appears to be one of the borderline areas. It is noteworthy that hardly
any starlings roosting in London come from further out than 12 miles

from St Paul’s (see Fig. 2 opposite p. 14).

*

One of the most remarkable features of the 1932-33 survey was the
very small degree of change since 1925-26,. except for the abandonment
of the British Museum roost, especially since the whole system was of
such recent origin. So far as can be ascertained, the position in 1941-42
is substantially the same as in 1932-33. The boundaries established some
time between 1919 and 1925 appear to be still relatively stable after a
lapse of two decades, which suggests that the factors leading to their
establishment are also relatively unchanged.

Perhaps the most interesting outcome of Nicholson’s first survey (21)
was his discovery that the starlings that- roost in London are not im¬
migrants from the Continent that spend all day feeding in large flocks
in the country and fly in together to roost, but the ordinary resident
starling population of the suburbs, which, as all over Britain, prefers
a communal roost in winter. He describes how the parties that fly into
London every evening collect, first of all by single birds leaving their
day-time feeding grounds for a local rendezvous, where they often halt

10

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

while others join them, and eventually continue their journey, either in
one large flock, or in several flocks leaving one after the other.

‘ It was particularly interesting to observe the behaviour of starlings in
Kensington Gardens towards roosting-time. In the late afternoon they mounted
to the crowns of the trees and sang unceasingly to themselves or to each other.
One by one they became impatient, and took wing towards the Long Water,
where on the fringe of trees they used to halt to form loquacious gatherings
in the upper branches The babble of their conversation attracted many pass¬
ing birds to descend and join them. By this process its volume rapidly swelled,
casting an irresistible spell upon all the starlings within hearing. Nothing
so fascinates a starling as the sound of other starlings; the gathering flock
exercised over a spreading radius a kind of magnetism or centripetal attrac¬
tion, till all the solo performers had come into it. The largest of these assem¬
blies was in the trees between the Peter Pan statue and Temple Lodge. When
it had attained a respectable size, parties began to break off from it and fly
over the bridge and down the Serpentine, till the departures exceeded the
fresh arrivals, and the main flock, taking wing in a body, ascended towards
Hyde Park Corner.”

IV. LIST OF STARLING ROOSTS IN INNER LONDON.

A. ISLAND ROOSTS.

1. Battersea Park (see also D. l) : in 1896-97 the most important London
roost, used only June-Oct. (10); in 1926 used as a gathering-place only
(21a).

2. Bromley -by -B ow Gas Works : c. 10,000 birds roosting in trees and on gas¬
holders, Sept.-Oct. 1937, coming in from N.E. (R.P.D., 13); this appears
to be a roost of the A category, which is still used as such in the autumn.

3. Buckingham Palace Grounds (see also D. 2, D. 9) : roost in 1896-97, June-
Oct. (10); no record since.

4. Hyde Park : roost on island in Serpentine, 1896-97, June-Oct. (10); by 1923
used only as a gathering-place for roosts further E. (14); island in Ser¬
pentine and trees round the Dell still used as gathering-places, 1928 (15).

5. Ken Wood : said to have been occupied Oct.-Mar. 1928-32, and perhaps
earlier (J.C., 21), but no trace in Nov. 1932 (E.M.N., 21); apparently a
roost, Jan. 1936, and small numbers flying in from W., May 1936, but no
evidence of a roost in 1941-42— Highgate starlings fly into London (5).

6. Begent’s Park (see also B. 2, B. 7, C. 10) : roost on island in lake, used
only June-Oct. 1896-97 (10); still used in 1911 — on a stormy night in 1906
large numbers were washed to the ground and drowned by heavy and
continuous rain, 93 being found dead (31); used as a gathering-place
only by 1926 (2la); apparently still used as a gathering-place for
roosts further S., Dec. 1929 (M.R., 13) and Dec. 1939 (5); in the summers
(June-Aug.) of 1940 and 1941 the islands and surrounding trees were cer¬
tainly used as gathering grounds, but whether the birds roosted there
or flew on to Central London was not certain (H.M.R.K., 13; 5); in win¬
ter 1941-2 they were using these trees as a temporary resting place only,
before flying on in a S.E. direction (E.C.W., 13).

7. St James’s Park (see also B. 15, C. 2, C. 11) : roost first noted in Nov. 1894,
when c. 1000 estimated coming to Duck Island to roost (25); by 1922 the
Park was described as “ for some reason now well-nigh forsaken ” by
roosting starlings (8); in 1930 hundreds were roosting on Duck Is. even
in mid-May, young birds being present by mid-June (2); in 1932 stated
to be used in autumn, spring, and especially summer, with several thou¬
sand present in May and June (21); in 1933 roosting was recorded on
Duck Is. throughout the year, with 8000 in the first week of May and
numbers increasing Aug. -Nov., when many moved to Trafalgar Square
(2); Duck Is. was occupied throughout the winter of 1933-34, but not in
the following winter or subsequently (C.S.B., 13).

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

11

8. Victoria Park : large flocks arriving in trees round women’s bathing
lake in late afternoon, Jan. 1927; park-keeper reports they roost on island
all the winter (K.T., 13).

9. Walthamstow Reservoirs : in some years trees on islands used as roosts
(1924) (R.W.P., 13); hut not for past ten years, 1938 (R.W.P., 13).

B. TREE ROOSTS.

1. Basinghall St., E.C.2 (see also C. 6, C. 7) : small roost on tree behind
Guildhall, autumn 1938 (J.H.G.P., 13); noted in Nov. 1939 (5).

2. Dorset Sq., N.W.l (see also A. 6, B. 7, C. 10) : roost in trees, 1937 (J.M.M.F.,
13), hut apparently not in Sept. 1938 (5).

3. Finsbury Circus (see also C. 4, C. 8) : roost in trees, appeared Oct. 1932
and stayed about a month (A.C.P., 21); some roosting in trees, Sept.
1940 (5).

4. Guy’s Hospital (see also B. 12, D. 5) : some hundreds roosting in trees.
Aug. -Sept. 1932 (R.H., 21).

5. Leicester Square (see also B. 15, C. 2, C. 19, C. 21) : 25-30 in trees, 1932
(E.M.N., 21); apparently roosting in trees, Aug. and Oct. 1938 (5).

6. Mansion House Station (see also D. 11) : small roost in tree in disused
churchyard nearby, Oct. 1936 (5).

7. Marylebone Road (see also A. 6, B. 2, C. 10) : several hundreds gathering
in trees W. of Great Central Hotel, and some coming in from. N.W.,
Feb. 1939 (5).

8. Mile End Road hospital roost in trees, 1932; birds appear early in

Sept, since 2-3 years ago (F.C.G., 21):

9. Millbank : 100-120 roosting in two planes near Tate Gallery, Oct.-Dee.

1929 (J.E.S.D., 13).

10. Savoy Churchyard (see also B. 14, C. 20) : in 1922 said to be one of the

biggest roosts in London (8); in 1932 occupied early Oct. to Nov. 22

(F.S.R., 21); noted in Sept. 1934 (5).

11. Shaftesbury Avenue : assembly, probably gathering rather than roosting,
on planes at junction with High Holborn, Sept. 1938, Mar. and Aug.
1939 (5).

12. Southwark Cathedral (see also B. 4, D. 5) : 60-70 in trees, Apr. 1939

(J.H.G.P., 13).

13. Southwark Park : 3-400 roosting in trees, Dec. 1932 (W.D., E.M.N., 21).

14. Temple Station (see also B. 10, C. 20) : large roost, varying in size from
year to year, largest in 1926 (1929, J.E.S.D., 13); large flocks in trees
throughout Oct. 1929 had gone by mid-Nov., a few noted again in Oct.

1930 (5); 50-200 fluctuating from one side of the road to the other, Oct.
1932-Feb. 1933 (E.M.N., 21). N.B. — In 1922 a roost at The Temple (? trees
or buildings) was described as one of the most crowded in London (8).

15. Trafalgar Square (see also A. 7, B. 5, C. 2, C. 19, C. 21) : a few roosting
in trees, Oct. -Nov. 1938, gone by end Nov. (5).

16. Tower of London (see also C. 22, D. 6) : occasional roost in trees, Sept.-

Nov. for past few years (1932, A.S., 21); a few gathering in trees on

Tower Hill, Jan. 1941 (5).

C. BUILDING ROOSTS.

1. British Museum : 6-8 began to roost in autumn 1919 (22); one of the two
biggest London roosts by 1925-26 (2la); many heard at 4 p.m., Dec. 21,
1929, and some flew off towards Trafalgar Sq. (L.P., 13); deserted since
spring of 1931 (E.M.N., 21).

2. Charing Cross Station (see also A. 7, B. 5, B. 15, C. 19, C. 21) : roost noted

on Eleanor Cross since 1933 (E.M.N., 21; 5); more than 400 on May 13,

1936 (E.M.N., 13); none here in Dec. 1941 (5).

3. Covent Garden : some roosting on Corinthian capitals of Royal Opera
House, Oct. 1940 (5).

4. Finsbury Circus (see also B. 3, C. 8) : roost on buildings, autumn 1938
(J.H.G.P., 13) and Sept. 1940 (5).

12

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

5. General Post Office, E.C.l : many heard roosting, Feb. 1930 (L.P.. 13: r
2-3000 roosting in Nov. 1932 (E.M.N., 21); small numbers in Sept. 1940 (5).

6. Gresham Street, E.C.2 (see also B. 1, C. 7) : a few roosting on Corinthian
capitals of building on S. side between Aldermanbury and St Lawrence
Jewry, Sept. 1940 (5).

7. Guildhall (see also B. l, C. 6) : fairly large roost. 1926 (21a).

8. London Wall, E.C.2 (see also B. 3, C. 4) : some hundreds roosting on

buildings in Compton St., Jan. 1933 (P.W.H., 21).

9. Marble Arch ■. roost noted in Sept. 1937 and Sept. 1938 (5).

10. Marylebone Parish Church (see also A. 6, B. 2, B. 7) : some arriving and
settling on tower, Sept. 1939, and a few roosting on feathered capitals,
Oct. 1941 (5).

11. Ministry of Health, Whitehall (see also A. 7) : roost noted on E. frontr

winter 1938-39 (5); C. S. Bayne reports it has been there since about

1932-33 (in lift.).

12. Royal Exchange (see also C. 15) : roost in 1926 (21a); counts between
Mar. 18 and Apr. 17, 1931, ranged from 1181 to 2364 (27); estimated at 500-1000
in Nov. 1932 (E.M.N., 21); roost still there, Sept, 1940 (5). Mansion House
also mentioned as a roost, 1941 (23).

13. St Dunstan-in-th e-West ■. birds flying in from S. to roost in church tower,
Oct. 1940 15).

14. St Mary-le-Bow Church roost in 1926 (21a).

15. St Michael’s, CornhiU ■. roost in 1926 (2la).

16. St Pancras Station -. unsubstantiated report of roost in 1932-33 (21); de¬
finite roost, Sept. -Nov. 1940 (5).

17. St Paul’s Cathedral : “ scores of hundreds ” roosting in Jan. 1920, said by
a gardener to have begun during 1914-18 (23); packed large roost in Jan.
1922 (R.W.P., 13); estimated at 7000 in Nov. 1932 (E.M.N., 21); still a roost
in Nov. 1939 (5)

18. St Sepulchre’s Church, E.C.l : small numbers roosting, Sept. 1940 (5).

19. Shaftesbury Avenue (see Also B. 5, B. 15, C. 2, C. 21) : occasionally as
roost when birds deserted Leicester Sep in autumn 1936 or 1937 (27); on
theatre at Piccadilly end (C. S. Bayne, in litt., 1939).

20. Somerset House (see also B. 10, B. 14) : no roost in 1926 (21a); roost, Aug'.
1935 (5).

21. Trafalgar Square (see also A. 7, B. 5, B. 15, C. 2, C. 19) : roosting on
National Gallery and Nelson Column by 1922' (8); fly-lines from Hyde
Park, 1925-26 (21a), from Regent’s Park and the British Museum, 1929
(M.R., L.P., 13); counts between March 24 and April 30, 1931, ranged from
1413 to 4625 (27); 1293 on National Gallery, 1163 on St Martin’s Church
(probably 2500 at peak), Nov. 1932 (E.M.N., W.B.T., 21); Bayne (2) records
many moving from St James’s Park (A. 7) to Trafalgar Square in Nov.
1933; more than 300 on National Gallery, more than 600 on St Martin’s,
May 1936 (E.M.N., 13); roosting on Canada House and on the spire as
well as in the portico of St Martin’s, March 1939 (5); none on any build¬
ing round Trafalgar Square, except a few in the porch of St Martin’s
and possibly on the Nelson Column, Dec. 1941 (5)

22. P.L.A. Building, Tower Hill (see also B. 16, D. 6) : a few heard roosting
on the building, which has feathered capitals, Jan. 1941 (5); also in
autumn 1941, after bombing (C.A.W., .13).

23. Deptford : [in Jan. 1937 starlings were gathering in trees near the Black-
heath entrance of Greenwich Park and flying off towards central Lon¬
don; a park worker said that these were going to three roosts in Dept¬
ford, at Creek Bridge, the Victualling Yard and the Cattle Market (20);
these roosts have never been substantiated by first-hand evidence.]

D. SMALL ROOSTS.

1. Albert Bridge .(see also A. l) : a few roosting on iron towers of bridge,
1926 (21 a)

2. Buckingham Gate, S.W.i (see also A. 3, D. 9) : some roosting in steeple
of Congregational Church, Dec. 1932 (E.M.N., 21).

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

13

3. City Road, E.C.l (see also D. 4) : c. 25 roosting in infirmary and trees
at junction with Shepherdess Walk, Jan. 1933 (E.M., 21).

4. Goswell Road , E.C.l (see also D. 3): small numbers roosting in steeple
of church in Moreland Street, Sept. 1940 (5).

5. Kipling St. Recreation Ground, S.E.l (see also B. 4, B. 12) : small roost
in trees, occasionally used Oct. 1932, but may he only gathering-place
(A.H.C., 21).

6. St Dunstan-in-the-East (see also B. 16, C. 22) : minor roost, 1926 (21a).

7. Silvertown : St Mark’s Church said to be used as roost throughout year,
1932 (D.S., 21).

8. Stoke Newington Road : several roosting' in church spire, Nov. 1929
(L.P., 13).

9. Westminster City School, Palace St., S.W.l (see also A. 3, D. 2) : probably
not more than 20 roosting, Dec. 1932 (E.M.N., 21).

10. Harrow, Road : small roost in steeple at corner of Westbourne Park
Crescent, Jan. 1941 (5).

11. St Sivithin’s Lane (see also B. 6) : three flew in to roost on a church
tower on the evening of July 8, 1942 (5).

V. STARLING ROOSTS ANI) FLY-LINES IN THE COUNTRY ROUND LONDON.

The converse of the boundary described in Section III of the area
within which starlings fly into London to roost is the boundary of the
area in which they are known to fly away from the city in the even¬
ings. Going clockvdse from the Thames estuary, this line appears to
run through the following places : in Kent, Woolwich, the Crays, Lewis¬
ham, Catford; Sydenham, Elmers End; in Surrey, Thornton Heath,
Mitcham Common, Morden, New' Malden, Richmond Park; in Middle¬
sex and Hertfordshire, Hampton Court, Southall, Hanger Hill, Harrow',
Arkley, Cheshunt, Edmonton, Hackney Marshes; in Essex, Chingford,
Woodford Green, Dagenham. This boundary will be found marked on
the map- in Fig. 2 opposite p. 14, and, as has already been noted, it
runs for the most part within the 12-mile circle from St Paul’s. The
most striking fact emerging from Fig. 2 is that w'hereas in the south

and west there are many roosts within 20 miles of London, in the north

and east most of the roosts for starlings flying aw'ay from London are
well over 20 miles from St Paul’s.

In discussing the roosts and fly-lines in the country round London,
it will be convenient to keep to this clockwise direction, and to divide
the area up into eight, segments :

(i) Kent, east of a line drawn from Bromley to Sevenoaks.

(ii) Kent, west of a line drawn from Bromley to Sevenoaks,

and Surrey, east of a line drawn from Croydon to God-
stone.

(iii) Surrey, west, of a line drawn from Croydon to Godstone.

(iv) The Thames Valley from Kingston to Staines.

(v) West Middlesex, south-west of the Watford By-pass Road
(A. 5088) and north of the Oxford Road (A. 40).

(vi) South Hertfordshire, between the Watford By-pass Road
(A. 5088) and the Lea Valley. ‘

(vii) The Lea and Reeling Valleys.

(viii) South-west Essex.

14

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

(i) Kent , east of the Bromley-Sevenoaks line.

Five roosts have been recorded either in this area or as being fre¬
quented by starlings from this area :

Shorne (4 m. S.S.E. of Gravesend, outside London area) : roost in thick larch
plantation, noted in Jan 1930, and contained “ a few thousand ” in Jan.
1933 (21, R.D.E.); draws birds from within London area at least as far
as Dartford and Northfleet, Feb. -Mar. 1933 (E.M.N., 21); a fly-line in this
direction was noted over Gravesend in Feb. 1940 (5).

Lullingstone : “ used to be ” a roost in the Darent Valley between Shore-
ham and Eynsford Stations (R. Mercer, in litt., 1940); this may have
been the destination of the following flocks :

S.S.E. from Swanley Junction, Jan. 1933 (E.M.N., 21).

S. or S.E’. from the Crays (E.M.N., 21).

5.5. E. from Catford and Lewisham, 1932 (R.C.H., 13).

5.5. W. from Tilbury Marshes, Essex, Feb. 1933 (B.D.N., 21).

Knockholt Pound : a large roost at the top of Star Hill, 1938 (R.M., 13), may

have been the successor of the Lullingstone roost, and the destination
of some of the flocks mentioned under that heading, as well as of the
following :

S. from Woolwich (L.R.A.G., 21).

W. along the scarp at Ivemsing, but also a slight backwash to S.E.,
Oct. 1939 (5).

Crockenhill : a roost at Wood’s fruit farm c. 1917 (A.E.S., 19) may possibly
have been the destination of the southbound flocks from Catford, Lewis¬
ham, Swanley, Woolwich, and the Grays mentioned under Lullingstone
and Knockholt Pound.

Penshurst : a roost near the Station in 1932-33 (E.M.N., 21) was still in use
seven years later (R.M., 13); flocks flying S. from Shoreham in Oct. 1929
(L.P., 13) and Nov. 1938 (5) and S.E. from Kemsing in Oct. 1939 (5), may
have been heading for it, as may large flocks flying S. from Westerham
in the auP un of 1940 (P.A.A., 13).

The only ot1 _ fly-line recorded in this part of Kent is one N. from
Woolwich {L.K.A.G., 21).

(ii) Kent , west of the Bromley-Sevenoaks line, and Surrey, east of the

Croydon-Godstone line.

Three roosts have been recorded in this area, of which only one ap¬
pears to be still in use :

Selsdon : autumn and winter roost, also used by a few non-breeding birds
in summer, situated at south end of Croham valley in scrub hawthorn,
in use certainly 1934-40; birds come in from all points of the compass
except between E. and S.; main body comes from Beddington sewage
farm (3-5 m. N.W ), but fair numbers also from N.E. and E. (West Wick¬
ham 2 i m., Hayes 3i m., Elmers End sewage farm 3 m., Beckenham 4 m.,
Sydenham 5i m.) (G.E.M., 13).

Chelsham : roost at Lunghurst Firs c. 1927, occupied for one winter only (1).

Warlingham : roost at Crewes Lane c. 1912, also occupied for one winter
only (1).

The two latter records suggest that starling roosts in this part of
the North Downs are apt to be rather shifting ones. Other fly-lines
recorded from this area include :

W. from Westerham and'Brasted (1200 in 13 minutes), Dec. 1930 (L.P., 13).

S. from Selsdon Bird Sanctuary, Jan. and Mar. 1930 (L.P., 13).

These lines intersect near Harden Park.

.

*

'

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

15

(iii) Surrey , west of the Croydon-Godstone line.

As many as eight roosts have been reported in this area, or just out¬
side it and being used by starlings from within the area, but only one
is known to have been in use in the past two or three years.

Ruxley Corner : winter roost in dense hawthorn thicket on Ewell-Tolworth
road (A. 240) near the bridge over the R. Hogsmill: used by at least
10.000 birds, which congregated in trees on the N., E. and S. sides of
the roost before flying in; stated in March 1933 to have been in existence
for at least ten years (4); deserted after building development began in
the summer of 1934.

The principal fly-line came in from the E., and was traced to Bed-
dington sewage farm, 5-6 miles away; there were also fly-lines coming
straight into the roost from the S.W. (direction of Epsom sewage farm),
and from the N.W. across the Kingston By-pass (A. 3) in 1933 (L.M.E.,
13, 4, 5). A fly-line noted in Jan. 1933 going E. between Esher and Clay-
gate (3 m. W.) was almost certainly bound for this roost, and another
seen in the same month going E. over Molesey (44 m. N.W.) may also
have been heading for it (P.A.D.H., 13).

Cheam Warren : autumn roost in the old game-preserve of Nonsuch Palace,
4 m. S. of Cheam village; birds roosting in 15-20 ft. elms; used regularly
June-Nov., 1924-35, and probably earlier (P.H.T.H., 19); in 1936-37 only
used June-Aug., and since 1938 only sporadically (P.W.E.C., 13); when
not in regular use has always been used occasionally as a roost or a
gathering-place by small parties, e.g. Dec. 1932 (J.C.B., 19) and several
times since (P.W.E.C., 13), also fly-lines recorded in Dec. 1929, Dec. 1934,
March 1935, Dec. 1936, Jan. 1937, Jan. 1939, and April 1940 (5).*

When in full use, in the autumn of 1934, by at least 10,000 birds, there
were gathering-places near Banstead Station (1 m. S.), in a wood on
Ewell Downs (1 m. S.W.), on Howell Hill (1 m. W.N.W.), in a copse 200
yards N.W., and at Cuddington Court (I m. N.N.W.). Most of the birds
came into the roost or the gathering-places from the N.E., N., N.W., and
W., but a few came from the E. and S.E. Birds flying in from the E. or
N.E. would fly right in over the Warren and out to the Cuddington
Court gathering-place before returning (5).

Fly-lines towards the Cheam Warren roost have been recorded! from
Epsom sewage farm (3 m. W.), where birds were coming in from the
N.W., Beddington sewage farm (4 m. N.E.), Wallington (34 m. E.N.E.) and
Woodcote Grove, Coulsdon (3 m. S.E.). The bulk of the starlings using
the roost probably came from Beddington and Epsom sewage farms.
On July 24, 1937, a flock estimated at 5-6000 flew over Howell Hill towards
the Warren from the direction of Epsom sewage farm (4, 5).

Carslialton Beeches : roost in a dense thorn thicket just S.W. of Queen
Mary’s Hospital, first located in Feb. 1941, when it was estimated to con¬
tain 10,000 birds, most of which came from Beddington sewage farm,
though starlings were also seen flying towards the roost from Banstead
and Cheam, and small numbers from Epsom sewage farm; a fly-line
towards this roost was noted over Carslialton in Feb. 1940, and other
evidence suggests that this roost has been used at least since the Cheam
Warren roost was abandoned (C.B.A., 13).

Epsom Sewage Farm : a very large roost was reported here in Aug. 1929
(T.H.H. 13), and in Sept. 1936 the gamekeeper stated that there was

always a roost in the withies in Oct. and Nov., hut though the farm
was visited frecpiently between 1933 and 1937, no trace of a roost was

^However, three records of fly-lines passing over Cheam Warren show that these
fly-line records do not necessarily all indicate actual use of the roost, viz.,
S. over the Warren, Dec. 1934 (5), E.N.E. over the Warren, Dec. 1937, and S.W.
from the Warren, Nov. 1939 (P.W.E.C., 13). The E.N.E. fly-line was probably
going to the Carshalton Beeches roost.

16

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

ever found, though birds were frequently seen flying E. to Cheam War¬
ren, e.g. Oet. 1934, while in Dec. 1934 and Nov. 1935 a westward fly-line
from or over the farm was noted (5).

East Horsley (c. 2 m. outside London area) : roost noted at Longhurst Road,
Oct. 1932, and said to have been occupied for at least three years: birds
coming in from all sides (19); no birds there in Jan. '1933 (P.H.T.H., 21),
but an assembly of c. 500, with a fly-line from the N.N.W., was reported
in March 1936 (R.C.H., 13). The following fly-lines in the direction of
this roost have been recorded :

From the N. : S. from Cobham (3§ m.), Jan. 1933 (P.A.D.H., 13).

S.E. from Addlestone (7 m.), winter 1932-33 (P.A.D.H., 13).

S. from Chertsey (8! m.), Oct. 1936 (5).

S. from Hampton Court (10 m.), June 1935 (5).

S.W. from Morden (13 m.), Dec. 1940 (5).

From the E. : Numerous records -of starlings flying W. or S.W. over
Epsom and Ewell, mostly in Dec., hut also one each in Jan.,
March, June, Oct. and Nov., 1933-37, and in Aug. 1940 (5): also a
marked fly-line E. over Epsom in the mornings in the winter of
1934-35 (R.C.H., 13), and a report in Nov. 1939 that occasional
parties passed S.W. over Cheam Warren (P.W.E.C., 13).

Jayes Park, Ockley (7-8 m. outside London area) : a fairly large roost since
1922 was reported in 1933 to be drawing birds through the Mole Gap from
Mickleham (8 m. N.) and perhaps beyond, but with no indication that
more than a very small number were involved (21); a few birds were
noticed going S. or S.W. in the Mole Gap in Jan. and Sept, 1935 and Oct,
1937, but in Nov. 1934 there was a small movement N.E. at Juniper Hill
(5). In Sept. 1940 a large flock, estimated at over 18,000, flew S.S.E. over
Fetcham, and smaller flights were noticed on later dates (H.J.B., 13).

Box Hill : roost reported at the foot of the hill, Aug. 1939 (L.P., 13) : see the
Mole Gap fly-lines mentioned under Jayes Park.

Merstham : autumn roost for over 20 years in trees at the corner of Brighton
Road (A. 23) and Station Road, birds coming in from all sides except
N., Oct. 1932 (P.H.T.H., 19).

Southerly fly-lines to unlocated roost : The following fly-lines in a southerly
direction indicate one or more unlocated roosts somewhere on the North
Downs, probably in the Chipstead-Kingswood-Headley district (4, 5) :

\

S. over Little Woodeote, Wallington, Jan. 1930.

S. over Wallington, March 1930.

N.E. from Juniper Hill, Nov. 1934.

S. over Cheam Warren, Dec. 1934.

S. over Nork, Dec. 1934.

S. over Croydon Aerodrome, Dec. 1934.

S. over Howell Hill, Jan. 1935.

S. from Beddington sewage farm, Dec. 1936.

S. over Thirtyacres Barn, Ashtead, Dec. 1936.

E. from Mole valley just S. of Leatherhead, Dec. 1940.

It is possible that some of these are connected with the Box Hill roost,
hut unlikely that any of them go to Jayes Park.

The principal feeding ground for starlings in this part of Surrey is
the Croydon Corporation’s sewage farm at Beddington. Well over
5000, probably at least 10,000, starlings feed here and on the adjoining
Mitcham Common and Waddon Marsh every day +lie winter. Star¬
lings from Beddington have been traced at variot s to the ro

at Selsdon (3 m. S.E.), Carshalton Beeches (2d m. S.S.W.), Cheam
Warren (4 m. S.W.), and Ruxley Corner (6 m. W.). In Dec. 1936 some
were going S., possibly to the unlocated roost in the Kingswood district,

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

17

and since Feb. 1937 some have been flying N.W. across the Thames (see
under Thames Valiev) at Teddington at least nine miles away.

f

(iv) The Thames Valley.

The records for this area consist of a number of old ones, all prior
to 1933, of roosts, or suspected roosts, and several more recent ones of
fly-lines, which are too few to give a very clear picture of the situation
at present. The old roosts comprise :

A roost near Molesey taking birds from Sunbury, Hampton, and possibly
Walton-on-Thames in Dec. 1929 (T.H.H., 13). This is possibly the same
as the unlocated roost S.E. of the engine-house at Littleton Reservoir
reported in Dec. 1931 (J.P.H., 13).

The fly-line S. from Hampton Court in June 1935 might have been going to
a roost at Molesey, as also one W.S.W. from Richmond Park in Dec.
1940 (P.M., 13).

An unlocated roost somewhere between Bedfont and Hanwell, taking birds
from Staines and Bedfont districts in 1929 (T.H.H., 13).

A very small roost (max. counted, c. 60) in reeds of a pond opposite the S.W.
corner of Staines Reservoir in July 1932 (P.A.D.H., 13).

Southerly fly-lines from Addlestone, Chertsey and Hampton Court,
possibly heading for the East Horsley roost, have already been men¬
tioned. There was a small westerly fly-line at a point % m. N. of Addle-
stone in Dec. 1932 (P.A.D.H., 13).

The intersection of the following fly-lines suggests the existence of a
considerable roost somewhere in the triangle, Harlington-Harmonds-
worth-Heathrow :

S.E. from Poyle, Aug. 1937 (5).

S.W. from Harlington, July 1936 (5).

N.E. over Heathrow, winter 1939-40 (C.A.W., 13).

N. over Staines Reservoir, Dec. 1939 (5).

N. over Littleton Reservoir, Dec. 1939 (P.A.D.H., 13).

W. across Harlingtcn-Hatton road (A. 312) between A. 4 and A. 30, 1940
(J.E.R., 13).

A strong fly-line numbering thousands of birds N.W. over New Malden and
crossing the Thames near Teddington Lock between Nov. and March,
1937-40 (W.L.C., 13). These birds evidently come from Beddington sewage
farm (9 m. S.E. of Teddington Lock, and may be heading for the sup¬
posed roost near Harlington, 6-7 m. further on.

Two further fly-lines that may be going to this supposed roost are :

W. from Hanger Hill, Jan. and Feb. 1939 (12; P.A.D.H., 13).

W. over Southall, winter 1939-40 (C.A.W., 13).

Such a roost would also take the birds going S. and S.W. from
Harrow (see under West Middlesex). It might also be the same as the
roost posited by T H.H. between Bedfont and Hanwell in 1929.

' Two other sr oosts have been recorded in this area : —

.■aw •: an

Southall : a roost of about 200 in elms by the Grand Union Canal at Waxlow
Farm, winter 1932 (C.A.W., 13).

Hayes : a roost of about 150 in elms near Coldharbour, seen twice in the
winter of 1939-40 (C.A.W., 13).

18

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Neither of them, however, are large enough to affect the fly-lines
listed above, and they are both probably used only by local birds.

(v) West Middlesex, #.TI\ of the Watford By-pass and N. of the Oxford
Hoad.

Two or three old records of roosts in this area are of historical interest
only :

Ruislip : large numbers roosting in Park Wood, Nov. 1893 (6).

Lower Brent Valley : large numbers roosting in the reeds of a pond, 1896 (6).

Perivale : Selborne Society’s bird sanctuary (a wood in the Lower Brent
Valley) used as a roost c. 1911 (6).

Modern records for this area consist for the most part of a large
and valuable series of notes on starling fly-lines in the Harrow district,
made by boys of Harrow School in 1933-40, for the use of which I am
much indebted to Mr G. H. Locket (12). These records, which are all
for the autumn and winter months from October to March, show that
Harrow, with its extensive playing-fields, golf-courses and sewage farms,
is an important starling feeding ground, corresponding to Beddington
sewage farm on the other side of London. Starlings from Harrow ap¬
pear to fly to almost every point of the compass to roost. In the eight
years 1933-40 they were observed in the evenings flying N., E., S.E., S.,
S.W., W.S.W., W., W.N.W., and N.W. The main fly-lines were those
to the S.E. to Trafalgar Square (10 m.), to the S.W. probably to the
unlocated Harlington roost (9 m.), to the W. to the Hedgerlev roost
(11 m.), to the W.N.W. to Amersham (14 m.) and to the N.W. to Gacl-
desclen (161 m.).

It is of interest to note that a roost recorded in 1929 was apparently
no longer in use by 1933. This was near Harefield, where in March 1929
a very large roost was taking birds from Nortliwood (3 m. E.), Ruislip
(31 m. S.E.), Pinner (41 m. E.), Northolt (61 m. S.E.) and the district
just west of Harrow (51 m. E.S.E.) (9).

It will be convenient to deal with the 1933-40 fly-lines clockwise,
starting from the east :

East and South-East : Fly-lines to the S.E. of Harrow in the afternoons and
in the reverse direction in the mornings were observed in Sept, (once),
Oct., Nov., Dec., Feb., in 1933-35-36-37. They were almost certainly bound
for the Central London roosts ten miles away. A few starlings were
observed flying W. in the mornings in Oct. 1935 and Oct. and Nov. 1936.
but these were near the Metropolitan Railway line and had probably
followed its curve from N.W. to W. just before the point at which they
were seen:

South and South-West : A fly-line to the S.W. was recorded in all months
from Nov. to Mar. in 1933-37 and 1939-40. It was most probably going
to the supposed roost in the Harlington district (see under Thames Val¬
ley). A few birds going S. in Nov. 1935 and 1936, several flocks in Feb.
1937 were probably also going to this roost, and small parties heading
E.N.E. in the morning in Dec. 1934 and Feb. 1937 may have been either
from this or the Hedgerlev roost.

West : Starlings in some numbers were observed flying W. from Harrow
in all months from Nov. to Mar. in every year from 1933 to 1940. They
were probably going to the large roost (many thousands) located in a
wood near Hedgerley (11 m. W. and outside our area) in 1935 (C.A.W., 13).

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

19

Large flocks were also flying towards this roost S.W. from Harrow Weald
in Feb. 1937, W. from Northolt Junction in Dec. 1938, W. from Pinner
in Feb. 1939, S.W. from Ruislip Res. in Mar. 1937, and W. from Denham
in Mar. 1934 and Feb. 1937, but in Oct. 1936 there wa*s an E.N.E. fly¬
line from Denham Marsh as if to the old Harefield roost (possibly used
in that year as an autumn roost), while in Nov. 1936 starlings were fly¬
ing N.W. towards Amersham across the canal at Denham. Ruislip
starlings flew W., probably to Hedgerley, both winter and summer,
1936-41 (W.R.P., C.A.W., 13). The following fly-lines have been noted
towards the Hedgerley roost in the Thames Valley (5), and the fly-lines
W. from Hanger Hill and Southall (see under Thames Valley) may have
been going there too :

N. from Datchet (6 m. S.), Dec. 1939.

N. from Sunnymeads (7 m. S.), Dec. 1939.

N.W. from Staines (10 m. S.E.), Jan. 1940.

W. along G.W.R. line between Denham and Northolt, Feb. and Oct.

1941.

West-North-West : Starlings were observed flying W.NAV. from Harrow be¬
tween Dec. and Mar. in 1933-34 and 1936-40. The line W.NAV. from Har¬
row passes through Harefield (7 m.), where there was a roost in 1929 and
Amersham where there was a roost in 1933. Other fly-lines bound for
Amersham include many flocks along the Grand Union Canal between
Denham (8! m. S.E.) and Rickmansworth (7 m. E.S.E.) in Nov. 1936, and
one from Denham Woods in Oct. 1937. In Jan. 1938 2-300 birds were
gathering at Loudwater (6! m. E.S.E.) and others coming in from the S.,
while small parties were flying W. over Rickmansworth towards the
Amersham roost (5). The Amersham roost was located in Second Wood.
1 m. S.W. of the town, early in 1933, and was stated to have been there
for three years (19, 21), i.e. it apparently began in the year after T.H.JI.
recorded the roost near Harefield which has not been heard of since.
Birds came in to the Amersham roost from all sides, and E.M.N. gives
Harrow (14 m. S.E.), Northwood (10 m. S.S.E.), Harefield (7 m. S.E.), and
Farnham Common (7 m. S.) as within its foraging area. A fly-line N.W.
from Newyears Green (1 m. W. of Ruislip and 9 m. S.E. of Amersham)
was noted in Nov. 1939 (5).

North-West and North : Starling fly-lines to the N.W. were recorded at Har¬
row in every month from October to Mar. in 1933 and 1935-38. These
birds were apparently going to the roost at Great Gaddesden, 16! m.
away. This fly-line was noted over Watford (10 m. S.E. from Gaddesden)
in 1932-33, and the only other fly-lines in the direction of this roost re¬
corded from within the London area are a flock of more than 1000 flying
N.W. at Pinner (14! m. S.E.) in March 1923 (L.J.T., 13), and a fly-line
N.N.W. from Radlett (11 m. N.W.) in Jan. 1933 (P.B.N.D., 21) and Nov.
1940 (5). The same applies to a strong fly-line going N. over St Albans
station in Nov. 1940 (5), though some of these birds seemed to be veering
rathe1" E. of N., as though to Brocket Park or Wipers Wood (see next twTo
sections). A few birds were noted flying N. at Harrow in Jan. and Feb.
1934, Nov. 1935, Oct. 1936, and Mar. 1939. These may have been going to
the Gaddesden roost, or possibly to Brocket Park (17 m. N.N.E.).

(vi) South Herts between the Watford By-pass and the Lea Valley.

A roost was recorded in October 1932 in the wood at the N. end of
the lake in Brocket Park (P.B.X.D., 19). Fly-lines towards it were
observed N.E. at Hatch End (15 m. S.W.) in Nov. 1934 (5), N.W. at
Cheshunt Park (10 m. S.E.) in Feb. 1930 (H.A.L., 13), and over Cuf-
fley Great Wood (7 m. S.E.) in Mar. and June 1941 (E.R.P., 13). Two
N.E. fly-lines over Elstree and Borehamwood in Jan. 1929 and Nov.
1930 (9) may have been going either to Brocket or to Wipers Wood. A

20

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

fly-line due W. was noted at Hendon Park Farm on the Herts-Middx.
border 1 m. S.W. of Arkley in Feb. 1939 and occasionally thereafter up
to Apr. 1940 (W.D.M., 13). The nearest known roost in this direction
is Amersham, 161 miles away. A regular fly-line N. over Radlett (9 m.
S.S.W.) was reported late in 1932 as having been noted for some years
previously (A.S., 19). Nicholson (21) suggested that the Radlett birds
went to Aspley Guise roost (26 m. N.N.W.), as a N.N.W. fly-line was
noted over Radlett in Jan. 1933, and flocks only 41 m. E. of Gaddesden
definitely flew to Aspley Guise. If this is true of the Radlett fly-line, it
must also apply to the St Albans fly-line mentioned in the previous sec¬
tion. The foraging area of the Brocket Park roost does not apparently
go very far E., as Hertingfordbury and Welwyn Garden City birds fly
N.E. to Wipers Wood.

(vii) Lea and Boding Valleys.

The starlings of the Lea ^ alley mostly go to a large roost in Wipers
Wood, Albury Hall Park, 2 m. N. of Little Hadharn in Herts and 6 m.
N.W. of Bishop’s Stortford. A fly-line was followed here from Ching-
ford (191 m. S.) via Waltham and Roydon in Jan. 1933 (11), and a large
flock flew in this direction from Edmonton sewage farm in Sept. 1934
(17). Early in 1933 it was estimated that 100,000 starlings were using
the Wipers Wood roost, mostly coming from the W. and S. In 1933
its existence had been known for five years. Fly-lines headed for this
roost have been recorded from Welwyn Garden City (14 m. S.W.) and
Hertingfordbury (111 m. S.W.) in 1932-33 (P.B.N.D., 21), from Epping
Upland (13 m. S.) in Nov. 1937 (5), from St Margaret’s (9 m. S.S.W.)
in Nov. 1940 (C.P., 13), and from Hertford (10 m. S.W.) in Jan. 1941 (5).

Lower down the Lea Valley a new roost was started in Nov. 1934 in
bushes on Yardley Hill, 1 m. N. of Chingford, taking birds from the S.
and S.W., some having been traced from Hackney Marshes (J.R., 13,
11). On Dec. 21, 1934, a large flock was seen to fly N. over this roost,
evidently bound for Wipers Wood, but some birds came dowrn to roost.
Parmenter (13) has an interesting note of a small party of starlings
flying N.E. at Chingford in June 1929, “ apparently to a roost later
used by thousands,” which suggests that this roost, or one very near it,
had been in use prior to 1934.

On the other hand, fly-lines recorded W. over Woodford Green in the
mornings in Jan. and Nov. 1929 and E. over Buckhurst Hill in the
evenings in Jan. 1929 (S.B., 13) suggest that Chingford starlings were
roosting somewhere E. of the Roding valley in that year. This fly-line
was again noted in 1940, when a flock flew W. over Woodford Green on
the morning of Oct. 20, and flocks were flying E. by N. in the evenings
in Sept, and Oct. at Abridge 5 by the end of Nov., however, the Abridge
flocks were all flying due N. (? to Wipers Wood) (K.E.H., 13). A small
reedy pond in the Roding valley near Buckhurst Hill was used as a
roost by c. 70 birds in June-Aug. 1940 (K.E.H., 13).

The whole position in the Epping Forest area in 1940-41 was very
complex. I am much indebted to Mr K. E. Hoy for a valuable series of

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

21

observations for this area during these two years. As with the Harrow
notes, these are best dealt with in clockwise rotation :

North-North-West : c 100 birds which gathered in the trees of Hill Wood.
Robin Hood, in Nov. 1940, and flew off N.N.W. were going in the direc
tion of no known roost, unless they turned north to Wipers Wood on
reaching the Lea valley.

North fly-lines going approximately N. or W. of N. from Woodford Green
and South Woodford in Nov. 1940 and Jan. 1941, and N. from Seward-
stone Gravel Pit in Dec. 1940 and 1941, were doubtless bound for Wipers
Wood. A fly-line W. of N. from Passingford Bridge in Dec. 1940 may
also possibly have been going to Wipers Wood.

North-East : in this direction there is a roost at Chivers Hall, 700 yards E.
of High Ongar church, in a plantation of 10-12 ft. young elms, measur¬
ing about 300 by 400 yards. This roost was located in Nov. 1941, when
it was occupied by 6-7000 birds, and it was thought that it could not
have been in use very long owing to the lack of droppings under the
trees (K.E.H., 13). It is possible that this is the same roost as the one
reported N.W. of Ingatestone in 1932 (W.S., 19). Fly-lines towards the
Ongar roost have been noted from :

Yardley Hill (13* m. W.S.W.).

Connaught Water (124 m. W.S.W.).

Woodford Green (13* m. S.W.).

Abridge (84 m. S.W.).

Hainault Forest (12 m. S.W.).

Stapleford Tawney (6 m. S.W.).

Navestock (5 m. S.W.).

Other fly-lines which may have been bound either to Ongar or to Wipers
Wood, or possibly to some unlocated roost in between include :

N.E. from Yardley Hill. Nov. 1940.

E. of N. from Abridge, Nov. 1940.

E. of N. to W. of N. from Passingford Bridge, Dec. 1940.

W. of S. (a.m.) from Woodford Green, June-July 1941.

East : Fly-lines over Woodford Green, W. in the morning in Oct. 1940 and
Aug. 1941. and E. in the evening in March and Nov. 1941, appear to be
headed for the same unlocatecl roost as those E. over Buckhurst Hill and
Woodford Green in 1929, referred to above.

South-East : In March 1941 starlings were noted flying S.E. over South
Woodford and E.S.E. over Buckhurst Hill. This fly-line might go tO'
Belhus Park (see Section viii).

Lower still down the Lea Valley is the Bromley-hy-Bow roost, men¬
tioned (A2) in Section IV, which may have taken the starlings recorded
as flying N. from Woolwich in 1932-33 (p. 14) and E. or S. from Lea
Bridge Road in March 1941 (K.E.H., 13).

(viii) South-West Essex.

There is little information about starling roosts or flv-lines in London-
ward Essex, except for the Lea and Roding Valley areas dealt with in
the previous section. At Dagenham in Feb. 1933 some birds flew off on a
line which would cut the various E. and S.E. lines from the Roding valley
at various points between Becontree and Havering-atte-Bower (B.D.N.,
21), but might equally well go on to the Ongar roost or to the roost
reported in wooded country N.W. of Ingatestone in 1932 and stated to
be taking birds chiefly from the E. and S. (W.S., 19). Another fly-line
from Dagenham in Feb. 1933 went slightly S. of E., intersecting another
line S.W. from Laindon in Dec. 1932, as well as the S.E. line from the

22

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Boding Valley, near Beilins Park, where there is an unsubstantiated
report of a roost (21). Finally, there was a roost near Margaretting in
1932, which had been used for at least ten years and which was said to
receive birds from all sides (T.C.H.B., 19). The foraging area of this
roost would probably extend to within the 20-mile radius of St Paul’s.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. BEADELL, A. : “ Nature Notes of Warlingham and Chelsham,” Croydon,

1932, p. 88.

2. COMMITTEE ON BIRD SANCTUARIES IN ROYAL PARKS : Reports, 1928-38,

H.M.S.O., London.

3. FINN, FRANK : “ Familiar London Birds,” 1923.

4. FITTER, R. S. R. : “ The Starling Roosts of N.E. Surrey,” Lond. Nat., 1936,

p. 72.

5. FITTER, R. S. R. : Personal Records.

6. GLEGG, W. E. : ‘‘A History of the Birds of Middlesex,” 1935.

7. HALE, R. W. : “ Starlings of the Hendon District,” Lond. Nat., 1933, p. 93.

8. HARDING, -J. Rudge : ” Birds of London,” Nineteenth Century (1922), xci, p. 82.

9. HARRISSON, T. H. : ” Birds of the Harrow District,” Lond. Nat., 1930, p. 91.

10. HUDSON, W. H. : “ Birds in London,” 1898; 1928 ed., pp. 111-2.

11. JOHNSTON, F. J. : " The Starlings of Wipers Wood,” Lond. Nat., 1933, p. 95.

12. LOCKET, G. H. : Unpublished observations on starling fly-lines in the Har¬

row district, made by boys of Harrow School in 1933-40.

13. LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S RECORDS : Notes by the follow¬

ing observers :

P. A. Adolph.

C. B. Ashby.

C. S. Bayne.

S. Boardman.

H. J. Burkill.

W. L. Colyer.

P. W. E. Currie.

J. E. S. Dallas.

R. P. Donnelly.

L. M. Ember-son.

J. M. M. Fisher.

J. P. Hardiman.

T. H. Harrisson.

P. A. D. Hollom.

R. C. Homes.

K. E. Hoy.

H. A. Littlejohn.

Mrs H. M. Rait Kerr.
P. Maclaren.

G. E. Manser.

W. D. Melluish.

R. Mercer.

L. Parmenter.

E. R. Parrinder
C. Pease.

J. H. G. Peterken.
R. W. Petlien.

W. R. Philipson.
Miss M. Rew.

J. E. Roberts.

J. Ross.

Mrs K. Taylor.

E. C. Watt.

14. LOW, G. CARMICHAEL : Letters in Ibis, 1923, p. 564; 1924, p. 590.

15. MACPHERSON, A. HOLTE : “ A List of the Birds of Inner London,” Brit.

Birds (1928), xxii, p. 222.

16. MACPHERSON, A. HOLTE : in litt., December 20, 1938.

17. MANN, E. : “ Notes on the Birds of Edmonton Sewage Farm, 1933-34,” Lond.

Nat., 1934, p. 76.

18. MARPLES, B. J. : ” The Winter Starling Roosts of Great Britain, 1932-33,”

J. Anim. Ecol., iii, p. 314.

19. MARPLES, B. J. : Material used in preparation of IS, now deposited at the

Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology; including notes from the
following observers : —

T. C. H. Bartrop. P. H. T. Hartley. W. Simms.

J. C. Blyton. A. Scott. A. E. Skinner.

P. B. N. Davis.

20. MERCER, R. : Letter in Observer, January 30, i937.

THE STARLING ROOSTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

23

21. NICHOLSON, E. M. : Unpublished MS. of a survey of London starling roosts
in 1932-33 in connection with 18; including notes from the following
observers :

H. Bryant.

J. Clancy.

A. H. Clayton.

E. P. Coleman.
C. L. Collenette
P. B. N. Davis.
W. Dickens.

R. D. English.

F. C. Griggs.

L. R. A. Grove.

P. H. T. Hartley.

R. Hiscutt.

P. W. Horn.

A. Johnstone.

G. Carmichael Low.

E. Mann.

B. D. Nicholson.

A. C. Poore.

F. S. Rayner.

W. Smith.

A. Smoker.

D. Souternwood.

Sir W. Beach Thomas
tin The Spectator,
November 1933).

A. Trimmer.

B. T. Ward.

J. H. Ward.

C. Weeks.

H. F. Witherby.

21a. NICHOLSON, E. M. : Unpublished MS. of a survey of London starling roosts
in 1925-26.

22. PARKER, ERIC : “ Starlings in London,” The Spectator, March 6, 1926, p. 412.

23. PARKER, ERIC : “ World of Birds,” 1941, pp. 200-03.

24. PARKER, ERIC : in lift., December 12, 1941.

25. PIGOTT, Sir T. D. : Letter to The Times, November 13, 1894.

26. PIGOTT. Sir T. D. : “ London Birds and Other Sketches,” 2nd ed., 1892; 3rd

ed., 1902.

27. ROWAN, W. : “ London Starlings and Seasonal Reproduction in Birds,”

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1938). A. cviii, p. 51.

28. ROWBERRY, E, C. : “ Gulls in the London Area,” Lond. Nat., 1933, p. 48.

29. SWANN, H. KIRKE : “Birds of London,” 1893.

30. TRISTRAM-VALENTINE, J. T. : “ London Birds and Beasts,” 1896; paper on

London starlings, dated January 21, 1888.

31. WEBSTER, A. D. : “ The Regent’s Park and Primrose Hill,” 1911.

Absent Friends.

The following members serving overseas or in prisoner of war camps
would be very glad to receive letters from other members. Some changes
in the addresses in the L.N. for 1941, p. 11, are also given here :

F/Lt. G. Beven,
c/o P.O. Box 1573,
Durban, S.A.

Lt. E. H. Gillham,

242 Armd. Div. Tps., R.A.S.C.,
B.N.A.F.

S/254206, Cpl. E. M. Cawkell,
Spears Mission,

Syria and the Lebanon,
M.E.F.

Lt. R. C. Homes,

19 Fd. Battery, R.A.,
9 Fd. Regt., R.A.,
India Command.

Capt. P. W. E. Currie,

C Battery, 4th Regt., R.H.A.,
M.E.F.

Pte. David Morgan, 7740,
British Prisoner of War,
Stalag XXI. D / 13.

Contributions to a fund for sending books and other comforts through
the British Prisoners of War Books and Games Fund to three members
of the Society who are prisoners of war will be welcomed by the Secretary
of the fund, Mr R. W. Hale, 6 Grendon Gardens, Wembley Park, Mid¬
dlesex. It costs a minimum of 5/- per month per prisoner to keep the
fund going.

24

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Plant Gall Records for 1942.

Compiled by H. J. Burkill, M.A., F.R.G.S.

\yiTH field work restricted, observations were naturally reduced,
and the year was hardly a good one for recording.

As stated a, year ago, Messrs M. Niblett and J. Ross were paying
special attention to j Rhodites. This genus was considered by Cameron
in 1893 to be represented here by Bh. rosae L., Bh. eglfmteriae Htg.,
Bh. nervosus Curt., and Bh. spinosissimae Gir. Prof. Heslop Harrison
added Bh. mayri Schl. in 1916 from Durham. We found it in Kent
in 1928 and have since noted it in two other different localities in that
county as occurring on three different species of Bosci.

Cameron stated that the fly of Bh. spinosissimae induced galls of
different forms on B. spinosissima, which complicates the position, and
Mr R. B. Benson drew attention to identification of some of the insects
in this genus, so Messrs Niblett and Ross have carried out investiga¬
tions with many thousands of galls. Mr Niblett’s results are printed
elsewhere {Entomologist , 76, pp. 11 and 34). Mr Ross bred two species
from smooth pea galls on Bosci eanina L. and B. rubiginosa L., viz.: —
(1) Bh. eglanteriae and (2) possibly Bh. nervosus or Bh. rosarum Gir.
He also bred two females of Bh. spinosissimae from galls on Bosa sp.,
not spinosissima. The investigations are being continued.

The observations in past years of Messrs E. B. Bishop, R. W. Robbins
and others have shown that the different species of galls occur on seve¬
ral species of Bosa , and these records can be seen in the L.N. from 1924
onwards. Here again the work has not reached fmalitv.

The following galls are possibly new to the British list : Small Cynipid
galls in the stems of Achillea millefolium L. which failed to develop,
Fetcham. Multilocular swellings in the root-stocks of Leontodon
autumnale L. inhabited by Chalcid larvae, Fetcham. Ispsoma sp.
causing large galls on Agropyron repens Beauv., somewhat resembling
galls of 1. graminicola Gir. but much more pronounced, Fetcham Downs.
A Cecidomyid inducing swellings of the flowers of Angelica sylvestris
I,, which remained closed and contained an orange-coloured larva. The
same host plant had the umbels swollen by a pale yellow Cecid. larva
with an internal structure different to the last. A small Cecid. gall
of elongated oval shape on the stem of PvmpineUa saxifraga L. on Box
Hill, which resembled that found at Bookham in August 1934 by Miss
Longfiekl on Silaus piatensis Besser.

Among other species can be mentioned Saperda populnea L. found
in Salix atrocinerea Brot., S. caprea L., and Populus tremula L. Sesia
formicaeformis Esper was found on the two species of Salix just men¬
tioned, and S. flaviventris Staud. was bred from a gall on S. caprea.
Lcispeyresia serviUeana Dup. was found galling S. atrocinerea.
Melanagromyza simplicoides Hendel was found on S. atrocinerea and
S. caprea, and what seems to be M. schineri Gir. on »S'. caprea. All

LEPIDOPTERA NOTES, 1942.

25.

these were taken at Bookham or on Box Hill. Oxyna nebulosa Weid. on
Chrysanthemum L. at F etcli am.

Many species of Aphides were abundant and the galls of Pemphigus
bur sari us L. and P. marsupialis Courchet were very noticeable on
Populus pyramidalis Bozier, while P. affinis was present in some num¬
bers, and P. spirothcae Pas. on Populus nigra L. occasionally. Tetra-
neura ulmifolia Baker and Eriosoma ultnosedens Marclial were reported
as plentiful on TJlmus campestris L.

Salix triandra L. was strongly galled by E riophyes triradiatus NaL
between Richmond and Teddmgton Lock. Phyllocoptes anthobius NaL
was again seen on Galium uliginosum L. on Bookham Common.

Messrs J. E. Lousier and C. P. Castell sent in some good specimens
of Coniothyrium tumaefaciens Giiss. on Embus sp. from Wimbledon.

A visit to Kew Gardens supplied several fresh host plants in our
lists for some of the commoner galls.

Lepidoptera Notes, 1942.

By H. J. Burrell, M.A., F.R.G.S.

N° attempt has been made to compile the customary synopsis on
British Butterflies for this last rear as so manv of mv usual

«- t

correspondents have had little opportunity for observation.

Probably the butterfly of the year was Pararge megera (Wall), which
seems to have been abundant in most places. Polygonia c-album
(Comma) continued its spread and has reached Northumberland, while-
Limenitis Camilla (White Admiral) seems to be holding its own. One
male of Apatura iris (Purple Emperor) was seen in the Coldharbour dis¬
trict of Leith Hill sitting on a piece of damp cardboard on the ground,,
probably for the purpose of obtaining moisture.

I watched Aglais urticae (Small Tortoiseshell) ovipositing on 23rd
June. I saw her settle over a dozen times on leaves of TJrticg dioica,
not on the terminal leaves but always on those just below the top, curl
her abdomen round, apply the tip to the under surface of the leaf and
fly off without depositing any ova. How many leaves she had tested
before I saw her I do not know. I searched each leaf as soon as she had
left it and there were no ova. Then she found one to suit her, the
condition of the leaf was satisfactory and she proceeded to business. I
watched for nineteen minutes and then disturbed her and picked the
leaf. Examination at home showed fifty or more eggs had been de¬
posited in a compact mass.

I have seen this selective process carried out by Pieris brassicae and
P. rapae. Scent will tell them if the plant is the right species, but
there is- something more in the sensation detected by the tip of the
abdomen as to the condition of the plant. I have several times watched
them settle on various species of the cabbage family and prepare for
oviposition, but as soon as the abdomen touches the under surface of
the leaf they fly off without ovipositing. Twice last season I saw iL

26

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

brassicae settle on leaves of rhubarb as if to lay, but no ova were placed
there.

Mr J. H. Harvey has sent from North Wales some small flies for
identification with some interesting remarks on their behaviour. He
says: “ We have been beset with an immense plague of Large White
•caterpillars, which are now pupating, also a smaller number of the
Small White. The behaviour of the small flies is curious. They seem
to confine their attention to the pupae of the Small White, first pro¬
specting around, then patiently waiting beside the caterpillar, which
has hung itself up to pupate, even settling on the caterpillar after it
has fixed itself with the silken band, but taking no further steps until
after the transformation. I haven’t had patience or opportunity to
see all that goes on, but in one case two of the flies were ovipositing
in the Small White pupa for over 24 hours from the time of transforma¬
tion, each of them laying a large number of eggs in the pupa. The
process does not seem always to be quite the same, as in one instance
I saw one of the flies apparently scraping with its mandibles at the
skin of the pupa for several minutes before ovipositing ; at other times
it seems able to exert enough penetrative power on finding a suitable
-spot ; the wings of the future butterfly seem to be the part of the pupa
chosen, at least in the instances I saw.”

Referring to the Apanteles parasitic on the Pieris larvae, Mr Harvey
says “ each Apanteles larva cuts its own way out of the Large White
caterpillar, indifferently in back, side, or belly, but all of them coming
out at once, then in a few minutes they gather together ‘ in a huddle ’
near the middle of the caterpillar’s belly and spin their own yellow
web, which seems as though exuding all round each of them practically
from the moment they emerge.”

u Specimens of the hymenopteron are prospecting around the cater¬
pillars which are attempting to pupate, and I have seen one feeling its
way over a bundle of Apanteles cocoons.” “ I have now seen it actually
oviposit in the Apanteles pupa.”

Cucullia verbasci and its Food Plants.

The species of plants included by botanists in the order Scrophulari-
-aceae seem to be so divergent that I thought it might be of interest to
see if the larvae of the Mullein moth had any preference for one species
over another. I had no difficulty in obtaining a number of these larvae
and some were placed in each of four large glass jars, and each day were
given different species of plants. Some days they were given a choice
of two, three or four species. Sometimes only one plant was given, and
if not eaten at all at the end of four hours the larvae were given one
that they had previously shown a preference for.

The favourite was Scrophularia aquatica , which was an easy first.
Then came V erbascum thapsus followed by S. nodosa. Some way behind
•came V. nigrum and some garden varieties, Harkness hybrids of the
last named.

HERBS NEEDED FOR DRUG MAKING.

27

My daily journey to town and back entails a walk past several plants
of S. aquatica but I do not remember seeing any wild larvae on the
plants. Both species of Figwort were given and then the preference was
for S. aquatica, a preference one might understand, for as a rule these
came from damp situations, but I was fortunate enough to find both
species growing close together on a dry bank in Norbury Park, and I
took a supply of each and gave the larvae both together. Aquatica
proved the favourite. A cross section of the stems shows a more solid
structure in nodosa, so possibly this greater hardness extends through
fine rest of the plant and thus the larvae reject it if more easily eaten
food is available.

Even when no other plant was offered the following were completely
rejected — Linaria vulgaris, L. minor, Antirrhinum orontium, Digitalis
purpurea, Veronica officinalis, and V. chamaedrys. No attempt at eat¬
ing was observed and I could not detect any nibbled leaves. It might
be possible another year to see if insects bred from larvae fed exclusively
en S. aquatica would oviposit on that plant.

Only two of the larvae used during the experiment died so I should
not say the changes in diet were harmful to the larvae.

Herbs Needed for Drug-making.

|^WING to the war-time shortage of the material of a number of im¬
portant drug plants, the Vegetable Drugs Committee of the
Ministry of Supply’s Directorate of Medical Supplies is seeking to make
good the losses with indigenous plants. County Herb Committees have
been set up in many counties to organise the collection and drying of a
number of wild plants. The plants especially needed are the Deadly
Nightshade ( Atropa , belladonna), Henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger), Meadow
Saffron ( Colchicum autumnale), Foxglove ( Digitalis purpurea), Male
Fern (. Dryopteris filix-mas), Common Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis)
and Sphagnum moss. Species of secondary importance include the
Stinging Nettle ( Urtica dioica), Dandelions ( Taraxacum spp.), Broom
( Cytisus scoparius), Burdocks ( Arctium spp.), Sweet Flag ( Acorus cala¬
mus), Centaury ( Erythraea centaurium), Coltsfoot ( Tussilago farfara),
Common Comfrey Symphytum officinale), Parsley Piert ( Alchemilla
arvensis) and Wormwood ( Artemisia absinthium). Members of the
Society who know7 of localities where any of these species are present
in sufficient numbers to warrant collection should get in touch wfith the
appropriate County Herb Committee (addresses given below), provided
that such collection is not likely to lead to the extinction of the rarer
species : —

Bucks : Dr W. O. James, Botany School, Oxford.

Essex : Mrs Ranson, East Hanningfield, Chelmsford.

Herts : Miss Duncan, 56 Hilfield Lane, Aldenham, Watford.

Kent : G. Holland, 1 Holmsdale Terrace, Folkestone.

Middx. : Lady Abrahams, 49 Ashbourne Avenue, Holders Green, N.W.ll.

Surrey : Mrs P. Devlin, Citizens’ Advice Bureau, 201 High Street Guildford.

28

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The Survey of Bookham Common.

FIRST YEAR.

Some Preliminary Observations on the Base Map

and Topography.

C. P. Castell.

announced in The London Naturalist for 1941 (p. 37), the Ecolo¬
gical Section has commenced a survey of the fauna and flora of
Bookham Common, Surrey, two miles west of Leatherhead, and lying
just within the boundary of the Society’s area.

For the purposes of the survey, the term “ Bookham Common ” is
applied to about 380 acres of three adjacent commons, as follows: (1)
Great Bookham Common, in the parish of Great Bookham, with the
exception, of the small portions north-east of Cobham Road and south of
the railway-tunnel (300 acres) ; (2) all of Little Bookham C ommon, in
the parish of Little Bookham (75 acres); and (3) about 5 acres of the
easternmost part of Bank’s Common, in the parish of Effingham. The
parish boundaries are shown on the map accompanying Mr J. H.
Harvey’s article on p. 32. These commons are the property of the
National Trust, which has kindlv offered the Societv everv facilitv in
undertaking the survey.

The base map (see Fig. 3) accompanying these notes has been
specially prepared by the author, assisted in the field by members of the
Section. Two types of map are available for the use of members, one
printed in black and the other lightly printed in grey for the purpose
of adding field and other notes. The map is based on the Ordnance
Survey 1/2500 plan (25 inches to the mile), reduced to the scale of 91
inches to the mile, and reproduced here with the sanction of the Con¬
troller of H.M. Stationery Office. Topographical features, especially
footpaths, were checked in the field and considerable alterations and
additions made. To facilitate the recording of observations, names have
been given to many of these features, including the subdivisions of the
rather uniform woodland areas. For the more accurate location of
habitats, however, a reference grid has been superimposed on the map.
The length of the survey area is rather more than a mile both from
north to south and from east to west ; it has, therefore, been considered
as enclosed in a square with a side of 2000 yards. This square is divided
into nine equal primary squares, each of which is again divided into
nine secondary squares which are shown numbered on the map. In the
diagram on p. 29 the primary square 5 is shown subdivided into the
secondary squares numbered from 51 to 59.

By a similar subdivision of the secondary squares, the position of a spot
on the map- may be indicated, in decimal notation, by the numbered
square in which it occurs, and this subdivision can be carried as far as
is required. Thus, the house Winfield is in square 68 and its position

Fig. 3.

THE LONDON
NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

ECOLOGICAL SURVEY

BOOKHAM

COMMON

HUNDRED
POUND
BRIDGE WOOD

BANtfs
FARM 4.4

NORTH

MEAD

BRAKENDE NE

Based upon the Ordnance Survey Map,
with the sanction of the Controller of
H.M. Stationery Office.

23

LAD Y STENT5

CHEWTONS , *

WOOD- v / L E

&9
BOOKHAM
STATION

SHEEPBELL
J| \ FARM

MARK OAK
^ GATE

f ^P^ACEDENE
TEA

GARDENS

SAKOpIT

ROUGH

GRID REFERENCES.

THE AREA IS CONSIDERED TO BE
ENCLOSED IN A SQUARE DIVIDED
INTO 9 EQUAL AREAS, EACH OF
WHICH IS SUBDIVIDED INTO 9.
THIS SUBDIVISION CAN BE
CARRIED AS FAR AS IS NECESSARY.
THUS THE GRID REF NO.

OF MANOR POND IS 5779

C.R'tASTELL DEL.

1942-

Q AO Q

lOOO FEET.

*

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

29

-can be more accurately expressed as 6865. In estimating the subdivi¬
sions it has been found helpful to construct a template, on cellophane
or tracing paper, which can be placed over the map and the location
reference number then readily estimated. In practice, however, the

1

2

3

51

52

53

4

54

55

56

6

57

58

59

7

8

9

degree of accuracy is usually limited by the difficulty of accurately locat¬
ing one’s position in the field, especially in the wooded areas. Never¬
theless, it is hoped that the addition of the grid will add to the accuracy
of recording observations and obviate the necessity of an elaborate
description of the position of a habitat.

A ridge, covered with dense oakwood, runs from east to west across
the northern part of the common at an average height of some 150 feet
above sea-level, reaches its maximum, 235 feet, at High Point, near
Markoak Gate at the eastern boundary, and rises again westward to
178 feet at Hill House. The ridge slopes down northward to the R.
Mole, half-a-mile outside the area, and to the south-west and more
steeply, to the west to Bookham Stream, a small tributary of the R.
Mole. Bookham Stream flows across the common in a N.N.W. direction,
joins Bank’s Stream front Effingham Common, and turns north, leav¬
ing Little Bookham Common in the N.W. corner at Hundred Pound
Bridge, to unite with the R. Mole at Cobham. This low-lying ivet grass¬
land, with an average height of about 120 feet, drops from 140 feet at
the railway station to 98 feet where the stream leaves the common. A
shallow valley, occupied by ponds and damp hollows, falling from 140
feet at the head of Greendell ditch to 115 feet at the “ Isle of Wight,”

30

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

runs from east to west between the northern ridge and a minor wooded
hill to the south-east which reaches a maximum height of 160 feet at the
railway tunnel.

There are some fifteen ponds and many ditches on the common, with
a winter maximum of about three acres of water. A summer minimum
of about one and a half acres of water is afforded by Sheepbell, Upper
Eastern, Isle of Wight, and Bayfield Ponds, which appear to be the
most permanent.

The common is on London Clay, with the exception of a small capping
of Plateau Gravel on the high ground at Markoak Gate and a narrow
belt of alluvial deposits fringing the streams some 70 yards wide at
Hundred Pound Bridge and broadening out at the railway to about
250 yards.

The survey area is bounded on the N.E. by Cobham Road, a minor
road and omnibus route between Leatherhead and Cobham, on the far
side of which lies a further wooded piece of common land and some
farmland; on the east by scattered houses, gardens and fields; on the
south by the Southern Railway branch line from Leatherhead to Effing¬
ham, and by Bookham Station, from which direct access is made to the
common ; on the west by farmland, including a small sewage disposal
works, some cottages and the rest of Bank’s Common; on the north by
farmland. An enclosure, of about 10 acres, “ The Isle1 of Wight,” in
the low-lying land of the S.W. part of the common, comprises a few
cottages, orchards and grassland.

The wooded areas are clearly spreading, both in the woods them¬
selves, where many glades and paths marked on old maps are overgrown
and impassable, and on the southern and western edges of the woods,
which are fringed by hawthorn scrub and bracken. Low scrub occurs
on parts of the grassland away from the woods.

More than half the common is covered by what would appear1 to be a
semi-natural pedunculate oak wood; the rest is occupied by grassland,
water-logged in winter, and characterised by the grasses Deschcimpsia
eaespitosa and MoUnia coerulea, the rush Juncus glaucus , and a local
abundance of the Field Thistle Cnicus arvensis, with bracken on the
higher ground.

A study of the vegetation and animal life of this area should pro¬
vide an interesting contrast with that of Limpsfield Common (see the
results of the Survey of Limpsfield Common in The London Naturalist ,
1937-42). ’ _

Index to Place-Names on Bookham Common.

(* indicates that name does not appear on Fia. 3.)

Map

reference.

Bank’s Cottage . 44

,, Farm . 44

,, Path . 44-54

Plain . 41, 42, 44, 45

,, Pond . 45

,, Stream . 44-42

Map

reference.

“Bayfield” . 76

Bayfield Plain 48, 49, 72, 73, 76, 81, S4

,, Pond . 76

Bookham Railway Station . 88

,, Stream . 57-1S

“ Brakendene ” 66

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

31

Map

reference.

Map

reference-

Broadway (North) . 38-68

,, (South) . 68-94

,, Clearing- . 65-94

Central Ditch . 89-57

Path . 57-88

,, Wood . 28, 29, 37, 51-59, 61

,, ,, Path . 53-54

,, Clearing" . 56

Clump . 81

Cobham Road . 32-39

Common Road (North) . 18-57

,, ,, (South) . 57-86

“ Cropthorne ” 68

“ Dormers ” 68

Eastern Ditch . 83-81

,, Hollow . 59

,, Plain . 58, 59, 82, 83

,, Pond (Lower) . . 59, 67

,, ,, (Upper) . 67

„ Wood ... 37, 38, 53, 56, 59,

61, 62, 64, 65, 67

* ,, ,, Clearing . 56

,, ,, Path . 37-65

* ,, ,, Pool . 64

“ Erewhon ” 69

“ Fernlea ” 92

“Five Halls” . 44

“ Frogmore ” 68

*Glade . 27, 28 , 51, 54

,, Path . 51-57

“ Greendell ” 68

Greendell Ditch . 68-67

“ Hatton Lodge ” 69

Hazel Copse . 34

High Point . 38

* ,, ,, Clearing . 38, 62

„ „ Path . 27-38

“ Hill House ” 19

,, ,, Path 19-49

,, „ Wood .. 19, 27, 42,

43, 46, 51, 54

* ,, „ ,, Clearing ... 43

* ,, ,, ,, Path . 19-42

*Hollow Ditch . 59-58

„ Wood . 58, 59

Hundred Pound Bridge . 18

„ ,, ,, Wood ... 18

* „ „ Path . 18-19

Isle of Wight . 49, 57, 81

„ „ Ditch 88-57

Path (North) .... 18-57
„ „ „ (South) .... 57-88

„ ,, Plain ... 45, 46, 48,

49, 54, 57

,, ,, Pond 57-58

* „ „ „ (Little) . 54-57

,, ,, Road 57-84

*Kelsev’s Clearing . 25, 28

Farm . 25

Path . 25-43

,, ,, (Lower) . 28-43

„ Pond . 25

,, Wood . 24 , 25, 27 , 28

“ Kinwarton ” 92

Little Bookham Road . 76-87

Lady Chew tons’ Wood . 23

Maddox Lane . 76-791

Manor Cottage . 57

,, Pond . 57

Markoak Gate . '.. 39'

,, Path . 39-68

,, Ponds . 35

,, Wood ... 35, 38, 39, 62,. 63,

65, 66, 68, 69'

“ MilCOt ” 69'

*New Path . 53-64

“ Nia Hejmon ” 68

“ North Mead ” 66

“ Peacedene ” Tea Gardens . 39'

“ Rydall ” 32

Rydal Path (North) . 32-37

,, ,, (South) . 37-57

Sandpit Rough . 63

*Sheepbell Clearing . 32, 35

* ,, Ditch . . 34-35

„ Farm . 32

,, Hollow . 37

„ Path . 35-38

,, Pond . 38

* ,, ,, (Little) . 35

„ „ Path . 34-38

,, Wood ... 32, 34 , 35 , 37 , 38

“ Shingled House ” 48

South Ditch . 85-84

South East Ditch . 91-67

„ ,, Path . 68-94

„ „ Wood ... 59, 67, 91, 82,

83, 85, 86, 89, 94

Station Copse . 88:

Stents’ Lane . 23-35

,, Path . 23-27

,, Wood (East) 23, 26, 29, 34, 37

„ „ (West) ... 25, 26, 28, 29'

,, ,, Path . 26-29

Tunnel (Railway) . 89-94

,, Clearing . 86, 89, 94

,, Path . 53-86

Western Ditch . 54-45

,, Hollow . 58

,, Path . 18-45

„ Plain 18, 19, 42, 43, 45, 46, 54

,, Pond . 73

,, Scrub . 42

“ White House ” . : . 72

“ Winfield ” 68

Woodland Ditch . 61-58

,, Path (North) . 28-55

,, „ (South) . 55-68

.3?

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Bookham Common : A Short History.

By John H. Harvey.

Bookham Common has been formed from the two ancient commons
'of Great and Little Bookham, or rather from the lower commons of the
two parishes, for the ancient manors included also the upper commons,
now known as Ranmore.* Though Great and Little Bookham were al¬
ready distinct at the Domesday Survey of 1086, it is possible to con¬
sider the two commons as a single unit, for there can be no doubt that
the whole was, in fact, the common wasteland of the original Saxon
settlement of Bocham, “ the village by the beeches ” (1). The beeches
grew, and still grow, on the chalk lands of the southern half of the
parish, but it must have been the northern common on the clay, covered
with oak woods, which provided the greater part of the pannage for
swine mentioned in Domesday: Chertsey Abbey, holding Great Book¬
ham, then had “ wood for 80 hogs. From the herbage, 30 hogs,” while
Halsard, subtenant of William de Braose, the successor of the Saxon
Godtovi, had “ 11 hogs from the pannage and herbage ” of Little Book¬
ham (2),

Unfortunately, no mediaeval description of Bookham Common has
yet come to light, and we depend on incidental references until we come
to the survey of Great Bookham taken in 1614. During the Middle
Ages the Commons were kno wn as the North wood and Southwood of
Bookham; in 1343 one Gilbert le Tras surrendered in the manor court
“ half an acre of land lying next a certain place called ‘ le Woderude ’
at ‘ Slyfeld ’ . . . lying towards ‘ Northwode ’ on the South, the

land of Nicholas de Slyfeld on the East, the land of Gilbert le Tras on
the North, and the land of John Lewyne on the West ” (3). In the pre¬
ceding year the same Gilbert had surrendered 21 acres “ enclosed by
ditches and hedges ” which lay “ at Slyfeld at Woderude.” The name
Woderude means “ the clearing in the wood ” and evidently Sly field and
these other lands had been cleared and improved from the common waste
at an early period. The lands of the le Tras family were afterwards
known as “ Tracies,” but the holding itself is referred to as “ the tene¬
ment le Tras ’ in 1340 (4) and it may well be that the name is an allu¬
sion to the coppice wood with which the land was covered when it was
first enclosed (5).

Other old place-names provide clues to the state of the land in the
period between the Saxon settlement and the survey of 1614 : an early
name in the “ Northern! ” of Bookham was “ Le Mullehamme,” mean¬
ing the meadow by the mill, mentioned in 1330 (6) ; this was evidently
close to Slyfield Mill. “ Broakes Lane ” and “ Broakes Hatch,” the
old gate to the Common, refer to the valuable water-meadows approached
by the lane, the Old English word broc meaning a marsh or meadow as
well as a brook or stream; “ Rydons ” was ryding, a clearing. On the
southern edge of the Common “ the Burrows ” was perhaps short for
“ Coneyburrows,’ a rabbit-warren, and “ Burnams Green ” beside

*See Fig. 4 opposite.

5opo Feet

2oo Perches

J.H.H.

1943

f ig. 4.

Based upon the Ordnance Survey Map, with the sanction of the Controller of

H.M. Stationery Office.

34

THE LONDON NATUBALIST.

Little Bookliam Street must have been a patch of open grass land for
centuries, as it still is. “ Bushy Fields ” were early inclosures from a
part of the Common covered with bushes.

In 1435 the main road running through Great Bookham from South
to North is- referred to in a charter as “ the Royal way which leads from
‘ Pollesdene ’ to ‘ le Northwod ’ of Bookham ” (7); this ancient road
ran through the woods down to the Mole at a point a quarter of a
mile to the west of Stoke D’Abernon Manor House ; until the 17th cen¬
tury, and perhaps later, the river was fordable here, and a raised grass-
grown causeway marked by trees still carries the line of the old road
through the water meadows of Stoke Park as far as the south bank of
the river. This road formed the link between Chertsey Abbey and its
possessions at Cobham and Bookham until the surrender in 1537, but
afterwards rapidly decayed, as the heavy land of the Common becomes
impassable in winter. The road evidently had to be moved from time
to time to more solid ground, for Walter Hudson of Great Bookham left
by his will of 1523 twenty pence “ to the Causey towarde the Comyn
there as most new is ” (8).

In the 16th century there was a certain amount of valuable timber,
for in 1538 the building accounts of Nonsuch Palace record that in June
and July Stephen Chrispian, one of the royal carpenters, rode to “ Bris¬
tow Wood, Start Wood, Lee Wood, Ewwod, Grovelond, Sowthewood,
Ebbesham (Epsom) Common, and Bowcham (Bookham) Common ” to
mark and choose out timber for the King’s works, and that a few months
later three carpenters rode “ to Horlev, Bristow, Lea, and Bowkham
woods, Cobham park, Bowkham Common, Green Dean, Borsam Crosse,
Estey, Godston and Rotherwik,” no doubt for a similar purpose (9).

As a result of the lands of Chertsey Abbey coming into the possession
of the Crown, a survey of Great Bookham was made in October 1548
(10), the earliest description of Beckham which is known to survive.
No information is given concerning the commons, but certain holdings
are mentioned as lying “ next to Northwood ” and these lands can be
identified with some of those included in the survey and map of 1614.
So far as it is possible to work backwards by comparison of the surveys
of 1614 and 1548, it seems that the intervening period, covering only
two generations, produced more inclosure from the Common than the
preceding two centuries, while inclosure during the last three hundred
years has been negligible.

This may well have been due to the anxiety of the new landlord (Lord
William Howard, soon afterwards created Lord Howard of Effingham)
to increase his annual rentroll, but it is less easy to account for the
very slight changes of the past three centuries ; probably several dif¬
ferent factors played their part. Bookham, which had been a market
town in monastic times (Henry III in 1243 granted a weekly market
and a two-day fair at Michaelmas), declined in importance, and the
population remained almost stationary. That this was the case can be
shown from the documentary evidence, for the total number of houses
in Great Bookham parish in 1614 was 85 (11) and the number was still

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

35

the same in 1674 (12), while the total had only risen to 113 in 1811 (13).
At the later date the population was 606, divided into 120 families, an
average of almost exactly five persons to each family. In 1801 the
earliest census return gave the population as 587, so that at the turn
of the century the period of rapid increase was already beginning.

Using the ratio of 5:1 to obtain the 17th century population, we
arrive at 425, which is probably very close to the true figure. It is
notoriously difficult to use Domesday Book as a substitute for a census,
but the householders mentioned amount to 40, namely Gunfrey, the
holder of a hide of land, 32 villeins, 4 bordars (cottagers), and 3 serfs.
Supposing the same ration of 5:1 to apply, the population was then
about 200, and thus did not double itself until five centuries had passed,
though this was largely due to the Black Death in the' 14th century.

In addition to Bookliam’s stagnation, the inclosures from the com¬
mon waste in the 16th century must in the long run have been resented
by the smaller copyholders, whose livelihood depended largely on their
pasturage rights on the wasteland. So far as it is possible to judge from
the available records, the smaller tenants were in a strong position in
1614, for out of 62 tenements in the manor of Great Bookham (not the
whole parish), 36 were held by separate tenant-occupiers, while 21 were
held by a group of eight “ landlords ” who sub-let- their holdings (14).
Since the independent smallholders were in a majority of over 4 : 1,
they must have wielded some power in the manorial court, which had
to approve all the inclosures made.

The earliest evidence of inclosure which can be found in the extant
Court Rolls dates from 1556, when a beginning was made in the forma¬
tion of the small isolated set of closes now known as the “ Isle of Wight. ”
The entry runs, in translation, as follows: — “ To this Court comes John
Arnold and seeks licence from the Lord to build a house on the Common
of Great Bookham in a certain place there next ‘ le Slade Bushes ’ (i.e.,
the valley bushes) and upon this his Steward by the assent of the tenants
there assigned to the same John half an acre of land on the common of
Bookham aforesaid in a certain place there next the Common of Little
Bookham next ‘ le Slade Bushes ’ to have to him and his heirs at the
will of the Lord according to the custom of the Manor by Copy of Court
Roll by rent of 8d per annum, Suit of Court, fine two capons and for fine
after alienation two fat capons ” (15).

Three more cottages were erected under similar circumstances on
adjoining plots by the end of the century, viz., “ a cottage and 1 acre
of customary land lying in ‘ le North Common ’ . . . fine 4d, heriot 4d,”
held by John Hill and his wife Cicilia in 1605 (16); u one acre of waste
in the North Common and a cottage lately . . . erected there ” held by
Richard Tayler and Mary his wife in 160/ (17); and “a cottage with
appurtenances in the common called ‘ le North-common ’ ” which John
and Alice Payne held in 1615 (18). The folio which contained the de¬
scription of these holdings is missing from the Survey of 1614, but for¬
tunately there is an enrolment concerning; that belonging to Richard
and Mary Tayler: — “ Richard Tayler and Mary his wife hold by Copy

36

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

of Court Roll dated (1 Oct. 1607) ... a Cottage with an acre of waste in
‘ le North Common ’ lately erected by him to have to the same Richard
and Mary for the term of their lives and of whomsoever of them lives
the longer, at the will of the Lord, etc., by a rental per annum of 4d,
and 4d in the name of a heriot, with remainder to John Tayler their
son and his heirs for ever ” (19).

At the time of the survey John Arnold’s cottage had passed into the
hands of William Collinson and the ground had increased from £ acre
to 1 acre ; the rent was still 8d but the fine in kind had been commuted
to 3s 4d in money and a heriot in cash of 2s had been fixed (20). Further
small inclosures were still being made in 1614, for at the Court of 6th
October “ the Lord granted by his Steward Thomas Collett ‘ generosus
to Nathaniel Maynwaringe a parcell of land containing by estimation
one acre and a half lying next the land late of William Collvnson clerk
and Elizabeth his wife lying in the Common of Great Bookham near ‘ le
Slade bushes ’ ... at 4d per annum etc.” (21).

The Survey of 1614 affords the earliest description of the Common,
proceeding under the heading “ Wastes and Commons ” : — “ The Lower
or North Common there abutteth on the North parte on the lands and
tenements called the Northend : Fetcham Common adioyneing therunto
on the East : on the South it is encompassed with other severalls be¬
longing to this Mannour and the Mannour of Eastwick and on the West
it adioyneth to the Common belonging to Little Bookeham liaveing upon
the same some small Tymber trees but of no value except it be for fewell
and contayneth besides the Cotages on the west side therof 353 (acres)
0 (roods) 11 (perches) ” (22). It will be noted that there were no longer
any good timber trees on the Common ; probably a very large amount of
Wood had been taken for the Nonsuch Palace works three-quarters of a
century earlier.

The survey was made by Thomas Clay, a very competent land sur¬
veyor of the time, who was an authority on his subject and author of
“ A chorologicall discourse of the well ordering disposing and govern¬
ing of an honourable estate,” published in 1618, which ran into a third
edition in 1624, besides numerous unpublished treatises on mathematics,
logarithms, field surveying, the use of the theodolite, etc. His calcul¬
ated areas seem to be remarkably accurate, and we may therefore ac¬
cept his estimate of 353 acres as roughly correct. In giving the bounds
of Great Bookham, Clay mentions certain parts of the Common ; the
eastern boundary of the parish went “ by the River eastwards to East
Bickney, then it turnetli southwards by Haters Garden to the Pirrie
Crofte and soe by Upcroft to Willis Heron, from thence along the Com¬
mon to the Marked Oake and so still southward to Bushey Feild Corner
. . . ,” while the western boundary ran “ into Preston Streete keeping
along the same streete northwards to Burnams Green and soe to Potters
Hill, from thence some what Northwest to the north Corner of the Bur¬
rows and so flatt North over the Common to Lippers Feild : from thence
by Hill Place to Wrenne Hole, and so still northwards to Muck Crofte
. . . ” (23).

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

37

We learn from the survey that, as might be expected, the small pro¬
truding garden in front of “ Foxglove Cottage ” in Preston Street, had
been taken from the common ; in 1614 W illiam Arnold held it by Copy
of Court Roll, the land being described as “a little parcell of wast en¬
closed lying just befor the dore of his tenement scituate at Potters
Hill for which he is to pay a lieriott at every death and alienation,
which said parcell conteyneth 20 perches and payetli yearely 2 little
Capons ” (24). The survey also gives us definite information concern¬
ing the recent inclosure of some 2^ acres from the north side of the
common : “ Mrs Crosse holdeth . . . by Coppy of Court Roll a parcell
or Close of pasture called New Close lying at North end aforesaid lately
enclosed out of the Common there, abutting on the East South and
West upon the said Common and on the North upon a Close called
Rydones contayneing 2 acres 2 roodes 18 perches and payeth yearelie
2d ” (25). This New Close is marked on the 1934 edition of the 6" scale
Ordnance Survey Map, as “ The Birches.’1

Lastly, among the Memoranda, we find that “ Anthonie Smyth hath
taken in and encroached of the Lords waste a small garden place adioyn-
ing to his Customarie Tenemente at Preston streete eontayninge about
some 24 feete in length and 18 feete in breadth which is not yet pre¬
sented by the Jury, neither compounded for with the Lord, nor arented
to his use ” (26).

The manor court made orders from time to time to regulate the
rights of pasture on the waste ; for example in 1614 it was presented
“ that Edmund Hudson, Edmund Wilkyn, Friswid Crosse widow,
Thomas Wood of Bagden, Robert Rogers of Sole and Thomas Martin
and all others who keep their sheep on the Commons of this lordship
have a day for removing their sheep before the 3 May next under
penalty for each of them — 10s ” (27).

Very little alteration took place during the late 17th and 18th cen¬
turies ; in 1721 the Lord of the Manor’s rights included the ownership
of “ all those several pieces of woodland containing 200 acres lying in
upon or near two several Commons belonging to the said manor of Great
Bookham called Bookham Upper Common and Bookham Lower Common
in the . . . parish of Great Bookham ” (28). About 1804 a very fine map,
on a scale of 20 inches to one mile, was made of the whole parish of Great
Bookham, and the reference book to this gives the area of Bookham
Common as 348a. 2r. 23p. (29). Some 2 or 3 acres had been added to the
area of the Isle of Wight on its western side, but otherwise the boun¬
daries are 4 he same as those shown on the map of 1614. The odd acre or
two unaccounted for in the difference between the two estimates prob¬
ably represent the land granted to Nathaniel Maynwaring, after Clay
had made his survey and calculations; Maynwaring ’s plot is marked
only with a dotted line on the 1614 map. During the 19th century some
8 acres of the south-eastern corner of the common were inclosed next to
the Fetcham boundary, and a small plot at Markoak Gate, while in 1885
the railway from Leatherhead to Effingham Junction was opened, re¬
sulting in the loss of some three acres. The area of the Common in 1896,
inclusive of the ponds, was 332a. Ir. 27p. One of the ponds, now dry,

38

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

had been marked as :1 A fish-pond ” on the map of 1614, perhaps in¬
dicating that it was kept artificially stocked with fish ; it was almost
certainly a relic of monastic times, when the monks of Chertsey required
large supplies of fish for days of fasting and abstinence. Part of the
discrepancy between the ancient and modern figures for the area is due
to the exclusion of made roads from the latter. After the sale of the
Eastwick Park Estate, the Common with the remaining manorial rights
was purchased by subscription, and vested in the National Trust.

The history of the western part of the Common, belonging to Little
Bookham, is less easy to follow, for few early documents survive.
Enough of the enclosure boundaries is shown on the 1614 map of Great
Bookham, to show that the common’s extent from North to South was
the same as it is to-day, but no survey of the manor is known, and the
Court Rolls do not begin until 1633. In 1656 William King was pre¬
sented to the Court for encroaching on the Common and building a
house there— he was ordered to be fined £5 if it had not been pulled
down by the following Michaelmas (30). At the same Court it was pre¬
sented “ that Beavin being no Tenant of this Mannor doth oppress ye
Common of this Mannor by keeping certeine Sheepe thereon and to
forbeare to doe the like againe upon payne of Is a Sheepe. One halfe
to the Lord the other half to the Pownder.”

In 1757 the Homage presented “ John Richball for inclosing and
taking in part of the Common and we order him to lay the same open
before Michaelmas Day ” (31). This Court also recorded a perambula¬
tion of the bounds; the “ Jury and some of the Antient Inhabitants,”
while following the western boundary “ came out on the Common at the
Diill of Water and made a Cross on an Oak and across the Comon by
the drill,” and after taking in the north end of the manor, went thro’
the Orchard to Hill Place taking in the House and Barns and came out
on the Common and made a mark on an Ash in the Common and on a
streight line to John Richbald’s Corner and made a Cross on the
Ground there and from thence on a Streight Lane ( sic : line) to Bur¬
roughs Corner.”

Three years later William Symonds “ encroached upon the Common
of this Mannor by cutting the Bushes and carrying away the same.
And the Homage . . . Amerce him for the same Offence 1£ ” (32). Sev¬
eral very small inclosures were made in the 18th and early 19th cen¬
turies, on the west side of the Common, but otherwise there can have
been little alteration in the limits of the waste for several hundred
years. In 1924, two years after the acquisition of Great Bookham Com¬
mon by the National Trust in 1922, Little Bookham Common amounting
to 75 acres was presented to the Trust by the Lord of the Manor, the
late Henry Court Willock Pollen, Esq.

Bookham Common, like most commons nowadays, is thought of prin¬
cipally as an open space for public recreation, but it maj7 not be out of
place to say a few words upon the even more vital uses of the wasteland
in earlier periods. For a description of the mediaeval and later methods
of farming upon the old system, the reader must be referred to Mr and
Mrs Orwin s excellent book (33) which describes both the system itself,

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

39

and the history of Laxton in Nottinghamshire, now the only English
survivor.

The principle adopted depended upon the holding of land by the
villagers in common , and not as purely personal property; this applied
both to the arable fields, which were ploughed and cropped, and to the
waste-lands, which were stocked with animals. At the same time, the
individual’s share of the land, and his cattle, were his own property,
subject to compliance with the customs of the manor.

At Bookham, most of the villagers had small private plots of in¬
closed land, in addition to their holdings in the open fields, but these
closes would have been quite insufficient to provide constant grazing
for their stock, even when allowance is made for the use of the stubbles
after harvest, and for sheep being put to run in the fallow-field of the
village. Owing to the three-course system, each of the three great
arable fields would lie fallow once in three years, but the weeds of the
fallow field would be inadequate food for any large number of sheep.
Consequently the poor man’s livelihood depended on the amount of
waste-land which could be used by him as common pasture, and the
number of beasts which he was allowed to put out on it. Horses, oxen,
cows and sheep were the animals counted “ commonable,” but special
rights were acquired by ancient usage for others, such as donkevs, niffs
and geese.

In addition to his dependence on the common for grazing, the com¬
moner derived from it other necessaries, including gorse, twigs and
loppings for fuel, known as fire-bote ; heather or turf for litter or for
use as fuel like peat, called turbary • and wood, for the repairs of houses
and hedges, technically house-bote and hedge-bote. All these rights
only1 extended to the amounts required by the commoner for his own use
on his village holding, and could not be sold or transferred. The
Manorial Court, composed of the villagers themselves, presented offen¬
ders against the customs, and everyone had a very practical interest
in the maintenance of these local laws. Whatever the faults of the old
methods may have been, they did at least safeguard the common good
without undue sacrifice of the individual, and besides making it possible
for the poor man to have his own “ three acres and a cow,” found means
for him to feed his cow, and some sheep as well.

REFERENCES.

{l) E. Ekwall : Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names ; cf. English Place-
Name Society, Vol. xi, Surrey, p. 99.

(2) Victoria County History, Surrey, i, 309a, 321a.

(3) British Museum, Lansdowne MS. 434, year 17.

(4) Ibid., year 14.

\o) Cf. E.P.-N.S., Vol. xi, p. 273, where ‘ Trashurst ” in Dorking is associated
Avith “ trash ” in the dialect sense of “ cuttings from a small wood or
copse.”

(6) B.M., Lansdowne MS. 434.

(7) Public Record Office, E. 164/25— Cartulary of Chertsey Abbey.

(8) Principal Probate Registry : Archdeaconry Court of Surrey Register

MATHEW E, f. 189.

40

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

(9) Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, Vol. 13, Pt. II, 1538. p. 132. 133, 342, iii, v,

(10) P.R.O., E. 36/168, f. 106 ff.

(11) Survey and Map of Great Bookham in 1624, by Thomas Clay. The originals

are in the possession of the National Trust. A complete transcript,,
with copy of the map, by J. H. Harvey, are in the library of the Surrey
Archaeological Society, Castle Arch, Guildford.

(12) Hearth Tax Assessment, 1674. P.R.O., E. 179/188/481

(13) V.C.H., Surrey, iv, 448.

(14) Survey of 1614, see note 11.

(15) Court Rolls of Great Bookham, Court of 15 Apr. 1556; in the possession of

the National Trust. Some extracts are included in a typescript “ Mate¬
rials for the History of Great Bookham,” by J. H. Harvey, deposited
with the Surrey Archaeological Society.

(16) Ibid., Court of 15 May 1605.

(17) Ibid., Court of l Oct. 1607.

(18) Ibid., Court of 5 Oct. 1615.

(19) Survey of 1614, Inrollment No. 17, fo. 4, 1st paging; Transcript, §19.

(20) Courts of 4 Mar. 1607 / 8 ; 4 Nov. 1613; 25 May 1614.

(21) Ibid., Court of 6 Oct. 1614.

(22) Survey of 1614, f. 16, 2nd paging: Transcript, §108.

(23) Ibid., f. 7, 7b, 1st paging; Transcript, §36.

(24) Ibid., f. 4, 2nd paging; Transcript, §73.

(25) Ibid., f. 2, 2nd paging; Transcript, §60.

(26) Ibid., f. 17, 2nd paging; Transcript §111.

(27) Court' Rolls, Court of 6 Oct. 1614.

(28) Indenture enrolled on Close Roll 8 Geo. I pt. 4 (P.R.O., C. 54/5188).

(29) Map and Reference Book of Great Bookham, Surrey County Record Office,

Kingston upon Thames.

(30) Court Rolls of Little Bookham, Court of 21 Apr. 1656; now in the custody

of Messrs Carter & Swallow, 61 Carey Street, London, W.C.2. Some
extracts are included in an appendix to the typescript referred to in
note (11) above.

(31) Ibid., Court of 1 June 1757.

(32) Ibid., Court of 22 Oct. 1760.

(33) C. S. & C. S. Orwin : The Open Fields; Oxford U.P., 1938.

The Survey of Limpsfield Common.

SIXTH YEAR.

Rabbits on Limpsfield Common.

By J. L. Harrison, A.R.C.S., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

rpHESE observations, though incomplete, are published now in order
to put them on record until work can be resumed.

In February 1938 an attempt was made to map all rabbit burrows
on the Common, and in the S.W. corner, comprising areas A, B, C, D
and part of E,* the survey was completed. Each hole found was re¬
corded either as occupied at the time or recently or as disused. The
criteria used were the presence or absence of faeces, footprints, freshly
excavated earth and dead leaves or other materials blocking the hole.

*For an account of these areas, see Parmenter, L., and Thomas. C. H. R. (1937) :
The Limpsfield Common Survey, L.N., 1936, pp. 46-48.

THE SURVEY OF LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

41

Fig. 5. DISTRIBUTION OF RABBIT BURROWS IN THE S.W. CORNER OF

LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

Based upon the Ordnance Survey Map. with the sanction of the Controller of

H.M. Stationery Office.

The positions of the various groups of holes are shown on the accom¬
panying map (Fig. 5). The position of each group is marked by a two
figure number, the first figure showing the number of occupied holes,
and the second the number of disused holes. It will be seen that there
are 47 occupied holes distributed as follows : 7 in pit A, 19 in pit D, 20
scattered in the southern half of area B, and one by the north boundary"
fence. The 50 disused holes are similarly distributed.

Grasshoppers on Limpsfield Common.

By J. L. Harrison, A.R.C.S., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

An apology is needed for the publication of observations so incom¬
plete as these. The object is to put them on record until work can be
resumed .

On the 3rd and 8th June 1938, a survey was made of the distribution
of short-horned grasshoppers ( Orthoptera , Acrididae) on the Common.
Each area and sub-area (see Parmenter and Thomas, 1937) was visited
and each species recorded as seen or not seen there ; no attempt was

42

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

made to record abundance. Only three species were seen, Chorthippus
bicolor (Charp.), Omocestus viridulus (L.) and Myrmeleotettix maculatus
(Thnbg.); these were recorded from the areas as indicated by crosses in
the following table : —

Area A B D

Ch. bicolor + + +

O. viridulus + _

M. maculatus + +

No grasshoppers were seen in areas C, G, H, Q, Rb, S, T, Ua, Uc,

X, Y, Z.

It is, of course, absurd to attempt to draw conclusions from such
inadequate evidence, but two observations are worthy of note.

Ch. bicolor was the most abundant grasshopper at Limpsfield. This
is in contrast with Bookham Common, where Ch. parallelus (Zett.),
which wras not recorded from Limpsfield, wTas, in 1942, the more abun¬
dant of the two species.

A comparison with Robbins (1938) and the vegetation map (Castell,
1939) shows that if each area be classified as either mainly wmodland or
mainly heath, then grasshoppers are recorded from only one (F) of the
nine woodland areas and from all but three (Rb, S, Ua) of the eighteen
heath areas, large parts of which are dominated by Pteris, Calluna,
Ulex, and grasses. Of these three, two (Ua and S) wTere taken up largely
by the golf course and, in spite of careful search, no grasshoppers were
seen on the fairways, so perhaps they dislike the game.

Each area, however, contains so many different plant associations
that to call any of them “ woodland ” or ‘ ‘ heath ” is likely to be mis¬
leading. It is found, in fact, that the lettered areas are quite unsuit¬
able for recording distribution ; they are too large ; there are no con¬
venient means of referring to points or to small areas ; and they do not
represent uniform habitats. They suffer a further disadvantage in be¬
ing neither wholly topographical nor wholly vegetational. It is sug¬
gested that, when work is resumed on the common, the lettered-area
reference system be discorded and, for purely topographical references,
a grid system be adopted. The vegetation map (Castell, 1939) could be
brought up to date without much difficulty and checked yearly, a revised
•edition being issued as necessary. In this map the Common is divided
into about 160 areas, and if some system of referring to these areas
could be devised, it would form an excellent base for any further distri¬
bution surveys.

E

F

Ka

Kb

L

M

Nab

P

Ra

Ub

V

w

+

+

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

—

-

+

+

+

—

—

—

+

—

—

_

+

-

-

-

+

—

—

—

—

+

—

+

REFERENCES.

Castell, C. P. (1939.) Limpsfield Common Vegetation Map, L.N., 1938, opp. p. 60.
Parmenter, L.. and Thomas, C. H. R. (1937.) The Limpsfield Common Survev,
L.N., 1936, pp. 46-48.

Robbins, R. W. (1938.) Preliminary Observations on the . . . Vegetation of
Limpsfield Common, L.N., 1937, p. 50.

ERRATUM.

Loud. Nat., 1941, p. 34 : (E) in Rabbit Holes (Area C) : for C read A.

THE EPPIXG FOREST SURVEY.

43

The Epping Forest Survey.

A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF THE ECOLOGICAL WORK OF
THE CHINGFORD BRANCH AT THE CUCKOO PITS IN 1942.

Report by the Branch Council: — W. A. Wright, Chairman; D. G.
Tucker, Secretary; J. H. G. Peterken, E. T. Nicholson, E. B. Pinniger,

K. E. Hoy.

yyHEN the Chingford Branch recommenced activities in January
1942, it was decided to undertake a series of surveys of represen¬
tative portions of the Forest near Chingford, and the first area selected
was that surrounding the Cuckoo Pits. A small area was considered
-desirable, as the resources of the Branch are small, and the provisional
boundaries enclose an area approximately 500 x 250 yards. A pre¬
liminary map was made, and the area was subdivided into 14 vegetation
units. The map has been revised from time to time, and the accompany¬
ing one (Fig. 6 opposite p. 44) is thought to be reasonably correct, ex¬
cept that footpaths have been shown somewhat straightened for sim¬
plicity. It is intended to be used for recording and for work in the field,
and copies may be obtained from the Branch Secretary.

The south-western boundary of the area is the small stream known
as the Cuckoo Brook, and from this the land rises perhaps 20 feet,
being capped with a bed of gravel over its highest portion, in which
lie the series of shallow stagnant ponds known as the Cuckoo Pits. To
the north, the northern edge of Pear Tree Plain (vegetation area M)
forms a boundary; the southern and part of the eastern boundaries are
formed by grassy “ rides ” ; the north-western, and middle part of the
eastern, boundaries are rather artificial, being formed by not-too-distinct
footpaths.

The ponds comprise five vegetation units. Pond G is the largest,
being about 45 X 25 yards. It is almost completely overgrown with
vegetation, chiefly sallow and rushes ; there are considerable cpiantities
also of bur marigold (Bidens cernua ) in the autumn, and bitter-sweet
( Solarium dulcamara). The greatest depth is about 2 ft. 6 ins., and in
the late summer of 1942 the pond became very nearly dry. The water
teems with small animal life ; on one occasion a sample of the water
contained about 15 water-fleas ( Daphnia ) to the cubic cm. Other Crus¬
tacea, including Cypris and Cyclops , and numerous other microscopic
forms of animal life (including many protozoa) are common.

Pond K is almost the same area, being about 35 x 30 yards. How¬
ever, only about one-third of its area is overgrown with vegetation ; the
remainder is open water, except for patches of white water-lily ( Kym -
phaea alba) and Potamogeton natans. The overgrown portion is oc¬
cupied chiefly by reed-mace ( Typha lati folia) and bur-reed ( Sparganium

44

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

sp.) w ith some rushes. Tliis pond does not dry up in the summer. The
ground to the north is marshy, and is included in area Iv. Sphagnum
moss occurs in both these larger ponds.

Ponds J and H, about 100 sq. yds. in area, dry up completely for
some months, ai^d so far have shown little of interest.

1 ond area E is a series of ten mostly very small ponds and marshy
areas, which also dry up completely in the summer. Rushes form a con¬
siderable proportion of the vegetation.

The woodland consists of five vegetation units, A, B, C, D and L.
In all of these, the dominant tree is hornbeam, with pedunculate oak
subdominant. Tansley, in his hook “ The British Islands and Their
\ egetation, 1939, says generally . . . it is probable that hornbeam
would in no case dominate the oaks with which it is associated since its
height growth is not so great, though it casts a deeper shade ” (p. 257).
The Cuckoo Pits district is evidently an exception to this general rule.
Holly and hawthorn are common. The undergrowth is chiefly bramble,
with some bracken on the gravel portion.

Pear Tree Plain (area M) is the only large open area; it is very
damp. The vegetation consists of grasses of several species, sedges and
rushes. Deschampsia caespitosa is locally dominant. The boundary on
the north is a line of fine oaks, but on the south there is a dense tangle
of hawdhorn and blackthorn, with dog-rose and bramble, which is en¬
croaching on to the Plain, and threatens eventually to overrun it.

The open , gravel-soil, area immediately surrounding the ponds E
and E is considered a vegetation unit (F) and is covered chieflv with
grasses, bracken, rushes, and a little bramble and heather ( Calluna vul¬
garis).

The other two vegetation units are the rides (N) and the stream (P).

Methods of Recording the T egetation. The common plants are re-
( oi ded by means of quadrat charts and line transects, and fairly de¬
tailed vegetation charts have been made of the ponds. For the rest,
lists of species are made with notes on their relative abundance.

Invertebrate Animal Life. It has not been possible to do very much
work on this vast subject, owing to the absence of expert observers in
most branches. However, the dragonflies have been studied in some
detail, a preliminary list of butterflies and moths has been prepared,
and a visit by Mr L. Parmenter led to a short list of flies. Some notes
on gall-flies have been contributed by Mr J. Ross.

Birds and other Vertebrates. These have been studied relatively
thoroughly. Of birds, 48 species have been recorded in the survey area,
although 81 species have been observed in a larger area, 1 mile diameter,
centred on the Cuckoo Pits. Evidence of breeding has been looked for,
and 12 species have been recorded as giving such evidence in the survey
area.

Othei vertebrates are not numerous, only 7 species having been re¬
corded in 1942.

Fig. 6. Based upon the Ordnance Survey Map, with the sanction of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office.

OFFICIAL REPORTS FOR 1942.

45

Official Reports for 1942.

Council’s Report, 1942.

O XE more year of war conditions lias seen the Society progress very
favourably; our membership number has turned the corner, and
instead of the decrease of past years, actually shows an increase of 18,
to 540.

Especially gratifying is the improvement in the Chingford Branch ;
not only has its membership been augmented by about 40 per cent.,
but its scientific work, under the direction of its new Secretary, Mr D.
G. Tucker, is proving most useful, particularly in the Ecological Survey
that has been inaugurated in Epping Forest.

The London Naturalist, containing an illustrated Obituary of the
late R. AY. Robbins, was published, with its Supplement, The London
Bird Beport, rather late in the year owing to present disturbed condi¬
tions; it is hoped that earlier production may be possible in 1943.

The Treasurer’s Report shows a better financial position than might
have been expected during these trying times.

A continued, and augmented, influx of new members is a greater
need than ever ; the Council trusts that every individual will do all pos¬
sible to bring in fresh recruits.

A. B. Horxblower, Hon. General Secretary.

Librarian’s Report, 1942.

j^PART from official journals of other societies, there were few addi-
^ tions to the Library in 1942, but these included E. C. Arnold’s
Bird Beserves presented by Miss R. Davis, and a volume of AYitherby’s
Handbook of British Birds, lost early in the war due to a defaulting
borrower and kindly replaced by Messrs Austin and Bayne. Only 54
books were borrowed by members.

My attendances at the Library on meeting days had become so rare
that in November I decided it would be best for the Society to find me
a successor as Librarian. Mr T. L. Bartlett very kindly consented to
take over the duty, and I should like to take this opportunity of thank¬
ing him. The disorder resulting from accumulations of unsorted periodi¬
cals, and from the flotsam and jetsam which the Library seems to at¬
tract, was most ably tidied up by Mr M. T. Hindson, who has busied
himself for many months checking and restoring order to both the
Library and its card index. To him also I am very grateful.

There is still insufficient shelf room in the Library for all the books,
and another book-case would be a most serviceable addition to the Lib¬
rary (members with a book-case +o spare, please note).

G. H. Spinney, Hon. Librarian.

46

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Curator’s Report, 1942.

COMPLETION of blast damage repairs to the bookcases and cup¬
boards was effected early in the year, and the amount of £19 14s 6d
received from the Treasurer was paid over in settlement. From this
time the Society’s property has been dust-free, entirely under lock and
key, and the external appearance has become worthy of our Society.

In September I obtained special permission from the authorities to
have the use of the corridor monthly on Tuesday evenings. I then in¬
vited the sub-curators to join me in overhauling the Collections.

I have satisfactory reports on the condition of the Ornithological
property from Mr Austin and from Mrs Parrinder, and on the Entomo¬
logical from Mr Pinniger. There have been a few additions to the bird
skin and wing collections during the year.*

There have also been numerous additions to the Herbarium, which
continues under the painstaking care of Rev. P. H. Cooke. The new
black covers enclosing some of the genera add considerably to the ap¬
pearance of the herbarium.

The nucleus of the Ecological collection is now placed under the care
of Mr Castell in the long drawer under No. 3 herbarium. During the
year this Section has received a valuable addition to its property by the
gift of a photostat map and record of the Bookham Common area.

Mr Burkill informs me that few additions have been made to the
Plant Gall collection but that work is still going on.

In conclusion, and briefly, I am satisfied that the status quo is being
maintained and that the enthusiasm of a very small band of workers
will keep in safe trust for our absent members that material proof of
our practical activities represented in the corridor cases, cupboards,
and shelves.

L. G. Payne, Curator.

Report of The Director of Sectional Organisation, 1942.

RESPITE absence of members and other adverse conditions, the Sec¬
tions of the Society have managed to continue some activity.

The Bookham Common Survey has afforded the Ecologists oppor¬
tunity for co-operative work with other sections and has fully justified
this new venture. A very useful base map of the Common has been pre¬
pared by the Secretary and copies are available for members’ use.

The Ornithological Section, numerically the strongest, has carried
on with its district recording and is also working in conjunction with
the British Trust for Ornithology in the important 'Wood Pigeon inquiry.
The sixth number of The London Bird Beport has been completed and
published.

*It is hoped that members will continue to send as many skins, wings and
photographs as possible for the collections to the Sectional Curator, Airs-
Parrinder.

OFFICIAL REPORTS FOR 1942.

47

The Botanists have added 10 new species to our local district records
and many fresh sheets of specimens have been placed in the Society’s
Herbarium.

Our smallest section, Plant Galls, is still active and recording.

There is little to report of the remaining sections, viz., Entomologi¬
cal, Archaeological, and Ramblers, all of which are handicapped by
loss of active workers, but these and other sections have provided lec¬
turers for our Syllabus and carried through some field meetings, the
latter with varying degrees of success.

The Geological Committee is confining its activities to co-operating
in the Bookham Common and Epping Forest ecological surveys. In
the present anxious and trying conditions our Sectional System is
proving its value and usefulness by keeping together those who have
some degree of leisure, and it continues to act as the backbone of the
Society.

S. Austin, Director of Sectional Organisation.

Report of the Chingford Branch, 1942.

rpHE Branch recommenced activities in January 1942, and as the
major part of its programme undertook an ecological survey of a
part of Epping Forest. After discussion by the Branch Council, the
Cuckoo Pits area was selected for detailed study, and a large amount of
work has been done on the survey of the vegetation and bird life. Other
aspects of the study have so far been only cursorily investigated, but it
is hoped to cover these in more detail next year. Nine official ecological
field meetings have been held, with an average attendance of 11, but,
naturally, most of the work is done by individuals and small groups of
members apart from official meetings.

Other outdoor work has included 6 rambles in the neighbourhood of
Chingford, with an average attendance of 12.

Nine indoor meetings have been held during the year, with an aver¬
age attendance of 20, and the talks and discussions have included two
on Botany, two on Ecology, one on Ornithology, one on Entomology, one
on Geology, and two on general subjects.

Ten new Branch Associates and two full members have been re¬
cruited by the Branch this year.

The affairs of the Branch are controlled by the Branch Council, which
consists of six members. Five Council meetings have been held during
the year, with an average attendance of 4.4.

Taking into account the war conditions, it is felt that the Branch
has had a successful year.

D. G. Tucker, Branch Secretary.

48

THE LONDON NATL'EALIST.

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LIST OF MEMBERS.

49

List of Members.

(Corrected up to 28th June 1943.)

It is particularly requested that Members will inform the Secretary as soon as

possible of any change of address.

For list of abbreviations, see end.

Honorary President:

prof. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.

Honorary Vice-Presidents:

Sir Lawrence Chubb. E. A. Cockayne, M.A , D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. prof. M.
Greenwood, D.Sc , F.R.S. , F.R.C.P. *A. Holte Macpherson, B.C.L., M.A., F.Z.S.

L. B. PROUT, F.R.E.S. J. ROSS.

Honorary Members:

1916 Brown, A., F.Z.S., 64 Sancroft Road, Eastbourne, Sussex. (Arch., Geol.,
Orn., R.)

1933 Bryce, E. J., Nelson Road, Killara, Sydney, N.S.W. (Zoo.)

1927 Le Souef, A. S., C.M.Z.S., R.A.O.U., Taronga Zoological Park, Sydney, N.S.W.

Members :

1928 Alexander, 0. A., c/o 35 Ellington Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. (Ent.)

1939 ‘Allen, Miss D. (address not known).

1932 Angell, Miss K. W., Stockwell College, Watcombe Park, St Marychurch,
Torquay, S. Devon. (Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn., PI. G., R.)

1932 Arbon, Mrs J. A., Brookside, Eversley Park Road, N.21. (Arch.)

1942 Archer, H. A., 76 Encllebury Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1939 Ashby, C. B., 20 Denmark Road, Carshalton, Surrey. (Orn.)

1892 Austin, S., F.Z.S. , 43 Darenth Road, N. 16. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., Orn., R.)

1931 Back, Dr Marjorie, 10 Great George Street, S.W.l. (Bot., Orn.)

1929 ‘Bagnall, R. S,, D.Sc., F.R.S.E. (address not known). (Bot., Ent., PL G.)

1927 Baily, Miss A. R., F.Z.S., Cressex Lodge, Binfield, Berks. (Arch., Bot., Ent.,

Orn., PL G., R.)

1924 ‘Baker. E. C. Stuart, J.P., O.B.E., F.Z.S., F.L.S., M.B.O.U., H.F.A.O.U., 6
Harold Road, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1941 Ballingal, N. C., 120 Cramner Court, S.W.3. (Orn.)

1934 Banks, H., 172 Cromwell Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. (Bot., Orn.)

1926 Barnes, Mrs E. C., M.B.O.U., Hungerdown, Seagry, Wilts. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)
1937 Barnett, R. L., 30 Hans Road, S.W.3. (Bot., Orn.)

1941 Barrington, F. J. F., 48 Wimpole Street, W.l. (Orn.)

1941 Bartlett, T. L., B.A., 91 Woodend Avenue, South Harrow, Middx. (Ecol., Orn.)

1933 Bastian, Miss S., 83 Gower Street, W.C.l.

1903 ‘Battiey, Mrs, 1 Sydney Road, Guildford, Surrey.

1932 Bayliss, C. V., 38 Colwyn Avenue, Blackpool. (Arch.)

1915 Bayne, C. S., Savage Club, 69 Brook Street, W.l. (Ecol., Orn.)

1936 Beckwith, Major W. M., D.S.O., 59 Albert Hall Mansions, S.W.7. (Orn.)

1943 Beesley, J. S. S., 63 Warren Avenue, Bromley, Kent. (Orn.)

1929 ‘Benson, R. B., M.A., F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural History), S.W.7.

(Bot., Ecol., Ent., esp. Sawflies, Orn., PL G., R.)

1932 Bentham, C. H., Eotlien, Epsom Lane, Tadworth, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Best, Miss M. G., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 115 Widmore Road, Bromley. (Orn.)

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

50

1940

1941
1937
1930

1939
1937
1937

1941
1904

1932
1910
1930
1937

1933

1942

1937

1926

1940

1938
1930
1915

1943
1935

Beven, G., Cromer Hyde, Central Road. Morden, Surrey. (Orn.)

Bispham, T., B.Sc., A.I.C., 2 Chestnut Avenue, Wembley, Middlesex. (Orn )
Blackett, Miss F. R. F., 13 Cranley Place, S.W.7. (Orn.)

Blair. K. G., D.Sc., F.R.E.S., 11 Durrington Park Road, S.W.20. (Ent.)

Blake, E. A., 16 Lindsay Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. (Orn.)

Blake, F. W., 16 Lindsay Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. (Orn.)

Bond, Mrs M. T., 8 Messaline Avenue, W.3. (Orn )

Bourne, K. W., 47 West Way, N.W.10. (Ecol.)

Bradley, S. W., 4 Lucton’s Avenue, Buckhurst Hill; Essex. ;Bot., Ent., Orn )
Braithwaite, Miss D. M., 18 Warren Road, E.4. (Orn.)

Braithwaite, Miss N. A., 18 Warren Road, E.4.

Brena, W. A., M.A., M.D., B.Sc., 14 Bolingbroke Grove, S.W.ll. (Arch. Orn.)
Brightwell, L. R., F.Z.S., White Cottage, Chalk Lane, East Horsley Surrey
(Marine Life.)

Bromley, Miss B., 12a Eton Road, N.W.3. (Orn., R.)

Bromley, F. C., 93 Wolrner Gardens, Edgware, ’Middx. (Orn.)

Brown Miss B. E„ Gresham Cottage, Granville Road, Limpsfield Surrey
(Ecol., Orn.)

Browne, Miss C. H„ 11 St Mary's Walk, Harrogate, Yorks. (Arch., Bot.
Orn., R.)

Browne, Miss E. Gore, 3 Claremont House, Lithos Road, N.W.3. (Orn )
Buck, F. D., 49 Elthorne Road, N.19. (Col., Ecol.)

‘Burgham, Miss J. E., 2 Nevern Place, S.W.5. (Geol., Orn.. R.)

Burkill, H. J., M.A., F.R.G.S., 3 Newman’s Court, Cornliill E C 3 (Bot
Ecol., Geol., Lep., Orn., PI. G., R.)

Burt, Miss E. H., 40 Bellfleld Avenue, Harrow Weald, Middx.

Butterworth Miss M. H„ The Caravan, Ash Walk, Warminster, Wilts
(Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1928
1912

1936

1933

1932

1936

1930

1931

1929
1904

‘Campbell, J. M. H., M.D., 47 Arkwright Road, N.W 3 (Orn)

CaPOrnn,R4)’ G°lferS’ Club’ 2a Whitehall Court, S.W.l. (Bot,. Ecol.. Mam..

Carrington, L. I., The Grey Cottage, Chipstead, Surrey. (Ecol., Orn.)
Carter, J. S., Ph.D., M.Sc., F I.C., 26 St John’s Road, N.W. 11. (Orn )

Castell, C. P., B.Sc., 52 Graham Road, S.W.19. (Bot., Ecol.. Geol.)

Cawkell, E. M., 74 Alfred Road, Clive Yale, Hastings, Sussex. (Orn.)
Chandler, S. E., D.Sc. F.L.S., 74 King’s Road, Caversham, Reading. (Bot.,

J. . )

Chubb, Sir Lawrence, 71 Eccleston Squace, S.W.l. (R.)

Coates, Miss N. H., Woodhouse, Beaumont Road, S.W.19. (Bot, Orn.)

Cockayne, E. A., M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., 16 Westbourne Street W2

(Biol., Lep.)

1925 Cocksedge, W. C., Hardwick House, Whitchurch, near Reading Berks
(Arch., Bot., Ecol., Geol., Orn.)

1929 Cocksedge, Mrs, 6 Aldersmead Road, Beckenham, Kent. (Arch. Bot Ecol
Geol.)

1907 Collenette, C. L„ F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S., Parwich Hall, near Ashbourne Derby¬
shire. (Api., Bot., Ecol., Ent,, Orn.)

1936 Collett, R. L., 165/20 Abbey Road, N.W. 8. (Orn.)

1914 Connoll, Miss E., 22 Ravenslea Road, S.W.12

1904 Cooke, Rev. P. IL. B.A., 22 Barnett ’ Wood Lane, Ashtead, Surrey (Arch
Bot.)

1938 Cooper, J. M., c/o Fairview, Higher Drive, Purley Surrey (Orn )

1939 Coote, F. D., F.R.E.S., 32 Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. (Lep.)

1939 Copithorne, Surgeon Lieut. R. E. C., R.L.V.R., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. DCH
late, of H.M.S. Ark Royal, c/o G.P.O., London.

1937 Cornwallis, R. K., Collow Abbey, Wragby, Lines. (Orn.)

1939 Couper, Miss L., 6 St John’s Road. N.W. 11. (Arch.)

1941 Cracknell, A. C., 39 Ravenscourt Gardens, W.6. (Ent.)

1942 Cramp, S.. 97 Clare Court, W.C.l. (Orn.)

1937 Crispin, G. H., Meadowcroft, Abbot’s Langley, Herts.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

51

1936 Crompton, Miss C. E., Sesame Imperial and Pioneer Club, 49 Grosvenor
Street, W.l. (Arch., Grn.)

1927 Cross-Rose, F., 20 Woolstone Road, S.E.23. (Orn.)

1892 Culpin, M., M.D., F.R.C.S., Fairview, Semaphore Road, Guildford. (Biol.)

1928 Cuningham, Miss D. W. M., Milford Cottage, Milford, Godaiming, Surrey.

(Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn.. PI. G.)

1930 Cunningham, J., M.B.O.U., Drinag'h, Kensington Road, Ivnocke, Belfast.
(Orn.)

1936 Currie, P. W. E., c/o 102 Burdon Lane, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey. (Ecol.. Orn.)
1943 Cyprian, Miss N. A., 2 Hadden Way, Greenford, Middx. (Bot.)

1892 Cyriax, R. C., 23 Aberdare Gardens, N.W.6. (Arch., Aryan question, Indo-
European languages.)

1936 Daffarn, J. D., c/o 41 Woodside Avenue, N.6. (Orn.)

1920 ‘Dallas, J. E. S., 4 Herkomer Road, Llandudno, N. Wales. (Arch., Bot.,
Ecol., Orn., PI. G., R.)

1925 ‘Dallas, Mrs Rosa F., 4 Herkomer Road, Llandudno, N. Wales. (Arch., Bot.,

Ecol., Geol., Orn., R.)

1940 Darlington, Miss I., M.A., 39 Craven Avenue, W.5. (Arch., Bot., Orn.)

1933 Davies, Miss E. B., Graffham, Petworth, Sussex. (Ent., Orn.)

1926 Deane, Miss M. B. H., Box 36, B.P.O., Tangier, Morocco. (Orn.)

1910 Dell, F. G., 55 Russell Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (Micr., Orn., P.L.)

1928 Douglas- Smith, Miss K., 19 Thurlow Road, N.W.3. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., Orn.)
1942 Duffin, C. J., 4 Pendennis Road, S.W.16. (Orn.)

1934 Eales- White, Major J. C., T.D., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Squirrel Wood, Seven Hills

Road, Cobham, Surrey (Arch., Ent., Orn.)

1936 Elcome, J. W., c/o 28 Dulwich Wood Avenue, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1936 Ellington, Miss M. L., 1st London Motor Co., Cam House, Campden Hill,
W.8. (Orn.)

1936 Ellis, W G., Wavecrest, Maesgwyn Road, Penrhyn Bay, Llandudno, N.

Wales. (Orn.)

1939 Elphinstone, K. V., Artillery Mansions, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1928 Emberson, L. M., African and Eastern (Near East) Ld., P.O. Box No. 17,
Baghdad, Iraq. (Ecol., Orn.)

1927 English, Miss F., 4 Herkomer Road, Llandudno, N. Wales. (Arch., Bot.,

Orn., R.)

1942 Evans, L. R., 35 Champion Grove, S.E.5.

1939 Fairbairn, Miss C. E., c/o Westminster Bank Ltd., 94 Kensington High
Street, W.8. (Orn.)

1939 Faulkner, Miss A. M. G., 127 Lower Richmond Road, S.W.14. (Arch., Orn., R.)

1940 Finch, Miss S, A., M.B., B.S., D.T.M. & H., 135 Palmerston Road, N.22.

(Arch., Orn., R.)

1937 Fisher, J. M. McC., c/o Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, N.W.8.

(Ecol., Orn.)

1934 Fitter R. S. R., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 39 South Grove House, N.6. (Ecol., Orn.)
1924 Foster, J. B., B.A., 478 West Wycombe Load, High Wycombe, Bucks. (Orn.)

1938 Franks, Miss H., 21 Queen Square House, W.C.l. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., Orn., R.)
1937 Freeman, P., B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S., 8 Sebastian Avenue, Shenfield, Essex.

(Ecol., Ent.)

1935 French, W. A.. Brook Barns, Chigwell, Essex. (Bot., Orn.)

1939 Garrett, Y. R., c/o 15 The Pryors, East Heath Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1932 Garrido, A. S., c/o The G.P.O., Birmingham. (Bot., Ecol., Geol.)

1933 Gaster, H., 8a Lunham Road, S.E.19. (Bot., Orn., R.)

1910 Gaze, W. E., 10 The Avenue, Highams Park, E.4. (Bot., Chem., Lep., Orn.)
1939 Gibson, Miss A., M.D., The Central Laboratory, Star and Garter Home,
Richmond, Surrey. (Orn.)

1939 Gibson, Mrs G. M., 26 Gilston Road, S.W.10. (Bot., Orn.)

1931 Gillett, J. D., F.R.E.S., P.O. Box 40, Jinja, Uganda. (Ent., Rep.)

52

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1942 Glanville, S. R. K., 53 North Road, N.6. (Orn.)

1910 Glegg, W, E., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. (Orn )
1934 Godwin, C., 50 Lomond Avenue, Blackpool, Lancs. (Orn.)

1934 Godwin, Mrs M. L., 50 Lomond Avenue, Blackpool, Lancs. (Orn.)

1929 Goodfellow, Miss L., Flat 3, 7 Lyndhurst Gardens, N.W.3. (Orn \

1939 Goom, Miss E, M., 78 Elmfield Avenue, Teddington, Middx. (Orn.)

1942 Gould, H. G., 35 Bergholt Avenue, Ilford, Essex. (Orn.)

1927 Green, R., F.Z.S., Ruskin Studio, 7 New Court, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.2, and
84 Elgin Road, Seven Kings, Essex. (Orn.)

1899 ‘Greenwood, Prof. M., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., Hillcrest, Church Hill, Lough-
ton, Essex. (Arch., Biol.)

1920 Grinling, C. H„ B.A., Redroofs, Peaslake, Guildford, Surrey. (Bot., Ecol.)

1927 Hale, R. W., 6 Grendon Gardens, Wembley Park, Middx. (Ecol., Orn.)
1939 Hambly, E, H. T., M.B., B.S., F.R.C.S., Treharrock, Seer Green, Beacons-
field, Bucks. (Ent., Orn.)

1903 Hanbury, F. Capel, Westfield, Hoddesdon, Herts. (Lep.)

1897 ‘Hanson, P. J.. Burcroft, Village Road, Bush Hill Park, Middx. (Arch., Ecol.,
Orn., R.)

1921 Hardiman, J. P„ C.B.E., B.A., Hyron’s Cottage, Woodside Road, Amersham,

Bucks. (Orn.)

1942 Harris, L. F., 47 High Street, Weybridge, Surrey. (Orn.)

1943 Harrison, D. L., Bowerwood House, St Botolph’s Road, Sevenoaks, Kent.

(Biol., Orn.)

1942 Harrison, J. L., A.R.C.S., B.Sc., F.R.E.S. (Capt., R.A.S.C.), 12 Hexham Gar¬
dens, Isleworth, Middx. (Ecol., Ent.)

1939 Haviland, Mrs B., 121 Ashley Gardens, S.W.l. (Bot.)

1939 Haviland, Miss D. M., 121 Ashley Gardens, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1938 Haviland, Miss G. M. B., 121 Ashley Gardens, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1927 Hayward, J. F., Pli.D., M.Sc., 2/Lt., c/o 29 Mount Echo Drive, E.4. (Geol.,
Zoo.)

1902 Heath, G. H., M.A., 3 Bolnev Court, Portsmouth Road, Surbiton. (Lep.)

1937 Hett, G. Seccombe, F.R.C.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 86 Brook Street, W.l. (Ecol.,

Icht., Mam., Orn.)

1940 Hick, C. E. St C., Larkfleld, Bracknell, Berks. (Lep.)

1938 High-way, Mrs H. (address not known). (Bot., Orn.)

1938 Hindson, M. T., 11 Holland Park, W.ll. (Ecol., R.)

1937 Hohn, E. 0., c/o Belmont, Westfields, Leek, Staffs. (Orn., Ecol.)

1932 Homes, Lt. R. C., c/o Park Cottage, Wisborough Green, near Billingshurst,

Sussex. (Ecol., Orn.)

1930 Hopkins, Capt. G., c/o Westminster Bank Ltd., Green Lane, Nortlrwood,

Middx. (Ecol., Orn.)

1919 Horn, P. W., Stepney Borough Museum, 77 Whitechapel High Street, E.l.
(Aqua., Orn.)

1905 Hornblower, A. B., 91 Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (Api., Arch.,
Ecol., Orn., R.)

1941 Hoy, K. E., 5 Beverley Crescent, Woodford Green, Essex. (Ent., Orn.)

1938 Hurcomb, Sir Cyril, K.B.E., C.B., 12 Campden Hill Court, W.S. (Orn.)

1939 Hussey, N. W., c/o Penwarne, Stonew-all Park Road, Langton, Tunbridge

Wells, Kent. (Hym., Orn.)

1937 Hussey, S. V., 40 Flanchford Road, W.12. (Bot,., Orn., R.)

1930 Hutton, Miss R. E., Lytton Lodge, Codicote, Hitchin, Herts. (Bot., Zoo.)

1927 Jeffery, H. J., A.R.C.S., F.L.S., 14 Coppetts Road, N.10. (Bot.)

1933 Johns, Miss L. J., 87 Morley Hill, Enfield, Middx. (Arclr, Bot., Ecol., Orn., R.)

1931 Johnston, F. J., West Park, Sidmouth, Devon. (Ecol., Orn.)

1942 Karthauser, B. F., 8a Lavm Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1899 ‘Kaye, W. J., F.R.E.S,, Chantrey Lodge, Longdown, Guildford, Surrey. (Lep.)

1938 Keith, Miss C., 17 Abercorn Place, N.W.8. (Arch., Bot., Orn., R.)

1942 Kemp, Mrs M. M., 33 Ellerton Road, S.W.18. (Orn.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

53

1934 Kerr, Mrs H. M. Rait-, 22 Elm Tree Road, N.W.8. (Arch., Ecol., Orn.)

1936 Keywood, K. P., Croft Cottage, Hare Lane, Claygate, Surrey. (Ent., Orn.)
1930 King, Miss C. A., M.D., 8 Lancaster Drive, N.W.3. (Arch., Orn., R.)

1941 Kramer, j. A., 2 Northumberland Road, New Barnet, Herts. (Orn.)

1942 Law, Miss M. D. L.. 90 Riverway, N.13. (Arch., Ecol.)

1930 Ledlie, R. C. B., M.B., B.Sc., F.R.C.S., 64 Harley Street, W.l. (Bot Orn )
1922 Lemon, Mrs M. L„ M.B.E., J.P., F.R.G.S., F.R.S.A., F.Z.S., M.B.o’.U., Hill-
crest, Redhill, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Lewer, F. A., 10 Oakhill Road, S.W.15. (Orn.)

1919 Leyton Public Libraries (E, Sydney, F.L.A.), Central Librarv E 10
1927 ^Lister, Miss G., F.L.S., 871 High Road, E.ll. (Bot., Orn.)

1926 ‘Littlejohn, H. A., 2 Brooklands Gardens, Ilford, Essex. (Bot., Orn., R.)
1934 Locket, G. H., M.A., M.Sc., l Mount Pleasant, Harrow, Mx. (Ecol., Ent.)
1926 ‘Longfleld, Miss C. E„ F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 20 Pont Street,
S.W.l. (Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn., R.)

1930 ‘Low, G. Carmichael, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 7 Kent House
Kensington Court, W.8. (Orn., Zoo.)

1938 Lowe, Miss C. B. M., l Lake Close, Lake Road, S.W.19. (Arch., Bot., Orn., R.)
1926 Lutwyche, Mrs A. N., 120 Mildred Avenue, Watford, Herts. (Orn., R.)

1928 MacAlister, Mrs E. c/o Natl. Prov. Bank, 18 Cromwell PL, S.W .7. (Bot., Orn.)

1937 McClintock, Major D., M.A., A.C.A., c/o Park Grove, Withyam, Sussex.

(Bot., Orn.)

1935 McCulloch, Lt. G. K., c/o 65 Chester Road, Northwood, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1933 MacDonald, Rt. Hon. Malcolm J., M.P., c/o Upper Frognal Lodge N.W.3.

(Orn.)

1935 McDowell, Miss C. M., 19 Cambridge Park Court, E. Twickenham Mx

(Bot., Orn., R.)

1939 McEwen, Miss E., c/o Westminster Bank, 74 Westbourne Grove. W.2 (Orn )

1911 Macintosh, Miss I. S., 3 Mayfield Road, E.4. (Arch., Bot.)

1911 Macintosh, Miss J. D., 3 Mayfield Road, E.4. (Arch.’ Bot.)

1929 Mackay, Helen M. M., M.D.. F.R.C.P., 7 Lyndhurst Gardens, NAY 3 (Orn)
1932 Mackworth-Praed, C. W„ F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., M.BO.U, Castletop

Burley, near Ringwood, Hants. (Orn., Ent.)

1941 McMillan. A., L.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Ivy House, New Romney, Kent. (Orn.)

1923 ‘Macpherson, A. Holte, B.C.L., M.A., F.Z.S., 12 The Beacon, Exmouth Devon
(Orn.)

1934 Mann, F. R., M.C., Noreena, Ham Common, Surrey. (Orn.)

1934 Manser, G. E., c/o 29 Gallows Hill, King’s Langley, Herts. (Bot Ecol Orn)

1936 Manson-Bahr, Sir Philip H„ C.M.G., D.S.O., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.. M.B.O.LL

F.Z.S., 149 Harley Street, W.l. (Orn.)

1934 ‘Marchant Miss R., 24 Longmeads. Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells Kent (Arch

Bot.) ’

1938 Maund, Miss L. M. R., 142 Gordon Court, Wood Lane, W.12. (Orn.)

1940 Megaw, T. McE., M.Sc., A.M.I.C.E., Petty’s Farm, Ludgershall, Aylesbury

Bucks. (Geol, Orn.)

1935 Melluish, W. D., c/o 56 Sunnyfield, N.W.7. (Ecol., Orn.)

1938 Michael, R. P. (address not known). (Ecol., Orn.)

1931 Millburn, Miss F. C., Calderfield, St George’s Avenue, Northampton. (Orn.)
1926 Mitchell, Miss E. A., 6 The Uplands, Ruislip Manor, Middlesex. (Bot., Orn.)

1932 Mitchell, Miss M. I., 7 Penwerris Avenue, Osterley, Middlesex. (Bot.’ Orn.)

1938 Monk, J . F., 5 Gayton Crescent, NAY. 3. (Orn.)

1937 Mountfort, G. R., M.B.O.U., c/o Yacuum Oil Co., Castor House Tothill

Street, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1942 Mugele, G. F., 68 Connaught Avenue, E.4.

1928 Murphy, Miss H., L.L.A. (address not known). (Arch. Bot. Ent. Orn )

1939 Muspratt, D. E., 13 Scarborough Road, E.ll.

1938 Myers, Lieut. A. F., c/o 43 Arkwright Road, NAY. 3. (Orn.)

1942 Nevinson, Mrs H. W. (Miss Evelyn Sharp), 2/23 Young Street, W.S. (Orn.)

54

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1893 ‘Nicholson, Miss B., 49 Danecourt Road, Parkstone, Dorset. (Bot.)

1934 Nicholson, E. M., M.B.O.U., 13 Upper Cheyne Row, S.W.3. (Ecol., Orn.)

1928 Noel, Miss E. F., 37 Burnham Court, W.2. (Bot,, Ent., Orn., PI. G., R.)

1934 Norris, C. A., M.B.O.U., Grassholme, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire.

(Ecol., Orn.)

1940 Norsworthy, H. H., 15 Selwyn House, Manor Fields, S.W.15. (Orn.)

1937 O’Farrell, A. F. L„ Oaklands, Old Post Office Road, Crawley, Sussex. (Ecol.,
Ent.)

1937 Oldroyd, H., M.A., F.R.E.S., c/o British Museum (Natural History), S.W.7.
(Ecol., Ent.)

1937 Owen, C. E., 30 Hamilton Road, Harrow, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1938 Paddington Public Libraries (H. J. W. Wilson, A.L.A.), Porchester Road. W.2.

1929 Page, Miss M. M., 22 Barnett Wood Lane, Ashtead, Surrey. (Orn.)

1925 ‘Parmenter, L., F.R.E.S., c/o 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

(Bot., Ecol, Ent, (esp. Dipt.), Orn., PI. G.)

1938 Parrinder, Mrs E. R., 27 Gwalior House, Chase Road, N.14, (Ecol., Orn., R.)

1938 Parrinder, E. R., 27 Gwalior House, Chase Road, N.14. (Ecol., Orn., R.)
1933 Paulson, C. W. G., M.B.O.U. Woodside Cottage, Wheeler's Lane, Smallfield,

Surrey. (Orn.)

1923 Payne, E, M.. Tilgate, Long Lane, Hillingdon, Middlesex. (Bot., Orn.)

1923 Payne, L, G., F.Z S., 22 Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. (Bot., Ecol.)
1942 Payne, R. M., c/o 22 Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. (Ecol., Ent.)
1937 Pearce, E, W., 3 Berkeley House, Hampton, Mdx. (Orn.)

1932 Pedler, E. G., 64 Palmerston Road, S.W.14. (Orn., R.)

1937 Peterken, J. H. G., 73 Forest Drive East, E.ll. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1937 Philipson, W. R., 33 Park Avenue, Ruislip, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1942 Pbillipson, Rev. C. Q., 237 West Green Road, N.15. (Orn.)

1937 Piercy, K., Clifton Cottage, Clifton, Beds.

1931 Pinniger, E. B., 5 Endlebury Road, E.4. (Ent., Orn.)

1927 Piper, Miss G. E. M., 12 Elms Road, S.W.4. (Orn.)

1941 Pitt, Miss Frances, The Albynes, Bridgnorth, Salop. (Orn.)

1935 Pollard, Mrs H. B., The Limes Cottage, Pilgrims Way, S. Croydon, Surrey.

(Ecol.. Orn.)

1928 Poole, A. C., 42 The Mall, W.5. (Bot., Orn.)

1933 Popple, Miss W. N., Castle Rise, Castle Hill Avenue, Berkhamsted, Herts.

(Ecol., Orn., P.L., R.)

1892 Prout, L. B., F.R.E.S., 36 Hillview Road. Hatch End. Middlesex. (Biol., Lep.)

1943 Ralls, C. W., 2 Overdale, Dorking, Surrey. (Orn.)

1939 Rammell, Mrs E. M., 18 Fishpool Street, St Albans, Herts. (Orn.)

1939 Ratcliff, A. G., 39 Howard Road, Dorking, Surrey. (Orn.)

1934 Ratcliff, P. W., c/o 39 Howard Road, Dorking, Surrey. (Bot,, Ecol., Orn.)

1938 Rawlence, D. A., Hill Top Cottage, Warboys Road, Kingston Hill, Surrey.

(Orn.)

1934 ‘Ray, Miss T., 24 Longmeads, Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells. (Bot., Arch.)

1930 Reeve, Miss E. A., The Penn Club, 22 Bedford Place, W.C.l. (Bot,, Ecol.,

Ent., Orn., R.)

1929 Rew, Miss M., Glencoinside, Ullswater, Penrith. (Orn.)

1943 Richards, B. A., 29b St John’s Avenue, S.W.15. (Orn.)

1925 Richardson, A., 2 Manor Road, Wheathampstead, Herts. (Ent., Orn.)

1940 Richardson, R. A., Birling Corner, Ratton Village, Willingdon, Sussex. (Orn.)
1943 Richter, J. H., 32 Pretoria Road, E.4. (P.L.)

1941 Robbins, Rev. R. A., Marshwood Vicarage, Bridport, Dorset.

1934 Roberts, J. E., B.Sc., Homewood, Kelsall, Cheshire. (Ecol., Orn.)

1940 Robinson, T. R., Flat 10, Linton House, Holland Park Avenue, W.ll. (Orn.)
1938 Rommel, Miss D., The Orchard House, Bickley, Kent. (Arch., Orn.)

1910 ‘Ross, J., 23 College Gardens, E.4. (Pl. G.)

1935 Rowan, J. D., 65 Haydn Avenue, Purle-v, Surrey. (Orn.)

1931 Rowberry, E. C. (address not known). (Orn., Ecol.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

55

1941

1942
1929
1937
1937

Rutherford, Mrs P., 82 Southgate Road, Potter’s Bar, Middlesex. (Orn.)
Ryall, R. H. M., 24 Stillcroft Gardens, Wembley, Middlesex. (Orn.)
Sampson, E. S., 60 Alexandra Road, Epsom, Surrey. (Orn.)

Scott, G. B., c/o 6 Alan Road, S.W.19. (Geol., Orn.)

Seth-Smith, D., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Brabourne, Poyle Road, Guildford. Sur¬
rey. (Orn.)

Shill, W. A., Barberries, Greenhurst Lane, Oxted, Surrey. (Bot.)

Short, G. R. A., 36 Parkside Drive, Edgware, Middlesex. (Bot. Micr Phar¬
macognosy, Ecol.)

Siebert, W. F., 18 Headstone Lane, Harrow, Middlesex. (Orn.)

Simes, J. A., O.B.E., F.R.E.S., 75 Queen’s Road, Loughton, Essex (Ent )

Skrimshire, E. H. N„ F.R.A.I., F.Z.S., 5 The Old Well House N.6. (Arch
Orn., R.)

Siaden W. j. L„ Hilltop Cottage, Warboys Road. Kingston Hill, Surrey
(Bot., Ecol., Ent,, Orn.) J ’

Smith, Miss A. J., 55 West Avenue, N.3. (Orn.)

Smith, C. B., 103 Wood Yale, N.io. (Lep.)

Smith, I. B., L.C.H. Medical School, University Street, W.C.l. (Orn.)

^:R-C-S-. Lane End. Putney Heath Lane, S.W.15. (Amph. Rep )
Solly, Miss B. N., 167 Old Brompton Road, S.W.5. (Orn )

Spooner, H., 21 Musgrave Crescent, S.W.6. (Arch." Bot Ecol Orn r i
1936 Springall, R. S. (address not known). (Orn ) ’ ’ }

1920 ‘Stowell, H. S.,

(Arch.)

1930 Swayne, F. G„ M.A., M.B., M.B.O.U., Ivy Hall Hotel, Crowborough, Sussex.

1935

1929

1943

1892

1933

1940

1935

1892

1943

1937

1927

1922

L.R.I.B.A., Pirbright, Torland Road, Hartley, Plymouth.

1935

1938
1920

1939
1892

1940
1940
1935
1943

lams, W. H. T., F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural History) s.W.7
Taylor, Miss M. L., 6 Kent Gardens, W.13. (Bot.)

Thomas, Mrs G. E., 9 Talbot Road, Isleworth, Middlesex. (Orn. R.l
Thompson, P., c/o 13 Bearland, Gloucester. (Bot., Orn.)

Tremayne, L. J., F.Z.S., Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square WC2
Bot., Lep., Orn., PL G., R.)

Trouton, Miss E. M., 31 Albert Bridge Road, S.W.ll. (Orn )

Tucker, A. V., St .Anne’s, Bathurst Walk, Iver, Bucks. (Orn.)

Tucker, D. G., B.Sc., 31 Frederica Road, E.4. (Ecol., Orn.)

Tufnell, B., 14a Queensberry Place, S.W.7. (Orn.)

(Ent.)

(Arch.,

1931 Underwood, R. A., Greenways, Shoreham Road, Otford, Kent. (Orn.)

1927

1929

1933

Veitch, Miss A. I., 44 Budoch Drive, Goodmayes, Essex. (Arch.)

Venour, Miss D., Offley Place, Great Offley, Hitchin, Herts. (Orn Ecol )
Vincent, W. G., 154 Winchester Road, Hale End, E.4. (Orn )

1938 Wadley, N. J. p. (address not known). (Orn )

1941 Wagge, Miss L. E., 192 Lichfield Court, Richmond, Surrey. (Biol.)

1927 Waller, ^G., Taunton Dene, Sandyhurst Lane, Ashford, Kent. (Ecol.. Ent..

1638 Warburg, G. O., 1 Woodside, Erskine Hill, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

1943 Ward, Mrs A., 13 Chatham Road, E.17.

1943 Ward, Miss M., B.Sc., 13 Chatham Road, E.17.

1933 Ward, Miss M., M.B., Ch.B., Threeways, Jordans, Beaconsfleld Bucks
(Arch., Orn.)

1941 Watson, R. L., 55 Redcliffe Gardens, S.W.10. (Bot. Orn )

1936 Watt, E. C., 13 Park Road. N.W.l. (Ornh

1925 ‘Watt, Mrs W. Boyd, M.B.O.U., 12 Campbell Road, Boscombe Hants (Arch
Ecol., Orn.)

1938 * Watt son, Miss A. E., 27 Woodhill Crescent, Kenton, Middx (Ent Orn )

1939 Wattson, Mrs R. F., 27 Woodhill Crescent, Kenton. Middx.

1939 Wattson, R. F., 27 Woodhill Crescent, Kenton, Middx. (Ent.)

1928 Weeks, C., 7 Ashmount Road, N.19. (Orn.,' Ecol., R.)

56

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1929 Wheeler, E. P., F.R.I.B.A., 10 St Martin’s Avenue, Epsom. (Orn., Arch.)

1935 Whitaker, F. 0., 51 Grosvenor Avenue, Carshalton. (Bot., Ecol., PI. G., R.)

1930 Whitbread, R., 6 Meadow Way, Weald Village, Harrow, Middlesex. (Arch.)

1932 Whitbread, Miss W. H. E., 6 Meadow Way, Weald Village, Harrow, Middlx.

1933 White, E. I., Ph.D., F.G.S., Ministry of Health, 17 Bath Road, Reading,

Berks. (Palaeontology, Orn.)

193S Whitehead, Miss D., 173 Sunny Gardens Road. N.W.4. (Bot., Orn., R.)

1934 Wightman, J. S., c/o 57a Harrington Square, S.W.7. (Orn.)

1938 Wigram, A. F. (address not known). (Orn.)

1938 Wigzell, J. A., 17 Wool. Road, S.W.20. (Ecol., Orn.)

1942 Wilkinson, J. S., B.A., A.C.A., F.R.H.S., 26 Golders Rise, N.W.4. (Bot.)

1937 Williams, O. C. B., 103 Brondesbury Road, N.W.6. (Ecol., Orn.)

1942 Wilson, D. S., 8a Beulah Hill, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1931 ‘Wilson, Mrs M. M., 15 The Avenue, Bickley, Kent. (Bot., Ecol., Ent., Geol.,

Orn., PI. G., R.)

1938 Wilton, A. R., 262 Kingston Road, S.W.20. (Ecol., Orn., R.)

1938 Winsloe, Mrs C. M., c/o Lloyds Band Ltd., 18 Wigmore Street, W.l. (Orn.)
1929 Witherby, H. F., M.B.E., H.F.A.O.U., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Gracious Pond Farm,
Ohobham, Nr. Woking, Surrey. (Orn.)

1942 Wood, B., Vincent’s Shaw, Chipstead, Surrey. (Orn.)

1942 Woodhurst, Miss G. F., 58 Seymour Road, E.4.

1937 Worthington, Miss L. F., 104 Goldhurst Terrace, N.W.6. (Arch.)

1922 Wright, W. A., 31 Beresford Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1942 Wyatt, Miss E. M., c/o Post Office Savings Bank, W.14. (Orn.)

1938 Wylie-Moore, N., 3 Helena Court, Eaton Rise, W.5. (Orn.)

1937 Yarrow, I. H. H., M.A., Ph.D., D I.C., F.R.E.S., Agricultural Advisory Offices,
7 Redlands Road, Reading, Berks. (Ecol., Ent.)

1942 Young, B. W., 15 St James’s Mansions, N.W.6. (Bot., Orn.)

Affiliated Societies.

1936 Tiffin Boys’ School Scientific Society (Natural Science Section) (D. T.

Humphris), Tiffin Boys’ School, Kingston-on-Thames, Surrey. (Ecol.)
1936 Westminster School N.H. Society (L. H. Burd), (see Register).

Branch Associates:

1943 Abbott, Miss E. J., 339 Hoe Street, E.17.

1937 Bayes, C. S., 50 Pembroke Road, E.17. (Orn.)

1943 Beavis, G. H. S., 14 Fairlight Avenue, E.4.

1943 Beavis, Mrs M. H. W., 14 Fairlight Avenue, E.4.

1930 Brightman. Miss A., St Osyth, Hempstead Road, E.17.

1938 Chingford Branch County Library (E. Leyland, Librarian), Hall Lane, E.4.

1939 Churchill, Miss E. M., N.F.U., Ash Lodge, Pump Hill, Loughton, Essex.

1943 Dossetter, L, J., 11 York Road, E.17. (Orn.)

1942 Hammond, A. C., 132 Endlebury Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1920 Hart, Miss IL, 7 Park Hill Road, E.4.

1933 Hayward, P. D., 2 King’s Green, Loughton, Essex. (Orn.)

1937 Hiles, Miss I. E., 32 Gordon Road, E.4.

1943 Hindell, Mrs F., 17 Larkshall Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1943 Hindell, H. G., 17 Larkshall Road, E.4.

1942 Mansbridge, J. W., 11 Westbury Lane, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (Ecol.)

1911 Mathieson, Miss M. L., 7 Crescent Road, E.4. (Meteorology.)

1934 Nicholson, E, T., 21 Holly Drive, E.4. (Ecol.. Orn.)

1930 Penwarden, Miss C., 39 The Avenue, E.4.

1935 Pettit, If. A., 197 Billet Road, E.17. (Orn.)

1927 Pettit, Mrs S., 2 Victoria Road, E.4.

1927 Pettit, S., 2 Victoria Road, E.4.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

57

1942 Rumsey, P. F. C., Park Farm Nursery, Sewardstone Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1925 Saul, H. J. B., 12 Sandringham Court, Ipswich Road, Norwich.

1937 Smith, R. P.. 22 Pelton Avenue, Belmont, Surrey. (Conch.)

1903 Stevenson, H. E., F.C.S., 24 Wilton Grove, S.W.19. (Chem.)

1942 Tucker, Mrs F., 31 Frederica Road, E.4.

1942 Tucker, J. F., B.Sc., 31 Frederica Road, E.4. (Bot.)

1942 Tucker, M. J., 31 Frederica Road, E.4. (Ecol.)

1942 Turner, Mrs L., 202 The Avenue, Higham’s Park, E.4. (Orn.)

1939 Verini, Miss E. M., M.A., 55a Palmerston Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

1942 Walker, C. H., St Bartholomew’s Hospital, W. Smithfield, E.C.l. (Orn.)

1942 Wheeler, A. C., 17 Neven Drive, E.4.

Country and School Associates:

1941 Adolph, P. A., The Lodge, Ashurst Park, Langton Green, Tunbridge Wells,
Kent. (Orn.)

1941 Bale, D. W. D., Marsh Hill, Dulverton, Somerset. (Orn.)

1931 Benson, Mrs R. B., Dellfleld, Featherbed Lane, Felden, Boxmoor, Herts.
(Orn., Bot., R.)

1939 Berry, P., M.D., 46 Magpie Hall Road, Chatham, Kent.

1943 Betteridge. H. W. G., 52 Newton Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent,

1934 Biddlecombe, P. E., 30 Hill View Road, Orpington. Kent. (Arch.)

1908 Bostock, E. D., 8 Pelham Gardens, Folkestone, Kent. (Lep.)

1940 Breckin, Mrs E. M., 108 Liverpool Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancs. (Arch.,

Ecol., Mycol.)

1937 Bunker, H. E., 27 Broad Oak Lane, Penwortham, Lancs.

1937 Clark, A. (address not known). (Orn.)

1935 Clerk-Rattray, Miss C. E., c/o Easter Drimmie, Blairgowrie, Perthshire.

(Bot., Orn.)

1933 Collett, G. W., 174 Sheldon Road, Chippenham, Wilts. (Bot., Ecol., Orn., R.)
1924 Collins, Miss F., Martlets, Clapham, near Worthing, Sussex. (Orn.)

1936 Colyer, W. L., Heybrook, Connaught Road, Sidmouth, Devon. (Ecol., Orn.)

1938 Cowper, S. G., B.Sc., Ph.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.Z.S. (missing from B.E.F.,

3/9/40). (Ecol., Ent., Orn.)

1938 Eardley-Wilmot, Mrs M., Orchard Lodge, Avon Dassett, Warwickshire.
(Bot,, Orn.)

1937 Evans, H. J., Jesemin, Amersham Road, Little Chalfont, Bucks. (Orn.)

1940 Fairbairn, D. C., M.C., M.B., B.Sc., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., c/o 48 Addison
Avenue, W.ll. (Bot.)

1933 Ferrier, Miss J. M., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., A.A.O.U., Sea Gull Bungalow, Porth,
near Newquay, Cornwall. (Orn., Ecol.)

1930 Foster, Mrs S., 12 Victoria Road, Bridgnorth, Shropshire. (Orn.)

1933 Gibson, Miss E. M.: Ashcroft, Station Road, Petersfield, Hants. (Lep., Orn.)

1940 Harvey, A. A., St Teild’s Hall, Roath, Cardiff. (Orn.)

1927 Harvey, J. H., Half Moon Cottage, Little Bookham, Surrey. (Bot.)

1926 Ilibbert-Ware, Miss A., F.L.S., M.B.O.U., Hilary, Girton, Cambridge. (Orn.)
1915 Hopkins, Prof. Sir F. Gowland, O.M., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., 71 Grange
Road, Cambridge. (Biochemistry.)

1936 Lewis, Miss M., Brincliffe, Osney Crescent, Paignton, S. Devon. (Arch.,
Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn., R.)

1941 Lisney, A. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.E.S., The Red House, Narborough, Leicester¬

shire. (Lep.)

1933 Lockyer, T. N., LL.B. (Lond.) (address not known): (Arch., Orn., R.)

1933 Lockyer, Mrs T. N. (address not known). (Arch., Orn., R.)

1943 Lusty, E. J., 83 Snakes Lane, Woodford Green, Essex. (Orn.)

58

THE LONDON NATURALIST .

1932 McKittrick, T. H., 7 Central Bahnstrasse, Basle, Switzerland. (Orn.)

1932 McKittrick, Mrs T. H., 7 Central Bahnstrasse, Basle, Switzerland. (Orn.)
1932 Mason, C. T., Mill Cottage, Gt. Shefford, Newbury, Berks. (Arch., Ent.)

1938 Mason, I. H., 134 Ryden's Way, Old Woking, Surrey. (Ent., Orn., R.)

1902 Miller, Miss M. E., The Croft, Rainsford Lane, Chelmsford. (Lep.)

1905 Moore, J. W., F.R.E.S., 151 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birming¬
ham, 30. (Exotic Lep.)

1942 Moorhouse, S., Lyndale, Orchard Avenue, Bolton-le-Sands, Lancs. (Orn.)
1938 Muirhead, D., Malvern House, The Baulk, Worksop, Notts. ^Ecol., Orn.)

1929 Perry, Mrs M. D., 37 MacAlister Street, Mackay, Queensland. (Orn., R.)

1897 Pike, Oliver G., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., F.R.P.S., The Bungalow, Leighton Buz¬
zard, Beds. (Orn.)

1927 Raikes, Miss D. T., Hen Ysgol, Bwlch, Breconshire. (Arch., Bot., Orn.)

1936 Shaw, G. A., c/o 12 Whitby Avenue, Hexham, Northumberland. (Bot.)

1943 Simmons, G. W., 21 Woodbridge Hill Gardens, Guildford, Surrey.

1928 Sparkes, Mrs F. M., 4 Loop Road, Kingfield, Woking, Surrey. (Arch., Bot.)

1937 Spicer, A. H.. M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Graffham, Petworth, Sussex. (Orn.)
1914 Studd, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., F.R.E.S., Exeleigh, Starcross, Devon. (Lep.)

1942 Wales, Mrs M., Great Garden, Dartington, Totnes, Devon.

1936 Willcox, J. M., Capt. (R.A.M.C.), M.B., Ch.B., c/o The Moat House, Alve-
cliurch, Birmingham. (Orn.)

1929 Willcox, P. H., c/o 40 Welbeck Street, W.l. (Ent., Bot.)

Register

of those at present unable to participate in the activities of the Society, to whom
the London Naturalist is to be sent, but not the Syllabus.

1929 Acland. Miss C. M., M.B.O.U., Walwood, Banstead, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Alston, A. H. G., British Museum (Natural History), S.W.7. (Bot.)

1927 Barclay-Smith, Miss P., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 28 Belvedere, Bath. (Orn.)

1932 Binley, Sister E. M., T.A.N.S. P209810/1, 17th General (London) Hospital,
c/o A.P.O. 1665. (Orn., R.)

1896 Bishop, E. B., Lindfield, Marshall Road, Godaiming, Surrey. (Arch., Bot..
Orn., PL G.)

1938 Blay, N. A., L.D.S., R.C.S. (Eng.), Lieut. R.A.M.C., c/o 27 Shrubbery Gardens.

N.21. (Ecol., Orn., R.)

1925 Boardman, S., 109 Monkham’s Avenue, Woodford Green, Essex. (Ent., Orn.)

1939 Boyd, B. C. L., 10 Mayfield Road, Dagenham, Essex. (Orn.)

1936 Burd, L. H., Westminster School N.H. Society, 5 Cruxwell Street, Bromyard,

Herefordshire. (Ecol., Ent., Orn.)

1937 Butlin, Lt. J. H., c/o 90 East Sheen Avenue, S.W.14. (Orn.)

1938 Buxton, Miss L. R., Newlands, Stanstead Abbotts, Ware, Herts. (Orn.)

1932 Caiger-Smith, Miss J., Denison House, Little Gaddesden, Berkhamsted,
Herts. (Orn.)

1938 Calvert, G. W., 1 Milton Crescent, Cheadle, Cheshire. (Orn.)

1939 Carter, R. H. W. J., 1 Wood Street, East Grinstead, Sussex. (Ecol., Ent.)

1938 Chave, Mrs E. L., 15 Glenhurst Rise, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1938 Chave, S. P. W., 15 Glenhurst Rise, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1927 Clanchy, Mrs B. L., Westminster Bank House, Harrow-on-the-Hill, Middx.
(Orn., R.)

1927 Clanchy, D. H., Westminster Bank House, Harrow-on-the-Hill, Mx. (Ecol.,

Orn., R.)

1937 Cockburn, Major T. A., M.D., c/o Lloyds Bank, Barking, Essex. (Orn.)

1932 Collenette, Mrs, Parwich Hall, near Ashbouine, Derbyshire. (Orn.)

1934 Collings, Mrs M., 36 Alfriston Road, S.W.ll. (Ent., R.)

1928 Cox, Miss L. E., 201 Green Street, Atworth, near Melksham, Wilts. (Bot.)
*931 Crook, W. M., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., Wyldwood, Cold Harbour, Dorking. (Orn.)

1933

1932

1939

1939

1933

1936

1907

1935

1927

1939

1939

1937

1935

1940

1931

1933

1937

1930

1934

1937

1939

1928

1937

1927

1935

1935

1930

1937

1936

1938

1937

1933

1929

1939

1937

1936

1935

1928

1936

1938

1923

1939

1940

1934

1939

1937

1938

1934

1937

1926

1933

1938

1921

1937

1935

LIST OF MEMBERS.

59

Dara shall, Mrs E. G., 108 Stephens Road, Tunbridge Wells. (Arch., Bot., R.)
Davis, Miss R., c/o 118 College Road, S.E.21. (Orn., R.)

De Bosdar, C. D., R.A.F. Station, Hemswell, Lines.

Devenish, L. R., 23 Grosvenor Road, East Grinstead, Sussex. (Ecol., Lep.)
Doran, F. H., Toddsbrook, Great Parndon, Harlow, Essex. (P. L.)

Elcome, G. D., c/o 28 Dulwich Wood Avenue, S.E.19. (Orn.)

Eynon, L., B.Sc., F.I.C., 8 Hall Lane, Upminster, Essex. (Chem.)
Farquharson, A., Le Play House, Albert Road, Malvern. (Ecol.)

Fisher, Mrs G. L., 41 Milton Court, Ickenham, Middx. (Arch.)

Fitter. Mrs M. S., 39 South Grove House, N.6. (Ecol., Orn.)

Forty, E. W., 22 Medina Avenue, Hinchley Wood, Esher, Surrey. (Orn.)
Fossey, H. B., c/o 39 Orchard Avenue, Cambridge. (Orn.)

Foster, Mrs J. B., c/o 478 West Wycombe Road, High Wycombe Bucks.
Fraser, Miss C. M., B.Com., The Penn Club, 22 Bedford Place, W.C.l. (Orn.)
Frederick, Miss L. M., M.Sc., F.Z.S., c/o Miss Wilkins, Cold Harbour, Sher¬
borne, Dorset. (Ecol., Orn., P. L., R.)

Gillham. E. H., 9 Central Parade, Orpington, Kent. (Orn.)

Gillingham, D. W., c/o 28 Roding Road, Loughton, Essex. (Orn.)
Goodwin-Vanner, R. E. F., F.R.S.A., F.R.H.S., Essex Villa, Guildford, Sur¬
rey. (Arch.)

Gray, Miss J. W., 10 Canford Road, S.W.ll. (Arch., Bot., R.)

Green, D. B., 20 Fitzjohn’s Avenue, N.W.3. (Orn.)

Greenfield, H. F., Lt., R.A., c/o Beech Bank, Stuart Road, Warlingham,
Surrey. (Orn.)

Griffin, Miss M., Minden, Heathfield, Sussex. (Orn.)

Guichard, K. M., c/o 10 Lyndhurst Gardens, N.W.3. (Bot., Ecol., Ent., R.)
Hardiman, Miss A., Hyron’s Cottage, Woodside Road, Amersham, Bucks. (R.)
Harris, A. H., Silton, Loughborough Road, Ruddington, Notts. (Orn.)
Hatch, R. S., c/o 66 Coston’s Avenue, Greenford, Middx. (Orn.)

Haworth, Miss F. M., B.Sc., F.Z.S., Lytton Lodge, Codicote, near Hitchin,
Herts. (Bot., Zoo.)

Hayward, H. H. S., 60 Ridge Crest, Enfield, Middlesex. (Orn.)

Hilliard, R., c/o 5 Oakleigh Gardens, Edgware, Middx. (Ecol., Ent.)
Hodge, Mrs E. M., 62 Roseneath Road, S.W.ll. (Arch.)

Hodge, G. A., 62 Roseneath Road, S.W.ll. (Orn.)

House, F. C., c/o 294 Footscray Road, S.E.9. (Ecol., Orn., R.)

Johns. Miss F. E., 30 Mt. Stewart Avenue, Kenton, Middx. (Bot., Orn., R.)
Jones, H. O., 49 Eaton Road, Sutton, Surrey. (Orn.)

Keen, Mrs E. M., 15 Doug'hty Street, W.C.l. (Arch.)

Lamont, Mrs E. H., 49a Netherhall Gardens, N.W.3. (Orn.)

Leatherdale, D., c/o Tasli, Hawk’s Hill, Leatherliead, Surrey. (Bot., Ent.,
Geol., PI. G„ R.)

Lee, Miss M., Minden, Heathfield, Sussex. (Orn.)

Lousley, J. E., 7 Penistone Road, S.W.16. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

MacAlister, D. A., c/o Natl. Prov. Bank, 18 Cromwell Place, S.W.7. (Orn.)
Mann, E., 10 Frankland Road, E.4. (Ecol., Orn.. P. L.)

Marsh, Miss B. M., 8 Woodland Ct., Wanstead. E.ll. (Bot.. Ecol., Ent., Orn.)
Mayo, R. W., Inaspinney, Oaklands, Welwyn, Herts. (Orn.)

Morgan, D. A. T., c/o 3 Upton Field, Southwell, Notts. (Ecol., Orn., R.)
Morgan, Miss L., 10 Old Square, Lincolns Inn, W.C.2.

Morton, Miss G. M., The Whins, Hermit Hole, Keighley, Yorks. (Arch., Orn.)
Mulholland, Rt. Hon. H., M.P., Speaker's House, Stormont, Belfast. (Orn.)
Munro, Miss M., Brown Clee, Hollybush Road, Cardiff. (Ecol., Orn.)
Musselwhite, D. W., 59 Mayford Road, S.W.12. (Orn.)

Niblett, M., 10 Greenway, Wellington, Surrey. (Ent., PL G.)

Oke, E. E., Tweenways, The Mount, Leather-head, Surrey. (Ent., Orn., R.)
Park, W. D., c/o 34 White Horse Drive, Epsom, Surrey. (Ecol., Orn.)
Parsons, Lt. Cdr. S. T. T., R.N.V.R., c/o Westminster Bank Ltd., 8 Borough
High Street, S.E.l. (Orn.)

Patterson, H. G., 15 Queen’s Gate Gardens, S.W.7. (Orn.)

Pearse, B. S. K., 74 Ashgrove Road. Goodmayes, Essex. (Bot., Ent., Orn.)

60

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1922 Pethen, R. W., Pury End. Toweester. Northants. (Ecol., Ent., Orn.)

1932 Phillips, H. H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., ll King’s End, Bicester, Oxon. (Orn.)
1941 Pinks, R. S.. 25 Parkdale Crescent, Worcester Park, Surrey. (Orn.)

1927 Piper, Miss G. E. M., 29 Louisa, Rhiwbina, Cardiff. (Orn.)

1940 Plumptre, Miss H. M., The Hindles, Atherton, Lancs. (Bot.. Orn.)

1925 Poock, S, G., 65 Milton Road, Harpenden, Herts. (Ecol., Orn.)

1940 Poore, A. C. G., c/o 17 West Avenue, Wallington, Surrey. (Orn.)

1910 Pratt, W. B., 10 Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. (Lep.)

1937 Rose, C. C., c/o Ellerslie Guest House, Fittleworth, Sussex. (Orn.)

1939 Russell-Smith, Miss J. M., Heathfleld, Little Heath, Potter’s Bar, Mdsx.

1932 Ryan, A. P., B.B.C., W.l. (Orn.)

1937 Scott, Miss E. M. P., 7 Broomfield Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey. (Arch., Orn.)

1939 Simon, M. H. H., Sharston House, Knutsford, Cheshire. (Ecol., Orn.)

1940 Smeed, J. A.. 133 Cassiobury Park Avenue, Watford, Herts. (Orn.)

1927 Southern, H. N., M.A., F.Z.S., Sollershott Flats, Linkside Avenue, Oxford.

(Ecol., Orn.)

1935 Spinney, G. H., B.A., Last Hill Cottage, Copthorne, Crawley, Sussex. (Arch.,
Bot., Ecol., R.)

1928 Talbot, G., F.R.E.S., 31 York Road, Woking, Surrey. (Lep )

1931 Thomas, Mrs P. I., Woodlands, Cobham Road, E. Horsley, Surrey. (Ecol.,

Orn., R.)

1939 Thornton, J. O., 6 Arterherry Road, S.W.20. (Orn.)

1932 Todd, Miss G. E., Iona, Queen’s Road, Old Colwyn, N. Wales. (Bot., Orn., R.)

1934 Tours, H., 7 Briar Road, Kenton, Middlesex.

1935 Tracy, N., M.B.O.U., The Black Cabin, South Wootton, King’s Lynn. Nor¬

folk. (Orn.)

1908 Tremayne, Mrs L. J., Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square, W.C.2. (Arch.,
Bot., Orn., R.)

1937 Upton, Mrs P. V., Eweland Hall, Margaretting, Essex. (Orn.)

1935 Van Oostveen, Miss M. S,, c/o 11 Gloucester Walk, W.8. (Ecol., Ent,, Orn.)

1938 Vesey-FitzGerald, B. S,, F.L.S., F.G.S., Editor “ The Field,” 41 Southgate

Street, Winchester, Hants. (Ecol., Orn., Zoo.)

1925 Ward, B. T., 24 Long Deacon Road, E.4. (Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn., Pl. G., R.)

1933 Ward, Miss I. W., Amaryllis, Hughenden Valley, High Wycombe, Bucks.

(Icht., Orn.)

1939 Welford, Miss A. M., 13 Clifton Avenue, N.3. (Orn.)

1937 White, C. A., 18 Townsend Road, Southall, Middx. (Orn.)

1937 Wiggins-Davies, W. W., c/o Bracebridge, Four Oaks, Warwickshire. (Orn.)
1932 Williams, A. R., Barclay’s Bank, Haifa, Palestine. (Orn.)

1936 Wilson, J. M., M.B., B.S., R.A.M.C., Spinnerswood, Fawke Common, Seven-

oaks, Kent. (Orn.)

1937 Winters, Miss E. D. M., The Whins, Hermit Hole, Keighley. (Arch., Orn.)

The following abbreviations are used in the above list of members Api.,
Apiculture; Aqua., Aquaria; Arch., Archaeology; Ast., Astronomy; Biol., Biology;
Bot., Botany; Chem., Chemistry; Col., Coleoptera; Conch., Conchology; Dipt,,
Diptera; Ecol., Ecology; Ent., Entomology; Ethn., Ethnology; Geol., Geology;
Hem., Hemiptera; Hym., Hymenoptera; Icht., Ichthyology; Lep., Lepidoptera;
Mam., Mammals; Micr., Microscopy; Mycol., Mycology; Neur., Neuroptera; Orn.,
Ornithology; Orth., Orthoptera; Ool., Oology; Pl. G., Plant Galls; P. L., Pond
Life; R., Ramblers’ Section; Rep., Reptilia; Zoo., Zoology.

* Signifies a Life Member.

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“ LONDON NATURALIST ” REPRINTS.

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Being a List of the Plants Observed within 20 Miles of
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4. The Thames as a Bird Migration Route. President’s Address,

1928. By William E. Glegg, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. - - -

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7. The Birds of Middlesex since 1866. President’s Address, 1929.

By William E. Glegg, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. -

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By T. H. Harrisson, M.B.O.U. (1933) -

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13. Ornithological Records of the London Area (1935)

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J9, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25. The Survey of Limpsfield Common. 1 (1937)
— 6d; 2 (1938) with map — 9d; 3 (1939) — 6d; 4 (1940)
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24. Randolph William Robbins, 1871-1941 .

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28. The Starling Roosts of the London Area. By R. S. R Fitter

(1942) ------ ...

Map of the Society’s Area: showing the 24 sections into which it
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Life of A. W. Bacot. By Prof. M. Greenwood, reprinted from
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LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

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logical and Natural History Society, founded in 1858, and the
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Further information and syllabus may be obtained from the
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