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LONDON

NATURALIST

TT/ie journal of

THE LONDON NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR

1946

ZNo. 26

0

PRICE 3s 6d, OR COMPLETE WITH
THE LONDON BIRD REPORT, 5s.

PUBLISHED BY THE

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

THE LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE.
KEPPEL STREET, GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C.l.

DATE OF PUBLICATION,

DECEMBER 1947.

♦

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Founded 1858.

Officers for 1946.

Offices in the Society and Its Sections are Honorary.

Honorary President:

The late Prof. Sir F. GOWLAND HOPKINS. O.M., M.A., M.B.,

F.R.C.P., F.R.S.

Honorary Vice-Presidents:

Sir LAWRENCE CHUBB.

E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., D M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

Prof. M. GREENWOOD, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.C.P.

A. B. HORNBLOWER

A. HOLTE MACPHERSON, B.C.L., M.A., F.Z.S.

J. ROSS.

President:

L. G. PAYNE, F.Z.S.

Vice-Presidents:

H. J. BURKILL, M.A., F.R.G.S. J. E. S. DALLAS.

J. B. FOSTER, B.A.

Miss C. E. LONGFIELD, F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
H. SPOONER. L. J. TREMAYNE, F.Z.S.

Treasurer:

F. G. DELL, 55 Russell Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
Librarian: C. W. G. PAULSON, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

Curator: E. B. PINNIGER, F.R.E.S., F.C.S.

Director of Sectional Organisation: S. AUSTIN, F.Z.S.

Secretaries:

General — H. A. TOOMBS, Dept, of Geology, British Museum (Natural

History), S.W.7.

Minuting— H. J. BURKILL, M.A., F.R.G.S.

Syllabus— Miss E. H. BURT. Nature Reserves— C. P. CASTELL, B.Sc.
Publications (and Editor) — R. S. R. FITTER, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
Schools Liaison — Miss H. FRANKS.

Chingford Branch — E. A. ROUND, G.I.Mech.E.

Members of Council:

C. B. ASHBY; C. L. COLLENETTE, F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S.; R. W.
HALE; R. C. HOMES, M.B.O.U.; E, R. PARRINDER, M.B.O.U.;
G. R, A. SHORT; D. G. TUCKER, Ph.D.

Lariternists:

Miss L. J. JOHNS (Secretary); H. W. PAYTON, A. H. NORKETT.

The Society is affiliated to the British Association for the Advancement
of Science; the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies; the Com¬
mons, Open Spaces, and Footpaths Preservation Society; the British
Ecological Society; the British Trust for Ornithology; the Pedestrians’

Association; and the Ray Society.

\

%

C0ENAGH10N SC1TULUM Rambur : A DRAGONFLY NEW TO BRITAIN.

(See page 80.)

THE LONDON NATURALIST
No. 26 for the year 1946.

Contents.

Editorial

President’s Address, December 3, 1946 — L. G. Payne

Nature Conservation in the London Area (with two maps) —

C. P. Castell
Heading Circles

Some Simple Quantitative Relationships in Ecology, with par¬
ticular reference to Birds (with five figs.) — D. G. Tucker
Notes on the Flora of Middlesex — Douglas H. Kent
The Brambles of Middlesex — C. Avery and W. C. R. Watson ...
Botanical Records for 1946 — J. Edward Lousley
Plant Gall Records for 1946 — H. J. Burk-ill ...

•Goenagrion scitulvm Ranibur, a Dragonfly New to Britain —
Edward B. Pinniger

The Survey of Bookham Common: Fifth Year: —

Progress Report

Woodland Vegetation of Bookham Common (with two maps)
B . Steele ... ... ... ... . . . ■ ... . . •.

The Fungi of Bookham Common — C. P. Castell
The Malacodermata and Phytophaga of Bookham Common —
Alan M. Easton

The Rhynchopliora of Bookham Common — Alan M. Easton
The Epping Forest Survey : Fifth Year : —

Progress Report — The Survey Committee

Cynipid Oak Galls and Flies in Epping Forest — J. Ross ...
The Hornets of Epping Forest (with one map, one fig.) —

D. W. Vere

The Mammals and Birds of Highams Pa
D. G. Tucker

The Climate, 1946 — H. Hawkins ...
Obituary: Mrs J. B. Tremayne, Pilot-Officei
Papers Read to the Society in 1946 ...
Official Reports for 1946 ... . .:

Treasurer’s Accounts
Sectional Reports for 1946
Sectional Chairmen and Secretaries, 1946
Book Reviews
Addresses of Recorders
List of Members

k (with one map) —

A. A

Harvey

Supplement: Thysanoptera of the London Area — Guy D. Morison

Frontispiece: Goenagrion scitulum Ranibur: a Dragonfly New to

Britain — W. H. T. Tams

PAGE

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131

132

2

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Editorial.

j^TINETEEN-FORTY-SIX has seen the return of the remainder of
those members whose absence on war service has handicapped the
activities of the Society so severely for the preceding six years. The
current number of The London Naturalist therefore represents more
adequately what the Society can do than any issue since No. 19. Among
the new projects launched during the year to which we should like to
draw particular attention, are the recording scheme of the Entomo¬
logical Section, the project for a book on “ The Birds of the London
Area, 1900-50,” and the Ornithological Section’s new “ Field List of
British Birds.

A special feature this year is Dr Guy Morison’s important paper on
the “ Thysanoptera of the Greater London Area,” which contains vir¬
tually a complete key to the British species of a little-worked group,
and the first half of which we are privileged to publish as a supplement
to the present issue. The second half will appear next year.

The London Naturalist and its supplement The London Bird Hep or t
are published yearly, and provide a record of the activities of the mem¬
bers of the London Natural History Society and of other London natur¬
alists. Contributions are welcome from members of the Societv on anv

*/

natural history, including archaeological, subject and, if space permits,
from non-members on any aspect of the natural history of the London
Area. The London Area, as defined by the Society, is comprised within
a radius of twenty miles from St Paul’s Cathedral, and includes the
whole counties of London and Middlesex, together with parts of Bucks,
Herts and Essex to the north of the Thames, and Kent and Surrey to
the south of it. A map of this Area is obtainable from the General
Secretary, price 2d. All papers intended for publication in The London
Naturalist or The London Bird Beport must be submitted in the first
instance to the Secretary of the appropriate Section (addresses on p.
129), and not directly to the Editor.

Missing Books.

rpHE following books are missing from the Library, and there ap¬
pears to be no record in the Library Register of them being taken
out. Members are asked to look among the books they have borrowed
from the Library, and tell the Librarian if they happen to have any
of them in their possession, viz. :

Coward’s “ Birds of the British Isles,” Vol. 2.

Perry’s “ At the Turn of the Tide.”

British Birds , Vol. 22 (1928-29).

The Ibis for 1910.

president’s address.

3?

President’s Address, December 3, 1946.

By L. G. Payne, F.Z.S.

J SHOULD like this evening to take a brief glance at the lives of some
naturalists of a former time, attempt to trace the influences which,
working consciously or unconsciously, fashioned their whole trend and
mental direction, seek some humble parallel in our own lives, apply
the benefits of any personal observations which may be relevant to
ourselves as amateur naturalists, and, in short, attempt to justify our
existence as part-time naturalists, and our membership of this Society.

Varying considerations have led me to select the following : — Charles
Darwin, Robert Dick, Gilbert White, Alfred Fryer, Richard Jefferies
and Jean Henri Fabre, a heterogeneous but honoured list of names
possessing in common an abounding love of Nature.

I claim no original source of information or specialised insight into
their lives, but I would suggest the full maturity of biographical appre¬
ciation includes reading between the lines in addition to tlm printed word.

Charles Darwin, 1809-1882.

One would like to believe in the theory that a naturalist is born and
not made — and I do not think that anyone has yet suggested that
Darwin was born a naturalist, in the sense that his interests were con¬
fined to natural history from childhood days. The qualities which go
to the making of a naturalist were no doubt latent, but they remained
for many years elementary and undeveloped. I am not going to talk
about Darwin’s ultimate literary achievements nor of his scientific pro¬
nouncements ; these are matters of contemporary fact. But I do want
to make some effort to chronicle ascertainable details relevant to his
childhood and youth up to the time when his life’s work as scientist and
naturalist were no longer in doubt.

Darwin was born in 1809. His father and grandfather were medical
men and his mother was a daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the Stafford¬
shire potter. We may agree therefore, perhaps, that Darwin came from
an established upper middle class, and we know that during the forma¬
tive years there were no financial worries either present or on the hori¬
zon. These facts must have had a definite bearing on his youth.

“ He was a difficult child, slow to learn, seldom eager, a self-centred
day dreamer,” says Geoffrey West, his biographer. Charles went in
awe and some fear of his father but passed, nevertheless, many happy
hours with him when Robert on his professional rounds would take the
boy riding in his chaise, pointing out the wild birds and creatures.
Charles collected coins and passed on to stones and minerals.

Again, to quote Geoffrey West, “ Charles was in turn a sufficiently
commonplace child, his collecting habits were no more than those normal
to his age, taken in conjunction with his environment.” In 1818 he
was leading an ordinary and apparently uninteresting life at Shrews-

4

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

bury Grammar School. The school as a means of education to me was
simply a blank,” he writes. “ He learnt by heart to-day what he would
completely forget by the day after to-morrow,” to quote the famous
Life and Letters, Vol. I.

However, in the following year he was preserving all the dead insects
he could find, not thinking it right to kill them. Then he came on
White’s Natural History of Selborne, and was soon watching birds and
recording his observations with such enthusiasm that he could not un-
derstand why this was not the occupation of every man’s leisure.

At ten years old we see the death of the mother and the spaciousness
•of life opening under comfortable circumstances for the six children
with frequent visits from their Wedgwood cousins. Sundays were graver
days — the Sundays of a hundred years ago. “ We dined at half-past
one,” savs Emma Darwin, “ dressed afterwards and sat about for three
hours expecting the tide to come in about dark — and rather stiff and
awful the evening was.”

Delightful metaphor — how revealing of the man — the omnipotent
father — and how revealing too of the delicate sophistry of Emma.

“ At about 15,” says his biographer, “ was conceived his delight in
marksmanship and that passion for shooting birds and beasts which
2iossessed him for a number of years.”

Through all this period of early adolescence there were the frequent
visits to Maer Hall, where lived Uncle Josiah Wedgwood and a whole
host of Wedgwood cousins : Maer Hall with woods, a lake, and grounds
laid out by Capability Brown.

What -a setting, with a background for the incipient scientist and
naturalist — . . life was holiday in a perpetual paradise . . . and there
on warm summer evenings the beauty of song and earth and evening-
sky and human affection fused in perfect placid relationship.”

However, sterner times lay ahead, for the following year the father
appears to have told Charles that he cared for nothing but shooting
and ratcatching, that he would grow up a disgrace to the family and
that he had better go to Edinburgh to study for a doctor. He disliked
this intensely — nevertheless he started on the course and in his second
year joined the Plinian Society, a small student group which met to
discuss natural history in an underground room of the University, he
having gravitated to such of his fellow students as had leanings this way.

Further impulse to Charles’s interest in natural history was given
that winter by the arrival in Edinburgh of Audubon, dressed in pic¬
turesque backwoods costume, with his 400 pictures of American birds.

As yet there seems, however, to be little evidence of serious interest
in natural history and in 1827 he decided he did not want to he a doctor,
or anything else, for he had just learnt that he would inherit enough
money to keep him “ in that moderate comfort which was all his un-
possessive indolence demanded.” His only real passion was still shoot¬
ing, and now his father suggested the Church, to which he ultimately
agreed and so went to Cambridge.

This lucky youth who went casually from university to university !
Here he met and made friends with all sorts, enjoying equally, we are

president’s address.

£>

told, learned, convivial, or even bibulous company. Here lie met his
cousin Fox, who interested him in butterflies, as did the Rev. J. S.
Henslow in Botany. Bug-hunting was a fever at Cambridge in those-
days, but quantity and rarity were his criteria, scientific arrangement
quite beyond his care and ken, at a time when “ Lower class persons
made a living by collecting and selling to students.”

More holidays at Barmouth, and collecting. Professor Henslow, who
held the chair of Botany at Cambridge, became his great friend and
Charles Darwin became known as “ the man who walks with Henslow.”
F. W. Hope, first Professor of Zoology at Oxford, he called “ my father
in Entomology.” “ Met J. F. Stephens,” he says, “ who gave me 160
new specimens,” and again, “ visited many places where naturalists
are gregarious.”

What a galaxy of famous names run through the pages of Darwin’s
early life, names which to-day are ones to conjure with. How we must
envy Darwin. Did he know that Stephens was writing an immortal
work, the first complete manual on the British Coleoptera P Stephens,
whose phraseology in the concluding paragraph of his preface reads
quaintly after the lapse of 100 years: “ My collections are thrown open
to inspection by any gentleman upon the presentation of his card every
Wednesday evening.” And yet, how can one resist the conclusion that
Darwin but dallied along his primrose path?

Back to his studies working for B.A., bored and wearied. “ I have-
not stuck a beetle this term,” he says. He passed B.A. but not with
honours.

He now became acquainted with Adam Sedgwick, later to be Pre¬
sident of the British . Association. Sedgwick and Charles arranged a
geological trip to North Wales.

And then occurred an event of importance which marked a turning
point. At his home at Shrewsbury a local workman discovered a tropi¬
cal shell in a gravel pit which Charles thought a geological prize, and
as a collector, be it noted, rejoiced. Sedgwick differed, thinking it
must have been thrown away by a passer-by. Sedgwick was right be¬
cause of what was known of the geological deposits of central England,
but Charles was wishing to believe the opposite, on the strength of
visual proof of one example.

This was a real event in Darwin’s mental development. He sud¬
denly perceived that “ principles, not phenomena ” were the scientists’
essential object of research. “ Nothing before had ever made me thor¬
oughly realise that science consists in grouping facts so that general
laws or conclusions can be drawn from them,” he said. On this August
evening in 1831 Charles Darwin, as we know him, was truly born.

Then through the good offices of Henslow came the offer of a 2-year
trip to Tierra del Fuego, and the East Indies, as a naturalist. The
“ Beagle ” was a Government coastal survey boat. Captain FitzRoy
asked Government permission to take some suitable scientific person to
observe geologically and zoologically in distant countries yet little
known. Cambridge was applied to . . . and so to those perfect days in
Brazil botanising, entomologising and geologising.

6

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

From his “ Beagle ” Diary we learn, “ it is a new and pleasant thing
for me to be conscious that naturalising is doing my duty,” and from
a letter to his father written from Brazil, “ Nobody but a person fond
of natural history can imagine the pleasure of strolling under cocoa
nuts in a thicket of bananas and coffee plants and an endless number
of wild flowers.”

A Government grant of £1000 for the zoology volumes was promised
him after a pleasant interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
He says himself, “ I had an interview with the Chancellor. Nothing
could be more thoroughly obliging and kind than his whole manner.
He made no sort of restriction, but only told me to make the most of
the money.” What a commentary! What opportunity for present-day
wit or political capital. What an echo of more spacious days.

And here we must break off our account of what I may call Darwin's
Progress. We leave him, not at the apex of his fame but at the easy
commencement of the long road, the long road of consistent output, the
long road with hardly any hills.

Can I attempt to sum up Darwin’s youth, seek a natural history
bias and supply a motive for his ultimate career? From published ac¬
counts his early collecting would appear to have been callow and casual.
Even at the age of 19, when most of the amateurs in this audience prob¬
ably had their natural history ideas in some sort of sequence, at 19 in
his collecting at Cambridge “ quantity and rarity were his criteria,
scientific arrangement quite beyond his care and ken.” I rej/eat these
words, for they are his biographer’s.

From the synopsis of his youthful years we visualise a normal, casual,
even happy-go-lucky person with no set passions, no abiding straight-
cut resolve, which in the proverbial ninety-nine cases would have been
the forerunner of the subsequent gifted career. And what opportuni¬
ties ! What unique personal contacts, all apparently so casually ac¬
cepted ! Think of them for a moment : — Audubon, Henslow, Hope,
Stephens, Sedgwick— all perhaps moulding, if unconsciously, the future
naturalist.

Other things being equal, I cannot resist the conclusion that Darwin
was fortunate in his friends and that he was handed out a very large
slice of “ luck.”

Consider the slender threads of the chain of events which finally
placed him on the “ Beagle ” and the very definite and final spur which
that gave to his naturalist activity.

Can we say of Darwin that he was a born naturalist? No, I think
wTe might agree that he became a naturalist through a combination of
fortuitous circumstances the like of which we should find it difficult to
parallel.

Gilbert White, 1720-1793.

If it is difficult to resist the conclusion that Darwin drifted into
natural history, what can we say of Gilbert White? We have no ex¬
tensive information as to his youth or education. Born in 1720, his

president’s address.

7

father was a barrister, his grandfather a vicar. He appears to have
passed slowly and pleasantly through his schooldays at Farnham, Bas¬
ingstoke Grammar School and Oxford, where he took his degree at 26
years.

It is surmised that his friendship with Dr Stephen Hales may have
turned his thoughts towards natural history. Dr Hales was well known
in his day as the author of Vegetable Statics and some other books
which have not survived. It is possible, however, that we may have to
wait until 1755, i.e. when White was 35 years old, before we can justly
suppose a real interest in natural history. His biographer says : —
“ being of an unambitious temper and strongly attached to the charms
of rural scenery, he early fixed his residence in 1755 in his native vil¬
lage, where he spent the greater part of his life in literary occupation
and especially in nature study.”

Or again: do we have to wait even longer for White’s interest in
natural history to become manifest ? We must remember that his first
letter to Pennant, the first of those epistles on which his book is founded,
was not written until approximately 1767, at which time he had at¬
tained the mature age of 47.

What had White been doing in the way of natural history in all
those years? Careful scrutiny of the famous letters reveals few refer¬
ences to events or observations made before the dating of the letters
and it would seem that so far as any practical results are concerned
White’s enthusiasm for natural history may have been an event of his
middle life.

White’s style was new and refreshing even to the period in which
his work was produced. His biographer, Edward Martin, refers to the
“ barren natural history period of the 18th century.” Frank Buckland,
himself no mean naturalist, states “ White was a true student of all
ereated things — lynx-eyed, quick to observe accurately and patient to
interpret the meaning of facts.” Mary Russell Mitford in Our Village
writes, “ Nothing is so delightful as to ramble with Mr White whose
Natural History is one of the most fascinating books ever written.”

Sixty years ago, the year of the publication of The Life ancl Letters
■of Charles Darwin , when the discussions and dissensions over The Origin
■of Species were yet raging, a tired young man wrote the preface to
yet another edition of The Natural History of Selhorne, one Richard
Jefferies. He wrote, “ The simple character of the writings of Gilbert
White have perhaps in these latter days somewhat deterred people from
reading him.” That may have been so, but the pendulum has swung
again, to account for the forty or so editions which have appeared since
Jefferies penned his preface.

And still the controversy raged for a hundred years after White’s
death, as to whether birds of the swallow tribe occasionally hibernated
through an English winter. Much scorn has been levelled at White for
his suggestion' — and after all was it more than a gentle theory hesitat¬
ingly propounded? How painstakingly the old man tried to produce
evidence, and how evident it is that he never promoted his theory to
fact. I strongly deprecate the attitude of a certain type of common-

8

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

tator who, while lauding White to the skies in one breath, proceeds
in the nest, from the vantage point of 20tli century knowledge to adopt
the patronising attitude of “ naughty-naughty.” Yet facts are facts,
and we must not blind ourselves to the existence of notable anomalies
in his collected letters. In Letter 17 he refers to- the copulation of frogs,
which he admits to be a commonplace of natural history, yet he says
“ I never saw or read of toads being observed in the same situation."
To my mind the greatest and quite the most inexplicable omission from
his book is the natterjack toad. On many occasions between 1920 and
1940 on a still summer evening have I heard the low concerted croak of
these, the rarest of our British amphibia, proceeding from the -June in¬
fringed margins of Wolmer Great Pond — and this one of White's
favourite resorts. Moreover, Thomas Bell, in the second edition of his
History of British Beptiles in 1849, states that “ the greatest number
I have ever known is in my own garden at Selborne, where the species
is far more frequent than the common toad.” I am inclined to think
that this is an original observation on my part as no other commentator
so far as I know has seized on the point.

I have been told ihat during the war years Wolmer Pond has been
filled in and concreted for the R.A.F., in which case the last stronghold
of this rare creature south of the Thames has disappeared.

But, what has Gilbert White done for us as field naturalists? What
is the secret dynamic that has pushed his book into more than a hundred
editions? Perhaps it is its very simplicity, the questing tranquillity of
his style and matter, his friendliness, his tentative theories, and, dare
I venture to suggest, a lurking pride that we think we can add a little
here and there to his knowledge.

Surely he has set us an example in careful observation and in charm
of recording style which his very defects only serve to enhance.

To bring this commentary up to date, I would call your attention to
the two-column review of yet another book on Gilbert White, which
appeared in the Sunday Times of December 1, 1946. The book is White
of Selborne and '■ his Times by W. S. Scott, in the course of which the
reviewer refers to The Natwal History of Selborne as “ one of the best
loved books in our language,” and as “ something much more than a
book for naturalists.” “ It has,” he says, “ transcended its classifica¬
tion.” I like that phrase — think out its implications. Of White him¬
self he says, “ His virtue is in what he himself wrote,” and again,
“ Gilbert White sets ringing in our minds echoes of thoughts and feel¬
ings that are our own — not his.”

Robert Dick, 1811-1866.

We will now turn our attention to a naturalist of entirely different
calibre. Robert Dick, born in the north of Scotland in 1811. His
father was an excise officer. His mother died and his father remarried.
Robert was the eldest, and disliked by his stepmother. As a boy at
school he imbibed all knowledge rapidly and he played in his spare time
in the green recesses of the Ochil Hills. “ Here,” says Samuel Smiles,

president’s address.

9

“ lie began liis love of Nature.” Here he found that plants had differ¬
ent flowers, and stones had varying shapes and tints — felspar, porphyry
and greenstone. He ruined his clothes; shoes though not requiring
coupons, became difficult to replace, and thrashings with a stick were
unavailing in curbing the incipient naturalist — and so . . . he was ap¬
prenticed to a baker.

This at the age of 13, and up at 3 a.m. drudging along until 7, 8, or
9 at night, for 34 years with no wages, just meals and bed.

The afternoons, when he delivered bread, were a great joy to Robert,
we are told. His way would take him through Menstrie Glen, where he
would watch the growth of individual plants. He began to detect dif¬
ferences though he knew little about orders classes or genera. He ob¬
tained some botanical information from an old encyclopaedia. When
he was 20 years old, he opened a baker’s shop in that northernmost
Scottish town, Thurso. Here he baked and sold just enough bread to
keep him going, and, as soon as he could, shut up the shop and went off
looking for plants, shells, and stones. Within the next two years, we
are told, he turned his attention to entomology, and Smiles states that
in nine months Dick collected all the species of beetles then known to
occur in Caithness.

In 1835 there were actually three lectures delivered in Thurso — on
astronomy, geology and phrenology. What a fillip were these to young
Robert Dick. How he seized on every available bit of literature which
could possibly aid his studies. At 25 Dick was buying his flour from
Leith, and requesting his wholesaler to pack him up The Gardener’ s
Dictionary , The Naturalists’ Magazine and books on botany and geo¬
logy — all packages, be it noted, to be embedded in the flour to mitigate
damage by vibration !

His excursions on foot sometimes extended to 40 miles in a day, we
are told. He soaked his stockings in water in order to make a tight
fit in his boots, but one suspects that botanising in Caithness would
entail wet feet in any case. His food on these trips was a ship’s biscuit.

And so to the fulness of earlv maturity, the keenness to find some-
thing new, something he had read about. The shortness of the summer
season did not deter him. One 24th June, Midsummer Day, he writes,
“ the ferns were not fully out by the waterfall beyond Reay. Through
a forest of bracken and hard ferns — by beech fern and oake fern to the
rare black Bog Rush and ... . so, on to the summit by the sheep track
where I counted 13 lochs !”

His letters to his sister are full of the joy of discovery, the zest of
life, the conquest of the elements, which, one surmises, are at their
wildest in Caithness ; the excitement with which he records his discoverv
of our lowland wall spleenwort in a rock fissure 18 miles from Thurso,
and his annual pilgrimage just to see that; the summit of Morven
Mountain for Alchemilla alpina, ; his arrest as a salmon poacher when
he was only searching for plants.

About this time Dick discovered the Northern holy grass, Hierochloe
borealis, on the banks of Thurso river. Previously only reported by Don
and not subsequently found, the grass had been expunged from The

10

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

London Catalogue. Dick was surprised and pleased at his find but be¬
ing unused to publicity and perhaps unaware of its real value it was
not until 20 years later that a young botanist calling on Mr Dick per¬
suaded him to communicate with hhe Professor of Botany at Edinburgh.
Subsequently the Royal Botanical Society sent him a special vote of
thanks for the information. Parenthetically, I would observe that those
of you who possess Lowe’s British Grasses will note that the drawing
therein of this grass is from a specimen supplied by the baker of Thurso.

In 1858 Dick obtained some temporary fame by reason of the lauda¬
tory remarks passed upon him by Sir Robert Murchison at the meeting
of the British Association at Leeds. Here he was extolled as a model
self-taught naturalist, earning his daily bread by hard work, reading
and studying by night, and making his expeditions in between. But
Robert Dick was unused to fame and by this time his business was fall¬
ing off, for were there not six bakers in the town P And then a precious
cargo of 23 sacks of flour was wrecked en route to Thurso, and Dick was
reduced to selling his collection of fossils to make up for this, so close
was he to the poverty line. His sight wTas failing, but with what joy
he found Ajuga pyramidalis in the same year.

Robert Dick died at the early age of 55. His life had been full,
though he wrote no books. His memorial is in his manner of life. “ It
was impossible,” said Professor Shearer, “ for one coming into the
merest contact with him not to catch up some portion of his own vivid
enthusiasm in natural science. ' He combined in himself rare powers of
original research and an amazing industry in the pursuit of truth.”

Alfred Fryer, 1826-1912.

Alfred Fryer was a somewhat different type of naturalist, a man
who, educated for a life of ease under conditions of financial plenty,
and with expectation of such good fortune continuing, suddenly finds
himself deprived of these amenities and flung back on his own resources.
The late G. Claridge Druce, in his obituary of Alfred Fryer, tells us
that as a boy Fryer pref erred collecting fossils to doing school work,
and that having had no special professional training but always pre¬
ferring natural history, he found himself stranded at an early age.

Despite his fondness for ornithology, conchology, and botany, his
friendships with Alfred Russell Wallace, Coventry Patmore, and Dante
Gabriel Rossetti, none of these things were in themselves the sort of
heritage that bring grist to the mill, nor, says his biographer, was his
lovable impracticability conducive to worldly success.

In 1876 Fryer was in correspondence with Babington and later he
commenced a Flora of Huntingdon. This led on to the study of the
Potamogetons (Pondweeds) and finally to his magnum opus, The Pota-
mogetons ( Pondweeds ) of the British Isles. During all this time, it
would appear that Fryer had been living on the borderland of poverty,
for an influential but unsuccessful attempt was made to have him elected
as a recipient of the Rojml Bounty. Eventually a small grant was made

11

president’s address.

by the Royal Society, but this, as Druce so aptly phrases it, “ was
quite insufficient to relieve him from doing common work which any¬
one could have done, in order that he might do work which hardly any¬
one else could do so well.”

The Potamog etons ( Pondweeds ) of the British Isles wras never com¬
pleted. Druce went down to visit him one day in the fenlands where he
lived. He was at work in his garden. “ Why don’t you get on with the
Water Pots and give up this drudgery?” said Druce. Burdocks, thistles
and all sorts of weeks wTere flourishing despite Fryer’s efforts. “ How
can a man keep his garden clean when he has Pondweeds to look after?”
was the retort, and then, says Druce, “ the welkin rang with our joint
merriment.”

In between his wrork Fryer scoured the fenland country for his
favourite plants, walking immense distances and living frugally at all
dimes on a vegetarian diet. His book remained uncompleted on account
of his straitened circumstances, but still we see him cheerful, loving the
dull prosaic fenland and seeing in it landscapes of entrancing beauty
in a manner reminiscent of Tennyson.

11 One day,” says Druce, “ Fryer and I made a special search for
coriaceus and on the way came to a deep dyke with steep sides. I im¬
plored him not to try to cross it — but he replied that he had always done
so and would again. In a few moments he was on his back in the water,
from which he only escaped with the greatest difficulty by their united
efforts. “ Ah,” said Druce, “ I have now solved the question of your
religion for I see you are a Baptist by immersion ” !

Through all his difficult life Fryer maintained a consistent literary
output, his recorded botanical papers alone occupying a page of the
B.Ei.C. Peport for 1912. What is the message of Alfred Fryer’s natural¬
ist life for us ?

Richard Jefferies, 1848-1887.

We now come to Richard Jefferies, one of the best known of natural¬
ists and writers on the rural scene of his day. Frankly, I do not like
Richard Jefferies. I have never been able to appreciate his style of
presentation or to account for his popularity. But that would be a
poor reason to omit him, indeed, for that reason I have included him,
as it is obvious that so well known a name must have a message for this
generation of nature lovers.

Richard Jefferies saw the light of day 98 years ago on a Wiltshire
farm, a farmer’s son but never a farmer. With nothing very remark¬
able about his farming ancestors he appears to have been favoured
neither with predilection nor inhibition. His childhood was spent wan¬
dering around his father’s farm, his early natural history fostered by
the material offerings and bucolic lore of his father’s labourers. He
liked to mooch around alone, just observing, “ poking round the hedges
and mooning about the meadows ” are the exact words of his biographer.
It appears that he played neither football nor cricket nor any organised
game. He became a tall, lank, shambling youth lounging about the

12

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

farm full of excuses if his parents asked him to do anything useful.
“ You’ll have to speak to him,” said Mrs Jefferies. “ Speak to him,”
said the father, “ what’s the use? He only looks at you like an old
spaniel with his foot caught in a trap.” However, he gradually ac¬
quired useful books, with the aid, we are told, of money obtained from
the sale of rabbits snared in the fields, and in this way supplemented
the rough and ready knowledge acquired colloquially.

I cannot discover whether Jefferies ever had any schooling. One
imagines that he must have attended at least a village school and ob¬
tained some elementary education, but did he? His youthful social
environment was undoubtedly unhelpful. In the rural social scale a
little above the farm labourers, a little below the prosperous yeoman
farmers, and well below the so-called gentry. Thrown on his own re¬
sources, with little companionship of his own age, but slowly developing
an untutored, unguided ambition to put his thoughts in writing. The
story of what, by a stretch of courtesy, may be called his introduction
into professional journalism makes amazing and amusing reading which
I cannot really detail here, but it concerns the visit of a junior reporter
of the North Wilts Herald to a neighbouring farm for a story about
some pigs, and his subsequent return by short cut straight across Farmer
Jefferies’s standing hay crop, ?nutual recriminations, and subsequent
conversation with Jefferies junior.

Then followed ten years of provincial newspaper work, and the pro¬
duction of a number of novels, some at his own expense, nearly all how¬
ever apparently hopeless failures. The only bright spot in this period
appears to have been a long letter to The Times, on the condition of
rural labour, to which the paper devoted a leading article. Walter
Besant in his Eulogy of Eichard Jefferies expresses the opinion that
this publicity should have been the turning of the tide for Jefferies, but
that he missed his cue. At the age of 29 Jefferies came to London, irre¬
sistibly attracted, not by city life as such, but because he thought he
would do better at the hub of things, nearer the newspapers, the pub¬
lishers and the stage. In the wav of experience or advantage that move
availed him little. He pined for the country again, yearned for his
youthful environment, and, born of this nostalgia, he produced in three
years his three best works, The Gamekeeper at Home, The Amateur
Poacher, and Wild Life in a Southern County.

Within ten years of coming to London he was dead, and the last
five or six years of his life were steeped in physical suffering. I think
very few of the general public realise that Richard Jefferies lived to be
only 38. The Victorian frontispiece photograph appearing in most
editions of his books suggests an individual twice that age.

Now let us try and look at him and his work as impartially as may
be. There can be little doubt that his active nature-observing was over
and done with when he came to London at the age of 28, probably long
before. To my mind Richard Jefferies’ natural history never got be¬
yond the stage of the observant youth’s, and factual dates must almost
bear corroborative testimony. He knew the English names of common
birds and common plants and common animals and he observed the-

president’s address.

13

•obvious about them. But did he go any further? I do not think he
could.

Besant states that he had no scientific training; nevertheless, he
considers Jefferies to be a greater man than Gilbert White. We, how¬
ever, need not agree, for we must remember that Besant is admittedly
writing a “ Eulogy.”

To me it sometimes seems that there is little depth in Jefferies’
observations. He kept a “ Diary ” which has been much praised. Here
is an entry under date May 12, “ Real May day at last, butterfly, small
white, tipped with yellowish red.” One hundred years earlier Gilbert
White also kept a “ Diary,” and under date May 14 he records “ Orange
Tip,” and gives the then accepted scientific name.

In Chapter 3 of Wild Life in a Southern County Jefferies refers to
“ ruts ” overgrown with “ grass,” “ the rough tussocky kind,” he says.
But might we not have been told if it was cock’s-foot, Agrostis or
Molinia? It is this irritating vagueness which crops up again and
again.

And now I think I can tell you why I do not like Richard Jefferies.
Besant states categorically, “ Jefferies never laughs.” And that is the
secret. He never laughs — in himself or in his writing. I would say
that he writes monotonous prose and is prosily monotonous. I will not
labour this point and I will say that Jefferies still has a great and ap¬
preciative public, therefore there is much in his short life and in his
writings which must be meritorious. We in this Society may, I think,
emulate him up to a point but definitely we should aim to carry on
where he left off.

Jean Henri Fabre, 1 823-f 91 5.

For my final type of naturalist, I trust you will bear with me if I
leave our green and pleasant land and rest awhile in old Provence. The
study of natural history is the privilege of no one tongue or race. Life
is universal and its mysteries for all to probe, and if I beg leave to bring
before your notice Jean Henri Fabre it is because he has been, and
remains, the biggest single influence and inspiration in my personal
humble natural history life.

Jean Henri Fabre, I here pay tribute to you across the years, for
all that you have taught me of the joy of natural history.

Fabre was born in 1823, in the hilly country of the South of France,
of a line of ancestors the poorest of the rural poor. In the wretched
environment of his childhood the only artificial evening illumination
was that provided by a splinter of pine steeped in resin. Sometimes it
was so cold in winter that if firewood was scarce the family huddled in
the cow byre for warmth, hearing in the distance the howling of the
wolves. Poor illiterate peasant child, sent to watch the cattle on the
summer pastures, compare your prospects with those of the affluent
young Darwin in England. Who could foresee that in the course of time
these two wTould be in correspondence, and that the great Darwin wTould
refer to Fabre as “ that careful observer.”

14

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

From his earliest days every natural phenomenon excited Fabre’s.
liveliest curiosity. He tells us this himself. “ One day I was standing
lost in thought, my hands behind my back, my face upturned to the
sun. The dazzling splendour fasciuated me. Was it with my mouth or
with my eyes that I received such joy from that glorious radiance? I
opened my mouth wide and shut my eyes tight. The radiance vanished.
I opened my eyes and shut my mouth. The radiance reappeared. I
repeated the experiment. The same thing happened. I was convinced
beyond a doubt that I saw the sun with my eyes.” And so the observer
was observing.

At the same tender age he heard a noise in the bushes — and we have
here the earliest recorded note of his lifelong faculty of inexhaustible
patience. The noise — was it bird, insect or what? “ I lay in wait a
long time,” he says, “ but all to no purpose. At the least rustle of the
bushes the clicking was sure to cease.” For three days he tried. At
last his hand closed over the singer. It was a grasshopper. And Fabre
was six years old.

I love those simple anecdotes because I understand the deeper mean¬
ing and all that they imply. At seven he went to the village school
which was in turn schoolroom, kitchen, bedroom, dining room, and oh
occasion, hen house, and pig pen. The master was an able man within
his limits, but as he was also bailiff to the principal landowner, bell¬
ringer, and barber, his limits were not merely scholastic.

Part of Fabre’s alleged schooling included, shall we call it, practical
work in the landowner’s garden under the supervision of the master.
The boy Fabre had been told to crush all the snails because they ate the
vegetables, but, he remembers, so beautiful and varied were the colours
of the shells that he filled his pockets wTith as many as possible for future
enraptured contemplation. And so with the butterflies and beetles
abounding in the long summer of southern France. And the coloured
stones he brought home in torn pockets to the great distress of his
mother. “ If you must cram your pockets let it be with green stuff
which will help feed the rabbits,” she cried.

When he was about 13 the family removed to Montpellier almost on
the Mediterranean coast where the father seems to have tried his pren¬
tice hand unsuccessfully at running a cafe. Henri had to bid farewell
for a time to his studies and help the family by peddling lemons at the
public market, and later by joining a gang of workmen constructing the
railway at Nimes.

. . . And then he won a free scholarship to the Normal School at
Avignon. But spelling, arithmetic, and geography were easy and there
was plenty of time under the cover of his desk to explore the mystery of
the wasp’s sting or to dissect some nevr flowrer. He received his diploma
at 18 and became pupil-teacher at Carpentras at 19. We see him with
his pupils doing open-air geometry dignified by the name of practical
surveying, and, in the intervals of the lesson, master and pupils down
on their knees searching for nests of the mason bee and sucking up the
honey through a straw, the mason bee which in later years he wTas to
tell the world all about. Teaching others and learning himself, some-

president’s address.

15

times only one lesson ahead himself, of what he was teaching others —
mathematics and the physical sciences, studying far into the early hours
— but on Sundays out looking for plants and insects.

I realise how difficult it may be for others to understand or assimi¬
late my enthusiasm for Fabre. I can only hope to suggest through my
clipped citations from other writers the underlying strength of will and
character which urged him on in the fearful material struggle for some
sort of minimum financial independence when he could finally relax into
entomological research.

“ Have you any private income ?” said Rollinat, Inspector General
of Education. “ Alas, no,” said Fabre. “ Then we cannot make you a
University Professor, . . . and Fabre knew that he had reached the
limit of his professional advancement.

And so, around 53 years of age, Fabre was just about able to buy a
small demesne, a house to which was attached by way of garden a small
area of barren, stony, sandy ground, hardly possible of cultivation, but
perfect for thistles and all the wealth of the Mediterranean flora.
li Here,” he says, “ in my walled-in patch, without fear of interruption,
I can put my questions to the digger wasp and others, and devote my¬
self to that difficult intercourse in which question and answer take the
form of experiment. And that is what Fabre was, more than an observ¬
ing naturalist, an experimenting naturalist. Not just a fact and leave
it at that, but the why and the wherefore must be unravelled by patient
investigation. And so with son and daughter at home to attend to life’s
irritating necessities, Fabre was free for thirty full years to give of his.
best to his real life’s work.

Listen to his son’s description of the great change-over. “ Doffing
the professor’s frock coat for the peasant’s blouse, planting a root of
sweet basil in his topper and finally kicking it to pieces he snapped his
fingers at his past life, ... he had obtained entire possession of his own
body and mind and could give himself without reserve to his favourite
subjects.”

Then followed his Souvenirs Entomologiques in ten volumes, a work
which for many years was adopted as a standard book in French schools,,
but which later fell out of favour, not on account of errors of fact, but
rather by reason of the rise of the French anti-clerical party. Fabre,
though a friend and admirer of Darwin, was not in agreement with him
over the Evolutionary Theory, and could not admit the truth of the
latter’s Origin of Species. The swing of the pendulum indicated a
materialistic outlook, and, for the nonce, Fabre, in the literary sense
became unpopular.

It is pleasant to' record, however, that in the very twilight of his life
when he was 87, and appointed a recipient of the Legion of Honour, his
books experienced a return to favour, and, reports his son, “ more were
sold in a few months than had been disposed of in more than twenty
years.” Fabre died peacefully in his 93rd year while his country was
in the throes of the First World War.

To those who would know more of Fabre, and naturalists cannot read
too much of Fabre, in order to get the feel, the touch of his remarkable

16

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

personality, I would recommend P. F. Bicknell’s inspired book The
Human Side of Fabre, Fislier Unwin, 1924.

I cannot reasonably expect you to revere the master naturalist as do
I. I cannot expect you to desire as keenly as do I to journey one day
to the harmas of Fabre, preserved in perpetuity by the French Govern¬
ment in the condition in which he left it, to see his herbarium, to touch
his books, to listen to the descendants of his cicadas in the plane trees,
but I can at least hope that yo'u have gone some way with me in learn¬
ing to appreciate J. H. Fabre, the master interpreter of little life.

Darwin, White, Dick, Fryer, Jefferies, Fabre, a sextet of naturalists
of a past generation; nor have they all attained a pinnacle of fame.
Perhaps their fame does not matter to us to-day, their generation not
at all. What does matter is their message across the years.

Darwin, the master intelligence.

White, the pioneer observer.

Dick, the collector-observer.

Fryer, the critical observer.

Jefferies, the popular naturalist.

Fabre, the master experimenter-interpreter.

Each and all a naturalist, but with an approach differing in oppor¬
tunity, method, and outlook.

Part-time, full-time, poor, -not so poor, affluent — it would be in¬
vidious and profitless to make further comparison. Perhaps their types
are represented in this meeting to-night. We may indeed in our pride,
or in our humility, have picked out our prototypes, and we may be
consciously or unconsciously attempting to model our natural history
life on some great one who has gone before. Contemporary personalities,
however outstanding, have their race to run and parallel lives cannot
enter into our picture to-night.

When I first joined this Society I formed an opinion, which, through
the stresses of twenty-four years, has not only survived, but lias matured
into factual knowledge. It is this. The London Natural History
Society does not ask who you are in outside life — it is not interested in
your salary or P.A.Y.E. code number. Those are not the required
credentials. I have many friends in the Society of whose position in
the social scale I am in entire ignorance. The Society only says, “ Are
you keen on natural history, or, do you want to be interested P Can you
tell us something P Can we add to your knowledge ? Can we together
add to the sum total of nature knowledge ? That is a fine tradition —
it may be unique.

If in addition we can bring to our Society something of the controlled
and directed enthusiasm, the singleness of purpose, the high ideals,
which our natural history forbears possessed in no small degree, then
their skill, their patience, their vision, their rewards will be ours — and
this Society may well then say along the vale of years, “ Together we
have added to the sum total of human knowledge.” And that tradition
will be finer. It will be unique.

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

17

Nature Conservation in the London Area.

By C. P. Castell, B.Sc.

rjwns, paper attempts to provide (i) a summary of the more recent
views and work on nature conservation ; (ii) a report on the work
and recommendations of the Society’s Nature Reserves Committee; (iii)
a very brief consideration of the Greater London Plan in relation to
them : and (iv) a final glance at some of the problems which will confront
us if these recommendations are to be carried out. Much of the general
and historical information that follows is based upon, and in part ex¬
tracted from, the Memoranda issued by the Conference on Nature Pre¬
servation in Post-War Reconstruction (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) and by the British
Ecological Society (2, 3), which are indispensable to serious students of
the subject.

Historical Introduction.

The year 1912 was an important one in the history of nature con¬
servation in the United Kingdom, for it marked the founding of the
Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves by the Hon. N. Charles
Rothschild. Among the objects of this Society are: (i) to collect and col¬
late information as to areas of land in the United Kingdom which re¬
tain primitive conditions and contain rare and local species liable to
extinction owing to building, draining and disafforestation or in con¬
sequence of the cupidity of the collector ; (ii) to prepare a scheme show¬
ing which areas should be secured as nature reserves; and (iii) to obtain
such areas and, if thought desirable, to hand them over to the National
Trust. Thanks to a considerable bequest by the founder, the Society
now has an income sufficient to maintain or contribute towards the
maintenance of ten nature reserves.*

The first comprehensive list of potential nature reserves of national
importance was produced by the Hon. Charles Rothschild in 1915. A
similar list was submitted in 1929 by the British Correlating Commit¬
tee for the Protection of Nature to the Addison National Park Com¬
mittee, whose report was published in 1931 (12). Nothing more ap¬
pears to have been done until January 1941, when the Government
appointed the Uthwatt Committee to consider payment of compensa¬
tion and the recovery of betterment in respect of public control of the
use of land. In October 1941 the Scott Committee was appointed to
consider, among other agricultural problems, the well-being of rural
communities and the preservation of rural amenities.

The appointment of the Uthwatt Committee gave many naturalists
concern lest the preservation of the native flora and fauna should be
neglected. The Societv for the Promotion of Nature Reserves therefore

*The present Hon. Secretary is Dr G. F. Herbert Smith, British Museum (Natural

History), CTomwell Road, S.W.7.

18

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

invited societies and otlier bodies interested in natural history, as well
as local government associations, to send delegates to a Conference on
Nature Preservation in Post-war Reconstruction to discuss the matter
and to decide upon such action as it might seem desirable.

In November 1941 the 'Conference set out in a memorandum (4) cer¬
tain conclusions regarding nature preservation which ought to be
taken into account by the Government in planning the use of the land.
It was pointed out that, in addition to the well recognised needs to pre¬
serve rural amenities, such as places of scenic beauty and antiquities,
and to preserve forest areas as part of the Nation’s resources, the pre¬
servation of the natural flora and fauna for the advancement of scientific
knowledge and education must also be considered in any attempt at
national planning. It was emphasized that, in spite of the immense ad¬
vantages to be derived from the application of such knowledge to the
management and control of national resources, this need of nature pre¬
servation iiad been almost entirely neglected by the Government.

However, early in 1942, Sir William Jowitt, Chairman of the Minis¬
terial Committee concerned with the problem of reconstruction, invited
the Conference to appoint a Committee to- advise the Government on
matters relating to Nature Reserves. In June, the Conference ap¬
pointed the Nature Reserves Investigation Committee (subsequently re¬
ferred to as N.R.I.C.), composed of a number of eminent naturalists,*
with Sir Lawrence Chubb as Chairman and Dr G. F. Herbert Smith as
Hon. Secretary.

This Committee was to examine proposals for the establishment of
nature reserves as part of any general scheme of national planning. In
particular, it was to inquire into and report upon (i) the types, location
and approximate area of reserves and sanctuaries needed to ensure the
preservation of communities or species, (ii) the species of plants and
animals which are in danger unless special arrangements are made to
secure their preservation, (iii) the extent and conditions of public
-access to the reserves, and (iv) the most appropriate methods of acquir¬
ing, administering, and financing the maintenance < J the reserves.

In September 1942, the then Ministry of Works and Planning (since
divided into Ministry of Works and Ministry of Town and Country
Planning) intimated that their Research Officer was on the point of
surveying certain potential National Park areas in England and Wales
and asked the Committee to advise them, as soon as possible, what sites
within or near these areas should be considered for scheduling as nature
reserves. In order to carry out efficiently and rapidly the survey re¬
quired by the Ministry, the co-operation of regional sub-committees was
enlisted, and in August 1943 a Memorandum on “ Potential National
Parks ” (7) was issued.

In March 1943, the Committee issued their “ Report on Nature Con¬
servation in Great Britain ” (6), in which they expressed their views on

~*G. Dent, Capt. C. Diver, J. C. F. (now Sir John) Fryer, N. B. Iiinnear, Prof. W.

H. Pearsall, Dr J. Ramsbottom, Prof. J. Ritchie, Dr E. J. (now Sir Edward)

Salisbury, and W. L. Taylor.

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

19

the function, classification, acquisition, control and management of
nature reserves, and on other measures deemed desirable for the con¬
servation of our country’s flora and fauna.

In the meantime, the Scott and Uthwatt Committees had reported.
The Scott Committee suggested (13) a five-year plan for the resuscita¬
tion of village and country life, and for the preservation of rural ameni¬
ties and recommended that, within the first year, the demarcation of
National Parks and nature reserves be completed and a National Parks
Authority be set up. The Uthwatt Committee recommended (14), among
many other things, the placing of a general prohibition against develop¬
ment on all undeveloped land outside built-up areas and immediate
payment to owners of the land affected of compensation for the loss of
development value. An excellent summary of both reports by G. 31.
Young appeared as a “ Penguin ” in 1943 (19).

For two years regional sub-committees in all parts of England and
Wales were compiling lists of suggested nature reserves and the parent
N.R.I.C. was sifting the many hundreds of recommendations sent in
and considering them from a national point of view. By September
1945, they were able to bring out a Report on “ National Geological
Reserves in England and Wales ”* (8), followed in December by one
on “ National Nature Reserves and Conservation Areas in England and
Wales ” (9).

In the meantime, the British Ecological Society had shown great
interest in the subject of nature conservation and felt that the views
of ecologists should be independently formulated. A committee was set
up under the Chairmanship of Prof. A. G. Tansley and its views on the
N.R.I.C.’s Memorandum on Nature Conservation and the special ecolo¬
gical problems involved were expressed in a report issued later in 1943
and entitled “ Nature Conservation and Nature Reserves ” (2). In
1945, the Society published a Memorandum on “ Wild Life Conserva¬
tion and Ecological Research from the National Standpoint ” (3). In
both of these reports the Society expresses its general agreement with
the recommendations of the N.R.I.C., but suggests, in addition, the
creation of a National Wild Life Service to maintain and manage
National Reserves and to make a continuous study of wild life through¬
out the country. In May 1945, the Ministry of Town and Country Plan¬
ning published John Dower’s Report on National Parks (10), in which
the need for nature reserves, both inside and outside National Parks,
is recognised.

The same year saw the publication of “ Our Heritage of Wild
Nature, a plea for organized Nature Conservation,” by Prof. Tansley,
a most attractive and readable book which should appeal to a wide
public and strengthen considerably the increasing interest shown in
nature conservation.

*Drawn up by the Geological Reserves Sub-Committee : Dr G. F. Herbert Smith

(Chairman), Dr S. E. Hollingworth, Dr G. H. Mitchell, T. H. Whitehead,

Dr D. Williams, and Dr K. P. Oakley (Hon. Secretary).

20

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

It is evident that the Government will not he able to plead lack of
information and expert advice, and there can be no excuse for the
omission of nature conservation in any forthcoming legislation. Evi¬
dence of interest in the subject at ministerial level is shown by the fol¬
lowing quotation from an address given by the Minister of Town and
Country Planning in June 1946 to the Society for the Promotion of
Nature Reserves:

“ Both the Scott and Dower Reports made specific reference to the con¬
servation of wild life and the provision of nature reserves, and the Dower
Report makes specific reference also to the valuable work of the Nature
Reserves Investigation Committee. Arising out of the Dower Report,
a National Parks Committee has been set up by my Ministry under the
chairmanship of Sir Arthur Hobhouse and I am looking forward to his
report. It was felt in connexion with the work of that Committee that
the matter of Wild Life Conservation was one which required special
scientific consideration and as the two questions of national parks and
nature conservation were closely interwoven, a Wild Life Sub-Committee
was set up. I understand from this Sub-Committee that they could not
have made such rapid progress in their work as they have, but for the
large volume of expert investigation and arduous work which has been
carried out by the Nature Reserves Investigation Committee and their
Local Committees. I have circulated their six reports to all the Regional
Planning Officers throughout the country with the recommendation that
they should make full use of the advice of the Local Committees in mat¬
ters affecting the conservation of nature; and I can assure you that the
Regional Planning Officers are carrying out that recommendation in the
letter and the spirit.”

This Wild Life Conservation Special Committee was under the Chair¬
manship of Dr Julian Huxley, with our member R. S. R. Fitter as
secretary. Its membership covered a wide field of natural history, as
is evident from its composition. It comprised the botanist, J. S. L.
Gihnour : the ecologists, C. Diver, C. S. Elton and A. G. Tansley ; the
entomologist, E. B. Ford; the geologist, A. E. Trueman; the ornitholo¬
gists, E. N. Buxton and E. M. Nicholson; and the physiographer, J. A.
Steers. Beginning in September 1945, the Committee met at frequent
intervals and completed its report towards the end of 1946, although
owing to the fuel crisis it was not published till July 1947.

In view of the great importance to the naturalist of much of the
land owned by the National Trust, it is encouraging to note the
eminence of the naturalists on its Nature Conservation Sub-committee,*
and the fact that nature reserves are already being acquired and handed
over to the National Trust which is undertaking the responsibility of
holding them.

In connection with the National Trust’s Jubilee appeal for members
and funds, the Chancellor of the Exchequer stated, in May 1946, that
he would recommend the House, in due course, to make a. grant to the
National Trust on a pound for pound basis with a view to doubling the
proceeds of the appeal and that £50,000,000 was being put aside as a
National Land Fund to be used for the public acquisition of land and
to help the National Trust and similar bodies.

*Lt.-Col. E, N. Buxton, Capt. C. Diver, H. M. Edelsten, Major H. M. Heyder,

N. B. Kinnear, Colin Matheson, Sir Edward Salisbury, J. A. Steers.

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

21

The London Area Regional Sub-Committee.

We can now consider briefly the work of our own Society. Towards
the end of 1942, we were asked by the N.R.I.C. to nominate a sub-com¬
mittee “ to collate and sift information about areas of scientific in¬
terest in Middlesex and the County of London,” and in January 1943
our Council appointed a Committee of C. P. Castell, P. S. R. Fitter
and L. G. Payne with L. J. Tremayne as Chairman and Convener. At
an early stage, L. G. Payne felt obliged to resign through pressure of
work, but we were fortunate in securing the co-option of S. Austin.

The appointed members accepted this task with considerable doubts
and misgivings as to the amount of work involved, in complete ignor¬
ance of what was really expected of them, and with little, if any, know¬
ledge of the subject of nature conservation. Nevertheless, the Society
could hardly ignore a subject so vital to its interests and since, under
war-time conditions, there was nobody else available, the committee
felt compelled to accept office.

This Committee was recognised by the N.R.I.C. as the London Area
Regional Sub-Committee and it was agreed by our Council “ that the
Committee should hold themselves responsible for all Middlesex and
render every assistance possible in connection with the whole of our area
by co-operation with other bodies and by any other means.” In the
event, the Committee’s labours covered the whole of the Society’s Area,
except for parts of Kent and Surrey, excluded by agreement with the
Regional Sub-committee for Kent, Surrey and Sussex.

The first meeting of the Committee was held in May 1943 and R.
S. R. Fitter became Hon. Secretary. Appeals for suggestions and help
were sent to Sectional Secretaries and to all members, and, later
on in the year, to natural history societies and similar bodies in tire
London area. At the same time, the South Eastern Union of Scientific
Societies had been asked to form a Committee for Kent, Surrey and
Sussex, and the writer was appointed delegate to ensure co-operation
between the two Committees. The Chingford Branch undertook to be
responsible for the part of Essex within our area, with C. S. Bayes as
local Nature Reserves Secretary and representing the Branch on the
Committee. When he left London his place; was later taken by Dr
D. G. Tucker. R. S. R. Fitter, on becoming Hon. Secretary of the
British Trust for Ornithology in 1944, felt compelled to resign secretary¬
ship of the Committee and his place was taken by the writer.

By the end of 1943, the Committee was able to draw up a provi¬
sional list of proposed nature reserves, and at the end of January 1944
a. preliminary MS. report was sent to Prof. Abercrombie for use- in con¬
nection with his Greater London Plan, together with a half-inch map,
on which the recommended areas were marked. In March, duplicated
copies and another map were sent to the N.R.I.C. and copies of the
report were distributed to various societies and individuals for their
information and comment.

After a long interruption by flying bombs and rockets, regular meet¬
ings were resumed in March 1945, by which time a classified list of

22

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

geological recommendations liacl been sent in to the N.R.I.C. and ad¬
vance copies of the Greater London Plan had become available. Mr
H. Spooner, now back in London, was co-opted to the Committee and
meetings were continued at regular intervals until the end of the year.
At these meetings, the preliminary recommendations were considered
in more detail, placed in order of priority and in many cases reclassified
in the light of further experience. Towards the end of the year, a set
of marked one-inch maps were sent to the N.R.I.C. and another set pre¬
pared for the use of the Society. Finally, in November 1945, our Coun¬
cil, recognising that nature conservation will become an increasingly
important feature of the Society’s activities, decided that a Nature Re¬
serves Committee will be a permanent necessity and at the Annual Gene¬
ral Meeting, the Secretary of the Committee was appointed one of the
Society’s officials.

The Greater London Plan.

The publication in 1945 of Prof. Patrick Abercrombie’s Greater
London Plan } 1944 (1) was a most important event to London naturalists.
This was a report prepared by Prof. Abercrombie on behalf of the Stand¬
ing Conference on London Regional Planning and at the request of the
Minister of Town and Country Planning. Here, at last, was a plan
sponsored by a Government department to control the future develop¬
ment of London, which has been engulfing the neighbouring open
country in all directions and at an alarming pace for several centuries.
The general problem of nature conservation is, unfortunately, not con¬
sidered in the report, but the following short paragraph is devoted to
nature reserves.

“ There are a few nature reserves in the London Region : they might well
he increased in number. The difficulty in a populous region is to fence
them off or to enclose them inconspicuously. Human intrusion may be
quite unwitting, but there is also the natural curiosity to penetrate into
what appears to be set apart. On the other hand people should be en¬
couraged to rejoice that some few places are left free for wild life : the
plantations within Richmond Park are examples of the attraction of for-
hidden ground : they should not tempt to invasion. The surveys at
present being made for the area are incomplete, but after the preliminary
work has been carried out it will be possible to obtain a balanced picture
of the Region and to set aside suitable areas for this purpose” (1, para 264).

In the rest of the Report, the subjects of most interest to the natural¬
ist are the Green Belt Scheme and developments such as arterial roads,
airfields and footpaths. The recommendation for the establishment of a
number of satellite towns in the country around London would appear
to be the best way of satisfying the demand; for housing and at the
same time checking the spread of the suburbs. Nevertheless, it is a
matter of deep concern to the naturalist. But as the sites of the satel¬
lite towns all lie outside our Society’s area, the matter was considered,
to be outside the scope of our Committee’s investigations.

The Green Belt Scheme requires, perhaps, some explanation as many,
if not most, of our suggested reserves and conservation areas lie within

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

23

this belt. In the Plan, four rings are recognised, the Outer Country,
Green Belt, Suburban and Inner Urban. Very little of our Society’s
area comes within the Outer Country Ring. The Suburban Ring has
an approximate radius of 12 miles from Charing Cross. This ring, with
regard to population and industry, is to be regarded as a static zone
and, except for the rounding off of partly built-up areas, any unbuilt
or open land will be required for recreational open space.

The Green Belt may be defined as a zone of open land, not necessarily
in public ownership, where building and constructional development
shall not be allowed, although farming or forestry shall be continued as
elsewhere on rural land. The great conception of a. Green Belt round
London began to take shape about 1931, and to the London County Coun¬
cil is due the credit for initiating the scheme in 1935. By 1938 the
Green Belt Act became law and the L.O.C. were granted £2 million
to assist in the purchase and safeguarding of suitable tracts of land.
It has often been pointed out- that if action had been taken 25 years ago
a real belt of open country round London could have been secured, not
only more completely rural than the present proposals, but nearer in.

Beyond the Green Belt Ring is the Outer Country Ring containing
distinct communities situated in land which is open in character and
mainly in farming use. While this general open character will be pre¬
served, by using it as the chief reception area for overcrowded London,
any further extension of London’s sprawl will be prevented by the ex¬
pansion of old and the development of new communities in this ring.

The recommendation of a footpath system to link up open spaces
and to provide alternatives to road walking, coupled with the sugges¬
tion of stream-side reserves with footpath access, deserve our whole¬
hearted support. None of the proposed aerodromes appears to be near
enough to any of our recommended areas to affect them adversely, ex¬
cept perhaps one adjoining Lullingstone Park. There is, too, very
little conflict between the proposed arterial roads and our areas. It
will thus be appreciated that, on the whole, Prof. Abercrombie’s Plan
fits in fairly well with the requirements of the London naturalists.

Purposes of Nature Conservation.

The N.R.I.C. recognised the three following categories into which
fall the principles guiding the selection of nature reserves.

(a) Scientific and Economic Studies. In order to ensure progress
in botany and zoology, plants and animals must be available for obser¬
vation and study in their natural surroundings and it is necessary to
ensure that not only individual species, but also the characteristic com¬
munities in which they live, are not allowed to disappear. Neither
afforestation nor agriculture can be carried on without disturbing the
balance of nature and to investigate this delicate balance it is essen¬
tial to establish a suitable range of nature reserves and of other areas
where natural and semi-natural communities can be safeguarded from
destruction.

24

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

(b) The Enjoyment of Nature by the Public. It is perhaps hardly
necessary to emphasize nowadays that there does exist a large and grow¬
ing section of the public with a deep appreciation of nature and of the
countryside and to whom natural surroundings are as much an amenity
as a public park or playing field. What is less generally realised is that
the beauty and interest of landscape in this country does not depend
solely or even mainly upon the sculpturing of the earth’s surface, but
upon the nature of the living carpet which covers and surrounds these
physical features. This will doubtless be well appreciated by those of
our members who have returned to this country with a practical experi¬
ence of natural desert conditions. We in London are compelled to spend
most of our lives in the largest of man-made deserts and to us, more
than to any other inhabitants of this country, the preservation of those
forests, heaths, downs, marshlands and rivers still not destroyed by
urbanization and industrial development is a matter for most urgent
consideration.

(c) Education in Natural History. Nature study is becoming more
and more a recognised part of general education and, to maintain the
interest of both teacher and student, their studies should not be re¬
stricted to nature tamed in the local park, school garden or perhaps
merely the class-room flower-pots. It follows that they should have
access to places where animals and plants can be studied in their natural
or semi-natural communities.

Glassification of Areas.

Bearing in mind these purposes of nature conservation, the X.R.I.C.
have prepared a carefully thought-out classification of types of areas for
preservation.

1. National Parks. In a densely populated country like ours, the
primary purpose of a National Park would be more to provide the public
with opportunities for open-air recreation amidst natural scenery than
to preserve particular plants and animals, although the preservation of
characteristic vegetation is inseparably interwoven with the enjoyment
of the scene. However, within these areas there would undoubtedly be
parts of such scientific interest that they should be treated as nature
reserves under scientific control and public access might have to be re¬
stricted.

2. Other Areas in Public Control. Conspicuous among these are the
National Forest Parks, which have been established by the Forestry
Commission primarily for the production of timber, but to which the
public are allowed access. Certain areas in these National Forest Parks
have already been reserved by the Forestry Commission for study by
plant and animal ecologists. Other important areas in this category
are Catchment Areas and Reservoirs which frequently provide sites
which are most valuable for nature conservation.

3. Conservation Areas. These are areas in which further develop¬
ment would be prohibited or drastically restricted. In these, the exist¬
ing movement of the public would in no way be interfered with, but no
additional or special facilities would be provided. There would be no

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

25

question of acquiring the land or interfering with its present usage and
ownership, but in order to preserire their natural interest and amenity
value, they should be protected as far as possible from destructive change.
A careful selection of such areas would afford the simplest means of
nature conservation.

4. Nature Reserves. The areas mentioned so far require preserva¬
tion mainly because of their amenity value, but Nature Reserves are
areas in which the primary object of preservation is the safeguarding
and perpetuation of the wild plant and animal life- which they support.
For scientific purposes, Nature Reserves were considered by the N.R.I.C.
as belonging to two classes — Habitat Reserves and Species Reserves,
though this distinction is now widely regarded as having not much value,
and liable to mislead the lay public. Habitat reserves aim primarily at
preserving samples of the natural communities of plants and animals
associated with particular types of habitat, e.g. heather moor, beech
wood, or J uncus marsh. It is essential that such habitat reserves should
be surrounded by a belt wide enough to reduce the marginal effects of
any changing conditions outside the reserve area.

Since a species cannot be preserved under natural conditions apart
from the communities within which it is able to thrive, it follows that
a species reserve is a small habitat reserve selected because of the occur¬
rence in it of a rare or local species. Here, too, it would often mean that
to preserve a small area as a species reserve, a much larger area sur¬
rounding it would require control. It would be useless, for example,
trying to protect a small bog if the surrounding area were to be drained.

So long as there were adequate scientific control, the larger habitat
reserves would require little or no restrictions to public access, but in
small species reserves, public access would have to be controlled and in
some cases, a strict reserve or sanctuary would be needed, where public
access would be very restricted.

Two other kinds of reserves are recognised, but here public access is
a much more important consideration.

In Amenity Reserves, the freedom of public access, subject to reason¬
able safeguards, is a primary objective, and the natural objects they con¬
tain are to be preserved as an important type of amenity, which the
public can learn to appreciate more and more. Many commons and open
spaces provide amenity reserves in the sense here used, though with the
assistance of technical advice, their effectiveness as natural habitats
might be greatly enhanced. The provision of a sufficient number of
amenity reserves within easy reach of London is a matter of great im¬
portance.

The N.R.I.C. also suggest the formation of Educational Reserves,
which would have as their object the reservation of more or less wild
country for the purposes of study. Such reserves would provide valuable
areas for the use of schools and their experimental treatment and study
might well add to our knowledge of the balance of nature. Schools and
other educational centres would be encouraged to become responsible for
small reserves of their own. The provision of educational reserves would

26

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

thus appear to be primarily a matt-er of education authorities and the
subject has not been considered by our Committee.

Reserves have been distinguished by the N.R.I.C. as National or
Local according to their suggested type of administration. National
Reserves embrace habitat and species reserves considered to be of
national importance and to be administered by some central national
authority. Local Reserves, on the other hand, would embrace habitat
and species reserves of local value, with Amenity and Educational Re¬
serves and would be administered by local authorities.

Geological Conservation.

In addition to the conservation of plants and animals, the N.R.I.C.
considered the conservation of areas of geological importance. As the
preservation of geological features requires measures different from those
applicable to plants and animals, an independent classification of Geo¬
logical Reserves was adopted with the recognition of the following four
categories.

Geological Conservation Areas. These are large-scale physiographical
features and areas containing many items of geological interest. Work¬
ing quarries in such areas should be registered and new quarrying or
other works undertaken only after approval had been obtained from
an appointed authority advised by a scientific panel.

Geological Monuments. These are small-scale geological features
and sections of outstanding interest, to be permanently protected and
kept in a good state of preservation. It is recommended that each
monument should be provided with a metal notice plate briefly explain¬
ing its character and origin.

Controlled Sections are natural (e.g., cliffs) or disused artificial sec¬
tions, to be subject to control on account of their scientific value, in
order to prevent them from being irretrievably obscured by building or
dumping of refuse or otherwise rendered inaccessible.

Registered Sections. These are sections of exceptional geological im¬
portance, at present used or worked, which should be kept under obser¬
vation by an appointed authority, the owners or lessees being required
to give notice of their intention to cease operations, in which event r.
the section in question would be considered for transference to the cate¬
gory of controlled sections.

Nature Conservation in the London Area.

At the time of the preparation of our Committee’s preliminary re¬
port, nearly 300 recommendations had been received from our members
and others. Many of these, of course, dealt with the same areas, and
some were rejected as of insufficient value, but eventually a list of 154
areas was sent in to the N.R.I.C., to Prof. Abercrombie and to the
Ministry of Town and Country Planning; of these 32 were of purely
geological interest. Subsequently, with a better grasp of the meaning
of the various categories of reserves and further information about some
of the areas, our list was revised considerably. It is necessary to em-

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

27

phasize the difficulties the Committee were constantly experiencing;
there was firstly our own lack of detailed knowledge of the natural his¬
tory of many of the areas we were recommending; secondly the surpris¬
ing difficulty in obtaining such information; and lastly, and perhaps
even more important, the difficulties inherent in war-time conditions.
We had, therefore, only too often inadequate reasons on paper for our
recommendations, however justified we might have felt in making them.
These detailed recommendations will be found listed by counties in the
appendix.

These war years have seen a spate of White Papers, and memoranda
on nature conservation, but no action has yet been taken by the Govern¬
ment. When there exists much more adequate public enquiry into, and
control over, the ever-increasing demands by the Services for large areas
of our finest open spaces, and when the Scott and TJthwatf Reports, the
National Parks scheme and the Greater London Plan reach the Statute
Book, as we hope they soon will, the position of nature conservation
in relation to all these conflicting interests will doubtless be clarified.
Then, and perhaps soon, the London Natural History Society must be
ready to play its part, and it is inconceivable that, having been re¬
sponsible for supplying the Report on Nature Reserves in the London
Area, we can take no further interest in the matter. The Societv must

' * c/

be ready to supply much more detailed information concerning each
area, to undertake the task of examining each from an ecological view¬
point, and to suggest methods of management. Reports by members
and others on any of these areas and further recommendations would
be welcomed by the Society’s Nature Reserves Committee.

Having selected an area as a nature reserve, or as a conservation
area, it is useless, however paradoxical it may appear, to leave it to
Nature ; practically all these areas have been maintained in their pre¬
sent interesting condition by human interference. If that interference
is withdrawn, then slowly, but surely, the normal ecological succession
will develop. The importance of scientific management cannot be over
emphasized, and can, perhaps, be best illustrated by an example from
our own Area, and one in which the Society is particularly interested.

Bookham Common has been National Trust property for over 20 years,
and although there is a local management committee, the lack of scienti¬
fic, and especially ecological, advice, of money and of labour have all
combined to leave Nature to manage the Common, but hardly to the
satisfaction of the naturalist. Two large ponds were formerly a great
attraction, but neglect of the embankments has lowered the water level
and, to make matters worse, the ditches which drained into them are
now thoroughly blocked by vegetation and mud. Horsetail and bur-reed
have spread from the margins across the ponds still further reducing the
volume of water. Soon, patches of marshy ground will be all that is
left to mark the sites of the ponds. The many acres of marshy open
grassland are now only occasionally grazed by cattle and an army of
hawthorns is advancing across the area from the adjacent woodland.
In another more heathy area, bracken and birches are fast taking posses-

28

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

sion. In the woods, groves of young oaks have sprung up, choking one
another and casting such dense shade that little can live under them.
The remedy is, of course, management on ecological lines, so as to pre¬
serve a maximum number of habitats and a maximum variety of wild
life. The same sorry story could be told of many other public open
spaces around London, but the same remedy is applicable.

There is little left now in our London Area worthy of national con¬
servation, and we must aim at the preservation of as many types of
habitat as possible before they disappear under bricks and mortar, or
are trampled, drained and otherwise “ improved ” out of existence. The
matter requires urgent attention, and indeed, in suburban London, has
become desperate. In many cases, the problem is not so much one of the
preservation of more open spaces as the conservation by proper manage¬
ment of the wild life in those we already have in public ownership.
What appears to be most urgently wanted is a number of advisory
committees of naturalists for the more important open spaces and the
recognition of the value of their advice by the local management autho¬
rities.

Although nothing has yet been legislated, the outlook for nature con¬
servation in this country is, nevertheless, much brighter now than it has
ever been, especially in view of the remarkable progress made during
the difficult war years. All naturalists will be hoping that 1947 will see
the fruition of all this hard work and careful planning.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Abercrombie, Sir P. Greater London Plan, 1944. IT.M.S.O., 1945, pp. x + 221,

123 plates, figs., and maps. 25s.

2. British Ecological Society. Report on Nature Conservation and Nature Re¬

serves. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1943, pp. 38. Is 6d.

3. Do. Memorandum on Wild Life Conservation and Ecological Research from

the National Standpoint. C.U.P., N.D. [1945], pp. 15. 6d.

4. Conference on Nature Preservation in Post-War Reconstruction.

Memorandum No. 1. Provision of National Parks and the Preservation
of the Fauna and Flora of Great Britain, 1941; 2nd Edition, 1942,
pp. 9.

5. Do., Memorandum No. 2. Terms of Reference, 1942, 3 pp.

6. Do., Memorandum No. 3. Nature Conservation in Great Britain, 1943; 2nd

Edition, 1945, pp. vi -f 25. 6d.

7. Do., Memorandum No. 4. Potential National Parks, 1943, pp. vi + 11. 3d.

8. Do., Memorandum No. 5. National Geological Reserves in England and

Wales, 1945, pp. iv + 41, map. Is 6d.

9. Do., Memorandum No. 6. National Nature Reserves and Conservation Areas

in England and Wales, 1945, pp. iv + 79, map. 3s.

10. Dower, J. National Parks in England and Wales. H.M.S.O., 1945 (Cmd. 662S),

pp. 57. is.

11. Oliver, F. W. Nature Reserves. Trans. Norfolk ancl Norwich Naturalists’

SOC. XII, pp. 317-322, 1926-7.

12. Report of the National Park Committee. IT.M.S.O., 1931 (Cmd. 3851).

13. Report of the Committee on Land Utilisation in Rural Areas. (The Scott

Report). TI.M.S.O., 1942 (Cmd. 6378).

14. Report of the Expert Committee on Compensation and Betterment. (The

Uthwatt Report). TI.M.S.O., 1942 (Cmd. 6386).

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

29

15. The Society tor the Promotion of Nature Reserves. Handbook. (Issued

annually).

16. Tansley, A. G. Our Heritage of Wild Nature, a Plea for Organised Nature

Conservation. C.U.P., 1945, pp. viii + 74, 26 pi. 7s 6d.

17. Tansley, A. G. Field Study and Nature Conservation (an address given to the

General Committee of the Council for the Promotion of Field Studies),
1946, pp. 4.

18. Town and Country Planning Bill, Explanatory Memorandum. H.M.S.O., 1947

(Cmd. 7006), pp. 22. 4d.

19. Young, G. M. Country and Town, a Summary of the Scott and Uthwatt

Reports. Penguin Books, 1943, pp. 142. Is.

Append /x : Nature Reserves and Conservation Areas in

the London District.

{The Report of the London Area Regional Sub-committee to the Nature

Reserves Investigation Committee.)

[The Council of the London Natural History Society wishes to acknow¬
ledge gratefully a grant of £10 from the Nature Reserves Investigation
Committee towards the cost of printing this report — Ed.~\

Area covered. (See Figs. 1 and 2.)

North of the Thames: A radius of 20 miles from St Paul’s
Cathedral.

South of the Thames : Areas of Kent and Surrey within 20 miles
from St Paul’s, delimited by mutual arrangement with the
Regional Sub-committee for Kent, Surrey and Sussex.

Categories. Recommendations are placed in three categories: —

A. Of outstanding merit or of special importance.

B. Important and highly desirable.

C. Should find a place in any local scheme.

The letters prefixed to each reserve refer to the maps on pp. 30-31.
P.O.S. signifies “ Public Open Space.”

EXISTING NATURE RESERVES.

Is .R. 1. Perivale TT ood, Middx. (Selborne Society). Bird sanctuary.

2. Whitewebbs Park, Middx. (Enfield U.D.).

3. Abbey TT ood, Kent. (London C.C.). A daffodil area and a
small pit in highly fossiliferous Blacklieath Beds are fenced off.

4. Petts TT ood, Kent. (National Trust). Bird sanctuary.

o. Selsdon TT ood, Surrey. (National Trust). Bird and plant sanc¬
tuary.

6. M or den Hall, Surrey. (National Trust). Bird sanctuary.

7. Water meads, Mitcham, Surrey. (National Trust). Bird sanc¬
tuary.

8. Sessile Oak at Mickleham, Surrey. Tree scheduled by the local
authority.

PROPOSED NATURE RESERVES NORTH OF THE THAMES.

30

THE LONDON NATURALIST

tn

O

Woolwich

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA

31

PROPOSED NATURE RESERVES SOUTH OF THE THAMES.

32

THE LONDON NATURALIST

The Royal Parks and Metropolitan Water Board Reservoirs may also be-
regarded as Bird Sanctuaries. The Royal Parks comprise St
James’ Park, Green Park, Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens.
Primrose Hill, Regents Park, Bushy Park, Hampton Court
Park and Gardens, Kew Gardens, Old Deer Park (Richmond),
Richmond Park, Greenwich Park and Woolwich Common. The
Reservoirs include King George V (Chingford), Walthamstow,
Stoke Newington, Staines, Queen Mary (Littleton), Hampton,
Kempton, Barn Elms, Molesey, Island Barn (W. Molesey), and
Lonsdale Road (Barnes).

PROPOSED NATURE RESERVES.

(See Figs. 1 and 2.)

Buckinghamshire.

Category B.

B.l and B.2. Black Park and Langley Park. Conservation Area for
woodland birds, deer and lepidoptera.

Hertfordshire.

Category A.

H.4. Pricket TLooc? Scrubs. Habitat Reserve. A unique area of primi¬
tive oak-birch-aspen-sallow scrub on Boulder Clay, successional to
oak-hornbeam woodland ; has been fully described and analysed by
ecologists and its preservation is essential for continuing its study.
It is also exceptionally rich in insect life, and includes G.8. The
area has been recommended by the N.R.I.C. as a National Nature
Reserve of outstanding merit.

H.8. Poxford Copse , near Hertingfordbury. Species Reserve for the
Winter Aconite ( Eranthis hy emails).

H.9. Wormley and Broxbourne Woods, including Bramble Grove. Habi¬
tat Reserve. Excellent representatives of south-eastern sessile oak
and hornbeam woods, characterised by an abundant growth of
sedge. The preservation of a good example of this distinctive type
of woodland is of great importance. Recommended by the
N.R.I.C. as a National Nature Reserve of special importance.

Category B.

H.l. Cassiobui'y Park, -Jacotts Hill and WhippendeU and Lees Woods,
near Watford. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve for rare woodland
plants and woodland and aquatic birds.

H.2. Hamper Mill. Flooded gravel pits and stretch of R. Colne. Habi¬
tat Reserve for aquatic birds.

H.6. Aldenliam Beservoir, near Elstree. Amenity and Habitat Re¬
serve for aquatic plants and birds. The W. margin should be en¬
closed and public access prohibited.

H.7. Panshanger Park. Conservation Area for woodland and aquatic-
birds.

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

33

Category C.

H.3. Oxliey Woods. Amenity Reserve for woodland birds.

H.5. R. Colne, strip \ mile on each side of river from Otterspool Bridge
(Watford By-pass) to Colney Street, including grounds of Munden
House and Wall Hall. Conservation Area for aquatic birds and
plants.

H.10. Cuffley Great Wood. Conservation Area for woodland birds.

H.ll. Nyn Park and '■ pond at foot of Judges Hill, Northaw. Conserva¬
tion Area for birds and rare aquatic plants.

(It would be desirable to link up these two areas by Well Wood).

Middlesex.

Category A.

M.l. Hare field Moor , including the copse by the church. Habitat Re¬
serve for the rich marsh and aquatic flora, and rare woodland
plants; includes G.l-5. A representative selection of the flooded
gravel pits (frequented by aquatic birds) should be preserved from
dumping.

M.2. Ruislip Reservoir and adjacent woods. (P.O.S.). Amenity Re¬
serve for woodland and aquatic birds. The N. end of the reser¬
voir should be railed off to prevent access by boats, and made
into a bird sanctuary.

M.6. Totteridge Ponds. Species Reserve for rare aquatic plants.

M.9. K en Wood. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve for birds; includes G.18.

M.10. Holland Park. Conservation Area for birds. Some of the most
interesting wild birds of the London Parks breed in the grounds
of Holland House.

M.ll. North Arm of Brent Reservoir and adjoining meadows. Con¬
servation Area for aquatic birds and plants. Boats should be
excluded N. of Cool Oak Lane Bridge.

M.13. Staines Moor. Conservation Area for aquatic birds.

M.14. Syon House. Conservation Area for aquatic birds. The river¬
side reed beds should be scheduled as a Habitat Reserve and not
made accessible to the public.

M.15. Osterley Park and area to E. as far as canalised Brent.
(National Trust, in part). Amenity Reserve and Conservation
Area for aquatic birds.

M.16. Denham, Wood opposite St Jolin’s Covert. Conservation Area for
alder carr and birds.

Category" B.

M.3. Harrow Weald Common (P.O.S.), with Grim’s Dyke and fields
between common and golf course. Amenity Reserve and Conser¬
vation Area for oak-birdh woods.

M.4. Stanmore Common (P.O.S.), The Grove, and area including ponds
to the N. Amenity Reserve and Conservation Area for oak-birch
wood, and birds.

M.5. Scratch Wood (P.O.S.) and adjacent open ground. Amenity Re¬
serve and Conservation Area for woodland birds.

34

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

M.7. Whitewebbs Park (P.O.S.), Wildwood, and area to S., includ¬
ing the New River, Enfield. Amenity Reserve and Conservation
Area for woodland and aquatic birds; includes N.R.2.

M.8. Highgate W oods. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve for birds.

Category O.

M.12. Horsendon Hill and Wood, Greenford (P.O.S.) and undeveloped
area N. of canal. Amenity and Conservation Area for birds.

Essex,

Category A.

E.l. Epping Forest. (P.O.S.). This is already a Conservation Area
if not a Nature Reserve, and is considered by the N.R.I.C. as an
area of national importance requiring scientific management. The
Forest still provides a good variety of habitats, including oak,
beech and hornbeam woodland, and supports the oldest herds of
black fallow deer in the country. The district surrounding the
Forest is in immediate danger. The following four areas are re¬
commended as Conservation Areas to act as a protective zone to
tile Forest.

E.6. Walthamstow Beservoirs and Lammas Lands, including the
heronry.

E.7. Gilwell Park, Sewardstonebury , and High Beach.

E.8. Copped Hall and Warlies Park.

E.9. Hebden Green.

E.12. Coopersale Common, Ongar Park Wood, Gaynes Park and Beachet
Wood. Amenity Reserve for rare plants.

E.19. Beacon Hill, Purfleet. Conservation Area for Chalk flora.

E.20. The Mardyke Valley, with Bulphan Fen. Conservation Area for
birds to include a belt J mile on each side of the valley from Pur¬
fleet to Stiff ord and l mile each side to Bulphan.

E.21. Hangmans Wood, Grays. Amenity Reserve for plants and dene-
holes.

Category B.

E.2. Great Parndon Wood. Amenity Reserve for plants; to include
Hudgells and part of Epping Long Green.

E.3. Nazeing Common and, Galley Hill Woods. For mammals and birds.
Nazeing Long Green and Common, Galley Hill Green and Epping
Long Green as Amenity Reserve; Galley Hill Wood, Copy Wood
and Deerpark Wood as Conservation Area.

E.4. Waltham Abbey Marshes (P.O.S.) and. site of gunpowder factory.
Amenity Reserve for mammals and birds of marshes ; Conserva¬
tion Area (Cat. A) for site of powder mills, an area of intricate
water courses and small woods.

E.10. The Boding Valley from Chigwell to Passingford Bridge. Con¬
servation Area for plants and aquatic birds, to include Chigwell
Sewage Farm and Lukborough Pond.

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

35

E.ll. Staple ford Tawney, Suttons and Curtismill Green. Conservation
Area for plants.

E.13. Navestock Park and Lake. Amenity Reserve for birds, insects and
aquatic plants.

E.16. Ingrebourne Biver, Upminster. Conservation Area for aquatic
birds and plants.

E.17. Bomford Sewage Farm, Dagenham. Conservation Area for birds.

E.18. Bomford Sewage Farm, Rainham. Conservation Area for birds.

Category C.

E.5. Sewarclstone Gravel Pits. Conservation Area for aquatic birds.

E.14. Weald Park. Conservation Area for birds.

E.15. Thorndon Park, Harts Wood and Scrub Hill, Brentwood. Con¬
servation Area for birds and plants.

E.22. West Thurrock Marshes. Conservation Area for maritime flora.

Kent.

Category A.

K.3. (a) Keston Common (P.O.S.), (b) Holwood Park and (c) JDowne

Golf Course, (a) Amenity Reserve; every effort should be made
to preserve the rich flora of the little bog on Keston Common ;
(b) Conservation Area to protect (a) on the S., and for protection
of ancient earthworks ; (c) a beautiful downland valley, as Conser¬
vation Area. The preservation of areas K.3 and K.4 would assist
materially in preserving the amenities of Downe, the home of
Darwin. Down House and grounds now belong to the British
Association and form a place of international pilgrimage.

K.4. High Elms Park (P.O.S.), Hang Grove and Cuckoo Wood. Amen¬
ity Reserve and Conservation Area for orchids and typical beecli-
wood and downland; includes Darwin’s orchid bank.

K.8. The Darent Valley from Brasted to S. Darenth. Conservation
Area for aquatic birds and well developed aquatic vegetation, with
rare plants at Chipstead and Farningham; includes G.32.

K.9. Plwmstead and Ei'ith Marshes. Conservation Area to include as
much as possible of the surviving maritime flora.

Category B.

K.l. Lessness Abbey Wood. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve. The scene
of valuable published ecological work.

K.2. Hayes Common. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; a good example of
oak-bircli heath. A protective belt between K.2 and K.5 should
be scheduled as a Conservation Area.

K.5. Jewels T Vood and the Valley Slopes, Cudliam. Conservation Area.
Typical Chalk woodland and downland.

K.6. Chevening Park , Morants Court Hill, Knockholt Pound Woods.
Conservation Area for orchids and fine beech-woods; includes G.31.

Category C.

K.7. Lulling stone Park, with marginal protective belt. Conservation
Area for birds, insects, and plants.

36

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Surrey.

Category A.

5.1. Towing Path and Banks of B. Thames, from Putney to Kingston.
(P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve for many rare aquatic plants.

5.2. Ham Fields and Biverside Waste. Conservation Area for rare
plants.

S.4. Wimbledon Common and Putney Heath. (P.O.S.). Amenity
Reserve ; a good heath and the best hog flora near London The
hog should bo scheduled as a Habitat Reserve.

5.7. Beddington Sewage Farm. Conservation Area, of great import¬
ance to the London ornithologist; acts also as a protective belt
for Mitcham Common and Beddington Park; pond at N.W. corner
should be preserved as a Habitat Reserve for aquatic birds.

5.8. Chertsey Mead. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; contains many rare
plants characteristic of flooded meadows — the last remaining re¬
presentative of this habitat in the London Area.

S.17. (a) Banstead ; (b) Chip stead Bottom ; (c) Park Downs (P.O.S.);
(d) Long Plantation, a, b, and d Conservation Area ; c, Amenity
Reserve ; the whole area possesses a rich Chalk flora with several
rarities and is also of special entomological interest.

S.22. Ockham Common. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; good coniferous
woods with rich fungus flora. Boldermere and small pond oppo¬
site maintain uncommon reed-swamp and marsh plants and should
be scheduled as Habitat Reserves.

5.24. Fetcham Mill Pond, with adjoining fields and watercress beds.
Conservation Area for rare aquatic plants, waterfowl, unique
“ spring-pits ” ; includes G.37.

5.25. (a) Fetcham Downs-, (b) Norbury Park and Mole Valley ; (c) Box
Hill and slopes to Headley Lane (mainly P.O.S.); (d) Mickleham
Downs (mainly P.O.S.); (e) Headley Heath (P.O.S.); (f) Area
between (c) and (ei). This area of fine woods and downland flora
and fauna, including native box-woods and many rare species, is
the finest example of its kind near London and is mostly in public
ownership. It is much visited by trippers and, if it is to retain
its attractiveness and scientific value, certain restrictions for the
protection of the vegetation are desirable, (a) possesses a typical
Chalk-down flora and should be scheduled as a Conservation Area
for the marginal protection of Norbury Park, Polesden Lacy and
Ranmore; (b) part belonging to National Trust as Amenity Re¬
serve; rest as Conservation Area for the fine development of box-
and beecli-woods, the Druids’ Grove of ancient yews, the rich
riverside and Chalk floras and the swallow-holes; the valley
from Fetcham Mill to Boxhurst should be strictly protected from
development (see G.38) ; (c) Amenity Reserve for the characteristic
native box-woods, and the rich Chalk woodland and downland flora ;
(d) Amenity Reserve for the fine beech-woods, and the famous
Cherkley Court yew-wood; (e) Amenity Reserve for good heath-
land flora and some rare aquatic plants; includes G.39; (f) Con-

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

37

serration Area ; development should be strictly prohibited, as the
amenity value of the neighbouring areas would be seriously re¬
duced by any further development ; further ribbon building be¬
tween areas 25e and 27 should cease.

5.26. Walton and Banstead Heath. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; ex¬
cellent example of heathland with many interesting and some rare
plants and birds.

5.27. Escarpment from Box Hill to Beigate Hill. Amenity Reserve;
splendid beech, whitebeam and yew-woods, fine Chalk flora includ¬
ing many orchids ; includes G.41. Further development and in¬
terference which has seriously spoilt part of this area W. of
Pebble Coombe should cease.

5.29. Escarpment from Merstham to Harden Park. Amenity Reserve;
parts of this area possess perhaps the healthiest and richest Chalk
flora near London, including many rare and interesting plants ;
includes G.42.

5.30. South Hawke , Titsey Woods and Park. Amenity Reserve for
escarpment, Conservation Area for Titsey Park. A very good
flora with some rarities; the escarpment beecli-woods are perhaps
the finest in Surrey; the park is a good area for birds and plants;
includes G.50.

The whole length of the chalk escarpment between Dorking and Titsey
should be made accessible to the public.

S.32. Chelsham Place} Worms Heath and Hallelu Valley. Conserva¬
tion Area for fine Chalk flora with many rare species; includes
G.49.

Category B.

S.6. Mitcham Common. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; many species
(some very rare) of a marsh flora require protection. Still a good
entomological area, and one of the few spots near London where
stonechats still breed.

5.10. West End Common, Esher. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve ; the rare
aquatic plants require protection.

5.11. ArOrook and Esher Commons, and Oxshott Heath. (P.O.S.).
Amenity Reserve; typical heathland and pine-wood with: a rich
fungus flora. The Black Pond and surrounding area support a
fine marsh and aquatic flora and are rich in insect life.

5.12. Prince’s Coverts, Stoke Wood and Leatherhead Common. Conser¬
vation Area for vmodland birds and butterflies.

5.13. Epsom and Ashtead Commons. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; ex¬
cellent examples of London Clay commons with interesting and
rare aquatic plants, rich in Lepidoptera and in woodland and
heathland birds. A protective belt to the N. should be added as
a Conservation Area and Newton Wood between the commons
added as an Amenity Reserve, to prevent the disastrous develop¬
ment to the S. being repeated.

5.14. Epsom and Walton Downs. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; rich
Chalk flora with a number of rare species.

38

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

S.16. Banstead Downs (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; good Chalk flora
with several rarities.

5.20. Croham Hurst. (P.O.S.). Part as a Species Reserve for the pro¬
tection of the lily of the valley.

5.21. Selsdon Wood and district. The existing nature reserve (N.R. 5)
should be extended as a Conservation Area to include the valley to
S.E. and the wood on the other side to protect interesting Chalk
and woodland floras.

S.23. Bookham Common. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve. An excellent
example of a London Clay common and damp oak-wood with in¬
teresting marsh and aquatic fauna and flora ; haunt of grasshopper
warbler. This area is particularly important as the scene of a
current ecological survey.

S.28. Gat ton Bark. Conservation Area. Heronry and breeding place
for Canada geese and other waterfowl; some rare plants.

S.31. Nut field Marsh. Species Reserve for rare mints.

Category C.

S.3. Ham Common .. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve for birds and very

rare roses.

S.5. Barnes Common. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; some rare plants
require protection.

S.9. Littleworth Common. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve for rare marsh
plants.

S.15. Burgh Heath. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve; several rare plants;
good scrubland birds.

5.18. (a) Farthing Downs (P.O.S.), (b) Devil's Den Woods. Amenity
Reserve, (a) Still has a fair Chalk-down flora but badly requires
protection; (b) has a rich woodland flora.

5.19. Biddlesdown. (P.O.S.). Amenity Reserve for the protection of
the fair Chalk-down flora which still persists.

S.33. Marden Bark. Conservation Area for typical Chalk downland and
beech-woods.

GEOLOGICAL RESERVES.

Existing Reserve.

Abbey Wood, Kent. Small pit in Blackheath Beds. See N.R. 3.

Proposed Reserves.

Conservation Areas.

G.13. Swallow-holes, Water End, North Minims, Herts. The best group
of its kind in S.E. England; recommended as a Conservation Area
by the N.R.I.C.

G.38. The Mole Valley from Boxhurst to Leatherhead, Surrey. Includes
the best series of swallow-holes in Surrey, and many interesting
geomorphological features; included in S.25.

Geological Monuments.

G.15. Chalk-pit at Harefield, Middlesex. The only section in Middlesex
providing an accessible sequence of beds from the Upper Chalk to

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

39

the London Clay, with full thickness of Reading Beds and a fossili-
ferous Basement Bed of the London Clay. The section also shows
evidence of a platform of marine erosion in the bored surface of
Chalk. Recommended as a. National Controlled Section by the
N.R.I.C. ; included in M.l.

G.23. Charlton Sand-pit , Kent. The best section in the London district
for the Lower Tertiary sequence of Chalk, Bullhead Bed, Thanet
Sand, Woolwich Beds and Blackheath Beds. Recommended as a
National Geological Monument by the N.R.I.C.

Controlled Sections.

Category A.

G.2. Mansion Lane Gravel-pit, Lver, Bucks. Type section of the Iver
Stage of the Thames Terrace Gravels.

G.6. St Michael’s Bridge, St Albans, Herts. Large block of Pudding-
stone by roadside.

G.ll. Paddock Wood Brickfield, Watford, Herts. Puddingstone in situ.

G.12. Newberries Park, Badlett, Herts. Pit with Puddingstone in
situ at base of Reading Beds. Recommended as a National Con¬
trolled Section by N.R.I.C.

G.16. New Year’s Green Sancl-pit, Harefield, Middlesex. Good section
of lower part of Reading Beds.

G.17. Castle Lime-pit, Potters Bar, Middlesex. Excellent section of
Upper Chalk-Tertiary (Lower Reading Beds) junction showing-
good “ piping ” and a key section in understanding the Water
End Swallow-holes (G.13).

G.18. Sand-pit in Ken TT7ood, Middlesex. Good section of Bagshot
Beds (included in M.9). Recommended as a National Controlled
Section by N.R.I.C.

G.22. Little i Thurrock Gravel-pit , Essex. Classic fossiliferous deposit
in Middle Terrace of Thames. Recommended as a National Con¬
trolled Section by N.R.I.C.

G.24. Pit near Church, Eltham Common, Kent. Shows Claygate Beds
and London Clay.

G.28. Becreation Ground, Gray ford. Kent. Section on W. side, show¬
ing Crayford Brickearth with Corbicula bed; a classical site for
Pleistocene fossils and flint implements. Recommended as a
National Controlled Section by N.R.I.C.

Q.29. Wan sunt Pit, Hartford Heath, Kent. Section of loam-filled
channel in High Terrace Gravels. Recommended as a National
Controlled Section by N.R.I.C.

G.30. Bock-pit, Elmstead Woods, Kent. Good section in fossiliferous
Blackheath Beds.

G.33. Gravel-pit, Coombe Warren, Surrey. The best section of the
Glacial Gravels of S.W. London.

G.34. Sims’s Brickfield, Coopers Hill, near Claygate, Surrey. Section
of Bagshot Sands, Claygate Beds, and London Clay; the type ex¬
posure of the Claygate Beds.

40

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

G.37. Fetcham Mill Pond, Surrey. Unique spring-pits and showing in¬
teresting hydrogeological features; included in S.24.

G.40. Ileadley Court Chalk-pit, Surrey. Good section in Marsupites
zone.

G.41. Hearthstone Mine below Colley Hill, Beigate, Surrey. Upper
Greensand; included in S.27.

G.42. Hearthstone Mine below Greystone Quarries, Merstham, Surrey.
Upper Greensand. Recommended as a National Controlled Sec¬
tion by N.R.I.C. ; included in S.29.

G.43. Greystone Quarries, Merstham, Surrey. Good section in Lower
Chalk.

G.44. Pit at) S. Merstham, Surrey. Good Section in Brickeartli and
Folkestone Beds.

G.45. Pit at S. Merstham, Surrey. Section through junction of the
base of the Gault and the Folkestone Beds.

Category B.

G.5. Moor Park, Herts. Gravel-pit just inside the Batchworth Heath
gate showing large foreign boulders.

G.9. Watford Heath Brickfields, Herts. Section in fossiliferous Lon¬
don Clay Basement Bed, Reading Beds, and Chalk.

G.10. Crooklog Brickfield, Watford, Herts. Section in London Clay
Basement Bed and Clay facies of Reading Beds.

G.14. Chalk-pit, West Hyde, near Harefield, Middlesex. Section in
Upper Chalk showing pipes.

G.19. Sand-pit, Hampstead Heath } Middlesex. Good section in Bag-
shot Sand.

G.20. Shenfield Brickyard, Essex. Good section in Claygate Beds.

G.25. Cemetery Brickfield, Plumstead, Kent. Section in Pleistocene,
Blacklieatli Beds, Woolwich Beds, and Thanet Sand.

G.26. Tuff ancl Hoar’s Pit, Wickham Lane, Plumstead, Kent. Section
shows Blackheath Beds, Woolwich Beds and junction of Thanet
Sands and Upper Chalk.

G.27. Two Pits by Slades Green Bailway Station, Kent. Good Sections
in Flood Plain Deposits.

G.35. Welch’s Brickfield, Claygate, Surrey. Section shows folding in
Claygate Beds.

G.36. Fair child es Pit, Farleigh, Surrey. Section in fossiliferous Upper
Chalk rich in bryozoa.

G.49. Chalk-pit, Worms Heath, Surrey. Section shows Upper Chalk,
with pipes involving Blackheath Beds. Recommended as a
National Controlled Section by N.R.I.C. ; included in S.32.

Category C.

G.4. Mill End Pit, Bickmansworth, Herts. Section in gravel of un¬
certain age; temporary reservation desirable.

G.7. Pit at Pott erscr ouch, St Albans, Herts. Section in Upper Chalk
containing Paramoudral Flints.

BEADING CIRCLES.

41

0.8. Brick-pit, Bricket Wood Scrubs, Herts. Section in Chalky
Boulder Clay containing derived Jurassic fossils; included in H.4.

0.21. Lion Chalk-pit, Grays , Essex. Section shows fossiliferous Pleis¬
tocene and Thanet Sands with Bull Head Bed.

0.31. Knockholt Pound Chalk-pit, Kent. Good Chalk section; in¬
cluded in K.6.

0.39. Gravel-pit, Headley Heath , Surrey. Section in gravel of un¬
certain age; temporary reservation desirable; included in S.25.

0.50. Chalk-pits, Oxted , Surrey. Good Chalk section; included in
S.30.

Registered Sections.

0.1. Iver Heath Pit, Bucks. Section shows Peat on Sand and Gravel
of uncertain age; temporary reservation desirable.

0.3. Brickworks, Langley, Bucks. Good section in Brickearth of
Taplow Terrace age.

0.32. Brick-pits, Dunton Green, Kent. Good section in Gault Clay;
included in K.8.

0.46-48. Fuller's Barth Quarries, Nut field, Surrey. Interesting de¬
velopment of Sandgate Beds. Recommended as National Re¬
gistered Sections by N.R.I.C.

Reading Circles.

X> EADINGr Circles for the following eleven journals are run by vari¬
ous Sections, but may be joined by any member of the Society.
Those wishing to join or to obtain further particulars should communi¬
cate with the several Reading Circles Secretaries, whose names and
addresses are listed below. The annual subscriptions are indicated in
brackets.

(5s)

H. J. Burkill, 3 Newman’s
Court, Cornhill, E.C.3.

Antiquity (2s 6d). S. Austin, 43 Darenth Road, N.16.

British Birds (2s 6d). W. A. Wright, 31 Beresford Road, E.4.
Entomologist' s Monthly Magazine
Entomologist
Entomologist's Pecord
Journal of Animal Ecology (2s) ... [ A. H. Norkett, 36 Hemsby Rd.,
Journal of Ecology (2s) ... ... J Chessington, Surrey.

Journal of the Commons, Open Spaces and Footpaths Preservation
Society (free). Miss L. J. Johns, 87 Morley Hill, Enfield, Middx.
Naturalist (2s 6d)

North Western Naturalist (4s)

Beport of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club (Is). G. R. A.
Short, 36 Parkside Drive, Edgware, Middx.

} H. J. Burkill, as above.

42

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Some Simple Quantitative Relationships in
Ecology, with particular reference to Birds.*

By D. G. Tucker, Ph.D.

Contents.

1. Introduction.

2. The Normal Distribution and the Normal Error Law.

3. The Logarithmic Series for Relating the Number of Species to the
Number of Individuals (or to the Area).

3.1. Description.

3.2. The Limpsfield Common Censuses.

3.3. The Ecological Use of the Index of Diversity.

3.4. Application of the Logarithmic Series to Elton's Data on
Birds in Oakwoods.

4. Confidence Limits and Tests of Significance.

4.1. Confidence Limits.

4.2. Tests of Significance.

5. Conclusions.

References.

1. Introduction.

It is perhaps not generally realised, especially by the amateur, how
useful statistical methods can be to the ecologist in determining the
simple quantitative relationships which should be a fundamental part
of his work. The majority of naturalists, it is true, are not greatly
interested in numerical studies ; behaviour of animals or the rare occur¬
rence of certain species are to them more fascinating. But the ecolo¬
gist, whose object is to unravel the complex interrelationships between
the various types, species, etc., of organisms and their environments
lias a task so immense and with such complicated ramifications that he
cannot afford to ignore the methods of quantitative study.

It is, of course, commonly said that figures can be made to prove
anything; that a statistician is one who, starting from unjustifiable
assumptions, reaches a foregone conclusion; and it will undoubtedly be
said by some that the conclusions reached in this paper are obvious,
and would have been reached more quickly by commonsense. There is
generally a grain of truth in such sayings, but only a grain ! Ill-
informed statistical work can certainly suggest the most absurd things,
and it is imperative that in any scientific work only methods which are
well-tried or supported by enough field data should be used. It is
necessary to test every result, and often it is possible to state1 the exact
degree of certainty with which a certain result is put forward. Cor¬
rect methods of statistical analysis generally mean a large amount of

*Based on a paper read and discussed before the Ecological Section on Feb¬
ruary 5, 1946.

SOME SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS IN ECOLOGY.

43

mathematical and computing work, but it is hoped that the present
paper will show how worth-while this is.

In the limited scope of one short paper it is not possible to cover
many different methods, and the author has confined himself to certain
processes in which he is particularly interested, and which appear to
he of greatest interest to the ecologist. Even if readers find them¬
selves uninterested in the mathematical processes involved, it is hoped
that this paper will at least stimulate them to record their field obser¬
vations in numerical form, and to plan their observational and record¬
ing methods so that those who do like statistical analysis can use their
results.

2. The Normal Distribution and the Normal Error Law.

One of the most useful and most fundamental of laws connected with
the distribution of things in Nature is the Normal Error Law. It is
the law of chance variations from an average, and most of us are pre¬
pared to accept the statement that random chance is probably the big¬
gest influence in Nature. As our chief* consideration in this paper will
be numbers of species, we can take as an example the number of species
of birds in a certain type of woodland. Provided the habitats are
similar in every other way, including size, we can see that the varia¬
tion in the number of species from wood to wood must be due to pure
chance. We shall find an average number of species, and most woods
will have a number of species fairly close to this average. As we con¬
sider larger and larger deviations from this average, so we find fewer
and fewer woods having these larger deviations. This effect is shown
graphically in Fig. 1. The vertical scale represents the frequency of
occurrence of numbers of species shown on the horizontal scale. The
graph is symmetrical about the average. This relationship is called
the Normal Error Law, and the distribution of numbers of species is
called the Normal Distribution. It can be shown mathematically (1)
that the curve is defined by the “ standard deviation ” (cr), which is the
square root of the sum of the squares of all the individual deviations
from the average value. The number of woods in which the deviation
from average is less than o- is two-thirds of the total number. Similarly,
the proportion of woods in which the deviation is less than 2 <r is just
slightly over 95 per cent. — i.e. in only 5 per cent, of cases is the de¬
viation from average greater than twice the standard deviation. A de¬
viation of 3o- is only exceeded three times in a thousand, and of 4a- only
once in more than 10,000 times. The accuracy of any observations on
this basis evidently depends on there being a very large number of
woods to consider.

The real use of this law is that it enables us to test any observation
in relation to the background of knowledge. As a simple, but very
important, illustration, consider some observations made by the author
in Highams Park, Essex, during December 1945 and January 1946. On
each visit made to this well-defined area of Epping Forest, the number

44

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

proximately the same duration and the exploration of the area, if not

thorough, was always consistent. As a rule the visits had to be made

at week-ends, when at least- 100 humans and about 20 dogs visited the
Park each hour. The results obtained for seven such visits were as
follows : —

Number of species seen: 9, 12, 11, 10, 9, 11, 12.

Total no. of birds seen : 55, 84, 48, 49, 41, 96, 75.

However, on one occasion it was possible to visit the Park on a week¬
day when not a single human being was to be seen. The result this
time was 16 species and 75 individuals.

On the face of it, one would say that there were obviously more
species to be seen when there were no human beings or dogs about. But
there was only one occasion to> judge on; it may have been pure chance.
Admitting this, the statistician would proceed to determine the proba¬
bility that it was only pure chance.

Now, since on the week-end visits, ail circumstances were reasonably
consistent, it is safe to assume that the number of species and number

*No account was taken of house-sparrows; they were far too numerous to count,
and obviously domiciled in the nearby residential area rather than in the
Park.

SOME SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS IN ECOLOGY.

45

of birds vary from occasion to occasion only through the workings of
chance. We see that the average number of species was 10.6, and the
largest deviation only 1.6. Applying the normal error law to the de¬
viations from average, we find the sum of the squares of the deviations
to be 9.72, the average square to be 1.39, and the square root of this
to be 1.18. In a case like this where the number of observations is small,
we should apply (1) a correction factor — 1) (N is the number of

observations being considered) to this square root in order to obtain
the standard deviation, cr. This gives us a- = 1.27.

The odd visit when no people were about gave 16 species. This is a
deviation of 5.4 from the previous average. This deviation is over four
times the standard deviation, and the Normal Error Law gives us the
result that this could only happen by pure chance once in over 10,000
times. This probability of chance occurrence is so small that we can
neglect it. Consequently we can state that in the absence of human
visitation the number of species of birds to be seen in Highams Park is
significantly higher than when many people are about. We know now
the exact significance of this conclusion.

It is worthy of mention that other visits at quiet times confirm this
result, as can be seen from the author’s report on Highams Park in the
Epping Forest Survey (post, p. 109).

As regards the total number of birds seen on each visit, similar
reasoning shows that the number of birds seen on the quiet visit would
occur by chance about once in three times anyway, so that there is no
significance in the figure on this particular occasion.

3. The Logarithmic Series for Relating the Number of Species to the
Number of Individuals (or to the Area).

3.1. Description.

We have seen how the Normal Error Law enables us to examine data
of one type, e.g. the distribution of numbers of species or numbers of
individuals. In dealing with bird populations, however, as with many
other branches of natural history, we are interested even more in the
relation between the number of species and the number of individuals.
It is only fairly recently that this matter has been satisfactorily ex¬
plored theoretically, and the mathematical relations which follow are
due to R. A. Fisher (2). The application of this theory to ecological
problems has been discussed from several points of view by C. B. Wil¬
liams (3). Although particularly concerned with insect populations, to
which the theory is shown to apply with considerable accuracy, he also
discusses its application to botanical and other zoological problems, in¬
cluding classification as well as population. Birds, however, are hardly
discussed at all, presumably due to the lack of published data.

In a homogeneous population of plants or animals, the number of
species which can be expected to be each represented by precisely n
individuals is shown by Fisher to be

X

— ■ xn . (1)

n

46

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

where CC is a factor called ‘ ‘Index of Diversity” by Williams, and x is
a number less than unity. If in such a population, or in a sample of it,
the total number of species is S and the total number of individuals is
N, then the following relations apply : —

S = - OC loge (1-cc) . (2)

ccx

N = . . (3)

1 — x

N

S = CC loge (1 4 - ) . (4)

CC

The Index of Diversity indicates the extent to which the population is
divided into species ; a high value means that the population is very
diverse. For a given population the value is independent of the size
of sample taken, but if it is calculated from the values of S and A in a
very small sample, it is obviously less accurate. Since, then, the value
of OC is independent of how large a sample is observed, it is a fundamen¬
tal characteristic of the population, and as such is of great ecological
value in giving us something by which different populations may be
compared.

In order to apply this useful method to the analysis of any particular
type of population, it is first important to establish the fact that the
basic relation giving the number of species represented by a certain
number of individuals really is that quoted earlier; in other words, the

number of species represented by 1, 2, 3 . etc., individuals must

agree with the logarithmic series

CCx, CCx 2 CCX3 CCxn

5 } . 5 etc.

2 3 n

Since the original theoretical work is based on certain assumptions, it
must not be regarded as a natural law until tested against reliable ob¬
servations.

W7e will proceed to establish this law for a particular bird popula¬
tion for which data is available, namely, that of the Society’s Survey
Area at Limpsfield Common, Surrey (5). The general procedure is to
consider the number of species S, and the number of individuals N, for
any sample ; then by the use of the chart given in Fig. 2, the corre¬
sponding value of OC is easily obtained with enough accuracy for most
purposes. Greater accuracy can be obtained by using the method and
special tables given by Fisher (2). From the relation N=CCx/ (1 — x), x
is easily calculated. The theoretical values for the logarithmic series
above are then readily calculated, and these are tested against the
observed figures.

3.2. The Limpsfield Common Censuses.

Two comprehensive winter censuses of the bird population of Limps¬
field Common were made in December 1938 (5a) and December 1939 (5b)
respectively by a team of members of the Society. From the published

I

SOME simple quantitative relationships in ecology. 47

results it is easy to tabulate the number of species, each represented by
a certain number of individuals. This relationship is shown in graphical
form for each census by the vertical lines terminated in dots in Fig. 3.
It is quite evident that there are more species represented by only a
few individuals than by many individuals, which agrees with the general
nature of the logarithmic series. The observed results form somewhat
irregular relationships, however, which is only to be expected from
single counts, owing to the random variations always to be found in
Nature. To emphasize the essential consistency of the results, there¬
fore, the 1939 figures have been re-arranged in Fig. 3 (III) in groups ;
all species represented by 1-5 individuals have been lumped together in
the first group, and so on. It will be seen that the irregularities are
considerably reduced by this process, and the real nature of the rela¬
tionship is made clearer.

For the 1938 census, we have

Total number of birds ( N ) = 385

Total number of species (S) = 28

48

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

This gives Index of Diversity = 6.9 (from Fig. 2), and then by equa¬
tion (3) we obtain x = 0.982. The theoretical logarithmic series is then

6.77 species represented by one individual,

3.32 species represented by two individuals,

2.17 species represented by three individuals,

and so on. This calculated series has been shown in Fig. 3 (I) by the
continuous curve, and it must be agreed that this represents the ob¬
served results fairly well, allowing for random variations and for the
fact that in a real count we cannot have a number of species between
0 and 1, so that averaging over a group of values is necessary.

For the 1939 census, we have

Total number of birds = 328.

Total number of species = 27.

Index of Diversity = 7.0, with x — 0.98.

The calculated series is thus 6.9, 3.35, 2.2, etc., and has been shown by
the continuous curve in Fig. 3 (II). Here the agreement is rather less
obvious, so the corresponding calculated results have been shown, for
grouped values of N, in Fig. 3 (III). Here, it must be admitted, the
agreement appears good.

Those who have had experience of numerical studies of natural popu¬
lations will no doubt agree readily that the logarithmic series seems to-
apply quite well to these bird populations. To others it must be said
that agreement of this order is about the best that can be expected f i om
single censuses ; but from averaged results of a number of censuses 01
counts, much better agreement is likely to be obtained. There is not
space here to give other examples, but the author has tested many othei
field results and found consistently good agreement.*

3.3. The Ecological Use of the Index of Diversity.

Having shown that the logarithmic series applies to bird populations,
we can proceed to determine what useful application of the Index of
Diversity (which depends on the logarithmic series being true) can be
made in ecological work.

The main use is likely to be to compare the diversity of bird popula¬
tions in different habitats. It is always difficult to make comparisons
between the population of one habitat and that of another ; there are
so many factors to consider. The index of diversity is a single numbei
representing an inherent property of a particular population, quite ir¬
respective of the size of the habitat and the density of the population.
Moreover, it is not necessary to make a census to determine it; a few
short sample counts will be enough to determine it approximately. Thus
the index of diversity can be used for obtaining quick and compact
comparisons.

Insufficient work has been done so far on this subject to enable con¬
crete examples to be given; but the following table gives some pio-
visional values of the index of diversity for birds for typical or average
habitats of certain broad types in England.

*A number of other examples were included in the paper as read to the Society.

SOME SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS IN ECOLOGY.

49

Tig. 3. RELATION BETWEEN NUMBER OF SPECIES (S) AND NUMBER OF
INDIVIDUAL BIRDS (N) AT LIMPSFIELD COMMON.

1—1938, Winter Census.

11—1939, Winter Census.

Ill— 1939 (as II) but N grouped into blocks of 5.

Continuous curves calculated.

Dots are observed values.

50

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

TABLE I.

Habitat. Index of Diversity.

Mixed woodland and grass about 7

Oakwoods about 6

Arable farmland about 4-5

Pinewoods about 4

Beechwoods about 3

Tlie index of diversity always tends to be higher in mixed habitats than
in pure ones. The figures quoted in the Table are based on (a) the
author’s own investigations, (b) the Limpsfield Common censuses, and
(c) critically selected data from Lack and Venables (6).

3.4. Application of the Logarithmic Series to Elton's Bata of Birds in >
Oakwoods.

Elton (4) has published observations made in May and, June 1933 on
the bird species present in 27 woods in England and Wales. From the
information given it appears that 16 of these woods can be considered
normal oakwoods. This sample is large enough to enable some profitable
statistical analysis to be carried out. The woods concerned were num¬
bered by Elton 1-4, 5b, 6a, 8, 9a, lOa-c, 13 and 16a-d. They ranged in
area from 1 to 200 acres. Particulars, including the number of species
observed in each, are shown in the Table.

The average number of species is 22.7, and if the frequency of oc¬
currence of numbers of species lying' within certain ranges is plotted
against the number of species, we obtain the distribution shown in Fig.
4. It is evident at a glance that this is not like the Normal ErrV>r
Law distribution discussed in Section 2 ; it is quite unsymmetrical, and
the peak of the likely smooth curve does not occur at the average value.
It is clear, therefore, that pure chance is not the only factor causing
variation in the number of species from wood to wood — if it were, the
graph would be symmetrical.

It is reasonable to think that the areas of the woods affect the num¬
bers of species. It is permissible to assume that the number of indi¬
viduals is exactly proportional to the area in a uniform woodland, and
so we can apply the previous theory relating numbers of species and
individuals. If we call N the number of acres of area instead of num¬
ber of individuals, and attach no significance to the values of CC ob¬
tained, we can use Fisher’s formula to convert the number of species
given for each wood to a standard basis of number of species in 100
acres. This has been done: the corrected numbers of species are shown
in the last column of the Table, and the frequency distribution (or fre¬
quency of occurrence of certain groups of values) is shown in Fig. 5.
It will be seen that this distribution is reasonably symmetrical. If we
try to fit this to a Normal Distribution, we calculate that the standard
deviation of the figures is 12.4, on an average number of species of 31.8
in 100 acres of woodland. This Normal Error Law distribution is plotted
as a dotted curve in Fig. 5, and it will be seen that tliei agreement with
observed (and corrected) values is good, considering that the observed
frequencies must b© whole numbers and, in view of the small sample.

SOME SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS IN ECOLOGY.

51

Fig. 4. DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBERS OF SPECIES AS OBSERVED. (The curve

is a likely smooth curve through points.)

G>

c3

>

IT.

O

"5

o

cr„

c3

a

<d

£

£

No. ol species present.

Fig. 5. DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBERS OF SPECIES AFTER CORRECTION TO A
STANDARD 100 ACRES. (The dotted curve is the Normal Error Law coi re¬
sponding to the mean of 31.8 and standard deviation 12.4.)

52

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

also small numbers. We can therefore assume that the variations in
the number of species in a fixed area of different specimens of oakwood
are due almost entirely to chance, so that the only major factor in¬
fluencing the original observations, apart from chance, was the area
of the actual wood.

TABLE II.

Preserved and

-

Quiet (Q) or

Actual

Number of

Wood

Area

Public and

Number of

species corrected

(Elton’s Number). (Acres).

Frequented (F).

Species.

for 100 acres.

1

108

Q

41

40

2

102

F

28

28

3

40

F

13

15

4

30

F

17

22

5b

20

F

7

9

6a

2

Q

16

32

8

200

Q

26

23

9a

4

Q

20

34

10a

86

F

31

32

10b

100

F

17

17

10c

30

Q

25

33

13

35

Q

44

57

16a

4

Q

21

36

16b

1

Q

15

37

16c

A

JL

—

17

44

16d

3

F

26

50

Average

.

22.7

31.8

4. Confidence

Limits and

Tests of Significance.

4.1. Confidence Limits.

In determining the average number of bird species in oakwoods, for
example, as previously discussed, we had to take the average of a sample
number of observations, and the average is not necessarily the same as
the true average for all oakwoods. Particularly if the sample is small,
the possible error in the average of the sample may be large. If all the
oakwoods observed gave a number of species very close to the average,
then we should obviously be justified in concluding that this average
was probably fairly reliable for the country as a whole ; but if the ob¬
served numbers varied considerably from the average, then we could
hardly say that the observed average represented very accurately the
true average, because oakwoods varied so much among themselves that
only a very extensive series of data would lead to the true average.

This leads to the idea of stating the reliability of any average in
terms of “ confidence limits.” If we can show that- the sample is con¬
sistent with the Normal Error Law, i.e. that all variations from the
average are due to chance, then it is not difficult to determine between
what limits, say, 95 per cent, of all such sample averages are likely to
come. We can then state that 11 with 95 per cent, confidence ” the true
average lies somewhere between A and B, where A and B are the limits
just determined. This process is more fully explained in other works
(lc). The formula used is

SOME SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS IN ECOLOGY.

53

_ _ s

X = x ± - t . (5)

n/N-1

where X is the true average,

x is the average of the sample,

s is the root-mean-square of the deviations of the various items
in the sample from the average of the samiile.

N is the number of items in the sample.

t is a quantity dependent on N and on the degree of confidence
desired. For various confidences and N values it can be
obtained from tables (lc).

The two values obtained by taking the + or — sign are the limits be¬
tween which the true average will lie with the degree of confidence
stated. Any degree can be used, but it is usual to take 95 per cent-
For 95 per cent, confidence, the values of t are related to IN thus

TABLE III.

N 2 3456789 10 15 20 30

t 12.71 4.30 3.18 2.78 2.57 2.45 2.37 2.31 2.26 2.145 2.093 2.04S

This can be applied to Elton’s data on birds in oakwoods after the cor¬
rection for area has been made, because then, as shown earlier, the dis¬
tribution of the numbers of species does follow the Normal Error Law.
Taking the figures shown in Table II, we find that the average number

of species, x, in 100 acres is 31.8, and the root-mean-square deviation,
s, is 12.4. As there are 16 woods considered, A" = 16, and for 95 per cent,
confidence limits, we see that £ = 2.13. Thus, from the formula, the

true average of all oakwoods, X, is 31.8 ± 6.8; or we can say, with 95
per cent, confidence, the true average lies between 25 and 38.6. These
limits obviously apply only to the period (May and June 1933) when
the observations were made, and to the region (the southern part of
England and Wales) covered by the sample observations. It will be
seen that these limits are rather wide ones, and that the data, which
looked so promising, are really inadequate to give us a firm value for
the true average. This is an example of how a statistical analysis can
show up the weakness of data.

4.2. Tests of Significance.

A problem of common occurrence in ecological work is concerned
with whether or not there is any significant difference between two
sets of results obtained from different samples. For example, in Elton’s
data on birds in oakwoods the description of the woods is complete
enough to enable us to label 7 of them as frequented by the public and
8 as unfrequented. Thus we can divide the data into two; one sample
of 7 represents frequented woods and the other sample of 8 represents
unfrequented woods. The numbers of species (corrected to the 100-acre
standard) in the two samples are as follows: —

54

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Frequented: — 28, 15, 22, 9, 32, 17, 50. Average 24.7.

Unfrequented:— 40, 32, 23, 34, 33, 57, 36, 37. Average 36.5.

On the face of things it appears that when the woods are frequented
the number of species is very considerably reduced. But one unfre¬
quented wood has fewer species than the average for the frequented
woods, and one frequented wood has more species than the average for
the unfrequented woods. This should sound a note of warning, even on
common-sense reasoning.

If we apply confidence limits to these averages, as described before,
we find that, with 95 per cent, confidence, the average for all frequented
woods lies between 12.1 and 37.3, and the average for all unfrequented
woods lies between 28.5 and 44.5. These ranges overlap. So the pro¬
blem is : with wliat confidence can we state that public access reduces
the number of species? Here we must use what is termed “ a test of
significance ” of the difference between the averages. The actual test
used is called the “ Two-mean t test ” (lb). It is really the reverse of
the confidence-limit calculation ; this time we do not state the pro¬
bability factor, but instead wish to determine it.

Calculate first

x, — x2

t = - : - - -- . (6)

/ Nx+N2 \

^ 27 ^ N 2s 2~ ^

\ N1+N2 — 2 /

V N±Na )

where the symbols mean the same as before, except that subscripts 1
and 2 are used to distinguish the values for the two samples. There is
no need to calculate and s2, however, in this case; Ay.sU and
N2s22 are merely the sum of the squares of the deviations in each
sample.

The value of t thus determined has a probability value associated
with it, depending on the value of N, where we now take N~ N +N0 — 1.
This probability (which is the probability that the difference between
averages is due only to pure chance), can be determined from tables
(lc), or by means of a special chart (lb). If we only wish to know
whether the probability is greater or less than 5 per cent, (which cor¬
responds to 95 per cent, confidence), then we can use Table III. If the
t value calculated is less than the value given for the correct value of
N, then the difference between the means is probably due only to chance,
but if it is greater then the difference is “ significant.”

Returning to the example of frequented and unfrequented oakwoods,
we have

x1 — 24.7 x2 — 36.5

N, = 7 N2 = 8 A7 = 14

iV1s12 = llll iV2s22 = 652

This gives £ = 1.96. (We can ignore the fact that the formula gives this
a minus sign.)

SOME SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS IN EC0L0GV7

OO

Referring to' Table III, we see that this value is below tliat coire
sponding to'b per cent, probability. So, in spite of tlie large difference
between averages, the result might be due to chance ! The exact v alue
of the probability corresponding to £ = 1.96 is 7\ per cent. Me can state
the result thus:— With 921 per cent, confidence the number of species
is reduced when the wood is frequented.

5. Conclusions.

An attempt has been made to show the usefulness of some simple
statistical processes in analysing ecological data, and the examples taken
have all referred to bird populations. The main object of the mathe¬
matical approach is to ensure that only the right conclusions aie diawn
from a particular set of data ; and if in many cases the lesults obtained
seem perhaps a little too obvious to justify the amount of mathematical
work used in the analysis, then the reader must be careful to appreciate
that this may be because (a) simple examples were chosen, or (b) what
seems obvious after analysis is not always obvious befoie. It is only
too easy to make wrong conclusions from data by relying on what seems
obvious — a fact well known by politicians and advertisers — and the ap¬
plication of the normal-error law, confidence limits and tests of signi¬
ficance is intended to mitigate or even eliminate this danger.

A brief account of a new7 technique — the logarithmic series and the
index of diversity — has been given as it is thought that this has con¬
siderable possibilities in amateur ecological work, especially in ornitho¬
logy, w7here the mobility of the populations makes complicated compari¬
sons unreliable.

REFERENCES.

1. (a) R. A. Fisher, “ Statistical Methods for Research Workers.” Edinburgh,
1941.

(h) J. F. Doust and H. J. Josephs, “ A Simple Introduction to the Lse of
Statistics . . . ,” P.0. Elect. Engineers J., Yol. 34 (1941-2), pp. 36, 79, 139
and 173.

(c) H. J. Josephs, “ The Fixing of Confidence Limits to- Measurements,

.7. Inst. Elect. ’Engineers, Vol. 92, Part II (1945), pp. 194-206.

2 R A. Fisher, “ A Theoretical Distribution for the Apparent Abundance of
Different Species,’- 7. Anim. Ecol., Vol. 12 (1943), pp. 54-57.

3. (a) C. B. Williams, “ Relations between Numbers of Species and Individuals

in Samples Results obtained by means of a Light Trap at Rotham-
sted.” 7. Anim. Ecol., Yol. 12 (1943), pp. 44-53.

(b) C. B. Williams, “ Some Applications of the Logarithmic Series and the
Index of Diversity to Ecological Problems,” 7. Ecol., Vol. 32 (1944), pp.
1-44.

(c) C. B. Williams, “ Area and Number of Species,” Nature, Yol. 152 (Sept.
4th, 1943), pp. 264-7.

4. C. Elton, “ A Reconnaisance of Woodland Bird Communities m England and

Wales,” 7. Anim. Ecol., Yol. 4 (1935), pp. 127-136.

5. (a) P. W. E. Currie. “ A Winter Census of the Birds of Limpsfield Common,

Lond. Nat. for 1938, p. 79 (1939).

(b) L. Parmenter, “ A Second Winter Census of the Birds of Limpsfield Com¬
mon,” Lond. ’Nat. for 1939, p. 31 (1940).

6. D. Lack and L. S. V. Venables, “ The Habitat Distribution of British Wood¬

land Birds,” 7. Anim. Ecol., Yol. 8 (1939), pp. 39-71.

56

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Notes on the Flora of Middlesex, 1939-1946.

By Douglas H. Kent.

QVER three-quarters of a century have elapsed since the publication
of Trimen and Dyer’s “ Flora of Middlesex ” (1869), and during,
that time vast changes have taken place in the county. The semi-
maritime flora of the Isle of Dogs has been destroyed by the building of
docks and great industrial premises. The suburbs of the Metropolis
have slowly but relentlessly spread in every direction, until meadow,
woodland and market garden alike have been covered with bricks and
mortar. In the west and south-west parts of the county large tracts of
meadow and moorland have been (and still are being) worked for ballast,
this has resulted in the creation of a number of ponds, many of con¬
siderable size. Some of these pits are in turn being filled with rubbish
and air-raid debris, resulting in the formation of large rubbish tips. A
good example of the result may be seen by the Thames, between the new
Chertsey Road and Duke’s Meadows, Chiswick. Marshes have been
drained, roadbanks thrown down and ditches filled in ; new arterial
roads cross the county from East to West, and from North to South.
In recent times large areas of market-garden land have been destroyed
by the construction of the new London Airport at Heathrow.

Despite the limitation of its natural area, Middlesex still contains
much of botanical interest, and small areas worthy of botanical explora¬
tion still occur in a number of places, especially about Harefield, Ux¬
bridge, Staines, Hampton Court, Mill Hill and South Mimms.

The followung notes consist of a selection of the writer’s observations
in the county since 1939, with the addition of many records by other
botanists. Special mention must be made of Mrs B. Welch, who since
1943 has searched the county with much diligence and enthusiasm, add¬
ing many new stations for rare and local species, and not a few records
entirely new to the county. The following pages will show how much I
am indebted to Mrs Welch.

I should like here to give my grateful thanks to those specialists who
have given freely of their assistance in the determination of critical
species: — Mr C. E. Hubbard ( Gramineae ), Mr A. B. Jackson (Bar-
barea i), Mr E. Nelmes ( Carex ), Mr H. W. Pugsley ( Euphrasia , Fumaria
and Hieracia). Grateful thanks are also due to Messrs J. P. M. Brenan,
J . E. Lousley, N. Y. Sandwitli and A. J. Wilmott, for much help and
assistance in naming alien species. The initials of the determining
authority follow the various records.

The nomenclature adopted is, for British plants, that of the British
Ecological Society’s “ Check List of British Vascular Plants ” ( J . Ecol. „
Vol. 33, pp. 308-347, 1946), but for alien species not included in that
list I have followed G. C. Druce’s “ British Plant, List,” Ed. 2, 1928.

The Roman numerals I-VII preceding records refer to the botanical
districts used by Trimen and Dyer (1869).

NOTES OX THE FLORA OF MIDDLESEX, 1939-1946. 57

Species which are not native in the county are marked with a
dagger, and records new to the county are marked with an asterisk.
Where a record is not followed by a recorder’s name the author is alone
responsible.

In conclusion my sincere thanks are due to Mr J. E. Lousley for
much helpful advice and criticism during the preparation of this paper,
and to the many friends and members of the London Natural History
Society, who by their assistance have helped to make this paper possible.

Clematis vitalba L.

II. Near Colnbrook, 1946: near Staines Moor, 1945. Y. Ferry Lane and
Smith Hill, Brentford, 1943: by Ivew Bridge, 1944: Hanger Hill, Ealing,
1946. Apparently increasing in the county, though doubtless intro¬
duced in some of the above stations.

Anemone nemorosa L. var purpurea DC.

I. Abundant in a copse near Jack’s Lock, Harefleld, 1945.

Ranunculus auricomus L. var. apetalus Wallr.

I. Grove near Harefield Church, 1942.

Ranunculus lingua L.

I. Abundant on verges of a pond near Stanmore Common, 1946. This
confirms I. A. Helsby’s record “ near Stanmore ” (Watson, R.E.C. Rep.,
1927).

Ranunculus arvensis L.

I. A single plant on the canal hank, Cowley Peachey, 1946. Y. A single
plant on the canal bank, Brentford, 1945, R. Welch, J. E. Lousley and
D. H. Kent. Now quite rare, and scarcely more than a casual in the
county.

Ranunculus tHchophyllus Chaix.

II. Hampton Court Park, 1942.

*t Eranthis hy emails (L.) Salisb.

II. Wood by river at Laleham, 1946, R . Welch. Y. Shrubberies in Syon
House grounds, 1946.

Rerberis vulgaris L.

IY. Hedges near Hammers Lane, Mill Hill, 1946, J. E. Lousley and
D. H. Kent. Now rarely met with in Middlesex,
t Papciv er somniferum L

III. Waste land, Hounslow, 1946; between Hayes and Southall, 1946. Y.
Disused gravel-pit, Hanwell, 1939; waste land, Chiswick, 1946. Most, if
not all of these plants were of garden origin.

Papaver dubium L.

I. Abundant by the canal about Denham Lock, 1939. II. Abundant by
the Thames from Staines to Hampton Court, 1939.

f Glaucium fiavum Crantz.

Y. One plant on a rubbish-tip at Hanwell, 1946.

Fumaria boraei Jord.

II. Cultivated land near Stanwell Moor, 1945, R. Welch and D. H. Kent;
near Heathrow, 1945, F. Rose, B. Welch and D. H. Kent. Y. Rubbish-
tip, Hanwell, 1946 , det. H.W.P.

Fumaida micrantha Lag.

II-III. Abundant on cultivated land about Harmondsworth and Heath¬
row, 1945, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.

Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbar. ( Nasturtium palustre (Leyss.) DC.)

I. Uxbridge Moor, 1946. II. Staines Common, 1946. Y. Gunnersbury
Park, Acton, 1946.
t Barb area stincta Andrz.

Y. Syon House grounds, 1946, .4. B. Jackson, B. Welch, H. Spooner and
D. H. Kent.

-\Barbarea vema (Mill.) Aschers.

I. Rubbisli-tip, Uxbridge Moor, 1946, passed by A.B.J.

58

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Carclarnine amara L. var. erubescens Peterm.

I. Canalside near Denham, 1942. The flowers were deeply suffused
with a rose colour.

Dentaria bulbifera L.

1. Still plentiful in three or four stations at Harefield, 1946. In Old
Park Wood, where it was first recorded hy John Blackstone in 1 <37
(Blackst. Fasc., 23) the plant is locally dominant.

Erophila boerhavii (Van Hall) Dum.

I. Bank of canal near Denham Lock, 1945; field near Uxbridge, Com¬
mon, 1945. II. Several places about Hampton Court, 1946, B. Welch.
■\Hesperis matronalis L.

I. Abundant in a disused sand-pit between Harefield and Ickenham.
1944, II. W. Payton and D. H. Kent. V. Waste land by the river,
Chiswick, 1946, N. Y. Sandwith.
t Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var. leiocarpum DC.

I. Near Ruislip Common, 1946, J. P. M. Brenan.

Erysimum, cheiranthoides L,

I. Near the Copper Mills, Harefield, 1946. II. Yeoveney, Laleham and
Shepperton, 1946. III. Isleworth, 1941:

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch

II. Hedgerow near Shepperton, 1946. V. Waste ground by the rivei,
1943, B . Welch ; rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946.

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.

III. A single plant near Isleworth Dock, 1942; waste ground, Hounslow,
1946, J. E. Lousley and D. H. Kent. IV. Rubbish-tip, Kenton, 1944. V.
Near Greenford. 1945.

Lepidium latifolium L.

I. Banks of the Colne near Drayton Ford, 1939; canal-bank in several
places near Harefield, 1945, B . Welch. I first noticed this interesting
plant on the bank of the Grand Union Canal near Rickmansworth
(Herts) in 1937; it was quite well established. During the war it has
spread considerably, and is now to be found in many places about
Drayton Ford. In 1945, Mrs Welch found it in two places at Harefield,
and in 1946 I discovered about half a dozen plants growing by the
Colne at Denham (Bucks). It was probably introduced at Rickmans¬
worth with ballast from the barges which operate on the canal, and
has spread from there into the Middlesex part of the Colne % alle^ .
The plant should be searched for about Uxbridge and M est Drayton.
Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br.

I. Among crops at Harefield, 1941-6. V. Canal bank between Hanv ell
and Southall, 1946, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.

Lepidium smithii Hook.

II. Charlton, near Staines, 1940; abundant by the roadside near Bed-
font Church, 1945, B. Welch, F. Rose and D. H. Kent.

* t Lepidium neglectum Tliell.

V. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946, N. Y. Sandwith and D. H. Kent, det.
N.Y.S.

fVogelia paniculata (L.) Hornem.

V. Waste land by the Thames. Chiswick, 1943.
t Bunias orientalis L.

V. Abundant and increasing on waste land by the Thames at Chiswick,
where it has been known for a number of years, 1946.

Reseda lutea L.

II. Railway bank, Yeoveney, 1945. III. South Ruislip, 1946. F. E.
Wrighton. V. Rubbish-tip, Greenford, 1944; waste land, Windmill
Lane, near Hanwell, 1941. VII. Railway bank, West Brompton, 1945.
Agrostemma githago L. ( Lychnis githago (L.) Scop.)

I. A single plant by the canal north of Harefield, 1945. V. Among
corn at Greenford, 1940; rubbish-tip, Hanwell, two plants, 1946.

Moenchia erecta (L.) Gaertn.

II. Hampton Court Home Park, 1944, B . Welch. Hounslow Heath, 1942.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF MIDDLESEX, 1939-1946.

59

t Cerastium tomentosum L.

Y. Several large well-established patches on waste land near the river
at Chiswick, 1946.

Stellaria apetala Ucria.

II. Hampton Court Home Park, 1946, F. Rose.
fClaytonia perfoliata Donn.

Y. Established as a flower-bed weed in Hanger Hill Park, 1946, F. P. D.
Boucher and D. H. Kent.

Hypericum androsaemum L.

I. Old Park Wood, Harefleld, 1942.

Hypericum dubium Leers.

II. Sparingly by the Thames near Kingston Bridge, 1944, B. Welch.
t Sida spinosa L.

I. Forecourt of flour-mill belonging to Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell
Lock, near Harefleld, 1945.
t Abutilon theophrasti Med.

I. A single plant by the canal near Springwell Lock, 1945, B. Welch;
several plants in grounds of Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell Lock, 1946,

J. E. Lousley, J. P. M. Brennn, J. Dony, J. E. Woodhead and D. H.
Kent. V. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946.

t Hibiscus trionum L.

I. Canal-bank near Springwell Lock, 1945.
i Geranium versicolor L.

I. Hedgebank near E'lstree, 1946.

Geranium pratense L.

I. Uxbridge Moor, 1946; near Harefleld Moor, 1946. II. Near Littleton,
1945, B. Welch; railway bank, Yeoveney, 1942.

Geranium pyrenaicum Burin, f.

I. Frequent about Harefleld, 1939; canal-bank, Denham, 1945. II. Near
Hampton Court, 1942, B. Welch; Thames bank near Walton Bridge,
1945; East Bedfont, 1945, B. Welch; railway track at Yeoveney, 1946.
Y. Common about Chiswick, 1946; Brentford cemetery, 1943, B. Welch.
Geranium rotundifolium L.

I. A single plant by the canal near Jack’s Lock, Harefleld, 1945. Y.
Abundant on the Southern Railway bank by the Thames, Chiswick,
1939.

Oxalis acetosella L. var. subpurpurascens DC.

I. Old Park Wood, Harefleld, 1945, F. Bose and D. H. Kent. The flowers
were rose-purple in colour.

i Oxalis stricta L.

II. Weed in shrubbery, King’s Privy Garden, Hampton Court, 1943,
B. Welch; garden weed, Staines, 1946. YII. Garden weed, Willesden
Green, 1942.

ilmpaliens parviflora DC.

I. Near Uxbridge Common, 1945, B. Welch and D. II. Kent. III. Road¬
side near Hounslow’ Heath, 1946. Y. An abundant wTeed of flower-beds,
Gunnersbury Park, Acton, 1945.

Genista tinctoria L.

I. Abundant near the golf-links, Ruislip, 1945, F. E. Wrighton. IY.
Abundant near Scratch Wood, Edgwarebury, 1946.

Medicago denticulata Willd.

II. Gravel-pit, East Bedfont, 1946, J. P. M. Brenan, J. E. Lousley, J.
Dony, J. E. Woodhead and D. H. Kent.

Medicago arabica (L.) Huds.

II. Abundant by the Thames from Staines to Hampton Court, 1939;
gravel-pit, East Bedfont, 1945.

Medicago lupulina L. var. willdenowiana Koch.

I. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell Lock, 1946, N. Y. Sandwit.h
and D. H. Kent, det. N.Y.S
Trifolium medium (L.) Huds.

VI. Near Finchley Common, 1944.

60

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

t Trifolium incarnatum L.

I. Canal bank about Harefleld ancl Springwell, 1939-41 and 1943-5. V.
Canal bank between Hanwell and Southall, 1945.

Trifolium arvense L.

II. Railway banks, Yeoveney, 1943; Staines Moor, 1944; gravel-pit, East
Bedfont, 1945. Y. Meadows above the canal, Hanwell, 1939; Elthorne-
Park, Hanwell, 1942.

Trifolium filiforme L.

I. Grounds of Grimsdyke, Harrow Weald, 1946; Harefleld, 1944'. II.
Penton Hook, 1946. Y. Syon House grounds, 1946, B. Welch.

Anthyllis vulnerarici L.

I. Railway banks, Uxbridge, 1939. V. Waste land, Windmill Lane,,
near Hanwell, 1941.
t Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.

I. South Mimms, 1946, B. Welch. V. A few plants on a railway bank
between Ealing and West Acton, 1945.

t Vicia villosa Roth.

V. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946, det. N.Y.S.

Lathy rus nissolia L.

II. Near Stanwell Moor, 1945, B. Welch and D. H. Kent. III. South
Ruislip, 1946, F. E. Wrighton. IV. Near Edgware, 1941. Y. Waste¬
land, Windmill Lane, near Hanwell, 1946, B. Welch and D. II . Kent.

t Prunus doniestica L.

III. Several small trees near the Southern Railway, Isleworth, 1946.
Prunus insititia L.

I. Several places by the canal between Yiewsley and Cowley, 1944.
Prunus spinosa L. var. macrocarpa Wallr.

II. West Drayton, 1944.

Filipendula hexapetala Gilib. ( Spiraea filipendula L.)

II. Near Sunbury, 1945, B. Welch.

Potentilla reptans L. var. microphylla Trait.

I. Harefleld, 1942.
t Potentilla recta L.

VII. Surface air-raid shelter, Hyde Park, 1945, B. Welch, det. J.E.L.
t Pyrus communis L.

I. Grove near Harefleld Church, 1939. IV. Between Mill Hill and Tot-
teridge, 1946, J. E. Lousley and D. II. Kent.

Saxifraga granulata L.

V. Syon House grounds, 1946, A. B. Jackson, B. Welch, H. Spooner and:
D. H. Kent.

Bikes rubrum. L.

I. Old Park Wood, Harefleld, 1942; near Huntsmoor Park, 1945, B. Welch
and D. H. Kent.

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L.

I. Old Park Wood, Harefleld, 1946, B. Welch.

Epilobium lamyi F. Schultz.

II. Gravel-pit, East Bedfont, 1946, J. P. M. Brenan, J. E. Lousley, J. G.
Bony, J. E. Woodhead and D. H. Kent, det J.P.M.B.

*t Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn.

II. Gravel-pit, East Bedfont, 1946, J. P. M. Brenan, J. E. Lousley, J. G.
Dony, J.' E. Woodhead and D. H. Kent. VII. Downing Street end of
St James’s Park, 1946, N. Y. Sandwith ■ several places in the City, 1945,

J . E. Lousley.

Epilobium palustre L.

II. Hampton Court Home Park, 1944, B. Welch ; gravel-pits near Poyler
1946.

t Carum carvi L.

V. Bombed site, Northfields Avenue, West Ealing, 1944-6.

Slum erectum Iluds.

I. Meadow near Harefleld Moor, 1945, B. Welch.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF MIDDLESEX, 1939-1946.

61

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

I. Waste land near canal, Cowley, 1939; Yiewsley, 1941. III. Meadow
opposite Hounslow Heath, 1944, B. Welch; Bridge Road, Hounslow, 1943;
between Bedfont and Feltham, 1946. IY. Waste land near Brent Reser¬
voir, Hendon. Y. Duke’s Meadows, Chiswick, 1939; waste land by
Great Western Railway, Hanwell, 1939. VII. Isle of Dogs, 1945.

Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir.

II. Pond on Staines Common, 1944.

Oenanthe fluviatilis (Bab.) Coleman.

I-II. Frequent in the Colne from Harefield to Staines, 1939-46.

Oenanthe fistulosa L.

II. Yeoveney, 1946; Staines Moor, 1939.
t Anethum graveolens L.

V. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946.
t Coriandrum sativum L

V. A single plant on a rubbisli-tip, Hanwell, 1946.

Torilis aimensis (Huds.) Link.

II. Arable land near Harmondsworth, 1945, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.
Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn.

II. Frequent by the Thames from Staines to Hampton Court, 1939. V
Canal path, Hanwell, 1946, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.
var. pedunculata (R. & F.) Druce.

II. Penton Hook, 1944; Laleham, 1945.
iSambucus nigra L. var. laciniata L.

III. Hanworth, 1945, B. Welch.

Viburnum lantana L.

II. Staines Moor, 1939.
t Centranthus imber (L.) DC.

II. Old wall near West Drayton Churchy 1946; old wall, Sunbury vil¬
lage, 1946. III. Old walls. Mill Lane, Isleworth, 1939; wall by' Isle-
worth Dock, 1941 V. Road bank near Horsendon Hill, 1945; two or
three plants on Ealing Common, 1946.

Dipsacus pilosus L.

I. Abundant by the canal in several places near Denham Lock, 1939;
one plant in Springwell chalk-pit, 1944.

Filago minima (Sm.) Pers.

I. Abundant in a disused sand-pit between Harefield and Iekenham
1946.

t Ambrosia artemisiifolia L

I. Abundant about Soya Foods Ltd., flour-mill, Springwell Lock, 1945,
B. Welch and D. H. Kent— a few plants there 1946. V. Rubbish-tip,'
Hanwell, 1946, J. E. Lousley, J. G. Dony, J. E. Woodliead and D H
Kent.

t Ambrosia trifida L.

I. Frequent about Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell Lock, 1945 — a few plants
1946.

var. integrifolia (Willd.) Torr. & Gray.

I. Canal bank near Springwell Lock, 1945, det. J.E.L.

t Galinsoga guadriradiata Ruiz. & Pav. var. hispida (DC.) Thell.

Y. Waste land, Chiswick, 1946. VII. Abundant in the “abandoned”
front garden of 225 Euston Road, N.W.l, 1944.
t Anthemis tinctoria L.

V. Waste ground by the Thames, Chiswick, 1942, N. Y. Sandwith
Chrysanthemum segetum L.

II. Thames bank, Laleham, 1946; sewage works, north of Greenford
1945, B. Welch; rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946. Like many other cornfield
weeds, now little more than a casual in the county.

i Artemisia biennis Willd.

V. Sewage works north of Greenford, 1945, B. Welch.

1 Artemisia verlotorum Lam.

I. Between Brockley Hill and Elstree, 1946. II. Abundant by the river

62

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

near Chertsey Bridge, 1946. V. Ealing Common. 1946: Brentford, 1945,
B. Welch ; Hartington Road, Chiswick, 1945, B. Welch; rubbish-tip,
Hanwell, and waste land, Windmill Lane, near Han well, 1946, B. Welch
and D. H. Kent.

Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn.

I-II. Abundant by river and canal throughout the Colne valley from
Uxbridge to Springwell. Both male and female plants grow in quantity,
t Petasites fragrans Presl.

I. Stanmore Common, 1946; near Uxbridge, 1939. II. Between Poyle
and Colnbrook, 1946 III. Thames bank opposite Richmond, 1945. V.
Carville Park, Brentford, 1942, B. Welch. VII. Waste ground, Willes-
den, 1946.

Serratula tinctoria L.

I. Copse Wood, Northwood, 1945, B. Welch. III. Hounslow Heath, 1939.
Centaur ea scabiosa L.

II. Between Sunbury and Walton Bridge, 1945, B. Welch; between East
Bedfont and Feltham, 1946. III. Hounslow Heath, 1945. V. Canal-
path between Hanwell and Southall, 1944-6.

Cicliorium intybus L.

I. Harefield Quarry, 1940. II. Frequent about Staines, Laleham, Charl¬
ton, Penton Hook and Shepperton, 1939; near Kingston Bridge, 1944,
B. Welch; East Bedfont, 1946. IV. Waste land, Wealdstone, 1946. V.
Canal-path, Hanwell, 1939; waste land, Greenford, 1946.

Picris hieracioides L.

I. Near Garett Wood, Springwell, 1942.
t Hieracium brunneo-croceum Pugsl.

V. Abundant on a grassy roadside, Syon Lane, Osterley, 1946, passed
by H.W.P.

Hieracium lachenalii Gmelin.

I. Harrow Weald Common and Pinner Hill, 1946. II. Old wall by West
Drayton Church, 1946. V. Near Ealing, 1946, F. P. D. Boucher and
D. H. Kent. All det. H.W.P.

Hieracium tridentatum Fr.

I. Stanmore Common and Grove, 1946. V. Windmill Lane, near Han¬
well, abundant, 1946, B. Welch and D. H. Kent. VII. Railway bank.
North Acton, 1946. All det. H.W.P.
var. polyphyllum Zahn

I. Brockley Hill, 1946, det. H.W.P.

Hieracium umbellatum L.

III. Hounslow Heath, 1944, passed by H.W.P.

Lactuca virosa L.

I. Chalk-pits at Springwell, 1942. II. Gravel-pit, East Bedfont, 1945,
F. Rose, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.

Campanula trachelium L.

I. Old Park Wood, Harefield, 1939; Garett Wood, Springwell, 1942.

Ly simachia vulgaris L.

I. Near Harefield Moor, 1946.

Anagallis foemina Mill.

II. Arable land near Heathrow, 1945, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.
Menyanthes trifoliata L

I. Abundant around the lake at Grimsdyke, Harrow Weald, 1946.
Anchusa sempervirens L.

II. Abundant by the roadside near Laleham village, 1946. IV. A single
plant on a road bank, Mount Park, Harrow, 1941.

Echium vulgare L.

IV. Near Scratch Wood, Edgwarebury, 1946.

*t Ipomoaea hederacea Jacq.

I. Under the wall of Soya Foods Ltd., flour-mill, Springwell Lock,
1945-6, J. E. Lousley and D. H. Kent, det. J.E.L.
t Nicandra physaloides Gaertn.

V. A single large plant on a rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF MIDDLESEX, 1939-1946.

63

Atropa belladonna L.

I. Frequent about Harefield and Spring-well, 1939. III. Grounds of
West Middlesex County Hospital, Isleworth, 1941; Mill Platt, Isleworth,
1943. Native on the chalk at Harefield, but at Isleworth possibly a
relic of cultivation by the monks of Syon Abbey.

t Datura stramonium L. var. tatula L.

I. Grounds of Soya Foods Ltd., flour-mill, Springwell Lock, 1946, J. E.
Lousley, J. P. M. Brenan, J. G. Dony, J. E. Woodhead and D. H. Kent.
Y. Rubbish-tips at Hanwell and Greenford, 1946.

Hyoscyamus niger L.

II. Hampton Court, among potatoes, 1943, B. Welch. Y. Canal-bank,
Brentford, 1944.

t Verbascum blattaria L.

Y. Waste land by the river, Chiswick, 1945, J. E. Lousley.
t Mimulus guttatus DC.

I. Wall of canal, near Copper Mills, Harefield, 1945, B. Welch.
Euphrasia anglica Pugsl.

I. Copse Wood, Northwood, 1945, B. Welch, det. H.W.P.

Orobanclie apiculata Wallr. ( Orobanche minor Sm.)

I. A single spike in Springwell chalk-pit, 1945, B. Welch. Y. A single
plant, canal-bank, Hanwell, 1945, D. and J. M. B. King and D. H. Kent.
Lathraea squamaria L.

I. Abundant on Elm, Springwell Lane, Spring-well, 1939. The plant
was first recorded here by John Blackstone in 1737 (Blackst. Fasc. 23).
t Amaranthus chlorostachys (Willd.) Thell.

I. Frequent about Soya Foods Ltd., flour-mill, Springwell Lock, 1945;
canal-bank near Springwell Lock, 1946, N. Y. Sandwith, B. Welch and
D. H. Kent. V. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946. All det. N.Y.S.

Chenopodium murale L.

II. A single plant near Sunbury, 1945, B. Welch. VI. North of Cock-
fosters, 1945, B. Welch.

* Chenopodium reticulatum Aellen.

II. Arable land, Heathrow, 1946, J. P. M. Brenan.
t Salsola pestifer Nelson.

III. Rubbish-tip, Hounslow Heath, 1946, L. G. Payne and H. Banks.
V. Sewage works, north of Greenford, 1945, B. Welch.

t Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib.

V. Se-wage "works near Greenford, 1945; bombed site, Hartington Road,
West Ealing, 1945-6; rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946.

Bumex palustris Sm.

Y. Abundant in a marsh, near the canal, Han-well, 1944, B. Welch, det.

J. E.L.

Daphne laureola L.

II. Wood near Thames, Laleham, 1945. Well established, but probably
introduced.

t Euphoi'bia virgata W. & K.

III. Abundant by the canal near Norwood Green, 1945. V. Waste
land, Wyke Green. 1946. Both det. A.J.W.

t Euphorbia lathyms L.

II. Weed in the shrubbery, King’s Privy Garden, Hampton Court, 1945,
B . Welch and D. H. Kent; between Sunbury and Walton Bridge, a
single plant, 1945; gravel-pit, East Bedfont, 1946, J. E. Lousley.

Xeottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich.

I. Garett Wood, Springwell, 1941, and 1944; west of Rickmans-worth
Road, Harefield, 25 yards on Middlesex side of the county boundary,
1946, B. Welch.

Listera ovata (L.) R. Br.

I. Wood near Denham Lock, 1946.

Orchis morio L.

I. Near Northwood, 1940.

64

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Carex pendula Huds.

I. Near Stanmore Common, 1946.

Carex tumidocarpa Anderss.

1. Meadow near Harefleld Moor, 1945, B. Welch, det. E.N.

Carex pairaei F. Schultz.

I. Between Harefleld and Ickenham, 1946; between Brockley Hill and
Elstree, 1946. II. Road-banks between Stanwell and Staines, 1945, B.
Welch and D. H. Kent ; abundant about Hampton Court, 1945, B. Welch.
V. Meadow above canal, Hanwell, 1943; grassy slope, Hartington Road,
Chiswick, 1945, J. E. Lousley, B. Welch and D. H. Kent; river wall,
Duke’s Meadows, Chiswick, 1945, B. Welch and D. H. Kent, all passed
hy E.N.

*Carex polyphylla Kar. & Kir.

I. Above Harefleld Quarry, 1945, det. E.N.

Carex paniculata L.

I. Harefleld Moor and Springwell, 1939. II. A single tussock by the
Thames near Walton Bridge, 1945.
t Panicum mileaceum L.

Y. Rubbish-tip, Greenford, 1945; rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946.
forma ramiftomm Junge.

Y. Rubbisb-tip, Hanwell, 1946, det. C.E.H.
t Panicum capillare L. var. occidentale Rydb. (Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash).

I. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell Lock, 1945-6, det. C.E.H.
t Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

I. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell Lock, 1946, det. C.E.H.
t Digitaria adscendens (H.B.Iv.) Henrard. (Digitaria marginata Link.)

I. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell Lock, 1946, det. C.E.H.
t Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.

I. Canal-bank near Springwell Lock, 1946, A7. Y. Sandwith, B. Welch
and D. H. Kent. Y. Rubbisb-tip, Hanwell, 1946, det. C.E.H.

Orchis latifolia L. sec. Pugsl.

I. One plant near Harefleld, 1946, J. E. Lousley and D. H. Kent.

Orchis praetermissa Druce.

I. Frequent about Harefleld and Harefleld Moor, 1946. A specimen col¬
lected in 1945 measured nearly a metre in height.

Orchis praetermissa x fuchsii.

I. Abundant near Harefleld, with both parents, 1946.

Orchis fuchsii Druce.

I. Abundant near Harefleld, 1946.

Anacamptis pyramulalis (L.) L. C. Rich.

I. Calcareous down near Harefleld, 1946, B. Welch.

Ophrys apifera Huds.

I. Still grows sparingly in at least four stations near Harefleld, 1946.
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br.

I. A single plant, Garett Wood. Springwell, 1946.
iMuscari racemosum (L.) Mill.

II. Patch of a dozen or so flowering spikes near Hampton Court, 1946,
B. Welch.

Paris quadrifolia L.

I. Sparingly in Old Park Wood, Harefleld, 1942. This is yet another of
John Blackstone’s 1737 records (Blackst. Fasc., 41).

t Juncus tenuis Willd.

III. Hounslow Heath, 1945, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.

Juncus compressus Jacq.

II. Tow-path near Kingston Bridge, 1943, B. Welch.

Luzula forsteri (Srn.) DC.

I. Mad Bess and Park Woods, Ruislip, 1945; Copse Wood, 1946, B. Welch.
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.

I. Harefleld Moor, 1941; near Harefleld Moor, 1945, B. Welch.

Carex pseudo-cyperus L.

II. Gravel-pit between Yeoveney and Poyle, 1946.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF MIDDLESEX; 1939-1946.

65

-*■

iSetaria viridis (L.) Beauv.

I. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell, 1945-6. Y. Rubbish-tip,
Hanwell, 1946.
iSetaria glauca (L.) Beauv.

I. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell, 1945, B. Welch, passed by
C.E.H.

1 -Phalaris canariensis L.

Y. Abundant on a rubbisb-tip, Hanwell, 1946.

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.

II. Hampton Court Home Park, 1943, B. Welch-, Staines Common, 1946.

III. Hounslow Heath, 1945, B. Welch and D. H. Kent. IV. Brent Re¬
servoir, Hendon, 1940.

Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv.

I. Near Harefleld, 1945. II-III. Abundant about Harmondsworth and
Heathrow, 1945, B. Welch and D. H. Kent. Y. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1944.

Helictotrichon pubescens (Huds.) Pilger. (Avena pubescens Huds.)

V. Meadows in Syon House grounds, 1946, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.
Helictotrichon pratensis (L.) Pilger. {Avena pratensis L.)

II. Hampton Court Home Park, 1943, B. Welch.

Avena fatua L. var. pilosissima S. F. Gray.

Y. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946, det. C.E.H.
t Avena ludoviciana Durieu.

V. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946, passed by C.E.H.

Koeleria gracilis Pers.

II. Hampton Court, 1945, B. Welch. Y. Horsendon Hill, 1941.

Festuca tenuifolia Sibth. ( Festuca capillata Lam.)

II. Hampton Court, 1944, B. Welch. V. Syon House grounds, 1946, B.
Welch and D. H. Kent, det. C.E.H.

Bromus lepidus Holmb. ( Bromus brittanicus I. A. Williams.)

I. Between Brockley Hill and Elstree, 1946. II. Staines and Poyle.
1946. III. Near Osterley, 1946. Y. Canal-bank, Hanwell, 1945. All
passed by C.E.H.

Brachy podium pinnatum (L.) Beauv.

I. Copse Wood, Ruislip, 1945, B. Welch.

Lolium multiflorum forma compositum (Thuill.) Holm.

V. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946, det. C.E.H. In this form the spikelets
are compound, resembling the inflorescence of a Festuca.

Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv.

I. Lane near Harefleld Quarry, 1943. II. Between Poyle and Coin-
brook, 1946. V. Canal bank, .Brentford, 1945, B. Welch.

Nardus stricta L.

V. Syon House grounds, 1946, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.

Equisetum telmateia L. ( Equisetum maximum Lam.)

I. Harrow Weald Common, 1939. VII. Iven Wood, 1943.

Equisetum sylvaticum L.

I. Harrow Weald Common, 1940.

Athyrium filix-foemina (L.) Roth.

V. Several places in Syon House grounds, 1946, B. Welch and D. H. Kent.
Polypodium vulgare L.

I. Harefleld Grove, 1945. II. Wood by river at Laleham, 1946, B . Welch.
Ceterach officinarum DC.

V. On brick tombs in Perivale churchyard, 1946. The plant was first
recorded from here in 1879 (MS. note in Trimen’s copy of “ Flora of
Middlesex,” at British Museum (Natural History).

Ophioglossum vulgatum L.

I. Frequent about Harefleld Moor, 1939. II. Meadow west of Shepper-
ton, B . Welch.
jAzolla h-Uculoides Lam.

I. Fray’s River near Uxbridge Common, 1945, B. Welch ; abundant in
canal and Colne, from Uxbridge to Denham. 1946. III. Ditches near
Whitton Station, 1946, H. Banks; known here for at least twenty years.

66

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The Brambles of Middlesex

By C. Avery and W. C. R. Watson.

following account of the brambles of Middlesex (vice-county 21)

is due entirely to our own observations, carried out sometimes
jointly, sometimes independently of each other, from 1932 to 1946. No
attempt has been made to trace the specimens of brambles collected by
other botanists, but reference will be made further on to a few species
recorded by others which we have not met with.

The names and sequence of the species adopted are as in the “ List
of British Species of liubus ,” published by W. C. R. Watson in the
Journal of Ecology, Vol. 33, No. 2, July 1946, pp. 337-344.

Where we have found the species also in the nearer part of Bucks
(up to the Cliilterns), in the southern half of Beds, in Epping Forest,
or in Herts (our knowledge here is very meagre), we have added this
information.

The principal stations visited were as follows : — Hampstead Heath
(highest point 441 ft. O.I).), 31 species; Harrow Weald Common and
Stanmore Common (475 ft., 492 ft.), 26 species; Ruislip and North-
wood (300 ft.), 35 species; Pinner Hill and Pinner Wood (438 ft-.), 14
species; near Swakeleys, Uxbridge (150-200 ft.), 23 species; Horsendon
Hill and Brabsden Green (27S ft.), 12 species ; Hounslow Heath (71 ft.),
12 species; Mimmshall Wood, S. Minims (420 ft.), 10 species; Hadley
Wood (400 ft.), 7 species; [Epping Forest (385 ft.), 34 species].

N.B. — Park Wood and Bayhurst Wood are near Ruislip, and Swake¬
leys near Uxbridge.

The abbreviations used are as follows : —

Hpd.H. =Hampstead Heatli.

HI w.H. = Hounslow Heath.

H.W.C.= Harrow Weald Common.

Epp.=Epping Forest.

C. = Common.

W.=Wood.

Res.=Reservoir.

Pan-E. =Pan-European, i.e. occurring throughout Europe.

Atl.= Atlantic, i.e. occurring near the European shores of the Atlantic Ocean.
Atl.-Med. = Atlantic and Mediterranean Region.

N.Atl.=North Atlantic Region.

C.E. = Central European, i.e. occurring in a hroad latitudinal belt of Middle
Europe, west of the Vistula.

W.C.E. =West Central European, i.e. occurring west of the Weser.

N.E. =Northern European.

W.E.= Western European, i.e. occurring from the Pyrenees to Scandinavia.
End.=Endemic to Great Britain, or Great Britain and Ireland.

THE BRAMBLES OF MIDDLESEX.

67

Subgen. IDAEOBATUS Focke.

idaeus L. Pan.E. Not common. (Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)

Subgen. GLAUCOBATUS Dumort.

caesius L. Pan.E. Horsendon Hill; Park W.; Uxbridge C. (Bucks., Beds., Epp.,
Herts.)

Subgen. EU BATES Focke.

Sprengelii Weihe. Atl. Hpd.H.; H.W.C.; Stanmore C. (Bucks., Epp., Herts.)
chaerophyllus Sag. & W. Schultze. C.E. Arnos Grove, one bush, 1932.
rhodanthus W. Wats. Atl. Hpd.H., 1942; Hlw.H., one bush, 1933. (Beds., Epp.)
carpinifolius Weihe & Nees. W .C.E. Hpd.H.; Illw.H.; Stanmore C.; Park W.;

Northwood. (Bucks., Beds., Herts.)
nitidoldes W. Wats. End. Hpcl.H.; Horsendon Hill.
gratus Focke. Atl. Hpd.H., one bush, 1943. (Bucks., Beds.)

Lindleianus Ed. Lees. W.C.E. Hpd.H. and almost every other locality visited.
(Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)

nemoralis P. J. MueH. N.E. Near Swakeleys. (Bucks.)
oxyanchus Sudre. C.E. Against Uxbridge Circus.
danicus Focke ex Frid. & Gel. W.C.E. Park W., one bush, 1946.
macrophyllus Weihe & Nees. Atl. Arnos Grove, 1932; Mimmshall W.; Park W,
(Bucks., Beds., Herts.)
ramosus Blox. ex Briggs. End. H.W.C.

subinermoides Druce ex Wats. End. Hpd.H.; Hadley W.; Northwood; Stan¬
more C.; near Ruislip Res.; near Swakeleys. (Beds., Epp.)
amplificatus Ed. Lees. Atl. H.W.C. ; Bayhurst W.; Mimmshall W.; Uxbridge C.;

Northwood; Arnos Grove. (Bucks., Beds., Epp.)
atrocaulls P. J. Muell. Atl. Hpd.H., two isolated bushes, 1946. (Epp.)
pyramidalis Halt. Atl. Horsendon Hill, one bush, 1946. (Bucks., Beds., Epp.)

var. parvifolius Frid. & Gel. Hpd.H. (Bucks., Epp.)
rhombifolius Weihe. W.C.E. Hlw.H.; near Swakeleys; Stanmore C. (Bucks.,
Beds., Herts.)

polyanthemos Lindeb. N.E. Hpd.H.; H.W.C.; Hlw.H.; Horsendon Hill; Hadley
W.; Park W.; Northwood; Uxbridge Circus. (Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)
separinus Genev. Atl. Hlw.H.; near Swakeleys; Park W. (Bucks.)
londinensis (Rogers) W. Wats. End. Hpd.H.

cardiophyllus Let. & Muell. Atl. Hpd.H.; H.W.C.; Hlw.H.; near Swakeleys;

near Ruislip Res.; Bayhurst W. (Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)
ulmifolius Schott, fll. Atl.-Med. Ubiquitous. (Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)
Pseudo-bifrons (Sud.) Bouv. Atl. Hlw.H.; near Ruislip Res.; near Swakeleys;
Horsendon Hill; Hadley W.; Pinner W. (Herts.)

Winterl P. J. Muell. W.E. Park W., 1946. (Bucks.)

Brittonii Bart. & Ridel. End. Poor’s Field and Park W., 1936.
splendidus Muell. & Lef. W.C.E. Park W., one bush, 1937.

lasiostachy.s Lef. & Muell. W.C.E. Hpd.H., one bush, 1945; between Uxbridge C.
and Swakeleys. (Bucks.)

condensatus P. J. Muell. W.C.E. H.W.C., at the north end.
vestitus Weihe. C.E.

var. a. roseiflorus Boul Hpd.H., one bush, 1945. (Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)
var. b. albifloru.s Boul. Hpd.H. and many other places. (Bucks., Beds.,
Epp., Herts.)

leucostachys Sm. W.C.E. H.W.C. (Bucks., Beds., Epp.)

macrotbyrsus Lange. W.C.E.
Herts.)

Hpd.H.; H.W.C.; Mimmshall

W.

(Bucks

., Epp.,

criniger E. F. Linton. End.
Herts.)

Copse W.,

Ruislip;

Uxbridge

C.

(Bucks.

, Beds.,

mucronatoides A. Ley. End.

Mimmshall

W., 1932;

Bayhurst W.

, 1933.

(Bucks.,

Beds., Herts.)

68

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

cinerosus Rogers. End. Barn Hill, near Wembley Park, 1933. (Bucks., Herts.)

Radula Weihe. C.E. H.W.C.; Hlw.H.; Horsendon Hill, 1946; near Ruislip Res.;
between Uxbridge C'. and Swakeleys. (Bucks., Beds., Herts.)

sectiramus W. Wats. End. Hpd.H.; Hlw.H.; Pinner W., 1946.
disceiyptus p. J. Muell. Atl. Hlw.H.; Horsendon Hill; Pinner W.; Park W.;
near Ruislip Res.; near Swakeleys. (Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)

echinatoides (Rogers) Druce. End, H.W.C.; Horsendon Hill, one bush, 1946;
near Swakeleys; Mimmshall W.; near Ruislip Res. (Bucks., Herts.)

?'iidis Weilie. C.E. Hpd.H.; Bayhurst W. (Bucks., Beds., Epp.)
granulatus Muell. & Let. C.E. Potter Street, Pinner; Pinner W.; near Swake¬
leys. (Bucks., Herts.)

foliosus Weihe. Atl. Park W., abundant; Uxbridge Circus. (Beds., Herts.)
flexuosus Muell. & Let. Atl. Hpd.H.; H.W.C.; Park W.; Arnos Grove, 1946;

Mimmshall W.; Hadley W.; Stanmore C. (Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)
pallidas Weihe. C.E. Park W.; between Uxbridge C. and Swakeleys, abundant.
(Bucks., Beds., Herts.)

euryanthemus W. Wats. End. Hpd.H.; Park W.; about Pinner Hill; Hadley W.
(Bucks., Epp.)

scatter Weihe. C.E. West of Ruislip Res.; Park W. (Beds.)

microdontus Muell. & Let. Atl. Lower part of Stanmore C. (Beds., Bucks.)

hyposericeus Such Atl. H.W.C. (Bucks.)

rufescens Lef. & Muell. Atl. Hpd.H.; H.W.C. ; Arnos Grove, one bush, 1933;

Park W. ; Mimmshall W. (Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)
apiculatus Weihe. C.E. North-east of Ruislip Res., one bush, 1932. (Bucks.)
euanthinus W. Wats. End. Park W.
phaeocarpus W. Wats. End. Near Swakeleys. (Bucks.)

hostilis Muell. & Wirtg. Atl. H.W.C.; south end of Ruislip Res.; Stanmore C.,
near Swakeleys; Potterstreet Hill, Pinner. (Bucks., Herts.)
diversus w. Wats. End. Hadley W.

rosaceus Weihe. C.E. Hpd.H.; Horsendon Hill, abundant; Park W. (Epp.)
hylocharis W. Wats. End Hpd.H.; Ken W.

Marshall i Focke & Rogers. End. Near Swakeleys, one bush, 1933. (Bucks.)
fusco-ater Weihe. Atl. Hpd.H., one bush, 1946. (Bucks.)
adornatus Muell. in Wirtgen. Atl. Park W., 1946.

dasyphyllus Rogers. End. Hpd.H.; Hlw.H.; Hadley W.; Park W.; near Swake¬
leys. (Bucks., Beds., Ebp., Herts.)
infestus Weihe. Atl. Hlw.H.

spinulifer Muell. & Wirtg. C.E. Brabsden Green, near Sudbury, one bush, 1932.
apricns var. sparsipilus' W. Wats. End. Mimmshall W. (Bucks., Herts.)
Murrayi Sud. End. Hpd.H. (Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)

adenolobus W. Wats. End. H.W.C.; near Ruislip Res.; Park W.; Bayhurst W.
(Bucks., Beds., Epp., Herts.)

hirtus Waldst. & Kit. C.E. Horsendon Hill, abundant; Brabsden Green, 1932.
(Bucks.)

Balfourianus Blox. ex Bab. End. Uxbridge C. (Bucks., Beds.)

Warrenii Sud. End. Potter Street, Pinner; Pinner W. (Bucks., Beds., Herts.)
sublustris Ed. Lees. End. Hpd.H.; near Swakeleys, Uxbridge. (Bucks., Beds.,
Epp., Herts.)

conjungens (Bab.) W. Wats. End. Pinner Hill; Pinner W.; near Ruislip Res.
(Bucks., Beds., E£p.)

raduliformis A. Ley. End. Hpd.H.; near Ruislip Res.; Nortliwood. (Bucks.,
Epp.)

tuberculatus Bab. End. Hpd.H.; Potterstreet Hill, Pinner; near Pinner Church;

Pinner W.; Arnos Grove, 1932. (Beds., Herts.)
myriacanthus Focke. End. Stanmore C.; Arnos Grove, 1932; Mimmshall W.
(Bucks., Herts.)

scabrosus P. J. Muell. C.E. H.W.C.; near Ruislip Res. (Bucks., Epp., Herts.)
britannicus Rog. End, H.W.C.; Pinner Hill, Potterstreet Hill and Pinner W.,
Pinner; Arnos Grove, 1932; Northwood; Mimmshall W. (Bucks., Beds.,
Herts.)

THE BRAMBLES OF MIDDLESEX.

69

“ Bubus plicatus ” is recorded in J. Bot. (1903), and “ B. nitidus ”
in J. Bot. (1899), both for Hampstead Heath. We have seen neither
there, and consider that B . nitidoides, which is there, was mistaken for
them. B. nitidoides , which grows at Horsendon Wood, may also have been
mistaken for “ B. affnis ,” which is recorded for Horsendon Wood by
Ed. Lees in Phyt ., iii, 400. We have not seen 11 B. silvaticus ” at Har¬
row Weald Common (J. Bot., 1899). “ B. Schlechtendalii ,” which we

have not met with anywhere in this county, is recorded by Rogers for
“ Ruislip Wood ” in J. Bot. (1903), but he often applied that name to
B. amplificatus , which we have seen in Park Wood, Ruislip; and
lie does not give B. amplificatus at all in his list in J. Bot.
(1903). “ B. villicaulis recorded by Babington for Pinner Wood

in Brit. Bubi, 146, may have been B. pyramidalis Kalt., as often it was
with Babington, although we have not seen B. pyramidalis there; nor,
we regret, have we been able to find the plant representing B. pygmaeus
of Babington there. Rogers records (J. Bot., 1903) B. pyramidalis for
Hampstead Hill (sic), probably intending var. parvifolius (Frid. <fc Gel.)
W. Wats. — which alone we have found on Hampstead Heath — as he ap¬
pears in his “ Handbook ” to accept Focke’s opinion, disproved by
cultivating the plant in good soil as well as by finding it sometimes in
association with the normal plant, that the variety is) “ only ,a poor
ground state of B. pyramidalis. ” We have not come upon “ It. thyrsoi-
deus Wi miner ” recorded by J. C. Melvill in FI. Harrow as found in
hedges at Roxefli in 1860.

The records of B. Balfourianus Blox. ex Bab. (J. Bot., 1903) we see
no reason for doubting ; and no doubt would attach to the record of B.
mercicus var. bracteatus Bagnall (B. egregius Focke), Ruislip Woods
(J. Bot., 1903) either, but for the fact that Rogers himself only states
“ apparently this.”

Woodland forms, known only in a dried specimen, late-gathered and
not furnished with collector’s notes, may sometimes be very difficult to
name.

In the case of a very small county, largely built upon, like M.id|dle-
sex, it is not safe to draw inferences as to distribution from the absence
of particular species. As we have observed many additional species
within 20 to 30 miles of the county boundary, some of quite exceptional
interest, we list them here, giving localities when they have been seen
only in a single station, and starring those that are new for Britain.
The observations in Beds, were by J. G. Dony and Watson in company,
in four cases by Dony alone. Taken in conjunction with the entries
in the foregoing list they will afford a more reasonable basis for com¬
parison with comparable areas elsewhere in S.E. England.

70

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

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72

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

POSTSCRIPT BY W. C. E, WATSON.

After the foregoing article had been completed and sent in it was
learned that Benbow’s Bubi were now at the British Museum, and it
was proposed that I should examine them for possible additions to the
Middlesex list. No actual additions were found, beyond the second item
here following, but several matters that had been rather doubtful were
cleared up.

A specimen collected on Hampstead Heath, and named B. n'itid-us
with doubt by Rogers, is B. nitidoides, as we conjectured.

There is a specimen collected at Duck’s Hill, 15.7.1893, labelled “ It.
cidornatus P.J.M. a form, which I have also seen from Warwickshire,
our British plant being usually more strongly armed and with green
leaves — W.M.R.” It is my B. coronatus var. c-inerascens of Putney
Heath, see Bond. Ncit.3 1932, 6.5.

In J. Bot. (1903) Rogers gives “ B. Koehleri Wh. & N. The typical
plant seems very rare. Park Wood. Uxbridge; Whitton Park, Ben-
bow.” Both specimens are determined “ B. Koehleri ” by Rogers, that
from Whitten Park being noted “ B . Koehleri (sp. coll.).” Benbow
has noted the sheet, however, “ “ Petals pink.” The specimens from
both stations are B. dasyphyllus Rog.

Rogers gives B. macrophyllus subsp. SchlechtendaUi (Weilie), lane
between Ha rmonds worth and Stanwell, Benbow. Benbow’s1 specimen
is noted “ B. SchlechtendaUi Weihe, fide W.M.R.” ; it is B. amplificatus
Ed. Lees, as we conjectured.

Benbow’s specimen from near Enfield is, I should say, net B. sil-
vciticus Weihe & Nees, as published by Rogers, but B. criniger (E. F.
Linton) Rogers. It has a. strongly pruinose stem, an ovate-acuminate,
doubly serrate leaflet, a glandular panicle with ascending branches, and
leaflets grey beneath. It seems to have come from a dark place; the
hair has gone from the stem, and the prickles are weak.

Rogers records B. scaber Weihe for Horsenton (sic), but Benbow’s
specimen so labelled is B. hirtus Weihe & Nees.

A bramble found by Benbow on Hampstead Heath, 13.8.1891, with
white petals, and stamens about as long as the styles, was determined
by Rogers first as “ under B. viridis Kalt. with doubt, rather than B.
palli dus. ’ ’ Later having found B. viridis Kalt. (as he supposed) on the
Heath himself, he declared Benbow’s specimen to be B. viridis also, and
so it stands in Rogers’ list in -7. Bot. (1903). The specimen is not a
good one, but could not be either B. pallidus or B. viridis; probably
it is B. every ant h emus W. Wats., which Avery and I have seen on Hamp¬
stead Heath. A specimen of Benbow’s from a lane between Wood End
and Harrow, 14.9.1889, named B. viridis by Rogers is B. rosaceus Weihe
(as is also the It. viridis he gives for Leppitt’s Hill and High Beach.
Powell) ; and this may have been what Rogers saw on Hampstead Heath
— it is there, and he himself gives B. rosaceus “ not quite the typical
plant ” for the Heath.

Rogers names a specimen “ apparently a form of B. rosaceus Weihe
and Nees (near the type)” for Benbow, found in Perivale Wood. I

BOTANICAL RECORDS FOR 1946.

73

should say the specimen was B. Murrayi Sud., but it is broken and has
been badly collected. The bramble that Rogers regarded as “ the type
of rosacens ” Avas B. scabripes Geneix, a plant unknown to Weihe.
Weihe’s type I Hiave seen growing in the locus classicus near Verviers,
Belgium. It is shown on the Iaa’o plates No. 122 in Bep. Bot . Exch.
Club} 1928, and is easily to be found on Horsendon Hill, where it is
abundant.

There are many more specimens of Bubi in the BenboAv collection
but sufficient has perhaps been said to illustrate the difficulties and
dubieties that arise in endeaA’ouring to make a correct list of Bum from
specimens gathered by someone aa’Iio was not himself a student of the
genus, and did not know how to gather them at suitable times, in suit¬
able situations.

Botanical Records for 1946.

Compiled by J. Edward Lousley.

J>RIOR to 1946 the botanical records of the Society were arranged
according to the 24 “ divisions ” (12 north and 12 south of the
Thames) into Avhich the Area had been divided and in previous cc Botani¬
cal Records ” they were indicated by numbers in brackets after the
localities. These decisions had the disadvantage that they were pecu¬
liar to the work of the> Botanical Section and had no significance out¬
side the Society. Hence our plant records lost much of their scientific
value in connection with the recording of the distribution in the
British Isles as a Avliole. Morecwer, they provided an unnecessary com¬
plication AAdiich even our own members found it difficult to understand.
For these and other reasons the Botanical Committee decided early in
1946 that in future the records were to be compiled according to the
^ atsonian system of auc e-counties and as these are used in the pre¬
sent report it is necessary to gh'e a brief explanation.

^ hen H. C. Watson founded the systematic study of the* geogra¬
phical distribution of British plants over a century ago he found it con-
A'enient to arrange the records according to counties as had been done
by earlier workers. As his study progressed it became obvious that it
was unsatisfactory to compare the flora of small counties such as Rut¬
land with large ones such as Yorkshire and he therefore endeavoured
to deA'ise a, plan of dividing the country up into areas of very approxi¬
mately equal size. This lie did by tacking some of the smaller counties
on to adjacent ones, and by subdividing the larger counties by arbitrary
lines drawn on the map. In this AA'ay lie divided England, Scotland and
Wales into 112 areas which he called vice-counties (usually abbreAuated
“ A'.c. and plural “ v.ccd’). These were defined in his Cybele
Britannica , 4, 139 seq. (1859), and Topographical Botany, ed. 1, 1, 21
seq. (1873), and were based on the county boundaries existing at the
time. These boundaries have been marked by the Ordnance Survey

74

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

on a series of maps for the British Museum (Natural History) and the
Keeper of Botany has given permission for them to be used for the
purpose of producing a special map for this Society. Fortunately, the
changes within our Area are not very great and for most practical pur¬
poses we can use the modern county boundaries with the proviso, of
course, that the County of London, which was not formed until 1888,
is ignored.

The Society’s Area is a circle drawn to include all places within 20
miles of St Paul’s Cathedral. Parts of the following vice-counties fall
within our area : —

South of the Thames : V.-c. 16, West Kent.

V.-c. 17, Surrey.

North of the Thames : V.-c. 18, South Essex.

V.-c. 19, North Essex (a small portion only).

V.-c. 20, Herts.

V.-c. 21, Middlesex (whole).

V.-c. 24, Bucks, (a small portion only).

The only subdivision of a county which affects us is that of Essex,
and here Watson separated South Essex (18) from North Essex (19) by
“the high road from Walton and Epping to Chelmsford ..." By
“ Walton ” the modern Waltham is intended.

The following records are arranged in sequence of the vice-counties,
and although only a summary of the most interesting ones is given here,
it will be plain that while a great deal of valuable work is being done
in West Kent, Surrey and Middlesex, we need to pay much more atten¬
tion to the other areas. If we could find competent volunteers willing
to study the floras of North and South Essex, Herts., and Bucks., with
the same enthusiasm as Messrs Kent and Rose devote to their counties
the record of the changing flora- of the London area would reach a very
high standard.

V ,-c, 16, West Kent.

Our member Francis Rose is working on the flora of Kent and most
of the records for that part of the county which falls within our area
have been directly or indirectly contributed by him. On the ramble he
led in the Green hi the district in July a very large number of rare
plants previously found by him were seen and these included Ccilciniintha
nepeta (L.) Savi, A jug a cliamacpitys (L.) Schreb., Epipactis palustris
(L.) Crantz, A.ceras anthropopfiorumv (L.) S. F. Gray, Epilohiwni lanceo-
tatum Seb. & Maur., PotenUlla recta L., and Vicia cassubica L. The
last-named species is a vetch of wide distribution in Europe and Mr
Rose’s locality would seem to be the same “ worked-out gravel-pit on
the chalk ” in which F. Druee found it in 1931 ( J. Pot., 1932, 52).

In 1945 F. J. Epps showed F. Rose and myself a chalky slope near
Downe which is reputed to be Darwin’s famous “ Orchis Bank ” though
it does not quite agree with Sir Francis Darwin’s description of his
father’s favourite haunt. However, the place in question exhibits a
magnificent display of the chalk orchids and when I visited it on July

BOTANICAL RECORDS FOR 1946.

rr **

( o

6th this year Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br. was seen in quantity
and over 30 ©ms. in height. Verba scum lychnitis L. var. album (Mill.)
also occurred. Mr Rose has sent me a list of no less than 20 species of
orchids which still occur in Kent within our area. Of these Orchis
purpurea Huds. has not been seen since 1939 but there is no reason
to doubt its persistence and I saw it this year only a few miles outside
our boundary.

Last year when botanising with me on Keston Common Rose detected
Potentilla argentea L. growing in several adjacent spots — this year he
found Trifolium glomeratum L. on the same Common.

V.-c. 17, Surrey.

Some of the most interesting Surrey records this year have been con¬
tributed by our Chairman, C. L. Collenette. On June 29th he noticed
two plants of Inula helenium L. beside a stream south of Chessington.
The locality appears to be the one in which it was found by H. C. Mat-
son and where I collected it in 1928. The species still grows undis¬
turbed at its Betcliworth station. Mr Collenette obtained permission
to examine the private ground of the Sudbrook Park Golf Club and
contributed a useful list of the rarer plants observed including a colony
of Buscus aculeatus L. He has continued his observations on Rich¬
mond Park and discovered a few plants of Ceteraeh offtcinarum DC. on
-an old wall there. In July about 250 plants of Filipendula hexapetala
Gilib. were found by B. Steele in an old meadow by the Beverley Brook,
Richmond Park. The localitv is an unusual one for this chalk-loving
species and of especial interest in connection with the first British re¬
cord which appears in William Turner’s Names of Herbes (1548) and
reads “ Filipendula groweth in great plentie beside Syon & Shene in
the middowes.” Mr Steele’s locality does not fall within Turner’s
description but it is not very far away.

Mrs H. R. Davies records Cuscuta europaea L. by the tow-path at
Ham, which is an interesting link between the known localities between
Kew and Richmond and at Hurst Park. G. R. A. Short has sent a
magnificent specimen of Potentilla recta , L. collected by his friend T. C„
Denston about half a mile south-east of Aslitead Parish Church. This
handsome alien seems to have become more frequent during the war
years and outside our area (e.g., at Luton and King’s Lynn) I have
seen it well established. It may well prove persistent and its progress
should be watched.

A specimen of Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. was sent for identification
by R. P. Smith from his garden at Belmont. The mode of introduc¬
tion of this alien grass has puzzled me and for some time I have sus¬
pected that it comes in with bird-seed. This theory is supported in
this instance by the fact that Mr Smith uses guano from a local pigeon
loft as top dressing on his ground.

When the Section visited Banstead Downs on May 4th I was able
to show members Cerastium , pumilum Curt., Arenaria tenui folia L., and
Carduus tenuifiorus Curt. The first-named seems to be increasing and
the thistle now grows a good half mile from the place where I first col-

76

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

letted it in 1926. Gentiana anglica Pugsley was not out but persists
there in quantity. Three weeks later I was fortunate in finding Orchis
ustulata L. in flower on the hills above Buckland and the same day I
saw Valeria nella carinata , Lois, in small quantity near Betchworth
station. On an evening visit to Wimbledon Common I was shown Tees -
dalia iiudicaulis (L.) R. Br. in the place where it was found by C.
Avery. There is an old record for this place but it is extremely rare
near London. On rubbish heaps on the Common 'Silcne maritima
(Horneni.) With, is established — presumably this seaside species is here
a hortal introduction.

V.-c. 18, South Essex.

Some useful notes have been contributed by J. Ross, who reports
Slum erect urn Huds. from a, pond near the Ching Bridge on tlie White¬
hall Road, Chingford. He tells me that he has not seen W ahlenb ergia
hecieracea (L.) Rehb. in Epping Forest since before 1920 and thinks that
both it and Anagallis tenella (L.) Murr., which are given in Botanical
llecords of the London Area , may have disappeared. Recent records
will be very welcome.

V.-c. 21, Middlesex.

Most of the Middlesex records for this year are incorporated in an
able paper by D. H. Kent, which appears elsewhere in this number of
the London Naturalist and to which the reader is referred for a detailed
list.

In last year’s report the rediscovery of Fritillaria meleagris L. near
Totteridge was recorded and during the winter I received details of a
station at Mill Hill where it had been found by C. D. Pigott. On
April 19th this new locality was visited by Mr Kent and myself and we
were delighted to see a small colony of about 20 plants growing in a wet
place on private ground. As usual, both chequered and white flowers
occurred. The Fritillary was growing near planted shrubs and the
fact that capable botanists had lived near and failed to record it is
against it being native. On the other hand, the conditions were very
similar to those which it favours in undoubtedly native localities and
it has long been known at Totteridge only a few miles away and at
Pinner, where it seems to be extinct.

Records from places to which botanists have no access in the ordin¬
ary way are especially valuable and the long list of plants noted in the
grounds of Ashford County Hospital from 1939 to 1945 contributed by
Dr J. K. Hasler is very welcome. The list includes ILyoscyamus nigcr
L. and Antirrhinum, oronti-um L.

It is not surprising that in such a closely built-up area as Middlesex
many of the most interesting records should be those of alien plants. The
vicinity of the factory of Soya Foods Ltd. at Harefield has again pro¬
duced a number of exciting adventives. Of the plants seen last year and
which appeared once more in 1946 mention must be made of Solatium
villosum auct. non Lain., Polygonum pensylva nicum L. var. laevigatum
Fernald (on which a note has been sent for the B.F.C. Beport)>

BOTANICAL RECORDS FOR 1946.

rr r*

t I

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., A. trifida L. and Sida spinosa L. Mr Kent
has also found a considerable number of interesting aliens at Hanwell
tip and as some of these, such as Abutilon theophrasti Med. and
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. are also associated at Harefield, it seems
likely that Soya beans may once more be a source of introduction. Both
Kent and myself grew a number of the adventives in our gardens from
sweepings collected outside the Harefield factory.

My own work on the flora> of the City of London bombed sites has
continued and well over 200 species are now known from this area which
was almost free of wild flowers before the war. The most interesting
record to add is that of Epilobium adenocaulo u Hausskn. which was
collected at Suffolk Lane and two other places in 1945 and named by
G. M. Asli during the winter. This North American willow-herb was
first recorded as a British plant in 1935 and a full account, with an
illustration, appeared in the Journal of Botany for July of that year.
It has since been found in many places in the Home Counties but the
usual habitat is watersides and damp woods and its occurrence on brick-
rubble was somewhat unexpected. Peucedanum graveolens (L.) ap¬
peared for the third year running on a bombed site in Great Tower
Street and in greater quantity near Holborn Circus. I was able to
show the party a fine plant of xSeneeio londinensis Lousley at Thavies
Inn on the ramble' on September 21st.

Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz. & Pav. var. hispida (DC.) Tliell. is
now known from a number of places in the City and West End. An
additional record is that of C. L. Collenette for Victoria Grove, W.8.

Last year we were able to record the Australasian J uncus puUidus
R. Br., which was found by Mrs H. R. Davies in a gravel-pit at East
Bedfont. This handsome rush — recalling Juncus acutus of the British
species — is now known also from two gravel-pits at Eaton Socon and
another at Cople some miles away and also in Bedfordshire. At all
three places it is accompanied by other Australasian species of other
genera and there is evidence which suggests that the mucilaginous seeds
were introduced with wool as “ shoddy.” A further search at East
Bedfont in September this year showed that the colony first found was
actually only a very small part of the population of Juncus pallid us
which was seen all round a very large pond and also in an adjacent pit.
It seems likelv that it has been here for a number of years and it mav
have been introduced with shoddy used to dress the adjacent market
gardener's fields. In Bedfordshire it is accompanied by other Aus¬
tralian and New Zealand rushes and at East Bedfont it is likewise
growing with Junci having chambered pith which may not be British.

An unfortunate error in last year’s report requires correction. The
rare Lepidium found by D. H. Kent at Harefield is L. lati folium L.
and not the commoner L. ruderale of which I had records also before me
at the time of writing. This opportunity may be taken of reminding
members that there are a number of interesting alien Lepidia some¬
times confused with L. ruderale L., and these include not only L. neulcc-
turn Thell. which was found at Hanwell by N. Y. Sandwith and D. II.

78

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Kent this year, but also L. apetalum Willd., L. virginicum L., and
others. The group is critical and voucher material is desirable for all
records.

The thanks of the Society are clue to all members who have contri¬
buted notes during the year. In addition to those mentioned in the
course of the report, special reference may be made to the lists sent

in by Miss Pamela C. Bain, Dr W. J. L. Sladen and Mr Wil¬

liam Mackintosh and I trust that any member whose records are not
included owing to lack of space will appreciate that they are not over¬
looked but have been filed for future use. It is evident that increas¬
ing interest is being shown in the botany of the London Area and that

we may look forward to the time when it is possible to publish an

adequate account of the distribution of the flora.

Plant Gall Records for 1946.

Compiled by H. J. Burkill, M.A., F.R.G.S.

1TWIE past year was another one in which desire was not equalled by
performance. The weather once more was unfavourable for most
of the summer, and various species in which we were interested were
not to be found. Nevertheless, some good results were obtained, as
shown below.

Cynipidae. From a Kentish locality galls of Neuroterus aprilinus
Giraud with the flies ready to emerge were obtained; some of the flies
were sleeved at Fetcham on Quercus robur L. and produced galls
of the form schlechtenclali Mayr, thus confirming the linkage be¬
tween these two generations. The flies were sleeved on 14th April and
the fresh galls were to be seen on 6th May as minute swellings on the
male catkins. As it was not possible to watch the insects in the sleeve
I cannot say on what date the ova were deposited. The catkins had
not burst from the buds when the flies were sleeved.

Mr Niblett succeeded in noting some eighty per cent, of the species
of galls of the Cynipidae which attack our common oaks.

Andricus ramuli L. was plentiful on one tree on Fetcham Downs,
but a close scrutiny in the autumn failed to discover the alternate form.
Diplolepis folii L. was very abundant in the autumn, though its spring-
form was only reported as seen in small numbers. Possibly this spring
gall occurred too high up on the trunks to be seen from the ground.

Neuroterus lenticutaris Oliv. and N. numismeilis Oliv. were found on
Quercus pubescens Brot. at Bookliam. Rhodites mayri Schl. was noted
on Rosa rubiginosa L. on Box Hill, and elsewhere on R. canina L. in
small numbers, and is apparently spreading westwards. Mr Niblett
has continued his observations on the genus and has again bred Rh.
clispar Niblett. Liposthenes latreillei Kieff. was plentiful in some
localities and was found to be double-brooded. Isocolus rogcnhoferi

PLANT GALL RECORDS FOR 1946.

79

W ac'htl. proved to be very scarce, as were some other species affecting
the Compositae.

Trypetidae. Myopiies blotii Breb. was seen in some abundance near
Epsom, but a keen search on Bookham Common failed to detect it there.

Tenthredinidae. These were scarce and only a few of the gall-
causing species were recorded.

Cecidomyidae. The galls of Putoniella marsupialis F. Loew were
conspicuous in places, many of them being brilliantly coloured. On
Arbrook Common Mr Niblett found a small white circular gall in the
lamina of a leaf of Lycopus europeus L. Search revealed a number of
them, each inhabited by a white larva which pupates in the ground.
This species is new to our lists and we have not come across any record
of it. Leaves of Cardamine pratensis L. on Bookham Common were
found rolled inwards by larvae of a midge, possibly Houard’s No. 2670.
Bhopalomyia tanaceticola Karscli was seen at Burford Bridge. C on-
tar ima Ionic er ear um F. Loew on Sambucus nigra L. was seen in various
localities. Black poplar with the margins of leaves rolled under
by the larvae of a midge were seen in Ashtead Forest. Hypochoeris
radicatci L. with flower-heads distorted and bent over by the presence
of several yellow larvae of a midge were found on Hackhurst Downs.

Coleoptera. The bases of stems of Diplotaxis muralis DC. and of
Gentiana amarella L. were both found to be galled by species of w'eevils,
but attempts to breed the' insects failed.

Lepidoptera. Galls of Moinpha decorella Steph. in the stems of
Epilobium montanum L. were taken on Ranmore Common.

HoMorTERA. Galls of T etraneura ulmifoliae Baker were very plenti¬
ful on Uhnus glabra ITuds. near Bocketts Farm, Fetcham, in June.

Eriophyidae. Eriophyes goniothorax Nal. was seen on Crataegus
monogyna Jacq. var. laciniata Wallr. at Fetcham ; E. tenuis Nal. on
Dactyl is glomerata L. was found by Miss Franks on Bookham Common ;
E. schmarclae Nal. was plentiful on Campanula glomerata L. along the
North Downs. Eriophyes sp. inducing large blister galls on the under
surface of leaves of Pyrus arm Ehrh. was found in Ashtead Forest, and
large numbers of galls on Salix viminalis L., which somewhat resemble
Houard’s Fig. 188; page 145, but do not agree with his description,
were found near Burford Bridge and near Betchworth Pool. These are
late in appearing, as there was nothing on the Betchworth trees in the
summer, but they were heavily attacked in the autumn. The red-
barked var. of Salix fragilis L. growing in a garden at Fetcham was
conspicuous for bright red edges to the leaves produced by galls due to
Eriophyes , which had the effect of intensifying the colour of the plant.

Nematoda. Sonchus oleraceus L, on Bookham Common was at¬
tacked by eelworms causing spherical galls on the roots. Poa pratensis
L. at Fetcham was frequently observed galled, apparently due to eel-
worms, but they were never detected under the microscope.

80

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Coenagrion scitulum Rambur, a Dragonfly

New to Britain.

By Edward B. Pinniger, F.R.E.S.

On the 21st July 1946 a species of dragonfly not previously recorded
from the British Isles was captured in south-east Essex. The in¬
sects, a male and two females, were captured by the writer. Fortunately
Miss C. E. Longfield was present at the time and was able to take the
specimens away alive, thus enabling Mr W. H. T. Tams to photograph
them from life.

At the time that they were captured these little dragonflies puzzled
us considerably. The male superficially resembled a very small example
of EnaTlagma cyatlng erum Charp., but the females were quite unlike
anything else that I had previously seen. They appear very blue in
flight, as does Coenagrion pulchellum Van der Lind., but their small
size and different markings render confusion impossible even on the
most casual inspection.

After extensive investigations in the British Museum (Natural His¬
tory), Miss Longfield was able to determine the insects as Coenagrion
scitulum Rambur. The species is about the same size as C. rnercuriale
Cliarp., but very different in appearance; the wing expanse is 36 to
-37 mm. and the length of the body 28 to 29 nun. As previously men¬
tioned, the male has markings similar to those of the males of two
other British species, namely C. hastulatum Charp. and E. cyathigerurn
Charp., but the female does not resemble any other species found here.
One Continental species, C. coerulescens Fons., closely resembles scitu¬
lum , but is restricted in its range to southern Europe.

The photographs which are reproduced on the frontispiece, consider¬
ably greater than life-size, should enable any other examples of the
species to be readily identified. Both sexes are blue with black mark¬
ings; the eyes are blue in the male and greenish blue in the female.
The species is well distributed on the Continent and in the Mediter¬
ranean region. At this stage it is difficult to say what is the exact
status of the species in Britain, but as it has a weak flight, it seems
possible that it is indigenous.

The specimens are now in the National Collection at South Ken¬
sington I should like to thank Mr Tams for his superb photographs
and Miss Longfield for her assistance. Further details and figures may
be found in a paper bv Miss Longfield in The Entomologist for March
1947.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

81

The Survey of Bookham Common.

FIFTH YEAR.

Progress Report.

JN spite of tlie fact that little could be done by the Section on two of

the official visits, when continuous rain rendered work impossible,
1946 has been a satisfactory and a promising year. Old members have
returned from active service and some new ones are doing useful work.
The systematic investigation of problems rather than casual collecting
and observation is an encouraging sign.

Members of the Ornithological Section paid two visits and success¬
fully collaborated in the song-post density investigation, and another
visit of the British Mycological Society added further records to the
list of fungi found on previous occasions. Towards the end of the year,
as mentioned in the Sectional Report, a Bookham Common Committee
was formed to organise future work. In view of its decision to concen¬
trate investigations in Eastern Plain, the last two visits of the year
were devoted to the preparation of a large-scale base map.

Our members, Mr H. J. Burkill and Dr A. M. Easton, are now serv¬
ing on the National Trust’s local management committee and it is to
be hoped that means will soon be found to repair the derelict embank¬
ment wall of the Isle of Wight Pond, which has now ceased to be a
pond even in the winter.

Mr O. P. Castell has continued to pay some attention to the vege¬
tation of parts of the Common, partly in collaboration with Mr B. Steele,
and to investigate woodland bryophytes. Mr Steele has also endeavoured
to summarize the accumulated sectional notes on the distribution of
trees and shrubs of the woodland areas and to represent them pictoriallv
on maps in the accompanying paper.

Mr A. H. Norkett has been investigating fresh- water algae and has
been noting some of the seasonal changes which occur in the algal com¬
munities of the ponds and ditches. The bomb-crater [5447] has yielded
Bidbocliaefe nana Wittr.. which appears to be a new record for Surrey.

Mr Burkill lias continued his recording of plant galls. Lt.-Col.
G. J. F. Bensley has paid monthly visits to the Isle of Wight Pond to
investigate seasonal changes in the molluscan population. He has col¬
lected from all the ponds and main ditches and has recorded such land
mollusca as he has met without special searching. His list of some 40
species is surprising for such an unpromising area.

Mr L. G. Payne has been comparing the aquatic beetle populations
and their seasonal changes in the gun-pits in Eastern Plain and in some
of the bomb-craters. The results of some of Dr Easton’s intensive
beetle collecting will be found in his paper.

Mr L. Parmenter paid twelve visits during the last eight months
of the year, taking over 1100 specimens of Diptera, of which just over

82

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

600 had been identified by the end of the year. At least one species new
to the British list was found. All the major habitats were visited and
part of the time was spent on inter-relation studies, e.g., dipterous
visitors to fungi, prey of Asilidae, pollination of 24 species of plants.

Dr G-. Beven and Messrs P. W. E. Currie and A. R. Wilton, assisted
by members of the Ornithological Section, made an attempt in the
spring to estimate the density of certain species of birds in Eastern
Wood and Dr Beven has provided the following summary of the results.

“ In this area of about 40 acres, of mixed and rather variable oak-
wood, the positions of singing males of Robins, Blackbirds and
Chaffinches were mapped. Further information as to the presence of
pairs and nests was obtained as far as possible. The results, however,
are incomplete, and it is hoped to repeat some of the work in 1947.

Twenty-five Robin song-posts were mapped, giving an average size
of 1.6 acres per territory or a density of 6.3 territories per 10 acres.
However, owing presumably to considerable variation in the vegeta¬
tion, chiefly in density and nature of secondary growth, the Robins
were not distributed uniformly. Thus the density of territories ap¬
peared to vary from approximately 2.7, to 10 per 10 acres, in different
parts of the area. This means that a territory may be as small as one
acre, but no estimate for its maximum size can be given as, in the low
density areas, the territories may not necessarily adjoin one another.
David Lack in “ The Life of the Robin ” states that, at Dartington,
the size of territories varied from 0.4 to 2.0 (average 1.4) acres. J. P.
Burkitt found that, at Enniskillen, Ireland, they averaged 1.5 acres.*

There were four pairs of Blackbirds, nests being found in two of
these territories. Five (or possibly seven) Chaffinch territories were
present, evidence of pair formation was found in only three of these
and nests in only two.”

Only casual ' notes have been made on the other groups of verte¬
brates and workers in this field would be welcomed.

C. P. C.

Woodland Vegetation of Bookham Common.

By B. Steele, B.Sc.

EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE MAPS.

The general work on vegetation at Bookham has been concentrated
mainly on the woods. The two maps are intended to summarise this
work, but the material necessary for a third showing the ground layers
is not yet completed. Most of the data for the maps are from a survey
by C. P. Castell and A. R. Wilton in 1943. The areas demarcated by
the network of woodland paths were used as units, and the vegetation
of each listed with the usual symbols of abundance. Differences of dis¬
tribution within unit areas were noted only in a few important cases.
Only the more abundant species are shown in Map 2 and rare occur-

*Brit. Birds, 11-20 (1924-26).

BOOKHAM COMMON

WOODLAND VEGETATION

&

I. TREE LAYER

EXCLUDING QUERCUS ROBUR L.

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THE FOLLOWING OCCOUR ONLY RARELY-
F - FAGUS P “ PoPULUS TREMULA
C-Castanea X -Acer campestre
m - Pyrus malus A - Prunus Avium

BOOKHAM COMMON

WOODLAND VEGETATION

2. FIELD & SHRUB LAYERS

KEY

0 CRATAEGUS ^ ILEX
9 CORYLUS ^ SALIX CAPREA
^LONICERA <£ RUBUS
©ROSA ? PTERIS
|PRUNUS SPINOSA

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON,

83

rences are not indicated, but in Map 1 the distribution of the rarer
species is shown by means of letters. On the maps, symbols have been
placed so as to express as fairly as possible the information supplied
about each area. In drawing conclusions from the maps it should be
remembered that distribution within these areas is not usually shown
accurately, but, apart from this, distribution over the whole map is
reliable. It has been thought worth while to produce an attempt at a
clear picture rather than detailed accuracy.

BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE VEGETATION AND ECOLOGY.

The dominant tree all over the woods is the pedunculate oak, ex¬
cept in the extreme north-west, where sycamore is co-dominant and
hornbeam and ash are also important. Birch is generally distributed
and, with the aspen, appears to he the tree coloniser of Eastern Plain.

Map 2 is more interesting ecologically. It seems to show an ill-
defined zonation. On the north and east edges of the common, holly
and hazel predominate, but towards the south-west they are replaced
by brambles ( Bubus fruticosus agg.) and further south and west by
hawthorn ( Cvataegus spp.). Bracken is everywhere a constituent of the
field layer. The vegetation of South-East Wood is very mixed.

A consideration of the maps suggests many problems which call for
investigation. A map of the ground layers would prove very interest¬
ing. One species for example (Mercurialis perennis L.) is known to be
confined to the peculiar north-west corner. A comparison of the two
maps shows a scarcity of birch in the predominantly hawthorn areas,
but no outstanding changes in the shrubs associated with the trees of
the north-west. The reasons for the zonation in the shrub and field
layers should be investigated. Are they related to the higher ground
in the north and west, or to soil changes, or do they result from the
a dr ance of the woodland in a south-easterly direction ? We hope it may
be possible in further work at Bookham to investigate and solve some
of these problems.

The Fungi of Bookham Common.

A PRELIMINARY LIST.

By G. P. Castell, B.Sc.

This very incomplete list of the larger fungi and Myxomycetes is
the result mainly of three annual visits by the British Mycological
Society, two of which were marred, by rain, and of two further visits
by Dr R. W. G. Dennis of the Kew Herbarium. The compiler has col¬
lected only incidentally to other survey work. He is greatly indebted
to members of the British Mycological Society for their help in com¬
piling the list and in the identification of specimens, and especially
to Miss E. 31. Wakefield of the Kew Herbarium, to Mr E. W. Mason
of the Imperial Mycological Institute, to Dr J. Ramsbottom and Miss
F. L. Stephens of the British Museum (Natural History), and to Mrs
U. Mason, Dr R. W. G. Dennis, Dr F. Ranter, and Mr J. 31. B. King.

84

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

No ecological work lias yet been attempted and few habitat or fre¬
quency notes have been made. The area should well repay careful mycolo-
g'ical study ; as the woodland and open grassland provide a variety of
habitats that should produce a most interesting and varied fungus flora
throughout the season. Periodical visits are, however, essential, as
from annual visits little or no idea can be obtained of the fungus flora
of the whole area. Many problems about which little is known await
investigation. The distribution of species over the whole area and a
study of their habitat requirements; the association of woodland species,
both on the ground and on wood, with particular species of trees and
shrubs, bearing in mind the possibility of a mycorrhizal habit; the suc¬
cession of fungi in a limited habitat both in any one season and during
a period of years — these are a few of the problems worthy of attention.

The nomenclature and order adopted for the larger Basidiomycetes
is that of “ British Basidiomycetae, ” by Carleton Rea, 1922; for the
Myxoniyeetes (Mycetozoa) that of “ A Monograph of the Mycetozoa,”
by A. Lister, revised by G. Lister, 1925.

The month and year of all records are given in figures. Numbers
in square brackets are grid references to the base map. Wood is
abbreviated to Wd.

Basidiomycetae.

GASTEROMYCETALES.

Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr. Hollow Wd., 10/44.

Lycoperdon saccatum (Valil.) Fr. Hollow Wd., 10/45. L. echinatum Pers. 10/44.
L. perlatum Pers. ( = gemmatum auct pi.), 10/44; S.E. Wd., locally abun¬
dant., 10/45, 9/46: Central Wd., 9/46. L. pyriforme (Scliaeff.) Pers. 10/44.
2/45.

Cyatlius olla (Batsch.) Pers. ( =vernicosus (Bull.) DC.). [846] on ant- or mole-hill,
8/42.

Scleroderma aurantium Pers. [ = vulgare (Hornem) Fr.). 10/45. S. geaster Fr.
10/44, 11/44. S. verrucosum (Vaill.) Pers. [188-9], 8/46.

AGARICALES.

Pluteus cervinus (Scliaeff.) Fr. [82], 10/42, 10/44; near Bayfield Pond, 10/45.
Lepiota procera (Scop.) Fr. 10/44; [893], 10/45. L. rhacocles (Yitt.) Fr. [48], 10/42;

[457], 10/44. L. granulosa (Batscli.) Fr. [82], 10/42.

Psalliota campestris (L.) Fr. 9/42; edge of Hollow Path [67], 9/45. P. sylvatica
(Scliaeff.) Fr. 10/44.

Amanitopsis naginata (Bull.) Roze. 9/42; S.E. Wd., Central Wd., 9/46. A Julva
(Scliaeff.) W. G. Sm. [836], 8/43; S.E. Wd., 9/46.

Amanita mappa (Batscli.) Fr. [67], 10/44; 8/45; edge of Hollow Path [67], 9/45:
S.E. Wd., 10/45; S.E. Wd., Central Wd., 9/46. A. muscaria (L.) Fr. Under-
old birch [283], 11/41; a few among birches [611], 11/44; a few [594], 10/45:
S.E. Wd , 9/46. A. pantlierina (DC.) Fr. S.E. Wd., 9/46. A. rubescens
(Pers.) Fr. 10/44, 6/45; S.E, Wd., Hollow Wd., 10/45; S.E, Wd., 9/46.
Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) Fr. 10/44, 10/45. var. taPescens (Scop.) Rea (=.4. tabes-
cens Bres.). 10/44.

Plioliota praecox (Pers.) Fr. 5/45. P. spectabilis Fr. 10/44; Central Wd., 9/46.
Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt.) Fr. Frequent, 10/45, 11/46. S. semiglobata
(Batsch.) Fr. 10/44; abundant near Bayfield Pond, 10/45, 2/46.

Cortinarius elation Fr. 9/46. C. ochroleucus (Scliaeff.) Fr. 10/44. C. cinnamo-
meus (L.) Fr. 10/44, 9/46. C. hemitrichus Fr. 10/44. C. rigidus (Scop.)
Fr. 10/44. C. ? castaneus (Bull.) FT. 10/44. C. bicolor Cooke. 10/44.
Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) FT. Edge of Hollow Path [67], 9/45.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

85

Tricholoma sejunctum (Sow.) Fr. Central Wd., 9/46. T. fulvum (DC.) Fr. ( =
flavobrunneum Fr.). S.E. Wd, 10/44, 9/46. T. albobrunneum (Pers.) Fr.
Frequent, 10/44. T. rutilans (Schaeff.) Fr. 10/44. T. terreum (Schaeff.) Fr.
10/44. T. saponaceum Fr. 10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46. T. sulfureum. (Bull.) Fr.
10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46. T . personatum Fr. 10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46. T. nudum
(Bull.) Fr. Common, 10/44; Central Wd. (frequent), S.E. Wd., 10/45, 11/45.
Entoloma lividum (Bull.) Fr. S.E. Wd.; many under oak, Central Wd., 9/46.

E. jubatum Fr. 10/44. E. clypeatum (L.) Fr. 10/44.

Hebeloma fastibile Fr. 10/44. II. glutinosum (Lindg.) Fr. 10/44. H. meso-
phaeum Ft. 10/44. H. crustuliniforme (Bull.) Fr. 5/45.

Hypholoma sublateritium (Schaeff.) FT. 10/44; 3/45. H. fascicular e (Huds.) Fr.
10/44, 10/45; S.E. Wd., Central Wd., 9/46. II. velutinum (Pers.) Fr. 9/46.
H. appendiculatum (Bull.) Fr. 6/45. H. liydrophilum (Bull.) Fr. [82],

10/42, frequent 10/44; 10/45; 9/46.

Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch.) Fr. 10/44; frequent, S.E. Wd., 10/45; 11/45; S.E. Wd.,
9/46. C. clavipes (Pers.) Fr. 10/44. C. cerussata Fr. 10/44; Central Wd.,
9/46. C. dealbata (Sow.) FT. S.E. Wd., 9/46. C. infundibuliformis
(Schaeff.) Fr. S.E. Wd., 9/46. C. flaccida (Sow.) Fr. 10/44, 10/45; Central
Wd., 9/46. C. cyathiformis (Bull.) Fr. [672], 11/41. S.E. Wd., abundant,
and near Bayfield Pond, 10/45. C. expallens (Pers.) Fr. 10/44, 10/45. C.
suaveolens (Schum.) Fr. 10/44. C. brumalis Fr. 10/44, 10/45. C. metachroa
(Fr.) Berk. Common, 10/44. C. ? vibecina (Fr.). 10/44.

Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Berk. & Br. Common, 10/44; 7/45, 8/45, 9/45; abundant,
10/45; in profusion, S.E. Wd., Central Wd., 9/46. var. amethystina (Vaill.)
B. & Br. 10/44; [67], 9/45; S.E. Wd., frequent, and near Bayfield Pond, 10/45;
in profusion, S.E. Wd., Central Wd., 9/46.

Hygrophorus olivaceo-albus Fr. 10/45. H. pratensis (Pers.) Fr. Common, 10/44;
10/45; S.E. Wd., 9/46. H. vivgineu.s (Wulf.) Fr. 10/42; 10/44; frequent,

10/45. II. niveus (Scop.) Fr. Common, 10/44. H. laetus (Pers.) Fr. 10/45;
Central Plain, 10/46. H. ceraceus (Wulf.) Fr. S.E. Wd., 9/46. II. coccineus
(Schaeff.) Fr. 10/44. H. puniceus Fr. 10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46. II. nigrescens
Quel (=H. puniceus var. nigrescens (Quel) Massee). [873], 9/45. H. psitta-
cinus (Schaeff.) Fr. 9/46. H. unguinosus Fr. Near Bayfield Pond, 10/4®.
Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.) Fr. 10/44.

Collybia radicata (Reth.) Berk. 10/45, 9/46. C. maculata (A. & S.) Fr. 10/44;
frequent, 10/45; 9/46. C. butyracea (Bull.) Fr. Very common, 10/44; fre¬
quent, 10/45; S.E, Wd., 9/46. C. tuberosci (Bull.) Fr. 10/44.

Leptonia lampropus Fr. JO/44.

Psilocybe encaea (Pers.) Fr. 10/44.

Panaeolus campanulatus (L.) Fr. Near Bayfield Pond, 10/45; in grass at edge of
Central Wd., 9/46.

Mycena pura (Pers.) Fr. 10/44, 10/45; S.E. Wd., 9/46. M. flavo-alba Fr. 10/44.
M. lactea (Pers.) Fr. [587], 11/41. M. galericulata (Scop.) Fr. [587], 11/41;
10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46. M. polygramma (Bull.) Fr. [587], 11/41; 10/44, 10/45;
S.E. Wd., 9/46. M. inclinata Fr. 10/44. M. metala Fr. 10/44. M. vitilis
Fr. 10/44. M. sanguinolenta (A. & S.) Fr. 10/44, 10/45, M. galopus (Pers.)
Fr. Very common, 10/44; 10/45. var. alba FI. Dan. 10/44, 10/45. var.
nigra FI. Dan. 10/44. M. vulgaris (Pers.) Fr. 10/44.

Galera tenera (Schaeff.) Fr. 5/45. G. hypnonim (Schrank.) Fr. 11/44.
Psathyrella gracilis Fr. 10/44, 10/45. P. crenata (Lasch.) Fr. 5/45.

Omphalia fibula (Bull.) Fr. Near Bayfield Pond (with var. Swartzii Fr.), 10/45.
Tubaria furfuracea (Pers.) W. G. Sm. 10/44.

Pleurotus corticatus Fr. 10/44. P. palmalus (Bull.) Quel. ( = Crepidotus palmatus
(Bull.) Gill.). On Populus tremula L. [55], 10/44. P. sapidus Schulz. On
Salix trunk, 10/44. P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr. On Salix fragilis L. trunk,
Bayfield Pond, 10/44; 10/45.

Claudopus variabilis (Pers.) W. G. Sm. Common, 10/44.

Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff.) Fr. Frequent, Hollow and S.E. Wds., 10/45; on
stump [584], 1/46; S.E. Wd., 9/46.

86

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Russula nigricans (Bull.) Fr. Frequent, 10/44; Central Wd., 8/45; frequent, 9/46.
R. lepida Fr. 6/45; S.E. Wd., 9/46. R. azurea Bres. 10/44. R. cyano-
xantha (Schaeff.) Fr. 10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46. R. heterophylla Fr. 10/44.

R. foetens (Pers.) Fr. 10/44. R. ochroleuca (Pers.) Fr. 10/44; S.E. Wd.,
Central Wd., 9/46. R. drimeia Cooke. 10/44 R. fragilis (Pers.) Fr. 10/44.
9/46. R. atropurpurea (Krombh.) Maire (=R. rubra Cooke). 10/44; S.E.
Wd., Central Wd., 9/46. R. vesca. 8/45.

Lactarius turpis (Weinm.) Fr. Frequent, 10/44; S.E, Wd., 9/46. L. pyrogcilus

(Bull.) FT. 9/46. L. vellereus. Abundant by Hollow Path [67], 10/42 and

10/44. Central Wd., Hill House Wd., 8/45; abundant, S.E. Wd., Central
Wd.. 9/46. L. quietus Fr. Frequent, 10/44; S.E. Wd., 10/45; S.E. Wd., Cen¬
tral Wd., 9/46. L. vietus Fr. 10/44. L. glyciosmus Fr. 10/45; S.E, Wd.,

Central Wd., 9/46, L. serifluus (DC.) Fr. 10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46. L. sub-
dulcis (Pers.) Fr. Frequent, 10/44; 9/46

Rolbitius fragilis (L.) Fr. Frequent, Central Plain, 10/45; 10/46.

Coprinus comatus (FI. Dan.) FT. Central Plain, 10/45. C. plicatilis (Curt.) Fr.
[85], 10/45.

Marasmius oreades (Bolt.) Fr. 9/42, 10/44 , 5/45; in grass, edge of Central Wd.,
9/46. M. erytliropus (Pers.) Fr. 10/44. M. dryophilus (Bull.) Karst. ( =
Colly bia dryophila (Fr.) Quel.) 10/44; frequent, 10/45. M. ramealis (Bull.)
FT. 10/44, 10/45; in profusion on branch of living Mains pumila Mill ( =
Pyrus mcilus L, p.p.), 9/46.

Androsaceus androsaceus (L.) Pat. 10/44.

Panus stipticus (Bull.) Fr. [868], S.E. Wd., 2/46.

Nyctalis asteropliora Fr. On Russula nigricans (Bull.) Fr., locally frequent in
Central Wd. [53], 9/42; Central Wd., 8/45; occasional, Central Wd., 9/46.

Cantharellus cibarius Fr. [839], 8/42; 10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46.

Paxillus involutus (Batsch.) Fr. S.E. Wd., 10/45.

Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Fr. 11/44.

. Boletus badius Fr. 10/44, 6/45, 8/45, 10/45. B. bovinus (L.) Fr. 10/44. B. albi-
dus (Roques) Quel. [584], under oak, 8/45. B. versipellis Fr. [82], 10/42:
10/44. B. scciber (Bull.) Fr. 10/44; edge of Hollow Path [67], 9/45; 10/45:

S. E. Wd., Central Wd., 9/46.

APHYLLOPHORALES.

Polyporus giganteus (Pers.) Fr. 10/45. P. adustus (Willd.) Fr. 10/44; on hazel,
2/45. P. caesius (Scbrad.) Fr. 10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46.

Ganoderma applanatus (Pers.) Pat. 10/45; Central Wd., 9/46.

Poria vulgaris FT. 10/44. P. vaporaria (Pers.). 9/46.

Polystictus versicolor (L.) FT. Common, 10/44, 10/45; S.E. Wd., Central Wd., 9/46.
Irpex obliquus (Schrad.) Fr. 10/44.

Lenzites betulina (L.) Fr. S.E. Wd. [868], 2/46.

Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. 10/44. T. rubescens (A. & S.) Fr. 10/44; Hollow
Wd., on dead willows, S.E. Wd., 10/45; Central Wd., 9/46.

Daedalea quercina (L.) Fr. [281], 6/42; [643], 2/43; [517], 4/43; 10/44, 10/45: on
hazel, 1/46; S.E. Wd., 9/46.

Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr. 10/44.

Phlebia merismoides FT. 10/44.

Hydnurn repandum (L.) FT. 9/46.

Grandinia farinacea (Pers.) Bourd. & Gatz. 11/44. G. helvetica (Pers.) Fr. 11/44.
Phyllacteria terrestris (Ehrli.) Big. & Guill. ( = Thelephora laciniata (Pers.) Fr.)
S.E. Wd., 9/46.

Stereum spadiceum FT. ( =gausopatum Fr.). On oak branch, 11/44. S. rugosum
(Pers.) Fr. S.E. Wd., 9/46. S. hirsutum. Near Bayfield Pond, 10/45; 9/46.
Hymenochaete corrugata (FT.) Lev. On dead hazel branch, n/44.

Corticium comedens (Nees) Fr. 10/44. C. confine Bourd. & Gatz. 10/44.
Peniophora setigera (Fr.) Bres. 10/44. P. quercina (Pers.) Cooke. On dead oak
branches, 11/44.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

87

Clavaria cinerea (Bull.) Fr. S.E. Wd, 9/46 C. cristata (Holmsk.) Fr. S.E. Wd.,
9/46. C. rugosa (Bull.) Fr. S.E. Wd., 9/46. C. kuntzei Fr. 9/46. C. flaccida
Fr. 10/45. C. rosea (Dalman) Fr. On ground at base of elm, Station
Copse, S/46. C. fusiformis (Sow.) Fr. Near Bayfield Pond, 10/45; 9/46.
C. luteo-alba Rea. Among dead leaves, 11/44. C. inequalis (Mull.) Quel.
[867], 10/44; 11/44, 10/45; S.E. Wd., 9/46
Pistillaria sp. On dead Equisetam, 11/44.

AUR ICUL A RIALES .

Auricularia [. Eimeola ] auHcularjudae (L.) Seliroet. On elder [28], 6/42; on dead
branch [559], 1/46.

TREMELLALES.

Tremella mesenterica (Ritz.) Fr. [37], 11/44; 1/46.

Exiclia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr. 10/44. [682] on log, 2/46

CALOCERALES-

Dacromyces deliquescens (Bull.) Duby. Common, 10/44.

Ascomycetae,

DISCOMYCETES,

Peziza aurantia Pers. On bomb-crater [867], 10/44: edge of Rydall Path [37], 11/44.
P. umbrina Boud. 10/44. P. badia Pers 11/45. P. violascens Cooke. 9/42.
P. onotica Pers., 9/46.

Phialea flrma (Pers.) Gill. On fallen oak-twigs, 10/44.

Dasyscypha Virginia (Batsch.) Fckl. On rotten wood, 10/44.

Tapesia aurelia (Pers.). Dead oak-twigs, 11/44.

Mollisia cinerea (Batsch.) Karst. Abundant on rotten oak-wood, 2/45.

Helotium herbarum (Pers.). On dead Urtica dioica L., 11/44.

Bulgaria inquinans (Pers.) Fr. 10/44; on dead branch [559], 1/46.

Helvella crispa Fr. S.E. Wd. [839], 10/44; S.E. Wd., 9/46.

Leotia lubrica Fr. S.E. Wd., locally abundant Central Wd., 9/46.

PYRENOMYC E T E S .

X ylaria polymorpha Grev. S.E. Wd., 9/46. X. hypoxylon Grev. Abundant on
stumps [672, 587], 11/41; common, 10/44; 2/45; S.E. Wd., Central Wd., 9/46.

Myxomycetes (Mycetozoa).

Physarum nutans Pers. S.E. Wd., Central Wd., 9/46.

Craterium minutum Fr. On dead Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, 11/44.
Leocarpus fragilis Rost. On moss [587], 11/41; on grass [839], 10/44.

Didymium nigHpes Fr. On dead bark, 11/44.

Mucilago spongiosa Morgan. Locally abundant on crass near edge of wood
[944], 10/45.

Stemonitis fusca Roth. S.E. Wd., 9/46.

Comatricha nigra Schroet. 11/44.

Arcyria incarnata Pers. On dead Pteridium aquilinum. (L.) Kuhn, 11/44.

The Malaeodermata and Phytophaga of Bookham Common*

By Alan M. Easton, M.B., B.S., F.R.E.S,

In enumerating the Ooleoptera of Bookham Common, the two Sub¬
orders Malaeodermata and Phytophaga follow naturally, if not in ac¬
cordance witli systematic classification, upon the B hy nchopho ra ( Lond .
IS at., No. 25 (1946), 56-63), by virtue of their occurrence in similar
situations, being taken for the most part by sweeping or beating t'he
herbage, bushes, and trees, so that the collector of the one Sub-order is
inevitably brought into close contact with the others.

88

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

As with the weevils, it is the distribution of the plants, itself con¬
trolled by factors of soil, elevation, etc., which to a very large extent
determines the distribution on the Common of the species comprising
these two Sub-orders. Ecological factors, in addition to that of the
presence, or absence, of host-plant, are however of great importance,
as is stressed by the case of Hermaeophaga mercurialis F. This beetle,
so very abundant on Mercurialis perennis L. as it occurs on the Chalk
of the North Downs, scarcely two miles distant, is apparently totally
absent from the large areas of this plant which thrive in the damp woods
growing on the London Clay of Bookham Common. An interesting
example of the effect, in this instance not unhappy, on the coleopterous
fauna, brought about by man’s activities, was provided in the South-
East Wood. Here, on either side of the Common Road, following the
military occupation during the war, various small cleared sites were
quickly overgrown with plants typical of any waste ground. Several
of these areas, of appreciable size, were almost covered in 1944 with a
fine and unadulterated crop of Cardamine hirsuta L., which provided
sanctuary to a surprising number and variety of beetles, but particu¬
larly of the genus Phyllotreta Steph., of which on 30th April 1944 no
fewer than seventy-seven individuals, comprising seven species, were
swept within a few minutes. With each succeeding year the predomin¬
ance of the hairy bittercress over other plants has been less marked, and
the numbers of Coleoptera, have diminished proportionately.

The following lists conform to the plan adopted with the Rhyndho-
phora, in that months of capture are indicated by Roman figures, mode
of capture and usual habitat are given, and in the case of the rarer
or more local species the locality is stated either by name or by bracketed
numerals corresponding with the grid references of the Survey Base
Map. Of the Malacodermata thirty-six species are listed, of the Phvto-
phaga ninety-five, representing in each case about- two-fifths of the total
species of the British Isles, much as was found to be the proportion in
the case of the Rhynchophora. The details refer solely to the personal
experience of the writer at intervals during the last ten years, except in
the case of those species marked with an asterisk, or double asterisk,
which he has not himself taken. The former (*) are quoted, by kind
permission, from Mr F. J. Coulson’s “ Coleoptera of Bookham Com¬
mon ” ( Proc . S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc.3 1941-42), and the
latter (**) are derived from various sources by personal communication.

The writer gratefully acknowledges much help so readily given by
Mr F. J. Coulson, Mr L. G. Payne, and others, including Dr F. van
Emden who kindly determined all larvae to which reference is made.

Oasciilidae.

*Helodes minuta L. Mr F. J. Coulson took one specimen, June 5, 1935.

Microcara testacea L. VI, VII. By beating birch, elm, and blackthorn; not
common. A larva, apparently of this species, taken in flood-refuse from
the Isle of Wight Pond, Apr. l, 1941.

Cyphon payhulli Gu. VII. One example taken by sweeping in a damp
locality.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

89

C. ochraceus Steph. IV, V, VI, VII, VIII. Common, by beating hawthorn and
dogwood, and by sweeping*.

C. padi L. V, VI. One by beating hawthorn, and one on an oak stump.
*Scirtes hemisphericus L. Two specimens in the Asbdown collection dated
July 1916 and July 1917.

Lycidae.

~**Platycis minatus F. Mr L. G. Payne records having encountered a pair of
this beetle in cop. on the trunk of a willow overhanging Kelsey’s Pond,
Sept. 12, 1943.

Lampyridae.

Lampyris noctiluca L. There appears to be no record of the capture of the
adult beetle on the Common, but the larva has been found under a log,
and in hay refuse, II, XI, XII. About a dozen dead males were found
entangled in a cobweb on the wall of a house less than a hundred
yards from that part of the Common south of the tunnel; and a live
male was taken in a house not twenty yards from the Common, Julv 10,
1938.

Cantharidae,

Cantliaris rustica Fall. V, VI. By beating hawthorn, and by sweeping Rumex
acetosella L. and Stellaida holostea L.; not uncommon.

C. livida L. V. By beating hawthorn; common.

C. pellucida F. V, VI. Common; by beating hawdhorn and white poplar, also
by sweeping Rumex acetosella L. and Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.

C. nigricans Ml. V, VI. By beating hawthorn, and various trees, and on
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.; not uncommon.

C. rufa L. VI, VII. Not uncommon; by beating elm and dogwood.

"C. figurata Marsh. Mr F. J. Coulson has taken this species not infrequently
on hawthorn blossoms near the ponds in June.

C. pallida Goez. V, VI. Not uncommon; on hawthorn, dogwmod and E guise-
turn. One male was dissected and found to belong to Type B as de-
described by Mr G. H. Ashe ( E.M.M. , 82, (1946) 138).

C. fulvicollis F. VI, VII. Somewhat common; by sweeping around Lower
Eastern Pond, especially on Potentilla anserina L.; also on Yicia cracca
L. and Trifolium repens L. Ab. flavilabris Fall, also occurs.

C. bicolor Hbst. VII. Not uncommon; by sweeping, especially around the
Lower Eastern Pond.

Metacan tharis haemoii'hoidalis F. V. Common; by beating hawthorn.

Rhagonycha lutea Ml. VI. On dogwood; not uncommon.

R. fulva Scop. VII, VIII. Very abundant on Umbelliferae and other flowers.

R. limbata Th. V, VI, VII. Common; by beating hazel, hawthorn and sallow.

R. lignosa Ml. V, VI. By beating hawthorn; common.

Malthinus flaveolus Payk. VI. Not uncommon; by beating dogwood.

M. fasciatus 01. VI, VII. Very common; on hawthorn and dogwood.

M. balteatus Suff. VII. Not uncommon; on sallow, birch, hazel, hornbeam,
and particularly dogwood.

Malthodes marginatus Latr. V, VI. On ash and hawthorn; common.

M. minimus L. VI, VII. Very abundant; on hawthorn, sallow, bracken, elder
and dog-rose.

M. pumilus Brb. VI. One example by sweeping Sisymbrium officinale Scop,
on the part of the Common south of the tunnel.

Malachius bipustulatus L. V, VII. Common, especially by beating* hawthorn.
Larvae of a Malachius species, probably bipustulatus L., occur not un¬
commonly in squirrels’ dreys.

M. marginellus 01. VI, VII. By sweeping Potentilla anserina L. and Matri¬
caria, and on Heracleum sphondylium L. ; not common.

Anthocomus fasciatus L. VI. On brambles, and Heracleum sphondylium L.;
rare.

Dasytes aerosus Kies. V, VI, VII. Abundant on hawthorn, and on oak.

90

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Phloeophilus edwardsi Steph. I. One specimen in a squirrel’s drey in an
oak-tree.

Cleridae.

Opilo mollis L. V. One example by beating elm (482).

Necrobia violaceci L. X. One specimen in Equisetum refuse, Isle of Wight
Pond.

Corynetes coerulens De G. V. Two examples by beating sallow (571).

Bruchidae.

Bmchus ruftmanus Bob. V, VI. Not common; by beating hawthorn, and one
specimen by sweeping Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.

B. atomarius L. IV, V, VI. Not uncommon; by beating hawthorn. One
specimen by sweeping Mercurialis perennis L. The colour of the lege
and base of the antennae varies very much causing difficulty and con¬
fusion in determination of this species.

B. loti Payk. V, VI, VII, VIII. By beating hawthorn and by general sweep¬
ing; common.

B. villosus F. V. One example by beating hawthorn.

Chrysomelidae.

Orsoclacne lineola Panz. V. Very abundant, including the variety humeralis
Latr., on hawthorns near Hundred Pound Bridge.

Donacia versicolored Brahm. VII. One example by beating sallow at the
Isle of Wight Pond.

*D. thalassina Germ. There are a few specimens in the collection of the late
Mr S. R. Ashby, taken in May and June 1916 and 1918.

D. simplex F. IV. Two taken by sweeping Equisetum.

*D. vulgaris Zach. Mr F. J. Coulson swept one specimen from aquatic plants,
May 23, 1930.

Zeugophora subspinosa F. VI, VII. Moderately common on young aspens.

Lema puncticollis Curt. VII, VIII, X. Common; by sweeping Potentilla an-
serina L., Lotus corniculatus L. and Ulex minor Roth, and by general
sweeping.

L. lichenis Voet. VI, VII, VIII. Common; by sweeping Equisetum, Prunella
vulgaris L., and generally around the Lower Eastern Pond.

L. melanopa L. IV, VIII, IX. By sweeping grass and reeds; common.

Cryptocephalus aureolas Suffr. VI. One specimen taken in a buttercup

flower.

C. fulvus Goez. VII. By sweeping in the north-western corner of the Com¬

mon; not common.

C. pusillus F. VII, VIII. Not very common; by general sweeping, and on
Mercurialis perennis L.

C. labicitus L. VII. By beating sallow; not common.

Chrysomelci polita L. Ill, IV, VII. By sweeping Mentha, and by general
sweeping, especially in damp localities: one specimen found hibernat¬
ing in moss on a culvert; common.

*C. varians Schall. Said to be represented in the collection of the late Mr
S .R. Ashby.

C. hyperici F'orst. VIII. One example taken by sweeping the grass around
the edge of a very large puddle following heavy rain.

Melasoma populi L. VI, VIII. Not uncommon; on young aspens.

M. tremuiae F. VI. Much less common than the last species; a few taken on

young aspens (625).

Phytodecta mfipes De G. VI, VII. On aspen; common.

P. viminalis' L. V, VI. Abundant; by beating sallows.

*P. olivacea Forst. Mr F. J. Coulson took one specimen, May 27, 1929, although
its host-plant, broom, does not appear to occur on the Common.

Gastroiclea polygoni L. V, VII. By beating holly and blackthorn, and by
sweeping Matricaria-, not common.

THE SERVE Y OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

91

Plagiodera versicolora Laicli. VII. One specimen by beating- willow beside
Bayfield Pond.

Phaedon tumidulus Germ. IV, XII. By sweeping- Alliaria petiolata Cav. <fc
Grande, and several individuals in hay refuse in December

P. ai'moraciae L. II, VI, VII, VIII. Very common; by sweeping Equisetum,
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. and generally in damp localities; frequently
taken crawling on the mud of dried-up ponds; hibernating in Typha
stems.

P. cochleariae F. II, IV, V, VI, X. Common; by general sweeping, by flood
sweeping, and on Nasturtium officinale R. Br. ; hibernating with the
above species in stems of Typlia latifolia L.

Phyllodecta laticollis Sn. VI. By beating aspen; uncommon.

P. vitellinae L. VI, VII. Commoner than the last, but never abundant; by
beating aspen.

Hydrothassa aucta F. VII. By sweeping Equisetum-, not common.

*Prasocuris fund Bm. One specimen swept from aquatic plants by Mr F. J.
Coulson, May 27, 1929.

P . pliellandrii L. II, IV, VII. X. Common; by sweeping Equisetum , at roots
of water plants, in flood refuse on the ditch running from the Isle of
Wight Pond, and hibernating in stems of Typha latifolia L.

Lupems longicornis F. V, VI, VII. Common, by beating dogwood, dog-rose
and birch, and by general sweeping: also taken on the wing in the
evening.

Loclimaeci capreae L. VI, VII, IX. Very abundant on sallows, and by sweep¬
ing, around the Lower Eastern Pond.

L. suturalis Th. IV. By beating birch and by sweeping; not very common.

L. crataegi Forst. Ill, IV, V, VII. Very common on hawthorn.

* Galerucella sagittariae Gyll. Two specimens swept by Mr F. J. Coulson,
Aug. 6, 1940.

G. lineola F. VI, VII, VIII. Common, by beating sallow, and by sweeping,
around the Lower Eastern Pond.

G. tenella L, IV, V, VIII. By sweeping around the Lower Eastern Pond: not
uncommon. Three specimens taken in the nests of field-voles.

Sermyla halensis L. VII, VIII, X. Very common on Ulex minor Roth, by
general sweeping in the Western Plain, and on Stachys officinalis Trev.

Longitarsus parvulus Pk. IV, V. One by sweeping Alliaria petiolata Cav. &
Grande, also by sweeping dock and by beating hawthorn; not common.

L. holsaticus L. IV, V, VI. Chiefly on and about Pedicularis sylvatica L.;
also taken by sweeping Equisetum, on the muddy bed of a dried pond,
and one in a field-vole’s nest.

L. luridus Scop. IV, VI, VII. VIII, IX. Very common; taken chiefly by
g'eneral sweeping, and in some numbers by flood-sweeping; abundant
on Succisa pratensis Moench.

L. rubiginosus Foud. IX. Three specimens by sweeping Lamium album L.
and Stachys sylvatica L., Fetcham Common.

L. suturellus Duft. VII, X. By general sweeping on the Western Plain; not
common.

L. atricillus L. VI. A solitary specimen by sweeping Stellaria holostea L.,
(764).

L. melanocephalus De G. IX. Two examples taken by general sweeping.

L. jacobaeae Wat. VII, VIII, IX. By general sweeping, and on Senecio jaco-
baea L. ; infrequent.

**L. lycopi Foud. Mr F. J. Coulson took two on June 16, 1941: these he kindly
sent to me, and the determination has been confirmed by Mr A. A.
Allen.

L. pratensis Panz. V. Not common; on Viola canina L. (188) and by sweep¬
ing Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.

L. succineus Foud. VII. By sweeping Vicia cracca L.; uncommon.

Haltica oleracea L. VII. Not uncommon; by sweeping Epilobium hirsutum
L., Equisetum , and generally in damp localities.

92

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

II. pusilla Duft. V, VI, VIII, IX. By general sweeping in damp localities;
probably less frequent than its congener.

Hermaeophaga mer curtails F. V. A single specimen by beating reeds on the
bank of Bookbam Stream, near Hundred Pound Bridge. This species
which is so very common on the Chalk of the North Downs does not
appear to be resident on the Common, as the Mercurialis perennis L.
has been swept unsuccessfully for it on many occasions.

Phyllotreta noclicornis Marsh. IV, V. By sweeping* Carclamine hirsuta L.,
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. and Nasturtium oflicinale R. Br. ; not very
common.

P. nigripes F. I, III, IV, V. Common; by general sweeping; twice taken
hibernating in dreys high up in oaks.

P. consobrina Ct. IV, V. Five specimens by sweeping Cardamine hirsuta L.,
(865), Apr. 30, 1944; also on Alliaria petiolata Cav. & Grande and haw¬
thorn.

P. diademata Foud. IV, V, VII. One specimen by sweeping Cardamine hir¬
suta L., (865), Apr. 30, 1944; two on another occasion and one on Nas¬
turtium.

P. atra F. IV, V, XI. Three examples by sweeping Cardamine hirsuta L.,
(865), Apr. 30, 1944; also on AUiaria petiolata Cav. & Grande and two
in moss on an oak stump in November.

P. cruciferae Goez. IV, V, VI. Very common; on Cardamine hirsuta L.,
twenty-nine being taken on Apr. 30, 1944, with the above species.

P. vittula Redt. IV, V, VIII. Not very common; by sweeping* Cardamine hir¬
suta L., and on birch.

P. undulata Ruts. Ill, IV, A7, VI, VII. Thirteen specimens from Cardamine
hirsuta L., on Apr. 30, 1944; also swept from Nasturtium and Mercurialis
perennis L.

P. nemorum L. IV. By sweeping Cardamine hirsuta L. ; not common.

P. ochnpes Curt. IV, V, VI, VII. By sweeping Alliaria petiolata Cav. &
Grande; not very common.

P. tetrastigma Com. IV, V. Common; on Cardamine hirsuta L., twenty-three
specimens being taken on Apr. 30, 1944.

P. exclamationis Tlrunb. I, IV, V. By sweeping Cardamine hirsuta L., three
being included in the bag of Apr. 30, 1944; three specimens hibernating
in stems of Typha latifolia L.

Aphthona lutescens Gyll. A7, ATI, ATII, VIII, IX. A'ery common; by sweeping
around Lower Eastern Pond.

A. venustula Ruts. Ill, IA7, A7, IX. Abundant on Euphorbia amygdaloides L.
(861).

A. cyanella Redt. Ill, I\T, A7. Not common; by sweeping Mercurialis peren¬
nis L., and by beating cherry and I'lex europacus L.

Batophila rubi Payk. VI. A single specimen by sweeping Steilaria holostea
L. (764).

Sphaeroderma testaceum F. VI, VII, IX. On thistles, and by general sweep¬
ing in damp localities. (This is the species with more elongate elytra.)

Apteropeda orbiculata Marsh. IA7, VIII. By beating hawthorn and by sweep¬
ing Gnaphalium uliginosum L. ; not common.

*Mantura rustica L. Taken by the late Mr S. R. Ashby, Apr. 21, 1940.

M. obtusata Gyll. VI, VII. By sweeping grass under trees, in damp localities,
and from Steilaria holostea L.; not very common.

* Lythraria salicariae Payk. Mr F. J. Coulson has twice taken this beetle on
the Common.

Crepidodera transversa Marsh. VI, VII. By sweeping Polentilla anserina L.,
dock, and general sweeping; common.

C. ferruginea Scop. A7II. By flood-sweeping; less common than the above.

Chalcoides aurea Gf. V, VI. By beating white poplar; not uncommon.

C. plutus Latr. ATI. Two specimens by beating willow (765).

C. aurata Marsh. IV, V, VII, IX. Common, by beating sallow.

C. lulvicornis F. IAr, A7, A7I, ATI, IX. By beating* sallow; as common as the
last species.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

93

Hlppnriphila modeeri L. I, II, IV, V, VII, IX, X. Taken very commonly by
sweeping Equisetum ; several Hibernating- in Typha stems.

Chaetocnema concinna Marsh. I, III, IV, Y, VI, VII, VIII, IX. A very abun¬
dant species, always to be had by sweeping around the ponds; one
specimen hibernating in a squirrel’s drey in an oak.

C. confusa Boh. IV, IX. By general sweeping in the Eastern Plain; not at
all uncommon in April.

C. hortensis Fourc. IV, VII, VIII, IX. Common, chiefly by general sweeping;
two specimens in sawdust of freshly felled oak in August.

Psylliodes affinis Payk. V, VI, VII. Abundant; by sweeping Solarium, dul¬
camara L.

P. napi F. IV, V, VI, VII, IX. Common; by general sweeping in woods and
around the ponds, but especially on Cruciferae.

P. dulcamarae Koch. V, VIII, X. Common locally; on Solarium dulcamara L.
especially around the South-East Pond.

Cassida vibex L. VI, VII, VIII, X. On Centaurea nigra L., Stachys palustris
L., and by general sweeping; not uncommon.

C. sanguinolenta Ml. VII, VIII. One specimen by beating sallow, and one
by flood-sweeping.

C. flaveola Thunb. IV, V, VI, VII, X. Somewhat common; by sweeping net¬
tles, Polygonum hydropiper L., grass, etc.

C. rubiginosa Ml. VI, VII, VIII. Common; by sweeping thistles, water mint,
Epilobium hirsutum L., and generally along the stream banks.

The Rh/nchophora of Bookham Common

.ADDITIONS DURING 1946.

By ALAN M. EASTON, M.B., B.S , F.R.E.S.

Curculionidae.

Rhynchites populi L. VI. One specimen beaten from young aspen. (625).

R. cavifrons Gyll. VI. One example in company with the above.

Phyllobius viridiaeris Laich. VI. A single specimen beaten from dogwood.
Micrelus ericae Gyll. VIII. By sweeping Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull; one
specimen.

Ralaninus nucum L. VI. One, in company with Phyllobius viridiaeris Laich.
above.

Magdalis carbonaria L. VI. One example by beating young birch. (62).

Scolytidae.

Hylastes attenuatus Er. VI. A single specimen by sweeping Stellaria holo-
stea L. (764).

94

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The Epping Forest Survey.

FIFTH YEAH.

Contents.

Progress Report

Cynipid Oak Galls and Flies in Epping Forest, by J. Ross

The Hornets of Epping Forest, by D. W. Vere .

The Mammals and Birds of Higliams Park, by D. G. Tucker
The Climate, 1946, by H. Hawkins

PAGE

94

94

99

109

116

Progress Report.

By the Survey Committee.

TOURING 1946 the detailed survey of the Ludgate Plain area has
proceeded vigorously ; the vegetation lias been studied fairly
thoroughly and an accurate vegetation map is almost completed. By
the use of quantitative methods the bird population has been assessed
with a considerable degree of accuracy in respect of all but the rarer
species j our chief cause for regret is that little entomological work has
been done on this area. The continued enthusiasm of the working
nucleus of about eight members has been very encouraging.

In addition to this team-work, members have carried out a good
deal of individual specialized investigation in the Forest, and the re¬
sults of some of this are collected in the series of special reports of which
this year's “ Survey ” is composed.

D. G. Tucker, Survey Secretary.

Cynipid Oak Galls and Flies in Epping Forest.

By J. Ross,

In January 1901 Mr E. J. Lewis, F.L.S., F.E.S., read a. paper to
the Essex Field Club entitled “ Oak Galls and Gall Insects (Cynipidae)
of Epping Forest ” ; it treated the subject admirably and exhaustively.
The English edition of Dr Herman Adler’s work, “ Alternating Gene¬
rations: A Biological Study of Oak Galls and Gall Flies,’' translated
and edited by C. R. Straton, F.R.C.S., F.E.S., had been published in
1894, and Mr Lewis was well acquainted with that book, and with
Cameron’s “ British Phytophagous Hymenoptera,” Vol. IV, 1893.

Mr Lewis’s researches were made in the part of the Forest between
Chingford and High Beech, and are of particular interest to me, as,
being resident at Chingford, I am most familiar with the adjacent part
of the Forest. I have been hunting for oak galls more or less con¬
stantly in the past thirty years, and have been breeding and examin-

THE EPPIXG FOREST SURVEY.

95

ing gall flies for over twelve years. As a result, I recognise that the
number of galls of most species that one sees varies considerably from
year to year, and it is difficult to class some species as abundant, com¬
mon or frequent. These oak galls are the homes during the larval and
pupal stages of insects that develop from eggs laid in the buds, leaves
or bark of the trees, but other insects take up their abode in galls and
yet others parasitise the rightful inhabitants. Attacks on galls by
inquiline flies in the case of small galls may lead to the deaths of the
rightful inhabitants, but it is possible that sometimes it is the would-
be intruder that succumbs. The existence of gall insects is thus
threatened by parasites and inquilines, apart from the influences of
weather, in particular late frosts and periods of drought in spring and
early summer, and it is to be expected that fluctuation will occur in
the numbers of galls seen from year to year. I hoped to make a com¬
parison of the present status of oak galls in the Forest with that re¬
corded by Mr Lewis, but on consideration concluded that it would be
inadvisable to attempt this in too great detail. However, it may be
asserted that several galls are distinctly less plentiful than when Mr
Lewis wrote. “ Abundant,” “ extremely common ” and “ very plenti¬
ful ” are terms that cannot now be used without some such qualifica¬
tion as “ locally in some years.” On the other hand I have found
Andricus testaceipes form sieboldi plentiful at times, whereas Mr Lewis
found it uncommon. I have refrained from searching for these sails
in the last two or three years that I might not be tempted to collect
them, as 1 was anxious to observe the alternate generation, and that
my hunting might be directed to other objects.

In this article I have employed the nomenclature I habitually use* ;
it is not that used by Mr Lewis, who wrote at a time' when the present
rules for scientific nomenclature were not commonly observed.

Mr Lewis classed Andrica ostrea as very abundant in the Forest; I
have known it abundant at times in certain areas, and I have known
it scarce ; 1945 in my experience was a year of scarcity, but I was then
giving so little attention to galls of the species that I did not realise
the change until my attention was directed to it. The galls are very
open to attack by other insects, and possibly one should] keep some
galls of this species each year to discover what happens. In October
1933 I collected la rge numbers of ostrea galls in Buckinghamshire, and
bred many inquilines but scarcely any gall flies. For some years after
that ostrea galls were somewhat infrequent. The sexual generation of
ostrea probably was unknown to Mr Lewis, although Cameron men¬
tions it rather casually and perhaps with doubt in his mind. It is
the form furunnulus, which emerges in April or May from an ovoid
or ellipsoid gall in a. bud, is usually attached to the wood, and is
covered by bud scales. Being so covered it is difficult to find, and it
seems to have escaped serious notice until about 1899, when Beyerinck
recorded it. It was accepted as the sexual alternate of ostrea, pos¬
sibly because in both generations the central area of the median seg-

*See Lond. Nat., No. 25 (1946), 31-46.

96

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

ment (metanotmm) is circular, the carinae on either side of this cen¬
tral area being curved instead of straight and more or less parallel as
is usual in the genus. The association of ostrea and furunculus has
been proved by Mr H. J. Burkill by getting one generation to oviposit
and thus to cause the gall from which the succeeding generation
emerged. Galls of furunculus in my experience are not much attacked
by other insects.

Andricus solitarius galls were found to be fairly abundant by Mr
Lewis; I would prefer to say they are casual. Mr M. Niblett in 1944
proved that the sexual generation of solitarius is occultus. That occul-
tus was a fly occurring in Britain was not widely recognised in 1901,
and Mr Lewis does not mention it. Often the galls of occultus are
hidden among the scales of an opening bud,, and frequently the flies
have gone when the galls are found. Prior to 1946 I had found a few
occultus galls in the part of the Forest north, of Epping, but the flies
had gone when these galls were seen. In May 1944 I captured two
female flies of the species on Pear Tree Plain, an area where solitarius
galls have occurred. In April 1946 from a broken bough found at
Hawk’s Mouth I collected about 360 occultus galls, but most of these
showed holes by which the flies had escaped ; inhabited galls, however,
yielded 38 flies. Solitarius galls are severely attacked by parasites and
inquilines, and in breeding a relatively low proportion of galls yields
the gall insect. In 1946 I collected solitarius galls at Hawk’s Mouth and
in Monk Wood, Epping Forest, and in three areas outside Essex; only
one solitarius fly has emerged to date (10.xi.46) and that one was from
a gall found in Monk Wood. From some of the other galls inquilines
and parasites emerged.

It is stated by Mr Lewis that he failed to find galls of Andricus
foecundatrix f. pilosus , although the galls of foecundatrix (the arti¬
choke or hopcone galls) were “ fairly abundant.” I have found pilosus
galls several times in the Forest, but not every year. I have bred the
flies of pilosus , the sexual generation, from Forest galls; one gathering
of these galls made near Hawk Wood House furnished only male flies,
and that this happened indicates the hazard run when attempts are
made to get galls of an agamic generation from oviposition by a sexual
one.

Another gall Mr Lewis said he did not find was Andricus nudus.
This small gall appears on the male catkin, and often has a few hairs
at the apex; Adler, who discovered both generations of the fly, stated
that he chose the name because the gall was “ perfectly bald.” I have
bred flies from nudus galls, but seldom obtained perfect specimens, the
insects often being feeble on emergence and having crumpled wings. I
have also bred flies of the agamic generation, f. malpighii, from galls
collected in the Forest. I think the galls of both generations are rare,
but one must admit that they do not thrust themselves on one’s notice
and that they may be overlooked only too easily.

Some mystery surrounds the gall of Diplolepis divisa f. verrucosa.
Mr Lewis did not find it; I have found only two in thei Forest and

THE EPPING FOREST SURVEY..

97

bred a female fly from one of them. This gall and fly should receive
careful investigation ; the trouble is to get the galls, but Mr Burkill
has obtained them on a young oak following oviposition by divisa. I
consider cDivisa local but widespread in the Forest, and at times and
places the galls are common; this fly in its sexual generation appears to
prefer young oaks when laying its eggs in the leaves, but searching trees
on which divisa galls have been found for galls of verrucosa • lias met
with no success. My Forest galls of verrucosa came from young trees,
but further intensive hunting in the immediate neighbourhood was
fruitless.*

So far I have failed to find galls of Andricus* guercus corticis f. gem-
matus, which Mr Lewis said were common. I have also failed to find
Diplolepis agama, which is recorded' by Mr Lewis as being more fre¬
quent than divisa. Nor have I seen Diplolepis longiventns f. substi-
tuta (syn. similis) in the Forest; Mr Lewis said he found “ only a
few.” I have seen but few longiventris galls in the Forest, and have
not bred gall flies from them. After a period of prolonged scarcity
Diplolepis guercus folii and the f. taschenbergi, which Mr Lewis stated
were very plentiful, have now become less uncommon ; in one area in
1945 folii galls were plentiful, and on one tree were abundant ; 1 have
never seen taschenbergi common in the Forest, but may yet live to do so.

If it is recognised that galls fluctuate in numbers from time to time,
it is probable that the four spangle-causing species of Neuroterus occur
much as they did round about 1900. With the exception of N. guercus
baccarwm, the galls seen in the spring, are less numerous than those
seen in the autumn. Mr Lewis only obtained a few specimens, of N.
tricolor. I consider these galls locally plentiful in most years on the
tender leaves of young trees, but a proportion does not mature fully
or is very slow to mature ; although furnished with long white hairs,
the galls are attacked by other insects, and it is useless to collect them
in an early stage if the object is to breed the flies. The statement of
Air Lewis that he had occasiona lv found galls of fumipennis (the aga¬
mic alternate of tricolor) with the three other spangle galls and those
of A. ostrea and of Trigonaspis megaptera f. renum on the back of the
same leaf surprised me ; l consider that it implies a very great abundance
of galls, and while I have found the three spangle galls and ostrea galls
on leaves on the first growth of the twig, I look for fumipennis and
renum galls on the more tender leaves on the second growth of the
twig and on the leaves of small oaks a foot or less in height. Tender
leaves on. the second growth of twig are liable to attacks of mildew.

Galls of Neuroterus aprilinus were not found by Air Lewis until the
flies had left them. In early seasons T have seen these galls in the last
two days of March., and as soon as oak buds give signs of bursting they
may be sought. The flies are quick to emerge. Some Continental
authorities regard N. s chi echt endali as the agamic alternate of
aprilinus, but as the sexual generation conies out in April and Alay

*A third vemrucosa gall, of a deep red-purple colour, was found on May 7, 1947,

and a female gall fly bred from it.

98

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

and the galls of s clde clitendali appear on the male catkins in May and
June, the association needs very full verification. Mr Lewis recorded
galls of schlechtendali on two trees only; I have been more fortunate
and have found them in several parts of the Forest. They may occur
in hundreds on the catkins of one tree. Mr Lewis was unable to breed
the flies but said they emerged in July of the second year. I have bred
them in July and August of the first and second years.

I consider the galls of Andrieus callidoma and its f. cirratus rare
in the Forest; I doubt if I had seen cirratus galls there since the early
years of my hunting, until April 1946, when the broken bough which
bore nccultus galls also had those of cirratus • I found other cirratus galls
close by and bred about forty insects, a. relatively small number in pro¬
portion to the probable number of galls. I have failed to breed calli¬
doma flies from Forest galls. Andrieus alb op unctatus is of variable
occurrence and A. quadrilineatus is less often met with than it was
twenty-five years ago ; both these flies were more frequent in Mr Lewis’s
time. In my opinion A. seminationis has been adversely affected by
droughts, and as regards 'Whitehall Plain by a fire. Mr Lewis men¬
tions it as occurring on only a few trees; I have found it on trees bor¬
dering or near four plains in the Forest, and my view is that the flies
favour trees in damp situations ; possibly such trees are later in coming
into leaf and flower, and trees on 'Whitehall Plain may be badly nipped
by late frosts and chilly northerly winds. Mr Lewis found A. quercus
ramuli and f. autumnalis not very common; I think ramuli rare and
have yet to find autumnalis in the Forest. A. curvator and f. collaris
are frequent, whereas Mr Lewis described them as very plentiful. A.
in flat or and f. globuli are infrequent, but Mr Lewis found them common.

Oak apples, the galls of Biorhiza . pallida, are sometimes abundant
locally as everyone knows, and occasionally they are somewhat scarce ;
the alternate apt era, a wingless form, comes out of galls on rootlets and
the galls therefore are seldom seen. Trigonaspis megaptera and its
form renum are frequent locally, and are not now “ very abundant
and “ extremely common ” as in Mr Lewis’s day. Adleria ( Cynips )
kollari is usually plentiful, sometimes abundant on one tree ; Mr Lewis
found it very common.

A list of the Cynipid oak galls found in the Forest follows, those which
Air Lewis recorded but which I have not found are marked by an
asterisk (*) :

Neuroterus quercus baccarum Linne and f. lenticidaris Olivier.

N. albipes Schenck and f. laeviusculus Schk.

AT. numismaUs Fourcroy and f. vesicator Sehlechtendal.

AT. tricolor Hartig and f. fumipennis Htg.

N. avrilinus Giraud.

N. schlechtendali Mayr.

Diplolepis quercus folii L. and f. taschenbergi Schlechtd.

B. longiventris Htg. and *f. substituta Kinsey (syn. similis Htg.).

B. divisa Htg. and f. verrucosa Schlechtd.

*B. agama Htg,

THE EPPIXG FOREST SURVEY.

99

Trigunaspis mega vt era Panzer and f. renum Htg.

Biorhiza pallida 01. and f. apt era Bose.

Adleria (syn. Cynivs ) Icollari Htg.

Andricus testae eipes Htg. and f. siebolcli Htg.

A. quercus radicis Faforicius and f. trilineatus Htg.

A. quercus corticis L. and *f. gemrnatus Adler.

A. foecundatrix Htg. and f. vilosus Adi.

A. ostrea Htg. and f. furunculus Beyerinck.

A. in flat or Htg. and f. globuli Htg.

A. curvator Htg. and f. collaris Htg.

A. callicloma Htg. and f. cirratus Adi.

A. quercus ramuU L. and *f. autumnalis Htg.

A. nudus Adi. and f. malpighii Adi.

A. albopunctatus Schleclitd.

A. seminationis Gir.

A. quad rili neat us Htg.

A. solitarius Fonscolombe and f. occultus Tschek.

Galls of Andricus circulans Mayr, found in buds of Quercus cerris
L. (Turkey Oak), occur in numbers at times in the Forest, but have a
tendency to disappear from trees on which they have been, common;
these galls are not mentioned by Mr Lewis; possibly Q. cerris was much
rarer in the Forest in 1900 than it is now. This fly and gall should
be investigated as there may be an alternate generation. I have re¬
frained from treating of Cynipid flies which are iniquilines of oak galls.

The Hornets of Epping Forest.*

By D. W. Vere.

E impetus which began the wmrk described in this paper was an

article in The Times of 5th September 1944, in which it was stated
that 11 hornets must now be very rare.” The author added that he had
not seen a hornet for more than ten years.

This came as a surprise to some of us, as we knew that hornets existed
in Epping Forest, two of our number having made observations on a
nest in Knighton Wood in 1943, so a band of workers from our school
began to study the general distribution of hornets in the district. When
I was told of this a year later it was decided to do some specialised work
on one particular nest, situated in Lord’s Bushes, Buckliurst Hill.

The conclusions drawn from this early work on distribution were of
no small importance. They showed that hornets (Vespa crabro L.) with¬
out exception never nested either in the heart of the Forest, or at any
great distance from its boundary. The vast majority of Forest nests
were not more than 100 yards from the edge of the wood. This reflects
two needs of the hornet community, the safety of wrooded surroundings
and the food supplies of neighbouring habitations and orchards.

*Paper read to the Chingford Branch, January 1946, and to the Entomological
Section, September 1946.

100

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

It was observed that hornets which did live in fields near the Forest
were noticeably more “nervous” and fierce than those in the Forest,
though unfortunately no statistical determination of these properties
could be made. One nest in open country had only to be approached
for a cloud of hornets to come out and fly around. A friend of mine w*as
once chased for a quarter of a mile by these insects. It was, however,
my good fortune to observe a Forest nest, which in spite of my interfer¬
ence remained indifferent. One explanation of this may be that to the
poor-sighted hornets a human being, while being a conspicuous object in
a field, passes unnoticed among trees. These conclusions were drawn
from a study of ten nests, all around the Forest. The most interesting
find in these early researches was a veritable hornet “ dead city ” con¬
tained in a hollow log. There were alternate layers of vegetable mould
and of remains of dead hornets and their nests. The date of one of the
nests was known, and so the dates of the second and third could be
estimated giving this result : —

3 in. mould.

Layer of dead hornets . nest 1944 (known).

6 in. mould.

Layer of dead hornets . nest 1942 (computed).

12 in. mould.

Layer of dead hornets . nest 1938 (computed).

Refuse to bottom of hole.

Methods of Observation.

1. When I wished to observe one hornet in particular it was painted.
The insect was netted, and then allowed to crawl slowly out of the net.
It was then seized by a pair of forceps and received a spot of paint on
the thorax. Ten insects were thus painted, five red and five green.
The spots of paint were placed in definite positions on the thorax, such
as top left, top right, centre and bottom left and right. A series of
observations was then made on these insects, which seemed none the
worse for their treatment and were observed as they obtained juices
from trees.

2. A table was drawn up, showing hornet comings and goings in the
four paths leading from the nest. The table was made on a wet day,
because the hornet journeys were not so frequent as on a sunny day and
thus were easier to observe. Lines on a sheet of paper represented
minutes, and symbols above and below the lines the number of insects
passing. In twenty minutes 153 insects came to the nest and 138 left.
Similarly, figures were obtained for the four routes to the nest. Two of
The routes were comparatively unfrequented, the remaining two being
distinctly incoming and outgoing routes respectively.

The Six Vital Functions.

Now the work itself must be described and the account covers the
entire cycle of nest life. For our purpose it is convenient to classify
The observations under the headings of the “ six vital functions.”

THE EPPING FOREST SURVEY.

101

Fig1, l.

102

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1. Nutrition. The main foods observed were the juices exuding
from the bark of trees, rotting apples and pears, and the bodies of moths
and butterflies. These last may only have been killed incidentally as
they annoyed the hornets by fluttering around the hornets’ feeding
Diaces. This was once observed to be the case when a Red Admiral

butterfly (Vanessa atalciuta L.) ven¬
tured too near and was killed. Hor¬
nets have been seen feeding on mush¬
rooms at Epping. The woods where
the hornets live may be divided into
two areas. These were known to
us as the dark and light forests.
The predominant vegetation of the
former consists of hornbeams, beeches
and a few oaks with little or no
undergrowth. That of the latter con¬
sists of oaks, bracken, brambles and
dense undergrowth. The hornets
were almost exclusively confined to
the light forest and it is a very signi¬
ficant fact that flux infections of
oaks were similarly confined to this
area, as will appear from later re¬
marks. During the earlier part of
the year the staple food of hornets
was juice exuding from the bark of
oaks and hornbeams in the “ light
forest.” The juice on examination
smelt strongly of cider, the smell
being perceptible on occasion at a dis-
Fi§'- 2. tance of three yards from the tree.

It had the remarkably acid p H value of 3.5. These facts would seem to
indicate an alcohol-acetic acid fermentation. A specimen of a white
slime from which the juice seemed to be coming on microscopic examina¬
tion was seen to consist of much branched and septate threads of a
fungus, and various bacteria. The following identification of the or¬
ganisms concerned was kindly supplied by the authorities at Kew Gar¬
dens : 11 From your description there is no doubt that what you have
observed is the ‘white slime- flux of oak’. This is not a fungus itself,
but consists of an exudate from the tree in which various organisms are
found, both fungi and bacteria. Your slide shows Oospora ludwigii
(Hansen) Sacc. and D. Sacc., with its tendency to unilateral branching.’

The following extract from Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc., 9 , 176 (1924),
was also given. “ The so-called alcoholic flux was found by previous
investigators on oaks and birches. It is said by Ludwig to result in a
complete fermentation of the bark, bast and cambium, and sometimes a
part of the wood.” I observed a diminution in size of infected trees
accompanied by complete loss of bark on the trunk of the tree. These

From a Stained
Specimen
x 150

THE EPPING FOREST SURVEY,

103

observations are borne out by Ludwig who attributes the spread of the
flux to wasps and hornets and other insects. The ecological relation¬
ship between trees, hornets and fluxes would therefore appear to be an
important one. A habit of the hornet is to retire to the upper branches
or trunk of a tree to wipe traces of flux, upon which it has been feeding,
from its head. This is done with the fore-legs. As trees may be in¬
fected through a wound or even through healthy bark (Ludwig), the
flux may easily be spread by hornets, which in doing so, unwittingly
preserve their own food supply. I pushed a knife smeared with flux
into the bark of two oaks. Within a month both had flux infections,
and flies were visiting the wounds caused. The fermentation of the
cambium and wood was often extensive under apparently healthy bark.
If the bark were pierced a jet of liquid shot from the tree followed by
a hiss of gas escaping under pressure. Internal fermentation continued
during the winter when external activity ceases. The same sequence of
events takes place on ash- trees.

The hornets were also fed experimentally. A mixture of plum jam
and sugar with a little alcohol was smeared on trees near the feeding
places of the insects. Hornets could be induced to feed on the syrup
but never, as is opposed to the ways of bees, brought others with them.
I believe that this was not due to lack of appreciation of our syrup, but
it does bear out Lubbock, who says that his “ observations have seemed
to show that, even if wasps have the power of informing one another
when they discover a store of good food they do not habitually do so.”
It is a property of the white tree-flux that it dies back during August
when fruit begins to ripen in neighbouring orchards. The hornet com¬
munity then completely change their food supply, leaving the trees and
invading the orchards.

As is the case with bees, hornets visit the food trees in rotation.
This was observed by timing the arrival of a marked hornet at various
food trees watched by several helpers. The hornet in every case took
the trees in order, returning to the nest by the same way after each
complete circuit, and it was by following one hornet that the nest was
eventually found.

2. Growth. The work so far described is mainly concerned with
queen hornets. This was verified in three cases by dissection which
easily shows several eggs in various stages of development. The pro¬
geny of the queens which have hibernated are at first small. We are
now working on the increase in size of workers during the year. Our
attempt is to show that the change of food in August, already men¬
tioned, produces a corresponding increase in size of workers. We in¬
tend to measure the length of leg-joints in order to determine the magni¬
tude, if any, of this seasonal variation. It has, however, been definitely
observed that hornets in Woodford are considerably larger after the
change of food than before it, whilst at Epping, where there is a large
early strawberry crop and where hornets have not been seen in any num¬
bers on trees, the insects appear to be consistent in size throughout the
season. It is exceedingly probable that fruit is of more nutritional value

104

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

than the alcohol, acetic-acid and malic ester content of flux juices. These
latter appear to intoxicate rather than feed the insects.

3. Movement. The flight of hornets is heavy because of the drag
caused by the weighty abdomen, but is fairly swift, as many of us have
good reason to remember. It has frequently been noticed that hornets
find great difficulty in taking off for flight. They always prefer to drop
from a height and then begin to fly, than to take off direct from the
ground. Those on the ground often climb up grass stalks from which
to take off. It is also usual for them to keep their wings vibrating con¬
tinuously while feeding or walking on the ground or on trees. It will
also be noticed that they almost invariably nest and feed above the
ground level to facilitate the take-off. I found that if I had a hornet on
the ground I was safe from sudden attack.

4. Sensitivity. Hornets do not see well. It is probable that the
three ocelli arranged in a triangle of simple eyes on top of the head
only detect movement and light and shade by means of shadows cast
within them. This is noticeably the case when an observer stands in
front of a sugared tree In time a hornet comes and settles. Its head
is thrust down into the food and only the ocelli on the back of the head
point towards the observer. Provided he keeps quite still, though he
be within a yard of the insect, the latter continues feeding. But should
he make the slightest movement, the insect becomes alert, and usually
flies away. If a net, either black or white in colour, be held in front of
a flying hornet, it usually goes straight into the net. An observer can
stand very near to a nest in the forest. He is almost certainly detected
by smell as uneasiness is usually shown on the part of the insects, but
provided he keeps still he is not found. When a hornet is netted and
carried for some distance from the point of capture and then released
in a clearing, it flies vertically upwards in a spiral. This is continued
till the insect is above the trees when the insect observed seemed to
suddenly make off in one direction. Others have also observed this
“ direction finding.”

Sound is apparently unheard. A loud noise, such as clapping, passed
unnoticed by a hornet feeding on a tree if the movement were made in
such a way as to be invisible to the insect. Lubbock seems to show that
wasps (and this includes hornets), do not respond at all to sound :
“ Nevertheless though I tried them with a set of tuning forks covering
three octaves, with a shrill whistle, a pipe, a violin and my own voice,
making in each case the loudest sounds in my power, I could see no
symptoms in any case that they were conscious of the noise.”

Taste and scent seem to govern nutrition in combination to a large
extent with habit formation, as later experiments will show.

The reactions to chemical stimuli are varied. Ammonia makes hor¬
nets fierce and attack each other. Alcohol and fermented sugar gener¬
ally make them intoxicated if well gorged upon these foods.

Observations at the Nest.

Observations were begun on July 28th, 1945, when one hornet was
seen obtaining juice from an oak. It then crossed a ride to another tree.

THE EPPING PORE ST SURVEY..

105

Two more hornets were later seen on trees. On July 30th the rota ob¬
servations were made. Numerous hornets were seen resting and in
flight. A hornet was found dead under one of the honey trees, with its
head and thorax broken open. Another hornet was seen to be struck
to the ground by two others though it was not killed. Chewed remains
of butterflies and moths were found under the various honey trees. On
July 31st more honey trees frequented by the insects were found but
search for the nest proved unsuccessful. The nest was found on 3rd
August. On 5th August I was on holiday so no observations were made
till my return on the 28th, when, following a hot dry spell, the tree
fluxes died and their juices dried up. Hornets then turned to the fruit
in neighbouring orchards, and their main rota accordingly changed, only
one hornet being seen on a tree in the Forest after this date, though
before it they swarmed on many of the trees. Ten marked hornets were
now at large. One insect which had been marked with green paint a
fortnight earlier was recognised. Out of five hornets, twTo of which were
drones, released at my home one mile from the nest, three made off in
the direction of the woods. On 31st August a hornet was seen crossing
Farm Way, Buckhurst Hill, with a piece of fruit as large as itself from
an orchard towards the nest. Apples eaten in a characteristic manner
by hornets were later found. Only the skins and core were left, the rest
being neatly extracted. Common wasps also carry fruit to the nest. I
have seen a wasp carrying a piece of fruit in her jaws, and Step states
that wasps carry stones that are four times their own weight. The hor¬
nets at the nest seemed uneasy on this day, and bad weather followed.
It was repeatedly noticed that before rain hornets flew up and down
around the nest in an agitated manner. On 3rd September the table
of comings and goings at the nest, which has already been explained,
was made. Nest life continued normally till October. On 11th October
the drones came out for the first time and two were released at my home
as previously stated. They flew around holly and oak trees as though
searching for something. On 15th October both drones and newly
hatched queens were flying from the nest with one or two workers. On
31st October I began to open the nest, all insects but a few queens hav¬
ing left.

The opening of the nest occupied three days in all. On the first day
some large chips of rotten wood were removed after school, but darkness
prevented further work. The entrance to the nest was, however, plugged
with moss, and ethyl acetate vapour and liquid blown into the nest in
case any insects were still there. We later found that there were only
three queens left, though work was interrupted several times by workers
returning and investigating the debris. One worker was found torn to
pieces by other hornets and the whole front of its head had been chewed
off. On the third day a large saw and a box hammer completed the job
and the nest extracted from the fallen, hollow hornbeam log in which
it was situated. It was approximately twelve inches high and ten broad.
It was estimated to contain over 3000 cells. Step says that each cell may
be used three times in a season and so some idea may be gained as to

106

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

the numbers of the insects. Wasps sometimes have four times this num¬
ber of cells in their nests.

Sense and Habit in the Hornet.

Perhaps the feeding of the hornets is the best indication on which
one can draw for information regarding sense and habit in the hornet.

I would use four observations to illustrate this point.

1. The rota.

2. An experiment on sense.

3. An experiment on habit formation.

4. The change of food in mid-season.

I must first say that when I speak of habit I do not refer to the
strictly scientific meaning of form and attitude, but to habit in the
everyday sense of habit formation.

Now the rota serves to show that hornets have a means of locating
food, a means of returning to where they found it and a methodical
system of obtaining it. To which causes then are we to attribute these
effects? The two following experiments show that they are due to both
sense and habit. The experiment on sense by smearing plum jam on
trees showed that the insects could be drawn from their rota to investi¬
gate new sources of food. They could obviously not have come by habit
but by sense. That habit existed is shown by the following experiment.
A marked hornet was seen to visit a flux colony on the rotting bough
of a tree as part of its rota. The bough was knocked off, and the insect
still continued to come to the place. When the bough was placed lower
down the tree the insect at first took no notice of it, but still repeatedly
hovered around the place uThere the bough had been. This, I think,
indicates a formation of habits in the hornet, and this probably plays a
major part in the maintenance of a rota. The fourth observation, on
the other hand, demonstrates sense and a facultative breaking of habits.
The hornet in the last experiment after a few unsuccessful visits left the
tree and never again returned. Soon after, the whole community did a
similar thing when the dry spell came and perhaps in times of com¬
munity need hornets do exercise a power of communication for the co¬
ordination of the actions of the nest as a whole.

Step seems to regard hornets as a whole as fairly good-tempered
creatures unless really annoyed. This may be so, but our observations
seemed to show that quite small things, such as a leaf falling on them,
caused them to be much disturbed. One insect has several times been
observed to strike viciously at another when they approached the same
patch of sugar together. The large number of torn moths’ wings found
under the trees where hornets feed are interesting as they show us three
things : —

1. Hornets do not tolerate other insects fluttering around their feed¬
ing places as in the case when a fine Red Admiral butterfly was seen
by us to be struck down by two of the hornets and chewed up after
it had approached a sugar spot. Its only remain was a forewing which
we found among the leaves afterwards.

THE EPPING FOREST SURVEY.

107

2. That moths’ bodies were never found except for one specimen,
though many sets of wings were found beneath one tree alone, seems to
show that the hornets utilise the bodies as a source of food. They have
been seen to carry bodies away from the scene of an attack. The number
■of moths killed must be great, for the number of wings is large. Under
one tree enough wings for fifteen moths were found, all being noctuids.
If this is so, it shows a remarkable arrangement in Nature. The hornets
can only on rare occasions catch Lepidoptera when on the wing, though
they have been observed to do this, because their sight is so poor that
they cannot follow" them easily. Though hornets have been observed to
have no hesitation in giving chase, the method usually proves unsuccess¬
ful. The easy catches which can be made on the trees may afford a
valuable source of food which is easilj7 obtainable, as moths frequently
come to sugar.

3. The moths’ wings found show that the hornets fly at night, for
they are without exception those of noctuid moths which would only
■come to. sugar at night..

Hornets' ££ Wax.”

Step says, ££ Nature lias denied the wasp the power of secreting
wax.” It is true that the nest is not made of wax, but of paper. We
found, however, several hornets which had wdiite wraxy substance exuding
from between the plates of the abdomen, whence it is known to come in
bees. Whether this substance is similar to bees’ wax or not is not
known.

Flies in the Nest.

On removing the nest we found numerous fly grubs in the debris
which collects beneath it. They act as scavengers in the nest. A few7
grubs which were kept in some of the debris in a tube soon pupated and
small flies hatched out. They were identified by Messrs Parmenter and
Colyer as Dendrophaonia ( — Phaonia ) querceti (Bouche) (Antliomyides).
They live in almost any decomposing animal refuse, and are very com¬
mon in France in wasps’ nests, though less so in England. Volwcella was
not found.

A Hornet Swarm.

On ££ V.J.” Day (August 15, 1945) some people in Princes Avenue,
Woodford Green, found a swarm of hornets in a small willow-tree in
their garden. They bravely but somewhat unwisely attempted to cut
the tree down, thinking that the insects were making a permanent nest.
The hornets, however, flew off in a body back towards the woods. This
is rather unusual as swarming is rare among hornets.

The Ecology of the Hornet.

In its influence on the vegetable kingdom, it may be said to be a
mild scavenger, in that it disposes of rotting logs and fruit, and this
last is where it influences humans, for quite considerable quantities of
apples and pears both good and bad are removed by the insects every
year. We have already seen the important relationship which exists
between hornets and tree-fluxes, and how the genus Vespa may thus be

108

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

responsible for the death and destruction of many forest trees, for flux:
infections usually precede death. The relations of the hornet with the
animal kingdom are less important and more complicated. It kills in¬
sects, but not in sufficient numbers to be a serious local ecological factor.
Perhaps the most interesting side of the animal relationship question
is the association set up between hornets and other animals. Mr F. C.
Bromley in a lecture to the Chingford Branch mentioned weaver-birds
in association with hornets in India. The main object of the birds was
apparently protection from other enemies. In Epping Forest hornets
may be the unwitting preservers of mice, humble-bees and small birds
living near them. The nest which I observed has nests of mice, humble-
bees and robins in the same or adjacent trees. Step states that 90 per
cent, of wasps’ nests are in close proximity to those of humble-bees. Of
course the animals living in closest association are the scavenging flies
already mentioned, which derive protection, food and apparently toler¬
ation from the hornets.

Conclusions.

The following general conclusions may be drawn from the investi¬
gation : —

(a) That hornets, far from being rare, are quite common in Epping
Forest.

(b) That the senses connected with nutrition are most highly developed,
and that hornets can detect food at a distance, and can return to
where they found it, thus forming habits.

(c) That hornets, in distributing the white tree-flux, preserve their
own food supply but kill the trees.

(d) That hornets in general live in fixed ecological relation to their sur¬
roundings, as demonstrated by their distribution round the edges
of the Forest, and live preferentially in a certain type of area, as-
shown by the location of nests within certain small areas year after
year.

(e) That, though not yet fully investigated, it is fairly certain that t lie-
size of hornets depends on their food supply and may vary in a given
year with the food supply. (In support of this hypothesis it may
be mentioned that the bad weather of 1946 has caused a remarkably
late appearance of wasps, accompanied by a correspondingly small
fruit crop, and a diminution in their size.)

(f) That hornets readily attack other insects, and may even be canni¬
balistic.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

My quotations are from Lubbock’s u Ants, Bees and Wasps,” 1888,
and Step’s “ Bees, Wasps, Ants and Allied Insects of the British Isles,”
1932. Also Ludwig, Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc., 1924, and Holtz, “ Beitrag
zur Kenntnis der Baninfliisse und einige ihrer Bewohner,” for which I
am much indebted to the authorities at Keiv Gardens. I also thankfully
acknowledge help from Messrs Ross, Joysey, Rattenbury and Shillito in
the collection of observations, and the most valuable help of Messrs

THE EPPING FOREST SURVEY..

109

I*. Parmenter and O. N, Colyer who identified the flies, and supplied
the quotations from Seguy and Bouche.

The Mammals and Birds of Highams Park.

By D. G. Tucker.

1. Introduction.

This report describes very briefly some intensive observational work
on the mammals and birds of Highams Park, Epping Forest, carried
out by the author from December 1945 to August 1946. The object of
the work was twofold: — (a) To obtain some consistent scientific data
with which to test and establish the theoretical analytical work on popu¬
lation statistics described in the author’s paper published on pp. 42-55
above, and (b) to record, for the Epping Forest Survey, particulars of a
part of the Forest about which little appears to have been published
previously, and which was, during the period stated, very accessible to
the author.

In all, about 50 visits were made to the Park. These were well dis¬
tributed throughout the period. On 28 visits a systematic count of the
birds observed was taken. These counts are in every way consistent,
being of constant duration (45 minutes + 5 mins.) and always on the
same route. The time of day, weather, number of human visitors in the
Park, etc., were, of course, not constant, but were noted in the hope
of obtaining some correlation between these factors and the bird num¬
bers. The observations on the mammals were not planned in this way,
but the numbers concerned were in any case too small for such a pro¬
cedure to have any value.

In this report only the simplest possible analysis of the results is
given in order that it should remain readable and intelligible to the
general naturalist. But the full results are available for inspection on
request.

2. Description of the Park.

Highams Park is an integral part of Epping Forest, but is not quite
natural in its physical features and its vegetation ; until 1891 it was a
private park, and the lake in it was dug as a fish-pond. The vegetation
includes some exotic species and others which cannot be considered nor¬
mal Epping Forest species. But in spite of this, it is an important link
in the somewhat irregular sequence of woods and open spaces which
comprise the southern part of Epping Forest. It joins the dense oak-
woods near the Woodford-Walthamstow urban boundary to the open
heathy grassland of the Woodford Golf Links, which in turn leads into
the extensive woodlands of the central part of the Forest.

The area considered in this report is shown on the accompanying
map, and comprises the narrow strip, about 200 yards wide, running
between The Charter Road and Chingford Lane, a length of about 1000
yards; about 30 acres is thus included. The lake covers roughly 6 acres,
there is about 6 acres of open grassland, and the remaining 18 acres are

110

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

woodland. The River Ching, a shallow meandering stream about 6 to
8 ft. wide, flows through the woodland from north to south. There is
little variation in altitude in the area.

The woodland is basically the oak-hornbeam woodland which forms
the major part of the southern (lower altitude) portion of the Forest.
Oak ( Quercus robur L.) and hornbeam (Carpi mis betulus L.) are un¬
doubtedly the two dominant species in the tree layer, and are probably
about equally abundant. The canopy is high, and the undergrowth
sparse at the northern end, but very dense at the southern end, with
much holly (Ilex aqui folium L.), hawthorn ( Crataegus monogyna Jac-q.)
and rather less bramble ( Bubus fruticosus L. agg.) and rose ( Rosa canina
L. agg.). There is a considerable growth of young hornbeams about 5 ft.
tall in one area at the southern end. Turkey oak ( Quercus cerris L.) is
not uncommon, and there are some fine beeches ( Fagus sylvatica L.)
towards the northern end. Around the lakeside are numerous alders
(Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gfaertn.).

In the herb layer are many flowering plant species, the most notable
being bluebell ( S cilia nomscripta (L.) Hoffm. & Link) in the wood at
the northern end, wood anemone ( Anemone nemorosa L.) and lesser peri¬
winkle ( Vinca minor L.) in the central part, and a few plants of mos-
chatel ( Adoxa moschatellina L.).

The Park is more than half surrounded by average-sized modern
suburban houses with fairly large gardens. Further building is now in
progress. There is no break in the continuity of Epping Forest land
through the Park.

3. The Mammals.

The wild mammals are not very numerous, and it is difficult to obtain
a complete list, let alone an estimate of abundance, in even a long series
of short visits. The retiring habits of the animals, together with their
mode of life (e.g. whether diurnal or nocturnal, hibernating or non-
hibernating, etc.) also make the accuracy of any quantitative results
very doubtful indeed. Thus the results given here must be regarded as
only a very rough indication of the status of the various species.

The water-vole is the most abundant wild mammal, and on each of
two visits no fewer than seven different individuals were seen. They
nest in the banks of the River Ching near the northern end of the lake,
and there is proof of only one large colony, although a second smaller
one was suspected further north. During the winter the animals are
seen at any time of day, but during the spring and summer they are
seen (if at all) only at dusk.

Neither the grey nor the red squirrel can be regarded as resident.
Although the grey is seen often enough in the depths of winter, yet
during February, March, April, May and June only four were seen.
This suggests that the grey squirrel goes elsewhere to breed. The red
squirrel, with only two records, is obviously only a rare wanderer.

The results of the observations are shown in Table 1, where the
division into winter and spring refers to the periods December-March
and April-July respectively. Observations on human visitors to the

THE EPFING FOREST SURVEY.

Ill

Fig. 3.

112

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Park and on domesticated mammals are also appended to the Table for
completeness. These latter cover 28 special visits for bird counts, cor¬
responding to about 20 hours observation over a wide variety of time,
climatic and seasonal conditions ; the average numbers per hour there¬
fore form a fairly reliable index of the population throughout the year,
with probably a bias in favour of the week-end figures. These averages
work out to be about 150 human beings and 13 dogs per hour.

TABLE 1. MAMMALS.

No. of Records.

Species. Winter. Spring. Total.

Water Vole ( Arvicola a. amphibius (L.)) . 40 3 43

Grey Squirrel ( Sclurus carolinensis Gm.) . 10 6 16

Brown Rat ( Rattus norvegicus Erxleben) . 2 2 4

Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L. ? subsp.) . 112

Long-tailed Field-Mouse ( Apodemus s. sylvaticus L.) 0 2 2

Bat (unidentified species) . v 2 0 2

Also (recorded on bird counts only) :

Human Beings . 916 2155 3071

Dogs . 179 86 265

Horses . 0 12 12

Cats . 0 3 3

Cattle also stray into tlie Park from time to time.

4. The Birds.

As stated in the introduction, the object of the observation of the
bird population was partly to establish certain theoretical work on the
logarithmic series and index of diversity. In the present report, this
aspect of the work is ignored.

Apart from casual observation, the system adopted was to walk
through the Park from south to north, in the woodland area and, in
parts, alongside the lake, and to return along the eastern side, which is
predominantly open grassland. The walks had a duration of about 45
minutes, and all birds observed were recorded, as individuals and species.
During the winter period, wlien there was no foliage, only visual obser¬
vation was employed, but during the spring an attempt was made to
compensate for the reduced visual conspicuousness due to the foliage by
including auditory observation as well. It is, of course, quite impossible
at present to make any real allowance for variable conspicuousness, but
this is an aspect of quantitative work which has been frequently em¬
phasized and on which much work is urgently required.

In addition to the number of individual birds and the number of
species observed, a record was made of other factors, such as weather,
time of day, number of human visitors and dogs, etc. An attempt was
made to cover as wide and complete a range of conditions as possible,
and that this was effected is evident from the tables which follow.

Lists of the bird species recorded, arranged in order of frequency of
observation, are presented in Tables 2 and 3, covering winter (December
to March) and spring (April to June) respectively. A summary of the
28 counts, on a basis of number of birds and number of species, is given
in Table 4, wliere particulars of the other (environmental) factors are
also entered. It must be emphasized that house-sparrows are excluded

THE F.PPING FOREST SURVEY.

113

TABLE 2. BIRDS IN ORDER OF

TABLE 3. BIRDS IN ORDER OF

FREQUENCY (WINTER).

FREQUENCY (SPRING).

Average No.

Average No.

Species.

per Count.

Species.

per Count.

Wood-Pigeon (380)

17.3

Starling (14)

9.8

Chaffinch (40-41)

13.2

t Chaffinch (40-41)

9.6

Great Tit (97-98)

11.3

t Greenfinch (19)

8.3

Greenfinch (19)

10.2

Great Tit (98)

5.8

Blackbird (184)

6.7

Blue Tit (100)

5.7

Blue Tit (99-100)

5.9

Blackbird (184)

5.4

[Gulls (478, 481-486) flying over 5.3]

Robin (208)

3.3

Fieldfare (173)

Woocl-Pigeon (380)

3.0

Mistle-Thrush (174)

4.2

^Chaffinch (40-41)

3.0

Song-Thrush (175, 177) (

(together)

*Greenfinch (19)

3.0

Redwing (178, 179) j'

Mallard (317)

1.7

Starling (14)

3.4

Song'-Thrusli (175)

1.6

Mallard (317)

3.2

Willow-Warbler (132)

1.3

Robin (207, 208)

2.6

Wren (213)

0.8

Rook (4) \

1.6

Mistle-Thrush (174)

0.5

Carrion-Crow (3) *

(together)

Jackdaw (5)

0.4

Moorhen (570)

1.2

House-Martin (222)

0.3

Tufted Duck (330)

0.94

Tree-Creeper (93)

0.2

Coal-Tit (102)

0.83

Carrion-Crow (3)

0.2

Jay (10-11)

0.67

Swift (225)

0.2

Hawfinch (18)

0.67

Marsh-Tit (107)

0.2

Long-tailed Tit (111)

0.67

Jay (11)

0.1

Bramhling (42)

0.55

Bullfinch (33)

0.1

Jackdaw (5)

0.42

Long-tailed Tit (111)

0.1

Marsh-Tit (107)

0.33

Chiff chaff (129)

0.1

Wren (213)

0.26

Hedge-Sparrow (211)

0.1

Tree-Creeper (93)

0.17

Lesser Spotted Woodpecker

Great Spotted Woodpecker

(238)

0.1

(236, 237)

0.17

Kestrel (263)

0.1

Hedge-Sparrow (210, 211)

0.05

Moorhen (510)

0.1

Green Woodpecker (235)

0.05

Also recorded, but not

on counts : —

Kestrel (263)

0.05

Coal-Tit (102).

Also recorded, but not on

counts : —

Great Spotted Woodpecker (237).

Goldfinch (20).

CUckoo (240).

Tawny Owl (253).

Mute Swan (302).

N.B. — Numbers in brackets

following each species refer to Witherby’s ‘ Check

List of British Birds ”

(1941), where scientific names will be found. House

Sparrows (61) omitted from all counts.

t including April.

* excluding April.

from all these results - they are very numerous in Highams Park, especi¬
ally in winter, and were so often too numerous to count (upwards of 100)
that there was no alternative to their exclusion. Whether or not they
represent an important ecological factor is difficult to say ; they do not
nest in the Park, but in the built-up parts adjacent to it; they feed in
the Park, but as it is unlikely that food is a limiting factor in the bird
population, this may not have much influence on the rest of the bird
species.

In Tables 5, 6 and 7 an attempt is made to see what correlation exists
among the various factors involved. Table 5 considers the effect ot the
human population in the Park. It was thought that when fewer than
20 people were seen in the course of a count, conditions could reasonably

114

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

TABLE 4. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF BIRD COUNTS.

Date.

No. of
Birds.

No. of
Species.

NO. Of
Humans

No. of
. Dogs.

Temp.

Weather.
Sun. Rain.

Wind.

Time of day
( G.M.T. ).

25.12.45

55

9

26

7

W

S

D

—

Noon.

26.12.45

74

11

96

12

W

S

D

- —

Noon.

6. 1.46

39

10

130

24

W

0

D

—

Noon.

6. 1.46

49

10

81

17

W

0

D

—

3.30 p.m.

11. 1.46

69

15

1

1

W

D

W

W

Noon.

12. 1.46

41

9

47

12

w

s

—

s

3 p.m.

13. 1.46

96

11

130

24

c

s

—

s

1 p.m.

13. 1.46

77

12

65

11

F

s

—

—

3.30 p.m.

19. 1.46

130

11

55

16

F

s

F

—

3.30 p.m.

20. 1.46

112

11

6

4

F

Ice

and Snow

9 a.m.

24. 1.46

105

13

9

5

C

—

D

—

8 a.m.

4. 2.46

108

13

3

0

W

D

D

w

1 p.m.

10. 3.46

77

12

39

7

C

S

—

— '

11 a.m.

16. 3.46

79

10

17

8

F

D

F

s

Noon.

18. 3.46

120

14

11

3

W

D

D

—

11 a.m.

24. 3.46

123

11

132

13

W

D

F

—

Noon.

28. 3.46

161

13

8

7

H

S

F

B

9 a.m.

28. 3.46

112

11

60

8

H

S

F

B

3 p.m.

7. 4.46

87

12

341

14

H

s

F

—

11.30 a.m.

7. 4.46

56

13

585

19

H

s

F

B

3 p.m.

14. 4.46

56

12

382

23

H

s

F

S

11 a.m.

2. 5.46

45

14

7

4

C

D

—

—

7.30 a.m.

5. 5.46

73

12

152

4

C

O

D

w

Noon.

19. 5.46

40

13

8

2

W

D

W

—

11 a.m.

19. 5.46

60

14

78

7

W

s

—

—

3 p.m.

7. 6.46

85

17

14

3

H

s

F

s

9 a.m.

11. 6.46

35

10

258

4

W

s

F

B

3 p.m.

23. 6.46

50

10

330

6

H

s

F

s

11 a.m.

N.B.-

—Temperature :-

-H = hot,

W = warm. C =

cool,

F = freezing.

very cold.

Sun: — S = sunny, 0=overcast, D = dull.
Rain: — F=fine, dry, D = damp, W = wet.
Wind: — W = windy, B = breezy, S = still.

House-Spa?xows excluded from all counts.

Ibe considered “ quiet ” and the distinction between quiet and busy was
therefore set at 20 human beings per count. It will be observed that
both the average number of birds and the average number of species
per count is considerably lower for the busy series, but as there is a very
large variation in numbers from one count to another in the same group,
this difference in averages must be considered in relation to the varia¬
tion among the individual counts. This is done by the statistical method
described as a “ test of significance ” (see the author’s paper on pp. 42-55
above for a description of this process), and the differences are declared
“ significant ” if there is no more than a 5 per cent, chance that they
are due merely to random causes, and “ highly significant ” if the chance
is no more than 1 per cent. The difference in the average numbers of birds
is accordingly found to be significant, while the difference in the average
numbers of species is highly significant. This means that we can quite
reliably conclude that the presence of a large number of human beings
corresponds to a considerable reduction in the numbers of birds and
species. We may not, of course, conclude that the presence of human

THE EPPING FOREST SURVEY.

115

beings causes the reduction in numbers unless we can show that no other
factors could cause it.

TABLE 5. EFFECT OF HUMAN POPULATION.

No. of Human Beings No. of Average Average

in Park. Occasions. No. of Birds. No. of Species.

Less than 20 (“ quiet ”) 10 92 13.3

More than 20 (“ busy ”) 18 65 11.1

Whether significant Highly

difference. Significant. Significant.

The effect of weather is considered in Table 6 ; the distinction between
fine and poor weather was set quite arbitrarily by the author’s own judg¬
ment. It is clear from the results that the weather appears to have no
eorrelation at all with the bird numbers, and cannot therefore be con¬
sidered a factor affecting the numbers.

TABLE 6. EFFECT OF WEATHER.

Weather. No. of Occasions. Average No. of Birds. Average No. of Species.

Fine 15 78 11.7

Poor 13 80 12.1

Whether significant
difference.

Not

Significant.

NOT

Significant.

Time of day is often said to influence bird numbers. Table 7 investi¬
gates this relationship. The day was divided into three approximately
equal periods for this purpose, covering the hours of daylight only, of
course. It will be seen that the only correlation possible is between
1‘ early ” and the rest of the day, and on this basis the difference in the
average numbers of birds is not significant (the chance of this being
merely random is more than 1 in 20) although the difference in the num¬
bers of species is significant. We can conclude from this that the bird
numbers do tend to be larger in the early part of the day. But this is
when there are fewest people about ! So which is the real cause of the
greater bird numbers, the early hour or the absence of people? This
is an example of how careful we must be in assigning causes. However,
as the correlation with the human population is much more significant,
we may tentatively conclude that the presence or absence of human
beings is the major factor affecting the bird numbers in Highams Park.

TABLE 7. EFFECT OF TIME OF DAY.

Time.

No. of Occasions.

Average No. of Birds

. Average No. of Species.

Early

6

98

13.3

Middle

15

74

11.5

Late

7

75

11.4

Whether significant

Not

Significant

differences.

Significant.

only on comparing Early

with Middle + Late.

116

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

APPENDIX.

Other Species of Birds Recorded in Highams Park.

The following is a list of species recorded in Highams Park in recent
years which have not been noticed in the course of the work discussed
in -this paper. It can reasonably be assumed that they are all more or
less rare. Many of them occur more frequently, or are even resident,
in the country to the north of the Park, shown as “ open grassland with
hawthorns, etc.,55 on the map. It is perhaps surprising that they are
rarely seen in the Park — this is particularly true of the Skylark, which
is quite frequent within 200 yards of the north end, but has only once
been seen in the Park. Most of the records available are from Mr W. A.
Wright, but Messrs S. Austin, C. S. Baves and J. Boss have also con¬
tributed some :

Kingfisher (234) (once not uncom¬
monly recorded, but has been
absent for many years).

Little Owl (249).

Sparrow-Hawk (277).

Pochard (328).

Little Grebe (375).

Black-headed Gull (478) (frequently
flying over).

Common Gull (481).

Magpie (7).*

Siskin (21).

Lesser Redpoll (25).
Skylark (70).
Meadow-Pipit (76).
Grey Wagtail (89).
Pied Wagtail (90).
Nuthatch (96).
Garden-Warbler (161).
Blackcap (162).

The probable total number of species recorded in recent years is 58.

*For the significance of these figures, see note to Tables 2 and 3.

The Climate, 1946.

Bv H. Hawkins.

( Observed at 199 Beresford Boad} Ciiingford, Essex.)

General Remarks.

The Spring of 1946 gave promise of a good summer, which was i;.ot
fulfilled. From May onwards cool, dull, and wet weather predominated,
giving this country the worst harvest for many years, and holiday¬
makers cause for loud grumblings. Truly it can be said that the climate
of this country is unpredictable.

Briefly, it was the wettest year in Ciiingford since 1939, with rain¬
fall 5 inches above the average, the summer and autumn the worst for
many years, and it was the sixth successive year with sunshine
deficiency.

A summary of the statistics for the year is given in the Table. For
explanatory notes on the instruments used, and for definitions of terms,
the report for 1944 (Bond. Nat., No. 24, p. 36, 1945) should be re¬
ferred to.

TEMPERATURE; (degrees Falir.).

THE EPPING FOREST SURVEY

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Year. I 30.80 28.60 29.81 I 85 17 57.20 43.17 50.18 14.03 68 I 61 14 39.58 I 29.45

118

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Obituary.

M rs J. B. Tremayne.

'yrriTH the passing of Mrs Tremayne, we have lost a lady member
** of nearly 40 years’ standing, she having joined the Society as Miss
Farthing in 1908, before her marriage to Mr Tremayne. With her
husband she was for many years a regular attendant at our meetings,
both indoors and in the field, but of late ill health lias prevented her
from taking part in our activities, and for this reason she will be
recalled by only a few of our older members.

Mrs Tremayne had the advantage of being country-born, and her
interest in natural history was of a general character, with a good
knowledge of our native birds and flowers. On the formation of the
Archaeological Section, she took a practical part in the work by assist¬
ing with notes, etc., on the places of interest visited by the Section.
She will be best remembered by those fortunate members who attended
the week-end visits arranged by the Section to places of historic or
archaeological importance, outside our local district, for, upon those
occasions her pronounced social qualities were at their best; she was
excellent company, and a vivid and interesting person. Wide sympathy
was extended to Mr Tremayne on her death.

S. A.

Pilot-Officer A. A. Harvey.

Arthur was the youngest of four sons of one of our oldest members,
F. B. Harvey, who joined the North London Natural History Society
in 1892, and died in 1940. He was killed in a flying accident in Lin¬
colnshire in January 1946. He specialised in botany and was an offi¬
cial of the Forestry Commission. Together with his three brothers he
was educated at Folkestone Grammar School, founded by the brother
of William Harvey, discoverer of the circulation of the blood, with
whose family the Harveys claimed kinship. He was a young man oi
great promise, and would have gone far in his chosen profession.

S. A.

PAPERS READ TO THE SOCIETY IN 1946.

119

Papers Read to the Society in 1946.

At General Meetings.

Weeds and their Uses — T. E. Wallis, D.Sc., F.R.I.C., January 15.

The Natural History of Tasmania — J. W. Evans, D.Sc., February 19.

The History of Some Domesticated and Other Birds — N. B. Kinnear,
P.B.O.U., March 19.

A Yorkshire River — H. J. Burkill, M.A., F.R.G.S., April 16.

Nature Reserves and the Greater London Plan — O. P. Castell, B.Sc.,
May 21.

Some Observations on Bird Migration in the Mediterranean and North
Africa — J. B. Bowers, M.B.O.U., June 18.

A Botanist’s Exile in North Wales — J. E. S. Dallas, September 3.

European and Other Birds in India — R. C. Homes, M.B.O.U., Septem¬
ber 17.

Natural History Brains Trust — Question-Master, R. W. Hale, October 1.

The Scenery of the Weald and its Origin— F. H. Edmunds, M.A.,
F.G.S., October 15.

Birds’ Eggs and Bird Numbers — David Lack, M.A., November 5.

Habits of the Asilidae (Robber Flies) — L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S., Novem¬
ber 19.

Bird Watching — James Fisher, M.A., F.L.S., M.B.O.U., November 28.

President’s Address, December 3.

Tlie Work of the Commons, Open Spaces and Footpaths Preservation
Society — W. H. Williams, LL.B., December 17.

At Sectional Meetings.

Ornithology. The Severn Geese and Other Birds of the Severn Estuary
— H. H. Davis, M.B.O.U., January 1.

Ecology : Simple Quantitative Relationships in Ecology — D. G. Tucker,

Plant Galls : More about Cynipid Galls on Oak — J. Ross, March 5.

Botany: Problems in Distribution and Variation among the British
Elms — R. Melville, Ph.D., April 2.

Ornithology : Notes on the Birds of Poland — D. A. T. Morgan, May 7.

Entomology: The British Plecoptera — E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S., June 4.

Ornithology: Discussion on the Work of the Section, July 16.

Archaeology: Church Chests — Edward Yates, F.S.A., September 17.

Entomology: (a) The Hornets of Epping Forest — D. W. Vere ; (b)
Changes in the Insect Population of Epping Forest — E. B.
Pinniger, F.R.E.S., F.C.S., September 24.

Plant Galls: Galls on the Genus Posa — M. Niblett, October 8.

Ornithology : The Identification of Birds of Prey: a discussion between
C. B. Ashby and R. S. R. Fitter, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., November 12.

Ecology : The Natural History of Some British Land and Freshwater
Shells — A. T. Hopwood, D.Sc., F.L.S., November 26.

Botany : Short Papers, December 10.

Ornithology : Short Papers, December 31.

120

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Official Reports for 1946.

Council’s Report.

NOE more a considerable increase in membership can be recorded.

The total of 764 on 31st October represents an increase of 158 over
last year’s figure. Of these, 655 are Members, 50 Branch Associates,
57 Country and School Associates and 2 Affiliated Societies. It is satis¬
factory to be able to record that of the 225 new members, 33 are under
the age of 25 years. We hope that the lecture-rambles for teachers,
which have been well attended, will have a cumulative effect in spread¬
ing an interest in natural history among young people and will thus
gradually improve this proportion. Our thanks are due to Miss H.
Franks who has organised these lecture-rambles and to those members
who have acted as leaders.

Last year, on being informed by the authorities of the London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine that they could no longer accom¬
modate our Library and Museum, or allow us the use of rooms for
our evening meetings, we booked the hall of the Art-Workers’ Guild
for one year, and have used this for our general meetings. So far it
has proved impossible to find alternative accommodation for our library
and collections, and the Dean of the London School of Hygiene has
agreed to allow thesei to remain at the School, subject to a reduction
in the space occupied. We are grateful to the two committees which
have spent so much time in searching for accommodation and in re¬
organising the library and collections. Subsequently the Dean was able
to allow us to continue to use our old rooms at the School for evening
meetings, and we have taken this opportunity to increase our indoor
meetings to four per month, using these rooms for Sectional meetings.

A special committee set up to consider the financial position of the
Society advised the Council that an increase in permanent revenue was
desirable and could only be obtained by an increase in subscriptions.
The increases recommended by the Council and the consequent altera¬
tion of Rules were circulated to all members and passed by a Special
General Meeting on 3rd December.

The increasing interest in geology shown bv members has enabled
us to expand the Geological Committee into a full Section. We wish
success to the efforts of Mr B. Ainsley, the new Secretary of this Sec¬
tion.

Tim office of Editor has been divided so that, while Air Fitter is
still Secretary of tire Publications Committee and Editor of The London
Naturalist, Mr Parrinder is now Editor of The London Bird, Report.

Miss E. H. Burt is now Syllabus Secretary in place of Mr C. P.
Castell, whose services to the Council in filling this onerous position
during the difficult period of revival of the Society’s activities, have
been greatly valued. To ease the work of the new Syllabus Secretary

OFFICIAL REPORTS FOR 1946.

121

and to co-ordinate Sectional programmes, a permanent Syllabus Com¬
mittee has been formed.

The office of Lanternist is now filled by Mr H. W. Payton, on the
retirement of Miss Johns, to whom the Society’s thanks are accorded.

We have pleasure in recording that Mrs B. L. Clanchy has been
elected an Honorary Member in recognition of her valued services to

the Society. H. A. Toombs, Hon. General Secretary.

Librarian's Report.

Early in the year the Council appointed a Committee to undertake
the re-organisation of the library and collections. Numerous out-of-date
books have been discarded and many new titles have been added. A
large amount of binding has been put in hand and this has necessi¬
tated the temporary withdrawal from the library of all the scientific
journals which the Society receives on an exchange or purchase basis.

Lack of space and the high cost of printing our own journals has
made it necessary to review the exchange list and eliminate nearly all
foreign journals. All books have been cleaned and re-arranged in the
cases under an author alphabet on a sectional basis, with the excep¬
tion of those titles which are placed under “ general natural history.”

The library is now becoming increasingly popular with members,
and when meetings are held at Keppel Street, is in great demand. The
Society owes a debt of gratitude to those members, too many to name
individually, who have helped in the work of cleaning and re-arrang¬
ing books.

Our plan is still far from complete, but we hope during the coming
year to make a start with a new catalogue.

To those members who need books or journals which have been with¬
drawn for binding, we offer our apologies and ask for patience — the
delay is caused is shortage of labour in the binding trade.

A suggestion book has been started and is circulated at meetings.
It is hoped that members will make full use of this book as the infor¬
mation obtained from it will be invaluable when deciding which new
titles to add to the library.

In conclusion, a special word of thanks is due to those members who
have presented books to the library during the past year.

C. W. Geoffrey Paulson, Librarian.

Curator's Report.

This year has seen a great deal of activity in connection with the re¬
conditioning and accommodation of the Society’s collections, and a great
amount of highly commendable work has been undertaken by many
members. However, this is more properly the concern of the com¬
mittee mainly responsible for the good work, and it is proposed to con¬
fine the scope of this report to a short review of the present condition
of the collections.

122

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Botanical Section,: Mr Kent reports that the herbarium is in good
order and that several sheets have been added by the Rev. P. H. Cooke
and Messrs Fitter, Lousley and Kent.

Ecological Section : Mr Castell reports that the small collection of
British land and fresh-water Mollusca has been re-arranged and placed
iii glass-topped boxes.

Entomological Section : The general condition of the insect collec¬
tions is satisfactory, and it is hoped to complete the work of re-classi¬
fication by the end of 1947. There have been a few additions to the
Lepidoptera, the most notable being a pair of the Pine Hawk-moth
( Hyloicus pinastri L.) given by Mr Burkill.

Ornithological Section: Mr Manser reports that it is expected that
by early 194/ re-cataloguing of the skin collection wall be completed.
This undertaking, together with a complete overhaul of the Holte Mac-
pherson collection, will result in the Society’s possessing one of the best
reference collections in London, outside that of the British Museum.
Mr P. J. Hanson has once again prepared several new skins and addi¬
tions have been made by Mrs Highway and Mr Oliver Pike.

Plant Galls Section : Mr Burkill reports that the condition of the
plant-gall collection is very satisfactory.

The only unsatisfactory feature of the year’s activities is that it has

not been possible to inspect the Robbins collections, or do anything

towards making them available to the members of the Societv

«/ •

It is pleasing to report that considerably more use is being made of
the collections.

It is also desired to place on record the thanks of the Society to the

Sectional Curators.

E. B. Pinniger, Curator.

Chingford Branch Report.

During the year the Branch has held the usual monthly indoor and
field meetings, and in addition during the last nine months regular meet¬
ings for work on the Epping Forest Survey. Indoor attendances aver¬
aged thirty-seven, and field attendances twelve.

Last December the cine-film show, on the subject of foreign travel,
for which the Branch is indebted to Miss N. Farley, of Woodford, was
a great success. Mr D. W. Vere’s paper on the hornets of Epping
Forest, read in January, was the result of much original research, and
is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the species. The exhi¬
bition in April, organised by Dr D. G. Tucker and Mr E. B. Pinniger,
aroused great interest, and was attended by nearly three times the
usual number.

An ecological sub-committee has been formed to direct the Epping
Forest Survey. Regular work is being done on the Ludgate Plain sur¬
vey area, although members seem to find it increasingly difficult to
devote time to survey work.

This year the Branch enrolled five associates, and four full members
joined through the Branch. E. ^ Round, Branch Secretary.

TREASURERS ACCOUNTS.

123

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124

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Sectional Reports for 1946.

Archaeological Section.

rjTHE activities of the Section were in abeyance during the war, but
preparations for their resumption were being made when this year
commenced, and the Section became fully active again in July. There
is now a membership of 71, of whom 4 are country associates.

One indoor Sectional meeting and four field meetings were arranged
for the half-year, July-December. On 10th September Mr Edward
Yates, F.S.A., gave an interesting lecture on “ Church Chests,” illus¬
trated by lantern slides. On 6th July an excursion, led by Mrs O’Neil
and Mr Austin, was made to the motte and bailey castle at Chipping
Ongar and to Green steel’s ancient church of St Andrew; on 7th Sep¬
tember a party, conducted by Mr Austin, visited Loughton Camp in
Epping Forest; and on 2nd November an inspection was made of St
Etheldreda’s, Ely Place, with Mr Cboksedge acting as leader. Records
of these visits have been prepared for the Society’s Library. Attend¬
ances were 15, 10 and 22 respectively. On 10th August a visit was
made to Hamper Mill near Watford, with the Hertfordshire Natural
History Society, to inspect the site of Roman remains.

A list has been compiled of all the MSS. prepared by members of
the Section, including the numerous detailed reports of visits made to
buildings of antiquarian interest. All these MSS. are housed in the
Society’s Library.

The Section has restarted its Reading Circle with the quarterly
Antiquity, and has at present thirteei subscribers.

W. C. Cocksedge, Chairman. W. G. Teagle, Secretary.

Botanical Section.

Two general meetings Avere arranged by the Section this year, the
first being addressed by Dr T. E. Wallis on “ Weeds and their Uses.”
The second was a talk by Mr J. E. S. Dallas in which he described and
illustrated some of his botanical activities during his wartime residence
in North Wales. A Sectional meeting Avas held on 2nd April, Avhen Dr
R. Melville gave an interesting lecture on the British Elms. The ex¬
cellence of the lantern slides at these lectures was a matter of general
comment. The December meeting was in the nature of an experiment
and included three short papers by members Avit-li an exhibition of her¬
barium specimens.

Tire excursion syllabus included 17 meetings, and AA*e AA'ere fortunate
in being able to team up in some of these with the Hertfordshire
Natural History Society, the Streatham Antiquarian and Natural His¬
tory" Society, and the Ecological and Geological Sections. The joint
rambles with the Geological Section were' a great success. The aA’erage
attendance at the field meetings Avas 19, and some' of the more interest¬
ing plants seen Avere as follows : —

SECTIONAL REPORTS EOR 1946.

125

At Bans tend Downs, Arenaria termi folia L. and Carduns pycnnce-
phalus L. var. tenuifiorus Curt. At Syon House, Barbarea stricta
Andrz. and List era ovata (L.) R. Br. In the Virginia Water district,
Thelypteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) C. Ghr. and Osmunda regalis L. In
the Swanscombe, Kent, area, Silene italica (L.) Pers., Astragalus glycy-
phyllos L., Centaur ea calcitrapa L., Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb.
and Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz. At Horsley, Picris hieracioides
L. At the Denham and Harefiejd meeting, Dipsacus pilosus L., Genti-
ana germanica Willd. and Azolla filiculoides Lam. On the City of
London bombed sites, xSenecio londinensis Lousl., and in the Harrow
Weald area a large expanse of Menyanthes trifoliata L. On the Epping
Forest excursion for mosses and liverworts, Orthodontium grac'd?,
Schwaeg var. heterocarpum Watson was seen, and among the interest¬
ing fungi found on the Harrow Common outing were the following : —
Clavaria jiaccida, Clitocybe giganteus, Amanita porphyria Alb. and
Schw., Mendius tremellosus Schrad., Otidia auranlia , Cortinanus
armillatus Fr., Helvetia crispa Fr.

An increasing number of members is sending in botanical records,
which form the subject of a separate report by the Recorder. The Com¬
mittee wishes to express its thanks to all those who have so contri¬
buted.

The membership has increased this year by 46, and the annual Re¬
port of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club still circulates to 17
members.

C. L. Collenette, Chairman. G. R. A. Short, Hon. Secretary.

Ecological Section.

This year has seen a considerable increase in the activities of the
Section, both indoors and in the field. A Sectional indoor meeting was
held on 5th February, when Dr D. G. Tucker lectured on “ Simple
Quantitative Relationships in Ecology, with particular reference to
Birds in Oakwoods.” The importance of numerical data in ecological
work was emphasized, and the lengthy and animated discussion which
followed the lecture indicated the great interest aroused in the subject.
The Section was responsible for the general meeting on 21st May, when
Mr C. P. Castell read a paper on 11 Nature Reserves and the Greater
London Plan.”

Activities at Bookham Common have been well maintained, an aver¬
age of 17 members visiting the Common at the monthly meetings.
Fungus forays, in conjunction with the Botanical Section and the
British Mycological Society, were held on the Common and, as in
previous years, members of the Mycological Society have kindly co¬
operated in the provision of lists of species recorded on the two visits.
Joint visits to the Common were arranged with the Entomological and
Ornithological Sections and with the Chingford Branch.

To enable a more definite programme of work at Bookham to be
drawn up, to suggest problems to newcomers, and to devise methods for
correlating the work and the results obtained by individual workers, a

126

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Bookham Common Sub-Committee has been formed. As a result of
their first meeting, the Sub-Committee decided to concentrate activities
in a limited area of the Common during 1947, and recommended that a
detailed investigation be made of a belt of grass- and scrub-land, with
some ponds and ditches, extending from Bayfield Plain to Eastern Plain,
with special reference to the latter.

The Epping Forest Survey has continued to be represented on the
Committee by Dr D. G. Tucker.

Although the regular Bookham Meetings constitute the Section’s
main activity, six other field meetings were arranged to other areas
including Oxshott Heath, Limpsfield Common, Clandon, Epping Forest,
and the Mole Valley with the Juniper Hall Field Centre at Mickleham.

The Sectional membership of 169 continues to show an increase. The
reading circles also continue to flourish, there being now 37 subscribers,
13 more than last year; 29 of these subscribe to the Journal of Animal
Ecology , 14 to the Journal of Ecology , and 6 to both. In view of the
large number of subscribers, two circles are now in operation for the
Journal of Animal Ecology.

L. Parmenter, Chairman. C. P. Castell, Secretary.

Entomological Section.

Indoor Meetings. — The Section has been responsible for the organisa¬
tion of two general and two Sectional meetings, and the following papers
were presented: “ The Natural History of Tasmania,” by J. W. Evans,
M.A., D.Sc. ; “The British Plecoptera,” by E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S.;
“ The Hornets of Epping Forest,” by D. W. Vere ; “ Changes in the
Insect Population of Epping Forest,” by E. B. Pinniger, F.B.E.S.; and
Habits of the Asilidae,” by L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S. In view of the
specialised nature of most of the lectures attendance was encouraging,
the average being 35 persons.

Field Meetings. — Eight field meetings were arranged, and despite
very adverse weather on many occasions some very interesting insects
were seen : average attendance, 10. The localities visited were as fol¬
lows : May 11th, Epping Forest; May 26th, Tring; June 9th, Bookham;
June 23rd, Byfleet; July 13th, Hainault Forest; July 21st, Benfleet ;
August 25th, Clandon; September 8th, Box Hill. The idea of making
excursions for a definite order of insects was continued again this year
with success.

Officers. — Changes in officers were as follows: Mr E. B. Pinniger
temporarily combined the offices of Sectional Secretary and Curator ;
Mr L. Parmenter and Mr P. W. E. Currie joined the committee.

The Insect Survey. — A scheme to compile records of all orders of
insects to be found within the London Area has been started. The re¬
cords so obtained are to be published in The London Naturalist, as they
become available and reasonably complete. Mr Currie has undertaken
the task of Recording Secretary.

SECTIONAL REPORTS FOR 1946.

127

Collections . — The general condition of the collections is satisfactory ;
some headway has been made with the plans for extension and re¬
arrangement of the insects.

Heading Circle. — The Entomologist , The Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine and The Entomologist’ s Record are now circulated to 21 mem¬
bers, and are open to new subscribers.

Membership. — The total membership of the Section has increased
during the year from 92 to 110.

Cynthia Longfield, Chairman. Edward B. Pinniger, Secretary.

Geology Section.

The year 1946 was an important one for the geological activities of the
Society. In the spring the Council decided to grant full Sectional status
to the Geological Committee, which then became the Geology Section.

Five field meetings were held by the new Section in association with
the Botanical and Ecology Sections. The success of the visit to the Mole
A alley in September was largely due to the able leadership of Mr F. H.
Edmunds, M.A., F.G.S., and Mr C. C. Fagg, F.G.S. A particular
violent storm on that occasion demonstrated admirably the part that the
weather plays in denudation and transportation of the surface material
of the countryside.

At a headquarters meeting in October, Mr Edmunds dealt with the
Scenery of the Weald and its origin, and he was thus able to amplify
his remarks made in the field a few weeks earlier and to co-ordinate
them with the features exhibited in the Weald as a whole.

John F. Hayward, Chairman. B. Ainsley, Secretary.

Ornithological Section.

Membership. — The Sectional membership now exceeds 500. On -31st
December the total was 530, including 25 county associates and 18 branch
associates.

Indoor Meetings. — The Section arranged for five lectures at general
meetings. We heard Mr N. B. Kinnear on “ The History of some
Domesticated and Other Birds ”; Mr J. B. Bowers gave “ Some Obser¬
vations on Bird Migration in the Mediterranean and North Africa ” ;
Mr R. C. Homes spoke on “ European and other birds in India ”; and
Mr David Lack discussed “ Birds’ Eggs and Bird Numbers ”; these
lectures being all illustrated with lantern slides. At a joint meeting
arranged with the School Nature-Study Union, Mr James Fisher spoke
on ££ Bird Watching.”

The five Sectional Meetings included illustrated lectures by Mr H.
H. Davis on “ The Severn Geese and other birds of the Estuary,” and
by Mr D. A. T. Morgan on “ Some Notes on the Birds of Poland,” the
material for which he had gathered whilst a prisoner of war.

Mr C. B. Ashby and Mr R. S. R. Fitter discussed “ The Identifica¬
tion of Birds of Prey,” and the remaining meetings were devoted to a
discussion on the work of the Section and short papers by members. The
average attendance at these meetings was 68.

128

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Officers. — During the year Mr E. R. Parrinder became Chairman of
the Records Committee in place of Mr Fitter, and Mr F. C. Bromley
succeeded Mrs E. M. Watt as Field Meeting Secretary. Mr R. W. Hale
became Sectional Librarian and was succeeded, as Sectional Secretary,
by Mr W. D. Melluish.

Field Meetings. — Forty-one field meetings were held, with an average
attendance of 23, and 128 species of birds were seen. The evening meet¬
ing in the city to see the black redstart attracted the record number of
103 members. With the lessening of wartime restrictions, coach trips
have been re-introduced and the year has also been notable for the
arrangement of tivo joint meetings with the Hertfordshire Natural His¬
tory Society.

Reading Circles and Book Fund. — Membership has continued to in¬
crease and there are now’ nine copies of British Birds circulating among
72 members. The subscription is 2s 6d per annum, and new members
will be welcomed. Profits from the reading circles are devoted to the
Book Fund, wdiich now* stands at £3, and is used for binding the maga¬
zine, which is given to the library, and for the purchase of important
books.

Library. — Under the supervision of the Society’s Librarian, Mr C. W.
G. Paulson, the ornithological books, journals and pamphlets have been
carefully examined and re-arranged. All the important journals are
being bound and a number of notable additions to the collection of books
have been made during the year, both by gift and by purchase.

Curator’s Report. — It is anticipated that by early 1947 the re-cata¬
loguing of our collection of skins will be completed. This undertaking,
together with a complete overhaul of the Holte Macpherson collection,
to which Mr R. C. Homes has devoted much work, will result in the
Society’s possessing possibly one of the best reference collections in Lon¬
don, outside that of the British Museum. Mr P. J. Hanson has, once
again, prepared several skins and new additions have been made by
Mrs Highway, Mr W. E. Glegg and Mr Oliver G. Pike.

Ringing. — During the year, 433 birds of 66 species have been ringed
by some 17 members. This total includes 19 black redstarts, ringed in
the City area. The shortage of rings still persists, unfortunately, and
sizes 1 and la are unobtainable. As a result of this there is a waiting
list of members wdio wish to take up ringing.

The London Bird Report. — Full details of the wmrk of the Records
Committee wdll be found in The London Bird Report for 1946.

Cynthia Longfield, Chairman. W. D. Melluish, Secretary.

Plant Galls Section.

The Section continued its activities throughout the year, holding
two indoor meetings at which papers were read by Mr J. Ross and Mr
M. Niblett respectively. Eight field meetings were carried out, but
the attendances were still small. Results of the work are incorporated
in the Plant Gall Records for the year.

J. Ross, Chairman. H. J. Burkill, Secretary.

SECTIONAL CHAIRMEN AND SECRETARIES, 1946.

129

Ramblers’ Section.

Membership, 76, comprising 70 members and 6 country associates.
Number of Indoor Meetings during the year: Two. Number of Out¬
door Meetings during the year : Ten.

Tuesday, Apiil 16th, Mr H. J. Burkill gave a very interesting
paper on A Yorkshire River,’ which was much appreciated by an
audience of about 30. On Tuesday, December 17th, Mr W. H. Williams,
Assistant Secietaiy of the Commons, Open Spaces, and Footpaths 3^ re¬
servation Society, gave a lecture, specially interesting to ramblers, on
the work of that Society. It was illustrated by lantern slides and was
well attended. There has been an average attendance of six on the
excursions arranged, two of which were abandoned owing to wet weather.
The visit to the Wallace Collection on February 23rd had the best
attendance, fourteen people being present. The mid-week ramble on
August 14th to Wimbledon and Richmond Park was a success, as there
were eight people in the party.

The Journal of the Commons , Open Spaces , and Footpaths Preser¬
vation Society has been circulated this year according to plan.

L. J. Tremayne, Chairman.

Miss L. J. Johns, Secretary.

Sectional Chairmen and Secretaries, 1946.

Archaeology: Chairman, W. C. Cocksedge. Secretary , W G Teao-le
20 Wendover Road, N.W.10.

Botany: Chairman, C. L. Collenette, F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S. Secretary,
G. R. A. Short, 36 Parkside Drive, Edgware, Middx.

Ecology: Chairman, L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S. Secretary, C. P. Castell,
B.Sc., 52 Graham Road, S.W.19.

Entomology: Chairman, Miss C. E. Longfield, F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S.,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Secretary, E. 3. Pinniger, F.R.E.S.. F.C.S.!
5 Endlebury Road, E.4.

Geology: Chairman, J. F. Hayward, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.G.S. Secretary,

B. Ainsley, 18 Walpole Court, Hampton Read, Strawberry Hill,
Twickenham, Middx.

Ornithology: Chairman, Miss C. E. Longfield, F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S..

F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Secretary, W. D. Melluish, 144 Liverpool
Road, N.l.

Plant Galls: Chairman, J. Ross. Secretary, H. J. Burkill, 3 Newman’s
Court, Cornhill, E.C.3.

Ramblers: Chairman, L. J. Tremayne, F.Z.S. Secretary, Miss L. J.

Johns, 87 Morley Hill, EnfHd, Middx.

Chingford Branch: Chairman. J. H. G. Peterken. Secretary, E. A.
Round, G.I.Mech.E., 63 Mayfield Road, E.4.

130

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Book Reviews.

Introduction to Plant Ecology: A Guide) for Beginners in the Study of
Plant Communities. By A. G. Tansley, F.R.S. 260 pp., 15 text
figs., 1947. London: Allen & Unwin, 8s 6d.

TN this book, written by the doyen of British ecologists, the reader is
assured of an up-to-date and authoritative account of the subject.
It is a practical guide which will inspire not only students and teachers
in schools and colleges but those, amateur field naturalists who, in in¬
creasing numbers, are acquiring the modern ecological, outlook. This
work was first published in 1923 under the title of Practical Plant
Ecology and has remained since then the best work of its kind in this
country. Much of the earlier text has been retained, but it has been
subjected to thorough revision, several chapters having been completely
rewritten.

The book is divided into five parts, and its wide theoretical and
practical scope may perhaps be judged from their headings :

I. Introduction, defining ecology and discussing natural and
semi-natural vegetation .

II. Structure, Distribution and Development of Vegetation, with
chapters on plant communities, succession, life-forms, and an
outline of British vegetation.

III. Methods of Studying Vegetation.

IV. The Habitat, governed by climatic, physiographic, edapliic and
biotic factors. The chapter on “ Soil and Edapliic Factors
has been completely rewritten to bring it in line with modern
pedological research.

V. Ecological Work in Schools.

The book concludes with a comprehensive and up-to-date bibliography
of nearly 200 books and papers.

An outline of British vegetation has been most skilfully compressed
into a readable account occupying one chapter of twenty pages, and
the reader’s appetite will doubtless be whetted for a fuller treatment
than is possible m a work of this size and modest price. There is, how¬
ever, a tremendous gap between this outline and the very full account
provided in the author’s monumental work, The British Islands and
their Vegetation, published in 1939 at 45s. There is no doubt that
students would gratefully welcome the provision by the author of an
illustrated summary of his larger work within the reach of their purse.

C. P. C.

ADDRESSES OF RECORDERS.

131

Insects, Birds, Beasts and Hitmans. By James Herne. 1946: London.

Ep worth Press, os.

This little book makes no claim to be scientific but is a pleasant
volume of shoit essays about Nature. The author proves himself to be
a keen observer. The book is written in an easy and entertaining style
and would be an admirable way of introducing young people to natural
history as well as being interesting to older folk. The photographs
which illustrate the text are excellent, the only possible criticism being
that some of the larger animals do not appear to have been photographed
in their natural haunts, with consequent loss of atmosphere. It is a
pity that scientific names have been introduced into a work such as
this, particularly as they are not all accurate. The naming of a dragon¬
fly as Platedrum depressum in the text and Libellula depressa on the
illustration ls a glaring example of this fault. Such a well-known bird
as the kingfisher surely need not be referred to as Alcedo ispida in an
otherw ise non-technical book. Some of the observations are perhaps a
little romantic, particularly those attributing reasoning powers to the
lower animals, but there is no harm in this and on the whole the book
is both entertaining and instructive.

E. B. P.

Addresses of Recorders.

T'HE following Sectional Recorders will be glad to receive records
relating to the London Area (20 miles round St Paul’s) from
members and others :

Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibia: R. S. R. Fitter, Grevhounds, Bur-
ford, Oxford.

Birds: North of the Thames, W. G. Teagle, 20 Wendover Road, N.W.10:

South of the Thames, H. F. Greenfield, 18 Stuart Road, Warling-
ham, Surrey.

Insects: P. W. E. Currie, 102 Burdon Lane, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey.

Mollusca: C. P. Cast ell, 52 Graham Road, S.W.19.

Plant Galls: H. J. Burkill, 3 Newman’s Court, Cornhill, E.C.3.

Flowering Plants, Ferns and Charophytes: J. E. Louslev, 7 Penistone
Road, S.W.16.

Mosses and Hepatics: J. H. G. Peterken, 73 Forest Drive East, E.ll.
Fungi: J. M. B. King, 23 Lyncroft Gardens, W.13.

List of Members.

(Corrected up to 23rd July 1947.)

It is particularly requested that Members will inform the Secretary as soon as

possible of any change of address.

For list of abbreviations, see end.

Honorary President:

Prof. M. Greenwood, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.C.P.

Honorary Vice-Presidents:

Sir Lawrence Chubb. E. A. Cockayne, M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. A. B.
Hornblower. A. Holte Macpherson, B.C.L., M.A., F.Z.S. J. Ross.

Honorary Members:

1916 Brown, A., F.Z.S. , 64 Sancroft Road, Eastbourne, Sussex. (Arch., Geol.,
Orn., R.)

1933 Bryce, E. J., Nelson Road, Killara, Sydney, N.S.W. (Zoo.)

1927 Clanchy, Mrs B. L., Westminster Bank, Harrow-on-the-Hill, Middx.
(Orn., R.)

1904 Cooke, Rev. P. H., B.A., West Horsley Rectory, Leatherliead, Surrey.
(Arch., Bot.)

1927 Le Souef, A. S., C.M.Z.S., R.A.O.U., Taronga Zoological Park, Sydney, N.S.W.

Members :

1946 Absolon, Miss E. M., 23 Netherlands Road, New Barnet, Herts.

1929 Acland, Miss C. M., M.B.O.U., 2 Orchard Close, Banstead, Surrey. (Orn.)
1946 Adams, Mrs J. M., B.Sc., F.Z.S , 43 Merchland Road, New Eltham, S.E.9.
(Bot., Orn.)

1946 Ainsley, B., 18 Walpole Court, Hampton Road, Strawberry Hill, Twicken¬
ham, Middx. (Geol.)

1946 Ainsley, Mrs B., 18 Walpole Court, Hampton Road, Strawberry Hill,

Twickenham, Middx. (Geol., Bot.)

1928 Alexander, O. A., Wayside Cottage, Assheton Road, Beaconsfield, Bucks.

(Ent.)

1944 Allden, Miss B. J., lio The Ridgeway, Enfield, Middx. (Orn., R.)

1939 ‘Allen, Miss D. (address not known).

1947 Allen, J., 20 Draycott Avenue, Kenton, Harrow, Middx. (Orn.)

1945 Allison, J. R., 9 Littlecroft, Eltham, S.E.9. (Orn., PI. G.)

1945 Allison, Mrs R. E., 9 Littlecroft, Eltham, S.E.9. (Orn., PI. G.)

1937 Alston, A. H. G., B.A., F.L.S., British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell
Road, S.W.7. (Bot.)

1946 Andrews, H. E., 48 Fanshawe Avenue, Barking, Essex. (Orn.)

1932 Angell, Miss K. W., Stockwell College, The Old Palace, Bromley, Kent.

(Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn., PI. G., R.)

1946 Ansell, Mrs E. V., 89 Dorset Road, Merton Park, SAV.19. (Bot.)

1932 Arbon, Mrs J. A., Brookside, Eversley Park Road, N.21. (Arch.)

1946 Archer, E. H., 17 John Islip Street, Westminster, S.W.l. (Bot., Orn.)

1946 Archer, Miss E. M., 95 Church Road, Wimbledon, S.W.19. (Orn.)

1942 Archer, H. A., 76 Endlebury Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1945 Ardley, M., 28 Corbets Avenue, Upminster, Essex. (Orn.)

1947 Arnold, Miss K., 43 The Quadrant, Wimbledon, S.W.20. (Orn.)

1947 Arnold, Miss W., 43 The Quadrant, Wimbledon, S.W.20. (Orn.)

1945 Ashburner, Miss M., 13 Kempsford Gardens, Earl’s Court, S.W.5. (Orn.)

1939 Ashby, C. B., 20 Denmark Road, Carshalton, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Ashley, R. S., 32 Warminster Road, South Norwood, S.E.25. (Lep., Orn.)

1946 Aspden, W., F.Z.S., c/o Ministry of Food (Organisation and Methods Divi¬
sion), Portman Court, Portman Square, W.l. (Bot., Geol., Orn.)

1892 Austin, S., F.Z.S., 43 Darenth Road, N. 16. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., Orn., R.)

1931 Back, Dr Marjorie, 10 Great George Street, S.W.l. (Bot., Orn.)

1929 ‘Bagnall, R. S., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., 30 Wellesley Road, Chiswick, W.4. (Bot.,

Ent., PI. G.)

1944 Bailey, A. J. M., 3 East Road, Maidenhead, Berks. (Bot.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

133

1946 Bailey, J. A., 40 Ivanhoe Drive. Kenton, Middx. (Ent., Orn.)

1927 Baily, Miss A. R., F.Z.S., Cressex Lodge, Binfield, Berks. (Arch., Bot., Ent.,
Orn., PI. G., R.)

1944 Bain, Miss P. C., St Boswells, Dene Road, Northwood, Middx. (Bot., Ent.,
P.L.)

1946 Bak, F. A., 38 Stoughton Drive North, Leicester. (Orn.)

1941 Ballingal, N. C., 120 Cranmer Court, S.W.3. (Orn.)

1947 Balme, Miss O. E., Bedford College, Regent’s Park, N.W.l. (Orn.)

1944 Balter, R. S. D., F.R.E.S., 18 Ferncroft Avenue, N.W.3. (Ent., Micr.)

1934 Banks, H., 66 Sussex Avenue, Isleworth, Middx. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1927 Barclay-Smith, Miss P., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 51 Warwick Avenue, W.9. (Orn.)
1946 Barker, Miss P. M. W., 232 Cannon Lane, Pinner, Middx.

1946 Barker, R. J., '■ Domus,” Oatfield Road, Orpington, Kent. (Ent., Orn.)

1946 Barlow, J. W., 17 Seymour Road, S.W.18. (Bot.)

1946 Barnacle, J. F., 7 Hartley Old Road, Purley, Surrey. (Mam.)

1926 Barnes, Mrs E. C., M.B.O.U., Hungerdown, Seagry, Wilts. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)
1941 'Barrington, F. J. F., 52 Harley Street, W.l. (Orn.)

194 L Bartlett, T. L., B.A., M.B.O.U., 91 Woodend Avenue, Roxeth, Harrow, Middx.
(Ecol., Orn.)

1945 Barton, Miss M., 38 Swryncombe Avenue, Ealing, W.5.

1946 Bateman, Miss E., 71 Grange Road, Ealing, W.5.

1903 'Battley, Mrs, l Sydney Road, Guildford, Surrey.

1946 Batts, M. S., 17 Heslop Road, Balham, S.W.12. (Orn.)

1946 Batts, S. G., 17 Heslop Road, Balham, S.W.12. (Orn.)

1946 Bawtree, R. F., 22 Shirley Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. (Orn.)

1915 Bayne, C. S., Savage Club, l Carlton House Terrace, S.W.l. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Beal, N. A. G. H., 1 Auriol Road, W.14. (Orn.)

1943 Beamish, A. J., Epping House, near Hertford. (Orn.)

1947 Beattie, Mrs M. G., 86a Portland Place, W.l. (Orn.)

1946 Beazley, His Honour Judge Hugh, J.P., Wormley Hill House, Wormley,.
Broxbourne, Herts. (Orn.)

1936 Beckwith, Major W. M., D.S.O., 59 Albert Hall Mansions, S.W.7. (Orn.)

1944 Beddington, A., Lily Farm, Princes Risborough, Bucks. (Ent., Mam., Orn.)

1946 Bedford, W. D., F.R.E.S., The Ferris, Mill Lane, Broxbourne, Herts. (Orn.)
1943 Beesley, J. S. S., 63 Warren Avenue, Bromley, Kent. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1947 Bennett, D. A., 73 Ellesmere Avenue, Mill Hill, N.W.7. (Col., Lep.)

1946 Bennett, Miss E. A., 16 Inchmery Road, Catford, S.E.6. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Bensley, Lt.-Col. G. J. F., Vincent House, W.2. (Conch., Ent., Geol.)

1929 'Benson, R. B., M.A., F.R.E.S., British Museum (Natural History), S.W.7.

(Bot., Ecol., Ent., esp. Sawflies, Orn., PI. G., R.)

1932 Bentham, C. H., Eothen, 11 Epsom Lane South, Tadworth, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Best, Miss M. G., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 115 Widmore Road, Bromley, Kent.

(Orn.)

1947 Betchley, D. W., 37 Warren Road, Chingford, E.4. (Orn.)

1940 Beven, G., B.Sc., M.B., B.S., M.R.C.S., M.B.O.U., Cromer Hyde, Central

Road, Morden, Surrey. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Bilby, H. A., M.B.O.U., 9 Albert Road, Hayes, Middx. (Orn.)

1932 Binley, Sister E. M. (address not known). (Orn., R.)

1946 Bird, Miss B. J., 5 Greenend Road, Bedford Park, W.4. (Orn.)

1946 Bird, Miss M. I., 13 Eton Road, Hampstead, N.W.3. (Bot., Orn.)

1946 Bird, Miss P. E., Out Patient Dept., Guys Hospital, S.E.l. (Orn.)

1941 Bispham, T., B.Sc., A.I.C., 2 Chestnut Avenue, Wembley, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1930 Blair, K. G., D.Sc., F.R.E.S., Pentwyn, Afton Road, Freshwater, I.O.W. (Ent.)
1939 Blake, E. A., 16 Lindsay Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. (Orn.)

1937 Blake, F. W., 16 Lindsay Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Boggis, Miss L„ 60 Shuttleworth Road, S.W.ll. (Orn., R.)

1947 Bond, Miss D., 33 Florence Road, Stroud Green, N.4. (Bot., Orn.)

1937 Bond, Mrs M. T., 25 Reedway, Northampton. (Orn.)

1947 Boniface, R. A., 5 Grosvenor Road, Chiswick, W.4. (Bot.)

1947 Boorne, Miss A. G„ 188 Greenvale Road, Eltharn Park, S.E.9. (Orn.)

1941 Bourne, K. W., 47 West Way, N.W.10. (Ecol.)

134

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1945 Boucher, F. P. D., 17 Helena Court, Eaton Rise, Ealing1, W.5. (Arch., Geol.,

Bot.)

1946 Boyson, A. T., 4 Rosslyn Hill, Hampstead, N.W.3. (Geol., Orn.)

1945 Braby, C., 5 Arundel Street, W.C.2. (Orn.)

1946 Brabyn, W. G., 90 Bexhill Road, S.E.4. (Bot.)

1946 Bradbrooke, Mrs J., 34 West Hill Court, Millfield Lane, N.6. (Orn.)

1904 Bradley, S. W., 4 Lucton’s Avenue, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (Bot., Ent-, Orn.)
1932 Braithwaite, Miss D. M., 18 Warren Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1910 Braithwaite, Miss N. A., 18 Warren Road, E.4.

1947 Branscom.be, P. J., 20 Alleyn Road, West Dulwich, S.E.21. (Orn.)

1946 Brewer, Mrs W., 120 Parkside Avenue, Barnehurst, Kent. (Orn.)

1937 Brightwell, L. R., F.Z.S., White Cottage, Chalk Lane, East Horsley, Surrey.
(Marine Life.)

1946 Britten, R. O., 21 Tollers Lane, Old Coulsdon, Surrey. (Orn.)

1942 Bromley, F. C., 93 Wolmer Gardens, Edgware, Middx. (Orn.)

1946 Brooke, Miss W. M. A., F.L.S., 300 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N.16. (Marine
Biol., Bot., Economic Ent.)

1946 Brown, Dr A. G., M.B.O.U., Colac, Victoria, Australia. (Orn.)

1937 Brown, Miss B. E., Gresham Cottage, Granville Road, Limpsfield, Surrey.

(Ecol., Orn.)

1947 ‘Brown, Miss M. M., 27 The Pleasance, Putney, S.W.15.

1940 Browne, Miss E. Gore, 3 Claremont House, Lithos Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1938 Buck, F. D., c/o 49 Elthorne Road, N.19. (Col., Ecol.)

1947 Bunker, Miss M. K., 105 Campden Hill Road, Kensington, W.8. (Orn.)

1944 Bunt, E. F., 34 Buckleigh Road, S.W.16. (Arch., Bot., Geol.)

1930 ‘Burgham, Miss J. E., 2 Nevern Place, S.W.5. (Geol., Orn., R.)

1915 Burkill, H. J., M.A., F.R.G.S., 3 Newman’s Court, Cornhill, E.C.3. (Bot.,
Ecol., Geol., Lep., Orn., PL G., R.)

1947 Burnett, P. N., 29 Kelsey Way, Beckenham, Kent.

1946 Burra, Miss E. T., 2 Eramham Gardens, S.W.5. (Orn.)

1946 Burridge, Miss D., Brook Bank, Godstone, Surrey. (Bot., Orn.)

1943 Burt, Miss E. H., 40 Bellfield Avenue, Harrow Weald, Middx.

1946 Burton, J. F., 43 Eversley Road, Charlton, S.E.7. (Lep., Orn.)

1946 Bussey, G. W., 87 Mount Ararat Road, Richmond, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Butcher, J., 1 Sandy Way, Shirley, near Croydon, Surrey. (Ent.)

1937 Butlin, Major J. H., c/o 90 East Sheen Avenue, S.W.14. (Orn.)

1935 Butterworth, Miss M. H., Benrose, King Street, Warminster, Wilts. (Bot.,

Ecol., Orn.)

1947 ‘Cadbury, J. C., “ Beaconwood,” Rednal, Birmingham. (Orn.)

1932 Caiger-Smith, Miss J., Ibstock Place, Clarence Lane, S.W.15. (Orn.)

1938 Calvert, G. W., 97 Abbot’s Road, Abbot’s Langley, Herts.

1928 ‘Campbell, J. M. H., M.D., 47 Arkwright Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1912 Capleton, A., Golfer’s Club. 2a Whitehall Court, S.W.l. (Bot., Ecol., Mam.,
Orn., R.)

1947 Carpenter, Miss M. I., Salomon’s Centre, Guy’s Hospital, S.E.i. (Orn.)

1936 Carrington, L. I., The Grey Cottage, Chipstead, Surrey. (Ecol., Ent., Orn., R.)

1933 Carter, J. S., Ph.D., M.Sc., F I.C., 26 St John’s Road, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

1932 Castell, C. P., B.Sc., 52 Graham Road, S.W.19. (Bot., Conch., Ecol., Geol.,
Orn.)

1947 Cattee, Miss M., c/o Miss Kenrick, 11 Pembridge Villas, W.ll. (Bot.)

1936 C'awkell, Major E. M., 6 Canute Road, Hastings, Sussex. (Orn.)

1946 Cawood, Miss H. M., Walthamstow Hall, Sevenoaks, Kent. (Orn.)

1945 Chalke, Mrs K. I. M., 20 South Drive, Cheam, Surrey. (Orn.)

1945 Chalke, S. H , 20 South Drive, Cheam, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Chambers, Miss R. C., 1 Manor Close, Mill Hill, N.W.7. (Orn.)

1930 Chandler, S. E., D.Sc., F.L.S., 59 Anerley Park, Penge, S.E.20. (Bot., Ecol.)
1946 Chapman. P. C., Charterhouse, Godaiming, Surrey.

1946 Chave, S. P. W., 15 Glenhurst Rise, Beulah Hill, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1945 Christopher, Mrs C. O. E., 401 Howard House, Dolphin Square, S.W.l.
(Bot., Orn.)

1931 Chubb, Sir Lawrence, 71 Eccleston Square, S.W.l. (R.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

135

1947 Claxton, E., 120 Fairholme Crescent, Hayes, Middx. (Orn.)

1929 Coates, Miss N. H., Woodhouse, Beaumont Road, S.W.19. (Bot., Orn.)

1904 Cockayne, E. A., M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., 8 High Street, Tring, Herts.
(Biol., Lep.)

1937 Cockburn, T. A., M.D., Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Society of Lon¬

don, Regent’s Park, N.W.8. (Orn.)

1945 Cocks, E., 109 Riefreid Road, Eltham, S.E.9. (Amph., Mam., Rep.)

1925 Cocksedge, W. C., 10 St Mary’s Avenue, Shortlands, Bromley, Kent. (Arch.,
Bot., Ecol., Geol., Orn.)

1929 Cocksedge, Mrs, lo St Mary’s Avenue, Shortlands, Bromley, Kent. (Arch.,

Bot.. Ecol., Geol.)

1947 Cohen, C. S. M., 48 Keyes Road, Cricklewood, N.W.2. (Orn.)

1945 Cole, G. P., 19 Crossway, Bush Hill Park, Enfield, Middx. (Orn., Ecol.)

1907 Collenette, C. L., F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S., 15 Warren Avenue, Richmond, Surrey.

(Api., Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn.)

1932 Collenette, Mrs C. L., 15 Warren Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. (Orn.)

1936 Collett, R. L., 165/20 Abbey Road, N.W.8. (Orn.)

1946 Collins, L. A., 5 Scarth Road, Barnes, S.W.13. (Orn.)

1946 Colyer. C. N., F.I.A.C., F.R.E.S., 8 Canning Court, Newnham Road, N.22.
(Ent., esp. Dipt.)

1914 Connoll, Miss E., 40 Ritherdon Road, S.W.17.

1946 Connor, R. J., 79 Eastmead Avenue, Greenford, Middx. (Orn.)

1946 Conway-Morris, R„ 4 The Oaks, 61 Frognal, Hampstead, N.W.3. (Ent., Orn.)

1938 Cooper, J. M., Fairview, 48 Higher Drive, Purley, Surrey. (Orn.)

1942 Cramp, S., 1 Park Road, N.W.l. (Orn.)

1937 Crispin, G. H., Meadowcroft, Abbot’s Langley, Herts.

1947 Croft, Mrs E. G., 1 Spencer House, Albion Avenue. S.W.8. (Orn.)

1927 Cross-Rose, F., 20 Woolstone Road, S.E.23. (Orn.)

1947 Crosth waite, Miss A., 302 Beatty House, Dolphin Square, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1892 Culpin, M., M.D., F.R.C.S., Fairview, Semaphore Road, Guildford. (Biol.)
1946 Cunha, Roy da, 2 Grove House, Epsom, Surrey. (Orn.)

1928 Cuningham, Miss D. w. M., c/o Mrs Lingard, Fellside, Windermere, West¬

morland. (Bot,, Ecol., Ent,, Orn., PI. G.)

1930 Cunningham. J., M.B.O.U., Fern Hill, Belfast. (Orn.)

1936 Currie, P. W. E., F.R.E.S., 102 Burdon Lane, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey.
(Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Curtis, Miss M., 102 Philbeach Gardens, S.W.5. (Orn.)

1892 Cyriax, R. C., 23 Aberdare Gardens, N.W.6. (Arch., Aryan question, Indo-
European languages.)

1936 Daffarn, J. D., " Hill Lodge,” 17 Cranbourne Road, Muswell Hill, N.10.
(Orn.)

1946 Dales, R. P., 67 Westmorland Avenue, Squirrels Heath, Essex. (Ecol., Ent.,
Orn.)

1920 'Dallas, J. E. S., 29 Clinton Road, Leather-head, Surrey. (Arch., Bot., Ecol.,
Orn., PI. G., R.)

1925 'Dallas, Mrs Rosa F., 29 Clinton Road, Leather-head, Surrey. (Arch., Bot.,

Ecol., Geol., Orn., R.)

1940 Darlington, Miss I., M.A., 39 Craven Avenue, W.5. (Arch., Bot., Orn.)

1933 Davies, Miss E. B., Graffham, Petworth, Sussex. (Ent., Orn.)

1944 Davies, Mrs I. W., 147 Coleherne Court, Redcliffe Gardens, S.W.5. (Bot.,

Orn.)

1945 Davies, S. H., 8 Crescent Parade, Hillingdon, Middx. (Orn.)

1946 Davis, A. G., F.G.S., 75 Croydon Road, Anerley, S.E.20. (Bot., Conch., Ecol.,

Ent., Geol.)

1932 Davis, Miss R., 118 College Road, S.E.21. (Orn., R.)

1947 Dawson, Miss J. M., 19 Woodbourne Avenue, Streatham, S.W.16. (Orn.)

1946 Day, P. R., 36 Templeton Avenue, Chingford, E.4. (Bot.)

1946 Deacon, Miss S., 157 Sussex Gardens, Paddington, W.2. (Orn.)

1926 Deane, Miss M. B. H., Box 36, B.P.O., Tangier, Morocco. (Orn.)

1910 Dell, F. G., 55 Russell Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (Micr., Orn., P.L.)

1947 Dernrott, L. F., 26 Rockhampton Road. S.E.27. (Bot., esp. Mosses.)

136

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1939 Devenisli, L. R., 23 Grosvenor Road, East Grinstead, Sussex. (Ecol., Lep.)
1946 de Worms, Baron Charles G. M., Milton Park, Egham, Surrey. (Lep., Orn.)

1945 Dickson, J. W., The Middlesex Hospital, Mortimer Street, W.l. (Bot.,

Photogr.)

1946 Dobbs, Miss L., 1 Fielding Road, Bedford Park, Chiswick, W.4. (Bot.,

Geol., Orn.)

1933 Doran, F. H., 92 Wilfred Street, Westminster, S.W.l. (P.L.)

1945 Doree, Dr Charles, Longroof, Hervines Road, Amersham, Bucks. (Ent., Orn.)
1928 Douglas-Smith, Miss K., 19 Thurlow Road, N.W.3. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Down, E. H., 28 Lynton Mead, Totteridge, N.20. (Orn.)

1946 Downe, Mrs J. H., 2 Harewood Road, Isleworth, Middx.

1942 *DufRn, C. J., M.B.O.U., 26 Mount Ephraim Road, Streatham, S.W.16. (Orn.)
1946 Dukes, Dr C., 1 Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, W.l. (Orn.)

1946 Eades, T. L., 8 Rossdale Road, Putney, S.W.15. (Arch., Bot., Orn., Geol.)

1934 Eales-Wliite, Major J. C., T.D., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., 88 Mount Ararat Road,

Richmond, Surrey. (Arch., Ent., Orn.)

1938 Eardley-Wilmot, Mrs M., Ladies’ Carlton Club, 5 Grosvenor Place, Hyde

Park Corner, S.W.l. (Bot., Orn.)

1944 Easton, A. M., M.B., B.S., Roadside Cottage, Lower Road, Great Bookham,

Surrey. (Col.)

1945 Edwards, V. A., 75 Barn Hill, Wembley Park, Middx. (Ecol., Orn.)

1936 Elcome, G. D., 64 Syon Lane, Isleworth, Middx. (Orn.)

1936 Ellington, Miss M. L., 1st London Motor Co., Cam House, Campden Hill,
W.8. (Orn.)

1946 Ellis, A. E., M.A., F.L.S., Epsom College, Surrey. (Bot., Chelifera, Isopoda,

Mollusca, Odonata, Opiliones, Orth.)

1936 Ellis, W. G., “ Crossbank,” St David’s Road, Penrhyn Bay, Llandudno, N.

Wales. (Orn.)

1939 Elphinstone, K. V., Artillery Mansions, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1946 Elworthy, Miss J. M., 2 Marloes Road, W.8. (Bot., Orn.)

1928 Emberson, L. M., African and Eastern (Near East) Ld., P.O. Box No. 1,
Basra, Iraq. (Ecol., Orn.)

1933 England, Mrs B., 2 Langbourne Avenue, Highgate West Hill. N.6. (Orn., R.)

1947 England, M. D., Aros, Limpsfield, Surrey. (Orn.)

1947 English, A. E., 21 Aultone Way, Sutton, Surrey. (Bot., Orn.)

1927 English, Miss F., 8 Dorville Crescent, Ravenscourt Park, W.6. (Arch., Bot.,
Orn., R.)

1946 English, Miss M. P., Woodside, Seal, Sevenoaks, Kent. (Mycol.)

1944 Eustace, Miss W., Bedford College, N.W.l. (Fr. Water Ecol.)

1937 Evans, H. J., B.Sc., Jesemin, Amersham Road, Little Chalfont, Bucks.

(Arch., Geol., Orn.)

1942 Evans, L. R., c/o 35 Champion Grove, S.E.5. (Orn.)

1943 Evans, Miss M. E., Orchard Cottage, Capel, Surrey. (Ecol.)

1946 Evans Percy, 21 Grimsdyke Road, Hatch End, Middx. (Geol.)

1947 Evans, T. R., 102 Woodland Way, West Wickham, Kent. (Orn.)

1945 Eyden, Rev. M. J., B.A., Quainton Hall School, Harrow, Middx. (Orn.)

1907 Eynon, L., B.Sc., F.I.C., 8 Hall Lane, Upminster, Essex. (Chem.)

1946 Farenden, Mrs J., 83 Harewood Road, Isleworth, Middx.

1946 Farenden, W., 83 Plarewood Road, Isleworth, Middx.

1946 Farmer, S., 8 Ferrymead Avenue, Greenford, Middx. (Orn.)

1935 Farquharson, A., Le Play House, Albert Road, Malvern. (Ecol.)

1939 Faulkner, Miss A. M. G., 127 Lower Richmond Road, S.W.14. (Arch., Orn., R.)

1947 Fieldhouse, J. R., 52 Sedgecombe Avenue, Kenton, Middx. (Orn.)

1947 Fillmore, L. J., ll Westfield Avenue, Woking, Surrey. (Orn.)

1945 Finneron, Miss M., 80 Wavertree Court, Streatham Hill, S.W.2.

1944 Firth, F., “ Normanhurst,” 16 Winchelsey Rise, South Croydon, Surrey.

(Orn.)

1944 Firth, F. M., “ Normanhurst,” 16 Winchelsey Rise, South Croydon, Surrey.
(Orn.)

Fisher, J. M. McC., M.A., F.L.S., M.B.O.U., Old Rectory, Ashton, Northamp¬
ton. (Ecol., Orn.)

1937

LIST OF MEMBERS.

137

1934 Fitter, R. S. R., B.Sc. (Econ.), F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Greyhounds, Burford, Ox¬

ford. (Ecol., Ent., Orn.)

1947 Fitzpatrick, Mrs J M., 120 Castelnau, Barnes, S.W.13. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)
1947 Fookes, Miss U., 71 St Mary’s Mansions, Paddington, W.2. (Orn.)

1946 Ford, H. K., Medical Superintendent’s House, St Stephen’s Hospital Chel¬
sea, S.W.10. (Arch., Ecol., Icht., P.L.)

1936 Forrester, Mrs C. E., Sesame Imperial and Pioneer Club, 49 Grosvenor

Street, W.l. (Arch., Orn.)

1946 Forster, Miss E., 50 Redcliffe Gardens, S.W.10. (Bot., Orn.)

1937 Fossey, H. B., 13 Abercorn Gardens, Bailey Lane, Romford, Essex. (Orn.)
1924 Foster, J. B., B.A., 12 Conway Road, S.W.20. (Orn.)

1935 Foster, Mrs J. B., 12 Conway Road, S.W.20.

1945 Foster, Miss K. E., 6 Criffel Avenue, Streatliam Hill, S.W.2. (Ecol., Bot.)

1944 Fox, Prof. H. Munro, F.R.S., 27 Sussex Place, N.W.l. (Bot., Fr. Water Ecol.,

Geol., Orn.)

1946 Fox, M. H., c/o National Bank Ltd., 3 High Street, Cardiff.

1938 Franks, Miss H., 21 Queen Square House, W.C.l. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., Orn., R.)

1931 Frederick, Miss L. M., M.Sc., F.Z.S., Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney,

S.W.15. (Ecol., Orn., P.L., R.)

1935 French. W. A., Brook Barns, Chigwell, Essex. (Bot., Orn.)

1946 Frost, L. B., 55 St Albans Road, Woodford Green, Essex. (Ent.)

1945 Fudge, Miss E. M„ 6 Pickhurst Rise, West Wickham, Kent. (Ecol.)

1946 Fulton, A. W., Little Saddlers, Eynsford, near Dartford, Kent, (Bot.)

1946 Gadsby, Miss D. M., 66 Heathurst Road, Sanderstead, Surrey.

1939 Garrett, V. R., M.A., M.B.O.U., 15 The Pryors, East Heath Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1932 Garrido, A. S., c/o 763 Rochdale Road, Manchester, 9. (Bot., Ecol., Geol.)
1910 Gaze, W. E., 10 The Avenue, Highams Park, E.4. (Bot., Chem., Lep., Orn.)
1939 Gibson. Mrs G. M., 26 Gilston Road, S.W.10. (Bot., Orn.)

1946 Giles, C. E.. 106 Woodstone Avenje, Stoneleigh, Surrey. (Orn.)

1931 Gillett, J. D., F.R.E.S., 72 Gayton Road, Harrow, Middx. (Ent., Rep.)

1933 Gillham, E. H., 19 Tennison Road, S.E.25. (Orn.)

1937 Gillingham, D. W., c/o 28 Roding Road, Loughton, Essex. (Orn.)

1947 Gilmore, J. T., 67 White Hart Lane, Barnes, S.W.13. (Orn.)

1945 Gladstone, P., Willowbrook End, Eton, Windsor. (Orn., Zoo.)

1910 Glegg, W. E., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. (Orn )

1946 Glynn, E. St A., 6a Lancaster Drive, N.W.3. (Mycol.)

1934 Godwin, C., 20 Canonbury Park North, N.l. (Orn.)

1934 Godwin, Mrs M. L., 20 Canonbury Park North, N.l. (Orn.)

1944 Golding, Miss L.. Bloomsbury House Club, 34 Cartwright Gardens, W.C.l.

1945 Goldney, C. Le B., 30 Hylda Court, St Albans Road, N.W.5.

1945 Goldney, Mrs N., 30 Hylda Court, St Albans Road, N.W.5. (Orn., Bot.)

1946 Gollop, Charles, 13 Manor Road, Merstham, Surrey. (Ent., Orn.)

1929 Goodfellow, Miss L., Flat 3, 7 Lyndhurst Gardens, N.W.3. (Orn \

1939 Goom, Miss E. M., 78 Elmfield Avenue, Teddington, Middx. (Orn.)

1946 Goom, Miss N., 78 Elmfield Avenue, Teddington, Middx. (Orn.)

1944 Gould, A., 185 New Haw Road, Addlestone, Surrey. (Orn.)

1942 Gould, H. G., 35 Bergholt Avenue, Ilford, Essex. (Orn.)

1946 Graham, Miss E. D., l Beaumanor Mansions, 115 Queensway W 2 (Bot

Orn.)

1947 Gray, C. A. M., 18 St John’s Park, Blackheath, S.E.3. (Geol.)

1934 Gray, Miss J W., 10 Canford Road, S.W.ll. (Arch., Bot., R )

1947 Gray, Mrs M. R., 18 St John’s Park, Blackheath. S.E.3. ’

1937 Green, D. B., Church Cottage, Church Hanborough, Oxon. (Orn.)

192i Green, R., F.Z.S., Ruskin Studio, 7 New Court, Lincoln’s Inn. W.C.2, and
84 Elgin Road, Seven Kings, Essex. (Orn.)

1939 Greenfield, Lt. H. F., R.A., 18 Stuart Road, Warlingham, Surrev. (Orn.)
1899 ‘Greenwood, Prof. M., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.O.P., Hillcrest, Church Hill Lough¬
ton, Essex. (Arch., Biol.)

1945 Griffin, Mrs E. M., 1 Park Hall, Crooms Hill, Greenwich, S.E.10.

194/ Griffiths, Miss R. H., 63 Devonshire Road, Palmers Green N 13 (Arch
Bot., Orn.)

138

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1928 Griffin, Miss M., 22 Addison Way, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

1947 Grinsell, L. V., Bloomsbury House Club, 34 Cartwright Gardens, W.C.l.
(Arch.)

1937 Guichard, K. M., c/o 10 Lyndhurst Gardens, N.W.3. (Bot., Ecol., Ent., R.)
1945 Guildhall Library, E.C.2.

1945 Gurteen, M.. Honiley, Balcombe Road, Horley, Surrey. (Orn., Bot.)

1927 *Hale, R. W., 6 Grendon Gardens, Wembley Park, Middx. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Hall, Dr Marjorie K., 16 Pilgrims Lane. Hampstead, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1947 Hamilton, M. K., Anton House, Riching’s Way, Iver, Bucks. (Orn.)

1944 Hammond, Miss Q., G.P.O. Hostel, Oakwood Court, W. Kensington. W.14.
(Bot.)

1903 Hanbury, F., Capel, Westfield, Hoddesdon, Herts. (Lep.)

1946 Hansford, S. H., 29 Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, W.8. (Arch., Bot.)

1946 Hansford, Mrs S. H., 29 Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, W.8. (Arch., Bot.)
1897 ‘Hanson, P. J., Burcroft, Village Road, Bush Hill Park, Middx. (Arch., Ecol.,
Orn., R.)

1944 Hardcastle, Miss S. M., Bedford College, N.W.l. (Fr. Water Ecol.)

1927 Hardiman, Miss A., Hyron’s Cottage, Woodside Road, Amersham, Bucks. (R.)
1921 Hardiman, J. P., C.B.E., B.A., Hyron’s Cottage, Woodside Road, Amersham,
Bucks. (Orn.)

1946 Hare, Miss Phylis E. F., 80 Coleman Court, S.W.18. (Bot., Orn.)

1942 Harris, L. F., 30 Ellis Avenue, Rainham, Essex. (Orn.)

1947 Harrison, C. J. O., 178 Mantilla Road, Tooting, S.W.17. (Orn.)

1943 Harrison, D. L., F.Z.S., Bowerwood House, St Botolph’s Road, Sevenoaks,

Kent (Biol., Orn.)

1946 Harrison. Miss G. M., B.Pharm., Pli.C., 24 Clifton Gardens, W.9. (Orn.)

1942 Harrison, Major J. L., A.R.C.S., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., 93a High Street, S.W.19.
(Ecol., Ent.)

1945 Hartridge, Miss M. R., 94 Canberra Road, Charlton, S.E.7. (Orn., Bot.)

1944 Haskell, G., B.Sc., F.R.H.S., 25 Tring Avenue, W.5. (Bot., Ecol.)

1946 Hasler, J. K., 12 Harman Drive, N.W.2. (Bot., Orn.)

1935 Hatch, R. S., c/o 66 Coston’s Avenue, Greenford, Middx. (Orn.)

1939 Haviland, Mrs B., 8 Sloane Terrace Mansions, S.W.l. (Bot.)

1939 Haviland, Miss D. M., 8 Sloane Terrace Mansions, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1938 Haviland, Miss G. M. B., 8 Sloane Terrace Mansions, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1930 Haworth, Miss F. M., B.Sc., F.Z.S., Grove House, Roehampton Lane, S.W.15.
(Bot., Zoo.)

1946 Haworth, Miss M., The Brambles, Massetts Road, Horley, Surrey. (Bot.,
Orn.)

1946 Hawtin, F., Ibstock Place School, Clarence Lane, S.W.15. (Orn.)

1946 Hayman, R. W., “ Timbers,” 32a Hazlewell Road, Putney, S.W.15. (Mam.,
Orn.)

1927 Hayward, John F., Pli.D., M.Sc., F.G.S., 29 Mount Echo Drive, Chingford,
E.4. (Biol., Geol.)

1946 Hearn, Miss D. B., 56 Meadvale Road, Ealing, W.5.

1947 Heley, Miss M. J., Bloomsbury House Club, 34 Cartwright Gardens, W.C.l.

(Arch.)

1946 Hepburn, Miss E. M., Clarence Lodge, Hampton Court, E. Molesey, Surrey.

(Orn.)

1947 Hick, A. E., Sherrards, Cricketfield Lane, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. (Bot.,

Ent. (esp. Hym.), Photography, PI. G.)

1946 Hicks, P. Yelverton, M.B., B.S., F.Z.S., Hayes Barton, Totteridge Lane, Tot-
teridge, Herts. (Bot., Ent., Orn.)

1946 Hilbert, Miss G., 106 Wellesley Road, Ilford, Essex.' (Bot.)

1946 Hill, F. L., 24 Westland Drive, Hayes, Bromley, Kent. (Bot., Orn., Lep.)
1946 Hill, H. M., 71 Ellison Road, Streatham, S.W.16. (Arch.)

1936 Hilliard, R., c/o 5 Oakleigh Gardens, Edgware, Middx. (Ecol., Ent.)

1946 Hillman, Miss E. M., 16 Exford Road, Grove Park, S.E.12. (Orn.)

1938 Hindson, M. T., 11 Holland Park, W.ll. (Ecol., R.)

1944 Hobhouse, Miss D., 82 Vincent Square, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1946 Hodgson, Rev. R. L., 23 Howitt Road, Belsize Park, N.W.3. (Orn.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

139

1937 Hohn, E. O., B.Sc., Dept, of Physiology, Medical School, Guy’s Hospital
S.E.l. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Hollings, Miss M., St Katharine’s Training College, White Hart Lane, Tot¬

tenham, N.17.

1939 Hollom, P. A. D., Rolvenden, Hook Heath, Woking, Surrey. (Orn.)

1947 Holmes, Miss A. M., Sunnyside, Shelley, Ongar, Essex.

1944 Holroyde, F. J., 13 Denbridge Road, Bickley, Kent. (Orn.)

1947 Holroyde, R. B., 13 Denbridge Road, Bickley, Kent. (Orn.)

1932 Homes, R. C., Park Cottage, Wisborough Green, Billingshurst, Sussev.
(Ecol., Orn.)

1930 Hopkins, Lieut. G., c/o Braemar, Sandy Lodge Way, Northwood, Middx.
(Ecol., Orn.)

1944 Horeman, T. J., 104 Kilmorie Road, S.E.23. (Ent., Orn.)

1905 Hornblower, A. B., 91 Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (Api., Arch.,
Ecol., Orn., R.)

1946 Howes, Miss L. F.,'1 Shirley Road, Chiswick, W.4. (Bot.)

1945 Howlett, Mrs F. M., 27 Barton Road, W.14. (Arch., Geol.)

1945 Howlett, V. G. A., 27 Barton Road, W.14. (Arch., Geol.)

1941 Hoy, K. E., 5 Beverley Crescent, Woodford Green, Essex. (Ent., Orn.)

1945 Hoyle, Miss D. M., 61 Danescroft, Brent Street, Hendon, N.W.4. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Hubbard, A. E., 54 Blakes Lane, New Malden, Surrey. (Bot., Orn.)

1947 Hughes, C., 6 St Hilda’s Avenue. Ashford, Middx. (Orn.)

1947 Humphreys, P. N., 6 Kensington Gardens Square, W.21. (Orn., esp. Wild¬
fowl.)

1938 Hurcomb, Sir Cyril, K.B.E., C.B., 47 Campden Hill Court, W.8. (Orn.)

1939 Hussey, N. W., c/o Penwarne, Stonewall Park Road, Langton, Tunbridge

Wells, Kent. (Hym., Orn.)

1945 Hutchings, C. E., 38 Lancefield Street, Queen’s Park, W.10. (Orn )

1946 Hutson, Maj.-Gen. H. P. W., M.B.O.U., 130 Queen’s Gate, S.W.7. (Orn.)

1930 Hutton, Miss R. E., 34 Tliorneyhedge Road, Gunnersbury, W.4. (Bot., Zoo.)
1946 Inglis, Mrs G. I., 34 West Hill Court, Millfield Lane, N.6. (Orn.)

1945 Izzard, W. P., 180 Woodhouse Road, North Finchley,’ N. 12. (Orn.)

1943 Janvrin. J. P., c/o Middlesex Hospital Medical School, W.l. (Orn.)

1945 Jardine, Miss D. A., 33 Cranborne Road, Potters Bar, Middx. (Orn.)

1927 Jeffrey, H. J., A.R.C.S., F.L.S., Tauranga, Cavell Avenue South, Peace-
haven, Sussex. (Bot.)

1946 Jenkinson, Miss R., Eyot Cottage, Chiswick Mall, W.4. (Orn.)

1929 Johns, Miss F. E., 30 Mt. Stewart Avenue, Kenton, Middx. (Bot.. Orn., R.)

1933 Johns, Miss L. J., 87 Morley Hill, Enfield, Middx. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., Orn.’, R.)
1946 Johnson, Miss E. E., 7 Links Road, Woodford Green, Essex. (R.)

1944 Johnson, P., F.Z.S., 443 Park West, Marble Arch, W.2. (Orn., Zoo.)

1939 Jones, H. O., 49 Eaton Road, Sutton, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Jones, Rev. J. V., The Clergy House, Beckton, East Ham, E.6, (Orn.)

1947 ^ Jones, M. W., 138 Francis Close, Ewell, Surrey. (Orn.)

1899 *Kaye, W. J., F.R.E.S., Chantrey Lodge, Longdown, Guildford, Surrey. (Lep.)
1947 Keene, J. A., 138 Minims Hall Road, Potters Bar, Middx. (Orn.)

1945 Kelleway, Mrs D. M., 20 The Pryors, Hampstead, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1946 Kemp, D. R., • The Priory,” Knowle Green, Staines, Middx. (Bot.)

1942 Kemp, Mrs M. M., 33 Ellerton Road, S.W.18. (Orn.)

1945 Kennedy, Miss M. E., 62 Lordship Road, Stoke Newington, N.16. (R.)

1946 Kenrick, Miss Alison, ll Pembridge Villas, W.ll. (Orn.)

1944 Kent, D. H„ 75 Adelaide Road, W. Ealing, W.13. (Bot. Chem Ecol )

1934 Kerr, Mrs H. M. Rait-, 22 Elm Tree Road, N.W.8. (Arch., Eco’l., Orn.)

1936 Keywood, K. P., Croft Cottage, Hare Lane, Claygate, Surrey. (Ent., Orn.)

1930 King, Miss C. A., M.D., 8 Lancaster Drive, N.W.3. (Arch., Orn., R.)

1929 King, E, L., ll Downs View, Osterley, Middx. (Arch., Bot., Geol., Orn.)

1946 King, J. E., The Rectory, Holt, Norfolk. (Orn.)

1945 King, J. M. B., 23 Lyncroft Gardens, West Ealing, W.13. (Mycol.)

1932 King, Mrs Q. T. G., ll Downs View, Osterley, Middx. (Arch., Bot., Geol
Orn., R.)

1946 Knight, John, 74 East Sheen Avenue, East Sheen, S.W.14. (Orn.)

140

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1946 Knipe, P. R., 24 Capthorne Avenue, Harrow, Middx. (Orn.)

1947 Knott, Miss B. B., 12 Mount Echo Avenue, Chingford, E.4. (Orn.)

1945 Ivoster, D., 19 The Pryors, Hampstead, N.W.3. (Orn., Bot., Ichth.)

1941 Kramer, J. A., 23 Clifton Avenue, N.3. (Orn.)

1946 Landells, Dr J. W., 6 Einnerdale Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Landells, Mrs Norah, 6 Ennerdale Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey. (Orn.)

1944 Larsen, R. T. F., 370, Finchley Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1945 Leatherdale, Mrs J., “ Tasli,” Hawks Hill, Leatherhead, Surrey. (R.).

1930 Ledlie, R. C. B., M.B., B.Sc., F.R.C.S., 64 Harley Street, W.l. (Bot., Orn.)

1946 Lee, H. Boswell, St Macra, Highland Road, Amersham, Bucks. (R.)

1928 Lee, Miss M., 22 Addison Way, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

1946 Le Gros, A. E., 155 Glenfarg Road, Catford, S.E.6. (Arachnida, Ecol., Geol.)
1922 Lemon, Mrs M. L., M.B.E., J.P., F.R.G.S.. F.R.S.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Hill-
crest, Redhill, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Levy, Miss R. F., 28 New End, Hampstead, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1937 Lewer, F. A., Jalna, Cobham Road, E. Horsley, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Lewis, Miss E., 64 Quarry Park Road, Cheam, Surrey. (Bot., Orn.)

1946 Lewis, Miss E. A., M.Sc., Ph.D., .Southlands College, 65 Wimbledon Park
Side, S.W.19. (Bot., Ecol.)

1919 Leyton Public Libraries (E. Sydney, F.L.A.), Central Library, E.10.

1946 Lightly, J. M. F., 9 Westbourne Terrace, Paddington, W.2.

1944 Lindley, K. A., 9 Old Oak Road, W.3. (Lep., Orn.)

1946 Lindop, Miss S. A., 11 Durrington Park Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20. (Arch.,

Geol.)

1927 Lister, Miss G., F.L.S., 871 High Road, E.ll. (Bot., Orn.)

1926 ‘Littlejohn, H. A., 55 Ethelbert Gardens, Ilford, Essex. (Bot., Orn., R.)

1947 Lloyd, G. W., 141 Pentonville Road, Finsbury, N.l. (Orn.)

1934 Locket, G. H., M.A., M.Sc., 36 Gayton Road, Harrow, Mx. (Ecol., Ent.)

1944 Lockett, J. H., The Pines, Sheath Lane, Oxshott, Surrey. (Orn.)

1926 ‘Longfield, Miss C. E., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S , M.B.O.U., 11 Iverna Gardens,
Kensington, W.8. (Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn., R.)

1945 Longley, C. W., Lloyds Bank House, 40a Rosslyn Hill, Hampstead, N.W.3.

(Orn., Bot.)

1945 Longley, Mrs S. II., Lloyds Bank House, 40a Rosslyn Hill, Hampstead,

N.W.3. (Bot.)

1936 Lousley, J. E., 7 Penistone Road, S.W.16. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1930 ‘Low, G. Carmichael. M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 7 Kent House,
Kensington Court, W.8. (Orn., Zoo.)

1926 Lutwyche, Mrs A. N., 120 Mildred Avenue, Watford, Herts. (Orn., R.)

1946 Lutwyche, Miss Y. U., 24 Well Walk, Hampstead, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1938 MacAlister, D. A., 10 St Albans Grove, Kensington, W.8. (Orn.)

1928 MacAlister, Mrs E., 10 St Albans Grove, Kensington, W.S. (Bot., Orn.)

1937 ‘McClintock, Major D., M.A., A.C.A., Bracken Hill, Platt, near Sevenoaks,

Kent. (Bot., Orn.)

1945 McClintock, Miss M., The Vicarage, Platt, near Sevenoaks, Kent. (Bot,.,
Orn.)

1935 McCulloch, Capt. G. K., c/o 65 Chester Road, Northwood, Middlesex. (Orn.)
1933 MacDonald, Rt. Hon. Malcolm J., c/o Upper Frognal Lodge, Hampstead..

N.W.3. (Orn.)

1935 McDowell, Miss C. M., 19 Cambridge Park Court, E. Twickenham, Mx.
(Bot., Orn., R.)

1939 McEwen, Miss E., 230 Kensington Close, Wrights Lane, W.S. (Orn.)

1945 McHoul, J., 76 Princes Court, Brompton Road, S.W.3. (Orn.)

1911 Macintosh, Miss I. S., 3 Mayfield Road, E.4. (Arch., Bot.)

1911 Macintosh, Miss J. D., 3 Mayfield Road, E.4. (Arch., Bot.)

1929 Mackay, Helen M. M., M.D., F.R.C.P., 7 Lyndhurst Gardens, N.W.3. (Orn.)
1937 McKeen, Mrs E., 15 Doughty Street, W.C.l. (Arch.)

1946 Mackie, J. D. II., 42 Lyncroft Mansions, Lyncroft Gardens, Hampstead,

N.W.6. (Orn.)

1932 Mackworth-Praed, C. W., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., M.B O.U., Castletop,
Burley, near RingAvood. Hants. (Ent., Orn.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

141

1946 Mackintosh, W. H., 6 Enmore Road, S.W.15. (Arch., Bot.)

1941 McMillan, A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Ivy House, New Romney, Kent. (Orn.)
1943 McNicol, G. F., 38 King’s Road, Edmonton, N.18. (Bot,, Orn.)

1943 McNicol, Mrs J. C., 38 King’s Road, Edmonton, N.18. (Bot., Orn.)

1923 Macpherson, A. Holte, B.C.L., M.A., F.Z.S., 12 The Beacon, Exmouth, Devon.
(Orn.)

1946 Macpherson, Miss A. Margaret C„ M.D., F.R.C.P., 22 Well Walk, Hamp¬

stead, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1947 Maitland, Mrs M. A., 151 Coleherne Court, S.W.5. (Bot., Orn.)

1923 Mann, E., 10 Frankland Road, E.4. (Ecol., Orn., P.L.)

1934 Mann, F. R., M.C., Noreena, Ham Common, Surrey. (Orn.)

1934 Manser, G. E., 279 Clockhouse Road, Beckenham, Kent. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)
1936 Manson-Bahr, Sir Philip H., C.M.G., D.S.O., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., M.B.O.U.,
F.Z.S., 149 Harley Street, W.l. (Orn.)

1934 ‘Marchant. Miss R., 24 Longmeads, Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells Kent (Arch

Bot.) - ’

1944 Mason, Mrs U. C., 63 King’s Road, Richmond, Surrey. (Bot., Mycol.)

1945 Maxwell, J. E. H., 78b Clare Road, Maidenhead. (Orn.)

1947 Maynard, T. R., 21 South Gardens, Wembley Park, Middx. (Orn.)

1940 Mayo, R. W., Inaspinney, Oaklands, Welwyn, Herts. (Orn.)

1943 Mears, R. G., 14 Hampton Road, E.4. (Ent.)

1935 Melluish, W. D., 56 Sunnyfield, N.W.7. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Mercer, G. I., Flat 7, 23 Powis Square, Kensington, W.ll. (Orn.)

1946 Mildon, Miss E., 77 St James Road, Sutton, Surrey. (Orn.)

1944 Mills, T. H. L., A.I.E.E., 82 Madrid Road, S.W.13. (Orn.)

1947 Milne-Redhead, E., 7 Ashley Gardens, Petersham, Richmond Surrey (Bot

Ent., Orn.) '

1946 Mitchell, F. J. L., 298 Latymer Court, W.6. (Orn.)

1947 Mitchell, K. D. G., 26 Beehive Lane, Ilford, Essex. (Orn.)

1932 Mitchell, Miss M. I., 7 Penwerris Avenue, Osterley, Middlesex. (Bot., Orn.)
1946 Montgomery, B. K., 43 Baconsmere Road, East Finchley, N.2. (Orn.)

1946 Montieth, Mother M., Convent of the Sacred Heart, 28 West Hill S W 18

1947 Moore, D. R., Sunnydell Cottage, Westcar Lane, Horsham, Surrey. (Ent.

(esp. Rhopalocera, Sphinges), Orn.)

1947 Moore, G. W. R., Sunnydell Cottage, Westcar Lane, Hersham Surrey
(Orn.)

1934 Morgan, D. A. T., 4 Drayton Gardens, S.W.10. (Ecol., Orn., R.)

1946 Morgan, E. W. A., Wandle Cottage, Meadow Road, Sutton, Surrey (Bot
Orn.)

1946 Morgan, Mrs K. T., 4 Drayton Gardens, S.W.10. (Orn.)

1937 Morton, Miss G. M., 7 Broomfield Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey (4rch Orn )
1942 Mugele, G. F., 91 The Ridgeway, Chingford, E.4.

1945 Muir-Wood, Miss H. M., D.Sc., 13 Longridge Road, S.W.5. (Orn., Bot.)

1934 Munro, Miss M., 50a Hendham Road, Trinity Road, S.W.17. (Ecol Orn )

1937 Musselwhite, D. W., Treryn, Frith Hill, Godaiming, Surrey. (Orn.)

1938 ‘Myers, A. F., 43 Arkwright Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1936 Napper, Major R. P., R.A., F.Z.S., 24 Vernon Road, East Sheen, S.W.14. (Orn.)

1946 Nash. Miss B. M., 105 Station Road, Hendon, N.W.4. (Bot., Mycol.. Orn.)
1946 Nattrass, F. A., 50 Swakeleys Road, Ickenham, Middx. (Orn.)

1946 Newbery, D. A., 41 Courtfield Rise, West Wickham, Kent. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)
1946 Newton, Dr R. G., 102 New Church Road, Hove 3, Sussex. (Ecol., Orn.)

1926 Niblett, M., 10 Greenway, Wallington, Surrey. (Ent., PI. G.)

1893 ‘Nicholson, Miss B., 49 Danecourt Road, Parkstone, Dorset. (Rot.)

1934 Nicholson, E. M., M.B.O.U., 13 Upper Cheyne Row, S.W.3. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Noel, A. S., 4^ Woodcote Road, Wanstead, E.ll. (Orn., Ent., Bot.)

1946 Noel, Miss D., 32 Parkhill Road, N.W.3.

1946 Norkett, A. H., 36 Hemsby Road, Chessington. Surrey. (Bot., Ecol.)

1934 Norris, C. A., M.B.O.U., Grassholme, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire
(Ecol., Orn.)

1937 O Farrell, A. F., B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S., 15 Fitzwilliam Avenue Ormeau

Road, Belfast. (Ecol., Ent.)

142

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1940 Norsworthy, H. H., 8 Balliol House, Manor Fields, S.W.15. (Orn.)

1945 O’Neil, Mrs H. E., 32 Blomfleld Road, W.9. (Orn.)

1937 Owen, C. E., Haslemere Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Owen, Mrs E. K., 30 Hamilton Road, Harrow, Middx.

1938 Paddington Public Libraries (H. J. W. Wilson, A.L.A.), Porchester Road, W.2.
1929 Page, Miss M. M., West Horsley Rectory, Leatlierliead, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Page, W. M., 16 Lansdowne Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20. (Orn.)

1946 Page, Mrs W. M., 16 Lansdowne Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20. (Orn.)

1944 Panchen, A. L., 21 Rowan Road, S.W.16. (Ent., Rept.)

1946 Pannell, Miss D., 37 Cecil Road. Acton, W.3. (Bot.)

1946 Park, Mrs J. M. M., 76 Lavender Sweep, S.W.ll. (Orn.)

1938 Park, W. D., c/o 34 White Horse Drive, Epsom, Surrey. (Ecol., Orn.)

1925 ‘Parmenter, L., F.R.E.S., 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath. Surrey.

(Bot., Ecol., Ent. (esp. Dipt.), Orn., PI. G.)

1938 Parrinder, E. R., 27 Gwalior House, Chase Road, N.14. (Ecol., Orn., R.)
1938 Parrinder, Mrs E. R., 27 Gwalior House, Chase Road, N.14. (Ecol., Orn., R.)

1947 Parry, P. E., 190 Bickenhall Mansions, Gloucester Place, W.l. (Ent., Orn.)

1945 Parsons, C. H. F., 37 Court Farm Road, Northolt, Greenford, Middx. (Orn.)
1921 Parsons. Lt.-Cdr. S. T. T., R.N.V.R., 41a Addison Gardens, W.14. (Orn.)

1946 Patey, D. H., 11 Meadway Close, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

1946 Pattinson, Miss S. V., 140 Forest Hill Road, Honor Oak, S.E.23.

1933 Paulson, C. W. G., M.B.O.U., Wyresdale House, Pendleton Road, Redhill,
Surrey. (Orn.)

1923 Payne, E. M., Tilgate, Long Lane, Hillingdon, Middlesex. (Bot., Orn.)

1923 Payne, L. G., F.Z.S., 22 Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. (Bot., Ecol.,
Ent.)

1942 *Payne, R. M., 22 Marksbury Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. (Bot., Ecol., Ent.)

1944 Payton, H. W., Lianda, Hill Close, Harrow, Mx. (Bot., Orn.)

1947 Peacock. Miss J. L., 65 Aylward Road, Merton Park, S.W.20. (Orn.)

1937 Pearce, E. W., 3 Berkeley House, Hampton, Mdx. (Orn.)

1946 Pearce, Miss K. E., 40 Ingham Road, West Hampstead, N.W.6. (Bot.)

1935 Pearse, B. S. K., 74 Ashgrove Road, Goodmayes, Essex. (Bot., Ent., Orn.)
1946 Pearton, J. E., 90 Wentworth Road, Barnet, Herts. (Ent., Mam.)

1932 Pedler, E. G., 100 East Sheen Avenue, S.W.14. (Orn., R.)

1945 Pegram, D. C., 44 Combemartin Road, S.W.18. (Orn.)

1946 Perkins, Mrs V., 53 Rectory Road, E.17. (Orn.)

1937 Peterken, J. H. G., 73 Forest Drive East, E.ll. (Bot., Ecol., Geol., Orn.)

1935 Pettit, H. A., 61 Park End Road, Romford, Essex. (Ent., Orn.)

1937 Philipson, W. R., 33 Park Avenue, Ruislip, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1944 Phillips, R., l Scutari Road. S.E.22. (Orn.)

1937 Piercy, K., Clifton Cottage, Clifton, Beds.

1943 Pilcher, Miss E. V., 65 Chester Road, Northwood, Mx. (Bot.)

1941 Pinks, R. S., 25 Parkdale Crescent, Worcester Park, Surrey. (Orn.)

1931 Pinniger, E. B., F.R.E.S., 5 Endlebury Road, E.4. (Ecol., Ent., Orn., R.)

1927 Piper, Miss G. E. M., 12 Elms Road, Clapham, S.W.4. (Orn.)

1941 Pitt, Miss Frances, The Albynes, Bridgnorth, Salop. (Orn.)

1940 Plumptre, Miss H. M., The Hindles, Atherton, Lancs. (Bot., Orn.)

1935 Pollard, Mrs H. B., The Limes Cottage, Pilgrims Way, S. Croydon, Surrey.
(Ecol., Orn.)

1925 Poock, S. G., 65 Milton Road, Harpenden, Herts. (Api., Ecol., Orn.)

1940 Poore, A. C. G., c/o 17 West Avenue, Wallington, Surrey. (Orn.)

1933 Popple, Miss W. N., Castle Rise, Castle Hill Avenue, Berkhamsted, Herts.

(Ecol., Orn., P.L., R.)

1946 Porter, Miss B. M. M., Moat Villa, Gt. Oakley, Harwich, Essex. Temporary
address — 74 Hulse Avenue, Barking. (Bot., Orn.)

1944 Potter, B. H., 9 The Island, Thames Ditton, Surrey. (Orn.)

1944 Prall, D. I. F., 11 Clarence Terrace, N.W.l. (Orn.)

1943 Priestley. Mrs J. B., O.B.E., B3 Albany, Piccadilly, W.l. (Orn.)

1946 Proctor, Miss H. G., Bedford College for Women, Regent’s Park, N.W.l.
1946 Pullom, E. N., 34 Victoria Avenue, Surbiton, Surrey. (Arch., Orn.)

1945 Purdom, Mrs I., 14 Larkshall Crescent, Chingford, E.4.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

143

1946 Pyle, F/0. M. A., 66 Gracefield Gardens, Streatliam, S.W.16. (Orn.)

1946 Rabbets, A. J., 8 Wickham Road, Beckenham, Kent. (Orn.)

1946 Raines, R. J., Oakdale Hotel, Nottingham. (Orn.)

1943 Ralls, C. W., Green Court, 58 Queen’s Road, Richmond, Surrey. (Orn.)

1939 Rammell, Mrs E. M., 18 Fishpool Street, St Albans, Herts. (Orn.)

1945 Ramsden, Miss D. H., Nursing Staff, Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hos¬
pital, High Holborn, W.C.l.

1839 Ratcliff, A. G., 39 Howard Road, Dorking, Surrey. (Orn.)

1934 Ratcliff, P. W., 36 Fairlop Road, Leytonstone, E.li. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

1938 Rawlence, D. A., Hill Top Cottage, Warboys Road, Kingston Hill Surrey
(Orn.)

1934 ‘Ray, Miss T., 24 Longmeads, Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells. (Arch., Bot.)

1945 Raynham, Miss M., 36 Yilliers Avenue, Surbiton, Surrey. (Orn.)

1930 Reeve, Miss E. A., The Penn Club, 22 Bedford Place, W.C.l. (Bot., Ecol.,
Ent., Orn., R.)

1945 Reeves, C. A., 56 Ivdnhoe Drive, Kenton, Middx. (Bot., Ent.)

1946 Regan, Miss M. G., 71a Deodar Road, Putney, S.W.15. (Bot., Orn.)

1943 Richards, B. A., 29b St John’s Avenue, S.W.15. (Orn.)

1925 Richardson, A., 2 Manor Road, Wheathampstead, Herts. (Ent., Orn.)

1943 Richter, J. H., 32 Pretoria Road, E.4. (P.L.)

1946 Ringer, Miss G. M., 193 Holly Lodge Mansions, Highgate, N.6.

1943 Rivers, J. S., Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, W.l. (Orn.)

1941 Robbins, Rev. R. A., Avebury Vicarage, Marlborough, Wilts. (Arch., Bot.)

1934 Roberts, J. E., B.Sc., Homewood, Kelsall, Cheshire. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Robins, W. A., 27 Spencer Road, Chiswick, W.4. (Orn.)

1940 Robinson, T. R., Flat 10, Linton House, Holland Park Avenue, W.ll. (Orn.)
1938 Rommel, Miss D., The Orchard House, Bickley, Kent. (Arch.,’ Orn.)

1937 Rose, C. C., 18 Draycott Avenue, Kenton, Middx. (Orn.)

1944 Rosenberg, R., Flat 103, Whitehall Court, S.W.l. (Mycol.)

1910 ‘Ross, J., 23 College Gardens, E.4. (PL G.)

1943 Round, E. A., 63 Mayfield Road, E.4.

1945 Royston, Miss Edna, 42 Broad Walk, Kidbrooke, S.E.3. (Orn.)

1947 Rudd, H. W., M.Sc., F.R.I.C., 19 Ormonde Rise, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (Orn.)
1947 Rumbold, T. A., 9 Drax Avenue, Wimbledon, S.W.20. (Orn.)

1946 Russell, The Hon. Mrs Leo, Park House, Pelham Street, S.W.7. (Orn.)

1941 Rutherford, Mrs P., 82 Southgate Road, Potter’s Bar, Middlesex. (Orn.)

1942 ‘Ryall, R. H. M., 24 Stilecroft Gardens, Wembley, Middx. (Orn.)

1946 Ryall, Mrs R. H. M., 24 Stilecroft Gardens, Wembley, Middlesex. (Orn.)
1929 Sampson, E. S., 60 Alexandra Road, Epsom, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Sanday, Miss M. G., Guy’s Hospital, S.E.l. (Orn.)

1946 Sanderson, G. E., 29 Fielding Avenue, Twickenham, Middx. (Ent., Orn.)

1947 Saunders, W. H , 18 Herne Hill, S.E.24. (Orn.)

1946 Scholey, Miss M. A. R. S., Flat 29, 20 Stuart Crescent, Wood Green, N.22.

(Bot., Ent., Orn.)

1937 Scott, Miss E. M. P., 7 Broomfield Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey. (Arch., Orn.)
1937 Scott, G. B., c/o 6 Alan Road, S.W.19. (Geol., Orn.)

1947 Scott, Peter M., M.B.E., D.S.C., M.A., F.Z.S., 8 Edwardes Square, W.8. (Orn.)
1947 Sellers, Miss J., 12 Cranes Park Avenue, Surbiton, Surrey.

1946 Seys, J. A., 34 Cottesmore Court, Stanford Road, W.8. (Orn.)

1945 Shaw, Miss M. B., 5a Old Town, Clapham, S.W.4.

1935 Shill, W. A., Barberries, Greenhurst Lane, Oxted, Surrey. (Bot.)

1929 Short, G. R. A., 36 Parkside Drive, Edgware, Middlesex. (Bot., Ecol., Micr.,
Pharmacognosy.)

1943 Siebert, W. F., Lakeside, Appledram, Chichester, Sussex. (Orn.)

1892 Simes, J. A., O.B.E., F.R.E.S., 75 Queen’s Road. Loughton, Essex. (Ent.)

1946 Simister, J. M., 56 Chase Way, Southgate, N.14. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Simmonds, P. E. L., 30 Westmere Drive, N.W.7. (Orn.)

1943 Simmons, G. W., Town Close, 14 Millway, Mill Hill, N.W.7.

1945 Simons, Mrs N. C. B., 30 Hill Top, Hampstead Garden Suburb N.W.ll.
(Orn.)

1947 Sims, C. G., 173a Fulham Road, Chelsea, S.W.3.

144

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1945 Singleton, H. G. H., 29 Decoy Avenue, Golders Green, N.W.ll. (Arch.,
Orn., R.)

1945 Singleton, S. H., 56 Harrowes Meade, Edgvvare, Middx. (Orn., Bot.)

1946 Skirving, Miss I. S., Flat 38, 29 Abercorn Place, N.W.8. (Orn.)

1933 Skrimshire, E, H. N., F.R.A.I., F.Z.S., 5 Old Well House, N.6. (Arch., Orn.,
R.)

1940 Sladen, W. J. L., M.B., B.S., Medical School, Middlesex Hospital', W.l.
(Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn.)

1946 Slowe, Miss W., 33 Stirling Avenue, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex.

1940 Smeed, J. A., 133 Cassiobury Park Avenue, Watford, Herts. (Orn.)

1946 Smith, A. H. V., 96 Berkshire Gardens, Palmers Green, N.13. (Orn., Bot.)
1944 Smith, D. C., 20 Carlton Avenue, Kenton, Middx. (Orn.)

1944 Smith, Miss E. E., 44 Glenloch Road, N.W.3. (Ecol. of Inland Waters.)

1946 Smith, H. J. F., 42 Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1937 Smith, M. A., M.R.C.S., Lane End, Putney Heath Lane, S.W.15. (Amph.,.
Rep.)

1945 Smith, Miss M. A., B.A., 9 Dinsdale Court, New Barnet, Herts.

1946 Smith, W. A., Hatherlow, Raglan Road, Reigate, Surrey. (Orn.)

1927 ‘Solly, Miss B. N., 167 Old Brompton Road, S.W.5. (Orn.)

1946 Souter, Miss Eileen, 12 Mount Carmel Chambers, Dukes Lane, W.8. (Orn.)
1946 Souter, Miss Pamela, 12 Mount Carmel Chambers, Dukes Lane, W.8. (Orn.)
1944 Southam, E. V., c/o 12 Cloncurry Street, S.W.6. (Orn.)

1946 Spencer, K. J., 74 Sidcup Hill, Sidcup, Kent. (Orn.)

1944 Spencer, P. J., 12 The Pryors, E. Heath Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1935 Spinney, G. H., B.A., Bitterne, Rowplatt Lane, Felbridge, near E. Grin-
stead, Sussex. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., R.)

1922 Spooner, H., 21 Musgrave Crescent, S.W.6. (Arch., Bot., Ecol., Orn., R.)

1944 Spreadbury, W. H., 35 Acacia Grove, New Malden, Surrey. (Ecol.)

1944 Spurway, Miss H., Ph.D., Department of Biometry, University College, W.C.l.

(Herpetology, Zoo.)

1946 Stanton, Miss H., 22 Bullingham Mansions, Pitt Street, W.8. (Orn.)

1945 Steele, B., 15 Sydney Road, Teddington, Middx. (Bot., Ecol.)

1946 Stokes, Miss I. K., Lodge Farm Nursery, Rugby Road, Dagenham, Essex.
1920 ‘Stowell, H. S., L.R.I.B.A., Pirbright, Torland Road, Hartley, Plymouth.

(Arch.)

1945 Stronge, R. J. T., 100 The Chase, Wallington, Surrey. (Ent., Mycol.)

1945 Sturrock, W. D., 17 Woodside Close, Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey.

1930 Swayne, F. G., M.A., M.B., M.B.O.U., Ivy Hall Hotel, Crowborough, Sussex.
(Orn.)

1944 Syms, E. E., F.R.E.S., 22 Woodlands Avenue, E.ll. (Ent.)

1946 Taylor, G., 60 Heath Street, Hampstead, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1947 Taylor, Miss H. J., 137 Hook Rise, Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey. (Bot.)

1946 Taylor, J. E., 17 Wentworth Mansions, Keats Grove, Hampstead, N.W.3.

(Orn.)

1946 Taylor, J. M., 260 King’s Road, Harrow, Middx. (Orn.)

1945 Teagle, W. G., 20 Wendover Road, Harlesden, N.W.10. (Orn.)

1947 Teaman, L C., 7 Greystoke Gardens, Enfield, Middx. (Orn.)

1943 Tenison, Lt.-Col. W. P. C., D.S.O., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 2 Wool Road, S.W.20. (Zoo.)
1920 Thomas, Mrs G. E., 9 Talbot Road, Isleworth, Middlesex. (Orn., R.)

1947 Thompson, A. G. G., 139 Highlands Heath, S.W.15. (Orn.)

1945 Thompson, A. J. B., “ Inniscrone,” Datchet, Bucks. (Orn.)

1945 Thomson, W. W., M.B., Ch.B., 51 Norbury Court Road, S.W.16. (Orn.)

1946 Thornton, D., 2 Corfe Avenue, South Harrow, Middx. (Lep.)

1946 Thornton, H., 2 Corfe Avenue, South Harrow, Middx. (Lep.)

1946 Thornton, J. O., Draxmont Hotel, Hill Road, Wimbledon, S.W.19. (Orn.)

1947 Thorstensen, B. J., 22 Turner Road, New Malden, Surrey. (Arch., Ecol.)

1944 Thrupp, Miss B., B.A., P.A.S.I., 39 Mitcham Park, Mitcham, Surrey. (Bot.,

Orn).

1947 Timson, Mrs M. H., S5 Dollis Hill Avenue, Cricklewood. N.W.2.

1947 Timson, P. F., B.Sc., A.R.I.C., 85 Dollis Hill Avenue, Cricklewood, N.W.2.

1945 Titmas, Miss M., 479 Kensington Close, Wrights Lane, W.8. (Orn.)

LIST or MEMBERS.

145

1932 Todd, Miss G. E., 1 Orme Court, Bayswater Road, W.2. (Bot., Orn., R.)

1945 Toombs, H. A., British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W 7.

(Bot., Geol., Orn.)

1946 Tourelle, Miss M. D., 38 Ismailia Road, Forest Gate, E.7.

1934 Tours, H., 7 Briar Road, Kenton, Middx.

1892 Tremayne, L. J., F.Z.S., Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square, W.C.2. (Arch.,
Bot., Lep., Orn., PL G., R.)

1940 Trouton, Miss E. M., 31 Albert Bridge Road, S.W. 11. (Orn.)

1940 Tucker, A. V., St Anne’s, Bathurst Walk, Iver, Bucks. (Orn.)

1935 Tucker, D. G., Ph.D., 47 First Avenue, Amersham, Bucks. (Ecol., Orn.)

1946 Tuke, Miss E. M., Goldsmiths' College, New Cross, S.E.14.

1947 Turner, C. F., 24 Chesham Road, Anerley, S.E.20. (Orn.)

1944 Turner, D. H., 72 Mysore Road, S.W. 11. (Orn.)

1946 Underhill, G. H. H., A 51 B Du Cane Court, Balham, S.W. 17. (Ent., Orn.)

1931 Underwood, R. A., Greenways, Shoreham Road, Otford, Kent. (Orn.)

1937 Upton, Mrs P. V., Ew7eland Hall, Margaretting, Essex. (Orn.)

1935 Van Oostveen, Miss M. S., c/o 11 Gloucester Walk, W.8. (Ecol., Ent., Orn.)
1929 Venour, Miss D., Offley Place, Great Offley, Hitchin, Herts. (Ecol., Orn.)
1946 Vernon, R. M., 33 Temple Avenue, Shirley, Croydon, Surrey. (Orn.)

1938 Vesey-Fitzgerald, B. S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Murrayfleld, Farnham, Surrey.

(Ecol., Orn., Zoo.)

1933 Vincent, W. G., 154 Winchester Road, Hale End, E.4. (Orn.)

1946 Wadley, N. J. P., 16 Goodwood Court, Devonshire Street, W.l. (Orn.)

1941 Wagge, Miss L. E., 3 Arthur Street, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. (Biol.)

1927 Waller, G., Taunton Dene, Sandyhurst Lane, Ashford, Kent. (Ecol., Ent.,

Orn.)

1944 Walshe, Miss B. M., M.Sc., 27 Sussex Place, N.W.l. (Bot., Fr. Water Ecol.,

Orn.)

1946 Walter, C. N., 32 Stanley Avenue, Beckenham, Kent. (Orn.)

1946 Walter, Mrs V., 32 Stanley Avenue, Beckenham, Kent. (Orn.)

1947 Walton, F., 50 Fletching Road, Clapton, E.5. (Bot.)

1938 Warburg, G. O., 1 Woodside, Erskine Hill, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

1943 Ward, Mrs A., 13 Chatham Road, E.17.

1925 Ward, B. T., 24 Long Deacon Road, E.4. (Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn., PI. G„ R.)
1933 Ward, Miss I. W., 11 The Close, Southgate, N.14.

1943 Ward, Miss M., B.Sc., 13 Chatham Road, E.17.

1933 Ward, Miss M., M.B., Ch.B., Threeways, Jordans, Beaconsfield, Bucks.
(Arch., Orn.)

1943 Ward, R. S., 66 Ladbrooke Drive, Potters Bar, Middx. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)
1946 Warren, R. B., 38 Athelstan Road, Harold Wood, Romford, Essex. (Orn )

1942 Watt, Mrs E. C., 13 Park Road, N.W.l. (Orn.)

1925 ‘Watt, Mrs W. Boyd, M.B.O.U., 17 Alumdale Road, Bournemouth West,
Hants. (Arch., Ecol., Orn.)

1938 *Wattson, Miss A. E., 43 Salisbury Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. (Ent..

Orn.)

1939 Wattson, R. F., 43 Salisbury Road, Worcester Park, Surrey. (Ent.)

1939 Wattson, Mrs R. F., 43 Salisbury Road, Worcester Park, Surrey.

1945 Waymont, R., 34 Navarino Road, Worthing, Sussex. (Arch.)

1946 Weal, R. D., 124 Marmion Avenue, South Chingford, E.4. (Ent.)

1928 Weeks, C., 7 Ashmount Road, Hornsey Lane, N.19. (Ecol., Orn., R.)

1945 Weibel, A., Snatt’s Barn, Rockfield Road, Limpsfield, Surrey. (Ent., Orn.)

1946 Weitzel, D. O., 13 Hereford Road, Ealing, W.5.

1944 Welch, Mrs B., 49 Lichfield Court, Richmond, Surrey. (Bot.)

1939 Welford, Miss A. M., 13 Clifton Avenue, N.3. (Orn.)

1947 Welsh, Miss F. M., 68 Alderney Street, Ebury Bridge, S.W.l.

1947 Werth, Miss I., Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, Mile End
Road, E.l. (Geol., Orn.)

1935 Whitaker, F. O., 51 Grosvenor Avenue, Carshalton. (Bot., Ecol., PI. G., R )
1944 Whitaker, Miss M. B., B.Sc., F.Z.S., 264 Grange Road, S.E.19. (Zoo.)

1932 Whitbread, Miss W. H. E., 6 Meadow Way, Weald Village, Harrow, Middlx.
1947 White, A. H., 76 Newstead Avenue, Orpington, Kent. (Orn.)

146

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1937 White, C. A., 18 Townsend Road, Southall, Middx. (Orn.)

1933 White, E. I., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., 140 Westwood Road, Tilehurst, Reading,

Berks. (Palaeontology, Orn.)

1944 White, T. G., 76 Priory Avenue, E.4. (Bot., OrnT)

1946 Whittingham, D. M., 32 Thornhill Road, Ickenham, Middx. (Orn.)

1934 Wightman, J. S., 2a Laverton Place, S.W.5. (Orn.)

1938 Wigzell, J. A., 17 Wool Road, S.W.20. (Ecol., Orn i

1942 Wilkinson, J. S., B.A.. A.C.A., 26 Golders Rise, N.W.4. (Bot.)

1946 Willett, Miss N. M., 68 College Road, West Dulwich, S.E.21. (Bot., Orn.)
1946 Wilslier, W. G., 30 Harrington Gardens, Kensington, S.W.7. (Arch., Orn.)
1942 Wilson, D. S., 8a Beulah Hill, S.E.19. (Orn.)

1936 Wilson, J. M., M.B., B.S., R.A.M.C., Spinnerswood, Fawke Common, Seven-

oaks, Kent. (Orn.)

1929 ^Wilson, Mrs M. M., 15 The Avenue, Bickley, Kent. (Bot., Ecol., Ent., Geol.,

Orn., PI. G.( R.)

1938 Wilton, A. R., 262 Kingston Road, S.W.20. (Ecol., Orn., R.)

1946 Wimble, L. H., 10 Broadoaks Way, Bromley, Kent. (Orn.)

1938 Winsloe, Mrs C. M., c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd., 18 Wigmore Street, W.l. (Orn.)

1937 Winters, Miss E. D. M., 7 Broomfield Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey. (Arch.,

Orn.).

1942 Wood, B., Vincent’s Shaw, Chipstead, Surrey. (Orn.)

1946 Wood, S. B., 45 Carshalton Park Road, Carshalton, Surrey. (Orn.)

1944 Woolner, H. C., 6 Cunningham Avenue, St Albans, Herts. (Orn.j
1946 Wraight, F., Onslow Court Hotel, Queen’s Gate, S.W.7. (Orn.)

1946 Wraight, Mrs W. A., Onslow Court Hotel, Queen’s Gate, S.W.7. (Orn.)

1945 Wright, J. V., 55 Links Road Ashtead, Surrey.

1922 Wright, W. A., 23 Gordon Road, Chingford, E.4. (Orn.)

1945 Wrighton, F. E., 108 Manor Way, Ruislip, Middx. (Bot.)

1937 Yarrow, I. H. H., M.A., Ph.D., D I.C., F.R.E.S., Agricultural Advisory Offices,
7 Redlands Road, Reading, Berks. (Ecol., Ent.)

1946 Young, Miss C. M., 19 Woodville Road. Golders Green, N.W.ll. (Bot., Orn.)

Affiliated Societies.

1936 Tiffin Boys’ School Scientific Society (Natural Science Section) (D. T.

Humphris), Tiffin Boys’ School, Kingston-on-Thames, Surrey. (Ecol.)

1936 Westminster School N.H. Society (L. IL. Burd), 17 Dean’s Yard, S.W.l.

(Ecol., Ent., Orn.)

Branch Associates:

1945 Baker, C. E., 25 Spareleaze Hill, Loughton, Essex. (Orn.)

1945 Barton, Miss P., 3 Howard Road, Church Hill, E.17.

1937 Bayes, C. S., 50 Pembroke Road, E.17. (Orn.)

1943 Beavis, G. H. S., 14 Fairlight Avenue, E.4.

1943 Beavis, Mrs M. IL. W., 14 Fairlight Avenue, E.4.

1946 Bennett, R. J., 110 James Lane, Leyton, E.10. (Orn.)

1925 Boardman, S., 109 Monkham’s Avenue, Woodford Green, Essex. (Mycol.,

Orn.)

1943 Boatman, D. J., 7 Hurst Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (Biol., Bot., Ecol.,

Ent., Orn.)

1930 Brightman, Miss A., 80 Woodland Road, Chingford, E.4.

1944 Chambers, G. T., 27 Normanton Park, E.4. (Orn.)

1938 Chingford Branch County Library (E. Leyland, Librarian), Hall Lane, E.4.

1947 Chingford County High School Natural Science Society, County High

School, Nevin Drive, Chingford. E.4.

1946 Day, G., 3 Ingatestone Road, Woodford Green, Essex. (Orn.)

1943 Dossetter, L. J., 11 York Road, E.17. (Orn.)

1944 Downing, Miss M. G., 290 Blackhorse Lane, E.17.

1947 Finch, A. F., 37 Hazelwood Lane, Palmers Green, N.13. (Orn., P.L.)

1947 Forster, H. W., 76 Station Road, Chingford, E.4. (Col.)

1943 Gravell, Miss V. E. W . , 122 Selwyn Avenue, Highams Park, E.4. (Orn.)
1946 Harris, A. G. B., 7 The Bramblings, Chingford, Essex. (Orn.)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

147

1920 Hart, Miss H., 7 Park Hill Road, E.4.

1944 Hassell, Miss S. M., 75 Derby Road, E.18. (Bot.)

1933 Hayward, P. D., 2 King’s Green, Loughton, Essex. (Orn.)

1943 Hindell, Mrs F., 17 Larkshall Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1942 Mansbridge, J. W., 11 Westbury Lane, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. (Ecol.)

1911 Mathieson, Miss M. L., 7 Crescent Road. E.4. (Meteorology.)

1934 Nicholson, E. T., 21 Holly Drive, E.4. (Ecol., Orn.)

1945 Patterson, P. J., 7 Cecil Road, Walthamstow, E.17. (Ent.)

1930 Penwarden, Miss C., 39 The Avenue, E.4.

1927 Pettit, Mrs S., 2 Victoria Road, E.4.

1927 Pettit, S., 2 Victoria Road, E.4.

1944 Rattenbury, D. C., 9 Ingatestone Road, Woodford Green, Essex. (Lep.)

1943 Richter, Mrs F. G., 32 Pretoria Road, E.4.

1942 Rumsey, P. F. C., Park Farm Nursery, Sewardstone Road, E.4. (Orn.)

1946 St Egbert’s College Natural History Society (Secretary, A. E. Catterall),

Chantry, The Ridgeway, Chingford, E.4. (Orn., Bot.)

1925 Saul, H. J. B., 12 Sandringham Court, Ipswich Road, Norwich.

1937 Smith, R. P., 22 Pelton Avenue, Belmont, Surrey. (Conch.)

1943 Spink, H. J., 26 Holly Drive, E.4.

1903 Stevenson. H. E., F.C.S., 24 Wilton Grove, S.W.19. (Cnem.)

1945 Tucker, Mrs D. G., 47 First Avenue, Amersliam, Bucks.

1942 Tucker, Mrs F., 31 Frederica Road, E.4.

1942 Tucker, J. F., B.Sc., 31 Frederica Road, E.4. (Bot.)

1942 Tucker, M. J., io Arthur Road, Wimbledon. S.W.19. (Ecol.)

1942 Turner. Mrs L., 202 The Avenue, Higham’s Park, E.4. (Orn.)

1044 Vere, D. W., 119 Grosvenor Gardens, Woodford Green, Essex. (Ent.)

1942 Walker, C. H., St Bartholomew’s Hospital, W. Smithfield, E.C.l. (Orn.)

1944 Watson, Miss L. D., 9 Richmond Avenue, Highams Park, E.4.

1942 Wheeler, A. C., 17 Neven Drive, E.4.

1944 Wiles, H., Mapledene, Alderton Hill, Loughton, Essex.

Country and School Associates:

1941 Bale, D. W. D., Marsh Hill, Dulverton, Somerset. (Orn.)

1931 Benson, Mrs R. B., Dellfield, Featherbed Lane, Felden, Herts. (Bot., Orn., R.)

1943 Betteridge, H. W. G., 52 Newton Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

1934 Biddlecombe, P. E., 30 Elill View Road, Orpington, Kent. (Arch.)

1896 Bishop, E. B., Lindfield, Marshall Road, Godaiming, Surrey. (Arch Bot.
Orn., PI. G.)

1908 Bostock, E. D., 8 Pelham Gardens, Folkestone, Kent. (Lep.)

1937 Bunker, H. E., 18 Abingdon Drive, Ashton, Preston, Lancs.

1933 Collett, G. W., 174 Sheldon Road, Chippenham, Wilts. (Bot., Ecol., Orn., R.)

1936 Colyer, W. L., Heybrook, Connaught Road, Sidmouth, Devon. (Ecol., Orn.)

1947 Crawford, J. N., 51 Atkinson Road, Fulwell, Sunderland, Co. Durham.

(Orn.)

1933 Darashah, Mrs E. G., 108 Stephens Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. (4rch
Bot., R.)

1947 Darge, I. H., Thornhill, Balcomhe Road, Haywards Heath, Sussex. (Orn.)

1945 Entrican, Miss M. C., Heatherton House School, Chesham Bois, Bucks. (Orn.)

1940 Fairbairn, D. C., M.C., M.B., B.Sc., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., c/o 48 Addison

Avenue, W.ll. (Bot.)

1933 Ferrier, Miss J. M., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., A.A.O.U., Blakeney Downs, Blakenev,
Norfolk. (Ecol., Orn.)

1947 Fillmore, Mrs N., 11 Westfield Avenue, Woking, Surrey. (Orn.)

1939 Fitter, Mrs M. S., Greyhounds, Burford, Oxford. (Ecol., Orn.)

1933 Gibson, Miss E. M., Ashcroft, Station Road, Petersfield, Hants. (Lep., Orn.)

1944 Gladstone, Sir H. S., Capenoch, Penpont, Dumfries. (Orn.)

1944 Hager, Miss P. D., Langdale, Ashlyns Road, Berkhamsted, Herts. (Orn.)
1935 Harris, A. H., 18 Hereward Road, Firth Park South, Sheffield, Yorks. (Orn.)
1944 Harrison, R., Radfield, Kingsland, Shrewsbury. (Mycol., Orn.)

1927 Harvey, J. H., Half Moon Cottage, Little Bookham, Surrey. (Bot.)

1937 Hayward, H. H. S., Jessamine House, King Street, Tring. Herts. (Orn )

148

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1947 Johnson, Miss E. M. C., Wychwood, Eastbourne Rd., Godstone, Surrey.
(Orn.)

1936 Lamont, Mrs E. H., Marshalls, Chart Sutton, Maidstone, Kent. (Orn.)

1942 Law, Miss M. D. L., 19 Fengates Road, Redhill, Surrey. (Arch., Ecol.)

1935 Leather dale, Capt. D., F.R.G.S., M.R.C.A.S., Tasli, Hawks Hill, Leather-

head, Surrey. (Bot., Ent., Geol., PI. G., R.)

1936 Lewis, Miss M., Brincliffe, Osney Crescent, Paignton, S. Devon. (Arch.,

Bot., Ecol., Ent., Orn., R.)

1941 Lisnev, A. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.E.S., The Red House, Narborough, Leicester¬

shire. (Lep.)

1938 Lowe, Miss C. B. M., c/o Coutts & Co., 440 Strand, W.C.2. (Arch., Bot.,
Orn., R.)

1943 Lusty, E. J., c/o 83 Snakes Lane, Woodford Green, Essex. (Orn.)

1932 Mason, C. T., Mill Cottage, Gt. Shefford, Newbury, Berks. (Arch., Ent.)

1938 Mason, J. H., 134 Ryden’s Way, Old Woking, Surrey. (Ent., Orn., R.)

1902 Miller, Miss M. E., The Croft, Rainsford Lane, Chelmsford, Essex. (Lep.)
1947 Moodie, Mrs D. M. F., Ragusa, Blundel Lane, Stoke D’Abernon, Cobham,
Surrey. (Orn.)

1905 Moore, J. W., F.R.E.S., 151 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birming¬
ham, 30. (Exotic Lep.)

1942 Moorliouse, S., Lyndale, Orchard Avenue, Bolton-le-Sands, Lancs. (Orn.)
1938 Muirhead, D., Malvern House, The Baulk, Worksop, Notts. (Ecol., Orn.)
1946 Parmenter, Miss B. M., 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

(Biol., Bot., Ecol., Ent., Mam., Orn.)

1946 Parrott, R. T., 15 Barnfield Avenue, Shirley, Croydon, Surrey. (Orn.)

1929 Perry, Mrs M. D., 37 MacAlister Street, Mackay, Queensland. (Orn., R.)

1897 Pike, Oliver G., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., F.R.P.S., The Bungalow, Leighton Buz¬
zard, Beds. (Orn.)

1946 Pomeroy, Miss F. A., B.Sc., 110 Pembury Rd., Tonbridge, Kent. (Arch., Bot.)

1927 Raikes, Miss D. T., Hen Ysgol, Bwlch, Breconshire. (Arch., Bot., Orn.)

1940 Richardson, R. A., Gordon House, Cromer Road, Aylsham, Norfolk. (Orn.)
1946 Rose, F., B.Sc., A.L.S., The Forge House, East Mailing, Kent. (Bot.)

1928 Sparkes, Mrs F. M., 4 Loop Road, Kingfield, Woking, Surrey. (Arch., Bot.)

1937 Spicer, A. H., M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Graffham, Petworth, Sussex. (Ora.)

1928 Talbot, G., F.R.E.S., 31 York Road, Woking, Surrey. (Lep.)

1946 Tarry, Miss J. E., Rosedene, Beet Sugar Factory, Sproughton, Ipswich.

1943 Taylor. J. S., M.A., D.I.C., F.R.E.S., P.O. Box 23, Fort Beaufort, C.P., South

Africa. (Ent., Orn.)

1931 Thomas, Mrs P. I., Nightingales, Cobham Road, E. Horsley, Surrey. (Ecol.,

Orn., R.)

1942 Wales, Mrs M., Great Garden, Dartington, Totnes, Devon.

1947 Weatherhead, Miss L, M„ 7 Kingsgate Avenue, Finchley, N.3. (Orn.)

1945 Whellan, J. A., 11 Clive Avenue, Lytham St Annes, Lancs. (Bot., Orth.)

1944 Willcox, Mrs I. G., Huntercombe Manor, near Taplow, Bucks. (Ent., Orn.)

1929 Willcox, P. H., M.A., M.B., B.S., M.R.C.P., (Major, R.A.M.C.), Huntercombe

Manor, near Taplow, Bucks. (Bot., Ent.)

1932 Williams, S/Ldr. A. R., 75830, Economic Division, Allied Commission for

Austria (British Element), Vienna, C.M.F. (Orn.)

The following abbreviations are used in the above list of members : — Api.,
Apiculture; Aqua., Aquaria; Arch., Archaeology; Ast., Astronomy; Biol., Biology;
Bot., Botany; Chem., Chemistry; Col., Coleoptera; Conch., Conchology; Dipt.,
Diptera; Ecol., Ecology; Ent., Entomology; Ethn., Ethnology; Geol., Geology;
Hem., Hemiptera; Hym., Hymenoptera; Icht., Ichthyology; Lep., Lepidoptera;
Mam., Mammals; Micr., Microscopy; Mycol., Mycology; Neur., Neuroptera; Orn.,
Ornithology; Orth., Orthoptera; Ool., Oology; PI. G., Plant Galls; P. L., Pond
Life; R., Ramblers’ Section; Rep., Reptilia; Zoo., Zoology.

Signifies a Life Member.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY

London Naturalist, 1921-25, 1929-31, each 3s; 1932, 1934-35, each os;
193(5, 1938-46, each 3s 6d.

London Bird Report, 1936-37, 1939-42, 1944-46, each Is 6d.

Transactions of the London Natural History Society, 1914, 1916-20,
each 3s.

Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural History
Society, 1891-97, each 2s.

New Bird Record Cards, 6d each (12 copies post-free) (obtainable from
D. A. T. Morgan, 4 Drayton Gardens, S.W.10).

Members and Associates may obtain any of the above from the General
Secretary at two-third of the published price; years not quoted are
out of print.

“ LONDON NATURALIST ” REPRINTS.

7. The Birds of Middlesex since 1866. President’s Address, 1929, by
W. E. Glegg, Is.

9. British Gail Mites, by H. J. Burkill (1929), 6d.

10. Some Diurnal Observations on the Nightjar, by David Lack (1929) 6d.
19-23, 25, 30. The Survey of Limpsheld Common: 1, 1937, 6d; 2, 1938
with map, 9d; 3, 1939, 6d; 4, 1940, 3d; 5, 1941, 6d; 6, 1942, 3d;
7, 1943, 2d.

24. Randolph William Robbins (1871-1941), 6d.

29, 33, 35, 44. The Survey of Bookham Common; 2, 1943, with maps,
4d; 3, 1944, with map, 9d; 4, 1945, 6d; 5, 1946, with maps, 9d.

27, 31, 34, 36, 45. The Epping Forest Survey: 1, 1942, with map, 3d;

2, 1943, 6d; 3, 1944, with maps, 9d; 4, 1945, 6d; 5, 1946, 6d.

28. The Starling Roosts of the London Area, by R. S. R. Fitter (1942),

6d.

32. A Check-List of the Birds of the London Area, by R. S. R. Fitter
and E. R. Parrinder (1943), interleaved, 6d.

34a. Docks and Sorrels of the London Area, by J. E. Louslev (1944), 6d.

37. William Curtis (1746-1799), by J. E. Lousley (1945), 6d.

38. The Neuroptera of the Home Counties, by E. B. Pinniger (1945), 6d.

39. Cynipid Flies and Galls on Oak, by J. Ross (1945), 6d.

40. Nature Conservation in the London Area, by O. P. Castell (1946), 9d.

41. Notes on the Flora of Middlesex, by Douglas H. Kent (1946), 6d.

42. The Brambles of Middlesex, by G. Avery and W. C. R. Watson

(1946), 6d.

43. Coenagrion scituium Rambur, a Dragonfly New to Britain, by

Edward B. Pinniger (1946), 3d.

The Life of A, W. Bacot, by Prof. Major Greenwood (1924) (ex Journal
of Hygience), 6d.

All publications of the Society may be obtained from the General

Secretary.

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Society is an amalgamation of the City of London
logical and Natural History Society, founded in 1858,
North London Natural History Society, founded in 1892.

rjiHE

Entomo-
and the

Meetings are held on Tuesday evenings, either at the London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W C.l,
or at the Hall of the Art-Workers’ Guild, Queen Square, W.C.l.
The half-yearly syllabus should be consulted as to the venue of any par¬
ticular meeting. The room is open from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m., and meetings
begin punctually at 6.30 p.m. and end about 8.30 p.m., unless other
arrangements are announced. The Library and Collections aie avail¬
able to members after meetings at the School of Hygiene.

The Chingford Local Branch meets at the Staff Recreation Room,
Chingford Laundry, Chingford Green, fit 2.45 p.m., on the first Saturday
in each month during the winter months.

At all indoor meetings specimens of Natural History interest are
exhibited, and papers on various subjects are read and discussed. Visi¬
tors may be introduced by members of the Society, and are cordially
welcome. Frequent field meetings are held at week-ends, particular s of
which are contained in the syllabus.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS (Minima) .—Payable to the Treasurer on
1st January each year and for new Members on election. ]\1 ewh ei s, 17/6
(10/- if under 21 years of age). Associates, 7/6 (5/- for Branch As¬
sociates under 21 years of age), comprising:— Bran ch Associates, who
ordinarily attend meetings of the Chingford Branch only; Country As¬
sociates , residing outside a radius of 20 miles from St Paul’s Cathedral
and unable to attend the Society’s, meetings regularly; Scl'ooJ As¬
sociates, i.e. “ scholars.” Associates receive the Society’s publications
but may not vote on any matter connected with the business of the
Society. Entrance Fee for new Members and Associates, 2/6. Members
elected after October 1 pay no subscriptions for the year of election.

Each member and associate is entitled to one copy of The London
Naturalist and The London Bird Beport free; extra copies may be pur¬
chased by members, if supplies are available, at two-thirds of the pub¬
lished price.

Further information and syllabus may be obtained from the
General Secretary H. A. TOOMBS, Dept, of Geology, British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W.7.

V

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