7- 9. QLf

Natural History Museum Library

000196228

PRES^-NTED

8 JUL 1954

Vhe

LONDON

NATURALIST

cfjhe Journal of

THE LONDON NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR

1953

tJlo. 33

PRICE 7s 6d, OR COMPLETE WITH
THE LONDON BIRD REPORT, 10s.

PUBLISHED BY THE

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

DATE OF PUBLICATION,
JUNE 1954.

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Founded 1858.

Honorary President:

Prof. H. MTJNRO FOX, F.R.S.

Honorary Vice-Presidents:

S. AUSTIN, F.Z.S.

E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

F. G. DELL. A. B. HORNBLOWER.

OLIVER G. PIKE, F.Z.S., Hon. F.R.P.S., F.I.B.P.
J. ROSS. L. J. TREMAYNE.

Officers for 1953.

President: J. H. G. PETEEKEN, F.L.S.

Vice-Presidents:

H. J. BURKILL, M.A., F.R.G.S. W. C. COCKSEDGE.

C. L. COLLENETTE, F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S. J. B. FOSTER, B.A.

Miss C. E. LONGFIELD, F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U

Treasurer: L. PARMENTER.

Assistant Treasurer:

Mrs. SMALL, 13 Woodfield Crescent, W.5.

Librarian: R. W. HALE.

Curator: D. H. KENT.

Secretaries:

General — H. A. TOOMBS, Dept, of Geology, British Museum (Natural

History), S.W.7.

Minuting — Miss M. E. KENNEDY.

Programme— Miss R. H. GRIFFITHS.

Nature Conservation— C. P. CASTELL, B.Sc.

Publications (and Editor)— R. M. PAYNE.

Schools Liaison— Miss H. FRANKS.

Chingford Branch — Miss M. KING.

S.W. Middx. Group— E. EVERITT.

Members of Council:

C. B. Ashby, M.B.O.U., E. B. Bangerter, R. E. Butler, B.Sc.,

P. W. E. Currie, F.R.E.S., R. C. Homes, M.B.O.U.,

W. D. Melluish, M.B.O.U., A. V. Pettit.

G. R. A. Short, F.L.S.

Lanternist: H. W. PAYTON.

The Society is affiliated to the British Association for the Advancement
of Science; the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies; the Com¬
mons, Open Spaces, and Footpaths Preservation Society; the British
Ecological Society; the British Trust for Ornithology; the Pedestrians’
Association; the Ray Society; and the Royal Society for the Protection

of Birds.

THE LONDON NATURALIST
No. 33 for the year 1953.

Contents.

PAGE

Editorial ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3

A Note on Dragonflies as Prey of Spiders — A. E. Le Gros ... 3

Seaweed Flies in North-west London — C. H. Andrewes ... ... 5

List of Presidents, 1914-1953 ... ... ... ... ... ... 5

Post-War Progress in Nature Conservation in the London Area —

C. P. Castell ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6

Cranford Park Survey. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21

The Survey of Bookham Common : Twelfth Year : —

Progress Report ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23

The Flora of Bookham Common — A. W. Jones ... ... 25

Vertical Zonation of some species of Birds in Oakwood

(Eastern Wood, Bookham Common) — -S. H. Clialke 47

Botanical Records for 1953 — J. E. Lousley ... ... 52

The Comfreys of the London Area — E. B. Bangerter and B.

Welch . 55

Plant Galls in Surrey, 1953 — M. Niblett . 59

The London Clay of Oxshott, Surrey — M. M. Brown and C. P.

Castell ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6i

Reports on Temporary Geological Exposures in the Society’s Area 64
The Climate, 1953 — H. Hawkins ... ... ... ... ... 70

Feasts and Feastings in Olden Days — W. C. Cocksedge • . 73

Nature Conservation in the London Area: Report on the
Activities of the Nature Conservancy — 0. E. Balme and W.

A. Macfadyen ... ... ... ... ... ... ... go

Notes on the Drone-flies (Syrphidae, Diptera) of Wimbledon

Common — A. W. Jones ... ... ... ... ... 33

City Bombed Sites Survey : —

The Flies of the Cripplegate Bombed Site, City of London

L. Parmenter ... ... ... ... ... ... 89

The Moths of London and its Surroundings — C. G. M. de Worms 101
Book Reviews ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 147

Official Reports for 1953 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 152

Sectional Reports for 1953 ... ... ... ... ... ... 158

Statement of Accounts, 1953 ... ... ... ... ... ... 166

Additions to List of Members ... ... ... ... ... ... 168

Supplement : A Hand List of the Plants of the London Area.

EDITORIAL.

3

Editorial.

WE gratefully acknowledge the receipt through the Royal Society
of a grant of £30 from the Scientific Publications Grant-in-aid
towards the cost of publishing the papers by Dr. G. Beven and Mr. D.
F. Owen in the London Naturalist, Xo. 32.

We are pleased to publish this year the first part of a survey by
Baron de Worms of the distribution of moths in the London Area. It is
hoped that this paper will be continued next year.

The South-West Middlesex Group has begun an ecological survey at
Cranford Park, and a preliminary Progress Report is included in this
issue. Members of the Group who may be newcomers to natural history
will find it useful to take part in this activity, and in ecological work
there is room for everybody to contribute observations which will help
to build up the complete picture of the area being studied.

We are greatly indebted to the Nature Conservancy, and in par¬
ticular to Miss Balme and Dr. Macfadyen, for contributing the report
of the Conservancy’s activities in our area which appears on page 80.

An attempt has been made in this year’s London Naturalist to secure
uniformity in plant nomenclature on the basis of the new Flora of the
British Isles which all botanists will be using.

Criticism has been voiced that the London Naturalist contains too
few papers of interest to the general member. We must, of course,
retain our function of recording the work done by the different sections
of the Society , f u t in addition the Editor would welcome contributions
of popular interest from members, especially in the form of short notes.
Obviously the contents of the London Naturalist are determined in the
first place by the range of papers submitted for publication, and your
Publications Committee would be pleased to see more competition for
the available space.

A Note on Dragonflies as Prey of Spiders.

By A. E. Le Gros.

I^RITISH records of dragonflies as prey of spiders are few and, indeed,
Bristowe (1941) has expressed his belief

that dragonflies are captured seldom by spiders, and the large
species never (except possibly at the time of transformation by a
spider such as Dolomedes fimbriatus Linn, or in the nymph stage
by Argyroneta )”.

I have felt for a long time that an exception should be made with
regard to the spider Araneus cor nut us Clerck. This medium-sized spider
spins its large orb webs on plants in damp situations — in marshes and
by the margins of ponds and streams — and having in mind its abundance
in such habitats and the relative strength of its webs I stated (1951)
that the frailer dragonflies might form at certain times of the year an
appreciable part of the spider’s diet.

4

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

I have on occasions noticed Enallagina and Agrion virgo (Linn.) as
prey of Araneus cornutus; Bristowe’s records (op. cited) of dragonflies
as prey of spiders all relate to cornutus as the spider; and I suspect that
Miss Longfield’ s record (1949) of Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulz.) as a vic¬
tim of ‘spiders frequently’ is also referable to this species.

Unlike the common orb-web spiders Araneus diadematus Clerck and
Meta segmentata (Clerck) which spend most of their time by day at the
centre of their webs, Araneus cornutus Clerck prefers to remain in a
silken cell or ‘retreat’ which it constructs close to the web. This retreat
is dome-shaped, open below and constructed in the head of a plant.
Sometimes the tip of a Sparganium leaf is drawn over in the shape of an
inverted U and silk is spun across the edges of the loop. The retreat,
in contrast to the web which is renewed at regular intervals, sometimes
daily, is used by the spider for several weeks and eventually may become
the receptacle of the egg cocoon.

Debris from the spider’s meals tend to accumulate on the outside
walls of the retreat, and in an examination of thirty-one of thece
retreats spun on Sparganium leaves at Isle of White Pond, Bookham,
on the 9th August 1953 I found dragonfly wings on six retreats. Miss
Longfield, to whom I sent these wings, identified them as belonging —
with one exception— to the species Lestes sponsa (Hansemann) (1 $
10 <S d)- Of the males eight were adult, one teneral and one subadult.
The exception was a subadult Sympetrum striolatum (Charp.). Miss
Longfield pointed out to me that the Lestes has the habit of flitting
between reed stems, and is likely in consequence to blunder into webs
stretched across the reeds.

It will be realized that all but one of these records refer to
Zygopterids and I have found by experiment (using specimens of
Coenagrion puella (L.)) that these slender dragonflies have great diffi¬
culty in freeing themselves when trapped by the web of cornutus.
Similar experiments with larger dragonflies ( Sympetrum spp.) revealed
that their violent struggles quickly damaged the webs and the insects
were able to break clear. A noticeable feature of these experiments was
that whereas the weak struggles of the Coenagrion usually induced the
spider to leave its retreat and attack the dragonfly, the violence of the
Sympetrum met with no response from the spider.

I think that further observations will show that large numbers of
the Zygopterids fall prey each year to this spider. One or two other
species of spiders spin orb webs near water — in particular, Tetragnatha
extensa L. — but I have not yet observed dragonflies trapped in their
Avebs. It is possible that Tetragnatha webs — which are spun at night to
catch Nematocerous flies — lack the strength of cornutus Avebs.

REFERENCES.

BRISTOWE, W. S. (1941). The Comity of Spiders 2- London.

LE GROS, A. E. (1951). The Spiders of Bookham Common. London Naturalist,
NO. 30 : 44-52.

LONGFIELD, C. E. (1949). The Dragonflies of the British Isles. 2nd Edit.
London.

SEAWEED FLIES IN NORTH-WEST LONDON.

5

Seaweed Flies in North west London.

By C. H. Andrewes, F.R.S.

INURING November and December 1953, flies of the genus Coelopa
appeared in numbers in the laboratories of the National Institute
for Medical Research, Mill Hill. Altogether more than a hundred
were seen and all those examined were Coelopa frigida Fin. I caught
the first on November 6th; the last on December 30th.

The building stands, six storeys high, on a ridge with extensive
views both to the north and south. One Coelopa was found amongst a
mass of flies trapped in the filter of the air-intake of the ventilation
system : others were seen on the outside of windows on the fifth floor.

These flies are well known to be attracted to chloroform and other
organic solvents. It is therefore of interest that most were found m
the organic chemistry laboratories; next most affected was the bio¬
chemical division. One worker told me that- they were particularly
abundant when chloroform was being used; the flies then fell into the
solvent in numbers.

Coelopa frigida also turned up in the laboratories of the Common
Cold Research Unit at Salisbury, Wilts, during December: some dozens
were seen.

Neither at Mill Hill and the neighbourhood nor at Salisbury have
I seen any Coelopa in dwelling-houses; all were in laboratory buildings.

List of Presidents, 1914-1953.

JT is twenty-one years since we published a list of Presidents of the
Society. The following list of those •who have held this office covers
the years since the London Natural History Society was formed by the
amalgamation of the City of London Entomological Society and the
North London Natural History Society.

1914

L.

B. Prout, F.E.S.

1932-1933

(dec.).

1915-1919

E,

. A. Chckayne, M.A.,

D.M., F.R.C.P.,

1934-1936

F.R.E.S.

1937-1938

1920

R

. W. Robbins (dec.).

1921-1924

E

. B. Bishop (dec.).

1939-1945

1925-1927

S.

Austin F.Z.S.

1946-1948

1928-1929

W. E. Glegg, F.Z.S. ,

M.B.O.U. (dec.).

1949-1951

1930-1931

L.

J. Tremayne, F.Z.S.

1952-

Miss C. E. Longfield,
F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S.,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

J. E. S. Dallas (dec.).
C. L. Collenette,
F.R.G.S., F.R.E.S.

J. B. Foster, B.A.

L. G. Payne, F.Z.S.
(dec.).

L. Parmenter,

F.R.E.S,

J. H. G. Peterken.

F.L.S.

6

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Post-War Progress in Nature Conservation in

the London Area.

By C. P. Castell, B.Sc.

A report on ‘‘Nature Conservation in the London Area” appeared in
the London Naturalist in 1947 (1). It provided a summary of the more
recent views and work on Nature Conservation, a report on the work
and recommendations of the Society’s Nature Reserves Committee, and
a glance at some of the problems to he considered if the recommenda¬
tions were to be carried out. The report was presented to the Society
in the form of a lecture in May, 1946 and, for publication, revised up to
the middle of 1947. An annotated list of existing and proposed nature
reserves and conservation areas appeared as an Appendix, with the
approximate boundaries and sites shown on a sketch map of the London
Area. This report was issued as Reprint No. 40, but has been out of
print for some years.

The present report attempts to summarise progress since 1947 and
is followed by a revised list of sites of importance to the naturalist in
the Society’s Area (i.e., within a radius of 20 miles from St. Paul’s
Cathedral).

The London Area Nature Conservation Committee.

By the end of 1945, the last of the reports and maps had been
prepared by the Committee and sent to the national Nature Reserves In¬
vestigation Committee (N.R.I.C.) for the use of the Ministry of Town and
Country Planning. Beyond the preparation of the Committee’s Nature
Conservation Report for publication in the London Naturalist, little
was done until August 1947, when the Committee held its final meeting
and drew up a final report for submission to the Society’s Council,
offered its resignation and suggested the formation of a permanent and
stronger committee. A sub-committee of the Council, representing the
Sections and the Chingford Branch, met on March 1st, 1948, and recom¬
mended the formation of a standing Nature Conservation Committee
of seven members to be appointed by Council, with power to act on
behalf of the Society and to be chosen on a regional rather than on a
sectional basis, but to include a geological representative. It also
recommended the appointment of local observers, from as many districts
of the Society’s area as possible, to investigate and keep watch for any
threat to the natural history of the areas recommended and to supply
reports to the Committee on objects of natural history worthy of con¬
servation in the area or areas under observation.

After reporting to Council on October 28th, 1948, on the proposed
personnel for a new permanent Nature Conservation Committee, Mr C.
P. Castell was asked to convene a meeting, which took place on January
28th, 1949. At this first meeting of the reorganised Committee, Miss C.
E. Longfield was elected Chairman, Mr. Castell secretary, and the
following agreed to act as County Representatives : S. Cramp, Miss H.
Franks, K. Hoy, W. D. Melluish and R. M. Payne.

POST-WAR PROGRESS IN NATURE CONSERVATION.

7

Composition of the Committee from 1949 to 1954.

Chairman: Miss C. E. Long-field, 1949 onwards.

Secretary and representative for geology : C. P. Castell, 1949 onwards.
County Representatives :

Essex — K. Hoy, 1949; R. D. Weal, 1950-1951; R. M. Payne,
1952 onwards.

Hertfordshire — W. D. Melluish, 1949-1953; E. H. Warmington,
1954.

Middlesex and Buckinghamshire — S. Cramp, 1949 onwards.

Kent — Miss H. Franks, 1949-1951; K. H. Hyatt, 1952 onwards.

Surrey — R. M. Payne, 1949-1950; E. W. Groves, 1951 onwards.

Annual Reports for the years 1950 onwards have appeared in the
London Naturalist, to which the reader is referred to further details.

The principal task of the Committee has been the compiling of more
detailed reports on the recommended areas for the use of the Nature
Conservancy. Reports were completed, and sent to the Conservancy,
on Middlesex and Buckinghamshire in 1950, Essex and Hertfordshire
in 1951, Surrey in 1952, and Kent in early 1953. Although these re¬
ports are as detailed as the County Representatives have been able to
make them from available information, they are, in most cases, by no
means adequate. A body of local observers has still to be built up.

The Nature Conservancy.

Mention was made, in the Society’s 1947 Report, of the appoint¬
ment of the Wild Life Conservation Special Committee of the Ministry
of Town and Country Planning in August 1945, whose report (2) was
published in July 1947, while the London Naturalist was in proof. The
report recommended the setting-up of a Biological Service and a
Nature Conservation Board and listed 73 proposed National Nature
Reserves. This report was published at the same time as that (3) of
the National Parks Committee, appointed in July 1945.

These two reports led to the most important event in nature con¬
servation in this country- — the passing of the National Parks Act in
December 1949 (4) and the inauguration of the Nature Conservancy.

The Nature Conservancy was established under Royal Charter
(March 1949), acting under the direction of a Committee of the Privy
Council, the Lord President of the Council being the Minister respon¬
sible to Parliament. Its functions as summarised in the Charter are :
“ To provide scientific advice on the conservation and control of the
natural flora and fauna of Great Britain; to establish, maintain and
manage nature reserves in Great Britain, including the maintenance
of physical features of scientific interest; and to organise and develop
the research and scientific services related thereto ” (6).

The Chairman was Sir Arthur G. Tansley, F.R.S., who was suc¬
ceeded by Mr. A. B. Duncan in 1953, and the Director General was
Capt. C. Diver, C.B., C.B.E., succeeded in 1953 by Mr. E. M. Nicholson,

C.B.

8

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Part III (Sections 15-26) of the National Parks and Access to the
Countryside Act, 1949, was devoted to Nature Conservation. The term
Nature Reserve was defined; the Nature Conservancy was empowered
to enter into agreement with owuiers and occupiers of land for the
establishment of nature reserves and given powers of compulsory
acquisition; Bye-laws for the Protection of Nature Reserves were
framed; Section 21 empowered Local Authorities to establish and
manage Nature Reserves; Section 23 states that it is the duty of the
Nature Conservancy to inform Local Planning Authorities of Areas
of Special Scientific Interest.

The Conservancy has issued Schedules of Nature Conservation Areas
for each county, primarily for the notification of local planning authori¬
ties, and the Society has been provided with a set of those for the
Home Counties.

Three types of areas are recognised in the schedules : —

1. National Nature Reserves, which it is proposed to set up under
the terms of Sections 16-20 of the Act. Until such time as it is possible
to declare these as Nature Reserves, they are notified under Section 23
of the Act. They are numbered in a national series. The original list
of proposed reserves comprised between 70 and 80 in England and Wales,
excluding those of purely geological interest, and the total is considered
by Sir A. Tansley (5) as unlikely to reach 100.

2. Sites of Special Scientific Interest [or Importance']* scheduled
under Section 23 of the Act, but not at present proposed as National
Nature Reserves. They are numbered in relation to the 1 : 25,000 map
sheets on which they occur. As Sir A. Tansley points out (5), “while
the Act lays on the Conservancy the duty of notifying local planning
authorities of areas considered to be of special scientific interest, but
gives them no further powers in regard to such areas, the National
Parks Commission may make orders in respect of areas of outstanding
national beauty, but before they come into force, the orders have to
run the gauntlet of local criticism and to face the possibility of the
Minister refusing to confirm them. It is thus clear that a real power
of preventing any kind of nature conservation, outside National Parks
and National Nature Reserves, lies with local opinion and with the
Minister.” However, there is some satisfaction to the naturalist in the
knowledge that these areas cannot be developed without previous con¬
sultation with and the approval of the Ministry of Town and Country
Planning. At 30th September 1953, 1098 such sites had been notified
to local planning authorities in England (7).

3. Additional Areas recommended for preservation, but not
scheduled under Section 23 of the Act, but numbered and lettered on
a similar system.

In addition to the above categories, the term Recommended Area
is used, in the appended list, for those areas recommended by the

*These areas are termed Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the Act and in

the Reports of the Nature Conservancy, but the term Sites of Special Scien¬
tific Importance is used in the Conservancy’s Schedules.

POST-WAR PROGRESS IN NATURE CONSERVATION.

9

Society, but not yet placed by the Conservancy in their schedule for the

notification of local authorities. _ _ , ,

The letters and numbers after each area are those used in the
Society’s Nature Conservation files and in the previous published repoit.
They Ire Mloived, where applicable, by the Nature Conservancy’s refer¬
ence number and by P.O.S. (Public Open Space).

In this list, the notes on each area have been reduced to a mmimnnu
It is hoped to publish more detailed accounts of some of the
future years.

REFERENCES.

CASTELL. C. P. 1947. Nature Conservation in the London Area. London
Naturalist, No. 26, pp. 1^-41. conservation ot Nature in

MiniStrEngLrd\nnr4aCl0esint ReporHj the WUdLUe Conservation Special

"Rep'or "e* Safional Parks'ommUtee (England and Wales).
Cmd. 7121. H.M.S.O.

National Parks and Access to the Coun British Vegetation and Species.
T.^LohieT, BT otTritatn. The Botanteai

The con~7 for the

_ , i^°d Report the^ Nature ‘conservancy for the year ended 30th

September 1953. H.M.S.O.

1.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Appendix : List of Nature Reserves, Bird Sanctuaries and
Sites scheduled or recommended for their special interest

to the Naturalist*

County of London.

r^es^lIrkTinTarh, Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens Hol-
Taml Park (M.10), Primrose Hill, Regents Park, Greenwich Park,
Woolwich Common, Stoke Newington Reservoir.

TAvtsting Nature Reserve. .. •,

„ TTt 7 / +\ /at |) q\ (P 0 S ) A daffodil area and a small p

B^htth Beds have been fenced off and
maintained as a nature reserve by the L.O.C.

Additional Area.

Eighgate Woods (M.8, 51/28/A) (P.O.S.).

Recommended Areas. , •, ,r ton o-hows

Ken Wood (M.9) (P.O.S.). Good for birds— the sand-pit (G.18)

a good section of the Bagshot Sands. . -p •. t

Sand-pit Hampstead Heath (G.19) (P.O.S.). Good section in Bagshot

Lessnes^Abbey Wood (K.l) (P.O.S.). The site of valuable published
ecological work (includes N.R.3).

10

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Plum stead and Erith Marshes (K.9). The huge area of reeds is the last
breeding stronghold, so near London, of many interesting birds,
and the sub-maritime flora is worthy of preservation.

Charlton Sand Pit (G.23). The best section in the London district for
the Lower Tertiary sequence. Recommended as a National
Geological Monument by the N.R.I.C.

Pit near Church, Eltkam Common (G.24). Shows Claygate Beds and
London Clay.

Cemetery Brickfield , Plum-stead (G.25). A section in Pleistocene,
Blackheath Beds, Woolwich Beds and Tlianet Sand.

Tuff and Hoar’s Pit. Wickham Lane, Plumstead (G.26). A section in
Blackheath Beds, Woolwich Beds, Thanet Sand and Upper Chalk.

Essex.

Existing Bird Sanctuary.

King George V Reservoir, Chingford , Walthamstow Reservoirs.

Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

Epping Forest (E.l, TQ/39/1) (P.O.S.). This remnant of the once
extensive Forest of Waltham still provides a good variety of
habitats, including oak, beech and hornbeam woodland,
with much holly undergrowth, some open stretches of heath,
bracken and birch scrub and grassy and rushy places on the
lower ground. The trees were mostly pollarded until the Epping
Forest Act of 1878, which has resulted in much natural regene¬
ration. The forest supports the only remaining pure herd of
black Fallow Deer in Britain. This area was formerly on the
Nature Conservancy’s list of proposed National Nature Reserves
and has been removed from it only because of the difficulty of
setting up a reserve under the terms of the National Parks
Act, 1949, over land designated for public open space. These
woodlands are still considered to be of national importance from
the scientific point of view and are much used for biological
studies by schools, colleges and natural history societies.

The Roding Valley (E.10. TQ/49/2). From Chigwell to Passingford
Bridge, including Chigwell Sewage Farm and Luxborough Pond.
Old permanent pasture and water meadows flank the river, which
is an important migration route for a variety of birds and a
breeding ground for others, including Kingfisher and Reed-Bunt¬
ing. Some interesting aquatic plants have survived river
widening.

Curtismill Green (E.ll, TQ/59/2). A wild area of damp woods and
marshes of a type now rare in Essex, supporting interesting
plants and a very rare insect.

Navestock Park (E.13, TQ/59/3). Although not a wild area, the park
contains many native plants and the large lake is fringed with
a good marsh vegetation; the area is well-wooded and bird-life is
abundant and varied.

POST-WAR PROGRESS IN NATURE CONSERVATION.

11

Gray, Thurrock Chalk Pit “it ott urb^nt

rIundings”UthisPold pit is the home of a surprising number of

uncommon plants. ,Anio\ \ uno

Games Park and Ongar Park Wood (E.12 part. XL/«/«. A Om.

' stretch of mixed woodland, now partly opened up, where there
is a great variety of wild life, from Badgers and Redstarts, lare
and focal insects to uncommon marsh plants. ro •„

Lion. Pit, Grays Thurrock (G.21) <TQ / 57 / 1). One o ie '' j

ing exposures of the Late Middle (Taplow) Terrace of the Thames
gravels with Levallois flint implements, as well as the Thanet

Sands with the Bull Head Bed. . . .

Ors-tt Poad Pit Grays Thurrock (G.51) (TQ/67/2). A classic pit m
the highly fossiliferous deposits of the Middle (Taplow) Terrace

of the Thames gravels.

Globe Pit, Grays Thurrock (G.52) (TQ/67/3). One of the last remain¬
ing exposures of Wliferous Brickearth, part of the Thames

Middle (Taplow) Terrace.

Additional Areas. n ~

Thorndon Park, Eartswood and Scrub Kill, Brentwood (E.lo,
TQ/68/A). Open oak-wood and heath on Bagshot Beds v it 1 in¬
teresting birds and insects and some local plants.

Recommended Areas. , £ „

Great Parndon Wood (E.2) to include Hudgells and part of Eppmg
Long Green— for plants and birds. .

Ncizeing Common and Galley Bill woods (E.3) for mammals and bir s.

Much now ploughed up and recommendation withdrawn.

The Lea Valley (Walthamstow Reservoirs and Lammas Lands beware -
stone Gravel Pits, Waltham Abbey Marshes, etc.) (E. 4-6). the
whole of the Lea Valley within our area is of outstanding
ornithological interest, mainly because it is a migration route and
because of its many reservoirs. It includes areas of intricate
watercourses and small woods supporting a heronry and interest¬
ing mammals and marsh birds. The reservoirs already rain as

bird sanctuaries. 7-0-7? ttt Vno

Gilwell Park, Sewardstonebury, High Beach, Copped Ball, cn 1 s
Park and- Vebden Green (E.7-9). Recommended for preservation
primarily as a protective zone to Epping Forest. .

Coopersale Common and Beachet Wood (E.12 part). Supports a rich
marsh and aquatic flora with several rarities. .

Weald Park (E.14). An area of old parkland with extensive woode
areas, coniferous plantations, bracken areas and lakes support¬
ing a varied and interesting fauna and flora.

Ingrebourne Biver and Berwick Pond, Upminster (E.16). Recommended
for its aquatic plants and birds.

Bomford Sewage Farms, Dagenham and Rainham (E.17, 18). Areas
rich in birds, especially waders on passage.

12

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The Mar dyke Valley (E.20) from Purfleet to Stifford. The water
meadows on either side of the Mardyke are recommended for
their birds. Bulphan Fen was formerly included but has been
drained and is now arable land.

Hangman's Wood, Grays (E.21) (P.O.S.). Recommendation withdrawn.

West Thurrock Marshes (E.22). Much has been filled in, but an excel¬
lent salt marsh flora with characteristic and some rare species
occurs near Stone Ness and merits preservation.

Hainault Forest (E.23) (P.O.S.). An area of open woodland and grass¬
land with ponds with interesting insects and rare and local plants.

Shenfield Brickyard (GAO). A good section in the Claygate Beds.

Little Thurrock Gravel-pit (G.22). A classic fossiliferous deposit of the
Middle Thames Terrace Gravels.

Hertfordshire.

Proposed National Nature Reserves.

Water End Swallow Holes (G.13, N.R.48). The best group of swallow
holes in S.E. England; of great geological and physiographical
interest.

Wormley Wood (H.9, N.R.49). An excellent representative of the
South-eastern Sessile oak-hornbeam wood with the associated flora
and fauna characterised by an abundance of sedges. The Essex
and Hertfordshire oak-hornbeam woods are of a distinctive wood¬
land type, not occurring elsewhere and the preservation of a good
example is of great importance.

Sites oe Special Scientific Interest (P.O.S.).

Lees Wood and Jacotts Hill, Watford (H.l part, TQ/09/3). A varied
area of wood and parkland with a good avifauna.

Bricket Wood and the Colne Valley (H.4-5, TQ/19/1). The Bricket
Wood area is one of the best examples of varied primitive scrub
successional to oak-hornbeam woodland; it has been fully described
and analysed and its preservation is needed for continuing its
study. The woodland is very rich in bird and insect life. The
site includes the R. Colne and its water meadows, an area rich in
bird life. A brick pit (G.8) shows Chalky Boulder Clay with
derived Jurassic fossils.

Alclenham Reservoir (H.6, TQ/19/2). Although this sheet of water was
artificially created in the first place, it has now been colonised
by a number of unusual plants and the bird population is large
and interesting. The western margin should be enclosed and
public access prohibited.

Newberries Park Pit, near Padlett (G.12, TQ/19/3). A nearly unique
exposure of the Hertfordshire Puddingstone seen in places at the
base of the Reading Beds.

Additional Areas.

Hamper Mill; Brightwells and stretch of R. Colne (H.2, TQ/09/A).
Includes flooded gravel pits, the whole area is good for bird
observation.

POST-WAR PROG ESS IN NATURE CONSERVATION.

13

The Ver Valley and the Moor Mill Gravel 1’it (H.12, TL/10/A). An
area where intensive observations have been made on the rich b

Totteridge Fends (H.13 = M.6, TQ/29/B). Contain interesting aquatic
plants.

Wendell Wood (H.l)

oak beech and mixed woods, river and canal with some
woodland plants and a good woodland and aquatic avifauna.
Oxhev Woods (H.3). Originally recommended as a good example

oak-birch wood with extensive colonies of bluebells and atypical
woodland bird fauna, but it has lost its value through the develop-
ment of the L.C.C. housing estate over much or most of the aiea.
Panshanger Park (H.7).' Includes river, lake, osier beds and fine mixe
woods. Good for woodland and aquatic birds.

Roxford Copse , near Hertingfordbury (H.8). A site for the Winter
Aconite ( Eranthis hy e-mails).

Cuffley Great Wood (H.10). An area of mixed and varied woodland in¬
tersect by streams with birch-heath, oak-hornbeam wood
There is a good and varied flora and a long list of breeding bird .
Nyn Park and pond at foot of Judges Rill, Northaw (H.ll). For birds
and rare aquatic plants.

(It would be desirable to link up these two areas by Well Wood.)
Mill End Pit, Rickviansworth (G.4). A section in gravel of uncertain

Moor Park (G.5). Gravel pit just inside the Batchworth Heath gate
showing large foreign boulders.

St. Michaels Bridge, 'St. Albans (G.6). Large block of Puddings one

by roadside. .

Fit at Potterscrouch, St. Albans (G7). Section in Upper Chalk contain-

iim Paramoudral Flints.

Watford Heath Brickfields (G.9). Section in fossiliferous London Clay
Basement Bed, Reading Beds and Chalk. Pit now completely
filled in and recommendation withdrawn.

Crooklog Brickfield, Watford (G.10). Showed London Clay, Basement
Bed and the Clay facies of the Reading Beds.

Paddock Wood Brickfield or Grover’ s Brick Pit, Watford (G.ll). Pud-
dingstone in situ. Now completely filled in and recommendation

withdrawn.

Middlesex.

Existing Bird Sanctuaries.

Bushy Park, Hampton Court Park and Gardens and the iollowmg
reservoirs : Staines, Queen Mary (Littleton) and Hampton.

Existing Nature Reserve. . , ■.

ItuisHp Reservoir (N.R.9). 13 acres at the north end have been declared

a nature reserve by the Ruislip-Northwood U.D.C.

14

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

Staines Moor (M.13, 51/07/1). Valuable for aquatic birds.

Denham, wood opposite St. John's Covert (M.16, 51/08/2). Alder
wood with damp woodland ground flora and a good selection of
the associated birds.

Harefield Moor, including the copse by the church (M.l, 51/08/1). An
extensive area of marshy land with a rich marsh and aquatic
flora and several interesting and rare plants in the woodland
portions. The size of this area makes it especially valuable as a
home for marsh-loving birds. A representative selection of the
flooded gravel pits, frequented by aquatic birds, should be pre¬
served from dumping. The area includes the Harefield Chalk
Pits (G.15) which provide the only section in Middlesex showing
an accessible sequence of beds from the Upper Chalk to the Lon¬
don Clay. The section also shows evidence of a platform of marine
erosion in the bored surface of chalk.

Ruislip Reservoir (M.2, 51/08/3). A good'area of woodland and a home
for many aquatic birds. If the northern end of the reservoir
could be railed off to prevent access by boats, it could readily
become a bird sanctuary and the biological interest of the whole
area would be further increased. Part of the north end has
recently been declared a local nature reserve (N.R.9) but still re¬
quires fencing.

Osterley Park (M.15, 51/17/1) (P.O.S.). A habitat for some uncommon
plants and interesting birds.

Syon Park (M.14, 51/17/2). The riverside reed beds, now rare in this
region, provide a home for aquatic birds.

Perivale Mood (N.R.l, 51/18/1). This relic of native oakwood has been
preserved as a bird sanctuary for many years amongst industrial
surroundings. It has been very little visited or disturbed, and
so long as it can continue undisturbed, it will provide a valuable
breeding and foraging area for birds which also frequent the
other open areas of the district, such as Horsendon Hill. More¬
over its wild condition makes it important for scientific observa¬
tion and there can be few or no other areas like it in the whole
London district. It is under the management of the Selborne
Society.

Brent Reservoir (M.ll, 51/28/1). A good area for marsh and water-
plants and for aquatic birds. The north area is the best part and
if it were possible to prevent the access of boats to the water north
of Cool Oak Lane Bridge, the natural history of the area would
be further improved.

TT hitewehbs Park (M.7, 51/39/1) (P.O.S.). Wildwood and area to
south, including New River, Enfield. This includes an area
which is already maintained by Enfield U.D.C. as a nature re¬
serve (N.R.2), not at present intended for designation as a Nature
Reserve as dealt with in Sections 16 to 20 of the 1949 Act; the
additional area around this will serve as a protective zone and
is also valuable for its woodlands and aquatic habitats.

POST-WAR PROGRESS IN NATURE CONSERVATION.

15

Additional Areas.

Eursendon Hill (M.12, 51/18/A) (P.O.S.) and undeveloped area north
of canal. A good example of a typical London Clay flora with
associated mammals and birds

Harrow Weald Common (M.3, 51/19/A) (P.O.S.) with Gran’s Dyke
and fields between common and golf course. Good oak and oak-

birch woods.

Stan, more Common (M.4, 51/19/B) (P.O.S.) with The Grove and area
including ponds to north. Oak-birch woods, one of the best
botanical areas in the county, especially for marsh and aquatic

species.

Scratch Wood (M.5, 51/19/C) (P.O.S.) and adjacent open ground. An
excellent example of a London Clay flora, including some rarities
with a good woodland bird fauna.

Recommended Areas.

New Year’s Green Sand-pit, Sarefield (G.16). Good section of lower part
of Reading Beds.

Castle Lime-pit, Hotter' s Bar (G.17). Excellent section of Upper Chalk-
Tertiary (Lower Reading Beds) junction showing good “piping”,
and a key section in understanding the Water End Swaliov -holes,

Herts. (G.13).

Buckinghamshire.

Recommended Areas.

Black Hark and Langley Hark (B.l and B.2) for woodland birds, deei
and lepidoptera.

Chalk-pit, West Hyde, near Harefield (G.14). Section in Upper Chalk
showing pipes.

Iver Heath Hit (G.l). Section shows Peat on Sand and Gravel of un¬
certain age.

Mansion Lane Bravel-pit, Iver (G.2). Type section of the Iver Stage of
the Thames Terrace Gravels.

Brickworks, Langley (G.3). Good section in Brickearth of Taplow Ter-
ace Age.

Kent.

Sites oe Special Scientific Interest.

Dryhill Hit, near Sevenoaks (G.56, 51/45/1). A section in fossiliferous
Hythe Beds exhibiting sharp folding.

Heston Common (K.3, part, 51/46/1) (P.0 S.). The Common contains
one of the best bogs- in the London Area with many interesting
plants; it is famous because Darwin studied the insectivorous
plants growing there.

Homne Bank (K.4, part, 51/46/2). Another area made famous by Dar¬
win’s researches. It includes areas of very old grassland with a
wealth of plant species and is valuable for studying the stages in
colonisation by Beech trees.

.Joyden's Wood near Bexley (K.10, 51/47/1). A fine example of the type
of oakwood found on the more acid soils of Kent ; the area is rich

16

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

in ferns, mosses and liverworts, birds and insects, especially lepi-
doptera.

Bock Pit, Elmstead Woods (G-30, 51/47/2). This pit shows the pebbly
sands of the Blackheath Beds which are here rich in fossils. It is
highly valuable for research and teaching.

Greenhill Wood, Otford (K.ll, 51/55/1). An area with a rich flora and
steep grassy slopes unusual in character through the abundance
of mosses.

Dunstall Wood , Shoreham (K.12, 51/56/2). A good example of Kentish
chalk grassland rich in plants and characteristic summit beech
woods.

Preston Hill, Shoreham (K.13, 51/56/3). An interesting area of scrub¬
land on chalk.

Magpie Bottom, Shoreham (K.14, 51/56/4). A small area of botanical
interest.

Farningham Wood (K.15, 51/56/5). An oakwood, much of it old cop¬
pice, with a rich ground flora.

Knockmill Pit, Kingsdown (G.53, 51/56/6). A pit in Blackheath pebble
beds which yields flints in a rare chemical state.

Wansunt Pit, Hartford (G.29, 51/57/2). Shows a loam-filled channel in
High Thames Terrace gravels.

Knockhall Chalk Pit, Swanscomhe (K.16, 51/57/3). This, with Whiting
Chalk Pit, harbours an interesting selection of plants and be¬
cause of its damp floor has a number of fen species.

Barnfield Pit, Swanscomhe (G.54, 51/57/4). A famous site in the Boyne
Hill Terrace stage of the Thames gravels, which has yielded many
human implements as well as the Palaeolithic Swanscombe skull.

Whiting Chalk Pit, Swanscomhe (K.17, 51/57/5). Similar to Knockhall
Chalk Pit (51/57/3).

Baker's Hole, Swanscomhe (G.55, 51/57/2). At this site Coombe-Rock
overlies a floor on which are found Palaeolithic (Levalloisian)
implements.

Additional Areas.

Pilot’s Wood and Hog Wood, Kingsdown (K.18, 19, 51/ 56 /A & B). Use¬
ful areas of semi-natural woodland with uncommon plants.

Harenth Wood (K.20, 51/57 /A). An area on the transition between
Eocene sands and Chalk, with a corresponding variety of vegeta¬
tion.

Recommended Areas.

Hayes Common (P.O.S.), with Barnett and Brook Woods (K.2). An
area of oak-birch-heath excellent for birds and insects.

Holwood Park and Howne Coif Course (K.3, part). The area is good
for birds and lepidoptera and some interesting bryophytes occur
at Holwood Park.

High Elms Park (P.O.S.), Cuckoo Wood near Howne (K.4, part), Jewel's
W'ood and valley slopes, Cudham (K.5). Typical beechwood and
downland with a rich flora.

POST-WAR PROGRESS IN NATURE CONSERVATION.

17

Chevening Park, Morants Court Hill and Knockholt Pound Woods (K.6).
Fine beecli woods and typical downland with a rich flora ; includes
the Knockholt Pound Chalk Pit (G.31), which shows a good sec¬
tion of Middle Chalk.

Lulling stone Park and the Darenth Valley fromBrasted to South Darenth
(K.7 and 8). An area of old oak and beech woods with a large
rookery, chalk scrub and downland with a rich flora. The un¬
spoilt river valley is well known to entomologists and ornitho¬
logists. Rare plants occur at Chipstead and Farningham. In¬
cludes the Brick Pits at Dunton Green (G.32), a good section in
the Gault Clay.

Buxley Gravel-Pit, Footscray (K.21). There is a rich breeding bird
population and many interesting winter visitors.

Swanscomhe Marshes (K.-.22). The highest unspoilt salt marsh up the
Thames.

Two Pits by Slade Green Bailway Station (G.27). A good section in the
Thames Flood Plain deposits.

Becreation Ground, Cray ford (G.28). The section on W. side of the
Crayford Brickearth with Corbiculu bed is a classical site for
Pleistocene fossils and flint implements.

Surrey.

Existing Bird Sanctuaries.

Kew Gardens, Old Deer Park (Richmond), Richmond Park and the
following reservoirs : Kempton, Barn Elms, Molesey, Island Barn
(W. Molesey) and Lonsdale Road (Barnes).

Existing Nature Reserves.

Selsdon Wood (N.R.5) (Nat. Trust). Bird and Plant Sanctuary.

Morden Hall Park (N.R.6) (Nat. Trust). Parkland with many water¬
courses. Bird Sanctuary.

Watermeads, Mitcham (N.R.7) (Nat. Trust). A small area of woodland
and meadows by the R. Wandle. Bird Sanctuary.

Sessile Oak, Mickleham (N.R.8). A fine example of Quercus petraea
scheduled by the Leatherhead U.D.C.

Proposed National Nature Reserve.

Box Hill (N.R.34, S.25c) (P.O.S.). An area of fine native wood and
downland flora and fauna, including beech, yew and box (one of
its very few indigenous localities) and many rare species.

Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

Norbury Park and Foxbury (S.25b, part, 51/15/3) (P.O.S.). An area
with varied scientific interest including the yew wood of Druid’s
Grove and the site of some rare plants.

Juniper Hall and White Hill (S.25c & d, part, 51/15/4) (part P.O.S.).
An area including chalk grassland and woodlands of different
kinds including plantations, which is valuable for the relatively
large number of rare and uncommon plants.

18

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The Chalk Escarpment from Brockham to Reigate (S.27, 51/15/5). A
length of the North Downs escarpment of great biological interest
from which it is very difficult to choose smaller areas. It supports
splendid beech, whitebeam and yew woods and a fine chalk flora
including many orchids. The area includes the Hearthstone Mine
in Upper Greensand below Colley Hill (G.41).

Fetcliam Mill Pond (S.24, 51/15/6). A stretch of water fed from' below
by “spring pits” of unique character (G.37) with its adjoining
fields and watercress beds, it is a haunt of many waterfowl and
has several aquatic plants rare in Surrey.

Epsom and Ash tend Commons (S.13, 51/75/7) (P.O.S.). A good example
of damp oakwood, with birch and gorse, on London Clay. The
area has yielded full and interesting records of birds and insects.
The ponds are famous for their dragon-flies and contain some
interesting and uncommon plants. A protective belt to the north
and Newton Wood should be added to prevent a repetition of the
disastrous development to the south.

Arbrook and Esher Commons and Oxshott Heath (S.ll, 51/16/1)
(P.O.S.). Several types of woodland and heath vegetation are
found in this area which is of great value for the teaching of
biology and has been intensively studied by naturalists for many
years, being a site of pioneer published ecological work. The pine
woods have a rich fungus flora ; Black Pond and the surrounding
area support a fine marsh and aquatic flora and are rich in insect
life.

Reigate Heath (S.34, 51/24/1) (P.O.S.). In spite of the presence of a
golf course, there is still a good selection of sand-loving plants
here and some interesting alder holts and marshes around the
margin.

Chipstead Bottom (S.17b, 51/25/3). One of the richest chalk areas in
the county and of special botanical and entomological value.

Banstead Downs (S.16, part, 51/26/1) (P.O.S.). An area of chalk
vegetation which, considering its nearness to London, has retained
a remarkable number of species, several of them rare.

Wimbledon Common and Putney Heath (S.4, 51/27/1) (P.O.S.). In
spite of its urban situation, this open space is of the highest in¬
terest to naturalists. It has not been grazed for many years and
rabbits are few, so that the natural fauna and flora are in some
ways more favoured than in more remote places. Intensive studies
of almost all types of living organisms have been made there and
it is of great importance to London naturalists that no drastic
changes should be made in the area. There are good examples
of damp oakwood, birch heath and grass heath and the best bog
flora near London; there is a rich fauna, especially in birds and
lepidoptera.

Quarry Hangers (S.29, part, 51/35/1). A piece of chalk grassland
which has remained free from scrub development or heavy rabbit
invasion and is little frequented. It differs, therefore, in many
details of its plant cover from other generally similar areas in the

POST-WAR PROGRESS IN NATURE CONSERVATION.

19

region and possesses, perhaps, the healthiest and richest chalk
tlora near London. The very rare snail, Helicella elegans, is
abundant in parts of the area.

South Hawke (S.30, part, 51/35/2) (P.O.S.). Probably the best stretch
of chalk vegetation in east Surrey and the only British station for
one species of plant.

Chelsham Place and Worms Heath (S.32, part, 51/35/3) (part P.O.S.).
An area of generally good biological interest, which includes two
geologically important sites, Worms Heath and Nore Hill (G.49)
which show sections exposing the interesting and much discussed
solution pipes of Biackheatli beds in the chalk.

Recommended Areas.

Banstead Wood, Buffet Wood, Park Downs ( P.O.S .) and Long Planta¬
tion (S.17 a.c.d.). An area with a rich and varied chalk flora;
a fine beechwood and an oak-pine wood both good for birds.

Farthing Downs (P.O.S.) and Devilsden Woods (S.18). There is still a
fair chalk-down flora with some rarities which badly require pro¬
tection and a rich woodland flora and molluscan fauna.

Biddlesdown (P.O.S.) (S.19). A fair chalk down flora still persists.

Croham Hurst (S.20) (P.O.S.). Shows an interesting range of vegeta¬
tion through damp oakwood, dry oakwood, oak-birchwood to
heath. The Lily of the Valley requires protection.

Selsdon Wood and district (S.21). Part is the existing nature reserve
(N.R.5). An oak-hazel wood with many fine beech, ash and yew
and a rich woodland floral carpet; the rest of the area is a fine
example of natural chalk scrub and is rich entomologically. The
existing reserve should be extended to include Haggler’s Dean,
Featherbed Lane field and downs, and Court, Puplet, Bears and
Frith Woods.

Ockham Common (S.22) (P.O.S.). The coniferous woods have a rich
fungus flora; Boldermere and the small pond opposite support
uncommon reed-swamp and marsh plants.

Bookham Commons (S.23) (P.O.S. Nat. Trust). An area particularly
important as the scene of the Society’s current ecological survey
and of much published work. An excellent example of a London
Clay common and damp oak wood with an interesting marsh and
aquatic fauna and flora. It is one of the few haunts in the
London district of the Grasshopper Warbler.

Fetcham Downs (S.25a). A fine area of chalk downland particularly
rich in birds.

The Mole Valley from Boxhurst to Leatherhead (S.25b, G.38). The
famous swallow holes of the R. Mole form the best series in Surrey
and the Valley shows many interesting geomorphological features.
There is a rich riverside flora.

Mickleham Downs (S.25d). An average chalk downland flora, the
haunt of the Woodlark and to . the north the famous Cherkeley
Court yew-wood, one of the finest in Britain.

20

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Headley Heath (S.25e) (P.O.S. Nat. Trust). A typical heath, with some
ponds containing rare plants; a good breeding area for birds.
The striking contrast of the heath flora and fauna with that of
the adjacent chalk make it a valuable area for the biology student.
The old gravel pits (G.39) show a section in supposed Pliocene
gravels of great interest to the geologist.

Walton and Banstead Heaths (S.26) (P.O.S.). An excellent example
of heathland, with small areas of woodland, contains many in¬
teresting and some rare plants and many breeding birds.

Gatton Park (S.28). The Lake and ponds are excellent for waterfowl
and the site of a heronry. The finely wooded park contains some
rare plants.

Escarpment from Merstham to Marden Park (S.29, part) (excluding
Quarry Hangers — S.S.S.I. no. 51/35/1). The area possesses a
fine chalk flora and includes the Hearthstone Mine below Grey-
Stone Quarries, Merstham. (GAS) in the Upper Greensand.

Titsey Park, Titsey Woods, Botley Hill and the Oxted Chalk Pits (S.30
part, excluding South Hawke — S.S.S.I. no. 51/35/2). The area
contains one of the finest escarpment beechwoods in Surrey, with
some rare plants and molluscs and a good bird population. The
pit, which is still worked (G.50) shows a good section in Middle
and Lower Chalk.

Nutfield Marsh (S.31). A small area formerly rich in rare mints, which
may still persist in spite of drainage.

Hallelu Valley, Woldingham (S.32 part, excluding Chelsham Place and
Worms Heath — S.S.S.I. no. 51/35/3). The chalk grassland sup¬
ports a fine flora including many rare species.

Marden Park (S.33). A beautiful estate with typical chalk downland
and beechwoods. The area is rich in bird life, especially during
autumn migration.

Gravel Pit, Coombe Warren (G.33). The best section of the Glacial
Gravels of S.W. London.

Sim’s Brickfield, Coopers Hill, near Claygate (G.34). A section in Bag-
shot Sands, Claygate Beds and London Clay; the type exposure of
the Claygate Beds.

Welch’s Brickfield, Claygate (G.35). The section shows folding in the
Claygate Beds.

Fairchildes Pit, Farleigh (G.36). A section in fossiliferous Upper Chalk,
rich in polyzoa.

Headley Court Chalk Pit (G.40). A good section in the marsupites zone
of the Upper Chalk.

Greystone Quarries, Merstham (G.43). A good section in the Lower
Chalk.

Pit at South Merstham (G.44). A good section in Brickearth and in
Folkestone Beds.

Pit at South Merstham (G.45). The section shows the junction of the
base of the Gault with the Folkstone Beds.

Fullers Earth Quarries, Nutfield (G. 46-48). Good sections in this in¬
teresting local development of the Sandgate Beds.

CRANFORD PARK SURVEY.

21

Cranford Park Survey.

rpHE Survey was commenced in March 1953 by the South West
Middlesex Group of the Society, its object being t-o give members
experience in the study of ecology and of recording what they see.

The Park, a public open space, lies north of the Bath Road, Cran¬
ford, and covers an area of approximately 150 acres, consisting of
marshy woodland, meadowland, the River Crane and an ornamental
lake.

Ornithology by A. Anderson, M.D., D.P.H.

The following birds were found to be nesting in the Park: — Jay,
Magpie, Green Woodpecker, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Long-tailed Tit,
Thrush, Blackbird, Wood Pigeon, House Sparrow, Hedge Sparrow,
Robin and Wren.

Other birds seen up to the end of October were : — Song Thrush,
Missel Thrush, Lapwing, Rook, Chaffinch, Skylark, Greenfinch, Gold¬
finch, Starling, Common Gull, Carrion Crow, Stock Dove, Kestrel,
Heron, Grey Wagtail and Swift.

Botany by A. W. Westrup, B.Sc.

No complete record of distribution of plants in the area has been
attempted and all the work so far has been on the Flowering Plants
only, for lack of experts in other fields. Two major schemes have been
started.

(1) Composition of grass communities on the large South Meadow.
Three parts of this area were studied by “ Spot Counts ”. A preliminary
instructional visit was made in May and a more detailed study in July.
Lack of workers prevented the vegetation in more than 20 circles (each
one square metre in area) being investigated in each part on this
occasion, but further counts to this degree of accuracy should enable
valid statistical conclusions to be drawn of floristic changes, as the area
reverts from arable to grassland.

The records already show certain marked changes, e.g. the expan¬
sion of grass dominance at the expense of Stellaria media at spot £<C”,
and the great increase of Trifolium repens and Hypochaeris radicata
at spot “B”.

Whether this is a seasonal change or a permanent trend may be
shown when a further count is made in May 1954.

(2) A Belt Transect has been laid down in the marshy woodland of
Moat House Covert.

Trees and herbaceous communities have been mapped as completely
as possible on graph paper for comparison in future seasons.

The transect runs from a high bank down into a low Iris swamp,
and shows a marked plant zonation corresponding with the depth of

22

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

soil above swamp level. It is very noticeable how plants are restricted
by their specific water requirements. The top of the bank has a normal
acid woodland flora with Elms regenerating vegetatively, one or two
seedling Oaks and Ashes, much Urtica dioica, Melandrium dioicum and
Festuca gigantea and a ground flora chiefly of Glechoma hederacea.

Lower down are a few Elms (not regenerating), while Angelica
sylvestris is the most notable herbaceous plant together with Bumex
viridis and Ly copus europaeus. Much Banunculus repens appears in
the ground flora.

The swampside community below the trees contains Lycopus euro¬
paeus, Mentha aquatica, J uncus effusus, Myosotis palustris, Impatiens
capensis, and other water-loving herbs. Lysimachia nummularia is the
most notable member of the ground flora. The swamp itself is an
almost pure Polygonum hydropiper community with a few shoots of
Iris pseudacorus and Borippa amphibia standing out.

Further work is being carried out on soil profiles and composition
in an attempt to correlate this with the flora.

Entomology by C. W. Pierce.

Entomologically the survey has so far been disappointing for many
reasons. Only two members have carried out any work and only on
four occasions. Few orders have been studied due to the lack of
specialists or complete entomologists.

Fifteen butterflies have been observed, namely : —Brimstone, Gonep-
teryx rhamni-, Brown Angus, Aricia agestis ; Comma, Polygonia c-album ;
Common Blue, Polyommatus icarus; Green-veined White, Pieris napi ;
Large White, Pieris brassicae ; Meadow Brown, Maniola jurtina ; Pea¬
cock, Nymphalis io ; Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta; Small Copper,
Lycaena phlaeas ; Small Heath, Coenonympha pamphilus ; Small Skipper.
Thymelicus sylvestris ; Small Tortoiseshell, Aglais urticae-, Small White,
Pieris rapae, and Wall, Pararge meg era. As the writer has observed
eleven further species in the district, the above list may be increased
nest year. Observations are also being made on Moths. Although the
conditions appear to be suitable for Dragonflies, none was noticed on
the few occasions when the site was visited.

If the survey is to be worthwhile from the entomological aspect,
help from more members with specialised knowledge is needed.

We hope this preliminary report will encourage more observers to
visit the Park, and so extend the field of study in an area where many
interesting problems await investigation.

Acknowledgments.

Thanks are due to our Section Leaders for their work and reports,
and to members who have helped them to present this report, and to
Messrs. R. E. Butler, P. Chamberlin, R. R. Hill, A. W. Jones, D. K.
Mugford and A. D. Roberts and Miss H. M. Smith.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

23

The Survey of Bookham Common.

TWELFTH YEAR.

Progress Report.

A S noted in the Section’s Annual Report, there has again been an
increase both in the average attendance and in the amount of work
done, in spite of had weather on two of the monthly meetings.

Vegetation.

As foreshadowed in the last Progress Report, the activities of the
botanical team were concentrated during 1953 in the production of a
check list of vascular plants. The results of this work appear on p. 25.

Lichens. (Report by J. R. Laundon.)

The survey of the lichens was commenced in the summer of 1953,
and with the help of Mr. A. H. Norkett 32 species had been collected
bv November. Much attention was paid to the flora of the oak trunks
in the woods and a brief examination made of the brick bridges on the
plains. The lichen flora appeared to be only very slightly affected by
the smoke of London, for Evernia prunastri Ach., Parmelia caperata
Ach. and Pertusaria amara Nyl. were all found to he fairly common.

Fungi.

Miss M. F. Hancock, a new member of the Society, has started to
investigate microscopic aquatic fungi and records the following aquatic
hyphomycetes in December from one decayed and unidentifiable leaf in
running water of the Isle of Wight Ditch (c. 884):- ■Tricladium, splew-
dens Ingold, Tetracladium marchaliarium De Wild and Anguillospora
longissima (Sacc. & Syd.) Ingold.

Grasshoppers. (Report by W. Ruttledge.)

Counts were continued for a second season, when nymphs were found
to be present in greater abundance in the two quadrats marked out in
1952. The distribution maps of grasshoppers on the short-grass quadrat
for the two seasons suggest an almost random distribution. The botani¬
cal survey made in September 1952 was supplemented so as to estimate
the percentage distribution of the various plant species. There ap¬
peared to be no obvious correlation between the presence of first and
second instar nymphs and any botanical or ant-hill feature. By mark¬
ing 24 early nymphs with a dot of red paint it was found that the
maximum distance moved between one week and the next was 4 feet
4 inches.

Hemiptera-Heteroptera. (Report by E. W. Groves.)

During the past year a study has been commenced of the grass-
inhabiting plant-bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) occurring in two
selected grass areas, each 40 feet square. The first of these is in the
dry Molinia belt at the eastern end of Eastern Plain, whilst the other

24

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

is on the moist alluvial soil of the Isle of Wight Plain, close by Book-
ham Stream, where the dominant grass is Arrhenatherum elatius. A
monthly visit has been paid to each of the sites, with an occasional
additional inspection during the all-important months of June, July
and August. Material has been collected by sweeping during most of

these visits.

The emphasis of the investigations has so far been placed on popu¬
lations, but later it is hoped to develop them so as to. provide (a) bio-
nomic details, especially on the life histories of the species in relation
with one another and (b) a comparison of the different types of Book-
ham grassland and their associated plant-bugs. Although particular
attention has been paid to those species included in the Stenodemini
group, other Heteroptera occurring in the same habitat have not been
neglected. Data with regard to numbers of adults, their sex, the
various instars and the numbers of each, have been recorded for all
species.

So far, 22 species have been noted from the sites, though the
presence of one or two may have been fortuitous, as their known life-
histories do not include any stage spent on grass. A species new to
Surrey, Poeciloscytus palustris Reuter, was found in the damp grass
area ( Ent . mon. Mag., 1954, in the press). A single female was taken
on August 9th, though I have since found both sexes elsewhere on the
Common.

Lepidoptera.

Mr. A. S. Wheeler has been appealing for help to entomologists of
this and other societies and hopes to be able to compile a list during
the coming year.

Spiders.

Mr. A. E. le Gros has, unfortunately for the Survey, had to leave
London, but he reports that in February he secured three adults and
one immature male of Micaria suhopaca Westring in the same tree as
he found the female in August 1952. Only one other male has been
found, that by Millidge at Holmbury in May 1952.

Woodlice. (Report by A. E. le Gros.)

Mr. A. E. Ellis in his note on the “ Woodlice of Bookham Common ”
(L.N., No. 27, pp. 59-60, 1948) omits mention of the small white
myrmecophilous species Platyarthrus hoffmanseggi Brandt. Adults and
immature specimens have been found at all times of the year in the
ant hills of Lasius flavus F., so abundant in the plain lands at Book-
ham. It probably exists in the nests of other ants as well. The depend-
ance of woodlice on moisture remarked upon by Mr. Ellis is most
marked in this species; individuals placed in a dry tube die within
fifteen minutes.

Amphipods.

Mr. A. E. Ellis recorded Eucrangonyx gracilis (S. I. Smith) from
three ponds on the Common in 1947 ( L.N. , No. 27, p. 60, 1948); Col.

BOOKHAM COMMON

VEGETATION

Deschompsia coespifoso
Molinia coerulea
Pieridium atjvilinum
Mars hj Areas
Other Open Areas
Scru b
Woods
Ponds

0 100

500

000 Feet.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

25

Bensley has now found this species (determination confirmed by the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.)) in a gun pit on Eastern Plain.

Mollusca. (Report by C. J. F. Bensley.)

Work during 1953 has again been confined to the gun-pits and bomb
craters. Comparatively long dry periods have caused the gun-pits to
be empty of water more often than not. The hold of the fresh-water
mollusca even on C gun-pit is extremely precarious. There appear to
be no mollusca in any of the bomb craters though conditions in most of
them would seem favourable. A further period for collecting data is
apparently required.

Birds. (Report by G. Beven.)

The previous work on the birds of the Common, especially that on
the bird population of Eastern Wood, has been continued, together
with the study of the volume of bird song during the year. In 1953
the total number of Wrens in Eastern WTood (40 acres) was found to be
reduced by at least one third, as compared with the previous three
years. This scarcity was most noticeable in the spring, when the num¬
ber of territories of singing males was estimated at about ten. In the
previous four years, this number varied between about 17 and 20. The
cause of this reduction in Wren population remains obscure.

As a result of mapping the position of singing males on Western
Plain, the number of territories of Yellow Buntings was found to be
five or six. (In previous years the figures were: — 1948 9-11, 1949 5-7,
1950 5-7, 1951 5). The number of territories of Tree Pipits was found
by similar methods to be four or six (1943 4, 1947 5-6, 1948 11, 1949 8-9
and 1950 4-6).

It has already been shown that Chaffinches largely leave Eastern
Wood (dense oakwood) after the breeding season. There is now sug¬
gestive evidence that many of them also leave Western Plain during the
winter. Further observations on the wintering of the Bookham
Chaffinches are required.

Further collecting of pellets of the Tawny Owl in Eastern Wood
revealed the remains of a WThiskered Bat, Myotis mystacinus. Bat
remains are not very commonly found in owl pellets.

Mr. S. H. Chalke has continued his studies on the vertical zonation
of the birds of Eastern Wood and his results appear on p. 47.

Mammals.

Dr. Beven reports that, doubtless owing to the large number shot
on the Common during the last three years, Grey Squirrels were very
much scarcer in Eastern Wood in 1953.

The Flora of Bookham Common

By A. W. Jones.

A PRELIMINARY check list of the vascular plants was drawn up
in 1950 by E. B. Bangerter and C. P. Castell to stimulate the pro-

26

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

cluct-ion of a more deta’led account. In 1953 a special survey to achieve
th’s was carried out by the author and E. B. Bangerter, C. P. Castell,
Mrs. J. F. Hall and P. C. Hall, who have collaborated in the prepara¬
tion of this paper.

PLAN OF PAPER,

The Common has been divided into twenty divisions of similar size,
lettered A-T, to record the distribution of species, the boundaries con¬
sisting of clearly defined topographical features; the divisions having
no ecological significance.

During 1953 all divisions were visited two or three times and lists
prepared of species present. From these lists and from an analysis of
records from various special surveys and casual notes made since the
inception of the survey in 1942, the systematic list has been compiled.
Where a species was not seen during 1953, the year of its last occurrence
is given.

The nomenclature of Clapham, Tutin and Warburg (1952) has been
adopted for scientific names (except where the authority is given) with
the addition of synonyms from Bentham and Hooker (1924) in certain
cases. Rayner (1927) has been used, as far as possible, for popular
names. When drawn from other sources they are shown between in¬
verted commas.

In the systematic list is given the total number of divisions for which
each species has been recorded, followed by the known distribution
among the divisions. Although it has not been possible in the time
to cover every part of the Common in detail, the account aims at giving
a general idea of the frequency, habitats and distribution of each
species.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Abbreviations used in the tables following are : • —

-I- present
r rare
o occasional
f frequent
a abundant

d dominant
1 local (ly)
v very
s sub-
c co-

I.o.W. Isle of Wight

L.E. Lower Eastern

S.E. South Eastern

U.E. Upper Eastern

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF VEGETATION OF COMMON.

The soil over most of the Common is a loam derived from the under¬
lying London Clay with the exception of a small capping of Plateau
Gravel on the higher ground and a narrow belt of alluvial deposits
fringing the streams.

From the map it will be seen that the Common can be fairly easily
divided into : —

1. Damp oakwood on higher ground and slopes, dominated by the
Common Oak, Quercus robur.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

27

2. Grassland of the low-lying plains mainly dominated by Tufted Hair
Grass, Descliampsia caespitosa and Bracken, Pteridium aquilmum.

3. Ponds and streams and the wet hollows in N.

1. Woods.

The chief woods (A-L) cover the higher ground from 135 feet above
O.D. in the west to 233 feet at High Point. South East Wood com¬
prising parts of M S and T is on the ether area of high ground above
150 feet.

The dominant woodland tree is the Common Oak, Quercus robur.
The woodland vegetation was investigated in some detail in 1943 by
C. P. Castell and A. P. Wilton, a short summary with a map being
published by Steele (1947). From their detailed manuscript notes
Table 1 has been compiled.

TABLE 1.

The frequency of the commoner plants in the woods of each division.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

M

R

S

T

Tree Layer

A err pseudoplatanvs

0

1

r

vf

If

1

Ulmus procera

1

d

Betula

If

f

vf

0

1

1

la

0

o

vf

0

f

vf

Quercus cerris

1

1

If

r

la

If

If

Fraxinus excelsior

If

0

1

0

If

Upper Shrub Layer

Ilex aquifolium

If

vf

vf

Id

0

0

1

0

o

f

If

f'

f

Prunus spinosa

o

0

f

If

0

0

Crataegus

If

If

0

Id

1<1

d

f

la

la

f

la

Id

sd

f

Corylus avellana

la

Id

Id

0

If

la

la

If

vf

f

1

0

0

Salix

If

r

0

o

1

0

1

la

0

0

If

1

Lower Shrub Layer

Pteridium aquilinum

la

Id

Id

Id

la

sd

Id

vf

Id

la

f

a

vf

Rubus

f

vf

vf

If

If

f

f

la

vf

vf

la

vf

vf

vf

Rosa

If

0

1

o

If

If

If

f

If

0

f

o

f

f

Lonicera peridymenum

If

la

f

If

If

If

If

f

If

If

If

f

If

Ground Layer

Oxalis acetosella

la

a

0

If

If

0

f

Hedera helix

1

0

1

o

o

0

1

o

0

1

1

0

f

1

Rumex sanguineus

If

o

1

la

1

If

Digitalis purpurea

If

If

If

1

1

r

If

0

0

r

Primula vulgaris

0

0

1

0

0

0

r

If

f

o

2. Plains.

The principal plains are O-B and part of D which occupy the
loiver ground falling from 150 feet in the south to 98 feet at Hun¬
dred Pound Bridge in the north.

28

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The following types of vegetation may be recognised : —

(a) Descharn psia caespitosa grassland as shown on map many
small areas of grassland of other types are howevei scattered
across it. There is a varied flora but with the exception of
a local abundance of Arrlienatherum elatius , few species
achieve prominence.

(b) Bracken (Pteridium aquiUnum) areas as shown on map.

The mapping of these areas was done by M. T. Hindson
and later checked on the ground by E. B. Bangerter and O. P.
Castell with the aid of an aerial map. Very little else will
grow where Bracken is thick, but Arrhenatherum elatius is
present in some quantity in more open communities and
Molinia caerulea persists in divisions Q and T where Bracken
is advancing.

(c) Degenerate heathland in E. Plain (parts of M and T), a Molinia
caerulea area (see map), boggy in part with occasional bog
moss ( Sphagnum ) and a little Ling ( Calluna vulgaris ), etc.,

but mostly overgrown with Bracken.

(d) Other Molinia caerulea grassland (see map) which appears to
be restricted to swampy but less well drained areas.

(e) Scrub as shown approximately on the map small bushes occur
all over the plains.

A survey of the scrub was made in 1943 by Castell and
Wilton and Table 2 has been extracted from their detailed
work.

TABLE 2.

Commoner species of the scrub.

Western

Bank’s

Bayfield

By Bayfield

The

Central

Eastern

Scrub.

Plain.

Plain.

Pond.

Clump.

Plain.

Plain.

Ilex aquifolium

a

Rubus

a

f

lsd

a

Rosa

f

+

f

+

0

Piainus spinosa

Id

d

Id

d

Crataegus

Id

sd

d

d

o

d

Betula

0

d

Popndus tre inula is also a frequent constituent of Eastern
Plain and in recent years Salix atrocinerea has become pro¬
minent largely from growth in the gun-pits.

(f) Short grassland, the result of biotic action on the above:

(i) By ant hills (often frequented by rabbits) — usually fairly
small.

(ii) Other larger areas from deturfing, grazing or possibly fire.

(iii) Paths, some kept artificially wide by mowing.

3. Ponds and Streams and Wet Hollows in N.

(a) Ponds.

The ponds were first surveyed in 1942-3 and the results
published by Castell (1945). From recent work Table 3 has
been compiled.

■liitKKIi

The view shows the low-lying- alluvial belt (Central and Western Plains), a Deschampsia caespitosa-Arrhenatherum Grassland, colonised by
Hawthorn Scrub. Elm of Station Copse on left, Hawthorn in foreground, the high ground of Hill-House Wood in distance and Hawthorn-

Bracken scrub fringe of South-Eastern Wood on right.

(Photo : C.P.C.)

THE SURVEY OF BOOK HAM COMMON.

29

TABLE 3.

Chief constituents of the flora of the larger ponds.

S.E.

Sheepbell.

Kelsey’s.

Bayfield.

I.O.W.

L.E.

U.E.

Equisetum fluviatile

Id

Id

Id

Ranunculus repens

+

+

+

+

Id

Id

R. aquatilis

+

la

+

la

Epilobium hirsutum

If

Id

Id

SaUx atrocinerea

Id

if

Id

Id

Id

Calystegia sepium

la

la

Lemna polyirhiza

cd

Lemna minor

+

cd

+

+

+

+

Sparganium ramosum

Id

Id

Id

Id

Typha latifolia

la

Agrostis canina

la

+

If

+

+

Salix atrocinerea and Juncus effusus predominate in the
three small much-shaded Mark Oak Ponds and these two
species are the most frequent in the gun-pits and trenches on
Eastern Plain, the flora of which has been described in detail
by Bangerter and Castell (1949 and 1951).

There are four bomb craters, 264, 544, 736, 766, which hold
water most of the year and a number of old ponds — Manor
and West Ponds being still very marshy. Bank’s Pond has
now dried up but still retains Oenanthe fistulosa .

(b) Streams.

The flowing streams comprise Bank’s and Bookham
Streams and I.o.W., Greendell and Hollow Ditches. The
streams and ditches are cleared occasionally and the vegeta¬
tion is sparse but a belt of Epilobium hirsutum up to twenty
yards wide occurs along Bank’s and Bookham Streams.

(c) Wet Hollows in N.

West and East Hollows which were ponds fifty years ago
are very marshy and bordered by Salix atrocinerea like the
ponds m the rest of division N. A small marshy area also
occurs to the west of I.o.W. Pond.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

Thanks are due to E. P. Denyer, E. W. Groves, and G. F. Lawrence
for assistance in the special survey in 1953, to Dr. A. Melderis of the
British Museum (Natural History), for identification of some of the
critical plants, to all the Bookham Team, past and present, most of
whom have given help, advice and records at on© time or another, as

well as to other members who have sent in records made on occasional
visits.

REFERENCES.

BANGERTER, E. B., and CASTELL, C. P. (1949). Notes on the Vegetation of Gun-
Pits and Trenches on Eastern Plain, Bookham Common. London
Naturalist, No. 28, 51-56.

BANGERTER, E. B., and CASTELL, C. P. (1951). Further Notes on the Vegeta¬
tion of Gun-Pits in Eastern Plain, Bookham Common London
Naturalist, No. 30, 54-56.

30

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

BENTHAM, G., and Hooker, J. D. (1924). Handbook of The British Flora, ed. 7.
CASTELL, C. P. (1945). The Ponds and Their Vegetation. London Naturalist,
No. 24, 15-22.

CLAPHAM, A. R., TUTIN, T. G., WARBURG, E. F. (1952). Flora of the British
Isles.

RAYNER, J. F. (1927). A Standard Catalogue of English Names of Our Wild
Flowers.

STEELE, B. (1947). Woodland Vegetation of Bookham Common. London
Naturalist, No. 26, 82-83.

SYSTEMATIC LIST.

Equisetum fluviatile. [E. limosum). Water Horsetail, l. N.

Locally dominant in each of the three ponds in division N.

E. palustre. Marsh Horsetail. 1. N.

Damp places in I.oAV. Pond, W. and E. Hollows.

E. arvense. Field Horsetail. 10. BD.JMNOQ-T.

Occasional in damp places.

Pteridium aquilinum. Bracken. 20.

Frequent throughout and often dominant in the ground layer of the woods
(see Table l); dominant over many parts of the plains (see map), apparently
advancing over two Molinia caerulea areas— in T from north and south of
E. Plain and in Q from the western boundary.

Athgrium filix-femina. Lady Fern. l. K.

One plant by very damp woodland path 582.

Dryopteris filix-mas agg. Male Fern. 16. A-EH-NQ-T.

Occasional in the woods, most frequent in the damper parts.

D. spinulosa. Narrow Buckler Fern.

Recorded in woods in BCDG and F or K but most or all records may be
referable to D. austriaca.

D. austriaca. ( Aspidium dilatatum). Broad Buckler Fern. 11. A-HKLT.

Occasional in woods in drier places and less often than D. filix-mas agg
Polystichum setiferum. Angular Shield Fern. 2. BD.

Woods 239, 43 (1945)

Ophioglossum vulgatum. Common Adder’s Tongue. 4. P-S.

Locally frequent in lower parts of I.o.W., Bayfield and Central Plains in
grass where doubtless often overlooked.

Pinus sylvestris. Scotch Pine. l. O.

Sapling near Bank’s Cottage.

Taxus baccata. Yew. 10. BCGHJ-MST.

Rare in woods, records largely of isolated trees, saplings or seedlings.
Anemone nemorosa. Wood Anemone. 3. ABJ.

Abundant in Hazel Copse off the Common by B, occasional plants in sur¬
rounding woods.

Clematis vitalba. Wild Clematis. 1. R.

In hedge of Bookham Grange Flotel 769.

Banunculus acris. Meadow Buttercup. 14. ADEFIJM-T.

Occasional in grassy places.

R. repens. Creeping Buttercup. 20.

Frequent and locally abundant in grassy and wet places and by paths.
A double-flowered form recorded from O.

R. bulbosus. Bulbous Buttercup. 5. CIvMRS.

Rare in short turf.

R. auricomus. Goldilocks.

Recorded for Hazel Copse by B, a few yards off the Common.

R. flammula. Lesser Spearwort. 20.

Frequent in ponds and wet places, occasional in cart ruts of the rides.

R. sceleratus. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. 3. AB or CO.

Wet places 421, Kelsey’s Pond, Sheepbell Ditch.

R. aquatilis. Water Crowfoot. 5. AMNPQ.

Ponds, usually a fine display in I.o.W., U.E. and Bayfield Ponds, these
being ssp. peltaius.

THE SURVEY OF BOOXHAM COMMON.

31

R. hederaceus. Ivy-leaved Water Crowfoot. 2. B or CN.

Greendell and Sheepbell Ditches (1943).

R. ficaria. Lesser Celandine. 17. ABDEFI-T.

Locally frequent at edges of woods and thickets.

Aquilegia vulgaris. Columbine. 3. -INS.

Clump by garden in N, two other plants in J and S doubtfully native.
Nymphaea alba. White Water-lily. l. N.

A single plant in U.E. Pond (1951).

Papaver rlioeas. Corn Poppy. 4. EMOR.

Rare in disturbed ground.

P. somniferum. Opium Poppy. 3. JMQ.

Rare in disturbed ground.

Chelidonium majus. Great Celandine, 1. S or T.

Wood 865 (1946).

Fumaria officinalis. Common Fumitory. 1. J.

Disturbed ground in one spot.

Slnapsls ' arvensls. Charlock. 4. DEMO.

Rare in disturbed ground.

Raphanus raplianistrum. Wild Radish, l. E.

Disturbed ground 575.

Coronopus squamatus. (C. ruellii). Swine’s Cress. 2. OQ.

Rare on paths.

C. dldymus. Wart Cress. 2. DM.

Rare on paths.

Capsella bursa-pastor is. Shepherd's Purse. 6. DEMOQR.

Rare in disturbed ground.

Lunarla annua. Honesty, l. Q.

Hedge, garden escape, a single plant. (1951).

Erophila verna. Common Whitlow-grass. 1. R.

Ant-hill, Central Plain, one doubtful record. (1951).

Cardamlne pratensis. Cuckoo Flower. 12. ABDEKMNP-T.

Frequent in ponds, streams, ditches and wet places.

C. flexuosa. Perennial Hairy Bitter Cress. 5. DIJKT.

Occasional in woods and damp places.

C hirsuta. Hairy Bitter Cress. 2. RS.

Occasional on ant-hills and other dry places.

Rarbarea vulgaris. Winter Cress. 4. O-R.

Occasional by stream-sides.

Nasturtium spp. Water Cress. 7. ABN-R.

Species of Nasturtium are occasional in ponds and along flowing streams:
the only specimens critically examined (from N) were all referable to
N. micropliyllum.

Rorippa islandica. (Nasturtium palustre). Marsh Yellow Water Cress. 2. OP.

Plants by stream-side 445, on damp path 4953.

Hesperis matronalls. Dame’s Violet, 1. P.

Single plant by stream some distance from any garden.

Erysimum chelranthoides. Treacle Mustard. 2. MR.

Plant on disturbed ground M and near I.o.W. Ditch. (1951).

Chelranthus cheirl. Wallflower. 1. Q.

Garden outcast.

Alliaria petiolata. (A. officinalis) Garlic Mustard. 9. DJMO-T.

Occasional by hedges and streamsides.

Sisymbrium officinale. Hedge Mustard. 4. DMOR.

Rare by paths.

Arabidopsis thallana. Thale Cress. 2. RS.

On ant-hills on Central Plain.

Viola odorata. Sweet Violet. 1. R.

Locally abundant in Station Copse (purple-flowered) and on embankment
875 (white-flowered); a few plants near The Clump.

V riviniana. Dark Wood Violet. 16. ABD-MPQST.

Very frequent throughout the woods and occasional across the plain

32

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

*

Recorded in past from all divisions but not then distinguished from
V. reichenbachiana

V. reichenbachiana. Pale Wood Violet. 2. AB.

Frequent in Hazel Copse off the Common and occasional in Stents Wood.

V. canina. Dog Violet. 5. DMPST.

Very local in short grass on plains, perhaps overlooked.

V. arvensis. Field Pansy. 1. M.

One plant on newly made-up path (1951).

Polygala vulgaris. Common Milkwort. 3. DEM.

Very rare in short grass.

Hypericum androsaemum. Tutsan. 1. J.

One clump in thicket in wood 0952).

H. calycinum. Large-flowered St. John’s Wort. 1. I.

Planted by houses.

H. perforatum. Perforate St. John’s Wort. 3. ANR.

Very rare in grassy places.

H. tetrapterum. Square-stalked St. John’s Wort. 7. AN-S.

Occasional in damp places.

H. humifusum. Trailing St. John’s Wort. 13. ABD-JMNST.

Frequent by paths; occasional in woods and in short grass.

H. pulchrum. Upright St. John’s Wort. 10. ABDJKMNPST.

Occasional in shady places, more rarely on plains.

H. liirsutum. Hairy St. John’s Wort. 3. ANS.

Rare in shady places.

Silene cucubalus. Bladder Campion. 2. CP.

Very rare by tracks.

Melandrium rubrum. ( Lychnis dioica). Red Campion. 2. AS.

Very rare in woods (1952).

M album. White Campion. 2. MR.

Very rare in disturbed ground.

Lychnis flos-cuculi. Ragged Robin. 9. ADN-T.

Locally frequent on the plains and in damp places.

Cerastium vulgatum. Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed. 16. ACDEG-JM-T.
Occasional in grassy places.

C. glomeratum. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed. 8. ACDEHINR.

Occasional in ruts of woodland rides and tracks.

Stellaria media. Common Chickweed. 12. ABDEFJMNOQRT.

Occasional in disturbed and bare places.

S. holosiea. Greater Stitchwort. 20.

Very frequent in shady places and clearings in woods and occasional on
plains.

S. graminea. Lesser Stitchwort. 17. ACDEGHIK-T.

Very frequent in grassy places.

S. alsine. ( S . uliginosa). Bog Stitchwort. 6. BCGJMN.

Occasional in wet places and margins of ponds.

Sagina procumbens. Procumbent Pearlwort. 7. DIJMQST.

Occasional in bare places.

Moehringia [Arenaria] trinervia. Three-nerved Sandwort. 13. A-EIJKMNQST.
Frequent in woods.

Spergula arvensis. Corn Spurrey. 1. O.

4163 (1950).

Montia verna. Blinks. 1. Q.

A few plants on path forming boundary of Q and R 841. Species of Montia
have in the past been recorded from N P and T.

Chenopodium polyspermum. Many-seeded Goosefoot. 4. DEOQ.

Occasional in disturbed ground.

C. album. White Goosefoot. 3. JMQ.

Occasional in disturbed ground.

C rubrum. Red Goosefoot. 4. ANOP. ■

Rar-e in disturber!' and bare ground.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

33

Beta vulgaris. “Beet”, l. N.

Disturbed ground, one plant (on pile of chalk for track-making).

Atriplex patula. Spreading Orache. 2. JO.

Rare in disturbed ground.

A. hastata. Halberd-leaved Orache. 6. EJMOPQ.

Rare in disturbed ground.

Tilia x vulgaris. Common Lime. 1. D.

One tree near Hill House.

Malva moschata. Musk Mallow. 2. D or OS.

864, 42 (1951).

M. neglecta. (M. rotundifolia). Dwarf Mallow. 2. OQ.

Very rare in disturbed ground.

Linum catharticum. Fairy Flax.

82 (1950).

Geranium pratense. Meadow Cranesbill. l. R.

Abundant in thicket 875.

G. ibericum Cav. l. Q.

Garden escape. Determined by Dr. A. Melderis.

G pyrenaicum. Mountain Cranesbill. l. R.

87 on embankment.

G. dissectum. Cut-leaved Cranesbill. 9. EIM-S.

Occasional by paths and on plains.

G. molle. Dove’s-Foot Cranesbill. 2. QR
Very rare in grassy places.

G. robertianum. Herb Robert. 17. A-EG-NQ-T.

Frequent along woodland paths and occasional in woods and in shady
places.

Tropaeolum majus. “Nasturtium”, l. J.

Garden outcast.

Oxalis acetosella. Wood Sorrel. 14. A-KMNT.

Locally abundant in the woods.

0. europaea Jord. f. cijmosa (Small) Weigand. Upright Yellow Wood Sorrel, i, J.
A. few plants on disturbed ground near houses. Determined by D. P
Young.

Acer pseudoplatanus. Sycamore. 9. A-GRS.

Occasional in woods, locally dominant in Hill House Wood.

A. platanoides. “Norway Maple”, l. D.

Wood, young tree 198 (1943).

A. campestre. Maple. 11. ABDEFJKLORS.

Occasional in woods and hedges.

Aesculus hlppocastanum. “Horse Chestnut.” 5. BCERT.

Rare, one adult tree recorded.

Ilex aquifolium. Holly. 17. A-NQST.

Frequent throughout the woods and thickets.

Euonymus europaeus. Spindle Tree. 7. ACEJOPR.

Thickets and plains, rare or overlooked.

Frangula alnus. ( Rliamnus frangula). Alder Buckthorn. 4. AJMT.

Doubtfully recorded, in any case very rare in woods (1952).
Parthenocissus tricuspidata. Virginia Creeper, l. Q.

Planted by garden (1952).

Genista angllca. Petty Whin. 9. DEFMOPQST.

Locally frequent on plains.

Ulex europaeus. Furze. 10. DEJM-S.

Occasional by hedges and in grassy places.

U. minor. Small Furze. 13. DEFHL-T.

Occasional on plains; locally frequent. .

Sarotliamnus scoparius. Broom. 2. MN. -- _

Garden escape cf. var. andreanus Dipp. near houses,

Mcdicago lupulina. Black Medick. 3. PRS. '

Very rare in grassy places.

34

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Trifolium pratense. Red Clover. 12. CDEIJM-S.

Occasional in grassy places.

T. medium. Zigzag Clover. 3. DQT.

194, 73, E. Plain (1950).

T. repens. White Clover. 15. ACDEGIJM-T.

Occasionally in grassy places, especially by paths.

T. fragiferum. Strawberry-heacled Trefoil. 2. NT.

Locally frequent, by track-sides 825, 576.

T. dubium. Lesser Yellow Trefoil. 10. CDGIKMPRST.

Occasional in grassy places.

T. micranthum. (T. filiforme). Least Yellow Trefoil. 2. IR.

Grassy places 884, 622, persistent in latter.

Lotus corniculatus . Common Birdsfoot Trefoil. 14. ACDEIKM-T
Frequent in grassy places.

L. uliginosus. Greater Birdsfoot Trefoil. 16. B-GK-T.

Frequent in damp or wet places in open.

Ornithopus perpusillus. Birdsfoot. 1. I.

A single clump, 622 in short grass.

Vicia hirsuta. Hairy Tare. 7. M-S.

Frequent on plains, often in company with V. tetrasperma.

V. tetrasperma. Smooth Tare. 6. IO-S.

Frequent on plains.

V. cracca. Tufted Vetch. 7. DEN-R.

Occasional on plains and in bushy places.

V. septum. Bush Vetch. 13. ABCEH-NPR.

Frequent along shady paths.

V. angustifolia. Narrow-leaved Vetch. 11. DEIJMO-T.

Occasional on plains.

Lathyrus nissolia. Grass Vetchling. 5. DOPRS.

Very locally frequent on plains.

L. pratensis. Meadow Pea. 9. ADEO-T.

Occasional in grassy places.

L. montanus. Tuberous Bitter-Vetch. 6. FH.TIvST.

Rare by woodland paths.

Spiraea salicifolia. Willow-leaved Spiraea. 1. N.

Escape, a few bushes near houses.

Filipendula ulmaria. Meadowsweet. 8. ACDN-R.

Locally frequent on plains, especially along streams, locally dominant in O.
Rubus idaeus. Raspberry. 4. CIJT.

Rare in woods.

Rubus spp. “Brambles”. 20.

Brambles are often abundant in the woods, especially where recent felling
has taken place, and very frequent elsewhere. R. cf. laciniatus has been
recorded from L and M. Mr. Wm. Watson kindly recorded the following
in 1945 : —

R. carpinifolius W. & N. 43.

R. lindleianus Ed. Lees. 59.

R. polyanthemos Lindeb. 843 one bush.

R. cardiophyllus L. & M. 53, 57.

R. ulmifolius Schott fil. general in the open.

R. p.seudobifrons (Sud.) Bouv. 599.
r. neomalacus Sud. 43, 89.

R. vestitus W. & N. {fide C. Avery).

R. discerptus P. J. Muell. 43, 46.

R. rudis Weihe ( fide C. Avery).

R. flexuosus M. & L. 67.

R. insectifolius L. & M. 671.

R. apiculatus Weihe. 67, 43.

R. formidabilis L. & M. 599.

R. conjungens (Bab.) W. Wats. 57.

R. britannicus Rog. 43, 869.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

35

Potentilla sterilis. Barren Strawberry. 18. ABD-S.

Frequent along woodland paths and edges of woods and bushy places.

P. anserina. Silverweed. 18. ABDF-T.

Frequent on plains, paths, open grassy places and damp places.

P. erecta. Upright Tormentil. 20.

Frequent on plains and grassy rides in the woods.

P. anglica. (P. procumbens). Trailing Tormentil. 8. BCEKNPST.

Raie in grassy places, not well understood and records may need revision.
P. reptans. Creeping Cinquefoil. 16. AD-HJKM-T.

Frequent on plains and by paths.

Fragaria vesca. Wild Strawberry. 17. BDF-T.

Fiequent along voodland paths and occasionally in more open places.

F. cf. x ananassa. l. J.

Garden outcast (1952)..

Geum urbanum. Wood Avens. 16. A-GJKMNOQ-T.

Frequent in shady places.

Agriinonia eupatoria. Agrimony. io. DGKN-T.

Occasional on plains and grassy places.

A. odorata. Fragrant Agrimony. 6. AM-PR.

Moie partial to bushy places than A. eupatoria but often in company
with it.

Aphanes [ Alcliemilla ] arvensis agg. Field Lady’s Mantle. 6. DIKMPS.

Occasional on ant-hills on plains, that in K in short grass is A. microcarpa
Rosa spp. Roses. 20.

Roses are frequent in woods and on plains.

R. arvensM (Field Rose) has been recorded from EFJLNORT and appears to
be the commonest species in bushy places and along woodland paths.
R. canina (Dog Rose) has been recorded from EFJHIOR and appears to be
more common on the plains. R. rabiginosa agg. (Sweetbriar) recorded
from E- a single bush. R. dumetorum Tliuill and R. villosa have been
recorded from 86. A cultivated rose is growing all along the dam of L.E.
Pond in N. and flowers freely, a species also occurs as an escape in Q.
Mr. Wm. Watson recorded the following in 1945 : _

Rosa arvensis Huds. General in open and shade.

R. glaucescens Desv. 891.

R. spliaerica Gren. 85.

R. oxyphylla Kip. 843, 85.

R. insignis Desegl. & Rip. 85.

R. dumalis Bechst. 57.

R sylvularum Rip. 599.

R. urbica Lem. 85.

R semiglabra Rip. 891.

R. hemitHcha Rip. 85.

R. Renteri var. subcollina (Chr.) 891.

R. tomentella Lem.

Prunus spinosa. Blackthorn. 18. AC-KM-T.

Frequent in woods forming dense thickets by paths and at edges of woods.

Frequent by bracken areas on the plains, also forming dense thickets in
places.

P. domestica. l. R.

Plant in
(Bullace).

P. avium. Gean. 2. HI.

hedge on boundary of Common believed to be ssp. insititia

A fine clump, about 30-35 ft. high with many saplings and seedlings 614
seedlings m I.

Cotoneaster simonsii. l. N.

Near U.E. Pond (1952).

Crataegus oxyacanthoides. Midland Hawthorn. 3. KMN
Woods, further distribution unknown. •

36

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

C. monogyna. Hawthorn. 20.

Often abundant in the woods and always frequent. A very frequent shrub
all across the plains occasionally forming thickets.

Sorbus aucuparia. Mountain Ash. 5. BGLNT.

Very rare in woods, only seedlings and one sapling observed.

5. aria agg. Whitebeam. 1. S or T.
wood 865 (19^0).

Malus sylvestris. [Pynis malus). Crab Apple. 13. B-EI-NRST.

Occasional in woods, usually isolated trees and rare on plains.
Philadelphus sp. “Mock Orange”. 2. JM.

By gardens, probably planted.

Ribes rubrum agg. Red Currant. 9. AJKMNQ-T.

Occasional in woods, often in damp places.

R nigrum. Black Currant. 7. CEJLMNR.

In similar places to R. rubrum but occasionally in more open places.

R. uva-crispa. Gooseberry. 3. CRT.

Very rare in shady places.

Peplis portula. Water Purslane. 8. ABCEGINP.

Occasional in bare damp places.

Epilobium hirsutum. Great Hairy Willowherb. 13. BDEIJM-T.

Frequent in damp places, abundant along Bookham and Bank’s Streams
and in I.O.W., L.E. and U.E. Ponds and W. Hollow.

E. parviflorum. Small-flowered Willowherb. l. N.

811 and in several spots in I.O.W. Pond, apparently hybridising freely
there with,!?, palustre.

E. montanum. Broad-leaved Willowherb. 12. ADEI-NRST.

Occasional in damp woods.

E . adenocaulon. 1. N.

East Hollow, further distribution unknown.

E. obscurum. Dull-leaved Willowherb. 11. ABGJKMNP-S.

Occasional in damp places but imperfectly understood.

E. palustre. Marsh Willowherb. 6. ACMNQR.

Occasional in ponds and wet hollows.

Chamaenerion angustifolium. Rosebay. 18. A-PST.

Frequent in open parts of woods and occasionally elsewhere.

Oenothera spp. “Evening Primrose”. 3. JMQ.

Very rare in disturbed ground. That in J appears to be referable to
0. erythrosepala.

Circaea lutetiana. Common Enrhanters-nightshade. 14. A-FH-KMNST.

Occasional in the woods, locally frequent especially where recent clearings
have taken place.

Myriophyllum alternifolium. Alternate-flowered Water Milfoil. 1. D.

Bomb crater 544 (1950).

Callitriche spp. Water-star wort. 14. ABCE-HJM-QT.

Frequent and locally abundant in ponds, streams and other wet places,
probably all referable to C. stagnalis.

Cornus sanguinea. Dogwood. 16. ACDEG-NQ-T.

Occasional in woods and hedges.

Hedera helix. Ivy. 19. A-NP-T.

Frequent in woods and shady places.

Hydrocotyle vulgaris. Marsh Pennywort. 7. BMNPQST.

Local in ponds and wet grassy places, particularly associated with Molinia
caerulea areas.

Sanicula europaea. Wood Sanicle. 7. EGI-M.

Occasional but local in woods.

Chaerophyllum temulum. Rough Chervil. 1. Q.

Hedgerow 482.

Anthriscus sylvestris. Wild Chervil. 9. BJM-S.

Occasional in hedgerows and pathsides.

Torilis japonica. ( Caucalls anthriscus). Upright Hedge-parsley. 12. DEIJM-T.
Occasional on plains and in open spaces.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

37

Conium maculatum. Hemlock. 4. O-R.

Frequent along I.o.W. Ditch and Bookham and Bank’s Streams.

Apium nodiflorum.. Procumbent Marshwort. 9. ABCM-R.

Occasional in ponds and along streams.

A. inundatum. Least Marshwort. 3. MNQ.

Occasional in ponds.

Conopodium majus. Pignut. 5. GJNQT.

Rare in shady places.

Pimpinella saxifraga. Smaller Burnet-Saxifrage. 5. DP-S.

Occasional in short grass on plains.

Aegopodium podagraria. Goutweed. 8. CJMNOQRS.

Local in grassy places.

Oenanthe fistulosa. Tubular Water-dropwort. 1. P.

Occurs in dried up Bank’s Pond.

Oe. crocata. Hemlock Water Dropwort. 2. CQ.

In clearing in thicket 327, also 732.

Aethusa cynapium. FooL's Parsley, l. Q.

In cultivated plot 489.

Silaum silaus. (Silaus flavescens). Pepper Saxifrage. 8. DEN-S.

Frequent on plains OPQRS, rare elsewhere.

Angelica sylvestris. Wild Angelica. 12. ACDEHN-T.

Frequent on plains, occasional elsewhere in damp places.

Pastinaca sativa. Wild Parsnip. 8. M-T.

Locally frequent in grassy places.

Heracleum sphondylium. Hogweed. 15. A-ELTM-T.

Frequent on plains, grassy places and clearings and pathsides in woods.
Bryonia dioica. White Bryony. 10. ADEJO-T.

Occasional in bushy places.

Mercurialis perennis. Dog Mercury. 5. ABDE S or T.

Occasional in woods along the northern boundary of the Common and
one record from 869.

M. annua. Annual Mercury. 1. E.

Disturbed ground 575.

Euphorbia peplus. Petty Spurge. 7. D.JMNQRS.

Occasional in disturbed ground.

E. amygdaloides. Wood Spurge. 1. S.

Occasional in eastern part of S.E. Wood.

Polygonum aviculare agg. Knotweed. 9. CDEJMO-R.

Occasional in disturbed ground and on paths.

P. persicaria. Common Persicaria. 8. BDEM-Q.

Occasional in disturbed ground.

P. lapathifolium. Pale Persicaria. l. O.

Disturbed ground 446; doubtfully recorded for I.o.W. Pond.

P. hydropiper. Water Pepper. 14. A-EG-JM-PR.

Very frequent in the ruts of woodland tracks, also occasional in ponds and
ditches.

P. convolvulus. Climbing Buckwheat. 2. MQ.

Rare in disturbed ground.

P. cuspidatum. Giant Knotweed. 1. J.

By garden hedge 63.

Bumex acetosella agg. Sheep Sorrel. 7. DGKMOST.

Occasional in grassy places.

B. acetosa. Dock Sorrel. 19. A-FH-T.

Very frequent on the plains and grassy places elsewhere.

B. crispus. Curled Dock. 4. DMPR.

Rare in disturbed ground.

R. obtusifolius. Broad-leaved Dock. 14. A-EJM-T.

Occasional in grassy places and disturbed ground.

B. sanguineus var. viridis. ( R . nemorosus). Green-veined Dock. 18. A-ORST.
Very frequent in the woods, woodland clearings and occasionally in damp
places.

38

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

R. conglomeratus. Sharp Dock. 13. ADEGHIN-T.

Occasional on plains and in damp places.

Urtica urens. Small Nettle. 2. MQ.

Very rare in disturbed ground.

U. dioica. Common Nettle. 15. A-EIJM-T.

Widespread, particularly in open places, locally abundant on plains near
streams.

Humulus lupulus. Hop. 5. CDNOR.

Rare in bushy places.

Ulmus procera. (U. campestris). Common Elm. 9. ABDEN-R.

Local constituent of hedges bordering Common and constitutes Station
Copse.

Betula verrucosa. Common Birch. 18. A-NQ-T.

Frequent and locally abundant in woods and at edges of plains.

B. pubescens. Downy Birch. 3. HMT.

Woods and plains, rare or not distinguished from B. verrucosa.

Carpinus betulus. Hornbeam. 5. ABDEM.

Rare in woods but locally frequent in A and E.

Corylus avellana. Hazel. 17. A-NQST;

Very frequent in woods, locally dominant in shrub layer especially in
ABCF and G.

Fagus sylvatica. Beech. 13. A-EGH.JMOQST.

Occasional in woods, planted in ADOQT.

Castanea sativa. Sweet Chestnut. 2. AT.

Local in woods. A copse by Kelsey's Pond.

Quercus cerris. Turkey Oak. 10. A-IM.

Locally abundant in the northern woods, often seedlings and saplings,
rare elsewhere.

O. robur. Common Oak. 20.

The dominant tree in all the woods, frequent scrub element all over the
plains.

Populus alba. White Poplar. 1. R.

A few saplings and trees, 848, 872.

P. tremula. Aspen. 10. AEFGIJMNST.

Occasional in woods, very frequent around E. Plain.

Salix fragilis. Crack Willow. 8. ADENP-S.

Occasional by ponds and streams, some fairly old trees by Bayfield Pond.

S. viminalis. Osier. 2. OR.

Very rare on damp plains.

5. caprea. Sallow. 14. A-DG-JLMNRST.

Occasional in woods and damp places. Var. rotundifolia Gaud, recorded
from Pit D.

S. atrocinerea. { S . cinerea). Grey Sallow. 20.

Frequent in woods and damp places, abundant in the ponds and hallows
of Division N.

Calluna vulgaris. Ling. 5. DMNST.

Occasional on E. Plain, rare elsewhere.

Primula veris. Cowslip. 4. BEPR.

Very rare in grassy places.

P. vulgaris. Primrose. 15. A-LNQR.

Frequent in woods, rarely in open spaces.

Primula sp. 1. J.

A purple-flowered garden outcast by Peacedene (1952).

Lysimachia nemorum. Yellow Pimpernel. 10. ABDG-KST.

Occasional by woodland paths.

L. nummularia. Creeping Jenny. 12. BCEIJM-S.

Occasional in open damp or wet places, including some ponds.

Lysimachia sp 1. M.

Garden outcast, similar to L. punctata in appearance.

Anagallis arv crisis. Scarlet Piihpernel. 6. DJMOQR.

Rare in disturbed ground.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

39

Centunculus minimus. Chaffweed. 1. S.

A few plants in Pit B (1951).

Fraxinus excelsior. Ash. 16. A-JLN-R

Frequent in woods and thickets, rare elsewhere.

Ligustrum vulgare. Privet. 5. ABDJO.

Rare at edges of woods and in hedges.

L. ovalifolium. l. J.

Planted near houses.

Vinca minor. Lesser Periwinkle. 1. D.

A few plants near Hill House, apparently wild.

V. major. Greater Periwinkle. 3. COR.

Creeping from gardens, rare.

Centaurium minus. ( Erythraea centaurium). Centaury. 3. DMO.

Very rare in short gTass.

Symphytum officinale. Common Conrfrey. 2. EP.

Near houses 571 and 575 in company with 5. peregrinum.

S. peregnnum. Prickly Comfrey. 2. EP.

Near houses 571.

Pentaglottis [ Anchusa ] sempervirens. Evergreen Alkanet. 1. J.

Disturbed ground by Peacedene.

Myosotis palustris. Forget-me-not. 5. CN-Q.

Occasional in ponds and wet places.

M. secunda. (M. repens). Creeping Forget-me-not. 2. NP.

Ponds, distribution not well known (1952).

M. caespitosa. Tufted Forget-me-not. 4. ANQR.

Ponds, distribution not well known (1952).

M. sylvatica. Wood Scorpion-grass. 3. NQR.

Probably escapes in N and Q and possibly R.

M. arvensis. Field Scorpion-grass. 6. ADO-R.

Rare in damp places.

M. discolor. (M. versicolor). Blue-and-Yellow Scorpion-grass. 3. QRS.

Occasional on ant-hills on plains.

Lithospermum officinale. Perennial Gromwell. 1. E.

572 (1943).

Convolvulus aixensis. Field Bindweed. 1. R.

Embankment 872.

Calystegia septum. Hedge Bindweed. 9. DEM-S.

Occasional on the plains, becoming abundant on parts of Bank’s Plain
and parts of Division N, including some ponds, being particularly associ¬
ated with Epilohium hirsutum.

C. sylvesti'is. 1. J.

Frequent on wire fencing along Mark Oak Path.

Hyoscyamus niger. Henbane. 2. OS.

By Five Halls, 8684 (1951).

Solanum dulcamara. Bittersweet. 16. A-EIJKM-T.

Frequent and locally abundant in damp and wet places.

S. nigrum. Black Nightshade. 4. DEMS.

Rare in disturbed ground.

S. tuberosum. “Potato”, l. Q.

Outcast.

Lycopersicon esculentum. “Tomato”. 1. M.

On newly made-up path.

Verbascum thapsus. Great Mullein. 2. MN.

Very rare in disturbed ground.

Linaria vulgaHs. Yellow Toadflax, l. P.

Pathside 577.

Chaenorrhinum minus. ( Linaria minor). Small Toadflax. 1. N.

Below dam in I.O.W. Pond, submerged in winter (1952).

CymbalaHa muralis. ( Linaria Cymbalaria). Ivy-leaved Toadflax. 1. M.

On newly made-up path, introduced with old bricks (1951).

40

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Scrophularia nodosa. Knotted Figwort. 9. ACDEJKRST.

Occasional in woods.

S aquatica. Water Figwort. 10. ADIN-T.

Occasional in wet places, especially along streams.

Digitalis purpurea. Foxglove. 12. A-HJKNT.

Occasional in woods, locally frequent, especially where recent clearing
has taken place.

Veronica beccabunga. Brooklime. 6. BCJNOR.

Occasional in wet places.

V. scutellata. Marsh Speedwell. 3. NQT.

Occasional in I.O.W. and Bayfield Ponds. Yar. villosa Schum. recorded
for 58.

V. officinalis. Common Speedwell. 10. ADEIJMOPRS.

Occasional in short grass, very rarely in woods.

V. montana. Wood Speedwell. 4. BDIJ.

Occasional in woods.

V. chamaedrys. Germander Speedwell. 19. AC-T.

Frequent in woods and clearings and occasional on plains nearby.

V. longifolia. 1. Q.

Garden escape.

V. serpyllifolia. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. 14. ABDEG-.JMNOQRS.

Occasional along grassy paths and on ant-hills on the plains and in the
woods.

V. arvensis. Wall Speedwell. 6. NOPRST.

Occasional in short grass.

V. hederifolia. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. 1. C.

Hedgehank 351 (1952).

V. persica. Buxbaum’s Field Speedwell. 4. D.JMO.

Occasional in disturbed ground.

V. agrestis. Green Field Speedwell. 3. MNQ.

Rare in disturbed ground.

F. filiformis. 2. JQ.

By the White House and Peacedene, persistent in the former station.
Pedicularis sylvatica. Heath Red Rattle. 2. IM.

Rare in short grass. Abundant in a small disturbed area 915 and reappear¬
ing in small quantities, on the other side of S.E. Wood 836.

Euphrasia officinalis agg. Eyebright. 5. DMNST.

Rare in short grass. E. anglica has been recorded from 82, 188.

Odontites verna. (Bartsia odontites). Red Bartsia. 9. EM-T.

Locally frequent along grassy paths, especially on the plains.. White-
flowered forms have been recorded from O and P.

Verbena officinalis. Vervain. 2. ES.

A few plants near houses 575, and in grass near railway tunnel.

M. ? pulegium. Pennyroyal. 1. Q.

Bayfield Pond (1942).

Mentha arvensis. Corn Mint. 8. JM-RT.

Occasional in grassy and damp places.

M. x verticillata. (M. sativa). Whorled Mint. 4. ANPT.

Rare in damp places.

M. aquatica. Water Mint. 9. CJN-T.

Occasional in wet places, locally abundant in ponds and hollows of N.
M. longifolia. Horse Mint. 1. Q.

Garden outcast.

M. x niliaca. Foxtail Mint. 1. Q.

Garden outcast.

Lycopus europaeus. Gipsywort. 9. ABCHN-QT.

Occasional in wet places, locally abundant in I.o.W. Pond.

Thymus serpyllum agg. Wild Thyme. 5. DOPRS.

Rare in short grass. That in D (188) is T. pulegioides.

Clinopodium [ Calamintha ] vulgare. Wild Basil. 1. R.

Grassy embankment 875.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKIIAM COMMON.

41

Melissa officinalis. Balm. 1. J.

63.

Prunella vulgaris. Selfheal. 18. A-JM-T.

Frequent in grassy places, especially along paths.

Stachys officinalis. Wood Betony. 15. ADF-LN-RT.

Frequent at edges of woods, clearings, and woodland paths.

S. palustris. Marsh Woundwort. 5. N-R.

Locally frequent along streams.

S. sylvatica. Hedge Woundwort. 16. A-FJKM-T.

Very frequent at edges and open parts of woods and woodland paths.

S. x ambigua. Intermediate Woundwort. 1. O.

With parents S. sylvatica and S. palustris at edge of wood 445.

Lamiurn purpureum. Red Deadnettle 6. JN-R.

Occasional in disturbed ground, especially at edge of Common.

L. album. White Deadnettle. 9. AE.JN-S.

Occasional by hedges, edges of woods and streamsides.

Galeopsis tetrahit agg. Common Hempnettle. 4. JMOR.

Rare in grassy places.

Glechoma hederacea. Ground Ivy. 17. A-GIJM-T.

Frequent in open parts of woods and woodland paths, occasional on plains.
Scutellaria galericulata. Greater Skullcap. 1. N.

A small patch in U.E. Pond.

S. minor. Lesser Skullcap. 8. ABFGHKNT.

Local in damp woods, rarely elsewhere.

Teucrium scorodonia. Woodsage. 4. DHIM.

Woods, rare or overlooked.

A jug a reptans. Bugle. 17. A-EG-NPRST.

Frequent in damp parts of the woods.

Plantago major. Greater Plaintain. 16. ACDEG--TM-T.

Very frequent on paths.

P. lanceolata. Ribwort Plantain. 13. ACDEKM-T.

Frequent in grassy places and on paths.

Campanula rotundifolia. Harebell. 9. DKN-T.

Occasional in grassy places.

Galium mollugo. Hedge Bedstraw. 3. NRT.

Very rare in grassy places.

G. verum. Lady’s Bedstraw. 3. OPR.

Rare on plains or overlooked.

G. hercynicum. [G. saxatile). Heath Bedstraw. 15. A-EGKM-T.

Frequent in short grass but occasional on the plains in longer grass.

G. palustre. Marsh Bedstraw. 9. ADGMNPQST.

Occasional in ponds, rarely in other wet places.

G. uliginosum i. Bog Bedstraw. 14. CEFHIKM-T.

Occasional on the plains and damp places.

G. aparine. Cleavers. 17. A-FHI.JM-T.

Frequent at edges of bushy places in woods and on plains, especially along
paths.

Sambucus nigra. Elder. 17. A-FHIJLN-T.

Frequent in woods and thickets. Var. laciniata occurs in Station Copse,
alongside the common form and at 8655, 593 and 569.

Viburnum opulus. Guelder-rose. 3. AHM.

Woods, very rare or overlooked.

Symphoricarpos rivularis. “Snowberry”. 1. R.

Creeping from garden of Bookham Grange Hotel.

Lonicera periclymenum. Common Honeysuckle. 20.

Frequent in woods and thickets and occasionally under Pteridium
aguilinum on plains.

Adoxa rnoschatellina. Moschatel. l. A.

A twelve foot patch in damp wood 2734.

42

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Valeriana, officinalis. Great Valerian. 2. ON.

Locally frequent on plain 455, also occurs 445, 5865, tlie latter V. cf. sam-
bucifolia (Elder -leaved Valerian).

Dipsacus fullonum ssp. sylvestris. Wild Teasel. 3. OPR.

Locally frequent by I.O. W. Ditch and Eookham and Bank’s Streams.

Succisa pratensis. ( Scabiosa succisa ). Devil’s-bit Scabious. 14. D-JMNOQ-T.
Frequent on damp plains and by damp paths in woods.

Ilelianthus cf. tuberosus. Jerusalem Artichoke. 1. Q.

Garden escape.

Bidens cernuus. Nodding Bur-marigold. 9. CDEJM-PR.

Occasional in wet places and locally frequent in ponds.

B. tripartitus. Three-cleft Bur-marigold. 3. NOP.

Rare by streamsides.

Galinsoga paniifiora. Peruvian Galinsoga. l. M.

One plant on chalk for track-making, 912.

Scnecio jacobaea. Common Ragwort. 11. DG or HIJN-T.

Occasional in grassy places.

S. cimcifolius. Hoary Ragwort. 10. DIJM-S.

Locally frequent in grassy places and on plains.

S squalidus. Oxford Ragwort, l. Q.

By newly made-up path 811.

S. sylvaticus. Heath Groundsel. 3. MNT.

917, 587, 832 (1948).

S. viscosns. Sticky Groundsel. 1. T.

One plant on earth thrown up by Pit in E. Plain (1945).

S. vulgaris. Common Groundsel. 6. GMNOQR.

Occasional in disturbed ground. In July 1952 when I.O.W. Pond dried up
plants were in flower in the middle amongst Typha latifolia.

Tussilago farfara. Coltsfoot. 7. EIMQ-T.

Rare in grassy places.

Calendula officinalis. “Marigold”, l. E.

Garden escape.

Inula conyza. Ploughman’s Spikenard. 1. O.

41-44 near stream, 42 (1950).

Pulicaria dy sent erica. Common Yellow Fleabane. 10. DJM-T.

Locally frequent on plains, in damp places and at edges of ponds and
ditches.

Gnaphalium sylvaticum. Heath Cudweed. 1. D.

426 (1950).

G. uliginosum. Marsh Cudweed. 14. ACDEGHIKMOPRST.

Occasional in ruts in paths, on plains and in woods.

Solidago cf. canadensis. 5. EJMQR.

Usually single clumps near houses, but in wild conditions Station Copse.
Aster spp. “Michaelmas Daisies”. 6. IJMNQT.

Garden escapes. Amongst those at Q is A. cf. lanceolatus. A plant occurs
in the marsh immediately east of I.O.W. Pond.

Erigeron acids. Blue Fleabane. l. S or T.

86 (1950).

Beilis perennis. Daisy. 9. DJM-PRST.

Occasional in short grass.

Achillea millefolium. Milfoil. 13. ACDE1KM-S.

Frequent in grassy places and on plains.

A. ptarmica. Sneezewort. 13. ADEGIM-T.

Locally abundant on plains, occasional elsewhere in grassy places.
Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora. Scentless Mayweed. 7. DEJMOPR.

Occasional in disturbed ground.

M. chamomilla. Wild Camomile. 2. EO.

Rare in disturbed ground.

M. matricarioides. [M. discoidea). Rayless Mayweed. 9. CEJM-R.

Occasional along paths in open.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

43

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. Ox-eye Daisy. 8. EIKNO-R.

Occasional in grassy places.

C. partlienium. Feverfew. 1. M.

On newly made-up path 91.

C. cf. uliginosum. l. Q.

Garden escape.

Tanacetum vulgare. Tansy. 2. JN.

By houses.

Artemisia vulgaids. Mugwort. 3. I or NRS.

Rare by pathsides.

Arctium lappa. Greater Burdock. 4. DINO.

Occasional by paths in woods.

.4. minus. Lesser Burdock. 6. DEJMOR.

Occasional by paths in woods. This and the preceding species not well
understood and records may need revision. Arctium spp. also recorded
from ACS.

Cirsium vulgare. ( Carduus lanceolatus). Spear Thistle. 11. ADIM-T.

Occasional in grassy places.

C. palustre. Marsh Thistle. 20

Very frequent on the plains and in damp places.

C. arvense. Creeping Thistle. 12. CDE-JM-T.

Frequent in grassy places and on plains.

C. dissectum. ( Carduus pratensis). Meadow Thistle. 3. MST.

Fairly frequent on Eastern Plain amongst Molinia caerulea.

Centaurea nigra. Black Knapweed. 14. ACDEIKM-T.

Frequent in grassy places. Both subspecies nigra and nemoralis have been
recorded from E.

Serratula tinctoria. Common Sawwort. 1. F.

Several plants on both sides of path in wood 554.

Lapsana communis. Nipplewort. 12. B-EJKMNP-S.

Occasional in damp shady places.

Hypochaeris radicata. Long-rooted Catsear. 13. BCDIJKMNOQ-T.

Occasional in grassy places.

Leontodon autumnalis. Autumnal Hawkbit. 5. ADMNT.

Grassy places, rare or overlooked.

L. hispidus. Common Hawkbit. 6. DIKNOR.

Rare in grassy places.

Tragopogon pratensis. Common Goatsbeard. 5. ENORS.

Occasional in grassy places. Probably all referable to ssp. minor which
is definitely recorded for ORS.

Lact7ica sativa. “Garden Lettuce”. 1. J.

Garden outcast by Peacedene.

L serriola. Prickly Lettuce. 1. P.

By newly made-up path 577.

Mycelis [ Lactuca ] muralis. Wall Lettuce. 1. D.

In open wood 1975-1985 (1946).

Sonchus arvensis. Corn Sowthistle. 8. JMNOQ-T.

Occasional on plains and in grassy places.

S. oleraceus. Common Sowthistle. 4. D.TN P or Q.

Very rare in disturbed ground and grassy places.

S. asper. Rough Sowthistle. 8. DE.JMO-R.

Occasional in disturbed ground and grassy places.

Hieracium— Section Umbellata. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. 3. IJO.

Rare at edges of woods.

Hieracium — Section Sabauda. Broad-leaved Hawkweed. 2. IJ.

Rare at edges of woods. Specimens determined as H. bladonii by Dr. C.
West.

H. pilosella. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. 13. DGI-PRST.

Occasional in grassy places, very locally abundant.

Crepis capillaris. Smooth Hawksbeard. 3. IRS.

Rare in grassy places.

44

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Taraxacum officinale a gg. Dandelion. 18. ABCEG-T.

Grassy places, very widespread but nowhere very frequent.

T. laevigatum agg. 1. T.

E. Plain (1946).

Alisma plantago-aquatica. Greater Water-plantain. 15. A-FHKN-T.

Frequent in ponds and craters and rarely by streams.

Potamogeton natans. Floating Pondweed. 5. ACDNQ.

Occasional in ponds and craters.

P. crispus. Curled Pondweed. 2. BN.

U.E. Pond, crater 264.

Hemerocallis fulva. “Day Lily”, l. Q.

Garden escape on bank of stream 491.

Asparagus officinalis. “Asparagus”. 1. O.

In grassy place 456 (1950).

Ruscus aculeatus. Butcher’s-broom. 16. A-NST.

Throughout the woods in deep shade but always in very small quantities.
Endymion nonscriptus. Bluebell, ll. A-GJQRT.

Occasional in woods, very locally abundant in northern woods, e.g. by
Kelsey’s Pond.

Juncus tenuis. Slender Rush. 2. AS.

256, Pit B (1952).

.7. bufonius. Toad Rush. 16. A-KNOQST.

Frequent on paths, especially in ruts of tracks in woods, rare in grassy
places elsewhere.

J. inflexus. (.7. glaucus). Hard Rush. 14. ADEGIJM-T.

Frequent on plains, damp places and ponds.

.7. effusus. Loose-flowered Soft Rush. 19. A-JL-T.

Very frequent in damp places and ponds. Occasional on plains and in
grassy places. Yar. comp actus frequent.

.7. conglomerates. Soft Rush. 15. ADEFHIJLN-T.

Very frequent on plains, occasional in damp places.

J.acutiflorus. Sharp-flowered Jointed Rush. 8. EFMNQ-T.

Occasional in damp places and alongside grassy paths.

J. articulatus. Shining-fruited Jointed Rush. 4. BDNT.

Damp, especially bare places, rare or not distinguished from .7. acutiflorus ,
which is much more frequent.

J. bulbosus. Lesser Jointed Rush. 2. BT.

Crater 264, gun-pits on E. Plain, but may have been overlooked.

Luzula pilosa. Hairy Woodrush. 2. JM.

Woods, very rare or overlooked.

L. campestris. Field Woodrush. 12. ABIJKMNOQ-T.

Frequent in grassy places.

Narcissus spp. “Daffodil”. 2. CJ.

Garden escapes.

Iris pseudacorus. Yellow Iris. 5. JN-Q.

Rare in ponds and streams.

Tamus communis . Black Bryony. 19. A-RT.

Frequent in woods and thickets.

Epipactis helleborine. Broad-leaved Helleborine. 1. R.

Clearing in thicket 875.

E. sessilifolia. (E. purpurata). Clustered Helleborine. 1. J.

Wood 632, 397 (1943).

Listera ovata. Twayblade. 4. Q-T.

Shady places and plains, four colonies only.

Orchis fuchsii. Spotted Orchid. 7. ADMNPQR.

Occasional in grassy and wet places.

Orchis ericetorum. Heath Spotted Orchid. 1. T
E. Plain 837 (1952).

Arum maculatum. Cuckoo Pint. 9. ADIJKNQRS.

Occasional in shady places.

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON .

45

Lemna polyrrhiza. Greater Duckweed. 1. C.

Co-dominant in Sheepbell Pond with L. minor.

L. trisulca. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. 4. CNPQ.

Occasional in ponds.

L. minor. Lesser Duckweed. 8. ABCKMNPQ.

Occasional in ponds, rarely in other water, co-do:ninant in Sheephell Pond.
Sparganium ramosum. Branched Burreed. 4. MNPQ.

Ponds, abundant in I.o.W., L.E., U.E., and S.E. Ponds.

S. simplex. Un-branched Burreed. 2. NQ.

I.o.W. and L.E. Ponds, Crater in centre of Bayfield Plain.

Typha latifolia. Broad leaved Reedmace. 3. DNQ.

Crater 544, West Pond and I.o.W. Pond, a feature in the latter.

Eleocharis palustris. Marsh Clubrush. 3. NPQ.

Occasional in ponds.

Isolepis [ Scirpus ] setacea. Bristle Clubrush. 1. T
Pit B (1951).

Eleogiton [ Scirpus ] fluitans. Floating Clubrush. l. B.

Crater 264 (1952). „

Car ex flava agg. Yellow Sedge. 4. GQST.

Damp places— craters 264, 736 and bare places— 553 and 483, probably all
referable to C. demissa.

C. sylvatica. Wood Sedge. 8. ABGI-LS.

Occasional in woods.

C. pendula. Pendulous Sedge. 1. R.

One plant in damp part of Station Copse.

C. panicea. Carnation Sedge. 2. ST.

In several places on E. Plain, also 852-3..

C. flacca. Glaucous Sedge. 13. D-GKM-T.

Frequent on plains and in grassy places.

C. pilulifera. Pill Sedge, l. T
Rare on E. Plain.

C. caryophyllea. Vernal Sedge, l. M.

Deturfed area 915.

C. hirta. Hairy* Sedge. 15. AD-GIL-T.

Frequent on plains, in grassy places and in ponds.

C. nigra. Common Sedge. 5. ADNQT.

Occasional in wet places.

C. otrubae. ( C . vulpina auct. angl.). Fox Sedge. 9, AEN-T.

Occasional and locally frequent on plains and in wet places.

C. contigua. Prickly Sedge. 1. P.

Pathside 571. Records from D and R probably also referable to this species.
C remota. Remote-spiked Sedge. 8. ABDKNPQR.

Occasional in wet places in woods, locally abundant in swampy ground
east from Kelsey’s Pond.

C. ovalis. Oval Sedge. 13. ADEFHIN-T.

Frequent in grassy places, often abundant on grassy paths across plains.
Molinia caerulea. Purple Melic. 7. DLMQ-T.

Abundant over most of E. Plain and locally abundant elsewhere on the
plains (see map)

Seiglingia decumbens. Heath Grass. 9. DEFHIQ-T.

Occasional in grassy places.

C.lyceria spp. Floating Meadow Grass. 9. ACHM-R.

Frequent in wet places and ponds. G. fluitans appears to be most frequent.
G. plicata has been recorded from 0 and P and G. declinata from a rut
in a track in C but these require confirmation.

Festuca anmdinacea. Tall Fescue. 4. IKRS.

Very rare in grassy* places.

F. gigantea. Tall Brome. 4. ABDF.

Rare in woods.

F rubra. Red Fescue. 11. CDEIM-PRST.

Occasional On plains.

4G

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

F ovina. Sheep’s Fescue. 4. ADMT.

Rare on plains. This species has probably been confused with F. rubr
and records for both species may need revision.

Lolium perenne. Perennial Rye Grass. 12. ACDEGM-S.

Occasional in grassy places.

L multifiorum. ( L . italicum). Italian Rye Grass. 3. BCP.

Rare in disturbed ground.

Vulpia bromoides. Squirreltail Fescue. 5. DIKPR.

Rare in short grass.

Poa annua. Annual Meadow Grass. 18. A-EGI-T.

Very frequent in bare places, paths and short grass.

P. nemoralis. Wood Meadow Grass. 5. BCDJL.

Occasional, but local in woods.

P. pratensis. Smooth Meadow Grass. 8. AIKNQ-T.

Occasional in grassy places.

P. trivialis. Rough Meadow Grass. 12. AC-FKLN-R.

Frequent in grassy places.

Dactylis glomerata. Cocksfoot. 19. AC-T.

Grassy places and by patlisides, widespread but nowhere very frequent
Cynosurus cristatus. Crested Dogstail Grass, ll. DEL-T.

Occasional in grassy places.

Briza media. Common Quake Grass. 4. MPQS.

Rare in grassy places.

Melica uniflora. Wood Melic. 2. AB.

Rare in woods.

Zerna ramosa. Hairy Brome. 10. AC-FI-LR.

Occasional in woods.

Z. erecta. Upright Brome. 1. R.

A doubtful record 872 (1951).

Anisantlia sterilis. Barren Brome. 12. ACDEJM-S.

Pathsides and grassy places, widespread but never very frequent.

Bromus rnollis agg. Soft Brome. 5. EMNRS.

Rare in grassy places.

B. commutatus. Smooth Brome. l. 0.

A doubtful record, requires confirmation.

Brachypodium sylvatieum. Wood False Brome. 18. A-NQ-T.

Very frequent in woods.

B. pinnatum. Heath False Brome. l. D.

Clearing in wood 189.

Agropyron caninum. Tufted Couch. 2. BJ.

Wood B, by Peacedene in J, a few plants.

A. repens. Common Couch. 3. EMR.

Rare in grassy places.

Secale cereale. ‘ Rye”.

One plant 576 (1950).

Hordeum secalinum. Meadow Barley. 5. EOPRS.

Locally frequent on plains.

H. murinum. Wall Barley. 4. D.JOP.

Rare by paths and in grassy places.

Hordeum sp. “Barley”, l. J.

Very rare in disturbed ground.

Koeleria gracilis. Crested Hair Grass. 4. KOPQ.

Locally frequent in short grass in several places.

Trisetum flavescens. Yellow Oat. 7. DEKNPRS.

Occasional in short grass.

Arrhenatherum elatius. False Oat. 15. AC-JLN-R.

Very frequent on the plains and frequent in grassy places elsewhere
Holcus lanatus. Tufted Soft Grass. 20.

Frequent in open parts of woods and grassy places, locally abundant on
parts of the plains.

THE SURVEY OF BOOK HAM COMMON.

47

11 mollis. Creeping Soft Grass.

Occurs in a copse on the western boundary of Q a few yards off the
Common.

1)< schampsia caespitosa. Tufted Hair Grass. 20.

Dominant over the greater part of the plains OPQRS, its only competitors
being Pteridium aquilinum and scrub (see map). Very frequent elsewhere.
A viviparous form has been recorded in Central Clearing in G.

1). flexuosa. Wavy Hair Grass. 2. GT.

Woodland pathside 354, E. Plain.

Aha praecox. Early Hair Grass. 1. D.

426, 188-9 (1950).

.1 caryophyllea. Silvery Hair Grass. 1. D.

188-9 (1946).

Agrostis canina. Brown Bent Grass. 16. A-GJM-T.

Frequent in grassy places; where damp, var. fascicularis occurs being
especially abundant in some ponds. The records for this and the following
three species may need revision.

A. tenuis. Fine Bent Grass. 12. DGI-MP-T.

Frequent in grassy places.

A gigantea. (A. nigra), l. R.

Grassy place, further distribution unknown.

A. stolonifera. {A. palustris). White Bent Grass. 8. CEKMNORS.

Occasional in grassy places.

Apera spica-venti. Silky Bent Grass, l. M.

On recently made-up path 913.

Phleum nodosum. Bulbous Catstail Grass. 9. DEIKMNORS.

Occasional in grassy places.

P. pratense. Meadow Catstail Grass. 3. RST.

Rare in grassy places.

Alopecurus myosuroides. Slender Foxtail Grass. 1. E.

Disturbed ground 575.

A. pratensis. Meadow Foxtail Grass. 14. AC-FIKM-S.

Frequent in grassy places, often abundant on the plains.

A. geniculatus. Kneebent Foxtail Grass. 4. ANPR.

Rare in wet places.

Anthoxanthum odoratum. Sweet Vernal Grass. 18. AC-IK-T.

Very frequent on the plains and along woodland rides, occasional in other
grassy places.

PhalaHs amtndinacea. Reed Canary Grass. 4. EMNO.

Damp places M and O. Escapes in E and N appearing to be the variegated
form.

Nardus stncta. Mat Grass. 1. T.

Eastern Plain.

Vertical Zonation of some species of Birds in Oakwood,
(Eastern Wood, Bookham Common.)

By S. H. Chalke.

The vertical zonation of woodland bird communities has been investi¬
gated by M. K. Colqulioun and Averil Morley (1). It was thought that
a study in Eastern Wood on similar lines, but necessarily much simpler
in character and scope, might yield interesting results, although the
time available and the number of visits possible would be very limited.
Observations were therefore made by the author in the western part,
some 18 acres in extent, on the Ecological Section’s regular monthly
visits and on some extra ones. The area is bounded on the south by

48

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Hollow Path and on the west by Tunnel Path. The eastern boundary
is irregular, being formed by parts of Broadway, Woodland Path and
an unnamed path which runs from Woodland Path at Point 6483 north¬
west in a curve to join Tunnel Path at Point 5339. This part of the
wood is fairly typical of the whole of Eastern Wood, which has been
described by Dr. G. Beven (2, pp. 57-60).

Methods of working and presentation differ considerably from those
used in (1). Each bird observed has been counted at the height at
which it was first seen or, if first observed in flight, at the height at
which it first alighted. Heights, which have been estimated, have been
graphed in zones of 5 feet, without regard to zones of vegetation, against
the number of observations in each month. The division of the graphs
into months was suggested by the work of the Rev. P. H. T. Hartley
(3). This has been done for four species, but the number of observa¬
tions for Great Pit and Wren are too small to warrant this method.
For the six species, however, the total number of observations for each
zone has been graphed as a percentage of the total number of observa¬
tions for the whole period, October to February. This non-breeding
season was chosen, as in (1), so that the birds might be taken as occupy¬
ing themselves chiefly with feeding, uncomplicated by other considera¬
tions such as courtship, nesting and feeding young. Breeding-season
work was tried, but proved unsatisfactory, owing to the difficulty of
making enough sight records in the time available during the months of
heavy foliage Nearly all the observations have been made between 1030
and 1300 hours, but are not otherwise related to time. Weather and
temperature notes were made, but it has not been observed that either
affects the heights at which these species live and move in winter. No
work was done in heavy rain or high wind.

The number of observations in each case is small, and restraint is
necessary in drawing conclusions from them. It is felt, however, that
some tendencies have emerged. They are given below, but may have to
be amended in the light of further study.

Blue Tit. Parus caeruleus L.

Feeds mainly in the lower levels in October and November but at
rather higher levels for the rest of the winter with more feeding in the
canopy. During the whole period, it feeds fairly consistently over the
entire range of zones up to 35 feet, but less so above that height. It
is most evenly distributed in the latter part of the winter.

Great Tit. Parus major L.

Over the whole period, shows a preference for the lower levels from
0 to 15 feet.

Long-tailed Tit. Aegithalos caudatus (L.).

Feeds throughout the whole range up to the canopy, without monthly
preferences. The variations in the percentage graph are not regarded

THE SURVEY OF BOOKHAM COMMON.

49

as significant. It is the only species of the sis which was not recorded
actually on the ground.

Blackbird. Turdus merula L.

A bird of the lower levels, not using those above 20 feet very mucfi.
It seems to have no monthly preferences. Ground records are 40.8%
and over 76% not higher than 10 feet.

Robin. Erithacus rubecula (L.).

Keeps almost entirely to the levels below 10 feet until the singing
males go higher in February. No seasonal preferences other than the
above are apparent. Ground records are 17.5%. It would be of in¬
terest to compare these ground records with those for garden habitats.
In gardens where ground is cultivated near trees up to, say, 20 feet
m height, the auinor, purely as an opinion unbacked by figures, would
expect the ground records to show a higher percentage.

Wren. Troglodytes t. (L.).

This species is graphed in zones of 1 foot. Apart from one indi¬
vidual at SO feet in November, this is almost entirely a bird of the 0
to 6 feet levels, with over 75% below 3 feet. Ground records are 24.3%.
The species has suffered a decline in numbers since November 1952 in
the area. The number of observations is very small.

xhe author takes this opportunity of expressing his indebtedness
“^nd gratitude to the four authors whose works are cited in the refer¬
ences, to Di . G. Beven and Hiss E. M. Hillman for a great deal of
kindly help, criticism and advice and to his wife for help in checking
the manuscript.

.REFERENCES.

(1) COLQUHOUN, M. K, and MORLEY, A. (1943). Vertical Zonation in wood

land Bird Communities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 12 : 75-81.

(2) BEt EN, G. (1951). The Bird Population of an Oakwood in Surrey (Eastern

Wood, Bookham Common). London Naturalist, No. 30 : pp. 57-72

(3) HARTLEY, P. H. T. (1953). An Ecological Study of the feeding habits of the

English Titmice. Journal of Animal Ecology, 22 : 261-288

50

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

£

3

3>

Cl

*

k

I \s

<3

R*

o

3%/acAlx/rd T^oO/n

: Oct Mov Dec Jan. Fe(r Oct. A/ov Dec Jarr

THE SUftVEY OP BOOKHAM COMMON.

51

punosp s/oj^ o

p unojt) 3/0 jo

p ur>o/£ 3/ o*)0 433 j

o

52

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Botanical Records for 1953.

Compiled by J. Edward Louslet.

nnHE weather during 1953 in the London Area will not be remembered
for any very exceptional conditions so far as botanical activities
were concerned. Throughout almost the whole season plants suffered to
a limited extent from a deficiency of moisture, and this was especially
evident with early flowering species like 1 vif olium striatum on well-
drained soils. A cold spell at the beginning of J une retamed the
flowering of some early summer species. The very mild autumn and
the absence of severe frosts enabled work to be continued much later
than usual.

The recording of plants has been carried on with enthusiasm during
the year and many of the records sent in will appear in the Rand List.
Only a selection of those of special interest can be included here.

V.-c. 16, West Kent.

A small colony of Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall was discovered by
Mr. and Mrs. It. Clarke near Biggin Hill growing about 80 yards inside
the county boundary. H. M. Pratt has contributed another long and
useful list of records of plants seen in a wide area round Dartford.

V.-c. 17, Surrey.

Lilium Martagon L. has long been known from Woodmansterne and
from at least two stations near Headley. In 1953 it was found by P. R.
Norman under the river-cliff below Box Hill, which is an entirely new
locality and raises interesting questions about the manner in which
this plant is distributed. A. W. Jones reports Trigonella ornithopodi-
oides DC. from the golf course on Wimbledon Common. Cotoneaster
micro phyllus Wallich, which is found in very remote places on limestone
in various parts of Britain, and is spread by birds which eat the fruits
of plants of this shrub in gardens and then void the seeds, has been found
by Miss B. M. C. Morgan on the downs west of Betcliworth Lime-works.

Mrs. B. Welch reports Potentilla argentea L. and Centaurium minus
Moench from Richmond Park, and also Smyrnium Olusatrum L. from
Ham, where it grew by the Thames. As the latter is abundant on the
towing-path at Hampton Court it is not unlikely that fruits had been
carried down by the river. Another interesting Thames-side record is
that of Inula Relenium L. found by Miss M. Matthews near Kew Bridge.

V.-c. 18, South Essex.

During the autumn an exceptionally rich hunting ground for aliens
was found at Barking Municipal Rubbish-dump. This tip produced a
few interesting plants in 1952 but a short visit by Mrs. B. Welch and D.
McClintock on September 12th, 1953, indicated that it deserved
thorough examination. Later visitors included Dr. R. C. L. Burges,
R. Graham, S. T. Jermyn, J. E. Lousley, B. T. Ward, J. E. Woodhead,
and Dr. D. P. Toting and most of the botanists mentioned made several

BOTANICAL RECORD FOR 1953.

53

visits. A preliminary list of the plants found includes over a hundred
species and although we have endeavoured to attribute the records to
the correct finders in the Hand List, it will be appreciated that this
has not always been possible.

An interesting feature of this tip was the manner in which young
plants of Artemisia V erlotorum Lamotte were scattered about all over
it in a way which can hardly be explained other than by introduction by
seed. The means by which this alien from the Far East has spread
about the London Area has puzzled us for some years, as it does not
flower until the end of October or November and it seemed unlikely
that fruits would be able to ripen. The observations at Barking may
throw some light on this problem.

Another exceptionally interesting plant was the dodder found by
S. T. Jermyn and B. T. Ward which, with the help of Dr. Melderis,
has been determined as Cuscuta australis R. Br. subsp. cesatiana (Ber-
tolini) Fiori & Paoletti, which is new to the British list. Other species
recorded include: — Abutilon Theophrasti Med., Ambrosia artemisae-
folia L., Centaurea dilut a Ait., Datura ferox L., Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.)
Blake, Heliotropium europaeum. L., Lappula Myosotis Moench, Lolium
temulentum L., Medicago Murex Willd., Nicandra Physalodes (L.)
Gaertn., Bapistrum perenne (L.) All., Solarium sarrachoides Sendtn., S.
triflorum Nuttal, Tagetes minuta L., TrigoneUa hamosa L., T. foenum-
graecum L., and Xanthium spinosum L. in very fine flower and fruit.

Enquiries made by Mr. Ward produced the information that the
base of the dump was household rubbish from Barking, over which had
been tipped material from Holborn and City bombed sites, and from
excavations at East Ham, Dagenham and Barking. Sweepings from
grain ships from various ports were dumped there, and these, with the
“household rubbish”, account for the presence of most of the aliens
recorded.

A well established colony of Iris known to B. T. Ward for the last
three or four years in Epping Forest near High Beach, has been identi¬
fied as I. versicolor L.

V.-c. 20, Herts.

All the segregates of Common Ladies’ Mantle are rare in our area
and the discovery of Alchemilla vestita (Buser) Raunk., determined by
E. B. Bangerter, near Whippendell Wood is a very welcome addition.
It was found on an L.N.H.S. excursion and the same party saw Bar-
barea intermedia Boreau in an arable field near Marlyn’s Wood, near
Watford.

V.-c. 21, Middlesex.

Sisymbrium, Trio L., the London Rocket, has been recorded annually
by members from the vicinity of the Tower of London, and we have
been watching the spread from the spot where it was first found with
great interest. By 1952 it was known in some quantity both south and
east of the original station and in 1953 A. W. Jones found it growing
on a bombed site in Great Tower Street, which represented an extension

54

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

to the west. It was therefore with considerable regret that we heard
that seeds had been sown deliberately in the churchyard of All Hallows,
Barking, in a well-meant, but ill-advised, attempt to conserve the plant.
Fortunately this is within the limits of the known area but with any
new colonies which arise in the vicinity it will be impossible to say
whether they come from the sown plants or from those which have spread
without deliberate human intervention. During the year Mrs. B.
Welch found Sisymbrium, Irio in quantity on a rubbish-tip at Green-
ford.

Ophrys apifera Huds., the Bee Orchid, and Orchis Fuchsii Druce,
the Spotted Orchid, were both found in abundance in old sand pits at
New Year’s Green by J. A. Haywood. Mrs. Welch discovered Linum
bienne Mill, in a field near Hounslow Heath. This is only the second
record for the county, the first having been made from Harefield by the
same lady in 1947. In 1953 she found Ricinus communis L., the Castor
Oil plant, up to five feet tall on Hounslow tip, and Rhus typhinn L. on
Hanwell tip. The last appears to be the first record for Britain of this
shrub as a self-sown seedling.

D. H. Kent reports Pimpinella anisum L. from Hanwell tip, and he
collected Eordeum calif or nicum Covas & Stebbins, determined by Dr.
Melderis as new to Europe, from the same place. Mrs. D. Bennett found
Ammi Visnaga (L.) Lam. in fair quantity by Hounslow Heath tip.
Oenanthe Lachenalii C. Gmel. is a native species, which is usually found
in marshy places especially near the sea. E. B. Bangerter found it on
a rubbish-tip at Hanwell, which is a very unexpected habitat.

Prior to its discovery at Barking a$ mentioned above, Cuscuta
australis It. Br. subsp. cesatiana (Bertolini) Fiori & Paoletti was <-mt
to the Natural History Museum and also to J. F. Shillito from a
garden at Enfield, where it was parasitic in Chinese Asters.

We are grateful to the following for the contribution of records
during the year: — E. B. Bangerter, Miss D. Bennett, It. A. Boniface.
J. P. M. Brenan, K. E. Bull, Dr. R. C. L. Burges, Mr and Mrs R.
Clarke, T. G. Collett, M. Collett, H. T. Corke, G. J. Davidge, A. E.
Ellis, Miss D. Fitchew, R. Graham, P. Greenfield, R. M. Harley, J. A.
Haywood, H. C. Holme, F. J. Holroyd, S. T. Jermyn, Miss L. Johns,
A. W. Jones, D. H. Kent, D. McClintock, Miss M. Matthews, Miss
J. Maude, Dr. A. Melderis, Miss B. M. C. Morgan, P. R. Norman, R.
M. Payne, H. M. Pratt, J. F. Shillito, Mrs. L. M. P. Small, W. H.
Spreadbury, B. T. Ward, Mrs. B. Welch, A. W. Westrup, J. E. Wood-
head and Dr. D. P. Young.

THE COMFREYS OF THE LONDON AREA.

55

The Comfreys of the London Area.

By E. B. Bangerter and B. Welch.

^OMFREIS, with their white, bine or purple bell-like flowers in the
one-sided clusters characteristic of the forget-me-not family
(Boraginaceae), are usually recognised as such by even the beginner in
botany. Specific distinction in the genus Symphytum is not so easy,
however, and many do not appreciate that there are more species to be
found than the common comfrey (S. officinale). True, this last is the
only certain native in our area, but reference to the current part of the
Hand List” (see Supplement) will reveal the recording of five intro¬
duced species, S. peregrinum and S. asperum were introduced into this
country early in the 19th century, for growing as fodder plants for
cattle. S. tuberosum is much commoner in northern England and
southern Scotland where it is believed to be native ; in the London area
it is possibly a garden outcast, as are also S. orientate and S. grcmdi-
florum. The original home of the alien species is eastern Europe and
western Asia, particularly the Caucasus. Other species besides these
six have been found outside our area and we hope that this paper will
encourage the production of further records; we should be very pleased
to have specimens of any Symphytum sent to us at the Dept, of Botany,
British Museum (Natural History).

The Key we provide makes use only of characters that may be readily
seen in the field ; the teeth of the calyx, which are of considerable diag¬
nostic value, may be observed with the naked eye but the use of a hand
lens is advised. We must emphasize that it is necessary to look at the
whole plant as general habit is important, and the relative size of leaf
on different parts of the stem also helps in identification. Colour of
flower may help, but, being variable, should not be relied upon as a
primary character. Most of these comfreys are roughly hairy but the
tvpe of hairiness is to some extent different in each species, proving a
useful guide when “one’s eye is in”. Habitat, as may be expected
when dealing with aliens, does not afford much help ; most of them grow
in hedgebanks, waste places and by roadsides. Flowering time may
provide a clue to identification: S. orientate and S. grandiflorum are
earlv spring-flowering species; S. officinale may be found throughout the
summer, remaining in flower, with S. peregrinum, until August; S.
asperum- and S. tuberosum are usually midsummer-flowering. All the
species are perennial and the leaves of all are undivided and more or
less elliptic in shape.

Hybrids probably occur in the London area as they do elsewhere,
but we have confined ourselves to describing species only, so far as we
have been able to define them from herbarium specimens, field obser¬
vations and literature. S. peregrinum , as understood by many botanists
in this country, may be of hybrid origin and it is clear that the name
has been used to cover a complex group, the unravelling of which, either
taxonomically or morphologically, is beyond the scope of this paper.

56

THE LONDON NATUHALIST.

S. asperum has proved elusive; of the material examined, only the speci¬
mens from Esher and Mickleham seem to he rightly named, others being
referable to S. peregrinum or S. officinale. S. grandiflorum and S.
tuberosum are most easily distinguished by their habit and S. orientate
is differentiated from the others by many characters ; these last three
should not be difficult to recognize in the field.

Key.

Stems much branched; lowest leaves the longest
Teeth of calyx at least equal to its tube

Upper leaves continuing in a wing down the stem (decurrent) .

officinale (1)

Upper leaves not (or very slightly) decurrent

Upper leaves sessile ; calyx teeth acute . peregrinum (2)

Upper leaves shortly stalked -r calyx-teeth obtuse . asperum (3)

Teeth of calyx half length of tube — . orientate (4)

Stems more or less simple ; lowest leaves shorter than mid-stem leaves
Tall upright plants; basal leaves shortly stalked . tuberosum (5)

Short plants with creeping barren shoots; basal leaves on long stalks ...

grandiflorum (6)

Desceiption of Species.

1. Symphytum officinale (Common Comfrey).

Generally distributed throughout the area, usually in damp places,
by rivers, streams and ditches; it is a coarse branching plant, 2-3 ft.
tall, occasionally reaching 4 ft. The stem and leaves are roughly hairy,
sometimes with tuberculate bristles on the leaves. The lowest leaves
may be nearly a foot in length and are larger than those above ; the
lower part of the blade of the uppermost leaves is continued down the
stem in a wing in a very marked fashion, providing a character for
recognition. The calyx-teeth are narrow and twice the length of the
tube. It has a white or yellowish-flowered form and a pink or purplish
form; a bright dark purple form has been named var. patens, which
“has a different aspect” from the typical form, according to Syme, but
with “no positive characters to separate it”. The flowering period from
May to August is the longest of all the species here considered. The
black nutlets are shining and not covered with granules as in the other
species. It is much relished by cattle and is still used in country places
as a poultice.

2. Symphytum peregrinum.

Found almost as frequently as 1 in hedgebanks and at the edges of
woods, this species is often confused with 1 and 3. It may be even taller
than 1 and is rather more bristly in its hairiness. It differs from 1
mainly in having sessile upper leaves, which may be very slightly decur¬
rent but do not provide the obvious wing as in 1. From 3, which has
completely non-decurrent leaves, it differs also in the sharply-pointed
calyx-teeth, which are twice the length of the tube. The leaf-shape seems

THE COMFREYS OF THE LONDON AREA.

57

to be very variable, from narrowly to broadly elliptic with rounded,
heart-shaped or gradually narrowing base. The corolla changes from
pink to blue as it develops and as the flowers wither the calyx grows
larger, a noticeable feature of this and 3, scarcely appreciable in 1. The
flowering time is from June to August. Found abundantly in some of
its Surrey localities and recorded from many Middlesex stations, it
should be looked for in the other vice-counties of our area. There is a
picture (no. 256) of this plant in Butcher and Strudwick’s Further
Illustrations of British Plants , 1930 and 1946; the term 1 ‘calyx-scales”
should read ‘ 'corolla-scales” in the legend.

3. Symphytum asperum.

This has been confused with 1 and 2, having leaves that are some¬
what similar in shape to some of those of the latter and with the same
coloured flowers. The uppermost leaves, however, are not at all decur¬
rent, being slightly stalked, a feature which distinguishes it from both
1 and 2. In height it may overtop the former. In older plants par¬
ticularly, the more scabrid or harshly hairy nature of the pubescence
is evident, a character responsible for the specific epithet. The calyx
is smaller than in 2 and the teeth are blunt. It also has a shorter flower¬
ing time, June-July. We have not seen specimens recorded in the Hand
List from v.-c. 17, Mortlake, or v.-c. 24, Iver, but the plant recorded
from v.-c. 17, Esher, in Salmon’s “Flora of Surrey” is, in our opinion,
rightly named, although the specimen in the British Museum Herbarium
consists only of the top of a plant. Also in Herb. Mus. Brit., in Boswell-
Svme’s Herbarium, there is a more complete specimen which answers to
the description. This was gathered by Syme in 1854 at Mickleham. In
English Botany, 1867, Syme says : “It also used to grow near Mickleham,
Surrey, but in 1866 I could not find it in the station where ten years ago
I collected it”. We feel that these Surrey localities might be searched
again for the species and that new localities in our area may well be
found for it.

4. Symphytum orientate.

This branching plant, growing up to ft., is distinct in a number
of ways. The stem and leaves have the softest type of hairiness; the
leaves are rounder in shape, with a rounded or heart-shaped base and
the teeth of the calyx are half the length of the tube. The last is a good
recognition character, as in all the other species under consideration
the teeth are at least twice the length of the calyx-tube. The flowers
are pure white and open in April and May, being at their best in the
latter month. It is obviously of garden origin in our area and has been
recorded mainly from Surrey with a few stations in Middlesex.

5. Symphytum tuberosum (Tuberous Comfrey).

This comfrey grows to about 2 ft. high and is not branched as the
other species are, having stems either simple or only slightly branched
at the top. It differs again in having the mid-stem leaves larger than
those at the base, a character which can still be assessed at flowering

58

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

time, although the lowest leaves may be somewhat withered and require
smoothing out. Its name arises from the fact that it has a stout tuber¬
ous rhizome or underground stem, the roots being fibrous ; in the pre¬
ceding species, the root itself is often thick and spindle-shaped. The
plant is roughly hairy; the corolla yellowish-white. The narrow, sharply-
pointed calyx-teeth are three times the length of the tube. The inflores¬
cence is rather lax, so that the slender flower-stalks stand out more
clearly than in the more crowded clusters of other species. It flowers
from May to July. It has been well known on Stanmore Common for
some years and is recorded from Kent and Surrey, where it is regarded
as a “denizen”; the species is considered native in N. England and S.
Scotland where it is frequent. See plate in current part of the Hand
List.

6. Symphytum grandiflorum.

Occasionally found as a garden throw-out, this species differs most
conspicuously in its habit. It is low-grovung (up to 12 ins. high) with
extensively creeping roots and decumbent barren shoots. The leaves
are small, up to about 2 ins. long, round-based on long stalks, but as the
plant gets older the leaves may become three or four times this length.
It is roughly hairy. It flowers in April and May, the buds being brick-
red and the opened corolla cream. The calyx-teeth are three times the
length of the tube but are not so sharply pointed as in 5. We have seen
specimens from Abbey Wood in Kent, but it is recorded from Surrey
localities not far outside our area and should be looked for within.

Reference has been made to general British “Floras”, including
Syme’s English Botany , Ed. iii, 1867, and Clapham, Tutin and War¬
burg’s Flora, of the British Isles (1952). Nomenclature follows that used
in the Hand List of Plants of the London Area ; common names for the
two native British species are also in the Hand List , but for the alien
species no common names seem as yet to be established and we feel that
mere translations of the specific epithets would be misleading to the
beg'nner. Works to which particular reference has been made are given
below.

We wish to acknowledge with warmest thanks the help of Dr. A.
Melderis and W. T. Stearn of the British Museum, and of D. H. Kent
who has read the MS.

REFERENCES.

BUCKNALL. C. A Revision of the Genus Symphytum in Journ. Linn. Soc., XLI,
1913, pp. 491-556.

CHITTENDEN, F. J. (editor). R.H.S. Dictionary of Gardening , 1951.

HEGI, G. lllustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa, Vol. Y, 3, 1927.

KENT, D. H., and LOUSLEY, J. E. Hand List of Plants of the London Area,
Suppl. Lond. Nat., 33 (1954).

SALMON, C. E. Flora of Surrey, 1931.

PLANT GALLS IN SURREY, 1953.

59

Plant Galls in Surrey, 1953.

By M. Niblett, F.R.E.S.

1 q^o CANNOT be said to have been a good year for Plant Galls
A.VOO ag regar(js individual species; I paid 52 visits to 29 localities
and saw 131 different species of galls; many of the usually common
species were seen onlv m very small numbers or not at all, a few
species were locally or generally plentiful and several rare species new
to the area were found.

HYMENOPTEBA.

Tenthr.edinidae : — The three species of Sawfly galls were found to
be fairly numerous in all localities where they were searched for,
Pontania ' bridgmanni Cam. on Salix atrocinerea and S. caprea, P.
proxima Pep. on S. alba* and S. fragdis, and P. viminalis L. on
purpurea.

Cynipidae: — Before listing these galls I had perhaps better state
that the claim made by Beijerinck in 1902, that Andricus circulans
Mayr was the alternate sexual generation of Adleria ( Cynips ) kollari
Htg.. has been substantiated by experiments carried out by Mr. E. M.
Marsden- Jones and myself in 1948-49. so the Oak Marble Gall should
now be known as that of Andricus kollari Htg.

Cynipid galls in the majority of cases were generally scarce, the
spring galls on the oaks in particular ; this was reflected by a similar
scarcity of many of the autumn galls. The following species were
seen: — On Quercus cerris — Andricus kollari Htg. form circulans Mayr.
On Quercus petraea — Andricus fecundator Htg., A. glandulae Schck.,
A. kollari Htg., A. ostreus Gir., A. solitarius Fonc., Cynips disticha
Htg., Neuroterus albipes Schck. f. lacviusculus Schck., N. baccarum
L. f. lenticularis L., N. numismalis Oliv. On Quercus robur — Andricus
albopunctata Schlcht., A. corticis L., A. fecundator Htg., A. kollari
Htg., A. ostreus Gir., A. quadrilineatus Htg., Biorhiza pallida Oliv.,
Cynips folii L., C. longiventris Htg., Neuroterus aprilinus Gir.,
N. baccarum L. and f. lenticularis Oliv., N. albipes Schck. f. laevius-
culus Schck., N. numismalis Oliv.; Aulacidea hieracii Bche. on Hiera r
cium sabaudum agg. and H. umbellatum agg., A. hypochoeridis Kieff.
on Hypochaeris radicata, Aylax papaveris Perris on Papaver rhoeas ,
Isocolus rogenhoferi Wachtl on Centaurea scabiosa ; spiked galls of
Phodites dispar Niblett, P. rosae L., P. spinosissimae Gir. all on Posa
canina, Xestophanes brevitarsis Thoms, on Potentilla erecta, and X.
potentillae Vills. on P. reptans.

DIPTEPA.

Cecidomyiidae : — Midge galls were scarce except a few species. Fair
numbers of Contarinia anthobia Lw. and Dasyneura fusca Ruebs. were
found on Crataegus monogyna , as also were Contarinia corylina Lw. on
Corylus avellana, C. scrophulariae Kieff. on Scrophularia nodosa, PLar-

60

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

man dia globuli Ruebs. and 77 . loewi Ruebs. on Populus tremula , Janeti-
ella lemeei Kieff. and Physemocecis ulmi Kieff. on Llmus glabra. Tbiee
galls of Harmandia popidi Ruebs. were found on leaves of Populus tre¬
mula-, this is the third record for Britain. Also seen were Anabremia
viciae Kieff. on Vicia cracca, Contarinia barbichei Kieff. on Lotus comb-
culatus, C. helianthemi Hardy on Belianthemum chamaecistus,
C iacobaeae Lw. on Senecio jacobaea, C. lonicerearum Lw. on T ibur-
mum opulus, C. solani Ruebs. on Solanum dulcamara, Craneobia corni
Gir. on Cornus sanguinea, Cystiphora sonchi Lw. on Sonchus arvensis ,
Basyneura brassicae Winn, on Brassica nigra, B. bryaniae Bche on
Bryonia dioica, B. crataegi Winn, on Crataegus monogyna, B. epilobn
on Chamaenerion angusti folium, B. filicina Kieff. and B. ptemdicola
Kieff. on Pteridium aguilinum, B. fraxini Kieff. on Fraxinus excelsior,
D galeobdolontis Winn, on Galeobdolon luteum, B. polygoni Ruebs. on
Polygonum amphibium, B. populeti Ruebs. on Populus tremula, B.
pustukms Ruebs. and B. ulmariae Br.-W. on Filipendula ulmana, B.
similis Perris on Veronica chamaedrys , B. sisymbrii Schrk. on Barbarea
vulgaris, B. spadicea Ruebs. on Vicia sepium, B. trifolU Lw. on Trv-
folium repens , B. urticae Perris on Urtica dioica, Biodaulus linariae
Winn, on Lina, via vulgaris, Geocrypta galii Lw. on Galium palustre,
Hartigiola annulipes Ht-g. on Fagus syUatica, Iteomyia capreae Winn,
on Salix caprea, I. major Kieff. on S. atrocinerea, Jaapiella veronicae
Val. on Veronica chamaedrys, Kiefferiana pimpinellae Lw. on Baucus
carota and Silnum silaus, fLasioptera carophila Lw. on Baucus carota,
Macrodiplosis dryobia Lw. on Quercus petraea and Q. robur , M. volvens
Kieff. on Q. robur, Phlyctidobia solmsi Kieff. on Viburnum lantana,
Placochela nigripes Lw. on Sambucus nigra, Bhahdophaga rosaria Lw.
on Salix atrocinerea and S. caprea, P. salicis Schrk. on S. atrocinerea
and S', purpurea, Bhopalomyia tanaceticola Karseli on Tanacetum vul¬
gar e, Bondaniella bursaria Br.-W. on Glechoma hederacea, Taxomyia
taxi Inch, on Taxus baccata, Wachtliella persicariae L. on Polygonum
amphibium, W. rosarum Hardy on Bosa spp., and TP. stachydis Br.-W.
on Stachys sylvatica.

Trypetidae : — I haire found galls of several rather rare species of
Trypetids, Bitricha guttularis Mg, and Oxyna flavipennis Lw. on
Achillea millefolium, and Par oxyna misella Lw. on Artemisia vulgaris.
In 1952 I found several galls in flower-heads of Carduus nutans , but
did not record them as I wished to breed the flies for confirmation of
the species; they proved to be, as I expected, those of TJrophora solsti-
tialis L., a fly rarely captured and less frequently bred.

Other species seen were LLoplochaeta pupUlata Fin. on Btieracium
umbellatum agg., Myopites blotii Breb. on Pulicaria dy sent erica, Uro-
phora cardui L. on Cirsium arvense, U. jaceana Her. on Centayirea
nigra, and TJ . stylata F. on Cirsium vulgar e.

HOMOPTERA.

Psyllidae : — Aphalara nebulosa Zett. on Chamaenerion angusti-
folium, Psylla buxi L. on Buxus sempervirens, Psyllopsis fraxini L. on

THE LONDON CLAY OF OXSHOTT, SURREY.

61

Fraxinus excelsior , and Tricliochermes walkeri Forst. on Bhamnus
catharticus.

ERIOPHYIDAE.

Mite galls were seen in fair numbers but some species were rather
late in appearing. Eriophyes artemisiae Can. on Artemisia vulgaris,
E. convolvers Nal. on Euonymus eurcpaeus, E. dispar Nal. on Populus
tremula, E. galii Karp, on Galium saxatile, E. gibbosus Nal. on Bubus
fruticosus agg., E. goniothorax Nal. on Crataegus monogyna, E. laevis
inangulis Nal. on Ainus glutinosa , E. macrorrhynchus Nal. on Acer
carnpestre and A. pseudoplatanus, E. origani Nal. on Origanum vub-
gare, E. pseudo plat ani Corti. on Acer pseudoplatanus, E. psilaspis Nal.
on Taxus baccata, E. pyri Pagst. on Sorbus aria, E. sanguisorbge Can.
ca Poterium sangwisorba, E. similis Nal. on Prunus spinosa, E. tilae
liosoma Nal. on Tilia europaea, E. tristriatus erineus Nal. on Jugla-ns
regia, E. ulmi Nal. on TJ-lmus campestris agg., E. viburni Nal. on
i iburnum lantana, Epitrimerus trilobius Nal. on Sambucus nigra,
Phyllocoptes fraxini Nal. on Fraxinus excelsior.

FUNGI.

Puccinia poarum Niel. on Tussilago farfara, Phragmidium subcorti-
cium Schrk. on Bosa arvensis, Taphrinia aurea Fries, on Populus tre¬
mula, and Urocytis anemones Pers. on Banunculus repens were the only
fungus galls seen.

The London Clay of Oxshotf, Surrey.

By M. M. Brown and C. P. Castell.

TfTHE pit of the Oxshott Brickworks Ltd. (formerly the Littleheath
Brickyard) is f mile S.W. of Oxshott Railway Station and 300
yards S.W. of Cook’s Crossing (Nat. Grid. ref. 51/133162). Ground
level is about 130 feet above O.D.

The London Natural History Society first visited the pit on October
27th, 1951, under the leadership of Dr. T. Barnard, and as nothing ap¬
pealed to have been published about the pit it was suggested that an
investigation of it might be undertaken by the Geological Section. Per¬
mission was kindly given by the Manager and visits have been made
periodically by members of the Section over the last two years.

The pit is of interest in showing the fossiliferous sandy uppermost
beds of the Lonaon Clay, exposures of which are now rare; it also shows
the ti ansitional stage from London Clay to the Bagshot Sands, which
are well seen in the nearby pit on Oxshott Heath, 500 yards N. of
Oxshott Station. Thin seams of sand appear m the clay and increase
in thickness upwards, the clays becoming seams in sand until the beds
are finally indistinguishable from the Bagshot Sands. These unfossili-
ferous beds were given the name of the Claygate Beds by Henry Dewey
of the Gedldgical Survey in 1912 (Dewey, 1912).

62

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

As a result of detailed investigations of the horizontal and vertical
distribution of the fossils of the London Clay, A. Wrigley was able to
recognize five faunal divisions in the London Clay of the London dis¬
trict (Wrigley. 1924, 1940). The fifth or uppermost division includes
the sandy top beds well developed at Highgate, Tol worth, Claygate and
New Malden. He considers the following to be characteristic fossils
of this division : —

Modiolus elegans J. Sby.

Glycymeris decussata (J. Sby.).

Tritonidea londini Wrig.

V oiutospina nodosa (J. Sby.).

It will be seen from the list of fossils that the fauna shows the London
Clay at Oxshott to be a typical example of Wrigley’s Fifth Division.

In this pit, a working face of grey sandy London Clay, about 30
feet deep and four times as long, has been exposed by an excavation,
started some ten years ago, in the clay floor of an old pit where the
overlying fifteen feet of rusty bedded loams of the Claygate Beds were
formerly worked.

Fossils occur sporadically throughout the clay, but are usually too
crushed and friable to collect • they are however in a better condition
in the concretions which occur in the clay. These appear to be of two
kinds : the usual London Clay septarian nodules and fissile sandy con¬
cretions. There is a band of the former about 15 feet from the top of
the section; they are veined with yellow calcite, and contain well-pre¬
served mollusca. The second type occurs as lenticular sandy concre¬
tions resting in hollows in the clay below, but becoming less sandy up¬
wards where they merge into the clay. The fossils in these are worn
and encrusted with polyzoa : concentrations of broken shell and of the
polyzoan Eucratea wetherelli also occur.

Thanks are due to the enthusiastic collecting by members and to
their generosity in handing over material to assist in drawing up the
list of fossils, and especially to Mrs. B. Ainsley, Miss M. It. Bourne,
Mrs. M. F. Everitt, Miss E. Wheeler, Messrs. B. E. Butler, E. Everitt,
C. W. Pierce, B. Stoller, and J. Wyley.

In the list, after each species, will be found a rough estimate of its
abundance, followed by the known distribution in the divisions of the
London Clay and finally the symbol Cl. if the species has been recorded
from Claygate (Dewey, 1923).

A representative series of specimens has been handed over to the
Geological Department of the British Muslim (Natural History).

LIST OF FOSSILS.

Mollusca.

Lamellibranchia.

Glycymeris decussata (J. Sow.) (1). Abundant. 2-4, abundant
in 5.

Modiolus depressus (J. Sow.), Common. 4, abundant in 5. Cl.
M. subcarinatus (J. Sow.)? non Lam. (2). Rare.

UJ III

THE LONDON CLAY OF OXSIIOTT, SURREY.

63

Muse ulus e.legans (J. Sow.). Common. Abundant in 5.

Pinna affinis J. Sow. Occasional. 2-5.

Amusium corneum (J. Sow.). Common. 4-5. Cl.

N ernocardiurn nitens (J. Sow.). Occasional. 4, abundant in 5. Cl.
Pitar sulcatarius (Desk.) [ = tenuistriatus (J. Sow.)]. Common
4, 5. Cl.

Gultellus affinis (J. Sow.). Common. 3, 5. Cl.

Teredina persoiiata (Lam.) (3). Occasional. Cl. (as Teredo sp.).

Gastropoda.

Euspira glaucinoides (J. Sow.) (4). Common. 2-5. Cl. (as Natica
lahellata Lam.).

Turrit ella dixoni Desh. (5). Occasional. 5.

Tibia lucid a (J. Sow.). Common. 3-5. Cl.

Ficus mwltiformis Wrigley. Common. 3-5.

Pseudonepiunea curta (J. Sow.). Rare. 4-5.

Streptolathyrus trilineatus (J. Sow.). (6). Rare. 3, 5.

S. zonulatus Wrigley. Rare. 4 ( ?), 5. Cl.

Euthriofusus complanatus (J. de C. Sow.). Common. 4-5.

Voluto spina, nodosa (J. de C. Sow.). Occasional. 5. Cl.
Conospirus concinnus (J. Sow.). Rare, 3-5. Cl. (Wrigley MS.).
Turricula stena (Edwards). Rare. 5.

T. teretrium (Edw.) var. nanodis Edw. Occasional. 4-5.

Cl. as T. teretrium.

Annelida.

“Worm”.

Ditrupa plana (J. Sow.). Abundant. 2-5.

Echinodermata.

®r4ttle s^ar' Ophioglypha wetherelli (Forbes). (7). Abundant in
Y ' ~v \ one sandy lenticle, 4, abundant in 5. i>ec eJso E

Arthropoda. Crab. Clyphithyreus wetherelli (Bell). Common.

Polyzoa (determined by Dr. H. Dighton Thomas).

Eucratea wetherelli (Busk). Abundant. 2, 5.
Membranipora eocena Busk. Rare. Cl.

M. tenuimuralis Gregory. Rare, encrusting gastropods.

Fish

Myliobatis sp.

Lamnid shark (imperfect tooth). Rare.
Teleost scales. Common.

Notes on the Species.

(1) Wi igley considers this an index species of division 5 when abundant
and fully grown (15-20 mm. long). Here it is abundant but small.
The average length of 32 specimens, freed from the matrix, is
11-0 mm., only one specimen reaching 13 mm. The species was
not recorded by Wrigley for C^gate.

i

64

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)
(7)

One large specimen (8-5 cms. in length) was collected and is closely
comparable with that from Highgate figured by J. Sowerby under
this name. It is, however, doubtful if any of the specimens from
this country have been correctly identified.

Most of the records of Teredo antenautae refer to Teredina person-
ata , a species ranging from the Woolwich Beds to the Bracklesham
Beds. Teredina personata (Lam.) = Teredo antenautae J.
Sowerby 1815, Mineral Conchology, I, p. 231, pi. 102, figs. 1-4, not
figs. 5-8. See discussion by Wrigley, 1930.

This has often been listed as Natica labellata Lam., but that
species has been shown to be confined to the Bracklesham Beds
(Wrigley 1949).

This species is widely distributed in the London Clay of the Hamp¬
shire Basin, but in the London Basin, E. of Egham, has previously
been known only from Highgate.

Most of the earlier records under this name refer to S. zonulatus
Wrigley.

This, or a closely allied species, is known also to occur rarely in
the sandy Basement Bed of the London Clay (Northwood; Kidner
1909, and specimens from Pinner in the Museum of the Geological
Survey and from North Harrow in the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.)).

REFERENCES.

DEWEY, H. (1912). Report of an excursion to Claygate and Oxshott, Surrey.
Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 23, pp. 237-242.

- , (1923). Excursion to Claygate and Oxsliott. Ibid., vol. 34, pp. 323-4.

KIDNER, H. (1909). Excursion to Northwood and Croxley Green. Ibid., vol. 21,
p. 243.

WRIGLEY, A. (1924). The faunal divisions of the London Clay. Ibid., vol. 35,
pp. 245-259.

- , (1930). Notes on English Eocene boring mollusca, with descriptions of

new species. Ibid., vol. 40, p. 380.

- , (1940). The fauna succession in the London Clay, illustrated in some new

exposures near London. Ibid., vol. 51, pp. 230-245.

- - — , (1949), English Eocene and Oligocene Naticidae. Proc. Malac. Soc., vol.

28, p. 16.

Reports on Temporary Geological Exposures

in the Society’s Area.

fJPHE following reports are the fifth selection to be published in the
London Naturalist and the thanks of the Society are due to those
members who assisted in their preparation. Their work constitutes a
valuable contribution to the geology of our area.

The thanks of the Society are also tendered to the owners of pro¬
perties, their architects and contractors, for so willingly permitting the
records to be made and for their practical help and co-operation in
many ways.

REPORTS ON TEMPORARY GEOLOGICAL EXPOSURES.

65

Comments on these reports or further information which may be of
use to the investigators are invited.

Co-operation in this interesting research or information regarding
the location of deep excavations within the Society’s area will be
welcome.

M. Ainsley

(■ Recorder for Teviporary Geological Exposures).

LONDON W.C.

L.N.H.S. /T.E. /56/53. London W.C.l.

Great Russell Street. Excavation for the erection of Trade Union
Council Memorial Building bounded on the north by Great Russell
Street and on the east by Dyott Street. When examined in September
1953 no measurements were possible owing to the method of excavating
obscuring the section. The Contractors kindly supplied the following
details : —

Measurements from street level

(85-32 ft.

above Newlyn datum)

Thickness.

Depth.

FT.

IN.

FT.

IN.

4.

Made Ground

10

0

10

0

3.

Gravel

10

0

20

0

2.

Brown Clay

1

6

21

6

1.

Blue (London) Clay

28

8 +

50

2

50

2

A band of flattened septarian nodules was said to be present in the
London Clay. No fossils were found.

Bed 3 contained large and medium angular flints (one measured 8
inches x 5 inches) and included lenticles of fine yellow sand. A band
of black clay 1 inch in thickness was also noted in this bed.

B. Ainsley.

LONDON S.E.

L.N.H.S. /T.E. / 58 / 53. London S.E. 6.

Manwood Road, Brockley, between No. 66 Manwood Road and its
junction with Bexhill Road, Nat. Grid Ref. (Sheet 171) 370744, examined
in September 1952.

Excavations in connection with the G.P.O. have revealed exposures
of the Woolwich Shell Beds. These deposits, which form a continuation
of those described at Brockley Grove (L.N.H.S. /T.S. / 19/50), showed
the ‘Paludina’ bed,, which was to be seen in the past at New Cross and
Nunhead, but exposures of which are now rare.

The section investigated consisted of a shored trench, and it was
impossible to take any measurements. The description of the section
is as follows : —

66

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Blackheatk Beds.

4. (Top) Light brown calcareous sand with flint pebbles. A ery
poorly exposed.

Woolwich Beds.

3. Brown highly calcareous sandstone with decomposed „ sheLs
including Viviparus \_Paludina~\ sp. cf. lent us (Brand.) ano
Ostrea bellovacina (Lamk.).

2. Light brown sandy clay with many decomposed shells (mainly
Cyrena). Carbonaceous streaks in the clay and some impies-
sions of plant material.

1. Dark blue stiff clay. Few fossils. Base not seen.

The whole section is between eight and ten feet in thickness.

S. A. J. Pocock.

LONDON S.W.

L.N.H.S./T.E./59/53. London S.W. 4.

Dean Farrar Street, Tothill Street. Excavation for Federation
of British Industries building situated on the east side of Dean Farrar
Street.

The following section was seen in the autumn of 1953 :
(Measurements from ground— approximately pavement — level)

Thickness .

Bed

FT.

IN.

FT.

7. Made Ground cutting into bed 6 ...

6. Sand

1 6

0

6

5. Black Clay (Biver Mud) .

3

2

9

4. Peaty Black Clay

1

4

10

3. Blue-Grey Sandy Clay .

4

6

15

2. Clayey Sand

6

0

21

1. Gravel

11

0 +

32

Depth.

IN.

0

2
6
0
0
0

32 0

Bed 3 was sandy and unstable; the mineral Vivianite (confirmed by
Mr. S. E. Ellis) and Ostrea edule were noted. It. has been suggested
that this deposit may be partly composed of re-worked Beading beds.

Bed 4 consisted of a persistent bed of Peat in which weie found
twigs and roots, the latter often penetrating into the undei lying Clay ,
specimens collected from this bed are awaiting determination.

Bed 5 contained large numbers of freshwater shells, and the following
list has been supplied by Mr. C. P. Castell from samples passed to him
for determination : —

Bitliynia tentaculata (Linne).

Lymnaea peregra (Muller), common.

Planorbis corneus (Linne).

F. planorbis (Linne), common.

P. vortex (Linne).

REPORTS ON TEMPORARY GEOLOGICAL EXPOSURES.

67

P. leucostoma Millet.

Sphaerium corneum (Linne).

Valves of Ostrea edulis (Linne), Mytilus edulis (Linne), Cardium edule
(Linne) and Buccmurn uridatwm (Linne), all doubtless thrown in by
contemporary man, were also present.

Bed 6 has been mostly removed during earlier building operations.

Samples of beds 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 have been retained.

^ i epoi l appealed m The Times5 ’ of 8th October 1953 concerning
this site. It was stated that no pottery or coins have been found in the
•Peat by which the: deposit could be dated. A small piece of leather
found by the undersigned, not in situ but apparently from the Peat
bed or the Black Mud, awaits examination.

It would seem that the area, lying in close proximity with the River
Thames, was subject to periodical flooding. Quantities of vegetation
would be brought down by the flood waters and much of it would be
trapped in shallow pools and back-waters where it would eventuallv
sink. It is suggested that the Peat bed (bed 4) represents the accumu¬
lation from many such inundations. A large rounded flint, 7 to 8
inches across, seen in the Peat was most likely carried there entangled
m the roots of an uprooted tree. No shells were seen in the Peat due,
possibly, to the water being too acid to support them. The Black Mud
immediately aoo\e, however, contained numerous shells and must repre¬
sent a longer period of inundation during which the river flowed freely
with a plentiful supply of fresh water.

The area is mapped as Alluvium by the Geological Survey (six inch
London sheet N.Y., S.W.) and it is suggested that beds 2 to 6 should
be included under this heading (Holocene in age) while bed 1 is un¬
doubtedly Plateau Gravel (Pleistocene). It is hoped to make the final
i elations of these deposits the subject of future study when more evidence
is available from neighbouring sites.

B. Ainsley.

LONDON W.

L.N.H.S. /T.E. /S7/53. London W.l.

Bond Street. At the junction of the east side of Bond Street and
the south side of Conduit Street. Excavation for a new Hotel
examined in the autumn of 1953.

Alluvium resting on London Clay. The Alluvium consisted of a
seiies of gravels and clays, none of which appeared to be constant over
the whole site, resting on a sloping surface of London Clay. The section
shown at fig. 1 is based on information obtained by the contractors
from trial bore-holes. No fossils were obtained from any of the
deposits but shell fragments were noted in the London Clay ( Bed 1)
where also small scattered septarian nodules were present.

Bed 2. Brown Clay has been included in London Clay in the key
but part at least may be alluvium.

Bed o . Claystone was not seen but it has been described by the
Resident Engineer (Mr. Jones) as ‘Chalk-like’ in appearance and not
particularly hard . ’ ’

68

THE LONDON NATURALIST

O

to

f^o

e

o

«

E

p

Q

£

iC

6

Z o

K co
oj

fc. ^ C

Oj 03
CO

(?) .o i

etc

CM

LO

■s

03

+* t>-

8 «

® H

W) r *i

03

J

«

V

r

o

&

£

0

o

X

- 5

£

h3

Sr

o

43

VJ

J

<

U

</)

w

ot

w

>

LU

43

C/3

43

6A

■a

43

CJ

d _

W- Lr>

O a)
~ ■£

£ s

c ,2
g W

- £
H O

H pg

03

jl co 1/5

■ Q3

ffi 6

«4— I

o

03

•r'H

m

■ g

T— P

■ 03

£ £

3h

- §
4=> G

a

43

4->

(0

3

■D

C

O

o

©

pG

4-4

be

G

o

r-H

P

'P

03

ci

G

E C
<6

O

E

C/5

C/3

o

fe=

«

C6

E

O

4-4

a

43

W

c/5
03

o

G

l

<D

2» ^

c

w pa

(33

43

■s

E

©

CQ

6 ~ o « «

c = e _

- — . -44
+ ^

t'2oc^'co c g
o e

-I _h 33 CN

£ £

<? $>

o

£

C/5

G

o

+->

d

n

c

G

o

'M

be

G

P

■G

G

c4

d!

G

P

O

be

03

d>

c3

03

r— I G

03 O
> +=>
d &

?H

0 G O
G
oi

l=o

d

bo

03

bo -d
c3 d

oS

03

G

o

+4

C/5

bo

d

O

. bo
bo d
d — i

6°

§§
£ p

o

£h

«

G

o

J

P

03

K

\6

oo

<35

r-4

_ ,

P

s

'S*

o

q

p

o

G

03

■£

o

O

G

o

TP

03

p

o

G

03

o

•C

W

o

G

K

ep

il

REPORTS OX TEMPORARY GEOLOGICAL EXPOSURES.

69

Bed 4. Brown Clay contained a number of small round flint pebbles
in places.

Bed 5. Mud and Stone bad a muddy and dirty appearance and
may well represent a soil bed. No organic remains were noted.

Bed 6. Clayey Gravel contained irregular water- worn flint pebbles
of medium size — the majority being from one to two inches in diameter.
This bed was rather sandy in places and the clay content also varied
considerably.

The site is situated on the eastern slope of the valley of one of
London’s buried rivers, the Tyburn (or Ty Bourne) stream, which rose
m South Hampstead and flowed southwards to join the River Thames
at Westminster (1). This stream cut through the Taplow Terrace
Gravel into the London Clay. The Alluvium described in this report
was deposited in the valley by the Tyburn and by a small tributary
which, flowing from the east, joined it at this spot. This tributary,
which ran approximately parallel and ten feet to the south of Conduit
Street, was about eight feet across and four feet deep. It is suggested
that this channel may be an alternative course of a tributary recorded
as lying about 150 feet to the south of the present excavation (2).

REFERENCES.

(1) 1922, Cliatwin & Bromehead, “Geology of the London District”, pp. 77-

Mem. Geol. Surv.

(2) Six inch Geol. Surv. Map, London, Sheet N.Y., S.W.

B. Arx s ley.

HERTFORDSHIRE.

L.X.H.S. /T.E. / 54/53. Bushey, Herts.

Hilfield Park Reservoir, c. II mi. W.N.W. of Elstree, Herts.
Four rectangular trial holes dug on site of reservoir during its con¬
struction. Information about these and the excavation at Bushey
Heath, below, kindly supplied by the contractors (Messrs. John Taylor
A Sons) from the records of their Resident Engineer. Ground levels
are expressed as heights above O.D. (Newlyn). No fossils were found.

Trial-hole No. 4. 270 ft. 35° from intersection of Watford By-pass

and Hilfield Lane. Ground level 30o-0 ft. O.D.

Drift

London Clav

Thickness Depth

FT.

IN.

FT.

IN

5. Topsoil

1

0

1

0

4. Light brown clav with stones

2

0

3

0

'3. Light brown mottled clay,

gypsum crystals

9

0

12

0

2. Medium mottled brown clav,
gypsum crystals

6

0

18

0

1. Hard brown clay inter¬
spersed with 6 inch clav-
< stone beds

2

0+

20

0

J. F. Wyley.

70

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

L.N.H.S. /T.E. / 55/ 53. Bttshey Heath, Herts.

Excavation for small reservoir of about two acres, in the IS .W .
corner of Alpine crossroads, Bushey Heath, Herts., at 503 feet O.D.

Thickness

Depth

f4-

Top Soil

1ft.

1ft.

Pebble

3.

Gravelly clay

10ft. -14ft.

lift. -15ft.

Gravel

2.

Pale yellow sandy
clay with numerous

V

thin laminations

9ins.-2ft.

lift. 9ins.-17ft. Oins.

London j
Clay }

Dark blue silty clay

5ft. +

16ft. 9ins. + -22ft. Oins. +

Features

worthy of note are the

unweathered condition of the London

Clay below the Pebble Gravel and its uniform silty nature ; also the
persistent layer of pale yellow sandy clay at the base of the Pebble
Gravel. The surface of the London Clay is somewhat undulating buc
on the average, level.

This may be compared with a somewhat similar one described near
this locality by J. Prestwich in the QuaTtevly Jouvna.1 , Geological
Society, 1890, No. 46, p. 166.

J. F. Wyley.

The Climate, 1953.

By H. Hawkins.

(Observed at 119 Beresford Road, Chingford.)

READINGS FOR THE YEAR 1953.

Barometer,.

Maximum for the year ... 30*80 on Mar. 10th
Minimum for the year ... 28*50 on Feb. 10th
Average for the year . 29*99

Temperature.

Screen

Maximum for the year ... 91 on Aug. 12tli
Minimum for the year ... 21 on Feb. 7th

Average maximum . 58*55

Average minimum . 43*67

Average for the year . 51*11

Average daily range . 14*88

Maximum range . 70

Grass (Night Min.)

62 on Aug. 30tli

19 on Feb. 7th & 8th

40*50

Rain.

19*70 inches recorded compared with the Chingford yearly average of
24*92 inches. Rain fell on 140 days of which 97 are classed as Wet Days.
The largest falls occurred : —

THE CLIMATE,

71

O' 84 April 30tli

0-75 July 31st

0-62 Oct. 12th

It will be seen that the year was dry as a whole with a deficiency of over
5 inches.

General Observations.

The year 1953 was no exception to the saying that each year estab¬
lishes new records.

■January.

The driest for England and Wales since 1858, only 0‘97 inches being
recorded against the Chmgford average of 2-18 inches. The great gale
which caused the disastrous floods on the East Coast occurred on the
31st.

February.

Generally a mild month with a maximum temperature of 60 degrees
on 27th. The last nine days were rainless.

March .

The drought of late February continued into March, and by the
middle of the month a state of absolute drought existed. The March
rainfall in Chingford was under \ inch. It was the longest absolute
drought in London so early in the year since 1893.

April.

Very changeable weather with rainfall above average. The average
temperature was below normal, and Easter weekend was a poor one
with rain and sleet accompanied by thunder on Easter Monday.

May.

Again changeable weather with cool nights. However the Whitsun
weekend at the end of the month produced an exceptionally warm spell
with maximum temperatures of 82 degrees on Whitsunday and 87 degrees
on Whitmonday.

June.

Started with a cold northerly wind which swept southwards on
Coronation Day (2nd) and the maximum temperature on the 3rd
reached only 53, which is about 10-15 degrees below normal. The end
of the month was, however, much warmer.

July.

A wet- month with rainfall over an inch above average. There were
very few really warm days.

August.

Provided compensation for the cold changeable weather of June and
July. It was the sunniest August since 1947, and the first fortnight

72

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

O

o

p

£

W

Q

£

P

H

H

cc

lA At lA

CO <T <T ©

At -A At

w ;

rH

CO

At

At

i

1

1

i

At

rH

rH

|

■<

1

1

o 1

<HH

o

-4-.

c/5

<D

lO

r-

co

At

CO

o

CO

05

©

o

-cr

kA

6

<3

rH

H

rH

T““ '

rH

£

0

s

C

a

•rH

in

P*

o

00

lO

o

lO

05

o

rH

CO

rH

rH

HH

a

cj

■H

rH

T-H

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH

P

£

«

p

in

-H>

(V

&

f

-cr

r-

05

CO

05

lO

t"-

rr

r~

rH

c

05

lO

-cr

<r

(X

05

-cr

00

00

o>

C5

CO

<<

*r— )

c

6

■H

O

6)

rH

r-H

cb

rH

rH

05

©

6

HH

o

CO

©

At

05

o

o

03

o

00

05

o

o

00

CO

CO

o

bC

00

At

05

rH

00

rH

00

CO

co

00

-cr

cc

— >

»(0

cb

do

o

r*

lO

rH

do

l>

d ^

co

CO

CO

CO

<r

lO

lO

<r

co

CO

m

in

<

•rH

£ d

CQ

05

CO

rH

Cr

»o

05

CO

CO

«

o

f3 ^

be

05

rH

05

CN

co

CO

CO

05

05

05

in ;

(— H

cj

•rH

■p

£ X

lO

lO

CO

00

GO

00

A5

lO

©

C5

c

H

co

<T

-cr

lO

LO

lA

CO

lO

lO

yj

-cr

§

t: <u

>1 be

00

05

lO

iO

05

C5

CO

©

00

rH

c

At

CO

-cr

co

lO

CO

CO

<r

CO

<r

05

co

§ ri

P5

P

(1)

^ CD

A* be

lO

CO

r-

o

CO

r~

©

rH

lO

©

©

P

be

—I d

-cr

-cr

i>

<r

©

o

o

CO

lO

lO

t-

05

D

>

oi 2

0«

r-

rH

do

co

©

A-

©

oo

<r

O

do

<C

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH

<

Ph

P

P

CD

\0

&

CO

O

©

rH

CO

©

iA

8

b£)

o

co

t~

A>

lO

lO

r~

l/:

lA

05

>

cb

cb

CO

CO

©

A5

CO

cb

rH

CO

lA

<!

co

CO

-cr

LO

LO

CO

CO

lO

lO

-cr

-cr

§

P

<p

be .5
t> P

<35

-cr

CO

CO

©

CO

co

At

©

©

H

05

-cr

rH

-cr

00

cb

LO

rb

r-

cb

C5

©

<9

o

05

<05

CO

4r

CiJ

rH

At

rH

C ^

CO

co

CO

co

lT:

lO

lO

-cr

-cr

-CT

-cr

oi x
be c3

-cr

r-

co

©

CO

o

b-

©

©

lA

1>

lO

CO

C5

00

o

o

co

00

00

CO

lO

ib

rf5

\'o

»o

do

rH

cb

r-

00

05

©

C ^

-cr

<r

ib

iA

CO

co

i>

co

LO

uj

-cr

a

CO

r— <

lO

(05

iA

A5

oo

<r

rH

At

rH

©

■rH

§

At

At

A«

co

©

<r

CO

CO

05

Max.

CO

©

o

tr

rH

rH

00

©

©

©

lO

CO

■A

00

oo

00

<05

©

t"

Li J

CO

o5

05

00

r-

rH

CO

IA

o

00

t“

o

be

rH

o

co

00

C5

00

OO

00

05

9

rH

>

©

o

o

A5

©

©

©

©

05

©

o

6

£ ^

CO

CO

CO

05

05

A5

At

05

05

05

CO

co

y

AROMET

Min.

o

o

o

O

lO

©

iO

o

o

lO

lO

lO

lO

io

lO

A5

lO

co

rH

CO

©

CO

cb

do

<b

cb

©

05

©

05

©

©

©

<0*

1

05

CN

C5

05

05

05

05

05

05

At

At

CQ x
c3

o

O

o

lO

iA

o

O

o

O

o

o

LO

CO

o

00

rH

CO

rH

<J>

rH

co

sr

-cr

o

o

o

cS

o

o

©

©

o

o

o

o

<5

co

CO

CO

co

CO

CO

CO

CO

co

co

CO

CO

fi

o

dx5 id ^ >

” © | » .3 s 2 ^ © o o

FEASTS AND FEASTINGS IN OLDEN DA\TS.

73

had scarcely a break in the sunshine. The highest temperature of the
year (91) was recorded on 12th. The first 14 days were rainless.

September.

From 5th-15th it was rainless and this period provided high temper¬
atures for the time of year. Sunshine was much above average.

October.

Sunshine was plentiful until 11th and no rain fell during this period.
Most nights were relatively mild and free from air frost.

November.

Rainfall was 1^ inches below normal and during the middle of the
month there were 10 days without rain. It was very mild, probably the
mildest November this century.

December.

Rainfall nearly 2 inches below average. It was the mildest December
since 1934 (which was the mildest for over 200 years).

Feasts and Feastings in Olden Days.

By W. C. Cocksedge.

JT is recorded in Domesday that Tezelin, the cook, held the Manor of
Addington, Surrey, by the tenure or service of presenting a mess
of pottage to the sovereign at his coronation feast. Unhappily, although
it bore the intriguing name of Maupygernon, we seem to be ignorant
of its composition. Nevertheless, the manor was duly held through
the ages per serjeantiam coquinam , the nature of the dish varying from
coronation to coronation according to changing ideas of cookery. Three
messes were to be prepared, one for the King, one for the Archbishop
of Canterbury, and the third for whomsoever the King willed. So it
continued until the coronation of George IV when Manners-Sutton, the
archbishop who was then, himself. Lord of the Manor, by virtue of
possession of Addington Palace which had by then become the official
residence of the archbishops, claimed to serve his sovereign with the
fabulous pottage. The claim was duly allowed but whether the King
and he partook of it and what were the ingredients, I do not know.
Anyhow, the custom then fell into desuetude. In earlier days, the dish
seems to have been called “Diligrout”, the name for a sort of porridge,
but it is pleasanter to assume, as one antiquary suggests, that it was
equivalent to “Bardolf”, a famed confection of the Middle Ages, said
to have been composed of almond milk, brawn of capons, chickens par¬
boiled and chopped, sugar, spice, etc.

This leaves one a pleasant idea of Medieval cookery, an art in which
fantasy had full play. Even the names of the dishes had a piquant
savour — Maupygernon, diligrout, blandyssorie, egredoucye, flampoyntes,

74

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

chawettys, pocerounce and march-pane, tickle the eye if not the appe¬
tite. We notice in “march-pane”, mentioned in Borneo and Juliet 3 a
forerunner of marzipan. But these dishes were of course the efforts of
aspiring cooks to garnish the table and we are not far wrong in thinking
that the produce of the1 chase bulked largely in the dietary of the king
and his nobles.

In olden days, there was a catholicity of opinion as to what was
palatable or even edible. We must remember however that the uncer¬
tain conditions of life, the absence of quick transport and conveniences
for keeping perishable food fresh, impelled even the rich to live largely
on salted or pickled viands. As cattle had to be slaughtered wholesale
in autumn in the absence of winter keep, vast stores of smoked beef
were accumulated in the cellars of the nobles for the winter fare of
their retainers. “Hence”, as Gdbert White remarks, “the marvellous
account of the vast stores of salted flesh found in the larder of the eldest
Spencer in the days of Edward II, even as late in the spring as the 3rd
May, viz., 600 bacons, 80 carcases of beef and 600 muttons.” Andrew
Borde considered this hanged beef more useful as a waterproof than
as a food, for “if a man have a piece hanging by his side and another
in his belly, that the which doth hang by the side shall do him more
good if a shower of rain do chance than that which is in his belly”.

The produce of the chase naturally figured largely in the bill of fare
of the Royal Household and the great nobles. Salzman, to whose
labours I am much indebted, quotes a letter from Queen Eleanor of
Provence, widow of Henry III, thanking her son, King Edward, for a
present of cranes which she had found very fat and good. It would
seem that the taking of cranes was the summit of the hawker’s ambition
and the King gave lavish rewards to the messengers who brought him
the heads of cranes which his hawks had captured. In 1290, when a
servant brought him the head of a crane which his gerfalcon “Calemare”
had taken in Lindsey, the man was rewarded with six shillings and
eightpence. The locality is interesting as cranes still bred in Lincoln¬
shire even in Thdor times. An edict of Queen Elizabeth forbids the
taking of the eggs of the crane in the West Fen, north of Boston.
Strangely, the heron is now called the crane in this district — but this
is a digression. For rather obvious reasons, we do not know the possi¬
bilities of Crane as a dish but we may surmise that Heron, another
favourite quarry, was far from enticing. Perhaps it was eaten by the
royal hawkers in the spirit in which a schoolboy insists on eating his
catch of fish although unpalatable

Bustard might seem to offer gastronomical possibilities although 1
have not found it mentioned, but among domestic fowl, Swan and Pea¬
cock were much esteemed. Swans are in part royal birds, the moiety
(on the Thames) having been owned by the Dyers’ and Vintners’ Com¬
panies from earliest times. I am not sufficiently an ornithologist to
know whether wild swans ever bred in England : I think not. It has
been objected that Swan is rather “fishy” but the Earl of Ilchester
writing recently in the Daily Telegraph states that swans do not eat
fish and that the muddy flavour is eliminated in the Abbotsbury swans

FEASTS AND FEASTINGS IN OLDEN DAYS.

75

by bringing them np from an early stage in pens and feeding tliem with
grain and other selected food. Anyhow, our ancestors did not object
apparently to an element of ‘ ‘fishiness”. Regarding the peacock — with
the love of display inherent in the medieval mind, it was served in
‘ hakille ryally” that is, with its gorgeous feathers replaced on the
roasted bird for I do not think we can suppose that it was actually
cooked in its plumage.

A “Peacock Feast” is depicted in the bottom border of the
magnificent brass to Robert Braunche and his two wives at King’s
Lynn. Of this scene, Cotman wrote, with a slight touch of hyberbole,
“a feast that for the splendour of the table and the company, the band
of music and the attendants, might pass for some grand anniversary
celebrated in this wealthy town. Among the delicacies of the splendid
table one sees the peacock, that noble bird, the food of lovers and the
meat of lords. Few dishes were in higher fashion and there was scarce
any royal or noble feast without it. The honour of serving it up was
reserved for the ladies, most distinguished by birth, rank or beauty,
one of whom, followed by others and attended by music, brought it up
in the gold or silver dish and set it before the master of the house or
the guest most distinguished for his courtesy or valour.” In this brass,
a lady bears the peacock with its “tail” feathers extended, another
follows playing a flute and two further attendants blow long horns with
banners attached. As the brass is of foreign workmanship, the artist
most probably received special instructions to depict this momentous
episode in the life of the great merchant. It has been conjectured that
the feast may have commemorated that given to Edward III when he
and his court visited the town in the year 1344.

When we come to fish, there was great \7ariety including whale, seal
and porpoise, for our ancestors were not exact zoologists. We read even
of a fish banquet given by Henry V, the hero of Agincourt, in honour
of his wedding to Katherine Valois, in which forty kinds of fish were
served, including sturgeon, roach, perch, gudgeon, chub (about as
appetising, Salzman remarks, as an old pair of boots and probably less
sustaining), salmon, trout, tench and, of course, the succulent lamprey.
Every schoolboy knows that Henry I died of a surfeit of lampreys but,
nevertheless, that enigmatic “fish” continued to figure in royal
banquets and even within these last few months, the City of Gloucester
presented a lamprey pie (lampreys were usually made into pies), to our
present Queen.

Sturgeon, whale and, I think, porpoise were royal fishes and the
Crown still exercises a shadowy jurisdiction over sturgeon captured in
our rivers and whales thrown up on our beaches. Whale and porpoise
flesh was, of course, salted and presents an unattractive picture, like¬
wise seal which was also an article of diet.

In connection with the consumption of fish in the Middle Ages, we
must not forget the incidences of Lent and Fast Days. The Church
permitted the eating of certain amphibious animals during these
abstinences, such as seal and otter, although I can scarcely imagine that

76

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

even our forebears were hardy enough to tackle the latter animal. There
is a reminiscence of this in the Complecit Angler : — ■

Piscator : I pray you, honest huntsman, let me ask you a pleasant
question. Do you hunt a beast or a fish?

Huntsman : It is not in my power to resolve you. I leave it to be
resolved by the college of Carthusians who have made vows never to
eat flesh.

Strange to say, certain diving birds, including the coot, were also
allowed although judging by the appearance of some dressed coots in
Leadenhall Market during the years of war scarcity, the mere eating
was sufficient penance. Great quantities of salted and dried fish were
certainly eaten in the towns during the Middle Ages and the fish-
mongery business was divided into two quite distinct trades, the wet
and the dried or stockfish merchants with their respective Companies
or Mysteries.

Numerous ordinances concerning food were promulgated in early times
with the light-hearted empiricism characteristic of those days but most of
them, naturally, failed of their purpose. Edward I limited the price of best
soles (no witches, I presume) to 3d. per dozen; the best turbot to 6d. ;
the best mackerel in Lent to one penny each; the best pickled herrings to
twenty a penny; fresh oysters to 2d a gallon; a quarter of a hundred
best eels to 2d. and so on. He also enacted that no one be permitted
to water fish more than twice and no fish (unless salted) was to be kept
in London beyond the second day. It would thus seem that somehow
or other, plentiful supplies of fresh sea-fish were available at this early
date, being brought to London, of course, by boat. Yarmouth herrings
are especially mentioned and this town provided the king as a tenure,
a hundred herrings of the first catch of the season. Eels were also much
in request as they could be kept alive, though it is difficult to imagine
how Henry III could have disposed of ten thousand eels, requisitioned
for the Court at Christmas 1246.

The Fishmongers’ Company existed at that time but the Stockfish-
mongers’ Company was formed as a separate body in the reign of Richard
II. Henceforth, there was great rivalry between the two Companies
but they finally came together in Tudor times.

Strangely enough, venison does not figure so prominently in the
royal feasts as might be supposed, in view of the fact that the tall deer
was an almost sacrosanct figure of the chase. Doubtless, it ranked as
an ordinary article of diet like mutton, beef or pork, and lent no special
distinction to a feast. Presumably, after the “Captains and the
Kings” had departed, the carcase was left to the huntsmen and
ignominously carted away to the kitchen to be made into pasties, thus,
perhaps, creating a dangerous taste for venison amongst the poor. It
was in later days that the present of a fat buck was the greatest com¬
pliment that one could pay to a friend. It was in later days, also, that
turtle soup (unknown, alas ! to our ancestors), haunch of venison and
oysters, became luxuries at civic banquets. As for salmon, we have it
on quite apocryphal authority that even the apprentices refused it.
It was otherwise with the Wild Boar, no less than ninety of which

FEASTS AND FEASTINGS IN OLDEN DAYS.

77

figure in the gargantuan list of stores ordered to be sent to the Court of
Henry III for Christmas 1246. How it came about that the boar’s head
{cum sinapio ) obtained the honour of presiding at every formal feast in
the Middle Ages, I cannot say, but it long reigned supreme and its
position has not been entirely ousted nowadays, although the head of a
domestic porker must take its place.

Among the lesser sources of supply for the medieval household was
the culver-liouse or dove-cot which was usually annexed to every manor
house. A very considerable number of these buildings still remain and
members of the L.N.H.S. will recall the enjoyable lectures given by
Mr. Edward Yates, E.S.A., on this subject, of which he has made an
especial study. These erections which were often very substantial and
architecturally dignified, housed a columbarium of several hundred small
compartments or nesting-holes and frequently included ingenious bits
of mechanism for reaching the nests without trouble.

In quite early times, surprising quantities of wine were imported
from the Continent especially from the Bordeaux district. This trade
is said to have commenced about 1152 when Henry II married Eleanor
of Aquitaine. There were four Vintner Mayors in the reign of Edward
III and Gascony wine was then sold in London at fourpence the gallon.
The fact that Aquitaine was then an English province facilitated the
traffic. Vineyards undoubtedly existed in England then, as many local
names indicate, especially in connection with monastic houses, but the
yield was small and the quality of the vintage dubious and it certainly
did not compete with the imported article. Moreover, it is said that
the word “vineyard” often indicated merely an orchard. Mead and
cider were also probably drunk at feasts and there is mention of
“Ypocras”, doubtless a sort of negus or spiced wine for festive occasions.
In Tudor times, the trade in Spanish wines grew important and the
great brewing industry arose in London.

Although the eating of flesh in one form or another, in the scarcity
of attractive fruit and vegetables, was the standard diet apart from
bread, there were also supplies of dairy products; milk, butter and
cheese, for those who could afford them. The frequency of the surname
“Day” or dairyman, testifies to this if other evidence were wanting.
These supplies, however, were seasonal and restricted in area. Alto¬
gether, the culinary aspect of the Middle Ages is not alluring : neverthe¬
less, there were great banquets on historic occasions, often marked with
what seems to us a superfluity of dishes. The custom was to have
three courses but the courses were not restricted as at present, to one
class of food, various dishes being mingled together in one course. Pre¬
sumably, there was an interval between these courses although there
was no nicotine to solace the tedium of waiting. Possibly, these inter¬
vals were occupied in admiring the “soteltes which were u feature
of the spread. These subtleties were composed of sweetstuff and took
various elaborate forms including buildings, figures, etc., though
whether they were eventually eaten, I cannot say.

Regarding these subtleties, there is an interesting paragraph in
Cavendish’s “Life of Wolsey”. The occasion was the famous reception

78

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

of the French Ambassadors at the Cardinal’s Palace of Hampton Court
in 1527. After describing the regal preparations made for their recep¬
tion, Cavendish writes, “Anone came up the second course with so
many dishes, subtleties and devices, above a hundred in number which
were of so goodly proportion and so costly that I thinke the Frenchmen
never saw the like. There were castles with images the same as in St.
Paul’s Church for the quantity, as well counterfeited as the painter
should have painted it on a cloth or wall. There were beasts, birds and
personages, most lively made and counterfeited, some fighting with
swords, some with guns and cross-bows, some vaulting and leaping, some
dauncing with ladies, some on horses in complete harnesse, jousting
with long and sharp speares with many more devices. Among all, one
I noted was a chesseboord, made of spiced plate, with men thereof, the
same; and for the goodly proportion and because the Frenchmen be
verie cunning and expert in that play, my lord Cardinal gave the same
to a gentleman of France, commanding there should be made a goodlie
case for the preservation thereof in all haste that he might convey the
same safe into his country.” Let us hope the “ gentleman of France”
got it home in good order !

From early times, our monarchs celebrated their Christmasses with
revelry and feasting (for it is not exactly true that Dickens invented
Christmas) and they showed a nostalgic preference for certain palaces
where similar festivities had formerly taken place. Thus we read that
in 1270, Henry III kept a “Royall Christmas” at Eltham and the cus¬
tom continued at intervals until the reign of Henry VIII who, as
Holinshed records, kept a solemn Christmas at his manor of Eltham in
1515. In 1482-3 it is also recorded that Edward IV kept his Christmas
here in great state when more than two thousand persons were daily
entertained. The Tudors, however, preferred Greenwich Palace where
Henry VIII and Elizabeth I held many sumptuous entertainments which
have been fully described by contemporary chroniclers.

It was at Greenwich Palace in 1527 that Henry entertained the
French Ambassadors, eight in number, a few days after they had been
feasted by Wolsey at Hampton Court, Wolsey’s display had been
magnificent enougn but the King seems to have done even bettei and
the old chroniclers, Stow included, appear to have been lost for words
to describe the sumptuosity of the scene. Indeed, Stow remarks that
he “ lacked head of fin© wit and also cunning in his bowels ” to convey
an adequate picture to his readers and that although the entertain¬
ment of My Lord Cardinal had been a marvellously sumptuous affair
yet Henry’s effort at Greenwich excelled it as much as gold excels
silver.

In some instances, we possess exact inventories of the provisions
supplied for these Christmas feasts, and the same partake more of the
nature of preparations for a siege than rational house keeping, but the
feastings and revels lasted for several days, possibly until all the
viands were consumed. The influence of the feudal system was also
not wholly extinct and a host of retainers and such like were boarded
or perhaps boarded themselves where good cheer might be expected.

FEASTS AND FEASTINGS IN OLDEN DAYS.

79

Amongst all tlie feasts of the past, the Coronation Banquets take
high rank. They were held in Westminster Hall from the time of
Richard II until that of George IV. It was at the Coronation Feast
of Richard II in 1377 that we first hear of a Dymoke as the King’s
Hereditary Champion, in virtue of the tenure of the manor of
Scrivelsby, near Horncastle in Lincolnshire, riding into the Hall in
full armour to challenge anyone who disputed the right of succession
of the monarch to the throne. This interlude is graphically described
by Pepvs, who was a spectator, though not a participant, at the Coro¬
nation Feast of Charles II on the 23rd April 1661. The scene naturally
appealed to him although all lie got out of it were four rabbits and a
pullet. At the Coronation of George IV on the 19th June 1821 the
Dymoke of the day again appeared, clad in full armour on a pie-bald
steed and having the Duke of Wellington and the Marquis of Anglesey,
both also mounted although in robes, not armour, on either side of
him. The challenge was duly made and the gauntlet flung down but
he did not have to engage in mortal combat. The ceremony had out¬
lived its day and become merely theatrical. In fact, the Challenge and
the Feast itself were thereafter abandoned, to the relief of succeeding
sovereigns, who found the Coronation Service in the Abbey sufficiently
exhausting.

The Guildhall Banquets seem to have started in 1502, when Sir John
Shaw, mayor, built the Kitchen at his own expense, and since then
they have continued to the present day with perhaps rather mono¬
tonous regularity. But there were civic feasts before then, and in
1356 Henry Picard being Mayor had the signal honour of entertaining
Edward III, the Black Prince, John King of Austria, the King of
Cyprus and David of Scotland at his hall in the City which he after¬
wards opened to all comers for cards and dice. Royalty sometimes graced
the Guildhall banquets and it was in 1674 that Charles II dined with
Sir Robert Vyner (Goldsmith) and seeking to escape quietly from the
noisy and too familiar atmosphere, was pulled back by the emboldened
mayor and pressed to take 11 t’other bottle.” The King with his easy
manner, seeing how the land lay, good humouredly consented, murmur¬
ing. it is said, the old line “ he that is drunk is as great as a king.”
Such anecdotes, however, would prolong this article unduly and take
us into modern times.

80

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Nature Conservation in the London Area.

Report on the Activities of the Nature Conservancy.

By Miss O. E. Balme, M.Sc., Regional Officer for S.E. England, and
W. A. Macfadyen, M.C., Ph.D., Sc.D., Geologist.

1. PROPOSED NATURE RESERVES.

There lias been some progress in negotiations on the setting up
of two nature reserves in the London Natural History Society’s area.

PROPOSED NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE.

Wormley Wood, Herts. M.R. 52/3206.

In May, 1953, the wood was visited by Dr. Conway, who put for¬
ward proposals for the extent and management of the proposed reserve
and recommended that further administrative action should be deferred
for a year. During this period a post-graduate student, under the
auspices of the Conservancy, should carry out an ecological investiga¬
tion into the soils and history of the woodland to provide a proper basis
for a plan of management. This survey is now in progress.

PROPOSED LOCAL NATURE RESERVE.

Ruislip Reservoir, Middlesex. M.R. 51/0990.

Although the Ruislip-Northwood Urban District Council have ap¬
proved the setting up of a local nature reserve in this area (1952) they
have as yet been unable to raise the money to provide adequate fenc¬
ing and the Conservancy are not willing to declare a local reserve un¬
less efficient management is ensured. In the informative report sub¬
mitted by Lt. Cmdr. G. P. Staples, R.N., in January, 1953, he em¬
phasizes the necessity of a chain-link fence 5 ft. high with barbed wire
overhang. As a first step towards enclosure, the Ruislip U.D.C. have
ordered the re-siting of a length of chain-link fencing to border part
of the proposed reserve. The completion of the enclosure is regarded
as a matter of urgency.

The Ruislip and District Natural History Society have formed a re¬
serve sub-committee on which the Conservancy is represented by Lt.
Cmdr. Staples. They have arranged for the patrolling of the area dur¬
ing week-ends of the past summer. They are also investigating the
problem of the water level in the marsh as conditions are deteriorating
rapidly.

2 SITES OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST.

In the London Natural History Society’s area the Nature Con¬
servancy have taken part in discussions on the following Sites of Special
Scientific Interest notified to the Planning Authorities under the terms
of Section 23 of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act,
1949.

It should be noted that the Conservancy have to rely on persuasion
to try to preserve the scientific (natural history) interest in the face

NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE LONDON AREA.

81

of any developments that may be proposed. They have no powers over
these sites, which remain the undoubted property of their owners, who,
of course, retain their full rights over their land. Intending visitors
should apply for prior permission from the owners for access to them.

It is gratifying that the Conservancy’s persuasive powers are be¬
ginning to function in a promising manner, given the essential factors
of public spirit and goodwill of the owners, and consideration by the
planning authorities. The intentions of the Act in respect of Section
23 are thus taking effect.

MIDDLESEX.

Harefield Pit. M.P. 51/050898.

In June 1951 a representative of the Nature Conservancy at¬
tended a meeting with the owners and the authorities concerned,
to discuss rubbish tipping in this pit. After putting the case for
the scientific interest (geological and botanical), such provisional
agreement as proved possible was obtained towards preserving
that interest.

A local inquiry was held in November 1953, and the Ministry
of Housing and Local Government officer who held it was re¬
minded of the Conservancy’s interest and action taken under Sec¬
tion 23 of the Act.

Staines Moor. M.P. 51/0372.

We have been notified of two applications for industrial use
of land in this Section 23 site and it has been considered imprac¬
ticable to raise any objections. As the site lies close to the vil¬
lage and parts of it have already been scheduled for water-works
development and the construction of Staines by-pass, it will pro¬
bably prove impossible to attempt further preservation.

HERTFORDSHIRE.

Watford Heath Brickworks. M.R. 51/125942.

This classic site for the fossiliferous basement bed of the
London Clay, the Reading Beds, and down to the top of the
Chalk was inspected in March 1953 with a view to notifying it
as a S.S.S.I.

Unfortunately the section is now completely obliterated and
had to be written off. Rubbish had been tipped in quantity,
and the whole was being bulldozed over in course of flattening,
apparently for a building site.

Aldenham Reservoir. M.R. 51/1695.

On the Llertfordshire Development Plan, now being con¬
sidered, two new roads are sited to the west and south of the
reservoir, to be constructed within the first 20 years of the plan.
As neither drainage of the reservoir nor building development
are entailed, we feel that the scientific interest should not be
impaired.

82

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Lees Wood and Jacott’s Hill. M.R. 51/0897.

The construction of a new road through the middle of this
site is proposed in the Development Plan (not scheduled w *th m
the first 20 years of the plan). The County Council say that the
siting of the road cannot easily be altered but we have asked that
disturbance of the surrounding land should be avoided as far as
possible.

KENT.

Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe. M.R. 51/595744.

Negotiations have taken place with the owners, and it is
hoped that an announcement of the outcome may soon be possible.

Baker’s Hole, Northfleet. M.R. 51/615739.

Negotiations have taken place with regard to this site, whose
boundaries have had to be revised. A fine section of the Coombe
Rock is being preserved in spite of the development that is tak¬
ing place in further chalk workings.

Norris’s Pit, Crayford. M.R. 51/515768.

Difficulties have been disclosed with regard to the preserva¬
tion of this section of the Crayford Brick Earth with the Corbi-
cula bed, and an alternative site is being sought.

Norris’s Pit, however, at the worst, is not likely to be oblite¬
rated by rubbish tipping for the next year or two.

Joyden’s Wood. M.R. 51/5071.

There was one application for building on a part of this site
which has been in the process of development for 20 years. As
this did not involve an area of particular botanical interest, no
objection was raised apart from a warning that we should be
disturbed by any extension of the development area.

SURREY.

Brockham to R big ate Escarpment. M.R. 51/2051.

The Ministry of Housing and Local Government has notified
us that a quarry within this site was scheduled for limestone
working on the Surrey County Council Development Plan. We
replied that we had no objection to quarrying in this limited area.

NOTES ON THE DRONE-FLIES OF WIMBLEDON COMMON.

83

Notes on the Drone-flies (Syrphidae, Diptera)
of Wimbledon Common.

By A. W. Jones.

following notes are upon two sub-families of the Syrphidae
(Hover-flies) : • —

Volucellinae } comprising the sole genus V olucella whose grubs act as
scavengers in nests of wasps and humble bees.

Eristalinae, comprising genera Eristalis, Myiatropa, Helophilus, M al¬
lot a and Merodon. The larvae of the first four are the familiar
rat-tailed maggots living in decomposing matter in mud and
those of Merodon in daffodil and other bulbs.

Many of the flies closely resemble bees and wasps and all give a charac¬
teristic drone when caught in the net.

The details of flower visits and species occurring are taken from
casual' notes made during 1947-53 and cannot be considered at all com¬
plete. Dates of the appearance of adult flies and of flowering periods
of plants are as observed on Wimbledon Common.

The nomenclature followed is that of Verrall (1901) as regards drone-
flies, and that of flowering plants from Clap ham, Tutin and Warburg
(1952), the popular names from Raviier (1927) unless enclosed in in¬
verted commas.

SYSTEMATIC LIST.

VOLUCELLINAE.

Volucella inanis L. Late July to late August. Very scarce but seen every year.
This species is reputed to breed in Vespa crabro L. (Hornet) nests which
are frequent on the Common. Visited Rubus fruticosus agg., Angelica
sylvestris L., Heracleum sphondylium L., Mentha sp., Lycopus europaeus
L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

V. zonaria Poda. 14th and 29th August 1948, 22nd July 1951. 2 and 2 9 .

Visited Rubus fruticosus agg., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

V. pellucens L. Early June to mid-September. A common species found largely
at edges of woods and in clearings and paths in woods. Usually hovering
at height of 8 feet but also basking in sun or visiting flowers fairly
frequently. Visited Rubus ‘ fruticosus” agg., Rosa arvensis Huds., Aego-
podium podagraria L., Mentha sp., Lycopus europaeus L., Succisa pratensis
Moench, Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. Another very common species of the
London Area is V. bombylans L. which has not yet been recorded for the
Common.

Eristalinae.

Eristalis sepulchralis Fab. 21st May 1949, 23rd July 1949, 9th June 1951. A rare
species not recorded as visiting flowers but may have visited Ranunculus
repens L.

E. ten ax L. Early- March to mid-November. An abundant species. Occasionally
found- hovering and sometimes by water. On 9th September 1950 a $ on
Succisa pratensis Moench carried off by Vespa crabro L. (Hornet). Visited
Diplotaxis: tenuifolia (L.) D.C., Rubus fmiticosus agg., Hedera helix L.,
. . Acgop.odium. podagraria L., Angelica sylvestris L., Pastinaca sativa L.,
lleraclcwui sphondylium.'L. , Xicjustrum ovalifolium Hassk., Convolvulus
arvensis L., Lycopus europaeus L.," Succisa pratensis Moench. Sene do

84

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

jacobaea L. , Tussilago far far a L., Solidago cf. canadensis L., Aster spp.,
Achillea millefolium L., Matricaria maritima L., Cirsium vulgare (Savi)
Ten., C. ar-vense (L.) Scop., Hypochaeris radicata L., Leontodon autumnalis
L,, Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill., Taraxacum sp.

E. intricarius L, Mid April to early September. Rather scarce. The females
are rarely seen and then visiting flowers; the males usually hovering 3-15
feet high— magnificent hoverers — occasionally sweeping off over neigh¬
bouring trees and returning. Visited Rubus fruticosus agg., Pastinacu
saliva L., Mentha sp., Succisa pratensis Moench, Senecio jacobaea L., Cir¬
sium arvense (L.) Scop.

E. arbustorum L. Early March to late September. An abundant species,
more frequent in open spaces than E. tenax L., and E. pertinax Scop.
Visited Ranunculus repens L., R. ficaria L., Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) D.C.,
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cav. & Grande, Poten-
tilla erecta (L.) Rausch, Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Anthriscus sylvestris
(L.) Bernh., Aegopodium podagraria L., Angelica sylvestris L., Pastinacu
sativa L., Heracleum sphondylium L., Salix sp. Mentha sp., M. ? longifolia
(L.) Huds., Lycopus europaeus L., Succisa pratensis Moench, Senecio jaco¬
baea L., S. squalidus L., Tussilago farfara L., Solidago cf. canadensis L.,
Aster spp., Achillea millefolium L., A. ptarmica L, Cirsium arvense (L.)
Scop., Taraxacum sp.

E. pertinax Scop. Early April to early October. An abundant species in similar
habitats to E. tenax L., but is found hovering more often, especially near
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. before the flower buds open. Visited Diplotaxis
tenuifolia (L.) D.C., Rubus fruticosus agg., Hedera helix L., Angelica
sylvestris L., Pastinaca sativa L., Heracleum sphondylium L., Mentha sp.,
Lycopus europaeus L., Succisa pratensis Moench, Senecio jacobaea L.,
Tussilago farfara L,, Aster spp., Achillea millefolium L., Matricaria mari-
tima L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Carduus crispus L., Taraxacum sp.

E . nemorum L. 30th July 1949, 2nd, 9th and 10th August 1952. Visited Senecio
jacobaea L., Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop.

E . liorticola De Geer. 12th August 1950, 2nd and 9th September 1950, 2nd August
1952. Rare or overlooked, frequent in late summer 1950 in two damp
clearings in woods. Visited Pastinaca sativa L., Mentha sp., Lycopus
europaeus L., Succisa pratensis Moench.

Myiatropa florea L. Early May to late August. A fairly frequent species, most
often found hovering in woodland paths usually buzzing loudly, recorded
as being attracted to white surfaces such as a notebook. A number bred
from holes in trunks of Ulmus procera Salisb. (Common Elm), one large
one known to have been providing a breeding ground for several years;
also bred from similar habitat in Betula sp. (Birch). Visited Hypericum
perforatum L., Rubus fruticosus agg., Cornus sanguinea L., Aethusy
cynapium L., Angelica sylvestris L,, Pastinaca sativa L., Heracleum sphon¬
dylium L., Mentha sp., Succisa pratensis Moench, Achillea ptarmica L.,
Hypochaeris radicata L.

Helophilus trivittatus Fab. Early July to early September. Rare. Visited
Ranunculus flammula L., Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) D.C., Succisa pratensis
Moench, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Leontodon autumnalis L.

H. hybridus Loew. 1st and 15th August 1948, 2nd and 9th September 1950. Visited
Succisa pratensis Moench, Senecio jacobaea L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

H. pendulus L, Early April to late September. A fairly frequent species, most
often seen about damp clearings. Visited Salix sp., Succisa pratensis
Moench, Aster sp., Achillea ptarmica L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Taraxa¬
cum sp.

Mallota cimbiciformis Fall. Bred only, from larvae taken 25th March 1951
from hole in Betula sp. (Birch) trunk, emerging at the end of May. Pupae
in same hole 11th March 1952.

Merodon equestris Fab. Early May to late June. Locally frequent some years
in grassy places. The three vars. equestris, narcissi and validus have been
observed. Visited Ranunculus repens L., Hypochaeris radicata L. (includ¬
ing pair in cop.),, Crepis taraxacifolia Th'uill.

NOTES ON THE DRONE-FLIES OF WIMBLEDON COMMON.

85

FLOWER VISITS.

Ranunculaceae.

Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup. Yellow. April to August. ? Eris-
talis sepulchralis Fab., E . arbustorum L., Merodon equestris Fab.

R. flammula L. Lesser Spearwort. Yellow. June to October. Helophilus trivit-
tatus Fab.

R. ficaria L. Lesser Celandine. Yellow. March to May. Eristalis arbustorum L.

CRUCIFERAE.

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) D.C. Wall Rocket. Yellow. June to September.
Eristalis tenax L., E. arbustorum L., E. pertinax Scop., Helophilus trivit-
tatus Fab.

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Winter Cress. Yellow. April to August. Eristalis
arbustorum L.

Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cav. & Grande. Garlic Mustard. White. April to
October. Eristalis arbustorum L.

Hypericaceae.

Hypericum perforatum L. Perforate St. John’s Wort. Yellow. June to Sep¬
tember. Myiatropa florea L.

ROS.ACE.AE.

Rubus fruticosus agg. Bramble. White (or pink). May to September. I olu-
cella inanis L., V. zonaria Poda, V. pellucens L., Eristalis tenax L., E.
intricarius L., E. pertinax Scop., Myiatropa florea L.

Potentilla erecta (L.) Rausch. Upright Tormentil. Yellow. April to October.
Eristalis arbustorum L.

Rosa arvensis Huds. Field Rose. White. June. Volucella pellucens L.

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Hawthorn. White. April to June. Eristalis arbus¬
torum L.

Cornaceae.

Coimus sanguinea L. Dogwood. White. May to July. Myiatropa florea L.

Araliaceae.

Hedera helix L. Ivy. Green. September to November. Eristalis tenax L.,
E. pertinax Scop.

Umbelliferae.

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Bernh. Wild Chervil. White. April to August. Eris¬
talis arbustorum L.

Aegopodium podagraria L. Goutweed. White. May to July. Volucella pel¬
lucens L., Eristalis tenax L., E. arbustorum L.

Aethusa cynapium L. Fool’s Parsley. White. June to October. Myiatropa
florea L.

Angelica sylvestris L. Wild Angelica. White. July to September. Volucella
inanis L., Eristalis tenax L., E. arbustorum L., E. pertinax Scop., Myia¬
tropa florea L.

Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip. Yellow. June to August. Eristalis tenax
L., E. intricarius L., E. arbustorum L., E. pertinax Scop., E. horticola De
Geer, Myiatropa florea L.

Heracleum sphondylium L. Hogweed. White. May to November, Volucella
inanis L., Eristalis tenax L., E. arbustorum L., E. pertinax Scop., Myia¬
tropa florea L.

Salicaceae.

Salix sp. “Sallow”. Yellow and White. March to April. Eristalis arbustorum
L., Helophilus pendulus L.

86

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Oleaceae.

Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. “Garden Privet”. White. July. Eristalis tenax

L.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

Convolvulus arvensis L. Field Bindweed. White. June to September. Eristalls
tenax L.

Labiatae.

Mentha sp. “Water Mint”. Purple. August. Volucella inanis L., V. pellucens
L., Eristalls intricarius L., E. arbustorum L., E. pertinax Scop., E. horti-
cola De Geer, Myiatropa ftorea L.

M. ? longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. Purple. July to August. Eristalls ar¬
bustorum L.

Ly copus europaeus L. Gipsy wort. White. July to September. Volucella inanis
L., F. pellucens L., Eristalls tenax L., E. arbustorum L., E. pertinax Scop.,
E. horticola De Geer.

Dipsacaceae.

Succisa pratensis Moench. Devil’s-bit Scabious. Purple. August to November.
Volucella pellucens L., Eristalls tenax L,, E. intricarius L., E. arbustorum
L., E. pertinax Scop., E. horticola De Geer, Myiatropa ftorea L., Helophilus
trivittatus Fab., H. hybridus Loew, H. pendulus L.

Compositae.

Senecio jacobaea L. Common Ragwort. Yellow. July to November. Eristalls
tenax L., E. intricarius L., E. arbustorum L., E. peidinax Scop., E. nemo-
rum L., Helophilus hybridus Loew.

S. squalidus L. Oxford Ragwort. Yellow. April to January. Eristalls arbus¬
torum L.

Tussilago' farfara L. Coltsfoot. Yellow. February to April. Eristalls tenax L.,
E. arbustorum L., E. pertinax Scop.

Solidago cf. canadensis L. “Garden Golden Rod”. Yellow. July to September.
Eristalis tenax L., E. arbustorum L

Aster spp. “Michaelmas Daisies”. Yellow and Purple. August to November.
Eristalis tenax D., E. arbustorum L., E. pertinax Scop., Helophilus pen¬
dulus L.

Achillea millifolium L. Milfoil. White. June to November. Eristalis tenax L.,
E. arbustorum L., E. pertinax Scop.

A. ptarmica L. Sneezewort. White. July to September. Eristalis arbustomim
L., Myiatropa ftorea L., Helophilus pendulus L.

Matncaria maritima L. Scentless Mayweed, . Yellow and White. May to Octo¬
ber. Eristalis tenax L., E. pertinax Scop.

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Spear Thistle. Purple. June to August. Eristalis
tenax L.

C. palustre (L.) Scop. Marsh Thistle. Purple. June to September. Volucella
pellucens L., Eristalis nemorum L.

C. arvense (L.) Scop. Creeping Thistle. Purple. June to October. Volucella
inanis L., V. zonaria Poda, Eristalis tenax L., E. intricarius L., E. arbus¬
torum L., E. pertinax Scop., Helophilus trivittatus Fab., H. hybridus Loew,
H. pendulus L.

Carduus crispus L. Welted Thistle. Purple. June to October. Eristalis per¬
tinax Scop.

Hypochaeris radicata L. Long-rooted Catsear. Yellow May to* October. Eris¬
talis tenax L., Myiatropa ftorea L., Merodon eguestHs Fab.

Leontodon autumnalis L. Autumnal Hawkbit. Yellow. July to September.
Eristalis tenax L., Helophilus trivittatus Fab.

Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill. Beaked Hawksbeard. Yellow. June to July.
Eristalis tenax L., Merodon equestris Fab.

NOTES ON THE DRONE-FLIES OF WIMBLEDON COMMON.

87

Taraxacum sp. Dandelion. Yellow. January to December. Eristalis tenax I,.,
E. arbustorum L , E. pertinax Scop., Helophilus pendulus L.

The cliief associations on Wimbledon Common may be summarised :
March and April.

Salix spp. (“Sallow”) attract a fair number but notes are not
often made because of the difficulties in identification of Salices
at this time of year. Tussilago farfara L. when in large patches
is a great attraction.

May and Early June.

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Bernh. is abundant along Beverley
Brook and occasional elsewhere, and draws great numbers.

Late June and July.

Bubus fruticosus agg. and Heracleum sphondylium L. attract
a fair proportion.

August and September.

Angelica sylvestris L. in wet woods and Cirsium arvense (L.)
Scop, in open places in early August give way to Lycopus euro-
paeus L. and Mentha sp. in boggy ground which itself may be an
attraction and finally to Succisa pratensis Moench in its limited
localities.

October.

A few last visits to Hedera helix L.

Drone-flies are most often seen when visiting flowers but from the
limited records available it is not possible to draw any definite con¬
clusions as to the reasons for the choice of certain flowers — a detailed
census of flowers, flies and flower visits is required for this — but some
of the factors may be : —

1. Colour. From the list of chief associations it will be seen that the

predominant colour varies from month to month as regards drone-
flies in general, although individual species may vary in their
preference of flowers : Eristalis arbustorum L. is for example
the most abundant on Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Bernh. Par-
menter (1950) also' suggested that colour plays little if any part
in restricting the choice of flowers visited. It must be remem¬
bered that flowers appearing the same colour to us may appear
different to insects. Ilse (1948) has shown that Apis mellifera
L., the honey-bee, is able to see ultra-violet light invisible to us,
and the training of Eristalis tenax L. to various shades of yellow
is described in Ilse (1949).

2. Adult Appearances. The most abundant drone-flies are Eristalis

tenax L., E. pertinax Scop., and E. arbustorum L. whose appear¬
ances as adults cover very long periods and these have the oppor¬
tunity to, and do, sample a wide range. Volucella pellucens L.
appears only in a few months and visits are not nearly so varied.

88

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

3 Breeding Places. These may play an important part in the congre¬
gation of some Eristalinae at flowers as most of the chief attrac¬
tions are in or near wet places or woods. It should be noted,
however, that they are very often found on the heaths where
suitable flowers are found and it may be the sparsity of these
on the heaths, rather than of breeding places, that causes drone-
flies to be most frequent near woods and along woodland paths
and in clearings.

4. Alighting. From the list of flowers visited it can be seen that there

is a factor which is largely common to all — they have by reason
of their large size or cluster a large landing area. Although
drone-flies are magnificent lioverers and flyers, their landing is
inclined to be clumsy. Plants which have flowers in a spiked
form or not presenting the flower upright are seldom visited.
This may account for the lack of visits to Calluna. vulgaris (L.)
Hull (Ling) and TJlex europaeus L. (Gorse) which are abundant
on the extensive heaths on the Common, and Lamium album L.
(White Deadnettle) all along Beverley Brook, a situation in which
drone-flies are abundant. The list in Parmenter (1950) shows
similar flowers being visited by drone-flies. The plants providing
the best landing stage are primarily the Umbelliferae, the Com-
positae rating second. The clustering of the blooms also makes
the flowers more conspicuous and a visit more profitable.

5. Height. There do not appear to be any height preferences, records

being made from 6 inches on Tussilago farfara L. to 10 feet on
Salix sp.

6. Food Taken. No notes have been made as to whether pollen or

nectar is taken, but this is certainly important.

7. Scent. No notes have been made on this subject.

REFERENCES.

CLAPHAM, TUTIN & WARBURG. (1952). Flora of the British Isles.

ELSE, D. (1948). Experiments on the Colour Vision of Insects.

ILSE, D. (1949). Colour Discrimination in the Dronefly, Exist alls tenax. Nature,
1 63 : 255.

PARMENTER, L. (1950). The Diptera of Bookham Common. Loud. Nat., No.
29: 98-133.

RAYNER, J. F. (1927). A Standard Catalogue of English Names of our Wild
Flowers.

VERRALL, G. H. (1901). British Flies, Yol. VIII.

CITY BOMBED SITES SURVEY.

89

City Bombed Sites Survey.

The Flies of the CrippSegate Bombed Site, City of London.

By L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.

Historical.

i^VER the centuries much has happened around the spot where stands
St. Giles Church to-day. The Romans lived nearby and sheep,
cattle, horses, etc., must have been driven over the area which in those
days was partly marshland. The Danes raided, sacked and burnt houses
of the neighbourhood and in later years pigs ran wild scavenging in
the City’s streets. Horse traffic and animals going to and from market
trampled and churned the mud of the unpaved streets.

In Tudor times ravens and kites were feeding on the refuse thrown
from the thatched houses of the City. Before Linnaeus first differen¬
tiated and named flies in 1758, they must have swarmed in the summer
on the filth of the City. Others must have bred in the mud by the
open streams of Wallbrook and Fleet and in the varied trees and
herbage growing in the fields and marshes about the City walls. But

we have no records.

Although the area became built over prior to the 1939-45 war, there
were still a few churchyards in the area. Horse traffic still passed
along its streets, and vegetables, flowers and hay were carried through
to .market, bringing many insects. Thus before the bombing, a residue
of species must have been able to maintain an existence in the Cripple-
gate area with their numbers increased from time to time by these
waggon riders.

I walked through the City of London a day or two after the burning
of this huge area but I cannot recall the sight of any flies, although I
must admit I did not look for them particularly. Some may have re¬
mained but the devastation suggested a great clearance.

Post-Bombing.

The spread of the plants, so varied in species, and their decay as
summer gave way to autumn and then to winter, increased the variety
of habitats for the surviving flies and for invaders from the surround¬
ing areas. Flies are very active when days are warm, very mobile and
given to wandering. Many may even have been wind-blown to the area
and others followed in the wake of, or on, horse-drawn waggons them¬
selves.

In September 1946 Mr. J. E. Lousley introduced me to some of the
interesting plants of the bombed sites, and the variety of flies present
was very noticeable. Since then visits have been made between April
and October at odd times, sometimes only once in a year, for other
haunts called for attention. However, there can be little doubt that
the area is still worth visiting as several diptera, previously unknown
in this country, have been collected in the Cripplegate area of recent
years.

90

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

In 1947 one could range anywhere over the area, and water was
present in static water tanks. Now only one tank remains, areas have
been dug over and trenches made by archaeologists. Other areas have
been levelled and turned into car parks. The City workers have in¬
vaded the area to eat their sandwiches and to rest in the sun. One or
two basements have been converted into rough football pitches. Sallow
catkins and some of the flowers have been torn off for office decoration.
Brick walls have been built around the basement areas and several
roadis blocked for traffic. One corner has been turned into a garden
which spreads year by year.

Major Habitats.

In 1948, F. E. Wrighton, Loud. Nat., No. 27 (1947), described the
major habitats. The largest area consisted of the basement floors
of concrete or asphalt with the slits between, and with shallow heaps
of dust often with a moss covering. These cracks supported the chief
plants of the area, particularly at the bases of walls. Rubble tips,
some hard with few plants but some, the looser ones, had a varied flora
with Bracken, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn thriving on them. The
vertical walls, besides holding many plants able to colonise the mortar,
provided the surfaces warmed by the rising and setting sun that are
so attractive to blow-flies and others. The gardens were important,
probably holding an initial reservoir of species that quickly colonised
the area and undoubtedly provided, in the new garden established in
the S.W. corner, a variety of garden plants that have attracted several
leaf-mining Agromyzidae and provided pollen and nectar for the Syr-
phidae and other flies visiting the flowers. The water present in 1947
may have been colonised by a few species of Chironomidae but no obser¬
vations were made as the tanks were inaccessible. Culex pipiens L. was
found at least up to 1950.

The mortar from the- walls, the wind-carried dust, pollen, seeds and
plant debris, the dung tipped by the City scavengers and deposits of
remains of sandwiches and fruit of the office workers have aided the
formation of soil from humus, the result of the decay of the plants of
the area during the years since the bombing. There- are now consider¬
able stretches of grass turf.

In 1949, F. E. Wrighton, Lond. Nat., No. 28 (1948), showed the
importance of building materials in providing the chemicals needed
by the plants in the soil as it was built up. He also commented on the
effects of the atmospheric pollution. These effects are mostly indirect
on the flies but, whilst the internal feeders on plants such as larvae
of Agromyzidae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, etc., may escape the soot,
aphides, the prey of Syrphidae, must have been reduced by the poison
deposited so heavily over the area. Anyone who has walked through
the bombed site herbage in summer after a dry period would agree
that the soot covering was appreciable and an important factor.

Many of the flies of Cripplegate are dependent on certain plants
for their food — as adults or as larvae. Others are dependent on various
plants, e.g. trees (elder, poplar) and bracken for shelter, particularly

CITY BOMBED SITES SURVEY.

91

from the wind and in maintaining a more humid micro-climate. Some
of the plants provide food for other insects on whom Syrphidae, Tachi-
nidae and others prey or parasitize. The lists of plants and a discussion
and illustrations of the vegetation are given by Wrighton in 1950-51,
Lond. Nat., Nos. 29, 30 (1949, 1950), and by R. S. R. Fitter in his
London’s Natural History.

Humus-Breeders .

The following genera have been recorded as bred from soil humus (I
have bred some from the 'City myself), but in certain cases may have
merely pupated in the soil after the larvae had fed on or in plants : —
Leris, Bibio, Ohloromyia, Hilophus, Em, pis, Limonia, Lonchoptera,
Microchrysa, Nephrotoma, Sapromyza, Sciara, Syritta, Tipula and
Thereva. Of these, the greenish Limonia (s.g. Dicranomyia) chorea
Mg. is common, resting during most of the daylight on the ceilings of
the open cellars where it dances up and down whilst retaining touch
with the ceiling with its trembling legs. Towards dusk it leaves the
cellars and wanders away from the bombed sites along the City streets
and has been seen to alight in window boxes.

Plant-Breeders .

Of the flies of the area whose larvae feed internally in grasses are
Agromyza, Ceradontha , Elachiptera , Lasiosina, Oscinella, Ophiomyia,
Opomyza, Phytomyza and Thaumatomyia.

The various Compositae provide the feeding grounds of several
species of flies. The dominant plant of the area, Oxford Ragwort,
Senecio squalidus L., is the principle host for large numbers of the
Agromyzid leaf-miner Phytomyza atricornis Mg. and for many of the
Trypetid leaf-miner, Spilographa zoe Mg. ; both also attack the leaves
of the Mugwort, Artemisia < vulgaris L. The Mugwort is also attacked
by the other leaf-miners, Phytobia artemisiae Kalt., Phytomyza albi-
ceps Mg. and Liriomyza artemisicola de Meij. — the latter being more
common than P. albiceps — and is galled by the Trypetid Paroxyna
misella Lw. while Oxyna parietina L. lives in the stems. Whereas the
Mugwort is attacked all over the area wherever it occurs, Oxford Rag¬
wort suffers from the major attacks of Phytomyza atricornis where it
grows in corners or close to walls where the plant is more sheltered from
the wind. The parasite of P. atricomnis, a Braconid, Dacnusa sp. is
abundant.

The common Creeping Thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, is mined
in its leaves by Phytomyza ■ atricornis Mg. and Phytomyza affinis Fin.
and is galled in the- stems by the Trypetid, Urophora cardui L. Xyphosia
miliaria Schr. and Trypeta ruficauda Fab. breed in the flower heads.
The larger Spear Thistle, Cirsium vulgar e (Savi) Ten. is attacked in the
flower heads by TJrophora stylata Fab. and Terrelia serratula L. Other
Trypetidae, Sphenella marginata Fin. and Trypanea stellata Fues. have
been found at Cripplegate and, although known as breeding in the
heads of Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris L., may have also attacked the
more abundant Oxford Ragwort, S. squalidus L.

92

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara L., has its leaves mined by the Try
pet-id, Acidia ■ cognata Wied., and the flower heads of Sonchus oleraceus
L. are the home of the larvae of Ensina sonchi L. Summer broods of
Phytomyza atricornis Mg. also mine its leaves. Nipplewort, Lapsana
communis L., was found in 1953 to be mined in its leaves by Liriomyza
strigata Mg. Napomyza lateralis Fin. occurs and is known to breed in
flower heads and stems of various Compositae. I have found it in both
Matricaria* and Senecio.

Other leaf miners have been found at Cripplegate, Liriomyza amoena
Mg. in the leaves of Elder, Sambucus nigra L., Liriomyza trifolii Burg,
and Agromyza nana Mg. in the leaves of Red Clover, Trifolium pratense
L. and Phyt agromyza populi Ktlb. in the leaves of the Black Poplar,
Populus nigra agg. The Bladder Senna, Colutea arborescens L. is a
striking plant, well known to botanists using the railway line from
Southend into London, and is used as an ornamental plant in Finsbury
Circus, just a few hundred yards east of our bombed area, where it has
its leaves mined by the Agromyzidae, Liriomyza variegata Mg. and
Liriomyza trifolii Burg. Both species have attacked the few plants of
Colutea on the bombed site. The well-known leaf miner of garden Pinks,
Phytobia flavifrons Mg. , appears to have invaded the City of recent
years and now mines leaves of the Soap wort, Saponaria officinalis L. as
well as the plants of Diant hus ? plumarius L. in the garden in the S.W.
corner. In this same garden Liriomyza strigata Mg. has attacked Can¬
terbury bells, Campanula medium L., Red Valerian, Kentranthus ruber
L. and Hollyhock, Althaea, rosea (L.) Cav.

Some of the Muscidae, such as Delia trichodactyla Rond, and Pego-
hylemyia fugax Mg., are known to breed on various vegetables. They
may therefore have arrived from greengrocer shops and barrows oi
London and may even have bred on some of the Cruciferae present at
Cripplegate.

Flower Visitors.

The visitors to the flowers for nectar and to feed on the pollen are
numerous. The following list is set forth under colours of the flowers.
Yellow flowers appear to be the most attractive but they are the com¬
monest flowers at Cripplegate owing to the widespread abundance of
Senecio and Taraxacum. Compared with the flower visits of flies to
the same species of plants in the open country, the Cripplegate list is
poor. This is because of the smaller density of flies and also because of
the rarity of certain species of plants. Again, the height of the flower¬
ing blooms may have some influence. The Hogweed flower-tables are
not frequented as much as in the countryside where they are more
noticeable to the flies, moving there at the greater height needed to
rise over hedges and bushes.

Those marked with an asterisk * are additional to the long lists
given in the three volumes of P. Knuth, Handbook of Flower Pollination,
1906-9 (English translation by J. R. A. Davis).

CITY BOMBED SITES SURVEY.

93

Yellow Flowers.

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC., Perennial Wall Rocket : Bucentes geni-
culata Deg.*, Eristalis arbustorum L.*, E. tenax L.*, Madiza
glabra Fin.*, Musca autumnalis Deg.*, Orthellia caesarion Mg.*,
Swammerdamiella brevicornis Mg.*, Syritta pipiens L.*, Syrphus
luniger Mg.*, and S. vitripennis Mg.*

Salix sp., Sallow: Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.

Senecio sgualidus L., Oxford Ragwort: Bucentes geniculata Deg.*,
B. maculata Staeg.*, Ccdliopum aeneum Fin.*, Calliphora erythro-
cephala Mg.*, C. vomitoria. L.*, Egle radicum L.*, Eristalis
arbustorum L.*, E. tenax L.*, Relophilus pendulus L.*, Lucilia
illustris Mg.*, L.~ sericata Mg.*, Madiza glabra Fin.*, Orthellia
caesarion Mg.*, Platychirus albimanus F.*, F. scutatus Mg.*,
Protophormia tenraenovae R.D.*, Scaeca pyrastri L.*, Scato¬
phaga stercoraria L.*, Sphaerophoria scripta L.*, Syritta pipiens
L.*, Syrphus corollae F.*, S. luniger Mg.* and S. ribesii L.*

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., Hedge Mustard: Platychirus albi¬
manus F.*

Sonchus oleraceus L., Common Sow-thistle: Syrphus balteatus Deg. and
S. corollae F.*

Taraxacum officinale agg., Dandelion: Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.,
Egle cinerella Fin.*, E. radicum L.*, Eristalis aeneus Scop.*,
E. arbustorum L., E. tenax L., Platychirus albimanus F.*, P.
clypeatus Mg.*, P. manicatus Mg.*, P. peltatus Mg.*, P. scuta¬
tus Mg.*, Scatophaga stercoraria L., Sphaerophoria scripta L.,
Syrphus luniger Mg.* and S. ribesii L.*

Tussilago farfcira L., Coltsfoot: Calliphora erythrocephala Mg., Dasy-
phora cyanella Mg.*, Eristalis aeneus Scop.*, E. arbustorum L.",
E. tenax L.*, Gonia sicula R.D.*, Platychirus albimanus F.*,
Scatophaga stercoraria L. and Syrphus luniger Mg.*

White Flowers.

Achillea millefolium L., Yarrow: Eristalis arbustorum L. and E. tenax

L.

Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br., Large Bindweed : Platychirus peltatus
Mg.* and Syrphus balteatus Deg.

Heracleum sphondylium L., Hogweed : Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.,
Chloromyia formosa Scop.*, Eristalis arbustorum L., E. tenax L.,
Lucilia sericata Mg., Syritta pipiens L. and Syrphus luniger

Mg.*

Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk., Privet: Eristalis arbustorum L.* and
E. tenax L.*

Prunus laurocerasus L., Cherry Laurel: Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.*
and Scatophaga stercoraria L.*

Sambucus nigra L., Elder: Syritta pipiens L.

Saponaria officinalis L., Soapwort : Eristalis tenax L.* and Syritta

pipiens L.*

94

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Chickweed : Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.*,
Eristalis tenax L.*, Orthellia caesarion Mg.* and Syrphus corol¬
la# F.

Red Flowers.

Chamaenerion an gusti folium (L.) Scop., Rosebay Willowlierb : Calli¬
phora, erythrocephala Mg.* and Lucilia illustris Mg.*

Epilobium hirsutum L., Great Hairy Willowlierb : Syrphus luniger Mg.*
Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr., Rose Campion: Sphaerophoria scripta L.*
Papaver rhoeas L., Field Poppy: Syrphus balteatus Deg.*

Lilac or Purple Flowers.

Aster ? novi-belgii L., Michaelmas Daisy: Calliopum aeneum Fin.*,
Egle radicum L.*, Eristalis, arbustorum L.*, E. tenax L.* and
Lucilia illustris Mg.*

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Creeping Thistle: Eriothrix rufomaculatus
Deg.*, Eristalis arbustorum L., E. tenax L., Syrphus luniger
Mg.*, Tlielaira leucozona Pz.*, Urophora stylata F.*, V arichaeta
radicum F.* and Xyphosia miliaria Schrk.*

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., Spear Thistle: Scaeva pyrastri L.* and
Terellia serratulae L.*

Plants, as they die down, also provide homes for the larvae of many
species. Tufts of dead Cirsium vulgare, judging by the numbers of fresh
Sapromyzidae found on them in early summer, must surely form the
home of the genera Calliopum,, Sapromyza, Minettia and Sapromyzo-
soma although I have bred Sapromyza, sordida, S. obsoleta and Minettia
rivosa from earth on a wall ledge taken from below the elder tree near
the Lord Mayor’s Coach-house. Other rotting vegetation probably pro¬
vides the habitat for breeding Drosophilidae although some may come
from the neighbouring brewery. The Lonchaeidae have been bred from
underneath bark and it may be that the species of this family at Cripple-
gate have survived in the trees of the churchyards.

Predators.

More indirectly the vegetation influences the flies through the
aphides that attack the roots, stems and leaves of the herbage. The
devourers of these aphides include the Chloropid genus Chloropisca and
the Chamaemyidid genus L,eucopsis and the Syrphidae such as Scaeva,
Syrphus, Melanostoma, Paragus, Plpizella, Platychirus and Spaero-
phoria. Scaeva pyrastri was bred in August 1947 from larvae feeding
on aphides on Salix and a female Syrphus corolla e was seen egg-laying
amongst groups of aphides on a thistle, Cirsium vulgare. The aphid-
laden twigs of Salix have attracted adults of Calliphora, Protophromia
and Syrphus to feed on the sweet exudations.

Another group of species is formed by those that prey on other
insects and the following predatory genera are present: — Coenosia, Em-
pis, Medetera, Platypalpus, Scatophaga and Tachydromia. A Scato-
phaga stercoraria L. female captured a male Madiza glabPd Fin, One

CITY BOMBED SITES SURVEY.

95

species, Protophormia terra-novae , attacks nestling birds, and a Cripple-
gate female laid 178 eggs in a tube after capture !

Besides birds, the flies have a few other enemies on the bombed site.
The garden spider Araneus diadematus Clerck has captured Calliphora.
erythrocephala Mg. and iAicilia illustris Mg. and Mr. P. W. E. Currie
found Peris vallata Forst. as the prey of the zebra spider Salticus sceni-
cus Clerck and Muscina stabulans Fin. taken by the wasp Metacrabro
quadricinctus F.

Parasites.

The Tachinidae that have been found at CTipplegate are mostly
parasites of the lepidoptera that have been recorded from there by Mr.
D. F. Owen. However Phacodineura pallipes is known as a parasite
of earwigs, Forficula sp., Gonia sicula has attacked the bees of the
genera Anthophora and Pombus and the species of Meigenia are para¬
sitic on sawfhes. Pessa selecta Mg. is also a parasite of the saiwfly,
Nematus curtispina Thoms, that Mr. Currie has found at Cripplegate.
It has also attacked the Grey Dagger moth, Apatele psi L. The worst
Tachinid enemy of the lepidoptera of the bombed area is probably Comp-
silura concinnata Mg. for it has been known to attack almost every
species that Owen has recorded from the area. Of the others, Plephari-
dopsis nemea Mg. is known from the Comma, Polygonia c-album L. and
the Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta L. ; species of Pucentes from the
Cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L., Dot moth, Melanchra persicariae
L., Broom moth, Ceramica pisi L. and the Silver-Y, Plusia gamma L. ;
Nemorilla floralis Fin. from the Peacock, Nymphalis io L., White
Ermine, Spilosoma lubricipeda L., Buff Ermine, S. lutea Hufn., Dot
moth, Melanchra persicariae L., and Silver-Y, Plusia gamma L. ; Phebel-
lia glauca Mg. from the Garden Tiger, Arctm caia L. ; Phorocera assi-
milis Fin. from the Cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L.; Thelaira
leucozona Pz. from Elephant Hawk, Peilephila elpenor L., Poplar Hawk,
Laothoe populi L., White Ermine, Spilosoma lubricipeda L., Buff
Ermine, S. lutea Hufn., Ruby Tiger, Phragmatobia fuliginosa L.,
Garden Tiger, Arctia caia L. and Dot moth, Melanchra persicariae L. ;
Varichaeta radicum F. from Elephant Hawk, D. elpenor L., White
Ermine, Spilosoma lubricipeda L., Buff Ermine, S. lutea Hufn., Dot
moth, Melanchra persicariae L. and the Peacock, Nymphalis io L.
whilst Vorici ruralis Fin. is known from Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta
L., Cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L. and Silver-Y, Plusia gamma
L.

It would seem that the Tachinidae followed their hosts quite quickly
as they appeared at Cripplegate. It suggests that the London squares,
gardens and possibly railway embankments, may hold quite a varied
population of Tachinidae as well as their hosts. Certainly Plepharidop-
sis nemea , Pucentes geniculata, Compsilura concinnata, Gonia sicula,
Meigenia bisignata, M. mutabilis, Nemorilla floralis, Phebellm glauca,
Phorocera assimilis, Thelaira leucozona and Voria ruralis were present
in the first year of my collecting at Cripplegate.

96

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The presence of Gonia sicula after a period of easterly winds coin¬
cided with the observation of E installs aeneus in the area. Around
London, both are mostly associated with east London salt marshes and
may have come into the City area from the east aided by the wind.

Other Groups.

Species of Eristalis and Ilelophilus breed in mud and tree rot-holes
but are most likely to have moved into the area from localities more
suited to their larval stages. The London parks and larger gardens are
known to have breeding sites. London streets, squares and gardens
are visited by many species. Florists and greengrocers often have inT
teresting visitors from the countryside resting on their windows in the
sun. Most restaurants, hotels and snack bars maintain a population of
flies attracted to food — fresh and spoilt Drosophila, CalUphora, Musca ,
Fannia. It is interesting to record that on 15th October, 1949, I caught
a specimen of Polydaspis ruficornis Mg. previously only known from
flies bred from damaged walnuts. This is probably the only specimen
taken on the wing in this country.

Horse dung, rotting meat, fish, vegetables and fruit of the London
streets and markets maintain a varied population that in summer
swarms on temporary deposits, attracted thereto by smell. Thus we can
understand the arrival of numbers of CalUphora, Pydrotaea, Eucilia on
fish found thrown away in the Cripplegate area, and of the same genera
on rotting meat tossed on the bombed site. Odd deposits of animal dung
have been seen to attract CalUphora, Muscina, Polietes, and may account
for the continued presence of the genera Dasyphora, Egle, Hydrotaea,
PLylemyia, Microchrysa, N cmapoda, Orthellia, Phaonia, Scatophaga,
Syritta and Tephrochlamys.

One species, Chyromya flava L., is known to breed in bird dung and
appears to be common in J une m the Elder tree near the Lord Mayoi s
Coach-house. This tree is a .well-known gathering place and probably a
summer roost of House Sparrows. As the Sparrows may have been
connected for centuries with the Lord Mayor’s Coach, it is possible that
this species of fly is a resident of London of very long standing.

Discussion.

The climate of the area provides greater extremes than most of the
London Area. The large bare areas are heated and cool more quickly
than ground covered with herbage, especially woodland and hedgerow.
The wind has little opposition but on the other hand there are many
cracks and basement cellar ceilings where flies can creep and rest in
shelter.

The higher temperatures in spring seem to encourage the early
flowering and growth of many plants and to aid the earlier emergence
of certain species of flies. For example, the earliest date I have found
Lonchae flavidipennis was at Cripplegate on 24th April.

The rapidity of increase, given optimum breeding conditions, makes
it obvious that once a species arrives and finds a niche suitable for its
requirements, it can soon exert a considerable influence on the area.
Some have decreased, for example Tiputd rufina and Tipula marmordta,

CITY BOMBED SITES SURVEY.

97

possibly by reason or tlie destruction of certain walls with stone coping
tops that pioiided shelter to the resting flies. Again, the arrival of
Braconidae and their rapid increase brought a noticeable decrease in the
leaf-miners, Phytomyza atricornis and Spilographa zue.

The absence of cows and their dung has prevented an increase in the
nianj dung-breeders that have arrived in the area. The restricted flora
and the gradual change in the vegetation cover have brought changes in
tne composition and abundance of many phytophagous species. The
gradual spread of grass turf is of special importance.

There does not seem to be a sufficient density to cause much com¬
petition. Predators are too few to vie with each other for prey. Para¬
sitic diptera may or may not compete on the site but I have no data on
the numbeis of the lachinid flies or of the lepidoptera larvae present
to be able to deal with this problem. Intra-specific competition occurs
between the pollen-eaters such as certain Syrphidae, Tachinidae and
Muscidae but it cannot be important until the supply of pollen is limited
and below demand. The only effect noticed so far is the dispersal of
smaller insects by the arrival of a bustling Varichaeta, Calliphora,
S^atophaga or Eristcilis on the flower-head. Nearby flowers supply the
needs or the displaced mdi\iduals who suffer merely delayed feeding
and extra exertion.

BeiOie passing to the list of species found in the area I wish to express
my thanks to Lt.-Col. C. J. F. Bensley, Messrs. C. N. Colyer. P. W. E.
Currie, J. D. Hillaby, A. W. Jones, A. E. Le Gros, D. F. Owen, F. E.
J righton and the late L. G. Payne for odd specimens and comments and
to Prof. E. M. Herring and Messrs. J. E. Collin, C. N. Colyer and E. C.
M. d’A. Fonseca for assistance with the identification of certain Agro-
myzidae, Muscidae, Phoridae and Tachinidae.

My visits to the area have been erratic, starting in September 1946
and have since varied from one to seven visits between April and
Octooer in each year. Thus it will be seen that no comprehensive study
has been made, merely a few collections aided by a number of breedings.
Hovever, the data gathered on just over 200 species demonstrates the
interest to be found in a relatively small area in the centre of London.

In the list, the numbers represent the months in which adults were
iound. To have full details of numbers taken or seen on the various
dates would have overburdened the paper and have created a false
impression in view of the irregular visits.

Asterisks (*) indicate species not included in Kloet and Hi neks List
of British Insects of 1945.

SYSTEMATIC LIST.
Orthorrhapha — Nematocera.

Tipulidae. Crane flies.

Limonia ( Dtcranomyia ) chorea Mg. 4, 9
Nephrotoma fiavescens L. 6
Tipula marmorata Mg. 9
T . oleracea L. 5-6
T. paluclosa Mg. 9-10
T. mfina Mg. 4-5, 9
CULICIDAE. Motqui to'et.

Bibioxidae.

Bibio johannis L. 4
Dilophus febrilis L. 5, 8-9

Scatopsidae.

Swammerdamiella brevicomts Mg. 9
Mycetophilidae. Fungus gnats.
Sci'ara ccirbonaria Mg. 5

Culex pipiens L. 4, 8-10

98

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

ORTHORRHAPHA— Brachycera.

Stratiomyidae.

Bevis vallata Forst. 7
Clioloromyia formosa Scop. 6-8
Microchrysa polita L. 6-8
Therevidae.

Thereva nobilitata F. 6-7

SCENOPINIDAE.

Scenopinus fenestralis L. 6
Empididae.

Drapetis exilis Mg. 6-7
Empis aestiva Lw. 6
Platypalpns agilis Mg. 5
P. extricatus Coll. 6
P. ; flavicornis Mg. 6

P. longicoinis Mg. 5, 7
P. minutus Mg. 5-9
P. pallidivenlris Mg. 6-8
Tachydromia arrogans L. 5

DOLICHOPODIDAE.

Me deter us flavipes Mg. 6-7
LONCHOPTERIDAE.

Lonchoptera furcata Fin. 4, 6, 9
L. lutea Mg. 6-8, 10
Phjridae.

Diploneura nitidula Mg. 8
Megaselia brevicostalis Wood. 4
Phora aterrima F. 4-8, 10
Tnplileba nudipalpis Beck. 4, 6

CYCLORRHAPHA— ASCHIZA.

Syrphidae. Hover-flies.
Chrysotoxum festivum L. 7
Eristalis aeneus Scop. 4
E. arbustorum L. 4-10
E. tenax L. 4, 6, 8-10
Helophilus pendulus L. 9
Melanostoma mellinum L. 7
M. scalar e F. 7
Paragus tibialis Fin. 5
*Pipizella varipes Mg. 7
Platychirus albimanus F. 4, 6-7, 9
P. angustatus Zett. 5
P. clypeatus Mg. 5
P. manicatus Mg. 5, 9

P. peltatus Mg. 5
P. scutatus Mg. 4-5, 7, 9
Scaeva pyrastri L. 7-9
Sphaerophoria rueppellii Wiod. 5, 8
S. script a L. 4, 6-10
Syrphus albostriatus Fin. 6
S. balteatus Deg. 6-9
S. corollae F. 6-7, 9
S. luniger Mg. 4, 6-10
5. ribesii L. 4, 6, 9
S. vitripennis Mg. 5, 9-10
Syritta pipiens L. 6-9
Xylota segnis L. 8

SCHIZOPHORA— ACALPYTERAE.

Pallopteridae.

Palloptera umbellatarum F. 5

PIOPHILIDAE.

Piophila nigricoinis Mg. 4
P. nigrimana Mg. 5-6, 8, 10
P. varipes Mg. 5
P. vulgaris Fin. 4-6, 9
Trypetidae.

Acidia cognata Wied. 8
Ensina sonchi L. 7
Oxyna parietina L. 5
Paroxyna misella Lw. 9-10
Sphenella marginata Fin. 8-9
Spilographa zoe Mg. 5, 7-10
Terellia serratulae L. 6-8
Trypanea stellata Fues. 8
Trypeta ruficauda F. 6-7
Urophora cardui L. 8
U. stylata F. 6-7
Xyphosia miliaria Schrk. 6-7
Lonchaeidae.

Loncliae flavidipennis Zett. 4-6, 9
L. vaginalis Fin. 5
S.apromyzidae [Lauxaniidae].
CaUiopum aeneum Fin. 6-10
*Homoneura consobrina Zett. 7
Min'ettia fasciata Fin. 5

M. lupulina F. 5
M. plumicomis Fin. 5-8
*M. rivosa Mg. 6-8
Sapromyza apicalis Lw. 6-7
S. obsoleta Fin. 5
S. sordida Hal. 5-7

Sapromyzosorna quadripunctata L. 6-7
Sepsidae.

Nemapoda nitidula Fin. 5
Saltella scutellaris Fin. 6
Sepsis cyntpsea L. 4, 6, 9-10
S. fulgens Mg. 6
S nigripes Mg. 6
Chamaemyiidae.

Chamaemyia jun corum Fin. 5
Leucopsis griseola Fin. 4-6
Helomyzidae.

Tephrochlamys rufiventris Mg. 4; 6
Chyromyidae.

Chyromya flava L. 6-7
Opomyzidae.

Geomyza tripunctata Fin. 4
Opomyza germinationis L. 6-7
Sphaeroceridae [C ypselidae /
borhoridae].

Collinellula palustris Coll. 9
Pardcotlinelta curvinervis Stenh. 9

CITY BOMBED SITES SURVEY.

99

P. f on tin alis Fin. 8
T richiaspis equina Fin. 10

ASTE1DAE.

Asieia concinna Mg. 7
Drosophilidae.

Drosophila fenestrarum Fin. 9
D. subobscura Coll. 6
Parascaptomyza disticha Duda. 6-10
Scaptomyza graminum Fin. 6, 9
Agromyzidae. Leaf-miners.

Agromyza mobilis Mg. 5

A. nana Mg. larvae and pupae in 8

A. nigripes Mg. 6

*A. nigrociliata Hend. 5

*Cerodontha biseta Hend. 5

C. denticomis Pz. 8

*Liriomyza amoena Mg. 5

*L. artemisicola de Meij. 5

L. flaveola Fin. 5

L. orbona Mg. 5

*L. p'edestris Hend. 4

*L. soror Hend. 5

*L. strigata Mg. 7-8

*L. trifolii Burg, larvae and pupae in 8

*L. variegata Mg. larvae and pupae in 6

Melanagromyza aeneiventris Fin. 5

M. lappae Lw. 5
M. pulicaria Mg. 5

Napomyza lateralis Fin. 4
Ophiomyia maura Mg. 6
Phytagromyza populi Fait, larva in 7
Phytobia artemisiae Kalt. 5
P. flavifrons Mg. 7-8
*P. muscina Mg. 4
Phytoliriomyza perpusilla Mg. 8
Phytomyza affinis Fin. 7
P. albiceps Mg. larvae in 7
P. atricornis Mg. 4, 6-8
P. nigra Mg. 5
P. ranunculi Schrk. 6-8
*P. robustella Hend. 5
Milichiidae.

Madiza glabra Fin. 4, 9
Chloropidae.

Chloropisca glabra Mg. 5-9
Chlorops cereris Fin. 7
Elachiptera tuberculifera Corti. 8
Lasiosina cinctipes Mg. 9
Meromyza pratorum Mg. 7
Oscinella albiseta Mg. 5
0. frit L. 4-6, 8, 9
*0. nigeriima Mg. 4
0. nitidissima Mg. 5
*Polydaspis ruficornis Mg. 10
Thaumatomyia notata Mg. 4-9
T. trifasciata Zett. 6

Schizophora— Calypterae.

Cordiluridae. Dung flies.
Scatophaga lutaina F. 5

S. stercoraria L. 4-10
Tachinidae.

Bessa selecta Mg. 8
Blepharidopsis nemea Mg. 4-5
Bucentes cristata F. 6, 8
B. geniculata Deg. 4-10

B. maculaia Staeg. 5, 8
Compsilura concinnata Mg. 6, 9
Eriothrix rufomaculatus Deg. 8
Exorista simulans Mg. 8
Gonia sicula R.D. 4

Lydella grisescens R.D. 8-9

L. stabulans Mg. 8
Meigenia bisignata Mg. 8-9

M. mutabilis Fin. 8-9
Nemorilla floralis Fin. 4-5
Phebellia glauca Mg. 6
Phorocera assimilis Fin. 5
Rhacodineura palllpes Fin. 9
Thelaira leucozona Pz. 6-7

V arichaeta radicum Fab. 8
Yoria ruralis Fin. 9
Calliphoridae.

Calliphora erythrocephala Mg. 4-10

C. vomitoria L. 6, 9
Lucilia caesar L. 9
L. illustris Mg. 4-9

T. sericata Mg. 6-10
Macronichia polydon Mg. 8

Phyto melanocephala Mg. 6, 8
Pollenia rudis F. 4
Protachaeta discrepans Pand. 6, 8-9
Protophormia terrae-novae R.D. 4-6, 9
Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis Mg. 4-5,
7-10

S. melanura Mg. 7
MUSCIDAE.

Anthomyia pluvialis L. 4, 8
A. procellaris Rond. 5-6
Coenosia tricolor Zett. 4-5, 9
Dasyphora cyanella Mg. 4
Delia cepetorum Mde. 8
D. cilicrura Rond. 8
D. longula Fin. 7

D. trichodactyla Rond. 8
Dendrophaonia querceti Bouche 9
Egle cinerella Fin. 8

E . radicum L. 4-5, 7-9
Fannia canicularis L. 6, 9

F. manicata Mg. 4, 9
F. scalaris F. 7

Helina duplicata Mg. 4-5, 9
H. lucorum Fin. 4, 7, 9
H. marmorata Zett. 6
H. setiventris Ring. 7
Hydrophoria linogrisea Mg. 5, 7
Hydrotaea dentipes F. 4-6, 9
H. occulta Mg. 4-5
H. simtlis Mde. 9
H. tuberculata Rond. 9

100

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Hylemya variata Fin. 9
Limnophora compuncta Wied. 8

L. vana Zett. 6

Musca autumnalis Deg. 8

M. domestica L. 9-10
Muscina stabulans Fin. 4-5, 7-10
Ophyra leucostoma Wied. 5-6, 8-10
Orthellia caesaricn Mg. 4, 9-10

Pegohylemyia fugax Mg. 6
P. seneciella Mde. 7
Pliaonia fuscata Fin. 4, 6
P. perdlta Mg. 8
P. signata Mg. 4
Poliet.es lardaria F. 9
Sclioenomyza litorella Fin. 4-5, 9

REFERENCES.

General. ,

FITTER, R. S. R., and LOUSLEY, J. E. (1953). The Natural History of the City.

Published by the Corporation ol London.

FITTER, R. S. R. (1945). London’s Natural History.

WRIGHTON, F. E. (1948-53). Plant Ecology at Cripplegate. Lond. Naturalist,
27-32 tor 1947-52.

NOMENCLATURE.

PLANTS. CLAPHAM, A. R., TUTIN, T. G., and WARBURG, E. F. (1952). Flora Of
the Bidtish Isles

Diptera. KLOET, G. S., and HINCKS, W. D. (1945). A Check List of British
Insects. Stockport. (Omitting Meigen 1800 names and as amended by the
following monographs.)

COLLIN, J. E. (1946). The British genera and species of Oscinellinae (Diptera,
Chloropidae). Trans. B. ent. Soc. Land., 97 : 117-148.

- (1947). The British genera ot Trypetidae (Diptera) with notes on a few

species. Ent. Becord, 59 : Snppl. 1-14.

— (1948). A short synopsis of the British Sapromyzidae (Diptera). Trans. B.
ent. Soc. Lond., 99 : 225-42.

- (1953). A Revision of the British (and notes on other) Species of Lon-

chaeidae (Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 11 : 181-207.

COE, R. L, (1953). In R. ENT. SOC. LOND., Handbooks for the identification of
British Insects, 10, Part 1 (Diptera. Syrphidae). London.

FRICK, K. E. (1952). A generic revision of the family Agromyzidae (Diptera)
with a catalogue of New World species. TJniv. Calif. Publ. Ent., 8 : 339-452.

HENDEL, F. (1931-6). Agromyzidae, in E. LINDNER, Flieg. Palaearkt. Beg.,
6 (2) (59) : 1-570.

CRIPPLEGATE AREA.

OWEN, D. F (1952). The Lepidoptera of Cripplegate. Lond. Naturalist, 31 for
1951 : 84-88.

PARMENTER, L. (1952). Further additions to the British list of Agromyzidae
found in Britain. Ent. rnon. Mag., 88 : 279-280.

- (1953a). Additions to the British list of Agromyzidae (Dipt.). Ent. mon.

Mag., 89 : 178-180.

- (1953b). The Hover-flies (Syrphidae). Ent. Becord, 65 : 122-6, 154-9, 185-90,

234-8.

- (1953c). Some Spiders and their prey. Ent. mon. Mag., 89 : 135.

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS .

101

The Moths of London and its Surroundings.

By C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.I.C., F.L.S., F.R.E.S.

'pHE present paper is a fitting and logical sequel to ££Tlie Butterflies
of London and its Surroundings” which appeared in 1950 in the
London A aturalist, No. 29. Once more the Area under review is that
embraced by a circle with a radius of 20 miles and its centre at St
Paul s Cathedral. This gives an overall area of some 1,260 square miles.

The species of the moths to be dealt with in this present work com¬
prise what are arbitrarily known as the Macrolepidoptera. In this I
am following those Families which are treated by Dr. A. Seitz in his
monumental work “The Macrolepidoptera of the World”. The Families
occurring in Britain include the Hawkmoths (Sphinges), then follows the
large group of Families of the Spinner Moths under the heading of
Bombyces, nest the Night-flying moths ( Noctuidae ) and finally the
Loopers (Geometridae) together with several subsidiary Families includ¬
ing the Burnets ( Zygaenidae ), the Clearwings (Sesiidae), the Goat Moths
(Cossidae), and the small number of the IAmacodidae. It is to be
hoped that the Psychids, Pyralids, Tortricids and Tineides which form
the main groups of the Alicrolepidoptera, comprising some 1,400 species,
will be undertaken at some later period.

In the Transactions of the City of London Entomological Society for
1898 and in subsequent parts up till 1902 Dr. F. J. Buckell and Air.
L. B. Prout produced a very complete list of the Lepidoptera noted
during the previous 20 years in an Area within a radius of 10 miles
from St. Paul’s. No less than 517 species of moths were recorded among
the Families to be described in this review which are represented by
some 830 species for the whole of the British Isles at the present time.
Though the Area under survey is four times that of the 1898 list, it
is surprising that only a little over 10 % of the original figure can be
added even in the last fifty years. This fact gives some idea of what a
remarkable population of moths is harboured by the Aletropolis and
its immediate surroundings.

In the earlier paper reference was made to the main geological
features of the region which contains every suitable type of terrain for
moths, viz. woodland, chalk downs, heaths, fresh marsh and salt marsh.
Only sand dunes and rocky cliffs are absent. The great City is sur¬
rounded by ideal localities and probably the richest nearest its centre
is Wimbledon Common which has, fortunately, never been molested and
therefore still favours many very local species. The same may be said
of Epping Forest, beloved of Doubleday a hundred years ago. It is
doubtful if the many species he recorded from this famous haunt have
appreciably decreased since his time. Hampstead Heath still remains a
very rich source of Lepidoptera, while in the southern regions we have
the fine stretches of heath and wood round Oxshott which can well be
emjulated by such famous collecting haunts of the last century as
Joj den s AVAod and Darenth A\Tood in North Kent. Even the steady

1

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

102

advance of the built-up areas has, fortunately, hardly altered the fauna
to he found in these favoured localities, though as far hack as 1891 we
find Mr. C. Fenn lamenting the disappearance of many choice species
from them. This has latterly proved not to have been justified. The
downlands of Surrey and Kent provide many interesting species associ¬
ated with the Chalk, such as the Light Feathered Rustic ( Agrotis
cinerea) and the very local Feathered Ear (Pachetva leucophaea ) at
Mickleham, also the Maple and Plumed Prominents ( Lophopteryx
cuculla and Ptilophora plumigera ) in the Eynsford area. The marsh¬
lands bordering the Thames near Erith still harbour many water-loving
species, even the Ground Lackey ( Malacosoma castrensis) .

What of the interior of the Metropolis, designated as Inner London,
an area eight miles from east to west and five miles from north to south
with St. Paul’s as its centre? This lends itself in many ways much more
to moths than to butterflies. One Gan visualise how the parks, squares
and gardens of Central London teem with a large range of species able
to feed on an almost infinite variety of vegetation, especially that which
has sprung up on the bombed sites. The work of Messrs. D. Owen, A.
Wheeler and others has recently shown what effect this can have on the
moth population. Fifty years ago few people would have expected to
find larvae of the Elephant Hawk ( Deilephila elpenor ) and of the
Cinnabar ( Callimorpha jacobaeae ) feeding in the middle of the City
itself.

In going through the literature it is remarkable to observe how
many species are to be found within five miles of the City. Towards
the end of the last century many collectors gave detailed lists of their
captures in their London gardens. In 1898 one collector recorded
( Ent . Pec., 10, 51) taking some 50 species of Maerolepidoptera in his
garden at- Paddington. These were nearly all obtained either at rest
by day or at a lighted window. In those days the use of powerful lights
as a source of attraction was not fully appreciated and seldom utilised.
We have the diary of E. H. Taylor who used to sugar almost nightly
during the season in the 1890’s on Wimbledon Common with the most
successful results. He apparently seldom made use of light, which dur¬
ing the present century has been resorted to more and more, culmin¬
ating in recent years with the advent of the mercury vapour bulb
which has quite revolutionised moth collecting and has proved so effica¬
cious in giving us an inkling into the true moth population of a
particular area or locality. This new type of attraction has been
latterly used to very great advantage in several parts of the London
Area, especially in the central region. Mr. H. D. Swain has recently
published a very concise list of his captures at M. /V. light near Putney
(Ent. Gazette, 3, 109), while Mr. L. C. Bushby has been running a
similar apparatus since 1950 at the Zoo, Regents Park, with the most
interesting results. He has recorded just over 100 species of Macro¬
lepidoptera, including many unexpected ones, thus giving an insight
into the species inhabiting the Inner Metropolis.

Now to turn to an analysis of some of the many species to be found
in the Area. Several can be said to be “true Londoners”, such as the

2

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AXD ITS SURROUNDINGS. 103

Lime Hav, k (Mimas tiliae), the Sycamore (Apatele aceris ), the Brindled
Beauty < Lycia hirta/riu), the Leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina ) and the
Small Red-belted Clearwing (Aegeria myopcieformis). There is probably
no area where these species are more prevalent than in the heart of
London. Again the Mhite Satin Moth ( Leucoma salicis ) can often be
found in prodigious numbers at Ralston where the insects at rest on
tne poplars have been likened to a snowstorm. The Vapourer ( Orgyia
antiaua) has sometimes been quite a plague in the centre of London.

The Great City has had its fill of migrant species at intervals. Those
fine members of tne bphmgidae, the Death's Head Hawk moth (Acher-
ontia atropos ) and the Convolvulus Hawk (Herse convolvuli) have been
fiequent visitors to the Metropolis, as have been to a lesser degree all
five, rare migrant Hawks, including the splendid Oleander ( JDaphnis
nerii) of which a record number have visited this country in 1953. A
specimen found in Queen Victoria Street in April, 1900, is now in the
possession or Mr. Archibald Russell, Lancaster Herald.* In the last
century the Silver Striped Hawk (Hippotion celerio) used to visit the
British Isles and London much more often than the Striped Hawk
(Celerio livornica). Of later years this state of affairs has been reversed.
Another well-known migrant the Crimson Speckled Footman (Utetheisa
pulckella ) has been taken several times in the Area, once even at the
Zoo in 1921. This insect has become increasingly rare as a visitor in
recent years. In March, 1952, a specimen of the Bordered Straw
(Hello this peltigera) was caught in Piccadilly, while in that great
migrant year, 1947, a number of the festal (Phodometra sacraria ) were
recorded from Central London. Even that grand moth, the Clifden
Nonpareil (Catocala fraxini) has paid several visits to London, one being
taken in Hyde Park in 1885.

Quite a few exceptional rarities have been recorded for the Area,
these include the Pease Blossom (Periphanes delphinii ) captured in
Norfolk Crescent in 1870. In 1865 Mr. Sidney Webb took a specimen
of the little geometer, the Bright Wave ( Sterrha serpentata ) near Box
Hill where another appeared in 1869. Coming to more recent times an
example of the Rosy Fnderwing ( Catocala* electa) was caught near
Hoddesdon by Mr. D. Molesworth on 15th September, 1927. The two
original specimens of the Dusky Marbled Brown (Gluphisia crenata)
were found on poplars in 1839 and 1841, both in Ongar Park Wood on
the fringe of the Area.

A few other British species were originally discovered in the London
region. The earliest record of the very rare Dusky Clearwing ( Sciap -
teron tab ani for mis) was from the outskirts of London in the first half
of the 19th century. The Toadflax Brocade ( Calophasia lunula) which
has recently become a breeding species in this country, was first taken
at Woodside near Epping in June, 1817, as reported by Stephens. The
Pale Lemon Sallow (Mellinia ocellaris) was first recorded in Britain by
E. H. Taylor on Wimbledon Common on 27th September, 1893. It was
later found plentifully near Twickenham. London Docks were for

*Now Clarenceux King of Arms.

3

104

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

many years tlie headquarters of the Waved Black ( Parascotia fuligin-
ario) till it was turned up commonly in the Bagshot sand area early
this century. That small migrant geometer, the Gem ( Nycterosia
obstipata ) was originally taken at Peckliam in 1803, while the minute
species the Rusty Wave ( Sterrha herbariata) was first reported in 1856
by Stainton from a shop in Bloomsbury Street. Most British records
of this moth come from central London. The Cloaked Pug ( Eupithecia
t ogata) was first recorded for Britain from Black Park, Fulmer, by
Samuel Stevens in 1845.

As to some of the more local species, the Lobster ( Siauropus fagi)
has occurred as near the Centre as Hampstead. There is a single
record of the Alder Kitten ( Cerura bicuspis) from a larva beaten near
Limpsfield in 1938 by Mr. C. N. Hawkins. The Scarce Prominent
( Odontosia carmelita ) has appeared in several localities on the fringe of
the Metropolis, while the Figure of Eighty ( Tethea octogesima ) is quite
a frequenter of the West End as also is the Scarce Green Silver Lines
( Pseudoips bicolorana). On Wimbledon Common can be found the
Alder Moth ( Apatele alni), the Triple Spotted Clay ( Amathes ditra¬
pezium), the Slender Brindle ( Apamea scolopacina), the Double-stripe
(. Mythimna turca) and the Northern Drab ( Ortho sia advena). This last
species has appeared at the Zoo light trap. The oak woods to the im¬
mediate north of London constitute probably the best area in the
British Isles for the Heart Moth ( Dicycla oo) which is also still quite
common in Richmond Park. That fine moth, the Great Brocade ( Eurois
occulta) has been caught on several occasions in the Area. Among the
marsh-frequenting species the Powdered Wainscot ( Simyra albovenosa)
has been of late recorded along the River Lea, while the Brown-veined
Wainscot ( Nonagria dissoluta ) has been taken near Weybridge. Oxshott
Common is a well-known locality for the Silky Wainscot (Sen ta mam-
tima). There is even a record of the Reed Leopard (Phragmataecia
castaneae ) from Hoddesdon. Several of the geometers call for special
note. The August Thorn ( Ennomos quercinaria ) is to be found in Hyde
Park. Another speciality to the south-eastern area is the Least Carpet
(. Sterrha rusticata). The Royal Mantle ( Euphyia cuculata) is often
quite common on the downs near Croydon and Mickleham where is also
to be found the Juniper Carpet ( Thera juniperata).

Again some species have been taken in the London Area far from
their normal habitats. There are single records of the Grass Eggar
(Lasiocampa trifolii) from Hampstead and of the Angle-barred Sallow
( Enargia paleacea ) from Highgate in 1871. More recently Webb's
Wainscot (Nonagria sparganii ) was discovered on Bookham Common by
Mr. W. L. Finnigan. A specimen of the Dotted Rustic (Phyacia
Simula ns) was obtained at Ewell in 1949 by Mr. H. Tunstall, while the
Marsh Ear (Hydraecia paludis) was taken at the Zoo in 1953.

With a huge industrial region such as exists in London one may well
ask if there is a trend towards melanism in London moths similar to
that which appears to pervade some of the manufacturing towns of the
North. On the whole there seems to be very little evidence in this
direction. Very few black examples of the Brindled Beauty (Lycia

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. 105

hirtciria ) have been found, in the Metropolis. Dark forms of the Grey
Dagger ( Apatele psi ) and of the Sycamore (A. aceris) are usual in Inner
London, while the deep-brown form (f. fuscata ) of the Waved Umber
( Hemerophila abrupt aria ) for which Central and Northern London are
noted, is one of the most interesting local melanic types as also is the
black form of the Mottled Umber (Erannis defoliaria) present in Epping
F orest up to 10 % of the population of this species. The Poplar Grey
[Apatele megacephala), a very prevalent London species, does not appear
to be going melanic as it is in the Northern counties. The black form of
the Peppered Moth ( Pachys betularia ) appears to be dominant through¬
out the Area. There have been several records in the suburbs of the
Fed Underwing ( Catocala nuptd) with a tendency to melanism in the
form of brown hindwings. wh ile in July 1851 Mr. H. D. Swain took a
remarkable Buff-tip (PhaJera bucephala ) near Putney, having a deep-
grey suffusion all over the wings. Is this common insect likely to be
turning to melanism P

Has London lost or gained many species of moths in recent or bygone
times? Even with the great advance each year of the built-up regions
it is doubtful whether many species have been completely eliminated,
or their habitats altered to any great extent. A few kinds which have
apparently become extinct throughout the country within the last 100
years used to be fairly prevalent in the Area, as for instance the Small
Banunculus (Hadena dysodea ) which was a frequent visitor to suburban
gardens in the 1870’s. Even the Orache Moth (Hadena atriplicis) used
to be caught in Bishop's Wood, Hampstead, in the early part of the
19th century. Another virtually extinct insect the Gipsy ( Lymantria
dispar) was taken in Wandsworth about 1875 and along the Tilbury
Marshes, but there seems evidence that these were the offspring of
released stock. The Flame Brocade ( PJilogophora empyrea) which
ceased to be a regular breeding species at the end of the last century,
has been recorded from Harrow. We read of the Scarce Vapourer
(Orgyia gonostigma ) occurring on Wimbledon Common in the 1860?s.
Though long since gone from this locality, it is still to be found in Essex
near the boundary of the Area. The Small Eggar ( Eriog aster lanestris)
formerly inhabited many parts of North Kent and the Surrey downs,
but has not been noted there for many years, while the Scarlet Tiger
(Panaxia dominvda ) used to be taken near Beigate, but still occurs in
Kent within the Area.

There are a good many instances of recent additions to the resident
species in the Area besides sporadic visitors. For example the Large
Thorn (Ennomos autumnaria ) is rapidly spreading towards London from
North Kent, several specimens being taken of late in the Dartford
district. Within the last ten years by far the most spectacular increase
in range has been that of the Pine Hawk (Hyloicus pinastri ) of which
there were only three records for London up to the 19-30’s. Now it occurs
all over the heathland at Oxshott and has even appeared on Wimbledon
Common and in Hampstead. Yet another newcomer is the Wormwood
Shark ( Cucullia absinthii). Formerly onlv found in the West country,
since the 1939 War it has turned up commonly in Birmingham and by

o

106

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

1952 it had ranged to Chesterfield coinciding with a rapid spread of its
foodplant ( Artemisia absinthium). During the last few years it has
reached London, being recorded from the City, North Kent and Ilford.
A further interesting new arrival is the White Colon ( Mamestra albi-
colon). Usually associated with sandhills, it has lately become numerous
on the outskirts of the Area, penetrating to Putney.

During the past two years several important additions to London’s
lepidoptera have been made. Among the most remarkable is the Down-
land Wainscot ( Oria musculosa ) taken by Mr. J. L. Messenger near
Weybridge on 6th August 1953 (Ent. Bee., 1953, 65: 362). One was
caught by Mr. A. A. Best in 1952 just outside the Area at Byfleet. An
example of Dumeril’s Luperina ( Luperina dumerilii ) was obtained at
light near Arkley, Herts., by Mr. T. G. Howarth on 26th September
1953, while on 17th August of that year Canon T. G. Edwards found
that minute noctuid the Small Marbled ( Eublemma parra) on a fence
in Dulwich (Ent. Bee., 1953, 65 : 292). On 2nd July 1952 Mr. W. L.
Rudland found a specimen of the Pretty Marbled ( Jaspidia deceptoria)
at rest on a wall of a hotel at Reigate. Air. R. C. Edwards took a
Rest Harrow ( Aplasta ononaria ) at Westerham in July 1947. Yet
another surprising capture was an example of the Canadian noctuid
moth ( Charadra deridens ) by Air. H. C. Hards at Plumstead in Alay

1952. A few other special records are worthy of mention though the
species are not entirely new to the Area. The Toadflax Brocade ( Calo -
phasia lunula) was taken as the larva and the perfect insect near
Dartford by Air. E. J. Hare in 1952 and 1953 respectively (Ent. Bee.,

1953, 65: 323). The Brindled Ochre ( Dasypolia templi) was taken by
Air. Howarth at Arkley on 23rd October 1952, the Delicate ( Leueania
vitellina) by Air. R, C. Edwards at Westerham in 1952 and the Cloaked
Pug ( Eupithecia togata) by Air. Alessenger at light at Weybridge in
June 1952.

Before passing on to give a detailed account of each species, I would
like to express my extreme indebtedness to the following observers who
have been good enough to send in most concise and helpful records
which has enabled information on a large number of species to be
brought up to date. I accord my warmest thanks to : —

Dr. C. H. Andrewes, Air. R. Ashley, Air. Y. E. August, Air. T. L.
Barnett, Air. E. S. A. Baynes, Air. R. F. Birchenough. Air. W. G.
Booker, Air. K. E. Braid, Air. R, F. Bretherton, Dr. G. V. Bull, Air. J.
F. Burton, Air. Al. Chalmers-Hunt, Air. R, F. Chapman, Air. L. Christie,
Air. E. WT. Classey, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, Air. G. Cole, Air C. L. Collenette,
Air. N. G. Collver, Air. R, Al. Craske, Air. T. R. Eagles, Canon T. G.
Edwards, Air. R. C. Edwards, Air. D. G. Ellis, Air. J. B. Farmer,
Air. W. J. Finnigan, Air. D. L. Fletcher, Air. R. L. E. Ford, Dr. J.
F. D. F razer, Air. A. E. Gardner, Air. J. S. Greenhill, Mr. E. J. Hare,
Air. T. G. Howarth, Mr. K. H. Hyatt, Capt. R. A. Jackson, R.N., Alajor-
General G. F. Johnson, Air. K. P. Keywood, Air. D. O. King, Dr. H.
King, Air. R. I. Lorimer, Air. R. Lovell, Mr. J. K. Alatthews, Dr. I.
Alenzies, Air. R. Al. Alere, Air. J. L. Alessenger, Air. J. C. Nott, Air.
B J. Odell, Mr. D. F. Owen, Air. R. J. Penrose, Air. C. C. Phelps, Mr.

6

THE MOTHS OP LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

107

C. W. Pierce, Mr. J. B. Purefoy, Mr. R. G. Rigden, Mr. F. Rumsey,
Mr. A. G. B. Russell, Mr. C. I. Rutherford, Mr. A. J. Showier, Mr. L.
W. Siggs, Mr. B. R. Stallwood, Mr. G. R. Sutton, Mr. A. W. Swain,
Mr. F. A. Swain, Mr. H. D. Swain, Mr. E. E. J. Trundell, Mr. H. G.
Tunstall, Mr. R. Uffen, Mr. W. van Emden, Sir Leonard Wakely, Mr.

D. Watson, Mr. A. Welti, Mr. A. S. Wheeler and Mr. E. F. Williams.

As before, a great deal of literature about British Lepidoptera has
been consulted, including all the leading works and journals, the Trans¬
actions of the leading natural history societies, many county and local
lists as well as the Victoria County Histories of those counties within
the Area. A full bibliography will appear at the end of the work.

For Nomenclature and English names I have once again followed
the Index Check-list of British Lepidoptera published by Mr. I. R. P.
Heslop in 1947. His classification of the families and species has also
been largely adopted. The name of the recorder is in most cases placed
after the locality where the record has been made. Records of special
interest are given with their reference in the literature for which the
following abbreviations have been made : —

Entom. refers to the Entomologist ; Ent. Eec. to the Entomologist’ s
Record) E.M.M. to the- Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine and Ent.
Gazette to the Entomologist’ s Gazette.

Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937, refers to the list of the Lepidoptera of
Hertfordshire by Dr. A. IT. Foster which appeared in 1937 in vol. xx,
p. 223 seq. of the Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History
Society.

Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891 refers to a Preliminary List of the
Lepidoptera of Middlesex by Dr. T. D. Cockerell which was published in
the Entomologist for 1891 and in subsequent volumes.

V.C.H. and date refers to the Victoria County Histories and their
respective dates of publication.

In the account of the species special standard abbreviations are
made for the Vice-Counties included in the Area, which embraces the
whole of the county of Middlesex (designated in this paper as M.21)
and portions of six other Vice-Counties as follows: — The southern por¬
tion of Hertfordshire (H.20), and a similar portion of North Essex
(El. 19), the south-west corner of South Essex (E2.18), the north-west
portion of West Kent (K.16), the northern area of Surrey (S.17), and
a small part of eastern Buckinghamshire (B.24). Inner London is
designated by I.L.

The enumeration of a Vice-County after a species indicates that it
has been definitely recorded in that area.

A square bracket round the Vice-county abbreviation indicates that
the species, though not actually recorded from the area, may be reason¬
ably supposed to exist there.

A round bracket round the Vice-county abbreviation indicates that
the species would appear no longer to exist there.

A bracketed species designates that it may be reasonably considered
to be extinct throughout the London Area.

7

108

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

An asterisk preceding a species shows that it was recorded in the
list of Lepidoptera compiled by the City of London Entomological
Society and first published in their Transactions for 1898 with a sup¬
plement in 1902.

As before, the records are divided under headings from each county
so as to facilitate the reference to the occurrence of any species within
the London Area. I have laid special emphasis on the observations of
recent years which can naturally be greatly augmented and any further
records from each region would be much appreciated, particularly as
there are very few forthcoming from some areas such as the portions of
El. 19 and B.24.

It is hoped that the map, prepared by Mr. C. P. Castell, will be of
use in showing the limits of the Area under review, the Vice-county
boundaries and some of the principal localities.

SPHINGIDAE.

The first Family of the' moths under review comprises the Hawk-
moths. These fine insects, some of the most spectacular among our
Lepidoptera, are represented by 17 species in the British Isles. Of
these ten are resident and the remaining seven species are either regular
or sporadic migrants. All the recognised British species have been
recorded in the' London Area, though the Bedstraw Hawk (Celerio galii)
and the Spurge Hawk ( Deilephila euphorbiae ) are of extremely rare
occurrence. The well-known larvae of this Family, especially those of
the Poplar, the Privet and the Elephant Hawks, are a familiar sight
in many parts of the Metropolis during the summer months.

*Mimas tiliae Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17,
[B.24],

The Lime Hawk as already mentioned is one of London’s most
characteristic moths, being found on the whole more iilentifully near
the centre of the Metropolis than on its outskirts. Every square, park
and garden where there are elms or limes seem to harbour this most
variable moth. The 1898 list gives many localities near the centre of
London. Recent records include: —

Inner London. City bombed sites (Wheeler) ; larvae and pupae
common in Cripplegate (D. Owen); Hyde Park (C. de W.); one found
on a wall in Pall Mall, June 1953 (Craske) ; one found emerging, June
1952, in Onslow Square (C. de W.) ; Kensington Gardens (Cockayne).

Essex. Loughton and Forest Gate (Sutton).

Middlesex. Common at Hounslow, 1945-51 (Pierce); also at Stan-
more (Lorimer).

Herts. Widely distributed (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Surrey. Wimbledon Common, numerous (Nott) ; Barnes (Gardner);
Battersea Park (Baynes); less frequent at Weybridge (Messenger).

Kent. Fairly common at Plumstead (Rigden) ; Orpington and
Pett’s Wood (Siggs), and at West Wickham (Trundell).

8

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

109

*Laothoe populi Linn. I.L., M.21, H.2C, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17, E.24.

Tlie Poplar Hawk is an even commoner species than the last, being
generally distributed and often really abundant over the whole region
under review. The 1898 list does not record it for the City where it
has been noted in the bombed sites (Wheeler) in 1951 and in Fore
Street in 1953 (Craske). For Inner London, it has also been noted
in Westbourne Terrace by Cockayne, also at the Zoo, Regents Park
(Bushby).

It ranges to Northern Scotland.

* Smerinihus ocellatus Linn. I.L., M.21, H. 20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16,
S.17, [B.24].

i he Eyed Hawk is yet another very common and familiar frequenter
of the centre of London and its surroundings where its larva is some¬
times quite a pest on fruit trees. The 1898 list gives a wide range of
records, though none from Central London and the City. It has been
noted recently in

Inner London. City bombed sites, 1953 (Wheeler and D. Owen;:
Westbourne Terrace (Cockayne); the Zoo, Regent’s Park (Bushby), 1952.

Middlesex. Potters Bar (Odell); Hounslow, larvae common (Pierce).

Herts. Watford, numerous (Penrose); very generally distributed
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Loughton (Sutton), Ongar and Forest Gate.

Surrey. Common at Putney (Phelps) ; Richmond and Barnes (Gard¬
ner) ; Wimbledon and Kew (van Emden); larvae at Strawberry Hill
(Stallwood) and at Coulsdon and Tadwortli (Wheeler); very common at
Weybridge (Messenger).

Kent. Plumstead Marshes (Rigden) ; Belvedere (Showier); West
Wickham (Trundell).

The species is found up to Southern Scotland.

* Acherontia citropos Linn. I.L., M.21, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

This magnificent insect, the Death’s Head Hawk, is probably one
of the best known moths in the world and one of the greatest migrants,
having come on board ship at least 500 miles from land. It has been
taken all over the British Isles right up to the Shetlands and has been
a frequent visitor to the London Area both as a moth and in the larval
state in which it often occurs in great numbers in potato fields. It is
doubtful if the moth ever survives the winter in this country. The
perfect insect usually appears first in May and June and again in
September and October. The 1898 list only mentions about a dozen
records from Hampstead, Hackney, Stratford, Walthamstow, Eltham,
Greenwich, East Croydon and Southall. Other records include: —

Inner London. Parliament Street ( Entom ... 1875, 8: 225); one found
on a shop window in the Strand, August 1948 (Phelps); Lambeth Palace,
on two occasions (Canon Edwards) ; three full-fed larvae found crawling
about at the Zoo, Regent's Park, August 1951 (Bushby).

9

110

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Middlesex. A pupa found at Kenton emerged in October 1940 (H.
King); one insect at Potters Bar (Odell); larva at Hounslow (Pierce).

Herts. One at Northaw, September 1952 (Odell). Foster (Lep.
Herts., 1937) gives seven localities within the Area, including St
Albans, Watford, Barnet, Haileybury, Cheshunt and Broxbourne.

SurrEiY. Imago at Sydenham, 1st September 1939 (Trundell); a
moth at Ewell (Rumsey) ; larva at Claygate (Stallwood) ; imago at Shep-
perton (Castle Russell, Ent. Bee., 1901, 13: 277).

Kent. Larva at Hayes, 1950 (Birchenough) ; imago at Bexley, June
1950 (R. Craske) ; three at Pinden near Dartford in m./v. trap, in
September 1951, September 1952 and May 1953 (Hare); Westerham, one
at light, September 1953 (C. Edwards).

*Herse convolvuli Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Convolvulus Hawk, another great migrant, visits our shores
probably annually ranging up to the northern Isles and sometimes
appearing in great profusion as in 1944 and 1947. The 1898 list and
the 1902 suppt. give nearly 50 records for the 10-mile radius with
captures in the City, in Piccadilly and in Regents Park. There are
many recent records from the Area where this fine insect is taken
nearly every year.

Inner London. Two found at the Zoo, Regents Park, 1950 (Bushby).

Middlesex. Enfield, 1925 (Eagles) ; Finchley (Rumsey) ; Whetstone
(Lovell); Mill Hill, September 1950 (Ellis); Wembley, 1935 (Classey).

Essex. Brentwood (E. Williams).

Herts. Records from East Barnet, Cheshunt Street, Watford and
Broxbourne (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Surrey. A female freshly emerged taken at Morden on 1st Septem¬
ber 1943 (R. Craske); one at Godstone on 10th September 1943 (R.
Craske); one at Carshalton on 25th June 1952 (Booker); a worn male
at Claygate, 1950 (Stallwood); one at Morden Hall, 1945 (Nott) ; one
at Caterham (Welti); a male at Ashtead on 24th September 1948
(Matthews).

Kent. Eltham, 1906 (Canon Edwards); Bromley, 1951 (Trundell);
one at West Wickham (Chalmers Hunt) ; two at Pinden near Dartford
in 1945 and 1950 (Hare).

*Spliinx ligustri Linn. (I.L.), M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17.

The Privet Hawk is an extremely familiar species, especially as a
larva, in most parts of the London Area. It seems to have become
commoner in recent years. The 1898 list- and 1902 suppt. give a large
number of localities well towards the centre of London, including Ham¬
mersmith, Chiswick, Bethnal Green, Hampstead, Hornsey Rise,
Holloway, Shepherds Bush, also further afield at Dulwich, Waltham¬
stow and Harrow. Fairly recent records: —

Inner London. Marble Arch, St. Johns Wood, Chelsea and
Shepherd’s Bush (Tutt, Ent. Bee., 1904, 16: 332).

Middlesex. Hampstead (Bushby); Ravenscourt Park (Uffen).

10

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

Ill

Esses. Wood Green (Lorimer).

Herts. Hailey bury, Watford and Broxbourne (Foster, Lep. Herts.,
1937).

Surrey. Merton Park, larvae on lilac (Nott) ; Wimbledon (van
Emden) ; Oxshott (Stallwood) ; common at Weybridge (Messenger) ; Ash-
tead, 1949 (Chapman); Coulsdon (Wheeler).

Kent. Belvedere, 1952 (Showier); Plumstead (Rigden) ; Vest V ick-
ham (Trim dell) ; Orpington, 1950 (Siggs) ; scarcer in recent years in
North Kent (D. Owen).

The species is found up to the northern counties of England.

*Hyloicus pinastri Linn. M.21, H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Pine Hawk is 'a most interesting newcomer to the London
District. In recent years it has been steadily spreading eastwards from
its former headquarters in Dorset and has become quite a common
insect since the Second World War in many pine-clad regions, especially
in Hampshire, Surrey and Sussex as well as in Norfolk and Suffolk.
There are a few old isolated records for the Area, one larva being taken
near Wimbledon in September 1887 (E.M.M., 25: 159) and one imago
found at West Wickham by W. Watkins on 26th May 1884 ( E.M.M. , 21 :
34). Records for recent years include: —

Middlesex. One found at Hampstead in 1952.

Herts. One taken at Totteridge on 27th July 1953 (Lorimer).

Surrey. One at Putney, 17th July 1951 (H. Swain); one at Ban-
stead, 4th July 1953 (Gardner); taken at Selsdon in 1953 (Barnett,
Trundell) ; common at Cobliam (Purefoy) ; numerous at Weybridge in
1951 (Messenger); larvae near Box Hill (van Emden).

Celerio euphorbiae Linn. S.17.

The Spurge Hawk, one of the commonest of the Family in Europe,
is now probably our rarest Hawk-moth. There appear to be only two
authentic records for the London Area.

Two pupae were dug up under an oak-tree in Kew Gardens in March
1907 by G. Nicholson and L. Simms produced imagines of this moth in
the following June (Lucas, Entom., 1907, 40: 212).

A larva was found on Field Speedwell ( Veronica agrestis L.)
on 23rd September 1939 in a potato field at Woldingham, Surrey, but
not bred out (A. G. Comber, Entom., 1939, 72: 260).

*Celerio gain Rott. M.21, (H.20), (E2.18), (K.16).

The Bedstraw Hawk has always been a very sporadic migrant with
1888 as its most remarkable year of appearance in our Islands. It has
been found up to the Shetlands. Five records are given in the 1898
list. These include for 1888 a larva at Silvertown, another at Edmonton
and an imago at Holloway in July of that year ; one lari a on Eu< hsia
in Chiswick on 13th October 1892 and an insect taken in Victoria Park,
no date given. A specimen was taken at Hartford on 4th August 1888
by Youens (Entom., 1888, 21 : 231) and another at Buckhurst Hill, Essex,
by Tudor on 2nd August of that great year.

11

112

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Foster in the 1937 List for Herts, gives two records. The species
was taken once at Haileybury and one at Cheshunt Street on 12th August
1870. There appear to be no recent records of this insect in the Area.

*Celerio livornica Esp. H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Striped Hawk, another great migrant, has become a much more
frequent visitor to our Islands this century, appearing almost annually
in recent years. The chief seasons for big immigrations have been 1906,
1931, 1943 and 1949. The 1898 list only gives two records, from Waltham¬
stow and Upton Park, both in 1883. The few other records include: —
Herts. One at Cheshunt Street on 15th October 1876 and another
at Aldenham in 1898 (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Surrey. One at Addington, taken by M. Palmer on 12th May 1931.
Kent. One at Pinden near Hartford on 31st August 1949, captured
by E. J. Hare.

*IIippotion celerio Linn. (I.L.), M.21, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Silver Striped Hawk used to be of much more frequent occur¬
rence towards the end of last century than during the present one.
Its habitat like that of the last species is in Africa and the Near East.
It has occasionally been known to breed in this country. The 1898 list
enumerates five records, three in 1885, from Blackfriars Bridge, another
at Hackney and the third from Ealing. Two examples were taken at
Stratford in 1883 and another in 1898 ( Entom ., 1883, 16: 260, and Ent.
1 tec., 1899, 11 : 51). One was taken at Clapton by F. J. Hanbury on
5th September 1895 (Ent. liec., 1896, 7: 87). Other records include: —
Herts. A specimen taken by Rowland Brown near Oxhey (Entom.,
1893, 26: 58).

Essex. Larvae found near Epping (Barrett, ii, 54).

Surrey. One found alive at Purley on 5th November 1935 by J. C.
Garratt (Entom., 1936, 69: 15).

Kent. One taken at West Wickham by Mr. Hale (Entom., 1939,
72: 120).

*Daphnis nerii Linn. I.L., M.21, K.16, S.17.

This splendid insect, the Oleander Hawk, a denizen of the tropical
regions of Africa and Asia, seems to be visiting our shores more often
in recent years. 1953 has apparently been a record one for this species
with quite a dozen records. There are a number of records for the
London Area, several from the central region. We have from the 1898
list one taken at Tottenham in 1884 (Entom., 1884, 17 : 233), two in 1888,
one of which was captured near London Bridge (Entom., 1889, 22: 120)
and another at Poplar (Entom,., 1888, 21 : 258).

Since then we have records in the following chronological order.
One found in Queen Victoria Street in the City on 18th April 1900
and set by Ashmead. naturalist of Bisliopsgate (Ent. Eec., 1900, 12 347).

One taken at Sydenham on 24th September 1910 by Noakes (Entom.,
1910, 43: 318).

12

THE MOTHS OE LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

113

One obtained at Chislehurst by S. Blyth on 14th September 1926
(Entom., 1926, 59: 301).

One taken at Addiscombe by W. Wenham on 28th June 1935.

One at Ealing on 6th October 1946 taken by M. Chiosso (Entom.,
1947, 80: 35).

One found sitting on a garden fence at 10 Wellington Place, N.W.8,
in June 1949, observed by J. Oliver and recorded by Major E. P. Young.

A specimen found at Greenford Park Station on 30tli June 1950 by
L. Gerard (Entom., 1950, 83: 212).

A perfect male found on a doorstep in Montagu Square off Oxford
Street by M. Duke on 15th September 1950 and brought alive to the
Natural History Museum (Entom., 1951, 84: 10).

One taken by G. Manners in Nevem Square, South Kensington, in
late July 1953.

*Deilephila porcellus Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Small Elephant Hawk is mainly an inhabitant of downland,
though it appears in other types of terrain up to the northern counties
and occasionally in southern Scotland. The 1898 list gives records from
Hampstead, Finchley, Chiswick, Barnes, Hounslow, Wimbledon and
Wanstead. It has more recently reported from: —

Middlesex. Hampton, 1949 (Stallwood) ; Elstree and Stanmore
Common (Lorimer).

Herts. Foster (Lep. Herts., 1937) gives Watford, Chorley Wood,
Haileybury, Hoddesdon and Broxbourne.

Surrey. Banstead, scarce (Gardner) ; Selsdon (Barnett) ; Chipstead
(Wheeler); Hackbriage, 1950 (R. Craske); only two at Weybridge
(Messenger).

Kent. Pett’s Wood, 1944 (A. Swain); Joyden’s Wood and Dartford
Heath (D. Owen); West Wickham (T'rundell).

*Deilephila elpenor Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16,
S.17, [B.24],

The Elephant Hawk has become a very familiar species in London
in recent years, both as a larva and the perfect insect. The rapid
growth of the rosebay willowherb in bombed areas has doubtless accounted
for its sudden appearance in Inner London. It is widespread over the
country up to southern Scotland. Recent records include: —

Inner London. Fore Street, 1953 (R. Craske) ; bombed sites in the
City, Cripplegate, numerous (D. Owen).

Middlesex. Chiswick (van Emden) ; Stanmore Common (Lorimer).

Herts. Watford, scarce (Penrose); Totteridge (Sutton); Cheshunt,
Hoddesdon, Broxbourne (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Loughton, Ongar Common (Sutton). :

Surrey. Claygate, larvae abundant, 1946 (Stallwood); Selsdon
(Barnett); Addington, numerous (Birchenough) ; plentiful at Wey¬
bridge (Messenger).

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell) ; common at Plumstead (Rigden) ;
plentiful at Orpington and Pett’s Wood (Siggs).

13

114

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Stamford Hill, High gate Woods, Wimbledon Common, Tottenham,
Hackney Marshes and Forest Gate are among the many localities given
in the 1898 list.

*Macroglossa stellatarum Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], . K. 16.

S.17, [B.24].

The Humming-bird Hawk is yet another very well-known species
in London often seen hovering over flowers in the parks and even-
found hibernating in houses. There are few years when this migrant
is not seen and sometimes it appears in great numbers. Kilbuxn ,
Holloway, Islington and Chiswick are among the many localities
mentioned in the 1898 list. Later records : —

Inner London. Three seen at the flowerbeds in St. Botolph’s

Churchyard on 11th February, 1948 (Ashley).

Herts. Watford, scarce (Penrose); Totteridge, occasionally
(Lorimer). Foster (Lep. Herts., 1937) gives it as widespread and often
common.

Essex. Loughton, a few (Sutton).

Surrey. Six seen at Strawberry Hill in 1947 (Stall wood) ; Brixton
(Farmer); Kingston . (van Emden) ; Wimbledon, September 1953 (R.
Craske); Coulsdon (Wheeler).

Kent. Pett’s Wood, numerous in 1944 (A. Swain); Abbey Wood
(Showier); one seen on Plumstead Common on 15 October 1953
(Rigden).

Hemaris fuciformis Linn. E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Broad-bordered Beehawrk is chiefly a woodland species occurring
where its larval foodplant, the honeysuckle, abounds. It is doubtless
to be found in most woodland areas on the perimeter of the London
Area. It is not recorded in the 1898 list. It has recently been observed
in

Essex at Ongar Park Wood (Sutton).

Surrey at Prince’s Coverts, Oxshott 1947 and 1948, also several
taken there in May 1950 (C. de W.) ; one at Weybridge (Messenger).

Kent at Darenth Wood (D. Owen).

The species is found up to the north Midlands.

Hemaris tityus Lin. H.20, E2.18, S.17.

The Narrow-bordered Beehawk has a much wider range than the
previous species, being found up to northern Scotland and commonly
in Ireland wherever its foodplant the Devil’ s-bit scabious flourishes.

There are a few records for the London Area.

Herts. Once at Haileybury; larvae common at Broxbourne in 1921
(Edelsten, Foster. Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Recorded from Epping Forest by Doubleday (V.O.H. 1903).

Surrey. Bookham Common (Rumsey); Fetcham Common, 1945 and
Ashtead, 1947 (Wild) ; one at Banstead Wood, May 1947 (G. Johnson).

14

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

115

NOTODONTIDAE.

This Family is usually known as the Prominents which are probably
more familiar through the many remarkable forms of their larvae, such
as those of the Puss and the Lobster Moths. The males in particulai
are very ready visitors to light throughout the summer months. Of the
25 species recorded for the British Isles no less than 21 have been noted
for the London Area.

Cerura bicuspis Borkh. S.17.

This is one of the most local of the whole family, the Alder Kitten,
which is distributed sporadically over a large area of England, ranging
from Sussex and Kent- through the Midlands to North Wales, Cheshire
and Lancashire. It is also reported from Norfolk.

There appears to be only one authentic record for the Area. On
September 3, 1938, Mr. C. N. Hawkins beat a nearly full-fed larva on
Limpsfield Common. It duly pupated, but failed to emerge. He had
spotted what he took to be an empty cocoon of this species on a birch
trunk in June 1931 in this locality where Mr. F. B. Carr had beaten
what he believed to be a larva of this species a few years earlier ( Entom .,
1939, 72: 21).

*Cerura bifida Brahm. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Poplar Kitten is very widespread wherever poplar or aspen
occurs, the males often coming readily to light, but seldom in numbers.
It is found up to the Northern counties.

The 1898 list and 1902 suppt. enumerate 17 localities, from Fins¬
bury Park, Chiswick, Acton, Shepherds Bush, Finchley, Hammersmith,
Lee, Stratford and Dulwich. Recent records include: —

Inner London. One taken at m/v trap at the Zoo, Regents Park,
June 1953 (Bushby).

Herts. Totteridge (Lorimer) ; Haileybury, Watford and Cheshunt
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Middlesex. Stanmore (Lorimer); one taken by D. Hill in North
Wembley, May 1938.

Surrey. Oxshott Station (Cockayne); Merton Park (Nott) ; Putney,
one in 1951 (H. D. Swain) ( Ent . Gazette , 3: 111); a few at Weybridge
(Messenger).

*Cerura furcula Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17.

The Sallow Kitten is usually more numerous than the last species.
It is widely distributed mainly on the outskirts of the Area, but seldom
reallv plentiful. It ranges up to northern Scotland and the Isles. The
1898 list mentions its occurrence in Highgate woods, Finchley, Totten¬
ham Marshes, Chiswick, Sydenham and Harrow. Later records in¬
clude : —

Herts. Watford (Penrose); Haileybury, Hertford, Hoddesdon
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Ongar Park Wood (Sutton).

15

116

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Surrey. Banstead, July 1952 (Gardner); larvae at Oxsliott (van
Em den).

Kent. Pett’s Wood (A. Swain).

*Dicranura vinula Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17,
[B.24] .

This is another of our most well-known moths both as a larva and
the perfect insect. It is prevalent all over the British Isles up to north
Scotland and is widespread all over the London Area, even in the City.

Inner London. City Bombed Sites, 1951 and 1952 (Wheeler) ; larvae
common at C'ripp legate (D. Owen).

Other records in the suburbs include

Surrey. Wimbledon (van Emden) ; Putney (Phelps) ; Merton Park,
ova (Nott) ; Coulsdon (Wheeler).

It is common all over the outskirts of London and the outer regions
of the Area.

"Stauropus fagi Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Lobster moth is doubtless best known by its amazingly shaped
larva. The insect conies freely to light from May to July and is often
common in woodland in southern England and on the outskirts of the
Area. The 1898 list only mentions single records from Hampstead.
Dulwich and Ealing. Latterly it has been reported from

Middlesex. Stanmore, five males of the dark form to light, June
1953 (Lorimer).

Herts. Haileyburv, Hoddesdon and Watford (Foster, Lep. Herts..
1937); one at Arkley, 1953 (Howarth).

Essex. Reported frequently from Epping Forest.

Surrey. Banstead, 1st June 1952 (Gardner) ; Claygate, 1936 (Key-
wood) ; Ashtead (Finnigan) ; Weybridge, common (Messenger).

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell); Keston (Birchenough).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

( Gluphisia crenata Esp.). (E2.18).

This extremely rare species, known as the Dusky Marbled Brown,
can only just claim admission to the List, since the two original speci¬
mens taken in this country were found at rest in Ongar Park WMod
on the boundary of the Area. Doubleday reports that the first was
secured in 1840 and another in almost the same spot a year later. Only
very few others have ever been recorded in this country.

*Drymonia ruficomis Hufn. ( chaonia Hbn.). M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16,
S.17, B.24

The Lunar Marbled Brown is one of the earliest of this Family to
appear and is a frequent visitor to light in late April and May. It is
exclusive to oak and is widespread in such terrain up to mid-Scotland.
The 1898 list mentions Richmond Park as a special locality for it round

London.

Middlesex. Stanmore, a few (Lorimer).

16

THE MOTHS OE LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

117

Herts. Reported from Haileybury, Totteridge and Hoddesdon
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. West Wickham (T r undell) ; Orpington, 1953 (A. Swam);
Bromley, A. Lawrence ( Ent . Bee., 1901, 13: 221).

Surrey. One at Kew Gardens (Ent. Bee., 1903, 15 : 1S8) ; Banstead,
1952 (Gardner); Arbrook Common (Cockayne); Addington area (Birch-
enough); numerous at Weybridge (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer A .C.H. 1905).

*I)rymonia trimacula Esp. H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Pale Marbled Brown appears about a month later than the
preceding species and is also a frequenter of Oakland regions, but only
ranges up to our northern counties. The males come freely to light,
but it does not appear to be plentiful in the London Area, only Shiiley
being given in the 1898 list. Recently it has been reported from

Herts. Only one at Watford (Penrose) and another taken there
n 1904, (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937); Arklev, one (Howarth).

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell) ; Orpington, 1953 (A. Swain).
Surrey. Addington (Birchenough) ; Weybridge, numerous (Mes¬
senger).

*Pheosia tremuia Clerck. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17.

This attractive species, the Swallow Prominent, is prevalent m the
London Area almost wherever there are poplars. It appears in May
and again in the late summer, occurring up to Northern Scotland.
Many localities are given in the 1898 list, including Chiswick, Wands¬
worth Common, Highgate and Richmond Park. Records in recent years

include : —

Inner London. Several in 1952 and 1953 at tne Zoo, Regents

Park, m/v trap (Busliby).

Middlesex. Stunmore, numerous (Lorimer).

LIerts. Totteridge, common (Lorimer); also from East Barnet,
Watford and Cheshunt (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Orpington and Pett’s Wood, 1953 (A. Sv. ain) ; West

Wickham (Trundell).

Surrey. Barnes. 1937 (Gardner); Wimbledon (van Emden) ; Ewell
(Tunstall) ; Coulsdon (Wheeler); common at Weybridge (Messenger);
one at Putney 1936 (E>. King); larvae common at Cheam (Menzies).
Essex. Widespread and generally distributed (V.C.H. 1903).

*Bheosia gnoma Fab. ( dictaeoides Esp.). M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16,
S.17.

The Lesser Swallow Prominent is again a very plentiful insect in
most areas where birch abounds right to northern Scotland. It is often
common at light in May and August. The 1898 lists mentions it from
Hampstead, Highgate, Coombe Wood and Wimbledon Common.
Recently reported from

17

118

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Herts. One at Watford (Penrose); Totteridge (Lorimer) ; also from
Haileybury, East Barnet and Hoddesdon (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Darenth Wood (D. Owen); Orpington (Siggs) ; West Wick¬
ham (Trundell); Abbey Wood (Showier).

Surrey. Banstead, 1952 (Gardner) ; Addington (Birchenough) ,
common at Weybridge (Messenger) ; plentiful at Cheam (Menzies) ; one
at Chipstead, 1946 (G. Johnson).

Essex. Epping Forest (V.C.H. 1903).

*Notodonta ziczac Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Pebble Prominent is a very common and widespread species
where sallow flourishes, ranging to N. Scotland. Highgate Woods,
Chiswick, Finchley and Harrow are among many localities in the 1898
list. It has been recorded in recent years from nearly all over the
Area, except Inner London.

*Notodonta dromedarius Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Iron Prominent is yet another very widespread species, being
often plentiful at light in May and August. The larvae are to be
found in all birch and alder localities virtually throughout the British
Isles. Hampstead Heath, Highgate Woods, Wimbledon Common,
Forest Gate and Dulwich are among many places mentioned in the
1898 list. Later records include from

Middlesex. Stanmore (Lorimer); Chiswick, 1918 (A. Sich, Ent.
Bee., 1919, 56).

Herts. Watford (Penrose); Totteridge (Lorimer); Broxbourne and
Hoddesdon (Foster, Lep . Herts., 1937).

Essex. Ongar Park Wood (Sutton).

Kent. Pett’s Wood, 1953 (Siggs) ; Abbey Wood, 1953 (Showier) ;
West Wickham (Trundell).

Surrey. Banstead (Gardner); Tadworth (Wheeler); Mickleham
(van Emden); larvae common on birch at Cheam (Menzies); common
at Weybridge (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

Notodonta anceps Goeze ( trepida Esp.). M.21, H.20, E2.18, [E.19],
K.16, S.17, B.24.

This fine insect, the Great Prominent, is usually fairly common in
oak wrnods in the south during May when the males often abound at
light, but there are only a few scattered records for the London Area
where doubtless it is more plentiful than supposed. Recent records in¬
clude : —

Herts. Haileybury (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell).

Surrey. Merton Park (Nott); Weybridge, infrequent, (Messenger).

Essex. Reported from Loughton ( Entom ., 1871, 5 : 395).

Becks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.H.C. 1905).

18

THE AI0THS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

119

Lophopteri/x cucullina Schiff. K.16.

The Maple Prominent seems to be restricted to its foodplant in
chalk regions, and in range to a few southern counties, Kent, Sussex.
Dorset, Cornwall, Bucks, Oxford, also Norfolk, Northants and
' Cambridge. It has only been found in

Kent, one at light in Abbey Wood in 1953 (Showier), and larvae
beaten frequently from maple near Pinden, Hartford (Hare); also
taken near Eynsford and Shoreham.

*Lophopteryx capucina Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17,
B.24.

The Coxcomb Prominent is another very plentiful widespread
species, ranging all over the British Isles. The larvae are readily found
on birch and sallow. It is generally distributed over the London Area,
except in the most central regions.

*Odontosici carmelita Esp. (E2.18), K.16, S.17, (B.24).

The Scarce Prominent, which appears towards the end of April, is
no doubt more prevalent than supposed and probably occurs in most
birch areas up to north Scotland. It has been reported from south
Ireland. The insect is prone to sit on birch trunks. Its colour simu¬
lates the bark in a remarkable fashion. There are a few London records.
The 1898 list only mentions it from Shirley. Other records are :

Essex. Epping Forest, Doubleday, 1840 (Y.C.H. 1903).

Kent. Dartford and Chislehurst (Y.C.H. 1908); West Wickham,
1908 (Nottle) ; also one taken there on 19th April 1897 ( Ent . Pec., 1897,
9 : 154) ; Westerham, one, 1946 (C. Edwards) ; Pinden, one, 28th April
1952* (Hare).

Surrey. Mickleham, 1933 (R. Craske) ; larvae at Ashtead in 1944
and 1946 (Finnigan) (Ent. Pec., 1953, 65 : 144).

Bucks. Two recorded from Black Park, Fulmer, in 1857 (Y.C.H.
1905).

Ptilophora plumigera Esp. K.16.

The Plumed Prominent, which appears in November, is a some¬
what elusive insect, affecting maple and sycamore in chalky districts,
mainly in Kent, Surrey, Hants., Dorset, Bucks., Oxon., Glos., Worcs.
and Suffolk. It has been particularly plentiful in 1953. It has only
been found in the Area near Shoreham and Eynsford.

Kent. Many males at light near Shoreham, mid-November 1953
(Cole).

*Pterostoma palpina Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16,
S.17, [B.24].

The Pale Prominent is a fairly abundant species on poplar in
southern England up to the Midlands. The males come freely to light
in May and August. The 1898 list mentions it from Hounslow,
Chiswick, Finchley, Highgate and Wimbledon Common. Recent
records : —

19

120

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Inner London. One taken at m/v trap at the Zoo, 1952 (Bushby).
Middlesex. Stanmore, common (Lorimer).

Herts. Watford, scarce (Penrose); Totteridge (Lorimer); Bricket
Wood, East Barnet, Hoddesdon and Broxbourne (Foster, Lep. Herts.,
1937).

Essex. Loughton (Sutton).

Kent. Orpington, 1953 (Siggs) ; Cbelsfield (A. Swain) ; West Wick¬
ham (Trundell).

Surrey. Merton Park (Nott) ; Tadworth (Wheeler); Addington
(Birchenough) ; common at Wevbridge (Messenger).

*Phalera bucephala Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17,
B.24.

The Buff-tip is one of our most familiar moths together with the
huge clusters of its larvae which often do considerable damage. The
species is generally distributed over the whole of the London Area, its
la i ’vae being found in the bombed sites in the City precincts.

On July 1, 1951, Mr. H. D. Swain took in his m/v trap at Putney
a most remarkable melanic example of this species, with the body and
wing markings suffused with deep brown (vide Ent. Gazette, 1952, 3 :
118, and Plate).

*Clostera curtula Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Large Chocolate-Tip is a fairly common insect in the South of
England among poplar and aspen from which its larva may be readily
beaten. The moth appears in May and again often in August. It is
widely spread in the London Area with records from

Inner London. One taken in 1953 at the m/v trap at the Zoo
(Bushby).

Middlesex. Larvae taken at Potters Bar (Lorimer) ; Highgate,
one (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891).

Herts. Watford, one (Penrose); Broxbourne (Classev) ; Haileybury
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. West Wickham, 1947 (Birchenough); Westorham (C.
Edwards).

Surrey. Arbrook Common (Cockayne); Mitcham Common (Collyer) ;
Ewell (Tunstall) ; Wimbledon, two (H. Swain) ; Weybridge, a few each
year (Messenger); larvae common at Cheam (Menzies).

*Clostera pigra Hufn. H.20, K.16, S.17, (B.24).

The Small Chocolate-Tip is quite a local species in England ranging
up to north Scotland. It is most usually obtained as the larva, feeding
in leaves of dwarf sallow. The larvae are reported as numerous in the
south-east area of London in the 1898 list. Later records are from
Herts. East Barnet and Cheshunt Marsh (Foster. Lep. Herts.
1937).

Kent. One larva at West Wickham, 1948 (Birchenough).

Surrey. Larvae numerous in dwarf sallow on Wimbledon Common
in 1940 (Bretherton).

Bucks. Reported from Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

20

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

121

THYATIRIDAE.

Tliis Family of somewhat Noctuid-like species, commonly called the
Lutestrings, is usually classed next to the Prominents. The larvae are
mainly hairless and without excrescences. All 9 British species are
found in the London Area.

*Habrosyne derasa Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17,
B.24.

The Buff Arches, one of our loveliest moths, is found widely over the
Area, the 1898 list recording it from many localities, including Hamp¬
stead Heath, Highgate, Maida Vale, Dulwich, Stamford Hill and
Walthamstow.

Recently reported from Inner London at the Zoo, 1952 (Bushby).

Middlesex. Potters Bar (Odell); Stanmore (Lorimer).

Herts. Bricket Wood, East Barnet, Watford, Broxbourne (Foster,
Lep. Herts., 1937). Northaw, 1952 (Rutherford).

Kent. Abbey Wood, 1952 (Showier) ; Orpington, 1953 (Siggs) ; West
Wickham (Trundell).

Surrey. Brixton (Farmer); Barnes (Gardner); Kew and Wimble¬
don (van Emden); Merton Park (Nott) ; Coulsdon (Wheeler); Putney
and East Sheen, 1928 to 1933 (D. King); Weybridge, numerous (Mes¬
senger).

*Thyatira batis Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17, B.24.

Another most attractive species, the Peach Blossom, is found up to
Scotland and is often common in many regions including the London
Area. Highgate Woods, Hampstead Heath, Ealing, Wimbledon and
Walthamstow are mentioned in the 1898 list.

Reported from Middlesex. Stanmore (Lorimer).

Herts. Aldenham (H. King); Bricket Wood, Oxhey Wood, Hod-
desdon and Broxbourne (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937); common at Tot-
teridge (Lorimer).

Kent. Haves (Birchenough) ; West Wickham (Trundell).

Surrey. Ashtead (Gardner) ; Banstead (Tunstall) ; Selsdon (Bar¬
nett) ; Weybridge, fairly common (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

*Tethea or Fab. M.21, H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Poplar Lutestring, though widespread over the country up to
north Scotland and the Isles, has few records in the London region.
The 1898 list and 1902 suppt. only mention it from Harrow, Coombe
Wood, Wimbledon and from Bromley, Kent, where some extreme
melanic specimens were taken by W. Cope, also from Bexley, Dartford
and Eltham (V.C.H. 1908).

Herts. Aldenham (H. King); Bricket Wood, Hoddesdon, Brox¬
bourne Woods (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

21

122

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

*Tethea ocularis Linn. ( octogesima Hiibn.). I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18,
K.16, S.17.

It would appear that the Figure of Eighty has become more com¬
mon in recent years in the London Area, since the 1898 list only gives
it from Woodford and Chingford. Like the last species, its larva
inhabits leaves of poplar and aspen where it is readily found in August.
It has been taken up to northern England. Lately recorded from
Inner London. Bayswater (Cockayne).

Middlesex. Bedfont (Uffen) ; Highgate, 1907 (C. Andrewes) ; Stan-
more (Lorimer).

Herts. Totteridge (Lorimer); Watford, rare (Penrose); Hoddesdou
and Broxbourne (Foster, Lep. Herts.. 1937).

Kent. Abbey Wood (Showier); Greenwich Park, Bexley, Joyden’s
Wood and Darenth Wood (D. Owen); Pett’s Wood, 1951 (Siggs) ;
Orpington (A. Swain); West Wickham (Trundell).

Surrey. Putney (D. King); common at Putney m/v trap (H.
Swain); Merton Park (Nott) ; Addington (Birchenough) ; Coulsdon
(Wheeler); Selsdon (Barnett); Weybridge, fairly common (Messenger).

*Tetliea duplaris Linn. M.21, H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Small Satin Lutestring is usually prevalent wherever birch
occurs up to northern Scotland and in Ireland. The dark form is often
as common as the normal pale grey even in the South. Reported in
1898 list and suppt. from Dulwich, Hampstead, Highgate, Norwood,
Wimbledon and Eltliam. More recent records from
Middlesex. Highgate, 1914 (C. Andrewes).

Herts. Aldenham (H. King); Bricket Wood and Hoddesdou
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937)

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell) ; Abbey Wood and Plumstead
Common (Showier).

Surrey. Banstead, 1938 (Gardner); Ewell, July 1951 (Tunstall) ;
Addington (Birchenough); Weybridge, rare (Messenger).

*Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn. K.16, S.17.

The Satin Lutestring is by far the most local species of this Family,
being found in birch country in July in mid-Sussex, West Surrey, the
Forest of Dean to North Wales, the Lake District, S.W. Ireland and
also reported from Aberdeen. There are a few London records from
Forest Hill and Shirley in the 1898 list, also from

Kent. Eltham, Dart-ford and West Wickham (V.C.H. 1908);

Westerham (C. Edwards).

Surrey. Limpsfield Chart (Cockayne).

*Asphalia dilutee Schiff. M.21, H.20, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Lesser Lutestring is often a plentiful visitor to light and sugar
in September mainly in the southern regions among oakwoods. Dulwich,
Sydenham, Highgate Woods, Finchley and Richmond Park are among
localities given in the 1898 list and 1902 supp. Recently recorded from

22

THE ilOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

123

Middlesex. Stanmore, common (Lorimer) ; Mill Hill and Harefield
(Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891).

Herts. Oxhev Woods, Haileybury, Watford and Broxbourne
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Abbey Wood (Showier) ; Pett’s Wood, 1953 (A. Swain); West
Wickham (Trundell).

Surrey. Addington (Birchenougli) ; Tadworth (Wheeler); two in
1935 at Weybridge (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer, about 1855 (Y.C.H. 1905).

*Achlya flavicornis Linn. M.21, H.20, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Yellow Horned is a real harbinger of spring, often appearing
at the end of February and usually abundant among birch up to
northern Scotland where a larger and deeper coloured form occurs.
The 1898 list only mentions it from Shirley, Plumstead, Dulwich and
Richmond Park. Latterly reported from

Middlesex. Stanmore, plentiful (Lorimer).

Herts. Elstree (Lorimer); Bricket Wood and Broxbourne, common
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Abbey Wood, 1947 (Showier) ; common at Pett’s Wood in
1950 (Siggs) ; West Wickham (Trundell); Hayes (Birchenough).

Surrey. Esher (Gardner) ; Wimbledon Common (Cardew), many
seen there in March 1947 (C. de W.); Arbrook (Keywood) ; Sheen Com¬
mon and Oxshott (D. King); Banstead (Wheeler); common at Wey¬
bridge (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (Y.C.H. 1905).

*Polyploca ridens Fab. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Frosted Green is often quite common at light in oak woods
towards the end of April and as a larva in July, ranging up to the
northern Counties. Only Wanstead and Harrow are mentioned for it
in the 1898 list.

Middlesex. Fairly common at Stanmore (Lorimer).

Herts. Oxhey, one larva in 1938 (Classey) ; Haileybury, Brox¬
bourne Woods and near St. Albans (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. West Wickham (Y.C.H. 1908).

Surrey. Weybridge, one (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (Y.C.H. 1905).

LYMANTRTIDAE.

The Tussock Moths are chiefly known from their remarkably hairy
larvae, many of which, like that of the Pale Tussock, have conspicuous
tufts along the back. Anatomically this large Family can be readily
separated from related families by the absence of the proboscis in the
imagines. Some species like the Yapourers ( Orgyia ) have a day-flying
male and apterous female. Nine out of the eleven British species have
been recorded in the London Area.

23

124

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

*Orgyia gono stigma Fab. (H.20), E2.18, (K.16), (S.17), (B.24).

The Scarce Vapourer is now one of our most localised insects, being
still found on the Norfolk Broads, in the Reading district, in Lincoln¬
shire and near York as well as in at least one restricted locality just
within the London Area.

Herts. A larva was reported from Bricket Wood and there is a
single record from Haileybury (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. It still appears to occur in the wToods near Warley where
larvae were obtained in 1933 (O. de W.).

Kent. The late L. W. Newman found ova among oaks near Bexley
and bred out the insects in 1898. Larvae were also found there in 1899
(Ent. Bee., 1898, 10: 277, and 1899, 11: 278).

Surrey. It was found fairly common on Wimbledon Common near
Veitch’s nursery in the 1860’s (V.C.H. 1902).

Bucks. Reported from Black Park, Fulmer, by Samuel Stevens
about 1850 but not seen in recent years in that area ( Y .C.H. 1905).

jr

*Orgyia antigua Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Common Vapourer is one of London’s most familiar moths,
especially in the larval state when it has often been a plague on trees
in the parks and thoroughfares, though not so much within the last
ten years. It is generally distributed over the whole Area, being
recorded from the City bombed sites in 1951 (Wheeler) and from Russell
Square in 1953 (Chapman). It is found up to north Scotland.

*Dasychira pudibunda Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17,
B.24.

The Pale Tussock is one of the commonest and most familiar species
in the Area, both as an imago and as its very characteristic larva. It
can be said to be generally d:stributed and often common over the whole
London Area, except Inner London whence it does not appear to have
been recorded, though it has been taken at Highgate, Muswell Hill,
Finchley and Southgate (1898 List) and more recently at Kew and
Wimbledon Common (van Emden). It ranges up to the northern
counties.

Dasychira fascelina Linn. H.20, S.17.

The Dark Tussock is a much scarcer species than the foregoing, being
chiefly found in heather localities and more often seen as a larva in
May after hibernation. It is not recorded in the 1898 list. It ranges
up to northern Scotland where a darker form exists than in the south.
Tn the London Area it has only been reported from

Surrey. Larvae found at West By fleet on the Area boundary
(Rumsey) .

Herts. Larvae found at Hoddesdon (G. V. Bull) in 1931 (Foster,
Lep. Herts., 1937).

24

THE MOTHS OE LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

125

*Euproctis chrysorrhaea Hiibn. (phaeorrliaea Don). M.21, H.20, E2.18,
K.16, S.17, (B.24).

The Brown Tail is chiefly known for its huge colonies attaining
'immense numbers in restricted localities, such as Canvey Island and the
Isle of Sheppey where untold damage has been done to vegetation and
fruit trees by the urticating larvae which hibernate in conspicuous white
webs. It seems to be a virtually maritime species along the south-east
and southern coasts of England. Fortunately London does not seem to
have had a recent visitation, though there are reports of some in trie
18tli century. There are some scattered records from Harrow, Leyton,
Tottenham, Dulwich and Norwood in the 1898 list. Other records from

Middlesex. Mill Hill and Isleworth (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891);
Hounslow, larvae, 1949 (Pierce).

Essex. Loughton, one, July 1934 (Sutton).

Herts. Watford and East Barnet (Foster, Lap. Herts., 1937).

Surrey. Kingston Hill and larvae abundant at Ash head in 1901
(P. Richards) (V.C.H. 1902).

Kent. Plumstead at light (Rigden) ; Lewisham and Greenwich Park,
scarce (D. Owen).

Bucks. Formerly taken in Black Park, Fulmer, about 1855 (\ .C.H.
1905).

*Euproctis similis Fuessl. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17,

B.24.

The Gold-Tail is an extremely common and widespread species which
is generally distributed over the whole of the London Area even in the
central regions where it has been taken at light at the Zoo, Regent’s
Park (Bushby).

*Leucoma salicis Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

A very conspicuous member of this Family both as a moth and a
larva, the White Satin moth can be classed as one of London’s speciali-
ties, being found sometimes in countless thousands on poplars, especially
in one or two spots in the outer suburbs. The 1898 list and 1902 suppt.
enumerates it from all over the Metropolis including Islington, Wal¬
thamstow, Chiswick, Dulwich, Barnes Common, Hammersmith,
Shepherd’s Bush and Ealing. It appears to become much rarer the
further it occurs from the Metropolitan Centre. It is found somewhat
sparingly up to northern England. Recent records include : —

Inner London. Hyde Park and Paddington (Cockayne) ; the Zoo,
1952 (Bushby); Kensington Gardens (R. Jackson).

Middlesex. Larvae swarming on poplars in Lea Bridge Road, Dal-
sten, in June 1933 (C. de W.).

Herts. Reported from Watford, Chorley Wood, East Barnet,
Cheshunt and Haileybury (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. .Abbey Wood Marshes, 1947 (Showier); larvae seen in hun¬
dreds in Plumstead Marshes up till 1951 (Rigden); Orpington, 1953
(Siggs).

Surrey. One in July 1953 at Weybridge (Messenger).

25

126

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

( Lymantria dispar Linn.) (M.21), (E2.18).

The Gipsy with its such remarkable sexual dimorphism used to be
fairly prevalent mainly in a few restricted areas in the eastern counties
where it appears to have been found up till 1927. There has always
been a suspicion that its presence in this country was due to introduced
stock. In the London Area a few specimens were taken in the early
1870’s round Wandsworth, said to have been introduced ( Entom ., 1872,
6 : 190), while quite a lot of larvae were found near Tilbury on sloe
bushes in 1871 {Entom., 5 : 393). A single example was taken near
Uxbridge in 1877 by J. Benbow {Entom., 1878, 11 : 21).

* Lymantria monacha Linn. M.21, IT. 20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17,
B.24.

Males of the Nun or Black Arches are common visitors at light
during August in oak woods mainly over the south of England, but it
is apparently scarce in the vicinity of London for which the 1898 list
only gives a single record for Hackney. Others have been reported
from :

Middlesex. Larvae at Bishop’s Wood, Hampstead and in Pinner
Woods in 1882 (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891).

Herts. Northaw, Hoddesdon, Broxbourne and Haileybury (Foster,
Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. West Wickham, Hayes and Selsdon (Birchenough).

Surrey. One in 1951 at Weybridge (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (Y.C.H. 1905).

LASIOCAMPIHAE.

This Family embraces what are usually known as the Eggar Moths,
characterised by their hairy larvae and cocoons mostly ovoid in shape.
Except in the case of the Fox Moth and the Oak Eggar, the males come
freely to light. Out of the 11 recognised British species, ten have been
recorded for the London Area.

*Malacosoma neustria Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17,
[B.24].

The Lackey, one of the commonest members of the Family, is well-
known for the large nests of spring larvae which can be a serious pest
in fruit areas. It occurs up to our northern counties and is widespread
in the London Area. Among many localities given in the 1898 list are
Chiswick, Barnes, Chingford, Highgate, Dalston and Tottenham.
Among recent records:

Herts. Totteridge, fairly common (Lorimer) ; widely distributed
over the County (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell) ; Pulley Oaks (Wheeler) ; Pett's
Wood (A. Swain).

Surrey. Ewell (Gardner); Oxshott (Cockayne, D. King); larvae in
numbers, Bookham, 1948 (Keyw'ood); common at Weybridge (Messenger^.

26

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

127

Malacosoma castrensis Linn. (H.20), K.16.

This very localised species, the Ground Lackey, is found on the
north and south sides of the Thames Estuary on salt marshes where the
larvae sometimes abound. There is one locality on the Sussex coast and
it extends its range on the east coast up to Harwich. Though it is
common round Canvey Island, it does not appear to have been met
with much nearer London on the north side of the River, though there
are old records for it in the Woolwich Marshes and off Erith (Barrett,
ii, 20) where it is stil1 to be found.

Herts. One taken at East Barnet (Gillum) (Foster, Lep. Herts.,
1937).

*Trichiura crataegi Linn. M.21, H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Pale Oak Eggar is far more often seen as a very conspicuous
ana variable larva in June than as the moth which appears in Septem¬
ber in southern regions, but much earlier in Scotland. The 1898 list
gives it cursory mention as being scarce in the south-east district. It
has been reported latterly from

Herts. From Bushey, Watford, Cheshunt, Broxbourne and Hailey-
bury (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Middlesex. Old records of larvae from Pinner and Mill Hill
(Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891).

Kent. Larvae at Eltham (V.C.H. 1908).

Surrey. Larvae taken regularly at Oxshott (H. B. Williams,
Entom., 1931, 43: 42).

*Poecilocampa populi Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17.

The December Moth is a very frequent visitor to light in the last
two months of the year. It is found up to north Scotland and is wide¬
spread over the London Area. The 1898 list mentions it from Hamp¬
stead Heath, Muswell Hill, Mill Hill, Southall, Finchley, Harrow and
Chingford.

Reported in recent years from

Herts. Bricket Wood, East Barnet, Hoddesdon and Broxbourne
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell) ; Pett’s Wood, 1946 (Siggs) ;
Addington, 1950 (Birchenough) ; Darenth Wood and Jovden’s Wood (D.
Owen).

Surrey. Burgh Heath (Wheeler); fairly common at Weybridge
(Messenger); numerous in 1945 at Chipstead (G. Johnson).

Eriogaster lanestris Linn. M.21, H.20, (K.16), (S.17).

The Small Eggar which appears in March has hardly ever been taken
on the wing, but is freely bred from the huge nests of larvae which are
very conspicuous on hedgerows in June in the restricted areas where
the species occurs in southern England up to North Wales. There are
a few London records, though the insect is plentiful on Canvey Island.

Middlesex. Nests of larvae found at Mill Hill, Kingsbury and
Oxhey Lane (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891).

27

128

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Herts. Reported from Haileybury, Cheshunt, Hertford and St.
Albans (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Formerly found at Darenth and Greenhithe (V.C.H. 1908).
Surrey. Nests reported from Epsom and Sutton (Sidney Webb)
(V.C.H. 1902).

* Lasiocampa quercus Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, [S.17].

The males of this grand insect, the Oak Eggar, are a familiar sight
in July careering about heaths and downlands and moors up to the most
northerly limits of these Islands, but it seems to have become distinctly
scarcer round London in recent years. Only recorded from Ilford,
Finchley and Mill Hill in 1898 list.

Herts. “Common all over the area” (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).
Kent. Common on the downs, also at Darenth Wood and Joyden’s
Wood (D. Owen).

( Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff.) (M.21).

The Grass Eggar is virtually a maritime species occurring along the
south and west coasts up to Cumberland. Its only claim to be included
in this list is a single record of a specimen taken at Hampstead by
Rowland-Brown (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891).

*Macrothylacia rubi Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K. 16, S.17.

The Fox Moth is another extremely familiar member of this Family,
both as the larva which often abounds on downland in the autumn and
as the powerfully flying males in late May. It is found mainly on the
outskirts of the Metropolis, being reported from Wimbledon, Mill Hill,
Harrow and Wanstead in 1898 list, and latterly from
Middlesex. Potters Bar, 1952 (Rutherford, Odell).

Herts. East Barnet and Hertford (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).
Kent. West Wickham, Keston and Hayes (Birclienough).

Surreal Oxshott (Cockayne) ; Addington, Tadworth, Kingswood
and Headley (Wheeler); one about 1920 at Weybridge (Messenger).

*Philudoria potatoria Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Drinker, usually associated with marshy areas, is abundant all
over the British Isles up to north Scotland and often common in the
London Area. Tottenham, Highgate, Finchley, Hackney, Woodford
and Wimbledon are among the many localities enumerated in the 1898
list, also Islewortli, Hampstead and Mill Hill (Cockerell, Lep. Middx..
1891). Otherwise it has been found generally distributed over the Area,
though reported scarce at Weybridge (Messenger).

*Gastropacha quercifoUa Linn. (I.L.), M.21, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Lappet is indeed a most spectacular species with its huge larva
and the curious resting position of the moth. It is fairly prevalent in
July over our southern counties up to the Midlands and there are many
records for the London Area. Hampstead, Highgate, Stratford and
Harrow are mentioned in the 1898 list. • " •

28

THE AIOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

129

Inner London. Pupa found at Addison Road Station (Cockerell,
Lep. Middx., 1891).

Middlesex. Mill Hill, 1951 (Ellis) ; South Minims, 1948 (Ruther-
' ford).

Essex. Two females at Woodford Green, 1908 and 1912 (Collenette).

Herts. Totteridge (Lorimer); East Barnet, Broxbourne, Hailey-
bury (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Beckenham, 1942, and West Wickham, 1951 (Birchenough) ;
common at Shoreham, Eynsford, Footscray and Darenth (D. Owen).

Surreal Oxshott (Cockayne) ; three at light, August 1946, at Chip-
stead (G. Johnson); larvae at Epsom Common, 1947, Wallington, 1948
(Collyer) ; Weybridge, one (Messenger).

SATURNIIDAE.

This huge Family produces some of the biggest moths in the world,
the giant Atlas Moths. All the larvae have hairy excrescences. Our
only representative is the Emperor Moth.

* Saturnia pavonia Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Emperor is indeed one of our most striking moths with its
very characteristic larva, often abundant on heaths in August, while
in April the males are a familiar sight quartering the ground in the
afternoon. It is prevalent in suitable terrain up to Northern Scot¬
land and fairly numerous on the outskirts of London, though the 1898
list only gives Chislehurst, Shirley and Ilford. Other records in¬
clude : —

Middlesex. Isleworth (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891); Hounslow
Heath, larva in 1952 (Pierce).

Herts. Haileybury, Cheshunt and Colney Heath (Foster, Lep.
Herts., 1937).

Kent. Males assembled at Abbey Wood, 1952 (Showier); Belve¬
dere, May 1952 (Rigden); Eltham and Greenhithe (V.C.H. 1908).

Surrey. Oxshott (Cockayne); Coulsdon (Collyer); Headley and Tad-
worth, 1953 (Wheeler). A few at Weybridge (Messenger).

Essex. Epping Forest (V.C.H. 1903).

ENDROMIDAE.

( Endromis versicolora Linn.) (K.16L

This splendid insect, the Kentish Glory, the only member of this
Family, was formerly an inhabitant of many places in southern Eng¬
land, especially Tilgate Forest. Though it may still exist on Burgh-
field Common near Aldermaston. Wvre Forest is its only sure habitat
now in England. In Scotland it is well distributed in the Highlands
where the males may be seen flying at midday during April and the
females at rest on the foodplant, the birch trees. It only has very
slender claim to the London Area in that for about the first 20
years of this century it was taken fairly regularly in Joyden’s Wood
in Kent where there is a suspicion it was originally put down. There

29

130

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

is also a report ol its presence just before the 1939 War on Oxshott
Common, also possibly introduced.

DREPANIDAE.

This small and very specialised Family known as the Hook-tips has
only six species resident in Britain, five of wdiich are found in the
London Area. Their peculiar larvae with anal clasps upturned can be
readily dislodged from their respective foodplants.

*l)repana binaria Hufn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.E .

The Oak Hook-tip is quite a. common species appearing in May and
August and often in October in Oakland country up to the Lake Dis¬
trict. The 1898 list gives many localities, including Chelsea ( Entom .,
1891, 24 : 260), W dies den, Highgate Woods, Hampstead, Chiswick,
Dulwich and Wimbledon Common. Recent records from Inner London,
one at the Zoo m/v trap, 1953 (Bushby).

Middlesex. Highgate, 1911 (C. Andrewes); Stanmore, common
(Lorimer).

Herts. Watford, scarce (Penrose); Haileybury, Broxbourne, Hod-
desdon (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Chingford (Cockayne).

Kent. West Wickham, Hayes, Keston (Birchenough) ; Pett’s
Wood, 1949 (A. Swain); Westerham, 1951 (Siggs).

Surrey. Ewell, May 1953 (Tunstall); Barnes (Gardner); Wimble¬
don Common, June 1930 (D. King); common at Weybridge (Mes¬
senger) .

*Drepa-na cultraria Fab. M.21, LI. 20, E2.18, S.17.

The Barred Hook-tip is exclusive to beech and only found among
its foodplant in southern England. The males fly freely in the sun¬
shine in early May and again in August. A single larva obtained at
Bishop’s Wood, Hampstead, is the only record in the 1898 list. Other
records include : —

Herts. Reported from Watford, Haileybury and Broxbourne
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Surrey. A female to m/v light at Selsdon, August 1953 (Birch¬
enough); six in 1951 at Weybridge (Messenger).

Essex. Plentiful in Epping Forest (Garland, Ent. Bee., 1896, 7 :
214).

*Drepana falcotaria Linn. (I.L.) M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17,
B.24.

J he Pebble Hook-tip is a common insect among birch in May and
August right up to northern Scotland and is very prevalent in the
London Area, being reported in the 1898 list from Chelsea (Entom.,
1891, 24: 260), Willesden, Highgate, Muswell Hill, Chiswick Streat-
ham and Walthamstow. Recently recorded from Middlesex, Stan-
mo're, fairly common (Lorimer).

30

THE MOTHS OE LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

131

Herts. Watford (Penrose), Haileybury, Hoddesdon, Broxbourne
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Ongar Park Wood (Sutton); larvae in Epping Forest, Sep¬
tember 1928 (Collenette).

Kent. Abbey Wood (Showier), Keston and Hayes (Birchenough) ;
Pett’s Wood, 1949 (A. Swain); Orpington, 1953 (Siggs).

Surrey. Wimbledon Common (van Emden); Sheen, Putney and
Oxshott (D. King); Claygate, 1947 (Keywood) ; Burgh Heath, 1952
(Wheeler); Bookham (Gardner).

*Drepana lacertinaria Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17,
B.24.

The Scalloped Hook-tip is also, like the last species, a birch feeder
and has a similar range and habits. It is very widespread through¬
out the London Area. The 1898 list recorded it from Clapton, Nor¬
wood, Sydenham and Shirley, also larvae on birch in Chiswick.

Middlesex. Chiswick, larvae in 1918 (A. Sich, Ent. Hec., 1919,
31 : 56); Stanmore, numerous (Lorimer).

Bucks. Ckalfont St. Peter (Y.C.H., 1905).

Herts. Wliippendell Wood, Oxhey, Haileybury and Broxbourne
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1907).

Essex. Ongar Park Wood (Sutton); larvae at Epping Forest, 1928
(Collenette).

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell) ; Keston, Hayes and Downe
(Birchenough); Orpington, 1948 (Siggs); Pett’s Wood, 1937 (A. Swam).

Surrey. Esher and Banstead (Gardner); Tadworth, 1951 (Wheeler);
Sheen, Wimbledon Common, Oxshott (D. King). Weyb ridge, a few
(Messenger).

*Cilix glaucata Scop. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The tiny Chinese Character is an abundant species all over the Lon¬
don Area even in the central region with a record at the m/v trap at
the Zoo, Regents Park (Bushby). It is found up to the north of
England.

NOLIDAE.

The five British species in this large and rather obscure family are
all rather small and inconspicuous. One of their distinguishing fea¬
tures are the small tufts of scales on the forewings, sometimes known
as “buttons'’. The larvae are hairy and make small oblong cocoons.
Three species have been recorded for the London Area.

*Nola cucullatella Linn. M.21, E2.18, El. 19, H.20, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Short-cloaked is by far the commonest of this Family, being
abundant in almost all areas where hawthorn is present. Its minute
larvae are a familiar sight in May in the beating tray. It is very
prevalent all over the London Area, except the central regions. It

31

132

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

has been taken at Dalston, all over Surrey and Kent, common at Tot-
teridge (Lorimer) and at Chingford (Cockayne).

Nola strigula Schiff. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, B.24.

The Small Black Arches is an extremely local species, found chiefly
among oak in many of the southern counties. There are only a very
few records for the London Area.

Middlesex. Harrow (Bonhote and Rothschild, 1895).

Herts. Several taken in July, 1924, near Hoddesdon by Dr. G. V.
Bull.

Essex. Reported from Brentwood (V.C.H. 1903).

Kent. Recorded from Dart-ford, Greenhithe and West Wickham
(V.C.H. 1908).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

*Cel-ama confusalis H.-S. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16. S.17, B.24.

The Least Black Arches is a fairly prevalent species in the south
in May when the imagines may often be found at rest head downwards
on tree trunks. It is doubtless much overlooked. A few records for
the Area.

Middlesex. Harrow (Bonhote and Rothschild, 1895).

Essex. Chingford (Cockayne).

Surrey. Richmond Park (1898 list); fairly common at Weybridge
(Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

HYLOPHILIDAE.

This small family which combines the sub-families of Westerman-
niinae and Sarrothripinae is usually placed now among the Bombyces.
The larvae form boat-shaped cocoons which is a characteristic of the
group. All four resident British species occur in the London Area.
In recent years a further species, Sarrothripus degenerana , has been
added to the List on the strength of a single example.

*Earias clorana Linn. I.L., M.21, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Cream Bordered Pea is our only member of a large genus, some
species of which are serious pests abroad. It is a local species, mainly
prevalent where osiers occur. The larvae are readily found in August
in the curled leaf tips. The 1898 list mentions it as common in Hack¬
ney Marshes, at Lee and Clapton. Also noted from Sydenham, Han-
well and Walthamstow. Other records include: —

Inner London. One at m/v trap at the Zoo, Regent’s Park, 1953
(Bushby).

Middlesex. Hammersmith Marshes (Cockerell, Lep. Middx , 1891).
Herts. Larvae on osiers near Broxbourne (Edelsten : Foster, Lep.
Herts., 1937).

Kent. Blackheath, rare (D. Owen); Abbey Wood and Woolwich
(Shotvler).

32

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

133

Surrey. Larvae at Elmer’s End (Barnett); numerous at m/v light
near Barnes Common (H. Swain); one on July 1, 1951, at Weybridge
(Messenger).

*Bena prasinana Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Green Silver Lines is often a common moth in oak woods in
June over the southern half of England. Its bright green larvae is
sometimes abundant in the autumn among oaks. Widespread in the
Area ; 1898 list gives Highgate Woods, Dulwich, Sydenham and Wimble¬
don Common. Later records are from

Middlesex. Stanmore (Lorimer); Potters Bar, 1953 (Odell).

Herts. Widespread at Bricket Wood, Cheshunt, Hoddesdon and
Broxbourne (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937), also Watford (Penrose).
Essex. Loughton and Forest Gate (Sutton).

Kent. Orpington and Pett’s Wood (Siggs); Abbey Wood, 1952
(Showier); Hayes and West Wickham (BirchenoughV

Surrey. Richmond Park (Gardner) ; Wimbledon Common (van
Emden) ; Selsdon (Barnett); Fairmile (Stallwood).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

*Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16,
S.17, B.24.

The Scarce Silver Lines, another oak-feeder, is more often seen as a
larva in May. Found fairly commonly over southern England up to
the north Midlands, it appears to be more widespread in the London
Area than the last species; the 1898 lists record it from Highgate,
Walthamstow, Southall, Norwood and Wimbledon Common.

Inner London. Taken at the m/v trap at the Zoo in 1951 (Bushby).
Middlesex. Hampstead (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891); common at
Stanmore (Lorimer).

Herts. Totteridge and Elstree, numerous (Lorimer); Bricket Wood,
Haileybury, Hoddesdon and Broxbourne (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Epping Forest, 1951 (Rutherford); frequent at Woodford
Green (Collenette).

Kent. Pett’s Wood. 1951 (A. Swain); Abbey Wood (Showier);
Greenwich Park, Darenth Wood and Joyden’s Wood, scarce (D. Owen).

Surrey. Surbiton Golf Course, 1946-48 (Stallwood); Chipstead, 1947
(G. Johnson); Selsdon (Barnett); Banstead (Gardner); rare at Wey¬
bridge (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

*S arr othripus revayana Scop, (undulana Hbn.) M.21, H.20, K.16,
S.17, B.24.

The Large Marbled Tortrix is one of the few hibernating species
among this class of moths. It can often be beaten from thick foliage,
such as yew, in mid-winter. A very great number of forms have been
named. Recorded in 1898 list from Eltham, Wimbledon Common and
Harrow.

33

134

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Middlesex. Mill Hill and Harefield (Cockerellj Lep. Middx., 1891).

Herts. Bricket Wood (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Orpington, 1949 (Siggs).

Surrey. Weybridge, scarce (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

ABOTIIDAE.

This large Family comprises in tkis country what are popularly
known as the Ermines, Tigers and Footman Moths. The Tigers are
among the most brightly coloured moths in the world. All the larvae
are hairy, while those of the true F ootmen (Lithosiidae) feed exclusively
on lichen and algae. Of the 30 species recognised in Britain no less than
24 are recorded for the London Area.

*Spilosoma lubricipeda Linn. ( menthastri Esp.). I.L., M.21, H.20,
E2,18, El. 19, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The White Ermine, one of our commonest and most well-known
moths, is generally distributed and often abundant all over the London
Area. In Inner London the larvae were frequent on the City bombed
sites (Wheeler) in 1951 and 1952. Larvae were in numbers on a piece
of waste ground in 1945 near South Kensington station (C. de W.). In
Scotland, especially round Glasgow, a buff form exists.

* Spilosomu urticae Esp. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Water Ermine is a much more local species, being found as its
name implies mainly in marshy places over southern England. The
1898 list mentions it from Tottenham, Stratford, the Isle of Dogs and
from Wimbledon Common in 1889. Latterly recorded from

Herts. East Barnet and Broxbourne, where larvae used to be com¬
mon in the marshes (Edelsten) (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Plumstead and Abbey Wood Marshes, 1952 (Showier), also
a larvae found in the latter locality in 1951 emerged in 1952 (J. Burton).

Surrey. Merton Park (Nott).

*Spilosoma lutea Hufn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17,
B.24.

The Buff. Ermine is about as common as the White Ermine in the
London Area in which it is widespread, even in Inner London where
larvae were found on the City bombed sites in 1949 (Wheeler) and were
abundant near South Kensington station in 1945 (C. de W.) ; also found
at Brixton (Farmer).

*Cycnia mendica Clerck. M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17.

The Muslin Moth with its dimorphic sexes is another plentiful
member of this Family in southern England and Ireland where the male
is white like the female. It is prevalent in the London Area, being re
corded in the 1898 list from Hampstead, Tottenham, Highgate,
Finchley and Harrow. Latterly recorded from

Middlesex. Hounslow, 1952 (Pierce) ; Stanmore (Lorimer).

34

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

135

Herts. Common at Watford (Penrose); Bricket Wood, Oxhey,

Haileybury and East Barnet (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Ongar Park Wood (Sutton); Buckliurst Hill, 1929

(Collenette).

Kent. Plumstead (Showier) ; West Wickham, Hayes, Keston
(Birchenough).

Surrey. Barnes and Banstead (Gardner); Kew and Wimbledon (van
Emden) ; Charlton, 1948 (J. Burton); common at Weybridge (Messenger).

*Diacrisia sannio Linn. K.16, S.17, (B.24).

The Clouded Buff is a most striking species as the males in June
career over most heathland up to north Scotland. They will also come
to the sugar patch. Apparently it has only recently been recorded in
the London Area south of the Thames. The 1898 list only gives Chisle-
hurst and Wimbledon Common in 1893 (Kidner). Latterly from

Surrey. Cobham. 1952 (Purefoy); Banstead (Bumsey) ; Bookham,
1948 (Keywood); Tadworth, 1949 (Wheeler); Claygate and Oxshott
(Finnigan); several at Weybridge (Messenger).

Bucks. Formerly at Black Park, Fulmer, about 1855 (V.C.H. 1905).

*Phmgmatobm fpliginosu Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19],
K.16, S.17, [B.24].

The Buby Tiger is often a very common insect ranging up to northern
Scotland and appearing in May and again often in August. It has
apparently become much more numerous in recent years in the London
Area, since the 1898 list only records it from Tottenham and Brockley.
Becently reported from

Inner London. City bombed sites (D. Owen); Kensington, 1930 (Dr.
Frazer); The Zoo, Begent’s Park, 1952 (Bushby).

Middlesex. Stanmore, numerous (Lorimer).

Herts. Northaw (Butherford); common at Watford (Penrose);
Haileybury, Hertford. East Barnet (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Ongar Park Wood (Sutton).

Kent. Plumstead, June 1951 (Bigden); Orpington, 1953 (Siggs) ;
West Wickham (Trundell); Hayes and Keston (Birchenough).

Surrey. Ashtead, 1952 (Chapman); Banstead (Gardner); Surbiton
(Stallwood) ; Selsdon (Barnett); Ewell (Tunstall); many at Weybridge

(Messenger).

Parasemia plantaginis Linn. K.16, S.17, (B.24).

The Wood Tiger belies its name, since it chiefly affects downlands
and moors ranging up to northernmost Scotland and the Isles where the
white form of the male (f. hospita) is often quite numerous. Not men¬
tioned in the 1898 list. Only records for the Area appear to be

Kent. Formerly at Greenhithe and Darenth (V.C.H. 1908).

Surrey. Seen flying on the downs near Carshalton in June 1951
(Booker).

Bucks. Formerly at Black Park, Fulmer. (V.C.H. 1905).

35

136

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

*Arctici caja Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E.2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17. B.24.

The Garden Tiger is one of our best-known moths, often abundant
as the larva all over the London Area, even on the City bombed sites from
1951 onwards (Wheeler) and at the Zoo (Bushby). It is found all over
the British Isles up to northern Scotland.

*Arctia villica Linn. M.21, H.20, [E2.18,] [El. 19.] K.16, S.17.

The Cream Spot Tiger, yet another very striking member of the
F amily, is appreciably less common than the last species. Its hibernated
larvae are sometimes quite common in the early spring. It occurs up to
the northern counties and is quite widespread in the London Area,
having been recorded in the 1898 list from Higligate, Chiswick. Southall.
Mill Hill. Harrow, Croydon and Brockley. More recently from
Middlesex. Larva at Scratch Wood in 1948 (Lorimer).

Herts. Haileybury, East Barnet, Oxliev and Wormlev (Foster.
Lep. Serfs., 1937).

Kent. Evnsford, 1949, Chelsfield, 1951, Orpington. 1953 (Siggs, A.
Swain).

Surrey. Banstead (Gardner): Weybridge, two in 1951 (Messenger).

Callimorpha dominulu Linn. (E2.18), S.17, K.16.

The Scarlet Tiger is chiefly a lover of marshy banks of rivers where
its larva sometimes abounds in April in southern England. In Kent it
occurs in one chalky locality by the sea and among woods in Cornwall.
For the London Area it was recorded formerly in

Essex by Doubleday in Epping Forest early last century.

Surrey. Near Reigate (Sidney Webb, Y.C.H. 1903); one at m.v.
trap at Weybridge, 30th June 1952 (Messenger).

Kent. Barrett (ii. 252) quotes Stephens as saying it disappeared
from Blackheath about 1829. However, it was taken fairly recently in
a restricted locality not far removed from that area.

*Utetheisa pulchella Linn. (M.21), (E2.18), (H.20), (S.17).

This remarkable migrant, the Crimson Speckled Footman, is a sub¬
tropical species which used to visit our shores much more frequently in
the last century than in the present one, though there were a good
many records in 1901. The following shows the recorded captures in
the London Area during the past 80 years.

Inner London. One at Stamford Hill, 31st May 1892 ( Entom ., 1892.
25 : 168); one taken in the grounds of the Zoo, Regent’s Park, by C. N.
Hughes on 21st October 1921 (Entom., 1921, 54: 270).

Middlesex. One captured at the Isle of Dogs on 3rd June (1892
(Entom., 1892, 25 : 191).

Herts. One at Waltham Cross, October, 1875 (Entom., 1892, 25:
154); one at Oakley Park Station, Barnet, in 1892 (Entom.. 1893, 28;
223) ; one taken at Rickmansworth by M. A. Salmon on 15th August-
1949 (Foster, Serfs List Suppt.).

Essex. One at Epping in 1846 (Y.C.H. 1903).

Surrey. Four taken at Earlsfield, near Clapham. in 1901 (Entom..
1901, 34 : 230 and 297).

36

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

137

*Callimorpha jacobaeae Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, S.16,
K.17, [B.24].

The Cinnabar, both as the moth and as the larva, is one of the most
' familiar of this Family. Though the larva abounds in places on rag¬
wort the species is by no means common everywhere or generally dis¬
tributed, being only found where its normal foodplant or an allied species
occurs. The 1898 list includes in its London localities Bedford Park,
Shepherds Bush, Chiswick, Barnes, Highgate, and Isleworth.

Inner London. Common on City bombed sites feeding on the Oxford
Ragwort 1949 to 1953 (Wheeler, D. Owen).

Middlesex. Hounslow, occasionally (Pierce).

Herts. Widely distributed. Common at Watford (Penrose); one
at light at Totteridge (Lorimer) ; Hoddesdon, Broxbourne, Haileybury
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Numerous at Buckhurst Hill (Chapman); Loughton (Sut¬
ton); Epping (V.C.H., 1903).

Kent. Plumstead (Showier); West Wickham, Keston, Hayes
(Birclienough); Pett’s Wood, Shoreham and Eynsford (Siggs, A. Swain);
uncommon in the suburbs (D. Owen).

Surrey. Ewell (Gardner); Coulsdon, Tadwortli (Wheeler); Wey-
bridge, common (Messenger).

*Atolmis rubricollis Linn. (M.21), K.16, S.17.

The Red-necked Footman is a most elusive and local insect which
spends most of its time flying about tree tops in June. It is much more
readily obtained as the larva by beating lichen-covered branches in the
early autumn. It is probably overlooked in its haunts in southern
England. The 1898 list only gives a single example taken in a garden at
Hornsey Rise by W. Southey. The few other records include: —

Kent. Darenth Wood and West Wickham (V.H.C. 1908).

Surrey. Taken in the Box Hill area (Cockayne) ; on Ashtead Com¬
mon (Welti); one at Weybridge on 23rd June 1952 (Messenger).

*Nudaria mundana Linn. M.21, H.20, K.16.

This delicate little species, the Muslin Footman, is normally an in¬
habitant of dry places where its larva may often be seen sunning itself
on stones and walls up to southern Scotland. The 1898 list says that
it was formerly abundant at Lee, but became extinct. There are other
single records from Highgate Woods, Hammersmith and Harrow, while
Mill Hill is mentioned by Cockerell (Lep. Middx., 1891). Other re¬
cords : — •

Herts. Reported from Hertford, Cheshunt and Chorley Wood
(Foster, Lep. Herts ., 1937).

Kent. Abundant at Eltham, Lee and Greenhithe (V.C.H. 1908).

*Comaclci senex Hiibn. (M.21), H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Round-winged Muslin Moth is the smallest member of the Foot¬
men and a denizen of damp places in southern England. It is probably
much overlooked. Like the last species, the 1898 list says it was formerly

37

138

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

common at Lee, but since extinct. There is a record from Ealing and
one from Wimbledon Common ( Entom ., 1889, 22: 150). Other records
include : —

LIerts. Watford and Haileybury (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Epping (V.C.H. 1903).

Kent. Dart-ford and Eltham (V.C.H. 1908).

Surrey. Fairmile Common (Cockayne) ; Weybridge, a few
(Messenger).

* Milt o christ a miniata Forst. M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Rosy Footman is often quite common among oak woods in the
south during July. It has a number of records in the London Area,
being reported from Tottenham, Norwood, Highgate Woods, Shirley
and Woodford in the 1898 list. Other records include:- —

Middlesex. Hampstead Heath (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891).
Herts. Widespread, reported from Bricket Wood, East Barnet,
Cheshunt, Haileybury and Hoddesdon (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).
Essex. Epping Forest ( E'nt . Bee., 1896, 8: 214).

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell) ; one there in 1951 (Birchenough) ;
Woolwich (Showier).

Surrey. Ashtead and Oxshott (Finnigan) ; several at Weybridge
(Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

*Setina irrorella Linn. H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Dew Footman is a veritable lover of downlands and cliffs where
it is found in suitable localities up to mid-Scotland. It even occurs
at Dungeness where its larvae are often abundant on the shingle.
Croydon is the only spot given in the 1898 list. There are only a few
other records for the Area.

Herts. East Barnet (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Otford and Shoreham (V.C.H. 1908).

Surrey. Plentiful just on the boundary of the Area at Mickleham
and Box Hill (G. Johnson, Wheeler and C. de W.).

*Cybosia mesomelia Linn. (M.21), H.20, E2.18, S.17, B.24.

The pretty Four-spotted Footman is exclusively a frequenter of
heathland over a wide area up to Scotland. The 1898 list only gives
Wimbledon Common, but there appear to be no recent captures there.
Middlesex. Harrow (Bonhote and Rothschild, 1895).

Herts. Haileybury, Bricket Wood and Broxbourne (Foster, Lep.
Herts., 1937).

Essex. D. F. Bayne mentions it as an inhabitant of Epping Forest
( End . Bee., 1892, 3: 84).

Surrey. Taken recently at Esher and on Oxshott Heath (Gardner).
Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

*Lithosia quadra Linn. (I.L.), (M.21), (E2.18), (S.17).

This grand species, the Four-spotted Footman, by far the largest
of this sub-family with its remarkable sexual dimorphism, is an insect

38

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

139

of great fluctuations. It sometimes appears in huge numbers as in
1938. It occurs sparingly, chiefly among oak over southern England
to the northern counties and fairly commonly in south-west Ireland. Its
, lari a spins a cocoon beneath a pad of silk in chinks of bark. There are
only a few scattered records for the London Area. The 1898 list gives
four single captures and another in the 1902 suppt. at Stratford by
C. Murray.

Inner London. One at New Cross taken by A. Cook on 18th July
1891 ( Entom ., 1891, 24 : 196); one taken at Kings Cross on 20th July
1891 by S. Robinson ( Entom- ., 1891, 24: 221).

Surrey. One caught at Kingston Hill by W. H. Kane and another
at Norwood by the Rev. Theodore Wood.

It has been suggested that the above captures may be escapes. This
is most improbable, since the insect is seldom bred and is known to be
a strong migrant.

Middlesex. The only other record is of one taken at Hampstead
in August 1917 by Dr. C. H. Andrewes.

Eilema deplana Esp. S.17, (B.24).

The Buff Footman is a very local insect in our southern and eastern,
counties, chiefly in woodlands. The larvae can often be beaten in May
from lichen covering the branches of old yews. Not in 1898 list.

Surrey. Mickleham Downs is a noted locality for this species
(Cockayne and Canon Edwards), two there in 1946 (C. Johnson) ; Wey-
bridge, one in 1951 (Messenger).

Bucks. Formerly at Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

* Eilema griseola Hiibn. M.21, E2.18, H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Dingy Footman produces a yellow form (f. stramineola Double¬
day), which is often commoner in some places than the grey type. Both
are denizens of marshy ground where they sometimes abound in August
, southern portion of England. The 1898 list mentions it as scarce

in the south-east of London. Other records are for

Middlesex. Two at Harefield in 1887 (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891).

Herts. Watford and Haileybury (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Epping Forest (V.C.H. 1903).

*Eilema lurideola Zinck. M.21, H.20, E2.18, [El. 19], K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Common Footman, as its name implies, is doubtless the most
widespread of this group, being generally distributed over England up
to the Lake District. Among the localities given in the 1898 list and
1992 suppt. are Hendon, Highgate Woods, Harrow, Wanstead, Dulwich,
Norwood and Sydenham. Doubtless common over most of the Area.

Herts. Totteridge, common at light, 1951 (Lorimer); Bricket Wood,
Cheshunt, Watford and East Barnet (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Surrey. Common at light at Weybridge (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

39

140

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

*Eilema complana Linn. M.21, H.20, K.16, S.17, B.24.

Though known as the Scarce Footman, this species is sometimes com¬
moner in its specialised haunts than the preceding one. It mainly
affects heat hi and and sandhills ranging up to North Lancashire where
the form sericea Gregson occurred until about 1902 and was at one time
considered to be a separate species. It is described as frequent at
Shirley in the 1898 list and also reported from Norwood and Ealing.

Middlesex. Hampstead (Cockerell, Lep. Middx., 1891).

Herts. Haileybury (Bowyer, Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937); Arldey,
1953 (Howarth).

Kent. Woolwich (Showier); Pinden (Hare); Selsdon and West
Wickham, where two records in 1953 (Birchenough).

Surrey. Oxsliott Heath (Cockayne) ; Esher (Gardner) ; common
most years at Weybrklge (Messenger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.O.H. 1905).

Edema sororcula Hufn. H.20, E2.18, S.17, B.24.

This delightful species, the Orange Footman, may often he seen
in the sunshine flying round beech trees in late May. Its larva, like
that of A. rubricollis, pupates in the autumn. Not in the 1898 list.

Herts. Whippendell Woods, Bricket Wood, Hoddesdon and Hailey-
bury (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Essex. Reported from Epping Forest by A. Bayne ( Ent . Lee.,
1890, 250).

Surrey. Box Hill (Cockayne); Great Bookham (Canon Edwards);
Ashtead, 1953 (Greenhill).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer, in 1850’s (V.C.H. 1905).

ZYGAENIDAE.

This almost world-wide Family which comprises the Burnets and the
Foresters ( Procris ) are all day-flying species with very specialised some¬
what slug-like larvae which make characteristic silken cocoons on grass
and low foliage. Of the 7 species of Burnets (Zygaenidae) and 3 species
of Forester recognised in the British Isles, only three of the former and
two species of the latter sub-family are found in the London Area. The
species are all found in restricted colonies.

* Zygaena fUipendulae Linn. M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16, S.17.

The Six-spot Burnet is by far the commonest species of the Family,
ranging up to northern Scotland. The larvae usually pupate high up
on grass stems and the insect appears in late June. It is widespread
in the London Area. Southall, Ealing, Grove Park, Tooting, Finchley,
Harrow and Chingford are given as localities in the 1898 list and there
is a record of larvae on Wimbledon Common in 1889. Other records
include

Middlesex. Harefield, Ruislip and Isle worth (Cockerell. Lep.
Middx., 1891).

Herts. Common near Totteridge (Lorimer).

Essex. Found in Ongar Park Wood (Sutton); Warley (V.C.H.
1903).

40

THE ilOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS .

141

Kent. Pett’s Wood, 1951 (Siggs); Plumstead Marshes and Lulling-
stone (Rigden) ; Shooter’s Hill (J. Burton), where the yellow form (ab.
lutescens ) occurs.

Surreal Addington, July 1953 (Birchenough) ; Chipstead, common
in 1946 (G. Johnson); numerous at Chessington and a few on Surbiton
Golf Course (Stallwood) Sheen Common and Leatlierhead, 1932 (D. King) ;
Coulsdon, 1942, and Bookham, 1952 (Wheeler); Putney Heath (Phelps);
Epsom and Bos Hill (van Emden).

Zygaena lonicercie Esp. H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Xarrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet may be distinguished from
the next species by the rarity of forms with confluent spots on the fore¬
wings, somewhat larger size and longer antennae, its cocoons high up
on grass stems, ova laid flat and the appearance of imagines in early
July. It is a denizen usually of open country in southern England
where its foodplant Hippocrepis occurs. This and the nest species are
so often confused that exact records of each are difficult to obtain since
they never seem to occur on the same ground together. Xot in the 1898
list.

Herts. Haileybury is the only locality given by Foster (Lep. Herts.,
1937).

Essex. Hainault (Y.C.H. 1903).

Kent. West Wickham (Barnett, Trundell) ; Keston and Biggin Hill,
1953 (Birchenough).

Su:.rey. Addington, 1953 (Birchenough).

*Zygaena trifolii Esp. M.21. H.20, K.16. S.17.

The Five-spot Burnet can be separated from the last species by its
usually smaller size, its shorter antennae, the frequency of forms with
confluent spots on the forewings, its normal appearance in late May and
in June and by the fact that it lays its eggs in an ovoid heap. The
cocoons are as a rule low down near the ground. Its usual habitat is
open country in southern England. The 1898 list and suppt. mentions
Mill Hill, Finchley and Croydon for this species. Harefield is also
given for it by Cockerell (Lep. Midclx., 1891). Another record for
Middlesex is Kenton in 1935 (Fletcher).

Herts. Common at Watford (Penrose).

Kent. Slioreham. 1951 (Wheeler); Greenwich Park, 1947, and
Sundridge Park (J. Burton); Lullingstone, May 1948 (Rigden).

Surrey. Juniper Hill, Mickleham, 19th May 1950 (Wheeler); Ches¬
sington (Stallwood): Oxshott and Sheen (D. King); two taken on
Wimbledon Common. 9th June 1946: larvae on Bookham Common, June
1948 (Keywood).

Procris geryon Hubn. S.17.

The Cistus Forester is usually to be found in early .June on chalk
downs and in limestone areas in very restricted colonies in the southern
counties ranging up to those of northern England.

Surrey. Mickleham and Bos Hill are the only spots recorded for it
in the Area. It was seen in those localities about 1900 (Barnett).

41

142

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

*Frocris statices Linn. (I.L.), M.21, H.20, El. 18, K.16, S.17.

The Green Forester in another insect of small colonies appearing
in June and ranging over southern England up to Scotland and wide¬
spread in Ireland. The 1898 list and the 1902 suppt. give Finchley,
Mill Hill, Ealing and Harrow Weald for this insect. A recent record
for Middlesex is a specimen taken at Kenton on 22nd June 1935
(Fletcher).

Herts. Reported from Haileybury, Watford, Oxhey and Wormley
(Edelsten, Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Innel London. In 1832 it was reported as being in vast numbers
on the north bank of the Serpentine in Hyde Park ( Ent . Fee., 1954, 66 :
26).

Essex. Recorded from Epping Forest (V.C.H., 1903).

Surrey. Bookham Common, June 1950 (Wheeler); also seen com¬
monly there in 1948 (Key wood).

COSSIDAE.

Only three members of this huge Family of species with wood boring
and stem feeding larvae occur in the British Isles. They have each
been found in the London Area. Many species abroad do considerable
damage to timber.

*Phragmataecia ccistaneae Hiibn. (H.20), (S.17).

The Reed Leopard is one of our most local moths occurring mainly
in Wicken and Chippenham Fens in Cambridgeshire and one remote
marsh in Dorset, but it is quite likely to inhabit several other localities
where there are old and scattered reeds which it prefers to affect.

There are apparently only two authentic records for the Area, one
specimen being taken at Sutton on 23rd June 1884 ( Entom ., 1884, 17:
184). This insect is mentioned in the 1898 list.

Another example was found in a spider’s web near the River Lea
at Hoddesdon and reported by Dr. G. V. Bull (Foster, Lep. Herts.,
1937).

*Zeuzera pyrina Linn. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17, B.24.

The Leopard Moth is another of London’s specialities, being very
common all over the Metropolis proper wdiere it may often be seen
on tree trunks during July. The larvae do considerable damage, especi¬
ally to fruit trees. Some fairly recent records include: —

Inner London. St. Johns Wood, July 1930 (C. de W.) ; Regents
Park, 1939 (R. Craske) ; the Zoo, 1953 (Bushby).

Middlesex. Taken on 10th July 1935 at Kenton (Fletcher).

Herts. East Barnet, Chorley Wood, Watford (Foster, Lep. Herts.,
1937).

Kent. Pett’s Wood, 1944 (Siggs and Orpington, 1953 (A. Swain) ;
West Wickham, Downe and Haynes (Birchenough).

Surrey. Kew (van Emden) ; Coulsdon, 1944 and 1946 (Wheeler) ;
Weybridge, common (Messenger) ; Putney, 1926 (D. King).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmbr (V.C.H. 1905).

42

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURRO UNDINGS.

143

*Cossus cossus Linn. ( ligniperda Fab.). M.21, H.20, E2.18, El. 19, K.16,
S.17.

The Goat Moth, one of our most spectacular species, is a very com¬
mon inhabitant of the Metropolis and its immediate surroundings. Its
larva often seen wandering in September searching for a pupating site
does great damage to large trees in which it takes several years to
mature. The species, though without a proboscis, often visits the sugar
patch. It is found up to the Highlands. The 1898 list reports it as
abundant over the whole of the Metropolitan Area. Recently reported
from

Middlesex. Potters Bar, July 1953 (Odell).

Herts. Widely distributed (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Common at Hayes (Birchenough) ; Greenwich Park, larvae
(J. Burton).

Surrey. Kew, Motspur Park (van Emden) ; Croydon and Claygate
(Keywood) ; Wimbledon, 1950 (R. Craske); Weybridge, scarce (Mes¬
senger).

Bucks. Black Park, Fulmer (V.C.H. 1905).

LIMACODIDAE.

Of this large Family, which is particularly prevalent in Africa, only
two species occur in the British Isles. Both are reported from the
London Area, though one only somewhat doubtfully. The larvae of
this Family have mostly the shape of woodlice.

*JIeterogenea asella Schiff. E2.18, (S.17).

The Triangle is a very small and elusive species, chiefly inhabiting
beech woods where it flies in the afternoon sunshine in late June in
some of the southern counties. Only recorded in the 1898 list as being
local near Croydon by the late W. G. Sheldon.

Essex. Mentioned as plentiful in Epping Forest (V.C.H. 1903).

*Apoda avellana Linn. ( limacodes Hufn.). K.16, S.17.

The Festoon is mainly an inhabitant of oak woods in the southern
and midland counties. The males come freely to light in July. Reported
in the 1898 list from Shirley, also late from

Kent. West Wickham (Trundell).

Surrey. Larvae from Bookham Common (Finnigan); also from
Ashtead (Gardner).

SESIIDAE.

The Clearwings are a Family of day-flying moths, all of which simulate
Hymenoptera or Diptera. Their larvae are exclusively internal feeders
on woody stems or in roots. The very active imagines are seldom seen
in the wild, except in the early morning when most of them emerge.
They are nearly always bred from the foodplant. Of the 16 species re¬
corded from the British Isles, 12 species have been noted in the London
Area .

43

144

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

* Dipso sphecia scopigera Scop. ( ichneumoniformis Schiff.). K.16.

The Six-belted Clearwing is one of the root feeders, being found
mainly in those of trefoils. It flies on downlands in June in the south
where it is occasionally taken on the wing. Reported in the 1898 list
as occurring on railway banks m the south-eastern aiea of London. No
recent records, though it doubtless is to be found on the downs in Kent
and Surrey.

*Aegeria formicaeformis Esp. M.21, K.16, S.17.

The Red-tipped Clearwing is usually to be found in the vicinity of
osiers on which it chiefly breeds and may sometimes be found sunning
itself on the leaves in the southern half of England. Tottenham and
Mitcham are the only localities given in the 1898 list. Other records

include : — _ .

Middlesex. Mill Hill, one specimen taken on 7th July 194; (Ellis).

Surrey. One bred from Mitcham Common in 1948 (Wild).

Kent. Dartford area (V.C.H. 1908).

*Aegeria culiciformis Linn. H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Large Red-belted Clearwing often abounds as larvae in birch
stumps in the second spring after the trees have been cut. The imago
is occasionally to be seen in these habitats in most parts of the country
up to Scotland. It is only recorded from Shirley in the 1898 list and
for Herts, from Broxbourne where Dr. G. V. Bull found it commonly

(Foster, Lep. Berts., 1937). .

Doubtless it is much overlooked and needs to be worked for m like¬
ly localities in the London Area where birch has been recently cut.

*Aegeria mijopaeformis Borkli. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Small Red-belted Clearwing is a real denizen of the Central
London region where the larvae are to be found under the bark of old
apple trees in May. Never very common in the south and Midlands.
The 1898 list mentions its occurrence at Kensington, Finchley, Hollo¬
way. Hackney, Forest Hill, Hounslow and Walthamstow. There are

recent records from : —

Inner London. Mornington Crescent (Cockayne) ; Lambeth (Canon
Edwards) ; Brixton (Farmer).

Herts. One at Watford (Penrose); Cheshunt and Broxbourne

(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Two at Beckenham in 1950 and 1951 (Birchenough).

Surrey. Putney and East Sheen, 1930 (D. King); Moiden

(August); Putney (Gardner); Wimbledon (van Emden).

* Aeg eria vespiformis Linn. ( cynipiformis Esp.) I.L., M.21, H.20. E2.18.
K.16, S.17.

The Yellow-legged Clearwing is another well-known inhabitant of
the Central London area. Its larvae are usually to be found in May
under the bark of oak boles recently cut. The insect is sometimes seen

44

THE MOTHS OF LONDON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.

145

flying round its breeding site in July. The 1898 list gives it from
Croydon, Epping Forest and Richmond Park. More lately reported
from : —

Inner London. Hyde Park, a noted locality for it (Cockayne) ;
Lambeth (Canon Edwards).

Herts. Haileybury (Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Kent. Beckenham (Birclienough).

*Aegeria Upuliformis Clerck. I.L., M.21, H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

The Currant Clearwing is almost the commonest of the Family. Its
larva does considerable damage to currant and gooseberry bushes. It
is found well into the centre of the Metropolis and reported in the 1898
list from Tooting, Hackney, Lewisham, Chiswick, Ealing, Highgate,
Hounslow and Ilford. Recent records include: —

Inner London. Lambeth (Canon Edwards).

Herts. Cheshunt, Haileybury and Broxbourne (Foster, Lev Herts
1937).

Essex. Forest Gate (Sutton); Buckhurst Hill, 1951 (Chapman).

Kent. est Wickham, Keston and Downe (Birchenough); Pett’s
Wood (A. Swain).

Surrey. Wimbledon (van Einden); Ewell, in garden (Gardner);
Sheen (D. King); Morden (August).

Aegeria flaviventris Stand. S.17.

The Sallow Clearwing was first discovered as a British species by
the late W. Fassnidge in 1925. It is now known to be widespread in
the south in the upright small stems of sallows in which small bulbous
boxings can be found in January of an “ even ” year, since the larva
takes two years to mature. The moth emerges in June and is very
seldom seen in the wild state. It is doubtless still to be discovered in

many parts on the fringes of the London Area. It has so far been
„ recorded only for

Surrey. From Oxshott (Cockayne), many inhabited stems there in
1932 (C. de W.); often bred from Epsom and Ashtead areas (Finnigan).

Aegeria andrenaeformi s Lasp. H.20, K.16, S.17.

The Orange-tailed Clearwing was only recognised as British early
this century. The larvae feed in the stems of Viburnum lantana L.
for two years and can often be located in March before the bush comes
into leaf by the cap made by the larva over the entrance hole. Nearly
always on chalk in the south. It has been found frequently on the
downs on the fringe of the Area.

Herts. Pupae at Broxbourne, 1907 (Edelsten).

Kent. Old borings at West Wickham (Chalmers-Hunt); Joyden’s
Wood. 1912 (Kidner); Westerham (C. Edwards).

Surrey. Caterham (Welti); common in Selsdon Woods (Wild)-
o rings m bushes at Epsom (Menzies); borings seen at Banstead (G*.
Johnston); Chipstead on db'wns (Finnigan).

45

146

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Aegeria spheciformis Schiff. K.16, S.17.

The White-barred Olearwing is to be found as a larva in April m
the decaying stems and branches of stunted alders in maishy aieas,
mainly in the southern counties. The insect is occasionally seen near
its foodplant in early June. It has been recorded for the London Area
for Surrey from Oxshott (Cockayne); one taken at the floveis of
Guelder Rose on 9 June, 1919, near Esher (H. B. Williams, Ent. liec.,
1931, 43: 42).

(. Sciapteron tabaniformis Rott.) (M.21), (E2.18), (K.16).

This very rare species, the Dusky Olearwing, seems to have had it.^
origin as a British insect in the London Area. Barrett (ii, 79) quotes
Haworth as saying in 1803 that it occurred near London. Doubleday
in 1858 mentions three specimens bred by him from poplar and aspen
in the Epping Forest area whence a specimen was bred on 1 July,
1912, now in the possession of A. Gardner. Other examples were bred
from the Epping area about 100 years ago and pupae found protrud¬
ing from aspen stems. Stephens also records it from Bexley, Kent,
also from Colney Hatch Wood in Middlesex and two specimens re¬
corded by the late Sidney Webb from Chiswick. Apparently no very
recent records. It would appear that the insect has become extinct.

*Sesia apiformis Clerck. H.20, E2.18, K.16, S.17.

This fine insect, the Poplar Hornet 'Olearwing, can often be found
freshly emerged in early July during the morning on the trunks of
poplars in which the larvae can do considerable damage. Mainly an
inhabitant of the eastern and the south-eastern counties, it was re¬
corded for the London Area in the 1898 list from Wanstead Flats and
from Sydenham, where a pupa was extracted from a poplar infested
by the Goat Moth. Also reported from

Herts. Watford, Colney Heath, Hoddesdon and Broxbourne
(Foster, Lep. Herts., 1937).

Surrey. Kingston (Ficklin, V.C.H. 1902).

Kent. Dartford (V.C.H. 1908).

*Sphecia bembiciformis Hiibn. ( crabroniformis Lew.) M.21, H.20, K.16,
S.17.

The Osier Hornet Olearwing is a frequent inhabitant of old wil¬
lows, sallows and sometimes poplars. It is fairly widespread up to the
northern counties. Like the preceding species, it is to be found in
the early hours lately emerged on the trunks of its foodplant. Doubt¬
less widespread on the outskirts of the London Area. The 1898 list
gives Hale End and Eltham. Other records include

Middlesex. Harrow (Bonhote and Rothschild, 1895).

Herts. Chesliunt, Hoddesdon and Broxbourne (Foster, Lep. Herts.,
1937).

46

BOOK REVIEWS.

147

Book Reviews.

(All the books mentioned here have been placed in the Society’s library).

Bibliography of Key Works for the Identification of the British Fauna
and Flora. J. Smart and G. Taylor. Publ. Systematics Assoc.,
London, No. 1. (Second Ed.) 1953. xi + 126 pp. 1 2/6, post free
from the Systematics Association, c/o British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

The general naturalist who attempts to identify his own specimens
has not only the pleasure of the chase, fulfilling that desire most of us
have of being detectives, but in his hopeful travels gets to know his
specimens. Comparing and contrasting them with allied species he sees
the characters used to link them with some forms and distinguish them
from others. His worst enemy in this chase is the jungle of scientific
literature. This has so far proved too dense for comprehensive survey :
no institution in London has had the foresight, or the funds to build
up a cumulative Zoological Record, or to continue Sherborn’s Index
Animalium beyond 1850. What hope then has the amateur naturalist
to penetrate this jungle? The answer lies in this bibliography, which
is a guide to the literature likely to be of use in the naming of British
animals and plants.

The clean set-out of the Table of Contents, which makes it easy to
use, prepares one for the high standard of the work itself. It is
arranged systematically, 92 of the 126 pages dealing with animals, and
for each major group the approximate number of British species is
given. One has added respect for those of our members who tackle the
5,000 species of Diptera, to which 12 pages, listing over 100 references,
are given. When there is no standard up-to-date British monograph,
the relevant European works are listed. An example, one of the seven
comprising the section on freshwater fishes, will show the detail given
with each reference : —

“ Regan, C.T. 1911. The Freshwater Fishes of the British Isles.
287 pp. 37 pis. 27 text-figs. Methuen, London, Keys genera,
species. Descriptions. Distribution in and outside Brit. Is.
Habits, food, habitat. Very useful.”

There is help here both for the beginner, in the lists of selected
general works, and for the more experienced, who will welcome such
references as those covering the more obscure groups of fungi and the
most useful lists of monographs of families and genera of British flower¬
ing plants.

Some idea of the vast amount of new work published in the short
time since the appearance of the first edition (1942) can be obtained by
comparing the two editions: the botanical part has been largely re¬
written and sections added on the anatomy of higher plants and on
pollen analysis. The section on wood anatomy, which dealt mainly with
foieign timber, has been bmitted from this new edition.

148

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The care taken by the editors in submitting the work to specialists
in many groups has ensured a well-balanced and up-to-date selection.
It is, however, a pity that the introductory advice on how to keep the
work up-to-date is so meagre. Surely the British National Bibliography
or the ASLIB Book List might have had a mention? The worker who
wants to go a little beyond the naming of his specimens, to 'then-
fossil relations, to their ecology or biochemistry, would have been helped
by references to the Index Bibliographic us, Biological Abstracts, or the
Select List of Standard British Scientific Technical Boohs (published by
ASLIB): indeed, the Association of Special Libraries might well have
been asked to contribute a section on bibliographic links with bordei
sciences, a difficult and increasingly important field for professional and
amateur alike.

These are, however, minor criticisms. Within the terms of reference
that the authors have set themselves — to aid the identification of speci¬
mens — no criticism is offered and no serious naturalist can afford to be
without this excellent bibliography.

H. A. T.

The Changing Flora of Britain. Edited by J. E. Lousley. Pp.204, 6
plates and 25 figures. The Botanical Society of the British Isles.
(Obtainable c/o Dept, of Botany, British Museum (Natural
History)). 15/-.

Change is one of the most significant aspects of a country’s flora and
its study one of the fascinating and useful occupations of the amateur
botanist. The technical and experimental work involved in this study
is perhaps the work of the professional botanist, but much of the vast
amount of the field work necessary for assessing the change is open to
the amateur. This fact emerges clearly from this book, in which our
member, J. E. Lousley, has collated the papers read at the third Con¬
ference of the Botanical Society' of the British Isles, held in 1952.
Prominent amateur botanists contribute to the symposium as well as
many well known professionals, who acknowledge the assistance of, and
often suggest further lines of research for the amateur. Younger
students — the experts of to-morrow — also participate in developing the
theme.

The dynamic character of our flora is analysed from many angles;
studies on natural and human factors contributing to change are
followed by researches into the effects arising from conditions in the
glacial eras. Parallels are drawn with changes in some European floras
and the component elements — Continental, American and Lusitanian —
of our own flora are reviewed in the light of the main theme. Shorter
notes consider changes in or describe the advent of particular species.
The eminent ecologist Sir A. Tansley outlines the work of the Nature
Conservancy in its fight against undesirable change.

Although the above is of general interest, there is much to interest
the London botanist in particular. For instance, the five species :
Aegopodinm podagrarict, Chaerophyllum temmlum, Anthriscus sylves-

BOOK REVIEWS.

149

tris, Tanacetum vulgare and Tussilago far far a , discussed by Prof. A. R.
C'lapham in his paper on human contributing factors, are common and
widespread (see the ‘‘Hand List”) in our area. Dr. H. Godwin refers
to the Lea Valley Arctic Beds in dealing with the glacial periods. Many
species of the Continental element used as examples by Dr. S. M.
Walters, and of the weeds of arable and waste land noted by Sir Edward
Salisbury, are familiar to London’s botanists. London has provided a
home too for the North American Willow-herb, Epilobium adenocaulorv ,
the subject of a note by G. M. Ash who provides a useful key to the
genus. These examples should suffice to show that the L.N.H.S. mem¬
ber would not be lost in a wilderness of unfamiliar plants — even his trees
and shrubs, e.g. the Box and the Hawthorn come in for special con¬
sideration.

Mr Lousley is to be congratulated not only for making available “a
very high proportion of information and original thought” but on con¬
tributing a useful classification of the aliens that play such a large
part in fforistic change. He further includes notes on the discussion
that followed each paper and provides an index to the whole volume.
If som9 of the material proves “heavy going” to the beginner neverthe¬
less the book should be on his shelf for future reference. If the quality
of paper and binding were perhaps a little higher, so, no doubt, would
be the price; certainly there is good value in the text.

E. B. B.

The Natural History of the City. R. S. R. Fitter and J. E. Lousley.
Pp. 36, 13 text figs., map. 1953. Corporation of London.
(Obtainable from the Corporation of London Information Kiosk,
Cannon St., London, E.C.3. 2/3, post free.)

Our Society has been investigating and publishing reports on the
fauna and flora of the City Bombed Sites for some ten years. Members
will, therefore, welcome with gratitude this evidence of the appreciation
by the Corporation of London of the value and interest of this work and
their publication of this cheap but most attractive and authoritative
booklet.

Its authors are old and well-known members of the Society and they
have drawn upon the results not only of their own personal investiga¬
tions but of those of our Survey team. Of necessity, the authors deal
mostly with the natural history of the bombed sites, but much interest¬
ing information is given of the work of the early naturalists and of
some of the plants and animals to be seen in the City before the War.
In addition, there is a map showing the extent of war damage and a
valuable appendix giving a full list of the wild flowers, grasses and
ferns observed from 1941-1952, mammals and birds and a useful page
of references. The coloured drawings of a bombed site, covered with
wild flowers, make an attractive cover.

C. P. C.

150

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

The Book of Box Rill. G. E. Hutchings. Pp. 48, front, text-figs, and
map. 1952. “The Friends of Box Hill”. 2/-. (Obtainable from
The Warden, Juniper Hall Field Centre, Dorking, Surrey.)

Even those who think they know Box Hill well will surely find much
that is new and of interest in this little book by the Warden of the
Juniper Hall Field Centre, The geology and geography, the view, the
Pilgrims Way, the problem of the Old Winter Road, the old field system,
some literary associations, the fort and the story of the acquisition of
Box Hill by the National Trust all make fascinating reading. The
naturalist will, however, find the excellent account of the woodland and
wild life even more interesting. Many will be surprised to learn of the
existence of four inhabited badger! colonies. There is a short but
useful chapter by Geoffrey M. Chapman on the birds and a large scale
map of the hill and the neighbouring Mickleham Downs, but the
addition of the boundaries of the National Trust areas open to the
public would make the map even more useful. The booklet is indeed
remarkable value.

O. P. C.

Studies on British Beechwoods. J. M. B. Brown. Forestry Commission
Bulletin No. 20. Pp. iv + 100, 28 plates. H.M.S.O. 12/6.

Although intended primarily for the forestry student, this Bulletin
will be read with great interest by the naturalist. The author has pro¬
vided an excellent ecological as well as sylvicultural account of our
beechwoods, a favourite haunt of the London naturalist. He deals with
the history of the Beech in Britain, the ecological classification of
British Beechwoods, especially in relation to soil conditions, their flora,
the problems of regeneration and establishment of beechwoods, the
effects of environmental factors on the form of beech trees and the
action of the beech itself on the soil e.g. beech litter and its decom¬
position. There are chapters devoted to the birds and nammals, to
the insects and fungi of beechwoods and to the future of the beech in
Britain. Many of us seeing, during and after the last war, the dread¬
ful results of the wholesale felling of our lovely beechwoods and their
replacement by conifers will be pleasantly surprised at the appearance
of this publication. It is heartening to read in the Forestry Commis¬
sion’s Foreword “ the importance of the beech in our woodlands is
generally realised ” and the author’s remarks, “ New uses for beech
timber and a revival of interest in broad-leaved trees generally pro¬
mise that, instead of losing ground in Britain, beech is likely to gain
in the future.”

An appendix gives beech statistics from over three hundred stands
in all parts of Great Britain ; these include the altitude, slope and
aspect of the site, soil conditions, rainfall, and the average height,
age and girth of the trees. The work concludes with graphs showing
the relation of the height of trees to their age according to the type of
soil. >

BOOK REVIEWS.

151

Eighteen of the excellent plates illustrate beechwoods on various
kinds of soil and the rest show the damage done to shoots by mammals,
insects and frost.

This scholarly work, the result of three years’ comprehensive sur¬
vey, is worthy of a place on the shelves of all naturalists interested in
our British trees.

C. P. C.

Flora of Bedfordshire. John G. Dony. The Corporation of Luton
Museum and Art Gallery, 1953. 42/-.

The most recently published Flora of an English county, this uses
the most up-to-date nomenclature and methods. In addition to use¬
ful and readable introductory sections on the history of botanising in
the county, and its geology and soils, there is a very interesing chap¬
ter on the natural regions which form a basis for the study of the
various types of flora which are to be found in the county. These
“ Habitat Studies ” are close examinations of selected areas with a
radius of five yards from a marked point, which were visited at least
three times a year. This is an idea which any amateur would find
interest in applying in the London area, as the great majority of
species are “ common plants.” The book contains the usual analysis
of flowering plants and ferns, and also mosses, liverworts, stoneworts
and fungi.

B. W.

Other recent additions to the library include : —

Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 19 on Poplars. T. R. Peace. H.M.
Stationery Office. 1952. 7/6.

Primarily a guide for commercial growers, this booklet is of scien¬
tific interest as it includes a key to the chief Poplars grown in Britain
and chapters on insect and fungus pests.

Flora of the British Isles. A. R. Clapham, T. G. Tutin and E. F.
Warburg. Cambridge University Press, 1952. 50/-.

This supersedes Bentham and Hooker as a general flora and sum¬
marises the additional knowledge accumulated in the last fifty years.
It has valuable keys and line drawings. Habitat notes, distribution
details and chromosome numbers are given with descriptions of species.
A glossary, bibliography and index are also provided.

New Concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy. J. Heslop-Harrison.

Heinemann, 1953. 6/-.

Recent work in ecology and cytogenetics, modern statistical methods
and the advance in knowledge of plant distribution are described and
their impact on the older “ orthodox ” methods of classification dis¬
cussed.

152

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Charles Darwin and his Problems. Evelyn Cheesman. Pp. ix + 166,
illustrations. G. Bell & Sons Ltd., 1953. 9/6.

This is a very readable short Life, written primarily for young
people. Special prominence is given to Darwin’s early years and to
the voyage of the Beagle, and there is some account of the dev elopment
of his theories.

Zoogeography of the Sea. By Sven Ekman. London: Sidgwick & Jack-
son. 1953. Pp. 417. 42/-.

This important work of reference by the former Professor of Zoology
at the University of Uppsala was published originally as Tiergeographie
des Meeres in 1935; this specially revised English edition was under¬
taken on the initiative of our Hon. President, Prof. H. Munro Fox. The
author gives an account of the faunas of the main oceanic regions and
analyses the effects on marine faunas of cold and warm ocean currents,
salinity, submarine barriers caused by very i deep water and other
factors. A very interesting feature of the book is the frequent con¬
sideration of the origin and geological history of the present seas and
their faunas and of palaeoclimatic conditions. The work will, there¬
fore, appeal more strongly to the keen geologist with an interest in
palaeontology than to the average amateur naturalist, who will be un¬
familiar with most of the animals mentioned and of the problems in¬
volved and who will not find the book easy reading, although the effort
would be well worth while. Many of the species mentioned in the text
are figured and there are numerous maps and tables. The book con¬
cludes with a valuable bibliography of some 600 titles.

C. P.C.

Official Reports for 1953.

Council’s Report.

Jj^OR the first time since the war we have to report a fall in member¬
ship. The total of 1296 on 31st October is 29 less than last year’s
total of 1325. However, the number of new members elected, 164, is
normal for the post-war period and is in fact four more than that for
1951 : the 1952 record of 277 was, of course, exceptional and included
the big influx caused by the formation of the South-West Middlesex
Group. This year’s fall is therefore due, not to fewer members coming
in, but to more going out: the increased subscription may be a con¬
tributory factor, but the main cause is undoubtedly Council’s stricter
interpretation of Rule 25, which has shortened the period of grace given
to members in arrears with their subscriptions.

OFFICIAL REPORTS FOR 1953.

153

To meet the needs of the growing number of members who want to
take a more active part in the Society’s various surveys and enquiries,
two courses are being arranged for 1954. One starting in January is
being organised by Professor Jane and is a combined venture of this
Society and the London University Department of Extra-Mural Studies.
A team of eminent biologists will lecture on the various aspects of wood¬
land ecology, with special reference to the Society’s area. The second
is a five-day residential Field Course to be held in April at Juniper Hall,
Dorking : it has been arranged especially for amateur naturalists by
the Council for the Promotion of Field Studies.

Your Council’s long search for accommodation for the Library and
Collections has at last produced results, thanks to Miss Longfield and
to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. A series of rooms
in the basement of that Society’s new headquarters in Eccleston Square
has been offered to our Society and by the time this appears in print
our Library and Collections should be reorganised in more accessible
quarters. There will also be room for Committee meetings and study
groups and for those who want to work on the collections, or use the
Library for reference purposes.

This does not, of course, entail any change of meeting-place for
General or Sectional Meetings, which will still be held either at the
London School of Hygiene, or the Linnean Society’s rooms. It is
unfortunate that members will no longer be able to borrow books on the
evenings that they attend meetings at the London School of Hygiene,
but it is hoped that this loss will be more than outweighed by the gain
of greater accessibility and comfort. The extra duties this will give to
our Librarians and Curators can only be justified by a greater use of
the Library and Collections by members.

In recent years the Society has had much publicity, both in the press
and on the wireless and the Society’s name now appears in all the
relevant books of reference, but it is only too clear from the General
Secretary’s correspondence that many members would have joined much
earlier had they heard of the Society. Believing that the Public
Libraries are the first places to which people turn for information,
most of London’s larger libraries have been circularised and many will
in future regularly receive our Programmes, as will the Professors of
Botany and Zoology of the various Colleges of London University.

Our Honorary Vice-President, Mr. L. J. Tremayne, who has recently
retired to Sussex, has generously given to the Society not only a useful
collection of books for the Library, but also his manuscript records, the
results of a lifetime’s observation of insects, plants and birds.

At the request of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England,
the Society has nominated a representative to serve on the Wild Plants
Conservation Board of that Council: Mr. Castell has agreed to serve.

We have to record, with great regret, the deaths of the following
members: K. G. Blair, E. D. Bostock, Rev. R. L. Hodgson, A. E. Jolley,
Miss C. B. M. Lowe, A. Holte MacPherson, H. C. Woolner.

154

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Librarian’s Report.

During the year 1952-53 the library was used approximately one-
third less than during the year 1951-52. There have, as usual, been a
number of additions by gift and by purchase from the Council’s grant.
Binding has been kept pretty well up-to-date.

Thanks are again due to the Sectional Librarians who have attended
to look after the Library at Sectional Meetings at Keppel Street.

Enthusiasm for the library under Keppel Street conditions lias
understandably been affected by the prospect of removal and it is to be
hoped that at Eccleston Square it will be possible to arrange the library
more conveniently and that in the more comfortably appointed quarters
it will be widely used.

R. W. Hale, Librarian.

Chsngford Branch Report.

Field meetings have been held monthly and indoor meetings since
October. The indoor meetings began with an exhibition of fungi and a
display of a beautiful collection of coloured slides by Mrs. D. Boardman.
The next week this lecture was followed up by a fungus foray held
jointly with B.E.N.A.

The December meeting was better attended and the live exhibits
which Mr. F. Speakman brought along to illustrate his talk were highly
appreciated.

The field meetings were better attended than the indoor lectures,
partly due to a letter inserted in the weekly local newspaper inviting
visitors to the rambles. The average attendance at field meetings was
12, while the indoor average was 7.

The most successful meeting, from the point of view of specimens
found and the number of members present, was a visit to Walthamstow
Reservoirs. This afforded an opportunity for many of the 23 members
present to become acquainted with the various waterside birds.

The grateful thanks of the Branch are due to Mr. E. T. Nicholson,
Mr. J. King and Miss M. Scholey for the very interesting walks through
Epping Forest, to Mrs. D. Boardman, Mr. H. De Boodt and Mr. F.
Speakman for their interesting talks, and to Miss J. Jones for her kind
efforts in assisting to organise the field meetings ; also to those full
members of the Society who take advantage of the Branch meetings.

Bernard T. Ward, Chairman. M. King, Secretary.

South-west Middlesex Group Report.

The past year has shown a steady improvement in membership. Our
present number, 73, is made up by 60 ordinary members, 10 associates,
and three affiliated Societies.

Although the year began with bad weather and resulting poor
attendances at meetings, the situation improved until an average
attendance at all Group meetings was 16 members. Nevertheless, it is
felt that more of our Group members should be evident at these meetings.

OFFICIAL REPORTS FOR 1953.

155

We are going ahead with our Survey at Cranford Park; thanks are
due to Dr. Anderson, Mr. C. W. Pierce and Mr A. W. Westrup for their
leadership; it is essential that we get more support from our Group
members if we are to derive instructional benefit from this Survey. Our
Survey leaders are keen to put members on the right lines so that they
can work on their own, recording what they see.

It is regretted that we have lost Mr. R. E. Butler as our programme
secretary Much of our success to date is due to the sound footing made
by Mr. Butler. Our new programme secretary, Mr. R. E. Parsons, has
indeed got down to the job very well. An excellent variety of meetings
have been arranged for 1954. We hope members will encourage Mr.
Parsons by their attendances.

Mr. P. Chamberlin . has undertaken to take the sale of literature
over from Mr. Parsons.

A very successful exhibition was held at our first A.G.M. Our thanks
are due to the following members: — Mr. A. W. Westrup and Mr. F. J.
Hebden, a fine collection of pressed plants; Mr. L. J. Cotton-Sims, a
collection of birds’ eggs; Mr. R. E. Butler and Mr. B. Ainsley, a col¬
lection of rocks and fossils; Miss E. Goom, a collection of bird wings;
Mr. C. W. Pierce, a collection of butterflies.

It is now felt that we have consolidated our position with keen
enthusiasts of natural history. It is hoped that as a Group, early
evidence will appear of much useful knowledge being contributed to the
cause and study of natural history in our county.

Our thanks are due to Mr. F. Ballard, Ivew Herbarium, and Mr. H.
Goom, Borough Librarian, Heston and Isleworth, for lectures during
the past year; also to Society members, Messrs. C. P. Castell, R. E.
Butler, E. B. Browning, W. G. Teagle, W. H. Spreadbury and N. J. P.
Wadlev for indoor meetings, and to Messrs. F. R. Mann, R. E. Butler,
V. Howlett, H. C. Grigg, C. W. Pierce, D. H. Kent, A. W. Westrup,
Miss E. Goom and Miss M. Brown for leading field meetings.

J. E. Dellingham, Chairman. E. Everitt, Secretary.

Nature Conservation Committee’s Report

1953 has seen the completion of the Society’s preliminary County
Nature Conservation Reports and of the Nature Conservancy’s County
Schedules for the Society’s area ; this marks the end of the first stage
of the Society’s work on Nature Conservation. The next stage, the
preparation of adequate accounts of the natural history of the Conser¬
vation Areas, has hardly begun. Such information is essential if the
protection and proper management of these areas is to be ensured, and
the committee again urges members to collaborate in this interesting
and important work.

Within a few months of taking over the post of Representative for
Kent, Mr Hyatt had prepared a report on eleven recommended areas
and this, the last of our County Reports, was sent to the Nature Con¬
servancy in February. Since then, Mr. Hyatt has visited most of the

156

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

areas and found no apparent threats to them with the exception of the
rookery near Shoreham Station, where an avenue of beeches housing
the rookery was completely felled within a short time during the summer.

Of our eleven recommendations for Kent, part of Lessness Abbey
Wood is already maintained as a nature reserve by the London County
Council, but only two others have, so far, been scheduled by the Con¬
servancy. Kent, however, is a large county mostly outs'de the London
Area and appears to be exceptionally rich from the naturalist’s point
of view; 5 National Nature Reserves, 63 Sites of Special Scientific
Importance and 19 Additional Areas being scheduled in January 1951.
Kent thus contains the largest number of such sites in the country. In
spite of this, it is hoped that the Conservancy will study our Report
sympathetically and perhaps schedule a few more.

Early in the year, the Conservancy issued their Schedule for Essex,
based on Mr. Lousley’s and the Society’s Reports. In spite of the small
proportion of the county within our area, six of our recommendations
were adopted as Sites of Special Scientific Importance and one as an
Additional Area. Epping Forest was formerly on their list of proposed
National Nature Reserves and has been removed from it only because
of the difficulty of setting up a reserve under the terms of the National
Parks Act, 1949, over land designated for a Public Open Space. These
woodlands are considered to be of national importance from the scien¬
tific point of view and are scheduled as a Site of Special Scientific
Importance. Thurrock Marshes proved to be too industrialised for their
preservation as a whole to be practicable, but it is unfortunate, in view
of their interest and nearness to London, that Stone Ness Saltings could
not have been scheduled, at least as an Additional Area.

In Hertfordshire, as a result of a threat to the trees of Wormley
Wood, Dr. Conway of the Nature Conservancy visited the area after con¬
sultation with our County Representative, Mr. Melluish, and he is hopeful
that this stretch of oak-hornbeam woodland will be scheduled for pre¬
servation. Mr. Melluish also conducted a party of the Botanical Section
over Cassiobury Park, a scheduled area, and impressed them with the
richness of the flora. He has, unfortunately, felt compelled to resign
his post on leaving the county. His resignation will be a great loss to
the Committee and a worthy successor will be difficult to find.*

Mr. Cramp reports that, thanks to the London County Council, the
bird sanctuary in Holland Park has been a great success; a Green Wood¬
pecker has been reported to have bred and a Sparrowhawk attempted
to nest.

The Surrey County Development Plan became available for public
inspection in April and Mr. Groves, our Surrey Representative, spent
a day with a member of the County Planning Staff checking over the
plan to see if the proposed development was likely to affect any of the
33 sites listed by the Society. There were a few instances where the
boundaries did, in fact, differ from those outlined on the County Plan

*Since this report was written, Prof. E. H. Warmington has kindly offered to

fill the post. — C. P. C.

OFFICIAL REPORTS FOR 1953.

157

maps, but these, however, were not considered to be at sufficient vari¬
ance to merit- submitting objections on the Society’s behalf to the
Ministry of Housing and Local Government. Most of our areas either
came within the Surrey County’s Green Belt- Scheme or were listed
under areas whose present status is to be maintained.

Dissatisfaction was expressed last year at the inadecpiate number
of the Society’s recommended areas included in the Nature Conser¬
vancy’s Schedule for Surrey. Only eight out of the original 33 had
been selected and of these few, most were situated on the chalk. It is
most satisfactory that a study of our report persuaded the Conservancy
to schedule a further five areas as Sites of Special Scientific Importance,
viz., Fetcham Mill Pond; Epsom and Ashtead Commons; Arbrook,
Esher and Oxsliott Commons; Wimbledon Common and Putney Heath;
and Chelsham and Worms Heath. These appeared in their New Notifi¬
cations and Amendments Schedule issued in March and sent to local
authorities.

Miss Longfield represented the Society at the public enquiry held
by the London County Council to consider the protests made by the
Society, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and other bodies
at the threat of building development in the woods of Sydenham Hill,
referred to in last year’s Report.

Early in the year, the executors of a 5^ acre property in Wimbledon,
consisting of a large lake with wooded surroundings, sought advice from
the Nature Conservancy on the possibility of its establishment as a
sanctuary. The Conservancy asked members of our Conservation Com¬
mittee to visit the property and to report on its suitability as a reserve
and to make suggestions for its management. Messrs. Castell, Groves,
Pegram and Teagle went over the grounds on February 28th; a com¬
bined report, illustrated by photographs, was compiled by Mr. Teagle
and forwarded to the Nature Conservancy.

Through a local ornithologist, the Royal Society for the Protection
' of Birds drew the Society’s attention to a proposal of the Croydon
Corporation to dump household refuse, surplus excavated material and
ash on a further 37 acres of Mitcham Common and to build this up to
an unnatural level to form a kind of ‘sports arena’. The outcome of
such a project would be the destruction of what is probably the last
remaining natural part of any size left on the common. The undrained
hollows of this area, surrounded as they are by sallow bushes, support
a surprisingly good bird population (both breeding and visiting) and a
prolific insect fauna (including some interesting species). All this would
be lost to the naturalist. A strong letter of protest was sent on behalf
of the Society to the Surrey Planning Committee with whom rested the
decision to allow or stay permission for the Croydon Corporation to pro¬
ceed with their plan. Contact was made with the Commons Preserva¬
tion Society, and they, in agreement with us, submitted a similar
protest. The Croydon Natural History Society was also urged to send
a protest as many of their members had an active interest in the
common. * Later, the Nature Conservancy were asked to intervene in

158

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

protest against such a scheme. The Surrey Town and Country Planning
Committee, after consideration, felt they were not justified in rejecting
the scheme on planning grounds and they consented to the proposal in
principle, subject, however, to several stipulated conditions. No tipping
has, so far, taken place on the area in question.

Of some 90 recommended Nature Conservation Areas, the Societv
lias had the satisfaction, this year, of seeing 41 of them scheduled in
the following categories: three National Nature Reserves, 30 Sites of
Special Scientific Importance and eight Additional Areas. A list of
these is being prepared for publication in the London Naturalist. (See

p. 6.)

Cynthia Longfield, Chairman. C. P. Castell, Secretary.

Sectional Reports.

Archaeological Section.

Indoor Meetings. The following meetings were held during the year :
24 Feb. Sutton Hoo Treasure. C. W. Phillips.

19 May. Discoveries in the City, 1950-3. I. Noel Hume.

29 Sept. Pre-Roman and Roman Relics of London. E. Yates, F.S.A.
3 Nov. Some Treasures of Westminster Abbey. L. Tanner, M.V.O.

All these meetings were well attended and of exceptional interest,
and lively discussions ensued.

Outdoor Meetings.

Lincoln’s Inn. V. Howlett.

Temple and Fleet Street. R. W. Hale.

Old St. Marylebone. Members of St Marylebone Society.
Harrow-on-the-Hill. T. L. Bartlett.

Greenwich Hospital. W. C. Cocksedge.

Lingfield. T. Eades.

Wimbledon Common. C. P. Castell.

British Museum (Sutton LIoo Treasure). W. C. Cocksedge.
Public Record Office Museum. A member of the Staff.
Kensington Palace and the London Museum.

leetings were for the most part exceptionally well attended,
some of them by 40-50 persons, although the weather was not always too
genial. The meetings at Greenwich Hospital and Lingfield, however,
were poorlv supported presumably due to the incidence of the Coronation
and its many activities.

Unfortunately, our Secretary, Miss Staines, has resigned after
serving the Section very ably for the past few years and it has not been
possible at present to find anyone to supply her place. The Committee
would be very pleased to hear from any member of the Society who
would be prepared to act in this capacity. The work is interesting,
important and not too onerous. The Committee has considered and is

17

Jan.

21

Feb.

21

Mar.

18

April.

16

May.

20

J une.

19

Sept.

17

Oct.

21

Nov.

12

Dec.

These

SECTIONAL REPORTS FOR 1953.

159

considering tlie future policy of the Section. It is felt that rambles of
a topographical and general nature although very attractive should be
restricted to occasional fixtures and that for the most part, definite
objectives should be aimed at of a purely archaeological nature, thus
affording an opportunity of more intensive work and of integrating the
activities of the Section with the scientific aims of the Society.

Reading Circle. Miss E. Welford has very kindly taken on the duties
of Secretary in the place of Mr. Austin. She would be very pleased to
enrol members and receive subscriptions for the circulation of “Anti¬
quity” and the “Archaeological News-Letter”.

W. C. Cocksedge, Chairman .

Botanical Section.

Membership. The section has now 308 members, a decrease of 6
during the year.

Indoor Meetings. One General and 4 Sectional meetings were ar¬
ranged, with an average attendance of 45. One Sectional meeting was
in the form of an exhibition arranged bv members.

tZJ

Outdoor Meetings. Thirteen excursions have been held, with an
average attendance of 12. Two meetings were in collaboration with
other Sections and several were arranged so as to be specially suitable
for beginners. During the winter months rambles were held for the
observation of Trees and Shrubs, and for Mosses. Some excursion
localities and plants seen were as follows : — Chipstead — Stachys arvensis
(L.) L., Pimpinella major Huds. Leatherhead — The mosses Thammum
alopecurum (Hedw.) B. & S., Aloina rigida (Hedw.) Kindb. and Fis-
sidens minututus Sull. sec Braithw. Cassiobury Park — Alchemilla
vestita (Buser) Raunk., Barbarea intermedia Bor. Farley — Lathraea
squamaria L., Gentianella anglica (Pugsl.) E. F. Warburg. Ciidham —
Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce, Sedum telephium L. Han-
well tip — Vicia Vutea L., Lathyrus aphaca L. Ruislip — Serratula tinc-
toria L. Brentwood — Oxalis europaea Jord. Isle of Sheppey — Tetra-
gonolobus maritimus (L.) Roth., Dorycnium grucile Jord.

D. H. Kent, Chairman. F. F. Wrighton, Secretary.

Ecological Section.

After many years of continued increase, membership dropped for
the first time, decreasing by 15 to 222.

The Section was responsible, during the year, for the provision of
three General Meetings, when lectures were given on “An Introduction
to Ecology” by Mr. C. P. Castell on May 12th; on “Shells of the Sea¬
shore” by Mr. G. L. Wilkins on July 7th, and on “Domestic Insects
in Birds’ Nests” by Mr. B. J. Southgate on September 15th.

Three Sectional Meetings were held, when Mr. S. Cramp lectured
on December 16th on “Some Animal Population Problems” and Dr. J.
P. Harding on “The Ecology of Water Fleas” on March 17th. On April
21st, short talks were given by. the following members: — Mr. C. P.
Castell on “The Vegetation of the Gravels of Headley Heath”, Mr. J.

160

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

F. Shillito on “The Ecology of British Dodders” and Mr. F. E.
Wrighton on “Recent Work on Plant Ecology at the City Bombed
Site”.

In spite of snow and of continuous rain on two of the monthly
Sunday field meetings at Bookham Common, the average attendance
increased again to 17. The botanical team concentrated on the record¬
ing of the distribution of the species of flowering plants and a badly-
felt want has, at last, been met by their production of an annotated
plant list and some notes on the principal types of vegetation, to appear
in the London Naturalist for 1953. (See p. 25.)

A few members are maintaining the City Bombed Site Survey, but
more help is badly needed and new workers would be welcomed by the
organisers, Messrs Currie and Wrighton.

In addition to the two surveys, four field meetings have been ar¬
ranged : — to Headley Fleath, on June 28th, led by Mr. Castell, to study
the regeneration of heath vegetation on gravel ; to Scratch Wood, Mill
Hill, led by Prof. E. H. Warmington, to study woodland vegetation on
July 4th; to Limpsfield Common on September 27th to note changes
since the Society’s Pre-War Survey, led by Mr. Castell; to Norbury
Park, Mickleham, with the Entomological Section, finishing up at
Juniper Hall Field Centre, by invitation of Mr. J. H. P. Sankey.

Thirty-nine members now subscribe to the Reading Circles for the
Journals of Ecology and Animal Ecology. Owing to illness, Mr. Bur-
kill has been compelled to relinquish the running of the Reading Circle
for the Naturalist and the North Western Naturalist and Mr Norkett
has kindly agreed to take it over as an activity of the Section.

G. Beven, Chairman. C. P. Castell, Secretary.

Entomological Section.

There has been a slight decrease in membership to 168. With
regret we record the death of a Country Associate, E. D. Bostock, a
lepidopterist, after 45 years’ membership.

The indoor programme attracted as large audiences as last year
and commenced with an interesting discussion on “Insect Migration”
opened by Mr. J. F. Burton, F.R.E.S., on 28th October, 1952. On
17th February, Mr. J. H. P. Sankey, B.Sc., gave a talk on “British
Harvest Spiders”. At a general meeting on 7th April, Miss T. Clay,
Vice-President of the Royal Entomological Society, spoke on “Birds
and Bird Lice”. On 26th May, J. D. Carthy, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.,
lectured on “The Home-going Ant”. Following the Annual Sectional
Meeting held on 17th November a discussion on “Breeding Insects”
was opened by Mr. E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S.

Meetings devoted solely to exhibits and short notes were held on
30th June and 22nd September. The exhibits at the various meetings
were of a high standard and included among other novelties to this
country a specimen of Agathomyia falleni Zett. (Dipt., Platypezidae)
the first record for Great Britain, taken on the Section’s field meeting
at Box Hill on 21st September,. 1952, by Mr. L. Parmenter.

SECTIONAL REPORTS FOR 1953.

161

Eleven field meetings were held, at Whippendell Wood, Brookwood,
Epping Forest, Wimbledon Common, Darenth Wood, Ruislip, Dart-
ford Marshes, Otford, Banstead Wood, Benfleet and Norbnry Park.
Over 40 members attended these and support was given to the Book-
ham Common and Cripplegate surveys throughout the year. The
presence of several of the Society’s botanists on some of these field
meetings has been of great assistance in the correct identification of
food plants especially as five species of Diptera previously unknown in
this country were found as leaf-miners during the field meetings this
year.

Unfortunately Mr. A. E. Le Gros on being transferred to Shropshire
had to hand over the Secretaryship before the end of his year of office
to Mr. L. Parmenter. Our thanks go to Messrs. J. F. Burton and D. F.
Owen, both now at Oxford, for their service on the Committee and we
welcome as new members of the Committee Mr. B. L. J. Byerley,
F.R.E.S., a past president of the Amateur Entomologists Society, Dr.
J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson of King’s College, London, and Mr. K. H.
Hyatt of the British Museum (Natural History) and the return to the
Committee of Mr. R. M. Payne, a past Secretary of the Section.

C. G. M. de Worms, Chairman-. A. E. Le Gros, L. Parmenter,

Secretaries.

Geological Section.

A steady flow of new members has more than off-set losses due to
resignation, etc., and membership of the Section rose to 128 by the
end of the year (including 5 School Associates and 5 Family Members),
an increase of 3 over last year. Sixteen field meetings, including four
Museum visits, were held. The average attendance at these meetings
was 26, a record for the Section. At none of these meetings did the
attendance fall below 16 (2 above last year’s average). The Section
was responsible for four indoor meetings at which the average attend¬
ance was thirty-one, eleven less than the average in 1952.

Mr. K. G. Singleton, at his owm wish, Avas not re-elected to the
Committee for 1953 and Mr. J. N. Carreck’s appointment as Secretary
for temporary geological exposures was not confirmed. Miss M. M.
BroAvn was elected Secretary to the Geological Field Research Com¬
mittee and also as Librarian in place of Mr. M. Kerney. The remain¬
ing officers and Committee were the same as for 1952.

At a General Meeting held in June Dr. I. W. Cornwall of the Insti¬
tute of Archaeology spoke on “ Early Man ” and Mr. C. P. Castell
gave a talk on “ Joseph Prestwich, a Pioneer of London Geology ” at
the Section Annual General Meeting in October. An Exhibition of
Sound Films (kindly lent by the Petroleum Film Bureau) was held in
January, and in March an eAmning was deAmted to an Exhibition and
short talks.

At the first of the two visits to the British Museum (Natural His¬
tory) Dr. W. E. SAvinton gave a demonstration on “ Fossil Reptiles ”
and On the second Occasion Mr. H. A. ToO'mbs introduced members to

162

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

“ Tlie Use of a Geological Library.” The Geological Survey Museum
ivas A'isited twice: in February Mr. M. A. Calver demonstrated “ Coal
and the Coal Fields” and in November Mr. B. Ainsley described the ex¬
hibits illustrating the geology of the London Area in place of Air. E.
F. Bunt, who was unable to attend. One of the most successful field
meetings of the year Avas held jointly with the Botany Section in Sep¬
tember at the Isle of Sheppey. The party travelled from London in
two coaches, and fifty members and friends assembled at Warden Point,
Minster. There the two Sections separated to follow their own pro¬
grammes until they met again for tea. The geologists, under the guid¬
ance of Mr. A. G. Davis and Mr. G. F. Elliott, Avalked along the beach
examining the London Clay in the cliffs and foreshore. Many in¬
teresting fossils were found including the famous fossil fruits and part
of a starfish. The Oxshott Brick Works Co.’s pit in London Clay
was visited tAvice during the year Avith the object of assisting Miss M.
M. Brown to increase the list of species which she is preparing on be¬
half of the Geological Field Research Committee. Many quite rare
fossils have been found during this investigation. In March Mr. R.
E. Butler led a meeting to North Minims and in April Swanscombe was
visited Avith Mr. H. A. Toombs, Mr. C. P. Castell led a party to Til-
burst ow Llill in May and in June a number of interesting sections and
vieAvpoints in the Chiltern Hills were visited by coach with Mr. P. Evans.
In the same month Mr. B. Ainsley led a meeting to Newlands Corner and
in July a visit was made to Frome, Somerset, A\There Dr. Scott Simpson, of
Bristol University, showed members the exposures of Carboniferous
Limestone in Vallis Vale as well as the spectacular unconformity be¬
tween Carboniferous and Jurassic rocks. Hand specimens of Carboni¬
ferous Limestone bored by Annelids (worms) of Inferior Oolite
(Jurassic) age Avere collected. At a meeting held later in July Air.
J. F. Wyley led a party round extensive workings in Boulder Clay and
Gravel south of Hatfield and many interesting erratics and derived
fossile AA’ere collected, which it is hoped to list and publish at a later
date. A joint meeting with the Ruislip Natural History Society was
held in May at Harefield, where Mr. S. W. Hester (of the Geological
Survey) demonstrated the unconformity between the Chalk (Cretaceous)
and Reading Beds (Eocene). In October Air. A. G. Davis and Mr.
J N. Carreck led a meeting to Downe House, Kent, the home of Charles
Darwin.

The recording of temporary geological exposures Avas continued and
a number of reports Avill be found elsewhere in this volume. The Com¬
mittee feel that this important work should receive far more support
from members generally; at present the area is not adequately covered.

When the Geological Field Research Committee was formed one of
its objects AA'as to encourage detailed investigation of selected exposures.
The fauna of the, London Clay at the pit of the Oxshott Brick Works
Co. Ltd. at Oxshott, Surrey, has been the subject of the first of these
studies and a Report from Aliss M. AT. Brown and Mr. C. P. Castell,
aa'Iio are conducting this investigation, will be found on page 61.

SECTIONAL REPORTS FOR 1953.

163

The thanks of the Section are again offered to those geologists who
so willingly conducted field meetings or rendered other assistance and
to the owners of quarries and works for permitting the Society to visit
their properties.

C. P. Casteel, Chairman. B. Ainsley, Secretary.

Ornithological Section.

Membership of the Section has continued to increase during the past
year and has now reached a total of 950. We record with regret the
death of Mr. A. Holte MacPherson.

Nine indoor meetings, including two general meetings, were held
during the period, commencing with a lecture on “The Learning
Ability of Birds” by Dr. W. H. Thorpe. Mr. R. E. Moreau spoke on
“The Palearctic Migration System with Special Reference to Africa”
followed, in January, by a programme of colour-films by Mr. R. A.
Bagnell-Oakley entitled “Away from the Nest”. At a joint meeting
with the British Trust for Ornithology the past history and breeding
biology respectively of the BlacR Redstart were discussed by Messrs.
R. S. R. Fitter and N. J. P. Wadley. This meeting was concluded with
a buffet supper. “The Identification of Warblers” formed the subject
of an illustrated address by Mr. G. R. Mount-fort and in May there
were two short papers by members — Mr. G. E. Manser speaking on “The
Dungeness Bird Observatory” and Dr. G. Beven describing “A Visit to
Andorra”. No indoor meetings were held in June, July and August
but in September Mr. J. Lockie came to speak about “The Feeding
Ecology of the Rook and Jackdaw”. A second programme of films, in
black-and-white and colour, was supported by an interesting commen¬
tary by Mr. G. Edwards of the R.S.P.B. Film Unit. The year’s pro¬
gramme came to an end with the Section’s Annual General Meeting,
with which was combined discussion on the work of the Section.

This year, Mr. P. W. E. Currie succeeded Mr. H. Greenfield as
Chairman. Messrs. E. R. Parrinder and S. Cramp retired from the
Committee in accordance with the rules and were succeeded by Messrs.
H. Greenfield and K. P. Keywood. Indifferent health having forced
Mr. J. F. Burton to resign as Recorder for South of the Thames, these
duties were taken over by Mr. H P. Medhurst. Soon after she agreed
to take over the task of Librarian, Miss P. Whiddington left for Canada
and her place has been taken by Miss L. B. Langham. Mr. Leslie Baker,
having given untiring service as Secretary for a number of years, re¬
tired from office this year and has been succeeded by Mr. A. V. Pettit.

Forty-five field meetings were organised for the year, one of which
was cancelled owing to fog. Outings to coastal areas continued to be
popular, demand always exceeding the accommodation available. In
addition, visits to the Thames marshes, reservoirs, gravel-pits, heath-
land and chalk downs were well supported. A crossing of the Channel
by boat from Gravesend was an innovation which deserved better
support; although the starting time was inconvenient for many, this
experiment is certainly worthy of development. Of the 148 species

164

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

observed on these field meetings, Marsh and Hen Harriers, Barn Owl,
Avocet, Little Ringed Plover, Black Tern, Little Gull, Gannet, Arctic
and Great Skuas and Canada Geese were among the less usual birds
encountered. The average attendance was 19.

The number of members receiving journals through the Reading
Circles shows little change. British Birds, The Scottish Naturalist,' Auk,
Bird Banding and Ibis circulate among a total of 132 members.

Seven new titles have been added to the Library, which continues to
be well used by members. No skins were added to the Collection, but
two eggs of the Shetland Starling were presented, as well as a photo¬
graph of a Bewick’s Swan, taken at Richmond Park.

Although somewhat fewer ringing schedules were returned during
the year the number of birds ringed — 2,417 — is the highest total ever
achieved by the Society, excluding the three years when the totals were
boosted by the Starling Enquiry. Many ringers visited the Dungeness
Bird Observatory which is proving very valuable as a training ground
for future ringers. A full statement of the ringing results will be
found in The London Bird Beport.

The Section has continued to publish the Quarterly Bulletin. Work
on The Birds of the London Area, 1900-1950 , continues to make good
progress. The Field List Cards, originally published by the Society,
have now been taken over, by mutual arrangement, by the British Trust
for Ornithology. Species are now listed in the Wetmore order, while
nomenclature is that adopted by the Editors of British Birds. Supplies
of these cards are on sale at all indoor meetings.

The Enquiry into the bird population of gravel pits in the London
Area has been completed and a full report has been published in The
London Bird B,eport. The check on gull roosts in the London Area,
commenced in the winter of 1952-53 is continuing, as is the winter
census of duck.

P. W. E. Currie., Chairman. A. V. Pettit, Secretary.

Ramblers* Section.

Membership has increased to 100.

Personnel. Mr. Eades succeeded Mr. Spooner as Chairman. We
should like to record that Mr. Spooner has been a most ardent sup¬
porter of the Section, rarely failing to attend any meeting or excur¬
sion. We should also like to thank Mr. Hodgson for his valuable services
as secretary. This office has now been divided between Miss Davis and
Miss Franks.

The Year’s Programme provided for one General, four Sectional
and fourteen field meetings.

The General meeting in April was held in the large hall at Keppel
Street when Miss Tousey showed a colour film of American birds —
u Audubon’s America”. Miss Tousey herself gave the song or call notes
of each bird as it appeared on the screen.

At the first Sectional meeting in March Mr. R. Fitzgerald showed
excellent slides and illustrations — “Talking on Aquaria”. In June

SECTIONAL REPOETS FOR 1953.

165

“Fieldfare” of The Evening News spoke on “Mediaeval Tracks”. Large
photographs were exhibited on this occasion. In July Miss Rosa Davis
gave personal experiences of “A Brief Tour Round the World”, illus-
, trating her talk by slides and cine films in colour of her own making.
In October Mrs. K. Morford spoke on Ceylon, showing pictures of the
country.

During the year visits were made to the British Museum, Apsley
House, Addington and Shirley, Penshurst Place, Bayford district,
Reigate^Boxhill, Guildford district, Canal trip on the Jason, Burnham
Beeches, Hoddesdon, Ightham Moat, the Telephone Trunk Exchange
at Faraday Buildings, St. Mary Woolnoth and the Mansion House, and
the Sorting Office at Mount Pleasant.

Beading-Circle. We now have two copies of The Countryman in
circulation. The Commons, Open Spaces and Footpaths Preservation
Handbook has been circulated to members of the Reading-Circle in the
usual way.

Library. There have been a few additions to the map library pur¬
chased out of proceeds from the Reading-Circle.

The Committee records its thanks to lecturers and organisers of
excursions.

T. L. Eades. Chairman. R, Davis and H. Franks. Secretaries.

166

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

ST ATE M ENT OF ACCOUNTS

1952

Receipts

£843 3

0

Subscriptions— Current .

40 15

6

Arrears .

13 3

6

In advance

32 5

0

Entrance fees .

GENERAL

... £964 0 6
30 6 0
11 12 6
18 17 6

£929 7 0 £ 1024 16 6

19 19 6 Interest on Post Office Account . 16 7 9

2 12 6 Interest on £75 War 3i% Stock . 2 12 6

Interest on £180 Savings 3% Stock 60/70 . 5 8 0

3 5 4 Donations ... . 620

30 6 7 Transfer from Botanical Records Account . ... _

£985 10 11 £1055 6 9

6 18 1 Balance at 31st October 1952 . 50 2 6

£992 9 0

£1105 9 3

1952

£98 12 10

8 7 0
27 12 0

24 11 0
377 1 0

Receipts

Sales of Publications .

Advertisements— London Naturalist
Advertisements— London Bird Report

Donations .

Grants— Royal Society .

Sales of Christmas Cards .

Balance to General Account .

PUBLICATIONS

£68 15 2
2 2 0
13 12 0

75 0 0
27 4 0
493 14 5

£536 3 10

£680 7 7

LEGACIES

Balance, 31st October 1952 . . . £43 7 6

LIFE COMPOSITION

Balance, 31st October 1952 . £325 0 0

RESERVE

Balance, 31st October 1952 . £125 0 0

Audited and found correct.
12th February 1954.

R. E. BUTLER. Hon. Auditor.

E. B. BANGERTER, Hon. Auditor.

STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS, 1953.

167

YEAR ENDED 31st OCTOBER 1953.

ACCOUNT.

1952 Payments

Rent .

Programme Expenses (Printing and Postages)

Printing and Stationery .

Postages— Secretary and Treasurer

Insurance .

Gratuities .

Subscriptions to Affiliated Societies

Sectional Expenses .

Cbingford Branch Expenses .

South West Middlesex Group Grant
Grant— “Birds of London Area”

Secretary s Honorarium and Clerical Assistance

Library Expenses .

Nature Conservation Committee Grant

Library List .

Sundry Expenses .

Publications Account

£134

7

0

93

14

7

53

10

0

30

15

0

2

18

6

2

0

0

9

7

0

56

12

11

3

0

0

9

10

0

1

5

0

91

0

0

10

0

6

2

16

6

14

9

0

3 11

1

0

£892

6

6

50

0

0

£942

6

6

50

2

6 ;

£992

9

0

50 0 0 Transfer to Reserve Account

ACCOUNT.

1952

£378 13 0
150 19 7
6 11 3

Payments

Printing and Postages— London Naturalist

London Bird Report

Christmas Cards

£167 6 6
108 7 6
43 17 6
34 1 6
2 18 6
3 0 0
9 12 0
56 17 6
2 0 0
10 0 0
2 5 9
91 0 0
11 15 0
2 0 0

1 18 0

493 14 5

£1040 14 2

£1040 14 2
64 15 1

£1105 9 3

£430 0 0
241 18 5
8 9 2

£536 3 10

£680 7 7

ACCOUNT.

Balance, 3lst October 1953

£43 7 6

ACCOUNT.

Balance, 31st October 1953

£325 0 0

ACCOUNT.

Balance, 31st October 1953

... £125 0 0

L. PARMENTER, Hon. Treasurer:

168

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

Additions to List of Members

(From April 28th, 1953, to March 23rcl, 1954.)

(H denotes membership of the South-West Middlesex Group.)

Members:

1954 Aitken, Miss A., The Royal Hospital, Richmond, Surrey. (Geol.)

1953 Alsop. G. R. B., 3 St. Mary’s Road, Wimbledon, S.W.19. (Orn.)

1953 Anderson, A. B., 30 Kynance Mews, S.W.7. (Bot., Geol., Orn.)

1954 Badcock, F., 1 Caversham Flats, Tite Street, Chelsea, S.W.3. (Orn.)

1954 Baldwin, Miss B. H., 110 Denbigh Street, S.W.l. (Arch., R.)

1954 Barber, E. C., 40 Allestree Road, S.W.6. (Orn.)

1953 Barford, Mrs. M., 28 Addison Road, Walthamstow, E.17.

1953 Bell, William M., 23 Addison Road, Kensington, W.14. (Bot., Mycol.)

1954 Benthall, Sir (Arthur) Paul. K.B.E., F.L.S., Grey Timbers, Limpsfield,

Surrey. (Bot.)

1954 Bernstein, Miss R., 124 Stoke Newington Road, N.16. (Ecol.)

1954 Bilharn, Mrs. M. G., 44 West Cromwell Road, S.W.5. (Bot.)

1953 Bishop, R. J., 29 Kingswood Avenue, Shortlands, Bromley, Kent. (Orn.)

1954 Brenner, Miss Letty, 17 Hall Place Gardens, St Albans, Herts. (Orn.)
1954 Brown, W. H., 8 Grimswade Crescent, Nunhead, S.E.15. (Orn.)

1954 Bruce, A. M., 118 Deans Lane, Edgware, Middx. (Bot.)

1954 Camplin, H. B., 21 Newstead Avenue, Orpington, Kent. (Orn.)

1954 Carver, R. S., 26 Twyford Road, West Harrow, Middx. (Orn.)

1954 Cashmore, R. H. W., 17 Sylverdale Road, West Croydon, Surrey. (Bot ,
Orn.)

1954 Chagrin, Mrs. E. E., Garden Flat, 6 Lancaster Drive, N.W.3. (Arch., Geol.)
1954 Cranfeld, Miss D. G., 45 Lansdowne Road. W.ll. (Bot., Orn.)

1954 Cridland, A., 157 Keir Hardie House, Hazellville Road, N.19. (Bot., Ecol.,
Orn.)

H 1954 Croydon, Miss E., ‘ Carmscott”, The Avenue, Hampton, Middx. (Bot.)
1954 Cunningham, J. M., c/o The Bank of New Zealand, 1 Queen Victoria
Street, E.C.4.

1954 Daneman. Miss (address not known). (Arch., Geol., Orn.)

1953 Dawe, E. L., 32 Denton Road, Edmonton, N.18. (Orn.)

1 954 Dennis, D. J., 42 Manor View. Finchley, N.3. (Orn.)

1954 Doughty, K. F. W., 113 Fishponds Road, S.W.17. (Orn.)

1954 Driscoll, C. J., 177 Kingsbridge Road, Morden, Surrey. (Orn.)

1954 Eagles, Thomas R., F.R.E.S., 32 Abbey Road, Enfield, Middx. (Bot., Ent.
Orn.)

1954 Eastwood, J. M., “Rosslyn”, Duke’s Avenue, North Harrow, Middx. (Geol.)
H 1954 Eccleston. B. L., 19 Morland Gardens, Southall, Middx. (Arch., Ecol., Geol.)
1953 England, Miss M. J., c /o 31 Solna Road, Winchmore Hill, N.21. (Orn., R.)

1953 Eustace, W. S. H., 3 Glenwood Road, Catford, S.E.6. (Arch.)

1954 Forbes, Mrs. W. M. le Fleming, 57 Philbeach Gardens, S.W.5. (Ent., esp.

Lep.)

1954 Free, Miss A. A., 56 Carlton Avenue, East Wembley, Middx. (Arch., Orn.)
1954 Gault, Miss R. E., Superintendent’s Lodge, Greenwich Park, S.E.10. ’ (Bot.,
Ent., Geol., Orn.)

1953 Gill, K. M., 7 West Heath Avenue, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

1937 Gillingham, D. W., 28 Roding Road, Loughton, Essex (omitted from last
published list).

1954 Goulding, R. V., Crawford Street, St. Marylebone, W.l. (Ent., Geol.)

1953 Green, Dr. A. M.. 87 Valleyfield Road. Streatham, S.W.16. (Bot., Orn.)

1954 Grover, Miss P. M., 8S Holbein House, S.W.I. •

1954 Hale, Victor, 65 Bolingbroke Road, W.14. (Geol.)

1954 Hancock, V. F., 7 Graenesdyke Avenue, East Sheen, S.W.14. (Orn., Bot)
1954 Hanson, S. M., 167 Gunnersbury Park, Ealing, W.5. (Ent,, esp. Lep. and
Dipt.)

1954 Hardwick, J. L. M., 26 Ormonde Court, Putney, S.W.15. (Orn.)

ADDITIONS TO LIST OF MEMBERS.

169

1954 Harris, G. J., 33 Wickham Court Road, West Wickham, Kent. (Orn.)

1954 Hartley, Miss Ada, 1 Wynchgate, Southgate, N.14. (Orn., R.)

H 1954 Hobbs, J. C. 50 Broad Walk, Heston, Hounslow, Middx.

1954 Holway, P. H., 52 Clarendon Rise, Lewisham, S.E.13. (Freshwater Bio¬
logy, Bot., Ecol., Ent.)

1954 Hughes, P. C., 6 Syer’s Lane, Whittlesey, Cambs. (Orn.)

1954 Hussell, D. J. T., 25 Attimore Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. (Orn.)
1954 Idle, A. E., 67 Murray Avenue, Bromley. Kent. (Geol.)

1954 Jackson, Miss R., 156 Lyndhurst Drive, Hornchurch, Essex.

1954 Jobson, G. J., The Pantiles, Mill .Street, Westleton, Saxmundham
Suffolk. (Orn.)

1954 Joll, D. E. L., 32 Ashley Gardens, S.W.l. (Orn.)

1954 Keith, Stuart, 16 Moore Street, Chelsea, S.W.3.

1953 Leighton, Mrs. E., 6 Old Park Avenue, S.W.12. (Orn.)

1954 Le Masurier, P. C., 85 Warren Drive, Tolworth, Surrey. (Macrolep.)

1954 Lewis, R. S., F.R.C.S., 88 Maida Yale, W.9. (Orn.)

1953 Lloyd, Miss B. O., 96 Queen's Gate, S.W.7. (Orn.)

1954 Lowe, P. Bruce, M.B.E., T.D., 28 Palace Road, East Molesey, Surrey.

(Ecol., Orn.)

1954 McAllister, D. M., c/o 60 Deodar Road, Putney, S.W.15. (Orn.)

H 1954 Mackett, H. J., 489b Great West Road, Hounslow, Middx. (Orn.)

1953 Madgwick, A. G. A., “Farmfleld”, Horton Lane, Epsom, Surrey. (Orn.)

1953 May, Miss D. V., 24 Castellain Road, Maida Vale, W.9. (Orn.)

1954 Mannering, A. R., 42 Brycedale Crescent, Southgate, N.14. (Orn.)

1954 Morgan, G. H., 1 Felstead Road, Waltham Cross, Herts. (Bot.)

1953 Moore, Mrs. E. I., 119 Butler Road, Harrow, Middx. (Bot., Orn,, R.)

1954 Mound, L. A., St. Mary’s Vicarage, Dartmouth Park Road, N.W 5

(Ecol.)

1954 Offord, D. R., 6 Drysdale Flats, Dunn Street. E.8.

1954 Ogilvy, Walter, 11 Chelsea Embankment, S.W.3., and Brooks’s, St. James
Street, S.W.l. (Zoo.)

1954 Parker, A. C., 86 Wren Road, Becontree, Essex. (Orn.)

1954 Paterson, Miss I. S. C., 4 Eltham Park Gardens, S.E.9. (Bot.)

1954 Perrins, C. M., Thursday Cottage, Ember Lane, Esher, Surrey and
Charterhouse School. (Bot., Ent., Orn., Zoo. and tropical fish breed¬
ing.)

1954 Phillips, G. C., 636 Woolwich Road, Charlton, S.E.7. (Orn.)

1954 Phillips, Miss M. A., 21 Aubert Park, Highbury, N.5. (Ecol., Orn.)

1953 Plumbly, Miss J., 27 Glenloch Road, N.W. 3. (Arch., Bot., Geol., Orn., R.)

1954 Reeves, S. K., 115 Albert Road, Epsom, Surrey. (Orn.)

1953 Regan, Mrs. C. L., 176 Hammersmith Grove, W.6. (Ecol., Arch., Geol.)

1954 Richards, P. R., Stowe March, Barnet Lane, Elstree, Herts. (Ent., Orn.)
1954 Riley, J. J., 92 Tamworth Lane, Mitcham, Surrey. (Ent.)

1954 Ruffles, Miss V., Esher House, Palace Road, East Molesey, Surrey.
(Ecol., Orn.)

1954 Ryan, Miss I. M. N., “St. John’s”, 25 Somers Road, Reigate, Surrey.
(Bot., Orn.)

1954 Salmon, M. A., 43 Melbury Court, W.8. (Ent. esp. Homoptera and
Auchenorhyncha.)

1954 Salmon, P. R., 43 Melbury Court, W.8. (Ent.)

1954 Sand, Miss M. K., Lindsell Hall, 35 Adamson Road, N.W. 3. (Orn.)

1954 Say, C., 51 Hurstdene Avenue, Hayes, nr. Bromley, Kent. (Arch., Orn.)
1954 Sellers, A. G., 137 Village Way, Pinner, Middx. (Orn.)

1954 Side, K. C., 107 London Road, Stone, Dartford, Kent. (Bot., Orn.)

1953 Silbermann, Miss S. E., 11 Clarges Street, W.l. (c/o Craelius Co. Ltd.).

(Bot., Orn.)

1954 Smith, Miss J. E., 15 Hillside, Wimbledon, S.W.19. (Bot.)

1953 Stevens, Miss B., 102 Ridge Road, N.21. (Bot., R.)

1954 Stevenson, Miss L. F., 2 Gordon House Road, Highgate Road, N.W. 5.

(Ent.)

H 1953 Taylor, F. J. R., 231 Kingston Road, Teddington, Middx. (Ecol.)

1953 Thomas, E., 4a Blackett Street, Putney, S.W.

II 1954 Thompson, K., 33 Tiverton Road, Hounslow, Middx.

1953 Tilley, Miss M. J., 42 Huxley Road, Edmonton, N.18. (Orn., R.)

H 1953 Trollope, J., 37 Station Road, Hounslow, Middx. (Orn.)

170

THE LONDON NATURALIST.

H 1954 Tydeman, A. E., 173 Rosebery Avenue, E.C.l. (Orn.)

1954 Verini, Miss E. M., 88 Kensington Park Road, W.U. (Orn.)

1954 Vesey, C. J., 20 Cissbury Road, Tottenham, N.ll. (Bot.)

1954 Vince, A. A. P., 14 Church Hill, Winchmore Hill, N.21. (Bot., Morph.)
1953 Walsh, G. F. W., 7 Oakleigh Court, Redhill Estate, Edgware, Middx.
(Arch.)

1953 Wattson, Miss C. M., 85 Eton Place, Eton College Road, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1954 Welch, Mrs. C. B., 68 Brixton Hill Court, S.W.2. (Geol.)

1954 Wilmot, Miss M., 410 Elm Tree Road Mansions, St. John’s Wood, N.W.8.
(Bot.)

1954 Wilson, Mrs. J. E., Norfolk Cottage, Virginia Water, Surrey. (Orn., Zoo )
1954 Woodhead, J. E., 325 Kennington Road, S.E.li. (Bot.)

1953 Wright, H., 3 Stanstead Grove, Catford, S.E.6. (Arch., Geol.)

Affiliated Societies:

H 1954 Hayes and Harlington Natural History and Antiquarian Society. (Hon.
Sec. : G. S. N. Barter, 26 North-field Park, Hayes, Middx.)

1954 The Botanical Society, University College Union, Gower Street, W.C.l.

Country Associates:

1954 Hancock, Miss M. F., 42 Vegal Crescent, Englefield Green, Surrey. (Bot.)
1954 Hewitt, Miss M., “St. Anthony”, Church Square, Rye, Sussex. (Orn.)

1954 Jarrett, W. T., Nizel’s Ridge, Hildenborough, Kent.

School Associates:

H 1954 Allcock, J. B., 16 Thornbury Court, Church Road, Isleworth, Middx.
(Geol., Palaeont.)

1954 Avery, G. W., 149 Hurst Road, Sidcup, Kent. (Orn.)

H 1954 Bevan, J., 38 Halsway, Hayes, Middx. (Orn.)

1953 Child, A. K., 36 Roydene Road, Plumstead, S.E.18. (Orn.)

1954 Gatley, J. A., 4 Church Road, Highgate, N.6. (Orn.)

1954 Haddow, W. G. S., c/o Prof. A. Haddow, M.D., D.Sc., Ph.D., The Chester
Beatty Research Institute, The Royal Cancer Hospital, Fulham Road,
S.W.3.

H 1 954 Hardy, P. A., 18 Cantley Road, Hanwell, W.7. (Orn.)

H 1954 Martin, U. P., 14 Boston Gardens, Boston Road, Hanwell, W.7. (Ent.)

1953 Peel, C., 33 Kingswood Avenue, Bromley, Kent. (Orn.)

1954 Richards, M. P. M., Coed Menai, Upper Bangor, North Wales. (Bot., Orn.)
1954 Russell, D. F., “Elmdon”, Harriott’s Lane, Aslrtead, Surrey. (Orn.)

1953 Savory, R. L., Benges Hall, Hertford, Herts., and Field House, The

College, Marlborough. (Orn.)

1954 Shearer," F. B., 37a Cathcart Road, S. Kensington, S.W.10. (Orn.)

1954 Stacey, J. L., 1 Ashridge Gardens, N.13.

1954 Stoddard, P. J., 59 Northway, Golder’s Green, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

1953 Taylor, D., -11 Meadway, N.W.ll. (Orn.)

Branch Associates:

1954 Horsley, Miss E., 16, Colville Road, Lower Edmonton, N.9. (Bot.)

Family Members:

1954 Bird, Miss P., 12 Albany Road, Sutton, Surrey.

1954 Britten, Harry, M.M., F.R.H.S., 21 Toller’s Lane, Old Coulsdon, Surrey.
(Bot., Ent., esp. Dipt.)

1954 Campbell, D. E. D., 47 Arkwright Road, Hampstead, N.W.3. (Orn.)

1954 Chagrin, Julian, Garden Flat, 6 Lancaster Drive, N.W.3. (Arch., Geol.,
Orn.)

H 1954 Everitt, Mrs. M. F., 80 Hampton Road, Twickenham, Middx.

1954 Idle, C. M., 67 Murray Avenue, Bromley, Kent. (Col., Hem., Ent.)

H 1954 Pierce, John C., 125 Heath Road, Hounslow, Middx. (Bot.)

1954 Side, Mrs. A. G., 107 London Road, Stone, Dartford, Kent. (Bot., Ecol.)
1954 Starling, Miss L., 247 Kingston Road, Ewell, Surrey. (Orn.)

H 1954 Thompson, Mrs. E., 33 Tiverton Road, Hounslow, Middx.

1954 Ward, Mrs. E. M., 114 Chase Road, Southgate, N.14. (Bot., Ecol., Orn.)

COMPOSITAE.

169

PICRIS L.

P. Echioides L., Helmintia Echioides (L.) Gaertn. Bristly Ox-
Tongue. Roadsides, hedgebanks, railway banks, field margins and
waste places. Rather common, especially on stiff and calcareous soils.
V.-c. 16. Frequent near the tidal Thames. Near Eltham, 1915; L.J.T.
Near Orpington, 1923; IV. W. Joyden’s Wood, 1937, P.H.C.)

Hb.L.N.H.S. Near Westerham, local, 1924; B.W.B. V.-c. 17. Near
Chessington, 1922; Mitcham, 1923; Oxted, 1930; P.H.C. Buckland
Hills; Headley, 1917; E.B.B. Streatham Common, 1935; P.H.C.
Limpsfield, local, 1919; Reigate, 1921; B.W.B. Near Betchworth rail¬
way station, 1909; J.E.C.) 1923; E.B.B. Chalky lane near Reigate
Heath, 1929; Wallington, 1933, J.E.L.; Hb.L. Box Hill, 1951-52;
Wimbledon Common, T952; A.W.J. V.-c. 18. West Thurrock,

1905; L.B.H. Dagenham Dock, 1927; J.E.C. Noak Hill; Tliey-
don Bois; P.H.C. Hawkwood Lane, 1913, J.O.B. ; Hb.L.N.H.S.
V.-c. 19 . Galley Wood, 1913, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S. Cobbin’s End;
P.H.C. V.-c. 20. Wormley West End, 1908; Cole Green, 1920; P.H.C.
Little Anrwell, 1909, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c. 21. East Finchley,
1883; Temple Fortune, 1915; Harefield, 1912; Yiewsley, 1921; Finchley,
1927; J.E.C. West End, Northolt, 1920; P.H.C.) 1950; D.H.X. En¬
field Lock, 1913; P.H.C. Staines; Walton Bridge; Horsendon Hill;
Greenford Green; Hanwell, 1939-52; D.H.K. Noel Park, 1948;
M.A.B.S.S.

P. Hieracioides L. Hawkweed Ox-Tongue. Grassy places, slopes
and waysides. Local, and almost confined to the chalk. V.-c. 16. North-
fleet, 1900; J.E.C. Plumstead Marshes, 1927; H.J.B. Greenliithe,
1930; B.W.B. Dartford, 1936; Joyden’s Wood, 1937, P.H.C.)

Hb.L.N.H.S. Near Farningham Road railway station; Longfield, 1937,
J.E.L.) Hb.L. V.-c. 17. Merstham, 1905; near Betchworth, 1909 and
1920; J.E.C. Buckland Hills, 1917, E.B.B.) Hb.B. Reigate Hill, 1919;
L.J.T. Chipstead, 1929; B.W.B. Epsom Downs, 1930; P.H.C. Above
Limpsfield, local, 1921; Oxted, 1922; B.W.B. Woldingham, 1929,
J.E.L.) Hb.L. Ham gravel pits, 1942 onwards, abundant; B.W. V.-c.
18. Grays, 1925; J.E.C. Stifford, 1911, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c.
21. Harefield, 1913; J.E.C. ; 1922; L.J.T.) 1950; D.H.X. Springwell,
1942 and 1947; D.H.X. Brompton Cemetery, 1941; E.W.D. teste B.W.
The var. gracilis (Jord.) Rouy was gathered in v.-c. 16. Keston, 1938,
S.E.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S.

[P. spinulosa Guss. This alien species, very closely allied to P. Hiera-
cioides, was reported by C. E. Britton to grow at Longfield, v.-c. 16,
but other workers have contended that his material was in fact merely
P. Hieracioides, and not the Adriatic species — see J. Bot., 74, 354-355
(1936) and B.E.C. 19S5 Bep., 178-179 (1936) and 1936 Bep., 223 and 404
(1937).]

CREPIS L.

C. biennis L. Bough Hawk’ s-beard. Pastures, waysides, cultivated
and waste ground. Local, and almost confined to the chalk. V.-c. 16.

Supplement to the London Naturalist, No. 33, 1954k

170

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

Shoreham, 1933; Hogtrough Hill, near Brasted, abundant, 1943, J.E.L. ;
Hb.L. Cudham; W. of Otford; F.B. Bexley Heath, 1939, E.W.D. ■
Hb.W. det. AM. V.-c. 17. Titsey, 1937; between Merstham and Bock-
shaw, 1942; Mugswell, 1942; meadow near Hogsmill stream, Ewell,
abundant, 1942, A.E.E.; Hb.E.C.M. Tot Hill, Headley, 1943, J.E.L. ;
Loud. Nat., 24, 10 (1945). Betchworth, 1950; B.M.C.M. V.-c. 18.
Near Dagenham, 1920; L.B.U. Stifford Bridge; B.W.R. V.-c. 21.
Yiewsley, 1918; J.E.C. The var. runcinata Koch is reported from v.-c.
21. Chalkpit, Harefield and adjacent fields, very abundant, 1946;
H.W.P. & D.H.K. det. H.W.P.; 1947-53; D.H.K.

/

C. nicaeensis Balb. French Hawk’s-beard. Alien. S. Europe. V.-c. 17. Col¬
ley Hill, 1933, J.E.L.; Hb.L.

C. capillaris (L.) Wallr., C. virens L. Smooth Hawk’s-beard.
Grassy places, heaths, roadsides and waste places. Common throughout
the area. A very variable species. The var. agrestis (Waldst. & Kit.)
Scliinz & Thell. is probably common.

C. VESicARiA L. ssp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) Thell., C. TARAXACIFOLIA
Thuill. Beaked Hawk’ s-b ear d. Probably alien. Europe. Naturalised
by waysides, and on walls, railway banks and waste ground. Abundant
throughout the area.

C. setosa Haller f. Bristly Hawk’s-beard. Alien. Europe. V.-c. 17. Mizen’s
Market Garden, Ewell, 1939, A.E.E.; Hb.E.C.M.

TOLPIS Adans.

T. barbata (L.) Gaertn. Alien. Europe. V.c. 17. Mortlake, 1917; J.E.C.

HIERACIUM L,

The Hawkweeds of the British Isles have recently been monographed
by H. W. Pugsley (A Prodromus of the British Hieracia, J. Linn. Soc.
( Bot .), 54, 1-356, (1948), and the account here given follows his arrange¬
ment. It has been thought advisable to mention also the Sections in
his work to which our species belong in order to give an indication of
their relationship. Many of the gatherings cited were named by
Pugsley, and but for his death before the publication of the Prodromus
many more specimens could have been submitted to him for re¬
identification. As this could not be done it has been thought advisable
to omit many early records which could not be given correct names with
confidence.

The Hawkweeds of the London Area deserve considerable further
ptudy. These plants mostly thrive on well drained slopes, and the
banks of railways and reservoirs suit them well : unfortunately access
to such habitats is limited and there are many Hawkweeds which can,
for example, be seen from trains, though it has not been possible to
collect them. We are indebted to P. D. Sell and O. West, who are
making a study of the genus, for kindly naming a number of specimens.

COMPO SITAE.

171

Section Vulgata.

H. praecox Scli.-Bip. Well drained banks and railway cuttings.
Locally abundant. Y.-c. 16. Over Polhill railway tunnel, 1943;
J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Library gardens, Bromley, 1953; J.B. Y.-c. 17.
Sline’s Oaks, Warlingham, 1937 and 1942, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. teste H.W.P. ;
still plentiful, 1953; J.E.L. Bailway bank near Chipstead, 1922,
H.W.P. ; Hb.L,. Banstead, 1952; J.B. teste P.D.S.* & G.W. Y.-c. 18.
Banks of Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1950-53; J.B. teste P.D.S. & C.W.

[EL pellucidum Laest. This species has not been recorded by our
members, but there is an old record from Enfield (v.-c. 21), and the
plant is likely to be re-discovered in the area.]

H. exotericum Jord. Banks, roadsides, and waste ground. Rather
local, or overlooked. Y.-c. 16. Roadside near Shoreham, 1936; S. of
Fairtrough, near Halstead, 1943, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Y.-c. 17. Mickleham;
H.W.P. Near Chertsey, 1922, C.E.B.; Hb.Kew. Y.-c. 21. Grounds of
Natural History Museum, S. Kensington, 1949-53, E.B.Ba.; Hb.Mus.
Brit, teste P.D.S. & C.W. Near the Albert Memorial, Kensington Gar¬
dens, 1950; D.H.E. The var. stjblepistoides (Zahn) Pugsl. is recorded
from v.-c. 16. Shoreham, 1949, D.McC. ; Hb.L. V.-c. 17. Chalky bank.
Box Hill railway station, 1944, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. teste H.W.P. Bookham;
E.C.W . teste H.W.P. Leatherhead; H.W.P. The f. grandidens (Dahlst.)
Pugsl. is reported from v.-c. 16. Park Wood, Swanley, 1945; F.P.B. teste
P.D.S. & C.W. Y.-c. 17. Pilgrim’s Way, Caterham, 1932, CEB-
Hb.L. teste H.W.P.

H. vulgattjm Fries agg. Railway banks and tracks. Very local.
V.-c. 21. Railway banks and tracks, Uxbridge, abundant, 1953, T.G.C.
M.C. & D.H.K.; Hb.X. det. P.D.S. & C.W.

H. lepidulum Stenstr. Well drained banks of reservoirs and railway
cuttings. Yerj7 local. 4 .-c. 17. Railway bank, Box Hill railway station,
possibly introduced during the Great War, 1922, H.W.P.-, 1944. J.E.L.;
Hb.L. teste H.W.P . Y.-c. 18. Banks of Walthamstow Reservoirs,

1950-53; J.B. teste P.D.S. <£ C.W. The var. haematophyllum Dahlst.
also occurs at Walthamstow.

H. maculatum Sm. Spotted Hawkweed. In similar situations to
the previous species, also by roadsides, and on old walls. Local. V.-c.
17. Reigate; H.W.P. Banstead Heath, 1931, C.E.B.; in great abund¬
ance on roadsides and railway banks near the Joliffe Arms, Merstham,
1943, J.E.L.; Hb.L. teste H.W.P. Betchworth, 1950-52; J.B. teste
P.D.S. & C.W. V.-e. 18. Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1950-53- J B teste
P.D.S. & C.W.

H. megapodium Dahlst. Very rare. Well drained banks of reser¬
voirs. Y.-c. 18. Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1953; J.B., J.Paf PDS &
C.W.

*Sell, P. D.
tRaven, J.

172

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

H. subamplifolium (Zahn) Roffey. In similar situations to the pre¬
ceding species. Very rare. V.-c. 16. Park Wood, Swanley; F.B.B.
det. P.D.S. & C.W. V.-c. 18. Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1953; J.B.,
J.Ra., P.D.S. & C.W.

H. anglorum (Ley) Pugsl. Heathy places. Rare, or overlooked.
V.-c. 17. Putney Heath; H.W.P. V.-c. 21. Uxbridge, A.L. ; Hb.l).
teste H.W.P .

H. Lachenalii 0. C. Gmel. Woods, heaths, banks, roadsides and old
walls. Rather common. V.-c. 16. Swanley, F.J.H. ; Hb.Mus.Brit. V.-c. 17
Mickleham; H.W.P. Sheen Common, 1929, E.M.-R.; Hb.Kew. Leather-
head; railway bank, Box Hill, 1940, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N .H.S. teste H.W.P.
Laneside near Headley Heath, 1928, E.C .W . ; near Stew Ponds, Asli-
tead, 1929 ; Betchworth Lime Pits, 1941 ; bank by Joliffe Arms, Merstham,
1943; S. end of Banstead Downs, 1944, J.E.L.; Hb.L., all teste H.W.P.
V.-c. 18. Roadside bank, Hart’s Wood, Warley, 1952, J.E.L. ; Hb.L.
teste P.D.S. & C.W. Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1950-53; Woodford,
1950-51; J.B. teste P.D.S. & C.W. V.-c. 20. Oxliey Woods, 1946,
D.H.K.; Hb.K. teste H.W.P. V.-c. 21. Harrow Weald Common; Pin¬
ner Hill; old wall by West Drayton Church, 1946, D.H.K.; Hb.K. teste
H.W.P. Near Ealing, 1946; F.P.D.B. & D.H.K. teste H.W.P. Old
railway bridge near Fulwell, 1947; Harefield, 1950; D.H.K. Bombed
site near Fore Street, E.C., 1950-51; J.B. teste P.D.S. & C.W.

H. ttjnbridgense Pugsl. Heaths, woods and roadsides. Very local,
or overlooked. V.-c. 16. Chelsfield-Shoreham road, 1953; F.B.B. teste
P.D.S. & C.W. V.-c. 17. Worm’s Heath, 1932, C.E.B. ; by Fairchildes
Road, Worm’s Heath, 1943, J.E.L. ; Hb.L., both teste H.W .P. V.-c. 21.
Hadley Wood, 1950, E.B.Ba., J.K.M. & J.W.; Hb.Mus.Brit. teste
P.D.S. & C. IF. A plant which appears to be referable to this species
occurs at Walthamstow Reservoirs (v.-c. 18), but more material is needed
for confirmation; J.B. teste P.D.S. C.TF.

H. STRUMOSUM Ley. Roadside banks. Very rare. V.-c. 17. Road¬
side bank, Box Hill, 1927, E.C.W. ; Hb.L. teste H.W.P.

Section Tridentata

H. tridentatum Fries. Heaths, woods, banks, roadsides. Rather
common. V.-c. 16. Hayes Common, 1951; J.B. teste P.D.S. & C.W.
V.-c. 17. Roadside, Byfleet, 1937, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. teste H.W.P. Epsom
Common, 1949; D.H.K. teste P.D.S. & C.W. Shirley, 1953; F.B.B.
teste P.D.S. & C.W. V.-c. 18. Epping Forest, 1951; J.B. teste P.D.S.

C.W. V.-c. 21. Harrow Weald and Stanmore Commons; railway bank.
North Acton; Windmill Lane, Southall, abundant; railway banks from
near Brentford to Southall in profusion, 1946, D.II.K.; Hb.K., all det.
H.W.P. Pinner Hill, 1946; D.H.K. det. H.W.P. Railway banks, West
Acton to Ealing Broadway, 1946-53; D.H.K. Hampstead Heath;
H.W.P. Highgate, 1945, B.S.B.F.; Hb.L.N. H.S. teste H.W.P. The

COAIPOSIT AE.

173

var. polyphyllum (Zahn) Pugsl. has been recorded from v.-c. 17. Worm’s
Heath, 1943, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. teste H.W.P. Oxshott; E.W.P. V.-c. 21.
Brockley Hill, 1946, D.H.K. ; Hb.K. teste H.W.P.

H. cantianum F. J. Hanb. Banks and roadsides. Rare, or over¬
looked. \ .-c. 16. Railway bank, Shoreham Lane Bridge, Riverhead,
near Sevenoaks, 1953, F.P.B. V.-c. 17. Addington and Shirley Hills,
1953; F.P.B., both teste P.D.S. & C.W.

H. TRICHOCAULON (Dahlst.) Roffey. Banks and roadsides. Rare, or
overlooked. V.-c. 24. Roadside banks near Black Park, 1949, D.H.K. ;
Hb.K. teste P.D.S. & C.W.

H. ebora cense Pugsl. Wooded roadsides. Rare, or overlooked.
V.-c. 17. Addington Hills, 1953; F.P.B. teste P.D.S. & C.W.

Section Umbellata

H. umbellatum L. Heaths, woods and banks. Locally plentiful.
V.-c. 16. Hayes Common; H.W.P. ; 1952; E.B.Ba. Keston Common,
1952; D.H.K. V.-c. 17. Chearn; Raynes Park; Esher; H.W.P. Wey-
bridge Heath, 1917, E.B.B. ; Hb.B. Oxshott Heath, 1917; Banks Com¬
mon, 1923; E.B.B. Limpsfield, 1922; P.W.P. Worm’s Heath, 1935,

E. C.W.) Ashtead Common, 1928; Wimbledon Common, 1942,
J.E.L.-, Hb.L . ; 1953; Epsom and Littleworth Commons, 1943; D.H.K.
Barnes Common, 1952; .J.B. V.-c. 18. Purfleet, 1936; P.H.C. Epping
Forest, 1951; J.B. V.-c. 21. Harefield, 1912, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S.)
1922; L..J.T. teste L.B.H. Hounslow Heath, 1944, D.H.K.; Hb.K.
conf. H.W.P. Railway banks between Hounslow and Feltham, 1945;
railway banks, Gunnersbury, 1951 ; D.H.K. The var. linariifolitjm
Wallr. is recorded from V.-c. 16. Hayes Common; H.W.P. Railway
bank, Bromley South; F.P.B. teste P.D.S. & C.W. V.-c. 17. Barnes
Common; H.W.P., and the var. coronopifolpcm Bernli. from V.-c. 16
Hayes Common; H.W.P. Keston; railway bank, Bromley South;

F. P.B. teste P.D.S. & C.W.

Section Sabauda

Pugsley’s treatment of this section is unsatisfactory as applied to
the plants of the London Area and the six species given below are in
need of revision.

H. Bladonii Pugsl. Woods, copses, heaths and hedgebanks. Com¬
mon throughout the area, and recorded from all the v.-cc.

H. perpropinquum (Zahn) Pugsl. In similar situations to the pre¬
ceding species, from which we are unable to distinguish it. V.-c. 16.
Hayes Common, 1953; F.P.B. V.-c. 17. Wimbledon Common; H.W.P.
V.-c. 18. Epping Forest; H.W.P.

H. virgultorum Jord. Woods, banks and roadsides. Locally
abundant. V.-c. 20. Lane near Northwood, 1952; P.A.C. V.-c. 21.
Copse Wood, Northwood, abundant, 1945, B.W. ; Hb.K. det. H.W.P. •

174

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

1949, B.A.G. ; Hb.L. Near Harefield, 1945, D.H.K.; Hb.K. det.
E.W.P.

H. rigens Jord. Heatlis, banks and grassy places. Local. Y.-c. 17.
Wimbledon Common; E.W.P. Littleworth Common, 1928, C.E.B.;
Eb.Kew. Y.-c. 18. Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1951-53; J.B. teste
P.D.S. & C.W. V.-c. 21. Roadside, Hill End, Harefield, 1949; B.A.Gr.
Finsbury Park, 1952; J.B., both teste P.D.S. & C.W.

H. vagum Jord. Banks and grassy places. Local. Y.-c. 18. Wal¬
thamstow Reservoirs, 1951-53; J.B. teste P.D.S. & C.W. Y.-c. 21.
Bombed site, Red Cross Street, E.C., 1949, J.E.L.; Eb.L. The first
Hieracium to appear in the City. Bombed site, corner of Addle Street
and Wood Street, E.C., 1952; E.M.C.I. per J.E.L. Meadow by rail¬
way, Perivale Park, 1953, T.G.C. ; Hb.K. all teste P.D.S. & C.W.

H. sublactucaceum (Zahn) Bruce. Rare, or overlooked. In a gar¬
den. Y.-c. 21. Garden of the ‘Brackens’, Nicholas Way, Northwood,
1949; B.A.G. teste P.D.S. & C.W.

Section Pilosellina

H. Pilosella L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. Grassy places, pastures,
heaths and hanks. Common in all the v.-cc. The var. concinnatum F.
J. Hanb. is reported from v.-c. 17. Ditton; Oxshott; Wimbledon Com¬
mon; H.W.P. Y.-c. 21. Ruislip; E.W.P. The var. concolor Tausch
is recorded from v.-c. 18. Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1953; J.B., J.Ba.,
P.D.S. & C.W.

Section Pratensina

H. brunneocroceum Pugsl. Alien. C. Europe. Garden escape.
Established on railway banks and grassy roadsides, and naturalised on
heaths and in woods. Not common. Y.-c. 16. Joyden’s Wood, Bexley,
1938, P.H.C. ; Eb.L.N.E.S. det. D.H.K. V.-c. 17. Roadside, Ashtead,
1940-45, P.H.C.; Hb.J,.N.H.S. det. D.H.K. Wimbledon and Esher
Commons; A.W.J. Y.-c. 21. Grassy roadside, Syon Lane, Osterley,
abundant, 1946, D.H.K.-, Hb.K. conf. H.W.P. Railway bank, Eastcote,
abundant, 1947-53; West Drayton, 1943; roadside near Harrow, one
plant, 1942; railway banks between Poyle and Colnbrook, 1951; waste
ground, Kenton, 1952; D.H.K. Railway bank, Castle Bar, Ealing, 1935-
36; K.E.B.-, abundant, 1951-53; D.H.K.

[ Section Praealtina

H. Spragtjei Pugsl. The only known locality for this species was a
road cutting between Chorley Wood and Chalfont Road railway station
(v.-c. 24), where it was collected by T. A. Sprague in 1923 and 1925. It
is believed to have been last seen just before the recent war, and is in
much need of re-discovery. Although a little outside the area it is
possible that the air-borne seeds might be carried into the area, and the
plant should be looked for about Uxbridge or Denham.]

COMPO SITAE.

175

HYPOCHOERIS L.

H. radicata L. Cat's Ear. Meadows, pastures and grassy places.
Common throughout the area, and recorded from all the v.-cc.

H. glabra L. Smooth Cat's Ear. Wood borders on sandy soil. Rare.
V.-c. 16. Edge of Farningham Wood, 1945; F.B.-, 1947, J.E.L. ; Hb.L.
Grassy places in Joyden’s Wood, Bexley, sparingly, 1948; R.A.B. V.-c. 17.
Reigate Heath, 1946; B.M.C.M.

LEONTODON L.

L. hispidus L. Bough Hawhbit. Meadows, pastures and grassy
places, especially on the chalk. Locally plentiful. V.-cc. 16 and 17.
Frequent, especially on -calcareous soils. V.-c. 18. South Weald, 1910,
P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1951; J. B. Chigwell;
A.W.J. V.-cc. 20 and 21. Rather common.

L. AUTUMNALis L. Autumnal Hawhbit. Meadows, pastures, and
grassy waste ground. Common in all the v.-cc. Plants with lemon-
yellow coloured flowers are reported from v.-c. 21. Muswell Hill, 1895;
North Finchley, 1929; J.E.C.

L. taraxacoides (Vill.) Merat, L. Leysseri G. Beck, Thrincia hirta
Roth. Hairy Hawhbit. Dry grassy places, especially on base-rich soils.
Local, or overlooked. V.-c. 17. Oxted Downs, 1922; B.W.B. Reigate
Heath, 1929 and 1941; Mitcham Common, 1941, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Putney
Vale, 1945; B.W. V.-c. 21. Whitchurch Common, 1913, C.S.N.;
Hb.L.N.H.S. North Hill, Highgate; L.B.H. Near Ruislip Reservoir,
1945; B.W. Ealing and Uxbridge Commons; Bushy Park; Hounslow
Heath, 1947-52; D.H.E.

TARAXACUM Weber

A very difficult group which has not been seriously studied in the
London Area.

T. ofeicinale Weber agg. Common Dandelion. Pastures, meadows,
lawns, waysides, waste places, etc. Very common throughout the area.

T. laevigattjm (Willd.) DC. agg. Lesser Dandelion. Dry pastures
on sandy or calcareous soils, heaths, waste ground and walls. Common
in all the v.-cc., except 19, where it is so far unrecorded.

LACTUOA L.

L. virosa L. Roadsides and waste places. Locally abundant,
especially near the tidal estuary. V.-c. 16. Dartford Marsh, P.H.C. ;
Hb.L.N.H.S. Near Northfleet; near Southfleet, 1919; P.H.C. Plum-
stead Marshes, 1896; Crayford, 1910; J.E.C.-, 1933; P.H.C. Abbey
Wood, 1927; B.W.B. Hayes, 1938; D.McC. Near Stone, 1920, E.B.B.-,
Hb.B. Woolwich Arsenal; Dartford; Greenhithe ; F.B. V.-c. 17.
Morden, 1937; Langley Bottom, Epsom Downs; Mizen’s Market Gar¬
den, Ew^ell, 1939, A.E.E.; Hb.E.C.M. Ham gravel-pits, 1934; P.H.C.

176

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OE THE LONDON AREA.

Balliam; Epsom Sewage Farm, A.E.E.; B.E.C. 1938 Rep., 46 (1939).
Reigate, 1941; J.B. V.-c. 18. Near Purfleet, 1911, P.H.C. ;
Hb.L.N.H.S. Grays, 1908; Bulphan, 1909; P.H.C. Chingford; Hale
End; J.O.B. Near Stifford; R.W.R. West Thurrock, 1925; Dagenham
Dock, 1927; J.E.C. Stapleford Tawney; Lougliton, rare; R.M.P.
Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1951; J.B. V.-c. 19. Galley Wood, .1909;
P.H.C. V.-c. 20. Springwell; Rickmansworth ; D.H.K. V.-c. 21.
Yiewsley, 1908-13; Harefield, 1913; J.E.C. ; 1953; D.H.K. Alexandra
Palace, 1910; J.E.C. Hayes, 1909; P.H.C. West Drayton, 1910,
P.H.C.;' Hb.L.N.H.S.; 1953; D.H.K. South Minims; C.S.N.; 1952;
D.H.K. Ickenham, 1924 ; H.J.B. Ruislip; Yeading; Greenford ; Han-
well; Horsendon Hill; Yeoveney; Poyle; Potters Bar, 1939-53; D.H.K.
Gravel pits, East Bedfont, 1945 ; J.E.L. Springwell, 1942, D.H.K. ;
Hb.K. V.-c. 24. Ivor, 1909; P.H.C. The var. integrifolia S. F. Gray
is recorded from v.-c. 21. Springwell; Poyle; D.H.K.

L. serriola L., L. scariola L. Prickly Lettuce. Waste ground
near the tidal estuary. Locally abundant. V.-c. 16. Sea-wall near
Stone, 1920, E.B.B. ; Hb.B. Sea-wall, Littlebrook Marshes, in great
quantity, 1930; R.W.R. Dartford Marshes; P.H.C. V.-c. 18. Pur¬
fleet, 1911, C.S.N.; Hb.L.N.H.S. ; 1935; P.H.C. Var. dltbia (Jord.)
Rouy. This is the aggressive entire-leaved form, possibly of adventive
origin, which has spread so rapidly in the London Area in recent years.
Plants with runcinate leaves occur occasionally. It has been recorded
from all the v.-cc., and is frequent on wrnste ground, rubbish-tips,
bombed sites and roadsides throughout the area.

L. saligna L. Least Lettuce. Waste ground near the tidal estuary.

Very local. V.-c. 16. Plumstead Marshes, c. 1885, F.J.H.;

Hb.Mus.Brit. Sea-wall, Littlebrook Marshes, mixed with L. serriola
but much less plentiful, 1930, R.W.R.; Hb.R. [Occurs in quantity on
sea-walls beyond Gravesend, just outside the area.] V.-c. 18. Purfleet.
1911, L.B.H.; Hb.L.N.H.S.; 1920; L.B.H.

L. sativa L. Garden Lettuce. Alien. S.W. Asia ? Occurs on rubbisli-tips and
waste ground as an outcast from cultivation.

MYCELIS Cass.

M. muralis (L.) Reichb., Lactuca muralis (L.) Gaertn. Wall
Lettuce. Walls, dry banks, woods and shady places, especially on light
soils. Locally common. V.-c. 16. Keston, 1917; P.H.C. Greenhithe,
1938, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. N.E. of Otford, 1922; L.J.T. Otford;

A. W.J. Shoreham, 1924; E.B.B. Near Brasted, 1935; M.M.W.
Darenth Wood, 1948-49; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Near Purley, 1899; L.B.H.
Headley Lane, Mickleham ; Fetcham Park; E.B.B. Reigate Hill, 1919;
L.J.T. Lane from Titsey to Tatsfield, 1929; J.C.R. Wood S.E. of
Marden Park, 1924; L.J.T. Woldingham ; P.H.C. Woodhurst Park,
near Oxted, local, 1917 ; R.W.R. Box Hill, 1937-53; D.H.K. Banstead,
1941; J.B. Wall between Sheen Common and Richmond Park, 1942-52;

B. W . V.-c. 18. Lambourne, not uncommon in parts of Hainault Forest,

COAIPOSITAE.

177

1905; E.W.B. Near Epping, 1910. P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c. 19.
Epping Lower Forest, 1909, B.W.R) Eb.L.N.H.S. Cobbin’s End;
P.H.C. V.-c. 20. Rickmansworth, 1900; C.S.N. V.-c. 21. Harefield;
P.H.C.) 1953; D.H.K. Between Pinner and Eastcote; C.S.N. Moss
Lane, Pinner; Pinner Hill, 1946; Springwell; Highgate Wood, very-
scarce, 1947; Regents Park, very scarce, 1951; D.H.K. Stanmor©
Grove, 1908; C.P.G. North West Heath, Hampstead, 1947; H.C.H,
1953; D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Dry Banks near West Hyde, 1906, C.S.N.)
Eb.L.N.H.S. Denham; P.H.C.

CICERBITA Wallr.

C. macrophylla (Willd.) Wallr., Lactttca macrophylla (Willd.) A.
Gray. Alien. Caucasus. Established on banks and in grassy waste
places. Rare. V.-c. 16. Ruxley gravel pit, near Sidcup, 1953; J.F.H.*
det. J .E.L. V.-c. 17. Rough ground by Stepping Stones, below Box

Hill, 1948, J.E.L.) Hb.L. Church Lane, Chaldon, established, 1949-51;
H.Br. Foot of Colley Hill; B.W. V.-c. 21. Temple Fortune, 1924-27,
J.E.C.) Hb.Mus.Brit. Railway side near Paddington, 1952; B.S.B.L'.
Railway bank, Ealing, c. 1943; L.M.P.S.

SONCHUS L.

S. palustris L. Marsh Sow-Thistle. Marshes and reed-beds by the
tidal estuary. Very rare, and probably extinct. V.-c. 16. Near the
Butts, Plumstead Marshes, 1883 ; Great reed-bed, Plumstead Marshes,
1885, F.-J.H.) Hb.Mus.Brit. V.-c. 18. North Woolwich, 1871, F..J.H.)
Hb.Mus.Brit.

S. arvensis L. Field Milk-Thistle , Corn Sow-Thistle. Streamsides,
marshes, banks, cultivated and waste ground. Very common in all the
v.-cc. The var. laevipes Koch is reported from v.-c. 17. Epsom Com¬
mon, 1941, J.E.L.) Hb.L.

S. asper (L.) Hill. Spiny Milk- or Sow-Thistle. Cultivated and
waste ground. Common throughout the area, though less so than the
next species. The var. ixtegrifolils Lej. is reported from v.-c. 17.
Epsom Downs, 1925, J.E.L.) Hb.L.

S. oleraceus L. Milk- or Sow-Thistle. Cultivated and waste ground,
waysides, etc. Common in all the v.-cc. The hybrid with S. asper
should be looked for.

TRAGOPOGON L.

T. porrifolius L. Salsify. Alien. Mediterranean region. Escape
from cultivation. Naturalised in grassy waste places, especially near
the tidal estuary. Locally plentiful. V.-c. 16. Stone Marshes, one
plant, 1937; P.H.C. River-wall below Erith, and at St-one; F.B. V.-c.
17. Field near Eastfields, Mitcham, 1927, J.E.L.) Hb.L. In 1927-28
the plant was frequent in the Eastfields area where it was formerly

*Holroyde, J. F.

178

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

grown as a crop. V.-c. 18. Thurrock Marshes, 1935, P.H.C. ;

Hb. L.N.H.S. Grays, P.H.C . ; B.E.C. 1935 Pep., 33 (1936). Purfleet,
1936-38; P.H.C. About Tilbury, 1938, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Y.-c. 20. Road¬
side at Hailey, 1952; L.N.H.S. Excursion. V.-c. 21. South Harrow,
1940-44; West Drayton, 1949; D.II.K. By Arnos Grove tube station,
1944-53; New Southgate, 1946; M.A.P.S.S.

T. PRATENSis L. Goat’ s-Beard, Jach-go-to-bed -at-noon. Alien?
Grassy waste places and roadsides. Not common. V.-c. 16. Crayford,
1933; P.H.C. Kidbrooke Camp, 1943, J.A.W.] Hb.L. V.-c. 17. Colley
Hill, Reigate, 1917 ; E.B.B. fide C.E.S. Waste ground adjacent to South
Croydon railway station, in considerable quantity, no T. minor seen
1926, E.B.B. ; Hb.B. Epsom College, 1942, J.McL.*; Hb.E.C.M. V.-c.
21. Near Northwood; railway bank, North Acton, 1949; D.H.K.

T. minor Mill. GoaP s-Beard, Jach-go-to-bed^at-noon. Meadows,
pastures, banks, grassy waste places and roadsides. Common through¬
out the area and recorded from all the v.-cc.

LOBELSACEAE

LOBELIA L.

L. Erinus L. Alien. S. Africa. Garden outcast. V.-c. 17. Limpsfleld Com¬
mon, R.W.R.; Lond. Nat., 19, 25 (1940). Y.-c. 21. Gravel-pit, Hillingdon, 1936,

P.H.C.-, Hb. L.N.H.S.

CAMPANULACEAE

JASIONE L.

J. Montana L. Sheep7 s-bit. Grassy places on sandy or gravelly
soils. Local and rare. V.-c. 16. By Bromley South railway station,
1946 ; F.B. V.-c. 17. Between Weybridge and New Haw, 1917 ; E.B.B. ;
1943; sandy bank near Weybridge railway station, 1940, P.H.C.]
Hb. L.N.H.S. Sandpit, Limpsfield Common, 1917; B.W.P. Walton
Common, plentiful over a small area, 1953; B.A.B. V.-c. 18. Open
copse near Romford, 1913, P.H.C . ; Hb. L.N.H.S. V.-c. 20. Gravel-pit,
Essex Road, Hoddesdon, 1910, P.H.C. ; Hb. L.N.H.S. V.-c. 21. Between
Harefield and Rickmansworth, 1912, P.H.C.] Hb. L.N.H.S. Hounslow
Heath, c. 1935, not seen since ; D.H.K.

WAHLENBERGIA Schrad.

W. hederacea (L.) Reichb., Campanula hederacea L. Ivy-leaved
Bellflower. Damp open heathy vmodlands. Very rare. V.-c. 18. Epp-
ing Forest near Loughton, 1882, J.O.B.] Hb.L.N .H.S. Near Wake
Arms ; L.B.H. Epping Forest between Theydon and Loughton, B.W.B. ;
Is.N.H.S. 1915 Trans., 47 (1916). Last seen in Epping Forest about
1920, and believed to be extinct there ; J.B. Epping Forest near High
Beach, 1946 or 1947 ; Mr. Dadd per F.B.

*McLuskie, J.

CAMPANULACEAE.

179

PHYTEUMA L.

P. TENERUM SSp. ANGLICUM R. Schulz, P. 0RBICULARE auct. ailgl., non
L. Hound-lieaded Lampion. Confined to v.-c. 17, where it is locally
plentiful on grassy places on the chalk. V.-c. 17. Chalky bank near
Caterham, 1883, F.J.H.; Hb.Mus.Brit. Chipstead, 1901, L.B.H.;
Hb.H. ; 1929 ; B.W.B. ; 1949-1953; B.W. Near Worm’s Heath, rare,
1919; railway bank near Sanderstead, 1917; B.W.B . ; 1951; B.M.P.
Farthing Downs, Coulsdon, 1914; J.E.C.; 1920; Waddington, S. of
Kenley ; IF. IF. Headley Heath, 1919 ; E.B.B. Fetcham Downs, 1926,
E.C.W. ; Walton Downs, 1942; Epsom Downs, 1926, J.E.L. ; Hb.L.;
1944; P.H.C. ; 1951; J.B. Tyrell’s Wood Golf Course, 1951; J.E.S.D.

' campanula l.

C. glomerata L. Clustered Bellflower. Grassy places mainly on
the chalk, but also occurring on the alluvial soils of the higher parts of
the Thames. Locally frequent. V.-c. 16. Apparently rare, and recorded
only from Westerham, 1913, L.B.H,.] Hb.H. V.-c. 17. Locally plentiful
on the chalk. In the upper Thames region recorded from roadside near
Thorpe, 1917; E.B.B. Near Weybridge, 1922; IF. IF. V.-c. 21. Com¬
pletely absent from the chalk, and known only from a few stations near
the Thames above Chertsey Bridge. Field near Staines, 1872, F.J.H. ;
Hb.Mus.Brit. Laleham, 1941, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S.; 1946; meadow
near Penton Hook Lock, 1947 ; railway banks near Colnbrook, 1951 ;
D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Wraysbury, 1912, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. The var.
vulgata f. longifolia G. Reck is recorded from v.-c. 17. Titsey, 1935,
C.E.B.; Hb.L.

C. latifolia L. Giant Bellfloiver , Throatwort. Woods and hedge-
banks. Very rare. V.-c. 20. Small copse near North Mimms, several
fine plants, 1909; P.H.C. Chorley Wood, 1910, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S.
V.-c. 21. Mimmshall Wood, 1909, C.B.G.; 1910, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S.

C. Trachelium L. Nettle-leaved Bellflower. Woods and hedge-
banks, particularly on calcareous and clay soils. Locally plentiful.
V.-c. 16. Common. V.-c. 17. Frequent. V.-c. 20. Garett Wood,
Springwell, 1947; D.H.K. V.-c. 21. Woods near Ruislip Reservoir;
C.B.G. Horsendon Hill, casual, c. 1935; Old Park Wood, Harefield,
1939; Garett Wood, Springwell, 1942-53; D.H.K. Ken Wood, 1945;
B.S.B.F.

C. rapunculoides L. Creeping Bellflower. Alien. Europe. Gar¬
den escape. Established in grassy waste places, by roadsides, and on
railway banks, and naturalised on heaths and commons, and in woods.
Rather common, and still spreading. V.-c. 16. Wilmington, abundant
in gardens as a noxious weed, 1937, M.C.F.S.*; Hb.Tj. Hayes Old Rec¬
tory, garden weed, 1938; Sevenoaks, rubbish- tip, 1951; D.McC. Road¬
side, Green Street Green, 1948; Hartford Heath, 1950; H.M.P. Shore-
ham, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c. 17. Epsom, 1933; P.H.C. Banstead

*Shepherd, Mrs. M. C. F.

180

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

Downs, 1927, E.C.W. ; Hb.B. Tandridge, 1928, Hb.B.

Wimbledon Common, 1943; C.A.; 1952; AAV.J. Epsom College, well
established, 1931, I.B.B.-, Hb.E.C.M. The Oaks, Carshalton; A.E.E.
Kew Gardens, weed in shrubberies, 1944; B.H.K. Ham Gravel Pits,
1945-50; railway bank near Richmond, 1950; BAY. Roadside between
Hampton Court and Esher; roadside near Claremont, 1948; B.A.B.
Reigate Heath, 1950-51; B.M.C.M. Railway bank just N. of Oxted
station, a large patch, 1951; K.E.B. V.-c. 18. Walthamstow Reservoirs,
1950-51; J.B. Y.-c. 21. Hampton Court, in several places, 1944; B.W.;
1948, Hartington Road, Chiswick, a small patch, 1949; B.A.B. Well
Walk, Hampstead, a small patch, 1948; H.C.H. Near Hanger Hill,
Ealing, garden weed, 1946; F.P.D.B. & B.H.K. Waste ground, Brent
Reservoir, 1952; B.A.C. & B.H.K.

C. rotundifolia L. Harebell .- Heaths, commons and dry grassy
places. Frequent in all the v.-cc. Plants with corollas cut to the base
(cf. var. fissa Druce) are recorded from v.-c. 17. Limpsheld Common,
1922; B.W.B.

C. persicifolia L. Alien. W. Europe and N. Asia. Naturalised in
grassy places. Very rare. V.-c. 17. Limpsfield Common, B.W.B.;
Loncl. Nat. 19, 25 (1940). Under bushes near Halleloo Farm, Warling-
ham, 1949; B.W. Wimbledon Common, 1953; C.A.

C. Rapunctjlus L. Bampion. Alien. Europe. Established on old
walls and as a garden weed, and naturalised in grassy places. Very
rare. Y.-c. 17. Limpsfield Rectory, established as a garden weed, and
on walls, 1919; B.W.B. Railway bank near Betchworth station, 1950;
B.M.C.M. Erroneously recorded from Wimbledon Common in Bond.
Nat., 32, 125 (1953), the plant in question was O. rapunctjloides. V.-c.
21. Harrow Weald Common, 1908, C.B.G. ; Hb.S.Bj.B.l.

C. patula L. Spreading Bellflower. Alien. Europe, including
parts of Britain. Formerly established on waste ground. Very rare.
Y.-c. 21. Waste ground, Willesden Green, 1945-48, site now built over;
B.H.K.

C. Medium L. Canterbury Bell. Alien. S. Europe. Garden escape.
Established on bare chalk cuttings and railway banks. Locally abun¬
dant. Y.-c. 16. Chalk cuttings on railway between Chelsfield and
Knockholt, abundant, 1943-53; B.H.K. Chalk cuttings on railway be¬
tween Eynsford and Shoreham, 1949, J.E.B.; Hb.B. Y.-c. 21. Railway
bank near Greenford, in small quantity, 1951; B.H.K.

C. alliariifolia Willd. Alien. Asia Minor. Y.-c. 17. Bomb crater, Brockham
Hill, 1948, J.E.L. ; Hb.L.-, 1949; J.E.L.

LEGOUSIA Durande

L. hyrrida (L.) Delarb., Specularia hybrida (L.) A. DC. Femus’s
Booking-glass. Cornfields and arable ground. Rare. V.-c. 16. Be¬
tween Dartford and Greenhithe, F.J.H. ; FI. Kent, 226. Near Eynsford,

CAMPANULA CEAE .

181

1920; TF.TF. Near Greenliithe, 1946; F.B. Y.-c. 17. Buckland Hills,
1899, L.B.E. ; Eb.E. Cornfields near Fetcliam Downs; Mickleliam,
1918; E.B.B. Epsom Downs, 1918; J.E.W. ; near Addington, 1926,
' J.E.L. ; Eb.L. Liinpsfield, rare, 1922; B.W.B. Roadside on Leatker-
liead By-pass, 1947-48, not seen since; edge of cornfield near Roaring
Horse Farm, 1952; J.E.S.E. Wimbledon Common, casual, 1926; C.A.
Y.-c. 20. Wormley; L.B.E. Cole Green, 1920; B.E.G. Field near
Hertford; S.G.M. Y.-c. 21. Harefield, 1907, C.B.G. ; Eb.S.L.B.I .;
1914; J.E.C. Near Minims Hall, 1909; C.B.G.

L. Speculum-veneris (L.) Druce. Alien. Europe. Y.-c. 21. Yiewsley, 1914, J.E.C.-,
HI). Mus. Brit.

ERICACEAE

VACCINIUM L.

V. Myrtellus L. Bilberry, Blaeberry, Whortleberry, Huckleberry .
Heaths, commons and woods on acid soils. Local. Y.-c. 16. Holwood
Park; Hayes and Keston Commons; IF. IF. Keston Bog, 1926, J.E.L.-,
Eb.L.-, 1936, P.E.C.] Eb.L.N.E.S. ; 1950; A.W.J. Crockham Hill
Common, 1913; P.E.C. Near Well Hill, Shoreliam, 1947; J.B.M.
Whitby Scrub, S. of Chevening, abundant, 1950; F.B. Hosey Common,
1932; B.T.W. Y.-c. 17. Limpsfield Chart and Common, 1914; E.B.B.-,
very plentiful, 1933; P.E.C. ; 1937, J.E.L. -, Eb.L. Wood near Headley
Heath, F.J.E.] FI. Surrey, 438. Y.-c. 18. Epping Forest, Theydon,

1898, B.W.E.] Eb.L.N.E.S.] several patches; C.N. Epping Forest,
near Wake Arms, a small patch, B.W.B. ; L,.N.E.S. 1915 Trans., 45
(1916). In grounds of “Wansfeel”, Piercing Hill, Theydon, just inside
fence from Epping Forest, 1950; B.T.W. Y.-c. 21. Hampstead Heath,
1906; C.S.N.] West Heath, two small patches, 1921; P.W.B.] one small
patch left, 1945-53; D.E.E. Ken Wood, 1925; R.TT .2?.; a large patch,
1950; E.E.K.

GAULT HER I A L.

G. Shallox Pursh. Alien. N. America. Naturalised in heathy
places. Very local. Y.-c. 16. About one mile N. of Toys Hill, Brasted,
J.E.L.] B.E.C. 1936 Bey., 266 (1937).

[ANDROMEDA L.

A. Polifolia L. Marsh Andromeda. Alien. Europe, including parts
of Britain. V.-c. 19. Deliberately planted in Wake Arms Bog, 1951;
teste F.B.~\

CALLUNA Salisb.

C. vulgaris (L.) Hull. Ling, Eeather. Heaths, bogs and open
woods on acid soils. Frequent in all the v.-cc. Plants with very hairy
leaves are recorded from Y.-c. 17. Oxshott; E.B.B. Y.-c. 21. Hounslow
Heath; E.E.K.

ERICA L.

E. cinerea L. Bell Eeather. Dry heathy places. Local. Y.-c. 16.

182

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

Hayes Common; Dartford Heath, 1917; P.H.C. ; seen in both places,
1948-52; H.M.P. Crockham Hill Common, 1913; E.P.B. V.-c. 17.
Limpsfield Common and Chart, 1914; E.B.B.; 1933; P.H.C. Oxshott
Heath, 1915; E.B.B.-, 1948; J.B.E. Weybridge Heath, 1917; E.B.B.
Shirley, 1922; Wimbledon Common, 1930; B.W.R. ; 1953; D.H.K.
Epsom Downs, 1934; B.W.B. Burgh Heath, 1941; J.B. Top of Fetcham
Downs, 1948 and 1952; BAY. V.-c. 18. Snaresbrook Heath, 1900,
B.W.B.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Brentwood, 1920; P.H.C. V.-c. 21. Hamp¬
stead Heath, 1883; J.E.C.; long extinct there; D.H.K. Stanmore Com¬
mon, 1921; P.W.B. Harrow Weald Common; C.S.N.; 1944; D.H.K.
Harefield Common; C.S.N. Hounslow Heath, 1944; D.H.K. V.-c. 24.
Fulmer, 1912, P.H.C.', Hb.L.N.H.S. Black Park, 1931, J.C.B.; 1950;
D.H.K.

E. Tetralix L. Cross-Leaved Heath, Bog Heather. Bogs, and wet
heathy places, rarely on the drier peaty soils. Local. V.-c. 16.
Keston and St. Paul’s Cray Commons, 1917 ; P.H.C. ; still at both places,
1949; F.B. Chislehurst Common; W.W.; 1949; F.B. Crockham Hill
Common, 1917; B.W.B. Hayes Common, 1937, P.H.C.', Hb.L.N.H.S.
Joyden’s and Petts Woods, 1948-49; F.B. V.-c. 17. Oxshott Heath,
1915; E.B.B.-, 1948; J.B.E. Reigate Heath, 1921; B.W.B. Banstead
Heath, 1926; L.J.T. Wimbledon Common, 1947; E.B.Ba.; 1953; D.H.K.
Richmond Park, 1945-52; B.W. V.-c. 18. Epping Forest, 1952; B.T.W.
V.-c. 19. Wake Arms Bog, 1911, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c. 20. Col-
ney Heath, 1913, C.S.N. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c. 21. Harrow Weald and
Stanmore Commons; Hounslow Heath, 1944-52; D.H.K.

RHODODENDRON L.

R. poNTicuM L. Alien. S. Europe, Asia Minor, etc. Planted in
woods and copses, and becoming naturalised on sandy and peaty soils.
Locally abundant. V.-c. 17. Woods on downs above Chipstead, thor¬
oughly established, 1924; L.J.T. Richmond Park, many self-sown seed¬
lings, 1952; L.N.H.S. Excursion. V.-c. 18. Established, and repro¬
ducing naturally at High Beach, Jack’s Hill and Knighton Wood, Epp¬
ing Forest; Ongar Park Wood, 1952; B.T.W. V.-c. 21. Grimsdyke
grounds, Harrow Weald, thoroughly established, and hundreds of self-
sown seedlings seen ; Chiswick House grounds ; Scratch Wood, 1948 ;
D.H.K.. V.-c. 24. Black Park, many self-sowTn seedlings, 1954; J.E.L.

PYROLA L.

P. rotundifolia L. Larger Wintergreen. In a disused chalkpit.
Very rare. V.-c. 18. Disused chalkpit, Grays, 1948; B.T.W. ; 1949,
J.E.L. ; Hb.L.

P. minor L. Common Wintergreen. Woods, plantations and moors.
Very rare. V.-c. 17. Titsey Plantation; W.W. [Byfleet, 1939, L.G.P . ;
Hb.L.N.H.S. ; 1950; J.E.L. — outside Area.] V.-c. 21. Stanmore Grove,
1908; C.B.G.

MONOTROPAt'EAE.

183

MONOTROPACEAE

MONOTROPA L.

M. hypopitys L. agg. Yellow Bird’s-nest. Mainly confined to beeoh-
vvoods on the chalk. Local. V.-c. 16. Cuckoo Wood, Downe; Rushmore
Hill, Halstead; Holwood Park; Farnborough; W.W. Wood W. of
Shoreham, 1949; F.B. V.-c. 17. Box Hill, 1882; J.O.B. Titsey Woods,
abundant, 1917; Reigate Hill, 1931; B.W.B. Leatherhead Downs;
Headley, two stations, 1951; J.E.S.D. Limpsfield, B.W.B.-, L.N.H.S.
1917 Trans., 15 (1918). V.-c. 18. Great Monk Wood, Loughton, 1922

and 1927 ; C.G.* teste B.T.W. V.-c. 20. Redwell Wood, a very few
plants; E.M.D. The segregate M. hi^pophegea Wallr. is recorded from
v.-c. 17. Wood between Headley Lane and Mickleham Downs, 1917 ;
E.B.B. det. C.E.S.

PLUMBAGIMACEAE

LIMONIUM Mill.

L. vulgare Mill., Statice Loionium L. Sea' Lavender. Muddy salt-
marshes by the tidal estuary. Very local. V.-c. 18. Grays, 1908,
P.H.C. ; Hb. L.N.H.S.

ARMERIA Willd.

A. maritima (Mill.) Willd., Statice Armeria L., S. maritima Mill.
Thrift, Sea • Pink. Alien. Europe, including parts of Britain. Deliber¬
ately introduced on bombed sites. Rare. V.-c. 21. Bombed site,
Cripplegate, 1948-49, now destroyed ; bombed site off Cheapside, 1952 ;
A.W.J.

PRMVIU LACEAE

HOTTONIA L.

H. palustris L. Water Violet. Ponds, ditches and slow streams.
Local. V.-c. 16. Mottingham; IF. IF. V.-c. 17. N. of Titsey; W.W.
Weybridge, 1904, L.B.H.; Hb.H. Between Thorpe and Chertsey, 1919,
E.B.B. -, Hb.B. V.-c. 18. Epping Forest, 1871, F.J.H . ; Hb. Mus. Brit.
Epping Forest, near the Rising Sun, Walthamstow, B.W.B. ; L.N.H.S.
1915 Trans., 44 (1916); 1923; B.W.B. ; Wake Valley Pond, 1927, B.T.W. ;
Hb. L.N.H.S.-, 1951; L.N.H.S. Excursion. Loughton, 1938, J.H.G.P.-,
Hb. L.N.H.S. Shenfield; Romford; P.H.C. Chadwell, 1913, P.H.C.-,
Hb. L.N.H.S. High Wood, Ongar, 1952; B.T.W. & J.E.L. Curtis Mill
Green, 1952; B.T.W. V.-c. 19. Epping Lower Forest, 1951; L.N.H.S.
Excursion. V.-c. 20. Totteridge Green, 1901 ; C.S.N. Rye House, in
a sluggish stream, 1912, P.H.C.-, Hb. L.N.H.S. Bayford; P.H.C. Hert¬
ford Heath; S.C.M. V.-c. 21. Clapton Marsh, 1896, A.U.B.;

Hb.L.N .H.S. Ditch near the railway, Clapton; C.N. Ponders End to
Enfield, a few plants in ditches; J.O.B. Staines; P.H.C.-, pools on
Shortwood Common, and ditches on Staines Moor, 1944-53 ; D.H.K.

*Gould, C.

184

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OE THE LONDON AREA.

PRIMULA L.

P. vulgaris Huds. Primrose. Woods, hedgebanks, railway banks,
and open grassy places. Formerly common, and there are numerous old
records from all the v.-cc. The plant is rapidly decreasing in the
vicinity of London, as is the case around many other large towns. The
following is a selection of the more modern records. V.-c. 16. Brasted,
1935; M.M.W. Darenth Wood, 1945; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Coulsdon to
Kenley, 1933; P.H.C. Headley, 1937, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N .H.S . Bookham
Common, 1948-53; E.B.Ba. Wimbledon Common, two plants in a copse,
1934; C.A. V.-c. 19. Parndon Wood, 1953; B.M.P. V.-c. 20. Radlett ;
Aldenham, 1941; J.B. V.-c. 21. Railway banks near Harrow, 1940;
H.W.Pa. Copse Wood, Northwood, 1945; B.W. Ruislip Woods; Cow¬
ley; Harrow Park, 1939-53; D.H.K. Syon Park, 1946; B.W. & D.E.K.

P. veris L. Cowslip. Meadows, pastures and banks, especially on
the chalk. Local. V.-c. 16. Locally common. V.-c. 17. Locally fre¬
quent. V.-c. 18. Woodliatch, 1908, C.S.N.) Hb.L.N. H.S. Ludgate
Plain; L.B.H. Chingford ; J.O.B. Toothill; J.A.S. Navestock;
B.W.B. Railway banks, Ongar, 1925; L.J.T. V.-c. 19. Galley Wood,
1909, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N .H.S. Near Nazeing Gate, 1915; C.S.N. North
Weald; Roydon, 1951; B.M.P. V.-c. 20. Locally plentiful. V.-c. 21.
Wood near Northwood, 1898; A.TJ.B. Railway banks and meadows,
Potters Bar, 1902, C.S.N.) Hb .L.N.H .S . Broxbourne ; Wormley; C.N.
Between Edgware and Elstree, abundant ; E.M.D. Between Harefield
and Uxbridge, 1923; L.-J.T.) 1944; D.H.K. Between Harefield and
Ruislip, 1927; L.J.T. Brent Meadows, Hanwell; A.TJ.B.) long extinct
there; D.H.K. Enfield, 1897; A.U.B. Harefield; Northwood; Gut-
teridge Wood, Northolt; Scratch Wood; Springwell, 1939-53; D.H.K.
Syon House, 1927; L.J.T. V.-c. 24. Iver; P.H.C.

x vulgaris. V.-c. 21. Park Wood, Ickenham, C.B.G.) Hb.S.L.B.l.
This hybrid is undoubtedly more common than the solitary record sug¬
gests, and it should be searched for where ever the two parents grow
together in quantity.

LYSIMACHIA L.

L. vulgaris L. Yellow' Loosestrife. Marshes, river- and stream-
sides and verges of ponds and lakes. Local. V.-c. 16. Derrick Common,
Farnborougli ; WAV. Darenth, 1944; F.B. Sutton-at-Hone Marshes,
1952; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. New Haw, near Weybridge, 1917; E.B.B.)
1940, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N. H.S. Esher, 1918; L.J.T. Bank of Thames
between Ivew and Richmond, 1918; E.B.B.) 1943; P.H.C.) 1950; D.H.K.
Sheen Common, 1942-52; B.W. Ashtead; P.H.C. Banks of river Mole
near Norbury Park, 1934 and 1940, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N. H.S. Near Oxted,
local, 1919; B.W.B. V.-c. 18. Curtis Mill Green, 1951; Epping Forest,
1952; B.TAV. V.-c. 21. Sunbury, 1910, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S.) 1944;
D.H.K. Towpath near Hampton Court, 1914; J.E.C.) 1922; L.J.T.)
1944; D.H.K. Cowley, 1915; J.E.C. Near Harefield Moor; bog, Lale-
ham Park; near Alperton; Springwell; Yiewsley; Staines; near Isle-

PB.IMULACEAE.

185

worth; Perivale; Osterley Park; Neasden, 1939-52; D.E.K Waste

TaiT r ?h'llllf0Ie Walk> W-8> 1952; N.Y.S. V.-c. 24. Iver Heath,

m3: Colnbrook 1910, P.E.C.; Eb. L.N.E.S . Thorney, 1905; P.H.C.

Black Park, 1931; J.C.B. ; 1950-53, abundant; D.E.K.

L. punctata L. Alien. Europe. Formerly naturalised on a river

\ery rare. V.-c. 18. Banks of river Roding, 1908, C.L.C. ;

Bb.L.JS .E.S.

L. ciliata L. Alien. N. America. Garden escape. Established on

!rHd- V"c'21- Waste ground by Thames, Chiswick,

1948, P.A.P.; Eb.K.; 1950; D.E.K.

L. NummuIjAbia L. Creeping Jenny. Moist hedgebanks and grassv

places. Recorded from all the v.-cc. and well distributed throughout
the area. °

L. nemostjm L. Yellow Pimpernel . Woods and shady hedgebanks.
Rather common. A .-c. 16. Common. V.-c. 17. Frequent, V.-c. 18
Woodredon Hill; Lambourne; B.W.B. Chingford; P.E.C. Monk’s

m°°r v^n/01’?1, 19"’ LJ T- Sigh Beach, 1938, W.E.G.;
Eb.LK.E.S. Thorndon Park; B.W.B. Loughton, 1953; B.M.P. V.-c

19. Eppmg Lower Forest, 1951; L.N.E.S. Excursion. V.-c. 20. Fre¬
quent, V.-c. 21.. Mainly confined to the north-western parts of the
county where it is locally plentiful. South Mimms ; P.E.C Hadley
Common; Highgate Woods; C.S.N. Harefield, 1913; J.E.C.; 1950-

1orJni?rtlW°0d; Ruislip WoodS Ickenham; Mimmshall Wood,’
1939-o3; D.E.K. V.-c. 24. Fulmer; P.E.C. Denham; D.E.K.

GLAUX L.

G. mabjtima L. Sea Milkwort. Grassy salt marshes by the tidal

TT1L°CalIy abundant. V.-c. 16. Swanscombe Marshes, 1917,

.E.C.; Eb.B. ; 1948-ol; E.M.P. River bank near Crossness, 1927-

Littlebrook Marshes, 1930; B.W.B. Erith Marshes, 1937-

Stone Marshes, 1938, P E.C. ; Eb. L.N.E.S.; 1948-51; E.M.P.

^ .-c. 17. Wimbledon Common Golf Links, evidently introduced with the

1924 J Z W.B. V.-c. 18. West Thurrock Marshes,

loon* t nraJiJ 191?’ Near Dagenham

19^0; L.B.E. Creekmouth, Barking, 1951; J.C.C. & J.E.L.

AN AG ALLIS L.

A. TEXELLA (L.) L. Bog Pimpernel. Damp peaty and grassv

places and m bogs. Very rare. V.-c. 17. Bog on Oxshott Common, a
few plants ,1951; F.B. &B.A.B. V.-c. 18. Epping Forest between

Theydon and Loughton, B.W.B.; L.N.E.S. 1915 Trans., 47 (1916). V.-c.

19. Wake Arms Bog, Epping Forest; C.N. Extinct in Epping Forest
by 1933; J.B.

A. abvensis L. Scarlet Pimpernel, Poor Man’s Weather Glass. Cop¬
piced woodlands, cultivated and waste ground, and by roadsides. Re-

186

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

corded from all the v.-cc., and common throughout the area. A vari¬
able species requiring further study. The following varieties have been
recorded: — Yar. carnea (Schrank.) Druce. V.-c. 16. Bickley; TV. TV.
Var. verticillata Diard. V.c. 21. Rubbisli-tip near Harefield, 1852 :
J.E.L., D.McC. & and var. azurea Wilmott. Y.-c. 16. Potato

field, Orpington, 1948; J.B.M. det. A.J.W. A plant with maroon-purple
flowers is reported from v.-c. 17. Cornfield, Kingston Vale, 1942-43; B.W.

X foemina. V.-c. 17. Chipstead Valley; TV. TV. ; 1953; C'.D.P.

A. foemina Mill. Blue Pimpernel . Cultivated ground. Rare. V.-c.
16. Downe; TF.TV. V.-c. 17. Cornfield, Buckland Hills, 1919, E.B.B.-,
Hb.B. Field near Oxted, local, large plants, 18" high, 1921, B.W.B.-,
L.N.H.S. 1920 Trans., 11 (1921). Allotments, Limpsfield, scarce, 1924;

B. W.P. Wallington, 1924, S.A.CP; Norbury Park, 1944, J.A.W. ;
chalky field, Pebblecombe Hill, 1950, B.M.C.M.-, PLb.L. Field above
Chipstead Valley, 1950; B. TV.; 1953; J.E.L. V.-c. 18. Chingford, 1902;
J.O.B. Loughton, garden weed, 1951-53; P.M.P. Woodford, garden
weed, 1951; B.T.W. V.-c. 21. Highgate, 1911; J.E.C. Isleworth ; H.B.
Near Heathrow, 1945, B.W. & D.II.K .; Hb.K.

CENTUNCULUS L.

C. minimus L. Chaffweed. Disturbed heathy ground. Very rare.
V.-c. 17. Bookham Common, 1949; E.B.Ba. & A.H.N. ; very local, 1950;

C. P.O. ; D.II.K.

SAMOLUS L.

S. Valerandi L. Broohweed. Wet places near the tidal estuary.
Rare. V.-c. 16. Stone Marshes ; TV. TV. Erith, 1948 ; P.A.B. Plumstead
and Swanscombe Marshes, 1949 ; F.P.

OLEAGEAE

SYRINGA L.

S. vulgaris L. Lilac. Alien. S.E. Europe. Planted in shrubberies
and thickets, and sometimes semi-naturalised. Not common. V.-c. 16.
Hedges at Darenth, and near Farningham Road station, semi-
naturalised, 1914; E.B.B. V.-c. 17. Near Oxted Mill, 1914; E.B.B. ;
1924; L.J.T. V.-c. 21. Laleham Park; hedge between Hounslow Heath
and Cranford ; gravel pit between Dawley and Hillingdon ; Horsendon
Lane, Perivale, 1939-53; D.II.K.

FRAXINUS L.

F. excelsior L. Ash. Woods, scrub and hedges. Frequent in all
the v.-cc.

LIGUSTRUM L.

L. vulgare L. Common Privet. Hedges, scrub and wood borders
Common in all the v.-cc., especially on calcareous soil.

* Chambers. S. A.

OLEACEAE.

187

L ‘ °v f LIF0MUM Hassk . Alien. Japan. Commonly planted in hedges
and thickets, though it does not appear to become naturalised Fre¬
quent in all the v.cc.

A POCYM ACE A E

VINCA L.

^ ^ . major L. Greater Periwinkle. Alien. S. Europe and N. Africa.
Garden escape. Naturalised in copses and on hedgebanks. Not common!
V.-c. 16. Between Chelsfield and Shoreham, 1930; P.H.C. Beech wood,
Stone, 1948; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Island in river, Carshalton, 1871,
h.J.H.- Ub.Mus.Brit. Ewell, 1919; Headley, 1926; L.J.T. Cobham ;
near Merstham, 1937, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. Chertsey, 1932; Leather-
head, 1935; Godstone, 1938; Ashtead, 1944; P.H.C. Bookham Common,
19o3; A.W.J. V.-c. 18. Beaumont; P.H.C. Buckhurst Hill, 1912’
P.H.C.-, Chingford, 1938, W.E.G.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Lane from Seward-
stone to High Beach, 1903 ; C.S.N. Near Tawney Hatch, 1926 L J T
V.-c. 20. Mill Green, Essendon, 1920; P.H.C. Aldenham Churchyard!
naturalised, 1924; L.J.T. V.-c. 21. Harmondsworth, 1907; P.H.C.
Near Harefield; between Kingston Bridge and Hampton Court ;Dawley •
Northolt, 1939-53; D.H.K. Hounslow Heath; B.W. Near Ealing'
1946; F.P.H.B. & D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Denham, 1913; P.H.C. Horton’
1921; Wyrardisbury, 1930; L.J.T.

V. minor L. Lesser Periwinkle. Woods, copses, thickets and hedge-
banks. Locally plentiful. V.-c. 16. Southborough ; Chislehurst ; W.W.
Near Brasted, 1935; M.M.W. Near Darenth Grange, 1948-52; H.M.P.
V.-c. 17. Limpsfield Common, in quantity, 1917; E.B.B. Near Oxted,
1925; R.W.R. Redhill, 1931; Leatherhead, 1944; P.H.C. Near Cobham,
1927; L.J.T. ; 1937; P.H.C. ; 1950; B.W. Near Sheep Lees, Leatherhead,
1949; M.B.G. Wimbledon Common, 1927; Putney Heath, 1935; C.A.
Bookham Common, 1953; A.W.J. V.-c. 18. Highams Park, 1902; J.O.B.
Toothill, 1904; J.A.S. Woodhatch; Beaumont, 1909; P.H.C.' Near
S^outh Weald, 1922; L.J.T. Loughton, garden escape, 1953; R.M.P.
V.-c. 20. Thickets near Batchworth Heath, 1902, C.S.N. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. ;
1953; D.H.K. Bricket Wood; Shenley ; Aldenham; P.H.C. Carpenders
Park, plentiful in a small wood, 1919-22; R.S.R.F. Near Hatfield-
L.B.H. Mill Hill; E.M.D.; 1927; J.E.C. ; 1953; D.H.K. Southgate,’
1902; L.B.H. Near Finchley, 1904; C.S.N. ; abundant on hedgebanks,
1946; J.E.L. & D.H.K. Hayes, 1920; L.J.T. Whitewebbs Park, Enfield'
1897, A.U.B. ; Hb.L.N.H.S.; 1945; L.J.J. ; 1952; L.M.P.S. Northwood!
1928; B.T.W.; 1947; Harefield; Northolt; Bentley Priory; Bishops Wood,
Hampstead, 1944-53; D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Near Black Park, 1950; D.H.K.

LOGAN8ADEAE

BUDDLEJA L.

B. Davidi Franch., B. variabilis Hemsl. Alien. China. Sometimes
grown in gardens. Established on waste ground, bombed sites, walls,

188

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

etc., and in disused chalk- and gravel-pits. Common and increasing.
Frequent in v.-cc. 16-18, 20, 21 and 24; unrecorded so far from v.-c. 19.
The var. Wllsonii (Wils.) Relid. & Wils. has occurred on bombed sites
in the City and central London, teste J.E.L.

GENTI ANACEAE

BLACKSTONIA Huds.

B. perfoliata (L.) Huds., Chlora perfoliata (L.) L. Yellow-wort.
Downs, and grassy places on the chalk. Locally abundant. V.-c. 16.
Common on calcareous soils. V.-c. 17. Frequent on the chalk. Oxted,
on gault, 1924; B.W.B. V.-c. 18. West Thurrock, plentiful, 1908,
P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. Chalk-pit, Grays, 1949, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. V.-c. 20.
Near Bayford, 1937; B.W.B.; 1953; L.N.H.S. Excursion. V.-c. 21.
Harefield, 1914-17; J.E.C. Down above Springwell Lock, 1945-53;
D.H.E.

CENTAURIUM Hill.

C. Erythraea Rafn, C. minus auct., C. umbellatum auct., Ery-
thraea Centaurium auct. Common Centaury. Dry grassy places and
open woods. Locally abundant, especially on the chalk. V.-c. 16. Com¬
mon. V.-c. 17. Frequent. V.-c. 18. Noak Hill; P.H.C. Epping Forest,
B.W.B. ; L.N.H.S. 1915 Trans., 28 (1916). Tawney Hatch, 1926; L.J.T.
Beacliet Wood, 1950; Coopersale, 1951; B.M.P. V.-c. 19. Latton Park,
1951 ; B.M.P. V.-c. 20. Chandlers Cross, abundant, 1907, C.S.N. ;
Hb.L.N.H.S. Wormley West End, 1908 ; Bushey, 1915 ; P.H.C. Radlett,
1941; J.B. Goose Green, Broxbourne, plentiful; C.N. Ball’s and Cow-
heath Woods, 1953; B.M.P. V.-c. 21. Eastcote, 1898, F .E.M. ;
Hb .L.N .H .S. Stanmore Common, 1909; C.S.N. Warren Gate; P.H.C.
Whitewebbs Park, Enfield, 1945; L.J.J. Harefield; Ruislip Woods; New
Years Green; Ickenham, 1939-53; D.H.K. Gravel pit, East Bedfont,
1945 ; E.W.D. ; 1947; D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Fulmer; P.H.C.

C. pulchellum (Swartz) Druce, Erythraea pulchella (Swartz) Fries.
Grassy places. Very local. V.-c. 17. Edge of Titsey Plantation, local,
1922; downs above Barrow Green, plentiful, 1928; B.W.B. W. of Epsom
Common; W.W. Epsom Common, 1947, W.M. ; The Grennell, Sutton,
1926, E.C.W. ; Hb.L. Lane from Effingham Junction to Banks Common,
1927; E.B.B. Hillside E. of Pebblecombe, 1952; B.M.C.M. & B.W.

GENTIANELLA Moench

G. Amarella (L.) H.Sm., Genti ana Amarella L., G. Axillaris (F. W.
Schmidt) Reiclib. Felwort. Dry slopes, banks and pastures on the chalk.
Locally abundant. V.-c. 16. Downs near Knockholt, 1925; L.J.T.
Shoreham, 1929; B.W.B.; 1952; H.M.P. Scrubby bank near Hazel
Wood, Downe, 1948; J.B.M. V.-c. 17. Frequent on the chalk. V.-c. 18
Chalk-pit, Grays, 1949, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. V.-c. 20. Near Rickmansworth,
1949; D.H.K. V.-c. 21. Harefield, 1919; J.E.C. Springwell, 1949-53;
D.H.K. The var. pallida Pugsl. is recorded from v.-c. 17. Colley Hill,

GENTIANA CEAE.

189

Reigate, 1949, Hb.L. A plant with a very pale mauve

coiolla is reported from v.-c. 17. Banstead Heath, 1931, C.E.B. ; Hb.L.
L, ne large form 35 cm. till, which persists, is reported from v.-c. 17
Fairchilds, Farleigh, 1932 and 1941, J.E.L. ■ Hb.L.

X germanica = G. X Pampunii (Druce) E. F. Warburg. V.-c. 21.
Sloping bank of chalk-pit above Springwell Lock, 1950; J.P.M.B. &

D. H.K.

G. anglica (Pugsl.) E. F. Warburg, Gentiana anglica Pugsl., G.
Amarella var. praecox Towns., G. lingulata var. praecox (Towns.)
Wettst. Chalk downs. Very local. V.-c. 16. Kemsing Downs, very
scaice, 1946; F.R. ; apparently not refound since; J.E.L. V -c 17
Banstead Downs, 1921, J.C.*; 1926, 1936, 1944, still plentiful] 1946,'

J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Riddlesdown, 1943, J.E.L.] Hb.L.] 1949; B.W. ; 1953;

E. B.B'a.

G. germanica (Willd.) E. F. Warburg, Gentiana germanica Willd.
Calcareous grassland. Very rare. V.-c. 21. Down above Springwell
Lock, in fair quantity, 1945-50, D.H.K. ; Hb.K. ; much reduced in
quantity as a result of chalk quarrying operations, and in danger of
extermination, 1951-53; D.H.K.

[GENTIANA L.

G. Pnetimonanthe L. Marsh Gentian. This handsome species has
not been recorded by our members, but there are old records for v.-c. 17,
and it may yet be re-found in the Esher area.]

MENYANTHACEAE

MENYANTHES L.

M. TRiFOLiATA L. Buckbean. Ponds, lake verges, and in the wetter
parts of bogs and marshes. Local. V.-c. 16. Holwood Park, 1938;
D.McC.] 1950; J.D.L. V.-c. 17. Bog below the windmill, Wimbledon
Common, 1871, F. J.H. ; Hb.Mus.Brit. ; 1925; J.E.L. ; Hb.L. ; 1929-36;
C.P.C.] 1950; D.H.K. Stew Ponds, Epsom Common, 1935; P.H.C.]
1951, J.E.S.D. Mitcham Common, 1923, J.E.L/.] Hb.L.] survived until
about 1932; J.E.L. V.-c. 18. Coopersale Common, 1909; V.B.C. ; 1938
J.H.G.P.] Hb.L.N.H.S.] 1953; L/.N.H.S. Excursion. Pond near Ani-
bresbury Banks, 1917; E.B.B. ; 1926, B.T.W. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. Chingford,
1934 ; P.H.C. Loughton,1943 ; J .B. V.-c. 20. Totteridge Green ; C.S.N.
Bayford; P.H.C. ; 1953; L.N.H.S. Excursion. Broxbourne, 1910,
P.H.C. ] Hb.L.N.H.S. Wormley West End, a small patch; C.N. V.-c!
21. West Heath, Hampstead, 1901; J.E.Wh. ; extinct by 1913; P.H.C.
Yiewsley, 1910; C.B.C.] 1912-19; J.E.C. Golders Hill Park, 1921 ]
P.W.B. Verge of lake, Grimsdyke, Harrow Weald, abundant, 1946, but
probably planted; B.W. & D.H.K. Pond near Stanmore Heath 1949-
B.A.B.

^Chambers, J

ISO

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

NYMPHOIDES Hill

N. PELTATA (S. G. Gmel.) Kuntze, Limnanthemum pelt atom S. G.
Gmel. Fringed Waterlily. Ponds and slow rivers. Locally plentiful near
the upper parts of the Thames, rather rare elsewhere. Y.-c. 17. Pond on
Clapham Common, 1871, F.J.H. ; Hb.Mus.Brit. By river Thames,
Walton-on-Thames, 1913; W .13. ; 1950; D.H.K. Weybridge Canal, 1935,
C.L.W.-, Hb.B . ; plentiful, 1949; D.H.K. Ditch by river Thames, close
to Old Deer Park, Richmond, 1918; E.B.B.; 1934; H.S. V.-c. 18. Pond
near Ambresbury Banks, 1901, P.W.B.; 1910, P.H.C .; Hb.L.N.H.S.;
1917; E.B.B.-, has not been seen there for some years; B.T.W. V.-c. 21.
Hampton Court, 1913; P.H.C.-, still abundant in Long Water and the
Canal; Bushy Park; Thames backwater by Walton Bridge, abundant;
Syon Park, 1939-53; D.H.K.

POLEMOMf ACEAE

POLEMONIUM L.

P. caeruleum var. dissectum Benth. Jacob’s Ladder. Alien. Europe, including
parts of Britain. Y.-c. 16. Gravel pit, Hayes, 1927, St.J.M.-, B.E.C. 1927 Rep., 311
(1928).

PHLOX L.

P. paniculata L. Alien. N. America. Garden escape. Y.-c. 21. Waste ground.
Hanwell, 1933 and 1950; Roxeth, 1940; D.H.K.

BORAGINACEAE

HELIOTROPIUM L.

H. europaeum L. Alien. Europe. V.-c. 18. Rubbish-tip, Barking, 1953, J.E.L.-,
Hb.L.

CYNOGLOSSUM L.

C. officinale L. Hound’ s-tongue . Grassy places and wood borders
on dry soils, on sand gravel and chalk. Local. Y.-c. 16. N.E. of Otford,
1922; L.-J.T. Chelsfield to Shoreham, 1930; P.H.C. Eynsford, 1929;
B.W.B. Lullingstone Park, C.S.N.-, Hb.L.N .H.S . Roadside, Farning-
ham to Maplescom.be, 1948 ; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Downs above Limpsfield,
1914; Headley Heath; near Nork Wood, Headley, 1917; Mickleham
Downs, 1925; E.B.B. Headley to Chipstead, 1930; P.H.C. Near Worm’s
Heath, 1924; between Kenley and Coulsdon, 1934; P.H.C. Box Hill,
1923, -J.E.L.-, Hb.L.-, 1953; D.H.K. Norbury Park, 1951; J.E.S.D.
Wimbledon Common, 1936; C.A.; 1945; B.W. & J.W.B.-, 1949; P.A.B.
Richmond Park, 1919; L.J.T. Riverside, Molesey, 1953; L.N.H.S. Ex¬
cursion. V.-c. 20. Near Ware, 1953; L.M.P.S. V.-c. 21. Harefield,
1903, C.B.G.-, Hb.S.L.B.I. Bombed site, Cripplegate, E.C., 1952;
A.W.J.

C. GERMANicuM Jacq., C. montanum auct. Green Hound’ s-tongue.
Open woods, copses and hedgebanks on the chalk. Very local, and con¬
fined to v.-c. 17. V.-c. 17. Norbury Park, 1875, F.J.H.-, Hb.Mus.Brit. ;
1919, E.B.B. ; Hb.B.-, 1935 and 1947, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. ; still plentiful, 1953;
J.E.L. Near Thirty Acre Barn, Ashtead, 1927, J .E.L. & E.C.W. ; Hb.L.

PLATE \

Heracleum Sphondylium L. and H. Mantegazzianum Somm. & Lev. Bank of river

Brent, near Ealing, Middx., 1953.

T. G. Collett.

PLATE VI

Symphytum tuberosum, L. Stanmore Common, Middx., 1952.

BORAGINACEAE.

191

Edge of Mickleham Downs, above Headley Dane* C L W • 1996- T T T •

Zl’ Y*Lt ’ HhX- Headle^“- a‘ bottom of steep S

1949; J.E.L.; L.N.E.S. Excursion; 1951; J.E.S.D. The Norbury Park

population appears to be fairly constant in numbers but elsewhere the
species fluctuates considerably in quantity. At the present time (1953)
it is apparently increasing about Mickleham Downs.

LAPPULA Gilib.

- p1Ya°SOT!0S0,MO®IlCo’ L' ECHINATA Gilib- Alien- Ellr°Pe- V.-c. 16. Beckenham
w_ pi t ’ /no3/4, f lr\ li] Hb L- V 'c- 17- . Dried-up bed of river Mole below Nor-
p ' £ ‘ c P H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Disused brickfield, Earlswood; Earlswood

inv iQ5UqbbB r m’ m > Hb.L. del. J.E.L. v.-c. 18. Rubbish-tip, Bark-

19;t3’ B.T.W.y Hb.L. V.-c. 20. Totteridge, 1925; J.E.C. V.-c. 21 Yiewsley

ton 2 1^24; ,T?ackney Marshes, 1913 and 1924, J.E.C..- Hb.Mus.Brit. West Dray-
, 191-4, Finchley, 1929; J.E.C. V.-c. 24. Uxbridge, 1910, J.E.C.-, Hb.Mus.Brit.

ASPERUGO L.

w,ApnPrn?MBEf,L. Madwort • Alten- Europe, W. Asia and N. Africa. V.-c. 17
Marlm&ham; A. Be. Brickfield tip, Earlswood, 1953; B.M.C.M. Sc E.M.C.I.

AMSINCKIA Lehm.

A. lycopsoid"s (Lehm.) Lehm Alien. California. V.-c. 17. Mizen’s Market
Garden. Ewell, 1944, A.E.E.- Hb.E.C.M. V.-c. 21. Yiewsley, 1924, J.E.C.-, Hb.Kew.

A. angustifolia Lehm. Alien. California. V.-c. 17. Mortlake 1921- JEC
V.-c. 24. Near Tver, 1916, J.E.C.- Hb.Mus.Brit.

SYMPHYTUM L.

For descriptions of the following species see E. B, Bangerter and B.
Welch, ‘‘The Comfreys of the London Area”, Bond. Nat., 33, 55-58.

S. officinale L. Comfrey. River- and streamsides and damp places,
more rarely on dry liedgebanks, and in rough grassy places. Common
throughout the area.

S. tuberosum L. Tuberous Comfrey. Damp woods, thickets and
hedgebanks. Rare. V.-c. 16. Greenhithe, 1932, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. ;
lane between Cobham Terrace and Mounts Road, 1948-53; H.M.P. V.-c.
21. Stanmore Common, 1908, A.B.J. & C.B.C.- Hb.Mus.Brit. - 1949-53-

H.H.K.

S. orientals L. Alien. Turkey. Grown in gardens, and cultivated
as a fodder plant. Established on hedgebanks, waste ground and in
grassy places. Rare. V.-c. 16. Near Greenhithe, 1945, J.E.L. ;
Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c. 17. Chipstead, 1916, C.E.B. - Weybridge Common!
1927, H.W.P.; Hb.Mus.Brit. Bombed site, near Kew, 1950; K.E.B.
Reigate Heath, 1951; B.M.C.M. & B.W.-, 1952; B.A.B. Ham Common!
1943-53; B.W. V.-c. 21. Winchmore Hill, 1922, L.B.H-, Hb.Mus.Brit.
Perivale churchyard, 1945; Harrow-on-the-Hill churchyard, 1953; B.W.

S. peregrinum Ledeb. Alien. Caucasus. Cultivated for fodder.
Established by roadsides and in grassy places. Not common. V.-c. 17.

*Beadell, A.

192

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

Roadside at foot of Colley Hill, Reigate, 1917, E.B.B. ; Eb.B. fide C.E.S.
Fetcham Mill Pond, 1928, H.W.P. ; Iib.Mus.Brit. Ashtead, 1936; J.B.E.
Banstead; A.E.E. Redhill, 1950; B.M.C.M. A B.W. Earlswood, 1953;
B.W. Bookliam Common, 1953; E.B.Ba, Field near Woodcote Park,
Epsom, 1930, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Wimbledon Common, 1937; C.A. Near
Burgh Heath, 1936; Chertsey, 1941, P.E.C. ; Eb.L.N.E.S. det. E.B.Ba.
& B.W. V.-c. 21. Woodside Park, 1916; J.E.C. Yiewsley, 1914-19;
Finchley, 1912; Church End, Finchley, 1912-19, J.E.C. ; Eb.Mus.Brit.
Hanger Hill, Ealing, 1946; F.P.D.B. & D.E.K. Well established along
the Lea Navigation Canal about Tottenham Lock, 1949; F.C. North
Circular Road by Finchley Common, 1950; EAV.Pa. & D.E.K. Watts
Common, Harefield, 1953, A.M., E.B.Ba,, T.G.C. & D.E.K. ; Eb.Mus.
Brit. The hybrid with S. officinale should be looked for when the two
species are found growing together.

S. asperum Lepech., S. asperrimum Sims. Alien. Caucasus and
Persia. Established on waste ground. Frequently confused with the
previous species and in the absence of voucher specimens both the fol¬
lowing records are suspect. V.-c. 17. Mortlake, 1916 and 1927; J.E.C.
V.-c. 24. Near Iver, 1916; J.E.C. See also Bond. Nat., 33, 57 (1954).

S. grandiflorum DC. Alien. Caucasus. Established in grassy
places. Very rare. V.-c. 16. Abbey Wood, 1953, G.A.M. ; Eb.Mus.Brit.

BORAGO L.

B. officinalis L. Borage. Alien. Europe. Garden escape. Y.-c. 16. Eynsford,
1945, P.H.C.-, Hb.L.N.H.S. Y.-c. 17. Eastfields, Mitcham, 1928, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Y.-c.
20. Wormley West End, 1908; P.H.C. Y.-c. 21. Rubhish-tip, Hornsey, 1896; C.S.N
East Finchley, 1908, J.E.C.-, Hb.Mus.Brit. Yiewsley, 1913; Finchley, 1927; J.E.C.
Between Staines and Laleham, 1947; D.H.K. Hanger Hill, Ealing; F.P.D.B.
Highgate, 1945; B.S.B.F.

TRACHYSTEMON D. Don

T. orientalis (L.) Don. Alien. Mediterranean region. Naturalised
on hedgebanks. Rare. V.-c. 16. Near Shoreham, 1950; D.E.K. Barne-
hurst, near Crayford, 1950-53; G.A.M. V.-c. 17. Richmond, near Star
and Garter, 1947-53; B.W.

PENTAGLOTTTS Tauscli

P. sempervirens (L.) Tausch, Anchusa sempervirens L. Alkanet.
Alien. Europe. Naturalised by roadsides and river- and streamsides,
also on hedgebanks, and established on waste ground and rubbish-tips.
Not common. V.-c. 16. Green Street Green, 1937; P.E.C. Greenhithe;
Darenth Village, 1948-50; E.M.P. Chelsfield, 1937, P.E.C.-, Eb.L.N.E.S.
Rubbish-tip, Sevenoaks, 1951 ; D.McC . V.c. 17. Bookham Common,
1953; A.W.J. Box Hill, 1901, L.B.E.-, Eb.E. Walton-on-Thames, 1930;
P.E.C . Weybridge, 1940, P.E.C . ; Eb.L.N.E.S. Thames bank between
Kew and Richmond, 1943; B.W. ; 1949; B.A.B. Bombed site near Kew,
1950; K.E.B. Reigate, two localities, 1951; B.M.C.M. V.-c. 20. Brox-
bourne, 1904, C.S.N. - 1911, P.E.C. - Eb.L.N.E.S. Near Totteridge,
1950; F.C. V.-c. 21. Between Hampton Court and Kingston Bridge,

BORAGINACEAE.

193

1903, C.B.G. ; Hb.S.L.B.I. Harrow, garden weed, 1940-45; Pinner
churchyard, 1947; roadside near Laleham, abundant, 1946; B.E.K.
Feltham, garden weed, 1946; E.W.B.- gravel pit, 1952; B.W. Worton
Road, Isleworth, 1945; A.W.W. Near Hounslow Heath, 1947 ; E.B. &

B. E.K.

ANCHUSA L.

A. officinalis L. Alien. Europe. Y.-c. 16. Railway bank, Elmstead, casual;
W.W. V.-c. 21. East Finchley, 1908; J.E.C.

A. AZUREA Mill., A. ITALICA Retz. Alien. S. Europe. Y.-c. 21. Muswell Hill,
1906, J.E.C. i Hb. Mils. Brit. det. A.M. & E.B.Ba.

LYCOPSIS L,

L. arvensis L., Anchusa arvensis (L.) Bieb. Field Bugloss. On
light sandy and chalky soils; mainly on cultivated ground but also in
waste places. Local. V.-c. 16. Chislehurst; St. Mary Cray; W.W.
Lock’s Bottom, 1917; P.E.C. Tandridge, 1937-38; J.B.E. Brasted,
1945, P.E.C.-, Eb.L.N.E.S. Stone; Darenth ; Swanscom.be, 1948-51;
E.M.P. V.-c. 17. Weybridge, 1900, L.B.E. ; Eb.E.- 1917; E.B.B.
Near Oxted, common, 1917; B.W.B. Wimbledon Common, casual, 1923;

C. A. Ham, 1946, R.M.P. V.-c. 18. Little Warley, 1907; Grays, 1913;
P.E.C. V.-c. 20. Near Broxbourne ; L.B.E. Rye House, 1910, P.E.C. -,
Eb.L.N.E.S. Radlett, 1941; J.B. V.-c. 21. Harefield; E.M.B. ; 1915;
Finchley, 1908; J.E.C. Highgate, 1894, on ballast of neAV road ; C.S.N.
Grounds of Ashford County Hospital, destroyed by building; J.K.E.
Bombed site, Crutched Friars, E.C., 1946, J.E.L.- Eb.L. Bush Hill
Park, Enfield, 1947 ; P.J.E. Hampton Court Park, among crops ; gravel
pit by Hounslow Heath, a single plant, 1949 ; rubbish-tip, Hanwell, one
plant, 1951; B.E.K.

ALKANNA Tausch

A. lijtea (Desr.) DC. Alien. S. Europe. V.-c. 18. Garden weed, Chingford; C.N.

MYOSOTIS L,

M. scorpioides L., M. palustris (L.) Hill. Water Forget-me-not.
Wet places by streams and ponds. Common throughout the area. The
var. STRiGULOSA (Reichb.) Schinz & Kell, is recorded from v.-c. 19.
Waltham Abbey, 1928, C.E.B.- Eb.L. - 1953; B.M.P. V.-c. 21. Short-
wood Common, Staines,’ 1944 ; B.E.K. Highgate Ponds, 1945; B.S.B.F.

M. secttnda A. Murr., M. repens auct. Water Forget-me-not. Wet
heathy ditches, and pond verges on peaty soils. Rare, or overlooked.
V.-c. 17. Yalden Spring, Limpsfield Chart, very local, 1924; B.W.B.
teste C.E.S. Bookham Common, 1952, E.B.Ba. & C.P.C. Arbrook
Common, Esher, 1942, A.E.E.; Eb.E.C.M. Oxted Mill Pond, 1938;
J.B.E.

M. caespitosa K. F. Schultz, M. laxa ssp . caespitosa (K. F. Schultz)
Hyl. Water Forget-me-not. Marshes, stream- and pond sides. Common.
V.-c. 16. Chislehurst; Southborough ; Darrack Wood, Orpington; W.W.

194

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

Dartford Marsh, 1933; P.H.C. V.-c. 17. Limpsfield, local, 1919; R.TF.R.
Bookham Common, 1952; E.B.Ba. & C.P.C. West End Common, Esher,
1925; E.B.B. ; 1945; B.M.P. Arbrook Common, Esher, 1942, A.E.E.;
Hb.E.C.M. Near Epsom, 1925, J.E.L.; HbH. Epsom Common, 1935;
P.H.C. Mitcham Common, 1949; Oxted, 1937 ; J.B.E. Banstead Downs,
1951; B.M.P. Wimbledon Common, 1932; P.H.C. Ham Common,. 1943 ;
Richmond Park, 1945; B.W. V.-c. 19. Roydon, 1936; P.H.C. Near
Galley Hill; J.B.E. V.-c. 21. Hampton Court Park, 1908, P.H.C.;
Hb.L.N.H.S. ; 1953; Shortwood Common, Staines; Finchley Common;
Scratch Wood. 1944-53; H.H.K. West Drayton, 1936; P.H.C. Ruislip ;
IF. IF. ; 1950; H.H.K. Stanmore Common, 1936, P.H.C.; Hb.Lr.N.H.S. ;
1939-53 ; H.H.K. V.-c. 24. Horton, 1903, C.S.N. ; Hb.L.N.H.S.

M. sylvatica Hoffm. Wood Forget-me-not. Woods, mainly
on the chalk. Local. V.-c. 16. N. of Brasted, 1935; M.M.W. V.-c. 17.
Wood near Titsey Church, 1913, C.S.N. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. ; 1917 ; B.W .B.
Near Chelsham ; IF.TF. Headley, 1924, A.P.S.*; Epsom, 1931, I.B.B.;
Hb.E.C.M., both det. A.E.W. Bookham Common, 1953; A.TF.-7. Titsey
Wood, abundant, 1933 and 1944, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Near Oxted, B.W.B.;
L.N.H.S. 1914 Trans., 14 (1915). Woldingham, 1949; B.M.P. Ban-
stead, 1942; J.B. V.-c. 21. Near Harefield, 1946, B.W. ; Hb.Kew conf.
A.E.W. Old Park Wood, Harefield, scarce, 1949-53; rubbish-tip, Han-
well, 1947 ; H.H.K. In the woods around Titsey this plant is abundant
and almost certainly native, but in some of the other localities the status
is doubtful.

M. arvensis (L.) Hill. Common Forget-me-not. Cultivated ground,
by roadsides and in woods. Frequent in all the v.-cc. The var. sylves-
tris (Schlecht.) Druce is reported from v.-c. 21. Harefield; H.H.K.

M. hispida Schlecht., M. collina auct. Early Forget-me-not.
On dry shallow soils, railway tracks and old walls. Locally
abundant. V.-c 16. Crofton ; IF.TF. Lullingstone Park, 1930;
P.H.C. Farningham, 1950; E.B.Ba. Darenth Wood and Stone;
H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Mickleham Downs, on ant hills, 1933;
Featherbed Lane, Farleigh, 1924; Worm’s Heath, 1922, J.E.L.; Hb.L.;
local, 1923; Limpsfield, very local, 1922; B.W.B. West End Common,
Esher. 1945; Banstead Downs, 1951; B.M.P. Reigate, 1951; B.M.C.M.
rfi R TF. V.-c. 19. Wall at Netteswell, 1952; B.M.P. V.-c. 20. Chand¬
lers Cross; C.S.N. North Mimms; near St. Albans; P.H.C. Pans-
hanger, 1952; B.M.P. V.-c. 21. Whitchurch, 1909, P.H.C.; Hb.
Tj.N.H.S. South Mimms; P.H.C. Springwell, 1946; B.W. ; 1948;
H.H.K. Bedfont gravel pits; A. IF.TF. Wood End, near Harrow; Cran¬
ford; H.H.K. V.-c. 24. Denham; P.H.C.

M. discolor Pers., M. versicolor Sm. Yellow and blue
Forget-me-not. Grassy places on light soils, and in open communi¬
ties. Locally plentiful. V.-cc. 16 & 17. Common. V.-c. 18. High

*Snell, A. P.

BORAGINACEAE.

195

Beech ; B.W.B. V.-c. 19. Outskirts of Galley Wood, 1915, C.S.N. ;
Hb.L.N.H.S. ; 1953; North Weald, 1951; B.M.P. V.-c. 20. Oxhey
Woods; C.S.N. Wormley West End, 1910, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Pans-
hanger, 1951-53; B.M.P. V.-c. 21. Whitchurch Common; C.S.N.
Bedfont gravel pits; A.W.W. Scratch Wood, Edgwarebury, abundant;
P.W. & D.H.K. Harefield ; Buislip ; Staines; near Hampton Court,
1944-53; D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Denham, 1934; P.H.C. The var. Balbisiaxa
(Jord.) Wade is recorded from v.-c. 21, near Hampton Court; D.H.K.
The var. Lloydii (Corb.) Wade is reported from v.-c. 17. Banstead,
1927, C.E.B. ; Hb.L. [A form with white corollas was found in v.-c.
17. Sandy field near Old Byfleet church, 1934, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. — just out¬
side the Area.]

LITHOSPEBMTJM L.

L. officinale L. Gromwell. Bushy places, wood borders and hedge-
banks on the chalk. Local. V.-c. 16. Near Orpington: Romney Street;
between Otford and Kemsing ; W.W. Lullingstone Park, 1933, P.H.C.'
Hb.L.N.H.S. Near Eynsford, 1934; B.W.B. N. of Brasted, 1935;

M. M.W. V.-c. 17. Norbury Park, P.H.C .; Hb.L.N.H.S.- plentiful,
1947; B.M.P. Featherbed Lane, Farleigh, 1924; J.E.L.-, Woodcote
Park, Epsom. 1929, E.C.W.; chalkpit near Fairchilds, 1932, J.E.L.-,
Hb.L/. Merstham, 1948, B.M.P. V.-c. 21. Yiewsley, 1910-14; Hack¬
ney Marshes, 1913; J.E.C.

BUGLOSSOIDES Moench.

B. ptjrpuro c aertjle a (L.) I. M. Johnston, Lithospermum pttr-
purocaeruleum L. Blue Gromwell. Alien. Europe, including parts of
Britain. Naturalised in an orchard. Very rare. V.-c. 21. Old orchard,
Pinner, no doubt originally planted but now naturalised, 1950; T.G.C.;
1951; T.G.C. & D.H.K. Believed extinct in the well-known old station
in v.-c. 16.

B. arvensis (L.) I. M. Johnston, Lithospermtjm arvense L. Corn
Gromwell, Bastard Alkanet. Cultivated ground and waysides. Rare,
and often merely casual. V.-c. 16. W. of Eynsford, 1923; W.W. ; 1946;
F.B. Dartford, 1876, F.J.H.- Hb.Mus.Brit. Downe, 1935, M.M.W.;
Hb.B.; cornfields, 1946; Swanscombe Wood; Shoreham; F.B. V.-c. 17.
Arable fields near Betchworth railway station, 1923; E.B.B. Foot of
downs, Oxted, 1924; B.W.B. Near Court Wood, Selsdon, 1926; Ham
gravel pits, 1943, J.E.L.; Hb.L. Mizen’s Market Garden, Ewell, 1942,
A.E.E.; Hb.E.C.M. Wimbledon Common, casual, 1924 and 1926; C.A.
V.-c. 18. Woodford Wells, casual, 1908; C.L.C. Dagenham Dock,
1927; J.E.C. Near Epping, 1952; A. IF.. 7. V.-c. 19. Roydon, 1936;

P.H.C. V.-c. 20. East End Green; S.C.M. V.-c. 21. Hornsey, 1887.
Yiewsley, 1916; Harefield, 1920 ; Hackney Marshes, 1923; North Finch¬
ley, 1925; J.E.C. Hendon, 1912, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N .H.S. West Drayton,
1920; P.H.C.; 1940; canal path between Hanwell and Southall, one
plant, 1948; D.H.K. Bombed site, Upper Thames Street, E.C., 1945;
J.E.L.; L.N.H.S. Excursion. Canal path, Brentford, one plant, 1947;

N. Y.S. & D.H.K.

196

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

ECHIUM L.

E. vulgare L. Viper’s Bugloss. Grassy places on dry soils, but
mainly on the chalk. Local. V.-c. 16. Around Darenth and Mount’s
Woods, 1948-52; E.M.P. V.-c. 17. Weybridge, 1899, L.B.E. ; Eb.E.
Colley and Buckland Hills; Mickleham Downs; E.B.B. Box Hill, 1923,
• J.E.L. ; Hb.L.-, 1953; E.E.Tv. Downs above Oxted, 1917; B.W.B.
Woldingham, 1936; Kingswood, 1939; P.E.C. Chipstead, 1950; B.W.
Waste ground, Wimbledon Common, 1952; A.W.J. V.-c. 18. Ching-
ford, 1905; J.O.B. Woodford Green, 1905; C.N. Chigwell, 1907; C.A.
Hainault Forest, 1908; Stifford, 1913; Lea Bridge; Brentwood; P.E.C.
Railway bank between Woodford and Chigwell, 1908; C.L.C. ;
Eb.L.N .E.S. V.-c. 20. Broxbourne, 1909; P.E.C. Chalkpit, Rick-

mansworth, 1927; L.N.E.S. Excursion. Radlett, 1941; J.B. V.-c. 21.
Harefield, 1900, E.M.E.; Eb.L.N .E.S. Muswell Hill, 1903; Whetstone,
1906; East Finchley; Finchley, 1909; J.E.C. Railway bank, Golders
Green, 1909, P.E.C .; Eb.L.N. E.S. Spoil bank over Scratch Wood rail¬
way tunnel, abundant, 1946-53; E.E.E. Bombed site, Cripplegate,
E.C., 1952-53; M.A.B.S.S. A form with pale-pink flowers is recorded
from v.-c. 17. Merstham, 1903; J.E.C.

CONVOLVULACEAE

CALYSTEGIA R. Br.

C. septum (L.) R. Br. Bellbine, Large Bindweed. Alder holts, and
hedges and thickets in damp places, also as a persistent garden weed.
Frequent in all the v.-cc. The var. Americana (Sims) Hyl. is reported
from v.-c. 17. Hedge by river Wey near West Weybridge, 1950; B.W.
V.-c. 21. Near Staines Moor, 1947; B.W. Northwood; E.E.E.

C. sylvestris (Willd.) Roem. & Schult., C. inflata auct. Largest
Bindweed. Alien. S.E. Europe. Naturalised in hedges and thickets,
and established on waste ground and rubbish-tips, also a persistent
garden weed. Frequent, throughout the area, and far more common
than the preceding species. The forma rosea Hyl. is recorded from
v.-c. 16. Plumstead Marshes, 1951, B.W., J.C.C. & J.E.L. ; Eb.L.
V.-c. 17. Roadside near Box Hill, 1942, J.E.L.-, Eb.L. V.-c. 18. Rail¬
way banks, Leytonstone, 1951; E.E.E. V.-c. 21. Railway banks, West
Hampstead, abundant, 1951-53; rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1951; E.E.E.
Grounds of Natural History Museum, South Kensington, 1951; E.B.Ba.

IPOMOEA L.

I. purpurea Roth. Trop. America. Y.-c. 18. Rubbish-tip. Barking, 1953;
J.E.L. V.-c. 21. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell, 1945, B.W.-, Hb.K.-,
1946; D.H.K

I. hederacea Jacq. Alien. Trop. America. Y.-c. 21. Under wall of Soya Foods
Ltd., Springwell, 1945, J.E.L. & D.H.K.-, Hb.K. & Hb.L .; 1946-48; D.H.K. The var.
integriuscula Gray also occurred in 1945 teste J.E.L.-, Hb.L.

I. lacunosa L. Alien. N. America. V.-c. 21. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd..
Springwell, 1947, D.H.K.-, Hb.K.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

197

CONVOLVULUS L.

C. arvensis L. Small Bindweed, Combine. Cultivated and waste
ground, roadsides, railway banks, etc. Common throughout the area.
The var. Stonestreetii Druce is reported from v.c. 17. Roadside, Purley
Oaks railway station, 1850; B.M.P.

CUSCUTA L.

C. etjropaea L. Large Dodder. Parasitic on Urtica dioica and
Hum-ulus Lupulus , rarely on other species. Local and almost confined
to the banks of the' Thames, Mole and Wey. V.-c. 17. Between Thorpe
and Egham, on Urtica, 1920 ; L.B.H. By river Mole near Leatherhead,
on Urtica, 1934; B.W.B. ; on Tanacetum and Impatiens glandulifera,
1952; L.N.H.S. Excursion. By river Mole, Leatherhead, 1929, J.E.L.;
Hb.L. By river Mole below Norbury Park, 1934, P.H.C.; Hb. L.N.H.S.
By river Mole, Paper Mill, Esher, 1942, A.E.E.; Ilb.E .C .M . Abundant
by river Mole near Betchworth, 1942 ; Thames bank by Chelsea Reser¬
voirs, Molesey, 1942, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. By river Mole, Burford Bridge,
1950; J.E.L. By towpath of river Thames, Ham, 1946; E.W.D. By the
Thames, Hurst Park; between Kew and Richmond; J.E.L.-, 1947; site
destroyed by flood of March, 1949 ; B.W . By river Mole, Cobham, 1949,
D.McC. & F.B.; 1950; L.N.H.S. Excursion. [Occurs at intervals along
Mole and Wey just outside the area]. V.-c. 21. Penton Hook, on Urtica,
1917-19; J.E.C. Hedge between Sliepperton and Chertsey Bridge, 1901,
C.B.G .; Hb.S.L.B.l . Thames bank near Chertsey Bridge, on Urtica,
1942, J.E.L.-, Hb.L.-, 1944-53; D.H.E.

C. epithymum (L.) Murr., including C. Trifolii Bab. Common
Dodder. Parasitic on Ulex, Calluna, Erica, and various other heath
plants. Locally plentiful. V.-c. 16. Pauls Cray and Hayes Commons;
W.W. Keston Common, 1937; P.H.C.-, 1946; F.B. Dartford Heath,
1933; P.H.C.-, 1938; J.B.M.; 1948-50; H.M.P. Near Eynsford, 1930;
B.W.B. Pilgrim’s Way, Otford, 1952; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Oxshott
Heath, 1915; E.B.B. ; 1944 ; P.H.C. Headley, 1898, C.S.N. ; Hb. L.N.H.S.
Worm’s Heath, 1925; garden, South Drive, Banstead, 1931; near Fair¬
childs, Farleigh, 1941; Nore Hill, 1943, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Oxted Downs,
1930; B.W.B. Near Fetcham Downs, 1918; E.B.B. Limpsfield Com¬
mon, 1917 and 1937 ; B.W.B. Chalky downs, Buckland, 1928, J.E.L. ;
Hb.L. Wimbledon Common, 1932-34; C.P.C.; 1947; E.B.Ba.; 1953;
A.W.J. V.-c. 18. High Beach, on Calluna; J.O.B.

C. australis var. cesatiana (Bertol.) FioTi & Paoletti. Alien. Mediterranean re¬
gion. Y.-c. 18. Rubbish-tip, Barking, parasitic on Artemisia V erlotorum , Senecio
squalidus, Polygonum aviculare, etc., 1953; S.T.J. & B.T.W. det. J.F.S.* V.-c. 21.
Parasitic on Callistephus chinensis in a garden, Enfield, 1953; J.M. t det. AM. &
J.F.S.

*Shillito, J. F.
t Maude, Miss J.

198

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

SOLANACEAE

LYCOPERSICON Mill

L. esculentum Mill. Tomato. Alien. S. America. Frequent on waste ground
and rubbish-tips all over the area.

SOLANUM L.

S. Dulcamara L. Bittersweet, Woody Nightshade. Hedges, woods,
marshes and waste ground. Common in all the v.-cc. The var. villosis-
simtjm Desv. is recorded from v.-c. 17. Banstead Downs, 1925, C .E.B. ;
Eb.B. V.-c. 21. Railway hank, West Drayton, 1947; D.H.E. White-
flowered plants are recorded from v.-c. 17. Battersea Park, 1948; B.W.
(cf. FI. Surrey, 473). Towpath between Mortlake and Kew, 1942, J.E.L. ;
Eb.L. V.-c. 21. Chiswick, 1944; B.W. Cannon Place, Hampstead,
1949; E.B.Ba., E.C.H. & D.E.K.

S. nigrum L. Black Nightshade. Cultivated and waste ground, and
as a garden weed. Common throughout the area. The var. ochroleu-
cum Bast, is recorded from v.-c. 18. Dagenham Dump, 1934, J .E.L. ;
Eb.L., and the var. atriplicifolium Dunal. is reported from
v.-c. 18. Dagenham Dump, 1934, J .E.L. ; Eb.L.

S. tuberosum L. Potato. Alien. S. America. Common, as an outcast, on
waste ground, rubbish-tips and bombed sites.

S. triflorum Nuttall. Alien. N. America. V.-c. 18. Rubbish-tip, Barking,
1953; B.W . & D.McC.

S. capsicastrum Schau. Alien. Brazil. V.-c. 21. Bombed site. Leather Lane,
E.C., 1950; J.W.

S. sarrachoides Sendtn., S. nitidibaccatum Bitter. Alien. Central America.
V.-c. 18. Dagenham, 1927, R.M.-, Hb.L. Rainham, 1927; J.E.C. Rubbish-tip, Bark¬
ing, 1953; B.T.W. V.-c. 21. Hackney Marshes, 1915; J.E.C. Forecourt of Soya
Foods Ltd., Springwell, abundant, 1945, B.W.-, Hb.K. & Hb.L.-, 1946-49; D.H.K.

S. Pseudocapsicum L. Jerusalem Cherry. Alien. ? Old World
Established on a canal tow path. Very rare. V.-c. 21. Canal tow path
between Hanwell and Southall, 1945, D.E., J.M.B.X. & D.E.K. ; Eb.K.
1946-53, a large patch extending for about four yards; D.E.K.

PHYSALIS L.

P. Alkekengi L. Winter Cherry. Alien. Europe, etc. Garden
escape. Established on waste ground and by roadsides. Not common.
V.-c. 16. Waste land, Keston, 1945, P.E.C. ; Eb.Jj.N .E .S. V.-c. 17.

Roadside, Leatherhead, 1945, P.E.C.', Eb.L.N.E.S. V.-c. 21. Church
End, Finchley, 1917, J.E.C.', Eb. Mils. Brit. Gravel pit near Shep-
perton, abundant, 1946; Chiswick; near Hammersmith Bridge, 1946-47;
D.E.K. Waste ground, Hanwell, 1948; B.W-.; abundant, 1949-53;
D.E.K. Grounds of Natural History Museum, South Kensington,
1953; E.B.Ba. & D.E.K.

P. angulata L. Alien. S. America. V.-c. 21. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd ,
Springwell, 1946, D.H.K.-, Hb.K

SOLAN ACE AE.

199

P. pubescens L.. Alien. N. America. V.-c. 18. Dagenham Dump, 1934, J.E.L.-,
Hb.L. Y.-c. 21. Waste ground near Yiewsley, 1927, R.M.-, rubbish-tip, Yiewsley.
1934, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Waste ground by canal, Northolt; R.A.B. det. at Kew.
Rubbish-tip, Lower Feltbam, 1951; J.Ru., B.W. Sc D.H.K.

CAPSICUM L.

C. annuum L. Alien. Tropics. Y.-c. 18. Dagenham Dump, 1934; J.E.L.-, Hb.L.

NICANDRA Adans.

N. physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Alien. Peru. Y.-c. 16. Erith, on spread ashes, about
10 plants, 1951, B.W ., J.C.C. Sc J.E.L.-, Hb.L. V.-c. 17. Towpath between Rich¬
mond and Kewr, on old potting soil from Kew Gardens, 1951; B.W. V.-c. 18.
Rubbish-tip, Barking, 1953; B.T.W. Y.-c. 21. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946, D.H.K.-,
Hb.K. Sc Hb.L. Forecourt of Soya Foods Ltd., Springwell, 1948; J.P.M.B. Sc N.Y.S.;
C.W. Sc D.H.K.

LYCITTM L.

L. chinense Mill. agg. Duke of Argyll' s Tea Tree. Alien. Asia. Gar¬
den escape. Naturalised in hedges, and established on waste ground and
railway banks. Not common. V.-c. 16. Hedges near Darenth, 1914;
railway bank between Charlton and Westcombe Park, 1918; E.B.B.
South Eden Park, Beckenham, 1919; L.-J.T. Stone; Greenhithe; Dart-
ford, 1948-51; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Limpsfield, 1914; E.B.B. Norwood,
1933; Warlingham, 1935; Beddington Lane, Mitcham, 1937; P.H.C . ;
1949; -J.B.E. Ham Pits, 1946; B.W. V.-c. 18. Dagenham Dump, well
established, 1934, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. V.-c. 20. Near Essendon, 1920;
P.H.C. Hatfield, 1921; L.J.T. V.-c. 21. Edmonton, 1926; L.J.T.
West Drayton, 1936; P.H.C. Canal side between Uxbridge and Cowley;
near Cowley Peachey; Yiewsley; Harefield; between Dawley and Hayes;
near Osterlev Park, 1939-50; D.H.K. Waste ground near Hounslow
Heath, very abundant, 1947; N.D.S., N.Y.S. & D.H.K. The segregate
species are reported as follows: — L. halimifolitjm Mill. V.-c. 18. Rub¬
bish tip, Barking, 1952; B.W. det. A.M. L. chinense Mill. V.-c. 18.
Purfleet, 1911, P.H.C.- Hb.L.N.H.S. det. D.H.K.

ATROPA L.

A. Bella-donna L. Deadly Nightshade , Da-ale. Woods and thickets
on calcareous soils; naturalised near old buildings, on waste ground
and in hedgerows on other soils. Local. V.-c. 16. Frequent on the
chalk. V.-c. 17. Common on the chalk. On other soils: — By river
Thames, Kew, 1945; B.W. ; 1948; P.A.B.; 1950; crevices of old tombs,
St. Anne’s churchyard, Kew Green, 1950; K.E.B. Epsom College;

A. E.E. Near Wimbledon Common, 1937; 6T.A. ; C.P.C.; 1949-53; A.W.J.
V.-c. 18. Garden wmed, Chingford, 1908, J.O.B.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Rain-
ham. 1927; J.E.C. Dagenham Dock, 1939; P.H.C. V.-c. 20. Cassio-
bury Park', 1898; C.S.N. Springwell; D.H.K. Rickmansworth, 1945;

B. W.H. V.-c. 21. Crouch End, 1896; Harefield, 1908; J.E.C.-, old chalk
pits, common, 1938-53; D.H.K. Thames bank, Chiswuck, 1938; E.B.Ba.;
1942; B.W.-, 1946; D.H.K. North Hill, Highgate, 1901; L.B.H. Pot¬
ters Bar; L.J.J. Grounds of West Middlesex County Hospital, and
various other places about Isleworth, 1938-53; Syon House grounds,

200

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

1944-53; Springwell, frequent, 1945-53; D.H.K. Hampton Court,
C.B.G. ; Hb.S.L.B.I. Highgate Hospital grounds, 1949; J.M.B.K.
Near Chelsea Hospital, 1943; EAV.D. Bombed site, Eaton Terrace,
S.W.l, 1952, B.L.B.* teste E.B.Ba.

DATURA L.

D. Stramonium L. Thorn-apple. Alien. Cosmopolitan. Occasion¬
ally established in waste places, and on cultivated ground, but usually
only casual. Not common. V.-c. 16. Garden weed, Hayes Old Rectory,
1933-36; D.McC. Dartford; Cotton Lane, Stone, 1951; Darenth Wood,
1952; H.M.P. Rubbish-tip, Stone, one plant, 1948-51; H.M.P . V.-c.

17. Limpsfield, 1917; B.W.B. Allotment, Clapham, 1922, J.E.L . ;
waste land, C'heam, 1932, E.C.W.; Ham gravel pits, 1941; J.E.L.)

Hb.L. Barnes Common, 1952; M.M.i & B.W. Burford Bridge, Mickle-
ham, 1939; Carshalton, 1939, A.E.E. ; Epsom, 1949, J.TF.P. ; Hb.E.C.M.
Allotments, Walton-on-Thames, 1941; J.E.L. Leatherhead, 1944;
P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S. Near river Wandle, Mitcham, 1949; J.B.E.
Wimbledon Common, 1935; C. A.; 1944; B.W. V.-c. 18. Rainham,
1927 ; J.E.C. Rubbish-tip, Barking, 1953; B.T.W . V.-c. 20. Hertford,
1921, A.W.G.) Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Watts Common, Harefield, 1902,
C.B.G.) Hb.S.L.B.I. Cresswell Place, Chelsea, 1942-43; E.W.D. Rub-
bisli-tips, Hanwell and Greenford, 1944-53; Northolt; Hackney Marshes,
1946; Marble Hill Park, Twickenham, 1948; D.H.K. Church End,
Finchley, 1925-27; J.E.C. Hampton Court Park, 1926, J.E.L.) Hb.L.)
1940, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S. Ruislip Reservoir, 1949; B.A.G. Hamp¬
stead Heath, railway station, 1941; J.B. Garden weed, West Ealing,
1953; D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Denham, 1917; L.B.H. The var. Tatula (L.)
Torrey is recorded from v.-c. 21. Yiewsley, 1913; J.E.C. Bombed
site, Hornsey, 1947; M.A.B.S.S. Springwell, 1946; J.E.L. & D.H.K.
Rubbish-tips, Hanwell and Greenford, 1944-53; D.H.K.

D. ferox L. Alien. C. America. V.-c. 18. Rubbish-tip, Barking, 1953; J.E L.
B.T.W. , R.C.L.B. Sc R.A.G.

HYOSCYAMUS L.

H. Niger L. Henba>ne. Alien. Europe, including parts of Britain.
Occasionally established on waste ground, arable land and roadsides,
but often only casual. Not common. V.-c. 16. Near Dartford, 1930;
B.W .B. Allotments by Watling Street, Stone, 1948; garden weed,
Stone, 1952; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Wimbledon Common, casual, 1924; C.A.
Mitcham, 1930, J.E.L ; Hb.L. Thames bank, Kew, 1940; P.H.C. Near
Richmond Station, 1950; B.W. Merstham chalkpit, 1943, J.E.L.) Hb.L.
Leatherhead, 1946 and 1948-51; J.E.S.D. Wallington, 1945, A.E.E.)
Hb.E.C.M. Betchworth, old chicken run, 1950-52; B.M.C.M. Bookham
Common, 1951; E.B.Ba. Field border, Norbury Park, 1950; J.E.L. &
J.K.M. V.-c. 18. Near Hale End, 1902; near King’s Head Hill, 1905;
J.O.B. Woodford Green, 1905; C.N. Grays, 1913; P.H.C. Rubbish-

*Bennett, R. L.
t Matthews, Miss M.

SOLANACEAE.

201

tip, Barking, 1953; B.T.W. V.-c. 21. Acton Green, 1905, C.B.G. ;
Hb.S.L.B.I. Neasden, 1908; Finchley, 1909-10 and 1923; Hackney
Marshes, 1917; Hendon, 1929; Alperton, 1917; J.E.C. ; 1918-21; L.M.P.S.
Canal bank N. of Uxbridge, 1917; L.-J.T. Allotments near Castle Bar,
Ealing, 1935-36; K.E.B. Grounds of Ashford County Hospital, one
plant, 1941; J.X.H. Shepperton, one plant, 1946; A.W.W. ; 1948; B.W.
Perry Oaks Sewage Farm, one plant, 1950; B.S.B.F. Hampton Court
Park, 1926, J.E.L. ; Hb.L., 1937; P.H.C., 1943; B.W. Rubbish- tip,
Hounslow, II. B, Near Scratch Wood, Edgwarebury, 1946; J.Si.
Canal side between Brentford and Hanwell, 1945-46; by Lea Naviga¬
tion Canal, Tottenham Hale, 1947; D.H.K. Garden of St. Mark’s Col¬
lege, Chelsea, 1944; E.W.D. Park Avenue, Ruislip, 1952; B.A.G.
Finsbury Park, 1951; M.A.B.S.S. V.-c. 24. Near Iver, 1918; J.E.C.
The var. pallidtjs Waldst. & Kit. is recorded from v.-c. 21. Finsbury
Park, 1952, J.B.; Hb.K. det. D.H.K.

NICOTIANA L.

N. rustica L. Alien. Mexico. Y.-c. 21. Rubbish-tip, Lower Feltham, 1950;
J.Ru., B.W. d- D.H.K. Rubbish-tip, Greenford, 1953; A.M., E.B.Ba., TG.C. & D.H.K.

N. Tabacum L. Tobacco. Alien. S. America. Y.-c. 16. Rubbish-tip, Downe, 1951,
D.P.T.; B.S.B.l. 1952 1 ear Book, 107. Y.-c. 21. Waste land, GTeenford, 1944 and 1953;
waste land, Isle of Dogs, 1945; rubbish-tip, Hanwell, abundant, 1950; D.H.K.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

VERB ASCOT L.

1 . phlomoides L. Alien. Europe. Established on waste ground
and rubbish-tips, and by roadsides. Rather common, and perhaps some¬
times planted. V.-c. 16. Rubbish-tip, Sevenoaks, 1951; D.McC. V.-c.
17. Rubbish-tip, Mortlake, 1948; D.H.K. Allotment, Kew Green, 1947;
Leatherhead By pass, ? planted; B.W. V.-c. 21. Roadside near Har¬
row, 1941-44; H.W.Pa. det. D.H.K. Bombed site, Fore Street, E.C.,
1945; J.E.L. Waste ground, Staines and Penton Hook; rubbish-tips,
Hounslow Heath, Northolt, Stonebridge, Chiswick and Hanwell, 1946-53 ;
D.H.K. The var. albefeora (Rouy) Wilmott is recorded from v.-c. 21.
Rubbish-tip, Northolt, 1946-53; rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1953; D.H.K.

x Thapsus. V.-c. 21. Hounslow Heath, 1950; A. IF. IT7., conf. J.E L ■
1951; B. TV.

V. Thapsus L. Aaron’s Pod. Banks, waste ground and roadsides.
Common in all the v.-cc. except 19 where it is so far unrecorded. Par¬
ticularly frequent on the chalk.

V. ylrgattjm Stokes. Twiggy Mullein. Alien. Europe, including
parts of Britain. Established on waste ground and rubbish-tips, and
by roadsides Rare. V.-c. 17. Rough field above Oxted chalkpit, 1943,
J.E.L.; Hb.L. V.-c. 18. Roadside near Dagenham Dock, 1936, J.E.L.;
Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Hanworth Road, Hounslow, 1948-50; rubbish-tip,

202 A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

Hounslow Heath, 1948-53; A.1F.TF. Waste ground, Golders Green, 1921;

P.W.B.

y Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Alien. Europe. Established in
waste places. Rare. V.-c. 21. By river Thames, Chiswick, 1945; J .E.L. ;
rubbish-tip, Northolt, casual, 1947; D.H.K. Gravel pit, East Bedfont,
1950; B.W., J.G.D. & D.H.K.

V. Lychnitis var. album (Mill.) Druce. White Mullein. Wood
borders, grassy places and banks, almost confined to the chalk. Loyally
common. Y.-c. 16. Frequent on the chalk. V.-c. 17. Worm’s Heatli,
scarce, 1919; B.W.B. ; 1922, J.E.L. ; Ilb.L. Riddlesdown, 1922; railway
bank near Warlingham, 1927; B.W.B. Downs near Addington, 1902 ;
C.S.N. ; Crohamhurst, 1940, three plants, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S.
Farthing Downs, 1933; C.E.G. "Wood between Caterham and Adding¬
ton, 1883, F.J.H.; Hb.Mus.Brit. Below Devil’s Den Wood, Coulsdon,
1924, J.E.L. ; on bare chalk where defence ditch had been filled in, Chip-
stead Valley, 1950, J.E.L. & O.T.P. ; Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Near White
Lodge, Bushy Park, 1950; D.H.K.

X nigrum = V. X Schiedeanum Koch. V.-c. 17. Wood between
Caterham and Addington, 1883, F.J.H. ; Hb.Mus.Brit. Woldingham,
1922, J.E.L. -, Hb.L.

xThapsus = V. X Thapsi L. V.-c. 16. Near St. Mary Cray railway
station, 1944; B.W.H., F.B. & J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Bickley, 1946 ; F .B. Near
Darenth Wood, 1948-50; H.M.P.

V. nigrum L. Dark Mullein . Waysides, banks and open habitats
on dry soils. Locally plentiful. V.-c. 16. Crayford, 1910; J.E.C. N. of
Darenth; Green Street Green, near Darenth, 1948; Green Street Green,
near Farnborough, 1951; D.McC. V.-c. 17. Frequent on the chalk: —
on other soils— Oxshott Heath, 1951; B.A.B. Wimbledon Common, 1947;
W.M.; 1950-51; A.W.J. By Thames near Kew, 1944; B.W. ; 1948;
Hammersmith Reservoirs, several plants, 1948; B.A.B. V.-c. 20. Great
Amwell, 1908, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. Hertingfordbury, 1920; P.H.C.
Near Radlett, 1941; J.B. Near Springwell; Rickmansworth, 1944-53;
D.H.K. Near Ware, 1953; L.M.P.S. V.-c. 21. St. Margarets, 1908,
P.H.c'. Near Alperton, 1917-21; L.M.P.S. Drayton Ford; Garett
Wood ; gravel pit between Harefield and Ickenkam ; near Hampton
Court, 1945-48; D.H.K. Grounds of Ashford County Hospital; J.K.H.
Bombed sites, Cripplegate, E.C., in two places, 1952; A.W.J.

xThapsus = V. x semialbum Chaub. V.-c. 17. Headley Heath.
1944; Box Hill (on edge of area), 1942, J.E.L.-, Hb.L.

ALONSOA Ruiz & Pav.

A. pedun cularis (Kunze) Wettst. Alien. S. America. V.-c. 21. Finchley, 190h
J.E.C.) Hb.Mus.Brit.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

203

LINARIA Mill.

L. vulgaris Mill. I ellow Toadflax. Grassy places, banks, railway
tracks, waysides and waste places. Common in all the v.-cc. Peloric
forms are recorded from v.-c. 17. Mitcham, 1934, H.J.B . ; Hb.L.N .H.S.
V.-c. 21. Baber Bridge, Hounslow Heath, 1945; A.W.W.

L. purpurea (L.) Mill. Purple Toadflax. Alien. S. Europe. Gar¬
den escape. Established on old walls, and in waste places. Rather
common. V.-c. 16. Bombed site, Bromley, 1946, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N .H.S.
Rubbish-tip, Sevenoaks, 1951; D.McC. V.-c. 17. Walls, Limpsfield
churchyard, 1921; B.W.B. ; well established, 1938, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N. H.S.
Wimbledon Common, 1942; C.A. Betchworth, 1951; K.E.B. Oxted,
1950 ; A.W.J. Ham gravel pits, 1952; J.B.M. V.-c. 21. Bombed site,
Eastcheap, 1944, L.J.J.; Hb.L. City bombed sites, locally plentiful
from 1944 onwards; J.E.L. Walls of Pinner church and churchyard,
established, 1945; bombed sites, Ealing, 1945; rubbish-tips, Hanwell,
Greenford, Hounslow Heath and Stonebridge, 1944-53; D.H.K. Waste
ground, Park Royal, 1951; L.C.* teste A.W.J.

L. repens (L.) Mill. Pale Toadflax. Dry stony fields, banks and
waste places, mainly on calcareous soils, also on railway tracks. Local.
V.-c. 16. Near Romney Street, 1933, P.H.C .; Hb.L.N .H.S. V.-c. 17.

Buckland, 1926, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Park downs, Banstead, a small patch
on chalk scrubland, J.G.M. teste D.P.Y.-, Watsonia, 1, 254. Border of
chalky cornfield W. of Pebblecombe Road, 1948; J.E.S.D.; 1952; A.E.E.
Betchworth, 1951; K.E.B.-, 1950-51; E.M.C.I. W. of Reigate, foot of
Buckland Hills, 1953; P.C. V.-c. 21. Waste ground by canal, Greenford
Green, introduced with chalk-ballast, 1947 ; railway sidings near West
Drayton, 1951, D.H.K.-, Hb.K. Hounslow, 1950; H.B. A white-
flowered form is reported from v.-c. 17. Betchworth, 1951; K.E.B.

L, dalmatica (L.) Mill. Alien. Dalmatia. V.-c. 17. Railway bank, Caterham,
1952, B.M.C.M.-, Hb.Mus.Brit .; 1953; B.M.C.M. & B.W.

L. an guS'Tissima (Lois.) Borbas, L. italica Trev. Alien. S. Europe. V.-c. 17. Corn¬
field near Headley, 1935, H.J.B.-, Hb.L.N. H.S. det. C.E.B.

L. maroccana Hook. f. Alien. Morocco. Garden outcast. V.-c. 18. Rubbish-
tip, Barking-, 1953, B.T.W.

CHAENORHINUM (DC.) Reichb.

C. minus (L.j Lange, Linaria minor (L.) Desf. Small Toadflax.
Cultivated and waste ground, waysides and railway tracks. Rather
common. V.-c. 16. Eden Park, near Beckenham, 1917 ; P.H.C. Stone,
1948-51; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Frequent. V.-c. 18. Wood Hatch, 1910,
P.H.C.-, Hb.L.N. H.S. Ongar railway station, 1952; B.T.W. Jc J.E.L.
V;- c. 20. Park Street, 1912 , P.H.C.; Hb.L.N. H.S. London Colney,
1942; J.B. Railway track, Bricket Wood, 1947; B.M.P. V.-c. 21.
Harefield ; C.S.N.-, 1953; D.H.K. Potters Bar; P.H.C. Uxbridge Moor,

*Corbett, Mrs. L

204

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

very abundant; Springwell; Staines and Stanwell Moors; railway tracks,
Ealing Broadway, abundant; railway tracks, Uxbridge to Denham,
frequent, 1944-53; D.H.K. South Ruislip; F.E.W. Railway tracks,
Yeoveney; B.W. A D.H.K. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1947; N.Y.S. &
D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Railway tracks, Denham, 1951; D.H.K.

C. ORIGAN1FOLIUM (L.) FOUIT., LlNARIA ORIGANIFOLIA (L.) DC. Alien. S. Euiope.
V.-c. 17. Bomb-crater, Brockham Hill, 1948, J.E.L.-, Hb.L.; 1949; J.E.L.

KICKXIA Dum.

K. spuria (L.) Dum., Linaria spuria (L.) Mill. Cultivated ground,
on light soils. Local. V.-c. 16. Chislehurst Common; W.W. Field
near Darenth Wood, abundant, 1951; H.M.P. Bromley, 1946, P.H.C. ;
Hb .L.N .H.S. V.-c. 17. Common on the chalk; on other soils: Wimble¬
don Common, 1940; G.P.C. V.-c. 18. Stapleford Tawney; Theydon
Garnon; P.H.C. Hare Street, Romford, 1913, P.H.C.', Hb. L.N. H.S.
V.-c. 20. North Minims, 1897, F.E.M. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. Hertford Heath;
S.C.M. V.-c. 21. Harefield, 1922; J.E.C.’, 1944; Cowley, 1946; Shep-
perton, 1947; D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Colnbrook, 1909, P.H.C. ) Hb.L.N.H.S.

K. Elatine (L.) Dum., Linaria Elatine (L.) Mill. In similar habi¬
tats to the preceding species. Local. V.-c. 16. Field near Darenth
Wood, 1951-52; H.M.P. Near Shoreham, 1953; A.W.J. V.-c. 17. Fre¬
quent on the chalk. V.-c. 18. Stapleford Tawney; Noak Hill, 1905;
Abridge, 1908; Hare Street, Romford, 1913; P.H.C. Woodhatch, 1909,
C.S.N. ; Hainault Forest, 1908, A.B.H.) Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c. 20. Heit-
ford Heath; S.C.M. V.-c. 21. Harefield, 1907; J.E.C.) 1944; D.H.K.
Ruislip Common, 1908; C.B.G. Roadside between New Years Green
and Harefield, 1922; L.J.T. V.-c. 24. Fields, Rowley Farm, near Iver,
1931; J.C.B.

CYMBALARIA Hill

C muralis Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb., Linaria Cymbalaria (L.) Mill.
Ivy-leaved Toadflax. Alien. S. Europe. Established on old walls.

Frequent in all the v.-cc.

ANTIRRHINUM L.

A majus L. Snapdragon. Alien. Mediterranean region. Garden
escape. Established on old walls, chalky railway cuttings, chalkpits
and waste ground. Rather common. V.-c. 16. Wall at Hayes, 1917;
railway cuttings, Orpington and Chelsfield ; P.H.C. ) 1943-53; railway
cuttings, Knockholt, 1943-53; D.H.K. Common m chalkpits and rail¬
way cuttings about Greenhithe, 1939-53; J.E.L. V.-c. 17. Railway cut¬
ting near Clapliam Junction, 1914; E.B.B. Railway cutting between
Sutton and Carshalton ; B.W. It. V.-c. 18. Railway cutting, Purfleet,
1935- P.H.C. V.-c. 20. Old Avails, Rickmansworth, 1953; D.H.K. V.-c.
21. Walls at Uxbridge, Cowley, Bushey Heath, Laleham, Harmonds-
worth, Isle worth, Twickenham, Stanmore, Harrow and Chiswick, 1939-
53; D.H.K. Chalkpits, Harefield, 1944-53, D.H.K.) Hb.K. Rubbish-

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

205

tips, Hanwell, Greenford, Stoneb ridge and Hendon, 1944-53; D.H.K.
Wall of Highgate Cemetery, 1945; B.S.B.F. Bombed sites, City, fre¬
quent; J.E.L.

MISOPATES Raf.

M. Orontium (L.) Raf., Antirrhinum Orontium L. Weasel’s Snout,
Lesser Snapdragon. Cultivated ground on light soils. Local and rare.
V.-c. 16. Holwood Park; W.W. V.-c. 17. Cornfield bordering Farthing
Downs, 1915, J.E.W. ; Hb.L. Near Oxted, scarce in sandy fields, 1917;

B. W.B. Putney Heath, casual, 1936; C.A. [Frequent in sandy fields,
etc., about Byfleet — just outside the Area.] Y.-c. 21. Stanwell Moor,
1913; J.E.C. Grounds of Ashford County Hospital, 1939-45; J.K.H.
Grounds of National ' Physical Laboratory, Teddington, 1949; D.P.Y.
Y.-c. 24. Iver Heath, 1912, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S.

SCROPHULARIA L.

S. vernalis L. Yellow Figwort. Alien. Europe. Naturalised in
plantations and waste places. Rare. V.-c. 17. Kew Gardens, weed,
1927; L.N.H.S. Excursion. Epsom College, 1934, A.E.E. ; Hb.E.C.M .;
persisted until about 1939; A.E.E. Wimbledon Common, 1943; C.A.
Y.-c. 20. Hatfield Park, 1950; P.F.V.

S. aquatica L. Water Figwort , Water Betony. Pond verges, stream
and river sides, wet woods and meadows. Common throughout the area.
The plant also occurs on dry chalk wood borders at Box Hill and else¬
where in v.-c. 17. The var. appendictjlata Merat is recorded from v.-c.
21. Uxbridge; canal side between Hanwell and Brentford; D.H.K.

S. UMBROSA Dum., S. Ehrharti Stevens, S. alata Gilib. Streamsides.
Very rare. V.-c. 17. E. bank of river Mole near Norbury Park, 1934;
P.W.R.

S. nodosa L. Common or Knotted Figwort. Damp woods, hedge-
banks and waste ground. Common in all the v.-cc.

MIMULUS L.

M. guttatus DC., M. dttteus auct. angl. p.p., M. Langsdorefii
Greene. Monkey-flower. Alien. N. America. Garden escape. Naturalised
by stream- and river-sides. Local. Y.-c. 16. Westerham, 1921; B.W.B. ;
1937, P.H.C.-, Hb.Jj.N.H.S. By river Cray, Bexley; Stone Marshes,
1948-50; H.M.P. Y.-c. 17. Near Weybridge, 1899, L.B.H . ; Hb.H.-,
1913; J.E.C. ; 1917; E.B.B. By river Wandle near Hackbridge, 1917;
P.H.C.-, 1919; L.J.T. Moorhouse, near Limpsfield, 1917; Limpsfield,
1929 (deliberately introduced here in 1923); B.W.B. Near Reigate,
1923, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Oxted Mill, 1937; J.B.E. V.-c. 20. Between
Daw’s Hill and Ponders End, abundant, 1905; J.O.B. Near Cheshunt;

C. N. ; 1907; J.E.C. Broxbourne, 1894; J.E.C. ] 1906, B.W.B. ; 1953;
S.C.M. Rye House, 1909, P.H.C.] Hb.L.N.H.S. Essendonbury, 1920;
Park Street; P.H.C. Rickmansworth, 1911; Croxley Mills; C.S.N.

206

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

V.-c. 21. Uxbridge; L.B.R. Staines, 1908; West Drayton; P.H.C. ;
1938; D.H.K. Ponders End, 1920; J.E.C. By canal, Harefield, 1945;
B.W. ; 1950; D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Iver, 1909, P.H.C.- Hb.L.N.H.S.
Denham; P.H.C. ; 1922; J.E.C.

M. moschatus Lindl. Musk. Alien. N. America. Garden escape.
Naturalised by lakes and ponds. Very rare. V.-c. 17. Richmond Park;
T.A.D. V.-c. 21. Head of lake, Ken Wood, 1949; H.C.H. ; 1950-53;
D.H.K.

[LIMOSELLA L.

L. AQUATiCA L. Mudwort. This rare species has not been reported
from the Area by our members, but there are old records from y.-c. 17,
and it should be searched for on muddy pond verges, particularly in the
Esher district.]

DIGITALIS L.

D. purpurea L. Foxglove. Open woods, heaths and dry hedgebanks.
Common in all the v.-cc. except 19, where though unrecorded it is almost
certain to occur.

D. grandiflor4 Mill., D. ambigua Murr. Alien. Europe. V.-c. 17. Bomb-crater,
Brockham Hill, 1948, J.E.L.-, Hb.L.-, 1949; J.E.L.

D. lutea L. Alien. Europe. V.-c. 17. Bomb-crater, Brockham Hill, 1948, J.E.L-
Hb.L.-, 1949; J.E.L.

D. lanata Ehrh. Alien. S.E. Europe. Naturalised on field-borders.
Rare. V.-c. 16. Neglected field near Dartford, 1947, J.E.L., P.L. &
D.H.K.\ Hb.L.-, L.N.H.S. Excursion. Cornfield, Temple Hill, Dart-
ford, field formerly used by Burroughs Wellcome, and species probably
grown as a crop, 1951; H.M.P. Dartford, 1952; F.A.S.* det. J.E.L.
V.-c. 17. Bomb-crater, Brockham Hill, 1948, J.E.L.’, Hb.L. Mickle-
ham Downs ; J.E.L.

D. FERRUGINEA L. Alien. Europe. V.-c. 17. Bomb-crater, Brockham Hill, 1948,
J.E.L.-, Hb.L.-, 1949; J.E.L

VERONICA L.

V. officinalis L. Common Speedwell. Heaths, open woods and
grassy places on dry soils. Common throughout the area. White-
flowered plants are recorded from v.-c. 17. Chipstead ; IP. TV.

V. Chamaedrys L. Germander Speedwell. Grassy places, woods,
banks, cultivated and waste ground. Very common in all the v.-cc.

V. Montana L. Wood Speedwell. Damp woods. Local. V.-c. 16.
Near Southfleet, 1919; Abbey Wood, 1931; P.H.C. Crofton Court, 1924;
near Brasted, 1913; E.P.L.-, 1935; M.M.W. Wood W. of Sutton-at-

* Swain, F. A.

SCROPHULARI A CEAE .

207

Little Heath, Oxshott, 1925; Nower Wood, Headley; Buckland Hills,
1919; above Limpsfield; Limpsfield, 1917; E.B.B.; 1937, P.H.C.;
Hb.L.N.H.S. Shirley, 1922; wood near Farthing Downs, 1934; near
Woldingham, local, 1921; R.W.B. Wimbledon Common, 1934; C.A. ;
1943, J.E.L.; Hb.L. & Ub.L.N.H.S. Petersham Wood, 1945; B.W.
Path from High Ashurst to Headley Lane, 1951; P.F.Y. det. S.M.W.
Epsom Downs, 1935, E.P.; Hb.E.C.M. Marden Park, 1949; B.M.P.
Bookham Common, 1950; E.B.Ba. V.-c. 18. Woodredon Hill, 1900,
R.W.B. ; 1910, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. Ongar Park Wood, 1925; L.J.T.
V.-c. 19. Epping Lower Forest, 1909, V.B.C. ; Hb.L.N.HB. ; 1951;
B.M.P. V.-c. 20. Beaumont Manor, 1909; V.B.C. Broxbourne, 1910,
P.Ti.C.’, Hb.L.N.H.S. North Mimms, 1930; Shenley ; P.H.C. Pans-
hanger, 1952; B.M.P. V.-c. 21. Highgate Woods, 1896-1900; J.E.C.
Queen’s Wood, Highgate, 1902; L.B.H. Harefield ; Springwell, 1944-53;
D.H.K. Scratch Wood, Edgwarebury, 1946; B.TT7. & H.H.K. White-
webbs Park, Enfield, 1945; L.J.J.; 1952; L.M.P.S.

V. sciTTELLATA L. Marsh Speedwell. Pond-sides, bogs and wet
meadows. Local. V.-c 16. Chislehurst Common; W.W. Keston Bog,
1921; E.B.B. V.-c. 17. Oxshott, 1899, L.B.H. ; Hb.H. Meadows by
river Wey, near Weybridge, 1917 ; Banks Common, 1919 ; E.B.B. Limps¬
field, scarce, 1921; R.W.B. Pond near Epsom, 1925, J.E.L.; Headley
Heath, 1926, E.C.W. ; Hb.L. Mitcham Common, 1926, D.G.C. ; 1930,
J.E.L.; Hb.L.’ 1941, P.H.C.’ Hb.L.N.H.S.- 1950-51; J.B.L. Rich¬
mond Park; Ham Common, scarce, 1933; C.A. ; 1945; B.W. Stew Ponds,
Epsom Common, 1951; J.E.S.L). Bookham Common, 1949; E.B.Ba.
V.-c. 18. Bentley; P.H.C. Epping Forest, near the “Rising Sun”,
R.W.B. ; L.N.H.S. 1915 Trans., 44 (1916). Wake Valley Pond, 1935;
•7.7?.; 1951; L.N.H.S. Excursion. Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1951; J.B.
V.-c. 20. Broxbourne; Wormley West End, 1904, C.S.N.-, Bricket Wood,
1910, P.H.C. : Hb.L.N.H.S. Aldenham Reservoir, 1942; J.B. V.-c. 21.
West Drayton; Whitchurch; P.H.C. Stanmore Common, 1898, E.M.T).-,
Hb.L.N.H.S.- 1928, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. ; 1938; J.B.E.; 1944-53; D.H.K.
Ruislip Reservoir, 1919; E.B.B.; 1950; D.H.K. Finchley Common,
1901; C.S.N. ; 1917-20; J.E.C. Harefield; Uxbridge Moor; Shortwood
Common; Staines Moor, 1944-53; D.H.K. The f. villosa Schum. is
recorded from v.-c. 17. West End Common, Esher, 1925; H.J.B. Head-
ley Heath, 1926, E.C.W. ; Hb.Jj.

V. Beccabttnga L. Brooldime. Brooks, streams, ponds, marshes and
wet- meadows. Common in all the v.-cc.

V. Anagaelis-aquattca L. agg. Wafer Speedwell. Ponds, streams,
marshes, wet meadows and wet mud. Local. V.-c. 16. South End,
Bromley ; W.W. Near Southfleet, 1919; Dartford Marsh, 1933; P.H.C.
Lullingstone, F .J.H. ; FI. Kent, 262. Stone Marshes and Darenth,
1948-51; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Redhill, scarce, 1923; R.W.B. V.-c. 18.
Theydon ; Hainault, 1913; P.H.C. V.-c. 20. Park Street; Wormley;
Essendon ; P.H.C. Broxbourne; R.W.B. V.-c. 21. Uxbridge; L.B.H.

208

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

Hone, 1951 ; F.B. Mount’s Wood, Swanscombe, 1952; H.M.P. V.-c. 17.
Harlington ; Ickenliam; P.H.C. V.-c. 24. Near Horton; C.S.N. N.TV.
of Uxbridge, 1922; L.J.T.

V. Anagallis-aquatica L. Water Speedwell. In the same situations
as the aggregate species. Local. V.-c. 17. Barron’s Pond, Epsom,
1928, J.E.L . ; Hb.L. By Thames between Kew and Richmond, 1938;
E.B.Ba. V.-c. 21. Springwell, 1947, B.W.; Uxbridge Moor, 1948,
D.E.K. ; Hb.K., both det. J.H.B.

X CATENATA. V.-C. 16. Stone Marshes, 1939, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S.
V.-c. 20. Margin of river Lea, Rye House, 1909, P.H.C.) Hb .L.N ,H .S .,
both det. J.H.B.

V. catenata Pennell, V. aqtjatica Bernh., non S. F. Gray, V. comosa
auct. Water Speedwell. In similar situations to the previous species,
with which it often grows. Local. V.-c. 17. Near Epsom, 1925 and
1928; Fetcham Millpond, 1944, J.F.L.) Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Shortwood
Common, Staines, 1947, B.W. ; Hb.K. det. J.H.B.) 1950-53; Staines and
Stanwell Moors, 1950; B.H.K. det. J.H.B.

V. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Grassy places,
heaths, banks, waste ground and as a garden weed. Common through¬
out the area.

V. arvensis L. Wall Speedwell. Cultivated ground, heaths, grassy
places and walls. Common in all the v.-cc. The small forms (cf. var.
nana Poir.) which grow on Reigate Heath, Mitcham Common, etc.,
differ so much in size and appearance from well-grown plants of culti¬
vated land that they often prove puzzling to beginners.

[V. triphyllos L. Fingered Speedwell. Occurs just outside the
area in v.-c. 17. Sandy field near Old Byfleet Church, 1932 and 1934,
J.F.L.) Hb.L.) quite 100 plants, 1952; B.M.C.M.']

V. persica Poir., V. Toitrnefortii C. C. Gmel. p.p., V. Buxbaitmii
Ten., non Schmidt. Buxbaum’s Speedwell. Alien. Europe.
Thoroughly established on cultivated ground. Very common through¬
out the area. The var. Corrensiana (Lehm.) C. E. Britton is reported
from v.-c. 17. Hook; Ashtead, 1928, C.E.B.) Hb.L.

V. agrestis L. Field Speedwell. Cultivated ground. Local. V.-c.
16. Near Southfleet, 1919; P.H.C. V.-c. 17. Bookham Common, 1953;
A.W.J. Limpsfield, scarce, 1924; B.W. Ft. Addington, 1940, A.L.S. ;
Hb.L. Morden, 1950; B.A.G. V.-c. 18. Warley; B.W.B. Loughton,
garden weed, 1952; B.M.P. V.-c. 21. Denham; Harefield, frequent;
Harmondsworth ; Hadley; Hanwell; allotments, West Ealing; Ruislip
Reservoir, 1944-52; waste ground, Fulham, casual, 1947; H.H.K.
Garden weed, Mill Hill, 1952, D.N.H.* teste N.Y.S. V.-c. 24. Between

*Harrison, D. N.

S CROPHUL ARI A CE AE .

209

Black Park and Denham, 1950; D.H.K. The var. Garckiana P. Fourn.
is recorded from v.-c. 17. New Malden, 1928, C.E.B.; Hb.L.

V. polita Fries, V. didyma anct. Grey Speedwell. Cultivated
ground. Rather common. V.-c. 16. St. Pauls Cray; West Wickham;
Dartford; Leaves Green, 1917; P.H.C. Between Bromley and Hayes;
L.J.T. V.-c. 17. Near Thorpe, 1917; E.B.B. Merstham, 1918; Nor-
bury Park, 1923; L.J.T. Limpsfield, 1922; P.W.P. Hallelu Valley,
1925, J.E.L.; Hb.L. White Hill, Caterham, 1948; B.M.P. V.-c. 18.
Hale End, 1904, B.W.P.; ILb.L.N .H.S. Brentwood; Chigwell; Orsett;
P.H.C. V.-c. 19. Roydon; P.H.C. V.-c. 20. Watford; C.S.N.
Northaw; Bushev: Shenley, 1909; P.H.C. V.-c. 21. Uxbridge; Hayes;
Southgate; P.H.C. Hendon. 1909, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Harefield;
Uxbridge; Cranford; Colney Hatch, 1944-53; D.H.K. Hampton Court;
B.W. Church End, Finchley, 1931, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. The var.
Thmlltjn gian a (Lehm.) Havek is recorded from v.-c. 17. Ashtead : Wal-
ton-on-the-Hill, 1927, C.E.B. ; Hb.L.

V. hederifolia L. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Cultivated ground.
Frequent in all the v.-cc.

V. longifolia L. Alien. Europe. Garden escape. Established on
waste ground and in grassy places. Not common. V.-c. 16. Brasted,
1945, P.H.C.; Hb .L.lSi .H .S . det. D.H.K. V.-c .17. Walton Common,
well established, 1953; P.A.B. det. J.E.L. Bookham Common, 1953,
A.TT.J. V.-c. 21. Finchley Common, 1946; waste ground, Hanwell.
well established, 1953, D.H.K.; Hb.K.

V. austriaca ssp. Jacquini (Baumg.) Watzl. Alien. Europe. V.-c. 21. Rubbisfi-
tip, Ruislip, 1947, Mrs. Moody, Hb.L.

\ . FiLiFORAiis Sm. Alien. Caucasus. Garden escape. Naturalised
in grassy places. Not common, but increasing. V.-c. 16. Otford, 1953;
A .L.K.* \ ,-c. 17. Roadside bank near Ockham, 1933; A.H.C.; Hb.L.
Reigate Heath, 1952; P.A.B. ; 1953; B.W. Bookham Common, 1953;
E.P.Ba. The Glade, Fetcham, 1953; A.H.N. By River Mole, Norbury
Park, 1953; P.C.H. t Rubbish-tip, Leatherhead, 1953; L.N.H.S.
Excursion. Richmond Park, 1945-50; B.W. Roadside, Marden Park,
Woldingham, 1954, P.G. teste E.B.Ba. V.-c. 21. Garden weed,

Harrow, G.H.L. ; B.E.C. 1946^7 Pep., 305 (1948). Road bank, North-
wood, 1952; P.A.G.

HEBE Gammers.

H. speciosa (A. Cunn.) Andersen, Veronica speciosa A. Cunn. Alien. New Zea¬
land. Garden escape. V.-c. 17. Limpsfield Common, R.W.R. ; Lond. Nat. 19 70
(1939).

*Kimmins, N. L.
tHall, P. C.

210

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

EUPHRASIA L.

The late H. W. Pugsley kindly examined many specimens in this
critical genus.

[E. strtcta Host. Erroneously recorded for v.-c. 17. Reigate Hill,
by C.S.N. in Botanical Records of the London Area (1934). The plant
does not occur in Britain. A specimen named “E. stricta” from
Reigate Hill, in Hb.B., is E. nemorosa, det. D.H.E.']

E. brevipila Burnat & Gremli. Eyebright. Meadows and pastures.
Very rare. V.-c. 17. Limpsfield Common, 1938; B.W.B.

E. nemorosa (Pers.) Mart. Eyebright. Woods, downs, heaths
and pastures. Local. V.-c. 16. Near Shoreham, 1929; J.C.B.
det. B.W.B. V.-c. 17. Limpsfield Common, 1938; B.W.B. Cater-
ham, 1942; South Hawke, 1943, J.E.L. ; Hb.L., both teste H.W.P.
Reigate Hill, B.W.B, ; Hb.B, det. D.H.E. V.-c. 19. Great Parndon,
1913, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. det. D.H.Lv. V.-c. 20. Panshanger, 1953,
T.G.C. & D.H.E. ; Hb.K. V.-c. 21. Harefield, 1900, C.S.N. ;

Hb.L.N.H.S. det. D.H.E. ; 1913, J.E.C. ; Hb.Mus.Brit.; 1945; Spring-
well, 1945, D.H.E. ; Hb.E., both conf. H.W.P. V.-c. 24. Near Iver,
1952; D.H.E. The var. calcarea Pugsl. is recorded from v.-c. 17.
Chalky field above Featherbed Lane, Farleigh, 1928, J.E.L. ; E. of
Buckland Hills, 1929, E.C.W. ; Hb.L., both teste H.W.P. Box Hill,
1952, E.B.Ba. A AM .; Hb.Mus.Brit. det. AM. The var. transiens
Pugsl. is reported from v.-c. 17. Chalky lane near Fairchilds, 1941,
.J.E.L .; Hb.L. teste H.W.P. V.-c. 21. Chalkpit, Springwell, 1945,
D.H.E.; Hb.Ji. det. H.W.P. The var. collina Pugsl. is recorded from
v.-c. 21. Chalkpit, Springwell, 1945, D.H.E.; Hb.JL. det. H.W.P.

X PSEUDOKERNERI. V.-c. 17. South Hawke, 1929, J.E.L.; railway
banks near Chipstead, 1930, E.C.W. ; Featherbed Lane, Farleigh, 1932,
J.E.L. ; Hb.L., all teste H.W.P.

[E. cttrta (Fries) Wettst. Erroneously recorded for v.-c. 17. Valley
at back of Box Hill, off Headley Lane, 1929, by B.W.B, in Botanical
Records of the London Area (1934). The species is not known to occur
in the London Area.]

E. MiCRANTHA Reichb., E. gracilis I)rej . Native. Heaths and bogs.
Very rare. V.-c. 17. Oxshott Heath, 1902, C.E.B.; Hb.Xew; Walton
Heath, 1916, C.E.S.; Hb.Mus.Brit., both teste H.W.P.

E. anglica Pugsl., E. Rostkoviana auct. angl. p.p., non Hayne.
Eyebright. Grassy places on wet or heavy soils, and on heaths. Local.
V.-c. 17. Bookham Common, 1927, E.B.B.; Hb.B. det. D.H.E.; 1950,
C.P.C. & D.H.E.; Hb.E. Box Hill, 1928, H.W.P.; gravel pit, Tam-
worth, 1929; Ashtead, 1924; near Dowding Castle, Walton-on-the-Hill,
1941; Headley Heath, 1941; Headley Lane, 1943, J.E.L.; Hb.L., all
teste H.W.P. Pebblecombe Hill, 1952; J.E.L. V.-c. 18. Epping Forest,

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

211

C.S.N.-, Hb.L.N.H.S. det. D.H.K. V.-c. 20. Wormley Wood, 1910,
P.H.C.-, Hb.L.N.H.S. det. D.H.K. Broxbourne, 1924, E.B.B.-, Hb.B.
det. D.H.K. V.-c. 21. Pinner, C.B.G.- Hb.S.L.B.I. det. H.W.P. Copse
Wood, Ruislip, 1946, B.W.; Hb.K. det, H.W.P. ; 1950-53; D.H.K.

E, PSEUD OKERNERI Pugsl., E. Kerneri auct. angl., non Wettst.
Eyeb right. Chalk downs. Local. V.-c. 16. Near Romney Street,
Shoreham, 1929; B.W.R. V.-c. 17. Chipstead, 1923; W.W.; 1941,
J.E.L. ; Hb.L. teste H.W.P.-, 1953; J.E.L. Ranstead Downs, 1931,
E.C.W.-, Box Hill, 1925, J.E.L. ; Buckland Hills, 1926, E.C.W. ; Colley
Hill, 1941; Epsom Downs, 1943, J.E.L.-, Hb.L., all teste H.W.P.

(PARENTU CELLIA Viv.

P. viscosa (L.) Caruel, Bartsia viscosa L. Yellow Bartsia. Damp
grassy places. Although not recorded from the Area by our members it
was found near Westerham (v.-c. 16) just outside the radius by L.M.P.S
in 1952.]

ODONTITES Zinn

O. verna (Bellardi) Dum., 0. rubra S. F. Cray, Bartsia Odontites
(L.) Huds. Bed Bartsia. Cultivated and uncultivated fields, waste
ground and waysides. Rather common. V.-c. 16. Near Clielsfield, 1913;
near Eynsford, 1916; E.B.B. Near Knockholt, 1925; L.J.T. Brasted ;
Chevening, 1930; P.H.C. Force Green, 1932; B.T.W. Dartford; Stone,
1948-51; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Near Oxted, frequent, 1917; above Limps-
field, frequent, 1921; Chipstead, 1929; B.W.B. Fetcham and Mickle-
ham Downs, 1918; foot of Colley Hill, 1919; arable field N.W. of Betch-
worth railway station, 1923; E.B.B. Epsom Downs, 1930; Farthing
Downs; Coulsdon, 1935; P.H.C. Bookham Common, 1948; C.P.C. &
E.B.Ba.-, 1952; E.B.Ba. V.-c. 18. Highams Park; B.W.B. Gravs,
1909 , P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Chingford -E.M.D. Theydon Bois ; C.S.N.
Copt Hall Green, Epping ; C.N. Chigwell ; Shenfield; P.H.C. South
Weald, 1922; L.J.T. V.-c. 20. Elstree; Totteridge ; C.S.N. Essendon,
1920; P.H.C. Near Goff’s Oak, 1926; L.J.T. London Colney, 1941;
J.B. V.-c. 21. Harlington ; P.H.C. Enfield Chase; Harefield ; South
Mimms ; C.S.N. - 1929; J.C.B. Edgware, 1910; Stanwell Moor, 1913;
J.E.C. V.-c. 24. Cornfields near Iver Heath; C.S.N. Plants with white
flowers are recorded from v.-c. 21. Harefield, 1912; J.E.C. The segre¬
gate subspecies have been recorded as follows ; —

Ssp. verna. V.-c. 17. Coulsdon, 1922, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Edge of wood
by Banks Common, 1923; E.B.B. V.-c. 21. Bombed site, Ebury Street,
S.W.l, 1946, J.E.L. & D.McC. ; Hb.L.

Ssp. serotina (Wettst.) E. F. Warb. V.-c. 16. Common in Swans-
combe, Stone and Darenth parishes, 1952 ; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Field near
Kenley Aerodrome, 1925; Chessington, 1928; chalk down, Woodman-
stone, 1941, J.E.L.-, Epsom Common, 1930, E.C.W. ; Hb.L. V.-c. 20.
Broxbourne Wood, 1952; B.M.P. V.-c. 21. Harefield; Uxbridge; Yead-
ing ; Harlington ; Yeoveney; Haste Hill, Northwood, 1944-52; D.H.K.

212

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

PEDICULARIS L.

P. palustris L. Red Rattle. Wet meadows. Very rare. V.-c. 21.
Harefield, 1920; J.E.C.

P. sylvatica L. Lousewort . Wet heaths, bogs and marshes. Local.
V.-c. 16. Chislehurst Common; TT. W. Holwood Park, 1932; P.H.C.
Hosey Common, frequent, 1913; E.B.B. Dartford Heath, 1947; J.B.M. ;
1948-52; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Arbrook Common, 1923; L.-J.T. Walton,
1930; Epsom Common, 1935; P.H.C. ; 1941; D.H.K. Ashtead, 1935;
Bookham Common, 1930; P.H.C.) 1949-53; E.B.Ba. Limpsfield Chart,
1917; E.B.B. Reigate Heath, 1925, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Wimbledon Com¬
mon, 1931; C.P.C.) 1937; C.A.) 1942; D.H.K. Ham Common, 1946;
B.TT7. Limpsfield Common; R.W.R. V.-c. 18. Epping Eorest, 1896,
A.U.B. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. ; 1936; J.B.E. High Beach; E.M.D. ; 1910,
P.H.C.) 1938, W.E.G.) Hb.L.N.H.S. Lambourne; R.W.R. V.-c. 19.
Epping Lower Forest, 1951; R.M.P. V.-c. 20. Near Wormley West
End; C.S.N. Bricket Wood, 1909; P.H.C. Batchworth Heath; C.S.N.
Broxbourne, 1910; Shenley, 1913, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N .H.S . Hertford
Heath; S.C.M. V.-c. 21. Stanmore Common; C.S.N.) 1953; D.H.K.
Ruislip Common; Northwood; C.S.N.) seen in both localities, 1944-53;
Hadley Common, 1950; D.H.K. White-flowered plants are recorded
from v.-c. 17. Limpsfield Chart, 1917 ; E.B.B.

RHINANTHUS L.

R. Crista-galli L., R. minor Ehrh., non L. Yellow-rattle. Pastures
and railway banks, usually on dry basic soils. Rather common. V.-c. 16.
Halstead, 1922; L.J.T. Above Otford, 1933; P.H.C. V.-c. 17. Bookham
Common, 1925; E.B.B. Buckland Marsh, 1931, E.C.W. ; Chertsey Mead,
1932; chalky slope, Chipstead Valley, 1941, J.E.L.) Hb.L. Nore Hill,
Woldingham, 1936; P.H.C. Titsey Park, very local, 1922; Limpsfield,
1929; R.W.R. Meadow, Marden Park, 1937, E.B.Ba.) Hb.Mus.Brit.
V.-c. 18. South Weald, 1913; P.H.C. Near Woodhatch, 1926; B.T.W.
V.-c. 19. Cobbin’s End, 1913; P.H.C. V.-c. 20. Totteridge ; Elstree ;
Cheshunt; C.S.N. Aldenham; Bayford ; Broxbourne; P.H.C. V.-c. 21.
Mill Hill, 1898, E.M.D.) Hb.L.N.H.S.) 1945; D.H.K. Near Hampton
Wick, 1928; Haste Hill, 1923; Eastcote ; Ruislip, 1926; L.J.T.) seen in
all three latter localities, 1945-50; D.H.K. Stanmore, 1908, C.S.N.)
Hb.L.N.H.S. Harefield ; P.H.C.) 1944; D.H.K. Southgate; L.B.H.
Near Uxbridge Common; between Uxbridge and Denham; between
Poyle and Yeoveney, 1944-53; D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Denham, 1930; P.H.C. ;
1953; D.H.K. Tver Heath, 1940; D.H.K.

[R. stenophylltjs (Schur) Druce. A plant with intercalary leaves
well shown and resembling R. stenophylltjs occurs in v.-c. 17. Near
Warren Barn, Warlingham, 1943, J.E.L.) Hb.L. It may be only a
variation of R. Crista-galli but deserves further study.]

SCROPHULABIACEAE.

213

MELAMPYRUM L.

M. arvf.nse L. Field Cow-wheat. Cornfields. Very rare, and prob¬
ably extinct ir the area. Y.-c. 18. Monldiam’s Estate, Woodford, 1907 ;

C.N.

M. pratense L. Common Cow-wheat. Woods and heaths. Local.
Y.-c. 16. Hayes Common, 1899, L.B.H.) llb.FL. Keston, 1917; near
Southfleet, 1919; P.H.C. Kingsdown, 1909; J.C.B. Near Shoreham,
1929; B.W.B. Near Brasted, 1935; M.M.W. Hosey Common, Wester-
ham, 1936, P.H.C.', Hh.L.N.H.S. Hartford; Stone, 1948-52; H.M.P.
Y.-c. 17. Near Oxted, 1917; Limpsfield Chart, 1929; Limpsfield Com¬
mon; B.W.B. Y.-c. 18. Epping Forest, 1896, A.TJ.B.-, High Beach,
1938, P.H.C. ; Hh.L.N.H.S. Woodbury Hollow, Loughton, 1952; B.M.P.
Y.-c. 19. Epping Lower Forest, 1951; L.N.H.S. Excursion. Y.-c. 20.
Bricket Wood, 1910, P.H.C.) Hh.L.N.H.S. Broxbourne Wood, 1952;

B. M.P. Near Northaw, 1920; Wormley West End, 1908; P.H.C. Y.-c.
21 . Harefield; C.S.N. ; 1944; H.H.K. Coldfall Wood, Higligate; L.B.H.
Highgate Woods; Winchmore Hill; Pinner Wood; Ruislip Woods, local,
1944-53; H.H.K. Y.-c. 24. Fulmer ; P.H.C. Black Park, 1950 ; H.H.K.
The following varieties have been recorded : — A7ar. ericetorttm D. Oliver.
Y.-c. 16. Keston Common; C.E.B. Var. commtjtatum (Tausch) Beck
Y.-c. 17. Coulsdon, 1939, C.E.B.) Hh.L. Tar. lanceoratum Spen. Y.-c.
17. Chelsham, 1934, C.E.B.) Hh.L. Y.-c. 20. Near Broxbourne, 1930,

C. E.B.) Hh.L.

OROBANCHACEAE

OROBANCHE L.

[O. Rapum-genistae Thuill. This rare species, which is parasitic
chiefly on the roots of TJlex and Sarothamnus, has not been recorded for
the area by our members. There are however old records from Surrey
and West Kent, and it may reappear in these vice-counties.]

O. elatior Sutton, O. major L. p.p. Tall Broom-rape. Parasitic
chiefly on Centaurea Scahiosa on dry calcareous soils. Rare. Y.-c. 17.
Roadside between Headley and Epsom Downs, 1926 ; enclosed chalk
down, South Drive, Banstead, 1931, J.E.L.) Hh.L. Old chalkpit,
Leatherhead, 1910 ; J.E.C. Parasitic on a self-sown seedling of Cytisus
alhus in a garden at Limpsfield, B.W.B. ; Lond. Nat., 14, 75 (1935).
Epsom College, 1930, I.B.B.) Tadworth, 1936, A.E.E. ; Cuddington Golf-
course, 1942, A.E.E.) Hh.E.C.M. Roadside, Ashtead, 1943, P.H.C.)
Hh.L.N.H.S. N.-c. 21. Chalkpit, Harefield, 1902, C.B.G.) Hh.S.L.B.l.

O. Hederae Duby. Ivy Broomrape . Parasitic on Hedera Helix.
Yery rare. Y.-c. 17. Ksw Gardens, near the Natural Order beds, 1933-
53: H.H.K. Thames towpath outside Kew Gardens, two plants — one on
each side of the path— slightly different forms, 1948; W.H.S.

O. MINOR Sin., O. apiculata Wallr. Lesser Broomrape. Parasitic
chiefly on Tri folium species, but also on many other hosts. Common in

214

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

v.-c. 17, apparently local in the other v.-cc. V.-c. 16. Railway bank.
Eynsford, FI. Kent , 267. Near Dartford, 1946; J.E.L. , B.L. &

D.H.K. V.-c. 17. Rather common, especially on the chalk. V.-c. 18.
Purfleet, 1910, P.H.C.-, Hb.L.N.H.S. Stifford, 1913; P.H.C.
Walthamstow Reservoir, 1951; J.B. V.-c. 20. London Colney, 1941;
J.B. V.-c. 21. Between Shepperton and Sunbury, 1903, C.B.G. ;
Hb.S.L.B.I. Harmondsworth, 1906, P.H.C.-, Hb.L.N.H.S. Harefield,
1908; C.B.G. Grounds of Ashford County Hospital; J.K.H. Canal
bank between Hanwell and Southall, one plant, 1945; D.K. , J.M.B.K.
& D.H.K. Springwell Chalkpit, 1945; B.W. Railway bank, Hamp¬
stead Heath railway station, 1949; B.A.B. Railway bank, Poyle, 1950;
D.H.K. Abundant in a clover field at Stanwell Moor, 1951, J.E.L. &
D.H.K.-, Hb.K. & Hb.L. V.-c. 24. Denham; C.S.N.

LATHRAEA L.

L. Squamaria L. Toothwort. Parasitic on roots of various woody
plants, especially of Corylus and Ulmus, in woods and hedgerows, particu¬
larly on the chalk. Local. V.-c. 16. Elmstead; Bickley; Heston;
WAV. ; 1932, on Ilex, Corylus, Ulmus and Syrin-ga- P.H.C. Downe;
Pauls Cray; Farthing Street; near Kemsing ; W.W. Magpie Bottom,
N.E. of Otford, on Ulmus, 1922; L.J.T.-, 1928; B.W.B. ; on Corylus,
1932, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Westerham, on Ligustrum, 1936; Shoreham, 1932;
P.H.C. Cudham, on Ilex, Crataegus, Acer, Prunus avium and Ulmus ,
1937, P.H.C.-, Hb.L.N.H.S. Near Holwood Farm, Farthing Street,
1947; J.B.M. Chevening Park, 1935; H.Al.P. V.-c. 17. Hew Gardens;
P.H.C. Near Box Hill, on Ulmus, 1904; L.B.H. Woods N.E. of
Titsey Church, 1917 ; Hall Shaw Copse on Titsey-Woldingham Road,
1927; Barrow Green Woods, Oxted, 1928; wood below Nore Hill,
Chelsham, 1939, plentiful on Acer ; B.W.B. Between Tadworth and
Pleadley, on Corylus, 1922; L.J.T. Copse between Walton Downs and
Walton-on-the-Hill; A.E.E. Chipstea.d Valley, 1927, E.C.W. ; Marden
Park, 1924, J.E.L.- Hb.L. - 1949; Warlingham, 1950; B.M.P. Mugswell,
1945, C.I.P.- Hb.L.N.H.S. Colley Hill, 1932, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Tand-
ridge ; Ashtead, 1948; J.B.E. V.-c. 21. Springwell Lane, near Hare-
field, 1928; L.N.H.S. Excursion-, frequent on Ulmus, 1939-53; copse
near Jack’s Lock, Harefield, on Ulmus and Corylus, 1939-53, D.H.K.-,
Hb.K. A cream-coloured form occurred in v.-c. 17. Farleigh; W.W. A
straw-coloured form occurs in v.-c. 21. Springwell Lane, near Hare¬
field, 1939-53; D.H.K. Some of the alleged host plants require confirma¬
tion.

LENTIBU LA R I ACE A E
U TR ICTJL ARIA L.

II. vulgaris L. Common Bladdencort. Lakes, ponds and ditches.
Very local. V.-c. 18. Pools near Whipps Cross, 1909, T.W.* teste
J.O.B.; 1923, BAV.B. Near George Lane, Woodford, 1909, J.O.B. ;
Hb.L.N.HsS. ; 1944, J.B. V.-c. 21 Pond at Hampton Court,

LENTIB ULARIA CEAE

215

1936; A.B. ; Long Water, abundant, but rarely flowering, 1950-53;
D.R.K. Gravel pits, Bedfont, 1946; Sbortwood Common; Yeoveney ;
.4.11.11. Hounslow Heath, in two places, abundant, 1947, L.G.P. &
D.R.K. -, Rb.K. & Rb.L.; still plentiful, but only two plants in flower,
1951; D.R.K.

U. neglecta Lehm., U. major auct. Greater Bladderwort . In similar
situations to the preceding species. Very rare. V.-c. 18. Epping
Forest, near Epping, B.W.B. ; L.N.R.S. 1915 Trans., 45 (1916). There
are many old records from the Staines-Wraysbury area on the borders
of v.-cc. 21 and 24, and ponds in that area should be searched.

[PINGUICULA L.

P. vulgaris L. Common Butterwort. Alien. Europe, including
many parts of Britain. V.-c. 17. Reigate Heath, two little plants look¬
ing rather sick, but flowering — recently planted, 1950; B.M.C.M.~\

ACANTHACEAE

ACANTHUS L.

A. spinosus L. Alien. S. Europe. Garden escape. V.-c. 21. Waste ground,
Chiswick, two plants, 1946, D.H.K.; Hb.K.

VERSED ACEAE

VERBENA L.

V. officinalis L. Vervain. Waysides, downs, field borders and
waste places. Common in v.-cc. 16 and 17, rather local in the other
v.-cc. V. -cc. 16 and 17. Frequent, especially on the chalk. V.-c. 18.
Stapleford Tawney ; C.S.N. V.-c. 20. Chandlers Cross; C.S.N. Rye
House, 1909, P.R.C.; Rb. L.N.R.S. Amwellbury ; P.R.C. Great Am-
well ; S.C.M. V.-c. 21. East Bedfont; P.R.C. Near Uxbridge; Staines;
Hampton; C.S.N.: seen in all three places, 1944-53; Harefield; between
Yiewsley and Iver; Cowley; Uxbridge Moor; Eastcote; Denham; Staines
and Stanwell Moors ; Short-wood Common ; Bedfont ; Laleliam ; Charlton ;
Shepperton, 1944-53; D.R.K. Chiswick, 1942; B.W. Bombed site,
Wood Green, 1946; M .A.B.S .S . Bombed site, Earls Court, 1952; R.T.C.
V.-c. 24. Iver; C.S.N.; 1953; Denham, 1944-53; D.R.K.

LABI ATAE
MENTHA L.

We are greatly indebted to Mr. R. A. Graham for naming many
specimens in this critical genus (these records are followed by his
initials), for supplying many records from his herbarium (indicated in
this account as Rb.G.), and for reading through the typescript and
making many valuable suggestions. Many specimens in Rb.L. have

* Wilson, T.

216

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

been determined by those well known Mentha specialists the late A. L.
Still and the late J. Fraser; Mr. Graham points out however that in
the light of modern knowledge many of the “varieties” of M. aquatico.,
M. arvensis and M. x verticillata are probably of little worth taxonomic-
ally. As, however, many of these “varieties” have been cited in recent
Floras and other botanical literature we have included them here with
supplementary comments by Mr. Graham.

M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds. Apple-scented Mint. Garden outcast.
Established by roadsides. Very rare. V.-c. 20. Opposite Water Hall
Farm, near Hertford, 1833, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. teste J .Ft.

M. x cordifolia Opiz, M. rotundifolia x spicata. Garden outcast.
Naturalised in grassy places. Very rare. V.-c. 17. Arbrook Common,
1934, J.Fr . ; Hb.L., as var. brevifolia Fraser.

M. alopecuroides Hull, P M. longifolia x rotundifolia. Garden
outcast. Naturalised on banks, commons and grassy places, and estab¬
lished on waste ground and by roadsides. Not common. V.-c. 17.
Railway bank, Morden, 1929, E.C.W.] fane by Flanchford Mill, near
Reigate, abundant, and over 6' high, 1932, J.E.L.-, Hb.L., both teste
J.Fr.-, 1952; J.E.L. Bookliam Common, 1953; E.B.Ba. Asktead, 1942,
P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Near Burford Bridge, 1953; B.A.B. V.-c. 21.
West Heath, Hampstead, a large patch, 1^9; E.C.W., F.B., B.A.B. &
D.H.K. Rubbish-tip, Hounslow Heath, 1948; B.W. det. B.A.G. Ken
Wood, 1949; H.C.H. & D.H.K. Park Avenue, Ruislip, 1950; D.P.Y.

M. longifolia (L.) Huds., M. sylvestris L. Horse-mint. Garden
outcast. Naturalised in grassy places, and established on waste ground,
rubbish-tips, and by roadsides. Rather common. V.-c. 17. Woodcote
Park, 1929; Reigate Heath, 1936, E.C.W.; sandpit near Tilburstow Hill,
1949, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Morden, 1948, B.A.G. ; Hb.G. Near Ham gravel
pits, 1953; B.A.B. V.-c. 19. Epping Lower Forest, 1952; B.M.P. V.-c.
20. Great Amwell, 1910, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. Rubbish-tip, Caledonian
School, Bushey, 1950, B.A.G.] Hb.G. V.-c. 21. Yiewsley, 1924; J.E.C.
Roadside N. of Cockfosters, 1945; B.W. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1946;
Kenton, 1950; D.H.K. Brent Reservoir, two patches, 1949, B.A.G.]
Hb.G.-, 1952; L.N.H.S. Excursion. Rubbish-tip, Harefield, 1951,
B.A.G.-, Hb.G.

Var. nemorosa (Willd.) Druce. V.-c. 17. Nutfield Marsh, 1932,
J.E.L. -, Hb.L. teste J.Fr.

Var. pulverulenta (Strail) Briq. V.-c. 16. Eynsford ; B.A.G. By
river Darent, near Farningham, 1934, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. V.-c. 17.

Heathland near Tadworth Village, 1928, J.E.L.] Hb.L. teste J.Fr. “A
worthless, variety” — B.A.G.

Var. horridula Briq. V.-c. 17. Nutfield Marsh, 1932, J.E.L. ; Hb.L.
det. J.Fr. as M. x NoTjletiana Timb.-Lagr. ; 1937, B.A.G.] Hb.G. Y.c.

LABIATAE.

217

20. By the railway, Rickmansworth, 1950, R.A.G. ; Eb.G. Y.-c. 21
Northwood, 1949, R.A.G. ; Eb.G.

M. x vlllosinervata Opiz, M. longieolia x spicata. Garden out¬
cast. Naturalised in grassy places. Very rare. V.-c. 17. Reigate
Heath, 1934, A.L.S.; Eb.L.

M. SPICATA L. em. Huds. Spear-mint . Garden outcast. Naturalised
in grassy places, and established by roadsides and on waste ground.
Not common. V.-c. 17. Roadside, Little Heath, near Oxshott, 1915;
E.B.B. Rubbish-tip, Broadham Green, Oxted, 1921; R.W.R. St.
George’s Hill, Weybridge, 1928; by Paper Mills, Esher, 1929, J.E.L. ;
Eb.L,, both teste J.Fr. Wimbledon Common, 1926; C.A. Godstone,
1937, D.B.F.* ; Ashtead, 1948, R.A.G.-, Eb.G. V.-c. 21. Stanwell Moor,
1904, C.B.G. ; Eb.S.L.B.I. Waste ground, Kenton, 1944; Hanger Hill,
Ealing, 1946; D.E.E. Bombed site, Ebury Street, S.W.l; D.McC.
Rubbish-tip, Hounslow Heath; A.W.W. Brent Reservoir, 1952, R.A.G. ;
Eb.G.-, 1953; L.N.E.S. Excursion.

M. x piperita L. var. piperita, M. aquatica x spicata. Peppermint.
Garden outcast. Naturalised in grassy places. Rare. V.-c. 17. Broadham
Green, Oxted, 1921, R.W.R. ; Eb.B. Oxted, 1933, R.A.G. ; Eb.G. Y.-c.
21, Harefield, 1928; J.E.O. V.-c. 24. Ivor Heath, 1912, PEC-
Eb. L.N.E.S.-, 1935, A.L.S.; Eb.L. det. R.A.G.

Var. subcordata J. Fraser. V.-c. 17. Field, Little Briton Hill, San-
derstead, 1927, J.E.L.-, Eb.L.

M. aquatica L. Water Mint. Marshes, stream-, river-, and pond-
sides, and wet woods. Common throughout the Area. The following
“varieties” are probably of little worth, but merely serve to indicate
the range of variation in this polymorphous species.

Var. hirsuta (Huds.) Huds. V.-c. 17. Oxted Mill, 1937, D.B.F.;
Ashtead Village pond, 1948, R.A.G. ; Eb.G. V.-c. 20. Rickmansworth'
1945 and 1950, R.A.G.; Eb.G. V.-c. 21. Ruislip Reservoir, 1949;
Stanmore Common, 1950, R.A.G.; Eb.G.

Var. subglabra Baker. V.-c. 21. Thames bank opposite Long Dit-
ton, 1919, J.Fr.; Eb.Kew.

\ ar. Lobeliana Beck. V.-c. . 17. Thames towing-path, Mortlake,
1929, J.E.L.; Eb.L. teste J.Fr. V.-c. 21. Osterley Park, 1948; B.W.
teste R.A.G.

Var. minor Sole. V.-c. 21. Thames bank below Staines, 1885 J Fr -
B.E.C. 1934 Bep., 614 (1935).

*Fansliawe, D. 3.

218

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AltEA.

Var. major Sole. Y.-c. 17. Reigate Heath, 1929, J .E.L. ; Hb.L,. teste
J.Fr. Y.-c. 21. Stanmore Common, 1928, J.E.L .; Hb.L. teste J.Fr.
“Not an adequately detectable ‘variety’.” — B.A.G.

Yar. pedunculata Perard. Y.-c. 16. Near Westerliam, 1937, D.B.F.;
Hb.G.

Yar. Weiheana (Opiz) H. Braun. Y.-c. 17. Thames side, Molesey
Hurst, 1929, J.E.L .; Hb.L. teste J.Fr.

Yar. denticulata (Strail) H. Braun. Y.-c. 17. Godstone, 1937 :
D.B.F. ; Ashtead Village pond, 1948, B.A.G. ; Hb.G. V.-c. 20. Canal
side, Rickmans worth, 1950, B.A.G.; Hb.G. V.-c. 21. Stanmore Com¬
mon, 1950, B.A.G. ; Hb.G.

Var. Ortmanniana (Opiz) H. Braun. Y.-c. 17. Godstone, 1934;
Oxted, 1937, D.B.F.-, Hb.G.

Yar. elongata Perard. V.-c. 17. Oxted; Broadham Green, 1937,
D.B.F.; Hb.G.

[xSmithiana. Y.-c. 19. Near Roydon Mill railway station, 1935,

A. L.S.; Hb.L. Perhaps in v.-c. 20. “This is probably wrongly named.
The plant concerned is probably a form of M. x citrataB — R.A.G.]

M. x citrata Ehrh., M. aquatic a x spicata. Garden outcast.
Naturalised in grassy places. Rare. V.-c. 20. Northaw, L.B.H.:
Trans. L.N.H.S. 1914, 17 (1915); 1933, J.E.L.; 1934, A.L.S.; Hb.L.

M. X VERTICLLLATA L., M. X SATIVA L., M. AQUATICA X ARVENSIS.
Arable fields, pond-sides, ditches, etc. Rather common, and often
occurring where only one parent is present. V.-c. 17. Oxted, 1923 ;

B. W.B.; 1937, D.B.F.; Hb.G. Mitcham Common, 1937; J.B.E. Chert-
sey, 1945, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. teste B.A.G. Bookham Common, 1953; E.B.Ba.
Y.-c. 18. Hainault Forest, 1908, A.B.H.; Hb. L.N.H.S. V.-c. 20. Red-
well Wood, 1905; C.S.N.; Totteridge, 1912, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N .H.S. V.-c.
21. Harefield, 1900, C.S.N.; Hb.L.N. H.S. Northwood, 1919; North
Finchley, 1920; J.E.C. Ruislip Reservoir, 1949, B.A.G.; Teddington,
1950, B.W.; Hb.G.

Yar. paludosa (Sole) Druce. V.-c. 17. Barron’s Pond, Epsom,
1929; ditch near Betchworth, 1927, E.C.W.; Great Bookham Common,
1929, J.E.L,.; 1934, A.L.S.; Hb.L. Farm Bog, Wimbledon Common,
1937; C.A. Oxted, 1937, D.B.F.; Hb.G. V.-c. 21. Ruislip Reservoir,
1949, B.A.G. ; Teddington, 1950, B.W.; Hb.G.

Var. ovaltfolia (Opiz) Briq. V.-c. 17. Hare Green Lane, Clay-
gate, 1929, J.E.L.; Hb.L. teste J.Fr.

Var. subspicata (Weihe) Druce. V.-c. 21. Laleham, 1885, J.Fr.;
B.E.C. 1924 Bep., 6'2l (19’2o). “ A worthless variety ” — B.A.G. .

LABIATAE.

219

Var. rivalis (Sole) Briq. V.-c. 17. Barron’s Pond, Epsom, 1925,
J.E.L.) Hb.L. teste J.Fr.

Forma calva Still. V.-c. 21. Stanmore Common, 1928,

Ilb.L. — see J. Hot., 74, 202-3 (1936) and B.E.C. 1936 Bep., 227 (1937).

M. x gentilis L., M. arvensis x spicata. Garden outcast. Natural¬
ised by ditcli sides, and in grassj^ places, and established on waste land.
Not common. V.-c. 17. Ditch, Broadham Green, Oxted, 1921, E.L.B. ;
1932, E.C.M.; 1933, J.E.L.) Ilb.L. teste J.Fr. West End Common,
Esher, 1934, J.E.L. ; Ilb.L. Morden, 1948, B.A.G.) Hb.G. ; since
destroyed; B.A.G. Near Ham gravel pits, 1953; B.A.B. Vacant build¬
ing site, Sanderstead, 1951, D.P.Y. teste B.A.G. ; B.S.B.I. 1952 Year
Boob, 108. V.-c. 21. Eccleston Square, S.W.l, 1953, D.McC.) Hb.G.

Var. grata Briq. V.-c. 17. Oxted, 1937, H.B.F. ; Hb.G.

M. x gracilis Sole, M. arvensis X spicata. Garden outcast. In
similar situations to the preceding species. Rare. V.-c. 21. Rubbish-
tip, Harefield, 1953, F.M.D.*; Hb.G.

Var. cardiaca (Baker) Briq. V.-c. 16. Dartford Heath, two plants,
1947, H.M.P. ; Hb.L.) one plant, 1948; H.M.P. V.-c. 21. Waste
ground, Turnham Green, 1949, B.A.B. ; Hb.K. Brent Reservoir;
B.A.G. ; 1953; L.N.H.S. Excursion. Burton Court, Chelsea, 1947,
B.A.G.) Hb.G.) since destroyed; B.A.G.

M. x Smithiana R. A. Graham, M. aquatica x arvensis x
spicata. Sides of ditches, damp hedgebanks, etc. Local. V.-c. 17.
Nutfield Marsh, 1932, J.E.L.) Ilb.L.) 1934, A.L.S. ; Hb.G. West End
Common, Esher, 1951; B.A.B. Oxted, 1936, D.B.F.) Hb.G. V.-c. 21.
Enfield Chase, 1899, C.S.N.; Hb. L.N.H.S. Ditch near Harefield; B.W.
det. B.A.G.) 1951; Brent Reservoir, 1946, now apparently gone; North-
wick Park Golf Course, 1947, B.A.G.) Hb.G.

M. arvensis L. Corn Mint. Arable fields, waste ground, grassy
places, streamsides, pond verges and Avoods. Common in all the v.-cc.

Var. obtusifolia Lej . & Court. V.-c. 17. By river Mole, Leather-
head, 1935, A.L.S. ) Ilb.L. V.-c. 21. Thames bank, Kingston Bridge,
1920, J.Fr.) Hb.Kew.

^ ar. nummular i a Schreb. V.-c. 21. Thames bank opposite Surbi¬
ton, 1914; Thames bank opposite Kingston, 1917, J.Fr.) Hb.Kew.

Var. agrestis (Sole) Sm. V.-c. 17. Cheverell’s Farm, Botley Hill,
1928, J.Fr. ) Hb.L.

*Day, F. M.

220

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

Forma angttstifolia J. Fraser, P var. austriaca (Jacq.) Briq. V.-c.
21. tlarefield; Pinner Hill, 1946, H.H.K.) Hb.K. det. B.A.G. Brent
Reservoir; B.A.G.

Var. densifoliata Briq. V.-c. 17. By Barron’s Pond, Epsom,
1928; woods by South Hawke, 1929, J.E.L.; Hb.L. both teste J.Fr.

Var. cuneifolia Lej. & Court. V.-c. 17. By river Mole, Leather-
head, 1935, A.L.S.) Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Thames bank near Hampton
Court, 1930, J.Fr.) Hb.Kew ; 1931, J.Fr.) Hb.L.

Forma hirtipes J. Fraser. V.-c. 20. Aldenham Reservoir, 1929,
J.F.Tj.) Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Cornfield, Upper Halliford, 1928, J.E.L.)
Hb.L. both det. J.Fr.

M. Pulegittm L. Penny-royal. Damp heathy places. Very rare.
V.-c. 16. Damp hollow, Chisleliurst Common, 1885, F.J.H. ;

Hb.Mus.Brit. V.-c. 17. Limpsfield Common, 1917; pond at Chelsham,
1921; B.W.B.) 1923, J.E.L.) Hb.L. Burgh Heath, 1923; WAV. ; 1928,

E. C.W.) Hb.L. Mitcham Common, 1929; A.L.S.

LYCOPUS L.

L. europaetjs L. Gipsy-wort. Banks of rivers, streams and ditches,
and in marshes. Common in all the v.-cc.

ORIGANUM L.

0. vtjlgare L. Marjoram. Dry pastures, banks and downs on dry,
usually calcareous soils. Locally common. V.-c. 16. Common on the
chalk. V.-c. 17. Frequent on the chalk. V.-c. 18. Thurrocks, 1909,
P.H.C. ) Hb.L.N.H.S. Old chalkpit, Grays, 1952; B.T.W. V.-c. 20.
Broxbourne, local; C.N. Newgate Street, near Northaw, 1920; P.H.C.
V.-c. 21. Harefield; C.N.) very local, 1944-53; H.H.K. Railway bank
near Mill Hill, 1920; J.E.C. Uxbridge, 1905, C.B.G.) Hb.S.L.B.l.
Dukes Meadows, Chiswick, 1937, E.B.Ba.) Hb.S.L.B.l. Scratch Wood,
1943; B.S.B.F. Baber Bridge, Hounslow Heath, 1948; A.TF.TF. White-
flowered plants are recorded from v.-c. 16. Chalkpit, Swanscombe, 1952;
H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Fetcham Downs, 1918; E.B.B.

THYMUS L.

The British species of Thymus have recently been revised by C. D.
Pigott ( B.S.B.1 . 1950 Conf. Bep., 91-95), and in following his arrange¬
ment it has been necessary to exclude many old records which are not
backed by specimens. We are indebted to Mr. Pigott for naming a
number of gatherings in Hb.K. & Hb.L.

T. pulegioides L., T. Chamaedrys Fries, T. ovatus Mill., T. glaber
Mill. Larger Wild. Thyme. Heaths, dry grassy places and banks. Locally
plentiful, especially on the chalk. V.-c. 16. Chislehurst Common, 1885,

F. J.H. : Hb.Mus.Brit. det. H.H.K. Chalky slope near Brasted, 1927

5

LABI AT AE.

221

J.E.L. • Hb.L. Hosey Common, 1942, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. det. D.H.K
Dartford Heatli, 1948 ; H.M.P. Hayes and Keston Commons, 1953 ;
D.H.K. W-c. 17. Common on the chalk, on other soils: — Wimbledon
Common, 1923; Littleworth Common, 1929; Mitcham Common, 1927;
Worm’s Heath, 1926, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. det. C.D.P. Bookliam Common.
1950; D.H.K. V.-c. 19. Nazeing, 1949; D.H.K. V.-c. 20. Watford;
Cassioburv Park, 1903; C.S.N. ; Bricket Wood, 1910, P.H.C.;

Hb.L.N.H.S., all det, D.H.K. Springwell, 1950, D.H.K.; Hb.K. det.

C. D.P. Rickmansworth, 1953; D.H.K. V.-c 21. Rnislip Common,
abundant; Harefield; Springwell; Bushy Park; Syon Park; Bedfont
churchyard, 1944-52, D.H.K.; Hb.K.} all det. C.D.P. Knowle Green,
1948; D.H.K.

T. Drucei Ronn. em. Jalas. Wild Thyme. Dry grassy places on the
chalk. Locally abundant in v.-c. 17, but so far unrecorded from the
portions of the other v.-cc. which fall within the Area. Y.-c. 17. Park
Downs, Banstead, 1927, E.C.W.; Sutton-by-pass, 1927, J.E.L. ; Hb.L.,
both det. C.D.P. Colley Hill, 1941, J.E.L. ; Hb.L.

CLINO PODIUM L.

C. vulgare L., Calamintha vulgaris (L.) Druce, C. Clinopodium
Benth. Wild Basil. Hedges, wood borders and scrub on dry, particu¬
larly calcareous, soils. Common in v.-cc. 16 and 17, rather local
elsewhere. V.-cc. 16 and 17. Frequent on the chalk. V.-c. 18. Warley;
Purfleet, 1913; P.H.C. Grays, 1913; C.S.N. Stanford Rivers, 1951;
P.M.P. V.-c. 19. Near Roydon, 1902; C.S.N. Nazeing, 1913, P.H.C. ;
Hb.Lj.N.H.S. Y.-c. 20. Chandlers Cross, 1903; Broxbourne, 1909,
P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Colney Heath; Oxhey Woods; C.S.N. Cole
Green; S.C.M. V.-c. 21. Stairwell; South Mimms; P.H.C.; 1946;

D. H.K. Harefield; C.S.N.; 1919; J.E.C.; 1939-53 ; D.H.K. N. of
Ruislip Reservoir, 1921: L.J.T. Northwood, 1915; J.E.C. Gravel pit
W. of Hounslow Heath, 1947; H.B. cb D.H.K. Warren Gate, 1950 ;
D.H.K. V.-c. 24. Denham; P.H.C.; 1953; D.H.K. White-flowered
plants are recorded from v.-c. 17. Caterliam, 1912; J.E.C.

ACINOS Mill.

A. arvensis (Lam.) Dandy, Calamintha Acinos (L.) Clairv., Satureja
Acinos (L.) Scheele. BasiCthyme , Arable fields, banks and grassy
places on dry, usually calcareous, soils. Frequent in v.-c. 17, local else¬
where. V.-c. 16. Between Leaves Green and Lavham’s Farm, 1917;
Dartford, 1938, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S.; 1951; H.M.P. Near Chelsfield
railway station, 1930, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. V.-c. 17. Common on the chalk.
V.-c. 18. Purfleet, 1910, P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c. 21. Harefield;
L.B.H.; 1907-19; J.E.C.; 1945; D.H.K. Railway bank between Denham
and Uxbridge, in small quantity, 1953, T.G.C., M.C. & D.H.K.; Hb.K.

CALAMINTHA Mill.

C. Nepeta (L.) Savi, Satureja Nepeta (L.) Scheele. Lesser Calamint.
Dry banks and roadsides on chalky or gravelly soils. Very local. V.-c.

222

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

16. Abbey Wood; TT7.TI7. ; 1948; B.A.B. Near Greenhithe; Stone; Green
Street Green, near Darenth, 1946; F.B. Old pit near Lessness Abbey,
in great quantity, 1951; J.E.L., 71. Tib & J.C.C. Mount’s Wood, Swans-
combe, 1948-51; H.M.P. Y.-c. 18. Grays, 1925; J.E.C. Riverside W.
of Grays, 1949, B'.W. & J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Y.c. 20. Baldwin’s Lane, near
Croxley Green, 1903, C.S.N. ; Hb.L.N .H.S.

C. ascendens Jord., C. officinalis auct. angl. Common Calc-
mint. Dry calcareous banks, downs and wood borders. Local. Y.-c. 16.
Mount’s Wood; Darenth, 1948-51; H.M.P. Y.-c. 17. Eox Hill; above
Oxted, 1917; P.W.B. Railway bank, Sutton, 1926; Chapel Wood, near
Box Hill, 1929, E.C.W.\ Hb.L. V.-c. 18. Chadwell, 1913, P.H.C.:
Hb.L.N.H.S. Hangman’s Wood, Grays, 1913; C.S.N. Y.-c. 21. Old
chalkpit, Harefield, only known Middlesex station, 1939-53, D.H.E. ;
Hb.E. Y.-c. 24. Denham, 1906; P.H.C.

MELISSA L.

M. officinalis L. Balm. Alien. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa
Garden escape. Naturalised on banks, and in grassy places, and estab¬
lished by waysides and on waste ground. Not common. Y.-c. 16.
Darenth Lane, Darenth, 1948-51; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Box Hill, 1900,
C.S.N. ; Addington. 1902, C.S.N. ; Belmont, Sutton, 1940, P.H.C. :
Hb.L.N.H.S. Limpsfield Common; B.W.B. Roadside, Church Cob-
ham, 1950; grassy bank, Petersham, near Richmond, 1945; B.W.-, 1949;
B.A.B. Barnes Common, 1952; M.M. Banstead, 1940-43; P.H.C.
Wimbledon Common, a small patch, 1951; B.A.B. Chipstead ; foot of
Betchworth chalkpits, 1951; J.B.L. Bookham Common, 1953; E.B.Ba.
Y.-c. 21. Whetstone, 1906; Harefield, 1913, J.E.C . ; Hb.Mus.Brit
Waste ground, Han well, c. 1932; B.H.K. Laleham Park; A. TP. IT7. Rail¬
way banks near Hounslow East station, abundant, 1946-53; B.H.K.

SALVIA L.

S. pratensis L. Meadow Clary. Grassy places on the chalk, also
as a casual on waste ground, and by roadsides. Rare. V.-c. 16. Field
behind Farnborough Church, 1936, H.W.M.; rough field, Green Street
Green, near Farnborough, 1937, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Farnborough, 1943;
H.N. Y.-c. 17. Between Oxsliott and Cobham, several plants in the
turf by a new road, 1925; L.G.P. Between Limpsfield and Westerham,
five plants, 1930, BAV.B.-, Hb.B. Meadow, Headley, 1941, J.C.C. t;
Hb.E.C.M. Headley Park, many plants, 1943; J.E.L. Colley Hill,
1951; L.N.H.S. Excursion.

S. horminoides Pourr., S. verbenaca auct. brit. p. max. p. Wild
Clary. Dry pastures and waysides. Locally abundant on the chalk, and
in the vicinity of the upper Thames. Y.-c. 16. Above Charlton chalk¬
pits, 1918; E.B.B. Near Northfleet, 1919; Crayford ; Stone church¬
yard, 1938; borders of Hayes Common; P.H.C. Darenth churchyard;

tGaman, J. C.

LABIATAE.

223

Knockliolt railway station; IF. IF. Shoreham churchyard, 1922; L.J.T.
Common on the chalk from Northfleet to Horn’s Cross. 1952; HM.P.
- V.-f 17. Thames side, Ham, 1871, Hb.Mus.Brit ; 1944; B.W.

Reigate, 1919; by river Thames between Kew and Richmond, 1920;
L.J.T. ; 1925, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Near Worm’s Heath, 1921: B.W. JR.
Wimbledon Common, 1934; C.A.; 1935; C.P.C. Roadside near Ewell
East railway station, 1934-39; P.S.P.F. By Bookliam railway station,
1952; A. IT .J. V.-c. 18. Purfleet, 1910: Chadwell, 1913; between

Upminster and Stifford; P.H.C. Dagenham Dock, 1927; J.E.C. Old
chalkpit, Grays, 1952; JB.T.W. V.-c. 19. Great Parndon churchyard,
1913, P.JE.C Hb.L.N .H.S. V.-c. 21. Towing path, Hampton Court;

C. S.N. ; abundant, 1928.; L.J.T.; still abundant, 1938-53; D.H.K. Rail-
way bank. Staines Moor; 11 .F . Ballast pit, Shepperton, in consider¬
able quantity, 1947 ; C.L.C. S. verbenaca var. rubella Jord. & Fourr.
is reported from v.-c. 16. Railway bank, Bickley; F.B.B.

S. officinalis L. Sage. Alien. S. Europe. Garden escape. Y.-c. 21. Waste
ground, Edgware, 1950, D.H.K. ; Hb.K.

S. Sclarea L. Alien. Mediterranean region. Garden escape. Y.-c. 21. Fins¬
bury Park, 1952; J.B. det. A.M. & D.H.K. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, 1953, one huge
plant; D.H.K.

S. sylvestris L. Alien. S. Europe and W. Asia. V.-c. 20. Great Amwell, 1908,
P.H.C.-, Hb.L.N .H.S. det. at Kew.

S. nemorosa L. Alien. Europe. Y.-c. 24. Near Iver, 1911; J.E.C.

S. verticillata L. Alien. S. Europe, Asia Minor, etc. Naturalised
in grassy places. Not common. V.-c. 16. Greenhitlie, 1939, P.H.C.;
Ilb.L.N. H.S. Darenth Creek, Hartford, 1948; HM.P. V.-c. 17. Old
chalkpit, Nore Hill, 1921 and 1937, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Banstead Heath,
1925; C.E.B. Selsdon Road, Croydon, JD.P.Y. ; 1 Yatsoma, 1, 256 (1951).
V.-c. 18. Walthamstow Reservoirs, 1952; J.B. det. D.H.K. V.-c. 20.
Disused quarry, Great Amwell, 1938, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N. H.S. V.-c. 21.
Muswell Hill, 1905; Finchley, 1907-8; Yiewsley, 1909; J.E.C. Uxbridge,
1908, ( .B.C.; Hb.S.L.B.I. Railway banks near South Greenford, 1951.

D. H.K.; Hb.E. V.-c. 24. Near Iver, 1910; near Uxbridge, 1912’;
J.E.C.

S. reflexa Hornem. Alien. N. America. Y.-c. 18. Dagenham, 1949, N.Y.S •
TT atsonia, /, 317 (1950). Y.-c. 21. Rubbish-tip, Hanwell, one plant, 1951 J E L

D.McC. & D.H.K.-, Hb.K. det. N.Y.S. ' ' ”

S. a vtplexicaulis Lam. Alien. S. Europe. Established on grassy
waste land. Rare. V.-c. 16. Belvedere Marshes, 1951-52. G.A.M. :
Hb.Mus.Brit. det. A.M.

NEPETA L.

Tv. cat aria L. Cat-mint. Heclgebanks, roadsides and grassy places,
mainly on the chalk. Local. V.-c. 16. Green Street Green, near
Farnborough, I860, F.J.H. ; Hb.Mus.Brit. S. of Farnborrcrugh ; E. of

99 A.

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

Shoreham; IF. IF. Footpath between Romney Street and Shoreham,
1937; B.W.B. Eynsford, 1917, J.EAV.; Hb.L. Swanscombe Marshes;
Mount’s Wood, 1948-50; Lullingstone Park, 1953; H.M.P. Near Farn-
ingliam Road railway station, 1950; B.A.B. V.-c. 17. Weybridge
Heath, 1917, E.B.B. ; Hb.B. Riddlesdown ; S-anderstead, local, .1922;
B.W.B. Box Hill, 1925, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Headley, 1939, P.H.C.;
Hb.L.N.H.S. Wimbledon Common, 1924, 1929 and 1933; G.A. River¬
side waste, Kew, 1943-44; B.W. V.-c. 21. Near Harefield, 1907,
J.E.C. ; Hb.Mus.Brit .; 1909, C.S.N. ; Ilb.L.N.H.S .; 1910-17; J.E.C .;
1948, F.E.IF.; H5.K. Hampton Court, 1910, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S .;
1913; L.J.T.; 1939-53; D.H.K.

N. grandiflora Bieb. Alien. Caucasus. V.-c. 21. Uxbridge, .4.L.; Hb.D.

GLECHOMA L.

G. hederacea L., Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trev., N. Glechoma Bentli.
Ground Ivy. Woods, banks and grassy waste places. Very common in
all the v.-cc. A very large-flowered form, often bearing pink blossoms
is reported from Mount’s Wood and Darenth; F.B.

DRACOCEPHALUM L.

D. parviflorum Nutt. Alien. N. America. V.-c. 18. Rubbish-tip, East Ham,
1951, J.E.L. , B.W. & J.RU.\ Hb.L.

SCUTELLARIA L.

S. galericulata L. Skull-cap. Pond verges and stream- and river¬
sides. Common throughout the area.

S. minor Huds. Lesser Skull-cap. Wet heathy places. Local. V.-c.
16. Pauls Cray Common; IF. IF. Keston Bog, 1921; E.B.B. ; 1922 and
1925, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. V.-c. 17. Oxshott Heath, 1899, L.B.H.; Hb.H.
Arbrook Common, 1910 ; J.E.C. Reigate Heath, very local, 1921; Limps-
field Chart, 1925; B.W.B. Wimbledon Common; IF. IF. ; 1929; C.P.C .;
1935; C.A.; 1936; E.B.Ba. Richmond Park, 1921; H.J.B .; quite com¬
mon in several spots, 1937; C.L.C. Sheen Common, 1942; BAY. Wey¬
bridge, 1935; C.L.C. Ashtead Forest, 1934; H.J.B.-, 1945; B.M.P.
Bookham Common, 1940, P.H.C.-, Hb.L.N.H.S. Ashtead Common,
1928, J.E.L.-, Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Stanmore Common, 1894; Harrow Weald
Common, 1913, C.S.N.-, Hb.L.N.H.S.; seen in both places, 1939-53;
Harefield, 1939; D.H.K. Ruislip Common; Copse Wood, Northwood,
1945; B.W . V.-c. 24. Black Park, 1944-50; D.H.K.

PRUNELLA L.

P. vulgaris L. Self-heal. Meadows, pastures, grassy waste places
and woodland rides, mainly on basic and neutral soils. Very common
in all the v.-cc. Plants writh white flowers are recorded from v.-c. 17.
Bookham; P.II.C. Banstead Woods, 1924; C.L.W\ ' Box Hill, 1925,
J.E.L.; Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Wood N. of Harefield, 1944; D.H.K.

LABIATAE.

225

P. laciniata (L.) L. Dry grassy places on calcareous soils. Very rare.
V.-c. 17. Rough field near Addington, 1936, A.L.S.; Hb.L. Down, E.
side of Pebblehill Road, 1951; C.D.O. * comm. A.E.E.

MELITTIS L.

M. Melissophyllum L. Alien. Europe, including' parts of Britain. V.-c. 21.
Waste ground, Crouch Hill, N.8, 1952, F.R.B. det. at ICew.

SIDERITIS L.

S. romana L. Alien. Europe. V.-c. 21. Hackney Marshes, 1927; J.E.C.

MARRUBIUM L.

M. vulgare L. White Horehound. Alien. Europe, including parts
of Britain. Established in waste places, and by roadsides. Rare.
V.-c. 16. Maplescom.be, on a rabbit-warren, 1923; TP. TV. V.-c. 17.
Mortlake, 1913; J.E.C. Limpsfield, 1917; B.W.B. V.-c. 21. Muswell
Hill, 1905; Yiewsley, 1911; Hackney Marshes, 1912 and 1918; Harling-
ton, 1922; J.E.C. Disused gravel pit, Hanwell, c. 1932; Primrose Hill,
1949; D.H.K.

STACHYS L.

S. sylvatica L. Hedge W oundwort . Woods, hedgebanks and shady
waste places. Common in all the v.-cc. The var. immaculata Cutting,
is recorded from v.-c. 17. Chipstead Valley Woods, 1927, E.C.W . ; Hb.L.

S. palustris L. Marsh Woundwort. Streamsides, ditches, marshes
and pond verges, rarely in dry habitats. Common throughout the
area. A very dry habitat for this species is reported from v.-c. 17.
Corner of chalky field near Owl’s Wood, Chelsham, 1943, J.E.L. ; Hb.L.

x sylvatica = S. x AMBiGUA Sm. V.-c. 16. Westerham ; TP. TP. ;
1937; P.H.C. V.-c. 17. Chessington, 1929, C.E.B.; Hb.L. Bookham
Common, 1953; A.J.W. conf. A.M. V.-c. 21. Harefield; Hadley Com¬
mon; canal bank near Alperton, 1947; D.H.K.

S. arvensis (L.) L. Field Woundwort. Arable fields on light sandy
and gravelly soils. Local. V.-c. 16. Force Green, 1932; B.T.W. Sund-
ridge, 1943, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. V.-c. 17. Allotments, Paine’s Hill, Limps¬
field, 1921; B.W.B. Fields E. of Claygate, 1944, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Chip-
stead, 1952; L.N.H.S. Excursion. V.-c. 18. Hainault, 1913; P.H.C.
V.-c. 21. Hendon, 1912, P.H.C.; Hb. L.N.H.S. Stanwell Moor, 1913,
J.E.C.; Hb.Mus.Brit. Grounds of Ashford County Hospital, a single
plant, 1944; J.K.H. Rubbish-tip, Hounslow Heath, 1949; A. TP. TP.
V.-c. 24. Iver, 1912, P.H.C.; Hb. L.N.H.S.; Lambourne Farm, 1931;
J.C.B.

S. annua (L.) L. Alien. Europe. V.-c. 17. Cultivated field, Merstham, 1943,
J.E.L.-, Hb.L. Rubbish-tip between Reigate Hill and Kingswood, 1950, B.W. &
B.M.C.M. det. N.Y.S. V.-c. 18. Woodford Green, 1905; C.N. V.-c. 21. Crouch End,

*Orton, C. D.

226

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

1897; Finchley, 1910; Yiewsley, 1912-14; Hackney Marshes. 1914; J.E.C. V.-c. 24.
Near Uxbridge, 1912, J.E.C. ; lib. Mus. Brit.

S. recta L. Alien. Europe. Y.-c. 18. Chigwell, 1907; C.N.

BETONICA L.

B. officinalis L., Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev., S. Betonica Benth.
Betony. Open woods, hedgebanks, grasslands and heaths on non-
calcareous soils. Common in all the v.-cc.

GALE OP SIS L.

G. speciosa Mill. Large-flowered Hemp-nettle. Cultivated ground.
Rare. V.-c. 16. Gravel pit S. of Central Park, Dartford; by Roman
Villa, Darenth; E. boundary of Swanscombe Wood, 1948-50; H.M.P.
V.-c. 17. Cornfield near Kingswood railway station, 1950, J.E.L. &
C.T.P. ; Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Hackney Marshes, 1924, J.E.C.-, Ub .Mus .Brit .
Crouch End, 1950; F.R.B. Woodside Road, Northwood, 1950; R.A.G.

G. Tetrahit L. agg. Common Ilemp-nettle. Cultivated and waste
ground, heaths, woods and roadsides. Common, and widely dis¬
tributed; recorded from all the v.-cc. except 19. The var. nigricans
Breb. is recorded from v.-c. 17. Limpsfield Chart, 1917 ; R.W.R. V.-c.
20. Broxbourne, 1924; E.B.B.

G. bifida Boenn., G. Tetrahit var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court.
In similar situations to the aggregate species. Probably common, but
distribution imperfectly known. V.-c. 16. Holwood Park; W.W. V.-c.
17. Burgh Heath, 1928, C.E.B.; Hb.L.

G. Ladanum L., including G. angustifolia Hoffm. Narrow-lea v<d
Hemp-nettle. Cultivated and waste ground, especially on the
chalk. Local. V.-c. 16. Pauls Cray and Keston Commons; W.W.
Stone Village, 1947; H.M.P. Cornfield, Downe, 1948; J.B.M. V.-c. 17.
Near Caterham, 1899-1901; J.E.C. Near Chipstead, 1901; L.B.II.
Near Oxted, 1899, L.B.H.; Hb.H. Above Limpsfield, 1921; B.W.B.
Near Featherbed Lane, Addington, 1924 and 1941 ; near Headley, 1926 ;
Hallelu Valley, Warlingham, 1927; near No Home Farm, Epsom, 1929;
chalky field, near Thirty Acre Barn, Ashtead, 1943, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Near
Ashtead, 1948; J.B.E. Walton-on-the-Hill ; Norbury Park, 1940,
P.H.C. ; Hb.L.N.H.S. Fetcham, 1948; B.W. Cornfield, Sanderstead,
1950; H.M.P. Pebblecombe, 1952; J.E.L. V.-c. 18. Woodford Green,
1905; Epping Forest, 1895, E.L.S.; Hb.Ly.N.H.S. V.-c. 21. Hendon,
1913; Muswell Hill, 1900; J.E.C.- 1910; Finchley, 1910; Yiewsley, 1910-
12, J.E.C.; Hb. Mus. Brit. V.-c. 24. Uxbridge, 1910-12; near Iver, 1911,
J.E.C.; Hb. Mus. Brit.

LEONURUS L.

L. Cardiaca L, Motherwort. Alien. Europe. Y.-c. 17. By Thames Towing-
path between Kew and Richmond, near Kew Bridge, 1943-45; B.W.\ and opposite
Syon House, a single large plant, 1949-50; B.A.B. B.W. Edge of vegetable

LABIATAE.

227

garden, Wandsworth, 1938; J.Cr* Bomb-crater, Brockham Hill, 1948, J.E.L. ;
Hb.L. Y.-c. 21. Hendon, 1907; J.E.C.

LAMIUM L.

L. album L. White Dead-nettle. Ditches, river banks, hedgebanks,
roadsides and waste places. Common throughout the area.

L. maculatum L. Spotted Dead-nettle . Alien. Europe. Garden
escape. Naturalised in woods, and grassy places, and on banks. Not
common. Y.-c. 16. By path in Abbey Woods, 1948; B.A.B. Y.-c. 17.
Chipstead, 1901, L.B.H. - Ilb.II. Earlswood, two places, 1951 ; B.M.C.M.
Wimbledon Common, se-veral places near houses, 1952; A.TF.J. Y.-c. 18.
Shady lane, Lambourne End, far from houses, 1952; A.W.J. White-
flowered plants are recorded from v.-c. 17. Wimbledon Common, 1951-52-

A. W.J.

E. purpureum L. Bed Dead-nettle . Cultivated and waste ground,
banks and roadsides. Yery common in all the v.-cc. Plants with white
flowers are reported from v.-c. 16. Abbey Wood, garden weed, 1913,
J.E.Gr. ; Hb.B. Y.-c. 17. Weybridge, 1919; E.B.B. Mitcham Common,
1922, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. Ham pits, 1950; BAY. Reigate Heath, 1953;

B. M.C.M. d: BAY. V.-c. 18. Ongar; B.TAY. Y.-c. 21. Waste ground,
Han well, 1940-45; D.H.K.

L. hybridum Yill., L. ixcisum Willd., L. dissectum With. Cut¬
leaved Dead-nettle. Cultivated and waste ground, walls, and roadsides
on light soils. Local. Y.-c. 16. New Eltham; Holwood Park; near
Orpington; Nash, S.W. of Keston ; WAV. Keston, 1922, J.E.L.-, Hb.L.
Y.-c. 17. Wall near Thorpe Church, 1919, E.B.B.-, Hb.B. Near Oxted
Church, 1925; fields W. of Godstone, 1931; B.W.B. Hallelu Valley,
Warlingham, 1925, J.E.L. ; roadside, Tadworth, 1925, E.C.W . ; Thames
Ditton, 1931, J.Fr.- Hb.L. Roadside, Hook, 1952; Molesey Hurst, 1953,
BAY.-, HbAV. Betchworth station, 1950; BAY. V.-c. 21. Near Ux¬
bridge; D.H.K. Grounds of Hampton Grammar School, 1950; A.TF.TF.
Y.-c. 24. Near Langley, 1911, C.S.N.- Hb.L.N.H.S. Lambourne Farm,
Iver, 1931; J.C.B. The var. decipiens (Sond.) Rouy is recorded from
v.-c. 16. Bromley, 1920; B.II.C.

L. moluccellifolium Fries, L intermedium Fries. Intermediate Dead-nettle.
Alien. N. Europe, including parts ot Britain. Y.-c. 21. Hackney Marshes, 1924
J.E.C.-, Hb.Mus.Brit. det. AM. & E.B.Ba.

L. ampi ExicAULE L. Henbit Dead-nettle. Cultivated ground and
roadsides on light dry soils. Locally abundant. V.-c. 16. Chislehurst ;
WAV. Near Darenth, 1914; E.B.B. Near Southfleet, 1919; Chelsfield’
1930; B.II.C. Near Westerham, local, 1924; B.W.B. West Wickham,

*Crabbe, J.

A HAND LIST OF THE PLANTS OF THE LONDON AREA.

1926, J.E.L.) Hb.L. Joyden’s Wood, Bexley, 1938, P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S.
Stone; H.M.P. N. of Dartford, 1945; F.B. V.-c. 17. Near Weybridge,
1922; field between Teddington Lock and Ham, 1924; Ham Common,
1927; E.B.B. Richmond; Kingston, 1931; P.H.C. Molesey ; Kew Gar¬
dens, 1945; B.TT7. Mitcham Common, 1931, J.E.L. ; Hb.L. ; 1936; P.H.C.
Between Ewell and Chessington, 1919; L.J .T . Mickleham, 1919, E.B.B. ;
Hb.B. Limpsfield, local, 1919; BAV.B. Epsom College, 1952; A.E.E.
V.-c. 18. Grays, 1904; J.E.C. Hale End; B.W.B. Dagenham, 1913,
P.H.C.) Hb.L.N.H.S. Stiff ord ; South Ockenden ; P.H.C. Chigwell
Lane railway station, 1920 ; L.J.T. V.-c. 20. Rye House, 1910; Bushey,
1909, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. Watford; Rickmans worth ; C.S.N. V.-c.
21. Potters Bar; Southall; P.H.C. Wall near Bedfont Church, 1919;
E.B.B. S. of Harefield, 1922; L.J.T. Yiewsley, 1916; J.E.C. Staines;
Ashford; Harmondsworth ; Isleworth; St. Margaret’s; Syon Park; Han-
well; near Southall; Chiswick; Willesden Green, 1938-53; H.H.K.
Heath Road, Hounslow, 1945; A.W.W. V.-c. 24. W. of Uxbridge, 1922;
L.J.T.

GALEOBDOLON Adans.

G. lutettm Huds., Lamitjm Galeobdolon (L.) L. Archangel,
Yellow ■ Dead-nettle. Woods and shady hedgebanks. Locally abundant,
especially on the chalk. V.-cc. 16 and 17. Frequent on the chalk.

V. -c. 18. Woodhatch; C.S.N. Near Sewardstone ; C.N. High Beach;

W. E.G. Warley; Navestock, 1902: B.W.B.) 1926; B.T.W. Loughton,
1953; B.M.P. V.-c. 19. Nazeing Long Green, 1906; S.A. Galley
Wood, 1909, P.H.C.; Hb.L.N.H.S. V.-c. 20. Totteridge Green; near
Munden Park, 1909; C.S.N. Arkley, 1901; L.B.H. Radlett, 1909,

C. S.N.) Hb.L.N.H.S. North Mimms, 1921; L.J.T. Wormley West
End; C.S.N. Broxbourne ; P.H.C. Rickmansworth, 1939-53; D.H.K.
Bayford, 1953; B.M.P. V.-c. 21. Harefield, 1928; H.S.) 1938-53,

D. H.K. Highgate Woods; Finchley; Hampstead Heath; Mimmsliall

Wood; C.S.N.) 1946; Springwell; Scratch Wood; Perivale Wood,

1939-50; D.H.K. Park Wood, Ruislip, 1945; B.W. Whitewebbs Part,
Enfield; L.J.J. V.-c. 24. Denham, 1934; P.H.C.) 1949; D.H.K.

BALLOTA L.

B. nigra L. Black Horehound. Hedgebanks, roadsides and waste
ground. Very common in all the v.-cc. White- flowered plants are
recorded from v.-c. 16. Eynsford, 1929; B.W.B. Otford, 1945, P.H.C.)
Hb.L.N.H.S. Cotton Lane, Stone, 1948-50; H.M.P. V.-c. 17. Towmg
path near Kew, 1925, J.E.L.) Hb.L. V.-c. 21. Yiewsley, 1920; J.E.C.
waste ground, Chiswick, 1938, J.E.L.) Hb.L.) 1939-51; Hanwell,
1944-53; canal bank S. of Uxbridge, 1949; D.H.K.

B. HISPANICA (L.) Bentlr., B. ACUTA Briq. Alien. S. Europe. Y.-c. 17. Bomb-
crater, Brockham Hill, 1945, J.E.L.-, Hb.L.-, 1949; J.E.L.

PRESENTED

..

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY

London Naturalist, 1921-31, each 3s (1926-28 out of print): 1932-35,
each os (1933 O.P.); 1936-46, each 3s 6d (1937-38 O.P.); 1947-52,
each 7s 6d.

London Bird Report, 1936-46, each Is 6d; 1936-38, 1943, 1947-52, each
2s 6d. (Two-thirds price to Members and Associates.)

Transactions of the London Natural History Society, 1916-20, each 3s.
Map of the Society’s Area, Is.

•• LONDON NATURALIST ” REPRINTS.

Note. — Dates in brackets refer to issue of L.N. and are not dates of

publication.

21, 22, 25, 30. Survey of Limpsfield Common: 1939, 6d; 1940, 3d; 1942,
3d; 1943, 2d.

24. Randolph William Robbins (1871-1941), (1941), 6d.

29, 33, 35, 44, 46, 51, 60, .67, 71, 75, 81. Survey of Bookham Common: 2,

1943, with maps, 4d; 3, 1944, with map, 9d; 4, 1945, 6d; 5, 1946,

with map, 9d: 6, 1947, Is; 7, 1948, Is; 8, 1949, 2s: 9, 1950-

Is 6d; 10, 1951, Is 6d; 11, 1952, Is 6d; 12, 1953, Is 6d.

34, 36, 45, 47, 52. Epping Forest Survey: 3, 1944, with maps, 9d; 4*
1945, 6d; 5, 1946, 6d; 6, 1947, with map, 9d; 7, 1948, Is.

34a. Docks and Sorrels of the London Area, by J. E. Lousley (1944), 6d.

37. William Curtis (1746-1799), by J. E. Lousley (1945), 6d.

38. Neuroptera of the Home Counties, by E. B. Pinniger (1945), 6d.

41. Notes on the Flora of Middlesex, by Douglas H. Kent (1946), 6d.

42. The Brambles of Middlesex, by G. Avery and W. C. R. Watson

(1946), 6d.

43. Coenagrion scitulum Rambur, a Dragonfly New to Britain, by

Edward B. Pinniger (1946) (with plate), Is.

48. Hymenoptera Aculeata of Hampstead Heath (with map), by K. M-

Guichard and I. H. H. Yarrow (1947). Is 6d.

49. 61, 68, 72, 78, 82. City Bombed Sites Survey: 1947, 6d: (1948 O.P.)7

1949. 6d; 1950, 6d; 1951, 6d; 1952, 6d; 1953, 9d.

50. Middlesex Plant Records, 1947, by D. H. Kent, 9d.

55. The Story of our Society, by L. G. Payne (Part I, 1947, Part II,.

1948), Is 6d.

56. Ecological Alms and Methods for Zoologists, by Dr O. W. Richards

(1948), 6d.

57. Check-list of the Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibia of the London

Area, by R. S. R. Fitter (1948), Is.

66. Mammals, etc., of the London Area, Additional Records, by R. S-

R. Fitter (1949), 9d.

62. Butterflies of the London Area, by C. G. M. de Worms (1949), Is 6d.

63. 69. Report on the Temoorary Geological Sections (1949), Isi

(1950) 2s.

64. Kent Plant Records, by F. Rose (1949), 9d.

65. Hepatics of the London Area, by R. A. Boniface (1949), 9d

70, 73, 77, 83. Hand List of the Plants of the London Area, by D. Bi-

Kent and J. E. Lousley, Part I (1950), 2s 6d: Part II (1951),
2s 6d; Part III (1952), 2s 6d: Part IV (1953), 2s 6d.

74. The Flies of the London Area, I, Conopidae, by L. Parmenter (1951).
6d.

78. Habitats of the London Area, by J. H. G. Peterken (1952), Is.

79. Ecology and Distribution of the Satyridae in West Kent, by D. F,

Owen (1952), Is 6d.

80. A Subject Index of the Society’s Journals, 1914-51, by R. S. R. Fitter

(1952), Is.

84. The Moths of London and its Surroundings, by C. G. M. de Worms,

Part- I (1953), with map, 2s.

85. Post-war Progress in Nature Conservation in the London Area, b v-

C. P. Cast ell (1953). Is.

LONDON NATURALIST *’ REPRINTS (Contd.).

The Life of A. W. Bacot, by Prof. Major Greenwood (1924) (ex Journal
of Hygiene), 6d.

All publications of the Society may be obtained from the General

Secretary.

LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

E Society is an amalgamation of the City of London Entomo¬

logical and Natural History Society, founded in 1858, and the

North London Natural History Society, founded in 1892.

Meetings are held on Tuesday evenings, either at the London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.l,
or at the Linnean Society’s rooms, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.l.
The half-yearly Programme should be consulted as to the venue of any
particular meeting. The room is open from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m., and meet-
ings begin punctually at 6.30 p.m. and end about 8.30 p.m., unless other
arrangements are announced. The Library and Collections are avail¬
able to members at the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds head¬
quarters, 25 Eccleston Sq., S.W.l, from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. on the second
Monday and fourth Thursday in each month.

At all indoor meetings specimens of Natural History interest are
'exhibited, and papers on various subjects are read and discussed. Visi¬
tors may be introduced by members of the Society, and are cordially
welcome. Frequent field meetings are held at week-ends, particulars of
which are contained in the Programme.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS are payable to the Treasurer on 1st
■January each year and for new Members on election. For details of the
various classes of membership see current Programme.

All members and associates (other than additional family members
and Chingford Branch Associates) are entitled to one copy of The London
Naturalist and The London Bird Beport free.

Further information and Programme may be obtained from the
General Secretary: — H. A. TOOMBS, Dept, of Geology, British Museum
^Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W.7.

FEINTED BY T. BUNGLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH.