udDODuDlXj SBBi asm KBHHffl I 11 Hfi&ftMMgj HoSs UMOoSq HH SsaE 1 1 Sural m 7,V. . ■ , » 1 1 1 V ■ BM ;<4xv '"•>'' PB&u BHBBfl H i H • 1 >.>,•_■ SjjfljgM £9ff BbBHBOKqSdw ^^I^^Hh R HHB Stjr I. IL Ml lOtbrarg North (Earolina g>tate Imnmittij QK9 L6 cnnoAA973 O THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. IV.. frd 3 ;'■..''/ # LOUDON'S ENCYCLOPEDIA PLANTS; COMPRISING THE SPECIFIC CITAHACTER, DESCRIPTION, CULTURE, HISTORY, APPLICATION IN THE ARTS, ANI> EVERT OTIIER DESIRABLE PARTICULAR RESPECTING ALL THE PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO, CULTIVATED IN, OR INTRODUCED INTO BRITAIN. EDITED TIT MRS. LOUDON ASSISTED r»Y GEORGE DON, F.L.S. DAVID WOOSTER, LATE CURATOR OP THE IPSWICH MUSEITM. NEW IMPBESSION. LONDON : LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1880. uosnoN : printed by SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARtt AJJD PARLIAMENT STREET 61U PREFACE Jn this Encyclopaedia are included all the indigenous, cultivated, and exotic plants which are now found in, or have been introduced into, Britain. The object of the work is to give a natural history of these plants, accompanied by such descriptions, engraved figures, and elementary details, as shall enable a beginner, who is a mere English reader, to discover the name of any plant which he may find in flower, refer it to its proper place, both in the Natural and Artificial Systems of Classification, and acquire all the information respecting it which is useful or interesting. It must be evident to all who are conversant with the present state of botany, and who know the number of plants which have been introduced into Britain, that to accomplish such an object within the limits of a volume is a task of no ordinary difficulty ; some explanation of the manner in which it has been executed may therefore be required. The Work is divided into Two Parts. The First Part (p. [1.]) contains the Linnean or Artificial Arrangement of all the genera and species, with all the details comprehended in botanical description and natural and artificial botanical history, and with engraved portraits of one or more species of each genus. The Second Part (p. 1051.) contains the Jussieuean or Natural Arrangement of all the genera, without repetition of the species or any details connected with them : but as the names of the natural orders are added after each genus in the Artificial System, and as each genus in both arrangements is numbered, a direct reference may be had from the second arrangement to the first, and from the first to the second ; reference may also be had indirectly, through the medium of the Contents and Index. An Introduction is given to each system of arrangement (p. [l.]& 1051.), and a General Introduction to the whole work (p. xix.), in which its uses are explained. When the beginner has a plant in flower and would ascertain its name, he will turn to the Linnean System, as explained in the Introduction to that system (p. [1.]) ; and, when he has but a small part of any plant, he will turn to the Natural System, as directed in the General Introduction (p. xix.). All the Technical Terms, or words not usually found in an English dictionarv, are explained in the Glossary (p. 1094.) ; and engravings are given of such of the objects designated " as might occasion any difficulty to a beginner. This Glossary and the two Introductions (p. [1.] & 1051.) form together a complete Grammar of Botany. The Table of Synonymes in various languages (p. 1 108.) may, to a certain extent, be considered as presenting the Popular Floras of the various countries where these names are used ; since it is only to the remarkable plants of a country that vernacular names are given. The signs used for the habits of plants (column 3.), and their duration in the garden (col. 4.), are improvements in botanical description by the Editor*, now applied for the first time. The twenty-three varieties of habit are indicated by figures of the plants themselves ; as a grass for a grass, a bulb for a bulb, a plant floating on water for an aquatic, &c, &c, to recollect which requires no exertion of memory. A perennial is indicated by a triangle, instead of the old sign, U; an annual remains a circle as before, O, because, among other reasons, gardeners sow patches of annual flowers in circles ; and a biennial is a double circle, Q), instead of the old sign, i. The bark stove is a square, □ ; the dry stove three sides of a square, ZD ; the green-house two and a half sides of a square, i I ; and the frame two sides of a square, I ; because these forms, if supposed to indicate the sections of plant-houses enclosed by glazed sashes, as actually built, will represent the different structures which are meant to be indicated. By combining the signs of duration with habitation, 22 22 O Ol, &c. &c, much room is saved in abridged botanical description. Thus, in consequence of the single innovation of the triangle and the * Originally exhibited in the Encyclojicedia of Gardening, 2d edit. 1824, p. 126. A 2 ^ V^ b~%/U ,t PREFACE. square, we have simplified anJ extended the power of indicating the habits anc* habitations of plants by signs from ten, the usual number in the most complete botanical catalogues, to forty, the number employed in this work. No farther explanation of the nature and uses of this work appearing necessary, it only remains to present the thanks of the Proprietors and of the Editor to Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq., F.R.S. V.P.LS. F.G.S. &c, for allowing Mr. Sowerby the freest use of his rich botanical library and extensive herbarium, for the selection of subjects to be engraved ; and to David Don, Esq., Lib. L.S., Mr. Lambert's librarian, for his unremitted and unwearied exertions, during upwards of seven years, to facilitate the labours of Mr. Sowerby. To Robert Brown, Esq., F.R.S. V.P.L.S. &c- ; to the Council of the Linnaean Society; and, again, to David Don, Esq., in his capacity of librarian to the Linnaean Society, the Proprietors are much indebted for similar services; and they beg leave to thank, in a very particular manner, Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney, for original drawings of many species, made from living plants in their unrivalled collection of exotics. Without the herbarium of Mr. Lambert, and the Hot houses of Messrs. Loddiges, this work could not have been produced. It remains only for the Editor to state, that the botanical merits of this publication belong entirely to Professor Lindley, F.R.S. L.S. G.S. &c. ; and J. D. C. Sowerby, Esq., F.L.S., &c. The former gentleman determined the genera and the number of species to be arranged under them ; prepared the specific cha- racters, derivations, and accentuations ; either wrote or examined the notes ; and corrected the whole while passing through the press : the latter, assisted by David Don, Esq., and Messrs. Loddiges, sought out the figures, dried specimens or living plants, necessary for illustration, and made drawings of them on the blocks to be engraved, in that accurate and scientific manner, and with that appropriate taste, for which his late father was long so much distinguished, and for which he himself has not yet been equalled in this or in any country. All that the Editor can deem to be his own is the plan of the work ; and if this be found not to have failed in answering those expectations which the state of science, in botany and the compilation of books, might have warranted in 1822, when this work was commenced, he will have obtained all the approbation to which he is entitled. Baysxcater, May, 1829. J. C. L. The Supplements which accompany the present edition of the Encyclopedia of Plants contain the most important species and varieties of plants which have been introduced into British gardens, or been originated there between 1827 and 1855. A new General Index is also given. The First Additional Supplement was prepared by Mr. W. H. Baxter, Curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Oxford ; and revised by George Don, Esq., F.L.S. ; and the Second Additional Supplement has been pre- pared by Mr. Don, assisted by Mr. David Wooster, late Curator of the Museum at Ipswich. The drawings of the plants for the woodcuts of both Supplements have been made by J. D. C. Sowerby, Esq., F.L.S. The First Additional Supplement was prepared by my late husband ; and in the present one I have endeavoured, as closely as possible, to follow the same plan. As, however, the publication of this Second Additional Supplement was unavoidably delayed from the difficulty of finding living specimens or dried plants, to serve as copy for some of the woodcuts, I have, assisted by Mr. Wooster, added an Appendix containing the most important of the plants which have been introduced since the letterpress of the Supplement was completed. In preparing this Appendix I have been greatly indebted to the Bon Jardinier for the present year, published by M. Louis Vii.morin, of Paris ; and to Messrs. Veitch, of Exeter, whose very able collector, Mr. Lobb, has introduced so many new and valuable plants. Bayswater, April, 1855. J- VV . L>, (£j* To indicate when a reference to the Supplement is necessary, a cross (+) is placed in the body of the work before such genera as are divided or repeated, and a!*o in those places where new genera should have come in ; and a § before such species as have some further information given respecting them in the Supplement. CONTENTS. 1 in nil • iii List of Books referred to - - - vii List of Authorities for Generic and Specific Name* xv Abbreviations used In the Linncan Arrangement xix General Rules for Pronouncing Botanical Names - xx General Introduction - . xxi LINNEAN" ARRANGEMENT. Introduction to the Linnean Arrangement Table of Linnean Classes Munanuria, genera and their characters - Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Diandria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Trigynia, genera and species Triandria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Trigynia, genera and species Tetrandria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Tetragynia, genera and species Pentandria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Trigynia, genera and species Tetragynia, genera and species Pentagynia, genera and species Polygynia, genera and species Hexandria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species - Trigynia, genera and species Polygynia, genera and species Heptandru, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Tetragynia, genera and species Heptagynia, genera and species Octandria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Trigynia, genera and species Tetragynia, genera and species Enneandria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Trigynia, genera and species Hexagynia, genera and species Decandria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Trigynia, genera and specie* Pentagynia, genera and species Decagynia, genera and species Dodecandria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Trigynia, genera and species Tetragynia, genera and species Pentagynia, genera and species Dodecagynia, genera and species IcOSAndria, genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Di-pentagynia, genera and species Polygynia, genera and species Polyandria. genera and their characters Monogynia, genera and species Digynia, genera and species Trigynia, genera and species Pentagynia, genera and species Polygynia, genera and species Didyna.mia, genera and their characters Gyrnnospermia, genera and species Angiospermia, genera and species Tktrauvnamia, genera and their characters Monadelphia, genera and their characters Pentandria, genera and species Heptandria, genera and species Octandria, genera and species Decandria, genera and speciei Dodecandria, genera and species Poly and ria genera and species 1 2 8 8 10 28 28 30 54 52 74 76 80 1(4 104 108 118 194 224 228 228 234 236 240 288 290 294 296 2 6 298 298 298 300 302 324 I 326 328 332 332 3.34 336 338 340 364 372 380 390 I 392 392 I 398 i 398 ! 406 406 406 408 410 424 442 456 458 470 472 474 476 490 494 512 536 560 562 568 578 578 580 582 - [1] - [2] Diadelphia, genera and their characters . . 598 Pentandria, genera and species - - 600 Hexandria, genera and species - . 600 Octandria, genera and species . . 602 Decandria, genera and species . . 604 Polvadelphia, genera and their characters . 650 Decandria, genera and species - - 650 Polyandria, genera and species . . 652 Svnoenesia, genera and their characters . 660 JEqualis, genera and species . . 66fi Superflua, genera and species ■ . 696 Frvslranea, genera and species . . 730 Necessaria, genera and species . - 738 Segregata, genera and species . . 744 Gvnandria, genera and their characters . 748 Monandria, genera and species - . 750 Diandria, genera and species . . 766 Hexandria, genera and species . . 766 MoxfficiA, genera and their characters . 768 Monandria, genera and species . . 770 Diandria, genera and species - . 772 Triandria, genera and species - . 772 Tetrandria, genera and species . . 780 Pentandria, genera and species . . 786 Hexandria, genera and species . . 788 Polyandria, genera and species - . 790 Monadelphia, genera and species . . 800 D102CIA, genera and their characters - - 816 Monandria, genus and species . . 820 Diandria, genera and species . . 820 Triandria, genera and species - . 826 Tetrandria, genera and species . . 028 Pentandria, genera and species . . 832 Hexandria, genera and species . . 836 Octandria, genus and species . . 840 Enneandria, genera and species . . 810 Decandria, genera and species . . 842 Dodecandria, genera and species - . 842 Icosandria, genera and species . . 844 Polyandria, genera and species - . 844 Monadelphia, genera and species - . 846 Polygauia, genera and their characters . . 852 Monoccia, genera and species . - 854 Dicecia, genera and species - . 868 Cryptogamia, genera and their characters . 874 Filices, genera and species ... 875 Polypodiacea?, genera and species . 876 Osmundacets, genera and species - - 886 Ophioglossea?, genera and species - 88c Equisetacew , genus and species - . 890 l,ycopodine89 1079 Aroidea - 1089 1080 1 Fluviales - 1090 1090 | Alga - 10°1 Lichens - 1091 - 1092 1091 11.91 Fungi - 1094 - . - - - IW'8 £ to March, 1839 . 1143 rk to March, 1855 - I2S3 - 1539 * . 154* NAMES OF BOOKS REFERRED TO. A. ac. pa. 860. 7 Act. par. 3 Abb. ins. 780. Abel China, 394. Ac. E 886. Act. bon. 176. Act helv. 5+0. 7 Ac. h 828. $ Act. holm. 944. Act petr. 58. Act. ups. 90. Allion. 94. All. auc. 16. All. ped. 16. Alp. aeg. 196. Alp. ex. 94. Amcen. ac. 334. 7 Am. ac. 382 j Am. rut. 14. And. ger. 578. And. hea. 304. Ann. bot 4 Ann. bus. 354. 7 An. mu. 88. j Ard. me. 176. Ard. spec. 24. As. r. 2. Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences. 1 vol. 4to. 1666 —1788 Paris. Abbott's Natural History of the Insects of Carolina. Folio. Abel (Clarke). A Voyage to China. 4to. Acta Eruditorum quae Lipsia? pub- licantur. 50vols. 4to 168-'-17ol. De Bononiense Scientiarum et Artium Instituto Commen. tarii. 4to. Bononiae. 7 vols. 1748—1791. Acta Helvetica physico-mathema- tico-botanico-medica. 8 vols. 4to. Basileae, 1757 — 1777. Kongl. svenska vetenskaps aca- demiens Handlingar. 8vo. Stockholm, 1739—1816. Commcntarii Academiae Scientia- rum Imperialis Petropolitana. 1+ vols. 4to. Petropoli, 1728— 1751. Acta literaria et Scientiarum Up- salia? publicata. 8vo. 1720— 1816. Allioni (Carolus). Rariorum Pe- demontii Stirpium Specimen. 1 vol. 4to. Taurini, 1755. Id. Auctuarium ad Floram Pe- demontanam. 1 fasc. 4to. Tau- rini, 1789. Id. Flora Pedemontana, 3 vols, fol. Taurini, 1785. Alpinus (Prosper). De Plantis iEgypti liber. 4to. Venetiis, 159--'. Id. De Plantis exoticislibri duo. 4to. Venetiis, lt>29. Linna?i Amoenitates Academical, seu dissertationes antehac seorsim edits?. 10 vols. 8vo. Hulmia: and Lipsia;, 1749, et seq. Ammann (Johan) Stirpium rario- rum inlmperioRuthenosponte provenentium Icones et De- scriptiones. 4to. Petrop. 1729. Andrews (Henry). Coloured En- gravings of Geraniums. Fol. London. Id. Coloured Engravings of Heaths, with botanical de- scriptions. 3 vols. fol. London, 1802—1809. Annals of Botany, by C. Konig and J. Sims. 2 vols. 8vo. Lon- don, 1805 and 1806. Annates du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. 20 vols. 4to. Paris, 1802—1813. Arduini (Pietro). Memoria di Os- servazioni e di Sperienze sopra la Coltura e gli Usi di varie Piante. 4to. Padova, 1766. Id. Animadversionum botanica. rum Specimen. 4to. Patavii, 1759. Asiatic Researches, or the Trans- actions of the Society insti- tuted in Bengal. Ho. Calcutta, 1788, &c A Asso an. 556. Aublet, 16 7 Aub. guiau. j Balb diss 676. 7 Balb. miss. 66. 3 Banks ic. Kx. 806. Banks r. lious. 26. Barr. ic. 24. 7 Bar. rar. 204. J Bartr. trav. 480. 7 Bartr. iter c. ic. 3 Batarra, 990. Batsch. cent. 988.7 Bats. cont. 990. 3 Bauh. pin. 672. Bauh. prod. 24. Bea. fl. d'Oware, 78.H. Beauv. Ow. 36. Bell. taur. 486. Ber. ca. 722. 7 Be. c. 288. j BerL mag. 1036. Besl. eys. a?s. 90. 7 B. ey. a. 160. 3 Bieb. cent. 278. 7 B. cen. 16. 3 Bivon. cent 676 Biv. cen. sic. r?6. 7 724.J Blackw. 34. ' Blackw. hor. 622. ' Bocc. mus. Bocc. sic. 158. Boerh. 22. Boer. lug. 600. De Asso (Ignatius). Synopsis Stir- pium indigenarum Arrago- niae. 4to. Marsilia?, 1779. Aublet (Fusee). Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Fran- caise. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1773. Balbis (Joh. Baptist). Miscel- lanea Botanica. 4to. 1804. Banks (Josephus). Icones selectae Plantarum quas in Japonia collegit et delineavit E. Kaempfer. Fol. London, 1791. Id. Reliquiae Houstonianas. 4to. London, 1781. Barrelier (Jacobus). Plantae per Galliam.Hispaniam, etltaliam observata?. Fol. Parisiis, 1714. Bartram's Travels in North Ame- rica. 8vo. Batarra (John Ant). Fungorum Agri Ariminensis Historia. 4to. Faventiae, 1759. Batsch (Aug. Joh. Georg. Carl.). Elenchus Fungorum. 4to. Halae, 1783—1789. Bauhin (Caspar). Pinax Theatri Botanici. 4to. Basilea?, 1623. Id. Prodromus Theatri Botanici, in quo plantae supra 600 pro- ponuntur. 4to. Franc. Moen. 1620. Palisot de Beauv. Flore des Royaumes d'Oware et de Benin. Folio. Paris, 1805. Bellardi ^udovko). Osservaziom Botaniche, con un Saggio d' Appendice alia Flora Pede- montana. 8vo. Torino, 1788. Bergius (Peter Jonas). Descrip- tiones Plantarum ex Capite Bona? Spei. 8vo. Stockholm, 1767. ' Berlinischer Magazin, Oder ge- sammlte schriften. 4 vols. 8vo. Berlin, 1765—1767. Besler (Basilius). Hortus Eystet- tensis. 2 vols. foL Nuremberg, 1612. Bieberstein (Marschall von). Cen- turiae plantarum rariorum Ros- siae meridionalis. Charkovia?. FoL Bivona Bernardi (Antonin.). Si- cularum plantarum Centuria prima. 8vo. Panormi, 18(6. Blackwell (Eliz.). A curious her- bal containing 600 cuts of the useful plants. 2 vols. fol. Lon- don, 1737. Boccone (Paolol. Museo di Piante rare della Sicilia, Malta, Cor- sica, Italia, Piemonte, et Ger- mania. 4to. Yenetia, 1697. Id. Icones et Descriptiones rario- rum Plantarum Sicilia;, Me- litae, Gallia?, et Italia:. 4to. Londini, 1674. Boerhaave (Hermannus). Index Plantarum quae in Horto Acad. Lugd. Bat reperiuntur. 8vo. Lugd. Bat 1710. NAMES OF BOOKS REFERRED TO. Bolton fung. 986. Bolton fiL 878. Bot. cab. 2. Bot. mag. 2. Bot. reg. 2. Bot. rep. 4. Brad. succ. 262. Bre. cent 184. Bre. prod. 686. Brid. mus. 914 Bro. jam. 100. 7 B. jm. 88. i Brot. phyt. 556. Bruce Abys. 856. m 3 Buchoz ic. 302. Bulliard, 986, Bull. Bull.champ.1022 Bull. herb. 154. BulL ph. n. 546. 7 B. ph. n. 278. J Bur. afr. 82. Bur. amer. 150. Bur. ind. 192. Bur. zey. 68. ? Bur. zeyL 90. J Cam. ho:t. 218. Cat car. 10. Cav. diss. 48. 7 Ca. d. 182. i Clus. exot. 622. Clus. hist 52. Co. gott 90. Col. ecph. 34. Com. hort. 22. Com. pet. 348. Bolton (James). A History of Funguses growing about Hali- fax. 4to. Huddersneld, 1788 —1791. Id. Filices Britannia. 4to. Lon- don, 1785—1790. The Botanical Cabinet. By Conrad Loddiges and Sons. 14 vols. 12mo, and 4to, published monthly. Th'.- Botanical Magazine. 8vo, S.i v jli. London, 1787—1829. The Botanical Register. 8vo, 14vo!s. London, 1815— 1829. The Botanist's Repository for new and rare Plants. 10 vols. 4to. London, 1797. et seqq. Bradley (Richard). Historia Plan- tarum Succulentarum. 4to. London, 1716—1727. Breynius (Jacobus). Exoticarum Plantarum Centuria. Fol.Ge- dani, 1678. Id. Prodromus Fasciculi rariorum Plantarum in Hortis Hol- landise observatarum. 2 vols. 4to. Gedani, 1680—1689. Bridel (Samuel Elias). Musco- logia. 4to. Gotha? etParisiis, 1797—1803. Browne (Patrick). The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. FoL London, 1756. Brotero (Felix Avellar). Phyto- graphia Lusitania? select. Fol. Olyssip. 1801. Bruce (James). Travels to disco- ver the Source of the Nile. 5 vols. 4to. Edinburgh, 1790. Bucnoz (Pierre Joseph). Collec- tion des Fleurs. Fol. Paris. Bulliard. Histoire des Champig- nons de la France. FoL Paris, 1798. Id. Herbier de la France. Fol. 1780, &c. Bulletin des Sciences par la So- ciety Philomathiquede Paris. 1791—1816. Burmann (Johannes). Rariorum Africanarum plantarum De- cades 10. 4to. Amstelodami, 1738—1739. Id. Planta? Americana? a C. Plumier detecta? et a J. Bur- raanno edita?. FoL Amstelod. 1755. Id. Flora Malabarica, sive Index in omnes tomos Horti Malaba- rici. Fol. Amst. 1769. Id. Thesaurus Zeylanicus. 4to. Amst. 1737. Camerarius (Joachim). Hortus Medicuset Philosophicus. 4to. Franc. Ma?n. 1588. Catesby (Marsh). The Natural His- tory of Carolina, Florida, &c. 2 vols. fol. London, 1741-1743. Cavanilles (Ant. Jos.). Mona- delphia? classis Dissertationes. 10 vols. 4to. Paris, 1785 — 1789. Madriti, 1790. Id. Icones et Descriptiones Plan- tarum qua; aut sponte in His- pania crescunt aut in Hortis hospitantur. 6 vols. foL Ma. drit. 1791—1800. Clusius (Carolus). Exoticarum libri x. Fol. Antwerp, 1605. Id. Rariorum Plantarum historia. Fol. Antwerp, 1601. Commentarii Societatis regia? Sci- entiarum Gottingensis. 4to. 1751—1816. Columna (Fabius). Minus cogni- tarum stirpium Ecphrasis. 4to. Roma?, 1616. Commelyn (Caspar). Horti Medici Amstelodamensis rariorum Plantarum Descriptio et Ico- nes. 2 vols, folio. Amst. 1703. Commentarii Academia? Scienti- arum imperialis Petropoli- tana;. 14 vols. 4to. Petrop. 1728—1751. Com. prsel. 244. Com. rar. 180. Cook it. v. 286. Cor. can. 88. Crypt, brit. 1008. Cyrill. ic. 76. Dalec. lug. 58a De Asso ar. 552. Dec. diss. 548. Dec. ic. gall. 548. Dec. legum 854. Del. egyp. 558. DeL eryng. 210. Dend. brit 144. Desf. atL 46. Deutschl. fl. 1044. Dick. cr. 922. Dil el. 94. ~) D. elt. 132. £ D. e. 158. J Dil. Mus. 8i»2. Dillw. conf. 930. 7 Di. to. 926. i Dodar. mem. 636. 7 Dud. me. 164. j Dod. pempt 98. Duh. arb. 104. Duh. ar. e. n. Duh. ed. n. Duh. nov. Dun. mon. 480. Dun. sol. 156. Du Roi, ed. 868. Edin. phil. journ.7 1040. J Ehr. pict. 20. Eng. hot. 6. E. b. 926. Commelyn (Caspar). Pra?ludiaBo- tanica ad publicas Plantarum Demonstrationes. 4to. L. Bat. 1703. Id. Horti Medici Amstelodamen- sis Planta? rariores et exoticse. 4to. L Bat. 1706. Cook (James). Voyage round the World (2d). 2 vols. 4to. 1777. Cornuti (Jacob). Canadensium Plantarum aliarumque non- ilxn eolitana?. De Ortega (Cas. Gomez). Nova- rum aut rariorum Plantarum, Hort R. Madritensis Decades. 4to. Madrid, 1797, 1798. 06beck (Peter). A Voyage to China, &c. 8vo. London, 1771. Pallas (Peter Simon), in the Pe. tersburgh Transactions. Id. Species astragalorum descripte et iconibus illustrate. Folio. Lips. 1800. Id. Iteise durch verschiedene pro- vinzen des Russischen Reichs. 3 vols. 4to. Petrop 1771—1776 Id. Flora Rossica. FoL Petrop. 1784—1788. Parkinson (John). A Paradise of Pleasant Flowers. FoL Lon- don, 1629. Id. Theatrum Botanicum. FoL London, 1640. Salisbury (Rich. Ant). Paradisus Londinensis. 2 vols. 4to. Lon- don, 180.")— 1808. Parry (William). A Voyage to discover the North West Pas- sage. 4to. London. Passaeus (Crispinus). Hortus flori- dus. FoL Arnheim, ](>14. Paterson (William). A Narrative of Four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots. 4to. London, 1789. Persoon (Christ. Henr.). Tenta- men dispositions methodical Fungorum. 8va Lips. 1797. Id. Icones pictse specierum rari- orum Fungorum. 4to. Paris and Strasb. 1803. Id. Synopsis plantarum s. Enchi- ridionBotanicum. 2 vols.l2mo. Paris, 1805—1807. Aubert du Petit Thouars (Aubert). Histoire des vegetaux recu- eillies dans les lies Australes d'Afrique. 4to. Paris, 1806. Petiver (James). Gazophylacium Natura? et Artis. FoL Lon- don, 1702—1704. Id. HerbariiBritannici Catalogus. FoL London, 1702—1704. Id. Pterigraphia Americana. FoL London. Id. Musa?i Petiveriani Centuria? 10. 8vo. London, 1695. Transactions of the Royal Society of London, many vols. 4to. London, 1665— 1816. Piccivoli (Giuseppe). Hortus Pan- ciaticus. 4to. Firenze, 1783. Piso (Gulielm). Historia Natu- ralis Brazilian FoL Amster- dam, KS48. De Candolle (Aug. Pyr ). Plan, tarum Historia succulenta- rum. FoL and4to. Paris, 1799 —1803. Waldstein (Franc.) et Kitaibel (Paul). Descriptioneset Icones Plantarum rariorum Hun. gariae. 3 vols. foL Vienna, 1802—1812. Plukenet (Leonard). Phytogra- phia s. Stirpium illustriorum, &c. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1691 —1706. Plum. fil. 878. PL fil. 880. Plu. gen. 350. PL r. gen. 804. Plum. ic. 26. PL ic. 4 Plum. spec. 348. PL sp. 688. ; Plumier (Charles). Description des Plantes de l'Amerique. FoL 1693—1712. Id. Traits des Fougeresde l'Ame- rique. FoL Paris, 1705. Id. Nova Plantarum Americana- rum genera. 4to. Paris, 1703. Id. Planta? Americana? a. C. Plu- mier detecta? et a J. Burin an no cdita?. FoL Amst. 1755. l'o. it ed ger. 404. Pt et T. fl. 8. Pon. bald. 640. Pursh fl. am. 22. Pursh am. 160. Quer fl. 76. Rauw. ic. 316. Rauw. it. 822. Red. III. 2. Red. ros. 448. llcliq. ho u. S14 R. houst 18. R. pi. h. 24. Ren. spec. 276. Retz. obs. 212. Retz. st. 16. Rheede 18. Rh. maL R. maL 4. Riv. mon. 16. Riv. tetr. 546. Rob. ic. 522. Roche diss. 42. Roem. arc. 10. Ro. in. ac. ha. 870. Rottb. gr. 48. 7 Rt gm. 50. j Roth, abhan. 576. Roxb. cor. 4. Rudg. gui. 8a Ru. p. g. 2. Rumph. 2. Rum. 140. Rum. amb. 102. Ru. am. 4. Sabb. hort. 334. Sabb. rom. 158. 11 Savi pis. 62. Schffiffer 986. Sch. 1002. Sch. br. 16. Schk. ba. 204. Schk. bot. 668. Schk. car. Sc. ca. 774. Schk. fil. 878. Schk. hann. 12. Schk. han. 88. S. h. 862. Poiret (J. L. M.). Voyage in Bar- baric. 2 vols. 8vo. Str;.sb. 1789. Poiteau et Turpin. Flore Pari- sienne. FoL Paris, 1808, &c. Pona (Joh.). l'lante seu Simpli. cia quae in Baldo Monte repe- riuntur. 4to. Basilia?, 1608. Pursh (Frederick). Flora Borea- lis Americana. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1814. Quer (Martinez). Flora Espa nola. 4 vols. 4to. Madrid, 17C2— 1764. Rauwolf (Leonh.). Aigentliche boschreibung der Raiss in den Morganlander. 4to. Laugan- gen, 1582— 158a Redoute (P. J.). Les Liliacces. 8 vols. foL Paris, 1802— 1816. Id. Les Roses. FoL Paris. Reliquiae Houstonianae. 4to. Lon- don, 1781. Reneaulme (Paul). Specimen His. toria? Plantarum. 4to. Paris, 1611. Retzius (And. Joh.). Observa- tiones Botanica?. 4to. Lon- don, 1774—1791. Van Rheede (Henricus). Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 12 vols. foL 1678—1703. Rivinus (Aug. Quirinus). Ordo Plantarum Flore irre^ulari monopetalo. FoL Lips" 1690. Id. Ordo Plantarum flore irregu- lari tetrapetalo. FoL Lips. 1699. Robert (Nicolas). Icones Planta- rum. FoL Paris, 1701. De la Roche (Daniel). Dissertatio de Eryngiis. Rcemer (Jac. Joh.). Archiv. fur die Botanik. 3 vols. 4to. 1796 —1799. Id. In the Copenhagen Transac- tions, or Acta Hafniensia. Rottboll (Christ. Friis.). Descrip- tiones et Icones Plantarum rariorum. FoL Hafnia?, 1773. Roth (Alb. Wilh.). Botanische Abhandlungen und Beobach- tungen. 4to. Nuremberg, 1787. Roxburgh (William). Plants of the Coast of CoromandeL 2 vols. foL London, 1795 — 1798. Rudge (Edward). Plantarum Guiana rariorum Icones et descr. FoL London, 1805. Rumphius (George Everh.). Her- barium Amboinense. 6 vols. foL Amst 1750. Sabbati (Liberatus). Hortus Ro- manus. 7 vols. foL Romae, 1772—1784. Salisbury (Richard Anthony). Icones Stirpium rariorum. FoL London, 1791. Santi (George). Viaggi al Mont Amiata e per la Toscana. 3 vols. 8vo. Pisa, 1795— 1806. Savi (Gaetano). Flora Pisana 2 vols. 8vo. Pisa?, 1798. Schaefler (Jac. Christ). Fungorum Bavaria? et Palatinatus Icones. 4 vols. 4to. Ratisbona?, 1702— 1770. Schrank (Franz, v. Paula). Bai- ersche Flora. 2 vols. 8vo. Mu- nich, 1789. Schkuhr (Christ). Botanisches handbuch. 3 vols. 8vo. Wit- tenberg, 1791—1803. Id. Histoire des Carex ou Laiches 8vo. Leipsig, 1802. Id. Abbildungen der Farm- krauter. Id. Botanisches Handbuch. 3 vols. 8vo. Wittenberg, 1791— 1803. XII NAMES OF BOOKS REFERRED TO. Schm. ar. 12. Schm. ic. 176. Schm. mycol 1033. Schne. ic. n. 316. Schousb. 22. 7 Scho. maru:. 554. 3 Schr. ger. 56. Schr. hal. 206. Sch. se. h. 220. 7 Sert han. 364. j Sc. v. 14. Schr. mon. 88 Schreb. decad. 6J8. Schr. gram. 54. 7 Sch. gm. 48. $ Schw»gr. sup. 896. Scop. cam. 214. Scop. del. 24 Sco. dl. ins. V2. Scop, insub. Seb. mu. 310. Seb. th. 722. Seg. ver. 16. S. fl. L oc. 870. Sloane, 68. Slo. jam. 4. Slo. hist 28. SI. jm. 16. Smit. ic. fas. 91 Sra ic. n. 316. Smith ic.pict 526. Id. Id. Id. Smith n. ho). 342. Sm. N. H. 84. J Smith spic. 154. 7 Sm. spicil. 6. j Sole's mints, c. 7 ic. 500. j Sonn. it. 4. Sowerby, 986 Spreng. fl. hal. 622. Spr. urnb. 210. Stackhou.se fuel, 7 942. Sturm's Deuts. flor. 1034. Stur. d. f. 374. S'.v. ob. 22. Sw. syn. fll. 878. Sweet fl. gard. 132. Sweet ger. 568. Id. Schmidt (Franz.). CEsterreicln AllgemeineBaumzucht.2vols. folio. Vienna, 1792—1794. Schmiedel (Cas. Christ.). Icones plantarum. Folio. Norimb. 1762. Schmidt. HistoriaMycologica. 8vo. Schneevooght (G. Voorhelm). Icones plantarum rariorum. 2 vols. fol. Harlem, 1793. Schousboe (P. K. A.). Iagttagel- ser over va?xtriget i IViarocco. 4to. Kiobenh. 1800. Schrader (Henr. Adolp.). Flora Germanica. 8vo. Gottingae, 1806. Id, De Halophytis Pallasii. 4to. Gotting. 1S10. Id. Sertum Hanoverianum. FoL Gotting. 1795—1796. Id. Commentatio de Veronicis spicatis. 8vo. Gottinga?, 1803. Schranck (Fr. v. Paula). Planta? rariores Horti Monacensis. Fol. Munich, 1817—1819 VonSchreber (Joh. Christ Dan.). Icones plantarum minus cog. nitarum. Decas 1. FoL Hala?, 1766. Id. Beschreibung der gra?ser. 2 vols. foL Lips. 1769—1779. Schwa?grichen (Frid.). Species Muscorum Hedwig supple- mentum. 4to. Lips. 1811. Scopoli (Joh. Ant.). Flora Car- niolica. 8vo. Vienna?, 1760. Id. Delicia? flora? Insubrica?. 3 vols. foL Ticini, 1786—1788. Seba(Alb.). Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri descrip- tio. 4 vols. foL Amst. 1734 —1765. Seguier (Joh. Franc). Planta? Veronenses. 3 vols. 8vo. Ve- rona?, 1745. Swartz (Olof). Flora Indiae occi. dentalis. 3 vols. 8vo. Erlanga?, 1797—1806. Sloane (Hans). A Voyage to Madeira, Barbadoes, Nevis, St. Christophers, and Jamaica. 2 vols. foL Lond. 1707. Smith (James Edward). Plan- tarum Icones pra?s. ex herb. Linna?ano. Fol. London, 1789 — )79). Icones picta? plantarum ra- riorum. Fol. London, 1790 — 1793. A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland. 4to. Lon- don, j793. Spicilegium Botanicum. Fol. London, 1791—1792. Sole (William). Mentha? Britan- nica?. FoL Bath, 1798. Sonnerat (P.). Voyage a la Nou. velleGuinee. 4to. Paris, 1776. Sowerby (James). Coloured figures of English Fungi. FoL Lon- don, 17^6— 815, &c. Sprengel (Kurt). Flora? Halensis Tentamen novum. 8vo. Hala? Sax. 1806. Id. Plantarum umbelliferarum Prodromus. 4to. Hala?, 1813. Stackhouse (John). Nereis Britan- nica. FoL Bath, 1795—1797. Sturm (Jacob). Deutschlands flora. Many volumes 12mo. Nurem- berg, 1798—1829. Swartz (Olof). Observationes Botanica?. 8vo. Erlagna?, 1791. Id. Synopsis FUicum, earum ge- nera et species complectens. 8vo. Kilia?, 1806. Sweet (Robert). The British Flower Garden. 8vo. London, published in monthly num- bers. Geraniaceae. 8vo. published in monthly numbers. Tab. ic. 94. Tenore nap. 544. f Ten. fl. nap. 24. > Ten. neap. 132. J Th. act. haf. 732. Th. ac. st 172. Th. ac. ups. 846. 7 Thun. ups. 204. J Thunb. diss. 46. 1 Thu. diss. n. 82. J Th. eric. 30& 7 Thu. eri. n. 314. J Th. g. n. I Thun. G. 172. J Th. jap. 360. Th. prot n. 80. Till. pis. 92. Tode fun. meckL 1038. Tourn. it 134. Tra. arc. 864. Tratt. thes. 544. Trew. ehret 144. Tr. ehrt 28. Trew. pi. rar. 124. Trium. obs. 680. Tri. ob. 140. Turn, fuci, ! Tur. mus. hi. 914. Vah. svmb. 96 7 Va. sy. 100. J Vail. bot. par. 994 > Vaill. par. 62. j Vauch. conf. 934. Vent. eels. Ve.des. pLn. 772 Vent choix, 12. Vent mal. 18. Vill. dauph. 540. Vill. delph. 202. Vill. de. 824. Vi. fragm. 64. Volck. norL 700. Vov. de lab. 86. Win Roe. et. 618. Wah. lap. 544 Wal. & Kit. 232. W. &K.hung.92 W. & K. 16. 4 Walth. hort. 128. W. am. 322. Weig. obs. 956. Tabcrna?montanus (Jac. Theod.). Eicones Plantarum, cur. N. Bassa?o. 4to. Frank!'. .590. Tenore (Michel). Flora Napoli- tana. 4 vols. foL Neap. 1811 &c. Thunberg (Car. Petr.). In the Copenhagen Transactions. Id. In the Stockholm Trans- actions. Id. In the Upsal Transactions. Id. Dissertationes Academica? Upsalia? sub ejus pra?sidio habita?. 3 vols. 8vo. Gotting. 1799—1801. Id. Diss, de Erica. 4to. Upsal, 1785. Id. Nova plantarum genera. Dis. novem. 1781—1798. Id. Flora Japonica. 8vo. Lips 1784. Id. Diss, de Protea. 1781. Tilli (Mich. Aug.). (atalogus Hoiti PisanL Fol. Florence, 1723. Tode (Henr. Jul.). Fungi Meck- lenburgenses Selecti. 4to. Luneburg, 1790. Tournefort (Joseph Pitton de). Relation d'un Voyage du Le- vant. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1717. Trattennick (Leop.). Archiv der Gewachskunde. 4to. Vienn. 1811—1812. Id. Thesaurus Botanicus. Fol. Vienna?, 1819. Trew (Christ. Jac.). Planta? se- lects ab Ehret picta?. FoL 1750—1773. Id. Planta? rariores. Ed. J. C. Keller. Fol. 1763. Triumfetti (Joh. Bapt). Obser- vationes de Ortu et Vegeta- tione plantarum. 4to. Roma?, 1685. Turner (Dawson). Historia fuco- rum. 3 vols. foL London, 1802, &c. Id. Muscologia? hibernica? speci- men. 12mo. London, 1804. Vahl (MartinoV Symbola? Bo. tanica?. Fol. Hafn. 1790—1794. Vaillant (Sebastien). Botanicon Parisiense, operis majoris pro- dromus, 8vo. L. Bat. 1723 Vaucher (Jean Pierre). Histoire des Conferves d'eau douce. 4to. Geneve, 1803. Ventenat (Etienne Pierre). De- scription des plantes nouvelles ou peu connues du Jardin de J. M. Cels. Fol. Paris, 1800. Id. Choix des plantes. FoL Paris, 1803—1808. Id. Jardin de la Malmaison. Fol. 1803—1805. Villars (D.). Histoire des plantes du Dauphin^. 3 vols. 8vo. Grenoble, 1786—1788. Viviani (Dominic) Flora? Italics fragmenta. 4to. Genua?, 1808. Volckamer (Joh. Georg.). Flora Noribergensis. 4to. Noriberga?, 1700. (See Labill. voy.) Willdenow in Ro'mer's Archiv fiir der Botanik. Wahlenberg ( George). Flora Lapponica. 8vo. Berlin, 1812. Waldstein (Franc.) et Kitaibel (Paul). Descriptiones et Icones plantarum rariorum Hun- garian. 3 vols. foL Vienn. 1802 —1812. Walther (Aug. Frid.). Designatio Plantarum Horti ejus. 8vo. Lipsia?, 1735. Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Historia Amaranthorum. FoL Turici, 1790. Weigel (Christ. Ehrenb.). Os- servationes Botanica?. 4to. Gryphia?, 1772. NAMES OF BOOKS REFERRED TO Weinm. 80. 7 Weinmann (J. GulA Phytan- Wein nhv 484. i thoza Iconographies, 4 vols. ' * fol. Regemb. 1737 — 1745. WendL col. 98. ? Wendland (Job. Christ.). Col- We. co. pL 180. J lectio Plantarum tarn exoti- carum quam indigcnaium. 4to. Hannovera:, 1805, &C. W. er. 504. Id. Ericarum Iconcs et Dcscrip- tiones. 4to. 1798, &c. WendL her. 570. Id. Hortus Herrenhusanus. Fol. 1798, &c. Wer. trans. 900. Transactions of the Wcrnenan Society of Edinburgh. 8vo. Willd ach. 696. Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Tractatus de Achilleis et Tanaceto. 8vo. Hals Magd. 1789. Will. ar. 422. W. arb. 404. WilUl. bcr. 26. Will.hor.ber.lG6. W. ho.br. 190. Willd. H. beroL 1038. WiL phy. 138. Wi. ph. 96. Zunon hist. 124. Zorn ic. 294. Willdenow (Car.Lud.) Berlinischo Baumzucbt 8vo. Berlin, 1796. Id. Hortus Berolinensis. Fol. Bcr. lin, 1806—1810. Id. Flora? Berolinensis Prodro- mus. 8vo. Berlin, 1787. Id. Phvtographia. FoL Erlanga?, 1797. Zanon (Antonio). Istoria Bo. tallica. Fol. Bologna, 1675. Zorn (Barthol.). Icones Planta. rum Medicinalium. Svo. Nu. remb. 1779—1784. ADDITIONAL NAMES OF BOOKS REFERRED TO. J» . b. Arboretum et Fruticetum Bri- tannicjm, by J. C. Loudon, F.L.S., &c. 8. vols. 8vo. Lon- don, 1835—1838. \nd. rep. Andrews (Henry). The Bota- nist's Repository for new and rare Plants. 10 vols. 4to. Lon- don, 1797, et seq. Aub. gui. See Aub. guian. Bate. orch. The Orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala, by James Bate- nian, Esq.,F.L. S.,&c. eleph. fol. London. Parts 1 & 2 pub- lished. Bauer n. h. Bauer (Ferdin). Illustrationes Floras Novae Hollandia?. Fol. 1813. Baxt. Br. PI. Baxter's British Phaenogamous Botany ; or Figures and De- scriptions of the Genera of British FloweringPlants, &c, by W. Baxter, F.H. S., &c, Curator of the Oxford Bo- tanic Garden. 8vo. 5 vols, published in 1840, continued monthly. Bib. it. Memorie Matematica e Fisica della Societa Italiana. 4to. 1 vol. Verona, 1782 & 1816. Bir. bot.g. The Birmingham Botanic Garden. Conducted by G. B. Knowles, F.L.S., & F. Westcott. 1 vol. 4to. 1837. Botanist. The Botanist. Conducted by B. Maund, Esq., F. L. S., as- sisted by Professor Henslow. In monthly numbers, 8vo. Bot. gar. The Botanic Garden ; or Maga- zine of hardy flowering Plants cultivated in Great Britain. By B. Maund, F.L.S. 1824, continued monthly. Bot mis. The Botanical Miscellany. By Sir W. J. Hooker, F. R. S., &c. 8vo. London, 1830. Col. h. rip. Colla. Hortus Ripulensis. 4to. Turin, 1827—1829. Cur. Ion. Curtis (William). Flora Londi- nensis. Fol. London, 1777, continued. Dec. leg. See Dec. legum. Den. br. Dendrologia Brltannica. By P. W. Watson. 1 vol. 1825. Desf. at. See Desf. atl. Di. el. See Dil. el. Don's Mill. A General System of Gardening and Botany, &c.,. founded on Miller's Dictionary, and ar- ranged according to the Na- tural System. By G. Don, F. L. S. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1831—1838. Duh. no. Fl. au. Fl. gr. Fl. nap. Forst. Gm. si. H. &B. Hort. tr. J II.tr. J Jac. sc. Kth. mim. Lab. n. h. Lam. ic. Led.alt. Led ic. 7 Led. fl. ros.J Leh. in. Lin. tr. Loud. fl. I Mic. ar. See Duh. ar. e. n. Flora Australasica. By Robert Sweet. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1827—1828. The Floral Cabinet. By G. B. Knowles, F. L. S., and F. Westcott. 4to. London and Birmingham, 1837, 1838. Flora Conspicua. By Richard Morris. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1826. See Fl. graec. Flora Neapolitana. By Michel Tenore. 4 vols. fol. Neap. 1811, &c. Forster (George). Characteres Generum Plantarum quas in Itinere ad Insulas Maris Aus- tralis, &c. 4to. 1776. The Gardener's Magazine. Con- ducted byJ.C. Loudon, F.L.S. &c. Vols. 1 to 15. London, 1826—1839, continued. See Gmel. sib. Von Humboldt (Alex Fr.Henr.) et Bonpland (Aime). Plantes Equinoxiales. Fol. 1808. Flora Boreali-Americana. By Sir W. J. Hooker, F. R. S., &c. Published in 4to. num- bers. Hortus Britannicus. Bv J. C. Loudon, F. L. S , &c" 1 vol 8vo. London, 1839. See Hort. trans. See Jac. schd'n. See K unth mim. See Lab. nov. ho. Lamarck (Jean Baptiste Monet de). Icones Plantarum in- editae. Ledebour (Carolus Frederieus) Icones Plantarum Altaicarum, Fol. Berolinae, 1830. Id. Icones Plantarum novnrum vel iinperfecte cognitarum Floram Rossicam, &c. Riga?, &c. Fol. 1829. Lehman (J. C. G.). Monogra- phia Generis Primularum. 4to. Lipsiae, 1817. See Linn, trans. The Ladies' Flower Garden ol Ornamental Annuals. By Mrs. Loudon. 1 vol. 4to. 1840. Martius(C. F. P.). Nova Genera et Species Plantarum quas in Itinere per Braziliam ann. 1817—1820. 4to. See Mich. arb. ADDITIONAL NAMES OF BOOKS REFERRED TO. Pal. p. Par. Ion. Patters. Paxt. mag. Ph. am. PI. am. Poc. or. Uoyle ill. 8c phi!. See Pal. ac. pet. Salisbury (Rich. Ant.). Para- disus Londinensis. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1805— 1808. See Pater, it. Magazine of Botany and Register of Flowering Plants. By J. Paxton, F. L. S., &c. 8vo. 1834, continued monthly. Pursh (Fred. I. Flora Ameri- cana? Septentrionalis. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1814. See Plumier. A Description of the East and some other Countries. By R. Pococke. 2 vols. fol. Lon- don, 1743—1745. Illustrations of the Botany and other Branches of Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the Flora of Cashmere. By Dr. Royle, F. R. S., &c. 4to. London, 1833—1838. Schrader (H. A.) Dissertation. Sw. au. Sw. fl . g. Sw. fl. g. 2. s. Vahl ec. Wall, asiat. Wall. pi. as. ra. on the genus Philadelph-is Not published. Schranck (Fr. von Paula. Plants rariores Horti Mo- nacensis. Folio. Munich, 1817—1819. Sertum Orchidaceum. By J. Lindley, Ph. D., F. R. S., &c. Fol. London, 1838. Sweet (Robt.). Flora Austra- lasica. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1827—1828. Id. Cistineae. The Natural Order of Cistus, or Rock Rose. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1830. See Sweet fl. gard. Id. Second series. Vahl (Martinus). Eclogae Ame- ricana?. Fol. 1796. Wallich (Nath.). Plant* rariores Asiatics. 2 parts, fol. Lon- don, 1830 Willdenow(Car. Lud.). Hortui Berolinensis. Fol. BerUiv. 1806—1810. LIST OF AUTHORITIES FOR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. AbfU tch. Ad., Adans. Aft. Ag,Agh., Agdfi. Ait. Alb. Alb.ScSchwe. All. A mm. And.,Andr., Andrz. Ard. Aub., Aubl Balb. Ban. Bat. Batsch. Baumg. B.C. Beauv. Bell. Berg. Bern.,Bernh Bert.,Bertol. Bess. Bicb Biv. B.M. Boer. Bohm. Bolton. Bon., Bonpl. Bork. Bory. Bosc. Bouch. B.P. Br. Bradl. BR, B.Reg. B.Rep. Brid. Brot. Brouss. Abel. A traveller in China, and author of a Notice of Chinese plants. Acfiarius. A Swedish professor, and writer upon Lichens. Adanson. A French systematical bo- tanist. Afzelius. A Swedish professor. Agardh. A Swedish professor, and writer upon A lgae, &c. Alton. The superintendant of the King's garden at Kew. Albcrtini A writer upon Fnngi. Albertini and Schweinitz. Writers upon Fungi Allioni. An Italian botanist. Ammann. An old Russian botanist. Andrzejowski. A Russian botanist. Arduini. An Italian botanist. Aublct. A French traveller in Guiana Balbis. A French professor of botany. Banks. A great traveller and patron of science. Batard. A writer upon the Flora of France. Batsch. A writer upon Fungi. Baumgarten. A German botanist. Botanical Cabinet. By Loddiges and Sons. Palisot de Beauvois. A French tra- veller and botanist. Bellardi. An Italian botanist. Bergius. A Swedish writer upon Cape plants. . Bernhardt'. A German botanist Bertolini. A writer upon the Flora of Italy. Besser. A Russian professor, resident in the Crimea. Bieberstein. A Russian botanist of great note. Bivona. A Sicilian botanist. Botanical Magazine. By Culis, Sims, &c. Boerhaave. An old Dutch botanist. Bbhmer. A German botanical writer. Bolton. An English writer on Fungi. Bonpland. A French traveller in South America, and botanist Borkhausen. A writer upon the Flora of Hesse Darmstadt Bory de St. Vincent. A French tra. veller and botanist Bosc. A French botanist, and traveller in North America. Boucher. A writer upon the French Flora. Brown's Prodromus Fierce Nova? Hol- landia?. Robert Brown. A celebrated English botanist, and traveller in New Hol- land. Bradley. An old English writer upon succulent plants. Botanical Register. By Ker and Lindley Botanical Repository. By Andrews and others Bridel. A German writer upon mosses. Brotero A Portuguese botanist. Broussonet. A French botanist, and traveller in Barbary. Buch. Buchanan. An English physician, and traveller in Nepal. Bull. Bulliard. A French writer on Fungi. Burc.,Burch Burchell. An English botanist, and traveller at the ("ape of Good Hope. Burm.,Brm. Burmann. A Dutch editor of other people's works. C&salp. Ca?salpiuus. A famous old Italian bo- tanist. Ca., Cav. Cavanilles. A Spanish professor and botanist. Cels. Ce/s. A French nurseryman. Cham. Chaniisso. A German traveller round the world. Chois. Choisy. A Swiss botanist. Clus. Clusius. An old French botanist and traveller. Colcb. Colebrooke. A celebrated English writer upon Indian plants. Comm. Commelin. A Dutch garden botanist. Corr., Cor- Corre'a de Serra. A Portuguese botanist rea. and diplomatist. Crz. Crantz. An Austrian botanist. Curt. Curtis. An English writer upon plants. Cuss. Cvsson. A Swiss writer upon Umbel- lifera;, whose wife burnt his her. barium. Cyr. Cyrilli An Italian botanist D. C, Dec. Decandol/e. A celebrated French sys- tematic botanist. Del. Dclile. A French professor, and tra- veller in Egypt. Desf. Defontaines. A French botanist, and traveller in Barbary. Dcsv. Desvaux. A French professor of botany. Dicks. Dickson. An English cryptogamic bo- tanist Dill., Dillw. Dillwj/n. An English writer upon Con- ferva;. Dittm. Dittmarr. Dumb. Dombey. A French traveller in South America. Donn. Donn. An English gardener and bo- tanist. D<{fr. Dvfrcsne. A French writer upon Va- lerians. Duh. Duhamel. A celebrated French physio- logical botanist. Dum. Dumont Courset. A writer upon French garden plants. Dun. Dunal. A French professor of botany. Duroi. Du Roi. A German w riter upon plants. E.B., E.Bot. English Botany. By Sowerby and Smith. Ehr. Ehrhart. A German botanist. Ehrenb. Ehrenberg. A German traveller in Arabia, &c. Esp. Esper. A German writer on Fungi. Ettl. Etllingcr. A German writer on Salvia. Ex. B. Exotic Botany. By Smith. Fisch. Fischer. A Russian botanist. Fl. Flligge. A German writer upon grasses. Fl. Brit. Flora Britannica. By Sir James Ed- ward Smith. Fl. Dan. Flora Danica. By Oeder, Hornemann, and others. Fl. Lond. Flora Londincnsis. By Curtis and Hooker. Flcerke. Flecrke. Ft.Pcr.fFl.p. Flora Peruviana By Ruiz and Pavon. Fursk. Forskahl. A Danish naturalist, und traveller in Arabia AUTHORITIES FOR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. Forster. A, traveller in the South Seas with Captain Cook. Fries. A Swedish botanist, and writer upon Fungi Frazer. A gardener and collector of plants in North America. Frblich. A German writer upon Gen- tiana. Funck. A German Paxl. S P. B. W. Penny. Pf- Pohl. Pop. Presl. R.%P. Reboul. Reinw. Rh. Riv. Rubil. Robs. Roeh/er. Rol. Roll. Ronalds. Royle. S.$ C. S.$D. Sch.fil. Schlecht. Schrad. Schultes.fil. Sessi. Sieb. Spach. Stack. St. Hil. Sir. Taurez. Thore. Thou. Tou. Trin. Turcz. Urv. Vakl. Wal. Wan. VVeste. Youell. Zea. Zuc. Zuccarini. Nursery, and curator of the Canter- bury Museum. B. Mound, F.L.S., &c. Conductor of the Botanic Garden and the Bo- tanist. X. V. Merat. Author of the Nouvdle Flore des Environs de Paris. Miers. A South American collector. Moeino. A Mexican botanist. Necker. A German writer upon bo- tanical affairs. George Jt'offlg. Panzer. A foreign bo- tanical author. Patrin. A Russian travjll^r. />n;rtora,F.L.S.,H.S.,&c. Editor of the Magazine of Botany, and gar- dener to his Grace the Duke of De- vonshire at Chatsworth. Philip Barker Webb. A traveller in the Canaries, &c. George Penny, A. L.S. Botanical culti- vator in the Epsom Nursery. Dr. Pfeiffer, of Cassel, a writer in the Garten Zeitung. Pohl. A German botanist. Poppig. A German botanist. Presl. A Bohemian botanist. Ruiz and Pavon. Spanish botanists and travellers in Peru and Chile. M. Reboul. Author of a monograph on Tulipa. Reinwardt. A botanist of Frankfort. Rheede Author of Hortus Malabaricus. Rivinus. A German botanist. Rnbillard. A French botanist. Robson. An English botanist. Roehler. Author of a Catalogue of Gar- den Plants. Rolander. A Swedish botanist. Rollison. A nurseryman near London. Ronalds. A nurseryman at Brentford. Dr. Royle, V.P.R.S., &c. Professor of Mat. Med. in King's College. Au- thor of Illustrations of the Natural History of the Himalayas, &c. Schlechtendahl and Chamisso. German botanists. Schiede and Deppe. Writers on the botany of Mexico. Schultesfils. A Bavarian botanist. Schlechtendahl. A German botanist. Schroder. A German botanist. See Sch.Jil. above. Sessi. A Mexican botanist. Sieber. A botanical collector. Spach. A writer in the Annates des Sciences Naturelles. Slackhouse. An English botanist. See Hil. Hon. W. F. Strangways. A learned in- vestigator of the Flora of Europe. Robt. Sweet. An English botanist, and author of several botanical, &c, works. Swartz. A Swedish botanist and tra- veller in the West Indies. See Turcz. Thore. A French botanist. Du Petit Thouars. A French botanist and traveller in Madagascar. Tournefort. An old French botanist and traveller in Greece and Asia Minor. Trinius. A writer on Grasses. Turczaninojf. A botanical collector in the service of Russia, in Irkutzk. D' Urville. A captain in the French navy. Vahl. A botanical author. Dr. Wallich. Superintendant of the botanic garden at Calcutta. Wangenheim. A German botanist. Westcott. One of the conductors of the Floral Cabinet. Youell. A nurseryman at Yarmouth, Norfolk. Zea. A Spanish botanist. ij. G. Zuccarini. Author of a mono- graph on the genus Oxalis, and ol other papers. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES Used in Columns 3, 4, 5, 6', 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, and 1 '_'. Column 3. Habit. 5 Deciduous tree J Evergreen tree. £ Palm tree. s!t Deciduous shrub. • Evergreen shrub. 0 Deciduous under-shrub. n. Evergreen under-shrub. _£ Deciduous twiner, ligneous or herbaceous. J_ Evergreen twiner, lig. or herb. _£ Deciduous climber, lig. or herb. g_ Evergreen climber, lig. or herb. -* Deciduous trailer, lig. or herb. S^ Evergreen trailer, lig. or herb. ^K Deciduous creeper, lig. or herb. Xr, Evergreen creeper, lig. or herb. £fc Deciduous herbaceous plant £ Evergreen herbaceous plant M Grass. S Bulbous plant % Fusiform-rooted plant A Tuberous-rooted plant =fc Aquatic. J£ Parasite. Column 4. Duration and Habitation, A Perennial Q) Biennial. 0 Annual. f"~l Bark, or moist, stove. I Dry stove. I | Green-house. I Frame. fAl Bark stove perennial "Al Dry stove perennial. iAI Green-house perennial Al Frame perennial. 01 Bark stove biennial Fin Dry stove biennial iO)l Green-bouse biennial. (Dl Frame biennial. fTTl Bark stove annual. Tfl Dry stove annuaL iDI Green-house annuaL 01 Frame annual. Column 5. Popular Character. ag agricultural. cl clothing. clt cultivated in its native country. cu curious. cul culinary. de delicate. dy dyeing plant ec economical. el elegant. esc esculent fr fruit tree. fra fragrant gr grotesque m medicinal or ornamental. p poisonous. pr pretty. rk tor rock- work. ro robust spl splendid. tm timber tree un unattractive w weed, abund- ant in cul- tivated noils in its native country. Column 6. Height. fit lloating. Column 7. Time oj Flowering. ja January. f February. mr March. ap April. my May. jn June. jl July. au August. all sea wet w s September. o October. u November. d December. sp Spring. su Summer. aut Autumn. w Winter, all seasons, wet weather. Column 8. Color of the Flower. Ap apetalous /Erug serugi- nous. B blue. Bd blood. Bh blush. Bk black. Bksh blackish. Br brown. Bri brick-co- lored. Brsh brownish. Bsh bluish. Bt bright. C crimson. Cajs cssious. Ch chestnut. Ci citron. Cin cinereous. Cop copper-co- lored. Crea cream-co- lored. D dark. Din dingy. Dl dull Dp deep. F flesh. Fer ferruginous fiery. flame-co- lored. fulvid. fuscous. green. glaucous. golden. Gsh greenish. Gy grey. Hoa hoary. L light Ld livid. Lem lemon-co- lored. lilac, lurid. Pa Pk PI R Ro Rsh Ru Fla Fui Fus G Gl Go Li Lu 0 orange. Och ochraceous 01 olive. Oliva olivaceous. P purple. pale. pink or rose, pellucid. red. rosy, reddish, rufous. Rus russet. Ruft rusty-co- lored. S scarlet. Saf saffron. Sil silvery. Smo smoky ash- color. Spot spotted. St striped. Str straw. Su sulphur Tan tan-color- ed. Taw tawny. Test testaceous. Trati transpa- rent Uinb umber -co- lored V violet. Va variegated. Ve vermilion. Vy veinv. W white Wsh whitish. Y yellow. Ysh yellowish. Column 9. Native Country. C. G. H. Cape of Good Hope. E. lnd. E. Indies. N. Amer. North America. L*. Eur. North of Europe. N. Holl. New Holland. N. S. VV. New South Wales. S. Amcr. South America. S. Eur. South of Europe. V. Di. L. Van Diemen's I^aud. W. Ind. West Indies. Column 10. Year of Introduction of Exotics, and Localities of Bri- tish Species. aL bogs alpine bogs. al. b. p. alpine bushy places al hea. alpinf heaths. al. lak. alpine lakes. al. ma. alpine marshes. al. me. alpine meadow s al. riv. alpine rivers. a 2 al. roe alpine rocks. a. r. tr. alpine rocks and tree*. ba. banks. bar. gr. barren ground. bar.he. barren heaths. bar. pa. barren pastures. ba. s. p. barren sandy places. bog. h. boggy heaths. bog. pi boggy places. bgs.'m. j bogs on m°untains. bo. me. boggy meadows. borders of fields. branches. bushy fields. bushy hills. bushy places. calcareous banks. .. calcareous rocks, ch. ba. chalky banks, ch. cl chalky din's. ch. fi. chalky fields, ch. hiL chalky hills, ch. pa. chalky pastures, ch. so. chalky soil ch. wo. chalky woods, clov. fi. clover fields. cultivated ground. corn fields. ditches. ditch banks. dry mountainous place*. dry commons. dry fields. dry heaths, dr. pa. dry pastures. dr. wo. dry woods. d. st.pl dry stony places, d. st.w. dry stony woods, dungh. dunghills, ed.ofd. edges of ditches, gra. ba. gravelly banks, gra.he. gravelly heaths. gravelly pastures. gravelly soil. heaths. heaths and woods. hedges. hedge banks. Highland valleys. hilly pastures. Irish bogs. Irish mountains. Irish rocks. Irish shores. Irish thickets. lakes. moist alpine places. marshes, mar.la. margins of lakes, m. a. w. moist alpine woods. m. c. h. moist chalky hills, m.ch.s. moist chalky soil, mea. meadows, me. pa. meadows and pasture*. m. he ( mounta'ious heaths, m bed. moist hedges, micro, micaceous rocks. moist meadows. moist fields. moist ground. moist heaths. moist places. moist rocks. . moist woods, mo. pi mountainous places, nios. b. mossy bogs. iimiuii. mountains. m. pas. moist pastures, ms. pas. mountainous pastures, m. r h. mountainous rocky heaths- inrit. r. maritime rocks. in. r. tr. moist rocks and trees. bor. fi. br. bu. fi. bu. hi. bu. pL cal. ba. cal. ro. clt. gr. cor. ri. dit. dit ba. d.m.pL dr. co. dr. fi. dr. he. gra. pa. gra. so. hea. hea. w. hed. hed. b. hghlv. hi I. pa. ir. bog. ir. mo. ir. roc. ir. sho. ir. thi. lak. m. alp. mar. m. me. moi. fi. moi.gr. moi h. moi. pi. moi.ro. moi. w. RULES FOR PRONOUNCING BOTANICAL NAMES. m.s.pl. m. thi. m. wo. mud.d. mud. s. n. of e. n. of s. old w. ' old wa., os. hoi. pas. pea. d. riv. ba. rivul. ro. sid. rub sa.hea. sal. m. sa. ma. san. fi. ean. gr. san. pi. san.sh. sa. pas. sa.w.d. sa.w.p. sc. alp. sc. bog. sc. isl. s. cliff's sc. ma. sc. mo. sc. pas. sc. roc. sc. sh. sc. thi. sc.wds." sc. wo. _ sea co. moist shady places, mountainous thickets, mountainous woods, muddy ditches, muddy shores, north of England, north of Scotland ■ old walls. osier holts, pastures, peaty ditches, river banks, rivulets, road sides, rubbish, sandy heaths, salt marshes, sandy marshes, sandy fields, sandy ground, sandy places, sandy shores, sandy pastures, salt-water ditches, sandy wet places. Scottish alps. Scottish bogs. Scottish islands, sea cliff's. Scottish marshes. Scottish mountains. Scottish pastures. Scottish rocks. Scottish shores. Scottish thickets. Scottish woods. sea sh. sev. isL sha.ba. sha.bo. sha. la. sha. pi. sh. roc. s. m. pi. so. CO. so. of s, sp. bo. sta.wa. st. in w. sto. hi. sto. pa. sto. pL sto.wa. sun.hi. sun ro. thick, tr. tr.&st. tru. tr. tur. bo. tur. he. uncgr. unc.pL wa. gr. w.al.h. w. alp. wat.co. wat. pL w. bog. W. CO. w. gr. w. lak. w. roc. w.sa.p. w. s.gr. sea shore. Severn isles, shady banks, shady bogs, shady lanes, shady places, shady rocks, shady moist places south coast, south of Scotland, spongy bogs, stagnant water, stones in water, stony hills, stony pastures, stony places, stones and walls, sunny hills, sunny rocks, thickets, trees. trees and stones, trunks of trees, turfy bogs, turfy heath, uncultivated ground, uncultivated places, waste ground, wet alpine heaths. Welsh alps, watery commons, watery places. Welsh bogs, wet commons, wet ground. Welsh lakes. Welsh rocks, wet sandy places, wet shady ground. w.sh.p. wet shady places, wy.sh.p. watery shady places, w. thi. wet thickets. Column 11. Propagation. B by budding. C cuttings. D division of the plant G grafting. I inarching. L 'ayers. Ls leaves. O offsets. R division of the root S seeds. Sk suckers. Column 12. Soil. aq. watery places. CO. common garden soiL c.p. common peat, or bog. h. heavy rich clay. h.l. heavy loam. 1. loam. Lp. loam and peat, most loam It light vegetable soiL ltl. light loam. in s. moist soiL P- peat. P-L peat and loam, most peat r. rich garden soiL r.m. rich mould. ru. rubbish. s. sand. s.l. sandy loam. s.p. sandy peat s.p.L sand, peat, and loam. RULES FOR PRONOUNCING BOTANICAL NAMES. SYLLABLES. In classical words there are as many syllables as there are vowels ; except when u with any other vowel follows g, q, or s, and when two vowels unite to form a diphthong. The diphthongs are one body. r r \ hers or tops,) y Under, - 1 Jnto many bodies Monadelphia ( mono*, one, addphog, brother). A/dlva fragrans. 560 Diade"iphia [dis, twice, adetphoa, a brother ). Ononis arve'nsis. 59S 18. Polvndtflphia [pdyt, mmy, ad el phos, brother). Hy- peYicum quadijin. 650 19. Syngenesia(.jr/n, together, genesis, origin). Cicho- riuin i'ntybus. 660 Male organs (stamens) at-} 20. Gyna~ndria [gyne. tached to,and standing upon > man, aner, a ron the same plant, i different plants, MonoeVia (mom*, one. oikos, house) ■ C'ucurbita &■ Pepo. 768 £ Dor £ Dor £ CD or £ DDor If Dor If Dor £ Dor £ O or * Dor £ Dor If Dor fDor If Dor £ Dor Mardnta zebrina B. M ovate )f □ or gibbous £ C^] or close- spiked £ (3D or Mey. Calathea. striped-leaved ]£ □ or .5f s X SE Cannece. 2 my ja.d ja d ja.d ja.d my d.ja s.d ja.d ja.d ja.d my s.d au.s s.d jl jn.au jn.au d.ja Cannece. 2 jl.au 2 d 2 jn.jl 2 jl.au 8 jl.au 4 au 2 jn.jl Cannece. 2 ja.d fv R R.V S Y S R.Y R.Y R R R.Y R R R O R Y Br R sp.r w R Y.w R R O Y.w Sp. R.Y 17—20. Rio Jan. 1778. India 1570. India S. Amer. 1731. E. Indies 1629. Trinidad J8i9. S. Amer. 1809. W.Indies 1822. Brazil 1818. India 1822. W. Indies 1820. 1821. Peru 1820. 1820. 1820. S. Carol. 1788. S. Amer. 1732. S. Amer. ... Peru 1816. —20. S. Amer. 1732. Guiana 1803. Caraccas 1809. W. Indies 1820. E. Indies 1819. E. Indies 1818. Surinam 1812. 1—4. Brazil 1815. Kefrrence to Figures. r.m Bot. reg. 576 r.m Red. lil. 201 r.m Hook. ex. fl. 58 r.m Bot. mag. 452 r.in Bot. mag. 2085 r.m Bot. reg. 470 r.m Bot. reg. 206 r.m Bot. reg. 772 r.m Bot. reg. 771 r.m r.m r.m r.m Bot. reg. 775 r.m Bot. mag. 2317 r.m Bot. mag. 2323 r.m Sal. st. ra. 3. t. 2 r.m Ex. b. 2. t. 102 r.m Bot. mag. 2302 r.m Bot. mag. 1968 s.l Bot. mag. 2307 s.l Ru. p. g. p. 8. t. 2 s.l Jac. ic. r. 2. 201 s.l Bot. mag. 2398 s.l Rumph. 4. t. 7 si I R s.p Bot. reg. 385 4. THA'LIA. W. 26 dealbata Rose. t5. PHRY'NIUM. 27 capitatum TV. Thalia. mealy Phrynium. headed 28 dichotomum Roxb. forked ± L_Jor f Dor £Dor t6. HEDY'CHIUM. IV. Garland Flowers. 29 coronarium Roxb. sweet-scented 30 angustifolium Rox. scarlet 31 elatum Br. tall 32 Gardnerianum Walt. Gardner's 33 flavescens B. C. pale-yellow 34 spicatum B. M. spiked 35 gracile Roxb. slenoer 36 flavum Roxb. yellow 37 h°teromalluin B.R. variable If Dor £ Dor fDor If Dor £ Dor £ Dor £ Dor £ Dor if Dor Cannea:. Sp. 4 jl.au W Cannece. Sp. 5 W 5 jl.au W Scitaminece. 5 jn.s Y 5 jn.s jn.d jn.au J" 1—2. S. Carol. 2. E. Indies E. Indies Sp. 9— 1+. E. Indies E. Indies E. Indies E. Indies India E Indies Bengal Nepal India 1791. R p.l 1807. R s.l 1810. R s.l 1791. 1815. 1818. 1819. 1822. 1810. 1S23. 1822. 1822. R p.l R si R s.l R r.s R s.l R co R s.l R s.l R s.l Bot. mag. 1690 As. r. 11. 1 8 Bot. mag. 708 Bot. reg. 157 Bot. reg. 526 Bot. reg. 771 Bot. cab. 723 Bot. mag. 2300 Bot. cab. 604 Bot. reg. 767 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, rL £?T£ Fr°m ? Celtic,wor£ signifying a cane or mat. Le Balisier, Fr. Blumenrohr, Ger. Canna, Ital. The first three species are found wild within the tropics on all the continents, and chiefly in moist woods or jpongy woody wastes : in America and the Brazils, they are known by the name of wild plantain, andtheir leaves are used as envelopes for many objects of commerce ; from which circumstance, the French name of the nlant (balisier) is said to have arisen ; balija being Spanish for an envelope. Clusius says he saw the C lutea flowering by house-sides in Spam and Portugal, and that the inhabitants there use the seed for makim? their rosaries : in the East Indies the seeds are sometimes used as shot. The roots of C. edulis are eaten dressed in nnI'="vtWayA me PerU u*5" S6fdS °fn,m0St 0f the species are round' hard> Wack> fining, heavy and about one sixteenth of an inch diameter These grow readily, or the plants may be propagated by dividing the roots ; Miller recommends rich garden earth ; Sweet {Bot. Cultiv. p. 34.) light rich soil for all the species. Most ot tftese, it planted in a warm border early in summer, will flower there during the season. in tne XArst Indies it 13 used as an alexipharmic, to resist the fonc of poisons; <>Ki»tK I. MONANDliiA MONOGYNIA. Essential specific Character. 1 Inner limb of the corolla 3-lid, Seg. ovate equal sprdg. with long claws. Lip bifid, rev. Leaves ovate lane 2 Inner limb of the corolla trilid, Segments lanceolate acuminate straight 3 Inner limb of the corolla trifid, Segments straight emarginate 4 Inner limb of the corolla bitid 5 Peduncle short inclosed in the upper leaf, Inner limb of the corolla trifid, Segments ovate lanceolate sub- erect, Lip erect spreading entire 6 Peduncles elong. Inner limb of corolla 3fid, Seg. ianceol. spathul. reflexed spreading, Lip oblong entire 7 Segments of cor. 2 entire ovate unequal, Lip bifid bent down 8 Segments of cor. 3 broad emarginate and crenate : the claws long, Lip. 2-fid bent down 9 Leaves of cal. lanceolate acute, Cor. 5 parted, Leaves ovate. obi. acute at both ends cordate 10 Leaves of cal. oblong obtuse, Cor. 6 parted, Leaves ovate-obl. acute at both ends cordate 11 Leaves sessile ovate with the sheaths and nerves very red, Inner limb 4 parted 12 Leaves smooth and stems colored at the base. Hoots tuberous and large, Middle seg. of corolla very short 13 Flowers sessile in pairs, Segments of cor. 2 erect bifid, Lip spotted revolute 14 Flowers on stalks : outer segments reflexed, inner 3 erect, Leaves lanceolate pointed at each end 15 Inner limb of the corolla trifid, Segments flaccid 16 Inner limb of the corolla trifid, Segments ovate straight, Lip three-lobed fringec 17 Stem and Leaves beneath downy, sheaths curled and colored at the edge, Flowers cernuous 18 Culm branched herbaceous, Leaves ovate lanceolate somewhat hairy underneath 19 Leaves ellipt. oblique at end, Spikes elong. in fasc. Bract, erect, 2-fid. imbricate acute pubesc 20 Culm branched knotty ovate smooth, Spikes terminal subternate, Bracteas colored 21 Stem knotty, Leaves lane, narrow, Panicle wavy, Inner braits colored, Calyx ovate 22 Stem shrubby branching, Leaves ovate smooth 23 Leaves oblong lane, pubesc. Fl. stalks 2-fid. Germ very hairy 24 Stemless, Scape naked, Spikes comose, Bracteas reflexed 25 Flowers in dense heads shorter than the leaves which are striped with purple 26 Calyx two-flowered, Culm reedy powdered, Leaves ovate revolute at the apex 27 Stemless, Leaves radical 28 Shrubby, dichotomous, Leaves cordate 29 Leaves lanceolate, Spikes compact imbricated, Segments of the cleft lip of the corolla Itinulate 30 Leaves linear lane. Spikes open, Fasc. of flowers subtern. Seg. of cleft lip obi. the other 5 segs. of cor. lin. 31 Leaves obi. lane, smooth, Spikes loose, Fascic. tern. 3 fid. Inner segs. of the cor. linear-cuneate, Lip bifid 32 Spike many-fl. loose, Fascicles many-fl. distant, Lip obovate bifid, Filament colored longer than corolla 33 Leaves lanceolate, Spike loose ovate, Petals linear, Lip ovate 2-lob. Fil. the same length as petals 34 Spathes truncate 1-fl. Outer segments of cor. linear, Lip roundish 2-lobed 'longer than the style 35 Leaves lanceolate, Spike term], open, Flowers sol. scattered, Lip bifid sessile: stigm. |-lanceol. Pet. linear 36 Leaves broad, Spike terml. imbricate, Bract. 4-fl. Cor. with linear segm. Lip. obconlate retuse 37 Upper leaves wavy silky beneath, Spike loose conical, Filament much longer than corolla and Miscellaneous Particular* washed, pounded, and blanched, it makes a tine powder and starch, and may be used as food, rescmblinc. in many respects the salcp. A light loamy soil suits all the species, which, though tender, are readily propa- gated by dividing the root. 3. Calathea. So named by Meyer, probably from the cup-like stigma of the genus. It is much admired on account of its singularly striped foliage, to which the specific name alludes, and its ovate spike of purple flow ers, about the size of a large pine-cone. 4 Thalia. In memory of John Thalius, a German physician, at Nordhuys, author of Plants Hercynae, 1588. An aquatic, and if planted two or three feet under water, will survive our winters, in the open air. It Sowers beautifully. 5. Phryniutn. 4>»u«ov, a plant which grows in marshes, the habitation 'of frogs, from ;, a frog. Tbe leaves are used in Malabar and China, for wrapping Up cakes in the oven ; before expansion they infuse them in spirit of rice or sugar diluted with three times its quantity of water, to make vinegar. Loureirv. t>. i/edi/chium. From a Greek word signifying sweet, from the grateful odour it emits. This beautiful • ■ n requires a light rich soil, and large pots to make the plants flower freelv H. angustifolium deserves a place in cverv collection. B 2 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class I. 7. ROSCO'EA. Sm. 38 purpurea Sm. t8. ALPI'NIA. W. 39 comosa Jacq. 40 Galanga W. 41 racemosa Ros. 42 occidentalis Sw. 43 nutans Ros. 44 ctrnua B. M. 45 calcarata Ros. 4fi malaccensis Ros. 47 mutica &»'& 48 Cardamomum Roxb. 49 spicata Roxb. 50tubulata B.R. 51 Allughas W. 9. HELLE'NIA. i?.^. 52 CEerulea Br. 10. ZIN'GIBER. /Jose. 53 panduratum Roxb. 54 Mioga Ros. 55 officinale .ftos. 56 Zerumbet Ros. 57 Casumunar ^oxi. 58 purpureum Rose. 59 roseum Roxb. 60 squarrosum /forft. 11. COS'TUS. Rose. 61 arabicus i. 62 spicatus W. 63 speciusus Rose. (2 angustifolius. 64 afer B. R. /2 hirsutus. 65 spiralis /Jar. .■#/>. spiralis. 66 villosissimus Jizc^. tl2. KJEMPFE'RIA. W. 67 rotunda L. 68 Galanga L. 69 angustif61ia Joey. 70 pandurata B. Reg. 71 latifulia Dunn. 72 ovalifolia 7foj:6. 13. AMO'MUM. Rose. 73 Afzelii # Zingiber. B 3 MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA Class 1. 14. CURCU'MA. W. 80 Zedoaria Ros. 81 Zertimbet Roxb. 82 aeruginosa Roxb. 83 rub&cens Roxb. 84 cassia Roxb. 85 comosa Roxb. 86elata Roxb. 87 ferruginea Roxb. 1 lcui'urhiza 7io.rA. Turmeric. broad-leaved ^ 23 or Zedoary ^ 23 clt green-rooted ^j 23 or reddish ^ 23 or ea;sious ^ (23 or many-flowered^ 23 or tall j^'fAlor sweet-rooted ^ E3 or white-rooted ^ 23 or Scitaminete. Sp. lfi — 18. 89 xanthorhiza Roxb. yellow-rooted ^ 23 or 90 rubricaiilis Lh. red-stemmed ^ [Z3 or 91 angustifolia Roxb. narrow-leaved ^. E3 or 92 viridiflora Roxb. green-flowered^ 23 or 93 petiolata Roxb. 94 Amada Roxb. 95 16nga Ros. IS. GLOB'BA. Ros. 96 marantina Ros. 97 sessiliflora R. M. 98 Careyana Roxb. lfi. MANTI'SIA. Sims. 99 saltatoria A M. 17. PHILY'DRUM. A /■ 100 lanuginusum B. P. ' long-stalked ££ 23 or Mango-ginger ^ 23 clt long-rooted ^ 23 clt Globba. round-headed ^ 23 or sessile-flower'd^ 23 or Dr. Carey's ^ 23 or Mamtisia. opera girls ^ IZ3 or Philydrum. oolly ]£ OJ or ap.au ap.au ap.au my.s ap.jn my my my my my my jl jl.au au ap.jn R Y R.Y Y Y R.Y Cr Y R.Y R R Y Y.c Y R.Y S 5 3 1 2 1 1 i 1 3 2 2 2 2 Scitaminete. Sp. 3 — 11. 1| jl.au Y E. Indies 1800. 1| au Y Pegu ISO1?. 1| au Y Pegu 1822. Scitaminete. Sp. 1. 1 jn P E. Indies 1808. Related to Juncece, R. B. E. Indies 1797. E. Indies 1807. E. Indies 1807. E Indies 1805. Bengal 1819. E. Indies 1819. E. Indies 1819. E Indies 1819. E Indies 1819. Amboyna 1819. E. Indies 1822. E. Indies 1822. Sumatra 1822. Pegu 1822. Bengal 1819. E. Indies 1759. r.m Bot. mag. 154G r.m Bot. mag. 2000 r.m r.m Rose. scit. ic. s.l s.l s.l s.l s.l s.l s.l s.l s.l s.l s.l s.l Rose. scit. ic. Rose. scit. ic. As. res. 11. 5 Rose. scit. ic. Rose. scit. ic. Jac. vind. 3. t. 4 18. LOPE'ZIA. Cav: 101 hirsuta H.K 102 racemosa H.K. 103 coronata H.K 104 cordata Horn. 19. BOERHAA'VIA. » 105 erecta W. 106 diffusa W. 107 hirsiita W. 108 scan'dens W. 109 viscosa hag. 20. CENTRAN'THUS. Mich Cen'tranthus. 110 ruber D. C. red O or 111 angustifAlius D. C. narrow-leaved O or I12calcitrapa Dufr. cut-leaved O <>r 21. POLLI'CHIA. IV. Poi.lichia. 113 campiJstris W. short-leaved t- tQj or 22. SALICOR'NIA. W. Glasswort. Loi'EZIA. hairy £ OI or smooth ]£ O) or coronet-flower. O or cordate O or Hog weed. upright ]£ 23 or spreading JU. 23 or scarlet-trailing-* □ or climbing ft I I or clammy _& 23 or jn.jl Y China Onagrar'ue. Sp. 4 — 5. Sp. 1—2. 1801. C au.o jl.s jl.s Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico 1796. 1792. 1805. 1821. India India Jamaica Jamaica Peru 1733. 1690. 1733. 1691. 1821. 114 arabica W. 115 fruticosa W. llfiradlcans E.B. 117 herbacea W. 118 procumbens E. B. 23. HIPPU'RIS. 119 vulgaris W. W. Arabian shrubby rooting marsh procumbent Marestail. common Nyclaginete. Sp. 5 — 25. 1} jf.s W India 1 au.s Cr 1 iny.au R I) ap.s G 3 ap.s Sc Valerianae. Sp. 3 — 4. H my.jl Cr Britain mea. 1| my.jl Cr S. Europe 1759. 1 my.jl P Portugal 1683. Chenopodeie. Sp. 1. 6 s Ap C. B. S. Chenopodete. Sp. 5 — 18. s.l Ex. bot. 2. t. 103 s.l Bot. mag. 1428 s.l Bot. cab. 691 s.l Bot. mag. 1320 l.p Bot. mag. 783 co Jac. c. s.5.t.l5. f.4 co Bot. mag. 254 co Bot. rep. 551 co co Jac. vind. 1. 1. 5,6 co Her. par. 267. ic. co Jac. vind. 1. t. 7 co Jac. vind. 1. t 4 Eng. bot. 1531 FL graec. 29 Fl. graec. 30 1780. C co Sm. spicil. 1. 1. 1 S,r A or O clt !U O clt jn.jl au.s Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap A rabia Britain Britain Britain 1758. C s.l seash. S s sea sh. S s sea sh. S England sal. m. S 1 Mor. 2. t. 3;:. J Eng. bot. 24:i7 Eng. bot. !ffi)l Eng. bot. 415 Eng. bot. lo;| Haloragets. Sp. 1. * A clt 1 my.jn Ap Britain dit. R co Eng. hot. 7fi: 103 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, U. Curcuma. From the Arabic kurkum or hercum. Babilonischcr so/ran, Get C. longa was formerly much used in cookery to give things a color, and is still so used in the East Indies, for dyeing The root was reputed aperient and resolvent, and was given in jaundice : it tinges the urine of a deep yellow The roots of < . zerumbet powdered and mixed with the powdered wood of Caesalpinia Sappan is cop ously thrown about bv the H.ndoos during their holidays in March. The tubers of many species yield a very beautiful pure starch like arrowroot, which in some places, especially Travancore, forms a large part of the diet of the inhabitants 15. Globba. Its Indian name, and that also by which it is known in the Moluccas. Globee Fr Most of the species : produce spikes of smoky-colored berries about the size of grapes, and which are sometimes eaten lb. Mantisia The flowers bear a singular resemblance to some of the insects called mantis The name of the species is derived from a fanciful notion that the flowers are like a dancing figure attached to a wire l/. Ihilydrum. f,x0; and Coae, a lover of water, in allusion to the places in which it grows Aorettv biennial plant, requiring but little protection from frost. B p e"y 18. Lopezia Dedicated by Cavanilles to the memory of the licentiate Thomas Lopez, a Spanish botanist who is sa.d to have directed his attention to the natural history of the New World The species "re ch"eflv elegant annuals, and well deserving of cultivation. "pecies are cnieny 19. Boerhaavia. So named in honor of the famous Boerhaave of Leyden. born at Voorhoot in 1668, and died Order I. MONANU1UA MONOGYNIA. 80 Spikes lateral, Bulba small with long palm, tub yell, inside, Leaves broad sessile silky beneath all green SI Spikes lat Tub. palm, pale straw-col. Leaves gr. stalk, bid. with a pur. cloud down the mid. H. short, than brae 82 Spikes lateral, Roots asruginous within, Leaves stalked with a faint rusty cloud beyond their middle above 83 Spikes lat. Roots pearl col. inside, Leaves broad on winged red stalks above the sheaths : rib and scape red 84 Spikes lateral, Hoots green inside palmate, Leaves narr. with a rusty cloud in middle 85 Spikes lateral ilavate comose, Roots ovate pale yell, inside, Leaves all green 86 Spikes lateral, Tubers large incurved pale yellow, Leaves sessile villous beneath all green 87 Spikes lat. Hoots palm, scented pale yell, inside palmd. Leaves and sheath rusty with a pale red .-.pot in mid. 88 Spikes lat. few-flowered comose, Tubers long spreading pale inside, Leaves smooth pure green Sit Spikes lat Tubers all yellow, Leaves sessile green broad with a purple cloud down the middle 90 Spikes lat. Leaves stalked oblong with red sheaths 91 Spikes lat Root with pale pendulous tubers, Leaves stalked narrow, Flowers longer than braotes 92 Spikes central, Tubers palmate deep yellow, Leaves long stalked broad-lanceolate, Plant all green 93 Spikes central, Leaves on long stalks cordate, Coma lilac 91 Spikes central few-flowered, Tubers palmate pale yellow inside, Leaves broad smooth on long stalks 9.3 Spikes central, Roots deep orange inside, Leaves long stalked broad green 9o Leaves lanceolate, Spike terminal sub-sessile cone-shaped bulbiferous, Anther 4-horned 97 Spike wliorled, Lateral segments of cor. longest, Appendage cordate, Bractes lane, withering, Bulbii'orous 98 Leaves ovate lane, villous beneath, Racemes compound term, bulbif. Anther naked rounuidll 99 The only species 100 Flowers bright yellow, Leaves hairy 101 Leaves ovate villous, Stem round 102 Leaves ovate attenuate at base, with the 4-corncred stem smooth 103 Leaves shining, Stems angular, from the decurrent stalks, Corymbs leafy at the base 104 Leaves roundish cordate ciliated smooth, Branches angular 105 Stem 4-cornered smooth, Joints clammy, Flowers panicled, Leaves angular dotted with black beneath 106 Stem round pubescent, Flowers in capitate corymbs 107 Stem roundish hairy, Leaves ovate acute sub-repand, Flowers in heads diandrous 108 Stem climbing, Leaves all cordate, Flowers in umbels diandrous 109 Villous viscid, Leaves ovate acute sub-repand, Stem procumbent, Flowers in heads triandrous 1 10 Leaves entire lanceolate, Stem J-shrubby at base, Flowers corymbose, Stamens nearly twice as long as cor. 111 Leaves linear, Stem herbaceous, Flowers corymbose, Stamens nearly thrice as long as corolla 112 Rad. leaves ovate cauline pinnatifid, Stem upright smooth, Flowers panicled 113 Stems branching declining, Flowers minute sessile in axillary heads 114 Leaves alternate sheathing obtuse gaping on one side 115 Stem erect shrubby, Joints of the young branches 2-sided, Scales of flowers truncate membranous 116 Stem shrubby prorumb. rooting, Joints compressed emarg. cylindr. Spikes obi. Style deeply divided, Stam. 2 117 Herbaceous spreading, Joints cmarginate compressed at end, Spikes axillary opp. stalked, Scales blunt 118 Herbaceous procumbent, Joints obconic, Branches simp. Spikes fastigiate, Stamens 9 IIP Leaves wliorled 10-12 linear acute PS and Miscellaneous Particulars. in 1758. La Tassole, Fr. He was the first friend and protector of Linnaeus. All the plants of this genus arc possessed of little beauty. 20. Centranthus. From xtvrqov, a spur, and avS-a,-, a flower, in allusion to the calcarate corolla. 21. Pollichia. In honor of Jean Ad. Pollich, a German botanist, who published in 1776, a history of the plants of the Palatinate. The only species is an obscure herbaceous plant 22. Salicornia. From sal, salt, and cornu, a hom ; saltwort, marsh samphire, he Christemarine, Fr. Glass schmaltz, Ger., and Erba-cali, Ital. S. herbacea is gathered when in flower, and pickled in salt and vinegar like samphire, for culinarv purposes. The whole plant has a saltish taste, and is greedily devoured by cattle. All the species, excepting "the S. arabica, abound on the shores of the Mediterranean, and are there burnt for soda, which is much used in the manufactures of soap and glass, especially at Marseilles. •23. Hippuris. From icTe?, a horse, and i^cc, a tail. La Pcsse d'eau, or pin aquatic. Ft. Sctutftholm, Ger., and Hippuride, Ital. The flower of this plant is one of the simplest among perfect plants ; it has only one stamen and one pistil, unprotected by either calyx or corolla, and it produces only one seed. The situation of the leaves in whorls is not usual in European plants, excepting in the stellata? of Linnaeus. The floweis in the beginning of summer are mostly hermaphrodite, but in autumn many of them are female. By absorbing a great quantity ot inflammable air, this plant is reputed to assist in purifying the putrid air of marshes It is eaten by wild duck v i: 4 MONANDRIA DIGYNIA. Cf.ASS 1. 24. ZOSTE'RA. L. Sea \Vrack<;rass. 120 marina L. common = A ec 25. CHLORAN'THUS. IV. Chloranthus. 121 inconspicuus IV. trailing * CD cu 122 monostachys Lindl. herbaceous JP [23 cu 123 monander Br. upright : □ cu 1| jn Fluviales. Sp. 1. au.s Ap Britain Chloranthem. 1 ap.s Ap 1 f.my Ap Ap sea sh. S Sp. 3—4. China 1781. C China 1819. C China 1817. C DIGYNIA. 26. CORISPER'MUM. W. Tickseed 124 hyssApifolium W. hyssop-leaved 125 squarrosum IV. rough-spiked 126 Redowskii Fisc/i. Redousky's 127 intermedium Sckw. intermediate 27. CALLIT'RICHE. W. 128 aquatica E. B. co 28. BLl'TUM. IV. 129capitaturo IV. 130virgatum IV. Water Starwort. common =fc O Strawberry Blite. berry-headed slender 131 chenopodioidesLam. goosefoot 29. ASPICAR'PA. Rich. Aspicarpa. 132 urens Rich. stinging O or O or O _$!Z2 Clienopodete. lijl Ap 1 au.s Ap | jl au Ap | jl.au Ap Halorageie. \ ap.o W Chenopodete. 2 my.au Ap 2 my.s Ap 2J my.au Ap Malpigkiacete, 5| jn.jl Ap 4—9. Europe Russia Siberia Poland 1739. S 1759. S 1822. S 1822. S Eng. bot. 467 Lind. coll. 17 Fl. graec. 1. 1. 1 Pall. ross. 2. t.99 Sp.\. Britain dit. S aq Eng. bot. 722 Sp.3. Austria 1633. S ru S. Europe 1680. S ru Crimea 1797. S co Sp. 1. S. Amer. 1821. Pt.etT.fl.pl. t. 2 Bot. mag. 276 M.h.l.t.32.f.ll C co Mem. m.2. .. 13 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, £4. Zostcra. From iu/rrri^, a riband ; the leaves of Z. oceanica are a foot long and an inch broad, resembling a riband. La Zostere, Fr., and Sectang, Ger. This plant abounds on the coast of Yarmouth, where it is thrown on shore in such abundance that mounds are made with it to enclose the encroachments of the sea. It is also used as thatch, and said to endure for upwards of a century; by exposure it bleaches white. In Sweden and Holland it is used as a manure, and is preferred to hay for stuffing beds. Horses and swine eat it, but cows are not fond of it. The rush-like envelopes of Italian liquor-flasks are prepared from this plant. 25. Chloranthus. So named from x>Me,°s, green, and uvBos, a flower, on account of the greenish hue of its inconspicuous inflorescence. The structure of the flower is very curious, and so anomalous, as to render it diffi- cult to tell to what class of Linnaeus it is referable. For further remarks upon this subject, see Mr. Lindley's Collectanea Botanica, p. 17. 26. Corispermwn. From xtfif, a bug or tick, and inri^a, a seed. Le Corrisperme, Fr., and Dei IVansen- Class II. — DIANDRIA. fc Stamens. This class, which is not large, and so entirely artificial that no other characters than those of the Linna?an definition can be assigned to it, contains some elegant and fragrant plants belonging to Jasmines, Scrophula- rineae, and Labiata; : examples of the two latter orders are Veronica and Salvia, extensive genera chiefly of hardy herbaceous plants. The most useful of the class are the pepper and the olive : the jasmine is used in per- fumery ; the sage and rosemary in cookery ; and the privet and syringa for garden hedges. One or two species are employed in medicine; several are border flowers; but the greater number of the class are plants of curiosity. Codarium is a leguminous plant, and is widely removed from its natural place, which is Diadelphia ; so re Salvia, Monarda, Rosmarinus, Veronica, and many others, which would have been naturally referred to Diuy namia. Under this class Persoon has placed the genus Gunnera, which Willdenow injudiciously referred to Gynan- oria. A great variety of diandrous plants are scattered through the other classes of Linnaeus ; but as such plants are chiefly, with the exception, perhaps, of grasses, diandrous, on account of the incomplete formation of some of their stamens, the rudiments of which are usually obvious, it is scarcely necessary to particularise more than the following, viz. : — D. MONOGYNIA. Viola diandra ; Salicornia herbacea, virginica ; Anychia dichotoma ; severa. species of Boerhaavia. D. DIGYNIA. Polycnemum salsum ; Bufonia tenuifolia. D TRIGYNIA. Holosteum diandrum. Order 1. MONOGYNIA. \>. Stamens. 1 Style. 30- Codnrium. 31. May terms. $ 1. Flowers complete, inferior, monopetalous, regular. Cal. 5-cut, with a persistent tube. Cor. flatfish. Legumen one-seeded, filled with a soft fsecula Cal. 5 lohed. Cor. campanulate, entire. Caps, compressed, 2-valved, with 2 cells, and 2 «pfds Order II. MONANDRIA DIGYNIA. ISO r caves entire somewhat 3-nerved, Stems nearly round 12,1 Spikes compound, Stem decumbent 129 Spike simple solitary, Stem upright 123 Spikes 2-4 simple, Stem upright, Leaves thick DIGYNIA. 124 Spikes terminal, Flowers distant, Ixjaves nerveless and bractes unarmed 125 Spikes axillary, Flowers close imbricat. Leaves nerveless and bractes mucronate pungent lL'ii Spikes terminal, Flowers becoming remote. Leaves nerveless and bractes pungent, Fruit incurved 127 Spikes terminal and axillary, Flowers imbricate, Leaves and bractes mucronate, Stem villous 128 A small floating plant resembling Lemna 129 Heads in terminal spikes 130 Heads lateral scattered 131 Heads axillary small not juicy, Stem very branching 132 A stinging twining perennial plant and Miscellaneous Particulars, same, Ger. The species abound in the south of Russia in marshy steppes with Salsola and Atriplex. Round the Caspian sea they grow six feet high, are red in winter, and eaten by camels. 27. Callitriche. From xxXkoc or xako;, and 3-^J, hair. Le Callitrice, Fr. Der Wasserstirn, Ger., and Calli- trica, Ital. A little aquatic plant, liable to variation in its appearance; on which account some botanists have divided it into several species. 28. Blitum. From /Sa/tcv, insipid, or, according to Dr. Theis, from the Celtic blitk, which has the same in- port Le Blete, Fr. Die Beermelde, Ger., and JSlito, Ital. After the flowers are past, the heads swell to the size of wood-strawberries, and when ripe have the same color and appearance. They are succulent, stain the hands, and were formerly used by cooks for coloring puddings. Some consider the B. virgatum as only a variety of the other. 29. Aspicarpa. From Surtrn, a round shield, and xa.e*o;, fruit, In reference to the form of the ripe fruit 32. Olea Cor. 4-cleft. Segments subovate. Drupe one-seeded. 33. Phillyrea. Cor. 4-cleft Berry one-seeded. 34. Chionanthus. Cor. 4-cleft. Segments very long. Drupe one-seeded, with a furrowed nut. 35. Notel&a. Cal. 4-toothed. Cor. 4 short oval petals united by the base of the stamens. Filaments 4-horned. Style O. Stigma bifid. Drupe with a papery putamen. 36. Ligustriim. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry 4-seeded. 37. Syringa. Cor. 4-cleft. Capsule of two cells. 38. Nyctantkes. Cor. 4-cleft. Segments truncated. Caps, with two cells edged. Seeds solitary. 39. Jasminum. Cor. 5 or 8-cleft. Berry with two divisions. Seeds solitary with an arillus. \ 2. Flowers complete, inferior, monopetalous, irregular. 40. Veronica. Cor. 4-cleft : limb flattish ; the lowest segment the narrowest. Capsule 2-celled. 41. Galipea. Cor 4 or 5-cleft, hypocrateriform. Stam. 4 : 2-sterile. 42. SckwenJiia. Cor. nearly equal : the orifice plaited, stellate, and glandular. Stam. 5 : 3-sterile. Capsule 2-celled. 4.3. Chatiola. Cor. 4-cleft, 2-lipped, resupinate. Stamens 4 : 2-sterile. Caps 2-celled. 44. Schizant/ius. Cal. 5-part»l Cor. 2-lipped resupinate : the upper lip 5-parted, the lower 3-parted. Stam. 4, 2.sterile. Caps. 2-valved, 2-celled. 45. Elytraria. Cal 4-5-parted. Cor. 5-cleft, nearly equal. Caps. 2-valved, 2-celled. Seeds attached below to a dissepiment contrary to the valves. 4G. Hypoestes. Cal. 5-cleft equal, with a 4-cleft 3-flowered involucrum. Cor. 2-lipped. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celled. Seeds fixed by little hooks. 47. Justicia. Cal. 5-parted equal. Cor. 2-lipped or ringent : the lower lip divided. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds attached by little hooks. 48. Dicliptera. Cal 5-parted. Cor. bilabiate. Caps, with two elastic valves, f 2-celled, the dissepiment re- taining the seeds by its indexed toothed edge. 49. Eranthemum. Cal 5-parted. Cor. 5-cleft, with the tube curved in the middle. Caps, many needed. 50. Wulfenia. Cor. 4-cleft : smooth bearded. Cal 5-parted. Caps. 2-eelled. 51. Calceolaria. Cor. ringent, inflated. Cal. 4-cleft. Caps. 2-celled, 4-valved. 52. Pinguicula. Cor. ringent, spurred Cal. 5-cleft. Caps. 1-celled. 53. Vtricvlaria. Cor. ringent, spurred. Cal. 2-leaved. Caps. 1-celled. 10 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cr.Ass I !. 54. Stachytarpheta. Cal tubular, 4-toothed. Cor. hypocrateriform, unequal, 5-cleft, curved. Stain. 4 : 2 steri e. Seeds two. 55. Lycopus. Cor. 4-cleft, nearly equal, with one segment emarginate. Stamens distant. Seeds naked. 56. Amethystea. Cor. 5-cleft, nearly equal, with the lowest segment concave. Stamens near each other. 57. Ziziphora. CaL cylindrical with ten lines, somewhat 2-lipped, 5-toothed, closed with hairs. Cor. 2-lipped. Seeds 4 naked. 58. Cunila. Cal. oblong, 5-toothed, closed with hairs. Cor. 2-lipped. Seeds 4 naked. 59. Hedeoma. Cal. 2-lipped, gibbous at the base. Cor. ringent. Stamens 4 : 2 sterile. 60. Monarda. Cor. ringent : helmet linear, wrapping up the anthers. Seeds naked. 61. Rosmarinus. Cor. ringent Helmet arched, bifid. Stamens curved, with a tooth. Seeds naked. 62. Salvia. Cor. ringent. Filaments stalked cross-wise. Seeds naked. 63. Collinsonia. Cor. somewhat ringent : the lip very finely divided. Seeds naked. 64. Catalpa. Cor. 5-cleft, irregular. Cal. 2-parted. Stam. 3 sterile. Caps. 2-celled. Seeds at each end with a membranous pappus. 65. Ghinia. Cor. ringent. Cal. with 5 bristles. Fruit, a fleshy 4-celled nut. $ 9. Flowers complete, inferior, polypetalous. 66. Fontanesia. Cor. with 2 petals. CaL 4-parted. Caps. 2-celled, not opening. 67 Linocicra. Cor. with 4 petals. Cal. 4-toothed. Berry with 2 cells. 68. Ancistrum. Cal. 1-leaved, armed with barbed spines. Cor. 4 petals inserted into edge of calyx. Stain. 2-4-5. Stigm. finely divided. Seed one, inclosed in the calyx. MONOGYNIJ. 30. CODA'RIUM. I'ahl. 133 acutifolium Afz. +31. MAYTE'NUS. Mol. 134 boaria Mol. 32. O'LEA. W. 135 oleaster Hoffm. 136 europaea W. /3 longifolia y lattfolia i/emiginea e obliqua ? buxifolia 137 capensis W. en. 138 undulata W. en. 139 verruc6sa W. 140 americana W. 141 excelsa W. 142 fragrang W. Wild Tamarind. Leguminous. Sp. 1—2. shining-leaved J □ or 20 G S. Leone 1800. Maytenus. Celastrinte. Sp 1. yellow-fruited J | or 15 W Chili 1822. Olive. Oleince. Sp. 8—12. bastard » i | or 5 jn.au W Portugal 1821. European olivet 1 1 fr long-leaved } \ | fr IS jn.au W S. Europe 1570. 15 jn.au W S. Europe ... broad-leaved ¥ \ | fr iron-colored $ | | fr 15 jn.au W S. Europe ... 15 jn.au W S. Europe ... twisted-leaved t \ | fr box-leaved J i | fr 15 jn.au W S. Europe ... 15 jn.au W S. Europe ... leathery-leav'd* i | or 5 jn.s W C. B. S. 1730. wave-leaved * i | or 6 ap.my W C. B. S. 1730. warted * i | or 6 ap.my W C. B. S. 1814. American * i | or 6 jn W N. Amer. 1758. laurel-leaved J i \ or 15 my W Madeira 1784. fragrant 41 i I or 4 jn.au Y China 1771. C l.p Roe. arc. 1.31. t. 6 C co Feuiu. ch. 3. t.27 C co C r.m Flora Gra?ca t. S C r.m C r.m Bot cab. 45:! C r.m C r.m C r.m C p.l Bot. reg. 613 C p.l Bot. cab. .379 C p.l S s.p Cat. car. 1. t. 61 S p.l L p.l Bot. mag. 1552 History, Lse, Propagation, Culture, 30. Codarium. So named by Dr. Afzelius, from xuZx^iov, a leathern pouch, in allusion to the pods of the tree. These are filled with an abundant pithy faecula, which is eaten by the inhabitants of the coast of Guinea, where the fruit is called wild tamarinds. 31. Maytenus. The barbarous name of the shrub, and applied as a generic name by Molina. It has the habit of a Rhamnus, and will probably form an hardy inhabitant of our gardens. 32. Olec. From tXoua, the Greek name for the plant ; a word derived in its turn, as De Thpis conjectures, from the Celtic olew, oil. Olea is commonly put for the tree ; oliva, for the fruit ; and oleum, for the juice of the fruit L'olivier, Fr. Oelbaum, Ger., and U/ivo, ItaL The cultivated olive came originally from Asia, and grows abundantly about Aleppo and I/ebanon ; it is naturalised in different parts of the south of France, Spain, and Italy, and found in hedges and woods ; but the fruit of that kind is small and of no use. O. e. var. longifolia, is the variety chiefly cultivated in the south of France and in Italy. O. e. var. latifolia, is chiefly cultivated in Spain ; its fruit is near twice the size of the common olive of Provence or Italy, but the oil is so rank of flavor as to be too strong for most English palates. The oil and fruit, in a pickled state, are sent chiefly from Lan. guedoc, Leghorn, and Naples to England ; the best oil is from Leghorn, and the best pickles from Genoa and Marseilles. The tree seldom exceeds thirty feet in height, is branchy, glaucous, evergreen ; and of so great longevity, that some plantations in Italy, as at Terni, are supposed to have existed from the time of Pliny. The tree delights in schistous, calcareous steeps, and does not thrive in elevated situations, or at a distance from the sea. The best oil is produced from fruit grown in calcareous soils. Olive oil may be said to form the cream and butter of Spain and Italy ; and the tree has been celebrated in all ages as the bounteous gift of heaven, and as the emblem of peace and plenty. Olive oil is made by crushing the fruit to a paste, then pressing it through a woollen bag, adding hot water as long as any oil is produced. The oil is afterwards skimmed off the water, and put in tubs, barrels, and bottles for use. The best olive oil is of a bright pale-amber color without smell, and bland to the taste. Kept warm, it becomes rancid, and it freezes at 38p Fan. It is of the same nature with all mild expressed vegetable oils ; of these the most fluid are preferred, and hence the oils of olives and almonds are those chiefly used in medicine, Oily substances do not unite with the contents of acid stomachs : but to healthy patients they afford roucb (>Kl»Mi I. 1)1 ANDIUA MONOGYNIA. II GB Ornu.t. Cal. 4-partcd. Cor of 4 petal*. Fruit, a winged Samara of two cells. $ 10. Flowers complete, tuperior. ,0. Marina. Cal. of the fruit toothed with bristles : of the Mower bi till 71. Circtea. Cal. 2- leaved. Cor. with two obcordate petals. 72. Fedia. Caps. 3-locular, crowned with the upright (.not involute limb of the calyx Corolla irregular. $11. Flowers incomplete, with no corolla. 73. Pimelea. Cal. funnel-shaped, with a 4-cleft limb. Stigma capitate. 74. Cladium. Cal. many-valved, 1-rtowered : valves glumaeeous, imbricated, the exterior smallest. Nut With a double coat. GYM A. \ii; 2 St Order 2. DIG1 Stamens. 2 Styles. 15. Gunnera. Cor. O. Cal. 2-toothed. Seed one, inclosed in a tough coat. 76\ Anthoranthum. Glume membranous, 3-flowered Lateral florets neuter with one palea bearded intermediate floret hermaphrodite, much shorter than the lateral ones. Palea? obtuse, beardless. Seed free. • 2 Stamens. 3 Styles. 77. Viper. Cal. O. Cor. O. Berry 1-seeded. Spadix simple, slender, covered with little flower-bearing .■ales. MONOGYNIA. 133 Leaves unequally pinnate, Leaflets oval acute the inner the smallest 13+ I-eaves sessile two inches long opposite or alternate oblong smooth serrated 135 Leaves oblong pointed entire : the young ones only hoary beneath, Branches spiny l.Tt? Leaves lanceolate pointed entire hoary beneath, Branches angular not spiny 3 Leaves linear-lanceolate flat silky beneath y Leaves oblong flat hoary beneath $ Leaves narrow acute at each end, rusty beneath £ Leaves oblong bent obliquely pale beneath £ Leaves oblong ovate, Branches divaricate 137 Leaves oblong, Flowers racemose panicled terminal 138 Leaves elliptical wavy, Stalks of leaves green 139 Leaves lanceolate fiat white beneath, Branches waited 140 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, Bractes all persistent connate ovate, Racemes sub-compound narrow 141 Leaves elliptic acute, Bractes perfoliate : the lower cup-shaped persistent the upper large leafy deciduous 142 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate gob-serrate, Flowers single lateral in bunches and Miscellaneous Particulars. nourishment, and medicinally are supposed to correct acrimony, to lubricate, and relax. Olive oil is applied ex- ternally to bites and stings of poisonous animals, and to burns alone, with chalk, or in liniments and poultices. The ancients rubbed their bodies with it in dropsies and for various purposes ; but it is now little used excepting for coughs and in worm cases. Pickled olives are prepared from unripe fruit by repeatedly steeping them in water, to which quicklime or any alkaline substance is sometimes added to shorten the operation. Afterwards they are soaked in pure water, and then taken out and bottled in salt and water, with or without an aromatic. They are eaten abroad as a whet before and during the principal meals, and in this country chiefly at the dessert. They are supposed to excite appetite and promote digestion. The finest kind of the prepared fruit is called by the merchants Pichulinc, after one Picholini, an Italian, who first discovered the art of pickling olives. The culture of the alive abroad may be said to resemble that of grass orchards in Britain. It is propagated by suckers, large cuttings, or truncheons planted in trenches four feet deep, into which it is still the custom to deposit stones for encouraging moisture about the roots, as described by Virgil. iGeorg. ii. .346.) It is also pro- pagated by chips of the stool, in the following manner : An old tree is cut down, and the ceppo, or stock, is cut into pieces of nearly the size and shape of a mushroom, and which, from that circumstance, are called uovoli Care is taken that each uovolo shall have a small portion of bark. After being dipped in manure, the uovoli are planted thick in a bed and covered with earth to the depth of three inches ; they soon throw up shoots, and are, transplanted at the end of one year, and in three more are fit to be finally removed to the olive plantation The olive in Britain grows readily by cuttings, or may be grafted on the privet. With protection during frost, it may be maintained against a wail in the latitude of London Some trees so treated, produced a crop in the garden of Camden House, Kensington, in 171!' ; and in Devonshire, some trees have stood the winter for many years as standards, though without ripening their fruit. Large plants are frequently imported iroin Genoa, along with orange and pomegranate trees. O. fragrans is highly odoriferous both in the leaves and blossoms ; the plant is much esteemed on that ac count in China, and the 'eaves used at once to adulterate and flavor teas 12 DI AN Dili A MONOGYNIA. Class II. S3. PHILLYRE'A. L. 143 angustifolia W. en. /3 rosmarinifdlia y brachidta 144 meilia W. en £ buxifolia 145 virgata W. en. 146 pendula W. en. 147 olea?f61ia W. en. 148 larvis W. en. 149 ilicifolia IV. en. 150 latifulia W. en. 151 obliqua W. en. 34. CHIONAN'THUS. 152 virginica W. 153 maritima Ph. 154 axillaris Br. 35. NOTELjE'A. 5. P. 155 longifulia B. P. 156 ligustrina Vent. 157 rigida Des/. 136. LIGUS'TRUM. 15816cidum H. K. i8 floribtindum 159 vulgare ff. /3 sempervirens y xanthocdrpum IV. Phillyrea. narrow-leaved * or rosemary-leav. It or braclii ite tt or twiggy • or box-leaved tt or privet-leaved tt or drooping It or olive-leaved * or smooth-leaved * or holly-leaved * or broad-leaved It or oblique-leaved * or W. Fringe-Tree. smooth-leaved *£ or pubescent Sk or axil-flowering $k or Noteuea. long-leaved * | | or privet-leaved il i | or rigid Privet. wax-tree flowering common evergreen «l_Jor Oleinte. Sp. 9. my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W my.jn W Oleinte. Sp. 3. 30 my.jl W 10 my.jl W 7 my.jl W Oleinte. Sp. 3. 3 mr.jn W 3 jl.au W 3 jl.au W Oleinte. Sp. 2 — 4. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. S. Europe 1597. I. L L L L s.p L s.l s.I Lam. ill. t. 8. f. 3 s.l s-1 ^ . s.p Duham. t. 27 L s.l L L L C c si Pluk.il.t310. f.5 1 r.m Fl. grsec. 1. t. 2 r.m yellow-berried 3k or 8 jn.s jn.s jn.il jn-'jl jn.il w w \v w w N. Amer. N. Amer. E. Indies N.S.W. • V. Di. L. V. Di. L. V China China Britain Italy Italy 1736. 1736. 1810. 1790. 1807. 1821. 1794. 1794. hedg. L p.l Cat. car. 1. t. 6tf L p.l C p.l C s.p Bot. rep. t 316 C s.p Vcnt.choix.26.b C s.p g.l s.l Bot. mag. 2565 g.l s.l S co Eng. bot. 64 t37. SYRIN'GA. W. Lilac. 160 vulgaris W. common |2 violacea / urple y alba white 161 chinensis W. Chinese h rothomagensis Turp. hybrid 162 p^rsica W. Persian (3 alba white y laciniata 38. NYCTAN'THES. 163 arbor tristis W. W. t39. JASMI'NUM. 164 Sambac W. fifl. pleno y trifoliaium 165 hirsutum Ex. B. 166 campanulatum Lk. campanulate 167 laurifijlium Roxb. laurel-leaved cut-leaved Sk W. Nyctanthes. square-stalked It Jasmine. single Arabian* double ditto * Tuscan Jk hairy Indian * Oleinte. Sp. 3 — 4. 8 my B Persia 8 my P 5 my W 4 my.jn V 4 mn.jn V 5 my P 2 my W 5 my P Persia Persia China China Persia Persia Persia 1795. 1640. Jasminete. Sp. 1. I I or 15 ... W E. Indies Skco Srlik han. I.t.2 Sk co Bot. mag. 183 Sk co L l.p Duham. 2. t. Ki L l.p L s.p Bot mag. 486 L s.p L l.p Schm. ar. 2. t. 79 1781. C r.m Bot. reg. □ or □ or □ or □ or □ or □ or Jasminete. 6 ja.d W 6 ja.d W 6 ja.d W 3 my.au W my.s 153 Sp. 18—40. E. Indies 1665. E. Indies 1700. E. Indies 17:30. E. Indies 1759. 1822. E. Indies 1819. \V C r.m Bot. reg. 1 C r.m Bot. rep. 497 C r.m Bot. mag. 1785 C r.m Ex. bot. 2. t 118 C r.m C r.m Bot. reg. 521 161 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 33. Phi/lyrea. Said to derive its name from tpuXXov, a leaf, an etymology far from satisfactory. The genus consists of ornamental evergreen shrubs, the supposed varieties of which have been considered distinct specie? by most modern botanists. Some authors have united the genus with Olea j but they have not been followed generally. 34. Chionanthus. From ^;«v, snow, and ayOo;, a flower. Le Chionanthe, Fr. Der Schneeblume, Ger., and Albero de neve, Ital. Both species are highly ornamental shrubs or low trees ; their leaves are above half a foot :n length, and \\ inch in breadth ; their flowers white, in numerous long bunches, and their fruit of the size and_ color of a sloe. They are propagated by seeds or grafting on the common ash. 35. Noteltea. From von; , south, and eA«;«, olive : the olive of the south. A small ornamental genus of nearly hardy shrubs, which would probably endure the climate of this country in a favorable situation. 36. Ligustrum. From ligare, to tie, on account of its long pliable branches. La Frcsi/lon, Fr. Der Liguster, Ger., and Legustro, Ital. The privet in old authors is called primprivet, as Professor Martyn conjectures, from its patience under the sheers. Few shrubs exceed it as a garden hedge-plant : it will thrive in the middle of Loal-burning cities, in the shade, and under the drip of trees; though to flower well it requires an open airy situation. Cows, sheep, and goats eat it, but horses refuse it The Sphinx ligustri, L., or privet hawkmoth, and Phalajna syringaria feed on it in the caterpillar state : the blister beetle, Lytta vesicatoria, from which cantharides is formed, is also found on it. Fully grown, the wood is fit for the turner, and a rose-colored pigment may be prepared from the berries, which, with alum, lye wool and silk of a durable green. The berries remain on the tree during winter in elegant purple clusters, and are not eaten by birds excepting in very severe weather, when bullfinches and some others feed on them. Like most plants that have been king in cultivation, the privet varies in its leaves, flowers, and fruit, and in the luration of the former. In its cultivated state it is always evergreen ; found wild in woods and hedges, is ge- Order I. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 13 li3 Leaves linear lanceolate entire 144 Leaves lanceolate entire or serrate in the middle, Leaves 3-nerved 146 Leaves oblong lanceolate sub-serrate in the middle obsoletely veined, Branches erect. 146 Leaves oblong lanceolate acute obsoletely serrated at the point veiny, Branches veiny 147 Leaves oblong lanceolate nearly entire obtuse narrowed at the base veiny 148 Leaves elliptic oblong nearly entire veiny somewhat obtuse 149 Leaves ovate oblong rounded at the base veiny serrated, Serratures with stifT point* 150 Leaves ovate rounded at the base serrated acute veiny 151 Leaves oblong serrated acute at each end veiny 152 Racemes terminal, Stalks 3-flowered, Petals linear lanceolate, Leaves coriaceous IBS Leaves Obovate lanceolate membranaceous pubescent, Panicles very lax, Fruit elliptic 154 Spikes axillary very short, Leaves oblong elliptic acute 155 Leaves lanceolate pointed sub-reclinate, Racemes length of the leaf-stalks 156 Leaves lanceolate acute sub-erect, Racemes as long as the leaves 157 Leaves opposite rigid broad lanceolate entire, Bunches axillary 158 Leaves ovate oblong pointed shining above, Flowers spreading 159 Leaves ellipt-lanceolate smooth, Racemes compound dense 160 Leaves ovate cordate, Branches stiff white colored 161 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, Branches stiff mottled 162 leaves lanceolate, Branches virgate mottled 163 A delightfully fragrant plant, Leaves cordate, Flowers panicled 164 Leaves opposite sub-sessile oblong or cordate, Calyx with subulate teeth, Berries globular 165 Leaves cordate downy, Umbels terminal sessile many-flowered 166 Branches round pubescent, Leaves ternate oval pointed, Calyx bell-shaped with very short teeth loT Leaves opp. shining lane. 3-nerv. Fl. 1.5 ax. and term.Cal. 6.7 toothed.Cor. 9. 12 part. Seg. lin. the length r.f tube 164 y and Miscellaneous Particulars. nerally deciduous. Sometimes the leaves grow by threes, are enlarged at the base and variegated. The regular number of stamens is two j but sometimes there are three or four in a flower. The berries are usually purple or black, but some have been seen of a white color ; and a yellow fruited variety is common in the gardens. A kind of vegetable wax is said to be obtained from L. lucidum in China. 31. Syringa. Some say from 2u|j»£, an Arcadian nymph, or, more properly, here, a pipe. The tubes of the finest Turkish pipes are manufactured from the wood of it ; but the true root of the word is to be found in sirinx, its native name in Barbary. Lilac is a Persian word signifying a flower. Le Lilas, Fr. Die Syrene, Ger., and Syringa, Ital. All the species are most beautiful flowering shrubs, readily propagated by suckers, which they throw up in abundance. The common lilac seems to have been introduced before or during the reign of Henry Vlll. ; for in the inventory taken by order of Cromwell of the articles in the gardens of the palace of Nonsuch, are mentioned six lilackes ; trees which bear no fruit, but only a pleasant smell. S. persica is well adapted for forcing in pots ; but so treated its flowers are without fragrance. - tfyctanthe*. from m|, night, and avUos, flow'er, night-flower, its flowers expanding and smelling only in the night. L. Arbor Iriste, Fr. Der Trauerige baum, Ger. It grows freely in loam and peat soil mixed, but sel- dom produces its exquisitely fragrant flowers in England. Sweet thinks it is generally kept too warm, and recommends a trial in the greenhouse or open air ; but its appearance would probably be little improved by any manner of treatment, as it has but an indifferent aspect in its own country. Cuttings not too ripe, root readily in sand under a hand-glass. 19, Jasminuiii. From the Arabian jasmin (ysmyn). Linnseus obtained a fancied etymology from /«, a violi ', and rjiru.r.. smell. Le Jasmine, Fr. Tier Scfiasmine, Ger., and // Oelsmnino, Ital. The flowers of J. sambat arc of exquisite fragrance, and in high esteem both in the East and West Indies. It grew in the Hamilton Court Harden at the end ni' the 17th century ; but being lost there, was known in Europe only in the garden <>t 14 168 gracile B. P. 169 glaucum W. 170 trinerve W. 171 simplicifolium IV. 172 paniculatum Roxb. 173 undulatum Vahl. 174 auriculatum Vahl. 175 azuricum W. 176fruticans W. 177hiimile W. 178 odoratissimum W. 179 revoliitum B. R. 180 officinale W. 181 grandiflurum W. *40. VERONICA. W. $182sibirica W. §183 virginica W. /3 incarnata 184 foliosa Schr. 185 crenulata Vahl. 186 maritima ScAr. 187 angustifolia Fitch, 188 spuria Schr. 189 paniculata fall, 190 complicata W. en. 191 aziirea Lk. 192 polystachya Lk. 193 glabra Schr. ji alba 194 amethystina W. en. 195 elatior IV. en. 196 acuta Mart. 197 arg6ta Schr. 198 media Schr. 199 persicifolia Schott. 200australis Schr. 901 longifoiia Schr. $ incarnata y alba 202 gr6ssa Mart. 203 ambigua Mai t. 204 neglecta W. en. 205 incana Schr. 206 rigens Mart. 207 elegans D. C. 208 brevifolia Lk. 209 spicata ScAr. 210 clusii Schott. 211 menthsefulia Schott. 212 barrelieri ScAott. 213 orchidia Crx. 214h$brida Schr. 215 crassifolia Kit. 216 ruthenica Jac?. 217 P6nae W. 218 villusa ScAr. 219 pinnata Schr. 220incisa Schr. 221 laciniata Schr. 222 gentianoides W. 223 pallida Hornem. 224 bellidioides IF. 1)1 VNDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class 11. slender * l )or 3 ja.d \V Norfolk I. 1791. C s.p Bot. rep. 127 glaucous £( |or 3 au W C.B.S. 1774. C l.p Sal. st. ra. t. 8 three-nerved ft. CD Or SO W Sylhet 1804. C l.p simple-leaved ft. CD or 3 jn.jl W S.Seas 1800. C r.m Bot. mag. 980 panicled LCD or 5 ja \v China 1818. C r.m Bot. cab. 469 wavy LCD or 5 ja w China 1819. C r.m Bot. reg. 436 auricula ted ft. CD or 10 my.s w E. Indies 1790. C r.m Bot. reg. 264 Azorian ft_l |or 5 ap.n Y Madeira 1724. C r.m Bot. reg. 89 coram, yellow 4k or 3 ap.o Y S. Europe 1570. C r.m Bot. mag. 461 Italian * or 3 jn.s Y S. Europe 1656. L co Bot. reg. 350 sweet-scented ft i lor 3 my.n W Madeira 1656. C r.m Bot. mag. 285 curled flowered Jj_ i | or IS m.o Y E. Indies 1812. C r.m Bot. reg. 178 common white fc or 15 jn.o W .. ,, 1548. C co Bot. mag. 31 Catalonian fl_l_Jor 15 jn.o W E. Indies 1629. C r.m Bot. reg. 91 Speedwell. Scrophular inxe. Sp. 84—136. Siberian ^t A or 3 jl.au B Siberia 1779. D co Am. rut. 20. t. 4 Virginian ^ A or 5 jl.s W Virginia 1714. D co Hoff. got. 15. t, 1 flesh-colored k A or 1 jls F D co leafy 4 Aor 2 jl.s B Hungary .1805. D co Wa.&K.2.U02 notch-flowered^ A or 1* jl.s B S. Europe 1814. D co Hoffiph. t.E.f.3 sea-side 3; A or 2 jls B Sweden 1570. D co Sc.v.p.29.tl.f.l narrow-leaved ^ A or 1J jl.s B Siberia • 1822. D co bastard ^ A or 'J jl.s L.B Siberia 1731. D co Gmel. it. 1. t. 39 panicled ^t A or 1| jn.jl B Russia 1797. D co folded-leaved 3t A or 2 s.o B S. Europe 1812. D s.l Hoff ph. t. E. f. 4 sky-blue 4 A«r 3 jl.s B 1821 D co many-spiked ^ A or 2 jl.s B D co smooth ^ A or 4 jl.s B S. Europe 1804. D co Sc.v. u.25.t.l.f.4 white ik A or 4 JLs W D co fine blue 3t A or 4 jl.s B S. Europe 1812. D co tall i A» 7 jl.s B S. Europe 1808. D co acute % A or 5 jn.jl B D co sharp-notched ^ ^ or 3 jls B S. Europe 1812. D co Sc. v. p.22. t.2. £2 long-spiked iAor 3 jLs B Germany 1804. D co Sc.v.p.23. tl. f.2 peach-leaved 3t A or o jLs B 1823. D co pubescent 4A°r 'i jl.s B S. Europe 1812. D co Sc. v. p.24. t.2. f.3 long-leaved ^ A or 3 jl-s B S. Europe 1731. D co Sc.v. p.24. t.2. f.l 4A°f 3 jls F D co ^ A or 3 jls W D co short ^ A or 2 jn.jl B Crimea 1821. D co doubtful ^ A or 3 jn.jl B Sweden 1823. D co evanescent & A or 11 jl.au D.B Siberia 1797. D co Wa. & K. 3. t244 hoary ^ A or 2 jl.s B Russia 1759. D co Hoff got. 15. t. 6 stiff ^ A or 2 my.jn B 1823. D co elegant ^ A or 2 my.jn Pk & France 1822. D co short-leaved 1A»' 1 jn.jl B 1822. D co spiked 1A«' 1 jl.s B England ch. pa D co Eng. bot. 2 Ecluse's k A»t 1 JLs B Hungary 1822. D co mint-leaved ^ A or 1* jl-s B Austria 1823. D co Barreliers Jk A or 1 jls B S. Europe 1823. D co orchis- flowrd. ik A or 1 jl.s B Europe 1819. D co Bot. mag. 2210 Welsh ik A or 1 jLs B England moun . D co Eng. bot. 673 thick-leaved ^ A or 2J my.jn V Europe 1822. D co Hungarian iA»' 2 my.jn B Hungary 1821. D co Pona's ^ A or 1 my.jn B Pyrenees 1822. D co villous 4 A» li jls B S. Europe 1804. D co Sc. v. p.Sl.tl.f.5 wing-leaved ^ A or 1 jn.au B Siberia 1776. D co Hoff got. 15. 1. 10 cut-leaved ^ A or 2 jn.au B Siberia 1779. D co jagged-leaved & A or 2 jn.au B Siberia 1780. D co Jung. ic. rar. f. 2 gentian-leaved ^t A or 2 my.jn D.B Levant 1748. D co Bot. mag. 1002 pale i A»f o my.jn B Tauria 1821. D co daisy-leaved 5t A or A jn.jl B Switzerl. 1775. D co Hall.hist.t.l5.f.l History, Use, Propagation, Culture, the Grand Duke of Tuscany at Pisa, where Evelyn informs us (Memoirs, &c. by Bray), the plant was placed under gimrd that no cuttings might be purloined. A plant sent to Miller in 1730 restored it to England, and it is now a common greenhouse shrub. Plants of J. humile, also very odoriferous, are commonly imported from Genoa along with orange-trees. J. officinale has been a favorite wall-shrub from time immemorial. Its native country, as well as the date of its introduction are unknown. Gerarde, in 1597, says it was in common use for. covering arbors. J hirsutum is a tall tree, whose sweet-smelling flowers open during the night and fade at sun- 1/Klifck I . D1ANDKIA MONOGYMA. 15 lti8 Leaves opposite simple ovate ellipt. Calyx smooth campanulate : teeth very short 169 Leaves lanceolate mucronate sub-coriaceous, Mowers 3 terminal 170 Leaves polished 3-nerved pointed, Fl. sol. Cal. 6.7 toothed, Cor. 6.8 part. Seg. til if. longer than the long tube 171 Spreading, Leaves obi. polished, Flowers 3 or many term. Cor. fi.H part. Segm. linear acute equal to tube 172 Erect every part polished, Leaves ternate oval obtusely acuminate, Panicles terminal 173 Leaves simple cordate obi. shining, Branches and flower-stalks hairy, Hacemes 3-How. Calyx-teeth straight 174 Leaves sub-ternate, Leaflets ovate the pair minute or wanting, Teeth of cal. 5 gland, tor 1 part Kerr. glob. 175 Leaves compound ternate ovate and sub-cordate, Calyx campan. smooth, Segm. of corolla equal to its tube 176 Leaves alternate ternate and simple, Leaflets Bub-cuneate, Calyx-teeth subulate 177 Leaves alternate acute ternate and pinnate, Branches angular, Calyx-teeth very short 178 Leaves alternate obtuse ternate and pinnate, Branches slender, Calyx-teeth very short 179 Leaves in about 3 pairs ovate lane, on snort stalks, Cym. term, few or many-fl. loose, A nth. mucr. partly exsert 180 Leaves pinnate acuminate, Buds upright 181 Leaves opposite pinnate exterior 3 or 5 leaflets confluent, Flowers terminal, Buds horizontal Racemes or Spikes terminal, Leaves whorled ami opposite. 182 Leaves 5 6 or 9 together lanceolate sessile 183 Leaves 4 5 together lanceolate ovate stalked, Flowers cylindrical 184 Leaves 3 or 4 together ovate or ovate-lanceolate sub-biserrate ; serratures unequal 185 Leaves ternate and opposite obl.-lanc. serrate, Cal. acute, Cor. notched. [equal shorter than capsule 186 Leaves3or4togeth. lin. lane, from an ov. baseacumin. deeply doubly serr. with the stem sub-pub. CaL nearly 187 Leaves opp. linear narrowed by degrees very acute remotely serrated, Bractes longer than the flower-stalks 188 Leaves 3 or 4 together nearly sessile lanceolate simply serrate ; serratures equal 189 Leavas narrow lane, remotely serr. or lin. and very ent. Bract, much longer than H. -stalks, Stem ascending 190 Spikes lateral short nodding, Leaves opp. folded together toothed : teeth thick, Segments of corolla entire 191 Leaves Ian. lin. narr. by deg. to very end finely serr. the serrat. at base of leaf deep. Bract, longer than flower-st. 192 Leaves sub-sess. ovate acute serrated pubes. Flower bearing branches in bundles, Flow, sub-sess. very small 193 Leaves opp. 3 togetli. sub-cord. lane, simply serrated with the stem smooth, Serratures remote nearly equal 194 Stem pubes. Leaves opp. and tern. lane, rather fleshy simply and remotely serrate wedge-shaped at the base 195 All over slightly pubes. Leaves 3 togeth. lane, acumin. sub-cord, at base doubly serrate : serrat. of base deepest 196 Leaves very long almost coriaceous opp. or 3 together on short stalks cordate at base acutely and unequally dentate serrate hanging down 197 Leaves lanceolate acute simply serrate entire at the end, Serratures distant simple equal !98 Leaves opposite and 3 together lanceolate acute serrate with the stem downy, Serratures near unequal 199 Leaves opp. and tern. lane, very much lengthened out serrated to the very end, Bract, longer than fl.-stalk 200 Leaves ovate lanceolate simply serrate entire at the end with the stem pubescent, Serratures near unequal 201 Leaves opposite 3 or 4 together cordate lanceolate acuminate doubly serrated with the stem downy 202 Leaves 3 or 4 tog. at base widely cord. lane, deeply doubly acutely uneq. dent. serr. Serr. sprdg. lowest distant. 203 Leaves 3 or 4 tog. ov. acum. cord, at base doubly acutely and uneq. serr. beneath and with the stem pubesc Racemes terminal, Leaves opposite. 204 Hoary, Leaves lanceolate serrate acute at the base wedge-shaped and entire, Stem erect 205 Hoary, Leaves lanceolate crenate and nearly entire obtuse, Stem erect 206 Leaves on short stalks stiffish cordate at the base pointed closely acutely and doubly serrate, Stem pubescent 207 Leaves ovate oblong crenate stalked obtuse with the stem pubescent, Spikes many, Bractes very small 208 Stem simp. pub. Lvs. op. Ian. obi. by deg. narr. fir. base point, ser. ent. at end, up. onessub-ser. Br. Ion. than fl.-st. 309 Slightly pub. Lvs. eren. the rad. ov. obi. running down into stalk, Caul. lane. sess. FL spkd. Br. and cal. pilose 2K)Toment. with stlkd. glands, Lvs. tooth, rad ov. runn. down intost. Caul. Ian. stlkd. Fl. in spks. Br. &cal. eh. 211 Villous, Leaves serr. rad. ovate, Caul. obi. acute stalkd. at base and end entire, Fl. in racemes, Bractes linear 212 Villous, Leaves eren. rad. ov. Caul. obi. obtuse sub-sess. Flow-, in racemose spi kes, Br. and cal. smooth ciliate 213 Slightly pubesc. Leaves crenulate radical oblong ovate running down into stalk, Cauline lanceol. acuminate sub-sessile, Flowers in close spikes 214 Lvs. uneq. tooth serr. with stem pub. rad. stlkd. ov. Caul, sub-sess. ellipt. obi. Fl. in spks. Br. lin. Ion. than cal. 215 Leaves opp. ov. lane. runn. down into st. the lower eren. the upp. ent. Spks. term, or 3 tog. Fl. like an orchis 216 Leaves ov. Ian. uneq. ser. Br. Ian. as long as cal. Cal. 4 part. uneq. Seg. ov. obi. Caps. smth. rather long, than caL 217 Leaves cordate ovate sessile very obtuse with the very simple stem hairy, Racemes few-fl. Calyx smooth 218 Leaves oblong ovate cut and serrated with the stem somewhat villous 219 Stem ascending, Leaves in fasc. the lower pinnate, the upper pinnatifid and simp. Leafl. and div. filif. sprdg. 220 Leaves in fasc. stalked pinnatifid lane. Segm. nearly entire, Racemes several, Seg. of the Calyx lanceolate 221 Leaves in fasc. on short stalks linear pinnatifid : Seg. entire, Raceme nearly sol. Seg. of calyx oblong ovate 222 Raceme corymbose term. Leaves radical obi. connate sheathing cartil. crenate or ent. Stem simp, ascending 223 Stem ascend, feeble, Lvs. lane. obt. sub-serr. : lower sheathing, Rac. loose, Up. seg. of cor. wider than side ones 224 Leaves obov. eren. with simple ascend, stem pilose, Cauline lvs. remote, Rac. corymb, hairy about ."'-flowered and Miscellaneous Particulars. rise. All the species thrive in any light loamy soil or loam and peat, and cuttings root freely in sand under a hand-glass. 40. Veronica. A word said to have been altered from Betonica. (See that name.) La Veronique, Fr., and Khrenfreiso, Ger. V. officinalis has been much recommended in Sweden and Germany as a substitute for tea, than which Professor i\Iart\ii says, it is more astringent and less grateful. Withering prefers V. Chama-drys for the same puipose. Several species were formerly in repute in medicine, and given in disorders of the iungs. 16 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class II. 2-25 fruticulosa W 226saxatilis IV. 227alplna W. j8 integri/dlia 228 depauperata Kit. 229 serpyllifolia W. 230 hirsuta Lk. 231 microphylla Kit. 232decussata IV. 233aphylla W. 234 Beccabunga TV. 235 anagallis W. 236 scutellata W. 237 orientalis W. 238 Jacquini Schott. 239 austriaca Jac. 240multifida W. 241 Allionii W. 242 officinalis W. 243prostrata W. 244 micrantha Hoff. 2451atif61ia W. 246 Teucrium P. S. 247 crinita Kit. 248 Chamae'drys IV. 249 urticajfolia W. 250 montana W. 251 perfoliata B. P. 252 labiata B. P. 253 polymurpha IV. en. 254 verna W. 255 digitata W. 256 triphyllos W. 257 hederif61ia W. 258 cymbalaria Bertol. 259 peregrina W. 260 filiformis fK 261 crista galli Stev. 262 precox All. 263 acinifulia Jf. 264 arvensis W. 265 agr&stis W. 41. GALIPE'A. .rf«6. 266 trifoliata W. flesh-colored n. or blue-rock ^ A or alpine ^ A °t entire-leaved ^ A °r impoverished ^ A or smooth ^ A °f hairy ^ A or small-leaved ^ A or cross-leaved tt. naked-stalked ^ Brook-lime =fe long-leav.- wat. =fe marsh =fc various-leaved ^ Jacquins ^ Austrian -^ fine-cut ^ shining-leaved ^ officinal ^ trailing Jk small-flowered ^ broad-leaved ^ rugged-leaved ^ long-bracted ^ Germander ^ nettle-leaved ^ mountain £^ perfoliate -i* labiated -±i variable -Sj vernal digitated fingered ivy-leaved Jk twining _J; knotgrass-leav. long-stalked Jk cocks-comb .* early basil-leaved wall ,* field Jc Galipea. three-leaved A or A clt A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A w A or A or I I or I | or A or O w O w O w A w O or O or O or O or O or O or O w O w jn.au F jl B ltiy B my.jn B ap.jl B ap.jl B ap.jl W ap.jl B jn.au B my B my.jn B jl B jn.au F jn.au L.B my.jn B jn.au L.B my.jl Lb jn.au L.B ap.jl B my.jn B my.jn W my.jn W.b jn.au Lb Scotland Sc alp. D co Eng. bot 1028 Scotland Sc alp. D co Eng. bot 1027 Scotland Sc. alp. D co Eng. bot. 484 Silesia 1814. D co Krock. sil. 28. t.3 Hungary 1823. D s.p W. & K. 3. t. 245 Britain me.pa. D co Eng. bot 1075 1820. D s.p Hungary 1822. D s.p 1776. 1775. rivul. mar. mar. 1748. 1748. 1748. 1748. jl.au jl.au jn.jl jl.au jLau ap.jl jn.au B B Lb B B L.B B FalkL 1. Italy Britain Britain Britain Levant Austria Austria Siberia S. Europe 1748. Britain bar.gr Germany 1774. Portugal 1822. Austria 1748. Germany 1596. Hungary 1822. Br, tain m. pas Austria Britain N.S.W. N. Holl. 1776. moi.w. 1815. 1802. 1817. C r.m D co D co D co D co D co D co D co D co D co D co D co D co D co D co D D co D co D co D r.m C r.m D co Bot. mag. 242 Seg. ver.l. t.3. f.2 En *. bot. 655 Eng. bot. 781 Eng. bot. 782 Bot. cab. 419 Jac. aust 4. t.329 M. his.2. t.23.f.l7 Bot mag. 1679 All.ped.l.t46\f.3 Eng. bot 765 Riv. mon. 95 FL port t 57 Sw. fl. gard. 23 Bot. cab. 425 Eng. bot 623 Jac. aust. 1. t 59 Eng. bot 766 Bot mag. 1936 Bot. mag. 1660 □ or 42. SCHWEN'CKIA. W. Schwenckia. 267 americana W. American j£ [Q2 *43. GRATI'OLA. W. Hedce-Hissop. 268 officinalis W. officinal ^ A m §269 verunicifolia W. speedwell-lvd. j£ Q2 or 270 virginica W. Virginian Jt A or 271 quadridentata Mich, four-toothed ^ A or tt4. SCHIZAN'THUS. FLper. Schizanthuh. 272 pinnatus Fl. per. pinnate O or ap.my B jl B ap.my B mr.jn B au.my W mr.jn W my L.b ap.my B mr B ap.my L.b ap.jl B mr.jl B Rutacce. Sp. 1. 4 ?... G Prbnulace7 Stem slender simple, Leaves lanceolate, Cor. thrice as long as calyx 268 Leaves lanceolate serrate somewhat 3-nerved, Flowers on stalks 269 leaves oblong acutely serrated, Stem creeping, Flowers racemose [acuminate longer than the calyx 270 Leaves obovate lane, narrowed below remotely toothed nerved smooth, Fl.-stalk alternate very short, Caps. 271 Leaves lin. lane, with a few teeth, Fl.-stalks as long as the leaves, Caps, much shorter than the subulate calyx 272 Stalk of fruit on one side deflexed at base 273 Stalk of fruit spreading all ways straightish and Miscellaneous Particuiats. appendages to the corolla are very singular, and demand a l>etter explanation of their nature than has yet oeen Offered. 43. tiratiula. From gratia, grace .of GodV Matthiolus called it gratia Dei, in allusion to its effects. (i. officinalis is so bitter and obnoxious to cattle, that Hallcr assures us, there are meadows about Yverdiin rendered entirely useless by its abundance. It is a powerful cathartic, and was long in use as such, but now laid aside. 44. tkknantfius. So named bv the authors of the Flora Peruviana, from , to cut, and av3«,-, a flower. One of the most beautiful of herbaceous genera. Two species or rather varieties are now known, and ormiiu i f the green-house with their elegant panicles of lilac and « bite flowers. They are difficult of cultivation, teqvir ing a very pure and must atmosphere. They may Ik- propagated by cull ifjgs, but the best plants arc raised from seeds, which have nol hitherto been obtained, except from, flowers. artificially impregnated. c 18 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class II. 45. ELYTRA'IUA. M. Elvtraria. 274 virg&ta M. twiggy 275 crenata Vahl. stemless J ust icia acaulis Roxb. 46. HYPOES'TES R. Br. Hypoestes. 276 involucrata Roxb. involucred 277 purpurea IV. purple t47. JUSTI'CIA. W. Justicia. 278 bicalyculata W. Malabar 3t A or £ CSlor j* □ or £ [£]or Acantlmcece. Sp. 2 — 5. 1 jl W Carolina 1813. D s.p Mich. am. L. t. 1 i jl WE. Indies 1820. D s.p Roxb. cor. 1 127 279 Ecbolium.JK 280 coccinea W. 281 quadrifida H. K. 282 nigricans Lour. 283 nitida IV. 284 bracteolata Jacq. 285 picta W. 286 paniculata Vahl. 287 sec (in da Vahl. 288ciliaris W. 289 lucida Vahl. 290 Gendariissa IV. 291 carthaginensis. W. 292 pedunculrtsa Mich. 293 proci'imbens W, 294 comata IV. 295 eustachiana IV. 296 nasCita W. 297 pectoralis IV. 298 periplo.-ifAUa IV. 299 furcata /' cuttings in heat under a glass. 48. Dicliptera ; bis, double, and x>.uu, to shut. The fruit being compounded of two valves. This genus has been formed like Hypoestes out of the Linna?an Justicia, with which it agrees in habit. +li. Erant/teynum. A name applied by the ancients to their Anthemis, from ia.%, spring, and av&os, a flower. The word has been applied to the present genus with no apparent reason. The species are very pretty orna- ments of the stove. 50. H'u/fenia. Named after F. X. Wulfen, a German botanist, and author of a work on the plants of Carin- tliia. .\ small and very lieautiful herbaceous plant. 51. Calceolaria From caleeolus, a slipper, in allusion to the shape of the corolla. C. pinnata may tie raised from seed in a hot-bed in spring, and transplanted to the borders with ether tender annuals. The regions of Chili and Peru abound in man; splendid jpecies, some of which have lately been introduced to llni country. C 2 20 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class IT. 319 corymbosa Cav. 320 paralia Cav. 321 Fothcrgillii IV. 52. PINGUECULA. IV 322 lusi tallica W. 323 vulgaris IV. 324alpina IV. 325 grandi flora IV. 326 liitea M. 327 edentula Hoot. 53. UTRICULA'RIA. 328 vulgaris W. 329 minor IV. 330 intermedia P. S. 54. STACHYTA'RPHETA. 331 indica Vahl. 332 jamaicensis FaA/. 333orubica Vahl. 1334 mutabilis FircM. 335 prismatica Vahl. 336 cayennensis Rich. 337 hirsutissima ZA:. corymbose OJ or 1 my.jn Y sea-side ££j or 1 my.jn Y Fothergill's }£ _AJ or ± my.au O Hi tteu WORT. Lentibularicc. pale =fe A cu | jn.jl Li common =fe A e° I rny V alpine ik A cu j ap W large-flowered ^ A el \ ap.my B yellow uQJ el \ jn.jl Y toothless =fe _AJ el i ap Y IV. Hooded Milfoil. Lentibularue. common * A cu £ jn.jl Y lesser =fe A cu £ jl Y intermediate A A cu i my.jn Y FnA7. Bastard Vervain. Indian DQ] or 2 au.s Jamaica O or 2 jn.s B Orubian [Qj or 3 jn.au V chang.-flower. 36 □ or 3 mr.s O Germand.leav. O] or 2 my.jn B Cayenne J* CD or 3 my.jn B hairy ]£ C3 or 1| mr.ap B Chili Chili Falkl. 1. Sp. 6—15. Britain Britain 1822. 1822. 1777 bogs bogs D D Germany 1794. D Britain ir. bog. D Carolina 1816. S N.Amer. 1823. D Sp. sta.wa. D Imgs D bogs D Britain Britain Britain VcrbenacctE. Sp. 7 — 13. W Ceylon 1732. S B W. Indies 1714. C V Panama 1699. C O S. Amer. 1801. C B W. Indies 165)9. C Cayenne 1822. C n: 55. LYCO'PUS. W. 338 europasus W. 339 exaltatus W. 340 virginicus IV. 341 interm^dius Soft. *56. AMETHYS'TEA 342 ca?rulea IV. 57. ZIZIPH'ORA 343 capitata II'. 344 hispanica IV. 345 ten mor IV. 346 acinoides W. 347 serpyllacea B. M. 348 media Lie. 349 dasyantha II'. en. Pouschkini B. M. 350 tai'irica IV. en. 58. CU'NILA. P. S. 351 mariana Ph. 352 capitata P. S. 59. HEDEO'MA. P. I 353 pulegioides Ph. 354 thymoides P. S. t*60. MONAR'DA. W. §355 tistulosa Ph. §356 media II'. en. 357 mollis Ph. Water Horehound. common tall Virginian intermediate IV. Aweihystea. blue-flowering ZlZIPIIORA. oval-leaved Spanish spear-leaved thyme-leaved j£ sweet-scented j* intermediate J± * A ro A ro A ro A ro Labia/cP. 3 jl.au O pr O or O or O or A rk A rk A rk hairy floweringju: A rk Taurian O or Cunila. mint-leaved ^ A or headed ^ A or Hedeoma. pennyroy.-lvd. thyme-leaved Monarda. hollow-stalked -^ A or purple-bracttd ^ A or soft ^ A °r O or O or 6 jl.au 3 au.s 3 jl.au Labiate. 1J jn.jl Labiate, i jl.au * jn I jn jl 5 jl.au i jl.au i jn.au i jn.au i jl s LabiatcE. 1 jl.s 1 jl.au LabiatcE. J jn.au Lalualcv 3 jn.au Brazil Sp. 4—6. W Britain W Italy W.p Virginia W Europe Sp. 1. B Siberia Sp. 8—12. 1822. 1739. 1760. 1820. l.p m.s m.s l.p m.s 1>I s.p aq aq aq s.p p.l l.p Pi I'- 1 Pi P-l m.s m.s m.s m.s Bot. reg. 723 Hook. fl. ex. 75' Bot. mag. 348 Eng. bot. 145 Eng. bot. 70 Fl. dan. 453 Eng. bot. 21X4 Bot. reg. 126 Hook. ex. fl 16 Eng. bot. 253 Eng. bot. 254 Eng. bot. 2489 Bot. mag. 1860 Ehr. pict. t.5. f. 1 Bot. mag. 976 Jac. ic. 2. t. 208 Eng. bot. 1105 Fl. griec. 1. t. 12 Syria Spain Levant Siberia R R Li R R R R R Tauria 1816. Sp. 2—5. R N. Amer. 1759. R Siberia 1799. Sp. 8—5. B N. Amer. It France Sp. 13—16. P N. Amer. P N. Amer. Li N. Amer. 1759. S p.l Bot. mag. 2448 Fl. graec. 1. t. 13 Lam. ill. t.18. f.l Lam. ill. 1 18. f.2 1752. 1759. 1752. 1786. Caucasus 1803. Caucasus 1822. Siberia 1803. 1777. uaa I65S. 1656. 1656. Bot. mag. 906 Bot. mag. 1093 Mor. h.3. t.19. f.7 Mem. petr.2.t.ll Mor. h. 3. t.l9.f.6 Mill. let. 183 f.2 ,V(f 33* History, Use, Propagation, Culture, C. corymbosa and paralia, are exceedingly beautiful herbaceous plants of difficult increase. The shrubbv and branching herbaceous kinds are easily propagated by cuttings. 52. Pingaicula. lr,rom pinSuis> fat> on account of the greasiness of its leaves. In P. vulgaris, the structure of the stigma, and its close application to the stamens is very remarkable. Linna-us says, that the warm milk of the rein-deer poured on the tresh leaves, and set aside for a day or two, becomes acescent : acquires consistence and tenacity, and neither the whey nor the cream separate. In this state it is considered a very grateful food in Sweden and Norway. On cows' milk it acts like common rennet. The plant eaten by sheep' has been sup- posed to produce the liver-rot ; but a flat apterous insect, the fasciola hepatica or fluke, found adhering to stones and plants in boggy grounds, as well as in the liver and biliary ducts of sheep affected by the rot, is a more hKely cause, and the more especially as no animal whatever will feed on the plant The secies fexcent P. grandiflora) are cultivated with difficulty in artificial shaded morass. P. grandiflora will thrive well on a dry northern bed of bog-mould among North American shrubs. 53. Utricu/aria. From utricula, a little bottle, from the small inflated appendages to the root The specie-; are scarcely susceptible of cultivation : they are very numerous in hot countries, and there form the most ele- gant ornaments of rivulets and pools of water. The flowers are fugacious, and so delicate as not to be capable ot preservation as dried specimens, in which state their naturally beautiful colors of purple, pink, violet or yellow, all change to a dead and uniform black. Okhrr I. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 319 Leaves radical ovate ami cordate stalked twicescrenate, Cauline cordate half embracing the stem ives unequal!) toothed the radical cuneate; upper oblong connate with the Capsules tomentose 321 Leaves spatutate entire hairy above, Flower-stalks like a scape 1-flowered 322 Nectariuni i tarium 324 Nectariuni 325 Nectariuni 996 Nectariuni 327 Nectariuni 328 Nectariuni 989 Nect ir.um 330 Nectariuni conical thick at the end, obtuse shorter than the flowers, Scape villous, Capsules globose subulate nearly Straight as long as the petals, Up]>er lip 2-lolied : lower 3-partcd, Scape smooth conical recurved shorter than the petals [dilated su! ol I te straight as long as the flower, Upper lip spreading eniarg. very large: lower 3-lobeu thro..t subulate recurved shorter than the campan. flower, Throat bearded, Lips toothed, Scape villous subulate recurved shorter than the campan. cor. 5-lobed : lobes emarg. entire, Palate prominent, [Scape pubescent conical, Upper lip entire equal to the palate, Leaves very finely divided car.nate, Upper lip emarg. equal to the palate, Lva dichotomously 3>part Cor. with throat Open conical, Upper lip entire twice as long as the palate, Leaves dichotomously .-{-parted SSI Leaves lanceol. obi. narrower at the base remotely toothed with stem very smooth, Hract. I'm. lanceolate 338 Leaves oblong ovate tooth-serrated smooth, Branches hairy, Bractes ovate shorter than calyx 333 Leaves ovate serrate rough rugose, Stem shrubby, Bractes ovate larger than the calyx 334 I-eaves serrate ovate rugose with the stem hoary, Bractes lanceolate shorter than the calyx 335 Leaves ovate obtuse serrate, Spikes lax, Bractes subulate shorter than the calyx 336 Leaves ovate' crenate serrate smooth very obtuse 337 Leaves ovate acutely crenate with the stem very hairy, Spike very long, Bract, appressd smaller than the cal 338 leaves ovate lanceolate villous sinuate serrate 339 Leaves pmnatifid hairy, Lobes oblong somewhat toothed 340 Leaves lanceolate : the lower pinnatitid at the base : the upper remotely serrated, Stem smooth 341 Leaves pubescent ovate pinnatitid, Segments lanceolate : lowest the shortest, deeply cut at the end 342 Leaves opposite stalked 3-parted coarsely serrated smooth 343 Bractes ovate acumin. ciliate, Leaves elliptic lanceolate 344 llo vers in spiked racemes, Bractes obovate nerved acute, Leaves ovate 345 Flowers lateral, Leaves lanceolate 346 I-eaves lanceolate naked nerved of one shape entire hoary, Flowers in spikes 347 Heads term, oval, Leaves ovate sub-serrate : those of the flowers nearly of the same shape entire ciliated 348 Leaves ovate acuminate nearly entire nerved, Flowers in heads, Calyx hairy pubescent at base 349 Whorls terminal and axillary close hispid, Leaves ovate sub-ciliate, Stems procumbent hairy 350 Flowers lateral, Leaves lanceolate entire ciliated, Cor. with an inflated throat twice as long as calyx 351 Leaves ovate serrate sessile, Flowers axillary and terminal, Stems erect 352 leaves ovate acuminate, Flowers in heads, Stem decumbent 353 Pubescent, Leaves oblong serrated, Flowers axillary whorled, Lower lip of calyx with 8 ciliated bristles 354 Leaves oval entire, Flowers whorled, Stem square 355 Leaves obi lane. cord, pubesc. remotely and closely ser. Flowers in heads, Involucr. purple stem swollen 356 leaves ovate oblong cordate pubesc. coarsely serrated, Flowers in heads, Involucr. purple, Stem tistular 357 leaves obi. cord. pub. remotely serrate : upper entire, Flow, in heads, Invol. pale, Upper lip of cor. bearded and Miscellaneous Particulars 54. Stack ytarpheta, ravv;, a spike, and to^qlik, dense. The name would be better changed, as it has been by Link, to Stachytarpha. This genus is partly composed of Verbena, L. S. mutabilis is a beautiful species, anil nearly always in flower. All of them strike readily in heat under glass. 55. Lycopus. From >mxd;, a wolf, and ar«? , a foot, on account of a fancied resemblance between the cut leaves and a wolf's foot. Le Marrulie aquatique, Fr. Der IVolfsfuss, Ger., and Licopo, Ital. L. europaus is com- mon in most parts of Europe in meadows, but is not eaten by cattle. It dyes black, and gives a permanent color to linen, wool, and silk. Witherii.g says, gypsies stain their skin with it. According to Adamson, it has two barren filaments ; and Pollich remarks, that there are sometimes 82 flowers in a whorl. 56. Ametht/sUa. From a/xi-lvm, the amethyst, alluding to the color of the flower. A pretty annual, not very common in gardens. 57. Ziziphora. Etymology uncertain. This genus, and the two following, consist of little herbaceous plants resembling thyme : they are generally pretty, and easily cultivated. It would, perhaps, have been better tc unite, with some writers, Ziziphora, Cunila, and Hedeoma, in one genus. 58. Cunila. A Roman name applied by Linnams to this genus. The plants of Pliny bore some resemblance te iliusc which compose the Linna?an Cunila. (See No. 57.) The leaves of C. mariana are used in decoction for colds. 59. Hedeoma, rilvotuM, a Greek name for mint. (See No. 57.) oO. Monarda. In honor of Nicolas Monardez, a physician of Seville in the 16th century. Most of the species 29. DIANDR1A MONOGYNIA. Class 11. 358 oblongata Ph. long-leaved ^ A or 2 jLs P N. Amer. 1761. D r.l 359 clinopodia Ph. wild-basil-leav.^ A or o jl P.w N. Amer. 1771. D rl 360 purpurea Ph. crimson ^ A or 3 jn.au P N. Amer. 1789. D r.l Bot. Cab. 1396 361 altis'sima W. tall lAor 4 jn.au Li N. Amer. 1821. D r.l 362 rugosa Ph. white k A or 1 jl.s W N. Amer. 1761. D r.l 363 kalmiana Ph. pub. flowered iA»f 4 jn.au P N. Amer. 1813. D P.i Pursh.fl. am. t.l 364 didvma W. Oswego tea ^ A °r 3 jn.au R N. Amer. 1752. D rl Bot. mag. 546 §365ciliata Ph. blue flowered i A or 1 jl B N. Amer. 1798. D r.l Pluk. al.t.164. f.3 §366 hirsuta Ph. hairy ^ A or 1 jLs P N. Amer. 1798. D r.l 367 punctata PA. spotted iA«t 2 jn.o Br N. Amer. 1714. S S.p Bot. reg. 87 61. ROSMARINUS. W Rosemary. Labiate. Sp.2. 368 officinalis W. common jk or 4 ja.ap P S. Europt 1548. C CO Fl. grace. 1. t. 14 P variegata variegated j* or 4 369 ehili'nsis JF. Chile jol or 4 jl P Chile 1795. c S.l +62. SA'LVIA. If. Sage. * LabiatcE. Sp. 95 —170. 370 pomifera fV. apple-bearing jet or 2 jl.au B Candia 1699. c p.l Fl. grax;. 1. t. 15 371 calycina Sot. large calyxed jul or 1 jl.au Pk Levant 182.3. c CO 372 canadensis W. canary jut i | or 4 jn.s P Canaries 1697. c l.p Tr. pl.rar.2. t.19 373aurea W. gold.-flowered J* i 1 or 3 ap.n Y C. G. H. 1731. c I'-l Bot. mag. 182 374dentata W. tooth-leaved j* i | or i d.ja C. G. H. 1774. c 1>1 375 interrupta Va. ash-leaved j* or 42 ap.s B Barbary 1798. c 8.1 Schousb. 6. t. 1 376pilantha Lk. hairy-flowerec jtt or 2 jLau B 1823. c CO 377 pinnata Vahl. 378 hablitziana IV. winged-leavec CJ> or 1 jl P Levant 1731. c s.l Boerh.l. t. 167 Siberian jck or IJ au B Siberia 1795. c CO Bot. mag. 1429 379 lanceolata W. en lanceolate O or 1 my.s B 1813. s CO Jac. ed. 2. 1. 13 380 hirsuta W. en. hirsute O or 1 my.jn B 1801. s CO Jac. sch. 3. t. 252 381 angustifV'lia Cn. narrow-leave< lAJor 2 jn.jl B Mexico 1806. c CO Cav. ic. t. 317 382azi'irea Ph. azure-flowered A or 6 au B Carolina 1806. c CO Bot. mag. 1728 383 psei'ido-coccinea W. pale scarlet 22 or 3 jn au Pa S. Amer. 1797. c s.p Jac. ic. 2. t. 209 384 boosiana Jacq. blue Peruvian iAI or 2 mr.ap B Peru 1821. c CO Jac. eel. 1. t. 47 S amcena B. R. 44fl 385 mexicana W. Mexican .** | | or 2 my.jl S Mexico 1724. c p.l Cav. ic. 1. t 26 386 chamasdryoides Va. germander Jtk\ | or 1| jn.g B Mexico 1795. c p.l Bot. mag. 808 387 caesia W. en. grey J*l | or 2 jn.s B S. Amer. 1813. c p.l 388 hispanica W. Spanish O or IJ jn.au Pr.B Spain 1739. D p.l Bot. reg. 359 389serotina W. late-flowering ja. \ | or 1J au B Ohio 1803. c S.l Jac. ic. rar. 1. 1. 3 390 dominica W. Dominica (23 or J jl VV W. Indies 17; c s.p Sw.ob.18. t.l. f.l 391 tilisefolia W: lime-leaved LAJor 4 jn.au B.c S. Amer. 179a c p.l Jac. sch. 3. t. 254 392 polystachya W. many-spiked lAlor 3 o.d B Mexico 1822. c CO Jac. sch. 3. t. 318 393 micrantha Vahl small-flowere< lAJor 1 my.jn B Cuba 1823. c CO 394 formosa W. shining-leave( -a i | or 4 ap.o S Peru 1783. c pi Bot. mag. 376 395 coccinea W. scarlet-flower'dJ* i | or 2 ap.o s S. Amer. 1774. c pi Murr. 1778. t. 1 396 pulchella Itec. pretty iAI or 2 o.f s S. Amer. 1821. c CO 397 amarissirna H. K. bitter iAI or 2 jl.au B Mexico 1803. c s.p Bot. reg. 347 398 glutinosa W. glutinous A or 3 jn.s Y Germany 1796. c CO Mor.h.3.t.l3.f.l8 399 lineatffolia Lag lime-leaved ja \ | or 3 B Mexico 1823. c CO 400 aegyptiaca W. Egyptian O or | jn.jl W Egypt 1770. s CO Jac. vind. 2.1.108 401 cretica W. Cretan j* or i4 jn.au V Crete 1760. c CO Riv. mon. t. 128 402 paniculata W. pan id ed J* l I or 6s jn.au V C. G. H. 1758. c pi Mill. ic. t.225. f.l 403 africana W. African ju i | or 2 ap.jn V C. G. H. 1731. c p.l Com. hort.2. t.91 404 colorata W. colored calyx J* 1 | or 6 jl.au B C. G. H. 1758. c s.p Mill. ic. t.225. f.2 405 officinalis W. garden j* cul 2 jn.jl R.c S. Europe 1597. II % c CO Ger. herb.623.f.l History, Use, Propagation, Culture, are aromatic, and resemble mint in their habits and mode of culture. The leaves of M. didvma arc sometime* used as tea in North America ; its flowers are of a very brilliant scarlet. 61. Rosmarinus. Two Latin words signifying dew of the sea. The shrub grows in the southern parts of Europe in the vicinity of the sea. It. officinalis yields, by distillation, a light-pale essential oil of great fra- grance, which is imparted to rectified spirit. It was formerly recommended for strengthening the nervous sys- tem, headaches, &c. as well as to strengthen the memory. Hence the allusion of the poet, " there's rosemary, that's for remembrance." Rue in former times signified grace; and rosemary, repentance. Rosemarv was considered as an emblem of fidelity in lovers ; it was worn at weddings and funerals, and on the latter "occa- sions is still in some parts of Wales distributed among the company, who throw the sprigs in the grave along with the corpse. It is the principal ingredient in Hungary water, and is drunk as tea for headaches, and by nervous persons. It prefers a lean dry soil, or rubbish of old buildings ; and when it has established itself on a wall, will resist the greatest cold of our winters. Its introduction is beyond record, and was probably by the monks in the dark ages. rK, Salvia. From salvere, to save, on account of its supposed healing qualities This large and very natural Order I. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 23 .1")8 leaves oblong lanceolate rounded and narrowed at the base villous flat, Cor. dotted 368 Leaves ovate lane, roundei and unequal at the base pubesc. remotely sen*, blowers in heads, Bractea pale HO Smooth, 1 leads large leafy, Calyx colour, boarded, Cor. long smooth, Lvs. ov. obi coarsely serr. Stein smooth ;*>1 Leaves orate acuminate rounded at base and equal hairy coarsely serrated, Flowers in heads, Bractea pale 365 Leaves ovi te lanceolate cordate smooth rugose [bright crimson 363 Leaves obi pointed stalked ovate, Flowen in heads, Bract, small acute. Stem square pilose, Flowers very long 564 Leaves ovate acum, sul>-cordate closely serrated smoothish, Flowers in headed whorls, Involucres purple 965 Leaves ovate attenuated, Stems and whorls hairy, Bractes ovate as long OS the calyx 366 Very hairy all over, Flowers small in whorls, I/eaves ovate acuminate serrate on long stalks, Stem square 3(77 Leaves lanceolate remotely serrated smooth, Flowers in whorls, Bractes pale 368 Leaves sessile 369 leaves on stalks Calyx 3-lobcd, enlarged. 370 Leaves ovate lanceolate rugose crenulate undulate, Calyx blunt longer than ovate bracte 371 Leaves ovate crenate flat hoary netted with veins, Calyx 3-lobed dilated retuse with little lips 372 leaves triangular hastate oblong crenated obtuse 373 Hoary, Lower leaves roundish truncate at base smooth : upper oblong entire, Calyx of fruit lar;,'e 374 Leaves linear oblong serrate, Whorls '.'-flowered, Calyx obtuse 375 Leaves interruptedly pinnate, Stem shrubby erect 376 Leaves pinnate in 2 or 3 pairs, Leaflets sess. lanceol. obtuse crenulate rugose, hoary beneath, Bract, cordate 377 Hairy viscid, Leaves interruptedly pinnate, Leaflets oblong eroded unequal-sided, Calyx inflated 378 Leaves pinnate entire, Leaflets lanceolate nearly equal : upper generally in pairs Calyx 3-tootked, sub-cylindrical. 379 Leaves lane, obt remotely serrate stalked beneath pub. Spike racemose winged, whorls 2-fl. Bract, lanceolate 380 All hairy, Leaves oblong ovate crenate, Flowers in spiked whorls, Bractes roundish acute 381 leaves lanceolate : the lower serrated outwards, with the stem hoary, Lower lip very broad, Calyx acute 582 leaves linear lanceolate the lower serrated outwards with the stem smooth, Segments of calyx rounded 383 Leaves ovate acute serrated villous on each side, Stem hairy 384 Leaves obL ov. rugose serr. smooth dotted, Flowers in spiked whorls on one side, Bract, decid. 1 lelmet hairy 385 Lvs. somew. rhom. ov. acum. serr. at base and apex quite ent. beneath dev. above hoary, Bract decid. huarv 386 I/eaves ovate crenate rugulose hoary, Calyx with stellate hairs, Stem decumbent 387 Leaves ov. acum serr. beneath hoary, Spikes term. Lower whorls remote, Bract, decid. shorter than calyx 388 Leaves ovate serrate, Leafstalks with a point on each side, Spikes imbricate, Bract, ovate ciliated narrowed 389 Leaves sub-cordate obtuse unequally bluntly serrated, Calyx viscid villous as long as corolla 390 Leaves cordate obtuse rugose crenated hoary beneath, Calyx villous viscid as long as corolla 391 Leaves cordate rugose crenate equally serrate acute, Calyx smoothish 392 Leaves ov. serr. glaucous beneath, Racemes cornp Flowers on one side, Leafstalks with 2 glands at base 393 Leaves cordate crenate blistered wavy at edge obtuse smooth, Bractes ovate shorter than calyx 394 Leaves cordate crenate, Flowers axillary whorled, Stem shrubby 395 Leaves cordate acute tomentose serrate, Corolla twice as long and narrower than the calyx 396 Leaves cord, acute smoothish cren. : the upper sess. whorls 6-10 fl Helmet hairy entire the length of stamens 397 Leaves cordate crenate: stalks with 2 callt, Stem and calyx clammy with hair, Bractes ovate ciliated 398 Villous viscid, Leaves cordate arrow-headed coarsely serrated acuminated, Helmet entire 399 Leaves cord, ovate acuminate lucid serrat. downy beneath, Spikes numerous axillary and term, very dense Calyx 5-toothed, generally 3-2. 400 Leases line:ir lanceolate toothed rugose, Bract, ovate mucronate 401 Leaves linear lanceolate, Flowers nearly digynous, Cal. 2-leaved 402 Leaves obovate wedge-shaped toothletted 4')3 Lower leaves spatulate serrate truncated at base toothed : upper oblong nearly entire, Cal. hairy 4t* I>eives obi. nearly entire hoary, Cal. hairy : of the fruit enlarged veiny with a membranous coloured limb 405 Leaves lanceolate ovate crenulate, Whorls few-flowered, Cal. mucronate longer than bractes and Miscellaneous Particulars. genus consists of herts or under-shrubs, the leaves of which have generally a rugose appearance, the smell aro. matic, and the flowers commonly in spikes, two or three together from a bracte or leaf. They are all of easy culture, and some of them are ornamental as greenhouse plants or border flowers. The Florminum, Salvia, and Sclarea of Tournefort are included in this genus. The Sclarea or clary is derived from a-y.Xr^o:, stiff, and Hormi- nuin from i%u.aa, quod ad venerem stimulat. Of S. officinalis there are many varieties, differing in the size, form, and color of the leaves. It was formerly in great repute in medicine as a sudorific, aromatic, astringent, and antiseptic. The Chinese use it as a tonic for debility of the stomach, and strengthening the nervous sys- tem, and prefer it for these purposes to their own tea. It is, however, discarded from our pharmacopeias, but still used by self-practitioners and herb doctors. In cookery it is used for sauces and stuffings for luscious meats S. grandiflora is preferred for making tea. S. pomifera produces protuberances as big as oak g.dls, occasioned like them, by the puncture of an insect. In the isle of Crete, S. officinalis lias the same sort of excrescences, and they carry them to market there under the name of sage-apples. S. verbenaca is a native of all the four con- tinents, and very aromatic. A mucilage is produced from its seeds, which, put under the eyelids for a few moments, envelopes any sand or dust there, and brings it out ; and hence the name of officinalis christi, clear C t 24 DIANDRIA MONOGYMA. Class II. 406 Spiclminni IV. en. Spielman's ^ A or 2 jn.jl B S. Europe 181 1 C s.l Scop. del. 3. 1. 15 407 splendens Her. splendid •f lAJ or 3 o.ja Sc Mexico 1822. C s.l Bot. reg. 687 408 phloinokles IV. mullein-like i A or 2 my.jn L.B Spain 1805. C co Rpl. h. 1. t.l. f.I 409 urticifolia W. nettle-leaved ^ A or .3 jn.jl B N. Amer 1799. C p.l Mor.h.3.tl3.f.31 410 bullata IV. en. blistered 3 A or 2 jl.au R Portugal 1804. D co 411 rugosa W. wrinkle-lea vedjai i | or 2 jl.au W C. G. H. 1775. C co 412 verticillata IV. whorl-flower d^ A or 3 jn.n B Germany 1658. D s.l Barr. ic. 199 413 indica If. Indian 1 Am 3 my.jl B India 1731. D co Bot. mag. 395 414 Tendrii .S/?r. Tenore's it A or 2 my jn B Italy 1821. D co Sw. fl. gard. t. 26 415 verbas.-ifolia ISieb mullein-leave d^[ A or 3 my.jn Y Iberia 182.3. D co 410 odorata JT. en. sweet- seen te j* l | or 3 jl W Bagdad 1804. C s.l 417 compress i FaM. compressed $L A or 2 my.jn W East 1822. D co 418 mollis D.»in. soft i A"r 2 jn.jl R Siberia 1823 D co Jacq. eel. 4. t. .'37 419 grandiflora IV. great- flowerc 1^ A or 2 jn.s L.B S. Europe 1616. D co Jacq. ecL 4. t. 36 420 crassi folia Desf. thick-leaved k A or 2 jn.jl S. Europe 1804. D co 421 pratensis IF. me idow ^ A or 4 my.n V England dr. pa . D co Eng. bot. 153 422 variegata IV. en. variegated % A or 2 jn.au P Hungary 1814. D co 42li ha?matodes IV. bloody-veined 4 A <" 2 jl.au P Italy 1699. D co JVIor.h.3.t.l4.f.l5 424 viscosa IF. clammy & A or LJ my.jn C Italy 1773. C p.1 Jac. ic. 1. t. 5 ib!5 disermas IV. long-spiked ik A or 2 jl W Syria 1773. D co Ard. spec. 1. 1. 1 426 nutans IV. nodding iA»r 3 jn.au V Russia 1780. C co Bot. mag. 2436 427 betonica?folia IV. betony-leaved j3t A or 3 jn.au V Russia 1804. C co 428 amplexicaulis JF. ei . stem-clasping ^ A °' Jl jl.s B Levant 1813. D co 429 austriaca W. Austrian iA»r l jn.jl L.Y Austria 1776. D co Jac. aust. 2. t.l 12 430 svriaca IV. Syrian Ja | or y jl W Levant 1759. C co Bauh. prod.t.114 431 nubia JK Nubian lAlor 2 jn.jl B Africa 1784. C p.l Murray. 1778. t..3 4.32 virgata IV long-branched ^ A or 4 jl.n W Armenia 1758. D co Jac. schfjn.l. t.37 433 campestris IV. en. field £ A or 2 jn.jl B Tauria 1813. D co 4-34 sylvestris W. spotted-stalk' 1^ A or 2 jn.o B Germany 1759 D co Jac. aus.3. t. 212 435 nemorosa IV. spear-leaved lAor 3 jn.s B Germany 1728. D co 436 patula IV. en. spreading ^L CD or 3 myjl Pk Portugal 1805. C s.l 437 tingitana JF. Tangier j* l 1 or 3 jl W Barbary 1796. C s.l Riv. mon. t. 62 4.38 Sclarea IV. common Clary ^£ Q) cul 4 jl.s L.B Italy 1562. S 8.1 Fl grsc. 1. t 25 4;9sp;n6sa JV. thorny-calyx ^ OJor 1 jn W Egypt 1789. C s.l Jac. ic. 1. t. 7 440 a?thiopis IV. woolly ^ Q) or 3 my.jn W Austria 1570. C s.l Jac. aus. 3. t. 211 441 argentea IV. silvery & A or 3 my.jl W Crete 1759. D s.l Fl. gr.Tc. 1. t. 27 442 applanata IF flattened ^ Q) or 1J jn.jl w Crete 1821. D co 44; Horminum IV. annual clary O cul lj jn.jl S. Europe 159& S co Fl. gra:c. 1. t. 20 a. vh/dcea purple-toppec O cul 1| jn.jl p S co (3 riibra red-topped O cul 11 jn.jl R S co 444 viridis W! green-topped O or If jl.au Pk Italy 1759. S co Fl. grarc. I. t. 19 44.) truncata JF <■«. truncated O or lj jl.au Pk S. Europe 1800. S co 446 pyramidalis Pel pyramidal & A or 6 my.jn Naples 1823. D co 447 verbenaca W. wild-clary k A w 2 jn.o V Britain pas. R co Eng. bot. 154 448 oblongata V M. ob'.ongate O or »i jn.o B 1820. D co Jacq. eel. 2. t. 14 449 triloba IV. three-lo'ied j* O or 2 jn.jl R S. Europe 15! C co Fl. graec. 1. 1 17 450 lyrata JV. lyre-leaved k A or 1 jn.jl L.B N. Amer. 1728. C co Mor.3. t.13. f.27 451 abyssinica IF. Abyssinian k iA)or Id jn.jl P Africa 1775. S s.p Jac. ic. I. t. 6 452 nilotica JV. Nile O or 1 jn.au B Egypt 1780. C l.p Jac. vind. 3. t 92 453 Forsknhlii IV. Forskohl's •\ A or H jn.au Bk Levant 1800. C co ■ Bot. mag. 988 454 napifulia IF. rape-leaved iAot 2 jn.jl D.p Italy 1776. D co Jac. vind. 2. 1. 152 455 aurita IV. eared-leaved -i. ; lor 2 my.jn C. G. H. 1795. C p.l 456 bicolor JF two-coloured *\ A or 2 jn.jl V.w Barbary 1793. D co Bot. mag. 1774 457 Barrelled F.ttt. Barreliers k A or 3 ap.my B Spain 1821. D co Ten. fl. nap. 1 2 458 laciniata JV. torn ^ A or 2 ap. my B 1822. D co 459 runcinata IK rough-leaved j* | | or 0 ap.s B C. G. H. 1774. C p.l Jac. schrin. 1. 1.8 400 polymurpha Lk. various k O) or 1 my.jl B Portugal 1S21. D co Barr. ic. 220 451 clandestina W. cut-leaved k G) or li ap.jl B Italy 1739. S co Fl.gr.l.p.l8.t.24 462 ceratophylla IV. horn-leaved iQ)or li jl.au V Persia 1699. C s.l Plk. aL 1. 124. f. 5 463 ceratophvlloides IV branchy k Q> or i jn.au V Egypt 1771. C s.l Ard. spec. 2. t. 2 404bracteata IV. long bract ed k A or 3 * jn.jl P Russia 1821. D co Bot. mag. 2320 53 COLLINSO'NIA. V. CoLLINSO.V I A. Labiatie, Sp. 5 — 6. 465 canadensis IK nettle-leaved ^ A or 3 au.o L.B N. Amer. 1735. D p.l Hort. cliff: t.5 /3 cordAta cordate lAor 3 au.o Kb N. Amer. D p.l y ovata ovate k A or 3 au.o L.B N. Amer. D p.l 466 seabrffiscula IV. rough-stalked jfr iAI or 2 jl.s R E. Florida 1776. D p.l 426 ^r TO - 419 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, eye or clary. The flowers of S. glutinosa are used in Holland to give a flavor to the Rhenish wines. S. Sclarea has a very strong scent, and was formerly used in medicine. A wine is made from the herb or flower, boiletl uith sugar, which has a flavor not unlike Frontignac. S. indica is a magnificent species, but rather tender in- PROPERTY LIBRARY Ordkh I. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 25 4j 16 Leaves radical obi. sub -conl. bluntly tooth. : cauline tooth cren. Whorls 6-fl. Fl. horizon, a sing, fl.-st. term. U>7 Leaves stalked ovate lanceolate Sal smooth beneath, Corolla and coloured calyx downy, Style exserted 4ns I ,4 Leaves cord, rugose biserr. Bract, coloured pointed shorter than the flower, Hairs of stem and calyx simple 436 Leaves cordate lanceolate equally serrate, Bract, the length of calyx, Lower lip of corolla reflexed 4 ii Clammy, Radical leaves cordate toothed sinuated : cauline sessile oblong, Bract, as long as calyx 437 Leaves cordate oblong eroded toothed very rugose, Bract, cordate mucronate ciliated, Cal. spiny 4.38 Leaves rugose cordate obi. serrate villous, Bract coloured longer than calyx 439 Leaves oblong repand, Cal. spiny, Bract, cordate mucronate concave 44(1 Leaves oblong eroded with the whorls woolly, Bract recurved somewhat spiny 441 Leaves oblong toothed angular woolly, Upper whorls sterile, Bract, concave 442 Lvs. sub-cord. obi. obtuse with spread, teeth, Stem clammy with hairs, Bract cord, entire equal to spiny cal. 443 Leaves obtuse crenated, Upper bract sterile large and coloured 444 Lvs. obt obi. equal, cren. stalk. : those next the fl. stem-embrac. the low. whorls dist Cal. of the fruit reflex. 445 Leaves obi. obt. cren. stalk. Floral stem-emb.whorls2 approxim. the term.one having 6 fl. Cal.of fruit reflexed 446 Lvs. cord. acum. plait, erod. cren. ben. white with hairs, Bract, col. cord, acutelong. than cal. Sp. term, conic. 447 Leaves serrate sinuated smoothish, Corolla shorter than calyx 448 Leaves lanceolate oblong obtuse smooth, coarsely equally bluntly serrated, Cor. narrower than cal. 449 Tomentose, Lvs. stalked rugose sub 3-lobed : the intermediate lobe longer and obi. : the lateral obt ovate 450 Radical leaves lyrate toothed, Helmet very short, Stem with very few leaves hairy downwards 451 Lower leaves lyrate : upper cordate, Flowers whorled, CaL mucronate ciliated 452 Leaves sinuate angular crenate toothed, Cal. teeth spiny with the angles and edge of the orifice ciliated 453 Leaves lyrate auricled, Stem nearly without leaves, Helmet bifid 454 Lvs. cord, with spread, teeth : the low. hastat and lyr. Whorls nearly naked, Up. lip of cor. short, cord, edgea 455 Villous, I-eaves ovate toothed auricled, Flowers in spiked whorls 456 Radic. lvs. cord. palm, or ent of the stem arrow-head. lane. uneq. tooth. Bract, reflex, short, than nodd. cal. 457 Leaves hastate lanceolate unequally serrated, Stem leafy erect 458 Leaves pinnatifid rugose : Segm. lin. unequal crenated obt Whorls many-fl. Bract, roundish cordate acute 459 Scabrous, Leaves pinnatifid backwards toothed, Mowers in spiked whorls 460 Lower lvs. stalked sinuated pinnatifid rugose smoothish : the upper sessile cord. Bract, short than flowers 461 Leaves serrated pinnatifid very rugose smooth, Spike obtuse, Cor. twice as long as calyx 462 Leaves very rugose woolly : the radical bipinnatifid cauline pinnatifid, Upper whorls sterile 463 Leaves pinnatifid rugose stalked, Whorls all fertile and very hairy 464 Leaves pinnated hairy, Segments of calyx subulate, Bract leafy longer than caL Whorls many-flowered 465 Leaves ovate and stem smooth 466 Leaves sub-cordate a little hairy, Stem rcughish and MuceUanemu Particulars. -even- winters. S. Bbrmosa and S splendent are very ornamental All the species thrive in light soil, what rich, and are readilv propagated by seeds, cuttings, and dividing the i ti). Collinsonia. In honor of Peter Collinson, F.K S., a most distinguished promoter of botanv. and soine- a cor- 26 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class II. 467 ovalis Ph. oval-leaved ^ A or 468 tuberosa Ph. tuberous A A or 469 anisata B. M. anise-scented ^ A or + 64. CAT A I/PA. Juss. Catalpa. 470 syringifolia H. K. common $ or 471 longissima H. K. wave-leaved J □ or *65. GHI'NIA. W. Ghima. §472 spinosa W. thorny-fruited [Q] cu *66. FONTANE'SIA. W. Fontanesia. 473 phillyra»oides W. phillyrea-leav. it | or t>7. LINOCIE'RA. B.P. Linociera. 474 compaeta B. P. Caribean lants, natives of the southern hemisphere. Many of the species are from N. Holland, and are chiefly known >y the brief descriptions of Mr. II. Brown. 74. Cladium. From zXccSot, a branch or twig. A tall sedge-like plant, referred by Linnaeus and his school to Schccnus. C. germanicum is the only Fiuropean species ; it is the Schcenus mariscus of English botany. The nthers are chiefly from N. Holland. 75. Hun no a. After F.rnr- 1 Gunner, bishop of Norway, of which country he published a Flora. A singular plant. i ult iva ted merely as an object of curiosity. It likes a moist peat soil, and the temperature of I cool greenhouse. 28 DIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Class 1 1. DIGYNIA. 76. ANTHOXAVTHUM. IV. Sprim.-Grass. Graminoe. Sp. 3—6. 497 odoratum IV. sweet-scented jlli A "g 1 my Ap Britain me. pa. S ll.l Kng. bot. 647 498 amarurn Brot. bitter # A cu 1 jl Ap Morocco 1810. S co 499 ovatum Lag. ovate * O cu 1 jl Ap Spain 1821. S co *77. PITER. IV. §500 coriaceum T'alil. .501 nitidum W. 502 aduncum W. 503 macrophyllum W. 504 genieulatum /('. 505 hispidum TV. 506 Amalago TV. 507 Betle TV. 508 nigrum TV. §5f)9 discolor TV. 510 reticulatum TV. 511 decumanum W. 512 Siriboa TV. 513 longum P. S. 514 peltatum TV. 515 umbellatum IV. 516 laurifolium iV/zV/. 517 tomentosum Mill. 518glabrum Mill. 519 racemosum Mitt. §520 brachyphyllum IV. §521 amplexicaule TV. §522 magnolia?f6riumPa. §523 olitusifolium TV. §524 cunei folium TV. en. §525 alatum P. S. §526 acuminatum TV. en §527 distachyon P. S. §528 maculosum TV. §529 pellucidum fK §530 pubescens H. S. §531 humile Vahl. §532 trifolium P. S. §533 pulchellum TV. {534 pereskiasfolium TV. §535 blandum JK {536 rubricate Nees. §537 polystachion W. §538 quadrifolium TV. §539 inajqualifolium §540stellatum P. S. §541 incanum Haw. §542 subroti'indum /fau> § 543 rubellum Haw. TRK. ; Kzv/y/. Pkppe r. Piperacete. Sp. 44—250. leathery Jtk 23 CU 4 niy.jn Ap E. Indies 1815. C r.m Bot. enb. 128 shining-leaved -tt 23 cu 3 my.jn Ap Jamaica 1793. C r.m hooked J± 23 cu 5 my Ap Jamaica 1748. c r.m Jac. ic. 2. t. 210 broad-leaved j* 23 cu 12 Ap W. Indies 1800. c r.m Slo. jam. 88. f. 1 swollen-joint'dJ* 23 cu 2 Ap Jamaica 1823. c r.m hairy-leaved -t* 23 cu 6 jl" Ap Jamaica 1793. c r.m roiivh-leaved «23cu 6 jl.au Ap Jamaica 1759. c r.m Slo.hist.l.t.87.f.l betle m ZDc\t Ap E. Indies 1804. c r.m Kheede. 7. t. 15 black JUZjclt fi Ap E. Indies 1790. c r.m Lam. ill. 79. t 23 discoloured J* 2TJ CU 4 jl.au Ap W. Indies 1881. c r.m Bot. cab. 610 netted j» 23 cu 6 au Ap W. Indies 1748. c r.m Plumier. 57. t.75 the great ja 23 "U 6 Ap Carthag. 1768. c r.m Jacq. ic. 2. t 215 Siriboa Ji 23 ('11 6 Ap E. Indies 1768. c r.m Rumph. 5. 1. 117 long »23clt 6 jn Ap E. Indies 1788. c r.m Rump.5.t.ll6.£2 peltated -** 23 cu 2 Ap W. Indies 1748. c r.m Plumier. 56. t. 74 umbelled ja O cu 3 my.jl Ap \Y. Indies 1748. c l.p Plumier. 53. t 73 laurel-leaved j* O cu Id Ap W. Indies 1768. c r.m downy * 23cu 14 my.jn Ap \V. Indies 1768. c r.m smooth « ZDcu 10 Ap Campeac. 1768. c r.m great racemose* 23 cu 10 Ap Campeac. 1768. c r.m short-leaved a 33 cu 1 Ap S. Amer. 1818. c r.m stem-clasping £ Slcu 1 = jn.s Ap W. Indies 1793. c r.m magnolia-lvd. *23cu 1J ja.mr Ap \V. Indies 1793. c r.m Jac. ic. 2. t 213 obtuse-leaved «23cu 1 ap.jl Ap W. Indies 1739. c r.m Tr. ehrt. 54. t. 96 wedge-leaved £ 23 cu 1 jn.jl Ap Caraccas 1809. c r.m Jac. ic. 2. t. 214 winged £ ZDcu 1 mr.ap Ap S. Amer. 1812. c r.m Fl. per. 31. 1 48 acuminate £ SI cu 1 jn.jl Ap W. Indies 181£ c r.m Bot. mag. 1882 two-rowed £ 23 cu H jn.jl Ap S. Amer. 179a c r.m Plumier. 51. t. 67 spnt-stalked £ S]cu s Ap StDomin.1790. c r.m Plumier. 60. t. 66 pellucid 23 cu A ap.s Ap S. Amer. 1748. c r.rn Plumier. 54. t. 72 pubescent jf 23 cu 1 jl.o Ap S. Amer. 1809. c r.m low £ S)cu j jn.jl Ap W. Indies 176S. c r.m three-leaved £ 23 cu j jn.au Ap S. Amer. 1802. c r.m Plumier. 52. t. 68 small-leaved jp 23 cu i jl.o Ap Jamaica 1778 c r.m Bot. cab. 574 cactus-leaved £ 23 cu 1 my.jn Ap S. Amer. 1820. c r.m Hook. ex. fl. 67 villous £ 23 cu u my.n Ap Caraccas 1802. c r.m Hook. ex. fl. 21 red-stemmed £ 23 cu 1 my.jn Ap 1822, c r.m Hor.phys.br. t.8 many-spiked £ 23 cu I jn-jl Ap Jamaica 1775. c r m Hook. ex. fl. 23 four-leaved tf 23 cu 1 jn.jl Ap S. Amer. 1818. c r.m Hook. ex. fl. 22 unequal-leav'dj£ SI or 1 jl.au Ap Peru 18(H). c r.m FL per. 1. t. 46. a starry # 23 cu 1 mv.jl Ap Jamaica 181 2. c r.m Jac. vind. 2. t.217 great-downy if 23 cu I f " Ap Brazil 1815. c r.m Bot cab. 503 sm. clusia-lvd. ]£ SI CU 1 f Ap 1812. c r.m red a "Aicu i mr.ap Ap VV. Indies 1820. c r.m Ho >k. ex. fl. 59 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 76. Anlhoxanthum. From avSo;, a flower, and iavBos, yellow, the spikes being yellow. This grass has the valval of the calyx sprinkled over with minute yellow dots, similar to those of black-currant berries ; hence, possibly, its peculiar scent. It is this grass which gives the peculiar smell to meadow-hay; that made from ray-grass or other sovvn-grasses having no such odour. It is one of the earliest flowering grasses, grows on any soil, but pre- fers one moderately dry. Stillingfleet recommends its being sown with a view to improve the flavor of mutton. But its seeds are collected with so much difficulty that they are too costly to be sown in any great quantity. 77. Piper. Undoubtedly from pippul, the Bengalese name of the long-pepper, notwithstanding the learned derivations of authors from ■snxTO, ir-zrn°i, to digest The plants of this genus are mostly succulent, perennial, herbaceous, or frutescent ; often scandent as in that species which furnishes the pepper of commerce ; dichoto- mous and jointed. P. nigrum furnishes the pepper of commerce. It grows wild in the East Indies, and in Cochin China, and is cultivated in Malacca, Java, and especially in Sumatra. The pepper or seed is distinguished in the shops as black or white ; the former is the dried berry in its natural state ; the latter, the berry deprived of its skin, by steeping about a fortnight in water, and then drying in the sun. Black pepper is the hottest and strongest. As a spice, pepper differs from most others by its pungency residing not in the volatile parts or es- sential oil, but in a fixed substance, which does not rise in the heat of boiling water. The culture of the plant in the pepper farms of the East very much resembles that of the hop in England. Holes are made in prepared ground at from six to twelve feet a-part every way ; in these from two to six cuttings of the pepper vines are Okocb III. DIANDRIA TRTCYNIA. 2.9 DIGYX1A. *')~ Spike ovate oblong, Flowers on short stalks longer than the beard spreading, (Inter glumes ciliated 486 Panicle spike-shaped suli-lanceolate, Leaves smooth glaucous green, Nect. adnate to the seed, Cor. loose 4 Spike ovate dense, Sheaths smooth, Leaves ciliated TRIGYNIA. Shrubby. 500 Leaves broad-lanceolate pointed coriaceous, Berries stalked 501 Lvs. elliptic lane, attenuated very smooth dotted shining above at the base unequal, Spikes recurved at ti|is 502 Leai es ovate oblong or elliptic acuminate unequal at the base rough on each side, Spikes axillary uncinate 50.) Leaves ovate oblong many-nerved acuminate smooth unequal at base, Leafstalks margined, Joints equal 504 Leaves elliptic oblong acuminate many-nerved unequal at the base, Joints knotty 505 Branches round hairy. Leaves ovate oblong above rough : veins beneath and stalks hispid 506 Leaves ovate oblong 5-nerved rugose on each side smooth equal at the base ~*~i Leaves ovate attenuated 7-nerved, Stalks '.'-toothed 508 Leaves broad ovate acuminate 7-nerved coriaceous smooth, Joints knotted 50!) Leaves broad cordate 5-nerved at the base unequal, beneath discoloured, Spikes lax with remote Rowers 510 Leaves cordate acuminate 5-9-nerved very smooth equal to the leaf stalks 511 Leaves cordate acuminate 9-11-ncrved veiny rather villous, Leafstalks partly winged SIS Leaves cordate oblong acuminate about 7-nerved unequal at the base 513 Lower leaves cordate stalked 7-nerved : upper cordate oblong sessile 5-nerved 514 Leaves peltate round cordate many-nerved obtuse sub-repand, Spikes in umbels 515 Leaves roundish cordate acute many-nerved, Nerves and stalks villous, Spikes in umbels 516 Leaves lanceolate ovate nerved, Spikes short 517 leaves ovate lanceolate tomentose, Stem arborescent 5hS Leaves ovate lanceolate acuminate smooth 3-nerved 519 Leaves lanceolate ovate rugose, Nerves alternate Stem fleshy. 520 Leaves ovate acute obsoletely3-nerv. rather folded together at thebase, Stalks ciliated, Spikes term, sol I. ry 521 Leaves stem-clasping broad lanceolate narrowed downwards many-nerved, Stem simple erect 522 Leaves obovate very obtuse, 1- lower-stalks terminal branched, Stem and branches rooting 523 1-eaves obovate nearly retuse edged with red, Spike terminal solitary, Stem decumbent rooting 524 Leaves wedge-shaped about 7-nerved, Spikes terminal conjugate, Stem rooting nearly erect 525 Leaves oblong lanceolate attenuated 5-nerved, Spikes axillary, solitary, the terminal in pairs, Stem wil god 526 Leaves lanceolate ovate 5-nervcd acute at each end, Spikes terminal 2 or 3 together, Stem nearlv erect 527 Leaves ovate acuminate 5-nerved, Spikes conjugate erect, Stem branching rooting 528 Leaves peltate cordate ovate acute, Stem creeping 529 Leaves cordate acute, Spikes lateral and terminal, Stem procumbent 5.30 Leaves oblong nerveless opposite spikes axillary solitary, Stem pubescent upright 531 Iyeaves oblong acute nerveless opposite with the erect stem villous 532 Leaves ternate roundish, Stein creeping 533 Leaves 4 together sub-sessile oblong nerveless, Spikes terminal, Stem erect 534 Leaves 3 and 4 together oblong 3-nerved smooth coriaceous, Spikes terminal solitary 535 Leaves 3 and 4 together elliptic lanceolate 3-nerved with the upright stems villous 536 St. erect round smth. Lvs 4-6 togeth. ses. lane, atten. atbase3-nerv. very smth. Sp. ter. verylongsol. jr double 537 Leaves 3 and 4 together roundish rhomboidal stalked 3-nerved pubescent, Branches erect 538 Leaves 4 together wedge-shaped emarginate sub-sessile, Spikes solitary, Stem erect 539 Very fragrant, Leaves 4, 5, and 6 together sub-sessile reflexed sub-emarginate, Spikes terminal about 4 540 leaves 3 and 5 together oblong acuminate 3-nerved smooth, Stem erect 541 Hoary with down, Leaves alternate thick round-ovate with a small blunt point, very cordate at the ha&u 542 leaves obovate rounded stalked very thick green naked 543 Leaves about 4 together roundish convex beneath and coloured, Spikes terminal and axillary sub-solit. r\ and Miscellaneous Particulars. planted, and afterwards staked with any rough barked wood, on which the plants climb and attach themselves much in the mannerofour five-leaved ivy (Ampelopsis1. In Sumatra, Marsden informs us (Hist. 107.), a treecalled the chinkareen is planted for the support of the pepper plant, as the common maple and flowering ash is for the vine in Italy. The shoots bear in the third year ; the flowers appear in June, and the berries are ripe, and ol a blood-red in September. The shoots are then cut down to the ground, and the berries gathered, dried in the sun, and sorted. In three or four years more the shoots have attained full growth, and another crop is ready. P. amalago, longum, and various other species aflbrd berries differing very little in quality from those of P nigrum, and sometimes mixed with, or substituted for them. P. lH'tle affords the betel leaf of the southern Asiatics, which serves to enclose a few slices of the arcca nut thence commonly called the betle-nut), and a little shell lime. This, the inhabitants of those countries chew to sweeten the breath, strengthen the stomach, and ward off' the calls of hunger, as the European working classes do tobacco. It is deemed the extreme of impoliteness in the east to speak to a superior without a piid of betel in the mouth. The teeth of the men in Malabar are ruined by it ; but the women preserve theirs to an old age, by staining them black with antimony. Such is the consumption of betel in the east, that it occa- sions a branch of commerce nearly as extensive as that r,f tobacco in the west. All the specie* of popper introduced in our stoves grow frcclv in loam and peat, require but little water, and nre readily propagated by cuttings. 30 TRIANDRIA.- Class 111. Class III. — TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens. This class, which is larger than the two preceding, contains most of the genera of three considerable and very natural orders, the Irideae, Cyperaceae, and Gramineae. The first are eh efly bulbous-rooted sword-leaved plants, with brilliant but transient flowers ; the second, sedgy grass-like plants, more curious than useful ; and the third, the proper grasses, an order which contributes more extensively and effectually to the support of man and domestic animals than any other, and, unless we except Lolium temulentum, containing no poisonous plant. The genera of the grasses, Sir J. E. Smith observes, are not easily defined. Schreber and Di. Host among the Germans, and Stillingfleet and Curtis, and more recently, Mr. R. Brown, in this country, have paid much attention to the order ; but it is among the French that the greatest improvements have been made in the arrangement and distribution of the genera. The principal gratninologists in that country have been Messrs. Desvaux, Palisot de Beauvois, and Kunth, each of whom has divided the Linnaean. genera into many others ; the greater part of which have been admitted by other botanists, and are consequently adopted here. It must, however, be confessed, that if much has been done in remodelling the grasses, yet more remains to be effected ; and that much more perspicuity and clearness of definition will be required before their arrangement can be said even to approach perfection. In describing the essential characters, the phraseology of the continental botanists has been adopted. This not being very familiar to readers in this country, the following explanation of terms may be useful. The parts here called G'.umce are the Calyx of Linnaeus. PuleiB . . . Corolla. Scale . . . Nectary. The terms calyx and corolla applied to the floral envelopes of grasses are improper, as they are not analogous to those organs in other plants, but are rather to be considered as a form of Bracteae, as are also the inner scales, called Nectarium by Linnaeus. It has been considered by some writers, proper to place all the grasses in Triandria, without reference to the number of their stamens ; but this is manifestly improper, as the whole merit of the artificial system depends upon its principles being closely followed. The grasses not in this class are to be found in Monandria, Diandria, Hexandria, and Polygamia. The grasses, in an ceconominal point of view, have been scientifically experimented on by Sir H. Davy, and Mr. Sinclair, the duke of Bedford's gar dener at Woburn. Galaxia and Ferraria, which Persoon has placed in this class, we have, with Willdenow, placed in Monadel- phia. Tigridia will also be found there. The following plants are Triandrous, but as they belong to very na- tural genera, botanists have deemed it better not to separate them. MONOGYNIA. Narcissus triandrus. Juncus conglomerate and effusus. Rivina brasiliensis, and some species of Amaranthus, &c. Galium trifidum, some Asperulas, Melothria, Laurus triandra, Fagara spinosa and acuminata, Hirtella triandra, Tradescantia multiflora. DIGYNI A. Tripsacum hermaphroditum, some species of Ehrharta, Sec. TRIGYNIA. Tillaea muscosa, Elatine triandra, Stellaria media, some species of Xanthoxylum, Triplaris americana, &c. Order 1. MONOGYNIA. VHV 3 Stamens. 1 Style. 1. Flowers with Calyx and Corolla distinct ; or with a trifid Corolla only. 78. Valeriana. Cal. very small, finally enlarged into a feathery pappus. Corolla monopetalous, S-lobed, re- gular, gibbous at the base. Capsule 1-celled. 79. Patrinia. Cal. very small, finally enlarged into an irregularly and obsoletely toothed rim. Corolla mo- nopetalous, 5-lobed, regular, gibbous at the base. Capsule 3-celled, supported on one side by an oval membra- nous bractea. Stamens variable. (8 or 5.) 80. Valerianclla. Cal. very small, finally becoming a straight rim. Cor. monopetalous S-fid, regular. Cap- sule 3-celled. 81. Calymenia. Cal. 5-fid campanulate. Cor. funnel-shaped. Nut 1-seeded, surrounded by the enlarged calyx. . 82. Lceflingia. Cal. 5-leaved, the leaves 2-toothed at the base. Cor. of 5 petals, which are very minute and connivent. Stigma 3-ple. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 83. Hippocratea. Cal. 5-leaved, very smalL Pet. 5 dilated at the base, hooded at the end. Nut fleshy, bear- ing the stamens. Caps. 3, compressed, 2-valved, opening in the middle, 1-celled, with 2-5 compressed winged seeds. 84. Cneorum. Cal. 3-4-toothed, persistent, small. Pet. 3-4 equal. Stigma 3-fid. Drupes o or 4 clustered, dry. 85. Ccnnocladia. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3, larger than the calyx. Drupe with 3 spots at the end, and a mem- branous 1-seeded nut. (Stamens and petals vary to 4.) 86. Xyris. Cal. 3-valved, cartilaginous, clustered in a head. Cor. 3-petaled, equal. Caps. 1-3-celled, 3-valved. Stigma 3-fid. .„■*,„*. 87. CaUisia. Calyx 3-leaved. Petals 3. Anthers double. Capsule superior, 2-celled, 2-seeded, compressed. Stigmas 3, finely divided. . , . , . „ 88. Commelina. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Filaments 3 or 4-sterile, furnished with crossing glands. Caps. 2-3- celled. Seeds fixed to the valves. 81) Aneilema. Like Commelina, but no involucrum. Stamens 6. Anthers ;>, sometimes 2-4, dissimilar. 90. Cartonema. Cor. persistent : the 3 outer leaves calycine. Stamens persistent, beardless. Seeds 2. 2. Flowers with a 5-parted Calyx, and no Corolla. 91. Ortegia. Cal. 5-leaved. Stigma headed. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved at the end. Seeds many, affixed to the bottom of the capsule. Stigma 1-3. 92. Polycnemum. CaL 5-leaved. Seed 1, in an utriculus. 3. Flowers 6-partcd, coloured ; the Calyx and Corolla not distinct. 93 Crocus. Spatha usually 2-valved. Flower funnel-shaped, regular : the outer segments largest. Tube very long, partly under ground. Stigma deeply trifid, with convolute segments. 94. Witseniu. Flower tubular, with a 6-parted limb. Stigma slightly trifid or emarginate. Caps. 3-celled, many seeded. . . , ,..«.-». o 95. Ixia. Spatha 2-valved. Flower with a slender tube and regular limb. Stigmas 3, narrow, recurved. 96. Trichonema, Spatha 2-valved. Flower with a very short tube and an equal regular limb Filaments pubescent. Stigmas 3, 2-parted. 97. Geissorhixa. Spatha 2-valved. Flower tubular, with a 6-partcd spreading regular limb. Style inclined. Caps, oval, 3-cornered. . , , „ „ , . . , . , 98. Hcsperantha. Spatha 2-valvcd. Flower tubular, with a 6-parted regular hmb. Stigmas o, divided as tar down as th<- tube. Caps, oblong 3-cornercd. Class 111. 1RIANDH1A. 31 '.<:>. 8paraxi$. Spatli a J-valved, scarious, membranous, torn at the emL Flower tubular. Stigmas 'J, recurved laps, obioilg, glolK»sc. 1-leaved. Cor. O. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. 226\ Minuar/ia. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. O. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds a few. 227. Querii. CaL 5-leaved or 5-parted. Cor. O. Caps. 1-celled. Seed 1. 228. Konigia. CaL 3-leaved. Cor. O. Seed 1, ovate, naked. MONOGYNIA 544 Radical leaves spatulate ovate undivided ; cauline pinnatifid, Stem erect, Flowers panicled dioecious 545 Leaves all pinnate : pinna; lanceolate toothed, Stem hollow furrowed, Flowers corymbose 546 Cauline leaves pinnate, radical undivided, Stem smooth slender, Flowers corymbose 547 Leaves toothed radical cordate simple, cauline ternate ovate oblong, Leaflets lateral lanceol. Stem erect 548 Leaves oblong rather toothed; lower obtuse, upper acute, Stem erect, Flowers panicled 549 Leaves undivided entire obt. radical cuneateobl. cauline linear, Stem smooth ascending, Flowers racemose 550 Radical leaves lanceolate oblong entire, cauline pinnatifid, Stem smooth, Flowers pink corymbose 551 Leaves undivided, radical elliptical 3-nerv. entire and toothed, caul, linear, Stem erect, Corymbs racemose 552 Radical leaves ovate, cauline cordate sessile cut halliert shaped, Flowers racemose 553 Leaves cord. uneq. toothed : lower simple, upper ternate and pinnate, Stem striated, Flow ers corymbose 554 Radical lvs. pinnated, Leaflets ovate coarsely toothed, cauL pinnated downwards, Segm. lanceol toothed 555 Leaves simple ciliated, radical obovate, cauline lanceolate, Flowers panicled 556 Leaves membranous pinnatifid, Segm. lanceol. : the terminal very large, Stem smooth, Flowers corymbose 557 Leaves rather fleshy pinnatifid, Segm. entire obt. of nearly one shape, Stem hairy in 2 rows, Flowers corymb. 558 Caps, linear 3-toothed : the outer larger recurved, Stem smooth, Flowers in dichotomous spikes 559 Caps, naked globose compressed, Stem weak, Flowers m heads 560 Caps, polished ovate, Limb of the calyx short 3-5-toothed crowned, Stem smooth, Flowers corymbose 561 Caps, ovate villous, Limb of the calyx bladdered crowned, Stem a little villous, Flowers nearly in heads 562 Caps, villous, Limb of cal. 6-10-tooth. crowned, Crown camp. Teeth long straight, Stem pubesc. Fls. in heads 563 Caps. vill. Limb of cal. 10-12-rayed crowned, Crown rotate, Teeth long acute, Stem smooth, Flow, in heads 564 Caps, naked smooth cleft-keeled elongated, Stem weak, Flowers nearly in heads 565 Caps, ovate angular hairy irregularly toothed, Stem angular, Flowers corymbose 566 Caps, pubescent naked at the end, Leaves spatulate oblong nearly entire 567 Stem scabrous, Fruit ovate acute 1-toothed at the end pubescent 668 Caps, linear 6-toothed, Teeth hooked loose, Stem and radical leaves spatulate, cauline pinnatifid pubescent and Miscellaneous Particulars. Phu is the Arabic name of the species so called. 7ft Patrinia. Named by M. Jussieu in honor of M. Patrin, an assiduous French botanist, who travelled in Siberia, where all the species of the genus are found, and whence he sent home collections. 80. Valericnella. A diminutive of Valeriana, from which the genus has been divided. V. olitoria (Va- leriana locusta, I..) Mache salade de pre/re, l'r., com salad ur lamb's-rettucc, from its appearing in corn fields about the time when lambs are dropped; furnishes an agreeable salad, the leaves tasting little inferior to young lettuce. To have it early, it should be sown in autumn on a warm border. All the species arc ot M i i v i ulture as those of Valeriana. D 2 36 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class III. *81. CALYME'NIA. Umbrella- Wort. $569visc6sa TV. viscid j£ ES cu ^ 570 aggregita Cav. aggregate XB cu % 571 glabrifolia W. en. smooth-leaved £ B3 cu 82. LCEFLI'NGIA. TV. Lceflimcia. 572 hispanica TV. Spanish O w 83. HIPPOCRATE'A. Hippocratea. 573 volubilis TV. climbing JL □ or 84. CNECRUM. TV. Widow-wail. 574 tricoccum TV. smooth 3fe i | or 575 pulverulentum T'en. powdery 3fc i I or 85. COMOCLA'DIA. TV. Maiden-Plum. 576 integrifolia TV. entire-leaved } □ tm 577 dentiita TV. tooth-leaved t □ tm 578 ilicifolia TV. holly-leaved J □ tm 86. XY'RIS. /,. Xvris. 579 operculata B. P. rush-leaved Hk E3 pr 580 brevifolia P. S. short-leaved * A pr 581 tevis Br. smooth Mi !A1 pr 87. CALU'SIA TV. Callisia. 582 repens TV. creeping *~ E] pr 88. COMMELI'NA. B.P. Commelima. 583 communis TV. common *~. 584 caroliniana TV. Carolina *~ 585 africana TV. African 1- 586 bengalensis TV. Bengal *~. 587 erecta TV. upright £ 588 virginica TV. Virginian J~ 589 longicadlis TV. long-stalked *~ 590 mollis TV. soft 1U 591 tuberosa TV. en. tuberous-root. £ 592 ccelestis TV. en. sky-blue ]£ 89. ANEILE'MA. B. P. Aneilema. 593biflorum Br. creeping t- 594 ambiguum Beam', doubtful j£ 595 sinicum Ker. Chinese j£ 90. CARTONE'MA. Cartonema. 596 spi^atum spear-leaved 91. ORTE'GIA. TV. Ortecia. 597 hispanica W. Spanish ^ 598 dichotoma W. forked ^ 92. POLYCNE'MUM. W. Polycnemum. 599 arvense W. trailing Jk 600 recurvum Lois. recurved -i +93. CRO'CUS. Ker. Crocus. 601 vernus E. B. spring tf 602 albiflorus Kit. Austrian vern. Tj Nyctaginetz. Sp. 3 — 7. 6 my.s P Peru 1793. 1 jl.au Pk N. Spain 1811. 3 jl.au P N. Spain 1811. CaryopliyllecB. Sp. 1 — 3. J jn G Spain 1770. Aceriiue. Sp. 1 — 10. 20 W S. Amer. 1739. Terebinlacete. Sp. 2. 6 ap.s Y S. Europe 1793. 6 ap.s Y Madeira 1822. Terebintacece. Sp. 3 — 4. W Jamaica 1778. W W. Indies 1790. W Caribee Is. 1789. Sp. 3—26. Y N. S. W. 1804. Y Carolina 1812. Y N. HoU. 1819. O or A or iAI or fZaor A or A or fAl or E]or fAl or 23 or lAlor □ or iAI or O or A w A w O w O w 15 30 jl 15 Juncece. 1 jn.jl | jn.au 1| jn.au CommeUnece. Sp. 1 — 3. i jn.jl B W. Indies 1776, CommeUnece. Sp. 10 — 60. 2 jn.jl P.b America 1732. jn.jl my.o jn au.s § jn au 2 1 11 jn.jl jn.jl P.u Y B B B B B B B America 1732. C. G. H. 1759. Bengal 1794. Virginia 1732. Virginia 1779. Caraccas 1806. Caraccas 1804. Mexico 1732. 1813. CommeUnece. Sp. 3 — 12. 1 jl.au B N. HoU. 1820. 3 VS. Leone 1822. 1 my.jn P.b China 1820. CommeUnece. Sp. 1. J jl.au B E. Indies 1783. Caryophyllece. Sp. 2. | jn.jl Ap Spain 1768. 1 au.s Ap Italy 1781. Chenopodece. Sp. 2 — 12. A jl Ap S. Europe 1640. ijl Ap France 1820. Iridecc. Sp. 17. A or 1 f.ap P England mea. A or J f.mr W Austria C l.p Bot. mag. 434 S s.l Cav. ic. t, 437 C s.l Cav. ic. t 379 S 8.1 Cav. ic. 1. 1 94 C p.l Jac. amer. t. 9. C p.l Lam. ill. t 27 C p.l Vent eels. 77 C p.l Slo.ja.2.t222. f.l C p.l J. am.l3.t.l73.f.4 C p.l Plum. t. 118. f.l S s.p Bot. mag. 1158 S s.p R s.p Jac. am. 11. 1. 11 S co Red. lil. 206 D r.m R r.m Bot. mag. 1431 R s.p Mur. got.p.l8.t.5 R s.p Di. el.94.t.77.f.88 R s.p P.al.l35.t.l74.f.4 R s.p Jac. ic. 2. t. 294 R s.p Jac. ic. 2. t. 293 R r.m Bot. rep. 399 R r.m Bot. mag. 1695. R co D r.m Beauv. Ow. t. 15 D r.m Bot. reg. 659 S s.p D l.p Cav. ic. 1. t. 47 D l.p All.taur.3.t.4.f.l S s.l Jac. aus. 4. t. 365 S s.l O co Eng. bot. 344 O co History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 81. Calymenia. So named from »«Au|, a calyx, and v/mi», a membrane, on account of the membranous calyx by which the genus is distinguished. 82. Lceflingia, In honor of P. Lcefling, a Swedish botanist, who published a volume of travels in Spain, &c These are plants of no beauty, and are only cultivated in botanic gardens. 83. Hippocratea. In honor of the celebrated Hippocrates, the father of physicians, born in the island of Cos, who flourished 450 years before the vulgar sera. Plumier, who first fixed the genus, called it Coa, which Linnaeus changed to its present name. 84. Cneorum. Kviae ov is a plant described by Theophrastus, as resembling the olive. This is a low yellowish evergreen shrub, which like Veronica decussata, will endure our winters in the open air, with protection during frost. It grows naturally in hot dry barren and rocky soils ; thrives well in an artificial state in any light earth ; ripened cuttings will root in sand under a hand-glass, or it may be raised from seeds, which it produces in abundance. 85. Comocladia. Kouri, hair, and x\aio;, a branch. The branches are tufted at the top of the tree. C. in- tegrifolia is a handsome tree with an erect trunk, dividing into few branches, adorned with pinnated smooth leaves, like a frond ; flowers numerous, fruit a deep red, shining, eatable, but not inviting. The wood is hard, of a fine grain, and reddish color. If C. dentata be ever so slightly wounded, it emits a strong smell of dung : it grows in Cuba, where the natives have a notion that it is dangerous to sleep under its shade. This genus is not frequent in British collections : it thrives in loam and peat, and may be propagated by ripened cuttings placed under a hand-glass in moist heat. Oll!)ER I. TRIANDRIA MONOGYM A 569 Villous viscid, Leaves cor.late, Flowers racemose, Stamens longer than the corolla 570 Leaves lanceolate, Peduncles aggregate axillary solitary. Calyxes >-Howered, Stem ucending 571 Leaves cordate ovate smooth, Peduncles terminal heaped, Stamens shorter than the corolla 572 Flowers triandrous monogynous, Leaves very small : lower linear, upper subulate 573 Leaves oblong-ovate lanceolate or elliptical serrated, Capsules oval 574 Smooth, Flowers axillary .575 Hoary, Leaves (lower-bearing powdery, Petals and stamens 4 576 Leaflets stalked ovate-lanceolate entire 577 Leaflets stalked ovate-lanceolate prickly-toothed 578 Leaflets sessile angular-spiny 579 Leaves linear-subulate, Head globose many-flowered, Petals alternate pencil-shaped 580 Scape slender, Head globose 581 Culm 2-edged and leaves smooth very narrow, Head subovate, Scales imbricate on each side, Keel of the glumes filiate 582 Leaves ovate-lanceolate sessile, Stem procumbent, Flowers axillary sessile 583 Leaves ovate-lane, nearly sessile acute with the creeping stem smooth, Involucr. cordate doubled together 584 Flowers uneq. Involucres cord, folded together at base with sheaths ciliated, Leaves lane. sess. Stem decumb. 585 Leaves lanceolate sessile with the decumbent stem smooth, Involucr. cordate doubled together 586 Leaves ovate stalked obtuse, Involucres cordate hooded turbinate 587 Leaves ovate-lanceolate rough, Involucres hooded turbinate, Stem erect 588 Leaves lanceolate stalked rough above, Sheaths rusty, Stem erect simple 589 Leaves linear-lanceolate sessile rather hairy, Involucres ovate doubled together, Stem creeping 590 Villous, Leaves ovate stalked, Involucres half round folded in at the edge, Stem creeping 591 Leaves ovate-lanceolate sessile ciliated, Involucres cordate folded together, Stem erect 592 Involucres cord, acumin. folded together, Pedunc. pubesc. Pedicels smooth, Lvs. obi. lane. Sheaths ciliated 593 Smooth, Stem creeping, Leaves lanceolate, Flower-stalks 2-flowered 594 Stem solid woody with distant leafy knots, Leaves long ovate acuminate fascicled villous 595 Stem branched diffuse, Leaves ligulate acuminate, Racemes alternate about 7 placed in a panicle form, 3 Stamens bearded 3-naked 596 Leaves lanceolate, Flowers panicled 597 Stem branching, Branches and branchlets opposite, Flower-stalks many-flowered 598 Flower-bearing branches dichotomous, Flowers solitary 599 Leaves subulate prismatic, Spiny at the end 600 Leaves subulate scattered spreading distinct somewhat recurved, Cal. nearly as long as capsules 601 Mouth of flower closed by hairs, Segments obtuse, Stigmas dilated, Flowers large early 602 Segments of flower quite entire obt Anthers twice as long as the stigmas, Mouth of flower closed by hairs and Miscellaneous Particulars. 86. Xyris. Xy$o;, acute. Its leaf terminates in a sharp point. Under this name a plant is described by Pliny, which resembles an iris. Pretty little rush-like plants with yellow flowers ; uncommon in collections, but easily cultivated, though rarely flowering. 87. Cailisia. From xx.>.o;, pretty; a name aptly given to this plant, which is easily known by its shining leaves edged with purple. 88. Commelina. So named by Plumier, in honor of the brothers, John and Gaspar Commelin, botanists and Dutch merchants. Some of the species, such as C. coele?tis and tuberosa, are very showy herbaceous plants ; others are mere weeds. They are all easily cultivated in wet places in the stove or greenhouse, and propagated by the rooting joints of their stem or by division of the roots, or by cuttings. 89. Aneilema. From atu/.iu, to evolve, the flowers being evolved, as it were, from the spatha. A genus resembling Commelina, from which it is chiefly distinguished by not having its flowers enclosed in a spatha. 90. Cartonema. From zi.tk, shorn, and mua, a filament, in* reference to the stamens A plant resembling Commelina. 91. Ortegia. In honor of Casimir Gomez de Ortega, a Spanish botanist, and professor of botany at Madrid. An insignificant herbaceous plant. 92. Polycnemum. \lvvvs, many, x»r,u.r, knee, on account of the number of joints of the stem. A decumbent annual plant of do beauty. 93. Crocus. A name given by Theophrastus. The story of the youth Crocus being turned into this flower, may be read in Ovid's Metamorphoses. This is an ornamental genus of great value in the flower-garden, on D 3 38 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ClASS III. 603 minimus Red. 604 versicolor H. K. 605 biflorus H. K. 606pusillus Ten. 607 susianus H. K. 608 reticulatus M. B. 609 striatum I.k. 610 sulphurous //. A'. fiflavus 611 luteus J.am. 612 lagena2florus Salisb. fijlauus y penicillatus 613 stellaris Ham. 614 sativus W. 615 serotinus H. K. 616 nuciiflorus H. K. 617 Pallasii M.B. least party-colored Scotch Neapolitan cloth of gold netted vernal striped vernal sulphur-colored ?f pale-pe/low common-yell golden pale pencilled starry-yellow A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or | f.mr I f.mr if.rnr | f.mr 5 f.mr j f.mr I f.mr 5 f.mr 5 f.mr j f. mr i f.mr j f.mr if.mr i f.mr P 1629. Li S. Europe 1629. W Crimea 1629. W.br Naples Y B W Y P.T Y D.v P.v P.Y Y 1824. Turkey 1605. Crimea 1820. S. Europe 1689. S. Europe 1629. Turkey 1629. Greece Greece saffron tf A °r late autumnal tf A or naked autumn, tf A or Russian autum. tf A or tP4. WITSE'NIA. Ker. WlTSEVIA. 618 maura H. K. downy-flowere \± LAIor 619 corymbosa //. K. corymbose rt 3 lAI or 630 eolumellar.s //. K. variegated S lAJ or 631 amsena Lk. pretty tf iAI or 632 maculata W. spotted ? lAJ or ji ochroledca cream-colored g lAlor 633 capitata P. S. headed ?f LAJor 634 viridiflora P. S. green-flowered tf iAI or 635erecta H. K. upright tf lAJor 636 crateroides H. K. crimson If iAJ or | s.n J o.n | s.o Iridets. 4 n.ja $ ap.s Iridete. | ap.my 1£ ap.my 2 ap.my i jn.jl 1 ap 1» my 2 ap.my 1 ap.my 1 ap.my J ap.my £ ap.my i au V England mea. V S. Europe 1629. V England mea. Li Crimea 1821. So. 2—*. Y.D C. G. H. 1790. P.b C. G. H. 1803. Sp. 20—30. O co O co O co O co O co O co O co O co O co O co O co O co O co O co O s.l O co O co O co Bot. mag. 1110 Bot mag. 845 Bot Cab. 1454 Bot. mag. 652 Bot Cab. 1822 Bot. mag. 938 Bot. mag. 1384 Bot. mag. 45 FLgrcec.l.t.35 Bot. mag. 1111 Hor. trans 1 t.6 Eng. bot. 343 Bot. mag. 1267 Eng. bot. 491 C s.p Bot. reg. 5 C s.p Bot. mag. 895 1 ap.my 1 my.jn 1 my.jn 2 my.jn 1 my.jn If my.jn i my.jn C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. W.br C. G. H. P.v C. G. H. Lm C. G. H. G C. G. H. Va C. G. H. D.r C. G. H. 1796. 1774. 1774. 1779. 1779. 1757. 1757. 1757. 1792. 1792. 1790. 1822. 1780. 1780. 1780. 1780. 1757. 1778. O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O sp.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.1 O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l Bot. mag. 57C Bot. mag. 617 Bot. mag. 1013 Bot. mag. 1379 Bot. mag. 522 Jac. ic. 2. t 278 Bot. mag. fi24 Bot. mag. 127 Bot. mag. 539 Bot. mag. 607 Bot. mag. 1378 Bot mag. 630 Bot. rep. 196 Bot. mag. 1285 Bot. rep. 159 Bot. mag. 549 Bot. m. 623. 1173 Bot. mag. 594 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, account of the early season of flowering, and the brilliancy of the flowers. Haworth, who has for thirty years paid particular attention to the Crocus, (Hort. Trans, i. 122.) and raised many varieties from seed, found that the blue, purple, and white flowered kinds, ripened their seeds much more readily than the yellow, and that the leaves of the latter were narrower through all the species and varieties. When this genus is in flower, the germen is situated underground almost close to the bulb, but some weeks after the decay of the flower, it emerges on a white peduncle, and ripens its seeds above ground. This extraordinary mode of semination is peculiarly conspicuous in C. nudiflorus, which flowers without leaves in autumn, and throws up its germen the following spring like the Colchicum. Though some species of Crocus are, or appear to be, naturalized in a few places, yet they cannot be considered as aboriginal natives. Allioni affirms the C. sativus (the saffron is indigenous in Savoy ; but Ray says nothing is certain as to its native country. Professor Martyn considers Asia as its native country, saffron having there first acquired that high reputation in medicine, which it has now almost lost in Europe. The Arabic name Z'afaran, and the Moorish and Spanish terms Azafran and Safra, seem to confirm this opinion. C. vernus, the sajf'ran printanier, Fr., is a native of Switzerland and Italy, and is commonly found with white flowers and a purple base. Some botanists consider it and C. sativus as the only distinct species of the genus. Miller describes four, Willdenow four, Sir J. E. Smith three, as natives of Britain, and Haworth [Hort. Trans, i. 132.) no fewer than thirteen species. Parkinson certainly cultivated many varieties which are not now known in collections. Crocus vernus and versicolor, produce by cultivation varieties of singular beauty, both as to size, color, and marking. C. sativus, the saffron. Sajf'ran, Fr. and Ger., and Zafrano, Ital., is said to have been first brought into England in the time of Edward III., and introduced to Walden in Essex, to which town it afterwards gave the praenomen. It was abundantly cultivated there, and in Cambridge, Suffolk, and Herefordshire, in the beginning of the 17th century; but the article is now so little in repute, or so much cheaper in foreign markets, that at present the culture of saffron is confined to a few parishes round Saffron Walden. The bulbs are planted in July in a well pulverized soil, not poor nor a very stiff clay ; they are placed in rows six inches apart across the ridges, and three inches bulb from bulb in the row. The purple flowers are gathered in September and carried home, where their yellow stigmas and part of the style arc picked out and dried on a kiln between layers of paper, and under the pressure of a thick Order I. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. S9 609 Segments lit' Bower acute, Stigmas small, Flowers small late, Mouth of throat closed by hairs RU4 Stigmas convolute hooded lobed as long .is the anthers 805 Leave! longer than Sowen, Stigmas but little longer than the anthers [membranous tigma inclosed tritid longer than stamens, Lobes filiform eucullate crisp, Lvs. setaceous, Tunic of the bull. - i* 17 The three outer segments of Sower revolute 8 B stam. as long as the truncate torn stigmas, Leaves supporting the flowers, liulbs coated with net-work eaves longer than the Sowers, SpathesS inner narrowest, Limb 01 cor. funnel shaped, Stigma length ol (ill) Stigmas uneiju J much longer than the anthers [anthers flatfish jagged 1111 lilJ 614 615 tilt; tii: Filaments hairy, Anthers longer than the stigma Stigma enclose I triiid, I.obes somewhat linear toothed, Coat of the roots membranous l'ale cream-COlOUied Mowers Pale cream-coloured flowers, with ) .sky-blue lines on the tube Leaves upright-spreading : their keel blunt : sides nerveless, Flower in the sun cainpanulate stellate 2. Autumnal. stigmas very long reSexed crenate at the end Stigm s erect much divided, Leaves coming out with the flowers Stigmas erect much divide.!, Leaves later than the flowers Bulbs with a thready skin, Leaves later than the fl. Stam. as long as the truncate stigmas, Flower h.rgi 618 Flowers spiked, Outer se pnents of flower downy without 619 Flowers corymlxisc smooth 620 Leaves linear very narrow convex, Scape simple erect 621 Leaves with a cartilaginous e.lge, Hacemes 1-7-flowered SB I.e ives ensiform, Tube of the flower turbinate [Anthers diverging 623 Leaves grassy, Spike 1-2-flowered, Flower hypocrateriform, Tube clavate straight, Filaments columnar, 624 Tube filiform, Limb bell-shaped spreading, Stigmas longer than the anthers 6SS Leaves linear ensiform, Flowers 1-sided, Spathes toothed shorter than the tube 62o Tube slender a little enlarged, Limb below bell-shaped contracted, Segments spreading 627 Leaves slender, Raceme flexuose many-flowered 628 Limb spreading spotted at base, Stigmas not divided lower than the base of the anthers 629 F'ilaments united in a tube 630 Filaments united at base 631 Leaves lanceolate, Spathe toothed much shorter than the filiform tube, Segments lanceolate fio2 Limb campanulate spreading spotted at base, Stigmas divided as low as the tube 633 Smooth with stalked bulbs, Leaves linear ensiform, Flowers in spiked heads, Tube shorter than segments ft'54 Leaves linear ensiform edged, Scape many-spiked many-flowered, Flowers spotted at base ftvi Limb spreading not spotted, Stigmas divided as low as the tul e 636 Limb hemispherical campanulate, Stigmas longer than anthers uh.I Misceltaneout Particulars. board to form the mass into cakes. Two pounds of dried cake is the average crop of an acre after the first planting, and twenty-four pounds for the two next years. After the third crop the roots are taken up, divided, and transplanted. The uses of saffron in medicine, domestic economy, and the arts, were formerly very various. It is now employed by painters and dyers, and enters into sauces, creams, biscuits, conserves, liqueurs, &c. As a garden-flower, the C. vernus is the parent of many varieties, and these may be increased at pleasure by propagating from seeds. Haworth directs to sow these immediately after being gathered in light earth, in a shady, but open situation. Sift over them half an inch of earth the first autumn, and the second take them up and immediately replant them. Add another half inch of earth the third autumn, and the following spring most of the plants will show flowers in the midst of their fourth crop of leaves. Afterwards they may be treated like old bulbs, and planted in the open borders or shrubbery, in patches, rows, or as fancy may direct. The bulbs of crocus being renewed every year, and the new bull) formed on the top of the old one, it follows, that at whatever depth they may have been planted, they will in a short time rise to the surface, unlike the tulip and the bulbous iris, whose new bulbs being formed under the old ones, soon sink the plants, unless growing on a hard subsoil. Crocus bulbs should be taken up every third year, after the leaves decay, dried in the shade, parted, and replanted three inches deep, and not later than michaelmas. The longer they are kept out of the ground after this period they become the weaker and flower the later. In this way, and by preserving them in an icehouse, they may lie retarded so as to flower at midsummer or later ; and they may be accelerated by heat or blown in water-glasses, or on fancy pots called cats, hedgehogs, &c. common in the seed-shops. The yellow -flowered species force better than the blue ones. 14. IVttunia. In honor of Mr. Witsen, a Dutch consul in India, a patron of botanical science, and of Thunberg. This genus and all the succeeding, as far as l'ardanthus, consist of handsome herbaceous and bulbous plants, flowering for the most part in the spring, and not distinguished from each other by very distinct characters. The bulbous sorts are easily cultivated in pots, are nearly all natives of the sandy wastes of the Cape of Good Hope, and are capable of succeeding well in a warm open border. To make them flower well in pots, thev should have no water while thev are dormant, L) 1 40 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 637ret6sa H.K. 638scillaris H.K. 639crlspa H.K. sweet-scented • tf squill-flowered tf curled-leaved j lAlor lAlor iAI or 96. TRICHONE'MA. Ker. Trichonema. 640 bulbocodium H. K. channel-leaved tf 641 cruciatum H. K. square-leaved tf 642 caulescens B. M. caulescent tf 643 pudlcum B. M. blush tf 644 speciosum B. M. crimson XS 645 roseum B. M. rose-coloured 5 A or iAI or iAI or iAI or iAI or iAI or ja.f Lv. ja.f Va ap.my B Iridete. Sp. 6. ; mr.ap jmy • jn.jl i au ■ mr.ap Jjl R B Y R R Pk C. G. H. 1793. C. G. H. 1787. C. G. H. 1787. S. Europe 1739. 97. GEISSORHI'ZA. 646 rochensis H. K 647 j6ncea Lk. 648 setacea B. M. 649 obtusata H. K. 650secunda H.K. 651 excisa H. K. 652ciliaris Sal. 98. HESPERA'NTHA. 653 radiata H. K. 654 pilosa B. M. 655 graminifolia Sweet. 656 falcata H. K. 657 cinnamomea H. K. t99. SPARA'XIS. Ker. 658 tricolor H.K. B snnguineo-purpurea rvio/aceo-purpurea roseo-alba 659bicolor H.K. 660 grandiflora H. K. 8 striata y liliago 661 bulbifera H. K. 100. TRITO'NIA. Ker. 662 crispa H. K. 663viridis H.K. 664 rosea H.K. 665 capensis B. M. 666 longiflora H.K. 667 tenuiflora Vahl. 8 cdncolor Sweet. y rncMnsis B. M. S pallida Ker. 668 lineata H. K. 669 securigera H. K. 670flava H.K. 671 squalida H. K. 672 fenestrate H K. 673 crocata H. K. 674 deGsta H. K. 675 miniata H. K 676 refracta Ker. 101. WATSO'NIA. Ker. 677 spicata H. K. 678 plantaginea H K. 679 punctata H K. 680 roseo-alba B. M. 8 variegata 681 margmata H. K. 3 minor Ker. Tile-Root. plaid tf lAJ or \ rushy tf lAJ or 1 bristle-leaved tf lAJ or 1 yellow-flowered tf lAJ or 1 one-sided if iAJ or 1 short-leaved tf iAJ or j ciliated tf iAI or 1 Iridete. my jn.jl jn-jl my my Sp. 7. V w Su Y \V ap.my W ap.my C.G.H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C.G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. Ker. Evening-Flower. nodding-flower. tf lAJ or hairy g iAI or grass-leaved tf lAJ or sickle-leaved $ uAJ or curled-leaved 5 iAI or SPARAXI3. three-coloured various-colored dark-colored light-colored two-colored purple-flowered streak-flowered lily-flmvered bulb-bearing Tritonia. curled-leaved green-flowered rosy Cape long-flowered slender-tubed self-cnlored bending-flovoer. pale-flowered pencilled copper-colored yellow sweet-scented open-flowered crocus-flowered spotted late- flowered rcflexed tf lAlor tf lAJ or tf LAJor tf lAJ or tf lAJ or tf LAJor tf lAJ or tf LAJor tf iAI or ? LAJor tf LAJor tf LAJor 5 lAJ or tf tAJor 5 lAJ or tf LAJor 5 lAJ or g iAI or tf lAlor tf iAJ or 5 LAJor ? LAJor tf LAJor g iAI or tf iAI or tf lAJ or tf lAJ or Iridete. Sp. 5. | ap.jn V C. G. H. i ap.my V C. G. H. J au.s. V C. G. H. | ap.my V C. G. H. J ap.my V C. G. H. Iridece. Sp. 4. 1 my O C. G. H. 1 ap.my R.p C. G. H. 1 ap.my V.p C. G. H. 1 ap.my Pk C. G. H. £ mr.ap B.Y C. G. H. f ap P C. G. H. | ap St C. G. H. f ap W C. G. H. f my.jn V C. G. H. Iridete. | ap.my f jl H jn.jl 1 au.o 1 ap.jn 1 ap.jn 1 ap.jn 1 au 1 au 2 my i my i f.mr a my 1| my.jn 1 my.jn « my f au 1 my.jn Sp. 15. F C. G Pk W Y Y Y Y Y Str Br Y Ru Y O Ful C. Ful C. Y C. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. G. H. 1758. 1810. 1808. 1808. 1808. 1790. 1822. 1809. 1801. 1795. 1789. 1794. 1811. 1808. 1787. 1787. 1789. 1811. 1811. 1811. 1786. 1758. 1758. 1758. 1758. 1787. 1788. 1793. 1811. 1774. 1811. 1811. 1811. 1806. 1774. 1774. 1780. 1774. 1801. 1758. 1774. 1795. 1815. Class III. O s.p.l Bot. mag. 629 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 542 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 599 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 265 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 575 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 1392 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 1244 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 1476 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 1225 R s.p.l Bot. mag. 598 O s.p.l O s.p.l Bot. mag. 1255 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 672 O s.p.l Bot. m. 597. 1105 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 584 O s.p.l O s.p.l Bot. mag. 573 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 1475 O s.p.l Bot mag. 1254 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 566 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 1054 u s.p.l tsot. m. na-z. t. O s.p.l Bot. mag. 548 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 541 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 779 O s.p.l Bot. reg. 252 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 545 O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O sp.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l Watsonia. hollow-leaved tf lAJ or fox-tail tf lAJ or dotted-flowered tf lAJ or two-colored tf lAJ or variegated tf lAJ or broad-leaved tf lAI or shining-leaved tf lAJ or Iridete. Sp. 12. i my Pk C. G. H. 2 jn.jl W C. G. H. 1 ap.my P C. G. H. 1 jl.au Pk C. G. H. 1 jl.au St C. G. H. 3 jn Pk C. G. H. 3 o Pk C. G. H. Bot. mag. 678 Bot. mag. 1275 Bot. mag. 618 Bot. mag. 1531 Bot. mag. 256 B.m.l5i,2. f.maj. B.m.1502. f.min. Bot. mag. 1503 Jac. ic. r. 2. t. 262 Bot. mag. 4S7 Bot. mag. 383 Bot. reg. 747 Bot. mag. 581 Bot mag. 704 Bot. mag. 184 Bot. mag. 622 Bot. mag. 609 Bot reg. 135 1774. 1812. History, Use, Propagation, Culture, K rlth J^lVedJr°m P?' 1° -fix' iri allusion 1? the viscid nature of the roots of some species. 9n. Trtchonema. From fl?(|, hair, and v^, a filament ; the filaments being hairy 97. Getssorhiza. From yurnu, to shape like the tiles or eaves of a house, and j,U a root (W. Hesperantha. from brntps evening, and ocyZos, a flower, in reference to the time the flowers expand Okdek 1. TUI ANURIA MONOGVNIA. II 637 Tube twice as long as spa the, Segments oblong; stigmas split gaping 638 Tube the length of the spathe, Segments spatuiate concave, Stigmas funnel-shaped 639 I-eaves curled 640 Leaves linear channelled ti+l Leaves linear nerved thickened at the edge 642 Radical leaves with 4 furrows, Outer valve of spathe convolute rigid, Flower turbinate, Segments lane. 64.J Leaves twisted, inflated at base, Mower very large spreading, Segm. with a black mark at the base, Stamens bearded at base, Anthers connate 644 Leaves linear, very long, Flowers veiny, spreading on long stalks, Edge of spathe membranous 64o Leaves filiform, Scapes 1-flowered, shorter than the campanulate flower 646 Leaves radical linear acute, Stem smooth, a little honey-pore at the base of the divisions of the flower 647 Leaves filiform, Stem few-flow, smooth, spathes scarious much longer than tube, Segments of flower obi. 648 Stem simple few-flowered, Radical leaves bristly 649 Radical leaves ensiform-linear obtuse 650 Radical leaves linear-acute, Stem villous 651 Radical leaves ovate oblong 652 A doubtful species, known only by name 653 Leaves fistulous 654 Leaves linear hairy, Stem smooth 655 Leaves linear with stem smooth 656 Radical leaves falcate smooth 657 Radical leaves falcate curled 658 Spathes spotted, Limb of flower regular 659 Spathes spotted, Limb of flower bilabiate 660 Spathes lined, Limb of flower regular : segments ovate-oblong 661 Spathes lined, Limb of flower regular : segments elliptical 662 Leaves waved curled. Segments of flower flat 663 Scape 3-cornered : angles membranous 664 Outer valve of the spathe cuspidate, Tube of the flower very long, Upper segment largest 665 Spathe lanceolate pointed, Flower striped : Upper segment erect largest, the rest linear oblong 666 Outer valve of the spathe obtuse 3-toothed, Tube very long, Segments of the limb equal 667 Leaves ensiform, Flowers in two rows, Spathes membranous shorter than tube, Segm. of the limb linear 668 Upper segment of flower largest, outer retuse 669 Outer valve of spathe obtuse 3-toothed at end, Three lower segments of the limb with a stalked perpendi- cular callus at base 670 Outer valve of spathe cuspidate, Three lower segments of limb with a stalked perpendicular callus at base 671 Limb campanulate : segments approximated, transparent at the edge towards the base 672 Limb infundibuliform ; segments distant, transparent at the edge towards the base 673 Limb campanulate transparent at the base 674 Three outer segments gibbous within, at the base spotted and carinate 675 Leaves ensiform, Scape many spiked, Base of the flower lined not transparent 676 Spikes reflexed one-sided, Flowers infundibuliform, Spathes very short, Leaves linear ensiform 677 Leaves fistular slender 678 Upper leaves linear ensiform ; lower fistular compressed 679 Leaves linear very narrow 680 Leaves linear ensiform, Anthers as long as throat, Corolla funnel-shaped with elliptical pointed segments 681 Leaves ensiform thickened at the edge, Spikelets several oppressed, Flower funnel-shaped and Miscellaneous Particulars. 99. Sparaxts. From rtrtnttrm, to tear. The generic distinction consists in tne lacerated spathas 100. Tntonia. Named by Mr. Bellenden Ker, from Triton, understood, as he informs us, in the sense of a vane or weathercock, in allusion to the variable direction of the stamens in different species 101. IValscnia Named by Miller in honor of Dr. Wm Watson, his friend. W. brevifolia has \U Mossmni 42 682 strictifiora B. M. 685 rosea H. K. 684 brevifolia H. K. 685 iridifolia Jacq. fifUlgida Sal. 686 meriana H. K. 687 humilis H. K. 688 aletroides H. K. [i variegata 102. BABIA'NA. Ker. 689 Thunbergii H. K. 690rSngens H. K. 691 tubiflora W & tubata W. 692spathacea H.K. 693sambucina H.K. 694 disticha B. M. 695plicata H.K 696stricta H. K. 697 sulphurea H. K. "Ivillosa H.K. TRIANDRIA MONOGYN1A. upright-flower. tf lAlor lAlor iAI or lAJ or iAI or iAI or iAI or iAI or pyramidal short-leaved iris-leaved scarlet red-flowered lake-colored aletris-like variegated-flow, tf lAJ or Babiana. many-spiked tf AJ or gaping-flowered tf lAJ or tube-flowered tf lAJ or long-tubed stitf-leaved elder-scented two-ranked sweet-scented upright pale-flowered dark-red tf LAJor tf LAJor tf iAI or tf lAJor tf iAI or iAI or iAI or LAlor iAI or 8 5 tf 699 rubro-cyanea H. K. red and blue tf 103. LAPEYRO'USIA. Ker. Lapeyrousia. 700 corymbosa H. K. level-topped tf lAI or 701 fissifolia B. M. leafy-spiked tf lAI or 104. MELASPHJE'RUEA. Ker. MELASPHyERi l\. 702 gramlnea D. C. grass-leaved tf lA1 or 703 iridifolia D. C. iris-leaved tf .Alor Ker. Corn-Flag. scarlet-flowered tf AJ or 705 Watsonius H. K Watson's tf AJ or §706 quadrangularis H.K. four-channelled tf i Al or 707 viperatus H. K. perfumed tf lAI or 708 alatus H. K. winged-flower. tf AJ or 709 namaquensis H. K. helmet-flower. 710 brevifolius H. K. short-leaved f*l06. GLADI'OLUS § 704 Cunonia H. K. 711 hirsiitus //. K. 712 versicolor H. K. @ binervis B. M. 713 edulis Ker. 714 hastatus B. M. 715 tristis B. M. $ cdncolor Sal. tf LAlor tf lAJor tf AJ or hairy various-colored tf iAI or two-nerved tf lAJ or eatable spade-spotted square-leaved self-colored 71b'trichonemif61ius6.»i violet-scented 717 gracilis H. K. 718 recurvus H. K. 719 carneus H. K. 720 cuspidatus H. K. 721 blandus //. K. tf iAI cul tf AJor tf AJ or tf AJ or tf iAI or tf lAI or 1 jn 2 jl.au 1 my 2J m> 4 my 1J my.jn 2 my.jl li my.jl 1J my.jl Iridets. 1 ap 5 my.jn ijn f J" |jn i ap.my I jn.jl I my.jn 1 my.jn J my.jn i au i ap-jn Iridece. I my.jn J au.s Iride. 1 Li C. G. H. 1810. 1803. 1794. 1795. 1795. 1750. 1754. 1774. 1774. 1774. 1752. 1774. 1774. 1801. 1799. 1774. 1774. 1757. 1795. 1778. 1794. 1791. 1809. 1787. 1787. 1756. 1791. 1799. 1787. 1795. 1800. 1802. 1795. 1794. 1806. 1816. 1816. 1745. 1790. 1810. 1800. 1758. 179& 1795. 1774. 1794. 1757. 1757. 1760. 1788. 1751. 1789. 1629. 1596. 1596. Class III. .,. O s.p.l Bot mag. 1406 3. O s.p.l Bot. mag. 11)72 4. O s.p.l Bot mag. 601 5. O s.p.l Jac. ic. 2. t 2 5. O s.n.l Rot mac. filTO 234 600 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 600 O s.p.l Bot. m. 418.1194 O s.p.l Bot. m. 631.1195 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 441 O s p.l Bot. mag. 533 O s.p.l O s.p O s.p O s.p O s.p O s.p O s.p O sp O s.p O s.p O s.p O sp Com. hor. 1. 1. 41 Bot. mag. 847 Bot. mag. 680 Bot. mag. 638 Bot. mag. 1019 Bot. mag. 626 Bot. mag. 576 Bot. m. 621 Bot. mag. 1053 Bot mag. 583 Bot mag. 410 O s.p Bot. mag. 595 O s.p Bot mag. 1246 O s.p Red. HI. 163 O s.p Bot. mag. 615 O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.pL O s.p.l O s.p.l O s.p.1 O s.p.1 O s.p.I O s.p.l O s.p.1 O s.p.1 O s.p.1 O s.p.l O s.p.1 O ».p.l O s.p.1 O s.p.l O s.p.1 O s.p.l O s.p.1 O s.p.1 O s.p.1 O s.p.1 O s.p.1 O s.p.1 O s.p.1 O s.p O s.p.1 O s.p.1 Bot. mag. 343 Bot m. 450. 569 Bot. mag. 567 Bot mag. 688 Bot mag. 586 Bot. mag. 592 Bot m. 727. 992 Bot. mag. 574 Bot mag. « 1042 Bot mag. t 1042 Bot reg. 169 Bot. mag. 1564 Bot mag. 272 Par. lond. 8 Bot mag. 1483 Bot. mag. 562 Bot. mag. 578 Bot. mag. 591 Bot mag. 582 Bot. mag. 625 Bot rep. 188 Bot mag. 602 Roche, diss.2. t.3 Bot. mag. 538 Bot mag. 610 Bot mag. 632 Bot mag. 135 Bot mag. 874 Bot. mag. 86 Bot. mag. 719 1791. O s.p.1 Bot. mag. 606 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, of a micacious hue, glittering in the sun, and not to be represented by art. W. iridifolia is a shewy border flower of a month's duration. W. mexicana is also very shewy, and has kidney-shaped bulbs. 102. Babiana. A name barbarously derived by Mr. J.B. Ker from the name babiuner, which the Dutch colonists at the Cape have given to the plant, because its roots are the favourite food of baboons. B. ringens nas dark-red bulbs. In.). Lapeyrousia. So named by Mr.J.B.Ker.in honour of Lapeyrouse the celebrated and unfortunate Trench navigator. OllDEIl I. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 43 682 Stem upright many spiked. Leaves linear-lanceolate smooth edged with rcil iW.i Leave) enaUbnn thickened at the edge, Spikelets several close together, Limb campanulate, Throat nakes. t* 1 14. BRODIjE'A. Sm. J752 ixioides S«'ots. + 115. I'RIS. Ker. 753 susiana W. 754 florentina >f. 755 germanica W. 756 pallida W. 757 flavescens Bed. 758 orientalis W. 759 sambucina W 7601firida W. 761 squalens W. 762 variegata W. 763 neglecta flora. 764 Swertii Lam. aphylla B. M. 765biflora W. 766 sub-biflora H. K. 767 cristata ff. 768 chinensis W. 769 arenaria JK en. 770 lutescens If. 771 flavissima W. 772 pumila i/. K. 773 dichoto'ma W. 774 hungarica W. en. 775 iberica St. 776 pseud-acorus JK 777 foetidissima W. 778 versicolor W. Hcemodoracece. Sp. 5 — 6. 1 my.jn 2 f 1 jn lfjn 1 mr.ap C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. 1759. 1700. 1687. 1795. Hcemodoracece. Sp. 1 — 6. If jl.n O N. S. W. 1810. Iridea. Sp. 5. I ap.jn B 3 jl.au B 1 ap.my P.B1 1 my.jn P.B1 I jn.jl B C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. 1759. 1790. 1795. 1786. 18U6. O s.p.l Bot. mag. 561 O s.p.l Bot. mag. 1172 R s.p R s.p A lib. gui. 1. 1 11 D aq FLper. 1. t71 D aq Hook. ex. fl. t.94 D r.m Bot. mag. 1060 D r.m Bot. mag. 616 D r.m D r.m Bot. mag. 614 D r.m Bot. mag. 1166 S s.p Bot. mag. 1610 S s.p Bot mag. 458 C s.p Bot. mag. 605 Bot. mag. 520 Bot. mag. 1277 C s.p C s.p clammy dyers Bkodlea. Ixia-like Iris. Chalcedonian Florentine German pale Turkey yellowish red-leaved elder-scented dingy f lAlor £ lAJdy tf iAl or k A or & A or & A or jk A or ^ A or jk A or A A Hcemodoracece. Sp. 3 — 4. my P C. G. H. 1790. 1| jl.au B C. G. H. 1795. Pk N. Amer. 1812. Irideiv. Sp. 1 — 4. 1 o Li Chili C s.p Bot. mag. 1231 S s.p Ex. bot. 1. t. 16 S s.p Lam. ill. t. 34 S s.p Mich. am. 4 O s.p Bot. mag. 2382 brown-flowered ^ A °r variegated neglected Swert's ^ A or ^ A or lAor Iridete. 2 mr.ap 2 my.jn 3 my.jn If mv.jn 2 my.jn 1 my.jn 4 jn 2 ap 2 jn 2 my.jn my.jn Sp. 63—92. two-flowered ^ A or double-bearing ^ A or crested Chinese sand pale-yellow bright-yellow dwarf forked Hungarian reflexed ^ A or ^ A or ^ A or iAor ^ A or i Aor i A»' ;k A or ^t A or If ap.my | ap.my P | ap.my V i my i my.jn f ap.my f my.jn 5 ap.my 5 au 1 my St W B L.Y Y L.B Lb Br St St P.B1 W Levant 1596. S. Europe 1596. Germany 1573. Turkey 1596. 1818. China 1790. S. Europe 1658. S. Europe 1758. S. Europe 1768. Hungary 1597. '.'....'. 1819. St P.B Br Y Y P L.p V | ap.my Br S. Europe 15P6. Portugal 1596. N. Amer. 1756. China 1792. Hungary 1802. Germany 1748. Siberia 1814. Austria 1596. Dauria 1784. Hungary 1815. Iberia 1821. R s.l R p.l R co R co R co R co R co R co R co R s.l R co R co R co R p.l R p.l R co R co R p.l R co R p.l R p.l R co R co Bot mag. 91 Bot. mag. 671 Bot mag. 670 Bot. mag. 685 Red. lil. 375 Bot. mag. 1604 Bot. mag. 187 Botmag.669.996 Bot. mag. 787 Bot. mag. 16 Bot. mag. 2435 Bot. mag. 870 Bot. mag. 1130 Bot. mag. 412 Bot. mag. 373 Bot. reg. 549 Red. lil. t 263 Jac. ic 3. t 220 Bot. mag. 6. 1209 Bot. reg. 246 W.etk.h.3.t.226 yellow-water ^t A or Gladwyn ^ A or various-colored ^ A or 3 jn lijn 1 my.jn Britain moi. pi. R p.l Eng. bot. 578 Britain sha. pi. R p.l Eng. bot. 596 N. Amer. 1732. D s.l Bot. mag. 21 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 107. Antholyza. From <*i/3->?, a flower, and }.u' spiked, Panicle spreading, Leaves sword-shaped 3-nerved annual plaited smooth 740 Scape luanv-spiked, Panicle spreading, Leaves sword-shaped channelled 6mooth 741 Scape many spiked, Panicle spreading, Leaves linear sword-shaped 3-nerved plaited villous 74- Leave* elliptic sword-shaped hairy 743 Corymbs compound, branches spreading, Leaves flat 744 Flowers headed, Spathes many-parted torn 745 Heads of flower* alternate, Spathes entire 7 k) Flowers alternate, Segments of flower equal 747 Mowers alternate, three of the segments less than the rest 748 Scai>e about 1-flowered, Leaves linear-lanceolate a little falcate 749 Petals ovate oblong, Corymb level-topped hairy 750 Petals linear, Corymb level-topped villous viscid 751 Leaves ensiform, Scape villous above, Flowers spiked one-sided 752 Leaflets of the crown subulate 1. Flowers bearded. 7.53 Stem 1-flowered longer than the leaves, Smaller petals deflexed 754 Stem 2-flowered longer than the leaves, Flowers sessile 755 Stem many-flowered longer than the leaves, lower flowers stalked, Spathes colored 756 Stem many-flowered longer than the leaves. Flowers sessile, Spathes white 757 Leaves lane, rather plaited, half as short again asthebranchingstem, Spathes leafy, Tube length of germen 758 Stem about 2-flowered the length of* the leaves, Germens 3-cornered 759 Stem many-flowered longer than the leaves, Petals emarginate : the outer flat 760 Stein many-flow, longer than the leaves, Outer petals revolute, inner nearly upright, wavy and inflexed 7'il Stem many-flowered longer than the leaves, Deflexed petals folded back upright emarginate 762 Stem many-flowered as long as the leaves, Deflexed petals emarginate, erect oblong 763 Stem many-flowered longer than the leaves, Erect petals entire, deflexed rather emarginate 764 Leaves shorter than the 3-flowered stem, Larger petals undulate reflexed, smaller emarginate 765 Scape round about 3-flowered longer than the leaves, Deflexed petals narrower than the erect ones 766 Scape about 1-fl. scarcely shorter than ensiform leaves, Tube of corolla about equal to the6-streaked germen 767 Stem compressed about 1-fl. the length of leaves, Petals about equal, Beard crested, Germens 3-cornered 768 Scape compressed many-flowered, Stigmas jagged 769 Scape 2-flowered shorter than the ensiform leaves, Upper flower abortive 770 Scape very 6hort about 1-flowered, Spathe erect the length of the tube 771 Scape 2-flowercd longer than the leaves, Spathes the length of the tube 772 Scape very short 1-flowered, Spathes shorter than the tube, Reflexed petals narrower than the erect ones 773 Nearly stcmlcss, Scape panicled round, Branches 2-4-flowered 774 Leaves ensiform smooth somewhat falcate nearly equal to the many-flowered scape, Spathes inflated 775 Leaves ensiform falcate smooth, Scape 1-flowered, Petals obovate 2. Flowers beardless. 776 Leaves flat, Inner petals less than the stigma 777 Stem one-angled many-flowered longer than the leaves 778 Stem round flexuose equal to the leaves, Germens nearly 3-cornered and Miscellaneous Particulars. 1 12. ArisU-a. From arista, a point or beard. The leaves are bearded. 113. Dilatris. A name not satisfactorily explained. 114. Iimdia-a. Named in honor of Mr. Brodie, of Brodie House, a Scotch gentleman, who paid great atten- tion to the botany, especially Cryptogamia, of his own country. 115. Iris. The name given by Theophrastus, Dloscorides, and Pliny, from the variety of its colors. Accord- ing to Plutarch, the word iris signified, in the ancient Egyptian "tongue, eye : the" eye of heaven. This beautiful genus abounds in Europe, but is rare in America. Some are bulbous, but the" greater part tuber- ous rooted, of easy culture, and propagation bv seed or division of the root. The roots of I. florcntina, per 46 779cdprea Ph. /80virginica W 781 spuria W. 782 ochroleuca W. stenogt/na B. Mag. 783 Guldenstadtii W. en 784 halophila W. 785 alata Lam. 786 xiphiutn W. 787 xiphioides W. 788 lusitanica //. A. 789 tenuifolia W. 790persica W. 791 vema W. 792 ventricosa W. 793siblrica W. 794 prismatica Ph. 795 graminea W. 796 humilis Bieb. 797 ruthenica AVr. 798tuber6sa W. 799 reticulata Ad. 800 spathulata 801 caucasica Hoffm. 802furcata Bieb. 803triflora W. 804 brachycuspis B. M. 805 Pallasii B. M. *116. MORtf/A. Kcr. §806 flexuosa H. A. §807 colllna K A. /? miniuta B. R. §808 pavonia //. AT. §809 tripetala H. A. 810 angusta B. M. §811 tricuspis i/. A'. §812 tenuis H. A. §813 unguiculata H. A. 814 edulis H. A. 815 longiflora H. A. §816 spicata A M. 817 tristis #. A. 818crispa H. A. 819 bituminosa H. K. 820 viscaria //. A. 821 ramosa #. A. §822 villosa H. A. 823 ciliata H. A. ,3 barbigera Sal. 824 sisyrinchium 77. A. 825 papilionacea H. K. §826 spathacea W. 827 iridioides H. K. §828 liirida B. B. n\l. MA'RICA. AVr. 829 Northiana H. A. TRIANDRIA MONOGVNIA. copper-colored 4 A or Virginian 5 A or spurious i Aor sulphur-colored it A or Guldenstadt's 4 A or long-leaved ^ A or C A or long-tubed small-bulbous tf A or great-bulbous 5 A or Portuguese S A or slender-leaved tf A or Persian 3 A or spring 4Aor bellied ^ A or Siberian ^ A or New-Jersey ^ A or grass-leaved 3t A or low ^ A or pigmy 1 Aor snake'-.head tf A or netted 1 Aor spathulate-flow.-^ A or Caucasian & A or forked ^ A or three-flowered ^ Aor short-petalled 4Aor Pallas's ik A or MoRjEA. flexuose tf iA)or equal-flowered 3 lAJor spot-flowered tf lAJor Pea -ock 3 LAJor three-petalled 3 lAJ or narrow-leaved !f lAJ or trident-petalled tf lAJ or brown-flowered tf lAJ or long-clawed 3 LA)or long-leaved tf lAlcul long-flowered S lAJor spiked 3 iA)or dull-colored tf lAJor short-spathed 3 LAJor clammy tf LAJor bird-limed tf lAJor branching 3 LAJor villous 3 LAJor fringed-leaved S lAJor bearded 3 lAJ or Spanish-nut tf A cut butterfly 3 iAI or sheathed tf LAJor sword-leaved tf LAJor lurid tf LAJor Ma rica. broad-stemmed £ (SI or 2 jn.jl 1 jn.jl lfjl 4 jl 4 ap.my 3 jl.s t jn l|jn H jn 2 ap 2 my | mr 1 ap.my 1 jn 2 my.jn 1 my.jn fjn 1 ap.my i my f mr.ap j mr.ap 1 jl.au | mr |mr 1 jn.jl 1* j".jl 2 jn.jl Iridece. 1 ap.my 2 my 2 my.jn 1 my.jn 1 ap.my f my.jn 1 jn 1 my.jn 1 my.jn 4 my.jn \ myjn \\ my.jn 1 my.jn \ niy.jn 1 ap.my 1 jn 3 my.jn 1 ap.my i ap.jn £ ap.my I my.jn i my.jn fjl i my.jn |jn Iridece. 4 ap.au O N. Amer. 1812. B N. Amer. 1758. SI Siberia 1759. L.Y Levant 1757. Y Siberia 1757. B Siberia 1780. B Algiers 1801. B.v Spain 1596. B.v Spain 1571. B Portugal 1796. L.b Dauria 1796. B.v Persia 1629. P Virginia 1748. P.B Dauria 1800. L.b Siberia 1596. P N. Amer. 1812. St Austria 1597. B Caucasus 1812. B Siberia 18U4. G.B Levant 1597. B Iberia 1821. P.B Germany 1759. Y Caucasus 1821. B Tauria 1822. B Italy 1821. P Siberia 1819. B Tartary 1820. Sp. 23—26. Y C. G. H. 1803. P C. G. H. 1768. P C. G. H. 1768. R.B C. G. H. 1790. Y C. G. H. 1802. Fu C. G. H. 1790. G C. G. H. 1776. P C. G. H. 1807. Va C. G. H. 1802. Li C. G. H. 1792. Y C. G. H. 1801. Y C. G. H. 1785. Br C. G. H. 1768. B C. G. H. 1803. Y C. G. H. 1787. Li C. G. H. 1800. Y C. G. H. 1789. P C. G. H. 1789. P C. G. H. 1587. Y C. G. H. ... B S. Europe 1597. Va C. G. H. 1795. Y C. G. H. 1798. W C. G. H. 1758. Cr C. G. H. 1817. Sp. 14. Y.b Brazil 1789. R p.l R s.l R co R co R co R co O co O co O co O co D co O co D co D co R co R p.l R co R co D co O s.p R co R co R co R co R co R co R co D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p D s.p Class III. Bot mag. 1495 Bot mag. 703 Bot. mag. 875 Bot. mag. 1515 Bot. mag. t 61 Bot. mag. 1131 Desf. atl. 1. t. 6 Bot. mag. 686 Bot. mag. 687 Bot. mag. 679 PalL it 3. t. c. f. 2 Bot. mag. 1 PI. aim. 1. 196. £6 PalL it. 3. t. b. f.l Botmag. 1163 Bot. mag. 1504 Bot. mag. 681 Bot. mag. 1123 Bot. mag. 1393 Bot. mag. 531 Bot. Cab- 1829 Bot mag. 58 Bot mag. 2361 Bot. mag. 2326 Bot. mag. 2331 Bot. mag. 695 Bot. mag. 1033 Bot. rep. 404 Bot. mag. 1247 Bot. mag. 702 Bot. mag. 1276 Bot.mag.696 Bot. mag. 1047 Bot. mag. 593 B. mag. 61.3. 1238 Bot. mag. 712 Bot. mag. 1283 Bot. mag. 577 Bot. mag. 1284 Bot. mag. 1045 Bot. mag. 587 Bot. mag 771 Bot. mag. 571 Bot. mag. 1061 Bot. mag. 1012 Bot. mag. 1407 Bot. mag. 750 Thunb. diss. t. 1 Bot. mag. 693 Bot. reg. 312 D s p Bot. mag. 654 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, mamca, and pseud-acorus are used in medicine ; those of the first are remarkable for communicating an odor like that of violets, and are the orrice-root (iris- root) of the shops. The root of I. pseud-acorus, in powder, usea as snuff, produces a great heat in the mouth and nose, and occasions discharge from the nostrils : it is astringent, and used instead of galls in making ink or dying black. The fresh juice of the root is one of the most powerful cathartics, and in that way has cured inveterate dropsies. I. germanica possesses similar qualities, and the root of either species suspended in wine or beer, keeps the latter from growing stale, and communicates a pleasant taste and smell to the former. The leaves and roots of I. foetidissima are steeped in beer by the country people in some places as a purge. I. susiana flowers well in a warm border and loamy soil. I. fim- briata is rather tender ; it requires a rich light soil, and to make it flower freely, it must be planted in a large pot, and have the suckers removed from the roots as soon as they appear. I. orientalis requires a similar treat- ment, and with the two preceding species requires the protection of a green-house to make it flower in per- fection. Of I. xiphioides there are numerous varieties procured from seeds, which are treated much in the same way as those of crocus. This species, and I. tuberosa are very ornamental ; thev thrive best in a light Orber I. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 47 779 Stem round flexuoseas long as leaves, Petals all cmarginate obovatc, the inner shortest , Capsules very large 780 Stem hedged many-flowered longer than the leave-. 781 Leaves linear, Scape round, Germens 6-cornered, Stigmas acute, Petals rounded 782 Leaves linear, Scape about 3-flowered round, Oennens hexagonal, Petals ovate longer than their claw 783 Leaves ensiform, Scape nearly round, Germens hexagonal, Petals erect oblong 784 Radical leaves very long, Stem higher than the leaves, Germens hexagonal 785 Stemless, leaves channelled, Three erect petals very small, Tube very long 7Kii leaves channelled subulate, Stem 'J. (lowered, Petals nearly as narrow as stigmas, Germen round 787 Leaves channelled subulate, Stem J-tlowered, Petal! much wider than stigma*, Gcrnicn acutely angular 7N-> Leaves channelled, Scape 'J-flowered, Inner petals cmarginate 780 Stemless, leaves filiform very long, Scape very short '-'-flowered, Tube of the corolla filiform 7W Leaves linear subul. channelled longer than the very short 1-tlow. scape, Inner petals very short spreading 79] Leaves flat, Scape 1-flowered shorter than the leaves, Petals nearly equal 798 A little caulescent, Stem about 2-flowered shorter than the leaves, Spathes ventricose, Germens 3-angular 793 Stem about 3-rlowcred fistulous longer than the leaves, Germens 3-angular 7!>l Stem solid round as long as the leaves, Leaves very narrow long, Capsules long pointed at each end 795 Stem about 2-flowered 2-edged shorter than the leaves, Germens hexangular 796 Leaves linear-ensiform very much longer than the 2-flowcred very short scape, Petals acuminate 797 Leaves linear longer than the 1-rlowcred scape, Alternate petals smaller 798 Leaves 4-corncred 799 Scape 1-flowered shorter than the 4-comered leaves, Tube filiform, Root bulbous 800 Outer petals spatulate, Stem branched at the base shorter than the leaves 801 Leaves lanceolate falcate edged, Stem about '2-flowered BOS Leaves ensiform shorter than the 3-flowered 2-forked sca|>e, Germen 3-angular 3-corncred Ni3 Leaves linear acute length of the 3-fl. scape, Spathes withered with a long point, Flowers close together 8<>4 Leaves linear-lanceolate very long, Inner petals very short, Stigmas spirally revolute 80.1 Leaves ensiform doubled together striated incurved at end, Ovaries very long cylindrical, Stigmas keeled serrated at end 806 Segments of the flower nearly equal oblong spreading, Filaments united at base 807 Segments nearly equal obovate very spreading, Filaments united in a cylinder 808 Segments spotted and dotted at base, The three inner half as short as the others and much narrower erect 809 Inner segments linear, sometimes absent 810 Leaf filiform erect with 1-flowered scape smooth, Spathes obtuse 811 Outer segments very spreading bearded, Inner small 3-toothed at the end : the middle tooth the longest 812 Outer segm. deflexed bearded, Inner very small 3-toothed at end : the middle tooth longest and involute 813 Outer segments beardless ; Inner very small 3-toothed at the end 814 Lower leaf longest of all, All the segments of the flower very spreading : the alternate ones small 815 Tube filiform very long : All the segments reflexed 816 Beardless, Flower uniform nearly equal, Stigmas petal shaped 817 leaves very smooth, Stem branches and peduncles villous 818 Leaves about the length of the scape, All the segments of the flower spreading ; the alternate ones smaller 819 Lower leaf spirally twisted, Stem smooth, Branches viscid 820 Leaves straightish, Stem and branches viscid 821 Stem panicled much branching, Segments nearly equal deflexed 822 Bearded, Leaves on the inside villous in lines, Stem pubescent, Invol. very smooth, Alternate segments of flower very small 3-toothed 823 Leaves ciliated, Inner segments erect 824 Tube filiform very long, Segments alternate erect 825 Leaves pubescent, all the segments spreading 826 Leaves slender dependent, Flowers terminal in close heads 827 Leaves perennial equitant, Segments of flower spreading : alternate ones much the largest 828 One-flowered a little bearded, Leaves about 3 linear, Stem simple, Outer segments of flowers rounded inner very narrow entire 829 Scape winged sword-shaped, Common spathe 2-leaved, partial 2-flowered, Flower stalks simple and MisceUaneous Particulars. sandy soil and eastern exposure; the bulbs are taken up every other year, but must not be kept longer out of ground than a month. I. persica is highly odoriferous ; it is propagated by separating the bulbs, or from seeds ; but by the latter mode no new varieties have hitherto been obtained. I. susiana and persica bear forcing well : supplies of them, and of I. xiphioides are annually imported from Holland. In a deep and loose soil the roots of the tuberous and bulbous species of this genus are apt to run down when they cease to flower, and getting gradually weaker and weaker, are at last lost. To prevent this, Miller advises to form a stratum of rubbish about a foot and a half under the surface. 116. Mortea. So named by Miller, in honor of Robert Moore, of Shrewsbury, a distinguished botanist, of whom there exists a memoir in the Philosophical Transactions. M. pavonia is one of the most elegant species of the genus. The bulbs of M. edulis are eaten at the Cape of Good Hope, both by men and monkeys : and lhns» of M. sisyrinchium are eaten in Spain. Sweet recommends, as the best soil for these plants, " a mixture of sandy loam." 1 1". Maricn. A name perhaps obtained from u.x(xiy a snout or rostrum, and trmex, a seed.) The seeds are beaked. 121. Fimbristylis. So named by Vahl. The word is constructed from the Latin^mMa, a fringe, and stylus, the style. 122. Isolepis. From ktc;, equal, and XiTit, a scale, on account of the relative form of the «calcs which con. ftiiutc the inflorescence. Oiii.ru I. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 49 s: i Beardless, leaves linear, Petals with glandular spots, Ovaries 3-comerad Ml Flower-stalks lateral nearly equal to tlie one leaved involucrum 8 - Leaves linear-lanceolate, Scape round shorter than the plaited leaves . ives linear-ensate flat, Scape simple leaf-like winged. Flowers opened out, Id. united at base 834 Scape 2-edged, Flowers in spikes, Leaves sword-shaped nerved-plaited 835 Scape 2-edged leafy, Rowers in ip kea. Petals roundish ovate acute, Leaves linear sword-shaped mplo nearly leafless, Sp ithe about 4-flowered unequal longer than the flowers, Pet muc. 857 Sc ipeS edged branchy leafy, Spathe : •- 1 - 1 1 1 1 3-flow. unequal, Pet linear acuminate, Leaves grassy channelled ipe 2-edged branched leafy, Spatl c about k-flow. shorter than the flowers, Pet muc, Leaves sword-shaped S.;:' Scape S-edged branched leafy, Spathe 3-flowered shorter that the flower, Leaves sword-ahaped 840 Scape 2-edged ascending leafy, Spathe 3-flowered, laps, hairy, Leaves capillary 841 Stigmas united petal shaped, Scape many-flowered erect, Spathe not viviparous 842 Leaves linear-lane. nerved a little wavy at back, Fl.-stalks nearly as long as spatlie, Flowers campauui. 843 Flowers spotted with orange 844 Culm round naked, Spikelets bundled in a roundish head, Involucr. 3, 6-leaved very long rcflexed 845 Culm naked round, Spikelets in headed bundles, InvoL '.'-leaved longer than the valves, Setae none 846 Culm round leafy, Leaves channelled, Spike compound 2-rankcd longer than the bractea 847 Culm round naked, Spike compound, Flower monoecious, Leaves channelled rough 848 Culm round, Spikelets 2-3, Outer valve of involucrum as long as spikelets, Seta- several 84!) Spike distichous, Spikelets many- flowered, Involucre 1-leaved, Culm roundish 850 Involucres very long white. (Dichromena, I'ahl.) 851 Culm leafy 3-angular, Leaves linear keeled, Root creeping 858 Culm 3-angular, Leaves briefly channelled, Hoot creeping 853 Leaves flat glaucous with hairy sheaths, Invol. longer than the contracted panicle, Spikelets oblong, Scales oblong carinate mueronate 854 Spikes ovate oblong, Involucre about 3-leaved decompound longer than the umbel 855 Culms branched leafy flaccid, Spikelets few-flowered, Floating 856 Culm bristle-shaped, Spikelets lateral sessile 857 Culm round naked, Heads terminal globose clustered, Leaves channelled 858 Stem round sheathing at the base, Spike ovate terminal, Glumes obtuse equal, Root fibrous 859 Stigmas 3, Spike enclosed in a 2-leaved involucrum, Lower glumes very large as big as the spike, Culm round, Sheaths bearded 860 Glumes unequal obt. ovate, one larger but shorter than the 2-valved spike, Culm round, Sheaths not bearded 861 Culm round, Inner sheaths ending in a short leaf, Cyme terminal decompound with 2-4-leaved involucrum Spikelets ovate smooth 8G2 Top of the .J-angular stem straight, Upper sheaths leafy, Panic, lateral under the end, Spikel. sess. & stalked 863 Culm straight naked pointed, Lateral spikes sessile or stalked, Stigma bifid 861 Top of the 3-comered culm bent down at end, Sheaths leafless, Spikel. lateral sess. clustered naked, Stigmas 3 8ti5 Culm naked, upwards 3-comered, Panicle cymose terminal, Bract, pungent, Stigma bifid 866 Panicle glolwsc terminal, (ilumes mueronate torn bifid 867 Spikes roundish headed, Heads umbelled globose proliferous, InvoL many-leaved, Culm 3-angular 868 Culm 3-comered leafy, Cyme term, supra-decompound surrounded with a many. leaved invoL til. mueronate 869 Spike ovr.l naked, Scales lanceol. acute, Culms roundish, Sheaths leafless beardless lanceol. acute, Stigmas 2 87" Spike ovate naked, Two lower scales scarcely larger than the rest, Culms 4-cornered setaceous 871 Spike ovate naked, Scales oblong obtuse, Stigmas 2, Cuhns sub-compressed, sheaths leafless, Root fibrous and Misrrlhuieovs Particulars. 123. Scirpus. From cits, a Celtic word for rushes, which is, in the singular, cors, whence the Latin chorda 8. carepitosus is the principal food of cattle and sheep in the Highlands of Scotland in March and till the end of May. S Ucustria, the bull-rush, is used to bottom chairs : cut atone year old, it makes the finest bottoms • at two years, a coarser sort ; still older, and mixed with the leaves of Iris pseud-acorus, it makes the coarsest bottoms. ( ottagea are sometimes thatched, and pack-saddles stutled with it, anil in severe seasons cattle will eat it Of S. mar.tnnus there are several varieties, natives of the salt marshes of lairope, Barbary and Siberia greedily eaten by cattle; and the roots, which are large, Withering says, have been ground anil used instead i~'4 Kltookaris, From Blot, a march, and chairo, to delight. fO TKIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class III. 125. ERICPHORUM. 872 vagi nut um JV. 873 polystachion JV. 874 angustifolium JV. 875 virginicum JV. 876 gracile P. S. 877 capitatum E. B. PS. Cotton-grass. Hare's-tail * A pr broad-leaved JUt A pr narrow-leaved JUt A Pr Virginian J» A pr slender * A pr round-headed Jilt A pr Cyperacece. | mr.ap Ap 1 jn.jl Ap | ap Ap 1 my.au Ap 1 jl.au Ap f au.s Ap Sp. 6—7. Britain moors. D co Britain bogs. D co Britain bogs. D co N. Amer. 1802. D co Scotland sc. mo. D co Scotland sc. mo. D co 126. TRICHO'PHORUM. P. S. Trichophorum. Cyperacece. Sp.2. 878 cyperinum P. S. cyperine ilk A cu 6 my.s Ap N. Amer. 1802. 879 alpinum P. S. Alpine Jilt A cu J jl Ap Scotland bogs. 127. CYPE'RUS. JV. 880dubius JV. 881 tenellus J'ahl. 882 conglomerate Rotb. 883 pannonicus JV. 884 Liizulae IV. 883 distans Vahl. 886 viscosus IV. 887 fastigiattis JV. 888 erubes'eens I.k. 889 paniculatus Vahl. 84<) glomeratus W. en. 891 elegans JV. 892 flavescens JV. 893fuscus W. S94strigosus W. 895 vegetus IV. 896 esculentus JV. 897 longus JV. 89S I'ria JV. 899 alopecuroidea P. S. 900badius P.S. 901 alternifolius JV. 128. PAPY'RUS. 7.*. 902 antiquorum ZA-. 129. KYLLIN'GA. JV. 903 monocephala If. 904 polycephala it. 905 uncinata X*. 906 triceps JV. 130. MARIS'CUS. PaML 907 umbellatus IF.e/i. 9i8elatus JV.en. 909 conflexus LA. 010 aggregatus IV. 131. REMIRE'A. ^«*. 911 maritima /Jm6. Cyperus. bulbous-rooted & slender Jilt many-flowered Jilt dwarf Jilt compact-flower.jllt distant Jilt clammy Jilt lofty Jilt pink Jilt panicled Jilt round-headed Jilt elegant JUt yellow jut brown Jilt bristle-spiked Jit smooth Jilt Rush-nut A sweet Jilt tall jilt fox-tail Jilt brown jilt alternate-leav'd jilt [23 cu iQJcu fAlcu O cu 23 cu 23 cu 23 cu 23 cu iAI cu 23 cu O cu OJcu Q> cu O cu 23 cu A cu A cul A cu 23 cu iAI cu iAI cu 23 cu Cyperacece. Ap | my.jn Ap 1 my.s Ap 1 jl.au Ap 2 my.s Ap 2 jl.au Ap 2 my.au Ap 1 my.au Ap 1 my.jn Ap 1 my.jl Ap 2 my.au Ap 1| my.s Ap 1 jn.s lijLs 1| jl-s }J my.s 1 jl 3 jl 2 my.au Ap 2| jl Ap 2 f.mr Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Papyrus. ancient Ktllinga. one-headed many-headed hooked three-headed Mariscus. umbelled tall contracted aggregated Cyperacece. * 23 or 10 jl.s Ap Cyperacece. | jn.jl Ap 1 jl.au Ap f jl.au Ap § s.n Ap jut 23 w jilt 23 w jilt 23 w jut 23 w jut 23 cu jut [AO cu jut 23 cu jut 23 cu Cyperacece. Hjn.au Ap 3 jn.au Ap li jl 1 jn.jl Sp. 22—250. E Indies 1802. C. G. H. 1819. Arabia 1820. Hungary 1781. W. Indies ... W. Indies 1820. Jamaica 1781. E Indies 1800. 1820. E. Indies 1804. Italy . 1804. Jamaica 1801. Germany 1776. Europe 1777. W. Indies 1786. America 1790. S. Europe 1597. England mar. E. Indies 18o2. C. G. H. 1804. Algiers 1800 Madagasc.1781. Sp. 1—3. Egypt 1803. Sp. 4—12. India 179a Brazil 1820. Brazil 1820. India 1776. Sp. 4—28. E. Indies 1789. E. Indies 1805. Brazil 1819. 1822. D co D co S co S co D co Skco Sk co D co Skco Skco D co D co S co S co S co S co Skco Skco Skco Skco Skco Sk co Skco Skco Skco D co D co Skco Sk co Sk co D co D co Eng. bot. 873 Eng. bot 563 Eng. bot. 564 Pk.alm.t.299.f.4 Eng. bot. 2402 Eng. bot 2387 Plk.mt t.419. f.3 Eng. bot. 311 Rot.gr.20.t.4.f.5 Pk.al.t.300 f.4.5 Rot. gr. t.!5.f.7. Host. gr. 3. t. 20 Rottgr.tl3.f.3 Jacq. ic. t. 299 Jac. ic. 2. t. 295 Rt gm.32. t.7.f.2 Slo.j'a. I.t75.f.l Host. gra. 3. t72 Host. gra. 3. 1 73 Rt. g. 40. til. 1 3 Jac. vind. 3. 1 12 Host, grm.3. 1 75 Eng. bot. 1309 Rheede. 12. t.56 Rott. g.38. 1 8. f.2 Desf. at 1. 1.7. f.2 Jac. ic. 2. 1 298 Mic. gen.44. tl9 Rott gr. t4. f.4 Rott. gr. t. 4. f. 6 Rott. gr. t. 4. f. 2 Jac. ic. 2. t. 300 Aub. gui. 1. 16 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 125. Eriophorum. From i$tov, wool, and f «»», to bear. Its seeds are covered with silky tufts of a wool-like substance. Tor the same reason it is called in English cotton-grass. 128. Trichophui um. From Am| Tti%as, hair, and ?=£«, to bear. Its inflorescence resembles a bunch of hair. This genus and Eriophorum grow in peat bogs, and have their seeds clothed at the base with a white or brown silky down or cotton-like substance, from which specimens of cloth have been made, paper, and wicks for can- dles ; and in Sweden, pillows stuffed. Of these genera, and of the Cyperacea? in general, it has been observed by Villars, that being mostly natives of bogs, marshes, and watery places, they have a tendency to raise aiid dry such spots. The roots and base of the stems rot and become peat, and thus are useful as firing or manure. 127. Cyperus. The roots of some species of this genus have eatable roots, and are considered aphrodisiacal in a high degree. It is, therefore, probable that the word derived its origin from Cypris, a name of Venus. This is a genus of sub-aquatic or marsh sedgy plants, more injurious than useful, anil of little or no beauty. The root of C. longus is agreeably aromatic, warm, and bitter : those of C. esculentus {souchet comestible. Fr ) pro- duce round tubercles about the size of peas, which are eaten in some places in France and Spain ; ana when boiled, taste something like chestnuts. 128. Papyrus. A word of obscure origin. P. antiquorum yields the substance used as paper by the ancient Egvptians. In Syria it is called babeer, and hence, probably, the words papyrus anJ paper. The flower-stalk rises about ten feet from a long horizontal thick root, the lower part clothed with long hollow sword-shaped leaves Order 1. TRIANDltIA MONOGYNIA. .'.I 878 Spike solitary. Culm very smooth, Sheaths inflated 873 Spikea several, Culms 3-cornered, Leaves broadiah keeled 874 spikes several, Culms 3-cornered, Leave* very narrow setaceous 875 sj>ikes several, Culms round leafy, Spikea sessile clustered shorter than the Involucrum 876 Spikea several, Culms 3-cornered, Leaves nearly filiform 3-oornered, Peduncles rough, Flowers erect S77 Spike solitary, Culms round spongy soft, Sheaths not inflated rabel compound, Culm branched 879 Spike solitary, Culms simple 3-cornered roughish 880 Head globose, SptkeletB oblong convex about 8-nowered, Involucr. 4-leaved, Leaves channelled las 881 Spikelets solitary and in pairs sessile, Involucr Lleaved, Culm setaceous 882 Spikelets ovate much clustered, Culm rather 3-cornered, Leaves channelled 88 i stiin 3-cornered leafless ascending or decumbent, Spikelets about 5 oblong obtuse very shortly stalked S^l Heads simple and clustered Ovate, Spikelets oblong, Involucr. very long 885 Spikes distichous, Spikelets spreading Aliform, Florets distant, Umbel upright 886 Spikelets aggregate ovate rather squarrose in heads, Involucr. longer than umbel, Lvs. and involucr rough Ns.7 Umbels many r.niii compound, Spikes elongate, Spikelets Imear-lanceolate, Involucr. 1-leaved long 888 Lvs, linear shorter than the 3-cornered culm, in vol. .'-leaved, outer leaf vitv long, Spikel. lane, scales obtuse 889 Spikelets linear-lanceolate. Umbels corymbose fascicled, Involucr, about 6-leaved 890 Culm 3-comcred naked, umbel 3-leaved supra-decompound, Spikes clustered rounded, Spikelets subulate 891 Spikelets about I linear, Valves obcordate inucrouate distinct sl>reading, Umbel loose Spikelets linear-lane, alternate clustered, Glumes obtuse, Involucr. 3-leaved longer than the trifid umbel - kelets linear-lane, alternate very close, Valves acute, Invol. about 3 or .5-leaved very long, Umbel 3-5-fid S:4 Spikes oblong loose, Spikelets subul.de alternate capitate, InvoL very long spreading, Raysof umbel a Item. S:p."i Spikelets lanceolate roundish headed compact, Valves ovate 1 -nerved, Involucr longer than the umbel B96 Spikelets 1 in. -lane, distant acute, Kays of the umbel about 7 terminal shorter than theo-o-leaved involucrum • ikes corymb. Spikel. I'm. -lane, flattened, lnvol. and rays of umbel very long corymbose with leafy stem is corymbose, Spikelets linear, Valves remote obtuse obovate spreading in fruit, Umbels loose 899 Spikes nearly sessile imbricated round, Spikelets ovate oblong spreading 900 Spikelets in corymbose fascicles, Spikelets linear-lanceolate dense, Invol. 3-leaved, Ixaves very rough 901 limb, 6-7-rayed compound, Heads many-spiked, Spikel. lin. many-flowered, Invol. 3-leaved reflexed rough 902 Stem tall terminated by a reflexed involucrum of many very long narrow leaves 903 Mead globose sessile solitary, Involucr. very long !<>! Umbel rather contracted, Invol. very long, Spikelets clustered, Valves ovate carmate acute 905 Head 1 or 3 sessile round, Invol. many leaved long, Valves carinate hooked 906 Heads about 3 sessile clustered, Spikelets very dense rather imbricated 907 Umbel compound, Spikes cylindrical imbricated backwards, Involucres many-leaved 908 Umbel compound, Spike cylindrical, Spikelets very spreading, Bractes longer than the spikelets 909 LeavesshorterthantheS-cbrnered culm rough at edge, Umb. contracted, In vol. many-leaved, Spikel. sub. reflexed, Scales keeled striated 910 Spikes cylindrical sessile, Spikelets oblong, Bract setaceous longer than spikelets, InvoL many-leaved 911 Common peduncle shorter than the spikes and Miscellaneous Particulars. of a brown color. The ancients made their paper from the pellicle found between the flesh and bark of the thick part of the stalk ; ribbons of which were united till they formed the si;:c required, and then pressed, and dried in the sun. The top of the stalk, with the umbel of flowers, adorned the temples, and crowned the statues of the gods. Antigonus used the stalks for ropes and cables to his fleets, before the use of spartum [Lygevm tpartum, still used on the coast of Provence for small vessels, and also in Spain was known. Pliny says, the whole plant was used for making boats ; and Bruce says, they have no other boat in Abyssinia. That traveller found it growing in the rapid course of the river Jordan, and he there remarked that it constantly op- posed one of the angles of its stem to the current, as if to elude the violence of the waves. Perhaps, if the Observation were applied to similar plants in our own rivers, the same result would be obtained. The root was chewed for its juice, which is also practised in Abyssinia with various species of eyperus, and with those of maize. The papyrus is indigenous in Calabria as weil a.s in Ethiopia and Egypt, in Stagnant water ; but only in the calishes or swamps of the Vile, and never in the stream as has been supposed. To thrive in our stoves, it requires to be placed in a cistern of water with rich mud at the bottom. Plants BO treated, at White Knights, near Reading, have attained a large size, and flower freely I. I Kiillinga. In memory of P. Kylling, a Danish botanist, who died in 1696, 1 X). Maritcus. A word derived from the Celtic mar, a marsh, in allusion to the situations in which it is found. 131. Remirca. The Guiana name of the plant. 52 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Class III. 132. LYGE'UM. JV. Lyueijm. 912 Spartum JV. rush-leaved ilk 13.3. COttNUCCyPI.E. L. Cornlcopi.e. 913 cucullatum W. *I34. CEN'CHRUS. P. §914 lappiceus W. 915 eehinatus JV. 916 trihuloides 135. PENNTSE'TUM. hooded S. Cench RU3. Bur ill rough-spiked ill spinous in Rich. Pennisetoi A ec O cu O cu □acu O cu 917 cenchroides Rich, ciliated ilk OJ cu 136. SPARTI'NA. JV. Spartjxa. 918 strieta IV. upright ilk A cu 919 cynosuroides Rich. Dog's-tail * A cu 920 polystachya PA. many-spiked ilk A cu 921 jCincea Ph. spreading ilk A cu 137. NAR'DUS. JV. Mat-grass. 922 stricta IV. upright ill; A cu 138. ORYZOP'SIS. Mich. Orvzopsis. 92-3 asperifolia M. rough-leaved ilk A cu Graminece. H my Jn Ap Graminece. | au Ap Graminece. 1 jl Ap 2 au.d Ap 1 my.au Ap Graminece. 1| my.au Ap Graminece. 1 au Ap 3 au.s Ap 6 au.s Ap 1| jl.au Ap Graminece. 1 jn.jl Ap Graminece. 3 jl.au Ap SpA. Spain Sp.l. Levant 17 S/J.3— 21. India 1773. W.Indies 1691. N. Amer. 1818. Sp. 1—8. C. G. H. Sp. *-& Britain N. Amer. N. Amer. D co S co S co S co S co 1777. S co sal. m 1781. 1781. 139. PAS'PALUM. W. Paspahm. 924 scrobiculatum JV. punctured jilt 925 paniculatum JV. panicled ilt 926 stolon! ferum JV. puqile Jli 927 distichum JV. two-spiked ilk 928 serotinum FT. decumbent ilk 110. AXO'MOPUS. P.deB. Axonopus. 929 cimicinus P. de B. spotted ilk *141. MI'LIUM. JV. Millet-grass. 9.30 crTusum JV. common ilk §t3l paradoxum IV. black-seeded ilk §932 multifli'irum JV. en. many-flowered ilk §9.33 cacrul^scens Desf. blueisli * 9.34 fruti'scens Lk. shrubby M 5 142. KNAP'PIA. E.B. Knappia. 935 agrostidea E. B. small ilk *143. DIGITA'RIA. P. S. Finger-gr\ss 93fi sanguinalis P. S. slender-spiked ill 937 villosa P. S. 938 aegvptiaca JV. en. 939 ciliaris P S. 940 marginata Lk. 144. PAN'ICUM. B.P. 941 colonum JV. 942brizoides JV. 943 fasciculatum JV. 944 proliferum Lam. 912 Klcu KD cu iAI cu □acu DIGYNIA. Graminece. ljjl.8 Ap 3 jl.s Ap 2 jl.s Ap 1J jl Ap O cu i| jl.au Ap Graminece. 1 jl.s Ap Graminece. 3 jn.'l Ap 3 jn.jl li jn.jl jn.jl N. Amer. 1781. Sp. 1—2. Britain moi. h Sp.l. N. Amer. 1822. Sp. 5—82. E. Indies 1778. Jamaica 1782. Peru 1794. Jamaica 1776. N. Amer. 1804. Sp. 1—4. India 1788. D co D co D co D co D m.s D co CIus. hist 2. f. 2 Fl. grac. 1. t. 51 Beauv. t.l4.f.7 C. ic.5. p.39.t462 C. ic. 5. t. 461 Eng. bot. .380 L.fil.fa.l.p.l7.t.9 Eng. bot 290 Mic. am. 1. 1. 9. A w O cu A cu A cu 1 A cu 1 villous Egyptian ciliated divaricate Pa\u-gra purple Briza like fascicled proliferous 913 O cu O ag O w O w O w O w O ag Qjcu O cu A cu Ap Ap Ap Ap Gr minece. \ mr.ap Ap Graminece. m. s. p. S 1771. S S S s 1822. 2 1| jl.s Ap 1| jl Ap lljl.au Ap f jl Ap Graminece. i jl.au Ap 1 jn.jl Ap 2 jn.jl Ap f jn.au Ap Sp. 5—14, Britain France S. Europe 1778. Barbary 1819. Crimea Sp. I. Wales Sp. 5—25. Britain fields. N. Amer. 1781. Egvpt 1794. China 1804. Brazil 1822. Sp. 18—185 E. Indies 1699. E. Indies 1801. Jamaica 1801. N. Amer. 1820. H.n.h.l3.t.89.f.3 Sl.hktLt72.es Jacq. ie, 2. t 302 Sw.obs.35 t2.f.l m.s Eng. bot. 1106 co Host. gr. 3. t. 23 co Host. gr. 3. t. 45 co Desf. atl. 1. 1 12 san. pi. S s Eng. bot 1127 Eng. bot. 849 Jac obs. 3. 1 70 Host. gr. 4. t. 15 Ehr.pic. t3. f.3 PI. aim. tl91.f.l History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 182. Lyceum. From /.vytu, to bend, in allusion to its flexibility. This plant is used in Spain, Provence, and other places for making ropes, baskets, nets, and for filling their paillasses or lower mattrasses. Ropes were made of it by the Romans. Esparto (spartum) is the Spanish appellation of this and other grasses used for si- milar purposes. 133. Cornucopice. The spike inclosed in the involucrum peculiar to the genus, resembles the " Horn of Plenty. 1 he leaves and flower of C. cucullatum. Sir J. E Smith observes, are perhaps of all grasses the most singular and uncommon. It is a native of the vales about Smyrna, whence it was sent to England bv Sherard and is preserved in the Chelsea garden and at Kew. 134. Cenchrui. K=^f»f is the Greek name of the millet ; bv which, it is probable, that Setaria italica was intended. C. cchinatus is the most common grass in the pastures of Jamaica, and is looked on as a wholesome and pleasant food for horses and cattle. 135 Pennisrtum. From penna, a pen, and seta, a bristle ; a feathery bristle, referring to the nature of the involucrum. 136. Spartina. A word altered from spartum, the specific appellation of Evgeum ; the plants being similar to the latter in habit. The origin of the word spartum has not been satisfactorily explained. The Spaniards call this, and similar tough grasses, useful to them in making ropes, esparto. 137. Nardus. The term nxfoo,- was applied by the Greeks to a substance possessing a peculiar per- Orpfk 1 1. 1 K1ANDRIA DIGYNIA. 5:1 «>12 The only species 91 r e onlj species 91 y Branches of the panicle simple, Pales hispid backwards, Glumes 3-valved '.'-flowered [Centotheca, Dnsv.) 915 Spikelets approximated. Involucres 10-pairted villous 916 S|>ike with alternate spikelets, Involucres entire spiny 917 Culm jointed, In vol. altcm. twice as long as flowers, one of the set* bristle-chaffy longer than the others 918 Spikes term, about!, Spikelets one-sided loosely imbricated Palea? longer than glume. Leaves involute 919 Spikes altera remote, Rachis ang. wavy. Glumes twice as long as palea', Leaves very long glaucous Bat ves broad Bat, Spikes many turned all ways linear, Keels aculeate 921 Leaves distichous shortish bristly convol. Spikes few remote spreading, Glumes acuminate, Keels rough 9SS Spike bristly straight one-sided 92 > The only species DIGYNIA. 994 Spikes few altera Rachis flat straight as long as spikel. Glumes roundish obtuse smooth, Upper Ivs. naked 925 Spikes very num. Rachis 3 sided -month twice as narr. as spikel. Glumes roundish obv. blunt pub. 3-llcrv. 926 Spikes numerous scattered, Rachis undulated broader than spikelets, Glumes oblong corrugated, Leaves lanceolate rough at edge 927 Spikes '.'close together, Rachis Bat narrower than spikelets. Glumes ovate obtuse polished length of palcae 938 Spikes S close together, Rachis flat rather broader than spikelets, Glumes elliptic lane, acute pubescent 929 Panicles umbelled, Racemes about 4, One glume fringed 930 Panicles diffuse, Florets beardless ovate dispersed 931 Pan. spreading lax few-flowered, Flowers bearded, Each glume at least 3-nerved {.Piptathermm. P. de 15.) 998 Panicles spreading many-flowered, Flowers bearded, Outer glume 3-o-nerved 93 I Mowers panicle,', bearded, Beard shorter than glume 93+ Stem shrubby at base, Panicle whorled, Lower rays sterile 935 The only species. The least of grasses 936 Spikes digitate erect spreading 4, Leaves and sheaths pilose, Florets oblong pubescent at edge 937 Spikes many setaceous, Leaves and sheaths very hairy 938 Spikes digitate erect 7, Leaves and sheaths hairy, Florets oblong acute smooth :> patens i9. & spreading n*0! W 1 jl.au Ap India 1804. s CO 95fi brevi folium IV. short-leaved jlli O w l|jl.au Ap E. Indies 1800. S CO PI. al. 176. t. 1S9 957 divaricatum W. straddling jui 23 w 5 jl.au Ap Jamaica 1800. S CO Jac.schcen.l.t.25 958 palmifolium Palm-leaved jui iZ\l w 6 jl.au Ap E. Indies 1804. S CO 145. SETA'RIA. P. tic B SETARIA. Grainine Spike comp. SpikeletS panicled in bundles, Bristles mixed with the florets very long, Pedunc. smoothish 964 Spike round, Involucres setaceous villous 1- flowered as long as florets, Leaves fi..t 965 Spike compound contracted, Spikelets heaped, Invol. setaceous longer than the flowers, Rachis hairy !Ki!i Spike elongated cylind. Invol. J-fl. bristly, Herm. paleae smoothish, Stem ascending, Shc.ths smooth 9t>; Stem branched, Sheaths pubescent, Spike dense short, Seta; none, Palea; smooth 968 Spike compound erect, Clusters remote, the lowest sessile, Seta; 8 times as big as florets 969 Sheaths very rough, Spike simple with naked seta; longer than florets 970 Spikes one-sided alternate, Glumes 2-fl. bearded hispid 971 Spikes alternate one-sided, Spikelets subdivided, Glumes bearded hispid, Rachis triangulai 972 Spikes alternate and in pairs, Spikelets subdivided, Glumes bearded hispid, Rachis 5-angular 973 Spike compound, Spikelets appressed alternate, Glumes torn, All the valves bearded outer largest 974 Bundles about ten, Rachis very hairy, Glumes bearded smooth a little fringed, Leaves ovate acuni. wavj 975 Joints of the stem smooth, Involucres ciliated 976 Joints of the stem villous, Involucres rough 977 The only species 978 Beard feathered 979 Flowers panicled spiked nearly included in the sheaths, Beard feathered 980 Beard naked straight, Glumes longer than the seed, Leaves smooth inside 981 Panicled, Beards naked twice as long as glumes, Seeds woolly 982 Beard naked rough twisted in various directions 983 Beard hairy at base, Panicle spiked, Leaves filiform 984 Panicles branched compressed, Leaves linear smooth, Stem diffuse 985 The only species. A plant looking like a Polypogon 986 The only species and Miscellaneous Particulars. 147. Orthopogon. 0§3-«s, straight, and Tuyw, a beard, because the beards of the flower are straight, and not jointed. This plant is cultivated in the low and marshy lands of Jamaica as fodder. 148. Pcnicillaria. From penicillus, a pencil, in allusion to the soft hairy apjiearaiice of the spikes. 149. I.appago. The flowers are rough, with little prickles like Lappa or Burdock. 150. Stipa. From .ct/Tjj, silky or feathery material. S. pennata has beautifully feathered beards which dis- tinguish it from all other grasses. Gerarde says, they were worn in his time by " sundry ladies instead of feathers." S. tenacissima is used in Spain for the same purposes as Lygeum spartum, and like it, is called Es. parto. It is supposed by some to be the plant so called by the ancients. 151. Muhlcnbergia. Named in honor of Dr. Muhlenberg, an eminent North American botanist. A North American genus of grasses. 152. Chielurus. From \turtt, a head of hair, and »««, a tail. So named by Link, from the silky appearance of the panicles. 153. Lagurus ; >.xy/»". GraminetE. Sp. 5—16. 1000 decumbens A/*. decumbent jii A ag 2 jn.jl Ap N. Amer. 1786 s CO Fras. mo. cu. ic. 1001 caninum W. en. brown illi A w l|jl.au Ap Britain pas. s CO Eng. bot. 1856 1002 rupestre Schr. rock ili A w 1 jl Ap S. Europe 1815 s CO Schr.ger.l.t.3.f.5 1003 setaceum /?. #S. bristly * A w 1 jl.au Ap Britain dr. he s CO Eng. bot. 1188 1004 laxiflorum Mich. loose-flowered illi Q) W 2 jLau Ap N. Amer. 1818. s CO Mich. am. 1. t. 8 158. TRIS'TEGIS. iVec* Tristegis. GraminetE, Sp. 1. 1005 glutinosa Nees clammy juii A cu i jn-jl Ap 1822. s CO Hor.ber. t. 7 159. SPORO'BOLUS. B.P. Sporoboli s. GraminetE. Sp 2—10. 1006 indicus 5. P. Indian * O cu 2 au.o Ap India 1773. s CO Slo.jam.l.t.73.f.l 1007 tenacissimus If. tough Jill EScu | au.s Ap E Indies 1801. s CO Jacq. ic. rar. 1. 16 160. AIROP'SIS. Desv. AlROPSIS. GratninetE. Sp. 1—6. §1008 involucrata Cav. involucred Jl O w 1 jn Ap Spain 1820. s CO Cav. ic. L 44. f. 1 ►161. CIX'XA. P.rfeS ClNNA. Graminece. Sp.2. §1009 mexicana II". Mexican JIH ^ W 1 jn.s Ap America 178a s Ip 1010 arundinacea L. reedy illi A w 3 jn.s Ap Canada 179ft s in.fi Schrb.gram. t.49 ♦162. PSAM'MA. P.de B Mat-grass. Graminece. Sp. 1—2. 101) arenarium sea illi A w 2 jn.jl Ap Britain sea co. s s Eng. bot. 520 Arundo E B. 163. CRYP'SIS. IF. Crypsis. GraminetE. Sp. 2-8. 1012aculeata W. prickly jiii O w \ au Ap S. Europe 1783. s CO Host. gra.l. t.31 1013 schcenoides Z,n7«. rush-like Jilt o w i au Ap S. Europe 1783. s CO Host, gra.l. t.30 161 ALOPECU'RUS. W. Fox-tail-guass. GraminetE. Sp. 8—21. 1014hulb6sus If. bulbous Mi A w 1 jl Ap England sal. m. s m.fi Eng. bot. 1249 1015 pratensis IK meadow itt A ag 2 my Ap Britain mea. s h.l Eng. bot. 759 1016 alpinus E. B. Alpine in. A w | my.jn Ap Scotland sc. mo. s s.1 Eng. bot. IMF 1017 agrestis If. slender in O w 1J jl.au Ap Britain ro. sitl. s s.1 En;;, bot. 84* History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 154. Pilypogon. Named by M. Desfontaines from rroXw, much, and Tuyum, beard, in allusion to its bearded heads. 155. Gastridiiu/i. From yturreiitot, a little swelling : the glumes are ventricose at the base A very small grass, formerly referred to Milium. 156. Agrostis. Derived from ay^tx, a field. Agrostis was the name given by the Greeks to all grasses. Of this genus the most remarkable species is the A. stolonifera or fiorin, so much recommended by Dr. Richardson ; but respecting which the opinion of practical men is still unsettled, and, on the whole, rather un- favorable than otherwise. It seems to suit the climate and soil of Ireland, and to be more productive and nutritive there than any where else. In the account of the Wobum experiments on grasses, it is observed of fiorin, that it appears to possess "merits well worthy cf attention, though, perhaps, not so great as has been supposed, if the natural place of its growth and habits be impartially taken into the account." It is called squitch, quick, &c. like the common couch-grass, from the length of time it retains its vital power. Like other plants, which pro- pagate themselves abundantly by extension of their parts, it rarely bears seeds, and is therefore propagated bv cuttings of the stems laid along drills an inch deep, and slightly covered with soil. A. vulgaris, which in dry amble land is called the black quitch, is the most common and earliest of the bents, but inferior to several in produce, and the quantity of nutritive matter it affords. The bents are generally rejected by the agricul- turist on account of their lateness of flowering; but this circumstance, as Sinclair observes Davy's Apr. Client. App. lxxv. does not always imply a proportional lateness of foliage. A. vulgaris is in leaf by the middle of April. A. stolonifera is two weeks later, and A. nivea, and repens, three weeks later. In the south of France and Italy, the poor people collect the stolons of different species of agrostis by the roadsides and hedges, and expose them for sale in the market places in small bundles, as food for horses. Or1»£K I I. TRIANDK1A D1GVN1A. 57 987 Panicle contracted, somewhat spiked, Glumes somewhat pubescent with a smooth edge 9S8 Panicle spiked ventricosc at base, Glumes acuminate shining, Flowers bearded 989 Flowers beardless 990 Panicle whorled spreading. Beard very long below the end of the outer pales (Apera P. de B.) 991 Panicle much spreading, Beard bent inwards, Pales hairy, Culm ascending branched at the base 998 Glumes linear-lane, bearded, Palea? naked, Beard nearly term, straight, Culm decumbent {I'ilfa P. de B.) 993 Branches of pan. smoothish, Branchlets at the time of How. divar. Ligula very short trunc. ( Vilfa P. de B.) 9! 4 Branches of pan. hispid, Fl. purple, Branchlets much spreading rather lax, Ligula oblong {Vilfa P. deB.) 995 Pan. contracted, Culm branched creeping, Flowers clustered, Glumes equal lane, pubesc. ( I'ilfa P. itc B.) 996 Branches of pan. hispid, Fl. white, liranchl. much spreading rather lax, Ligula oblong (YitJ'a P. de B.) 997 Whorls of the pan. approxim. closely covered all over with flowers, Florets beardless {Vilfa P. de B.) 998 Panicle contracted beardless, Glumes equal. Flowers viviparous yVi/fa P. deB.) 999 Beard term, curved, Hairs longer than pales, Panicle diffused, Glumes acumin. {Ackuatherum P. dc B.) KXX) Pan. very branching, Branches trichot. much sprdg. hispid, Glumes acute, Pales beardless, Stem decumb. 1001 Branches of panicle di-trichotomous roughish, Glumes acute, Leaves of stem wider than those of root 1002 Branches of panicle nearly 3-chotomous roughish, Glumes acuminate, Pales with two short beards at end 1003 Gluires lanceolate, Pales with a jointed beard at their base, Radical leaves setaceous 100* Culms erect, Leaves narrow short, Sheaths roughish, Panicle very capillary and loose 1005 A little agrostis-like plant. The only species 1006 Panicle contracted beardless, Racemes lateral erect alternate 1007 Pan. elong. coiitr. nearly spiked, Florets beardless, Glumes uneq. twice as short as pales which aie uneq. 1008 Panicle spreading, with a setaceous involucre, Florets beardless 1009 Panicle contracted beardless, Flowers acuminate often monandrous, Leaves flat rough 1010 Panicle much branched oblong close, Branches erect, Pales beardletted, Ligula torn 1011 Panicle spiked, Glumes acute, Hairs 3 times as short as pales, Leaves involute 1012 Stems branched compressed, Panicle spiked hemisphsrical surrounded by a leafy involucre, Diandious 1013 Stems branched compressed, Panicle spiked oblong sheathed at base, Triandrous 101+ Stem erect, Spike very simple attenuated, Glumes distinct villous, Root bulbous 1015 Stem erect smooth, Pan. subspiked cylindrical obtuse thick, Glumes fringed connate below the midrtte lulfi Stem erect smooth, Spike ovate, Glumes villous bearded nearly as long as the beard of the pales 1017 Stem generally erect roughish upwards. Panicle spiked cylind. acute, Glumes connate below the midd'e 1006 and Miscellaneous Particulars. 157. Trichodium. Named from 0e4 -rfx^y hair. °» account of its capillary inflorescence. T. decumbens is the famous Agrostis cornucopis of Frazer, respecting which so much was said some years ago- but which upon trial did not prove so valuable an agricultural grass as it was represented to be. 158. Tristceis From t?=;?, three, and riyvi, a covering, on account of the three glumes or valves of the calyx 159. SporMus. From , to cast forth. Its grains are loose, and easily fall out of their husks. lfiO. Aimpsis. A word formed by M. Desvaux, from Aira, and 0-4,1;, like. The genus resembles Aira in ap- pearance. 161. Cinna. An ancient name used by Dioscorides, who ascribes heating and stimulating qualities to this grass when eaten by cattle, whence the name (from znv, to heat). Linnsus applied it to this genus of Ameri- can grasses. 162. Psamma. From -lau.ua, sand, in which this grass grows in vast abundance on the sea-coasts of Europe. P. arenanum has a strong creeping perennial root with many tubers at the joints, the size of a pea. It is planted and encouraged on the coast of Norfolk to aid in Hxing the sand against the action of the wind and tides, winch it effects in a surprising manner. The marruin, as it is called, is considered of so much im- portance that there are severe laws to prohibit its being destroyed. Mats are made of it, and it is used as thatch. 163. Crypsis. From x°vttu, to conceal; the heads of flowers being at one time concealed in the sheaths of the leaves. 16*. Alopccurus. AA«m£ a fox, and * «, a tail : fox-tail. A. pratensis is one of the best of meadow-grasses, possessing the three great requisites of quantity, quality and earliness, in a superior degree to any other. It is 58 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Class III. 1018 geniculars IV. 1019 fulvus E. B. 1020 utriculatus Pers. 1021 nigricans Horn. 165. PHLE'UM. W. 1022pratense IV. 1023alpinum W. 1024 nodosum IV. 1025 felinum Sm. 1026 Michelii W. en. 166. ACHNODON'TON. P.deB. 1027 Bellardi P. tie B. bulbous floating * A w orange-spiked juii A w bladdered Jill O w blackish Jin A w C'AT's-TAIL-GRASS. common jllii A ag Alpine Jllk A w knotted * A w smooth-spiked jliii O w slender-spiked Jill A w ACHNODONTON, A w 1 my.au Ap 1 jn Ap 1 jl.au Ap 4 jn.jl Ap Graminece. 2 jl 1 jl UjLa 1 jl 1 jn.jl Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap 1028 tenue R. Sj S. slender Jllli O *167. CHILOCHLCA. P.deB. Chilochloa. 1029 Bcehmeri Schr. Phalaris-hke M O w Phleum E. B. 1030 arenaria Schr. sea Mi Q w Phalaris E. B. 1031 aspera Schr. rough Jib O w Phleum pauiculatum E. B. *168. PHA'LARIS. JV. en. Canary-grass. §1032arundinacea P. S. reed-like Mi A w ' 1033 canariensis IV. common Mi Q ag 1034 aquatica W. water = O w 1035 capensis W. cape Mi O w 1036 cserulescens Desf. blue Mi O w 1037 paradoxa W. bristle-spiked Jllli O w 1038 semineutra R. $ S. half-barren Mi A w 1039bulbosa W. bulbous * A w 169. CORYNE'PHORUS. P.deB. Club-grass. 1040 canescens P. de B. grey Jllli A w Aim E B. •170. AI'RA. IV. §1041 aquatica W. §1042 cjEspitosa W. §1043 laevigata L. T. §1044 truncata IV. §1045 media Gouan. 1046 pulchella W. 1047 flexuosa W. 1048 caryophyllea W *I71. AVE'NA. P.S. 1049brevis W. 105(j orientals W. Britain mea. S England ponds. S Italy 1777. S Europe 1815. S Sp.5—3. Britain me. pa. S Scotland sc. alp. S Britain Wales. S Greece 1819. S Scotland al. roc. S Sp. 2. Spain 1798. S Mesopota. 1804. S Sp.3—6. England plains. S m.s Eng. bot. 1250 m.s Eng. bot. 1467 co Host, gram.3. t.7 co Jac. ecL gra. 1. 13 m.s Eng. bot. 1076 h.l Eng. bot. 519 co Flor. dan. t. 380 co co Eng. bot. 2265 GraminecE. i jn.jl Ap 1 jn.jl Ap Mesopota. 1804. S co Barr. ic. tl4. f.l Graminece. ljjl.s Ap England plains. S co Eng. bot. 459 -Jjl.au Ap England seaco. S co Eng. bot. 222 1 jl.au Ap England hea. S co Eng. bot 1077 Graminece. Sp. 8 — 23. 4 jl Ap Britain dit. S co Eng. bot. 402 2 jn.au Ap Britain unc. pi. S r.m Eng. bot 1310 1A jn.jl Ap Egypt 1778. S co Host. gra. 2. t. 39 1 jn.jl Ap t. G. H. 1804. S co 1 jn.jl Ap Spain 1818. S s.l Buxb.cent.4.t.53 i jn.jl Ap Levant 1687. S co Host. gra. 2. t. 40 2 jn jl Ap Hungary 1813. S co 1 jn.jl Ap Spain 1798. S co Cav. ic. 1. 1 64 Sp. 1—2. England san.sh. S s.l Eng. bot 1190 Hair-grass. water * A w turfy Jllii A w smooth-sheath. Mi A w Pennsylvanian Mi A w intermediate jIUi A w pretty Mi O w waved silver Oat-grass. short Tartarian jliii A w jilt O w Graminece. | jl.au Ap Graminece. If my.jn Ap 3 au 1 jn.jl 1 jn.jl 1 jn.jl f jn 1 jlau Graminece. 3 jn.jl Ap 3 jn.jl Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Sp. 8—25. Britain pools. S n Britain m.s.p. S n Scotland scalp. S s N. Amer. 1819. S s S. Europe 1820. S s Spain 1820. S s Britain hea. S s Britain sa.pas. S s. Sp.9— 34. Germany 1804. r — Eng. bot. 1557 Eng. bot. 1453 Eng. bot. 21U2 Act. petr. 11. t.7 Eng. bot. 1519 Eng. bot. 812 Host. gra. 3. t.42 Host gra. 3. t.44 wnat is almost peculiar to this grass, Poa pratensis and Anthoxanthum odoratum, the value of the grass of the latter math considerably exceeds that of the crop at the time of first flowering. A. geniculars, and most of the ,!- sP^ies ot t,h!s 8enus (A. agrestis excepted) are valuable grasses both for hay and pasture. mto the H^M^nH1 Z\l° ±*™££ S? T?lkeT ^Rural Econ- Hebrides, ii. 27.) thinks itmay^be introduced m i vS„«^ I g00d etf!Ct ,4W- Sahsbury s^. «* ^ coarse and late. At Woburn, its " comparative tete m L I ? \ nCTy gr!,at- U t,r°(iuces abundance of fine foliage early in spring, which, as it flowers -"D^m.^.rTI1 lu a", advan=ed Period ,of the season without injury to the crop of hay." Unlike the PP 3! ' k valueoJ ^e g«ss as hay when the seed is ripe is to that when it is in flower as 10 to ever* no thT e,bbous Jomts, which might have been expected to be sugary like those of Fiorin, which, howeveru nn tt .lS lbbous<.J°Sts1' whlch might have been expected to be sugary like those of Fiorin, which, portion of 8 to 2,8 ' ™ V U"d them t0 be leSS nutritive than those of P. pratense, in the pro- valves off he° flower: Fr°m "*''"' * ^^ °T hUSk' a"d ^ a t00th' in aUusion to the toothed PaIea or M^hi^^formJ^J^S^^^^3^^'^^*^ certain S1-35365 referable to both Phalaris ana ±-nieum, as tormcrly constituted. The name is derived from yiAo?, fodder, and vAom Brass • but none of the species are remarkable for their qualities as grasses useful in husbandry. * ' g ' inner Okder II. TRIANDItIA DIGYNIA. 59 1018 Stem ascending knee-jointed, Panicle spiked cylindrical obtuse, Glumes connate at base obtuse 1019 stem ascending knee-jointed, Spike compound cylindrical, Glumes obtuse fringed, Anthers orange col. 1090 Stem ascend. Raceme spiked ov. Glumes with a hairy keel beyond the mid. dilated, Upper sheath inflated 1021 Stem erect, l'an. spiked cylind. atten. at base, Glumes vill. fringed, Beards of palea' twice as long as glumes 1022 Raceme spiked cylindrical, Glumes truncate mucronate with a fringed keel, Beard shorter than glume 1023 Raceme spiked ovate oblong, Glumes truncate muc Dilate with a fringed keel, Beard as long as glume 1024 lake 1'. pratense, but stems lower, Raceme shorter, iioot knotty. A mere variety 1025 Spike ovate, Beard longer than glume divaricate angular rough, Root fibrous 1026 Panicle hairy spiked cylindrical, Glumes lanceolate acuminate with a fringed keel 1077 Glumes keeled smooth membranous at edge 1028 Outer glume a little prickly at the back 1029 Panicle spiked cylindrical smooth, Glumes lanceolate mucronate obtuse roughish 1030 Panicle spiked oblong ovate, Glumes lanceolate acute with a fringed keel, Stems ascending 1031 Panicle spiked cylindrical, Glumes wedge-shaped mucronate rough 1032 Panicle spreading heaped, Outer pales pencilform, inner shining 1033 Panicle spiked ovate, Glumes navicular entire at the end, Outer palea? 2 1034 Panicle spiked oblong ovate, Glumes navicular toothed at end, Outer palea 1 1035 Panicle spiked oblong, Glumes navicular nearly entire, Outer palea 1, Stem knee-jointed 1036 Stem naked upwards, Spike slender lax, Glumes keeled acute lu37 Pan. spiked cylindrical, Intermediate floret hermaphrodite acuminata, the rest imperfect bitten oil' 1038 Panicle diffuse, Glumes acute shorter than florets, One floret hermaphrodite, rne neuter 1039 Panicle beardless cylindrical spiked, Palea? 2 smooth, Root bulbous 1040 Pan. spreading afterwards contracted, Florets less than glume, Beard clavate less than glume 1041 Pan. diffuse, Glumes obtuse, Florets longer than glumes (Catabrosa P. deB.) 1(>42 Panicle difluse, Florets as long as glumes, Beard straight short, leaves flat (l)eschampsia P. de B.) 1043 Pan. contr. Glumes bearded villous at base, Rachis spiooth very short, Leaves flat {Deschampsia P. de B. 1044 Beardless, Panicle lanceolate lax erect, One floret stalked the other sessile, Leaves pubescent 1045 Leaves bristly, Stem naked, Panicle lax, Florets hairy at base, Beard nearly terminal shorter l(/4ii Pan. divar. Branches trichot. Flor. 3-fl. larger than glumes, Beard jointed longer than glumes, Leaves set. 1047 Bearded, Pan. spreading trichot. Pedunc. wavy, Florets scarcely longer than glume, Leaves setaceous 1048 Bearded, Pan. trichot divar. Florets less than glume, Beard dorsal jointed longer than glume 1049 Pan. 1050 Pan. one-sided, Spikelets short 2-flowered, Florets as long as glume obtuse 2-toothed at end, Root fibrous 1-sided contracted, Spikelets 2-fl. less than glumes, One floret beardless, Root fibrous and Miscellaneous Particulars. 168. Phalaris. An ancient name said to have arisen out of qako;, brilliant, because the plant had shining grains. P. canadensis is cultivated for the seeds, which are given to singing birds, and more especially the canary. It requires a loamy soil, well manured, clean, and in good tilth. The grain is sown in February, in drills, six inches apart, and the plants are thinned to two inches distance in the rows. The growth of canary grass is slower than that of the common weeds, with which it is in consequence liable to be overrun, if they are not kept under by hoeing and hand-weeding. The culture of this grass is chiefly carried on in the isle of Thanet, where the chaff' is esteemed as a horse food; but the straw being short, it produces little fodder or manure. 169. Corynephorus. From xofvtr,, a club, and ipt^a, to bear. The beard is jointed, and the last articulation is club-shaped. 170. Aira, is the name applied by the Greeks to the Lolium of the Romans, our Lolium temulentum. It signifies "something deadly," in allusion to the dangerous eliects of that plant; but the name has no refer- ence to any species of the genus to which it has been applied by Linnaus. A. aquatica is relished by cattle, and water-fowl are fond of the young shoots and seeds. It is introduced in decoys, by throwing plants in the water with a weight tied to them. A. ca'Spitosa is common in marsh-meadows, and occasions those excre- scences called tussocks or hassocks which interrupt the progress of the scythe. Though cows eat the grass, horses will not. The stiff erect stalks frequently bear viviparous flowers. 17L Avena. A name of obscure origin. De Theis thinks it has been derived from the Celtic word atcn, which comes from elan, to cat ; and whence our common word ait, oat, has been obtained. A. sativa is the common cultivated oat, and A. nuda and tartarica are also sometimes cultivated. Of the first species there are numerous varieties, some more permanent, as the w hite and black ; others temporary, as the potatoe oat, Angus oat, &c. No botanist has been able to ascertain satisfactorily the native place of this or any other of our cultivated grains. A. fatua is accounted a distinct species; but some think the naked, tartarian, common, TRIANDRIA DIGYNTA. Class III. 1051 sativa IV. common 1032 inula IV. naked 1053 fatua IV. wild 1054 sterilis W. Animal-oat 1055 pratensis IV. meadow 1056 prs'cox P. de B. early Aha E B. 1057 hirsiita Roth. hirsute 172. TRISE'TUM. PS. Trisetum. 1058 striatum P. S. striated Jit 1059 Loflingianum W. Lcefling's Jit 1060 flavescens R. Sf S. yellowish Jit Avena E. B. 1061 pensylvanicP.de 2?. Pennsylvanian Jit 1062 pubescens R. # S. downy Jit Avena E. B. 1063 planiculme flat-stalked Jit Avena E. B. 1064 distichophyllum Sc. fan-leaved Jit 1065 airoides P. de B. Aira-like Jit 173 DANTHO'NIA. P.deB. Danthoma. 106f strigosa P. de B. meagre Jit Avena E. B. 174. GAUDI'NIA. P.deB. Gaudinia. 1067 fragilie P. de B. brittle Jl ♦175. ARUN'DO. With. Reed. §1068 epigejos W. Jl O ag » Oag Jit O w * O ™ Jit A ag ill, O w Jit O w Jit O w Jit O w jit A w O w A w 3 jn.jl '-' jn.jl 4 jl.au 1 jn.jl Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap | my.jn Ap 3 jn.s Ap Graminete. l|jl.au Ap 1 jn.jl Ap H jnjl Ap S r.m Host. gra. 2. 1 59 S r.m Host. gra. 3. t. 43 Britain cor. fi. S co Host. gra. 2. t. 58 Barbary 1640. S co Host. gra. 2. 1 57 Brttain me. pa. S h.l Eng. bot. 1204 Britain hea. S co Eng. bot 1296 Barbary 1798. S co Sp. 8—30. S. Europe 1S04. Spain 1770. Britain S co S co S co 6 jl l|jl.au Ap Ap N. Amer. 1785. S co Britain ch. pa. D s.l A w ljjn.s Ap Britain scalp. D co wood upright wild cultivated striped common J 1069 stricta E. B. §1070 svlvatica Sc/ir. 1071 ricmax IV. fi versicolor 1072 phragmites If *176. CHRYSU'RUS. P. S. Chrysurus. 1073 aureus P. tie B. golden-spiked Jit 1074 echinatus P. de B. rough Jit 177. SESLE'RIA. P.deB. Sesleria. 1075 elongata Host. long-spiked Jit 1076 cseriilea Schr. blue Jit Ci/nosurus E. B. 1077 tenella Host. weak Jit 107.S sphasrocephala Ard. round-headed Jit A w O w O w A w A w A w A w A ec A or A ec O w O w A w A w A pr A pr 1J jn.s I jnjl Ap Ap Graminete. 3 jn.jl Ap Graminete. 1J jn.au Ap Graminete. Switzerl. 1796. D co Switzerl. 1800. S co Sp 1—15. Britain Lrs. herb. t9. f.3 Cav. ic.l.t.45.£l Eng. bot. 952 Eng. bot. 1640 Eng. bot. 2141 Host. gra. 2. t.53 Host. gra. 2. t.45 bed. S co Eng. bot. 1266 2 jl li il.au 3" jl.au 10 jl.au 3 jl.au 6 jl.s Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Sp.l. Spain 1778. D co Host. gra. 2. t. 54 Sp.5—33. Britain moi.w. S Scotland sc. ma. S Germany 1815. S S. Europe 1648. S S. Europe 1648. S Britain dit. S m.s Eng. bot 403 m.s Eng. bot 2160 m.s Host. gra. 4. t.49 co Host. gra. 4. t.JS co Moi.h.3.t.8.f.9 m.s Eng. bot. 401 Gramine.-e. |jl Ap 2 au Ap GranthtetB. 1 J jn.jl Ap 1 my.jn Ap | ap.my Ap £ ap.my Ap Sp. 2— 4. Levant 1770. England san. fi. Sp. 4—11. Germany 1805. Britain fields. S eo S s.l Host. gra. 3. t. 4 Eng. bot 1333 S co Host. gra. 2. t.97 S co Eng. bot 1613 Switzerl. Switzerl. 1819. S co Host. gra.2.t 100 1819. S co Host RTa. 2. t.99 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, and wild oat originally the same. The wild oat is remarkable for the length of lime the gram will lie In the soil, and retain its vegetative powers ; its awns are sometimes used as hygiometers, and its seeds as artificial flies in fishing. Where it abounds naturally it is an inveterate weed The oat, in an agricultural point of view, is a grain only calculated for cold climates. In Italy and France, and even in the southern counties of England, the ears are small and husky, and afford little meal ; the paniole is open, and the foot-stalks of the ears small ; and in July and August the heat dries them up, and obstructs the progress of the sap to the grain. On the other hand, this naked airy panicle is better for drying after rains and dews than the close spikes of wheat and barley, which, while they serve to guard the ears'from the extremes Of heat in warm climates, are apt to rot or become mouldy (covered with fungi) in cold moist countries or sea- sons. The grain of the oat, though chiefly used as food for horses, is also more or less a bread corn in every country where it is generally cultivated. Fourteen pounds of grain vield eight pounds of meal ; in some places, as Yorkshire and Aberdeenshire, this meal is ground nearly as fine' as flour ; in others, as at Edinburgh, it is made of a coarser quality. The kernel freed from the husk, and entire, is used for gruels, and forms an article of commerce with Embden, Bremen, and some towns where the grains are grown to a large size on the variety known as the Friesland oat. The fine powder which is produced by the operation of husking the corn, or making grist, forms a jelly, the sowensof the Scotch, and furmerty of the Irish, an agreeable and wholesome food. Water-gruel from a coarse oatmeal, is esteemed a cooling laxative drink. A. nuda, the naked, or hill-oat, or peel-corn, when ripe drops the grains from the husks. It was generally cultivated in Worlige's time " in the north of England, Scotland, and Wales, because the kernel threshes clean out of the husk, and need not be carried to the mill to be made into meal or grist." It was made into meal bv the lowcr classes, by drying on the hearth, and bruising in a stone mortar, as still practised in the Highlands of Scotland, in Lapland, Ceylon, China, and in every country under certain circumstances of civilization. In the low country of Scotland, the quern mills, as thev'were called, now no longer in use, may be seen neglected or dilapidated, by the doors or about the gardens of cottages and villages, where they were formerly in use. Avena sterilis is sometimes grown as an object of curiosity, under the name of the animal oat, on account of its singular nygrometrical properties. After the seeds have' fallen off, the strong beard is so sensible of alu-r. Order II. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 61 10.»1 Pan. equal, Spikelets 2-fl. Florets smaller than glumes at the base naked 1-bearded, Root fibrous lll.>v; Pan equal, Spikelets i-ll. longer than glumes, Florets naked at base, Hoot fibrous Kl.i I Pan. equal, Spikelets 3-fl. Florets less than glumes, hairy at base, all bearded, Root fibrous [fibrous 1054 Pan. 1-sid. Spikel. 5-fl. Florets less than glumes lower bearded and hairy upper beardless and smooth Root 1055 Rac. simp. Spikel. 5-fl. Flor. long, than glms. Lvs. rough in tufts very narrow and complicated, Root fibrous 1056 Pan. sub-spiked, Florets nearly equal to the glume, Beard jointed longer than glume, Leaves setaceous 1057 Pan. spread. Glumes 3- fl. Florets linear 2-bearded at end very hairy below the middle, Beard dorsal jointed 1058 Pan. equal, Spikelets about .'5-fl. Florets longer than the glume the lower with a beard under the end 1059 Pan; contracted 1-sided, Spikelets 2-fl. Outer glume bifid 2-bearded, Dorsal beard reflexed 10(50 Pan. lax, Outer glume bifid, Spikelets 3-fl. Ligula truncate obsolete, Lower sheaths pubesc. Root creeping 1061 Pan. slender, Glumes 2-fl. Seeds villous, Beard twice as long as glume 1062 Pan. sub-spik. equal, Spikelets about 3-fl. Florets longer than cal. hairy at base, Lvs. pubesc. Rootcreeping 1053 Paa erect nearly simp. Glumes about 5-fl. Recept. bearded at end, Leaves serrulate naked, Sheaths rough 1054 Pan. equal, Spikel 3-fl. Flor. as long as glume, Lvs. distichous smth. Mouth of sheaths hairy, Rootcreeping 1065 Panicle nearly spiked, Beard at length reflexed longer than glume 1066 Panicle one-sided, Spikelets 3-flowered, Florets 3-bearded as long as glume, Root fibrous 1067 Spike jointed brittle 3 or 4 inches long, Leaves flat slightly hairy 106S Pan. upright sprdg. Glumes acum. Dorsal beard straight shorter than the hairs which are as long as glume 1069 Pan. upright spreading, Glumes acute, Dorsal beard straight as long as palea which is longer than hairs 1070 Panicle spreading, Glumes acute. Hairs very short, Dorsal beard jointed longer than glume 1071 Glumes about 3-5-flowered, Florets as long as the glume, Stem woody at base iflonai. P. de B.) 1072 Glumes 5-flowered, Florets very little longer than glumes 1073 Stems erect, Sheaths very smooth, Ligulas large elongated, Panicle close many-flowered 1074 Pan. contr. ovate, Spikelets bearded, Leaves lanceolate, Bractes pinnate scario'us with very long beards 1075 Raceme spiked cylindrical, Spikelets 3-flowered, Outer palea 3-5-bearded, Root stoloniferous 1076 Raceme spiked subovate oblong, Bractes entire, Spikelets 2-3-flow. Outer palea 3-5-bearded, Leaves flat 1077 Raceme spiked ovate nearly naked, Spikelets 2-flowered, Bractes toothletted, Outer palea 5-bearded 1078 Raceme in a round head. Outer palea with one beard, Leaves fine keeled and Miscellaneous Particulars. ation in the atmosphere as to keep them in an apparently spontaneous motion, when they resemble some gro- tesque insect crawling on the ground. 172. Trisetum. . Three bristles) ; on account of the three beards or awns of the flower. Trisetum puoescens, according to the Woburn experiments (vii.l, possesses several good qualities, which recommend it to parti- cular notice. It is hardy, early, and more productive than many others which affect similar soils and situ- ations. It appears well calculated for permanent pasture on rich light soils. Trisetum flavescens is also a use- ful grass; but the most valuable as a grass is the Avena elatior, L. the Holcus avenaceus of Kng. Bot., which will be noticed hereafter in its proper place. (In Polygamia monoecia, under Arrhetutiherwn). 17-5. Dant/ionia. A genus containing some incongruous species of Avena, and named after M. Danthoinc, a French botanist. 174. Gauilinia. Named in honor of M. Gaudin, a Swiss botanist, who paid great attention to the study of grasses, and who published an Agrostographia Helvetica in 1811, still a work of reputation. 175. Arundo. An ancient name of doubtful origin ; perhaps, as a recent author conjectures, from , ru, (he Celtic word for water. Phragmites is derived from $;ayfj.o;, a hedge or separation. A. donax, Canne, l'r., Ruhr, Ger., and Canni di Giardim, ltal. is common in the south of France and Italy, « here it is cultivated as fence-wood, for supporting the vine, for fishing-rods, and a great variety of purposes. In Spain and Portugal it forms an article of commerce, and supplies materials for the looms, fishing-rods, &C. of this country. The striped-leaved variety igardener's garters used formerly to be a common inhabitant of gardens. A. phragmites, Roseau de Marais, l'r. Gemeilte Ruhr, Ger. : and Canna pa/t/s/re, ltal. is used for thatch- ing, for protecting embankments or sea-dykes, for ceilings to cottages, verandahs, and rustic buildings ; to lay across the frame of wood work as the foundation for plaister floors, and for screens and hot-lied covers in kitchen gardens. The panicles will dye wool green ; and the roots, it is said, are good in liver complaints, like those of Triticum repens. 176. Chri/surus. hum ^sc«j, gold, and «»i, a tail; the compact heads of flowers are of a bright yellow color. 177 Ses/cria. A genus named by Scopoli, after Leonard Seslcr, a physician and botanist, who contributed to 62 TRIANDRIA DIGYN1A. Class III. 178. CYNOSU'RUS. P.S. Dog's-tail-grass. 1079 cnstatus W. crested Jill A ag 179. KCELE'RIA. P.S. Kosleria. 1030 cristSta P.S. crested Jin A w 1(181 tuberosa P. S. tu!>erous Jin A w 1082 pubescens P. . N. Amer. 1S04. S Britain dr. pa. S Britain sc. mo. S Britain me. pa. S Britain me. pa. S S. Europe 1804. S England bar. he. S Europe Scotland m.wo Britain woods Italy 1775. Britain me. pa Hungary 1804. Mexico 1805. Hungary 1822. Savoy 1801. Hungary 1S04. England m.wo. S Britain m. me. S N. Amer. 1810. S England moi.p. S N. Amer. 1812. S S. Europe 1776. S S. Europe ... S Portugal 1802. S N. Amer. 180.5. S France 1812. S 1088 h.l Eng. bot. 335 co Desf. atl. 1. 1 15 m.s Eng. bot. 1520 s.l Eng. bot 585 s.l Eng. bot. 1355 h.l Eng. bot. 2056 s.l Eng. bot. 470 co Host.gra.2. t. 89 co Eng. bot. 1917 co 1-1. dan. t. 700 m.s Eng. bot. 1005 m.s Eng bot. 1373 co Host. gra. 3. t.20 h.l Eng. bot. 1592 co co Host. gra. 4. t. 62 m.s Eng. bot. 2266 m.s Eng. bot. 1593 co Mich. amer. 1. 10 m.s Eng. bot. 1281 co co Fl. gra?c. t. 83 co Lam.ill.l.t.46.f.3 co Host. gra. 4. t.t»5 co Host. gra. 4. 61 co Vaill.par.tl9.tl6 1090 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, Vitaliano Donati's Natural History of the Adriatic sea, published in 1750. The species were formerly part of Cynosurus. 17S Cynosurus. Kvw x-jvo;, a dog, and »<>«, a tail : dog's-tail. 179. Kneleria. Named after M. Kohler, a professor of natural history at Mayence, and author of some works upon grasses. A pretty genus of grasses, with elegant silky heads. 180. Dacty/is. (A.o;, a finger : finger-grass\ The divisions of its heads may be fancied to resemble the fingers, and the large cluster at the bottom the thumb of an animal. D. glomerata is a coarse grass of early and rapid growth, and considered valuable as a pasture grass on light soils from the quantity of herbage it af- fords. It comes in from the time turnips are over, till the meadows are fit for grazing; but old and drv, or made into hay, neither horses nor cattle are fond of it. To reap the full benefit of this grass, it must be kept closely cropt It has been of late strongly recommended by Mr. Coke of Holkham. 181. Glyceria. (From yXuxv;, sweet, in allusion to the herbageV This is the Festuca fluitans of L. : it is found in stagnant water, and its long narrow leaves float on the surface. Horses, cattle, ami swine are fond of this grass, which oroduces abundance of seeds, which are eaten greedily by geese, ducks, and fish, especially the trout {Salmofario). These seeds are very nourishing, and are collected in some parts of Germany and Poland, under the name of manna seeds, and used in soups and gruels. The plant will not thrive unless on land that is constantly under water. 182. Festuca. In Celtic, the word fest signifies pasture, food. We may be satisfied with this explanation in want of a better. This genus affords some valuable hay and pasture grasses. F. imrsa has a fine short sweet foliage, well adapted to the masticating organs of sheep, and for producing delicate mutton : it is totally unfit for hay, and according to Sir H. Davy's experiments, it does not possess the nutritive powers generally ascribed to it. It is an excellent grass for lawns, requiring little mowing, and forming so thick a turf as to sudor few intruding plants. It should be sown about the middle of August, on ground nicely prepared, open, and not too light or dry. The same remarks will apply to F. rubra and amethystine Order II. TIIIANDKIA DIGYNIA. 63 1079 Raceme spiked linear, Spikelets beardless, Bractcs pinnatifid, Leaves linear 1080 Pan. spikeshaped at the base interrupted and smoothish, Spikelets 3-4-flow. nearly beardless very acute loHi Pan. closely spiked, Spikel 2-3-fl. acum. beardless, Glumes (ringed at back, Lower leaves cony, setaceous 108S Pan. spiked oval cylind. Spikelets 2-flowered villous at back acumin. Outer glume bearded under the end litftj Panicle spiked cylind. Spikel. 2-5-8-liowered, Outer glume rough outside, with a soft beard under the end 1084 Panicle spiked ovate cylind. Spikelets 3-4-flowcred, Outer glume hairy with a still' beard under the end 1085 Panicle one-sided heaped, Leaves keeled 108? Panicle one-sided headed spiked, Spikelets 3-flowered, Leaves keeled glaucous Ius7 Panicle equal before and after flowering contr. spiked, Spikelets 4-H. beardless, Glumes with a rough keel 1088 Stem creeping, Branches in bundles, Leaves villous subulate stilt; Flowers in spiked one-sided heads 1089 Spikes scattered one-sided few, Flowers closely imbricated, Leaves much spreauing, Stem decumbent 1090 The only species is a floating creeping plant very common in ponds 1091 Panicle simple one-sided, Spikelets about 9-flow. bearded, Leaves setaceous, Culm upwards 4-cornered 1098 Panicle contracted, Spikelets ovate 4-flowered, Palea? roundish, Leaves very narrow rough 1093 Panicle one-sided contracted. Florets compressed beardless pubescent, Leaves setaceous smooth 1094 Pan. one-sided erect spreading, Florets roundish longer than beard, Leaves pubes. above, Root creeping 1096 Panicle erect spreading, Florets longer than beard, Root fibrous 1096 Pan. sprdg. Spikel. obi. nearly beardl. Outer valve of glume and pales ciliated, Lvs. setae, rigid, Lig. 2-eared 1097 Glaucous, Pan. 1-sided contracted, Florets cylind. bearded, Stem square, Leaves compound channelled 1098 Panicle spike-shaped pubescent, Leaves filiform 1099 Panicle one-sided erect branching contracted, Florets oblong angular beardless, Leaves ensiform striated 1100 Panicle spreading, Spikelets 3-flowered with long beards 1101 Panicle erect, Spikelets ovate 4-5-flowered, Glumes acum. beardless, Leaves setaceous smooth pungent 1102 Panicle spreading branched, Spikelets linear beardless many-flowered, Leaves linear, Root fibrous ] li 3 Pan. sprdg. one-sided, Spikel. about 6-fl. Florets blunt beardless, Leaves lin. conv. glauc. Stem round erect Hot Panicle spike-shaped, Spikelets slender 11-flowered bearded, Sheaths rough 1105 Culm ascending angular, Leaves rolled together smooth, Pan. nodding close, Spikelets 9-10-flow. pilose 1106 Pan. erect contracted, Spikelets 4-5-fl. very smooth, Palea? margined membranous, Leaves setaceous 1107 Pan. one-sided oblong, Spikel. 7-fl. bearded, Outer glume and palea? fringed, Leaves setae. Root fibrous 1108 Panicle one-sided erect branching, Florets ternate oblong angular beardless, Leaves linear striated 1109 Pan. spreading much branched, Spikelets ovate lane, somewhat bearded 4-5-fl. Leaves linear lanceolate 1110 Pan. close, Branches simple scattered, Spikelets linear 5-rl. Flowers acum. 2-androus, Stem very rough 1111 Raceme spiked elongated, Spikelets remote beardless afterwards spreading, Root fibrous 1112 Panicle simple erect, Spikelets very few about 7-flowered, Florets acute distant 1113 Panicle fascicled, Spikelets subsessile villous, Beard erect 1114 Panicle one-sided spike-shaped, Spikelets 5-fl. smooth somewhat bearded, Leaves glaucous rigid subulate 1115 Culm ascending, Leaves subconvolute, Spike racemose, One glume very small, Outer palea? fringed lilt) Panicle one-sided erect nodding at the end, Spikelets 5-flowered obtuse beardless 1117 Panicle loose spreading nodding, Radical leaves very slender and long, Root creeping 1002 and Miscellaneous Particulars. F. duriuscula, i?a good grass either for hay or permanent pasture : hares are remarkablv fond of it : its pro- duce in the spring is not very great, but the quality is fine, and the quantity is considerable at the time of flowering. F. calamaria is subject to the disease in the grain called clavus, in which the seed swells to three times the usual size, and the kernel is wanting. F. pratensis is one of the six grasses (Anthoxanthumodoratum, Alopecurus pratensis, Poa pratensis and tri- vialis, Cynosurus cristatus, and the F. pratensis) which Curtis recommends before all others for laving down meadows or pastures, on soil either moist or moderately dry. According to the Woburn experiments', the value of this grass cut at the time the seed is ripe, is to that of the grass cut at the time of flowering as 6 to 18 ; one proof, among many others, of the advantage of cutting almost all grasses when in flower rcitlier than later. W. Salisbury says, " if land intended for meadow could be laid down with one bushel of F. pratensis, one of Alopecurus pratensis, three pounds of Antlioxanthum, a little Bromus mollis, with white clover, the farmer will seek no farther. ' F. elatior dirters little from F. pratensis, but in being larger in every respect. According to the Woburn ex- periments ;xl.) " the produce is nearly that of the former, and the nutritive powers superior in the propor- tion of 8 to 6. F. loliacea greatly resembles the rye-grass in habit and place of growth : " it has excellencies which make it greatly superior to that grass, for the purposes either of hay or of permanent pasture. It improves in propor- tion to its age, which is directly the reverse of rye-grass." ( Hub. exp. xxxiii.) F. glauca, cut at the time of flowering, exceeds in value the same grass cut when the seeds are ripe in the proportion of 0 to 12, a strong proof of the value of the leaves and culm in grasses intended for the scythe, and the loss, as we have before observed, of leaving them for the sake of the seed when they become dry and wiry. Alter this grass, and indeed most others, are in flower, " the root leaves neither increase in number nor in size ; but a total suspension of increase appears in eiery part of the p'ant, the roots and seed-vcsseLi excepted." \Wub crpcr. xii.) 64 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Class III. •183. MYGALU'RUS. Lk Mou8k-tail. GraniinriE. S/> 0. 1118 caudatus Lk. wall gt O w Sin Ap Britain way s. S CO Eng. bot. 1412 Festuca Myurus E. B. 1119bromoides Lk. barren Dili O w a my.jn Ap Britain walls. s CO Eng. bot 1411 Festuca E. B. 1120stipoidcs Lk. fine-leaved jUl O w 1 jn.jl Ap Majorca 1793. 1817. s CO Barr. ic. t. 76. 1'.l 1121 dclicatulus Lk. delicate jUl O w ijn.jl Ap Spun s CO 1122 uniglumis Lk. single-husked JUL O w i J" Ap Britain sea co s CO Eng. bot. 1430 Fcstuca E. B. *184. BRO'MUS. W. Brome-grass. Gramincte. Sp. 19—66. 112.3 secalinus W. smooth-rye JUL O w 2 jn.au Ap England cor. fi s CO Eng. bot. 1171 1124- multirlorus JV.cn. downy-rye JUL O w 2 jn.au Ap Britain s CO Eng. bot. 1S84 1125 mollis IF. soft JUL O w 2 jn.au Ap Britain walls. s CO Eng. bot. 1078 1126 lanceolatus IK spear-leaved JUL O w 3 jn.au Ap Crimea 1798. s CO 1127 squarrosus IV. 1128 Alopeci'irus IF. corn JUL A w 3 jn.au Ap England cor. fi s CO Eng. bot 1885 Fox-tail JUL O w 2 jn.au Ap Barbary 1799. s CO Uesf. atl. I. t. 25 1129 purgans IV. 1130 i Dermis IF. purging awnless JUL JUL A A w w 1| jn.au 2* jn.au Ap Ap Canada Germany 1793. 1794. s s CO CO Host. gra. 1. t. 9 1131 aspcr IV. 1132 pratensis £. B. 1133sterilis IV. hairy wood JUL O w 4 jn.au Ap England m. s. p s CO Eng. bot. 1172 meadow JUL A w 2 jn.au Ap England cor.fi s CO Eng. bot. 920 barren JUL 0 w 2 jn.au Ap Britain rub. s CO Eng. bot. 1030 1134 arvensis E. B. field JUL A w 3 jn.au Ap Britain cor. fi s CO Eng. but. 1984 1133 erectus iv. B. upright JUL A w 3 jn.au Ap England ch. pa s CO Eng. bot. 471 1136 tectorum IK nodding JUL O) w 1 jn.au Ap Europe 1776. s CO Host. gra. 1. 1. 15 1137 altissimus Pli. tallest JUL A w 8 jn.au Ap N. Amer. 1812. s CO 1138 racemosus JP. smooth JUL O w 2 jn.au Ap England me. pa s h.l Eng. bot. 1079 1139 maximus Roth. great JUL O w 3 jn.au Ap Morocco 1804. s h.l Desf.atl. 1. t.26 1110 madritensis IV. wall JUL O w l|jn.au Ap Britain walls. s h.l Eng. bot. 1006 1141 giganteus ScAr. giant JUL A w 3 jl.au Ap Britain mea. D CO Eng. bot. 1820 Festuca E B. *185. BBACHYPO'DIUM. P.deB. Bracuypodud Graminete. Sp. 9— 25 1142ciliatum W. ciliated JUL A w 2 jn.au Ap Canada 1802. s CO 1143 syl vat icum R. SjS. wood JUL A w 2 jn.au Ap Br, tain hod. s CO Eng. bot. 729 Bromus E. B. 1144 pinnatum P. de B. spiked heath JUL A w 3 jn.au Ap Britain hea. s CO Eng. bot. 730 Bromus E. B. 1 145 distac.hyon R.SjS. two-spiked JUL A w 1 jn.au Ap S. Europe 1772. s CO Host. gra. 1. 1.20 1146tenellum IV. slender Jllil O w 5 jl.au Ap S. Europe 1781. s CO Vi.fragm.t26.f.l 1147 loliaceum R. $;S. Darnel-like JUL O w 1 jn.jl Ap Britain sea co s CO Eng. bot. 221 Triticum E. B. 1148 unioloides Lk. TJniola-like JUL O w |jl.au Ap Italy 1758. s CO Jacq. ic. 2. t. 303 1149 obtusifolium Lk. blunt-leaved JUL A w 1J jlau Ap Spain 1818. s CO 1150 unilateral R. SfS. one-sided JUL O w | jn.jl Ap S. Europe 1800. s CO 185. UNI'OLA. W. Sea-side-oat Graminete. Sp. 4—7. 1151 latifolia Ph. broad-leaved JUL A w 4 jn.jl Ap N. Amer. 1809. s CO 1152 paniculata Ph. panicled JUL w 4 jn.jl Ap N. Amer. 1793. s CO Catcs. car. 1. 1.32 1153spicata IV. spiked JUL A w iJl Ap N. Amer. 1790. s CO 1154 distichophjlla R.S;S two-ranked JUL A w f jn.jl Ap N. Holl. 1789. s CO Lab. N. Holl. t.24 187. TRICUS'PIS. P.deB Tricuspis. Graminete. Sp. 1—3. 1155 quinquefida P. de B five-cleft JUL A ag 2 jn.jl Ap N. Amer 1820. s 111 Jac. gr. eel. 1. 16 188. DIPLACH'NE P.deB. Diplachne. Graminete. Sp. 1—2. 1156 fascicularis P. de B bundled JUL O w 2 jlau Ap N. Amer. 1823. s CO History, Use, Propagation, Culture; 183. Mygalurus. Named by I.ink, from puya\v„ a mouse, and »»«, a tail. An alteration of the previous specific name of one of the species, Festuca myurus, L. A natural genus, better distinguished by natural than by artificial characters. 184. Bromus. B;«/*o; is the name given by the Greeks to a sort of wild oat. Most of the species of this genus are ot a coarse quality, and being strictly annuals are of little value as pasture, and as hay produce no after math. Sir H. Davy found that the nutritive powers of the straws and leaves of most of the species were greatest when the plant is coining into flower ; because, like all other plants strictly annual, or which do not shoot up again trom the root the same season, when left till the seed is ripe, the leaves and straws become dried up. B. secalinus is often found among rye and wheat crops ; the seeds when ground among the flour are said to impart a bitter taste to bread, and to have similar narcotic qualities as Lolium temulentum. In Scania, the panicles are used to dye green; and there, as formerly in Britain, rye was supposed to degenerate into this grass 1 he seeds of 15. mollis are said to bring on giddiness in the human species and quadrupeds, and to be tafcj lo poultry. Ii. aspcr is the tallest of British grasses ; it has had many names, but is distinguished from all OltDER II. TR1ANDRIA DIGYNIA. 65 1118 Panicle one-sided nodding elongated, Florets rough at end, Leaves setaceous keeled very short 1119 Panicle one-sided erect, Florets rough at the end, Leaves setaceous shorter than their sheath 1120 Panicle nearly erect, Flower-stalks ensiform dilated 1121 Panicle one-sided spiked lanceolate, Spikelets spreading 5-flowered, leaves linear setaceous 11£2 Panicle one-sided erect nearly simple, Florets subulate compressed, One glume very short 1123 Panicle in seed nodding at end, Spikelets ovate oblong compressed naked. Florets at last distinct, Beard wavy shorter than glume, Leaves nearly smooth 1124 Pan. nodding at end, Spikelets lane, eompr. naked, Beard straight longer than glume, Leaves villous 1123 Pan. erect contr. Spikelets oblong ovate roundisli pubes. Outer pales bifid, Beard straight, Leaves soft 1126 Pan. nearly erect, Spikelet lane, soinew. compr. Flor. closely imbr smooth, Beard straight afterwards sprdg. 1127 Pan. lax nodd at end, Spikel. lane, somewhat eompr. Florets closely imbr. Beard at length very much sprdg. 1128 Panicle close erect, Spikelets oblong pubescent 12-15-flow. nearly sessile, Beards below spirally twisted 1129 Pan. nodd. Spikelets lane, slender, Florets bearded hairy, Beards straight, Leaves smooth, Sheaths hairy 1130 Pan. erect, Spikes lin. slenderish naked, Florets imbr. nearly beardless, Leaves smoothish, Hoot creeping 1131 Pan nodd. one-sided, Spikel. lin. lane, compr. pubesc. Beard straight shorter than glume, Leaves vill. rough 1132 Panicle spreading branching, Spikelets ovate turgid 10-flowered, Florets elliptical 3-nerved on each side 1133 Pan. spreading nodding at end, Spikelets rough lin. lane. Beard straight longer than glume, Leaves pubesc. 1134 Pan. at length nodding, Spikelets lane, compr. naked, Beards straight as long as glume, Leaves villous 1135 Pan. erect, Spikel. lin. lane, compr. Florets imbr. Beard shorter than glume, Leaves tufted very narrow eil. 1136 Pan. nodding at end, Spikelets compressed andleaves pubescent, Beard straight about length of glume 1137 Pan. nodd. Spikelets oblong 6-fl. pubesc. Outer glume with a short beard, Leaves sheaths anil stem smooth 11.38 Pan. erect, Spik. obi. ov. compr. nak. Flor. imbr. Outer pal. undiv. Beard straight as long as glume, Lvs. pub, 1139 Leaves villous, Panicle spreading erect, Beards long straight, R.u his pubescent 1140 Pan. erect, Spikel. rough lin. lane. Flor. diandr. Beards straight about length of glume, Lvs. nearly smooth 1141 Pan. nodd. at end one-sided, Spikel. lane, compr. naked, Florets imbr. Beard flexuose longer than glume 1142 Panicle loose capillary pendulous, Spikelets 6-fl. compr. Outer palea with a short beard villous at edge 1143 Raceme spiked distich, simple somew. nodd. Spikel. rem. erect, Upper beards longer than glume, Root fiur. 1144 Spike sim. distich, erect, Spikel. altern. pub. bearded, Beard shorter than its valve, Lvs. pub. Root creeping 114:) Spikes in pairs terminal oblong, Florets lanceolate distichous bearded, Culm 2-knotted smooth equal 114(> Spikelets many-flowered 5-9-flowered beardless, Glumes and pales obtuse, Leaves setaceous 1147 Glume many-fl. Spike simple compressed, Spikelets ovate unilateral, Glumes 3-nerved, Florets beardless 1148 Spike distichous compressed, Spikelets lanceolate oblong sessile 1149 Stem branching creeping rough, Leaves convol. obtuse rigid smooth, Alternate spikel. bearded smooth 1150 Glumes one-sided alternate beardless 1151 Panicle lax, Spikelets ovate with long st3lks, Glumes 3-valved, Florets 1-androus, Keel puhe9cent 1152 Panicle long, Spikelets subsessile. Glume many-valved, Florets 3-androus, Keel smooth, Leaves convol. 1153 Nearly spiked, Leaves involute rigid 1154 Raceme spiked branching erect, Spikelets 5-9-flowered beardless smooth, Leaves involute subulate 1155 Panicle large, Stem firm, Spikelets lanceolate 6-8-flowcred, Leaves and stein smooth 1156 Panicle erect contracted oblong, Branches chiefly simple numerous setaceous, Spikelets appressed oblong slender S-10-flowered, leaves very long smooth and Miscellaneous Part/attars. others by the hairyness of its stalks. It is found in copscwood in clayey moist soils. Bromus gigantcus partly resembles it. 185. Bracliypodium. From P£a.xvs, short, and tv(, a foot, in allusion to the short stalks of the spikelets. An artificial genus, made up of various species of Bromus, F'cstuca, and Triticum of former writers. 186. Uniola. Named by Linnaeus, on account of the union of the glumes. A fine N. American genus, re- sembling a gigantic Bromus or Festuca. It is chiefly found upon the sands of the sea.coast. 187. Tricus/iis. A word signifying three points, in allusion to the structure of its flower. This grass is called Red-top in the southern states of N. America. Pursh says, "a most excellent grass. I have seen mountain meadows in Pennsylvania where they mow this grass tiviee a-year, producing most excellent crops each time without manure or any other trouble than the mowing, lasting for the space of sixteen vcars without the 'east decline in the crops, trie soil at the same time being a very indifferent one." 188. Diplackne. Air>.o;, divided, a^vv;, chart: TheOuUCT palea IS divided at the end ..ml bearded between the divisions. , . 66 TRIANDIIIA DIGYNIA. Class III. 189. CEHATOCHLO'A. P de B. Horx-<;»ass. 1157 unioloides P.deB. large-spiked Jilt O w 190. SCHIS'MUS. P.deB. Sciusuus. 1158 marginatum P.deB. margined Jilt O w 191. TRIO'DIA. H. Br. Thiodia. 1159 dec iimbens B.Br, decumbent Jilt A w 192. BECKMAN'NIA. Host. Beckmannia. llfiOeruciEformis W. en. linear-spiked Jilt O w 193. ME'LICA. IV. llfilciliata W. 1162 Bauhini IV.cn. 1183 nutans W. 1164uniflora W. 1165 pyramidalis P. S. 1166 glabra Ph. 1167 altissima W. 194. MOLI'NIA. P.iUB. 1168 ca?rulea P.deB. Melica E. B. 195. BRl'ZA. IV. 1169 minor tV. 1170 virens IV. 1171 media IV. 1172 maxima IV. *196. VO>\. W. Jl 173 aquatica W. 1174 alpina IV. 1175 flexuosa E. B. 1176 laxa IV. 1177 ca/sia E. B. 1178 vlvipara IV. en. 1179 trivialis W. 1180 pratensis IV. /3 angustifolia W. 1181 huinilis E.B. 1182 annua IV. 1183badensis W. 1184sudetica W. 1185cenisia IV. en. 1186flava W. 1187 serotina W. en. Mei.ic-urass. ciliated Italian muuntain wood pyramidal smooth tallest MoLlNIA. purple GraminctF. Hjl Ap Graminece. i jn.jl Ap Graminete. 1 jl.au Ap GrammecE. 2 jl Ap Graminece. Jl A "f jut A w jilt A or jut A w jut A w jut A w Jilt A or jut A w 3 jl 2 jn.jl 1* jn.jl H my.jn 3 jn.jl 3 jn.jl 4 jl.au Graminece. 1 au Ap Sp. 1—2. N. Amer. Sp. 1. Spain Sp. 1—10. Britain Sp.l. Europe Sd. 7—24. Europe Italy Britain Britain 1788. S co Hort ber. 1. 1 3 1781. S co Lam. ill. t.46. f.l ... S co Eng. l-ot. 792 1773. S co Host gra. 3. t.6 1771. S 1806. S moun. S groves. S Barbary 1804. N. Amer. 1812. Siberia 1770. Sp.l. Britain s.l Host. gra. 2. 1. 12 co Host. gra. 4. t.23 s.l Eng. bot. 1059 m.s Eng. bot. 1058 co Barr. ic. t. 96. f.l co Mor. h.3. t.7. f.51 co Host. gra. 2. t. 9 bogs. S p. m Eng. bot. 750 Qi'aki\i;-c;rass. small Jilt O or green Jilt O or common Jilt A or greatest Jilt O or MliADOW-CRASS. Graminece. \ jl.au Ap 1J jl.au Ap 1J my.jn Ap I| jn.jl Ap Graminece. water Alpine zigzag loose-spiked sea-green viviparous common" * A w jilt A w jilt A w jut A w jut A w jilt A w A ag smooth-stalked Jilt A ag ntirrom-leaveti Jlfc A ag short-blueish annual turfy broad-leaved soft pale-yellow late- flowering A jilt O w jilt A w jilt A w jut A w jut A w jut A vv A ag 1188 festuca?f6rmis/l'. en. l'estuca-like 1189 abyssinica IV. smooth-upright lilt O w 1130 capillaris IV. hair-panicled jilt O w 1191 Molineri Balb. dwarf-glaucous jilt A w 6 jl i j»jl i jn.jl f jn.jl 1 jn.jl $ jn-jl 2 jn.au 1J my.jn 2 jn.au J my.jn J mr.o i'fi 3 jl.au IJI.au U j'.au 2 ji.s 2 jl.s 1| au.o 1$ o.n 1 jn.jl Sp. 4—9. England cor.fi. Spain 1800. Britain pas. S. Europe 1633. Sp. 34—142. Britain dit. Scotland scalp. Scotland sc. alji. Germany 1800. Scotland sc.mo. Switzcrl. 1800. Britain me.|>a. Britain me. pa. Germany Britain me. |ia. Britain pas. Baden 1800. Germany 1802 Mt. Cenis 1791. N. Amer. 1801. Germany 1800. Dalmatia 1800. Abyssinia 1775. N. Amer. 1781. Italy 1807 S m.s S s.l S h.l S co S s.l S co S h.l S s.l S co S s.l S co S co S co S co S co S co Eng. bot. 1316 Hay.trm.t.25.f.6 Eng. bot. 340 Host. gra. 2. t.30 Eng. bot. 1315 Eng. bot. 1003 Eng. bot. U?.;} Host. gra. 3. 1. 1 Eng. bot. 1719 Fl. dan. t. 807 Eng. bot. 1072 Eng. bot. 1073 Leers, t. 6. f. 3 Eng. bot. 1001 Eng. bot. 1141 Host. gra. 2. t.66 Host. gra. 3. 1. 13 Host. gra. 3. 1. 16 Lers. her. t.6. f.4 Host. gra. 3. 1. 17 Jac. ic. 1. 1. 17 Mor. h.3. t.6. f.;J3 BaL mis. t. 5. f. 1 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 189. Ceratoe' loa. The seed having three little horns, the name has been contrived in reference to that cir- cumstance : x'.^as, a horn, and £Ao»i, grass. 190. Sckismus. From c-x.nr/M:, a cleft. The outer palea is emarginate or cleft. 191. Triodia. T%us, three, dhous, teeth, on account of the three teeth of the palea. 192. Beckmannia. In honor of M. Beckmann, the celebrated author of the History of Inventions, and of a Lexicon Botanicum, published in 1801, besides other works. 193. Melica. A name applied in Italy to the Holcus sorghum, L., the pith of which is like met, honey. M. ciiiata and nutans are curious grasses, deserving a place in botanic parterres. 194. Mo/inia. In honor of Giovanni Ignatio Molina, who wrote an account of the plants of Chili, published in 1782. Of M. ca^rulea, the fishermen of the isle of Sky make ropes for their nets, which they find will bear the water well without rotting. None of the species are cultivated. 195. Briza. From ,3§..^a>, to balance, the spikelets being continually in a state of balance or suspension in the air. This is an ornamental or curious genus, of little value in agriculture. The perennial species indicate a poor soil, and are bitter in taste. B. maxima is sometimes sown as a border annual. 196. Poa. Hoi) is the Greek name of herb. This genus affords several valuable pasture, and some good hay grasses. P. aquatica is one of the tallest of British grasses, with a powerful creeping root, a native of most parts of Europe, and very common in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire, where it not only affords rich pasturage in summer, but forms the chief winter's fodder. It is sometimes cut thrice in one season. It grows not only in very moist ground, but in deep water ; and with cat's tail, burr-reed, &c. soon fills up ditches, and occasions them to require frequent cleansing. In this respect it is a formidable plant even in slow rivers. In the isle of Ely they cleanse these by an instrument called a bear, which is an iron roller with a number of pieces of iron like small spades fixed in it ; this is drawn up and down the river by horses walking along the bank, Order II. TKIANDR1A DIGYNIA. 67 1157 Panicle nodding spreading, Spikelets compressed 6-8-flowcred, Sheaths of leaves bearded at end 1158 Panicle contracted, Spikelets linear, Glume longer than florets, Leaves bearded at ba»e 1159 Panicle nearly simple contracted few-flowered, Spikelets oblong ovate 3-4-flow. Glume as long as florets 1160 The only species 1161 Outer paleie of lower floret fringed, Panicle subspicate equal, Spikelets erect at length spreading 1164 Branches of panicle erect or spreading, Spikelets 3-flowered, Outer glume of lower floret hairy at edge 1163 Li<;ula nearly none, Panicle almost simple, Spikelets nodding beardless, Glumes obtuse 1164 Paleas beardless, Panicle branching one-sided, Spikelets ovate erect 2-flowcred one imperfect 1165 Ligula half-linear, Panicle branching, Spikelets nodding smooth, Glumes acute 1166 Panicle lax few-flowered, Branchlcts simple, Mowers obtuse naked, Stem erect smooth 1167 Paleffi smooth, Panicle spiked branching, Spikelets 3-flowered third flower imperfect 1168 A small purplish grass common on moors with a very narrow smooth spikelike panicle 1169 Panicle erect, Spikelet 3-angular 5-7-flowered, Glume larger than florets 1170 Spikelets ovate, Glume equal to florets, Upper leaf involute 1171 Panicle erect, Spikelets finally cordate, about 7-flowered, Glume less than florets 1172 Panicle nodding at end, Spikelets oblong cordate 13- 17- flowered 1173 Pan. equal erect diffuse much branched, Spikel. lin. 5-y-fl. Florets obtuse smooth 7-nerved, Root creeping 1174 Panicle diffuse, Spikelets ovate 5-fl. Ligule of the stem-leaves lanceolate acute, of the rest obtuse 1175 Panicle zigzag, Spikelets 3-flowered, Glumes ovate villous at base, Ligules lanceolate 1176 Panicle contracted erect or nodding, Leaves and stems lax, Ligule oblong 1177 Panicle diffuse, Spikelets ovate 5-rlowered, Glumes lanceolate rather silky loose, Ligules very short 1178 Panicle equal diffuse, Spikelets ovate 2-4-flowered at length viviparous 1179 Pan. equal diffuse, Spik. obi. ov. about 3-fl. Flor. vill. at base 5-nerved, Stem and sheaths rough ish, Lig. obi. 1180 Panicle diffuse, Boot creeping, Upper leaves much shorter than their sheaths, Ligule short truncated 0 Panicle divaricating, Radical leaves very narrow and long 1181 Panicle diffuse, Spikelets ovate about 3-Howered, Glumes acute villous at base, Ligule very short obtuse 1182 Panicle one-sided divaricating, Spikelets oblong ovate 5-7-flowered, Stem subcompressed 1183 Panicle spreading, Spikelets ovate compressed acute, Outer palea; pubescent at back 1184 Panicle equal diffuse, Spikel. ovate lane. 3-fl. Flor. few, Sheaths loose 2-edgcd, Ligule short, Root creep. 1185 Panicle diffuse nodding, Spikelets oblong 5-7-fl. Florets villous at base, Ligule short 11X6 Panicle diffuse, Spikelets ovate oblong shining 1187 Panicle equal diffuse narrowed one-sided spreading when in seed, Coot nodose 1188 Pan. equal sprdg. Spikel. lane. 9-fl. Flor. vill. at base obtuse 5-nerved, Lvs. rough, Ligule obi. Root creep. 1189 Pan. equal capill. lax erect sprdg. Spikel. 4-5-rl. smooth lin lane. Lvs. smooth convol. at end, Stem procumb. 1190 Panicle lax much spreading capillary, Leaves hairy, Stem much branching 1191 Panicle contracted, Spikelets 7-9-fl. cordate lanceolate shining, Glumes green lax and Miscellaneous Particulars. and tears up the plants by the roots, which float, and are carried down the stieam. (Curtis.) W. Salisbury says, " it is highly ornamental, and might be introduced into ponds for the same purposes as Arundo pti rag- mites, or planted with Festuca elatior, Poa sudetica, and Phalaris arundinacea in pits and wator-holding exca- vations, where it would be useful as fodder, and form excellent shelter for game." {Bot. Comp. ii. 11.) P. alpina, in common with many alpine grasses which live almost constantly in a moist vapour, is frequently viviparous. Linna?us says, it is the rudiment of the germen which grows and forms the young plant ; Sir J. E Smith, that the glumes change into leaves, and at length the fiuctification into a bud. P. trivialis Curtis considers one of our best meadow and pasture grasses, especially for moist soils and shel- tered situations ; on dry exposed situations it is not productive, and, as Sinclair observes, dies off in the space of four or five years. Contrary to what is the case in almost all other grasses, the hay of this species is of most value cut when the seed is ripe. It and P. annua are almost the only grasses that will thrire in grass plats in towns and small confined situations. P. angustifolia is a valuable grass for permanent pasture, being of rapid and early growth ; but the stalks and leaves being subject to the rust, it is obviously unfit for hay. P. pratensis assumes a beautiful verdure very early in spring ; but as it sends up flower-stalks onlv once in a season, it is less adapted for hay than for early and permanent pasture. Cultivated by itself, it becomes so much matted by its creeping roots as to be unpro- ductive, unless on water meadows, for which it is one of the best of grasses. P. annua is a diminutive plant, the most common in all temperate climates, and perhaps in the world. P. sudetica is a tall aquatic. P. glauca is ornamental from its glaucous hue. P. maritima Sir H. Dary found to be one of the best grasses for producing latter-math. P. fcrtilis (P. serotina) ranks as one of the most valuable of grasses. According to the \Yoburn experiments it produces the greatest abundance of early foliage next to P. angustifolia. It prefers a clayey coil, aud flowers late. V 2 68 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Class III. 1192sterili» M.S. barren jit a w 1 jr..jl Ap Tauria 1821. S CO 1193 angustata II. Br. narrow-spiked Jllli a w iia.f Ap Melv. Isld. 1823. ,. 1817. Britain sal. m s s s CO 1194tenax Lk. §1195 maritima W. 1196 compressa W. 1197 glauca E. B. 1198 nemoralis W. tough sea a A * juii A w 2 jl.au 1 jojl Ap Ap CO m.s Eng. bot 1140 flat-stalked M O vi 1 jn.au Ap Britain walls. s s.l Eng. bot 365 glaucous Mt A VI jn.au Ap Britain moun s s.l Eng. bot 1720 wood Mi A W 2 jn Ap Britain woods . s h.l Eng. bot 1265 1199 amboinensis IV. upright Mi A w 1 jojl Ap E Indies 1800. s CO Rumph.6.t.7.f.3 1200bulbosa W. bulbous Jit A w 1 jl Ap England pas. s hi Eng. bot 1071 J1201 distans IV. 1202 retroflexa E. B. distant Mi A w 14 jLau 1 jlau Ap Britain pas. s h.l Eng. bot. 986 reflexed ill, A w Ap Britain pas. s CO Eng. bot 1532 1203 iegyptiaca IV. en 1204 peruviana W. 1205 nervata IV. Egyptian Mi O W li jLau Ap Egypt 1812. s CO Peruvian jiib O w 4 jl.au 1| jl.au Ap Peru 1802. s co Jac ic. 1. 1 18 nerved Mi A w Ap N. Amer. 1812. s CO 1206 digitata R. Br. fingered Mi O VI 11 jl.au Ap N. S. W. 1800. s CO 197. ERAGROSTIS. P. de B. Live-grass. Graminece. Sp. 3—10. 1207pil6sa P.deB. 1208 tenella P. de B. pilose M O vi ljjl.au Ap Italy 1804. s CO Host. gra. 2. t.68 small Ji^ilw 1 jl.au Ap E Indies 1781. s CO Bur.zey. t.47.f.3 1209 purpurascens Spr. purple Mi O W 14. jl.au Ap s CO 198. MEGASTA'CHYA . P de B. Megastachya. Gramineie. Sp. 5—29. 1210 Eragrostis P. de B. 1211 amabilis P.deB Love-grass jllli O or 2 jl Ap Italy 1699. s CO Host. gra. 2. 1 69 purple Jli O °r 1 jl Ap E. Indies 1802. s CO Lam. ill. t.45. f.2 1212 rigida P. de B. Poa E. B. 1213 elongata P. de B. hard Jit O w Jjn.jl Ap England san.pl s s.l Eng. bot 1371 long-panicled Jit E3 w 2 jl.au Ap E Indies 1812. s s.l Jac. eel. gra. 1 3 1214 ciliaris P. de B. ciliated Jit O w 1| jl.au Ap Jamaica 1776. s s.l Jacq. ic.2. 1 304 199. SCLEROCHLO'A. P.deB. Hari -GRASS. Graminece. Sp.3. 1215 divaricata P. dc B. divaricate Jit O w i j'-au Ap S. Europe 1802. s CO Gou.ill.4.t2.f.l 1216 procumbens P. de B procumbent Jit C w 2 jl.au Ap Britain sea co. s h.s Eng. bot. 532 Poa E. B. 1217 dura P. de B. coarse It O w Jjnjl Ap Europe 1822. s CO Host. gra. 2. t.73 200. ELEUSI'NE R.Br. Eleusine. Grami nece. Sp. 2—4. 1218 coracana P. S. thick-spiked Jit O w 4 jl.s Ap India 1714. s CO Schrb.gra.2. t.35 1219 indica P. S. Indian Jit O w 2 jl.s Ap India 1714. s CO Rheede. 12. t. 69 201. DACTYLOCTE'NIUM. P.deB. Dactylocteniom. Graminece. Sp. 1 — 2. 1220 aegyptiacum P. de B creeping *t O w l|jl.s Ap Egypt 1770. s CO 202. LEPTOCHLO'A. P. deB. Leptochloa. Graminece. Sp.i—5. 1221 virgata P. de B. slender-spiked Jit E3 w 3 jl.au Ap W. Indies 1727. s CO Sloane.l. t.70. f.2 1222 tenerrima R.&S. 1223 domingensis Lk. very-slender jiib o w HJn Ap China 1820. s CO close-spiked Jit A vi 3 jn Ap W. Indies 1820. s CO Jacq. ic. t. 22 1224 filiformis P. deB. Chinese Mi O vi 2 jl.au Ap China 1820. s CO Jacq. eel. gra. t.4 Poa chinensis 203. CY'NODON P. S. Cynodon. Gramineie. Sp. 2—10. 1225 Dactylon P S. creeping tAw 1 jl Ap England s CO Eng. bot 850 1226 linearis W. en. linear-leaved jit(Z3 w s jlau Ap E Indies 1796. s CO •204. DINE'BRA. P.deB. Dinebra. Graminece. Sp. 2—5. 1227 arabica Jacq. §1228 Lima P.deB. reflexed Jit O w i jnjl Ap E Indies 1804. s CO Jac.frag.tl21.f.l imbricated Jit O w 1 jl.au Ap Spain 1776. s CO Cav. ic. 1. 1 91 205. ECHINA'RIA. Dc sv. Echinaria. Gramineie. Sp.l. 1229 capitata Desv. headed Jill O w J my.au Ap S. Europe 1771. s CO Host. gra. a 1 8 ♦206. TRITICUM. W. Wheat. Graminece. Sp. 16—28. 1230 grass). A genus of hard worthless grasses. 200. Eleusine. Eleusis was one of the appellations of Ceres, the goddess of grasses E. coracana, according to Thunberg, is cultivated in Japan for its edible seeds. Order II. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. U9 1 192 Pan. attenuated, Branches very short, Spikel. 3-fl. acute smooth, Leaves short, of the stem distich, sprdg. 1193 Pan. simple contracted linear lanceolate, Spikelets 4-5-fl. Lower glume shortest, Palea; eroded at end 1194 Lvs. flatstriat. rough, Lig. short, Branches of pan. quite sim. Spik. obi. with distant flor. Pal. acute smooth 1195 Pan. branching contr. Spikelets about 5-flow. Spikel. obtivse slenderish obsoletely 5-nerved, Root creeping 1196 Pan. one-sided diffuse, Spikel. obi. ovate 5-7-fl. Florets villous at base, Stem oblique compr. Boot creeping 1197 Pan. attenuate erect, Spikelets ovate 3-flowered, Palea; retuse villous at base, Stipule very short 1198 Ligules nearly none, Leaves plaited at base broader and longer than sheath, Panicle elong. Palea? nerved 1199 Panicle contracted one-sided, Stem round 1200 Panicle equal diffb.se, Spikelets ovate 4-5-fl. Florets villous at base, Stem and bundles of leaves bulbous 1201 Pan. equal at length divar. Branches in seed bent down, Spikel. linear about 5-fl. Florets smooth obtuse 1202 Same as Poa distans 1203 Pan. equal diffuse, Spikel. lin. 9-15-fl. Florets smooth, Liguletrunc. ciliated, Stem much branched ascend. 1204 Pan. spiked, Spikel. 5-fl. ovate, Flor. smooth acute, Inner pales cil. at back, Stem procumb. and lvs. hairy 1205 Pan. equal diffuse, Spikelets ovate 5-fl. Florets smooth 7-nerved obtuse, Stem furr. ang. Root somew. creep. 1206 Spikes fingered numerous, Spikelets imbricated 7-flow. Outer glume obtuse 3-nerved rather silky at base 1207 Pan. equal, in fl. contr. in seed diffuse, Low. bran, at base and rami, hairy, Sp. lin. 7-9-fl. Flor. sharpish smth. 1208 Panicle oblong capillary whorled, Florets 6-flowered very minute nodding 1209 Panicle erect, Flower-stalks stiff", Leaves smooth about the mouth of the sheaths 1210 Panicle equal spreading, Lower branches at base and ramifications hairy, Spikelets 15-25-flowered 1211 Panicle spreading, Spikelets 18-flowered linear 1212 Pan. distichous one-sided contr. hard, Spikelets linear acute 5-11-fl. Florets smooth obsoletely 5-nerved 1213 Pan. elong. Branc. sprdg. distant abbrev. Spik. lin. 7-11-fl. close press. Flor. smooth acute 3-uerv. Lvs. glauc. 1214 Panicle closely spiked, Spikelets ovate oblong 6-10-flowered, Florets smooth acute, Inner pales fringed 1215 Panicle divaricating, Flower-stalks thickened, Spikelets 4-flowered, Leaves filiform 1216 Panicle lanceolate contracted one-sided rough, Rachis round, Florets obtuse nerved 1217 Panicle one-sided broad contracted stiff", Spikelets lanceolate obtuse 3-5-flowered 1218 Spikes about 7 digitate at length incurv. Rachis membranac. Stem compr. erect, Leaves close together 1219 Spikes digitate erect 5-9 on a linear rachis, Stem compressed declining branching at bottom 1220 Spikes fingered 4-5 obtuse much spreading mucronate, Stem ascending, Leaves opposite 1221 Panicle with simple branches, Flowers sessile 6-flowered, the last sterile, lower bearded 1222 Spike alternate very slender, Spikel. distich, beardless, Leaves rather hairy, Sheaths compressed smooth 122.3 Pan. branched fringed, Branches simple, Spikelets 5-fl. subsess. Florets all bearded {Rhabdochloa. P.) 1224 Panicle much branched contracted, Branches simple filiform, Spikelets alternate 2-4-flowered beardless 1225 Stolones creeping, Glume much spreading rough, Leaves fringed at edge 1226 All over hoary, Spikes digitate 4, Glume erect, Leaves naked rough at edge 1227 Spikes altem. 1-sided panicled, Glumes equal, Spik. 2-fl. Flor. stalked beardl. herm. Stems prost, Lvs nut 1228 Spike one-sided simple, Spikelets many-flowered 1229 The only species 1230 Spike paral. compr. bearded, Glumes gibbous bearded trunc. at base contr. with a nerve runn. thinner upw. 1231 Spike par. compr. nearly beardl. Glumes gibb. trunc. mucron. at base contr. with a nerve runn. thinner upw! 1220 and Miscellaneous Particulars. 201. Dactt/loctenium. The spikes are digitate, or disposed like one's fingers (iaxrvAo;, a finger). 202. Leptochloa. From Ash-to?, slender, and xAeij, grass, on account of its heads. 203. Cynodon. K-jw, x-jyo;, a dog, and ohm, a tooth ; wherefore we know not. Cynodon linearis, the Agros- lis linearis of Kimig., is the famous durva grass of the Hindoos, for which, see Lambert in the Linn, trans, vii. No. 22. 204. Dinelra. Its Arabic name. 205. Echinaria ; lxi">s, a hedge-hog : the prickly round heads may be fancied to resemble little hedge- hogs. 206. Triticum. According to Varro, was so named from its grain being originally worn down (tritum in making it eatable. This is by far the most important genus of the Graminea;, as including the wheats, the flour of which is universally allowed to make the best bread in the world. For what is man upon rice or po- tatoes ? F 3 70 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Class III. 1232 compos'.tum W. 1233turgidum IV. 1234 polonicum W. 1235 Spelta W. 12.36 monoeoccum IV. 1237 squarrosum Both. §1238junceura W. §1259 repens W. §1240 caninum E. B. 1241 rigidum IV. en. §1242 cristatum Schr. 1243 Zea Host. 1244 villosum P.deB. §1245 elongatum Host. 207. LO'LIUM. W. 1245 perenne W. 1247 tenue IV. 1248 temulentum W. 1249 arvense E. B. Egyptian turgid Polish Spelt one- grained Porcupine rushy Couch-grass bearded rigid crested maize-like villous long-spiked Darnel. Rye-grass slender bearded beardless jlU, O Jilt O JUL o M O * O M Q Jilt A Jill, A jUl ^ Mi A M & Jilt O Jin O Jilt A M A Jin A Jin O Jin O 3 jn.jl 3 jn.jl 4 jn.jl 3 jn.jl 3 jn.jl 1 jn.jl 1* jn.jl 2 jl.au ijl.au 1 jn.jl 1 jl.au 4 jn.jl 3 jnjl 5 jn.jl Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Gramineir. 3 ray.jn Ap 3 jl.au Ap 4 jl.au Ap 4 jl Ap Egypt 1799. S ".'...'. 1692. S S 1648. S Egypt 1800. S England sea. sh. S Britain rub. S Britain ch. wo. S Germany 1805. S Britain hed. S Austria 1815. S & Europe 1790. S Germany 1805. S Sp. 4—10. Britain me. pa. S S. Europe 1590. S Britain cor. fi. S England cor. fi. S 1236 r.m Mor. h. 3. t.l. f7 r.m Host. gra. 3. t.28 r.m Host. gra. 3. t. il r.m Host. gra. 3. t->0 r.m Host gra. 3. t.32 co Host. gra. 3. t.32 co Eng. bot. 814 m s Eng. bot. 909 s.l Eng. bot. 1372 co Host. gra. 2. t.22 co Eng bot. 2267 r.m Host. gra. 3. t.2« co FI. gra;c. 1. t. 97 co Host. gra. 2. t.23 co Eng. bot. 315 co co Eng. bot. 1124 co Eng. bot. 1125 ,1238 1234 ,W History, Use, Propagation, Culture, T. a?stivum, and the five following sorts, are most probably variations of the same species. It is certain that winter-wheat sown in spring will ripen the following summer, though the produce of succeeding generations of spring-sown wheat is found to ripen better. White, red, awned, and beardless wheat change and run into each other on different soils and in different climates ; and even the Egyptian wheat is known to change in this country to the single-spiked common plant. There is a sort of summer-wheat apparently a distinct species from those which have been mentioned ; the agricultural treatment of which, as well as the general appearance, is similar to that of barley. The straw is short and soft, the ears awned, small, and easily threshed, and the grain may be sown in May and reaped in August or September. It is very subject to the black disease, and though it has been tried in a number of places has never come into general cultivation. A variety from India, called " hill-wheat," and another from the Cape of Good Hope, have also been tried with no better results. But the hill-wheat, and, we believe, the hill-barley, also, of the northern provinces of India has been cultivated with suc- cess in Germany, under the direction of the Archduke John of Austria. T. monococcum grown in Switzerland, is of similar appearance. T. spelta appears a distinct species, and more hardy than common wheat ; it has a stout straw almost solid, with strong spikes and chaff adhering firmly to the grain. The grain is light, yields but little flour, and makes but indifferent bread. It is grown in Switzerland in elevated situations, where common wheat would not ripen : also in Bavaria and other parts of Germany. It is sown in spring, and ripens in July and August. Of the common wheat there are many varieties, but the most permanent are the red and white grained, and the spring-wheat, which is generally red. The Hertfordshire reds anil whites, woolly eared, awned, and nearly fifty other names are merely sub-varieties of the red and white. Wheat answers best when treated as a bien- nial, though it does not remain above one year in the ground. Provided the soil be well prepared and dry, and the grain sown in time, the plants do not suffer from the greatest cold of our climate, or even that of Rus- sia. In the latter country, and in the northern counties of Britain, the fields are covered with snow, which re- taining a temperature of from 30 to 32 degrees, the plants are found to vegetate and establish their roots firmly in the soil. The snow is not thawed off till the weather is decidedly warm in spring, when the plants make rapid progress, apparently more so than in warmer climates. Wheat, like all culmiferous plants, may be said to have two distinct sets of roots ; the seminal or tap-root, and the coronal or surface-root, the former proceed- ing from the embryo, and the latter from the first joint of the stem. The former seem intended to nourish the plant vhile young, to fix it to the soil, and to penetrate into the sub-soil for water ; the latter to search along the surface among the lighter materials of the soil for nutritive particles. There is in the Banksian museum, a stalk of wheat of ordinary length with a tap-root six feet long, which had penetrated into a sub- soil of limestone brush, and was taken up in digging a drain. It grew on the estate of J. Fane, Fsq. at Worm- ley in Oxfordshire, in 1818. M. Sageret, a scientific French agriculturist, found that when wheat or any of the other grains were etiolated immediately after germination, by growing too rapidly or being sown too thick, the first joint from which the coronal or surface roots proceed is raised above the ground, and in consequence either throws out no roots at all, or so few as to nourish it imperfectly, in which cases it either dies before it comet into flower, or before the grains are matured. This accurate statement of what takes place, is well calculated to show the bad effects of sowing winter-wheats too early, or spring-corn too late, and grasses in general too thick. Animal substances, and especially bones and urine, are the best manures for wheat, as containing much gluten, a substance found in a greater proportion in that grain than any other. Next to animal manures lime is important, as tending to the same effect by chemical combinations. Wheat is almost every where culti- vated, both in the temperate and torrid zone, to the 45th degree of north latitude, and the height of 20(H) feet above the level of the sea in southern latitudes. The insects and diseases which attack wheat are various. The grubs of chaffers and beetles, as well as the wire-worm (the larva of different species of Tipula), attack the roots ; the wheat-fly (Tipula tritici) the ears ; the smut or black the grains ; and the mildew, rust, or blight, different names for the same disease, the whole plant. The mildew Sir J. Banks determined to he produced by the growth of a minute fungus on the straws and chaff of the plant, and Dr. Cartwright (Phil. Mag. Oct. 1820.) ascertained it might be destroyed by water- ing with salt and water. The smut converts the farinaceous part of the grain into a black powder, and is sup- posed to be prevented or lessened by steeping the grain previously to sowing in any strong saline mixture. It Order II. TItlANDKIA DIGYNIA. 71 1232 1233 ISM 1235 1SS6 1237 1238 1239 12-40 1241 1242 1243 1244 12*5 Spike Compound at the base, Spikelets 3-flowered ventricose imbricated, Terminal floret beardless aetata Spikeleta 4-llowcrcd ventricose pubescent imbricated bearded, Terminal floret barren, Glumes obtuse Spikelets kflowered ventricose rnughish, Two middle florets sterile, Pales unequal outer hinged Spikelets 3-flowered ventricoae roughiab. Intermediate floret barren. Glumes ovate Spikel. 2-rl.ventr. imbr. bearded, Barren floret with a short, fertile with a very long beard, Glumes 3- toothed Spike distich Spikeleta 4-rlowered apprnxim Two middle florets sterile, Glumes lin. lane Stem ascending Glumes 9-nerved obtuse 4-5-flowered, Florets beardless, Hachis smooth, Koot creeping Root creeping white jointed proliferous Glumes shortly bearded 3-nerved 5-flowered, Florets bearded, Root fibrous Spike interrupted, Itaehis hispid, Leaves rolled in at edge, Root creeping Glumes 4-flowcred bearded, Spikes lanceolate imbricated. Stems pubescent Spikelets 4-flowcred remote, Two joints of the hairy rachis longer than the spikclet Spikeleta 3-flowered, Ribs of glumes fringed in tufts, Leaves downy Spikelets lanceolate 8-flowered beardless, Glumes truncate naked, Leaves nerved 1246 Spike beardless, Spikelets longer than glume 1247 Culm slender, Leaves narrow, Spikelets -4-flowcred 1248 Spike bearded, Spikelets less than glume, t ulm rough upwards 1240 Spike nearly beardless, Spikelets as long as calyx " 1246 and Miscellaneous Particulars. is not easy, however, to cure diseases in the vegetable kingdom, and therefore the grand objects of the mill vator ought to be to procure healthy seed, and apply judicious culture. The uses of wheat are well known. The grain yields a greater proportion of flour than every other ; for, while 141bs. of barley yield 121bs. of flour, and of oats 81bs., the same quantity of wheat yields l.ilbs. It is also more nutritive, 1000 parts of barley yielding 920, of oats 743, and wheat 955 soluble parts. Of these, the gluten of wheat is 90, of barley 60, and of oats 87. (Davy. Ag. Chem. 138.) Gluten is so essential an ingredient in bread that the pannary fermentation cannot go on without it, and hence the inferiority of that article in wet seasons, when wheat is blighted or ill ripened, and the advantage of having a stock of old grain, or of grain from the south of Europe, especially of the Mediterranean isles end coasts. Wheat starch is made from wheat, by steeping it, and afterwards beating it in hempen bags. The mucilage being thus mixed with the water produces the acetous fermentation, and the weak acid thus formed, renders the mucilage white. After settling, the precipitate is repeatedly washed, and then put in square cakes. In drying, the cakes separate into flakes as found in the shops. Starch is soluble in hot water, but not in cold ; and hence, ground down, it makes an excellent hair powder. Its constituents are carbon 43'55 ; oxygen 4968 ; hydrogen 677 = 100. The straw of wheat, from dry chalky lands, is manufactured into hats, for which purpose the middle part of the tube above the last joint is taken, and being cut into lengths of 8 or 10 inches, these pieces being split are used to form the plait. The operation of plaiting is performed by females and children, who plait it into rib- bons of from one to two inches broad, and these are afterwards sown together on blocks or moulds, beginning at the crown, in various shapes according to fancy or fashion. The best straw is produced on the chalky soil about Dunstable, where plaiting is a common occupation. Other grasses afford culms which have also been used and manufactured into much finer and expensive work that those of wheat or rye. Leghorn hats are made from the straw of a bearded variety of wheat not unlike rye. It is grown on poor sandy soils on the banks of the Arno, between Leghorn and Florence, expressly for this manufacture. It does not grow above 18 inches in length, is pulled green, and bleached like flax on the gravelly bed of the river. The straws are not 6plit as in England, which renders the plait tougher and more durable. The value of wheat-straw for thatching, litter, and other purposes, need not be mentioned. T. junceum grows in loose sand on the sea-coast, and by its tough creeping roots and numerous fibres co- operates with Carex arenaria, Elymus arenarius, and Festuca rubra, in keeping them stationary, accumulating more, and eventually rendering drifting sands fit for agricultural purposes. T. repens, couch, white couch, twitch, dog-grass, quickens, &c. is common in most parts of Europe, and even in Siberia. It is one of the worst weeds in arable lands and gardens, and in the former is only to be destroyed by fallowing or fallow crops, or laying down to grass ; and the latter by hand-picking or very deep trenching. The roots are sweet and nourishing, and are greedily eaten by horses and cattle. Sir H. Davy found them to contain nearly three times the nourishment of the stalks and leaves. 207. Lolium. Loloa is the Celtic name of this grass. L. perenne is the fuusse ivraie (see L. temulentum) of the French, from which our term ray-grass is dcr.ved, the Dauercndc Lolc/i, Ger., and Loglio vivacr, Ital This appears to be the first grass which was taken into cultivation in Europe, but when is uncertain. Gerarde, Parkinson, Plattes, and even Blythe in Cromwell's time, take no notice of it. It is first mentioned by Dr. Plott in 1677. " They have lately sown," he says "ray-grass, Gramen loliaceum, to improve cold sour clayey weeping ground unfit for saint-foin." It was first sown in the Chiltem parts of Oxfordshire, and after- wards by one Eustace at Islip in the same county. There are two varieties of this grass; the perennial, which is of shorter growth than the other, and on sound dry soils will last four or five years, and on rich soils longer; and the annual, or rather biennial, which is tall and larger in all its parts than the perennial, and after producing one bulky crop dies at the root, or, at least, sends up no latter math. After all that has been affirmed of other grasses, none appear so well adapted as the annual rye grass for producing a bulky cron of hay, with or without red clover; or better adapted than the perennial variety for sowing down with wrote .lover, to afford three or more years pasture in the rotations of what is called convertible husbandry, or the al- ternate corn and grass culture. Cock's-foot grass and woolly grass (Holcusl may afford a greater I ulk on poor toils, but arc far inferior to the ray-grass in regard to nutritive qualities. Sir H. Davy found the value which F 4 72 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Class III. 208. E'LYMUS. W. LVME-GRASS. Graminece. Sp. 16—24. 1250 arenarius JV. upright-sea tr A ag 4 ap.jn Ap Britain sea co S 8 Eng. bot. 1672 1251 geniculatus E. B. pendulous jilt a w 4 jl Ap England sea sh S s Eng. bot. 1586 1252 sabulosus JV. en. glaucous M A \v 4 jn.jl Ap Siberia 1806. S CO 1253 giganteus JV. gigantic M A nr 5 jl.au Ap Mexico 1790. S CO 12,54 sibiricus JV. Siberian * A w 6 jn.jl Ap Siberia 1758. s co Sch.gra.2,t.21.f.t 12.55 tener JV. tender jilt A w 2 jn.jl Ap Siberia 1801. s CO 1256 philadelphicus JV. Philadelphian jilt a w 4 jl.au Ap N. Amer 1790. s CO 12.ii canadensis W'. Canadian Ml A w 4 jLau Ap N. Amer. 1699. s CO Mor.h.3.t.2.f.l0 12.1/8 virglnicus JV. Virginian jm, a w 2A jn.jl Ap Virginia 1781. s CO 1259stnatus IV. striated m A w 2 jn.jl Ap N. Amer. 17SXJ. s CO 1260 villosus Ph. villous M A w 2 jn.jl Ap N. Amer 1802. s CO 1261 europa/us JV. wood jm a w 2 jn.jl Ap England woods s s.l Eng. bot. 1317 1262 crinitus ScA. long-awned M O w 1 jnjl Ap Smyrna 1806. s CO Schr. gr. t.24. f.3 126') Oaput-Medi'iss JV. Portuguese M O w 1 jn.jl Ap Portugal 1784. s CO Schr. gr. t.24. f.2 1264 ji'inceus Fisch. rush Jiu> A w 2 jnjl Ap Siberia 1806. s CO Mem. msq.l.p.45 1265 htfstrix L. Porcupine M A w 2 jnjl Ap Crimea 1770. s CO Jacq. ic 2. t. 305 209. SECA'LE. W. Rye. Graminece. Sp.2. 1266cereale JV. common jd o ag 3 jn.jl Ap Crimea s S.1 Hostgra. 2. t48 1267 orientale IF. hairy-spiked M (J) ag 3 jnjl Ap Levant 1807. s CO N.ac.ber.2.t.4.f.3 »210. HOR'DEUM. JV. Barley. Graminece. Sp. 9—12. 1268 vulgare JV. spring M O ag 3 jl Ap Sicily s r.m Host.gra.3. t.34 1269 hexastichon IF. winter M O ag 3 jl Ap ... s r.m Host. gra. 3. t. 35 1270 dlstichon JV. common Mt O ag 3 jl Ap Tartary s r.m Host. gra. 3. t.36 1271 Zeocriton W. battledore jm, o ag 2 au Ap s r.m Host. gra. 3. t.37 1272bulb6sum IV. bulbous jm, a w 3 jl Ap Italy 1770. s CO Fl. gra3C 1. t. 98 1273 murinura W. wall m o w lj ap.au Ap Britain sal. m s s.l Eng. bot. 1971 1274 pratense Roth. meadow jut a w 2 jn Ap Britain m. me s h.l En-, bot 409 1275 maritimum JV. sea jilt o w 1 jnjl Ap Britain sal. in s m.s Eng. bot 1205 1276 jubatum J7. AT. long-bearded * CD w 1 jl.au Ap N. Amer. 1782. s CO 211. MICROCHLO'A. R Br. Microchloa. Graminece. Sp. 1. 1277 setacea R. Br. setaceous jut o w iJl Ap E. Indies 1806. s CO Rox.cor. t.132 212. OPHIU'RUS. P.deB. Hard-grass. GraminetB. Sp. 3—4. 1278 incurvatus P. dr B. sea jut o w fjl Ap Britain sea co s m.s Eng. bot 760 1279 filiformis P. de B. filiform jilt a w 4 jl Ap Portugal 1800. s CO Barr. ic. 1 117X1 §1280 pannonicus P.deB. two-flowered jut o w iJl Ap Hungary 1804. s CO Host gra. 1. t.24 213. MONER'MA. P.deB. Monerma. Graminete. Sp. 2—3. 1281 monandrum P.deB. monandrous jilt o w i jl Ap Spain 1804. S CO Cav. ic. t. 39. f. 1 1282 subulatum P. de B. subulate jut o w 1 jl Ap S. Europe 1806. s .s.l Barr. ic. 1 5 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, this grass cut at the time it is coming into flower bears to that when the seed is ripe, to be as 10 to 11. Pacey's perennial ray-grass, a variety raised in Staffordshire, has long been in repute, and there has lately been a new variety raised in Bedfordshire, known as the Russel ray-grass. 208. Elymus. Linnaeus derives the name from u\u», to cover, because the leaves of his Elymus maritimus are formed into a coarse sort of fabric. The Elymus of the ancients was evidently a sort of corn. E. arenarius is a strong rough glaucous plant common on sandy shores, and like Calamagrostis arenaria and others, which have been mentioned (genus Lygeum, Stipa, Arundo), prevents, by its matted roots, the shifting of loose sand thrown up by the tides. In analyzing the soluble matter afforded by this grass, Sir H. Davy found it to contain more than one-third of its weight of sugar. It is not, however, eaten by any of our domestic ani- 209. Secale An ancient name, supposed to have been derived from seco, to cut, which word is said to have oecn formed horn the Celtic sega, a sickle. This grain, of which there is probably only one species, affords a grh"V1!u '" I 5a0 tne wneat for making bread, and is generally used for this purpose, alone or mixed with wheat throughout Germany and the north of Europe. It is hardier and earlier than wheat Like it, it will EST, ! n '? "7pr,m,g,' lmt better if treated like a winter-wheat. In Britain it is little sown. Its grain yields uio *fPai solilble matter, of which 645 are mucilage, 190 gluten, and 38 sugar. „o~J u Hor, flisttchon, m two rows. Zeocriton is derived from Zia, which is supposed to have nrohihlv s',,h X-' barlcv.: that is to say, barley resembling spelt wheat, the four first species, or, more .♦=* e^r'to,l.or sPrat barley nas short broad ears, long awns, and short coarse straw, and is not ™, I -,kn ft rlhJ „, na}«e T"1.^ ot barley »s unknown. It was cultivated by the Romans as a horse-com, of Kurnnp fh»„ hi Y' and *he gladiators were called Hordiarii from their feeding on this grain. In the south ot f.urope they have sometimes' two crops in one season ; one sown in autumn and cut in May, ami another Order II. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 73 1250 Spike erect close, Spikel. 3-fl. pubesc. Lower and upper in pairs middle in 3s rather shorter than fring. glume 1251 Spike loose erect, Spikel. 3-fl. pubesc. lower remote shorter than the smooth glumes, Leaves involute rigid 1258 Spike erect close, Spikel. 4-fl. from middle to base pubesc. shorter than smooth glume, leaves involute rigid 1253 Spike erect close, Spikel. 6-7-fl. pub. in (is upper in Js or pairs shorter than smooth glumes, Lvs. invol. rigid 1254 Spike pendulous close, Spikelets 2 together longer than the glumes 1265 Spike pendulous, Spikelets 3-flowered bearded in pairs, Leaves flat 1256 Spike pendulous spreading, Spikelets 6-flowered bearded in threes, Leaves flat 1257 Spike nodding spreading, Spikelets li-Howered bearded the lower in threes upper in pairs, Iyeaves flat 1258 Spike erect, Spikelets 3-fl. bearded smooth in pairs, (ilumes lanceol. nerved as long as spikelets, Leaves flat 125<> Sp. erect, Spt. 2-fl. beard, hispid in pairs, tils. I'm. nerv. beard, as long as spikel. Lvs. flat and sheaths smooth 12t>0 Spike erect, Spikel. 3-fl. villous bearded in threes, tilumes bearded longer than spikel. Leaves flat 12til Spike erect, Spikel. in 3s 1-2-fl. bearded rough, Glms. linear subul. bearded as long as spikel. Sheaths hairy, 1262 Spikelets 1-fl. rough, Involucres erect [Leaves flat 1263 Spikelets 2-fl. Involucres setaceous spreading 1264 Lvs. short involute curved, Spike erect rough, Spikel. in 3s 2-fl. longer than the bearded very narrow invol. 1265 Spike erect, Spikelets spreading, Involucr. none [Outer glume with a short beard 1266 Glumes and beard rough, Palese smooth toothed at the end 1267 Stem procumbent at base, Uppermost leafsheath tumid, Glumes and palea; subulate bearded 12(B All florets hermaphrodite bearded, Seeds in 4 rows, Stems erect 1269 All florets hermaphrodite bearded, Seeds in 6 rows 1270 Lateral florets male beardless hermaphrodite in 2 rows bearded 1271 Lateral florets male beardless hermaphrodite in 2 rows, Spike short, Seeds angular spreading 1272 All florets fertile in threes bearded, Involucres setaceous ciliated at base 1273 Intermediate glumes linear lanceolate ciliated outer setaceous rough 1274 Lateral florets male with a short beard, All the glumes setaceous rough 1275 All the glumes rough, Inner glume of the lateral florets semi-lanceolate the rest setaceous 1276 Beards and involucres setaceous very long 1277 The only species 1278 Spike slender subulate incurved 1279 Spike subulate somewhat compressed erect, Leaves channelled 1280 Spike subulate erect, Leaves flat 1281 Spike subulate erect, Glume minute, Florets bearded 1282 Spike subulate erect, Glume ensiforrn acuminate appressed and Miscellaneous Particulars. .own in spring and cut in autumn. In Lapland two months, and in England nine weeks elapse between the sowing and cutting of this grain. Malt is the chief purpose for which barley is cultivated in Britain, but it is also made into flour, and pot and pearl barley. In order to understand the process of malting, it may be necessary to observe, that the coty- ledons of a seed before a young plant is produced, are changed by the heat and moisture of the earth into sugar and mucilage. Malting is only an artificial mode of effecting this object, by steeping the grain in water, and fermenting it in heaps, and then arresting its progress towards forming a plant by kiln drying, in order to take advantage of the sugar in distillation for spirit, or fermentation for beer. The chemical consti- tuents of mucilage and sugar are very nearly alike : in the process of malting a part of the mucilage or starch is converted into sugar, so that the total quantity of sugar, and consequently the source of spirit, is in- creased. Of pot-barley there are two sorts, pearl and Scotch, both produced by grinding oflfthe husk, and the former variety by carrying the operation so far as to produce roundness in the kernel. It is used in soups, gruels, and medicinal drinks. Barley-flour is ground like flour, and forms a light pudding or pottage, which, spread out in thin cakes and slightly toasted, forms a breakfast bread much esteemed in some parts of Scotland. It is brought to table hot from the baking plate, and eaten with butter and honey, or cream and sugar. H. murinum, squirrel-tail-grass, is common by way-sides, and its awns or heads are so injurious to the gums of horses in the isle of Thanet, that one of the greatest recommendations of an inn is having " hay without any mixture of squirrel-grass." H. pratense resembles rye, and to this, Professor Martyn observes, the name of rye-grass belongs, and not to Lolium perenne, which is ray (from ivrayc, l-'r.) grass. 211. Microchloa. Erom fjux^os, small, -/Xar,, grass, on account of its size. 212. Ophiurus. A name constructed by Gartner from itfi;, a snake, and v^a, a tail, from a fancied resem- blance in the spikes of the genus to the tail of a viper. This is the genus Rottbijllia of English botanists : but no true species of that genus have yet been cultivated in this country. 213. Monerma. From ,iiOK><, one, and CynU. ic. 2. 1. 11 Host. gra. 1. 1.35 Jac. ic 2. t. 305 S co Mich. am. t 10 TRIGYNIA. *220. HOLCKSTEUM. W. Holosteiim. 1290 umbellatum W. umbelliferous § 1291 cordatum W. cordate 221. POLYCAR'PON. W. All seed. 1292 tetraphfllum W. four-leaved 222. LECHE'A. W. Lechea. O pr E3pr O w Caryopkyllete. Sp. 2 — 5. Jjl.au Pk England old wa. S co Eng. bot. 27 | jn W Jamaica 1814. S co Lam. ill. t.51. f 2 Caryophyl/etE. Sp. 1 — 3. | jl W England san.pl. S co Eng. bot. 1031 CaryophylleiB. Sp. 2. 3 jl.au W Canada Jjl.au W Canada History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 214. Pcrotis. From srttfo?, deficient, some parts of the flower being absent. 215. Sacc/iaru?n. From its Arabic name soukar, from which the Greeks formed iraxxa?> an(^ modern European nations sugar. Sucre, Fr. Sucker, Ger., &c This grass or reed, though unknown to the ancients, has be- come of immense importance in modern times. There are many varieties or species both wild and cultivated, natives of the banks of rivers and meadows in both the Indies, China, Africa, the South Sea islands, and South America. It is cultivated in a zone extending from 35 to 40 degrees on each side of the equator. Where it was first cultivated is unknown ; in all probability, in India, for the Venetians imported it from thence by the Red Sea prior to 1148. It is supposed to have been introduced into the islands of Sicily, Crete, Rhodes, and Cyprus by the Saracens, as abundance of sugar was made in these islands previously to the discovery of the West Indies in 1492 by the Spaniards, and the East Indies and Brazil by the Portuguese in 1497 and 1500. It was cultivated afterwards in Spain, in Valentia, Granada, and Murcia by the Moors, and sugar is still made in these provinces. (Toumsend and Jacob.) In the 15th century the cane was introduced to the Canary islands by the Spaniards, and to Madeira by the Portuguese, and thence to the West India islands and the Brazils. The Dutch began to make sugar in the island of St. Thomas, under the line, in 1610, and the English in Bar- "badoes in 1643, and in Jamaica in 1644. The culture of the cane has since become general in warm climates, and the use of sugar being universal, it forms one of the first articles of commerce throughout the world. Su- gar is described by Pliny and Galen as a sweet salt, and from the former it appears to have been used only in medicine, Actuarius, a physician, who wrote in the 10th century, or later, was the first to substitute sugar for honey in medicinal compositions. It was called Indian salt, and a small piece was recommended to be kept in the mouth to moisten it in fevers. Different medical men have written for and against the use of sugar, as they have against tea, coffee, wine, and all with similar success. The enjoyment derived from these articles to all mankind who enjoy them, is too great to be left off in deference to the opinions of a few. Dr. Mosely is the greatest advocate for sugar. For the last two centuries it has been an ingredient in the popular diet of Europe. It was in use in England in 1466, but chiefly in feasts and as a medicine, till it was brought from the Brazils about 1580 to Portugal, and imported from thence. The quantity consumed in Britain has always kept increasing; the consumption of England alone in 1790 amounted to 166,573,344'bs. ; which, taking the popula- tion at eight millions, gives each individual at an average about 20 lbs. a-yeai. The cane, as a stove plant, is of easy culture in soft moist soil with a good heat ; it grows seven or eight feet high, but it never flowers. It was grown in abundance in the stoves of the Paris gardens, and a small sugar loaf was made from the canes, and presented to the Empress Josephine. In the botanic gardens of Toulon and Naples it stands the winter in the open air. The cane in the West Indies is propagated by cuttings from the root end, planted in hills or trenches in spring or autumn, something in the manner of hops. The cuttings root at the joints under ground, and from those above setid up shoots, which in eight, twelve, or fourteen months are from six to ten feet long, and fit to cut down for the mill. A plantation lasts from six to ten years. Sugar mills are merely iron rollers placed vertically or horizontally, between which the canes are passed and repassed. The juice thus squeezed out, is collected and boiled with quick-lime, which being an alkali, imbibes the superfluous acid, which would other- wise impede crystallization : impurities are skimmed off, and the boiling is continued till a thick syrup is pro- Order III. TRIANDRIA TRIGYNIA IS 1283 Culm simple, Leaves very smooth, Joints smooth 1284 Flowers panicled, Leaves flat 1285 Pan. spiked cylindrical, Leaves convolute, Joints smooth, Flowers generally diandrou* 1286 Pan. diffuse sheathed, Florets 3-androus spreading, Keel of the glumes fringed 1287 Pan. diffuse, Branches horizontally spreading, Florets 3-androus, Keel of the glumes fringed 1228 The only species 12S9 Smooth, Leaves linear-lanceolate distichous, Flowers panicled TRIGYNIA. 12!X) Leaves elliptical glaucous smooth, Flowers umbelled, Common peduncle viscid 1291 Leaves cordate 1292 Stem branched 4-Ieaved prostrate 1293 Leaves ovate lanceolate, Flowers lateral scattered 1294 Leaves linear-lanceolate, Flowers panicled 1291 and Miscellaneous Particulars. dured, when the whole is cooled and granulated in shallow vessels. It is now the raw or Muscovado sugar of commerce. A further purification is effected by dissolving it in water, boiling, skimming, adding lime, and clarifying from the oily or mucilaginous parts, by adding blood or eggs, which incorporate with them and form a scum. When boiled to a proper consistency it is put into unglazed earthen vessels of a conical shape, with a hole at the apex, but placed in an inverted position, and the base, alter the sugar is poured in, covered with clay. When thus drained of its impurities, it is taken out of the mould, wrapped in paper, and dried or baked in a close oven. It is now the loaf sugar of the shops, and according to the number of operations it undergoes, is called single or double refined. The operation of refining is seldom or never performed by the growers ; but in Europe, at least, generally forms a separate branch in the mother country of the colony. Sugar candy, Sliulair and k/iand, Indian names for sugar in general, is formed by dissolving loaf sugar in water over a fire, boiling it to a syrup, and then exuosing it to crystallize in a cool place. This is the only su gar esteemed in the east. Barley sugar is a syrup from the refuse of sugar candy, hardened in cylindrical moulds. Hum is distilled from the fermented juice of sugar and water. Sugar as a chemical compound is described as a neutral salt, consisting of the acetic acid, united to a small quantity of oil and charcoal, carbonated hydrogen, and carbonic acid gas. Besides its use in medicine, diete- tics, and distillation, it is employed to preserve animal and vegetable substances from putrefaction, and to com- municate a gloss to ink, varnishes, and pigments. When very cheap, it has been successfully employed to fatten cattle. Most plants contain sugar, and it has been extracted in considerable quantities from the beet, parsnip, maple, birch, grape, &c, but the cane is preferred as affording it in greater abundance. 216. Impcrata. The derivation or application of the idea not explained. The plants resemble in their noble port and waving silky heads the plumes of a cap of state. 217. l.eersia. Named after J. D. Leers, an author of the Flora Herbornensis, the first edition of which, in 178P, is very valuable on account of its rarity : but its merits have been extolled much beyond reality by Sir James Smitji. One species, L. lenticularis, which has not yet been introduced to this country, has" the power of catching Hies by the singular structure of its corolla, which resembles the leaves of Diontea muscipula. 218. Diarrhena. A word signifying diandrous ; dis, two, atimv, male. 219. Ariuuiinaria. An alteration of the word Arundo, to which genus this maybe compared with reference to its \:\X'e size. 220. Holoslcum. A name derived from oXs;, all, and mrr-oi, bone, all bone, and applied by antiphrasis to this plant, which is no-bonc, being very soft and delicate. The plant is very common in many parts of Britain, by road sides, where protected by hedges ; it flowers early in the season, and keeps flowering for a long time. In coppice woods on loamy soils it grows with the greatest luxuriance, and, along with the yellow primrose, and the purple wild hyacinth, forms a most ornamental clothing to the earth in the end of April and beginning of May. 221. Polycarpon. From sr«Xuf, many, xttfTot, fruit; all-seed ; one of the names applied bj the ancients to the Polygonum aviculare, and sufficiently applicable to this plant 232. Lechea. In memory of G Lechen, a Swede, professor of natural history at Abo, and author of observ- ations on rare plants ; died in 1764. The genus consists of small N. American plants of no beauty. 76 TRIANDRIA TRIGVNIA. Class III. "223. ERIOCAU'LON. W Pipewort 1295 septangulare E. B. 1296 australe R B. 224. MON'TIA. 'W 1297 fontana W. 1298 rivularis GtiieL 225. MOLLU'GO. W. 1299 verticillata W. 1300 triphylla Lk. 226. MINUAR'TIA. It 1301 dichotoma W. 1302 campestris W. 1303 raontana W. 227. QUE'RIA. W 1304 hispanica W. 228. KCENI'GIA. W. 1305 islandica W. jointed australasian * A cu iAI cu Chickweed. water brook 3c O w O w Mol.MJGO. whoried three-leaved O w rm w MlNUARTIA. forked field mountain O w O w O w Queria. Spanish O w KffiNIGU. Iceland O cu Eriocaulete. is W 1| jn W Portulacece. i ap.my W £ jn.jl W Caryophyllete. \ jn.au Ap J jl Ap Caryophyllece. Sp. 3. \ jn.jl Ap Spain lin jn.jl Ap Spain J jn.jl Ap Spain Caryophyllete. Sp. 1 — 2. lin my.s Ap Spain 1800. Poly gone cE. Sp. 1. | ap Ap Iceland 1773. Sp.2— 34. Scotland bogs. D m.s Eng. not. 773 N. HoU. 18V0. D m.s Sp.2. Britain springs. S aq Eng. bot. 1206 Labrador 1823. D m.s Sp. 2—7. Virginia 1748. S co Ehret. pict. t.6 Brazil 1821. D m.s 1821. 1771. 1806. isoa S co Ac.st.l758.t.l.f.2 Ac.st.l758.t.l.f.3 Loof.it. rar.tl.f.4 Quer.fl.6.t.l5.f.S Lam. ill. t. 51 1293 ^Z^ \\ I. 1294 *SSflraRlfl8& 1297 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 223. Eriocaulon. Egiov, wool, and xauXos, a stem: in allusion to the velvety stem of some species. Only one kind, E. septangulare, has been found in Britain. The species are all very curious, and deserving of more at- tention than they have received at the hands of cultivators. 224. Montia. In honor of Joseph de Monti, professor of botany and natural history at Bologna in the begin- ning of the 18th century. The plants are small inconspicuous weeds. 225. Mollugo The Roman name of what is supposed to be our Galium mollugo, which the present plant resembles in its whoried leaves and inconspicuous appearance. Class IV. — TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens. This class is neither so large nor so important as the last. It is composed chiefly of ornamental or curious plants, mostly shrubs, of which the Proteaceas hold the first rank. Among the few plants used in the arts which it contains, may be mentioned the madder (Rubia), Fuller's thistle (Dipsacus), the holly (Ilex), one of the best evergreen hedge plants ; and some foreign timbers and dyes, as the sandal-wood and chayroot The Proteacea?, of which the first section of the class partly consists, are natives chiefly of the Cape of Good Hope and New South Wales ; and there is this singular circumstance connected with their geographical dis- tribution, that those two continents do not possess any one genus in common ; a singular fact, and of the more difficult solution, as the genera of the order are strictly natural. They have been described by Mr. Brown, in a long and learned memoir, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society, vo'/. x., where much information respect- ing them may be found. It has been impossible to state the natural height or color of flower of many of the New Holland kinds, as Mr. Brown says nothing upon these two points ; and he is the only author who has seen the plants in their native country, where alone many of them have flowered. In the conservatory they are mostly shrubs of from four to seven feet in height. The principal part of the fourth section of Monogynia consists of the Stellata? or Crossworts, which are com- mon weeds all over Europe. Many of the genera in the sfxth section, such as Ixora, Pavetta, Catesbjea, are beautiful ornaments of the conservatory. The wood of Curtisia in the seventh section furnishes the Cafl'res with materials for the shafts of their hassagays. With the exception of Proteacea;, the class is made up of a miscellaneous assemblage of species, with few characters in common. The genera have not been combined in any other than a purely artificial manner, and among them are to be found plants belonging to almost all the natural orders of Dicotyledonous plants of the older French botanists. Pothos, Potamogeton, and Ruppia are among the rare instances of a quaternary divi- sion of the flower in Monocotyledonous plants. Order 1. MONOGYNIA. 4 Stamens. 1 Style. 1. Flowers incomplete, {no corolla), inferior. 229. Petrophila. Cal. 4-cleft, all deciduous. Style persistent at base. Stigma spindle-shaped, narrowed at end. Scales beneath the ovary none. Cone ovate. Nut lenticular, comose at one end. Okukr III. TRIANDItIA TRIGYNIA. 77 1295 Stem 7-anglcd, I>eaTes acuminate cellular, Male fl. monopetalous tetrandrous 1296 Stem 7-alig'ed, Leaves flat hairy much shorter than the stem, Scales of the head powdery 1297 Stem erect divaricating, Leaves connate-sessile oblong ovate 1298 Stem weak dichotomous, Leaves opp. sessile obtuse lanceolate fleshy 129!) Leaves whorled wedge-shaped acute, Stem divided decumbent, Pedunc. 1-flowcred l.iOO Stem erect, Leaves whorled three larger than the rest, Pan. terminal and lateral 1.301 Leaves filiform dilated at base, Branches terminal capitate corymbose, Mowers axillary 1502 Leaves capillary, Flowers terminal stalked alternate longer than bracteac 1:503 Leaves capiliary, Corymbs leafy axillary stalked, Flowers shorter than bractea; 1304 Leaves opposite filiform, Flowers terminal heaped, Bractea; squarrose 1305 The only species 1301 f ' ' 1302 JMrf JHsceUfmeoUt Particulars. 226. Minuartia. In memory of John Minuart, a Spanish botanist, and correspondent of Linnaeus, He pub- lished some Opuscula in 1739. 227. Quena. In memory of Joseph Quer, a Spanish botanist, who published a Flor Espagnol in 1762, in six volumes, quarto. 228. Kcenigia. In honor of Emanuel Kcenig, professor of botany at Bale, and called the modern Avicenna ; he died in 1/31. He published several works now forgotten. The plant is a curious inconspicuous annual, oc- casionally seen in botanic gardens. 230. Isopogon. Cal. 4-cleft, with a slender tube, persistent for a long time. Style wholly deciduous. Stigma spindle-shaped or cylindrical. Scales beneath the ovary none Nut sessile, ventricose, comose on all sides. 231. Profea. Cal. bipartible, unequal, with the stamen-bearing divisions of the broader lip cohering. Style subulate. Stigma narrowly cylindrical. Nut bearded on all sides, with the remains of the persistent style. Common receptacle with short persistent scales. Involucrum imbricated, persistent. ->-'. J.eucospcrmutn. Cal. irregular, labiate, with three of the segments (rarely all! cohering at the base, the stamen-bearing divisions distinct Style filiform, deciduous. Stigma thickened, smooth, sometimes unequal-sided. Nut ventricose, sessile, smooth. Head indefinitely many-flowered. Involucrum many-leaved, imbricated. 233. Minutes. Cal. 4-parted, equal, with distinct divisions. Style filiform, deciduous. Stigma cylin- drical, slender. Nut ventricose, sessile, smooth. Common receptacle flat, with narrow deciduous scales. In- volucrum indefinitely many-leaved, imbricated. 234. Serruria. Cal. 4-cleft, nearly equal, with distinct claws. Stigma vertical, smooth. Scales 4, hypo- gynous. Nut shortly stalked, ventricose. Head indefinitely many-flowered, with persistent imbricated scales. 235. Xivcnia. CaL 4-cleft, equal, wholly deciduous. Stigma clavate, vertical. Nut ventricose, shin- ing, sessile, entire at the base. Involucrum 4-leaved in a simple series, 4-flowered, when in fruit indurated. Beceptacle flat, without scales. 236. Sorocephalus. Cal. 4-cleft, equal, wholly deciduous. Stigma vertical, clavate. Nut ventricose on a very short stalk, or emarginate at base Involucrum 3-6-leaved in a simple series, definitely few-flowered or 1-flowered, in fruit not altered. Hecept. without scales. 237. Spalalla. Cal. 4-cleft, wholly deciduous, the inner segment usually largest. Stigma oblique, dilated. Nut ventricose on a short stalk. Involucrum 2-4-leaved in a simple series, 1-flowcred, or definitely many flowered. Recept without scales. 238. Persnonia. Cal. 4-leaved, regular, the segments having the stamens in their middle, recurved at end, and deciduous. Stamens exserted. Gland* 4, hypogynous. Ovary stalked, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. Stigma obtuse. Drupe berried, with a 1-2-celled nut. 239. Greuillea. Cal. irregular, with the segments 1-sided, bearing the stamens in their hollow ends. An- thers immersed. Gland 1, hypogynous, halved. Ovary 2-seeded. Stigma oblique, depressed sometimes nearly vertical and conical). Follicle 1-celled, 2-seeded, with a cell in the middle. Seeds edged, or with a very short wing at the end. 240. Hakea. Cal. 4-leaved, irregular, with the segments on one side. Stamens immersed in the con- cave ends of the calyx. Gland 1, hypogynous, halved. Ovary stalked, 2-seeded. Stigma nearly oblique, with a conical point from a dilated base. Follicle 1-celled, woody, with a cell out of t!;e centre, falsely 2-valvcd. Seed with a wing at the end longer than the nut 241. Stenocartnu. Cal. irregular, segments distinct, at one side. Stamens immersed in the concave ends of the cal. Gland 1, hypogynous, half-annular. Ovary stalked, many-seeded. Style deciduous. Stigma oblique, orbicular, flattened. Follicle linear. Seeds winged at base 242. lambertia. Cal. tubular, 1-clcft, the segments soiraD) revolutc. Stamens inserted in the segments 78 TETRANDRIA. Class IV. Scales 4, hypogynous, distinct or united in a sheath. Ovary 2-seeded. Stigma subulate. Follicle 1-celled, coriaceous. Seeds emarginate. Involucrum 1-7-flowered, imbricated, deciduous. Receptacle flat, without chaff: 243. Xylomelum. CaL 4-leaved, regular, the segments revolute at the end. Stam. inserted above the middle of the segments. Glands 4, hypogynous. Ovary 2-seeded. Style deciduous. Stigma vertical, clavate, obtuse. Follicle thick, woody, 1-celled : the cell out of the centre. Seeds winged at end. 244. Telopea. Cal. irregular, on one side irregularly divided, on the other 4-toothed. Stam. immersed in the concave ends of the calyx. Gland none. Ovary stalked, many-seeded. Stigma oblique, orbicular, di- lated. Follicle cylindrical. Seeds winged at end. Involucrum none. 245. Lomatia. Calyx irregular, with distinct 1-sided segments. Stamens immersed in the concave ends of the calyx. Glands 3, hypogynous on one side. Ovary stalked, many-seeded. Style persistent. Stigma oblique, dilated, roundish, flat. Follicle oval. Seeds winged at ends. 246. Rhopala. Cal. 4-leaved, regular, segments recurved at end. Stamens inserted above the middle of the segments. Scales 4, hypogynous, distinct or connate. Ovary 2-seeded. Style persistent Stigma vertical, cla- vate. Follicle 1-celled, woody. Seeds winged at both ends. 247. Banksia. Cal. 4-parted. Stamens immersed in the concave ends of the segments. Scales 4, hypogy nous. Ovary 2-celled, with 1-seeded cells. Follicle 2-celled, woody. Dissepiment loose, bifid. 248. Dryandra. CaL 4-parted or 4-cleft. Stamens immersed in the concave ends of the segments. Scales 4, hypogynous. Ovary 2-celled, with 1-seeded cells. Follicle 2-celled, woody, with a loose bifid dissepi- ment. Common receptacle flat. 249. Strutniola. Cal. tubular, having 8 glands at the mouth. Berry without juice, 1-seeded. 250. Opercularia. Common calyx 1-leaved, campanulate, 3-6-flowered, 6-9-toothed, proper none. Seeds solitary, immersed in a closing receptacle, which is operculiform, deciduous. 251. Cryptospertnum. Common calyx 6-leaved : leaflets spreading, unequal ; proper, 3-leaved from the chaff of the receptacle. Recept. globose, chaffy. Capsules 1-celled, united into a sub-globose receptacle, opening lengthwise in the middle. 252. Pothos. Spathe 1-leaved. Spadix cylindrical, simple, covered with floweis. Cal. 4-leaved. Stamens next the ovary. Berry 2-seeded. 253. Rivina. Cal. 4-leaved, persistent. Berry 1-seeded, with a lentiform rough seed. 254. Camphorosma. Calyx urceolate, with two opposite and alternate teeth very small. Caps. 1-seeded. Stamens exserted. 255. Alchemilla. Cal. 8-cleft, the alternate segments smallest. Style from the base of the ovary. Seed 1, naked, covered with the calyx. 2.5(5. Sanguisorba. Cal. coloured, 4-lobed, with 2 scales at the base. Caps. 4-cornered, enclosed in the calyx, 1-2-celled. 257. Durslenia. Common receptacle 1-leaved, fleshy, dilated, spreading, orbicular, or angular, in which the solitary seeds nestle. 2. Flowers incomplete, superior. 258. Isnarda. Cal. campanulate, adhering to the ovary, 4-cleft. Caps. 4-celled, surrounded by the calyx, 4-cornered, many-seeded. 259. Elv the persistent calyx. ' 270. Svermacoce. Cal. a 4-toothed edge. Cor. monopetalous, funnel-form. Caps. 2-celled not divisible in two, with 2 cells, 2-toothed. Seeds with their edge rolled together over their side. 271. Crucianella. Cal. 2-3-leaved. Cor. monopetalous, funnel-form, with a filiform tube and an uneuiculate limb. Seeds 2, linear. 6 5. Flowers monopetalous, many-seeded, inferior. 272. Callicarpa. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, campanulate, 4-cleft. Stamens exserted Berrv 4-seeded. ' ' 273. Witheringia. Cor. sub-campanulate, with a tube having 4 projections. Cal. very small obsolete! v 4-toothed. Pericarp 2-celled, berried. Anthers conniving, opening laterally. 274. Egiphila. CaL 4-toothed. Cor. 4-cleft. Style semi-bifid, filiform. Berry 2-celled. Cells 2-seeded 275. Cephalanthus. Common caL none ; proper, as well as corolla, 4-toothed, tuDular funnel-form Recep tacle globose. Caps. 2-4-celled, not splitting. Seeds solitary by abortion, oblong. 276. Scoparia. Cal. 4-parted, equal. Cor. 4-parted, rotate, with a hairy throat, regular. Stamens equal Stigma obtuse. Capsule nearly round, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a dissepiment from the inflexed margins of the valves. 6 277. Centunculus. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft, tubular, with a spreading limb. Stamens short. Caps 2-celled cut round, many-seeded. ' * 228. Plantago. CaL 4-cleft. Cor. quadrifid, with a reflexed limb. Stamens very long. Caps. 2-celled cut 279. Buddlea. Calyx and corolla 4-cleft. Stamens from the incisures. Caps. 2-furrowed 2-celled manv seeded. ' * "" 280. Exacum. CaL 4-leaved Cor. somewhat bell-shaped, 4-cleft, with a globose tube. Caps, compressed 2-furrowcd, 2-celled, many-seeded, splitting at the end. r ' 281. Sebaa. Cal. 4-5-parted, the sepals keeled or winged. Cor. 4-5-cleft, withering. Stamens exserted (,AssIV- TETRANDRIA. 79 4-ctne^va.v^|:SdetillU0US- Cor" *™P*™^- Style quadrangular. Stigma 4-lobed. Caps cSJtt-SK^ft^ campanU,a,e. Seed, inserted into a recoptae.e. 6. Flowers monopctalous, 2 or many-seeded, superior o|fir|^ith^^^^^^{;K^^^-«ts. Co, hypocra.er.form, parted. Drupe ™e* inserted iSfiA^KTlBSStoTfift fS'SS MS" **-»*« **■ 4-s^ed>°ra- Ca'' 4-PartetL C0r mon°Petalous. fl»ncl-.h.ped, long. Stamens above the throat. Berry Stga^^Be^iarma^e^'' C<* «ta»B*"»i»* «* ^ Stamens within the thro,t. l-^eed^f celled'"'- 4't°°thetL ** mo»°Petal°^. funnel-form. Stigma thickened, i„,urve.l. Berry 291. Ernodea. Cat. 4-parted. Cor. hypocrateriform. Style simple Berrv 2 cpIIp.1 u,« ,-. 292 .Stderodendtum. Cat smalls-toothed. Cor. liypocrater form 4. -left ^,Vi . "' ."25?1* mas 2, revolute. Berry 2-coecous, ^celled, dry, with a contr^r vSp.mcn ' See s ™ ZtoX* "* Stig" g^.0*0^** Cal. parted. Co, funnel-shaped. Berry intfated, ^ce.^m^seeL,. Stylc half wREZtot CaL 2' °" °"e 0Vary> ^"^ C0r fu»»el-shape »»*»»*. incumbent upon ^c^ecf'l^edeo:111- **"** ** C°riaCe°US- Stigmas 2' ^^ ™<«^ with a l.seeded centre, or wh^, JSSSy aSrt^!^* UrCe°late- PCt 4' reVOlUt°' ,inear- Be"y ****** •» S-*eded ce.ls, one of 300. Curtisia. Cal 4-parted Petals 4, obtuse. Drupe roundish succulent Nut 4-5 celled p. 2£2^%S^ often none. Caps. 2-4-celled, many-seeded ' loolnea * et- *> 'nserted in the calyx, or very 1-f^f^^^ «»** « *«** than Che stamen, CaL 2-va.ved, 4f^*lfcS^cftSttSSt SS&KM? fi'aments insmcd int0 a *lan* ** 8. Flotvers polypciaious, superior «5 ar^ou, Cal ^Pai"' CampanUlatC» ^* ** K^.t^±:1 Embryo in- ijSrt'"1 CaK ^Parte4 NUt Wit" 2 °PP°Site ^nes P«««ding from the leaves of the calyx, l.celled, WOLudwigia Cal. 4-parted, superior, with long persistent sepals. Cor 4-oeta!s or Q r»,.c i 4-celled, crowned, inferior, many-seeded. *-peiais or u. Caps. 4-cornered, Order 2. DIGYNIA. ^p( 4 Stamens. 2 Styles. 310. Cuscuta. Co, 4-fid, ovate. Cal. 4-fid. Caps. 2-celled, cut round J 1. Bufotua. Cat 4-leaved. Pet. 4, shorter than calyx. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved 2-seeded 3 2. Hamamelis. Involucr. 3-leaved. Sepals 4. Petals 4, linear, verv lone Nut 9 U, 25 o n . 3ia Hypecoum. CaL 2-4-leaved. Pet. 4, 'the two exterior widest, K a sHiqua h°nled' 2 lel,cd Order 3. TETRAGYNIA. ^$> 4 Stamens. 4 Styles. 3 7. Potamogeton Sepals 4. Pet. O. Style O. Seed* 4, sessile 318. fl«p|7.a. Cal. and Cor. O. Seeds 4-stalked •»««. «n tC rT!f £ S.^, 4- „CaPf- 4-celled» *-valved, many-seeded. ™;TX*a. Cat 3-5-parted. Pet. 3-5, equaL Caps. 3-5, 2^ many-seeded, opening i,„vards ***, m.Radiola. Cal. many-cut. Pet. 4. Caps, superior, -WUalved, 8-celled, globose. Seeds solitary. none so TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class IV. MONOGYNIA. 229. PETROTHILA. R.Br. Petrophila. 1306 pulchella R.Br. Fennel-leaved « 1307 diversifolia R. Br. various-leaved * i f230. ISOPO'GON. R.Br. Isopogon. 1308 anethifolius R.Br. Dill-leaved « i 1309 formosus R. Br. handsome » i 1310 anemonifoliusfl.Sr. Anemone-leav. * i 1311 trilobus R. Br. three-lobed * i 1312 attenuatus R. Br. attenuate * i 231. PRO'TEA. R.Br. 1313 cynaroides R. Br. 1314 latifolia Kn. Pr. 1315 compacta R. Br. 1316 longiflora R.Br. 1317 speciosa R. Br 1318 obtfisa Kn. Pr. 1319 formosa R. Br. 1320 melaleuca R.Br. 1321 Lepidocarpon R.Br, crested 1322 neriifolia R.Br. Oleander-leav'd 1323 pulchella R. Br. 1324 patens R. Br. 1325 magnifica Kn. Pr. 1326 longifolia R. Br. 1327 umbonalis Kn. Pr. 1328 ligulsfolia Kn. Pr 1329 mellifera R. Br. 1330 grandiflora R. Br. 1331 Scolymus R. Bi Proteacece. Sp. 2 — 10. jl.au W N. & W. N. Holl. Proteacece. Sp. 5—13. mr.jn Pa N. Holl. 1790. S s.p Bot mag. 796 1803. S s.p mr.jn jl.au my.jn Pa Y Pa Pa N. Holl. N. Holl. N. Holl. N. Holl. Protea. Artichoke-flrd. ray-flowered compact milk-colored splendid obtuse crown-flowered black-fringed Proteacece. Sp. 36 — 55. 1J mr.n Pu C. G. H. Pu l_|or 6 jl.s luJor wave-leaved spreading magnificent long-leaved embossed strap-leaved honey-bearing * i | or great-flowered J i | or small-flowered * i I or *L_Jor ja.mr mr.jn my.jn mrjl mr.jl f.ap mr.au Re mr.jn mr.jn C. G. H C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. W.pu C. G. H. W C. G. H. Pa Pu Re Re D.pu D.pu W mr.au Pu C. G. H. mr.au W.bk C. G. H. mr.au Pu C. G. H. my.d Pa.Y C. G. H. 1332 mucronifolia R. Br. dagger-leaved * i | or 1333 incompta R. Br. bearded » i | or 1334 nana R. Br. dwarf * i | or 1335 pendula R. Br. pendulous * i | or 1336 tenax R. Br. tough * i | or 1337 canaliculata R. Br. channel-leaved • i | or 1338 acuminata B. M. sharp-pointed * i | or 1339 acaulis R. Br. short-stalked » | | or £ glaucophylla Kn. P. glaucous-leaved it l_J or 1340hVvis R.Br. smooth-leaved *i | or 1341 scabra R. Br. rough-leaved St \ | or 1342 repens R. Br. creeping St \ | or 1343 turbiniflora R. Br. turfy • | or l344Scolopendrium#.i?r. Hart's-tongue St \ | or 8 my.jn 3 myjn jl.d 3 ap.my 2 ap.jl 2 mr.jn 2 f.my 3 f.d 3 mr.jn li my.s 1J i i" - w Pu W w Pk V" Pk Pu Pu G G Br ap.my Pk C. G. H C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. 1796. 1805. 1791. 1803. 1822. 1774. 1806. 1810. 1795. 1786. 1786. 1789. 1786. 181)6. 1806. 1795. 1789. 1789. 1798. 1798. 1798. 1774. 1787. 1780. 1803. 1822. 1787. 1806. 1801. 1800. 1809. 1S02. 1806. 1809. 1SO0. 1803. 1802. S s.p Cav. ic. 6. t. 549 S s.p S s.p Bot mag. 697 S s.p S s C s.l Bot. mag. 770 S s.l Bot. mag. 1717 C s.l.p C s.l.p Ex. bot 2. t 81 S s.1 Bot. mag. 1183 C s.l.p Bot. rep. 110 S p.l Bot. mag. 1713 C s.l.p Bot. rep. 103 S s.l Bot. rep 301. 8 C s.l.p Bot. reg. 208 L s.l Bot. reg. 20 C s.l Bot. rep. 543 S s.l Bot. rep. 438 S s.l Bot. reg. 47 C s.l.p Bot. rep. 144 C s.l Bot. rep. 133 S s.l Bot. mag. 346 S p.l Bot. reg. 569 C s.l Bot. mag. 698 C s.l Bot mag. 933 C s.l.p C s.l.p Ex. bot 1. t.44 C l.p C l.p Par. lond. 70 S s.l Bot. rep. 437 C s.l Bot. mag. 1694 S s.l Bot. mag. 2065 Par. lond. 11 C l.p Bot. mag. 2439 C l.p C s.l Weinm. t 897. a C l.p Par. lond. 108 S s.l 1345 cordata R. Br. heart-leaved 1346 amplexicaulis #./?>•. stem-clasping 1347 humilis R. Br. low-flowering 1348 acerosa R. Br. Pine-leaved 232. LEUCOSPER'MUM. R. Br. Leucospermum. 1349 lineare R. Br. linear-leaved * 1350 tottum R. Br. smooth-bracted * 1351 medium R. Br. oval-leaved * it i | or 1| mr.my Pu * I | or 1J ja.mr Pu * I I or 1 jn.au Br mr.my Pk History, Use, Propagation, Culture, inftild1tXA'7%iff Ihm,^Ti%hnd v"X^',t0 l0Ve /ocks> in alIusion t0 the P'aces in wl»c'' « is found grow.ng or axl llarv RinenV^ I ^tT^J™00^}™? °f l™?n\ kinds- Heads ot' flowers ovate or oblong> ^mii.al or axillary. Kipened cuttings root in sand under a hand-glass. 230. Jsopogon This genus consists of stiff shrubs, with smooth, flat or filiform, divided or entire leaves ^n^onLZTJ1?^?- ?r some,tira?s closely imbricated in a globose cone, sometimes cusi hird oam Tthird of £2? «h .h\,S ~m*what involucrated i they thrive best in a soil composed of one- ihr .J, f ' af>tmrd °/.Pfat'.„and a. thlrd °f sand. The pots must be well drained, and ripened wood mav be chosen for cuttings which will root m sand and a little earth under a hand-glass. Thev must bfuncovered fre- quently and the glass wiped, as they are liable to damp offif kept too close (Sweet) °eunc0VCTea »e Mil. Protea. A mythological name of Proteus the son of Ocean and Thetis, who assumed various forms upon vanous occasions, to whom this genus, once equally variable in its forms, has been 1 kened I as Sweet observes thrives best in a so.l composed of " light turfy loam, mixed with rather more than one-third of Sm much" waterthTrnnU :e» ,drained ^th broken potsherds to prevent them from Eg "odd^ with t£o much water j the root« are aUo very fond ot running amongst the small bits of shcdl. Care must be taken no: 0*OER I. TETRAXDIUA MONOG YNI A. 81 l.-'Od Leaves tritid bipinnate, Segments erect, Mowers silky their segments tomentose at end 1J07 1-e.ives bi-tri-pinnatifid plain, Segments mucronate, Flowers bearded, Cones axillary stalked 1308 Leaves pinnatifid and bipinnatifid filiform furrowed above, Segments erect, Branches smooth 1 . >< •*» Leaves bipinnatifid somewhat tritcrnate tilif. chan. above, Segments divaricating, Branchlets tomentose 1310 I -eaves tritid pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, leaves linear flat spreading erect smooth beneath lill Leaves wedge-shaped flat 3-lobcd attenuated at base stalked lobes entire, Branchlets tomentose 1312 Leaves elongate oblong mucronate attenuate at base, Branches and involucres smooth Flowers terminal. 1313 Leaves roundish stalked, Invol. silky, Inner bractes acute beardless, Style pubescent below the middle 1314 Leaves broad ovate { cordate sessile, Invol. silky foment. Inner bractes narr. dilated at end and bearded 1315 leaves ovate oblong cordate edged the callus of the end prominent, Invol. silky fringed beardless 1316 Leaves ov. obL sessile BUbcord. or simple, Branches foment. Invol. silky, Inner brarte elong. fringed silky 1317 Leaves OV. obi. narr. at base with branches smooth, All the bractes sim inn. dibit at end and beard, in mid. 1318 Leaves glaucous obov. the adult smooth, Bractes red the upper lyrate spatuL fimbr. olit. Petals obtuse 1319 leaves narr. oblong veiny oblique simple at base, the edges and branches downy, Involucre ciliated 1390 Leaves linear ligulate edged ciliated. Branches hairy, Invol. long turbinate, Bract fringed with white 1321 Leaves linear ligulate edged roughish shining with the branches smooth, Inner bract, of invol sp.-.tulatc 1322 Leaves linear ligulate smooth opaque at base outside with the branches downy, Invol. fringed with black 1323 Leaves linear ligulate edged shining roughish, Branches little downy, Invol. fringed with black 1324 Leaves narrow oblong rather wavy attenuated at base, Invol. hemisph. inner bearded with black and purple 1325 I/eaves broad long elliptical edged the old ones pubescent wavy, Bractes pale yellow, the upper fringed 1326 Leaves elong. lin. atten. at base, Inv. turb. Hractes smooth acute beardl. Beards of cal. longer than segm. 1327 Leaves long ligulate, Head broad convex embossed in middle, Upper bractes spatul. the length of flower 1328 Leaves long ligulate, Head broad not convex, Upper bractes spatulatc longer than flowers 1329 Leaves lane, ligul. attenu. at base, Inv. turb. Bractes smooth beardl. viscid, Beards of flow, woolly white 1330 Leaves obi. sessile and branches smooth, Invol. hemispherical beardl. naked, Fl toment Style smooth 1331 Leaves lin. lanceolate acute submucr. attenuated at base, Invol. hemispherical, Bractes smooth obtuse 1332 Leaves lane. lin. mucr. pungent with an obtuse base, Bractes lane. mucr. smooth, Stem erect many-flow. 1333 Leaves ligulate oblong the upper and the branches hairy, Inner bractes with a round and bearded end 1334 Leaves subulate mucronate, Invol. nodding hemispherical, Bract, smooth obtuse 1 >>5 I-eaves linear lanceolate mucronate, Flower-bearing branches recurved, Bract, obtuse at length smooth 133d leaves lin. lane, flat attenuated at base roughish at edge, Branches decumbent, Invol. hemisph. 1337 Leaves linear veinless smooth concave above, Branches smooth decumbent, Invol. obtuse 1338 Leaves lin. lane, acute flat veiny above, Bractes obtuse pubesc. and cone, at end, Branches wavy colored 1339 Stems short with depressed branches, Leaves obov. obi. edged veiny attenuat. at base, Invol. hemispher. j8 Leaves more glaucous and narrow 1340 Stems dwarf deeumb. Leaves elong. lin. smooth veinless recurved at edge, Invol. hemispherical 1341 Stems dwarf, Leaves elong. lin. scrabrous obsoletely veiny recurv. at edge, Invol. turbinate hemispher. 1342 Stems deeumb. dwarf, Leaves elong. lin. roughish revol. at edge, Invol. turb. Bractes obtuse tomentose 1343 Stems dwarf, Leaves elongate lane, edged subundulate smooth, Invol. turb. Bractes tomentose obtuse 1344 Stems dwarf, Leaves elongate lane, edged smooth, Invol. turbinate, Bractes lanceolate acuminate Flowers lateral. 1345 Leaves cordate roughish nerved, Bractes smooth 1346 Leaves cordate ovate, Stem clasping divaricate recurved at the end, Bractes pubescent 1347 Leaves linear acute, Receptacle conical, Palea? acute 1348 Leaves subulate, Receptacle convex, Pale* obtuse 1.349 Style longer than the hairy flower, Stigma gibbous on one side, Invol. downy, Leaves linear entire liV) Style a quarter longer than the hairy flow. Stigma gibb. on one side, Leaves lin. obi. veiny cut. obt. at base 1351 Style nearly twice as long as hairy flow. Stigma gibb. on one side. Leaves lin. obL entire or 2 or 3-toothe I and Miscellaneous Particulars. to let them droop for want of water, as the young roots are of a very fleshy substance, and soon suffer by too much drought, as well as by too much wet, so that they seldom recover if suffered to flag much ; they also like to be placed where they may have a free circulation of air, as they cannot bear to be crowded like some more rigid-growing plants. Ripened cuttings taken oft" at a joint, and pared quite smooth, will strike root if planted thinly in pots of sand placed under a hand-glass, but not plunged : the glasses must be often taken off' to give them air, as they are very liable to get the damp amongst them, which soon spreads if not cleaned off", and de- stroys them ; water them regularly whenever they want it, but not over the leaves, and let them get a little dry nefore the glasses are placed over them again. Some of the kinds root very soon, others are a long time before they root The quickest rooting kinds 1 have met with are P. cordata, cynaroides, amplexicaulis, gran- diflora, acerosa, nana, and acaulis. P. mellifcra also roots very quickly sometimes. The same treatment will agree with several other genera belonging to this family, as Leucospermum, Spatalla, Soroccphalus, Ix;uca- dendron, and Aulax. (See Hot. Mag. No. 1717. Bot. Cult. 244.) There are several kinds in cultivation, and published in Knight * Protecae, which have not been retained here ; because, as they are not acknowledged by Mr. R. Brown, it is | robable that they arc not distinct from some Which are here enumerated." TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class IV. 1352 form6sum Kn. Pr. handsome 1353 ellipticum R. Br. elliptic 1354 conocarpum R Br. many-toothed 1355 grandiflorum R. Br. great-flowered 1356 puberum /{. Br. downy-leaved 1357 tomentosum Kn.Pr. cottony 1358 parile Kn. Pr. matched 1359 candicans B. R. Rose-scented 1360 Hypophyllum R.Br. trifid-leaved «i_Jor my.au Pk my.au Y ... Y Y Y Y Y Y Y my.jl my.au au.s au.s au.s Mi METES, hairy marsh three-toothed divaricate 233. MI METES. R.Br. 1361 hirta R. Br. 1362 paltistris Kn. Pr. 1363 cucullata R. Br. 1364 divaricata R. Br. 1365 vacciniitolia Sweet. Vaccinium-lvd. 1366 purpurea R. Br. Heath-leaved 231. SERRU'RIA. R.Br. Serruria. 1367 abrotanif61ia Kn. P. Southemw.-lvd.ll 1368 millefolia Kn. P. thousand-leav'd* 1369artemisia?folia.K/i..P. wormwood-lvd. *! 1370 pinnata R. Br. slend.-creeping « 1.371 arenaria R. Br. sand * 1372 cyanoides R. Br. trifid-leaved * 1373 pedunculate R. Br. woolly-headed * 1374 Niveni R. Br. decumbent Ik 1375 ciliata R. Br. ciliated » 1376 phylicoides R. Br. Phylica-flower. 1.377 aj'mula R.Br. 1378parilis Kn. P. 1379 odorata Sweet. 1380 emarginata Sweet. Serr&ria arenaria Kn. Prot. 1381 glomerSta R Br. many-headed 1382 decipiens R. Br. 1383 Roxburgh! R. Br. 1384 Burmanni R. Br. 1385 triternata R. Br. 1386 elongata R. Br. ■.\ |or 3 • j I or 2 n.d 3 4 I 2 2 2 U Proteacece. 3J jn.au R jn.au Pu 2 ... Pu ljjn.s W Pu I I or l | or grey-branched matched sweet-scented emar^inated deceptive Roxburgh's * Burmann's It silvery-flower'd It long-stalked * i__)or 235. NIVE'NIA. R Br. Nivexia. 1387 Sceptrum R. Br. sceptre-like Ik \ | or 1388 spathulata R.Br. maiden-hair-lv.£ iAI or 1389 spicata R. Br. spiked lk\ | or 1390 crithmifolia R. Br. Samphire-leav. It \ | or l"391 media R. Br. middle It \ | or 236. SOROCE'PHALUS. R.Br. Sorocepiialhs. 1392 imberbis R. Br. smooth » i | or 1393 diversifolius R. Br. 1394 spatalloides R. Br. C. G. H. G G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. Sp. 6—13. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. Sp. 20— 46. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. Proteacece. Sp. 5 — 12. 2 my.jn W C. G. H. Pu C. G. H. Pu C. G. H. Pa.pu C. G. H. W C. G. H. 1784. 1803. 1774. 1800. 1774. 1789. 1780. 1790. 1787. Bot. rep. *W Pl.pht.t.200.f.2 Par. loud. 116 Bot. rep. 294 PI. am. t.440.f.3 Proteacece. I | or 4 jn.au Pk I | or 4 jn.au I | or 5 jn.au 1 jn.au 1 jn.au ljjn.au 7 jn.au Jjn.au 2 jn.au 3 jn.au 3 jn.au 2 jn.au 2 jn.au 2 jn.au Pu Pu Pk Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pk Pk l'k 1774. C s.l W.ph.4.t899.f.a 1802. C l.p B.lgd.2.p.l94.c.t 1789. S s.l P.al.212.t.304.f.6 1795. C s.l 1800. C l.p 1789. C s.l Bot. rep. 522 Bot rep. 337 Bot. rep. 264 Bot. rej>. 512 1803 C lp 1803. C U.p 1789. C l.p 1803. S p.l 1S03. C s.p 1803. S p.l 1789. C p.l.s 1800. C s.p.l 1803. C s.l 1788. S p.l 1803. C l.p 1803. C p.l 1803. C p.l 1800. C p.l 3 jn.au 4 jn.au 3 jn.au 2J jn.au 7 jn.au 1J jn.au Pu Pu W Pu W Pu 2J jl.au 2J jn.au 2J jn.au 6 jn.au various-leaved club-bearing slender-leaved woolly imbricated I I or \ I or 1395 tenuifolius R. Br. 13961anatus R.Br. 1397 imbricatus R. Br. t237. SPATAL'LA. R.Br. Spatalla. 1398 prolifcra R. Br. proliferous 1 >'.19 ramulosa R. Br. cluster-flowered 1HX) incurva R Br. incurved-leav'd It \ ) or 1401 Thunbergii R. Br. Thunberg's Proteacece. jn.au Pu jn.a'i Pu I | or 3 jn.au Pu I | or 2 jn.s Pu I | or 3 ap.jl Pu Proteacece. 1 | or 1* jn.au Pu i | or 3 au.s Pu 2J my.jn Pu 3 my.jn Sp. 6—10. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. Sp. 4—16. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. 1789. 1806. 1806. 1786. 1802. 1800. 1790. 1790. 1786. 1797. 1803. 1806. 1803. 1803. 1802. 1790. 1794. 1800. 1787. 1789. 1S06. S p.l C l.p PI. am. t.345.f.6 Bot. rep. 264 Bot. rep. 349 Bot. rep. 507. f. 4 Bot. rep. 507 Bot. rep. 545 Bot. rep. 536 Bur.afr.t.99. f.2 l.p l.p Bur. afr. t.99.f.l p.l Bot. rep. 447 IP p.l s.l Thu.dis.n58. t5 p.l p.l Bot. rep. 243 s.p Bot. rep. 234 C si C l.p S s.l C l.p Thu.diaR.3at3 Bot rep. 517 Thimb.dis. 27.1.4 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 2?r Lcucosptrmuvi. From /.tuxo;, white, and my/M., seed, in allusion to the color of the seeds. The genus is chiefly composed ot low shrubs, which are usually downy or hairy. Leaves entire, or with callous teeth at the end. Heads terminal. Flowers yellow. The culture as for Protea. 23). Minnies. Named by Mr. Salisbury from ujfx.r,T<,,?, a mimic, because it resembles various other genera. 1 he sod lor this genus is two-thirds of light loam, and one third of sand. In other respects the treatment is the same as tor lsopogon. 234. Scrruria. Named by Burmannus after Professor Joseph Strruricr, a foreign botanist, of whom little is known. I he species flower freely, and make handsome bushy shrubs. The soil best adanted to them is onc- tlurd light loam, a third of i>eat, and a third of sand, with well drained ;>ots. " They also require an airy situ- ation, as they are so crowded with !ea"es that the branches are liable Ui damp and' tanker if any wet settles Order I. TETUANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 83 1368 leaves elliptical edged, Bractes spreading : upper spatulate minutely fringed, Petal* downy 1358 Style nearly twice M long as hairy flower, Stigma conical ovate gibb. on one side, Leaves obi. 3-4-toothed 1354 Style longer than the very villous Bower, Stigma equal-sided conical, Leaves oval 3-9-toothed 1355 Style longer than very vill. tl. Stig. equal-sided obi. Lvs. olil. lane. 3-tOOthed anil entire, Branches very hairy 1356 Style longer than hairy fl. Stigma equal-sided ovate, Lvs. lane, ami ellipt. entire short pub. Branches hairy 135] leaves linear channelled veinless, Branches and hructea.' tomentose, Segments of flower bearded 1358 Leaves linear flat, Branches hairy, Bractcu- smoothish ciliated 1359 Leaves linear wedge-shaped flat veiny 3-:">-toothod, Branches hairy, llractcs and segments of flow, foment. 13G0 Leaves linear 3-toothed, Bractes rounilctl tomentose twice as short as tube ot flower 13<>1 Involucr. eiiual-sideii colored acuminate half exserted 8-10-Howered, Leaves acute entire 1369 Leaves oval lanceolate pubescent, Stigma short prominent at base 1.>U) lnvol. unequal-sided, Leaves I'm. oblong 3-toothcd smooth the floral dilated beneath with recurved edges l.iove, All the segments of flower feathery 1397 Leaves lanceolate scabrous beneath, Claws of flower glandular hairy, Stigma clavate 139S Involucr. 4-leaved, Leaflets withered at end, Spike conical headed, Flowers sessile 1399 Involucr. 2-leaved the wider leaf tririd, Spike sessile imbricated, Leaves with a sharp point 14en abundance of seeds ; all of them thrive in an equal mixture of sandy loam and peat, and strike roots freely in sand under a hand-glass. 240. Jtiikea. Named by Schreber after Baron Hake, a patron of the botanic garden at Hanover. This genus thrives in equal parts of loam, peat, ami sand well drained , and cuttings root readily in sand under a IiamLglass. Order. I. TETRANDltIA MONOGYNIA. 8.5 1402 Leaves linear hairy scabrous recurved at edge, Dowers axillary, Ovary one-sided silky 140.) I«aves oblong linear mucronate rather villous, Flowers axillary solitary 14<>4 Leaves lanceolate or elliptical mucronate glabrous smooth, Peduncle axillary 1-Howerod, Flower silky 140.r> f surra lanceolate oblong unequal-sided, Flowers smooth, Stem arborescent, IS.irk serious m layers 140(i Leave* obovate acute smooth on both sides without ribs thick, Flowers axillary remote on long stalks 1407 Leaves filiform lax, Spike leafy elongated pyramidal, Floral leaves abbreviated Style smooth, Follicle rio/ess. 1408 Leaves ellipt or obi olrt. mucr. broken back at the edges, Flower branches erect, Racemes abbrev. recurv. 1 ki!> Leaves elliptical oblong attenuate at base broken back at edges, Flower bearing branches recurved 1410 Leaves subulate fascicled divaricating broken back at the edge, Branches villous rounded 141 1 Leaves linear lanceolate acute nmcr. broken back at edges, Rac. abbreviate erect, Style very smooth at cud 1412 Lvs. elong. linear broken back at edges smooth, Inner beard of flower very dense, Stalks longer than ovary Style hairy. Follicle ri/jbed. 1413 Ixjaves oblong obtuse mucronate, Itacemes recurved few-flowered, Pistils tomentose 1414 Leaves lane, sub-acum. mucr. above dotted scabrous beneath cinereous, Branc. pubes. Rac. few-fl. recurved 1415 leaves lanceol. hairy beneath. Style very long compressed hairy at back [or horizontal 141(i I/eaves obovate obt mucr. above scabrous and shining beneath rather silky, Hairs of flowers appressed 1417 Leaves elliptical and obovate mucronate above roughish beneath cinereous Pistil woolly. Follicle riUess. [as recurved appendage 1418 Leaves elliptical above dotted scabrous beneath cinereous with close tomentum, Stig. orbic. scarcely as long 1419 Leaves elliptic lanceolate little revolute at edge, Flowers scarcely higher than leaves Raceme Uiyrsoid. Leaves pi nw it ifid. (True Grevillew, Br.) 1420 Leaves elongate linear pinnatitid cut or entire beneath tomentose, Racemes 3 times as short as the leaf Leaves filiform. 1421 leaves smooth, Flowers silky or hairy, Caps, lanceolate acuminate straight crosted on both sides 1422 Leaves smooth with bloom not channelled, Petals woolly 1423 I/eaves terete, Branches foment. Gland attached to oblique end of stalk, Flow, silky, Caps, gibbous nodose 1424 Lvs. ben. with an obsoU furr. at base and branc, s.-pub. Branchl. and tl-stks. hairy, Caps. gibb. with cav. inside 1425 Leaves smooth beneath below the middle with an obsolete furrow the length of fruit, Caps, gibbous rugose 14i;'() Leaves furrowed above pinnatitid occasionally undivided, Flowers racemose smooth, Caps, gibbous 1427 Lvs. of upper branches tilif. of lower flat, Perianths very smooth, Caps, with 2 spurs umbelled much shorter Leaves flat , toothed, or entire. [than leaf 1428 Leaves narrow-lanceoL prickly toothed minutely dotted a little rough at the edge, Caps. 2-spurred convex 1429 Leaves oval opaque sinuate-toothed prickly stalked, Caps. 2-spurred ovate gibbous compressed at end 1430 Lvs. lane, or obi attenu. at base with a few prickly teeth or entire shining veiny with branches very smooth 1431 Lvs. sinu. tooth, shining veiny .-tern-clasp, with a dilated cord, base, Stem prost. Bran, smooth, Caps, spurl. 1432 Lvs. angul. tooth, dil. at end and cuneate at base cord, stem clasp. Stem prost, Branc. pubes. Caps, spurless 1433 Leaves pinnatitid and bipinnatifld linear, Capsules spurless 1434 Leaves pinnatitid the anterior segments 1 inch long the posterior 1J inch and more 1435 Leaves obovate 3-nerved reticulated wavy prickly toothed, Caps, spurless ventricose 1436 Leaves lane, entire and nerved obsoletely veined prickly at end upper pubesc. Caps. term. 2-spurrcd gibbous 1437 Lvs. elongate-lane, entire 1-nerv. acute withered at end with bran, very smooth, Caps, keeled on both sides 1438 Lvs. lin.-lanc. elongate entire 3-nerv. obsoletely veined rough, wither, at end, Bran, downy, Caps, lanceol. 1439 leaves entire 3-nerved veiny obovate-obtong or linear lanceolate reversed, Branches angular, Bark warted 1440 I/eaves entire 5-nerved reticulated elliptical or oval pointless, Stalks and flowers smooth, Bark shining 1441 Leaves elongate lanceolate 3-nerved at base 1442 Involucres 7-flowered, Leaves linear-lanceolate cuspidate 1443 The only species 1444 Leaves wedge-shaped oblong toothed veiny smooth 1445 Leaves bipinnatifld very smooth, Segments wedge-shaped or lanceolate cut 1416 Leaves linear lanceolate elongate smooth remotely serrate and MitCetlaneoa$ Farticidnrs. 2H. StcnocarpHS. A handsome genus. The name is derived from u-r\\,o;, narrow, and xafTa;, fruit 'J4J. /. mhertia. In honor of A. B. I^unbert, Esq, F. R. S., vice-president of the LinnSN n Society, and jkuu teasQT of a rich Herbarium. This handsome plant thrives well in loam and peat not over watered Cuttings must l>e taken otT at a joint before they begin to push, and planted thinly in sand under a glass, and guarded from damp. 243. \;//o»ielum. A name derived by Sir J. E. Smith from the remarkable fruit of the plant which resembles a wooden apple ; Jv>.o», wood, and /j.f,>.cv, an apple. 244 Teloppa. From rqAasrsfi seen at a distance, in allusion to the brilliant crimson blossoms which decorate. the plant, and make it a conspicuous object in its own country, as well as in our conservatories. 2k">. l.imntia. From /..■•«/«, an edge, on account of the winged edge of the seeds, a 3 86 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class IV. £16. RHOPA'LA. R. Br. Riiopala. 1447 dentata R. Br. tooth-leaved 1448 sessilifolia R Br. sessile-leaved 247. BANK'SIA. R. Br. Banksia. 1+49 pulchclla R. Br. small-flowered 1450 spharocarpa R Br. round-fruited 14/51 nutans R. Br nodding-flower. 14.52 ericitolia R. Br. Heath-leaved 1453 spinulosa B Br. spiny 1454 collina R. Br. hill 1455 occidentals R. Br. west-coast 1456 littoralis R. Br. sea-side I4">7 marginata 7?. Br. various-leaved 1458 australis R. Br. southern 1459 integrifolia B. Br. entire-leaved 1460 verticillata R. Br. verticillate 1461 coccinea R. Br. scarlet-flowered 1462 paludosa B Rr. marshy 146'3 oblongifolia R. Br. oblong-leaved 14^4 latitoiia R. Br. broad-leaved 1465 marcescens R. Br. short-leaved a or I lor I I or ■\ | or !| I or Proteacete. 10 my.au G 10 ... G Proteacete. Y jn.s ja d my.d il | or 6 my.au I | or 6 12 ... 12 jl.o 1466 insularis R. Rr. Island 1467 attenuata R. Br. smooth-flower. 1468 serrata R. Br. saw-leaved 1469 as'mula B. Br. deeply-sawed 1470 quercifolia R. Br. oak-leaved 1471 dentata R. Rr. toothed 1472 speciosa R. Rr. long-leaved 147.) grandis R Br. great-flowered 1474 repens R. Br. creeping 248. DRYAN'DRA. R.Br. Dryaxpra. 1475 floribi'inda R. Br. many-flowered 1476 cuncata R. Rr. wedge-leaved 1477 armata R. Rr. acute-leaved 1478 formosa R. Br. splendid 1479 plumosa R. Br. feathered 1480 outusa B. Br. obtuse-leaved 1481 nivea B. Br. white-leaved' 1482 longifolia R. Br. long-leaved 1483 tenuifolia R. Br. fine-leaved 249. STRUTHI'OLA. W. Stri tiiiola. «l_|or «l_|or fUor 5 ja.ap 15 my.au 30 mv.au G 6 ja.d Pu 6 6 20 jl.s Y 6 jl.s G !| I or : i I or !| I or 5 4 5 my.au ... 4 2 ... Y Proteacete. 3 jad Y 3 f.n 3 jad ja.d 4 3 1 ... 1 jl.s 2 ja.d 1484 1485 1486 1487 148S 1489 1490 1491 1492 juniperina W. erecta W. en. ovata W. imbricata 11 K. tomentosa H. K. virgSta H. K. ciliata Andr. pubescens H. K. incana Lodd. drooping upright oval-leaved tiled-leaved downy-leaved twiggy ciliated downy hoary mr.my Y TtiymcUem. i\ (or 2 ap.s W 1 1 ( or I± ap.s W S|_Jor 2 f.jn W 1 1__| or 2 ap.au Y ? 1 | or 2 au s Y s i | or 2 ap au R '. i ; or 2 ap.au W ! \ | or 3 ap an R 1 1 | or 2 au \V Sp. 2. S. Amer. Guiana Sp. 26— 35. N. Holl. N. Holl. N. Holl. N. S. W. N. S. W. N. S. W. N. Holl. N. Holl. N. S \V. N. S. W. N. S. W. N. Holl. N. Holl. N. S. W. N. S. W. N. S. W. N. Holl. N. S. W. N. Holl. N. S. W. N. S. W. N. Holl. N. & \V. N. Holl. N. Holl. N. Holl. Sp.9— ia N. Holl. N. Holl. N Holl. N. Holl. N. Holl. N Holl. N. Holl. N. Holl. N. Holl. 1802. 1S03. 1805. 1803. 1803. 1788. 1788. 1800. 1803. 1803. 1804. 1822. 1788. 1794. 1803. 1805. 1788. 1802. 1794. 1822. 1794. 1788. 1788. 1S05. 1822. 1805. 1794. 1S03. 1803. 1803. 1803. 1803. 1803. 180:1 1803. 1805. 1803. C Lp C Lp Rudg.gui.l.t.31 G s.p C s.p C lp C s.p C Lp L s.p C Lp sp Bot. mag. 738 Bot. rep. 457 Bot. mag. 1947 Bot. reg 787 Cv.ic.fi. t.545,545 Hook. ex. fl. 96 Bot. cab. 392 Bot. cab. 241 Bot. mag. 2406 Bot. rep. 258 s.p sp S.p sp lp lp s.p Ls.p s.p l.s.p Voy.de lab. 1 t.23 Bot. rep. 82 Bot. rep 6t>8 Sp. 9—18. C. G. H. 1758. C. G. H. 1798. C. G. H. 1792. C. G. H. 1794. C. G. H. 1799. C. G. H. 1779. C. G. H. 1779. C. G. H. 1790. C. G. H. 1817. S s.p Bot. mag. 1581 C Lp C lp C Lp Lin. tran. 10. t. 3 C Lp C Lp C Lp Vov.de lab.l.t .24 S s.p Bot. mag. 1582 S s.p C Lp Bot. mag. 222 C s.p Bot. mag. 21:38 C s.p Bot. rep. 119 C s.p Bot. rep. 113 C s.p Bot. rep. 334 C s.p Bot. rep. 139 C s.p Bot. rep. 149 C s.p Bot. mag. 1212 C sp Bot cab. 11 Bistort,, Use, Propagation, Culture, 246. Rkopala. The vernacular name of one of the species found in Guiana is Roupala. The species seldom flower, and are remarkable more for the beauty of their foliage than blossoms, which are disposed in long spikes usually of a greenish color. ° r ' 247. Banksia. So named by I.innsus, in honor of Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., Pres. R. S., a distinguished pro- moter of the study of natural history, and of science in general : he died in 1820. This is an elegant genus and to be grown well requires a soil composed of equal parts of peat, loam, and sand. The pots must be' well drained ; and the following is the mode recommended by Sweet : " Place a piece of potsherd about halfway over the hole at the bottom of the pot, then lay another piece against it that it may be hollow, afterwards put some smaller pieces all round them, and some more, broken verv small, on the top of these All plants belong ing to the Proteacea; should be drained in the same manner, as the roots are very fond of running amongst the broken potsherds ; and there is not so much danger of their being overwatered : care must be taken not to let them flag for want of water, as they seldom recover if allowed to get verv dry ; they should also be placed in an airy part of the green-house when in doors, as nothing is more beneficial to them than a free circulation of air Cuttings are generally supposed to be difficult to root, but they will root readilv if properly managed • let them be well ripened before they are taken off; then cut them off at a joint, and plant them in pots of sand without shortening any of the leaves, except on the part that is planted in the sand, where thev should be taken ofl quite close ; the less depth they are planted in the pots the better, if they onlv stand firm "when the sand is well closed round them ; then place thein under hand-glasses in the propagnting house, but not plunge them in OltDEIl I. TETUANDUIA MONOGYN1A. ; 1 17 Leavei alternate ovate lanceolate complicate toothed attenuated at both ends 1 1 ks Leaves 4 together subscssile wedge-shaped oblong entire 1 MO Leaves accrose entire not pointed, (laws of flowei woolly, Segments smooth, Stigma ,i depressed head 14 o Leaves acerose entire mucronate, Flower all hairy, stigma subulate, Conea globose 1451 Leaves acerose entire mucronate, 1 lower hoada nodding, I lowers silky 1 158 Leaves acerose enurginate .'-toothed entire, Flower heads long. Rowers silky. Stigma capitate 14>3 Leaves acerose 3-tOOthed at end, the middle tooth longest prickly or entire at the edge, Stigma subulate I4H Leaves linear prickly toothed ; the terminal tooth shortest lkV) Leaves linear beyond the middle prickly toothed beneath veinless, Stem shrubby, Branches smooth 1 1'iii Loaves long lin. prickh toothed atten. at base veinless beneath, Stem arborescent, Hranehlets tomentose 1 \S7 Leaves linear truncate mucronate entire or toothed ; veins beneath inconspicuous, Ends of branches hairy I r>s Leaves linear truncate mucronate recurved at edge entire beneath netted, Ends of branches tomentose lkV Leaves Wheeled oblong lane, entire mucronulate With conspicuous netted veins beneath, Stem arboreous 14ti(> Leaves whorled Ungulate oblong obtuse unarmed beneath veinless white. Stem arboreous 1 hil Leaves altera, wedge-shaped obovate or obi. toothed truncated ribbed reticulated at the base transverse 1462 Leaves somewhat whorled wedge-shaped obi. subtrunc attenuated at base beyond middle toothed serrate 1463 Leaves scattered narr. obi. trunc. toothed seen beneath ribbed and veiny, Footstalks and branchl. foment 14t>4 leaves obovate oblong prickly serrate acute at base beneath ribbed reticulated cinereous 1465 Leaves wedge-shaped Bat scattered truncate beyond the middle toothed serrate at the base acutish 14iio Leaves linear or wedge-shaped Oblong rounded mucronulate scattered or whorled beneath netted 1467 Leaves elongate lin. trunc. at the base attenuate beyond the middle serrated beneath ribbed rctic. foment. 1468 I .eaves broad linear elongate truncated serrate beneath reticulated smoothish at the base attenuated 14:i!> Lvs. broad lin. elung. truncated deeply serrate beneath reticulated smoothish, Stig. bearded not furrowed 1470 Leaves oblong wedge-shaped subtruncate smooth cut serrate mucronate, Segments of flower awned 1471 beaves wedge-shaped oblong truncate sinuate toothed undulated acute at base beneath ribbed veiny snowy 1472 Leaves linear pinnatifid, Lobes triangular half ovate mucronate beneath snowy obsoletely nerved 1475 leaves pinnatifid, ljabcs triangular ovate acute flat beneath nerved smoothish, Flowers smooth 1474 Leaves pinnatifid, Lobes sinuate or toothed, Stem prostrate 1477 Leaves wedge-shaped cut serrate, Bractes of involucre striated outer smoothish 1*76 Leaves wedgc-shaped sinuate toothed prickly stalked, Bractes all smooth silky 1477 Lvs. pinnatifid, Lobes triang. flat divaricating straight prickly pointed the term, longer than those next it 1478 Lvs. elongate linear pinnatifid, Lobes triangular pointless flat snow-white beneath, Involucres tomentose 1479 Leaves elongate lin. pinnatifid, Lobes an equal-sided triangle mucron. recurved at edge beneath snow-white 1480 Iieaves lin. pinnatifid longer than decumbent tomentose stem, Lobes triangular obtuse snow-white beneath 1481 leaves I'm. pinnatifid as long as smooth stem, Lobes triang. acute mucr. beneath white with recurved edge 1482 Lvs. I'm. pinnatifid very long acute beneath ashy at base attenuated and entire, Lobes triang. ascend, decur. J4SJ Leaves linear elongate pinnatifid sub-truncate white beneath, Lobes triangular decurrcnt divaricating 14S4 Leaves linear acute spreading, Flowers naked, Anthers included 14S.) Leaves linear and 4-cornererf branches smooth I486 Leaves ovate and branches rugose smooth 1 4S7 Leaves ovate furrowed quadrifarious ciliated at edge, Glands of flower 4 I+vx Loaves ovate tomentose, Glands of flower 12 1 kS9 Leaves lanceolate ciliated, Bractes the length of germen 14' 10 Leaves lanceolate mucronate ciliate concave incurved at end 14'd Leaves linear ciliated, Bractes longer than germen UtlA Leaves all over hoary and Miicrllaiwous 1'articu/ars. heat; the glasses must be frequently taken off to give them air and dry them, or they are apt to damp off"; when they are rooted, the sooner they are potted off in little pots the better, as the sand is liable to canker their roots if left too long in it ; when potted off, they should be placed in a close frame, but not on heat, as a bottom heat will destroy their roots, when they must be hardened to the air by degrees. Plants raised in this way have Utter roots, grow faster, ami flower sooner than plants raised from seeds. In raising them from seeds they should lie sown in the same kind of soil as the plants are grown in, and placed in the greenhouse ; or if it is in summer they will come up sooner if placed out in the 0]>en air ; they will soon make their appearance, when they should be potted off in small pots, for if left in the seed pots too long they are apt to die, and arc n.oie difficult to move with safety." [Bat. Cult. 147.) 848, Dii/niitlia. Was named by Mr. K. Brown after the famous Jonas Dryander, whose catalogue of the Banksian library would alone be a monument of talent and industry, if his high botanical acquirements had been unknown. This genus is allied in character and habits to B.iiiksia. It thrives best in very sandy loam and peat in well drained pots. Cuttings made from rqicned wood taken off at a joint before they begin to push, planted in sand without shortening any of the leaves, and covered with a glass, will root without difficulty. The pots should not l>e plunged, and a* soon as the cuttings are rooted they must be potted off as the sand is apt to injure their roots. Place them afterwards in a close frame or under hand-glasses till they strike root afresh, and then harden them by degrees Sip, ,7 £!!>. Sliuttiiula. From /rr^n.'^ot, a sparrow ; the pointed seed vessels have some resemblance to the beak <>f a G i 88 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class IV 250 OPERCULA'RIA. IV. Opercular™. 141)3 aspera IV. rough-seeded £ |AJ w 251. CRYPTOSPER'MUM. P.S. Cryptosfermum U. I I w _£fA1cu ^fAlcu £ 7VI cu chaffy Poiiios. stemless lance-leaved blue-fruited sweet-scented £ 23 cu thick-nerved _/ff 23 cu he.irt-leaved arrow-leaved large-leaved blunt-leaved Siunkweed 14!!4 Youngii P. S. *252. PO'THOS. W. 14:i5 acaulis W. 14: >G lanceolata IV. 14;>7 violacea W. 1498 canna?folia H. K. U'.f} crassinervis IV. 1500cordata W. 15()1 sagittata B. M. 1502 macrophyMla IV. 1503 obtusifolia //. K. 51504 fte'tida //. A'. 15(15 palmata IV. 150.1 pentapliylla JK 2.53. RIVI'NA. IV. 1507 humilis JK 13 canes'cens VV. 1508 purpurascens IV. en. purple 1509 la?'vis IV. smooth 1510 brasiliensis IV. wave-leaved 1511 octandra IV. climbing 254. CAMPHOROS'MA. W. Camphorosma 1512 monspeliaca IV. hairy «. \_ **55. ALCHEMIL'LA. IV. Ladies-mantle. Valerianerc. Sp 1 — 12. 1 jn jl W N. S. \V. 1790. Valerianae. Sp. 1. 4 jl.au Pk N. S. W. 1793. Aroidece. Sp. 12—28. 1 ap.jl Ap W. Indies 1790. S sp An. mu.4.t.70.f.l C co Linn.trans.3. t.5 pahnated five-leaved Ruin A. downy hoary _£23cu _£23cu ^23cu _£23cu £ tAlcu jg23cu ^izacu H ap jl Ap 2 ap.jn Ap 3 ap.my Ap 2£ ... Ap 3 ap Ap 3 au Ap 3 my.jn Ap 2 my.jn Ap 1 inr.ap Ap 3 jn.jl Ap 2 o n Ap Barbadoesl790. Jamaica 1793. W. Indies 1789. S. Amer. 1796. America 1770. W. Indies 1800. W. Indies 1794. Barbadoesl790. N. Amer. 1735. S. Amer. 1803. Cayenne 1803. Sk s.p Sk s.p Sks.l Sks.p Sks.p Sk s.p Skp.l Sks.p Skpl Skp.l Skp.l Skp.l «-Oor M-Oor e-Oor a-Qor Chenopodea?. Sp. 5 — 7. 2 ja.o W W. Indies 1699. Jac.am.240.t.l53 Plum am.47.t.62 Hook. ex. fl. 55 Bot. mag. 603 Jac ic. 3. t. 609 Plum. ic. 2S. t.38 Bot mag. 1584 Jac. ic. 3. t. 610 Bot. mag. 836 Plum.am.49.t.64 Bot. mag. 1375 2 my.au W 2 my.au Pk 2 fs Pk 2 jn.jl G 20 my.jn W W Indies 1804. W. Indies 1815. W. Indies 1733. Brazil 1790. W. Indies 1752. 1513 vulgaris IV en. 1514 montana IV. en. 1515 pubescens IV. en. 1516sericea IV. en. 1517 alpina IV. 1518 pentaphylla IV. 1519 A'phanes IV. common mountain pubescent silky silvery five-leaved Parsley-piert jk A or ik A or ^ A or iAor ^ A or -* O w Chenopodece. Sp. 1 — 5. 1^ au.s Ap S. Europe 1640. Sanguisorbete. Sp. 7 — 14. 1 jn au G Britain me.pa. G S r.m Bot. mag. 1781 C l.p C l.p S r.m Bot. mag. 2333 C l.p C p.l B.jm,149.t23.f2 C p.l Schk. han 1. 1.26 1 jn.au lju.au i jn.au £ jl k Jl i ap.jn Britain moun. Caucasus 1813. Caucasus 1813. Britain rocks. SwitzerL 1784. Britain D co D co D co D co D co D co D co 2r^. SANGUISOR'BA. IV. Great-burxet. Sanguisorbex. Sp. 5. 1520 nffifMnalis IV nlfiriivil At A atr Q in an Plr Rvii-mi 1520 officinalis IV. ft auricii/dta 1521 carnea Fisch. 1522 tcnuifolia Fisch, 1523 media IV. 1524 canadensis IV. £57. DORSTE'XIA. IV. 152.5 brasiliensis IV. 152n Houston i IV. 1527 Contrajerva IV. 1528 arilblia Lam. officinal eared flesh-colored fine-leaved short-spiked Canadian i Aag ^ A or 3i A or •k A or i A or & A or 2 jn.au 2 jn.au 2 jn.au 2 jn.au 2 jl.s S jl.s Pk Pk I? Pk R W Britain Italy Canada Canada me.pa. S co 1823. 1820. 1785. 1633. D co D co D co D co Eng. bot. 597 Mill. ic. 1. 18 Hoit. ber. 2. t.79 Eng. bot. 244 Bocc. mus. 1. 1 1 Eng. bot. 1011 Eng. bot. 1312 Bocc.mus.19. t.9 Schr. mon. t. 69 Zan. h.l81.U38 Cor. can. 1. 174. Dorstenia. Brazilian $_ 23 cu Houston's j£ 23 cu Contrajerva-rt. £ 23 m arum-leaved j£ 23 cu Urficea:. Sp. 4—14. J ap.au G S. Amer. 1792. i jn.jl G S. Amer. 1747. | mv.au G S. Amer. 1748. i my.jl G Brazil 1822. R s.I R s.l Bot. mag. 2017 Sk p.l Jac. ic. 3. t. 614 R s.l Bot. rnag. 2476 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, sparrow or other small bird. The species are aU slender, hardy, green-house plants, of pretty appearance, and easy cultivation. J ' r 250. Opercularia. From operculum, a lid, in allusion to the manner in which the calyx is closed. Plants of no beauty. 251. Cryittoxpennum. From 2{kt™, to conceal, and o-t-S/j.*, seed. The seeds, or rather seed-vessels, are hidden in theinvolucrum. Weeds of some tropical countries. 252. Pothos. From potha, the native name of this plant in Ceylon. Most of the species are sub-parasitic, and found climbing, like ivy, on the trunks of trees in the West Indies and America. In our stoves most of the species will thrive planted in old bark and moss, and plunged in heat. P. palmata has leaves upwards of three feet long, with a foot-stalk nearly four feet long, palmate, as thick as strong parchment, smooth, with a midrib of a deep green above, and the fructification on spikes more than a foot in length. The species are cultivated for the sake of their foliage, which is always of an agreeable green color, and not liable to discoloration by damp or other accidents of a hot-house. 2"3. Rivina. In memory of A. Q. Rivinus, a native of Saxonv, born in 1652, and died in 1722. He was for a long time professor of botany and medicine at Leipsig, and left behind him some valuable botanical works ■ and among them a very ingenious attempt at a classification of plants by the corolla ; from which some modern bo- tanists have profited more than they have acknowledged. The name, as Linnams observes, with his usual neatness, has been given to a shrub always covered with leaves and fruits, in allusion to the merit of the works of Rivinus. R. octandra, the Hoop-wi»hy of Jamaica, and liane ositc ovate rough, Flowers capitate, Heads stalked axillary 149+ Stem erect 4-corncred and leaves lanceolate entire smooth 1495 I/eaves lanceolate entire nerveless 14!>ti Leaves lanceolate 3-nerved veiny entire, Scape 3-comcred at the end 14!>7 Leave! ovate lanceolate entire nerved dotted 1 196 Leaves obovate lanceolate pointed at both ends ribbed, Spathe oblong acuminate flat stalked 1499 IxKives obi. attenuated at both ends veiny entire, Middle rib convex on both sides with 3 keels at its ua»e 1300 leaves cordate lobed imbricated, Spathe flat, Scape rounded 1501 I-eaves cordate acute, Lobe* spreading, Spathe rcflcxed as long as the erect spadix 1502 leaves cordate lobes divaricating, Spadix much shorter than the spatha 15UJ Ixjaves cordate very obtuse 1504 leaves cordate acute, Spadix subglobose 1505 Leave* palmated, Lobes 9 or 10 lanceolate obtuse 1505 Leaves digitate quinate ovate acuminate 1507 Leaves pubescent l-iiTS Leaves ovate smooth ciliated, Petioles pubescent 1509 Leaves ovate acuminate smooth flat, Stem round 1510 Leaves ovate wavy rugose, Stem furrowed 1511 Flowers octandrous and dodecandrous 1512 Tufted tomentose hoary, Stems ascending simple 1513 Leaves reniform plaited serrated, Stem and petiole smoothish, Flowers dichotomous corymbose 1514 Leaves reniform 9-lobed beneath with the stein and petioles silky, Flowers fastigiate clustered sessile 1515 Leaves reniform 7-lobed toothed silky beneath, Corymbs terminal 1516 Leaves digitate in sevens lanceolate acute, from the middle to the end deeply serrated silky beneath 1517 Leaves digi'ate in fives or sevens lanceolate cuneate obtuse serrated or toothed at the end silky beneath 1518 Leaves tnree together, Leaflets ciliated multifid smooth 1519 Leaves three parted, Segments trifid pubescent, Flowers clustered monandrous 1520 Spike ovate, Stamens shorter than the cor. Cal. and leaves smooth, Leaflets ovate subcordate 1521 Leaflets cordate lanceolate crenate toothed quite smooth, Stamens shorter than corolla 1522 Leaflets subsessile ovate-lanceolate finely serrated, Spikes cylindrical, Stamens longer than corolla 1523 Spikes cylindrical, Stamens longer than corolla, Cal somewhat ciliated 1524 Spikes cylindrical very long, Stamens much longer than corolla 1525 Leaves cordate oval obtuse crenulate, Receptacles orbicular 152(5 Leaves cordate angular acute, Receptacles quadrangular 1527 Leaves cordate or pinnatifid palmate serrated, Receptacles quadrangular 1528 Leaves cordate sagittate undulated toothed large, Receptacles oval 1507 «& j. .4 '509 and Miscellaneous Particulars. stitute the principal part eft he food of the American thrush or nightingale ; they contain a very oily seed, and after the bird has swallowed manv of them he frequently flies to the next bird-pepper bush (Capsicum), and picks a few pods : instinct directing him to what is necessary to promote the digestion of that oleaginous heavy food. 2"4. Camphorosma. Barbarously named from two words, the one I/atin (camphora), and the other Greek {oA. W. 1529 pal ustris IV. 259. ELiEAG'NUa W. 1530 angustifolia W. 1531 argentea Ph. 1532 oriental is IV. 1533 latifolia W. 1534 acuminata Lk. 260. GLOBULA'RIA. 1535 longifolia W. 1536 A'lypum W. 1537 vulgaris W. 1538 spindsa W. 1539 cordi folia W. 1540 nudicaulis W. t261. HOUSTO'NIA. W. 1541 caerulea IV. 1542 purpurea W. 262. DIPSA'CUS. W. 154.') fullonura W. 1544 sylvestris IV. 1.545 laciniatus /F. 1546 Gmehni Ii/,'b. 1547 inermis flatf. 1548pilosus W. IsNARDA. marsh Oleaster. narrow-leaved silvery oriental broad-leaved acuminated M W. Globi'liria. long-leaved n. three-toothed n. common |£ prickly-leaved H wedge-leaved j£ naked-stalked £ Houstonia. blue-flowered )£ purple-flower'd j£ Teasel. clothier's ^t wild £fc cut-leaved ^ intermediate ^t unarmed ^ small .'v * O w 5 or ¥ or 1 Onagrarue. 1 jl G EUeagneoe. or 15 jl Ap or 10 jLau Ap I | or 10 jl.au Ap I I or 3 jl.au Ap 1 | or 3 ... Ap GLtbularitue. 3 jl.au W 2 au.s J my.jn i my.jn ij'ijl i jn.jl S/>. 1—6. Eur., &c. 1776. S co Sp. 5—10. S. Europe 1633. N. Ainer. 1813. Levant 1748. E. Indies 1712. C co C co L p.l L p.l C co L_lpr l_Jpr A pr L_|pr A pr A pr *263. CEPHALA'RIA. Schr. Cephalaria. §1549alplna W. §1550 albescens W. en. §1551 rigida W. §1552 attenuate W. §1553 transylvanica IV. §1554 syriaca W. §1555 leucantha IV. §1556 tetarica W. §1557 uralensis IV. §1558 levigate jr. # JC /S comiculata §1559cretacea J?/V6. §1560 Vaillantii Scltott. §1561 papposa W. *264. SCABICSA. if. 1562 dichotoma W. en, § 1563 Succisa W. 1564 integrilolia Jf. 1565 arvensis IV. 1566 sylvatica W. 1567 longifolia />. S. 156S ciliata S/ir. Alpine whitish ^ stiff-leaved n. narrow-leaved M. Transylvanian Syrian white-flowered jfc Tartarian ^ Uralian smooth ^ horned ^ chalky ^ Vaillant's A pr A pr O) ag CD w CD w CD A CD A or A or Sp. 6—13. Madeira 1775. S. Europe 1640. Europe 1640. Spain 1640. Germany 1633. Germany 1629. Rubiacece. Sp. 2 — 15. | my.au L.B N. Amer. 1785. 1 my.au Pu N. Amer. 1800. Dipsacea?. Sp. 6 — 10. Pa B B B B D s.p D co jl jl jl.au jl.au Pu Pu Pu B W W Britain hedg. Britain m.hed. Germany 1683. Caucasus 1820. Nepal 1823. Britain rnoi.pl. 1 BU m.s m.s m.s Schk. han.l. t.25 Pall. ioss. 1. t. 4 Pall. ross. 1. t 5 Bm. zeyl. t.39.f.2 Bot. reg. 685 Garid. aix. t. 42 Bot. mag. 2256 Jac. aus. 3. t. 245 Jac. aus. 3. t. 230 Bot mag. 370 Bot cab. 1621 Eng. bot. 2080 Eng. bot. 10J2 Jac. aus. 5. t. 403 Dipsaccce. Sp 13 — 30. O or O or A or Q) or O or A or A or A or O or jn.jl 2 jn.jl 2 jl 1 jl.s 2 jl 3 jl 2 s.o 6 jn.au 5 jl.au l|jl.au 2 jl.au 4 jl.au H jl.au L.Y W W W Li W W L.Y Y Str Str Str B 1570. 1804. 1731. 1774. S.vitzerl. Siberia C. G. H. C. G. H. Transylv. 1699. Syria 1633. France 1739. Russia 1759. Siberia 1789. Hungary 1805. Hungary 1801. Caucasus 1818. Aleppo 1822. D co D co S p.1 S l.p S co S co D co S co S co D co D co D co D co downy-headed O or 1 jl W S. Europe 1739. S co Scabious. forke.l Devil's-bit red- flowered field broad-leaved long-le ivoJ ciliated iOor it A or O or ^ A or ik A °r ^ A or ^ A or Dipsacea?. Sp. 33 — 103. 1 jn.au Pk Sirily V R Pu Pu Li \V 1 au.o l^jn.au 2 jl.o 3 jl 1^ jl.au 2 jl.au Britain France Britain Austria S co D co S co 1804. pas. 1748. cor. H. S co 1613. D co Hungary 1802: I) co Germany ISQ2, I) co Eng. bot 877 Be.eys.ses. t8. f.l Com. hort.2. t.93 Jac. vind.2. till Mor.h.3.tl4.f.l4 Ger. ema.721.f.8 Act.ups.1744. tl Co. gott.17S2.t4 Wl.&Kit3.t.230 \V. et Kit. 1 13 Bocc. mus. t.120 Eng. bot 878 Eng. bot. 659 Jac. aus. 4. t 362 W et Kit. t.5 ■yn 1MI History, Use, Propagation, Culture, me^befo?the AclSemv'of^1^^ £W WaS * Fr Professor at tht Jar<"" *« Roi, and AnXcure marsh pllnt ' ' Wl"Ch he commu"'^ted many memoirs upon plants from 1716 to'l724. tifolia iff £w' tree wXelewn't S^rTlL^ '"? *?'"* \*?& ***™™™e to the olive tree E. angus- cies are comWnlv nronaeated i,^ llZl % ^ a"d a,^°Tn ^ark> but not of lone duration. All the hardy %*- offat a STrUned wood and oTantd ^„"f %?»* IS ^ Md ^neS> " cutti"gs^i» ^rike if taken stove species striked sand un'de? a bXtfss ' '" aUtUmn" The S^n-house and i^SSSSSL an^he^fu&^ rf"™f°?*r-hea,to- ^he sPecAes,ca!!ed A1yp»m hasbeen sonam«» purgative. Bauh.n even^alls it Frutex t°n ofM* «•>«» botanists^s the same mi make new shoots, roo fre™v in tarn a. TS* , I ^hr,Ub,by Feen-'»Vse ^S0168' taken •>«■ before they begin to herbaceous kinds may be propaga^from IS^MaSlSSSiSl m^eT^te ^to™ "«t The hardy and and a moist loamy soil : hut S«eet recommends ^uffiTn ^ " S*l*' they P/efer a shady s'tuati°n 261. Houstonia Named after Dr "?»„ Inil?? ? ,L 7he leaves of most of tne sPecies dry blatk- The plants are sma.l, SSW& wSftad^ fit t^or r^^^ °f "^ : E died * "^ Order I. TETUANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 91 1.029 Leaves stalked ovate acute 1530 Leaves lanceolate 1531 leaves oblong acute at each end silvery, Flowers solitary nodding 1532 leaves oblong ovate opaque 1533 Learea mate 1531 Leaves ovate acuminate wavy 1535 Stem shrubby, Leaves lanceolate linear entire, Flowers axillary subsessile solitary 1536 Stem shrubby, leaves lanceolate 3-toothed anil entire. Heads terminal 1537 Stem herbaceous, Radical leaves about 3-toothed much longer than the stalk, Cauline lanceolate 15!8 Radical leaves crenate acuminate, Cauline entire mucronate 1539 Radical leaves wedge-shaped retuse toothed at end the intermediate tooth very small 1540 Stem naked, Leaves entire lanceolate 1541 Leaves radical ovate, Stem compound, First peduncles 2-flowered 154- Leaves ovate lanceolate, Corymbs terminal 154.') Corona obsolete, Head cylindrical, Bractes recurved, Leaves connate entire suhcoriaceous 1544 Corona obsolete, Head cylind. Bractes straight, Invol. weak longer than head, Lvs. conn, entire or jagged 1545 Leaves of involucre linear-lanceolate rigid about as long as the head, Leaves usually sinuately jagged 1546 Corona membranaceous, Head ovate, involucre weak deflexed 1547 Leaves oblong serrate villous stalked sublobate, Cauline connate, Heads globular villous 1548 Corona obsolete, Head globose, Involucre detlexcd not quite so long as bractes Corollas i-cleft. 1549 Corona with 8 nearly eq. awned teeth, Anth. strip, with green at time of open. Br. acum. pub. Corol. radiant 1550 Corolla equal, Cal. imbr. Radical leaves pinnated, Leafl. lane, cut toothed ciliat Caul. tern, and sim. lin. 1551 Corollas 4- lid unequal, Scales of calyx obtuse, Leaves oblong serrated scabrous 1552 Corollas equal. Scales of calyx oblong obtuse, Leaves linear smooth entire tritid and at base pinnatilid 1533 Corona with 8 equal short teeth, Bractes awned, Awns purplish black 1554 Corona with 8 teeth of which 4 are awned and the other 4 very short, Br. awned, Awns rufous, Corol. equal 1555 Coroll. sub-equal, Scales of calyx ovate, Leaves pinnatifid 1556 Corona with 8 awned nearly equal teeth, Anth. str. with green at time of op. Br. acum. pub. Corol. radiant 1557 Coroll. radiant, Radical leaves simple, Cauline decurrent pinnated, Pales arid reflexed at end 1558 Corona with 4-8 obsolete teeth, Bractes awnless yellowish white the outer obtuse the inner acuminate /S Teeth of the corona distorted 1559 Coroll. radiant, Calyx imbricated, Leaves coriaceous smooth lanceolate entire : the upper lyrate 1560 Coroll. equal, Calyx and pales awned, Stem simple smoothish, Leaves lanceolate almost smooth Corollas 5-c/efl. 1561 Coroll. unequal, Stem herbaceous erect, Leaves pinnatifid. Seeds bearded and feathery pappose Corollas i-fid. 1562 Coroll. nearly equal, Stem dichotomous, leaves oblong cauline entire subsessile radical toothed stalked 1563 Cor. equal, Stem simple, Branches approximated, leaves lane, ovate pubescent, Caul. lin. nearly entire 1564 Cor. radiant, I-eaves undivided, Radical ovate serrated, Cauline lanceolate 15i!5 Coroll. radiant, Leaves entire pinnatifid and cut, Stem hispid 1566 Coroll. radiant, Leaves all undivided ovate oblong serrated, Stem hispid 15(i7 Coroll. radiant, Leaves oblong lanceolate entire, Stem below smooth above pilose 1568 Coroll. sub-radiant, Stem and leaves ovate hispid the lower leaves stalked entire auric, or pinn. Calyx cil. and Miscellaneous Particulars. 262. Dipsacus. From Zi-^au, to thirst. At the axillx of the leaves is usually a quantity of limpid water, which may l>e acceptable to people who arc thirsty. This water once had reputation as a cosmetic. C/iardon a Fut/lon, l'r. Kardcndcs/cl, (Jer. ; and DilSOOO, Ital. I), fullonum is cultivated in the west of England tor raising the nap upon woollen cloths, by means of the crooked awns or charts upon the heads, which in the wild Teasel are not hooked. For this purpose they arc fixed round the circumference of a large broad wheel, which is made to turn round, and the cloth is held against them. The seeds are sown in March, on well prepared strong clayey loam, broad-cast, and at the rate of one peck to the acre. They are hoed, like turnips, to a foot distance; and the second year, in August, the heads are fit to cut. They are sold by the bundle or stave, twenty-rive in each, and the ordinary produce is 160 staves per acre. In Essex, carraway is often sown along with teasel, and the second year after the latter is pulled, the former is mown or reaped. {Young's Annals, vol. xxi. p 5.1.) I), pilosus is the handsomest species ; the seeds are eaten by small birds, and the (lowers frequented by moths in great numbers. BBS Cijihalaria. From xitfet>.r„ a head, in reference to the manner in which the flowers grow. A mere ar- tificial division of the genus Scabiosa, from which it differs in no natural characters whatever. 2iH. Scabiosa. From scabies, leprosy. The sudorific qualities of this plant are said to be useful in cutaneous diseases. This is a vigorous-growuij.' course-looking genus. S. succisa is one of the few examples of radix pr.-r- morsj or bitlen-olf root ; an appearance, as Keith states, owing to the point or top of the seminal root 92 51569 canescens P.S. 51570 gramdntia TV. $1571 columbSria TV. 51572 grandiflora P.S. 51573 lucida P.S. 51574 sioula TV. 51575 ruta;f61ia P. S. 51576 maritima TV. 51.577 Webbiana BR. 51578 holosericea Bert. 51579 stellata TV. 51580 prolifera TV. 51581 atropurpiirea TV. 51582 argen tea TV. 51583 urceolata P.S. 51584 africana JV. §l585nitens R. %S. Scabiosa lucida H. §1586cretica TV. 51587 graminifolia JV. §1588 caucasea B. M. 51589 lyrata IV. §1590 pala?stina JV. 51591 isetensis TV. § 1592 ueranica IV. §1593 ochroleuca TV. en. §1594banatica P.S. 265. KNAU'TIA. TV. 1595 orientalis IV. 1596 propontica fV. 2S6. GA'LIUM. JV. 1597 rubioides JV. 1598 palustre JF. 1599 Witheringii E. B. 1600 austriacum JV. 1601 Bocconi JV. 1602 erectum E. B. 1603pusil!um JV. 1604 verum JV. 1605 Mollugo W. 1606 sylvaticum JV. 1607 linifolium JV. 1608 rigidum Jf. 1609 aristatum JV. 1610 tyrolense IF. en. 1611 glaiicum W. 1612 purpureum JV. 1613rubrum JV. 1614 spurium E. B. 1615 uliginosum TV. 1616anglicum E.B. 1617 saxatUe TV. 1618 tricome Sin. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class IV. hoary i A or 1 jl.au Li Hungary 1802. D co W.&K.hun. t.53 cut-leaved i A«r 1 jl.au L.B S. Europe 1597. D p.l Ger. herb.582.f.2 fine-leaved iA«' 1 jl.au Pu Britain dr. pa. S co Eng. bot. 1311 great-flowered O or 3 jn.s W Barbary 1804. S co Sco. dl. ins.3. t.14 shining k A or 2 jn.s B Dauphiny 1800. D co Sicilian O or 1 au Pk Sicily 1783. S co Jac. vind. 1. 1 15 Rue-leaved ^t A or O or 1 jn.au Sicily 1804. D co Boca sic. t. 52 sea 2 jl Pu Italy 1683. 1) CO Mor.h.6.t. 15.1.29 Webb's ^ A or iji W Mnt. Ida 1818. D co Bot. reg. 717 silky ^ A or 1 jn.jl B Pyrenees 1818. D co starry O or ljjl.au B Spain 159ft S co Clu. hist.2.p.l.ic prolific O or 1 jl.au Y Egypt 1683. S co Her. parad.t.125 sweet ^ O or 4 jl.s Br 16_>9. S co Bot. mag. 247 silvery ^ A°r 2 jn.o W Levant 1713. D co Ann.mus.ll.t.24 jagged k A or 3 jl.au Y Barbary 18! 4. S co Moris.6.t.l3.f.24 African *l_|or 6 jl.o W Africa 1690. S p.l Herm.par. t.219 Masson's K. Cretan iAor ... jn.au ... Azores 1779. D co «-l |or 1 jn.o Pu Crete 1596. S p.l Mor.h.3.U5.f.31 grass-leaved ^ A or 1 jn B Switzerl. 1683. D p.l Bot. reg. 835 Caucasian £fc A or 1 jl.au B Caucasus 1803. D p.l Bot. mag. 886 lyrate-leaved jy i(~»l or 1 jl.au Pu Turkey 1799. S s.l Palestine ^ O or 1 jl.au Ci Palestine 1771. S s.l Jac. vind. 1. 1 96 Siberian ^ O or 1 jl.au W Siberia 1801. S s.l Gmel. sib.2. t.88 Ukraine & A or 1 8 L.Y Ukraine 1795. C s.l Gmel. sib.2. t.87 pale-flowered ifc A or 1 jl.au Y Germany 1597. D s.l Jac. aust.5. t.4 "9 Hungarian & A or 3 jl.au Pk Hungary 1800. D co W.&Kitl0.U2 Knautia. Dipsac ece. Sp. 2—6. red-flowered O or 1 jn.s R Levant 1713. S co Schk.han.l.t.22 purple-flower'd ^ Q) or 2 jn.au Pu Levant 1768. S co Till.pis.153. t.4S Bed-straw. Rubiacete. Sp. 26—160. Madder-leaved ^ A w 1 jl W S. Europe 1775. D co Buxb.cent.2.t.29 marsh 2 A w 2 jl.au W S. Europe m.me D m.s Eng. bot. 1R57 rough £5t A w J jn.jl W England Ilea. D s.p Eng. bot. 2-J06 Austrian £ A w 1 jn.jl W Europe 1804. D co Jac. aust. t. 80 Boccone's & A w 1 my.jn Pk Europe 1801. D co Boc. m. 145. 1. 101 upright k A w 1 J jn.jl W Britain m. pas D m.s Eng. tot. 2067 least k A w 3. A w J jl.au W England moun D s.l Eng. bot. 74 Cheese-rennet ljjl.au Y Britain bu.pl D m.s Eng. tot. 660 great-hedge Jc A w 2 jl.au W Britain hedg. D co Eng. bot 1673 wood -* A w 3 jl.au \V S. Europe 1658. D co Flor. dan. t.609 Flax-leaved £ A w 1 J jn.jl W S. Europe 1759. D co Barrel ic. 583 rigid k A w 1 jn.jl W 1778. D co awned ^ A w 1 jn.jl W Italy 1699. D co Boc.mus.83.t.75 Tyrolese 3t A w 1 Jl W Tyrol 1801. D co glaucous k A w 2 jn.s W S. Europe 1710. D co Jac. aust. 1. 1. 81 purple ^ A or 1 jn.jl Pu Switzerl. 1731. D co red ^ A or 1 jn.jl Pu Italy 1597. D co Ger. herb.967.f.3 spurious -* O w 1J j"jl G Britain cor. fi S co Eng. tot. 1871 marsh -* A w J jl.au W Britain mar. D m.s Eng. bot. 1972 wall 3t A w J jl.au Y England Wales . D s.l Eng. tot. 384 smooth-heath k A w J ap.s W Britain hea. D s.p Eng. tot. 815 three-horned O w J jn-jl W Britain hea. S co Eng. tot 1641 ill 1596 History, Use, Propagation, Culture. dying off", in consequence of which horizontal roots naturally protrude themselves. Why it should rot off ii not known, but is vulgarly accounted for by ascribing it to a bite from the devil. The same appearance is found in Plantago, Trifolium, and some other plants with subfusiform roots. A decoction of S. succisa is an empirical specific for the gonorrhoea. S. atropurpurea is the handsomest species, and is cultivated as a border annual and biennial It has been so long in cultivation that its native country is unknown. Linnaeus and Miller consider it as a native of India ; Professor Martyn of the south of Europe. 265. Knautia. So named by Linnaeus in honor of Christopher Knaut, physician at Halle in Saxony : born in 1636 ; died in 1694. Another Knaut (Christian) published a system of plants in 1706, which has nothing to recommend it 266. Galium. Derived from yaXa., milk ; because one sort is used for the purpose of curding milk. This is a very natural genus ; the root* of most of the sorts dye red, and the herb, like madder, colors the hones of ani- mals that feed on it The sterna of all the species arc four-cornered, and the leaves in whorls ; the flowers ki> Ohubk I. TETRANDKIA MONOGYNIA. 93 Corollas 5-jid. 1569 Hoary, Coroll. radiant, Stem many-flowered, Kadical leaves ovate lanceolate entire, Caulin-' pinnatilid 1570 Calyx very short, C'auline leaves bipinnate filiform 1571 Coroll radiant, ltadical leaves ovate or lyrate pubescent crenntc, C'auline pinnate setaceous 1578 Col oil radiant, Kadical leaves oblong crenated, Caul, pinnatitid : tlie pinna linear lanceolate spreading 1573 Coroll. radiant, Ix'.ives smooth) Kadical ovate oblong serrate or lyrate, Caul, pinnate : the segm. tin, i ut 1574 CorolL equal shorter than calyx, Leave* lyrate pinnatitid hairy, Stem branched divaricating 1575 Leaves pinnate : the upper linear, Calyces l.leaved 5-cleft 1576 Corod. radiant shorter than calyx, Leaves pinnated the upper linear entire 1577 Silky. Lower lvs. stalked roundish or cuneate rugose crcn. upper pinnat. Florets uniform longer than invol. 1d<8 Hoary very soft, Radical leaves obi. crenated upper caul, pinnatitid with ovate or lane, crenated segiu. 1579 Coroll. radiant, Lvs. cut, Keccpt. of Bruit roundish, Outer limb of calyx broad menibran. Stem branched 1580 Coroll. radiant, Flowers subscssile, Stem dichotomous, Leaves oblong lanceolate nearly entire pubeacent 1581 Coroll. radiant, Leaves cut, Keceptacles of the flower subulate 1582 Coroll. radiant, leaves pinnatitid, Segments linear, Peduncles very long, Stem rounded 1583 Calyx multitid urceolate, Coroll. radiant, Leaves fleshy pinnatitid with linear still' pinna: 1584 Coroll. equal, Stem shrubby, Leaves simple erect 1585 Coroll. radiant, Leaves undivided elliptical serrated shining stalked 1586 Coroll. radiant, Leaves lanceolate nearly entire, Stem shrubby 1587 CorolL radiant, Leaves linear lanceolate entire, Stem herbaceous 1-flowered 1588 Coroll. radiant, Kadical leaves lanceolate stalked entire, C'auline pinnated, Stem 1-flowercd l.">8!» Coroll. radiant, Segments entire, Lower leaves oblong coarsely serrated upper pinnatitid at base 1590 Coroll. radiant, all the segments tririd, Leaves undivided subserrate the upper p.nnatilid at base 1591 Coroll. radiant longer than calyx, Leaves bipinnate longer than stem 1592 Coroll. radiant, Kadical leaves pinnatitid, C'auline linear fringed at base 1593 Coroll. radiant, Kadical leaves bipinnate with linear leaflets, C'auline pinnate with perfoliate stalks 1594 Coroll. radiant, Radical leaves lyrate, Cauline sub-bipinnate, Calyxes as long as disk 1595 Leaves cut, Cor. 5 longer than calyx 1596 Upper leaves lanceolate entire, Cor. 10 as long as calyx 1597 Leaves 1598 Leaves 1599 Leaves 1000 Leaves 1601 Leaves 1602 Leaves 1603 Leaves 1604 Leaves 1605 Leaves 1606 Leaves 1607 Leaves 1608 Leaves 1609 Leaves 1610 Leaves 1611 Leaves 1612 Leaves 1613 Leaves 1614 Leaves 1615 Leaves 1616 Leaves 1617 Leaves 1618 Leaves Fruit smooth. 4 ovate lanceolate 3-nerved beneath scabrous, Stem erect simple 4 obovate unequal obtuse, Stems diffuse 5 reflexed lanceolate awned ciliated, Stem erect simple scabrous linear smooth mucronate, Stems 4-cornered diffuse 6 linear mucron. roughish, Peduncles trichot. Stems prostrate diffuse 4 angular winged branched 8 lanceolate prickly serrate forwards, Panicles trichotomous, Stems smoothish flaccid 8 hispid lanceolate linear acuminate subimbricate, Peduncles twice dichotomous 8 linear furrowed with stem smooth to the touch, Branches flexible, the flow.-bearing ones short 5 elliptical lanceolate obtuse mucronate at the edge rough horizontally spreading, Stem flaccid 8 smooth lane, scabrous beneath, Floral in pairs, Panicle term. Ped. capdl. Stem rounded smooth 8 linear lanceolate very smooth, Peduncles panicled capillary, Stem rounded whorled linear above scabrous, Panicle divaricating, Stem erect rounded pilose roughish 8 lanceolate smooth mucronate, Panicle capillary, Petals awned, Stem 4-cornered weak 8-6 obovate lane. mucr. rough at edge, Peduncles 3-flow. Petals awned, Stem 4-cornered smooth whorled linear, Peduncles dichotomous flower.bearing from the top of the stem which is smooth whorled linear setaceous, Peduncles capillary longer than the leaves whorled linear spreading, Peduncles very short 6 lanceolate keeled rough aculeate backwards joints simple 6 or 8 lanceolate prickly serrate backwards mucronate stiff', Cor. larger than fruit 6 linear lanceolate mucronate thin, edges and the stem scabrous, Peduncles bifid, Fruit gr-nular Fruit rough or hispid. 4-6 oblong with short point rough at edge, Panicles close, Stem weak short smooth 8 lane, at edge and stem acule-.te backwards. Peduncles axillary 3-fl. Fruit granular nodding lflOO 1614 1616 and Miscellaneous Particulats. nerally axillary, but sometimes panicled. G. verum, pttit Muget, Fr. is called bod-straw, from the vert) to strew, strow, or straw; being one among a variety Of odoriferous herbs which were formerly used to strew beds with. The bruised plant is sometimes put in milk intended for cheese to give it a flavor and color. Boiled in alum-water, the flowering steins dye a good yellow color, and the roots a red equal to madder. They were once cultivated like that plant, at the recommendation of the Committee of Council for Trade, and yielded 12J cart of dried roots per acre. G. mollugo, of which there are several varieties, and U. sylvaticuiu and bore-ale have similar qualities, though in a less degree. O. aparine, from u.r31 hirta P. S. hairy 1632 InrsCita Dcsf. hirsute 1633 taurina IV. broad-leaved 1634 crassifolia IV. thick-leaved 1635 aristata L. awncd 16.36 scabra Lk. rough 1637 tinctoria IV. narrow-leaved 1638 cynanchica IV. small 1639 supina Rieb. supine 1640 arcadiensis R. M. Arcadian 1641 laevigata IV. shining 1642 montana IV. en. mountain 2G9. SHEUAR'DIA. IV. Fibld-m adder. 1643 arvensis IV. little 1644 muralis IV. wall *270. SPERMACO'C'E. IV. Button-weed. 1J Jl w 3 mv.au W 1 jn.'jl W A jn.jl Pu Rubiaceee. tt-| | w «-i | w it- 1 | w -* A cu A or O w A I* A l>r A l>r A pr 4 jn 2 jl Y 2 jl Y 4 s Y 2 jl.au Y ?jl v> Rubiacete. § my.jn W ijn.jl | mv.jn 1 ap.jn 17i«. 1779. 1772. 1783. 1645 teni'iior IV. 1646 lati folia IV. 1647 strigosa R. M. 1648 radicans IV. §1649 verticillata W. law hispida IV. 1651 rubra Jacq. §1652 stricta L. 1653 stylosa Lk. 1654 cornifolia Fiscli. 1655 Fischcri Lk. 1656 suffruticosa Jacq. 1657 niucronata Keen. 271. CRUCIANEL'LA. 1658 angustifolia IV. 1659 latifolia IV. slender broad-leaved j£ Cross-wort rooting )£ whorl-flowered a. bristly red •£_ upright long-styled dogwood-leav'd Fischer's surT'ruticose tt- mucronate £ IV. Cross-wort. narrow-leaved broad-leaved A pr A !»r A l>r A !>r O w O w 0 w 01 w rrn w 23 w a w KB w or w EE' w rm w rm w O w □ w Elw O cu O cu 1 jl.au 1 jn.jl f jn.jl f Jl f jn my 1 j» 1 jn.jl Ruhiacees. \ ap.s 15 j jn.au Y Rubiaceerly, scorbutic. The seeds have been substituted for coffee The roots, like those of most of the species, will dye red ; and, eaten by birds, tinge their bones ofthat color. It is a very troublesome weed, particularly in young hedges, but being an annual is easily eradicated. G. tuberosum is cultivated in China for the roots, which are eaten boiled, either whole or in meal, and Lou- reiro says, arc esteemed salubrious. It has not vet been introduced. SB7. liubit. From ruber, red. R. tinctorum'has an annual stalk, which trails or climbs, supporting itself ill the latter case by its leaves and prickles. Its root is composed of manv long thick succulent shoots nearly half an inch in diameter, striking deep into the ground, and growing to the length of three or four feet. From them is procured a well-known red and scarlet dye used bv clothiers and callico-printers, and cmploved to a great extent, though chiefly from foreign roots. England was formerly supplied with this article exclusively from Holland, and as in times of political derangement the price was greatlv increased, its dearness induced some patriotic individuals, who had recently set on foot the Society of Arts,' to attempt its culture in England Miller paid great attention to the subject about 1758, publishing separately, as well as in his Dictionary, the Dutch practice as observed by him while in Holland. A. Young, in his '• Annals," details several trials ; the result ot which, and especially those of J. Arbuthnot in 1765, proves, that it could be grown here to as great perfection as m Holland but not sold at so low a price. Its culture was not therefore encouraged, and we are now supplied from Holland, France, Italy, and Turkey, and the cochineal is very generally in use as a substitute Like others of the natural order of Pubiacea;. madder tinges with a florid red color the milk urine, and bones of the animals that feed on the plant. The hardest part of the bones receives the color" first, which gradually extends through the whole substance ; but if the plant be alternately given and inter- O mm ii 1. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 05 619 Leaves 4 lanceolate 3-nerved smooth. Stem erect, Fruit hispid 620 Leaves 8 lane. ki>els anil edge scab, acul. liackw. Stem flaccid, Joints vill. Fruit covered w ith hooked hairs (ti f —in 4 Mborate pilose ncrvclcM. Fruit hairy (i22 Hairy leaves about 6 linear lanceolate, Stems woody 623 Leaves 6 lanceolate smooth ahove: their edge and keel beneath scabrous, Stem herbaceous aculeate tK4 Leaves 4 perennial lanceolate above shining smooth their edge and rib beneath scabrous 6B5 I-eaves perennial (i elliptical shining, Stem smooth 696 Leaves perennial elliptical at the edge and keel very prickly, Stem rough shrubby bV7 Leaves perennial linear above scabrous 628 Leaves perennial 4 cordate oblong stalked 3-ncrved above and at the edges scabrous 629 leaves 8 lanceolate, Corymbs terminal stalked, Seeds echinate 630 Lower leaves 4 obovate, upper 5-6-8, Flowers terminal sessile aggregated, Involucres ciliated t>31 Leaves hairy acute 6 longer than the joint, Flowers terminal aggregate sessile longer than iuvolucrura 632 Leaves 6 linear acute toothletted : the lower hirsute, Flowers aggregate terminal 6>3 Leaves 4 ovate lanceolate 3-nerved, Flowers fascicled terminal 634 leaves 4 together oblong : the lateral rcvolute obtuse pubescent <>35 Leaves linear fleshy : the lower 4, Flowers 3 awned 636 Cauline leaves 4 linear the lower elliptical the upper in pairs all rough awned, Cor. rough 637 Leaves linear the lower 6 3-nerved, the middle 4, the upper opposite, Stem flaccid, Cor. smooth 3. lid t>38 I.ower leaves 4 lanceolate upi>er linear very unequal in pairs, Stem erect, Fruit smooth tubercled 699 Leaves 4 linear the lower imbricate, Stem much branched at base procumbent, F'lowers tfid 640 Hispid, leaves 6 oblong-ovate acute revolute at edge, Stems decumbent 641 Leaves 4 elliptical obsoletely nerved smooth glabrous at edge, Fruit scabrous 642 Leaves linear the lower 6> middle 4, upper opposite, Stem flaccid, Cor. 4-fid scabrous outside 643 Lower leaves 8 and 4, Flowers terminal, Stem and branches scabrous, Involucres naked 644 Leaves 6 linear : floral in pairs opposite, Branches simple, Flowers two, Fruit hispid subsessile 645 Smooth, Leaves lanceolate, Stamens included, Flowers whorled, Seeds hairy 646 Smooth, Leaves ovate, Stamens exserted, Flowers whorled ciliated 647 Leaves and bractes oblong ovate hispid, Stalks stem-clasping, Flowers capitate, Stamens exserted 648 Smooth, Leaves subsessile lanceolate acute, Flowers whorled small, Stem procumbent rooting 649 Smooth, Leaves lanceolate, Whorls globose 650 Hispid, Leaves obovate oblique, Flowers axillary in pairs 651 Hairy, Leaves ovate the upper four together, Heads terminal 652 Leaves linear-lanceolate lined 653 Stem decum. rounded smooth, Lvs. obi. lane, atten. at base, Stipules setose, Fl. whorled, Style exserted 654 Stem erect slightly downy, Leaves stalked oblong acute rough and pubescent at edge, Stamens exserted ti55 Stem erect 4-cornered hairy, Leaves acute entire lined pubescent with very short hairs, Flowers terminal 656 Stem ascending very smooth 4-cornered, Leaves stalked ovate acuminate thin, Flowers whorled &>i Resembles Sp. verticillata, but the leaves are shorter and obtuse with a point, at the edge and back rough 658 Erect, leaves 6 linear, Flowers spiked 659 Procumbent, Leaves 4 lanceolate. Flowers spiked and Miscellaneous Particulars. mitted, the bones are found to be colored in concentric circles. In medicine, madder was formerly used in complaints of the kidnies. To cultivate the madder, choose a deep sandy loam, and prepare it bv trenching or very deep ploughing. Plant cuttings of the roots in rows, eighteen inches by one foot in the row, in March, and the third year they may be taken up in September. The roots are next kiln-dried, and afterwards threshed to clean them from earth and dust. They are then dried a second time, and immediately afterwards pounded or stamped in a mill. It is cultivated extensively in Zealand, and especially in the isle of Schowen : round Avignon and in Lombardy it is grown on narrow ridges, and irrigated by directing water along the furrows. 268. Asperula. From asper, rough. The sjiecies cynanchica is so called from xvyetyx'-iv, to choak, it being a specific in cases of squinancy. The English name of this genus is supposed to be a corruption of the word wood. rowel, the whorls of leaves, according to Turner, representing certain kinds of '« rowelles of sporres." All the species, excepting arvensis and cynanchica, will thrive in the shade and drip of trees in a moist soil. A. odorata has a pleasant scent like Anthoxanthum : it imparts a grateful flavor to wine, an agreeable perfume to clothes, and preserves them from insects. It is eaten by cattle and horses, and from containing an acid principle, with much fixed alkaline salt, has been thought useful in obstructions of the liver and biliary ducts. The roots of A. tinctoria arc used in Gothland to dye wool a red color. 269. Sherardia. So named in honor of the famous Sherard, of whose noble garden at Eltham Dillcnius's Hortus Elthamensis is a living monument, and whose herbarium is still one of the few things which recom- mend Oxford to the notice of a botanist. This is a little insignificant weed, by no means worthy to lie conse- crated to the memory of so celebrated a man. 270. Spermacoce. From 4 maritima IV. sea »-l_I 1 jl.au Y France 1640. c l.p 1665 mons[>eliaca W. Montpelier O |jl.au Y France 1791. s l.s.p 16ft) molluginoides I V.eti Mollugo-like * A 1 jl.au G Caucasus 1800. D CO Bux.cn.2.t.30.f.l 272 CALLICAR'PA. IV. 1'erhenacece. Sp. 5—22. 1667 americana IV. American Sfc i_Jor 6 jn.jl R N. Amer. 1724. C s.p Cat car. 2. t. 47 1668 cana IV. hoary • CD or 3 Pu E. Indies 1799. C sp Bot. mag. 2107 1669 lanata IK. woolly • □or 4 jn.jl Pu E. Indies 1788. C l.p 1670 macrophylla IV. long-leaved • □or 6 Pk India 1808. C s.p Vah.symb.3.t.53 1671 fcrruginea W. rusty • □or 2 jn.jl B Jamaica 1794. C l.p 273. WITHERIN'GIA. IV. Witheiu>jc;i\. Solanacea? Sp. 1 — 12. 1672 solanacea W. yellow-flower'd ]£ 7VI 1 my.s Y S. Amer. 1742. D l.p L'Hcr.ser.33. t.l 274. JEGI'PHILA. IV. iEfJIPHILA. Verbenaccce. Sp. 4—12. 1673 martinicensis IV. Martinique • □or 6 n W W. Indies 1780. s pj Jac obs. 2. t. 27 1674fee'tida JV. fcetid • □or 2 jn.jl Li W. Indies 18(X). C l.p 167.0 diffusa Amir. diffuse • □or 2 jl.au Y W. Indies 1S04. c l.p Bot. rep. 578. f. 1 lt>76 obovata Amir. oval-leaved • □or 2 jl.au Y W. Indies 1804. c l.p Bot rep. 578. f. 2 275. CEPHALAN'THUS. m BirrroN- woon. Rubiacete. Sp. 1—10. 1677 occidentalis W. American £ or 7 au W N. Amer. 1735. S s.l Schm. arb.l. t.45 276. SCOPA'RIA. IF. Scoparia. Scrophulariiue. Sp. 1. 1678dulcis IV. sweet rm cu 3 jn.s W Jamaica 1730. s s.l Herm. par. t.241 277. CENTUN'CULUS. IV. Bastard-pimpernel. Primulacea?. Sp. 1—4. 1679 minimus ff. least O cu \ jnjl F Britain moi. h s p.l Eng. bot. 531 278. PLANTA'GO. W. Plantain. Planlaginea Sp. 42—115. 16S0 major IV. greater ik A w 1 my.jn W Britain me. pa D CO Eng. bot. 15.58 lt!81 crispa Jrtco. thick-leaved ;k A w i jn'jl W a Europe 179-3. I) s.l Jc.co.sup.34.tlS 1682 asiatica /K. broad-leaved k. A w 1 jl \V Siberia 1787. D s.l Gmel.sib.4. t37? 16S3 maxima IV. hollow-leaved ^ A w 2 jl.au G Siberia 1763. I) CO Jac. ic. 1. t 26 16s4 media IF. hoary rfc A w 1£ my.jl G Britain me. pa D CO Eng. bot. 1559 168.5 virglnica IV. Virginian O w a jn.s G N. Amer. 1688. S CO Mor.h.3. t.15. f.8 1686 aUissima IV. tall ^ A w 3 jn.jl G Italy 1774. S CO Jac. obs. 4. t 83 1687 lanceolata IV. Rib-grass 3l A ag a my.jl G Britain me. pa s CO Eng. bot. 507 1688 capensis JF. Cape «- 1 1 w 1 my.au G C. G. H. 1788. c CO 1689Lagopus W. round-headed ^t A w 1 jn.jl G Spain li>83. s CO \V.ph.4.t.820.f.2 1690 tumida L*. swelling O w 1 jn.jl G Chiii 18ia s CO 1691 mexicana /./.'. Mexican ^t A w 1 jn.jl G Mexico 1820. D CO 1692 kamtchatica Lk. Kamtchatka ^ A w i jn.jl G Kaintsch. 1819. D CO 1693 tenuiflora W.^K. slender-flower O w i jn.jl G Hungary 1802. s s.l Pl.rar.hn.l.t39 1694 salsa Pall. grassy •k A w ijl.s G Siberia 1804. I) S.1 1695 lusitanica IV. Vox uguese ^ A w 1 jl.au W Spain 1781. D s.l Bar. ic.119. t.745 1696 albicans W. woolly ^ A w 5 jn.s G S. Europe 1776. D s.l Cav. ic. 2. 1 124? 1697 patagonica W. Patagonian O w 1 jn.s 1 jn.jl Y Patagonia 1793. s s.l Jac. ic. 2. t 306 1698 hirsuta IV. hairy £ OJ w G C. G. H. 1801. s s.l Jacschce.3. t.258 1699 villosa P. S. villous O w 5 jn.jl G Germany 1804. s s.l HOOWulfeni IV. en. Wul fen's ^ A w i jn.jl G Germany 1802. D CO 1701 alpina W. Alpine & A w i jn.jl W Austria 1774. D s.l Jac.vind.2. t.125 1702 Bellardi W. Bellardi's O w i jnjl G S. Europe 1797. S CO ALped.l.tS5.f.3 1703 cretica IV. Cretan O w i jn.jl G Candia 1711. S CO 16:58 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 271. Crucianella. A diminutive of crux, a cross; some of the roots having their leaves in whorls of four These are small herbaceous plants of little beauty, natives of the south of France, and rarely seen in this country except in botanic gardens. 272. CaJlicarpa. From xaXos, beautiful, and «*<«, fruit. Its berries are of a bright purple color. 273. IVUheringia. In honor of Dr. W. Withering, the author of a classification of English plants, which has been one of the most popular of our English botanical works, and deservedly so, although it has now yielded to others of a more modern character. 274. jEgiphila. From cul myos, a goat, and s, friend, beloved by goats. In Martinique the plant is called Bois de Cabri. 27.5. CepJialanthus. From zitpaXvi, a head, and avBos, a flower ; because the flowers grow in heads. This is a low evergreen shrub, with large light green leaves, and the flowers in spherical heads, about the size of a musket bullet. It has a good effect on lawns in scattered groups, or in the front ranks of shrubberies. Sweet savs, " soil that has some peat in it suits them best," and that they are readily propagated hv laver», or ripened cuttings under a hand-glass. Miller, in whose time the art of striking cuttings was not nearly so well understood as at present, recommends a moist light soil, and propagating from seeds. Order I. TETRANDUIA MONOGYX1A. y? 1660 leaves 4 sublinear, Flowers spiked 5-cleft liiiil Diffuse. Leaves 6 involute al edge, Bract linear subulate roughish, Flowers scattered 1662 Erect, Leaves <> linear pubescent, Heads stalked axillary and terminal lewis Diffuse, Leaves t or $ [in. keeled. Bract ciliated loosely spiked, Seeds oval covered with obtuse tut>crclcs 1«m>4 Procumbent suffVuticooe, Leaves 4 mucronate, Flowers opposite 5-clefl 1666 Procumbent, Leaves acute. Of the stem in 4s ovate, of the branches fi linear, Flowers spiked blot) Frect, Leaves whorle.l 8-1.' linear lane, scab. Fascic. of flowers stalked term, and axillary, Cor. 5-cleft lui7 I.vs. ovate arum uneq. obtusely toothe> Leaves ovate toothletted running down the petiole beneath hoary villous, Panic dichotomous 1669 Leaves ovate rounded at base entire somewhat toothletted rugose above beneath with the branches woolly 1670 Leaves ovate I inc serrulate reticul. hoary beneath, Corymbs axillary dichotomous longer than petioles 1671 Leaves broad lanceolate serrate roughish beneath, Cymes terminal and axillary 1672 Stem hairy herbaceous angular, Leaves ovate lanceolate pilose, Stalks 1-flowcrcd um!>elled axillary 1673 Leaves ovate lanceolate acuminate smooth, Branches diffuse, Panic, terminal and axillary, Cal. smooth 1674 Leaves ovate lanceolate beneath and the stalks hairy, Peduncles axillary solitary 1675 Leaves ovate lanceolate with a long point smooth on both sides, Pan. diffuse axillary and terminal 1676 Leaves obovate acuminate smooth on both sides, Pan. axillary and terminal, Stalks and calyxes less pub 1677 Leares opposite and tern ate oblong oval acuminate 1678 Leaves 3 together, FloAers stalked 1679 Leaves alternate ovate, Flowers sessile 1680 I.vs. ovate smooth ish generally shorter than footst Scape rounded, Spike cyl. slendeT, Caps, many-seeded 1681 Leaves obovate shining undulated fleshy sessile, Scape compressed below, Flowers imbric. remote at base 1682 Leaves ovate smooth somewhat toothed, Scape angular, Spike with distinct flowers 1683 Leaves ovate subdenticulate 9-nerved pubescent, Spike cylindrical imbricated, Scape rounded 1654 Leaves ovate pubescent longer than the footstalk, Scape rounded, Spike short cylindrical, Filam. lilac 1655 Leaves lanceolate ovate pubescent toothletted, Spikes cylindrical pubescent, Scape angular 1686 Leaves lanceolate 5-nerved toothed smooth, Spike oblong cylindrical, Scape angular 1(^7 Ix'ives lanceolate acuminated both ways, Spike short ovate cylind. Scape angular, Caps. 2-seedcd 1698 Leaves elliptical, Spike with distinct flowers 1689 Leaves lanceolate somewhat toothed, Spike ovate hairy, Scape rounded 1690 Leaves linear lanceolate toothletted silky, Scapes ascending with appressed hairs, Caps, tumid 1691 Leaves lanceolate linear entire, Hairs scattered, Scapes erect rounded, Spike cylindrical dense 1692 Leaves oblong toothed 5-nerved hairy, Scapes ascending angular hairy, Spike cylindrical dense 1693 Leaves linear nearly entire obtuse fleshy, Scape rounded, Spike erect, Flowers distant 1694 Leaves linear convex beneath a little toothed smooth, Scape rounded hirsute, Spike cylindrical smooth 1695 Leaves broad lanceolate 3-nerved a little toothed pilose, Scape angular, Spike oblong hairy 1696 Leaves lanceolate oblique villous, Spike cylindrical erect, Scape rounded 1697 Leaves lane lin. somew. chan. ent woolly ; Scape rounded hirsute, Spike cyl. Stam. not longer than flower 1698 Leaves linear ciliated, Spike cylindrical, Stem hirsute 1099 Subcaulescent, Lvs. lin. lane, obsol. 3-nerv. toothl. hoary, Spike roundish, Br. winged keeled shorter than fl. 1700 Leaves linear attenuated both ways flat 3-nerved, Scape rounded 1701 Leaves lin. atten. remotely toothed, Scape rounded hairy, Spike obL acute, Br. ovate membranous at edge 1702 Leaves linear lanceolate hairy longer than the rounded hairy scape, Spike ovate erect, Bractes lanceolate 1703 Leaves linear, Scape rounded very short woolly, Spike roundish nodding 1693 1687 and Miscellaneous Particuhus. 276 Sarparia. From scopa, a broom. In the Antilles brooms are made of the twigs. This plant is treateo as a tender annual, and after being raised In the hot-house or hot-bed, is potted off; and kept in the grcen- i ouae, or planted out in the flower borders. 277. CentunciUus. A name given by the Romans to a small plant found in cultivated lands. The present is a little mean weed of no use or beauty. S7& Plantngo. A name of which no satisfactory explanation has been given. Of the species, Psyllium is de- rived from -l-j>.>.9( , a flea, in allusion to the appearance of its little seeds. Lagopus, from >.etyot, a hare, and tbj , foot ; its velvety or silky spike resembling the foot of such an animal Coronopus, from 2!»»r, a crow, and t«, foot ; its deeply-cut leaf having been compared to a bird's foot. Cynops, signifying dog's-eye, is toe name of a plant of Pliny, and one of his plantains. This is a genus of little beauty, and no great utility. Like all other plants known to our botanical forefathers, they were said to have their medical virtues ; biit that is nothing, or at least but little guide to their absolute use in the arts. P. lanceolata rib-grass has been employed i» agri. culture as a herbage plant, but to which it appears to have no great claim. Where it abounds naturally, it is a certain indication of a dry soil. Haller attributes the richness of the milk in the alpine dairies to this jilant and Alchemilla vulgaris, but Linnaeus says cows refuse it. This every shepherd knows to be the case as far as n 98 1704 maritima W. 1705 graminea P. S. 1706 recurvata /('. 1707 subulata W. 1708 macrorhiza W. 1709Serraria W. 1710 Coronopus W. 1711 Lceffingii W. 1712 Comnti W. 1713 amplexicai'dis IV. 1714 Psyllium W. 1715 arenaria P. S. 1716 squarrosa W. 1717'mdica W. 1718 stricta P. S. 1719piimila W. 1720 Cynops W. 1721 afra W. 279. BUD'DLEA. W. 1722glob6sa W. 1723 Neem'da Buck. 1724 salvifolia W. 1725 saligna W. en. *280. EX'ACUM. R*. $1726 viscosum Sm. §1727 spicatum I'ahl. §1728 nliforme W. 281. SEBJE'A. R. Rr. 1729 cordata R. Br. 282. FRASE'RA. 'Fn#. 1730 carolinensis P. S. f2S3. PENiE'A. W. 1731 mucronata W. 1732 squamosa W. 28+. BLJE'RIA. W. . 1733 ericoides W. 173+ articulata W. 1735 purpurea W. 1736 muscosa W 1737 ciliaris W. 285. CHOME'LIA. W. 1738 spinosa W. 286. ADI'NA. Sir/. 1739 globiflora Sal. 287. BOUVAR'DIA. H 17+0 triphylla //.A'. 17+1 versicolor B. Reg. TETRANDR I A MO NO GYNIA. Class IV sea ^[ A w i ji G Britain sea c'> S CO Eng. bot. 175 grass-leaved 3t A w i jn.jl G France 1804. 1) CO Dod. pempt. 108 recurved-leav'd^t Q> w i jn-jl 0 S. Europe 17W. s S.I M.co.go.l780.t.6 awl-le.tved it A w |jl \v & Europe 1596. D B.1 Lob. ic. 439 largo-rooted ^t A w 1 jl.au Be Morocco I79& D s.l Mor. h.3.t.l7.f.2 saw-leaved ,-V A w 1 JB.J1 G Barbary 1640. D B.1 Col.ecphr. t.259 Star of'the earth -J ap.s G Britain seash s s.l Eng. bot. 892 narrow-leaved O w i jl.au 2 jl.au G Spain s CO Jac. vind.2. t.126 rough, leaved ^ A w G 1801. s CO stem-clasping O w 1 jnjl G Spain 1797. s CO Cav. ic. 2. t. 125 Fleawort O w 1 jLau G S. Europe 1562. s CO Mor.h.3.t.l7. f.4 sand O w | mv.au G Hungary 1804. s CO W.&Kit. t51 leafy-spiked O w 2 au'.s G Egypt 1787. s CO Jac. ic. 1. t. 28 Indian O w Jjl.au G India 1780. s CO upright O w 1 jl.au G Morocco 1804. s CO Seh.mar.l.ic.145 dwarf O w 1 jl.au G S. Europe 1790. s s.l M.co.go.l778.t.5 shrubby JUL W | my.au G S. Europe 1596. c s.l W.ph.4.t.837.f.a Barbary lQ)t 1 jn G Sicily 1640. s s.l Mor.h.8.t.l7.f.4 Bi doi.ea. Scrophularinte. Sp. 4 — 26. round-headed & or 15 my.jn Or Chili 1774. c CO Bot. mag. 174 Indian «D»r 15 W Nepal 1824. c l.p Sage-leaved »l_)or 3 au_s C C. G. H. 1760. c B.1 Jac.schcen.l.t.28 Willow-leaved « 1 | or au.s w C. G. H. 1816. c iv Jac.schcen.l.t.29 Exacum. Gentianete. Sp. 3—18. clammy H Olor 2 jn.jl Y Canaries 1781. s P-l Smit.ic.fas.3.tl8 spiked V ,7Vlor 2 ... S. Amer. 1823. s m.p Aub. gui. 1. t. 27 least O cu i jn.jl y" Britain sa. ma 8 S.1 Eng. bot 235 SEBiEA. Gentianete. Sp. 1—4. heart-leaved O or Jjl.au Y C. G. H. 1815. s CO Bur. afr. t,74. f.5 Frasera. Gentianete. Sp.l. Carolina ^ Q) or 4 jl.au G Carolina 1795. s CO Bart. m. bot. t. 35 Pe.\/Ka. Epacridete ? Sp. 2—14. heart-leaved * 1 I or 2 jn.jl B C. G. H. 1787. s p.l Vent. mal. 87 scaly »l_|or 1 jn.jl II C. G. H. 1787. s l'.l Bot. reg. 106 Bl/Eria. Ericete Si .5—13. heath-leaved *l_Jor 2 au.o Pu C. G. H. 1774. c sp P.gz.471.t.2.f.l0 jointed »L_Jor 2 my.jn Pk C. G. H. 1795. c s.p Lam. ill. t. 78 purple-flowered * \ | or 2 my.jn Pu C. G. H. 1791. c s.p Moss-leaved »;_|or 1 jn.au C. G. H. 1774. c l.p ciliated * 1 I or 2 jn.au w C. G. H. 1795. c s.p Wend.col.2. t.49 Cho.melia. Rubiaccte. Sp. 1—2. spiny • 1 ior 12 ... W W. Indies 1793. c p.l Jac.amer.l8.t.l3 Adina. Rubiacete. Sp. 1. globe-flowered • □or 2 jl.au \v China 1804. c S.l.[ Par. Ion. 115 A". BoiIYARDIA Rubiaccte. Sp.<2. three-leaved *l I or 2 ap.n s Mexico 1794 c s.p Par. lond. 88 various-colorec * l I or 2 jl.s K S. Amer. : 1814. c l.p Bot. reg. 245 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, respects the flower-stalks. Zappa of Milan, and A. Young, speak in high terms of it ; but the general feeling and practice ot scientific agriculturists is against it, and it is now seldom sown. P. major is a native or most parts of Europe and of Japan, and always by way-sides, whence its name of way- bread or way-bred. 1 he seeds afford food to linnets, finches, and other small birds, and the leaves are a com- mon application to wounds and cutaneous sores. An American negro once received a reward from an assembly of South i arohna for a cure for the bite of the rattle-snake ; and in the receipt, it is said by VVoodville (Med Rot.), plantain was a principal ingredient. There are several varieties of this species to be met with in rich pastures and in botanic gardens, such as the rose P., in which the flower appears changed into a tuft of leaves expanded like a rose, and the bosom P., in which the spike-leaves are imbricate and pyramidal P. maritima varies in size and situation more than most plants. Its leaves are sometimes scarcely an inch, and at other times more than a foot in length ; and the number of flowers in the spike varies extremely. Like Statice armeria and Sambucus nigra, it is found on the summits of the highest mountains, in the clefts of rocks, on the sea-shore, in salt marshes, and muddy banks. P. coronopus is a singular-growing plant, with recumbent stems pressing closely on the ground. The leaves have a very peculiar flavor, and are rather disagreeable, but were formerly used in salads. P psyllium is sometimes imported from the south of France in a dried state for the druggists. "i\Bt!?idle'\- In nonor of Adam Buddie, a name well known to the English botanist as authority for many rare British plants. B. globosa is a very handsome shrub, and though rather tender, flowers freely in warm situations, or against a wall, with protection in very severe winters. Its leaves are long, narrow, pointed, Onr>Eii I. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 9n J7(»4 I.eaves scmii ylindrical entire woolly at base, Scape rounded 17ufi Leavei lui. tl..t sornew. toothed smooth at base, Spike cyt. Scape rounded hairy scarcely longer than Iraifi 1706 Leaves linear channelled recurved naked I7d7 Leavei linear channelled entire beneath with rigid elite hairy at hue, Scape rounded pubescent 17(W leaves spatulate eut-toothed, Teeth imbricated mucronated, Scape rounded hairy 1709 Leaves lanceolate 5-nerved toothed serrate, Scape rounded 1710 Leaves linear pinnate toothed, Scape rounded 1711 Leaves linear sub-toothed, Scape rounded, Head ovate, Bractcs keeled membranous 1712 Leaves ovate entire fleshy rough woolly at base, Capsule) 4-seeded 171.; Stem erect simple short, Leaves lanceolate fleshy entire stem-clasping hairy. Heads oblong leaflet 1714 stem branched herbaceous, Leaves somewhat toothed recurvtMl, Heads leafless 1715 Hoary, Stem erect branched herbaceous, Leaves nearly entire, Heads leafy and sepals ovate 1716 Herbaceous, Stem branched diffuse decumbent, Leaves linear entire, Heads squarrose 1717 Stem branched herbaceous, Leaves linear entire rcllcxed, Heads leafy 17 IN Stem branched herbaceous erect, Leaves lineal channelled entire, Heads leafless i~\'> stem branched berbaeeous weak, Leaves subulate entire, Heads leafy IT'.'o stem branched sutlruticose, Leaves entire filiform straight, Heads somewhat leafy 1721 Stem branched shrubby, Leaves lanceolate toothed, Heads leafless 1722 leaves lanceolate acuminate crenulate beneath hoary, Heads globose stalked 17'J-i Leaves lanceolate subserr.tte hoary underneath, Spikes terminal lengthening with flowers threefold 1724 Leaves lanceolate cordate crenate rugose beneath toinentose, Flowers panieled 1725 Leaves linear lanceolate entire revolute at edge toinentose beneath, Corymbs terminal 1726 Leaves oblong nerved stem-clasping, Bractes cordate perfoliate longer than calyx 1727 Flowers spiked whorled and ternary, Leaves ovate lanceolate, Stem nearly simple 1728 Limb spreading, Stem filiform branched, Radical leaves roundish, Catiline subulate 1729 Flowers 5-clcft, Sepsis cordate striated membranous keeled, Stem dichotomous, Leaves cordate 1730 ,A singular plant found in morasses in North America, and resembling Swertia 1731 Flowers terminal, Leaves cordate acuminate smooth 1732 Leaves rhomboidal wedge-shaped fleshy smooth, Flowers terminal 173.3 Anthers exserted awnless, Cal. 4-leaved, Bract. 3 length of cal. Leaves 4 oblong acerose hairy imbricated 1734 Anthers exserted awnless, Leaves 4 ovate smooth, Flower-heads cernuous 1736 Anthers included awnless, Leaves 4 ovate subciliated, Flowers umbelled, Stem flexuose erect 1736 Anthers sul>exserted awnless, Cal. 1-leaved pilose, Cor. campanulate pilose above, Flowers axillary 1737 Leaves 4 smooth, Calyx lacerated ciliated 1738 Leaves ovate acuminate entire, Peduncles axillary 1739 The only species 1740 Leaves ternate lanceolate, Stamens included 1741 Leaves opp. Cor. clavate, Tube smooth inside 1734 ami Miscellaneous Particulars. rugose, of the color of the common sage, and the flowers are very fragrant It is commonly propagated by layers ; but cuttings of the young wood of all the species root freely in common earth under a hand-glass. Buddlea Neemda is one of the most beautiful plants of India. 'JlO. Exacum. The ancient name of a plant nearly related to Centaurium ; said to have l>een derived from i| and <*y», to conduct out, on account of its properties of expelling poison taketi into the stomach. 281. Sebtea. A genus nearly related to the last, named after the famous Albert Seba, whose museum was once one of the wonders of Europe. 282. Fraxera. After Mr. John Frazer, an indefatigable collector of plants in North America. 283. Pemra. In honor of P. Pena, who published Adversaria Botanica, 1570, in conjunction with Lobcl. A handsome genus, readily propagated by cuttings in sand under a hand-glass. Many of the finest s[>ecies remain to be introduced from the Cape of Good Hope. 284. BUcria. In honor of Patrick Blair, who practised physic at Boston in Lincolnshire, and was one of the fellows of the Royal Society. He published Botanical Essays in 1778. The species resemble some kinds of heaths, and reouire the same treatment 285. Chtrmilia. Named after Pierre Jean Baptistc Chomel, a Fiench botanist, physician to Louis XV. ; he died in 1740. Culture as for Siderodendruin. 286. Adina. From aXito;, clustered, its flowers being in heads. A small Chinese plant, with flowers looking like those of a Cephalanthus. It is probably not different from Cephalantlius 287. liouvardia. Named after Dr. Charles Bouvard, formerly a superintendent of the Jardin du Hoi at H 2 100 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class IV. IXORA. sessile-leaved * CD or Bandhooka * CD or scarlet * CD or bearded » O or small-flowered * CD or highland « CD or white * CD or upright * O or charming it CD or wedge-shaped * CD or orange * CD or Lily-thorn. spiny J CD or small-flowered ) umbellata JV. common £ [23 w §1761 corymbosa JV. Hyssop-leaved [Q] w •toi. MANET'TIA. IV. Manettia 1762 cocctnea TV. t297. EPIME'DIUM. JV. 1763 alpinum IV. 288. IXO'RA. JV. 1742 grandiflora B. R. 1743 Bandhuca Roxb. 1744 coccinea JV. 1745 barbata Roxb. 1746 parviflora JV. 1747 rosea Wall. 174S alba JV. 1749 stricta Roxb. 175U blanda B. Reg. 1751 cuneifolia Roxb. 1752 crocata B. R. 289. CATESBiE'A. IV. 1753 spinosa JV. 1754 parviflora P. S. 290. PAVET'TA. JV. 1755 indica IV. 291. ERNO'DEA. Swx. 1756 montana Sm. Rubiacece. Sp. 11 — 16. 4 3 jl 4 jl.au 12 jn.jl 20 au.o 4 jl 4 jn 3 jl.au Or F s \v w F \V S S () jn.jl au.s Rubiacece. my.s Y ... W Rubiacece. E Indies 1814. E. Indies 1815. China E. Indies 1823. E. Indies 1800. Bengal 1819. E Indies 1768. Moluccas 1690. E. Indies E. Indies 1822. E. Indies 1822. Sp. 2—3. I. Provid. 1726. Jamaica 1810. Sp. 1—13. E. Indies 1791. 298. PTE'LEA. IV. 1764 trifoliata W. 299. MONE'TIA. IV. 1765 barlerio'ules JV. pink J CD or Barren- wort. Alpine Jt A or Shrubby-trefoil. three-leaved 3f or Monetia. four.spined * CD °r 4 au.o W Rubiacece. i jn.jl R Rubiacece. 20 ... Pk Rubiacece. \ my Pu Rubiacece. ijn W Rubiaccce. ■ Sp. 2 — 3. i jl.au W E. Indies 1792. I jn o W Jamaica 1739. Rubiacece. Sp. 1 — 8. 20 my.jl Pk Guiana 1806. Berberidece. Sp. 1. J ap.my Bd England m. thi Terebintacece. Sp.l—% 12 jn.jl G N. Amer. 1704. Incerta. Sp. 1. 3 jl G Sp. 1—3. Sicily 1820. Sp.\. W. Indies 1793. Sp. 1—5. \V. Indies 1793. Sp. 1. N. Amer. 1761. E.Indies 1758. C p.l C p.l C p.l C s.p C l.p C p.l D rk C p.l D s.p L s.p R s.p S s.l C l.p C p.l L co C s.p 300. CURTl'SIA. JV. Hassacay-tree. 1766 faginea JV. Beech-leaved ± \ 1 tm 301. HARTO'GIA. JV. Hartogia. 1767 wpensis JV. Cape * or Incerta. Sp. 1. 30 ... Pa C. G. H. Terebintacece? Sp. 1. 6 jn.jl G C. G. H. 1775. C s.l Bot. reg. 1.54 Bot. reg. 513 Rhed. mal.2.U2 Bot mag. 2505 Va.sv.3.p.ll.t.b2 Bot. reg. 540 Bot. mag. 169 Bot. reg. 100 Bot. reg. 648 Bot. reg. 782 Bot. mag. 131 SLhis.2. t.a/7. f.l Bot. reg. 198 Fl grac. t. 143 Jacq.am.t.l75.f.9 Bro. jam. t.6. f. 1 Cat. car. 1. t. 20 Roxb. cor. 1. 1 3 Eh.pic.t.2.f.l.t.4 Bot. reg. 693 Eng. bot 438 Schm. ar. 2. t. 76 L'Her. st.n.l. t.l Bur. afr.235. t.82 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, Paris. B. triphylla is a beautifu', and not very tender plant, which flowers great part of the year ; var. /3 has smooth shining leaves, and flowers of a deeper scarlet than the other. B. versicolor requires the warmest part of the green-house, and the cuttings require bottom heat, with the same soil as the plants. 288. Ixora. A name of doubtful origir. Iswara is the name of an Indian divinity. According to Sweet, the species of this beautiful genus " require to be kept in a moist heat to thrive well ; but not plunged in tan, as that is almost certain to injure their roots. A mixture of sandy loam and peat is the best soil for them. Care must be taken to keep them clean and free from insects, or they will not thrive. Cuttings root very freely in sand under a hand-glass. 289. Catesbcea. So named by Gronovius, in honor of Mark Catesby, author of the natural history of Caro- lina, &c. who discovered the first species of this genus. It is very ornamental. C. spinosa has flowers about six inches long, in the form of a Roman trumpet, and succeeded by fruit the size of a pullet's egg ; the skin smooth and yellow, and the pulp like that of a ripe apple, with an agreeable taste. It does not flower very freely, but strikes root readily in sand under a bell-glass, and in moist heat. 290. Pavetta. The name of the plant in Malabar. A small genus nearly related to Ixora, with flowers usu- ally white, as those of Ixora are red. 291. Ernodea. From ipyuir.f, branching, in allusion to the habit of the plant. 292. Siderodendrum. From tritr^o;, iron, and hv^ov, a tree. Wood, compared for hardness to iron. This tree may be noticed on account of an anomaly which occurs in the corolla, which is often changed, perhaps by some insect, into an oblong bag, half an inch in length, fleshy, and hollow within, and ending in a point at top like a fruit. Cuttings of ripened wood root in sand under a hand-glass. 293. Coccocypsilum. From xoxxo;, fruit, and y.v\%Ky„ a vase, its berry being surmounted by a corona resem- bling a little cup. Cuttings root freely in sand under a bell-glass. 2S4. Mitchella. Named after John Mitchell, an Englishman, who travelled in Virginia, and left some papers upon North American plants behind him. This is one of those plants which Humboldt (De D'strib, Plant. ) falls Order 1. TETRANDHIA MONOGYNIA. 101 1742 17+; Shrubby spreading, Lvs. oval stem-clasping, Corymbs crowded, Segm. of cor. ovate obt. Berries crowned 17+4 leaves elliptical acute cordate at bate (euile, Umlifls terminal aggregate, Segm. of cor. 0*ate acute 17 + > l orol. long bearded at mouth, Lvs. opp obi. entire smooth shining. Floral lvs. round cord, seta, I'an. open 17+<> Leave* MDMHUe Oblong smooth, Panicles ovate oblong decussated. Pet, oral. Style hairy 1747 Leave* obi. acute with a contr. emurg. base puhesc beneath subseaaile, Corymb* large, Pet cuncatc acute 17 4.^ Leave* aessile broad lanceolate, Corymbs decompound dense, Pet obovate reflexed 17+1' Shrubby straight, Lvs. subsess. obi. Corymbs dense, Pet. round spreading, Anthers round bristle-pointed J750 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, Cyme trichotomous contracted 1751 Leaves wedge-shaped lanceolate acuminate, Corymbs terminal, Sepals conical 1752 Leaves coriaceous oval lane. Cymes decompound close, Petals wedge-shaped obovatc, Anthers sessile 1753 Tube of corolla very long, Berries oval 1754 Tube of corolla 4-corncred short, Berries roundish 1755 Leaves smooth entire, Panic, fastigiate axillary and terminal, Style twice as long as corol. Stigma entire 1756 Leaves in 4s oblong obtuse smooth, Stem shrubby 1757 The only species. Branches 4-corncred, Leaves 5-6 inches long elliptic lanceolate 1758 Stem herbaceous creeping, Leaves ovate, Flowers clustered axillary sessile 1759 A little creeping plant with flat round leaves and little scarlet berries 1760 Umbels naked lateral alternate, Leaves linear 1761 Pedunc. many-flowered, Leaves linear lanceolate 1762 Leaves ovate acuminate, Racemes many-flowered, Stem twining shrubby 1763 The only species 1764 Leaves on long stalks ternate, Fruit with two wings i765 A small prickly shrub, Leaves opposite ovate acute entire. The only species 1766 The only species. Leaves ovate oblong acute serrated opposite 1767 Leaves opposite elliptical obtuse emarginate serrated 1759 1766 1765 and Miscellaneous Particulars. social, being always found in quantities. Barton says, it is the plant most extensively spread in North Ame- rica, covering the surface from the 2Mb to the 69th degree of north latitude. 295. Oldenlandia. In honor of H. B. Oldenland, a Dutch naturalist, who travelled in Africa, where he died about the end of the 17th century. (J. umbellata, the chay-root, grows on light sandy ground near the sea, and is much cultivated on the coast of Coromandel for dyeing red, purple, brown, and orange, anil to paint the red figures on chintz. The coloring matter resides in the bark, which gives it out to water. The Malabar physicians say that the roots cure poisonous bites, colds, and cutaneous disorders, and warm the con- stitution. 296. Manetlia. In honor of Xavier Manet ti, an Italian, and professor of botany at Florence. Some of the species arc rather pretty, but they are seldom seen in collections 297. Epimedium. A name of Dioscorides, applied to this little elegant alpine plant, without any assignable reason. 298. Plelea. The Greek name of the elm. It is derived from o-ra*, to fly, in allusion to the winged seed- vessels. A hardy shrub of North America, not unlike a laburnum in foliage, but with small green flowers. 2<> '. Monetia. So named by L'Heritier, in honor of the Chevalier Jean Baptiste Monet de la Marck, a cele- brated French botanist, now dead ; who, unfortunately for botany, many years ago diverted his attention from that science to conchology. Cuttings root in sand under a bell-glass, and in bottom heat. 300. Curtisia. Named in honor of W. Curtis, lecturer on l>otany, author of the Botanical Magazine and other works; he died in 1799. This is one of the largest trees of' Africa, from which the Hottentots and Cadres make the shafts of their javelins. It has fine broad leaves, but small flowers, which, however, have not yet appeared in this country. 301. llartaiia Named after John Hartog, a Dutchman, who travelled in Southern Africa and Ceylon. The plant called by this name in the gardens is probably only a variety of the common laurel, and nearly as hardy an it The flowers grow in axillary racemes like bunches of currants. H 3 102 TETRANDIIIA MONOGYNIA. Class IV. 302. AMMAN'NIA. IV AMMANNIA. 1768 latifolia W. broad-leaved EH w I769debilis IV. cluster-flowered O w 1770 caspica Ledeh Caspian O w 1771 baccifera /.. berry-bearing O w 1772 ramosior W. branching O w 177J sanguinolenta ir bloody O w 30.3. FAGA'RA. IV. 1774 Pterota IV. 1775 Piperita W. 1776 tragodes W. 304. ZIE'RIA. Sm. 1777 Smithii Sm. 305. CIS'SUS. IV. 1778 vitiginea W. 1779 antarctica Vent. 1780 heterophylla /-*. 1781 glandulosa Horn. 1782 sicyoides \V. 1783 quadrangularis IV. 1784 capcnsis W. 1785 cassia R. B. 1786 5- folia B. M. 1787acida IV. 1788 trifoliata W. 1789 pentaphylla IV. 1790quinata H. K. 306. COR'NUS. IV. 1791 suecica W. 1792 canadensis W. 1793 fl6rida W. 1794 mascula W. 1795 sanguinea W. 1796 alba rV. $ ros'sica 1797 sertcea IV. 1798 circinata W. 1799 stricta IV. 1800 paniculata W. 1801 altemifolia IV 307. SAN'TALUM. IV. 1802 album W. 1803 myrtifolium Roxb. Fagara. Lentiscus-leav. $ CD tm ash-leaved * i I or prickly-leaved * CD or Salicarite. Sp. 6—20. 1 jl.au W W. Indies 1733. S 1 ji.au Pu E. Indies 1778. S 8.1 ljl.au Ap Astracan 1821. S s.l i jn.jl Ap India 1820. S 8.1 2 jl.au Pu Virginia 1759. S si ijl.au R Jamaica 1803. S 8.1 Terebintacece. Sp. 3 — 18. 2) au.s G Jamaica 1768. C p.l Bro.ja.l46.t.5.f.l 10 s W Japan 1773. L p.l Ka:mpfr. t. 893 5 ... W W. Indies 1759. C Lp Jac. am. 21. 1. 14 I Slo.jam.l.t.7.f.4 Lam. ill. t.77. f.5 Bocc. mus. 1 10* ZlERIA. Smith's Cissus. vine-leaved Kanguru-vine various-leaved glandular naked-leaved square-stalked Cape Sier. I^eo. grape five-leaved acid three-leaved five-lea veil wedge-leaved DofiWOOD. dwarf Canadian great-flowered Cornel.-cherry Rubiacea?. Sp. I. ! lJ or 2 ap.jl W N. S. W. LCDor fl_1 lor LCD or ft. a or LDor LCD oi LUor fl_CDor LCD °r LD«r i-CDor LUor fi_ I lor Sarmentacete. Sp. 13 — 50. 30 20 jn.au 10 10 10 30 30 15 ... 12 jlau 6 6 ... 6 ap.s 10 jl India N. S. W. Jamaica E. Indies C. G. H. S. Leone Brazil Jamaica Jamaica Japan C. G. H. 1772. 1790. 1822. 1819. 1768. 1790. 1792. 1822. 1692. 1739. 1790. 1790. C s.p Bot. mag. 1395 Pl.m.27.t.337.f.2 Bot. mag. 2488 & Caprifoliir. \ ap Pu | jn.au Pu 15 ap.my W 15 f.ap Y 5/).ll—14. Britain scalp. Canada 1774. N. Amer. 1731. Austria 1596. C p.l C s.l D co D co C s.p C p.l C s.p D co D co C p.l C pi C s.p C s.p R s.p R s.p L co L co 8 common white-berried Russian blue-berried Pensylvanian 36 upright $ panicled Sk alternate-leav'd^ or 8 jn.jl or 10 jn.s or 8 jn.s or 5 au or 6 jl.au or 10 jn.jl or 6 jn.jl or 15 s W \v \v w w w w \v woods 1741. 1683. 1784. Sandal-wood. Santalaccte. true 1 A tm 10 ... Pu myrtle-leaved * A <>r 4 ••• R Britain Siberia Siberia N. Amer. N. Amer. N. Amer. 1758. N. Amer. 1758. N. Amer. 1760. Sp.2— 6. E. Indies 1804. E. Indies 1804. CO Jac. amer. 22. 1. 15 Forsk. ic. t. 2 Bot. mag. 2443 Jac.scheen.l.t.33 Slo.ja.l.t.l45.£2 Eng. bot. 310 Bot. mag. 880 Bot. mag. 526 Schm. arb.2. t.63 Eng. bot. 249 Sch. arb. 2. t. 65 Sch. arb. 2. t. 64 Sch. arb. 2. t. 69 Sch. arb. 2. t. 67 Sch. arb. 2. t. 68 Sch. arb. 2. t. 70 C p.l C p.l Rum.amb.2.t.ll Roxb. cor. Lt 2 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, SCfi Ammunnia. Named in nonor of John Ammann, a native of Siberia, who was aphysician and professor of botany at St. Petersburg. He published a work upon the plants of Finland, and some papers in the Transac- tions of the Academy at St. Petersburg. None of the species have any beauty. They may be treated like balsams and other tender annuals. 303. Fagara. The name of an aromatic plant mentioned by Avicenna. lhe foliage of the present plant bas a strong smell of turpentine. Cuttings root readily in sand under a hand-glass. 304. Zk-ria. So called by Sir J. E. Smith, in honor of his friend Mr. Zier, of whom nothing more is known than that he was " a learned and industrious botanist." The species is a pretty greenhouse plant. 305. Cissus. The Greek name of the ivy. The Latin name hedera having been retained for the real plant ; the Greek word was given to this genus, which climbs like the ivy. The species greatly resemble Vitis in ge- neric character. None of them are ornamental, with the exception of C. quinquefolia, justly admired for its quinquetid leaves, and the different tints of yellow, red, and purple which these take in autumn. It grows ra- pidly in any soil, and is well adapted for covering naked walls, decorating old unsightly elevations of houses, ruins, cottages, bowers, kc. All the species root freely by cuttings in any sod. 306. Cornns. From cornu, a horn : the wood being thought to be as hard and durable as horn. Its value as a material for warlike instruments has been celebrated by Virgil —Rcwi brl/o cornns. The larger species of this genus are very ornamental and hardy shrubs, not only from their f.ower and berries of different colors, but by their green, red, purple, or striped barks, which have a fine effect in winter, especially among evergreens. C. florida blossoms early, but does not bear berries in this country. C. mascula, the Cormier of old authors, blossoms still earlier, and bears handsome fruit, which were formerly made into tarts and rob ots of peat, and treated as an alpine. 307. Santalum. From its Persian name Sundul-sufed It is a low tree in habits ; leaves and inflorescence a good deal resembling the privet It produces the white and yellow sandal wood of the materia medica, formerly thought to be the produce of different trees. But in India, as in a certain degree in every other country, most trees when large and old,. become colored towards the centre, and when the sandal tree hpQQTnpS large, its centre acquires a yellow color, and great fragrance and hardness ; n bile the exterior part of the same tree that covers the colored part is less firm, white, and without fragrance. It is only the yellow- part that is in use, being in universal esteem for its fragrance. According to Wat hen Vog. to China, 1812, p. 116.), it sells so high that the tree is seldom allowed to grow more than a foot in diameter. It is manufactured into musical instruments, small cabinets, escrutoires, boxes, and similar articles, as no insect can exist, or iron rust (as it u n 1 104 TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Class IV. 308. TRA'PA. W. 1804 natans W. 1805 bicornis W. 309. LUDWI'GIA. 1806 alternifolia IV. 1807 hirsuta Ph. 310. CUS'CUTA. W. 1808 europaj'a W. 1809 Epithymum W. 1810 chinensis. 1811 chilensis B. M. 1812 verrucosa Sweet 311. BUFO'NIA. W. 1813 tenuifolia W. 312. HAMAME'LIS. IV. 1814 virginica ff. 313. HYPE'COUM. IV. 1815 procum'bens IV. 1816 pendulum W. 1817 erectum W. WaTER-< ALTROPS. European =fc O clt Chinese i lAI clt Hydrucharidece. Sp. 2 — 3. jn.au W.p Europe 1781. ... W China 1790. S s CO CO Bot. reg. 88 GaBrt.sem.2. t95 LUDWItilA. large-capsuled hairy O w 3t A w Onagrarine. 1 jn.jl Y 1 jn.au Y So. 2—16. Virginia 1752. N. Amer. 1812. s D CO p.l Lam. ill. 1. 177 DIGYNIA. Dodder. common lesser Chinese Chili Nepal £l A cu 2 A en £Acu j« A cu _£ A cu Conmlvulaceie. Sp. 5 — 10. jl W Britain hea. jl W Britain hea. au.s W China 1803. ja.d W Chili 1821. ap.o W Nepal 1821. D I) 1) D D par par par par par Eng. bot. 378 Eng. bot 55 Bot. reg. 603 Scot fl. gard. 6. BUFONIA. slender-leaved 4A* Caryophyllece \ jn W . Sp. 1—2. England sea co S CO Eng. bot 1313 Witch-hazel. Virginian *£ or BcrberidetB. 10 n. m W Sp. 1—2. N. Amer. 173a L p.l Duh. arb.l. tll4 Hvpecih UJ. procumbent pendulous erect JO or -* O °r ^ CD or Papaveraceie 1 jn.jl Y ijn.jl Y i my.jn Y Sp.3—6. S. Europe 1596. S. France 1640. Siberia 1759. S S s CO CO CO Schk.han.1. t.27 Par. thea.372. £2 Am. ruth. 58. t.9 TETBAGYXIA. 314. MYGIN'DA. IV. MVGINDA. Rhamiii. S/> 3—^. 1818 Uragoga W. saw-leaved tt □ DC 4 au s Pu S. Amor. 1790. I, Pi Jac.amer.24.t.lt. 1819 Rhacoma W. blunt-leaved *□ or 4 Jamaica 1798. L I'.l Jac. ic.2. t. 311 1820 latifolia W. broad-leaved m. □ or 4 ap.my ... W. Indies 1795. C B.P Fl.peruv. t.84.f.b 315. I'LEX. W. Holly. Rhamni. Sp 12—29. 1821 Aquifolium W. common t (m 30 ap.jn W Britain hedg. S CO Eng. bot. 496 /3 heterophylla variota-leaoed or 20 ap.jn W Britain G CO y crassifolia 6 recdrva th/efc-teaodd ? or 20 ap.jn W Britain G CO slender ? or 20 apjn W Britain G CO iferox hedgehog & or 12 ap.jn W Britain G oc - m 1809 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, said) within its influence. It is of the dust of this wood that the Bramins form the pigment which they use in giving the tilac or frontal mark to the God Vishnoo : and the oil used in their ceremonies is obtained from the shavings, or at least scented by them. Cuttings root readily in a pot of sand under a bell-glass. The true sandal wood is the Santalum album, found chiefly on the coast of Malabar, and in the Indian Archipelago. Santalum myrtifolium, which has been confounded with it, is the kind which grows upon the Circar moun- tains, tne wood of which is of little value. An amusing specimen of German critical puzzling upon this sub- ject may be seen in Messrs. Romer and Schultes, Species Plantarum, voL iii. p. 328. 308. Trapa. Abridged from calcitrapa, the Latin name of a dangerous instrument called caltrops, furnished with four spines, which was formerly used in war to impede the progress of cavalry. The fruit of this plant is hard, and has four spines also. T. natans is a curious aquatic, with long brown and green roots and floating leaves, with petioles inflated into a tumour, as in the marine algae. The seed i« larger than the kernel of the filbert, with two cotyledons, one large, and the other very small, and not increasing in size during the germin- ation. Hence, Gartner considers this plant like the Nelumbium, as in a sort of middle state between the mo- nocotyledoneaB and dicotyledoneas. The nuts are farinaceous, and are esteemed nourishing and pectoral. The skin with the spines being removed, there is a white sweet kernel within, somewhat like a chestnut They are sold in the market at Venice under the name of Jesuits' nuts. They are also much eaten in Switzerland and the south of France. Some of the canals at Versailles are covered with the plant ; and Neili informs us (Hort. Tour.), that the nuts are sometimes served up like chestnuts. Pliny says that the Thracians made them into bread ; and Thunberg states that they (the seed of Trapa bicornis) are commonly put into broth in Japan. In this country the plant is generally kept in a cistern in the stove, and so treated, was fruited by A. B. Lam- bert, Esq. in 1815, and specimens of the fruit sent to the Horticultural Society. T. bicornis is cultivated by the Chinese in marshes ; and the nuts used as food. 309. Lwiwigia. So named by Linnaeus, in honor of C. G. Ludwig, professor of botany at Leipsic, in the mid- dle of the last century. He left behind him several works which are now almost forgotten. The species nre of no beauty. 310. Cuscuta. This is a genus of parasitical plants, which fasten themselves to, and draw their nourishment from others. The seed does not split into lobes, but opens and puts forth a little spiral body, which is the em- Order III. TETRANDUIA TETRAGYNIA. 105 1804 Nuts 4 horned, Spines spreading 1805 Nuts 2 horned 1806 Erect branched smooth, leaves altern. lane, hoary beneath, Caps, large crowned with the col. Ivs. of cal. 1807 Leaves alternate lanceolate, Flowers axillary solitary subsessile, Stem rounded diffuse DIGYNIA. 1808 Flowers sessile, Orifice of cor. naked, Stigma acute 1809 Flowers sessile. Stamens with a scale at their base, Stigma acute 1810 A species of which no account has yet been published. Shoots short white 1811 Flowers deleft, Segments oblate rounded, Anthers sessile, Stigmas pileate 1812 All over waited, Color dull brown, Shoots very long 1813 Stem branched at end, Branches erect, Calyx scariose at edge 181+ Leaves obovate acutely toothed cordate with a small sinus 1815 Pods jointed compressed arcuate, Pet. 3-lobed the outside smooth at the back 1816 Pods knotty rounded pendulous, Petals smooth the 2 outer ovate oblong pendulous 2 inner 3-parted 1817 Pods not jointed erect compressed, Pet. smooth outer wedge-shaped about 3-lobed inner trifid the lateral lobes 2-lobed the middle one small TETRAGYNIA. 1818 Leaves ovate and subcordate acuminate subserrated pubescent 1819 Leaves lanceolate ovate obtuse crenated, Flowers monogynous, Style quadrifid 1820 Leaves elliptical crenated subcoriaceous, Stigmas 2-4 sessile 1821 Leaves ovate icutc spiny shining waved, Flowers axillary umbellcd 1819 and Miscellaneous Particulars. bryo. The stalk twines about some other plant, contrary to the sun's apparent motion, or from right to left, sending out from the inner surface a number of little vesicles which attach themselves to the bark of the sup- porting plant By degrees, the longitudinal vessels of the stalk shoot from their extremities, and insinuate themselves so intimately with it, that it is easier to break than to disengage them. Plants raised from seed soon die when they have no plant to which they can- attach themselves. They adhere to the ground by the original root, and draw a part of their nutriment from thence at first ; but the original root withers away as soon as the young stem has fixed itself to any other plant. C. euroua-a may be sown in peat soil by the sides of other plants ; in a wild state it is commonly found in hedges, and on hops, brambles, woody nightshade, feni, thistles, hemp ; as also on flax, nettles, clover, grass, Sec C. epithymum will thrive well on any small shrub when once it has got hold. According to Sweet, " it will flower freely, and be very handsome." C. chinensis may be treated like C. europia. 311. Bufonia. So named after the celebrated Count de Buflbn. It is slender, like the botanical acquirements of that illustrious naturalist. .>!-'. Hamamelis. From iiu,«' th, and iri|?litr. an apple, from the fruit and flowers being on the tree at the same time. This is a low tree or shrub, in general appearance resembling the hazel ; but it has fine yellow blossoms, which appear in profusion in October or November, and sometimes last till spring. The fruit, which is a small nut, seldom lipem in England. 313. Hupecoum. From itr^xiu, to rattle, on account of the noise the seeds make in the pods. It is not impossible that Hypecouin procumbens is the Hypecoon of Pliny : the wild cumin of Gerarde. The juice of all the species is yellow, like that of celandine, and is said to have the same effect as opium. 314. ilyginda. So named by Jacquin, in honor of Counsellor Mygind of Vienna ; a botanical amateur and patron. A tree resembling some kind of Ilex. 315. Ilex. A word upon which much ingenuity and learning have been tortured in vain. DeTheis derives it from ec, or ac, a point, in Celtic; but that explanation applies better to the specific name Aquil'oliuux I. Aquifolium is one of our most beautiful shrubs or low trees, displaying either character, according to «itu.u tion, age, and application of art. It is found in most parU of Europe, and in North America, Japan, Cochin- 105 TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Class IV. iflava yellow-berried • or 15 ap.jn W Britain G CO i) albo-marginata silver-edged » or 12 ap.jn W Britain a CO 3- aUreo-tnargindta gold-edged it or 12 ap.jn w Britain 8 CO i medio-picta painted it or 10 ap.jn w Britain G CO 1822 chinensis B. M. Chinese »l_Jor 10 jl w China 1814. G s.l Bot. mag. 2043 1823 laxiilora Ph. loose-flowered J or 1 or 20 ap.jn w Carolina 1811. c; s.p Lam. ill. t 89 1824 opaca W. Carolina 10 my.jn w Carolina 1744. G p.l Mcerb. ic. 2. t 5 1825cr6cea W. African ? I_J tm 30 C. G. H. 1794. Q s.p 1826 Perado W. thick-leaved J i_)or 10 ap.my pic Madeira 1760. G s.l Meerb. ic. 2. t. 6 1827 Prinoides W. deciduous «- or 2 jl w N. Amer. 1760. G s.p 1828 Cassinc Ph. br.-lv.-Dahoon t _Jor 12 au w Carolina 1726. G s.l Cat car. 1. 1 31 1829Dah6on Ph. Dahoon * lor 6 my.jn w Carolina 1726. G s.l 1830 augustifolia W. en. Myrtle-leaved m |or 6 lyy.jn w Carolina 1806. G s.l 1831 vomitoria W. South Sea Tea J _)or 10 ... Florida 1700. G p.l Cat. car. 2. t. 57 1832 canadensis Ph. Canadian it or 3 ap.my w N. Amer. 1802. G s.l Mich. am. 2. t.49 316. COLDE'NIA. W. COLDENIA. Boraginete. Sp. 1—2. 1853procumbens W. trailing -* O or 2 jLau w E. Indies 1699. S CO Lam. ill. t. 89 317. POTAMOGE'TON . W. POND-WEED. Alismacece. Sp. 13—44. 1834natans W. broad-leaved i A cu au G Britain riv. D CO Eng. bot. 1822 1835fluitans W. long-leaved * A cu jl.au R Britain dit. D CO Eng. bot. 1286 1836 heterophyllum IV. various-leaved * A™ jl.au G Britain dit. 1) CO Eng. bot. 1285 1837 perforatum W. perfoliate * A cu jl.au P Britain riv. I) CO Eng. bot. 168 1838den'sum. W. close-leaved I A" my.jl G Britain dit 1) CO Eng. bot. 397 1839 Weens W. shining * A c" jn.jl G Britain dit. D CO Eng. bot. 376 1840crispum W. curled i A« jn.jl R Britain rivul. D CO Eng bot. 1012 1841 compressum W. flat-stalked ± A cu jn.jl G Britain rivul. D CO Eng. bot. 418 1842 pectinatum W. fennel-leaved * A cu jn.jl Ol Britain dit. D CO Eng. bot 323 1843 lanceolatum E. B. spear-leaved *: A cu jl.au Ol England w \ak. D CO Eng. bot 1985 1844 gramineum W. grass-leaved * A cu jl.au G Britain lit. D CO Eng. bot. 2253 1845pusillum W. small * A cu jl.au G Britain lit. D CO Eng. bot 215 1846 setaceum W. bristle-leaved S A cu jl.au G Britain ... D CO 318. RU'PPIA. W. Ruppia. Fluviales. Sp. 1. 1847marltima W. sea * A cu jl G Britain s. w. d. S s.l Eng. bot. 136 319. SAGI'NA. W. Pearl wort Caryophyllete. Sp. 5 — 7. 1848 procumTjens W. procumbent O w \ my.s W Britain rub. S s.l Eng. bot. 8 1849 cerastoides W. tetrandxous O w i jn.jl W Britain sea sh. S co Eng. bot. 16 1821/3 1824 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, China, &c. In Britain, it is found congregated in natural woods and forests. Some of the finest in England, are in Medwood forest, in Staffordshire, and in Scotland, in the woods of Dumbartonshire, about Luss and Lochlomond. Professor Martyn's father first discovered the difference of sexes in the holly ; some being male, others female, and others hermaphrodite. It is a tree of great longevity, and will grow in any soil not very wet, but best in a dry deep loam ; such is the soil of Medwood forest. By culture alone, a hundred varieties and subvarieties have been produced, differing in the variegation, margin, and size of the leaves, and in the color of the fruit. These make gay and elegant shrubs for lawns and small groups; and form an important feature in the general shrubbery. The common green prickly-leaved holly makes the best of all hedges, whether we regard its qualities for defence, shelter, duration, or beauty. It has one fault, it is very slow of growth unless carefully cultivated, and for this reason hawthorn is preferred. It was a very general custom about the end of the 17th century to divide gardens by hedges of this tree, and to keep them exactly shorn. Evelyn's impenetrable holly hedge at Deptford has been much celebrated. It was 400 feet long, 9 feet high, and 5 feet broad. Gibson, (Archceologia Brit. S/c.) who mentions Evelyn's hedge, made a tour of the principal gardens near London, and states, as next in grandeur, that of Sir M. Decker at Richmond: of neither does there exist a single plant The largest holly hedge in Scotland is at Tynningham near Dunbar, planted by a former Earl of Haddington, author of a Treatise on Fruit Trees. It has for many years past been left uncut, and now presents a noble phalanx of deep shining green leaves, and numerous spiry tops with spikes of coral berries. In cultivating the holly, the kernel or stone of the berries is divested of its skin and glutinous pulp, by mixing with sand in heaps in the open garden, and turning over frequently. The berries being gathered in November, may be rotted in this way till the October following, and then sown in beds, and covered three quarters of an inch with fine mould ; or they may remain on the trees till spring, then gathered and mashed in a tub of water to separate the pulp, after which they may be sown. In general, the stones do not vegetate till the second year from the gathering ; some will occasionally germinate the first year, and a number not till the third. In transplanting and pruning the holly, the months of October and April are to be chosen : the oftener young plants are removed before planted in the final site the better, as it has naturally but few roots, and those chiefly ramose and descending. Miller recommends cutting holly hedges with a knife, as clipping renders them unsightly. The variegated and other curious sorts are generally propagated by budding and grafting on the common green. Evelyn says he raised some of the variegated sorts by sowing the seeds, and Miller always found the hedgehog variety continue the same when so propagated. Some raise them by layers, and Sweet says all of them " will root freely by cuttings taken off at a joint in ripened wood, and planted in sand under a hand-glass in a shady situation." Oki III. TET11ANDUIA TETIIAGYNIA. »07 1892 leaves ovate oblong edge with little cartilaginous scarcely pungent teeth, Corymb* pedunc. dichotomous 1823 Leave* ovate Miniate -toothed slightly spiny, Stipules subulate, Pedunc. lax divided 1824 Leaves ovate acute spiny smooth flat, Flowers scattered at the base of the older branches 1825 Leavea oblong serrated, Serratures prickly-ciliated 1826 Leaves ovate with a point unarmed nearly entire 1897 Leavea elliptic-lanceolate acute deciduous serrated, Serratures unarmed 1888 Leavea alternate distant evergreen lanceolate attenuated both ways serrated at the end 1889 leaves lanceolate elliptical nearly entire retiexed at the edge, Bib rillous tieneath 1890 Leave! alternate distant evergreen linear lanceolate shining terrated at end, Hib smooth beneath US! Leaves alternate distant oblong obtuse crenatcd serrated, Serratures not prickly 1832 Leaves oblong acuminate subserrated at the end, Pedunc. long axillary 1-llowered 1833 Leaves wedge-shaped stalked shorter on one side coarsely sawed and plaited 18.54 Leaves all elliptical stalked floating, I.ower petioles submersed leafless 1835 Leaves floating on long stalks lanceolate ovate narrowed at both ends 1836 Upper leaves stalked elliptical narrowed at both ends the lower close together sessile linear 1897 Leaves cordate stem-clasping all immersed 1838 Leaves ovate acuminate opposite close, Stem dichotomous, Spike 4-flowered 18-59 Leaves ovate-lanceolate Hat narrowed into the stalks, Spike many-flowered contracted 1840 Leaves lanceolate alternate wavy serrated 1841 Leaves linear obtuse, stem compressed 1849 Leaves setaceous parallel close together in two rows 1849 Leaves lanceolate membranous flat entire, Spike ovate dense few-flowered 1.H44 Leaves linear lanceolate alternate sessile broader than their stipule 1845 Leaves linear opposite and alternate narrower than their stipule spreading at base, Stem rounded 1846 Leaves lanceolate opposite acuminated 1847 The only species 1848 Branches procuml>ent smooth, Petals very short 1849 Stein diffuse dichotomous. Leaves spatulate and obovate recurved, Fruit-stalks reflexed 1834 ami Miscellaneous Particulars. I. cassine and vomitoria have bitter leaves, of which the N. American Indians make a tea, which is almost their only physic. At a certain time of the year they come down in droves from a distance of some hundred miles, to the coast, for the leaves of this tree, which is not known to grow at any considerable distance from the sea. They make a fire on the ground, and putting a great kettle of water on it, they throw in a large quantity of these leaves, and setting themselves round the fire, from a bowl that holds about a pint they begin drinking large draughts, which in a very short time occasion them to vomit easily and freely : thus they con- tinue drinking and vomiting for the space of two or three days, until they have sufficiently cleansed them- selves ; and then every one taking a bundle of the tree to carry away with him, they all retire to their habitations. 91ft Culiltnia. So named by Linna?us, in honor of Cadwallader Colden, an English naturalist, who published in 174'-', an account of the plants of New York. 117. Potamogeton. From xoto.iju>s, a river, and yurot, near. Most of the species grow wholly immersed in water, but iiKe most aquatics, flower above its surface. It should seem, Professor Martyn observes, that the respiration of such truly-aquatic vegetables must be as different from those which inhale atmospheric air, as the breathing of fishes is from that of l>easts and birds. Accordingly, they are, as Ilaller remarks, of a different texture, pellucid, like oiled paper, very vascular, harsh, and ribbed, but often very brittle; ami their surface, like that of aquatic animals, destitute of hair or down of any kind. The leaves of aquatic plants afford shade and spawning places to fish, and habitations for aquatic insects and worms for their nourishment The roots of P. natans are a favorite food of the swan, and that bird is in consequence erroneously considered as keeping ponds and lakes clear of all aquatics. Ducks eat the seeds and leaves of P. crispum. I taller informs us, that .n the Swiss lakes P. serratum grows from ten to twenty fathoms long, forming, as it were, Immense woods in the midst of these immense reservoirs. Most of the species may be considered as ornamental in a botanic gar- den, when kept within bounds or in pots. They are readily propagated by seeds or by dividing their long roots, and for the most part, grow best on a clayey bottom. 318. Ru/r/tia. Named after Henry Bernard liuppi, a German. He published in 1718, a Flora Jenensis. It is remarked by Or. (ioodenough, that the flower-stalk of this plant is spiral, like that of Valisneria, and relaxes or contracts itself according to the depth of the water. The truth is, the flower and leaf-stalks of all aquatics have a power of accommodating themselves to the depth of the water, so as just to emerge above its surf ice , but the singularity in Ruppia and Valisneria appears to be the employment of a flower-stem for that purpose. (S< e VaUmeria.) 919, Sagina. This plant, say* Limueus, is so called for its qualities, to Latin, sagina expresses something 108 1850apetala W. 1851 maritima E. B. 1852 erecta Sm. 320. TILL.*/ A. W. 1853 muscosa W. 321. RADI'OLA. Sm. 1854 millegrana Sm. TETRANDRIA TETRAGYN1A. Britain rub. S co Ireland scalp. S co S co small-flowered O w \ myjn W sea-side O w \ my.au W glaucous O w i ap.my W Britain Tilljea. Semper uivte. Sp. 1 — +. mossy O cu Jjn.o PI England sa. he. Radiola. Caryophyllece. Sp. 1. all-seed O »' I J1-3" W Britain san. pi. S co S co Class IV. Eng. bot. 881 Eng. bot. 2195 Eng. bot. 609 Eng. bot. 116 Eng. bot 893 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, nourishing. The species are very common in dry pastures, where they are valuable for sheep-food. S. proeum- bens is a small but troublesome weed in shaded garden-walks and paved courts, and with S. apetala, seeds the whole summer. Curtis remarks, that the latter species ripens its seeds more rapidly than almost any other plant. Class V. — PENTANDRI A. 5 Stamens. 0\e of the most extensive of the Linnaean classes, and containing about a fifth part of all phaenogamous plants. It includes the whole of the Boragineas or Asperifoliaa, Asclepiadeae, Apocyneas, and Umbelliferae, nearly all Primulacea?, and portions of a great variety of other natural orders, among which many are orna- mental, and others valuable on account of their relation tr> medicine and the arts. The Boraginea; are, in many instances, ornamental planes ; a few, such as Anchusa tinctoria are applied to economical purposes ; but the principal part are weeds of northern latitudes. They have been recently described and re-arranged in a scientific manner by M. Lehmann, whose Monographia Asperifoliarum should have a place in every botanical library. The curious genus Stapelia is a part of the Asclepiadeae, which order was in so unsettled and confused a state as to be a reproach to the science until it was remodelled by Mr. Brown, who first determined the just limits of its genera. The Apocynea; contain, among some poisonous plants, such as Echites venenata, the Oleander re- markable for the beauty of its flowers, and the Cream fruit and Picimmons of Sierra Leone, which are said to be excellent fruit-trees. Umbelliferous plants contain numerous species, some of which, like the Cicuta virosa, Conium maculatum, &c. are dangerous poisons, and others which are useful to mankind either as luxuries or necessaries. The seeds of caraway coriander, &c. are commonly used by the confectioner, of dill and anise by the distiller; the blanched stems of celery and sweet fennel, and the roots and leaves of many others are among the best of British vegetables. The gum galbanum of the shops is said to be the produce of a plant of this tribe. Great difficulty exists in ascer- taining upon what principles the genera should be divided. Linnaeus, contrary to his usual practice, attempted to derive the characters from the absence or presence of the involucrum ; Hoffman, Link, and Sprengel from peculiarities in the fruit, or, as it is familiarly called, in the seeds. The characters of Sprengel, who has, as it were, grown old in the study of Umbellifera?, are certainly deserving of attention ; but botanists are much divided in opinion upon their merits ; and, it is to be feared, that notwithstanding the labours of the learned men who have directed their study particularly to the consideration of the order, little real progress has been made in its final arrangement. In this work the arrangement of Sir James Smith has been adopted, as being the most simple of all that has been published, and the most easy of application. The plants belonging to Primulaceae are beautiful border- flowers, or pretty alpine plants. In the same arti- ficial section with these, are found the elegant families of Convolvulus and Ipomsea, one or several species of which produce the jalap of the shops ; the various kinds of Epacris, which in New Holland rival the heaths of Southern Africa, and the splendid genus Azalea. Other sections include the teak wood of the East Indies ; the Sapodilla plum, and the Star apple, fine fruits of the West Indies ; solanum, well digested by Dunal ; the Jesuit's bark (Cinchona), of which no species has yet been brought alive to Europe ; the coffee tree, and many others. Pentandria Digynia contains little beyond the Asclepiadeae and Umbelliferae, already mentioned. The Su- mach, Guelder Rose, and Elder are contained in Trigynia ; in Tetragynia the paradoxicafand curious Parnassia j in Pentagynia, Crassula, Linuin, and Statice, all ornamental genera; and a few obscure weeds make up the last order, Polygynia. Ordf.k III. TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. 109 1860 Stem erect pubuaueHl, Flowers alternate apetakmi ls.">l Sterna erect divaricating smooth, Leave* obtuae Hunt, Totals obsolete 1868 Stem erect about 1-rlowcred, Sepals acute, Petal* entire 1853 Procumbent, Flowers trifid 1854 The only specie* 1848 1850 ^TT^gr^*" 1H5 and Miscellaneous Particulars. 320. Tilltra. From Mich. Ang. Tilli, an Italian, born in 1653, died in 1740. He was a foieign member of the Royal Society of London, and published a Catalogus Horti Pisani, in one volume, folio. 321. Radiola. A diminution of radius. A little insignificant weed, formerly referred to the same genus with common flax. Order 1. MONOGYNIA. 5 Stamens. 1 Style. 1. Flowers monopcla/ous, inferior. Seed 1, naked. 392. Mirabilis. Nut below the corolla, which is funnel-shaped. Stigma globose, a little warted. 92& Abroma. Cor. funnel-shaped, with cordate segments, above the germen contracted, at the orifice in. dated. Stigma simple. .;.'4. Plumbago. Seed 1. Stamens inserted into the valves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma 5-cleft 2. Flowers monopetalous, inferior. Seeds 2 or more, naked. 325. Heliotropium. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. hypocrateriform, orifice without teeth, limb 5-cleft, sinuses plaited, simple, or toothed. Stamens included. Stigma peltate. Nuts 4, cohering without a common receptacle. 3'J6. Myosotis. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. hypocrateriform, closed with scales. Limb 5-parted, obtuse. Stamens included. Anthers peltate. Stigma capitate. Nuts 4, distinct, perforated at the base. 327. Echinospermum. Cal. cor. and other parts as in Myosotis. Nuts united to a central column, prickly, compressed, closed at the base. 328. Mattia. Cat 5-parted, spreading. Cor. tubular, funnel-shaped at the orifice with 5 scales as long as the tube. Anthers sagittate, conniving, exserted. Style longer r han stamens. Stigma simple. Seeds winged. 329. Tiaridium. Cor. h\|>ocrateriform, with an angular tube, the orifice contracted with 5 rays. Style very short. Stigma capitate. Nuts 4, 2-celled, mitre-formed, cohering, closed at base. No common receptacle. 330. Litbospermum. Cal. 5-parted, persistent. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a half 5-cleft obtuse limb, and an open orifice Anthers included. Stigma obtuse, bifid. Seeds 4, hard, smooth, closed at the base. 331. Batschia. Cal. deeply 5-parted Cor. hypocrateriform, with a hairy ring at the base inside, an open orifice, and rounded segments. Stigma emarginate. Seeds hard, shining. 332. Onosma. Cal. 5-parted, erect Cor. campanulate, funnel-shaped, with a ventricose tubular 5-toothed limb, and an open orifice. Anthers sagittate, connected at base by their lobes. Stigma obtuse. Seeds ovate, shining, stony, closed at base. 333. Anchusa. Cal. 5-cleft, persistent Cor. funnel-shaped, with a half 5-cleft spreading limb, orifice closed with 5 prominent scales. Anthers included. Stigma emarginate. Seeds gibbous, with a sculptured surface. '■': A. Sympby/um. Cal. 5-parted, acute. Cor. cylindrical, campanulate, with a short tube and a tubular in- flated limb, orifice with 5 subulate rays conniving into a cone. Stigma simple. Seeds gibbous, not pierced at base. 335. Onosmoilium. Cal. deeply 5-parted. Cor. oblong, campanulate, with a ventricose hall 5-cleft limb, the edges of which are inflated, orifice open. Anthers sagittate, included. .'iKi. Cynoglossum. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. short, funnel-shaped, with a 5-parted obtuse limb ; orifice closed by scales. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Nuts depressed, attached to a central column. 337. Omphalmtcs. CaL deeply 5-parted. Cor. rotate, shorter than the tube of the calyx, with 5 short scales crossing over the anthers, » hich are inserted into the base of the tube. Style short. Stigma thick. See ur. ceolate, toothed at the edge. 338. Pulmonaria. Cal. prismatic, 5-cornered, 5-toothed. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a cylindrical tube, open orifice, and obtuse 5-lobed limb. Stigma obtuse Seeds 4, obtuse, rounded. 339. Cerinlbe. Cor. tubular, ventricose. Nuts 2, each 'J-celled, open at the base. 340. Borago. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, with acute segments ; orifice crowned. Filaments conniving. Seeds rounded, closed at base, rugose, inr*rted lengthways into an excavated receptacle. 110 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA Class V. 341. Trichodesmn. Cor. rotate, with a naked oriilce and subulate segments. Stamens exscrtcd. Anthers villous at back. Nuts half immersed in the 4-winged column. 342. Asperugo. Cat. 5-parted, irregular. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a short tube, orifice closed by convex scales. Stigma obtuse. Seeds oblong, compressed, not perforated. 343. Konea. Cal. at length inflated. Cor. funnel-form, with a 5-cleft short limb, and straight naked tube. Stamens included. Ori tice nearly open. Seeds 4, with parallel streaks. 344. Lycopsis. Cor. funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, with a covered tube and obtuse limb. Scales at the orifice. Stigma emarginate. Nuts hollowed at base. 345. Echium. Cal. 5-parted, subulate. Cor. campanulate with unequal obtuse segments, the 2 upper the .ongest ; orifice open. Filaments unequal, declinate. Stigma obtuse. Seeds roundish, warted, not open at base. 346. Tournefortia. Berry 2-celled, cells 2-seeded, perforated at end. Cor. hypocratenform or rotate, naked at the orifice. 347. Nolana Cal. turbinate. Cor. campanulate, plaited. Nuts 5, 2 or 4-celled. 3. Flowers monopetalous, inferior. Heeds in a capsule or dry drupe. ( Vestia, which has a berry, is an exception, bid is placed here on account of its relation to other genera.) 348. Aretia. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla hypocrateriform, contracted at the orifice. Stigma globose. 349. Androsace. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla hypocrateriform, contracted at the orifice. Stigma globose. 350. Primula. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped, pervious at the orifice. Stigma globose 351. Cortusa. Caps. 1-celled, oblong. Corolla rotate. Stigma somewhat capitate. 352. Soldanella. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla torn. Stigma simple. 353. Dodecatheon. Caps. 1-celled, oblong. Corolla reflexed. Stigma phrnfe. 354. Cyclamen. Caps. 1-celled, pulpy within. Corolla reflexed. Stigma acute. 355. Hottonia. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla with the tube below the stamens. Stigma globose. 356 Lysimachia. Caps. 1-ceUed, 10-valved. Corolla rotate. Stigma obtuse. 357. Anaga/lis. Caps. 1-celled, cut round. Corolla rotate. Stigma capitate. 358. Diapensia. Caps. 3-celled. Corolla hypocrateriform. Cal. 8-leaved. 359. Pyxidanthera. Cal. deeply 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, much shorter than the tube of calyx, segments 5, spatulate. Anthers with an appendage at their base. Style thick. Stigmas 3. 360. Coris. Caps. 1-celled, 5-valved. Corolla irregular. Stigma capitate. 361. Galax. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Corolla hypocrateriform. Stigma roundish. 362. Menyanthes. Caps. 1-celled. Corolla villous spreading. Stigma bifid. Cal. 5-parted. 363. Villarsia. Caps, many-seeded, 2-valved. Cor. rotate, limb spreading, 5-parted, flat, bearded or scaly at the base. Glands 5, hypogynous. 364. Chironia. Caps', ovate, seeds numerous small. Cal. 5-parted erect. Cor. equal, with a 5-parted limb of ovate equal segments. Filaments from mouth of tube. Anthers, after bursting, spiral. Style declinate. 365. Eustoma. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Tube of cor. funnel-shaped, contracted. Filam. short, regular, inserted about the middle of the tube. Stigma large, deeply 2-lobed. Seeds scurfy. 366. Erythrtea. Caps, linear. CaL 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a short limb withering. Anthers, after bursting, spiral. Stigmas 2. 367. Sabbatia. Cor. with an urceolate tube, and limb 5-12-parted. Stigmas 2-partcd, with spiral divisions. Anthers at length revolute. 368. Logania. Caps. 2-parted. Cor. subcampanulate, with a villous throat, and 5-parted limb. Stigma clavate. 369. Phlox. Caps. 3-celled. Corolla hypocrateriform, with a curved tube. Stigma trifid. 370. Polemonium. Caps. 3-celled. Corolla 5-parted. Stamens placed on the valves. 371. Vestia. Berry. Cor. funnel-shaped, 5-parted, with a hairy throat. Stamens exserted. Stigma nearly entire. 372. llydrophylliun. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Corolla with 5 nectaries. Stigma bifid. 373. Phacelia. Caps. 2-valved, 4-seeded. CaL persistent. Cor. campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 furrows inside the base. Stam. exserted. Style short. Stigmas 2, long. 374. Ramondia. Caps. 2-valved, valves bent in at edge, septiferous. Cor. rotate, rather unequal. Stamens approximated, perforated at end. Stigma round. 375. Verbascum. Caps. 2-celled. Corolla rotate. Stigma obtuse. Stamens declinate. 376. Datura. Caps. 2-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deciduous. 377. Brugmansia. Caps, unarmed. Cal. bursting at side, persistent. Cor. funnel-shaped. Anthers glued together. Stigma or line running down each side of style. 378. Lisianthus Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded. Corolla funnel-shaped, ventricose. Style persistent. 379. Spigelia. Caps. 2-celled, double. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma simple. 380. Nicandra. Berry without juice, 3-5-celled, covered by the calyx, which is inflated. Cor. campanulate. Stamens incurved, distant. 381. Huoscyamus. Caps. 2-celled, with a lid. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma capitate. 382. Nicotiana. Caps. 2-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma emarginate. 383. Ipomcea. Caps. 3-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma capitate. 384. Convolvulus. Caps. 2-celled, 2-seeded. Cor. campanulate. Stigma 2-cleft, 385. Argyreia. Berry rounded, juieeless, 4-celled. Cal. colored, persistent, the outer sepals largest. Cor. 5-parted, with a short thick tube surrounding the nectary. Stamens in the mouth of tube thickened, at base hairy. Anthers sagittate. 386. Nemophila. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas, each bearing 2 distant ovules. Capsule 1-celled, with fleshy placentas fixed to a longitudinal dorsal axis, otherwise loose, bearing the seeds on their inner surface. 387. Calystegia. Ovary half 2-celled, 4-seededL Cal. 5-parted, inclosed in two leafy bractes. Cor. campanulate, 5-plaittd. Stamens nearly equal, shorter than the limb. Stigmas 2, obtuse. 388. Cobwa. Caps, obovate, 3-5-celled, 3-5-valved. Seeds imbricated, edged. CaL 5-cleft, campanulate, 5-cornered, winged. Cor. campanulate, with 5 blunt lobes. Stamens declinate, filaments spiral. 389. Cantua. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds winged. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stigma trifid. 390. Hoitzia. Caps, of Cantua. Seeds not edged. Cal. double, inner 1-leaved, tubular, outer of 4-8 leaves. Cor. funnel-shaped, 4-5 times as long as calyx, a little incurved. Stamens inserted into base of tube. 391. Retzia. Caps. 2-celled. Corolla cylindrical, villous on the outside. Stigma bifid. 392. Lubinia. Caps, many-seeded, mucronate, when pressed of 2-4 valves. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. hypocrateri- form, with a Hat 5-parted equal limb. Filaments attached to middle of tube Stigma obtuse. 393. Epacris. Caps, with placentas attached to a central column. Cal. colored, with many bracteas. Cor. tubular, with a beardless limb. Stamens on the petals. Scales 5, hypogynous. 394. Styphelia. Drupe juieeless, with a solid bony putamen. Cal. 5-parted, with many bracteae. Cor. in a long tube, having within 5 bundles of hairs, and bearded reflexed segments. Filaments exserted. 395. Lissanthe. Drupe berried, with a bony solid putamen. Cal. with 2 braeteas or more. Cor. infundibu- liform, not bearded. Ovarium 5-celled. 396. Astroloma. Drupe juieeless, with a solid bony putamen. Cal. with 4 or more bractea?. Cor. ventricose, twice as long as calyx, with 5 bundles of hairs inside, and a short spreading bearded limb. Filaments linear included. 397. Sprcngelia. Caps, with placentas attached to a central column. Cal. colored. Cor. 5-parted, rotate, beardless. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers connate or not. No hypogynous scales. 398. Andersonia. Caps, of Sprengelia. CaL colored, with 2 or more leafy bracteas. Cor. the lenatl- of the Oa.»E« I. PENTANDRIA MONOGYN1A. Ill calyx, tlio segments of the limb bearded at the base. Stamens hypagynnua. Scales 5, hypegynoua, sometimes conuate. / t/sinsmti. Caps of Sprengelia. Cal. colored, with many brar-loa?. Cor. hypocrateriform. with a tube sometimes 5-p artible, with beardless segments bent to the right stamens hypogynous, Sales .,, hypogynous. (00, tionotoca. Drupe berried. Cal with 'J brae tea-, (or. funnel-shaped, with the limb and throat beard- less Ovary 1 -seeded. 401. LeuoopOgOH. Dru|>e berried or juieeless, som. times crustaeeous. Cal. with 2 braCteSB, Cor. fuuncl- shaped, with a spreading limb bearded lengthwise. Filaments Included Ovary 2-5-oelled 402. Slenanthcra. Drupe juieeless, with a (olid bony putaineii. Cal. with many br.u tea\ Cor. tubular, longer than the ralyx, \entrieose, with a short spreading half-bearded limb. Filaments included, fleshy, broader th. m the anthers. 40& Azalea. Caps. 5-celled. Corolla eampanulate. Stigma obtuse. 4114. cfiai)i,ri,doii. Caps. 2-celled, opening at the end. Cal. 5-parted, equal. Cor. eampanulate, 5-clefL un- equal Stamens inserted nto the base of cor. equal, straight, included. Anthers opening lengthwise. Style straight. Hi Brexia. Cat short, with 5 rounded lobes. Petals ovate, spreading, rounded. Filani. dilated at base Bristles shorter than the stamens, about the ovarium. 106. Ophiorhixa. Cape, --celled, '.'-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, villous at mouth, with acute segments. Stigma bifid 407. Allamaiuln. Cape, 1-cclled, lens-shaped, 2-valvcd, the valves being boat-shaped. Seeds imbricated. 10& Tlii-ojihrasta. Caps. 1 -celled, very large. Corolla eampanulate. Stigma acute. 40!>. C/aiija. Caps. 1-celled, very large. Corolla rotate, with 5 prominences in the centre. Filaments 5, united into a tube at the base of the corolla. 4. Flowers monojietalous, inferior. Seeds in a follicle. 410. 1'inca. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. hypocrateriform, plaited at the orifice, with flat segments, truncate at the end. Filaments at the end dilated into concave scales. Glands 2 at base of ovary. 411. Strium. Cor. hypocrateriform, crowned at the mouth with little lacerated appendages, segments of cor. twisted. Filaments inserted into middle of tube. Anthers sagittate, adhering to the stigma by the middle. Little teeth at the base of the calyx outside the corolla. 412. IVrightUi. Cor. bypocraterUbrm. Mouth crowned by 10 divided scales. Stam. exserted. Filaments Inserted Into throat Anthers sagittate, adhering to the stigma by the middle. Scales 5-10, inserted into base of calyx outside of corolla, some hypogynous. 41 !. F.chitcs. Cor. hypocrateriform, with segments of the limb unequal-sided. Ovaries 2. Style 1, filiform. Follicles slender. 414. Ickiiocarpus. Cor. hypocrateriform, with segments of limb halved. Ovaries 2. Style 1, filiform. Stig ma ovate, acuminate. Filaments 5, hypogynous, alternate with the stamens. 415. Ptumicria. Cor. funnel-sha|K?d, with a flat limb, and ovate-oblong oblique segments. Filaments from the middle of tube. Anthers conniving. Styles scarcely any. 4bi. Strophantkus. Cor. funnel-shaped, with segments caudate, mouth crowned with 1(1 entire scales. Stam inserted into middle of tube. Anthers sagittate, aristate, or mucronate. Style filiform, dilated at end. Stigma cylindrical. 417. Cameraria. Cal. very small. Cor. funnel-shaped or hypocrateriform, with a long tube inflated at lx>tl. ends, and a flat limb, with 5 lanceolate oblique segments. Filaments in the middle of tube. Ovaries, with appendages at their sides. Styles scarcely any 418. Tahrrn rnion'ana. Cor. hypocrateriform. Stamens included. Anthers sagittate. Ovaries 2. Style filiform. Stigma dilated at base, bind. See Is immersed in pulp. 419. Amsonia. Cor. funnel-shaped, closed at the orifice, with a 5-lobed limb. Stigma capitate, surrounded by a membranous angle. Seeds obliquely truncate, naked 5. Flowers monopctalous, inferior. Seals in a di «/*• or terry. 420. Cerbera. Cal. persistent, 5-parted. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a clavate tube and 5-cornered throat, with 5 scales, segments of lmili oblique obtuse. Stigma fringed, bifid. Drupe bony, 2-celled, 4-valved. Seeds 1-2, covered with a fleshy skin. 421. Tcctona. CaL eampanulate, with 5-6 lobes. Cor. funnel-shaped, the length of calyx, with a short tube, and 5-6-parted crenulate limb. Stamens under the throat of corolla Drupe globose in the inflated calyx, 3-4-celled. 422. Caldasia. Cal. tubular. Cor. tubular, 2-Iipped, with cmarginate segments. Filaments decimate. Drupe 3-angular, 3-valved, 3-seeded. 4ii». Bumelia. Cal. 5-parted, very small. Cor. eampanulate, 5-cleft, or hypocrateriform, with teeth between the divisions of limb. Nectary a 5-leaved crown, adhering to the tube of the corolla. Drupe ovate or glolwse. 4'.'4. Chrysophyllum. Cal. 5-parted, small. Cor. eampanulate, short. Filaments on the tube connivent. Style very short. Stigma obtuse, 5-cleft. Berry l0-celled, with solitary shining seeds. 425. Siderorylon. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Scales of nectary five. Stigma simple. Berry 5-seeded. 426. Jacquinia. Cal. 5-Ieaved. Cor. with a eampanulate ventricose tube, and 10-cleft limb. Stamens hypo- gynous. Anthers hastate. Stigma capitate. Berry roundish, 1-celled, 1-see led. 427. Achras. CaL 5-i.'-parted. Cor. ovate, 5-(>-cleft, with as many scales on the throat. Berry or apple tested, 1-celled. Seeds solitary, with a marginal hilum, and a claw at the end. 4is. Girdia. Cal. tubular, 4 -5-toothcd. Cor. funnel-shaped, 4-5-cleft. Style dichotomous. Stigmas 4 Drupe covered by the calyx, 1 4 celled. Cotyledons plaited. 4.".i. I'arronia. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed. Cor. tubular, with a 5-cleft, spreading, plaited limb. Style dicho- tomoUS. Stigmas 4. Drupe 4-celled, 4-secdr I 130. r.hrilia. Cal. deeply "-cleft. Cor. funnel-shape I, with a naked throat Stamens exserted. Style semi- bifid. Berry 2-celled, 2-seeded. 431. Bourreria. Cal. eampanulate, half 5-cleft, very small. Cor. longer than calyx, with a plaited limb. Stam. as long as cor. Stigma obtuse edged. Berry roundish, 1-celled, with 4 convex seeds, 432. EUisia. Cal. S-parted. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stam. inserted in base of corolla. Stigma simple or bifid. Berry dry, scrotiform, 2-valvcd, 2-celled, in an enlarged stellate calyx. Seeds globose, black, dotted. 433. SersaJisia. CaL 5-parted. Cor. 5-clelt. Stamens 5, sterile, scale-like, with as many alternate fertile ones. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma undivided. Berry 1-5 seeded. Seeds with a crustaeeous skin, and longitudinal hilum. + rt MmtgWla, Cal. very small, 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 5-parted. Scales of nectary none. Drupe or berry l-rciled, 1 seeded hdisia. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. hypocrateriform, with a reflexcd limb. Anthers large, erect. Stigma simple. Drupe fleshy, superior- l-seede. Cestrum. CaL funnel-shaped. Segments acute, edged. Stamens with or without a tooth. Anthers 4-cornered. Berry 1-2-celled. Seeds few, angular. 44a Atropa. Cor. campanulate. Stamens distant. Berry globose, 2-celled, sitting on the calyx 447. Mandragora. CaL turbinate. Cor. campanulate. Filaments dilated at base. Ovary with 2 glands. Berry fleshv, solid. Seeds reniform. . 448. P/;j« ilis. Cor. campanulate, rotate. Stamens conniving. Berry within the inflated calyx, 2-celled. 449. Saracha. Cor. rotate, campanulate. Berry 1-celled. Receptacle fleshy. 450. Lycium. Cor. tubular, with a closed orifice. Filaments bearded. Berry 2-celled, many-seeded. 451. Solatium. Cal. persistent. Cor. rotate or campanulate, 5-lobed, plaited. Anthers in some degree united, opening by a double pore a» the end. Berry 2-celled, many-seeded. 452. Ny< terium. Cal. 4-5-cleft. Cor. rotate, unequal. Anthers declinate, conniving, the lowest longest Berry 2-celled, many-seeded. 4T<3. Capsicum. Cor. rotate. Berry without juice „••_■. . ™ 451. i^ea. Cor. monopetalous. Nectary 1-leaved, placed on the tube of the corolla, 5-cleft, erect. Berry 5-seeded, inferior. . 6. Flowers monopetalous, superior. Seeds m a capsule. 455. Snermadictyon. Caps, inferior, 1-celled, 5-valved. Seeds 5, with a netted coat Cor. funnel-shaped. 4"i6. Dentella. CaL 5-parted, superior. Cor. funnel-shaped, with 3-toothed divisions. Caps. 2-celled, many- 457. Macrocnemum Cal. campanulate, cup-shaped. Cor. campanulate or funnel-shaped. Caps. 2-celled. 458. Exostemma. Cal. campanulate, 5-toothed. Coi. funnel-shaped. Limb 5-parted, usually hairy. Caps, oblong, rounded, 2-celled, 2-partible. Seeds numerous, with a membranous edge. - 459 Burchellia. Heads of flowers in an involucrum. Cor. clavate, funnel-shaped, with a 5-cleft short limb and a beardless orifice. Segments before expansion twisted together. Stamens inserted above the middle of the tube. Anthers subsessile, included. Stigma clavate. Berry crowned by the deeply 5-cleft calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded. . 460. Rondeletia. Cor. funnel-shaped. Tube ventricose at top. Segments rounded, flattish. Caps, round, crowned, 2-celled. Seeds several or solitary. 461. Coutarca. Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. large, funnel-shaped, 6-cleft, with an incurved ventricose tube. Fila- ments inserted at base of tube Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds with a membranous edge. 462. Portlandia. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. clavate, funnel-shaped. Segments spreading, deflexed. Caps. 5-cor- nered, retuse, crowned, 2-celled, 2-valved. Valves doubled, 2-cleft, many-seeded. 463. Campanula. Cor. campanulate, closed at bottom with staminiferous valves. Stigma 3-5-cleft Caps, inferior, opening by lateral pores. 464. Lobelia. Cor. with the tube split on one side, the limb 2-lipped, 5-parted. Stigma 2-lobed, sometimes entire. Caps. 2-3-celled, 2-valved at end. 465. Phyteuma. Cor. at first rounded conical, afterwards 5-parted with linear weak segments. Stigma 2 or 3-cleft. Caps. 2^3-celled, inferior. 466. Trachelium. Cor. funnel-shaped. Style long. Stigma globose. Caps. 3-celled, inferior. 467. Roella. Cor. funnel-shaped, closed at bottom with staminiferous valves. Stigma 2-fid. Caps, nearly 2-celled, cylindrical, inferior. 468. Goodenia. Cor. labiate, 5-cleft, waved, longitudinally split, pushing forth the stamens. Anthers linear. Stigma urceolate, ciliated. Caps. 1-2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds imbricated. 469. Eulhales. Cal tubular, 5-cleft, equal. Cor. split at the end, with a 2-lipped limb. Anthers distinct. Stvle undivided. Stigma 2-lipped Caps. 4-valved, 2-celled at base. 470. Dampiera. Cor. 2-lipped. Tube split on one side. Segments of upper lip with an auricle upon tne inner edge Anthers cohering. Covering of stigma naked. 471. Samolus. Cor. hypocrateriform, 5-cleft, with scales between the divisions. Stamens inserted into the tube. Caps. 1-celled, 5-toothed, many-seeded. 472. Velleia. Cal. 3-5-leaved, unequal Tube split at end with a 2-lipped limb. Anthers distinct. Style un- divided. A gland between the two front stamens. 7. Flowers monopetalous, superior. Seeds in a drupe or berry. 473. Scxvola. Cor. 1-petalous, with the tube divided lengthwise. Limb 5-cleft, lateral. Drupe inferior, 1-secded. Nect. 2-celled. 474. Caprifoliunu CaL 4-5-toothed or entire Tube of cor. lung, with a 5-cleft, regular, or 2-lipped limb. Stamens length of cor. Stigma globose. Berry distinct, 3-celle.1., many-seeded. 475. Lonicera. Ca.. 5. toothed. Cor. tubular, 5-cleft, irregular Berry inferior, 2-3-4-celled, many-seeded. 476. Symphoria. CaL *-toothed. Cor. trifid, nearly equal. Berry crowned, 4-celled, 4-seeded, 2 cells some- times abortive. 477. Diervilla. CaL oblong, 5-cleft. Cor. twice as long, fuhnel-shaped, 5-cleft, spreading. Caps, oblong, 4-celled, many-seeded. 478. Triosteum. CaL 5-cleft. Cor. scarcely longer, tubular, 5-lobed. Berry 3-celled, 3-seeded, inferior. 479. Coffea. CaL increasing, 5-toothed, teeth deciduous. Cor. hypocrateriform. Stamens above the tube. Anthers sagittate. Berry 2-seeded. Seeds with an arillus, on one side convex, on the other flat. 480. Chiococca. Cor. funnel-shaped, equal. Berry compressed, double, 2-seeded. Seeds oblong, compressed. 4S1. Serissa. Cor. funnel-shaped, fringed at the throat, with segments of the limb 3-lobed. Berry 2-seeded. 482. Canthium. CaL 5-cleft Cor. 5-cleft, spreading. Style elevated. Stigma capitate. Berry coated, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds on one side convex, on the other flat, with a longitudinal furrow. Prickly. 483. Psycholria. Cal. 5-toothed, crowning. Cor. funnel-shaped. Berry globose or ovaL Seeds 2, furrowed, bony. 4S4. Hamelia. Cor. 5-cleft. Berry 5-celled, many-seeded. Racemes divided. Flowers 1-sided. 485. Posoqueria. Cal. turbinate. Cor. hypocrateriform, with a long cylindrical curved tube which is dilated at end, with long narrow reflexed segments. Stamens exserted. 486. Vanguiera. Cor. campanulate, globose, with a hairy throat Stigma of 2 lips. Berry apple-shaped, 4-5-celled, 4-5-seeded. 487. Gardenia. Segments of the cal. vertical or oblique. Cor. at first tVisted, funnel-shaped, 5-9-cleft, with a tube usually long. Style elevated. Stigma 2-lobed. Berry 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds in a double row. 488. Genipa. CaL tubular or turbinate, entire. Cor. hypocrateriform, with a large 5-parted limb. Anthers sessile in the throat, exserted. Stigma clavate, entire, or simple. Berry large, fleshy, truncated at the end, 2-celled, many-seeded. 489. Oxyanthus. CaL contracted at top. Cor. funnel-shaned, with a verv long rounded tube, and a 5-parted limb, with very acute lobes. Anthers exserted. 490. Randia. Cal. 5-parted, with linear-lanceolate, twisted sepals. Cor. hypocrateriform, tube not much longer than calyx. Stigma 2-lobed, with oblong unequal lobes. Berry half 2lcelled, with an incomplete par- tition ; crowned with the tubular calyx. Seeds many. Order I. PENTANDIIIA MONOGYNIA. m ■191. Musstndi:. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigmas 2, thickish. Berry oblong, 2-celled, many seeded Sew Is in 4 rows. Stamens in the inside of the tube. 409. Pinekneya. Sepals unequal, one or two of them foliaeeous. Cor. a lung tube, Filaments in the base of the tube. Caps. 2-valved, valves bearing the divisions in the middle. 4y& Erithnlis. Cal. ureeolate. Cor. 5-partiil, with recurved segments, Berry Id-celled, 10-secded. 4''l. Webera. Cor. funnel-shaped, spreading. Stamens included. Stigma clavate. Berry rounded, tun celled. 4B& Plocama. Cal. .'i.toothed. Cor. campanulate, 5-clefL Berry 3-celleil, with 1 Headed cells. 4!ii. Morinda. Mowers collected in a globe above a spherical receptacle. CaL 5-toothed Cor. funnel, shaped, 5-cleft, spreading. Berries aggregate, on account of their mutual compression angular. 4!'7. O/i/nui/s. Flowen headed in an involucrum. Cal 5-toothed. Cor. tubular. Stigma '-'-parted. Berry '-'-seeded. Receptacle chady. Involucrum l-.r>-leaverL 4!W. Sarcocephcilus. Flowers in a naked head, 5-pjrted. Stigma clavate. Fruit united into a great fleshy tessellated berry. 8. Flowers polypctalous, inferior. Seeds in a it upe, l/erry, or berried capsule. V.V. Ilirtella. Pet. 5. Filam. very long, persistent, spiral. Berry 1-seeded. Style Literal. 500. Triphasia. Flowers with their parts ternary. Stamens distinct Anthers sagittate. Berry 3-celled 3 settled. 501. litis. Petals cohering at the end like ■ calyptra, withering. Berry 5 seeded. 502. Amjxlopsis. Cal. entire. Petals inhering at the end, withering. Stigma capitate. Ovary immersed in (he disk, 2-4-seeded 503. R/iamiius. CaL campanulate, 4-5-cleft. Cor. scales protecting the stamens, inserted into the calyx. Stigmas l-'2-5-cleft Berry 5-4-seeded. 5(>4. (EnvjUia. Cal. ureeolate, 5-cleft Petals 5. No fleshy discus. Drupe juicy, 2-cclled, one cell being usually abortive, 1-seeded. 505. Valiums. The (lowers of Zizyphus. Styles 3. Drupe dry, 3-celled, surrounded by a membranous or- bicular wing. 506. Zizyphus. Cal. spreading, 5-cleft Petals 5. Discus fleshy, orbicular, surrounding the ovary. Styles 2. Drupe with a 1 or 2-seeded nut. Flowers axillary. 507. Cflastnis. Cor. 5 petals, spreading. Caps. 3, angular, 3-celled. Seeds with an arillus. SOB. Sttii'cia. Cal. very small, 5-toothed Cor. 5 petals. Caps, spherical, stalked, 2-valved, 4-seeded. Seeds angular, naked. Soil F.tmnymus. ret. 5. Caps. 5-cornercd, 3-celled, 3-vaIved, colored. Sceils with an arillus. 510. Ceanotkiu. Pet. 5, bagged, vaulted. Berry dry, 3-celled, 3-seeded. 511. Stamvia Flowers aggregate. Stamens inserted into the calyx. Styles 2, united. Berry 5-secded, coated. Receptacle cliatiy, villous. 512. Pomadcrris. ( al. turbinate. Petals arched, scale-like, sometimes none. Style 3-cornered. Stigmas 3, capitate. Caps, of 3 papery divisions. 51 ;. Mungifera. Pet. 5. Drupe renifonn. 514. Schrebcra. Drupe dry, with a 2-celled nut Nectary an elevated edge. 515. Billardiera. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals. Nectary O. Stigma simple Berry many-seeded 51ii EUeodendrum. Sepals 5-10, with round concave scales. Cor. 5-parted Segments ovate, lanceolate, concave. Meet, linear, subulate, petal-like. Drupe dry, with a 2 or 3-cclled nut. Putamen thick, hard, fur. rowed. 9. FUnocr polypetalous, inferior. Seeds in a capsule. 517. Diosma. Cal. 5-parted. Pctds and stamens inserted in the calyx. Nect. of 5 plaits. Ovary crov. ned. Caps. 5-valved Each end with an elastic arillus. 518. Adcnandra. Cal. 5-parted. Pit. and stamens inserted in the calyx. Stamens 10, of which every other one is sterile. Anthers with a gland at end. 519. Baryasma. Cal. 5-leaved. Petals 10, unequal, inserted in the receptacle. Nect. a 5-lobed gland in- serted on the receptacle. 520. Agathosma. Cal. 5-parted. Petals 10, unequal, inserted in the calyx. Nect. 5-lobed, inserted in calyx. 5K1. Jfauclea. Cal. about 5-toothed. Cor. funnel-shaped. Caps. 3-cornered, 2-celled, many-seeded. Flowers in a globose head u|>on a common pilose receptacle. Pittosporum, CaL deciduous. Petals 5, conniving in a tube. Caps. 2-5-cellcd, 2-5-valved Seeds pulpy. 5^5. iMsiojictalum. Cal. 5-leaved. Petals minute, gland-like. Filaments 5, separate Anthers opening by two pores inwards. Stipules none 52 1. Thomasia. CaL persistent, veiny. Pet 5, very small or O. Filam. united at base. Anthers opening Literally. Stipules leafy. Scringia. CaL withering. Pet. O. Filam. 10, every other one barren. Anthers opening at their back. Stipules small, deciduous. I!ut:ny the narrow end Stigma blunt. 5S5. Dichiilin. Cor. urcoolate, 5-cleft Corona with subulate, spreading, recurved segments. Pollen maases erect, fixed by the base. Stigma blunt. Follicles smooth. Seeds comose. 5,si>. Xysma/o/tium Cor, ."■-cleft, .-.pleading. Corona 10-partcd in a single row: the 5 divisions next to the anthers fleshy, round, simple within, thee others small. Pollen-masses pendulous, with lax connecting pro. BBMB, Stigma blunt 587. Qomphocarput. Corona 5-leaved, the segments simiile within. Pollen-masses compressed, pendulous, fixed by a fine end. Stigma depressed, blunt. Follicles ventricose, covered with innocuous spines. Seeds comose. 5S8. Asclrvias. Corona 5-leaved, with a process on the inside. Pollen-masses fixed by a fine end. Stigma depressed, blunt. 589. Gonolobus. Cor. rotate, 5-parted. Corona shield-shaped. Anthers opening across, terminated by a membrane. Stigma flat, depressed 5'.>0. Per«ularia. Cor. hypocratcriform, with an ureeolatc tube. Pollen-masses erect, fixed by their base St i^nia blunt. Follicles ventricose, smooth. Seeds comose 5:'l. Marsdcnia. Cor. ureeolatc, ."i-clclt, sometimes rotate. Pollen-masses erect, fixed by the base. Follicles smooth. Seeds comose. 592. Hot/a. Cor. :"»-cleft. Pollen-masses fixed by the base, conniving, compressed. Stigma depressed, w'.th an obtuse wart. Follicles smooth. Seeds COnUMC. 593. Ceropegia. Outer corona short, 5-lobed ; inner 5-leaved, with ligular undivided leaflets. Pollen-masse, fixed by their base with simple edges. Stigma blunt. Follicles cylindrical, smooth. Seeds comose. 5' 4. Stapelia. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft, floshy. Column of fructification exserted. Pollen-masses fixed by the base. Stigma blunt Follicles cylindrical, smooth. Seeds comose. 595. Piaranthus. Cor fleshy. Outer corona none. Pollen-masses fixed by the base, with one edge cartila- ginous, pellucid. Stigma blunt. S'.ki lluernia. Accessory segments of cor. tooth-like. leaflets of the inner corona from a gibbous base su. bulate, undivided, alternate with the outer segments. Pollen-masses fixed by the base, with one edge cartila- ginous, pellucid. Stigma blunt Follicles cylindrical, smooth. Seeds comose. 597. Brachystelma. Cor. campanulate, with angular recesses. Column included. Crown 1-leaved, 5-cleff, with the lobes opposite the anthers, simple at back. Anthers without a membrane at the end. Pollen-masses erect, inserted by the base. 598. Caralluma. Cor. rotate, deeply 5-cleft. Cal. of fructification exserted. Pollen-masses erect, fixed by the base with simple edges. Stigma blunt Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. 2. F/owers monopetalous, inferior. Fruit a capsule. 599. Swertia. Caps, of 1 cell. Cor. wheel-shaped, with 2 nectariferous pores at the base of each segment. 61)0. Gentiana. Caps, of 1 cell. Cor. tubular at the base, destitute of nectariferous pores. fiOl. Hydrolea. Caps. 2-valved, 2-celled. Cor. rotate, campanulate. Stamens inserted in the tube. 602. Falkia. Cal. inflated, 5-parted, 5-angular. Cor. campanulate, emarginate, crenate. Styles spreading. Stigma globose, woolly. Seeds 4, globose, with an arillus in the bottom of the calyx. 003. Dkhondra. CaL 5-parted, with spatulate segments. Cor. short, campanulate, 5-parted. Stigma peltate, capitate. Caps compressed, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds round. 3. Flowers pentapeialous, inferior. 604. Velezia. Cal. slender, 5-toothed. Cor. of 5 small petals. Caps. 1-celled, at the end 4-valved. Seeds many, attached to a filiform central receptacle. 605. Bumalda. Cal. 5-parted. Petals 5. Styles villous. Caps. 2-celled, with 2 bractes. 606. Heuchera. Petals 5. Caps. 2-celled, with S bractes. 6U7. Cussonia. In vol. O. Cal. 1-leaved, truncated, crenated. Pet 5, oblong, acute. Fruit twin, 2-celled, crowned by the calyx and styles. 608. Anabasis. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 5. Berry 1-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. 609. Salsola. Caps, closed, imbricated in the fleshy calyx. Seed with a spiral embryo. 610. Kochia. Cal. 1-leaved, campanulate, in the fruit expanding into a leafy rim resembling 5 petals. Cor. O. Stigmas 2-3, long. Caps. 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. Seed incurved. 611. Chenopodiutn. Seed lenticular, truncated, superior. 612. Beta. Seed kidney-shaped, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. 613. Bosca. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. O. Berry 1-seeded. 614. Hemiaria. Caps, closed, membranous, invested with the calyx. Stam. with 5 imperfect filaments. 615. Ulmus. Caps, closed, membranous, compressed, bordered, superior. 616. Plaru-ra. Cal. membranous, subcampanulate, 4-.">-cleft Cor. O. Stigmas 2, oblong, glandular, spread, ing Caps, globose, membranous, 1-celled, not opening, cither smooth or scaly, not winged, 1-seeded. Stamens 4 6. Polygamous. 4. Floivcrs pcntapetalous, superior. 617. Phyllis Cal. 2-leaved. Pet. 5. Stigmas hispid. Seeds 2, oblong, fixed to a filiform axis. 5. Flowers prnlapelah/us, superior. Seeds 2. Umbf.u.iff.r.f. .) A. Fruit of a single or double globe. 618. Coriandrum Fruit a single or double globe, smooth, without ribs. Cal. broad, unequal. Petals radiant Floral recept none. B. Fruit beaked. 619. Scandti. Beak much longer than the seeds, fruit somewhat bristly. Cal. none. Pet. unequal, undi- vided. Moral recept. 5-lobed, colored. 620. Anthriscus. Beak shorter than the seeds, even. Fr. rough, with scattered prominent bristles. Cal none. Petals equal, inversely heart-shaped. !•"!. recept. slightly bordered. EEL Clnernphyllum. Beak shorter than the seeds, angular. Fr. smooth, without ribs. Cal. none. Pet in versely heart-shaped, rather unequal. Fl. recept. wavy. C. Fruit solid, prickly, without a beak. 622. Eryngium. Ft. ovate, clothed with straight bristles. Cal. pointed. Pet. oblong, equal, inflexed, undi vided Fl. aggregate. Common recept. scaly. 623. Sanicula. Fr. ovate, clothed with hooked bristles. Cal. acute. Pet. lanceolate inflexed, nearly equal. Fl. separated, dissimilar. 624. Echinophora. Fr. ovate, imbedded in the enlarged armed receptacle. Seed solitary. Cal. spinous. Pet inversely heart-shaped, unequal. Fl separated. 625. Daucus. Fr. elliptic oblong, compressed transversely. Seeds with four rows of flat prickles, and rough intermediate ribs. Cal. obsolete. Pet inversely heart-shaped, unequal. Kl. separated. 036. Caucalis. Fr elliptic oblong, compressed transversely. Seed with 4 rows of ascending, awl. shaped, hooked prickles, the interstices prickly or rough. Cal. grooved, acute, unequal Pet. inversely heart-shaped, unequal Fl imperfect, separated. (<27 Torilis Fr ovate, slightly compressed laterally Seeds villous, rough, with scattered prominent, I 2 116 PENTANDRIA DYGYNIA. Class V. ascending, rigid prickles. Cal. short, broad, acute, nearly -equal. Pet inversely heart-shaped, nearly equal. Fl. united. 628. Oliveria. Leaflets of the involucres 3-parted. Umbels fascicled, as long as the involucres. Petals split to the base. Fr. ovate, hispid, with three streaks. 629. Ledeburia. Involucres O. Fr. ovate, with spreading bristles. Bases of styles 2, conical, connate at base. Styles persistent. 630. Myrrhis. Fr. deeply furrowed. Cal. none. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, rather unequal. FL recept none. Flowers imperfectly separated. 631. Bunium. Fr. slightly ribbed. Cal. small, acute, unequal. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, equal. FL «ecept nunc. Flowers imperfectly separated. D. Fruit solid, nearly round, unarmed, without wings. 632. (Enanthe. Fr. ribbed, somewhat spongy. Cal large, lanceolate, acute, spreading, unequal. PeU inversely heart-shaped, very unequal. FL recept. dilated, depressed. Fl. separated. SJ3. Critlmum. Fr. ribbed, coriaceous. Cal. small, broad, acute, incurved. Pet. elliptical, acute, in. curved, equal. Fl. recept. none. FL united, all perfect. (VA. Atliamanta. Fr. ribbed, ovate, hairy. Styles short. CaL lanceolate, acute, incurved. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, broadly-pointed, equal. Fl. recept. none. Fl. imperfectly separated. 635. Pimpinella. Fr. ovate, ribbed, with convex interstices. Styles capillary, as long as fruit. CaL none. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, nearly equaL Fl. recept. none. FL either united or dioecious. R36. PhelUimhiiim. Flowers fertile. Fruit crowned. Fruit ovate, smooth, crowned by the calyx and styles. Involucres partial, not universal. 6J7. Dondia. Umbels capitate. Involucre 6-leaved, longer than umbeL Petals entire. Fruit ovate, solid, with 4 ribs, and convex intervals. 638. Tracliyspermum. Leaves of involucre pinnatifid. Fruit striated, with 5 muricated ribs. Rudiments of calyx 5. FL receptacle conical. Style withering. 639. Ammi. Involucre pinnate or pinnatifid. Fruit oblong, with 5 obtuse ribs, and convex intervals. 64). Bubon. Involucres O. Fruit ovate, solid, hispid, or villous, with 5 ribs, and broadish bands of the inter- vals and raphe. 641. Cuminum. Involucres 5-leaved. Fruit ovate, prismatic, smoothish, bladdery, with 7 ribs, and bearded intervals. 642. Scseli. Common involucre O ; partial 5-leaved, sometimes 1-leavecL Fruit ovate, solid, with 5 acute ribs, and furrowed, striated intervals. 6t3. T/iapsia. Fruit narrow, but little compressed, scarcely ribbed, with 2 dorsal and marginal wings. 641. Actinotus. Umbel capitate. Involucre woolly, very large. Cor. O. CaL 5 sepals. Male flowers mixed with hermaphrodite. Fruit ovate, villous, with 5 stripes, crowned by the calyx. 615. Trinia. Flowers dioecious. Involucre few-leaved. Pet. ovate, lanceolate. Seeds roundish, with 5 ribs, with the intervals once-banded. E. Fruit solid, unarmed, without wings, compressed laterally, the diameter of its juncture being at least twice as narrow as the opposite diameter. 646. Stum. Fr. ovate or orbicular, ribbed, furrowed. Cal. small, acute, unequal, or obsolete. Pet. inversely heart-shaped or obovate, equaL Styles cylindrical, shorter than the petals. Fl. receptacle none. FL uniform, united. 647. Sison. Fr. ovate or nearly orbicular, ribbed. Cal. obsolete or blunt. Pet. elliptical or inversely heart- shaped, with an involute point, equal. Styles very short and thick. Fl. recept. none. FL uniform, united. 648. Cicuta. Fr. nearly orbicular, heart-shaped at the base, with 6 double ribs. Cal. broad, acute, rather unequal. Pet. ovate or slightly heart-shaped, nearly equaL Style scarcely tumid at the base. FL recept de- pressed, withering. FL uniform, nearly regular, united. 649. Conium. Fr. ovate, with 10 acute ribs, wavy in an unripe state. CaL obsolete. Pet. inversely heart- shaped, slightly unequaL Styles a little tumid at the base. FT. recept. dilated, depressed, wavy, permanent. FL slightly irregular, unitecL 650. Smyrnium. Fr. broader than long, concave at each side, with 6 acute dorsal ribs ; interstices convex. CaL very small, acute. Pet. equal, lanceolate, incurved or inversely heart-shaped. Styles tumid and depressed at the base. Fl. recept none. Fl. nearly regular, partly barren or abortive. 651. Apium. Fr. roundish, ovate, with 6 acute dorsal ribs ; interstices flat Pet roundish, with an inflexed point, very nearly equal. Styles greatly swelled at the base. Fl. recept. thin, orbicular, wavy. FL nearly re- gular, united 652. JEgopodium. Fr. elliptic-oblong, with equidistant ribs ; interstices flattish. Cal. none. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, broad, a little unequaL Style ovate at the base. Fl. recept. none. Fl. united, all perfect, slightly radiate. 653. Meum. Fr. elliptic, oblong, with equidistant ribs ; interstices flattish. Cal. none. Pet. obovate, with an inflexed point, equal. Styles tumid at the base, short, recurved. Fl. recept. none. FL united, all perfect, regular. 654. Anethum. Invol. none. Pet. involute, yellow. Seeds compressed, with 3 ribs ; intervals once-banded. 655. Carum. Fr. elliptic, oblong, with equidistant ribs ; interstices convex. Cal. minute, acute, often obso- lete. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, unequal. Styles tumid at the base, subsequently elongated, widely spread- ing. Fl. recept. angular, thin, wavy, permanent. FL separated, irregular. 656. Cnidium. Fr. ovate, acute, with equidistant sharp ribs ; interstices deep, concave ; juncture contracted. Cal. none. Pet. equal, obovate or inversely heart-shaped. Styles hemispherical at the base ; subsequently elongated, spreading, cylindrical. FL recept. annular, thin, undulated, erect, afterwards depressed. Flower imperfectly separated, nearly regular. 657. Bupleurum. Fr. ovate-oblong, obtuse, with prominent, acute, abrupt ribs ; interstices flat ; juncture contracted. CaL none. Pet. equal, broadish, wedge-shaped, very short, involute. Styles very short, not ex- tending beyond the circumference of their broad tumid bases. Fl. recept. none. Fl. all perfect and regular. 658. Hydrocotyle. Fl. nearly orbicular, rather broader than long, angular, much compressed, juncture vevv narrow. CaL none. Pet. equal, ovate, spreading, undivided. Styles cylindrical, shorter than the stamens, tu mid at the base. Fl. recept. none. FL all perfect and regular. 659. Spananthe. Umbel simple, with few rays. Involucre few-leaved. Fruit ovate, solid, smooth, with the juncture and sides contracted, and 5 ribs at the back. 660. Ulospermum. Involucre few-leaved. Germen oblong. Ribs of fruit membranous, wavy, curled. Calyr scarcely any. FL receptacle flattened. Styles withering. F. Fruit solid, unarmed, comjyresscd transversely, the diameter of the juncture being much greater than the up posite diameter. 661. jEthusa. Seeds ovate, convex, with 5 tumid, rounded, acutely keeled ribs ; interstices deep, acute, an- gular ; border none. Cal. pointed, very minute. Pet inversely heart-shaped, rather angular. Fl. recept. none. Fl. all perfect, slightly radiant. 662. Imperatoria. Seeds obicular, with a notch at each end, a little convex, with 3 prominent dorsal ribs, and a dilated, flat, even border. Cal. none. Pet inversely heart-shaped, very slightly irregular. Fl. recept none. Fl. all perfect, scarcely radiant. 663. Selinum. Scales elliptical, slightly convex, with 3 acute dorsal ribs, and a dilated, flat, even border. Cal. minute, pointed, spreading. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, involute, equal. Fl. recept. obsolete. FL per- fect, regular, a few occasionally abortive. Order V. PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. 117 ML Angelica. Seeds elliptic-oblong, convex, with 3 dorsal wings, and a narrow, flat, »vei. harrier. Cal. none lYt lanceolate, flattish, undivided, contracted at each end, equal, Fl. xm ei>l. thin, wavy, narrow, |ier manent 11. all perfect! (><>.'>. I.igusticum. Sera oblong convex, with 3 dorsal and fl marginal cqua wings. Cal. small, pointed, erect, broad at the base. l'et. elliptical, flattish, undivided, contracted at each end, equal 11. recent none. l'l. all uatfcct, regular. tiki Bastelipdstia. Involucres various. Flowers radiant. Fruit compressed at edge, flat, roundish. Hark turgid in the circumference with 5 obtuse ribs. Fruit in the middle of the umbel deformed, navicular, torn at edge, with > stripes at back. 6 tt. Art, ilia. Fruit oblong, compressed, with the marginal wings sinuated, 5 dorsal ribs, and scaly juncture. Flowers radiant. Involucres pinnatifid. tkiS. Ferula. Fruit compressed, Hat, thickened at edge, with 3 obtuse dorsal ribs, and banded intervals and luncture. Flowers polygamous Involucres various. 699. Laser/iitium. Fruit oval, somewhat compressed, with the S principal ribs acute, the secondary winged. Involucres many-leaved. G. Fruit thin and almost flat, compressed transversely, without dorsal wings. 670. Peucedanum. Seeds broadly elliptical, with a notch at each end, a little convex, with 3 slightly promin cut ribs, interstices striated, border narrow, flat, even, smooth, and entire. Cal. pointed, ascending, l'et. inversely heart-shaped, all very nearly equal. Fl. recept. none. Flowers regular, imperfectly separated. STL I'astinaca. Seed) elliptic-obovatc, with a slight notch at the summit, very nearly flat, with 3 dorsal ribs and '2 marginal ones ; border narrow, flat, thin, even, smooth, and entire. Cal. very minute, obsolete, l'et. broadly lanceolate, involute, equal. Fl. recept. broad, orbicular, wavy, rather thin, concealing the calyx. Fl. regular, uniform, perfect 74. Astrantia. Umbels fascicled. Involucres as long as umbels. Fruit oblong, surrounded by furrowed, wrinkled, little bladders. fi75. Zosimia. Both involucres many-leaved. Petals obcordate, with the little segment involute, acute Fruit compressed, villous, thickened at edge, at the back with 4 bands, which are joint d and conniving. H. Fruit with a coarse, corky, or spongy bark. 676. Ilumia. Partial involucre, 3-8-leaved. Cal. 5-toothed. Petals ovate, incurved, with a short crenulate segment Seeds ovate, fleshy, rugose, scaly. 677. Cachrys. No involucre. CaL O. Petals ovate, lanceolate, acute. Seed obovate, oblong, rounded, smooth, fungous. b/8. Hippomarathrum. Fruit with scaly, rough ribs, covered with a thick bark. %S Order 3. TRIGYNIA. ^Wf> 5 Stamens. 3 Styles. 1. Flowers sujvrior. 679. Viburnum. Cor. 5-clcft. Berry with 1 seed. 680. Sambucus. Cor. 5-cleft. Berry with 3 seeds. 2. Flowers inferior. 681. Rhus. Cal. 5-parted Petals 5. Berry 1-seeded. 682. Cassrne. CaL 5-parted. Petals 6. Berry S-seeded. 683. Spathelia. CaL 5-leaved. Petals 5. Caps. 3-angular, 3-celIed. Seeds solitary. s. of 3 valves Seeds numerous, feathered. 686. Turnera. Cal. 5-cleft, infundibuliform ; the outer 2-leaved. Petals 5, inserted in the calyx. Stigmas many-cleft Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved. 6S7. Drypis. CaL 5-toothed. Petals 5. Caps, cut round, 1-seedcd. 6K8. Alsine. Cal. 5-leaved. Pet 5 equal. Caps, superior, 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Receptacle cen. Irak free. 689. Telephium. CaL 5-leaved. Petals 5, inserted in the receptacle. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved. 690. Corrigioia. Pet. 5. Seed 1, naked, triangular. 69L Pharnaceum. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. (). Caps. 3-celled, many-seeded. GBSL Poriulacaria. CaL 2-leaved. Petals 5. Seed 1, winged, 3-cornered. 693. Basella. Cal. O. Cor. 7-clcft ; at length berried, with the two opposite segments larger than the rest Order 4. TETRAGYNIA. Qp^ 5 Stamens. 4 Styles. 684. Parnassia. Nectaries fringed with bristles bearing globes. Caps, of 4 valves. 696. Evt>lpidus. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. rotate, campanulate, with cmarginate lobes. Styles 2, deeply bifid. Stigma simple. Caps. 2-celled, 4-valved, 4-sceded. Seeds 2. Order 5. PENTAGYNIA. ^JUT^ s Stamens. 5 Styles. 1. Flowers superior. 696. Aralia. Involucre very small. Uml>cls globose. Cal. very small, 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate, oblong, spreading, or reflcxed. Stigmas nearly round, 5-10. Berry roundish, crowned, 5-seeded. Seeds hard, oblong. 807. Actinophyllum. Cal. an entire rim. Cor. calyptrate, jumping off: Stam. 5-6-8-9. Styles 4-7. Berry with 7 angles and 7 cells. Seeds solitary, bony. Flowers clustered. 2. Flowers inferior. 698. Rochea. CaL 5-parted. Cor. funnel-shaped, 5-clcft. Scales 5, at base of ovary. Caps. 5. 699. Crassula. CaL 5-leaved. Pet 5. Scales 5, nectariferous at base of ovary. Caps, & 700. Gisekia. Cal. 5-lcaved. Cor. O. Caps. 5, close together, roundish, 1-seeded. 701. l.inurn. l'et. 6, Capsule of 10 cells. 702. Droscra. Pet. 5. Caps, of 3 valves, with man v seeds. i 3 118 PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. .Class V. 703. Commersonia. Cal. 1-leaved, bearing the cor. Petals 5. Nectary 5-paried. Caps. 5-celled, echinate. 704. Rulingia Petals 5, with a cucullate base. Sterile stamens 5, undivided. Ovary 5-celled. Caps, with double septa. . _ . „ _ . , ... 705. Armeria. Cal. 2-leaved, entire, plaited, scarious. Petals 5. Seed 1, superior. Flowers in heads, with a common many-leaved involucrum. 706. Statice. Cal. 2-leaved, entire, plaited, scarious. Petals 5. Seeds 1, superior. Flowers scattered, in a panicled or spiked scape. MONOGYNIA. 322. MIRA'BILIS W. 1855 dichotoma W. 1856Jalapa W. fiflava y alba & rubro-dlbi i rubro-flava 1857 hybrida W. en. 1858 longiflora IV. 323. ABRO'NIA. Juss. 1859 umbellata J. 324. PLUMBAGO W. 1860 europaKa W. 1861 zeylanica IV. 1862r6sea W. 1863 scandens W. 1864 trlstis H K. 1865 capensis ((' 1866 lapathifolia W 325. HELIOTRO'PIUM. 1867 peruvianum W. 1868 corymbosum B. M. 1869 parviflorum W. 1870 europa?'um IV. 1871 oblongifolium Lk. 1872 chenopodioides Wen 1873 curassavirum \V. 1874 humile Lam. 1875Jndicum W. 1876 supinum W. Marvel of Peru forked % i common *, i yellow-flowered % white-flow red % red and white red and yellaw close-flowered long-flowered Abronia. umbelled Leadwort. European Cingalese Rose-colored climbing dark-flowered Cape Dock-leaved Ji' L_|or 2 * L_Jor * l_Jor * l I or t l_Jor \£ A el Nyelaginric. jl.au Y R Y W R.w Rr R W H A or g. I I or «- I lor n- 1 lor «. \ | or h-i | or ]£ lAlor JII.S jn.s 1 jn.s 2 jn.s 2 jn.s 2 jn.s Nyctagineis. i ap.my R Plumbagineie. 3 so 2 ap.s 1| mr.jl 3 jLau 1J my.jn l.i n If jn.jl \V K W Br B W Turnsole. Peruvian fU \ | or large-flowered t~ i | or sraall-fiowerect <£_ O w European oblong-leaved Goose-foot glaucous dwarf Indian trailing O or O or ED or T71 or -i O or Boraginece 2 my.s Li 4 my.s 1 jl.s f jn.o f jn.o 1 jn.jl f jnjl 1 my.jn 1 jn.au i jn.jl Sp. 4 — 5. Mexico 1640. \V. Indies 1596. W. Indies 1596. W. Indies 1596. W. Indies 1596. W. Indies 1596. 1813. Mexico 1759. Sp. 1. California 1823. Sp. 7—11. S. Europe 1596. E. Indies 1731. E Indies 1777. W. Indies 1(599. C. G. H. 1792. C. G. H. 1818. Iberia 1822. Sp. 10—77. Peru 1757. Peru 1808. W. Indies 173,. S. Europe 1562. S. Europe 1824. S. Amer. 182-3. W. Indies 1731. S. Amer. 1752. VV. Indies 1713. S. Europe 1640. R co Mart. cent. 1. tl R r.m Bot. mag. 371 R r.m R r.m R r.m R r.m R r.m R r.m Ex. tot. 1. L 23 D s.p Hook. ex. fl. lpi C p.l Bot. mag. 2139 Sk s.p Rhed.mal.lO.t.8 Sk r.m Bot. mag. 230 Sk s.p Slo.im.l.t.l33.f.l C l.p C l.p Bot. reg.417 Sks.p C r.m Bot. mag. 141 C r.m Bot. mag. 1609 C s.l Dil.eLtl46.f.l75 Jac. aust.3. t.207 Mrs.ll.t.31.f.l2 Plum. ic. 227. f.2 Plk. phyt 245. f.4 Goua.m.l7.c.tab MYOSO'TIS. B. P. Scorpion-<;r.\ss. 1877 scorpioides IV. 1878 arvensis IV. 1879 nana VV. 1880obtftsa Wen. 1881 rupicola E. B. 1882 strlcta Lk. 188.'» svivatica Ehr. marsh 3t A w field O w dwarf ^[ A cu obtuse-calyxed ^[ A w rock ^ A or upright O cu wood ^ A cu BoragineiE. 2 ap.au B.v 1 ap.au B ijl B 2 jn.jl B jn.jl B 1 jnjl B 2 jn.jl B Sp. 10—29. Britain mea. D co Eng. bot. 1973 Britain dry n. S co Eng. bot. 480 Europe ... D co Hac. pl.al.t.2.f.e Hungary 1815. D co Pl.rar.hu.l.t 100 Scotland al.roc. D co Eng. bot. 2559 Germany 18--'2. S co Europe 1823. D co FL dan. 583 1B59 1800 1(<61 1862 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 322. Mirabilis, is a Latin word, signifying something wonderful or admirable ; and applied with some reason to this, the most fragrant of flowers. Clusius called it Adrairabilis. We from the same cause call it Marvel of Peru. The French botanists still call the genus by Van Royen's name, Nyctago ; derived from m%, night, and ago, to act, on account of the flowers expanding at night. M. dichotoma is called the four-o'clock flower in the West Indies, from the flowers opening regularly at that time of the afternoon. M. jalapais a very ornamental plant in warm borders. When cultivated, it sports into many agreeable varieties. It flowers best when treated as a tender annual, and then planted out ; but if sown at once in the open air, it will flower late in the season in favorable summers Its large tuberous roots, if taken up and preserved during winter like those of Dahlia, or even covered well with litter in the open garden, will flower perennially. The powder of these roots washed, scraped, and dried, is one of the substances which form the jalap of druggists. 323. Abronia. Derived from «(2;«s, delicate. The little plant produces flowers surrounded by an involucriiin of a charming rose color. 324. Plumbago. Pliny says this plant was s<> railed from plumbum, because it possessed the power of curiiin a disorder in the eyes called by that namc.which appears to have been the same as what we call cataract. There Order VI. I'ENTANDRIA POLYGYNIA. 119 Order 6. POLYGYNIA. Stamens. Many stylos. 707. Myosurus. Pot 5, witli tubular honpy-bearing claws. Seeds naked, Cal. spurred at the base 708 Ci-ratocqihalus. t'al. 5»leaved, persistent Petals 5, with a honey pore at base covered by a scale. Seeds several, naked, attached to a bearded receptacle, JOB Xant/ior/iiza. t'al. I). Totals 5. Nectaries 5, stalked. Caps. 5, 1-sceded. 710. Sibbaldia. Cal. 10-cleft Petals 5, inserted in the calyx. Styles from the side of the ovary. Seeds 5 MONOGYNIA. 1855 Flowers sessile erect axillary solitary ltOo Flowers clustered stalked, Leaves smooth 1857 Flowers clustered somewhat stalked, Tube of cor. 4 times as long as limb, Leaves cordate smooth 1858 Flowers clustered sessile, Leaves pubescent 1859 The only species, resembling Primula farinosa. Very beautiful 1860 Leaves stem-clasping lanceolate rough, Stem erect 1861 Leaves stalked ovate smooth, Stem filiform 1862 Leaves stalked ovate smooth somewhat toothed, Stem with swollen joints 1863 Leaves stalked ovate smooth, Stem rlexuose climbing l8o4 leaves obovate retuse smooth 1865 Leaves stalked oblong entire glaucous beneath, Stem erect 1866 Leaves stem-clasping lanceolate smooth, Stem divaricating 1867 Leaves lanceolate ovate, Stem shrubby, Spikes numerous aggregate corymbose 1868 Leaves oblong lanceolate, Stem shrubby, Spikes terminal aggregate corymbose, Sepals long subulate 1869 Leaves ovate rugose scabrous opposite and alternate, Spikes in pairs 1870 Leaves ovate entire tomentose rugose, Spikes in pairs 1871 Leaves stalked oblong obtuse entire rough with scattered hairs 1872 Leaves lanceolate glaucous smooth obsoletely veined opposite and alternate, Spikes in pairs 1S73 Leaves linear lanceolate glaucous smooth opposite and alternate, Spikes in pairs or compound 1874 Leaves ovate lanceolate villous, Spikes solitary lateral stalked 1875 Leaves cordate ovate subserrate rugose, Spikes terminal simple solitary, Stem herbaceous 1876 Leaves ovate entire tomentose plaited, Spikes solitary and in pairs 1877 Cal. 5-toothed smoothish, Teeth nearly equal obtuse as long as the tube of cor. Leaves lanceolate obtuse smooth, Limb of cor. more than twice as long as cal. 1878 Stem hairy, Calyx with dense spreading hairs hooked at the end 1879 Seeds smoothish sawed at edge, Stem simple few-flowered and oblong, Leaves villous 1880 Stem nearly sim. with lane, nearly acute somew. repand 1 vs. hispid, Sp. in pairs somew. corym. Cal. very obt 1881 Seeds naked, Radical leaves stalked, Racemes without bractea?, Hairs of calyx spreading. }882 Stem difTYise, Branches and flower-stalks much shorter than cal. leaves oblong ovate obtuse upright 1883 Cal. spreading 5-parted, Segments unequal acute, Hairs long downy and Miscellaneous Particulars. is also a modem reason for the application of the name to this gomis. P. cumpa?a is called toothwort, and i/entr. laire, Fr., from its curing the tooth-ach, for which purpose the bruised root is chewed, when it excitet by its causticity a healthy salivation, but stains the teeth of a load color. The species an- all pretty, easily cultivated, and almost always in flower. 325. Heliotropium. From r,\it(, the sun, and t^itu, to turn. Both I'linv and Diosoorides assort that the flowers are always turned towards the sun. It was called Verrucaria by the Latins, because the juice of the leaves mixed with salt was said to be excellent in removing warts, verruca. H peruvianum and europanmi are popular plants, with the smell of new hay: the former is rather tender ; I >t it both keep flowering during most of the summer months. Curtis recommends koeping H. peruvianum in a stove during winter. SB& Myosutis. So named from /juk, a rat, and if, trot, an ear Its oval velvety leaves arc like the ear of s rat or mouse. M. scorpioides, l'orget-me-not, has its specific name from the racemes Of flowers, which, when young, bend in at the top like a scorpion'.- tail It is a well known sentimental flower, w ill grow-any where, and varies moTe than most plants with situation. On dry walls and rubbish, it is dwarfish, rough, and hairy, not r'-ing when in flower more than two or three inches; in muddv ditches it is smooth a.\\ over, of a shining light I 4 / m 1'20 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 1884 suaveolens Poir. sweet-scented ^ A or 1885 sparsiflora Mile, scattered O or 1886 peduncularis Trev. stalked O or 327. ECHINOSPER'MUM. Su>. Eciiinospermitm. 1887 virginianum P. S. 1888 Lappula P. S. 1889 squarrosum P. S. 1890barbatum Lehm. 328. MAT'TIA. Sch. 1891 umbellata Sch. 18921anata Sch. 329. TIARI'DIUM. Lehm. Tiaridhjm. 1893 indicura Lehm. Indian Virginian common squarrose bearded Mattia. umbelled woolly 3t Q) or O or O or O or ^ A or H lAlor 330. LITHOSPER'MUM. 1894 officinale W. 1895 arvense W. 1896apulum W. 1897 purp.-caeruleum IV. 1898 fruticosum IV. 1899 dTstichum P S. 1900 tenuiflorum IV. 1901 dispermum IV. 1902 orientale IV. 1903 canescens Lehm. 331. BAT'SCHIA. Mich. 1904 Gmelini Ph. 1905 longiflora Ph. t332. ONOS'MA. IV. 1906 simplicissimum W. 1907 tauricum H. K. 1908 orientale IV. 1909 echioides IV. 1910 sericeum IV. 1911 arenarium W. K. 1912 trinervium Lehm. 333. ANCHU'SA. W. 1913 paniculata 'K. 1914 capensis W. 1915 officinalis IV. 1916 ochroleuca Bieb. P italica W. 1917 angustifolia IV. 1918 Barrelieri Dec. 1919 rupestris ii. Br. 1920undulata W. 1921 tinctoria W. 1922 sempervirens JK 1923 Milleri IV. en. W. G ROM WELL. officinal ^ corn small creeping „* shrubby -** two-rowed slender-flower'd two- seeded yellow Ifc hoary ^ iQJor A cu O w O cu A or or iAI or O or O or A or A or | jn.jl B 1 my.jn B 1J my.jn B BoraginecB. 2 jn.jl W 1 ap.au B 2 ap.au B 1± jn.jl B Boraginece. 1 my.jn R 2 jn Pk BoraginecE. 1 jn.jl B Boraginece. 2 my.au Y 2 my.jn W | jn.jl Y 1 my Pu 2 my.jn B 1£ my.jn W | my.jn B I jn.jl B 2 jn.jl Y 1 jn.jl Y Hungary 1823. D co S. France 1822. S co Astracan 1824. S co Sp.4— 16. Virginia 1699. S co Europe 1656. S co Siberia 1802. S co Tauria 1823. S co Sp. 2—4. Hungary 1822. D s.l Levant. 1800. D s.l Class V. M. h.s.ll.t.SO.f.9 Fl. dan. 692 PLrar.hun.t.148 Ann.mus.l0.t.37 So. 1—3. W. Indies 1820. Sp. 10—35. Britain ch.hil. Britain cor.fi. S. Europe 1768. England ch. so. S. Europe 1683. Cuba 1806. Egypt 1796. Spain 1799. Levant 1713. N. Amer. 1823. S s.l Plk. phyt.245.f.4 D co S co S co D co C co D co S co S co U co D co Batsohia. Gmelin's ^ A or long-flowered ^ A or O.VOSMA. linear-leaved ^ A or golden-flowered^ A or Boraginece. Sp. 2—4. Carolina 1812. D co Missouri 1812. D co oriental hairy silky-leaved sand three-nerved Bugloss. panicled Cape common pale-flowered Italian narrow-leaved Barrelier's rock waved-leaved dyer's evergreen pink ik lAJor ^ A or ^ A or 1 Aw ^23 or & G) or £ Olor £ A or ^ A or ^ CD or £ A or ^ A or ^ A or 3t A or 3t A or £ A or & A or Borag | my.jl j i my.jl Y Boraginece. 1 ap.jn Y J ap.jn Y | my.jn Y 1 mr.jn W | jn.jl Y 1 ap.jn Y 1 ... Y Sp.l— 23. Siberia 1768. D s.l Caucasus 1801. D s.l Levant 1752. D s.l S. Europe 1683. D s.l Levant 1752. D co Hungary 1804. D s.l S. Amer. 1824. C s.l Boraginece. Sp. 11 — 50. 2 my.jn B Madeira B C. G. H. Pu Britain Pa.Y M.Caucas R.Pu & Europe Pu S. Europe B B B Pu B 2 jn.o 2 jl.au 4 jn.o 2 my.jn 2 my.jn 2 jn.au lj jn.o 1| my.jn 1J my.jn Pk S. Europe Siberia Spain Montpel. Britain Levant 1777. C p.l 1800. S p.l sea co D co .1810. D co 1597. S co 1640. D co 1820. D co 1802. D co 1752. D co 1596. D co rub. D co 1713. D co Eng. bot. 134 Eng. bot. 123 CoLecph.l.t.185 Eng. bot. 117 Barr. ic. 1168 Jac. ic. 2. t. 313 * Linn. dec. 1. 1 7 Bot. mag. 515 Mich. am. 1 14 Bot. mag. 2248 Bot. mag. 889 Jac. aust. 3. t.295 Lehm.ic.asp.t.10 W.et.K.hu.t.279 Lehm. ic.asp. t.9 Fl. grac. 163 Bot. rep. 336 Eng. bot. 662 Bot. mag. 1608 Bot. reg. 483 Bot. mag. 18!I7 Bot. mag. 23*9 P.i.3.a.71.t.E.f.3 Bot. mag. 2119 Bot. rep. 576 Eng. bot. 45 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, green, and two or three feet high. In common soils, as in a garden or loamy corn-field, it assumes an inter- mediate character. Linnaius considers the plant as deadly to sheep. In gardens it does well in pots in the shade, or treated as a bog-plant, than which few better deserve the name of pretty. 327. Echinospermum. Named by Lehmann from ££<«>?, a hedgehog, and cr*n>/j.y, seed, the seeds being very prickly, by which character, and their being compressed, not depressed, and the bractese of the inflores- cence, the genus is principally distinguished from Myosotis and Cjnoglossum. 328. Mattia. A genus divided by Professor Schultes from Cynoglossum, with which it agrees in general character. Named after some unknown botanist. 329. Tiaridium. From tj<*{«, an episcopal head-dress, and s/So?, similar; on account of the resemblance between its seeds and a mitre. Three species have been described, of which one is the H. indicum of Linn., a plant of no beauty or merit. 330. Lithospermum. From XiS-ot, a stone, and atKgtoi, seed, the seeds being hard and shining, like little pebbles. L. officinale has stony, brittle, egg-shaped nuts, exquisitely polished, grey or yellowish ; ami being considered like a stone, were for that reason used as a cure for the disease so named. The bark of L arvense abounds with a deep red dye, which stains paper, linen, Sec. and is easily communicated to oily substances, like the alkailet root, and hence is called bastard alkanet. The country girls in the north of Sweden stain their faces with the root on days of festivity. OllIiEK I. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 121 1884 Stem nearly simple his|>iil, Leaves, lane, acute hairy ciliated at base, Oat very spreading 1885 Stem branched diffuse, l.vs. lane, acute hispid, Raceme* simple elongated. Plow, very remote, CaL acute lNS04 Hairy, Floral leaves ovate, Cal. long lanceolate 1906 Silky, Leaves linear, Cal. long linear, Corolla crenate, Tube long 1906 Hirsute, Hairs prost. scattered, Fl.-stems simp, aggregate, Lvs. tin. acute, Anthers shorter than filaments 1907 Flowers ventricose. Fruit erect, Leaves lanceolate hispid, Hairs stellulate 1908 Flowers cylindrical acute. Fruit pendulous, Leaves linear hairy 1909 Hispid, Hairs erect scattered, Stem branched, Leaves lanceolate, Anthers as long as filaments 1910 Silky, Hairs prostrate very minute, Stems branched, Leaves spatulate. Anthers as long as filaments 1911 Mowers clavate cylindrical, Leaves oblique the lower lanceolate obtuse, Fruit erect. Seeds smooth 1912 Stem simple leafy, Leaves linear lanceolate very long acute 3-nerved above hispid beneath closely hairy 1913 Leaves lanceolate strigose entire, Panic, dichotomous divar. Flower stalked, Cal. 5-partcd subulate 1914 Leaves lanceolate callous villous, Kaeemes trichotomous 1915 leaves lanceolate strigose, Spikes 1-sided imbricated, Cal. as long as tube of corolla 1916 Leaves linear-lanceolate coarsely dotted hispid, Calyx in fruit camp, nodding 1917 Racemes nearly naked in pairs 1918 Leaves oblong entire narrowed at both ends with the simple stem hispid, Peduncles trifid 1919 Leaves linear lanceolate villous, Racemes alternate 19J> Strigose. Leaves linear toothed, Stalks less than bracteie, Cal. in fruit inflated 1921 leaves oblong Bractcs longer than (he 5. parted calyx, Valves of corol. shorter than stamens 1922 Leaves ovate strigose, Kaeemes somewhat capitate in pair- leafy, 2-lcaved at base, Cal. 5-cleft 1923 Leaves obi. toothed hispid the lower stalked the upper sessile, Flowers single lateral, Stems diffuse inui Miscellaneous Particular*, 331. Balschm. Named in honor of John George Batsch, a German professor of botany in the university of Jena, in the latter part of the last century. His works upon Fungi are still quoted. The three species known are natives of North America, and are very pretty plants. 332. Onosma. An ancient name, the origin of which, fiom ovos, an ass, and wfm, smell, as being a plant with flowers grateful in their smell to asses, is not very certain. What was intended by Pliny and Dioscondes as Onosma has not been satisfactorily ascertained. It was undoubtedly a plant of this family. This genus in its wild state is found chiefly on rocks; and, like most temporary rock-plants, is not easily preserved otherwise than on drv walls, heaps of rubbish, or artificial rock-work. The species are pretty, and all have yellow Mowers. 333. Anchusa. Derived from ayx«"ra> patat ,n earlV times, the root of A. tinetoria was used lor staining the features when more delicate colors were unknown. The Fnglish name BuglOSS has been formed from @*(, an ox, and >•>»«■«•*, a tongue, in allusion to the long rough leaves. A. officinalis is nearl) allied in qualities to Borago. The tube of the corolla is melliferous, and very attractive to bees ; the hive- are juicy, and the roots mucilaginous, and Used in China for promoting the eruption of the ■.mall-pox. A. Iinctona is cultivated in the south of France for the roots, which communicate a line deep red to oils, wax, and all unctUOU stances, as well as to spirits of wine. It is used chioflv bv the apothecaries for coloring planters, lip-salvi and by vintner- for staining the corks of their port wine bottle.-, or lor coloring and flavoring the spurious compounds sold as port wine. 122 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class V. 33*. SYM'PHYTUM. W. 1924 officinale W. & patens Sibth. y bohemicum Sell. 1925 tuberosum W. 1926 orientate W. en. 1927 tauricum W. en. 1928 asperrimum H. K. 1929cordatum fV. COMFREY. common spreading red-flowered tuberous eastern blistered roughest heart-leaved A A or A A or A A or A A or ^ A or & A or 1A« ^ A or 335. ONOSMO'DIUM. Mich. Onosmodium. 1930 hispidum M. Virginian ^ A or 1931 molle M. soft & A or 336. CYNOGLOS'SUM. W. Hound's-tongue. 1932 officinale W. common 3tQ) or 1933 sylvaticum E. B. green-leaved ^ Q) Boraginece. 4 my.jl W 4 my.jl 3 my.jl 4 my.o 3 my.jl 3 my.jl 4 my.s 2 my.jl Boragi 'nets. Y W 1934 pictum W. 1935 amplexicaule Ph. 1936 cheirifolium W. 19.37 apenninum W. en. 1938 hirsiitum IV. 1939 glomeratum Fraz. Madeira )£ O) or stem-clasping ^ A silvery-leaved ^ Q) or Apennine ^t Q) hirsute O clustered ^ A 1 jn ijn.au Boraginece. 2 jn.jl *>' 3 jn.jl 2 au 2 my.jl 1 jn.jl 6 ap.jl 1 jl.au P.R B LB B B R L.I5 So. 6— m Britain wet. pL D co Britain wet. pi. D co Bohemia ... D co Scotland m.s.pl. D co Turkey 1752. D co Tauria 1806. D co Caucasus 1799. D co Transylv. 1813. D s.l Sp. 2—3. N. Amer. 1759. N. Amer. 1812. Sp. 8—40. Britain rub. Britain sha. la. Madeira 1658. 1812. 1596. 1731. 1806. D s.l D s.l 337. OMPHALO'DES. Lehm. Venus' Navel-wort. 1940 verna Lehm. blue j£ A ei 1941 linifolia Lehm. common O or 1942 nitida Lehm. shining i A or 338. PULMONA'RIA. W. Lungwort. 1943 angustifolia W. narrow-leaved ^ A or 1944 officinalis W. 1945 davurica Fisch. 1946 paniculata IV. 1947 lanceolata Ph. 1948 virginica W. 1949sibirica W 1950maritima E.B. 1951 mollis Wulf. 1952 azOrea Bess. 339. CERIN'THE. W. law major W. 1954 aspera W. 1955 minor IV. 1956 maculata W. 340. BORA'GO. W. 1957 officinalis W. 1958 orientalis W. 1959 laxiflora B. M. 1960 crassifolia Vent. common iA" Daurian ^ A or panicled 4 Aor spear-leaved ^ A or Virginian ^ A or Siberian ^ A or sea ^ A or soft ^ A or sky-blue 3t A or Honevwort great O or rough O or small O or spotted ^ O or Borage. common O cu oriental i A«r bell-flowered Jfc Q) or thick-leaved ^ A or 341. TRICHODES'MA 1961 indicum R. Br. 1962 africanum It. Br. 1963 zeylanicum R. Br. R. Br. Trichodesma. Indian O African O Ceylon RTl Boraginece. \ mr.ap B 1 jn.au W 3 ap.jn W Boraginece. | ap.my V 1 my Pk 1 my Li \\ my.jn L.B 1 my.jn Pu 1| mr.my B 3 jn.jl Pu a jn.jl B | ap.my B 1J ap.jn B Boraginece. 3 jl.au Y.p 2 jl.au Y.p ljjn.o Y 2 jn.o Y.r Boraginece. 3 jn.s B 2 mr.my B 1 mv.au B 2 jn.jl Pk Boraginece. 1 jn.o B jl.au B ljjl.au W D p.l S co D co S co D co N. Amer, Levant Italy C. G. H. N. Amer. 181 Sp. 3—10. S. Europe 1633. D co Portugal 1648. S co Portugal 1812. D co Sp. 10—19. Britain woods. D p.l England woods. D p.l Dauria 1812. D s.l Hud. Bay 1778. D p.l Louisiana 1813. D s.l N. Amer. 1699. D p.l N. Amer. 1801. D s.l Britain seash. D s.p N. Amer. 1805. D co Poland 1823. D co Sp. 4— 6. S. France 1596. S co S. France 1633. S co Austria 1570. S co S. France 1804. S co Eng. bot, 817 Eng. bot. 1502 Bot. mag. 1912 Bot. mag. 1787 Bot. mag. 929 PL rar. hung, t.7 M.h.3.s.ll.t.28f.3 Mich. amer. 1. 15 Eng. bot. 921 Eng. bot. 1642 Bot. mag. 2134 Col. ecph.l. t. 70 Jac. Schon. t.489 Sp. 4—7. England Turkey Corsica Persia rub. 1752. 1813. 1822, S co D co C si C s.l Sp.3—4. E. Indies 1759. S C. G. H. 1759. S E. Indies 1799. S Bot. mag. 7 H.&L.fl.p.l.t.23 Eng. bot 1628 Eng. bot. 118 Bot. mag. 1743 Bot. mag. 2680 Bot. mag. 160 G. sib.4.n.l5.t.39 Eng. bot. 368 Bot. mag. 2422 Bot. mag. 333 Fl. graec. 1. 170 Jac. aus. 2. 1 124 Eng. bot. 36 Bot. reg. 288 Bot. mag. 1798 Vent. eels. 100 PI. al.30. t.76. f.3 Is.acp.1718.tll Jac. ic. 2. t. 314 1931 #'// 1934 '' // 19-10 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 334. Symphytum. Named from cr sc»s_ 1943 Cat length of the tube of the cor. Leaves oblong lanceolate the radical sessile cauline stalked 1944 CaL length of the tube of the cor. Radical leaves ovate cordate scabrous cauline ovate sessile 1945 CaL short 5-parted hispid, Radical lvs. ovate cordate stalked, cauline half stem-clasping, Flowers panicled 1916 CaL short 5-parted hispid, Leaves ovate oblong acuminate hairy 1947 Smooth erect, Radical leaves on long stalks lanceolate, cauline linear oblong, Flowers panicled, Cal. short 1948 Cal. much shorter than tube of cor. which is longer than limb, Radical leaves ovate elliptical cauline ob- 1949 CaL short, Rad. leaves cordate [ovate lanceolate obtuse 1950 Smooth, Leaves ovate glaucous fleshy, Stem branching procumbent 1951 Leaves ovate lanceolate acuminate downy decurrent radical stalked, Cal. longer than tube 1952 Leaves hispid radical obi. lane, acuminate narr. into the stalk, Cauline decurrent, Cor. campanulate 1953 Cor. obtuse spreading ventricose campanulate at end, Stamens shorter than corolla, Leaves smooth 1954 Cor. obtuse spreading cylindrical, Stamens as long as cor. Leaves rough 1955 Leaves stem-clasping entire, Cor. acute closed whole colored, Segm. of cal. unequal 1956 Leaves stem-clasping entire, Cor. acute closed with a red band in middle, Seg. of cal. uncq. Stems many 1957 Leaves ovate the lower stalked all alternate, Cal. spreading, Pedunc. terminal many-flowered 1958 Leaves cordate stalked, Pedunc. many-flowered, Stamens exserted villous 1959 Leaves alternate oblong sessile, Pedunc. axillary 1-flowered, Cor. campanulate nodding 1960 Glaucous, Stem smooth, Leaves decurrent rough above, Segments of cor. lin. lane, spreading unequal 1961 Leaves of stem and branches lane, half stem-clasping, Pedunc. 1-flowered, Sepals auriculated at base 1962 Leaves opposite stalked ovate, Pedunc. many-flowered, Sepals ovate acute erect 1963 Sepals not auriculated. Nuts smooth without an edge, Leaves sessile attenuated at the base 194.) and MiseeUaiuout Particulars. English names ot this sort having been applied to plants, either that lungwort was ever used in this countn for the lungs, or liverwort for the liver. The truth is, that the old herbalists, or translators of the classical writers upon natural history, made English names after their Latin denominations, without enquiring whether such continued to be applicable or not, and their less informed successors had no difficulty in finding those virtues in the plants which were indicated by the names of the translators. P. virginira, sibirica, and maritima are elegant plants, greatly resembl ng each other, and considered by some as most probably only varieties They are among the most elegant ornaments of the flower-garden in dry springs ; but they require some care in keeping, unless in a soil almost entirely of sand. flBft Cerinthe. From *>j;of, wax, and **%<*, flower, because there is great attraction for bees in the flowers. The French word im-liiict and the Knglish honeywort have been formed in the same sense ('. major is a shewy border annual, much frequented by bees. In Italy and Sicily it is very common, and n biennial. 340. Boragth, is said by Apuleius to be an alteration of corago, and to have been named on account of lb cordial qualities. Pliny says that wine, with this infused in it, cheers the spirits. B officinalis, was formerly in great repute as a cordial. According to Withering, the young leaves may Ik- used as a salad or as a pot-herb, and the flowers form an ingredient in cool tankards. 341. Trichodcsma. From S-;i| t(f. 1981 lajvigatum IV. 1982glabrum W. 1983 fastuosum H. K. 1984 nervosum H. K. 1985 spicatum W. 1986 glaucophyllumJaci/. 1987 plantagineura W. 1988 italicum W. 1989 rubrum W. 1990vulgare W. 1991 violaceum IV. 1992 maritimum W. 1993 pyrenaicum IV. en. 1994creticum W. 1995 orientale IV. 1996 lusitanicum IV. 1997 parviflorum H. K. t*346. TOURNEFOR'TIA. 1998 Messerchmidia.fl.i>r, 1999 Argi'izia R. Sf S. 2000 fcetidissima IV. 2001 cymosa IV. 2002bicolor IV. 2003 sutfruticosa W. §2004 volubilis IV. §2005 laurifolia Vent. f347. NOLA'NA W. 2006 prostrata W. 1348. ARE'TIA. W. 2007 helvetica W. 2008alpina IV. 2009 Vitaliana W. GERMAIf-MAnwORT. procumbent -i O w NONEA. dark-flowered *k A cu yellow O cu rose-colored O cu black-flowered O cu violet O cu ciliated O cu WlLD-BOGLOSS variegated O cu small O w oriental O cu VlPER'S-BUGLOSS. shrubby a. i | or hoary-tree «-L_Jor great-flowered *J-I I or prickly-stalkei O- 1 |or gigantic a. 1 | or upright iO)l or silvery a. i | or smooth-stalked a. \ | or sea-green O-l |or noble «-l |or sinewy «- 1 | or spiked-dwarf H L_)or glaucous n. i | or Plantain-leaved Q or white ^ Q) or red ^ O or common ^ CD or violet-floweret O or sea O or Pyrenean ^ Q> or Cretan O or oriental O or Portugal O or small-flowered O or if. Br. TOURNEFORTIA. shrubby * 1 | or herbaceous •C A or Tobacco-leaved HI CD or broad-leaved • □or two-colored mCJor hoary-leaved • □or climbing 1 Qor laurel-leaved 1 Qor Nolana. trailing -* O or Aretia. imbricated £ A or linear-leaved H A or Grass-leaved £ A or Boragineie. Sp. 1. 3 ap.my B Britain rub. Boragineie. Sp. 6 — 8. f jn.jl Dk Germany 1648. 2 jn.jl Y Crimea 1805. 2 jn.jl Pk Crimea 1823. 3 my.jn Dk Barbary 1822. 2 jn.jl Pu S. Europe 1686. 1 jn.jl Pu Levant 1804. Boragineie. Sp. 3 — 12. 1 jn.jl B Candia 1683. 1 my.au B Britain cor. fi. 1» jn.jl B Levant 1796. Boragineie. Sp. 24 — 80. 3 my.jn Pk C. G. H. 1759. 3 my.jn Pu Madeira 1777. 3 jn.jl Pk Madeira 1787. 6 jn.jl B Madeira 1794. 10 jl.n W Canaries 1779. 3 my.d B Canaries 1779. 3 jn.jl B C. G. H. 1789. 1 jn jl B C. G. H. 1774. 1 my.jn W C. G. H. 1791. 4 ap.au Pu Canaries 1779. 4 jn.au Pu Madeira 1777. i mr.my W C. G. H. 1799. 2 jl B C. G. H. 1792. 1 jl.o V Italy 1776. 4 jl W Jersey 4 jl.au R Hungary 1791. 2 jl.au R Britain sto. fi. 3 jl.au B Austria 1658. ijl.au B Italy 1815. 1 jl.au W Pyrenees 1815. 1 jl.s V Levant 1683. 3 jl.au Pa.B Levant 1780. 3 jl.au W S. Europe 1731. 2 jl.au W Barbary 1798. Boragineie. Sp. 8 — 36. 6 jn.o G Canaries 1779. ijn.o W Siberia 1780. 9 s Pk Jamaica 1739. 9 jl Pk Jamaica 1777. 6 ... G Jamaica 1812. 4 ... W Jamaica 1759. 12 jl.au' G Jamaica 1752. 12 jn.jl Y Porto Ricol819. Boragineie. Sp. 1 — 7. 4, jl.s B Peru 1761. PrimulaceiE. Sp. 3 — 9. \ my.jn W Switzerl. 1775. | my.jn Pk Switzerl. 1775. j my.jn Y Pyrenees 1787. 1974 s CO Eng. bot. 661 D s.l .lac. aust. 2. U88 S s.l Nocca tr. 3 s s.l s s.l Zanon. hist. tSS s CO Mor.h.3.(.26.f.ll s CO s CO Mo.s.ll.t.26.f.l0 s CO Eng. bot. 938 s CO Bux. cent.5. t.30 c p.l Bot. reg 86 s p.l Bot. reg. 43 s p.l Bot. reg. 124 c s.l Bot. rep. 39 c p.l Vent mal. 71 c s.l Jac.schcon.l.t.35 s pi Hot. rep. 154 C s.l Lehm. ic. asp.t.S C s.l Bot. rep 16J c s.l Jac. eel. 41 s p.l c s.l Lehm. ic asp 1. 1 c s.l Jacq. ic. 2. t. 312 c s.l Barr. ic. 1. 1()26 s s.l Eng. bot. 20S1 CO Jac. aus.5. t. ap.3 s l.p Eng. lot. 181 s CO s CO Boc. mus. 2. t.78 s CO s s.l Bot. mag. 1934 s CO Trewpl.rarJ.tl s CO s CO c s.l Bot. reg. 464 c s.l c p.l Plu. ic.226. t.230 c p.l Jac. ic. 1. t. 31 c p.l c p.l Slo.jm.2.t.l62.f.4 c p.l Slo.jm.l.tl43.f.2 c p.l Vent. chx. t 2 c p.l Bot. mag. 731 D s.p Schk. han.l.t32 D s.p Bot. cab 297 D s.p Par. lond. 107 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, the principal feature in the generic character. This has been separated from Borago by modern botanists ; it is a plant of no beauty. 342. Asperugo. So called from its asperity. The only species is a procumbent annual with small blue flow- ers, found all over Europe, from Lapland to the Mediterranean. 343. Nonea. A name contrived by Monch, in his Methodus Plantarum, to distinguish the dark flowered species of Lycopsis. The genus was long neglected, but has recently been adopted by both Decandolle and Lehmann. 344. Lycopsis. From \vxos, a wolf, and oi|'> tne eye- Ingenious people have found a similarity between the small blue flowers of this plant and the eye of a wolf. All the species are weed-like plants. 345. Echimn, is an ancient name applied to some plant of this family, and derived from tyis, a viper, from the resemblance between its seeds and the head of a viper. The spotted stem, which may be likened to a snake's skin, affords a reason for the application of the name. All the species are beautiful in their flowers, but rough and unpleasant in their foliage. The common E. vulgarc of our downs is perhaps the handsomest of European l>lants. OliDEU I. PENTANDRIA MONOGYMA. 125 1961 Tlie only species. Stem climbing very rough, Flowers small axillary 1985 Leaves entire, Stem erect, Cat Of fruit inflated pendulous li'iin' Leaves obi. bine strigose ilnr.il eordate longer than the col Cat acute, in fruit inflated pendulous 198/ Cat 5-cleft, in Bruit inflated pendulous, Leaves obi. hispid floral cordate longer than cal. Steins procumb, I9f£ Stem procumbent, Leaves entire, t al of fruit pendulous, (.'or. shorter than calyx 1989 Leaves lanceolate, Stem prostrate, Cal of fruit inflated nodding 10-angular, Cor. longer than calvx 1970 Leaves lanceolate denticulated hispid ciliated, Cal. of fruit inflated pendulous 1971 Leaves repand toothed callous, Stem decumbent, Corollas nodding 1972 Leaves lanceolate hispid, Cal. always erect 1973 Leaves ovate entire scabrous, Cal. erect li>71 Pubescent, Fl. in loose corymb. Pan. at end of branches, Tube closed b) a o-lobed fringe, Stain, included l!'7o Stem shrubby, Leaves lane, ncrvosc and branches hairy, Sepals oblong and lanceolate acute, Styles hairy L'Tii Stem smooth, I-cavos lanceolate rough above, Flowers cymise equal, Tube of flower very long 1977 Stem shrubby, Branches and leaves prickly, Flowers in spikes, Corollas nearly equal 1978 Stem shrubby. Leaves lane, atten. lit base hairy, Hairs very short, Bract and cal. strigose, Stam. exserted 1979 Stem shrubby upright branched, Leaves oolong lane, hairy, Cor. campanulatc small, Stamens exserted I960 Stem and 1. nccolate acute leaves silky, Spike terminal nearly simple leafy 1981 Stem smooth, Leaves lanceolate smooth ciliated prickly, Cor. equal in smooth, Leaves lanceolate smooth scabrous at edge |j B : stem branched, Leaves lanceolate nerved and branches silky. Styles hairy, Racemes cylindrical l!'N4 Leaves lanceolate nerved and branches silky, Styles hairy, Racemes ovate is, stein villous, Leaves sword-shaped elliptical villous, Spike compound linear oblong 1986 Stem shrubby, Branc. and cal. smooth, Lvs. lane, glauc. veinl. smooth above with a few coarse hairs at back 1987 Leaves radical ovate lined stalked [towards the end 1988 stein herbaceous hairy, Leaves linear lane, strigose hairy lower nerved, Cor. equal, Stamens exserted 1989 Stem erect hispid, Leaves linear lanceolate hispid, Spike compound terminal, tor. nearly equal Hill Stem watted hispid, Cauline leaves lanceolate hispid, Flowers spiked lateral 1991 Cor. as long as stamens, Tube shorter than calyx 1992 Leaves spatulate lanceolate villous, Stam. shorter than corolla 1993 stem herb, erect panic, hisp. dotted, Lvs. In. lane, strigose, Flowers remote, Stamens j as long again as cor. 1991 Stem herb, echiiiate, Lvs. obi. lanceol. hispid little narrowed at base, Stam. as long as cor. Cal. of fr. distant 199 i Stem branched, Cauline leaves ovate, Mowers solitary lateral 1996 Stem nearly simple, Lvs. lane, rather silky, the radical very long on stalks, Spikes axillary bent backwards 1997 Stamens shorter than cor. Cal. as long as limb, Leaves lanceolate strigose 1998 Stem shrubby, Leaves stalked, Flowers hypocrateriform 1999 Stem herbaceous, Leaves sessile, Flowers funnel-fonn 2ixiO Leaves ovate-lanceolate hairy, l'eduncles branched, Spikes pendulous S001 Leaves ovate entire naked, Spikes in cymes 2009 Leaves ovate acuminate smooth above rugose, Spike cymose erect recurved 2< M v> Leaves nearly lanceolate hoary, Stem half shrubby 2004 Leaves ovate acuminate nearly smooth, Leafstalks hairy, Stem climbing, Cal. 5-partcd 2005 Stem climbing, Leaves ovate oblong acute repand smooth, Berry with 4 projections bipartible 2006 Leaves ovate oblong, Cal. pyramidal, Sepals triangular sagittate 2007 Stems rounded, Leaves imbricated, Mowers sessile \ illous, Scapes 1-rlowered 2009 Stem branching, Leaves smooth above, Pedunc. short, Petals conniving 200G ami Miscellaneous Particulars. 346. Tourncfortia. So named by Linmeua, after Joseph Pitton de Toumefort, author of an elegant arrange- ment of plants under the title of Inttitutioite* rei Herbaria, and the father of the French school ofbotany. The system of Jussieu is founded upon that of Toumefort, or is rather an adaptation of the principles of that' botan- ist to the actual state of the s< ience. The species are by no means handsome either in flowers or foliage, and in nme cases the latter is even fetid. Solana. Is a diminution of nolo, signifying a bell in low Latin. The name has been applied to this plant on account of its bell-shaped corolla. The species are hardy annuals, of beautiful appearance when in lower. They may \n sown in the spring in the open border, where they will grow without protection. ;4S. ArHa. In honor of Benoit A retio, a Swiss, professor in the university of Berne. He died in 1574. He published a work upon alpine plants, and his name has been applied to a charming alpine genus, said by some, with little reason, not to be disthket from Primula. The species are very delicate, and require good air and -kilful cultivation to succeed will. They are peculiarly suitable for rock. work or growing in pots, well drained, and Riled with turfy loam ami peat 126 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class V. +349. ANDROSA'CE W. :i ilD maxima IV. 2011 elongate IV. 2012 septentrionalis W. 2013vill6sa W. 9014 lactiflora Fisch. 2015 Chamajjasme IV. 20161actea W. 2017camea W. 2018 obtusifolia W. 2019 nana Horn. t350. PRI'MULA. W. 2020 vulgaris E. B. /3 plena-carnea B. M. v plena-alba i plena-sulph&rca i plena-r&bra Z plena-ctiprea % plena-atropurp&rea 9- plcna-vio/acja 2021 elatior IV. %m veris W. 2023 farinosa W. 2024 davurica Fisch. 2025 cortusoides IV. 2026 dentiflora Andr. 2027 longifolia H. K. 2028vill6sa W. /3 flore-albo 2029 nivalis W. 2030 marginata W. 2031 Auricula IV. 2032PalintJri W.en. 2033 integri folia IV. 2034 finmarchica W. 2035 minima L. 203c> sinensis Lindl. 2037 stricta Horn. 2oS8scotica Hook. 2039 Pallasii Lehm. 2040 pusllla Hook. 2041 viscosa W. 2042 decora A M. Androsacb. Primulaceie. Sp. 10—35. oval-leaved O or J mr.jn W Austria 1597. s p.l Jac. a us. 4. t 331 cluster-flowered O or | ap. my w Austria 177a s I'-l Jac. aus. 4. L 330 tooth-leaved O or £ ap.my w Russia 1755. s Pi Bot mag. 2021 villous i A or i jn.jl Pk Pyrenees 1790. D s.p Bot mag. 743 Buckshorn-lvc . ^ Q) or \ jn.s W Siberia 1806. D s.p Bot mag. 2022 Grass-leaved ^V A or j jn.au Pk Austria 1768. D s.p Bot cab. 232 white-flowered ^t A or |jn.au W Austria 1752. D s.p Bot mag. 868 awl-leaved ^t A or i jl.au F SwitzerL 1768. D S.p Bot cab. 40 blunt-leaved O or i ap.jn Pk Italy 1817. S s.p AU.ped.l.t46.f.l dwarf O or 1 ap.my W Denmarl 1803. S pi Primrose. Primulaceie. Sp. 23— 5 5. common if A or j mr.my Y Britain woods D s.1 Eng. bot. 4 Jlesh-col. -double -£_ A or ^ mr.my Pk Britain D s.l Bot mag. 229 double-white £ A or \ mr.my W Britain D s.l doub.-brimstone j£_ A °r 5 mr.my Y Britain D s.l double-red £ A or j mr.my R Britain D s.l double-copper £ A or J mr.my O Britain D s.l doub -drk-purf • •£_ A or | mr.my Pu Britain D s.1 double-lilac If A or i mr.my 1 mr.my Li Britain D s.l Oxlip £ A or Y Britain woods. D 8.1 Eng. bot 518 Cowslip £ A or i my.jn Y Britain m. pa. D s.l Eng. bot 5 Bird's-eye i Aor i jn.jl R Britain m. pa. D p.l Eng. bot. 6 Siber. bird's-eye^ A or my.jn Siberia 1806. D p.l Bot. mag. 1219 Cortusa-leaved :?!l A or 1 my.jl R Siberia 1794. D p.l Bot. mag. 399 tooth-flowered ^ A or 1 my.jl R Siberia 1806. D p.l Bot rep. 405 long-leaved ^ A or i ap.my R Levant 1790. D p.l Bot mag. 392 villous-leaved ^ A or y ap.my Pu Switzerl. 1768. » p.l Bot mag. 14 rvhUe-flouiered 1 A °' i ap.my W Switzerl. 1768. D p.l Bot. mag. 1161 snowy i A«f £ ap.my Pu Dauria 1790. D s.l PaL it t G* £ 2 silver-edged iAor j mr.ap Pk SwitzerL 1777. D s.l Bot mag. 191 Auricula kAor i ap.my Y Switzerl. 1596. D h.l Jac. aus. 5. t. 415 flat-flowered ^ A or | ap.my Y Naples 1816. D hi Sweet fl. gard. 8 entire-leaved i A or i jn.jl Pk Pyrenees 1792. D Pi Bot mag. 942 Norwegian ^t A or i my.jn V Norway 179a D Pi Flor. dan. 188 least ^ A or 1 ap 1 ja.d Pu S. Europe 1819. D s.l Bot reg. 581 Chinese ^ iQJI or Pk China 1820. S s.l Lind. coll t 7 upright ifc A or 5 ap.my Pk Denmark 1822. D s.l Fl. dan. t 1385 Scotch ^ A or f jn.jl R Scotland aLhea. D s.l Bot. cab. 652 Pallas's ^ A or Y Altai 1823. D s.l Lehm. mon. 1 3 little ^ A or i jn Pu N. Amer. 1822. D s.l Hook. ex. fl. 68 clammy & A or ?ap P Piedmont 1792. D p.l All.ped.l. t5. f.l comely & A or i ap P 1800. D p.l Bot mag. 1922 * 2011 VkU -V 2020 2025 UB* iZ/VV VvS SjCV^&JmP3^ History, Use, Propagation, Culture, ground, and used as snuff, act as a sternutatory, and, taken internally a .ar emiis Th? . •?•' whe? ^^ r.eties of this plant are very numerous. Some consider P veris and elatior a?snn,n^nl.-t var'etie? and subva" manent varieties. The Hon W Herbert savs he «i«ri r£L >ul ? r sPrung from it, and only more per- cowslip, a primrose, a cowslip, anloxlps, of the u ual an.U her colors "fhWulf \hhi«hl>™Ure1 Jed cowslip, and a natural primrose bearing its flo"Ur on a nolva f h„, ^?! a'„a black Polyanthus a hose-in-hose roses there are abouta dozen beautiful ^arM^MMm.^^tt^^, Poly»nt'ju««; .Of theprim- art,*.*,, .„d founded o'n an 83Jy£Mr£S3 K™^ZZT%n™^i™^1£ Order I. PENTANDRIA MONOGYMA. 127 S010 All villous, Leaves ovate oblong and sepals tootheil, Involucres very large. Flowers very small 201 1 Much branched rough, Branches spreading, Leaves obi. somew. toothed, Sepals lane, ent Fl. very small 2012 Koughish erect, Lvs. lane, tooth atten. at base, Prop. ped. elong. upright, tor. longer than cat Pet OV, int. '.■013 Leaves lanceolate entire villous, Umb. few-flowered, Cor longer th.m the ovate campanulate calvx 2U14 Smooth, I,vs. lane. lin. tooth, at end, Ped. sprdg. elon. Cor. longer than cal. pet. obcord. (A. coiono/i{f. H. M.j 2015 Pubescent, Leaves line, nearly entire ciliated, Umb. few. flowered, Cor. longer than the turb. calyx 2016 Caulesc. smooth, Lvs. lin. shining ent cil. at end, Umb. few-fl. Stalks elong. Cor. longer than turb. calyx £017 Caulesc, pubesc. Lvs. scattered lin. subulate ciliat. Umb. few-fl. Stalks short, Cor. longer than turb. calyx 2018 Leaves elliptical lanceolate smooth, Scapes umbellate 2019 Lvs. ov. lane, from middle to end acutely tootheil, Scape lvs. and stalks rather long, than invol. Cor. shorter than angular cal. A. Bucconi of Gardens.) 2020 Leaves obovate oblong toothed rugose villous beneath, Umb. radical, Flower-stalks as long as lvs. Cor. flat 2021 leaves toothed rugose hairy on both sides, Umbel many-flowered with outer flowers nodding, Cor. flat 2U22 Lvs. toothed rugose hairy beneath, Umb. many-flowered, Flowers all nodding, Cal. angular, Cor. concave 2023 Lvs. cuneate lane. rug. cren. tooth, powdery, Umb. many-fl. Ped. spread. Tube gland, at end, Limb flat the 2024 Leaves sessile lane, spatul. entire smooth on both sides, Outer fl. nodding [length of tube 2025 Lvs. cordate stalked doubly crenate smooth beneath hairy at the veins, Stalks villous, Umb. many-fl. ere< I 2026 Leaves cordate crenate- lobed very rugose, Corolla acutely toothed 2ii27 Leaves oblong spatulate toothed green on each side, Leaves of involucre auricled at base 2028 Leaves obL oval serrulate villous pale green, Scape 2-3- fl. erect rounded, Cal. globose, Tube of cor. villous 2029 Leaves lane, flat finely toothed smooth, Umb. many-fl. erect, Leaves of invol. connate at base 2030 Leaves smooth on each side crenate powdery at edge, Cal. very short (P. crenata, Lehm.) 2031 Leaves obov. ent. or serr. fleshy, Scape central as long as lvs. Umb. erect, Inv. with short lvs. Cal. powdery 9032 I. e a cs spatulate serrated smooth, Scape lateral, Umbel nodding, Involucre with large leaves 2033 Leaves elliptical nearly entire thickish cartilaginous at edge, Umb. 2-3-fl. erect, Cal. tubular obtuse 203+ Leaves ovate entire stalked smooth, Umb. erect 3-fl. Cal. campanulate, Cor. cyathiform 2035 Leaves wedge-shaped shining many-toothed at end, Scape about 1-fl. Petals half bifid like a Y 2036 Leaves stalked ovate cordate rugose, Umbel proliferous, Cal. inflated 2037 Lvs. Ian. obov. tooth, stlk. beneath nearly nak. Um. few-fl. erect, Lvs. of inv. Ian. Pet. obov. short, than tube 2038 Resembles P. farinosa. Distinguished by its flat corolla, and more robust habit 2U39 Leaves obovate oblong close toothed smooth somewhat wavy, Umb. pubesc. Cal. ovate gaping, O r. fiat 20+0 Leaves obovate spatulate beneath and scape mealy, Segments obcordate toothed 20+1 Leaves obovate tongue-shaped entire vill. viscid, Umb. many-fl. ere.t, Leaves of inv. ovate short mcu.br 20+2 Leaves flat coarsely serrated acute, Cal. viscid, Pedicels longer than scape 1 l 2035 ana Miscellaneous Particulars. agreed on by the general consent of florists ; they were first brought forward by the Dutch, and are now to be found in the treatises on florists' flowers of all countries : one of the best in this country is Maddocks's Florist's Directory. The culture of P. veris as a border flower is abundantly simple, as it will grow any where, but best in a situ- ation shaded from the mid-day sun, and in a loamy soil ; but its culture as a florists' flower, the crossing to procure new varieties, and all the various cares of the florist involve details much too tedious for this work, if they were to be given at such length as to be of real use. We refer to Maddocks, Emerton, and Hogg, and to the Encyclopedia of Gardening. P. elatior is found in the same situations as the primrose, but is much less common than either it or P. veris, It has little or no smell. Sir J E. Smith considers it as probably a hybrid between the cowslip and primrose. There are two or three varieties of oxlip, but they are not considered as florists' flowers. P. veris smells more strongly of anise than the primrose. Its leaves have been used as a pot-herb, and in salads, and are recommended for feeding silk-worms. The flowers make a pleasant wine, flavored like mus- cadel, but considered somniferous. Liquors and syrups are sometimes tinctured with the leaves. Having been less cultivated than the primrose, there are but few varieties of this plant in gardens. They may be raised from seed, however, to any extent, as Messrs. Gibbs, of the Brompton nursery, and others, have lately proved. P. auricula is a well known favorite of the florist It is a native of the alpine regions of Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, and found also alxiut Astracan. The most common colors in its wild state are yellow and red, sometimes purple, and occasionally variegated or mealy. The cultivated are innumerable, and many of them of exquisite beauty and fragrance. The leaves in different varieties differ almost as much as the flowers, a circumstance which does not take place to the same extent in the variations of P. vulgaris or veris. Near most of the manufacturing towns of England, and many in Scotland, the culture of this flower forms a favorite amusement of weavers and mechanics. Lancashire has been long famous for its auriculas : it is no uncommon tiling there for a working man who earns, perhaps, from 18*. to 30j | < r week, to give two guineas for a new variety of auricula, with a view to crossing it with some ether, and rasing seedlings of new properties. 128 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class V. 351. CORTU'SA. TV. Bear's-ear Sanicle. 2043 Matthioli TV. common ^ A or 352. SOLDANEL'LA. TV. Soloanella. 2044 alpina TV. en. Alpine }£ A or 2045 montana TV. en. mountain £ A or 8. Clusii B. M. +353 DODECA'THEON. American Cowslip. ^ A or Primulacecc. Sp. 1. i ap.jn R Austria 1696. D 8.1 Bot. mag. 987 £ ap.JU tt AUSiria IKW. u O.I iwi. inag. rfoi Primulace. i an Pu Switzerl. 1656. D p.l Bot. mag. 49 ap Pu Bohemia 1816. D p.l Bot. mag. 2163 2046 Meadia TV. t354. CY'CLAMEN. TV. 2047 coum TV. 2048 europae'um TV. 2049 persicum TV. 2050 hedera?f61ium TV. 2051 ver'num Mill. 355. HOTTCKNIA. TV. 2052 palustris W. 356. LYSIMA'CHIA. TV. 2053 vulgaris TV. 2054 Ephemerum TV. 2055 angustifolia Mich. 2056dubia TV. 2057 strlcta TV. 2058 thyrsiflora TV. 2059capitata Ph. 2060 punctata TV. 2061 verticillata Pall. 2062 quadrifolia Ph. 2063 ciliata Ph. 2064 longifolia Ph. 2065 hybrida Ph. Mead's Cyclamev. round-leaved common Persian Ivy-leaved spring Water-violet. marsh * A or Loose-strife. common ^j Willow-leaved ^ narrow-leaved ^ pur})le-flowered ^ upright 5? tufted headed dotted whorled four-leaved ciliated four-flowered h vbrid 2066 Linum-stellatum TV. small 2067 nemorum TV. 2068 Nummularia TV. t357. ANAGAL'LIS. TV. 20fi9arvensis TV. 2070 csriilea E. P.. '2071 fruticosa //. K. 2072 latifolia TV. wood Moneywort Pimpernel. common blue large-flowered broad- leaved A or A or A or Q) or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or A or O or A "r A or O w O w Olor PI or 3 jl.s 2 jl.s 1* jl.s H jl.s 1J jl.au 1 my.jl 1 my.jl H jl.au 1 jl.au 2 jl.au 2 jl.au 2 jl.au l^jl.au I jn i my.jl i jn-jl Y W Y Pu Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y G Y Y Sp. 18—'. Britain Spain N. Amer, Levant N. Amer. England N. Amer. Holland Crimea N. Amer. N. Amer. N. Amer. N. Amer. Italy Britain Britain wat.sh. 1730. 1803. 1759. 1781. bog. pi. 1813. H358. 1820. 1794. 1732. 1798. 1806. 1658. m.s.pl m.me. D co D p.l D p.l D p.l D p.l D co D co D co D co D p.l D m.s D p.l D co S s.l D m.s D m s Primutacete. £jn.s S f jn.s B 3 my.jl Ve 1 my jl Pu Sp. 4—12. Britain cor. fi. S co Britain cor. fi. S co Morocco 18i)3. L p.l Spain 1759. L p.l Eng. bot. 364 Eng. bot. 761 Bot. mag. 2346 M.co.go.1782. t.l Bot mag 104 Eng. bot. 176 Jac. aus. 4. t. 366 Bot. n.ii. Lm.illl.t.l01.f.2 Wakh. hort.t.12 Bot. mag. 660 Mag. b. mo. t.l 62 Eng. bot. 527 Eng. bot. 528 Eng. bot 5?? Eng. bot. 1823 Bot. mag. 831 Meerb. ic. 1. t.22 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, As to the soil proper for auriculas and polyanthuses, much has been written, and some highly artificial com- positions of bullock's blood, sugar-baker's scum, night-soil, fuller's earth, &c. recommended. Many of the most successful growers, however, use nothing more than a loam from an old pasture or hedge-row, kept and turned over occasionally during a year, and then mixed with hot-bed dung rotten to a mould, or with leaf-mould, and some sand to keep it open. The soil and manure must be well mellowed by time before using, and not mixed till it is wanted, as that is said to generate worms. (See Encyc. of Gard. art. Pri?nula.) P. auricula, helvetica, nivalis, and viscosa, are considered by Herbert as only varieties of one original, for he says he raisec a powdered auricula and a P. helvetica from P. nivalis, and a P. helvetica from P. viscosa. (Hurt. Trans, iv. 20.) These, and the other species of this genus, are well adapted for being kept in pots of loam and leaf-mould, or loam and peat well drained, and in frosty or wet weather during winter, protected by a frame to imitate their natural covering of snow in alpine regions. Sweet says, " they require to be shifted and parted frequently, for if left too long without these being done, they will dwindle away and die." The best time for parting and shifting is after they have done flowering. P. scotica, a pretty plant, resembling P. farinosa, has lately been discovered in Scotland by Dr. Hooker, pro- fessor of botany at Glasgow. 351. Cortusa. So named by Mathiolus, in honor of his friend J. A. Cortusus, who first noticed it. This is a handsome lrttle alpine, requiring a similar treatment to the Swiss Primula;. 352. Soldanella. The diminutive of solidus, a shilling. The round leaves of these plants are very like pieces of money. They are among the least and most beautiful of alpine plants, and remarkable for the man- nerin which their corolla is cut or lacerated. Culture as in the Swiss Primula?. 353. Dodecatheon. A name of the Romans, signifying 12 gods or divinities, applied with apparent inaptitude by Linnaeus to a plant, native of a world the Romans did not know, and resembling in no particular that of their writers. It was originally named Meadia by Mark Catesby, in honor of Dr. Mead, but the name was continued only as a specific appellation by Linnams. It is very ornamental when in flower ; afterwards the leaves die away, and the root only remains till next season. It is not easily kept ; but thrives better in a bed of light loamy soil, in a shady and rather moist situation, than in pots. •354. Cyclamen. Derived from xuxXet, a circle, on account of the numerous coils of the fruit-stalks. This gcous consists of humble plants with very beautiful flowers. In the north of Italy wild swine feed on its Onni£K I. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 129 2

4i Cor fbnnel-shaped spreading out beyond the middle, Calyx erect, Style shorter than corolla 9015 Cor. cylindrical bell-shaped not cut so far as the middle, Cal. spreading, Style longer than coiolla 20k) The only species. leaves radical flat on the ground, Scape bearing at top an umbel of drooping flowers 9047 I-eaves orbicular cordate entire, Segments of cor. ovate 214.S Leave* orbicular cordate crenate or toothed, Segm. of cor. lanceolate 9i4'i Leaves oblong ovate cordate or reniform-cordate crenated, Segm. of cor. oblong obtuse 2050 Leaves cordate oblong acuminate angular toothed, Segm. of cor. oblong lanceolate rather acute 2051 Leaves cordate crenulate emarginate, with the base overlapping. Flower short, Style exserted 2032 Flowers vertical stalked, Leaves under water all finely cut 2053 Racemes terminal compound, leaves opposite 3-4 together oblong lanceolate 2().%4 Raceme* terminal, Petals obovate spreading, Leaves linear lanceolate sessile 9055 Smooth branching, Leaves opp. or whorled long linear spotted, Raceme terminating a short scape 2056 Racemes terminal, Petals conniving, Stain shorter than corolla, Leaves lanceolate stalked £067 Raceme* terminal, Petals lanceolate spreading. Leaves lanceolate sessile 2058 Racemes axillary stalked ovate compact, Leaves opp. lanceolate 20">!> Smooth, Stem simple spotted, leaves opp. sess. lane, acute spott. Flowers in close heads 2060 leaves 3-4 together ovate lane, stalked pub. beneath, Ped. axill. whorled, Pet. ovate fringed with glands 2061 Leaves whorled obi. lane, stalked, Pet. ovate acute glandular, Stem pubescent 2062 leaves subsessile 4-5 together oval acuminate dotted, Peduncles four, 1-flowcred, Petals oval entire 2063 Pub. Lvs. opp. on long stalks cord, ovate, Fl.-stalks axill. in pairs, Fl. ccrnuous, Petals rounded crenulate 2064 Smooth much branched, Leaves linear very long, Segments of cor. serrulate 206.> Smooth, Leaves opp. on long stalks lane Petioles ciliated, Fl. cernuous, Cor shorter than cal. Pet. creii. 2066 Leave* lane, sessile, Peduncles axillary opp. Stem much branched smooth, Cal. longer than corolla 2067 leaves ovate acute, Flowers solitary, Stem procumbent, Stamens smooth 2068 Leaves opposite roundish cordate, Pedunc. axillary 1-flow. Stem smooth creeping, Stamens glandular 2069 Stem procumbent. Leaves 3-nerved ovate lanceolate petals dilated at end crenate with glands 2070 I-eaves 5-nerved ovate lanceolate, Stem erect a little winged, Petals toothed at end 2071 leaves lanceolate alxmt 3 together sessile, Stem shrubby at base rounded, Branches ditfu.se angular 9(72 I<>.«», to laugh ; the name expressing the medicinal qualities of the plant, which, by removing obstructions of the liver, removed a cause of low spirits and despondency ; *o at least say Pliny and Dioscorides. A. arvensis is a beautiful trailing weed, and one of the Fiona horologies*, apt Ring it- (lowers reecJarly about eight minutes past seven o'clock in our latitude, and clo-ing about three minutes past two o'clock. It also serves as an hygrometer, for if rain fall, or there be much moisture in the atmosphere, the flowers either do not open, or close up again. Small birds are very fond of the seeds. A. monelli is a veiy 130 2073 Monelli W '-'074 linifolia W. 2075tenella W. 358. DIAPEN'SIA. W. 2076 lapponica W. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. blue-Italian Flax-leaved bog DlAPENSIA. obtuse-leaved & lAJor j^tOlor i Aor £ A or 359. PYXIDANTHE'RA. Mi. Pyxidantnera. 2077 barbulata Mi. 360. CO'RIS. W. 2078 monspeliensis W. 361 GA'LAX. W. 2079aphy+la W. bearded Corns. Montpelier Galax. heart-leaved ^iQlor i Aor 362. MENYANTHES. W. Buck-bean. i Aor 1 2080 trifoliata W. common 363. VILLAR'SIA. R. Br. Villarsia. 2081 nymphoides W. fringed 2082 lacunosa V. smooth-flower. =*= lAlor 208.3 sarmentosa B. M. running jfe iAI or 2084 indica W. Indian *= fAl or 2085 parnassiifolia R.Br, tall . 20S6 ova ta V. oval-leaved 364. CHIRO'NIA. L. Chironia. 2087 jasminoldes Thunb. Jasmine-leaved «- 1 2088 lychnoides Thunb. Lychnis-flower.e. | * A or * lAlor i iAl or tt- 1 | or narrow-leaved a. i i or shrubby cross-leaved 2089llnoides W. Flax-leaved 2090 baccifera IV. berry-bearing 2091 angustifolia //. K. 2092 frutescens W. 2093 decussata H. K. 365. EUSTOMA. PL. Eustoma. 2094 silenifolium P. L. silene-leaved 366. ERYTHRjEA. P. S. Erythr^a. 2095 Centaurium P. S. common 2096 pulchella E. B. 2097 littoralis E. B. 2098 maritima P. S. 2099 conferta Pers. 367. SABBATIA. P.L. 2100 gracilis Ph. 2101 calycosa Ph. 2102 chloroides Ph. 2103 paniculata Ph. 368. LOGA'NIA. R. Br 2104 latif61ia R. Br. 2105 floribunda R. Br. Euosma atbijiora B. Rep 2076 or ii-i I or M-i | or O or O or O or O or !U iAl or f lAlor dwarf-branched dwarf-simple procumbent clustered Sabbatia. slender dichotomous chlora-like panicled Logania. broad-leaved 11- \ | or many-flowered 11. i | or iOor ^ Q) or ^ Q) or 5 A or 1 1 my.s B Italy 16+8. L p.l 1 jn.jl B Portugal 1796. C s.l £ au.s Pk Britain bog. pi. D l.p Ericetg. Sp. 1. i f.mr W Lapland 1801. D s.l Ericece. Sp. 1. jjl W Carolina 1806. D l.p PrimulaceiB. Sp. 1. i jn.jl Li S. Europe 1640. S s.p Saxifragets. Sp. 1. | jnjl W N. Amer. 1786. D s.p Gentianece. Sp. 1 — 2. jl W Britain moi.pl. C p Gentianece. Sp. 6 — 12. 1 jn.jl Y England rivers. S p.l 1 jn.jl W N. Amer. 1812. S p.l 1 jn.jl Y N. HolL 1806. 8 p.l 1 my.au W C. G. H. 1792. S p.l 2 jn.o Y N. S. W. 1805. S p.l 1 my.jl O C. G. H. 1786. S p.l Gentianece. Sp. 7—14. 2 ap.jl Pu C, G. H. 2 ... Pu C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. C. G. H. Sp.l. I.Provid. 1804. Sp. 5—39. Britain heaths. S England seaco. S Britain sea co. S. Europe 1777. Spain 1821. Gt'ntianete. Sp. 4 — 6. N. Amer. ... N. Amer. 1812. N. Amer. 1817. N. Amer. 1817. 2 jl.s R 2 jnjl Y 1 jn.au R lfjn.s R 1J jn.s R Gentianece. 1 jl W Gentianece. |jl.au Pk i au.s Pk \ jn.jl Pk I jUu Y |jl.au Pk 1786. 1812. 1816. 1787. 1759. 1800. 1756. 1789. Bot. mag. 319 Bot. mag. 2389 Eng. bot. 530 Bot. mag. 1108 Mich. amer. t.17 Bot. mag. 2131 Bot mag. 754 Eng. bot. 495 Eng. bot. 217 Vent, choix. 9 Bot. mag. 1328 Bot. mag. 658 Bot. mag. 1029 Bot mag. 1909 p.l Botreg. 197 p.l s.p s.p s.p s.p S.p Bot. mag. 511 Bot mag 2r33 Bot. mag. 818 Bot. mag. 37 Bot mag. 707 S s.l Par. lond. 241 1 jl Pu 1 jn.au Pk | jl.au Pk my.jn W Gentianece. 3 ... W 2 ap.my W Sp. 2—11. N. Holl. N. S. W. 1816. 1797. Eng. bot. 417 Eng. hot. 458 Eng. bot. 2305 Cav.ic.3.t296.f.l Par. lond. 32 Bot. mag. 1600 Lb.nov.ho.l.t.51 Bot. rep. 520 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, beautiful small plant, and, with A. latifolia and linifolia, require the protection of a frame during winter. A. tenella is a delicate bog-plant, but not a very certain tenant of the genus. It is probably botanically 358 Diapensia. An ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, and signifying a plant which removes pain ; the Sanicle being a vulnerary. Linnaeus applied the name to this plant, which is neither a Sanicle nor a vulnerary, but a pretty alpine species, requiring the same cultivation as similar things, and retaining its deep green leaves through the severest winters. 359. Pyxidantliera. From tu| The only species. Roots deep red. Flowers in long slender spike* 2080 Leaves ternate 9061 I-eaves cordate orbicular floating, Flowers umbelled, Corollas fringed -! 88 I .caves reniform subpeltate beneath full of holes Boating, Petioles flower-bearing, Corollas smooth '.i«i Hunncrs creeping, Leaves cordate roundish repand dotted beneath. Panic opp the haves, Seeds smooth 9084, Leavei cordate roundish nerved floating, Petioles Bower-bearing, Corolla hairy within -OS5 I>eaves radical cordate roundish spreading toothed, Stem long naked, Flowers' paiiicled 2086 Leaves ovate erect, Flowers in panicled racemes fringed 2087 Leaves lanceolate smooth, Stem herbaceous 4-cornered cemuous 2os8 Stem simple, Leaves linear-lanceolate [erbaceous, Leaves linear erect, Branches fastigiate, Peduncles elongated 20110 Leaves linear-lanceolate smooth spreading, Stem much branched shrubby, Fruit a berry 2o!il Leaves linear spreading, CaL ovate closed, Cor. clammy, Segm. cuneate pointed 9092 Shrubby, Leaves lanceolate subtomentose, Calyxes campanulate 20!'3 Shrubby subtomentose, Leaves close together decussate oblong obtuse, Cal. globose 5-parted 209* The only species 2095 Stem herbaceous dichotomously panicled, Leaves ovate lanceolate, Cal. shorter than tube 20!>6 Flowers stalked, Segments of cat shorter than tube, Style simple, Leaves ovate 2097 Stem nearly simple dwarf, Flowers clustered sessile, Cal. as long as tube of cor. Leaves I'm. lane. 2098 Herbaceous, I-eaves oblong-lanceolate, Stem dichotomous corvmbose rounded, Flowers stalked dlgyiious 2099 Dwarf upright much branched, Lvs. oval obtuse, Fl. sessile fasc. clustered, Cal. j as long as tube of cor. 9100 Weak, Branches lax elongated 1-flowered, I-eaves linear ellipt. Pet. obovate, Stem angular 2101 Erect leafy, Leaves oblong, Flowers solitary about 7-parted, Cal. leafy longer than cor. 2102 Weak, Leaves lane, erect, Branches few 1-Howered, Flowers 7-13-parted, Sepals linear shorter than cor 2103 Erect, Leaves lane, linear, Pan. many-flowered brachiate, Cal. subulate thrice as short as cor. 2104 Leaves obovate acute at each end, Flowers corymbose, Branches smooth, Stem erect 2105 Leaves lanceolate attenuate at each end smooth, Stipules lateral setaceous, Kacemcs axillary compound •2003 'N '.(90 and Miscellaneous Particulars. as a substitute for hops, two ounces of the leaves being substituted for a pound of hops. The powdered roots are sometimes eaten in Lapland. The only species cultivated is the wild plant of our rivulets. 36 ''. VUlarsia. A genus divided from the last, and named after Villars, a French botanist of repute, who wrote the Flora of Dauphiny, in 1786, a work used even at the present day. This is an aquatic genus of easy culture, and increased by seeds or dividing at the root. V. nymphoides is one of the most elegant of British water-plants. .'364. Chironia. Named after Chiron, one of the fathers of medicine, botany, and surgery. He is mythologically represented to have been the son of Saturn, or of Time and Experience. Many plants, the virtues of which he is believed to have first discovered, have borne his name. The genus, however, to which it is now applied, is probably not one of those. It consists of pretty plants of short duration, generally with pink flowers. The species are not long-lived plants, and therefore require to be frequently raised from cuttings. Peat mould suits them best, and a little loam mixed with it ; and young cuttings planted in the same kind of soil, under hand- glasses, strike root readily. J65. Eustoma. From iv, well, and s-otwc, mouth or orifice, in allusion to the colored aperture of the tube of the flower. A pretty little plant rarely seen in gardens. It resembles a Sabbatia. 366. Erythnva. From !»t/3-»e<-, red, in allusion to the color of the flowers. This is a pretty genus of herbace- ous and annual flowers, but impatient of cultivation, and therefore rarely seen in gardens. Sabbatia. Named after Liheratus Sabbati an Italian botanist, author of many works on botany. In 1772 he published the first volume of the Hortus Romanus, a fine work, in folio, of which the seventh and last volume appeared in 1781. A prettv N. American genus of plant, resembling Chironia. 368. Lo^ania. Named by .Mr. Brown, after a Mr James Logan, said to have been theauthor of some expel i- K '_' 132 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Glass V. t369. PHLOX. W. 2106 paniculate W B alba 2107 undulate W. 2108 acuminata Ph. 2109 suaveolens W. 2110 maculate W. 2111 pyramidalis H. K. 2112pil6sa IV. 2113 araoe'na B. M. 2114 Carolina W. 2115 triflora Mi. 2116suftrutic6sa Vent. 2117glaberrima W. 2118 divaricate W. 2119 stoloniiera H. K. 2120 ovate W. 2121 subulate W. 2122 setacea W. /3 nivalis 2123 carnea B. M. t370. POLEMO'NIUM. W. 2124reptans W. 2125 ca?ruleum W. ji album y maculatum 2126 mexicanum Cav. 571. VESTIA. W.en. 2127 l^cioides IV. en. k A or $L A or $L A or A A LVCHNIDEA. panicled white waved-leaved Lyons's white-flowered ^ A or spot-stalked ^ A or pyramidal ^ A or hairy-leaved ^ A1" Fraser's-hairy ^ A or rough-stemmed^ A or pubescent ^ A or shining-leaved Cfc A or smooth ^ A or e.irly-flowering ^ A or creeping ^t A or ovate-leaved ^ A or awl-leaved ^t A or fine-leaved ^ A or snow-white ^ A " flesh-colored £fc A or Greek-valerian. creeping Jt A or blue-flowered !& A °r white-floivered ^ A or spotted-flowered ^ A or Mexican ^, lAJ °r Vestia. Box-thorn-like Sk \ | or Polemoniacece. Sp. 18 — 24. au.s Pk N. Amer. 1732. N. Amer. 1813. N. Amer. 1759. N. Amer. 1812. N. Amer. 1766. N. Amer. 1740. N. Amer. 1800. N. Amer. 1759. N Amer. 1S09. B.Pu Carolina 1728. Pu Carolina D. Pu N. Amer. 1790. R N. Amer. 1725. LB N. Amer. 1746. N. Amer. 1800. N. Amer. 1759. N. Amer. 1786. N. Amer. 1786. N. Amer. 1820. N. Amer. 1816. au.s W jl.au R my.au Pu jl.au W jl.au jn.au my jn I jn.jl 1 jl.s 1 jl.s 1£ jl-s 3 jn.au 1 ap.jn i jn.s 1± my.jl i ap.jn £ ap.my J ap.my W 1 au.s Pk R F Pk Pk R Pu F F Polemoniacece . Sp 3 — 12. £ ap.my LB N. Amer. 1758. 2 jn B 2 jn W 2 jn St 1 ap.my B Britain bu. pi. Mexico 1817. D p.l D p.l D p.l D p.l D p.l D pi D p.l D p.l D p.l D p.l D pi D pi D p.l D p.l D p.l D p.l D p.l D p.l D pi D p.l D co D co D co D co D co Mit.ic.2.t.205.f.2 Bot mag. 1880 Jac. vind.2. t.127 Bot. cab. 342 Bot. mag. 1307 Bot. mag. 1308 Bot. mag. 1344 Sweet fl. gard. 29 Bot. reg. 68 D. eltt.16fi.f202 Bot. mag. 163 Bot. mag. 563 Bot. mag. 528 Bot. mag. 411 Bot mag. 415 Bot. cab. 780 Bot mag. 2155 Mill. ic. 2. t 209 Eng. bot 14 Bot. reg. 460 Polemoniaceis. Sp. 1. 372. HYDROPHYL'LUM. W. Water-leaf. 2128 appendiculatum Ph. appendaged ^ Am 2129 virginicum W. Virginian ^ A cul 2130 canadense W. Canadian ^ A cu t373. PHACE'LIA. Mich. Phacelia. 2131 bipinnatifida Mich, bipinnatitid ^t A cul 374. RAMON'DA. P.S. Ramonda. 2132 pyrenaica W. en. Borage-leaved ^ A or Verbascum Myconi Linn. 3 jn Y Boraginea?. J my.jn P.B | my.jn W £ my.jn W CKli Sp. 3— 6. N. Amer. 1813. N. Amer. 1739. Canada 1759. 1815. C s.p Bot. reg. 299 D p.l D m.s Bot. reg. 331 D m.s Bot. reg. 242 Bnraginece. Sp. 1 — 4. 2 jn.jl B N. Amer. 1824. D co Mich. am.l. 1 16 Solanae. Sp. 1. £ my Pu Pyrenees 1731. D s.l Bot. mag. 236 375. VERBAS'CUM. W. 2133 thapsus W. 2134 thapsiforme Schr. 2135 phlomoides IV. 2-136 sinuatum W. 2137 bipinnatifidumB.A/. 2138 australe Schr. 2139 condensation Schr. 2140 niveum Ten. 2141 cuspidatum Schr. 2142 macranthum ligg. Mullein. Shepherd's-club^ Q) or bastard woolly scollop-leaved cut-leaved southern close-flowered ^ CD or snow-white ^Q)or pointed ^ Q) or large-flowered ^ Q) or ^ Q) or ^iQlor ^t CS> or Solanece. 6 jlau Y 2 jl.au 3 jn.jl 2 jl.au 2 jl.au 4 jl.au 4 jlau 3 jl.au 4 my.jn 3 jn.jl Sp. 31—70. Britain ro. sid. S co Y Europe Italy 1739. S. Europe 1570. Tauria 1813. S. Europe 1815. Austria 1820. Y Naples 1823. Vienna 1817. Portugal 1820. P.l S s s s s s S co S CO S co Eng. bot. 549 Mcench.n.l70.t4 Fl. graec. t. 227 Bot. mag. 1777 Schr. mon. t 2 Schr. mon. t. 3 Ten. neap, t 22 Schr.mon. t.l.f.l Fl. port t. ST History, Use, Propagation, Culture, ments upon the generation of plants. Small bushes or herbaceous plants with opposite entire leaves, and ter- minal or axillary bunches of white flowers. Eleven species, natives of New Holland, are described. Ripened cuttings may be struck in sand under a hand-glass. 369. Phlox. From ?Ao|, flame. The plant so named by the ancients is supposed to have been an Agrostemna. The genus now so called is a native of North America only, and is one of the handsomest in cultivation. It consists of most elegant border flowers, valuable for blossoming late in the season, and for their lively colors of red, white, and purple, while the majority of plants that flower in autumn have yellow, and generally synge- nesious blossoms. Most of the species delight in a rich moist soil, or loam and leaf mould or peat. The dwarf species are admirably adapted for pots, or a select rock-work : they require some protection in severe winters. 370. Polemonium. From toM/ms, war. Pliny relates, that the plant which he called by this name received its appellation from having been the cause of a war between two kings, who could not agree which of them first discovered its virtues. It was also called Chilodynamia (from yiXioi, a thousand, and Swapis, power), on ac- count of its extraordinary merit The plant which possessed all these good qualities is now forgotten. Its name has descended to a flower which ornaments the garden, but which preserves nothing of the virtue of its progenitor, beyond a slight vulnerary quality. P. caruleum is a border flower of long standing, and of the easiest culture. 371. Vestia. Named by Willdenow, in his Enumeratio Plantarum, in honor of his friend Dr. Vest of Clagen- Ohdkh I. PEN TAN OKI A MONOGYNIA. 133 8100 Leaves lane, fiat rough at edge, Stein smooth, Corymbs panicled, Segments of cor. rounded S IDT I-eavcs olil lane, somewhat wavy rough at eilge, Stem smooth, Corymbs panicleil, Segm of COT. I. hint 8108 greet pubescent, I-eaves ovate aeum. beneath pubescent decussate, Cor. panic. Segm. of Cor. rounded '-'Hi!' Erect, Stem smooth not •potted, I-caves ovate lane, quite smooth, Haceme panic. Teeth of caL end 2110 Erect, Stein rough s|>otted, I-eaves obi. lane, smooth rough at edge. Pan. obi. close, Teeth of caL recurred Sill Leave.-, cordate ovate acute smooth, Mowers densely pyramidal, Teeth of cal. upright, Stein spoiled 2112 Hairy, Stem erect, leaves linear-lanceolate, Sepals .subulate, Tulieofcor. curved puhc-i cut 2113 Hairy, Stems assurgent, leaves ovate lanceolate, Sepals subulate, Tube of cor. smooth straight 2114 Leaves lanceolate sessile smooth thick, Stem erect rough, Flowers whorled terminal 2115 Stems erect subpubescent, Leaves lane, smooth, Branches of corymb 3-flowered, Teeth of cal. linear 2116 leaves lane, sinning on both sides acute nearly without veins, Stein smooth tritid above shrubby at liase 2117 Tufted assurgent smooth, leaves linear lanceol. smooth, Corymb term, fastigiate, Teeth of caL mucron. 2118 Dwarf dUfuae pubescent, Leave* ovate lane, chiefly alternate, Branches few-rl. lax, CaL (UbuL Pet cord. 2119 Stoloniferous pubetcent. Fertile stems erect simple few-leaved, Leaves oval, Corymb few-flowered 2120 Leaves ovate, Flowers solitary 2121 Dwarf tufted pubescent, Leaves fascicled subulate pungent ciliated, Pedicels few terminal 2122 Leaves ciliated lowest setaceous upper lin. ianc. Branches 3-5-fl. at end, CaL spreading hairy, Pet. refuse 2123 Stem erect rounded, Leaves lane, smooth half stem-clasp. Cal. edged, Tube of cor. twice as long as limb 2124 Pinnae 7, Flowers terminal nodding 2125 Leaves pinnate, Flowers erect, Cal. longer than tube of corolla 2126 Pinnae many the terminal 3-lobed, Flowers uodding, CaL viscid 2127 The only species 2128 Very hairy, Radical leaves subpinnatifid, cauline lobed angular, Sinus of calyx with reflexed appendages 2129 Leaves pinnate or pinnatilid, Segm. ovate lanceol. cut serrate, Fascicles of flowers clustered 2130 Smoothish, Leaves lobed angular, Fascicles of flowers close together 2131 Erect, Leaves pinnatifid. Segments cut lobed, Racemes generally bifid 2132 A stcmless plant with hoary leaves and short scapes of purple flowers. The only species Leaves decurrent. 213.3 Lvs. cren. foment upper acute, Raceme spiked dense, Cor. rotate with obi. obt. segm. Anth. nearly equal 2134 Lvs. cren. foment, upper acumin. Raceme spiked dense, Cor. rotate with obov. round segm. 2 of anth. obi. 2135 Lvs. cren. torn, radic. ell. stlkd. Caul. obL ac. upper brd. ov. cusp, slightly decur. Fa«e, remotish, Two an. obi. 21.36 Leaves foment radical and lower cauline sinuated upper creuate slightly decurr. Spikes pan. Fl. clustered 2137 Leaves bipinnatifid [Fasc. of rac, remote, Two anth. obi. 2138 Leaves crenate torn. Radic. obi. lane. narr. to stalk, Caul. obi. acute decurr. upper broad ov. cusp. I decur. 2139 Leaves torn, radic. ellipt narr. at base uneq. doubly crenate, Caul. obi. acute simply crenate upper round. ovate cusp, slightly decurr. Racemes dense, Two anthers oblong 2140 Leaves } decurrent crenate snow-white, Raceme spiked dense, Anthers equal £141 Leaves crenulate tomentose the upper cuspidate, Fascicles of raceme remote, Two anthers oblong 2142 Leaves cren. torn. rad. ellipt obi. narr. at base caul. obi. acute J decurr. Fasc- of rac. rem. Two anth. obL 2127 ^ffcr ^71 2131 etf£;u $tfW Sck 21J6 and Miscellaneous Particulars. furth. A native of Chili, with pale-green smooth leaves, and pale yellow flowers. It is very nearly related tr, l.ycium. 372. Hydrophyllum. From vic^, water, and fu>.A»», a leaf. This plant grows in the marshes of North Ame- rica, and in the spirng time has a small quantity of water in the cavity of each leaf. The species are two only, both humble plants, with neat foliage, which protects the small white flowers. H. virginicum is used as a salad, under the name of Shawanese salad in North America. 873. Phacelia. From faxiXtf, a bundle, the flowers being disposed in fascicled spikes. 374. Ramcmda. Named after M. L, Ramond, a French botanist, who discovered many new plants in France. A very pretty dwarf plant, kept in a frame with other alpine plants. Formerly a species of Yerbascum, (V. myconi.' 375. yerbascum. An alteration of harhnscum, on account of the beard (barba with which all the leaves and stems are closely covered. The species are all very fine looking plants, well calculated for shrubberies, among other tall plants. They have been well illustrated by M. Schrader in a learned Monograph. V. thapsus has been so called from its native place, the Isle of Thapsos. V. blattaria is said to have the power ol driving away the blatta or cockroach. V. pulverulentum is one of the most magnificent of native herbaceous plant-. sending up a stem a yard high, covered with many hundreds of gold colored flowers Correa observes of f hi* golden rod, that in still wcither two or three blows with a stick will bring down all the i-"m!l p.l Bot mag. 1037 2144 Boerhaavii W. annual O or 2 jl.au Y.Pu & Europe 1731. s CO Mill, ic 2. t. 273 214.5 elongatum W. en. long-stalked 5t CD or 5 jl.au Y 1813. s CO 21-4(1 pyramidatum W.en pyramidal ik CD or 3 jl.au Y Caucasus 1804. 8 CO Sweet fl. gard. 31 2147 hannorrhoidale IV. Madeira ^? ifDI or 2 jn.au W.pu Madeira 1777. 8 CO 2148 fioccosum P. S. wool-bearing k CD °r 3 jn.jl Y Hungary 1805. S CO Pl.rar.hung.t.79 214!) Lychnitis IV. white 5; CD or 3 jn.au C Britain ro.sid. 8 00 Eng. bot. 58 2150 pulverulentum E.B . powdered it CD or 3 jn.au Y England bor.fi. 8 CO Eng. bot. 4S7 215] ferrugineum IV. rusty i Aor 3 my.au Br S. Europe 1683. D p.l Bot. rep. 162 2152 cupreum B. M. copi>er-colored i A Of 3 my.au Br Caucasus 1798. D Pi Bot. mag. 1226 21.53 nigrum W. black-rooted i Aor 2 my.au Y England ch . so. I) p.l Eng. bot 59 2154 phn?niceum W. purple-flowered Cfc A or 3 my.au Pu S. Europe 1596. D Pi Bot. mag. 885 2155 virgatum £. 5. slender 5 CD or 5 au Y Britain gra.pl S 00 Eng. bot 550 2156 Blattaria IV. moth £fc CD or 4 jl.au Y Britain gra.pl. s CO Eng. bot. 393 2157 glabrum W. en. ' smooth it CD or 2 jl.au Y IMS. s CO 21.58 repandum IV en. waved & CD or 3 jl.au Y 1813. s CO 2159 piiinatifidum HP". pinnatifld ifc lAJor 1 my Y Archipel. 1788. s p.l 21(50 Osbeckii W\ Osbeck's & CD or 1 jl.au G Spain 1752. 8 p.l Toum. it. 2. t 83 216! orientate Af. 5. eastern ifc A or 2 jn.jl Y Caucasus 1821. S CO 21«2 spectSbile W. B. shewy ^ CD or 2 jn.jl Y.Pu Tauria 1820. a CO Bot. reg. 558 2163 spinosum L. spiny n. | or 1 my.jn Pu Crete 1824. 8 CO Alp. exot. t 36 376. DATU'RA. fV. TllORV-APPLE Solanew. Sp. 7—10. 2164ferox IV. Chinese O or 3 jls W China 1731. s S.1 Zano.h.212.t.lfi2 2165 Stramonium W. common O eit 3 jl.s W England rub. s s.l Eng. bot. 1288 2166Tatula IV. blue O or 3 jls B N. Amer. 1629. s s.l Meerb. ic. 2. t.13 «2167 fastuosa W. purple O or 3 jl.s Pu Egypt 162!). s r.m Kno.the.l.t.S.11 £168 Metel W. downy O or 2 jn.s W Asia 1.596. a r.m Bot. mag. 1440 216!) laj'vis IV. smooth-fruited C or 2 jn.s W Africa 1780. s r.m Jac. vind. 3. t. 82 2170 ceratocaulon Ort. horn-stalked O or 2 jl.s w S. Amer. 1805. s r.m Jac. sch. 3. t. 339 t377. BRUGMAN'SIA. P. 2171 suaveolens W. en. 2172 arborea W.en. fS7a T.ISIAN'THUS. W. 2173 lnngifolius IV. 2174 glaucilolius Jac. 2175 exsertus W. 8176 cordifolius IV. 379. SPIGE'LIA. IV. 2177 Anthelmia W. 2178 marilandica IV. 380. NICAN'DRA. J. 2179 physalodes P. S. . S. Brccmansia. smooth-stalked } □ or downy-stalked JJ □ or LlSIANTHHS. long-leaved Ht □ or glaucous-leaved* \Z3 or oval-leaved J CD or heart-leaved a Q or Worm-grass. annual [JTJ w perennial ^ A or NirwnRA. blue-flowered Solanece. Sp. 2—3. 15 au.s W Peru 10 au.s W Peru 1733. C l.p 1813. C l.p Fl.peruv.2. t.128 Gentianece. H jn.jl Y 2 jn.jl Pu 12 ... Y 2 ... Y Sp. 4—29. Jamaica W. Indies 1793. Jamaica 1816. C l.p Brow.jam.t9.fi C l.p Jac. ic. rar.l.t.33 C l.p C l.p Br. jam. t. 9. f 2 Gentianece. Sp. 1 — 4. Hjl G.R W. Indies 1759. S s.l Bot. 1" jl.au S N. Amer. 1694. D Lp Bot Solane ™*y be used as tinder- and *> ™ake wicks for lamps ; nroduced bet upI & U S 5FH? '° "^ °f the SpeCi°S' fr0m XuXw> a lamP- Scvera» mu,ea have ^en no^odu^ons^fthis^rS. ge"US; 3" tt haS bee" 1uestioned wnetner those accounted species are i^i^ alteration of the Arabic name tatorah. Forskahl. About Goa and Canara, it is called in Am'frin!11 l^gh th|s 'an«" Kalm says, that this plant" and aapecieg ofThytoboca are .^rts of h, exten^vTrnn^^ S°r Mart/n observes, that " in the earth brought with plants from various parts of that extensive country-, we are sure to have the thorn-apple come up " At night the leaves next the flowers nse up and enclose them. The whole plant smells strongly of bean meal Every part of the plan! aXma,TS' bnng'ng 0" de"riUm' tremors' &C" but under Proper" regulaUo^s it ifTLcfuJ. medicine ™n k„? ( °thers ^idtub'e They hSve « a«r^ c es • it" seed w i'l «mrti™i JZ J:° ^1°™ ,ess a^eeaWe. a"d ™ narcotic. D. ceratocaulon is a fine spe- C1^ 'ts »eed will sometimes remain in the ground several vears before it will vegetate works fmfe^a1ivo?^m^b^e«r.ST?n'rJ,in ^T "{..^^or S. J. Bnigma ns, author of some botanical works, and especially of a dissertation De Plantis Inutilibus, et Venenatis," published at Groningen in 1783 B. arborea » one of the greatest ornaments of the garden, of Chili. TheV»e?s«hlh Ze cut", the Order I. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. l:J5 I.i-tivt-3 sessile. 2l4-> Stem erect simple, leaves oval sessile tooth-crcnale smooth above, Flowers spiked 8144 Leave* lublyrate, Flowers sessile 214 i Leave! i decumnt tomontose on both sides, Stan branched, Three filaments hairy in the middle 2146 Leave! marly naked lower oblong attenuated at bate Upper COrd. arum. sess. Racemes panic. Stain, lie.ird. 91 17 Leave! ovate oblong at base attan. foment, obsoletely cren. Racemes spiked elongate, 1-1. without bractea i'l ks Lftavea ovate sessile beneath closely woolly, Stem branched, Filaments bearded 8149 Leave! wedge-shaped oblong nake4 The upper spines very large converging at the top of the pericarp 8165 Leaves ovate smooth angular toothed, Pericarp prickly 21ii:i Leaves ovate subcordate smooth angular toothed, Stem spotted, Pericarp prickly VbiT Leave! ovate angular, Pericarps tuberculated nodding '-'MS Leaves cordate nearly entire pubescent, I'ericarps prickly globose nodding 21(59 Leaves ovate angular toothed smooth, Stem hollow herbaceous, Pericarp! smooth erect 2170 Leaves ovate lanceolate wavy beneath hoary, Stems dichotomous cornute, Pericarp! obovate pendulous 2171 Leaves oblong entire smooth, Calyxes 5-toothed 217- Leaves oblong entire powdery, Stalks and branches pubescent, Cal. spathaceous acuminate 217 > Leaves lanceolate acute pubescent, Stem rounded 2174 leaves ellipt. lanceolate obtuse smooth, Stem rounded, Peduncles long 1-flowercd 9175 Leaves ovate lane, pedunc. trichotomous, Genitals very long 9176 Leaves cordate 2177 Stem herbaceous the upper leaves 4 together 8178 stem simple, All the leaves opposite sessile lanceolate oval 217!> Ix-avcs sinuated, Calyxes closed acute-angled 2170 2174 and Miscellaneous Particulars. divisions of the branches, have a loose tubular calyx nearly four inches long, which, opening like a ipathe, a corolla is protruded, with a narrow trumpet-shaped tube, which spread! wide at the brim, where it is divided into rive angles, which terminate in very long points: they are white within, pale yellow outside, and one tree will |KTfume the air of a large garden. It flowers freely in the bark-stove, in a moist heat lisumtlius. From JUwic, dissolution, and a.»Sos, a flower; a name given to the plant on account of the medical virtues possessed by it of dissolving humours. It is a powerful cathartic. The species are very hand- some stove plants. Cuttings root readily in sand under a bell-glass. 87a Sfipetia. So named by Linna-us, in honor of Adrian Spigelius, born at Brussels in loi$ ; professor ot anatomy and surgery at Fadua ; author of Isagoge in rem Herbariam ; died in 1625. S. anthelmia is so named from its peculiar efficacy in destroying worms, for which it has been long in use among the negroes in the West Indies. Dr. Browne, altera number of successful experiments, says it operates in so extraordinary a manner, that no other simple can be of equal efficacy in any other disease. SI this is in those which proceed from these insects. {Hist, of Jamaica.) The same plant procure! sleep almost as cer- tainly, and in an equal degree with opium. S inarilandica is used as a vermifuge in North America, and according to Dr. Garden, l.r/tei.- hi Ih l/o/*;) with very powerful effects. The annual plant may be treated like other tender annuals ; but s. inarilandu a i> rather difficult to preserve; according to Sweet, " it requires to be grown in a pot, that it may be protected from severe frosts, or too much wet : it will sometimes survive the winters when planted in the Open ground in a bed of peat : the beet soil for it is an equal mixture of loam and peat, and young cuttings, planted under a handglass, root readily." II it. Cult. 424.) dSO, " genu use of the berries of this pi K I nd .glass , root readily." II it. Cult. 424.) ,, , ,. ,. .,., ISO. Siramlra. Nicander was a Greek physician, who lived about a century and hall before hrist I be ■ us w.,s formed by Atmneon j it consists oi the Atropa physakndes of Lmmcus. 1 he Indians of 1 era make ; of the Heme.; ofthia plant to bring awav gravel, and to relieve person- who have I lloppagc Ol urine \'i6 PENTANDRIA MONOGVNIA. Ci ass V. t*381. HYOSCY'AMUS. 2180niger IV. /3 arinuus 2181 albus W. 2182 reticulata W. 2183 Senecionis W. en. 2184 aureus JV. 2185 canadensis Ker. 2l8opusillus W. §2187 physaloides JV. 2188 Scopolia IV. 2189 agrestis Kit. 2190 pallidus W. Sj K. 2191 r".6ticus L. 2l92orientalis Bieb. W. Henbane. common ^ CD P annual O P white O w Egyptian O w yeliow.flowered^ lAJ w golden jfc iAJ w vanous-leaved o. i | cu dwarf O w purple-flowered "V A w Nightsh.-le iv'd ^ A w field O w pale O w blunt-calyxed £fc CD w eastern ^ A or Solanece. Sp. 13—14. 1 jn.jl 1 jn.jl 2 jl.au 1 jl.au 1| mr.o 1 mr.o 1» ja.d St ' Britain St Europe Pa.WS. Europe R Egypt Y Egypt Y Levant Y Canaries Persia Siberia 1 mr.ap Pu 1 ap.my D. Pu Carolina 1 ap.my Y.Vy Hungary 1 ap.my Y Hungary I mr.ap Y.Pu Egypt II ap Pu Iberia rub. 1818. 1570. 1640. 1812. 1640. 1816. 1691. 1777. 1780. 1820. 1815. 1S22. 1821. Eng. bot.5!>l Bot. mag. 2394 Blackw. till Com.hort.77.t.22 S si S si S co S co C s.l S r.m Bot. mag. 87 D s.l Bot. reg. 180 D s.l Plk. aim. t,37. f.c D p.l Bot. mag. 852 D p.l Bot. mag. 1126 S pi Sweet fl. gard. 27 S p.l S p.l D s.l Bot. mag. 2414 f382. NICOTIA'NA. W. 2193 Tabacum W. 2194 macrophylla IV. en. 2195 fruticosa W. 2196 undulata li. Br. 2197 riistica W. 2198 paniculata IV. 2199glutinosa IV. 22(X)plumbaginif61ia tV.en 2.»0l pusilla W. 22 & quadrivalvis Ph. 2203 nana Lindl. 2204 Langsdorlfii W. en. 2205 cerinthoides Lehm 2206repanda W. Ti>nA< co. Virginian large-le ived shrubby tt. sweet-scented ]£ common-green panicled clammy curled-leaved ^ Primrose-leav'd^ fnur-valved Rocky-mount. LangsdorfPs Honeywort Havannah 2184 O clt O or I | or LAJclt O clt O or O or iAI or DS or O or iQI cu O or O or O clt Solanece. Sp. jl.au Pk jl.au 3 jl.au 2 mv.s 3 jl.s 3 jl.s 4 jl.s 2 my.jn 3 au 2 jl.au ijn 5 au 2 au 2 jn.jl 14—26. America America China N. S. W. America Peru Peru America 1816. Vera Cruz 1733. N. Amer. 1811. N. Amer. 1823. Chili 1819. 1821. Havannah 1823. 1570. 1699. 1800. 1570. 1752. 1759. S r.m S r.m C r.m D r.m S co S r.m S r.m D r.m S r.m S r.m S co S co S co S co Blackw. t. 146 Bot. mag. 673 Blackw. t 437 Flor. per.2. U29 Bot. rep. 484 Jacq. fragm. t.84 Mil. ic.2.t.l85.f.2 Bot mag. 1778 Bot. reg. 833 Bot. mag. 2221 Lehm. nic. t. 2 Bot. mag. 2184 History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 3S1 Hyoscyamus. From us Co;, a pig, and zua/Ms, a bean ; the fruit has been thought to resemble a bean, and, although dangerous to other animals, is said to be eaten by pigs with safety. H. niger is a well-known foetid weed, which follows civilized man, growing on rubbish of old houses, dunghills, Sec. It has a strong peculiar odor, greatly affecting the heads of some persons, and the whole plant is reputed poisonous. Sir J. E. Smith and Professor Martyn say they have often eaten the seeds without suffering inconvenience. Lightfoot, on the contrary, says, a feu- of them have been known to deprive a man of his reason and limbs. A species of bug (Cimex) and of beetle (Chrysomela) take their specific names from feeding on the plant ; but no quadruped is known to eat it, unless the goat and sheep, and that very rarely and sparingly. As a medi- cine, henbane is of immemorial use, and is still continued in the Pharmacopoeias. It is given with or without opium in coughs, epilepsy, convulsions, &c. Country people sometimes smoke the leaves for the toothach. 382. Nicotiana. So named from John Nicot of Nismes, in Languedoc, ambassador from the king of France to Portugal, who procured the seeds from a Dutchman who had received them from Florida. The first plant was said to have been presented to Catherine de Medicis, whence the French name Herbe a la Reine. The name tobacco, which has superseded all others, is the appellation of a district of Mexico. Petum or Petume, Bras., Tabac, Fr , Taback, Ger., and Tabac, Ital. The species grown as tobacco are the N. tabacum and rustica ; the former greatly preferred. The popular narcotic which it furnishes is probably in more extensive use than any other, and its only rival is the betel of the east. According to Linnaeus, tobacco was known in Europe from 1560. It was brought to England from Tobago in the West Indies, or Tobasco in Mexico, (and hence the name,) by Ralph Lane, in 1586, but only the herb for smoking. Afterwards, according to Hakluyt, seeds were introduced from the same quarter. Sir Walter Raleigh first introduced smoking : in the house hi which he lived at Islington are his arms on a shield, with a tobacco plant on the top. Smoking has consequently been common in Europe for upwards of two centuries. It is a powerful narcotic, and also a strong stimulant with respect to the whole system, but especially to the stomach and intestines, to which, in small doses, it proves emetic and purgative. The smoke thrown up the anus acts as a glyster : an infusion of the leaves forms a powerful lotion for obstinate ulcers : the oil applied to a wound, is said by Redi to be as fatal as the poison of a viper. The decotion, powder, and smoke of tobacco, are used in gardening to destroy insects, and in agriculture for the same purpose, and to cure cutaneous eruptions in domestic animals. Tobacco, as used by man, says Du Tour, (Nouvcau Cours a" Agriculture*, Sec.) gives pleasure to the savage and the philosopher, to the inhabitant of the burning desert and frozen zone. In short, its use either in powder, to chew, or to smoke, is universal ; and for no other reason than a sort of convulsive motion (sneezing) produced by the first, and a degree of intoxication by the two last modes of usage. A hundred volumes, he adds, have been written against it, of which a German has preserved the titles. Among these books is that of James Stuart, king of England, who violently opposed it. The Grand Duke of Moscow forbade its entrance into his territory under pain of the knout for the first offence, and death for the next. The emperor of the Turks, king of Persia, and Pope Urban VIII. issued similar prohibitions, all of which were as ridiculous as those which attended the introduction of coffee or Jesuit's bark. At present, all the sovereigns of Europe, and most of those of other parts of the world derive a considerable part of their revenue from tobacco. Tobacco is cultivated in Europe as far north as Sweden, and is also grown in China, Japan, and other eastern Ok i PKNTA NOKIA MONOGYNIA. 137 BM Kailic. loaves smutted piunatitid up|KT stem-clasping, Mowers nearly sess. tor. netted '-'IS! l.c.ncs stalked the lowest rounded entire the rest cord ate ovate .smu.ite toothed, 11. axill. MM or stalked 2182 I 'aulme leaves stalked cordate sinuate aeute, Mowers entire inliated 9183 leaves stalked .>-lobod cut-toothed, Flowers stalked, Segm ol cor. ei|Ual flat l-'ls4 leaves st ilked ovate acute annular toothed, Flowers stalked. Three up|HT segm. of cor. wavy '.'ls.'i Lowei leaves cordate ovate angular ohtusc, floral ovate entire 8186 Una stalked oblong lane, toothed, Flowers stalked, Calyx teeth mueronate 2187 Leaves stalked ovate cordate entire, Flower- stalked axillary solitary terminal in umbels, Cal. inflated 2188 Leaves stalketl ovate obi. entire, Flowers axillary stalked nodding, (or. camp, trunc. tScv/;oiina, Schul.) 2189 Stem simple pubescent. Leaves sessile { decurrent sinuate toothed smoothish, Flowers sessile 2190 Leaves stem-clasping angular, radical angular toothed, F'lowers sessile 1-colored 2191 Leaves stalked ovate acute angular, Cal. pointless, liractcs undivided 2192 Leaves deltoid ovate repaud, Cal. of fruit tumid, Stamens exscrted 2193 leaves sessile obi. lane, acumin. the lower decurr. Mouth of cor. inflated, Segm acuminate SIM I .eaves stem-clasping ovate acute auricled at base. Mouth of cor. inflated, Segm. short acuminate 2196 Stem shrubby simple, Lvs. stalked lane, obliquely acuminate, Coroll. inflated at mouth, Segm. acumin. 9196 Stem nearly sim. Lvs. somew. stlkd. ov. lane, wavy, Tube of cor. cyl. much longer than cal. Seg. uneq. round - 1!T Stein rounded, Leaves stalked ovate entire, Tube of cor. cytind. longer than cal. Segment rounded obtuse 2198 Stem nearly sim. Lvs. stlkd. ov. subcord. entire, Tube of cor. clav. very sm. much longer than cal. Seg. out 2199 Leaves stalked cordate entire, Fl. racemose 1-sided, CaL 2-lipp. upper lip longest, Cor. ringent, Segm. acute 2200 Leaves sessile lower obovate spatulate obtuse upper J stem-clasping wavy, Tube of cor. very long clavate 2201 Stem dichot Lvs. sess. radic. obi. oval. Cal. very short, Tube of cor. cyl. thrice as long as cal. Segm. acute 2202 Stem herbac. branching, Lvs. stalked obi. Tube of cor. twice as long as cal. Segm. obt. Caps. 4-valv. round 2203 Leaves lanceolate hairy, radical longer than the solitary flowers, Petals obtuse ?->i'4 Lower leaves ovate obtuse stalked upper sessile decurrent, Tube of cor. clavate long, Limb obtuse Stem liranc. at base, Lvs. stlkd. all cord. ent. Tube of cor. clav. pub. much long, than cal. Seg. very sh. acute 2206 Leaves stem-clasping cord. spat, roundish repand, Tube of cor. slender very long, Segm. ovate acute pHc, and Miscellaneous Particulars. and hot countries. The sort preferred is the N. tabacum, which is an elegant plant, grown also in gardens a* a border flower. X. rustica, fausse /abac, Fr., Bauern (aback, Ger., and Tabacca cimarosa, Span., is also fre- quently cultivated, especially in Europe, it being considered hardier than the Virginian sort. Parkinson says, he has" known Sir Walter Haleigh, when prisoner in the Tower, prefer it to make good tobacco, " which he knew so rightly to cure." Tobacco has been successfully cultivated and cured in this country, but its growth is prohibited to encourage our commerce with America. It is now only grown fur curiosity as a border flower, or by gardeners for the destruction of insects. In Germany and other northern countries, most families who have gardens grow enough of N. rustica for their own use; but as they do not know how to cure it, it is not much valued, and is never made into chewing tobacco or snutl! In the culture of Tobacco in America, the plants are raised on beds early in spring, and when they have acquired four leaves, they are planted in the fields in well prepared earth, about three feet distance every way. Even morning and evening the plants require to be looked over, in order to destroy a worm which sometimes invades the bud. When four or five inches high they are moulded up. As soon as they have eight or nine leaves, and are ready to put forth a stalk, the top is nipped off, in order to make the leaves longer and thicker, by directing all the energies of the plant to them. After this, the buds which sprout from the joints of the leaves are all plucked, and not a day is suffered to pass without examining the leaves, to destroy a large cater- pillar, which is sometimes very destructive to them. When they are tit for cutting, which is known by the Irittleness of the leaves, they are cut with a knife close to the ground, and, after lying some time, are carried to tbe drying shed, where the plants are hung up by pairs upon lines, having a space between, that they may not touch one another. In this state they remain to sweat and dry. When i>erfect1y dry, the leaves are stript iroin the stalks and made into small bundles tied with one of the leaves. These bundles are laid in heaps, and covered, with blankets. Care is taken not to over-heat them, for which reason the heaps are laid open to the air from time to time, and spread abroad. This operation is repeated till no more heat is pen eived in the heaps, and the tobacco is then stowed in casks for exportation, (hong. Jam. iii. 719.1 In the manufacture of tobacco, the leaves are first cleansed of any earth, dirt, or decayed parts , next, they are gently moistened with salt and water, or water in which salt along with other ingredients ha- been dis- solved, according to the taste of the fabricator. This liquor is called tobacco sauce. The next operation is to remove the midrib of the leaf; then the leaves are mixed together, in order to render the quality Of whatever may be the final application equal : next, they are cut into pieces with a fixed knife, and crisped or curled before a tire; the succeeding operation is to spin them into cords, or twist them into roll- b> winding than with a kind of mill round a stick. These operations are all performed by the grower, and in this state rolls the article is sent from America to other countries, where the tobacconists cut it into chaff-like shreds for smoking, by a machine like a straw-cutter j form it into small cords for chewing; or dry and grind it for snuff: In manufacturing snuff, various matters are added for giving it an agreeable Kant, and hence the numerous varieties of snuffs. The three principal sorU arc called Reppsjf, Scotch or Spanish, and 1 birds. The first is onlv granulated, the second is reduced to a very fine powder, and the third is the liftings of the second sort. The Iwst Havannah scgars are made from the leaves of N. rcp.uida I he Indians o| the Hockjr Mountains ol N. America prepare their tobacco from N. quadrnalvis and V nana. 138 PENTANDRIA MONOGYN1A. Cla t*383. IPOM/E'A. R. Br. '.".'07 quamoilit If. 2208 dissecta Ph. 2209 Carolina Ph. 2210 tuberosa W. 2211 paniculata B. Reg. 2212 pentaphylla Jac. 2213 umbellata L. 2214 tuberculata B. Reg. 2215 pendula «. Br. 2216 Pes-tigridis JK 2217 platensis Ker. 2218 chryseides Ker. 2219 csn'ilea Ker. 2220setosa Ker. 2221 scabra Gtn. 2222 Turpethum Br. 222J luteola IV. en. 2224 coccinea IV. en. 2225 lacunosa If. 2226 gossypiifolia W. I. insignis B. R, 2227 Bona-nox If. 2228 sanguinea fahl. 2229 mutabilis R. Reg. 2230 candicans B. It, 2231 Jalapa Ph. /3 rosea 2232 hepaticifolia W. B23S solanifolia If. 2234 campanulata If 225.') violacea /('. 2236 carnea TV. 22 57 repanda W. 2238 sibirica P. S. 2239 speciosa P. S. 2240 purpurea P. S. @ incarnata y varia 2241 discolor Jac. 2242 triloba If. 2243 hederifolia If. 2244 Nil P. S. 2245 hederacea B. Reg. 2246 cuspidata P. S. 2247 tamnifcilia W. 2248 grandiflora B. Rep 2249 muricata Jac. 2250obscura B.Reg. 2251 sagittifolia Ker. 2252 medium If. 2253 denticulata R. Br. 2254 glaucifolia M'. 2255 angustifolia Jac. Ipom«a. wing-leaved _$ O or cut-leaved _£ lAI or Carolina _£ i\ or tuberous-rooted A 123 or panicled A (2X1 m five-leaved _£ O or umbel-flo a ered _$ E3 or tubercled _& □ or pendulous _£ lAJ or pabnated _£ C3 or Convolvulacece. Sp. 52 — 170. 6 jl.s D.R E Indies lfi29. 10 jn.s S Georgia 1813. 10 jl.au Pu Carolina 1732. 10 ... Pa.Y W. Indies 1731. 20 jn.s Pk E Indies 1799. 20 au.s W W. Indies 1739. 20 jn.jl S W. Indies 17-39. 10 au s Pu E Indies 1815. 10 mv.o Pk N. S. W. 1808. 6 au RE Indies 1732. Plata J, Mr. Herbert's _4, pale-blue _& bristly _g rough _J square-stalked _J crimson-scarlet _jg bright-scarlet _J starry J; splendid _£ fAlor iAI or O or O or Oor □ or O or O or O or □ or prickly $ fTTI or blood-flowered _J, □ or changeable _^ i | or hoary £ iAI or Jalap jiAlm rose-colored _J lAJ m Hepatica-leav'd_§ O or Nightshade-lvd._$ (Q9 or bell-flowered J; til] or purple-flowered j; O or flesh-colored _s hairy entire, Seeds smooth £213 Leaves digitate In 7, Peduncles umbolled very short 8914 Leaves digitate or nearly pedate 7-parted smooth, stalks warted rough, Pedunc. 1-flowered I .eaves palmate pedate, Lobes ciliate mucrouatc at end, l'edunc. 1-flowered 9916 Leaves palmate, Flowers aggregate 2217 Blanches peduncles and petioles tubcrcled, Leaves palmate, I.obes 7 narrow oblong with a short point ^2. Leaves coidate, angular, or lobed. 2218 Leaves obi. cordate rarely olwolctely 3-lobed, l'edunc. 1-fl. shorter than leaf, Calyx very smooth 2219 Leaves cordate .'i-lobcd villous, Pcd'unc. 2-.;-fl. Edge of cor. nearly entire, Stigmas 3-lnbed 8980 Blanches petioles peduncles and calyxes bristly, Leaves naked cordate 3-lobcd, Ixilies tooth sinuatcd 2221 Stem twining, Leave* cordate SJobed, l'edunc. longer than petiole, Fruit nodding . .1 leaves cordate angular, Stem membranous square. Peduncles many-flowered avea cordate acuminate angular, l'edunc. first diehotomous afterwards branching . . ; I towny, Lvs. cord, acum at base angular, Pedunc. 5-flowered, Cal. warted bearded, Limb, of cor. entire smooth, Lvs. cord, below obscurely repand or ang. Pedunc. short 1-fl. Cal. hairy ciliated, Cor. small short 2226 Leaves cordate at the end 5- lobed smooth, Peduncle many-flowered corymbose Very smooth, Leaves cordate entire or angular, Pedunc. 1-3-fl. Cal. aristate, Cor. undiv. Tube very long 2228 Pedunc. upwards cymose trichotomous longer than the 5-lobed cordate or hastate leaves 2229 Ix;aves cordate entire or 3-lobed acuminate above pubescent beneath villous, Flowers numerous in cymes ootb, Leaves cordate acuminate entire, Peduncles many-flowered without bractea: 2231 Stem warted, Leaves cord, ovate rugose villous beneath entire or lobed, Pedunc. 1 inany-fl. Seed woolly 2232 Leaves 3-lobed, Flowers aggregate \ 3. Leaves cordate entire. -XX', Leaves cordate acute entire, Pedunc. 1-flowered solitary as long as leaves I .cares cordate, Pedunc. many-fl. Outer calyx orbicular. Cor. campanulate lobed tves cordate entire, Flowers close together, Cor. undivided 9936 Leaves roundish cordate smooth, Pedunc. many-flowered, Cor. edged aves cordate oblong repand acuminate, Peduncles branched cymose res cordate acuminate smooth, Peduncles 2-flowered Sti'i'J Leaves cordate ovate acute above hairy, beneath silky, Pedunc. longer than the stalks in umbels 2240 Leaves cordate undivided, F'ruit cernuous, Stalks thick, Leaves cordate entire, Ped. maiiy-tl. Cal. hispid 2241 ov.^o 9943 0044 9945 2246 '-'-'J7 994S 9949 22J0 22.-.1 2i">2 22 I 925! 22 I Stem very tall, Leaves orbicular rounded, Flowers spotted with eyes Leaves 3-lobed cordate, Peduncles 3-flowered Leaves 3-lobed cordate, Peduncles many-flowered racemose Leaves cordate 3-lobed, Mowers half 5-cleft, Peduncles shorter than the petioles Hairy, Leaves cordate 3-lobed, lateral lobes acuminate intermediate acute, l'edunc. 1-fl. Cal. hairy leaves cordate 3-lobed, 1-obes cuspidate, Peduncles 1-fl. Sepals linear very hairy at base leaves cordate acuminate hairy, Flowers aggregate Leaves cordate ovate obtuse entire, Pedunc. about 2-fl. Cal. coriaceous, Stem and petioles pubescent Leaves cordate roundish with a long point smooth, Pedunc. thick 3-fl. and cal smooth, Stem muricated Leaves cordate acuminate, Pedunc. filiform 1-fl. and cal. smooth, Stem very hairy \ 4. Leaves sagittate or hastate. Very smooth, Leaves oblong sagittate with a very deep sinus, Auricles acuminate, Pedunc. 1-flowcred Leaves linear hastate pointed, Auricles toothed, Flowers solitary, Cal. sagittate Smooth, Leaves hastate lanceol. or linear acute, Lobes toothed, Pedunc. 1-fl. Sepals oblong lane, ovate Leaves sagittate truncate behind, Peduncles 2-flowered Leaves linear hastate obtuse mueronatc smooth, Auricles nearly entire, Peduncles 1-flowercd .irct dwarf, because it resembles the kidney-bean in its climbing stem. t*Jt is less talL I jalapa is found wild near Mexico, at Xalapa, whence probably the name ol the drug whli h it ro.it affords. !t is said to have been first brought to Kuropc in 1610. It- I irtui .1 a purge reside* chicflj .11 the n D. 140 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cl ASS V. t384. CONVOL'VULUS. IV. Bimd-weed. small _J A w scammony _J A m Maiden-blush jg iO)l or Japanese _£ A °r 2 jl.au 6 jl.s 6 jl.au _£ 1 | or IS jn.s AESclt 12 cloth-leaved tuberous involucrated _J S3 or Virginian _i A or 2259 arvensis IV. 22f>0 scainmonia jr. 2261 erubescens II M. 2262 japonicus ValU. 2263 pannifoliuf W. AT. 2264 Batatas Jf 223.5 bicolor PoM 2266 panduratus HI 2267 althaoldcs W. Althaia-leaved -* A or 1 jn.s 22.18 bryonisfolius B. M. Bryony-leavcd -* i | or ljjl.au 2269 macrocarpus W. long-fruited _$ E2 or 10 jl.au 2270glaber W. smooth _$ □ or 12 my.jn 2271 pentanthus B. M. 2272 canadensis W. 2273 farinosus IV. 2274ciliatus Wen. 2275 maximus W. 9Ti6 Hermanniae W. Convolutildceaf. Sp. 34 — 185. ljjn.s F Britain cor. ft H co Eng.bot.3I2 W.pu Levant 1596. R s.l Mill. ic. 1. t 1ii2 Pk n. s. w. iaea Pu China 1817. C r.m Bot. mag 1()67 D co Bot. reg. 322 B W.pu India R s 1 Bot. reg. 222 R r.m Rhed. mal.7. t.50 •" ••• "IT— ■ " — ■*■■ " — — • .. w«. fi jn.au W.pu Isl. Francel818. Bot. mag. 2205 12 jn.s W.pu N. Amer. 1732. R p.l Bot. mag. 1939 R s.l Bot. mag. 359 R s.l Bot. mag. 943 S co Plum. ic.t.91.f.l C p.l Aub. gui. t. 53 five-flowered _& □ or 6 jl.s Canary _£ i | or 20 my.s mealy-stalked _J tAI or 6 my.jn hairv J O or 6 jl.s great-Ceylon _| [Z3 or 20 jl Peruvian _j lAJ or 5 au.s Pk Levant 1597. Pk China 1802. Pu S. Amer. 1752. W Cayenne 1806. LB E. Indies 1808. Pu Canaries 1690. Pk Madeira 1777. Pk 1816. Pk Ceylon 1799. W Peru 1799. C s.l Bot. mag. 2151 R s.l Bot. mag. 1228 R s.l Par. lond. 45 S co R r.m Rhd. mal.ll.t.53 R r.m Jac. ic. 2. t. 315 2277 siculus W. 2278 elongatus W. en. small-flowered Jk Q or long-peduncled -5k O or 1 jn.au LB S. Europe 1640. S co Bot. reg. 445 1 jl.au W Canaries 1815. S co Bot. reg. 498 2279 Imperati Vahl. Imperati 's JiAor 1 ... Y Naples 1824. 1) CO Cyrill. fasc. 1. 1.5 22S0 reptans IV. creeping ^□or 1 ... Pu E. Indies 1806. B p.l Rum. 5. 1. 155. £1 2281 hirtus IV. hairy-stalked .* rrfior 3 jn.au B E Indies 1804. S s.l 2282 suffYuticosus H. K. shrubby -*l_|or 1 jl Pk Madeira 1788. R r.m Bot. reg. 133 22a3 pentapetaloides IV Majorca J: O or ijn LB Majorca 1789. s co Jac. col.4.t.22.f.2 22S41ineatus IV. dwarf -* A or i Jn Pu S. Europe 1714. R s.l Tri.ob.91.t.91.f.2 228". saxatilis W. rock -* lAJor ijn W S. Europe 1796. R s.l Bo. mus.l38.t.96 2286 Cneorum W. silvery-leaved -* i I or 3 my.s Pk Levant 1640. C Pi Bot mag. 459 2287 linearis W. narrow-leaved -i i | or 1J my.s Pk 1770. C 1-1> Bot. mag. 289 22*H cantabrica IV. Flax-leaved -* A or 1 mv.s F S. Europe 1680. R s.l Jac. aus. 3. t.296 2289 Dorjcnium W. silky-leaved -* or H injl Pk Levant 1806. C s.l 22!I0 scoparius IV. Broom -* 1 |or 2 au.s W Canaries 1733 C s.l Vent, choix. 24 2231 flnridus IV. many-flowered Jk | | or li au.s Pk Canaries 1779. c pi Jac. ic. 1. t. 34 2292 tricolor W. three-colored ■* O or 3 jl.au St S. Europe 1629. s CO Bot. mag. 27 385. ARGYREIA. Lour. Silver-weed. 2293 cuneata Ker. wedge-leaved «. n or tiSfi NEMCKPHILA. Nemopiiii.a. 2294 phacelioides shady Jk cu 387. CALYSTEGIA. R. Br. Bearbind. 2295 senium R. Br f? incarndta 2296 syhestris IV. en. 2297 spithama?'a Ph. 22: 8 Soldanella R Br Convolvulacete. Sp. 1 — 4. 2 au.* Pu E. Indies 1822. Boraginete. Sp. 1. 1 jl.au B N. Amer. 1822. Convolvulacece. Sp. 3 — 7. 6 jn.s W Britain m.hed. N. Amer Hungary 1815. N. Amer. 1796. Britain seash. C s.l Bot. reg. 661 S co Bot. mag. 2373 R s.l Eng. bot. 313 R co Bot. mag. 732 R co R co Hook. ex. fl. 97 R s.l Eng. bot. 314 History, L'sc, Propagation, Culture, 384. Convolvulus. From convvlvert; to entwine. This is an extensive genus of some beauty, and the C. batatas is of known utility as an edible root. The stems in the greater number of species are herbaceous and twining, a few are shrubby, and one or two very low herbs. C. arvensis has white jointed worm-like roots, very difficult to eradicate in gardens or corn-fields : it is con- sidered as a certain indication of a dry soil. C. scammonia, named in Arabia Scamunia I ' Forsk. Golius), affords the gummy resin of that name from the roots, which are three or four feet long, from nine to twelve inches in circumference, and contain a milky juice. The top of the root being bared of earth, it is cut through in a sloping direction, and a shell or cup placed close to the section for the juice to run into. This juice hardened is the true scammony, chiefly used as a stimulating cathartic. C. turpetlium is derived from turbid, its name in Arabia (Golius.) C. batatas, Batatas is Malay according to Rumphius, Mexican according to Nieremberg) skirrets of Peru, or Spanish potatoes, is a native of both Indies and China. It came first to Spain from the West Indies, from thence it u.is imported here annually, and sold as a delicacy. It is the potatoe of Shakspeare andcontem|w>rary writers, the Solatium tuberosum being then secretly known ill Europe. The batatas is cultivated in all the tro- OKI I. PI', NT A N I) II I A M ()N()(. V N I A HI and, IVdunc. axillary solitary about 2-flowercd ... I.i'iu'> lanceolate hastate acute, Auricles 1-toothcd behind. Stem simple, Peduncles 1-llowcred <) 2. Climbing; leaves cordate liast.ite 22ii'5 leaves cordate hastate hirsute, l'edunc. aliout 3-rlowcred, Bract, linear remote from calyx HBt Leaves cordate hastate angular lol>ed 5-nerved smoothish, l'ed. long, Fl. fasc. .Sepals lanceol. acuminate t) 3. Climbing ; leaves cordate lobffl. 22(13 leaves cordate villous at the base angular lobed, Peduncle* 1-Howered, Outer sepals bract-like 22flri Pubescent, Leave! broad cordate entire or lobed fiddle-sha|>e(l, l'edunc. long, 1 lowers fascicled j 4. Climbing ; leaves nninale or palmate. 2967 leaves cordate sinuate silky lobes repaint, Pcdiiiic. 2-flowered i e ives 7-lobed palmate hispid middle lobe sinuated drawn out, Pcdunc. ax ill. solitary very long jointed 22(i9 Lmtm palmate |>edate 5-parted, Pedunc. 1-Howereil '-'.Tii Very smooth, Leaves digitate quinatc. Leaflets stalked acuminate entire, Pedunc. branched divaricating $ 5. Climbing ; haves cordate or snbeordate. 9871 leaves oblong cordate acuminate subrcpand smooth, Pedunc. umlielled 5-flowercd, Flowers sessile I eaves cordate pul>escent, Stem perennial villous, Pedunc. many-flowered 2-.7;5 Leaves cordate acuminate repaixl, Pedunc. 3-flowcred, Stem mealy 227+ Leaves cordate ovate acuminate ciliated, Heads stalked very hairy with an involucrum 2275 Leaves cordate ovate acuminate entire smooth, Stem and leaf-stalks smooth 227(5 Tomcntosc, Leaves cordate oblong obtuse subrepand, Pedunc, longer than stalk, Limb acute () fi. Prostrate ; leaves cordate. 2277 leaves cord, ovate upper acute, Ped. 1-fl. shorter than leaves, Bractes obi. lane, longer than ciliated cal. 2278 Leaves cordate ovate cusp. Ped. 2-fl. longer than leaves, Brictes tin. subul. shorter than parted |>edunrle ^7. Piostrate; leaves cordate lobed or hastate. 2279 Leaves panduriform or entire cmarginate cordate at base, Peduncles 1-flowcred, Stem creeping 2,.v80 leaves hastate lanceolate, Auricles rounded, Stem creeping, Peduncles 1-flowcred 2281 Leaves cordate and somewhat hastate villous, Stem and leaf-stalks hairy, Peduncles many-flowered otatoe, but with more room for its trailing italics. Not only the tubers, but the young leaves and tender shoots are boiled and eaten ;and, as is the case with all plant, long in cultivation, there are several varieties. C. tricolor is a well known border-annual, commonly called C. minor, with reference to another border- flower, l|>omo?a purpurea, which gardeners and seedsmen commonly call C. major. C. reptans, is a common potherb in the East Indies and in China. 3K5. Argyreia. From ctfyvfn, silver, in allusion to the silvery texture of the leaves of the plant. A beau- tiful genus nearly related to Convolvulus. 886. Nemophila. From x,u«, a grove, and ? i>.m, to love; the species growing in shady woods. A mall hardy N. American plant, with bright blue flowers and divided leaves. 387. Calystegia. r rom *ma>a, only by the urasenoa of bractea?, and by its capsule being one-celled. C. sepium, the Convolvulus sepium of Willdcunw, has medical properties similar to Scammony, for which Withering thinks it may serve as a substitute Swine, it is said, tut the roots in large quantities, and yet are not purgeil by them. C. soldanella is :in acrid purge. 142 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Class V. fi_ iA)or Cfc i£2J or O or • i | cu Jk lAJcu 2 fS88. COB.E'A Cav. Cob^a. 2299 scandens Cav. climbing S89. CAN'TUA. W. Cantua. 2300 coronopifolia W. scarlet 2301 inconspicua H. K. small-blue tc5°0 HOITZIA. Cav. HorrziA. 2.'X)2 coccinea Cav. scarlet 2303 caralea Cav. blue 391. RET'ZIA. Th. Retzia. 2304spicata Th. spiked 392. LUBI'NIA. Conim. Li dinia. 2305 atropurpiirea Lk. dark-purple 139.3. EPA'CRIS. R. Br. Epacris. 2306 purpuriscens R. Br. rigid it i I or £307 pulehella R Br sweet-scented it | | or 231.8 grandiflora R. Br. crimson it | I or 2 109 obtusitolia R. Br. blunt-leaved » i | or 2310 exserta R. Br. exserted » \ I or 2311 microphjlla R. Br. small-leaved *i | or t394. STYPHE'LIA. R.Br. Styphelia. 2312 longifolia R. Br. long-leaved it \ | or 2)13 vindiflora R. Br. green-flowered » i | or 2>14 triflora R. Br. three-flowered it i | or 231.5 tubi flora R. Br. crimson it i | or 395. LISSAN'THE R.Br. Lissanthe. 2316 daphnoides R Br. Daphne-leaved it | | or 396. ASTROLCMA. R. Br. Astroloma. 2317 humifusum R- Br. Juniper-leaved it | | or 397. SPRENGE'LIA. R.Br. Sprengelia. 2318 incarnata R. Br. flesh-colored it | | or 398. ANDERStyNIA. R.Br. Andersoxia. 2319 sprengelioides/V..Br. Sprengelia-like it | | or t.399. LYSINE'MA. R.Br. Lysinema. 2320 pungens R. Br. pungent * I I or /3 riibrum red - * i I or 2321 attenuatum Lk narrow-flower'dit ( | or tWO. MONCTOCA. R. Br. Monotoca. 2322 elHptica R. Br. elliptic « i | or 2323 lineata R. Br. ined it i | or 1824. 1824. C r.m C r.m Cobtvace.e. Sp. 1. 20 my.o Pu Mexico 1792. S pi Bot. mag. 8.71 Polemoniaceie. Sp. 2 — 16. 3 au s S Carolina 172.5. C l.p 2 s.n B America 1793. S co Polemoniacea?. Sp. 2 — 5 3 ... S Mexico 1 ... Pa.B Mexico Convolvulacece. Sp. 1. 4 my.jn Br C. G. H. PrimulacetB ... Pu Epacrideie. ja.mr Pu Pk S w w ap.jn ja.jn ap.jn ap.jn Sp. 1—3. C. G. H. Sp 6—18. N. S. W. N. S. W. N. S. W. N. S. W. V. Di. L. N. S. W. Sn.4— 8. N. S. W. N. S. \V. N. S. W. N. S. W. Ex. bot. 1. t. 13 Ex. bot. 1. 1 14 Cav. ic. 6. t. 3675 Cav. ic. & t. 366 ... C 1 p Lam. ilL t. 103 1820. C l.p H. be'. 27 Epacridece. ap.jn G ap.jn G my.au Pk my.au C Epacrid&e. jn.jl W Epacridcte. Sp. 1 — 6. my o S N. S. W. Epacridece. Sp. 1 — 2. ap.jn F N. S. W. Epacridece. Sp. 1 — 6. mr.jl Pk N. HoU. Sp. 1—6. N. Holl. 1803. 1804. 1803. 1804 1812. 1822. 1S07. 1791 1796. 1802. 1818. 1803. C s.p C s.p C s.p C s.p C l.p C Lp C lp C s.p C s.p S s.p C 8.p C s.p C s.p C s.p Bot. mag. 844 Bot. mag. 1170 Bot. mag. 982 Ex. bot 1. t. 40 Bot. reg. 24 Bot. rep. 312 Bot. mag. 1297 Smith n. hoi. t.14 Bot. cab. 466 Bot. mag. 1439 Bot. mag. 1719 Bot. mag. 1645 Bot. mag. 844 Bot. mag. 1199 Bot. cab. 38 L.nov.holl.l.t.61 History, Use, Propagation, Cuttuit, 388. Cobaa. In honor of Barnadez Cobo, a Spanish Jesuit, who wrote upon subjects of natural history about the middle of the 17th century. The name arose H>ith Cavanilles. This is the most rapid growing greenhouse climber known, having been found to grow 200 feet in length in one summer in a conservatory. It will thrive almost equally well in the open air during summer, but is destroyed by frost ; and its shoots are only of annual, or at most of biennial duration. It strikes in sand in moist heat, but it generally ripens Beeds, which, sown early in spring, and forwarded in a stove, will flower in the greenhouse or open air the same season. 389. Cantua. From Cantu, the native name of the genus among the Peruvians. Pretty greenhouse plants, rarely seen in gardens. 390. Hoitxia. Hoitzit is the name of this plant in Mexico. A handsome plant with brilliant scarlet flowers. It is occasionally raised from Mexican seed, but is very rare in collections. 391. Retzia. Named after John Retzius, professor of hotany at Lund, in Sweden. His Observationes Bo- tanies? is a work of reputation. A small upright shrub with whorled lanceolate leaves, and clustered brown flowers, almost hidden among the leaves. 392. Lubinia. A genus dedicated by Commerson to M. de Saint Lubin, a French officer who travelled in the East Indies. A small plant with ascending stem and fleshy smooth leaves, of little merit. 393. Epacris. Named by Forster from art, upon, and ccxsof, the top of a thing ; because in New Zealand the species grow on the top of the mountains. A most ornamental genus, which Sweet observes, thrives " best in a sandy peat soil ; the rougher and more turfy the soil is, the better the plants will thrive : these should always be shifted in fresh pots before they are turned out of doors in spring, as their roots are so very fine, and are generally matted round the pots, so that the hot sun coming against the pots destroys them, and they look brown all through the summer, and are very difficult to recover. Young cuttings planted in |>ots of sand under bell-glasses in autumn or winter, or early in spring, will strike root readily, but thsy will not strike so readily in summer : when rooted, they should be potted singly in small pots, and set in a close frame, and must be hardened to the air by degrees." (Bot. Cult. 186.) 394. Styphelia. A name derived from