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McKinney Jifi Kfiz August 29, 1986 Publication 1368 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Information for Contributors to Fieldiana General: Fieldiana is primarily a journal for Field Museum staff members and research associates, although manuscripts from nonaffiliated authors may be considered as space permits. The Journal carries a page charge of $65 per printed page or fraction thereof. Contributions from staff, research associates, and invited authors will be con- sidered for publication regardless of ability to pay page charges, but the full charge is mandatory for nonaffiliated authors of unsolicited manuscripts. Payment of at least 50% of page charges qualifies a paper for expedited process- ing, which reduces the publication time. Manuscripts should be submitted to Dr. Timothy Plowman, Scientific Editor, Fieldiana, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, USA. 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Each author will normally receive a copy of the edited manuscript on which deletions, additions, and changes can be made and queries answered. Only one set of page proofs will be sent. All desired corrections of type must be made on the single set of page proofs. Changes in page proofs (as opposed to corrections) are very expensive. Author-generated changes in page proofs can only be made if the author agrees in advance to pay for them. FIELDIANA Geology NEW SERIES, NO. 15 Lower Devonian Fenestrata (Bryozoa) of the Prague Basin, Barrandian Area, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia Frank K. McKinney Research Associate Department of Geology Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 Appalachian State University Boone, North Carolina 28608 Jifi KHz Geological Survey P.O. Box 85 Praha Oil -Maid Strana 118 21 Czechoslovakia Accepted for publication October 10, 1985 August 29, 1986 Publication 1368 IU IMS >0 This work forms a contri- bution to the International Geological Correlation Pro- gramme, project No. 53— ECOSTRATIGRAPHY. PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY © 1986 Field Museum of Natural History Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-80770 ISSN 0096-2651 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 2 Geological Setting 2 Collecting Localities 4 Methods of Study 4 Definitions of Terms 10 Repositories 10 Stratigraphic Considerations 11 Distribution of Species 11 Comparison with Other Faunas 11 Systematic Treatment 12 Phylum Bryozoa; Class Stenolaemata; Or- der Fenestrata 12 Fenestella 12 F. gracilis (Barrande) 12 F. conopeum McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov 14 F. sp 17 Fabifenestella 17 F. joachimi McKinney & Kf iz, sp. nov. 1 7 Laxifenestella 19 L. capillosa (Pocta) 19 L. digittata (Prantl) 19 Rectifenestella 25 R. exilis (Pocta) 25 Spinofenestella 25 S. inclara (Pocta) 25 Flexifenestella 26 F. bellaforma McKinney & Kf iz, sp. nov 26 Alternifenestella 27 A. strigilla McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. 27 A. estrellita McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. 27 Utropora 30 U. nobilis (Barrande) 30 U. parallela (Barrande) 30 Semicoscinium 34 S. subacta (Pocta) 35 S. discreta (Prantl) 38 Cyclopelta 39 C. sacculus (Barrande) 39 C. victrola McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. 46 C. bohemica (Prantl) 46 Isotrypa 47 /. pannosa (Pocta) 47 /. lineolata (Pocta) 51 /. bifrons (Barrande) 52 /. cancellata (Pocta) 54 /. sportula (Pocta) 57 Hemitrypa 61 H. tenella Barrande 61 H. mimicra McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. 64 H. bohemica Barrande 64 H. linotheras McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov 67 Reteporina 67 R. petala (Pocta) 69 R. transiens (Pocta) 71 Polyporella 71 P. incerta (Prantl) 71 Polypora 75 P. hanusi Prantl 75 P. inusitata McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. 75 Penniretepora 77 P. spinosa (Pocta) 77 P. bohemica (Prantl) 78 Ptylopora 78 P. bohemica Prantl 80 Filites 80 F. bohemicus Barrande 80 Literature Cited 83 Appendix I: Sequential listing of specimens illustrated by Barrande and Pocta 86 Appendix II: Sequential listing of specimens illustrated by Prantl 89 List of Illustrations 1 . Collecting localities in Central Bohemia, Czechoslovakia 3 2. Facies relationships and chronostratigra- phy of Lower and early Middle Devoni- an in the southeast flank of the Prague Syncline, Prague Basin, Barrandian Area, Bohemia 5 3. Columnar section through the lower part of the Zlichov Limestone (Zlicho- vian Stage) at the Kaplicka quarry local- ity in Praha-Hlubocepy 6 4. Linear measures as used in this study . . 7 5. Plot and regression of endozonal length of zooecial chambers in tangential sec- tion against nearest-neighbor spacing of apertures 9 6. Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) 13 in 7. Fenestella conopeum McKinney & Kfiz and Fenestella sp 16 8. Fabifenestella joachimi McKinney & Kfiz 18 9. Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) 20 10. Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) 21 1 1 . Laxifenestella digit tat a (Prantl) 22 12. Fabifenestella joachimi McKinney & Kfiz and Rectifenestella exilis (Pocta) . . 23 13. Spinofenestella inclara (Pocta) and Flex- ifenestella bellaforma McKinney & Kfiz 24 14. Flexifenestella bellaforma McKinney & Kfiz 28 15. Alternifenestella strigilla McKinney & Kfiz 29 16. Alternifenestella estrellita McKinney & Kfiz 31 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 32 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 33 Utropora parallela (Barrande) 35 Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) 36 21. Semicoscinium discreta (Prantl) 37 22. Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) 40 23. Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) 41 24. Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) 42 25. Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kfiz . . 43 26. Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kfiz and Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) 44 27. Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) 45 28. Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) 48 29. Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) 49 30. Isotrypa lineolata (Pocta) 53 3 1 . Isotrypa lineolata (Pocta) and Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) 54 32. Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) 55 33. Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) 56 34. Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) and Isotrypa sportula (Pocta) 57 35. Isotrypa sportula (Pocta) 58 36. Hemitrypa tenella Barrande 59 37. Hemitrypa tenella Barrande 60 38. Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz 62 39. Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz and Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz 63 40. Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande 65 41. Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz 66 42. Reteporina petala (Pocta) 68 43. Reteporina transiens (Pocta) 70 44. Polyporella incerta (Prantl) 72 45. Polypora hanusi Prantl 73 46. Polypora inusitata McKinney & Kfiz ... 74 47. Penniretepora spinosa (Pocta) 76 48. Penniretepora bohemica (Prantl) 79 49. Ptylopora bohemica Prantl 81 50. Filites bohemicus Barrande 82 List of Tables 1 . Measurements of species of Fenestella and related genera 15 2. Measurements of species of Utropora, Semicoscinium, and Cyclopelta 34 3. Measurements of species of Isotrypa and Hemitrypa 50 4. Comparison of morphological features of species of Isotrypa from the Devonian of Bohemia 52 5. Comparison of morphological features of species of Hemitrypa from the Devonian of Bohemia 61 6. Measurements of species of Reteporina, Polyporella, and Polypora 69 7. Measurements of species of Pennirete- pora, Ptylopora, and Filites 78 IV Lower Devonian Fenestrata (Bryozoa) of the Prague Basin, Bar rand ian Area, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia Abstract Diverse and abundant fenestrate bryozoans oc- cur in two Lower Devonian levels of reefal and perireefal limestones of Central Bohemia, within the type area for the Lower Devonian stages. The reefal deposits of the Koneprusy Limestone (Pra- gian) are characterized by greater abundance and diversity, with 29 species. A less abundant and, in large part, different fauna of 1 7 species is found in perireefal and basinal deposits of the younger Zlichov Limestone (Zlichovian). The two faunas have high biostratigraphic, paleogeographic, and evolutionary importance. Five species from the Koneprusy Limestone are newly described: Fenestella conopeum McKinney & Kfiz, Flexifenestella bellaforma McKinney & Kfiz, Alternifenestella strigilla McKinney & Kfiz, Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kfiz, and Hemi- trypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz. Alternifenes- tella estrellita McKinney & Kfiz is newly de- scribed from the Zlichov Limestone; and three new species, Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz, Fabifenestella joachimi McKinney & Kfiz, and Polypora inusitata McKinney & Kfiz, occur in both strata. Twenty-six species originally de- scribed by Barrande, Pocta, and Prantl are rede- scribed on the basis of original and recently col- lected abundant material. Descriptions of new and revised species are based predominantly on thin sections and acetate peels, with emphasis on zooe- cial chamber geometry and linear measurements of both zooidal and zoarial features. Introduction The Devonian was a time of transition in bryo- zoan faunas, from the dominance of trepostomes, cystoporates, and bifoliate cryptostomes among Ordovician and Silurian erect bryozoans to dom- inance by fenestrates by the Devonian's end. Very few Silurian representatives of the order Fenestra- ta had any skeletal elaborations, such as high, ex- panded keels or other superstructures projecting from the branches, and such elaborations were essentially nonexistent during the Ordovician. A great diversity of high, expanded keels and sec- ondary networks became well established, how- ever, by the beginning of Middle Devonian time (Cuffey & McKinney, 1979, text fig. 1). Fenestrate bryozoans are locally abundant and diverse in Lower Devonian reefal bioclastic lime- stones in Central Bohemia. In the quarries of Zlaty Kuh Hill, south of the village of Koneprusy (fig. 1, locality 1), their diversity and abundance are so great that this is one of the most important known sites for Devonian fenestrates and is among the oldest of the fenestrate-dominated bryozoan fau- nas. The pioneering geologist and paleontologist Joachim Barrande (1799-1883) collected fenes- trates along with other fossils from Zlaty Kun Hill and prepared plates illustrating them for an almost completed monograph on Silurian (and Devonian) bryozoans and coelenterates. After his death, his student Philippe Pocta completed the monograph, which was published in 1894. Pocta added new portions to the manuscript but apparently did not rework the plates. Pocta's and Barrande's parts were published together in a volume of Barrande's Sy steme Silurien du Centre de la Boheme. In that monograph, Barrande's and Pocta's taxa are clear- ly attributed to the correct author of each. Ferdinand Prantl published a revision of the Lower Devonian fenestrates of Central Bohemia McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS in 1932, adding specimens from other localities, including one noted in this monograph (fig. 1 , lo- cality 3). Prantl's contribution presents problems, however; although some specimens originally il- lustrated as line drawings by Barrande in Pocta (1894) are reillustrated by photographs in Prantl (1932), magnifications indicated in plate descrip- tions are often incorrect, and an already moder- ately scrambled assignment of specimens to species and genera became even more thoroughly mixed- up. In both publications, very few specimens were examined or illustrated in polished or thin section; virtually all studies were made on zooid-barren, reverse exterior surfaces. Few other papers are devoted to the Lower De- vonian bryozoans of Central Bohemia. Prantl de- scribed a new species of Ptylopora in 1928, and in 1 929 published a preliminary summary of his re- vision of the fenestrates. McKinney (1980) re- cently redescribed the Bohemian fenestrate Utro- pora nobilis and revised the concept of the genus. Cryptostome and cystoporate bryozoans from the Lower Devonian of Bohemia were described by Prantl (1 935), and trepostomes were briefly treated by Prantl (1933) and by Astrova (1970). These nonfenestrate bryozoans are in need of more at- tention. The purpose of the present study is to redescribe the Lower Devonian fenestrate bryozoans of Cen- tral Bohemia, including qualitative and quanti- tative description of external and internal features. Such restudy is desirable because of the quality, uniqueness, and critical stratigraphic level of the fauna in the rise to dominance of fenestrates among erect bryozoans, and especially because four fe- nestrate genera— Utropora, Seriopora, Filites, and Pseudoisotrypa—are based on type species from these beds. Most important, however, is the bio- stratigraphic value of knowing the fenestrates of the Koneprusy Limestone from this type region for the Pragian Stage, and of the Zlichov Lime- stone, which immediately overlies the Pragian Stage and constitutes the basis for the Zlichovian Stage. This monograph is based on the original collec- tions of fenestrates made by Barrande, Pocta, and Prantl, which are deposited in the National Mu- seum (Natural History), Prague; and on large col- lections totaling several hundred specimens made by one of us (JK) during the period 1956-1972 and by both of us in 1981 and 1983. In addition, a few specimens from the collection of the Geo- logical Survey, Prague, were studied. Acknowledgments Ivo Chlupac provided field discussions of the localities, guidance through the Devonian of Cen- tral Bohemia, and comments about the sedimen- tary environment of the Koneprusy and Zlichov Limestones; V. Turek helped with preparation of samples in the National Museum, Prague; R. Pro- kop and A. Skalicky provided access to and as- sistance with collections in the National Museum (Natural History), Prague; M. J. McKinney as- sisted with preparation of peels and measurements of specimens; D. Bowman helped set up statistical procedures; and V. Havlicek, R. S. Boardman, R. J. Cufley and A. S. Horowitz read the manuscript. The Geological Survey, Prague, and Appalachian State University gave support, and acknowledg- ment is made to the Donors of the Petroleum Re- search Foundation for partial support of this re- search (to FKM). The major support for this research was the op- portunity for us to work together at the National Museum in Prague for a total of two months in 1981 and 1983. This was made possible by grants for travel and subsistence to FKM through the joint exchange program of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences and the Czechoslovak Acad- emy of Sciences. To all, we are grateful. Geological Setting In Central Bohemia the fenestrate-bearing, Lower Devonian reefal fossil grainstones represent a part of the Ordovician to Devonian sequence developed in the linear sedimentary depression known as the Prague Basin (Havlicek, 1981). The Paleozoic sediments form a portion of the Upper Proterozoic to Middle Paleozoic sedimentary complex of the Barrandian Area, which was first investigated by Joachim Barrande in the period 1831-1883. The sedimentary complex of this re- gion is studied extensively still as a classic se- quence for the Silurian and Devonian Periods. Chronostratigraphy of the Lower Devonian rocks of the Prague Basin is based on Bohemian stages as defined by Chlupac (1976, 1982) and accepted as the standard Lower Devonian stages (Lochko- vian and Pragian) by the Subcommission on De- vonian Stratigraphy in 1 983. The lithostratigraphy and facies development of the Czech Devonian FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY *> .e* O > o CO Q_ cr >- cr o Q_ LU >cr ►o o ►CO cr ►cj > cr o z UJ ►co > z Q cr O (NJ o CO E o ►oclQ ►CO cr o z LU »UJ O Q > O o o >- < <_J >z 1 »LT >LU A < CO iM >- Z 3 \ CO > cr Q_ O SI LU O1 CO CO o McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS were studied by Chlupac (1955, 1957, 1968, 1976) (fig. 2). In general, Lower Devonian sedimentary rocks in the Prague Basin vary from white, well- washed, whole-fossil boundstones and grainstones to black micritic limestones and calcareous shales. The majority are medium- to dark-colored, have appreciable quantities of lime mud and clay, and are interpreted as ramp and basinal deposits. The smaller volume of light-colored rocks that essen- tially lack fine-grained constituents are interpreted as reef core and flank deposits that locally formed on topographically high spots around the margin of the basin. The reef centers migrated or died off and reformed in new spots, for the reefal deposits indicate different centers of growth in different Lower Devonian stages. More detailed lithostrat- igraphic settings and paleoenvironmental inter- pretations for each collecting site are given in the following section. Collecting Localities All the material investigated herein was col- lected from only four localities and two strati- graphic levels. These represent the only known, presently available sources of fenestrates in the Lower Devonian of the Prague Basin. 1. Koneprusy. The locality name Koneprusy represents the quarries on the slopes of Zlaty Kun Hill, south of the village of Koneprusy, near Be- roun (fig. 1, locality 1). Fenestrates deposited in older collections were mostly collected in the Cis- afsky lorn quarry and in the Houbuv lorn quarry. (For detailed geological and topographical maps, see Svoboda & Prantl, 1 949.) New collections were made by the authors from the crinoidal grain- stones exposed in the rock face and from derived rubble opposite the Houbuv lorn quarry face in which the entrances to the Koneprusy Caverns are located. According to Chlupac (1955, 1957), the transition between reef-core and reef-flank depos- its that are part of the Koneprusy Limestone reef complex of the Pragian Stage is exposed in this region of Zlaty Kun Hill. These limestones contain a rich fauna dominated by brachiopods, crinoids, bryozoans, algae, and corals, and have been widely studied since Barrande's time. Disarticulated cri- noid plates that are difficult or impossible to iden- tify as to species or genus are the most abundant constituent of the rock; fenestrate bryozoans con- stitute the most abundant identifiable element. 2. Solopysky. Rare fragmentary but important specimens of fenestrates were collected from the lower part of the Zlichov Limestone at a locality near the village of Solopysky (fig. 1 , locality 2). This locality was described in detail by Chlupac (1957, pp. 376-378). New collections were made by the authors in the coarse-grained, broken-fossil packstone marked by Chlupac (1957, p. 377, fig. 1) as the level rich in fragmentary trilobite, bra- chiopod, and bryozoan remains. This layer rep- resents sedimentation influenced by the early Zli- chovian Age reef complex in the Prague region, but was at a greater distance from the reef than the Kaplicka quarry locality, as indicated by the thinner broken-fossil packstones and the smaller fragmentary remains of the fauna. 3. Kaplicka. Initial sedimentation of the Zlichov Limestone (Zlichovian Stage) in the vicinity of Prague was influenced by the existence of another reef complex that was eroded during post- Variscan time. At the base of the Zlichov Limestone is a facies consisting of whole- to broken-fossil pack- stones and wackestones and limestone breccias, called the Chapel Coral Horizon. This horizon represents perireefal sediments derived from a reef that was situated southeast of the Kaplicka quarry locality, which is in Praha-Hlubocepy (fig. 1, lo- cality 3). Several beds (levels 2, 3, and 6 in fig. 3) are rich in fenestrates as well as in brachiopods, crinoids, and corals. The geology, stratigraphy, and paleontology of this locality were studied by Chlu- pac (1957, 1982) and by Havlicek (1956, 1967). New collections were made by the authors in level 6 (fig. 3). 4. Srbsko. A small collection of fragmentary fe- nestrate specimens was made from the lower part of the Zlichov Limestone where laid open in near- vertical beds, in a roadside exposure on the left bank of the Berounka River south of the village of Srbsko (fig. 1 , locality 4). The Srbsko section displays upper Lochkovian through Zlichovian strata and has been described in detail by Chlupac (1957, 1968). The lower part of the Zlichov Lime- stone consists of cherty, graded, broken-fossil packstones to mudstones with some dark shales intercalated between the limestone beds. Bryo- zoans were collected from Schonlaub's conodont sample beds 37 and 49 (Chlupac et al., 1 980), both of which are graded crinoidal packstones. The Zli- chov Limestone here represents basinal sedimen- tation, as indicated by the black shales and graded bedding, and was influenced by one or more early Zlichovian Age reefs. Methods of Study All specimens available, including those in the National Museum (Natural History) and the Geo- FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY £ J I 3 to g g McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS r-400cm -200cm Lo Fig. 3. Columnar section through the lower part of the Zlichov Limestone (Zlichovian Stage) at the Kaplicka quarry locality in Praha-Hlubocepy. 1, irregularly bed- ded lime mudstones with chert; 2, massive whole- to broken-fossil lime packstone and wackestone with boul- ders of fossil lime packstones and diagenetic chert; 3, coarse fossil lime packstones with chert; 4, irregularly bedded lime mudstones with chert; 5, fine-grained bro- ken-fossil lime packstones and wackestones with chert; 6, fine- and coarse-grained broken-fossil lime packstone with nodular lower bedding plane, containing fragmen- tary bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, rostroconchs, tri- lobites, and corals; 7, fine-grained broken-fossil lime packstones and wackestones. Measured in 1981. logical Survey in Prague and those collected by us, were grouped according to external similarities. These include growth form; spacing of branches and dissepiments; width of branches; and presence and type of superstructure, where visible. Where such qualitatively determined groups contained 1 0 or fewer specimens, small fragments of a few to about 1 00 mm2 were broken or cut from each of them for preparation of acetate peels or thin sections. Where groups contained more than 10 specimens, acetate peels or thin sections were initially made from 1 0 specimens. If more than one set of internally distinguishable character states were included within the 10 cut specimens, they were regrouped by using both external and internal characters such as chamber shape and skeletal microstructure. Peels or thin sections were prepared from additional specimens in an attempt to get 10 specimens for each of the new groupings. Acetate peels were prepared for specimens from Koneprusy, Solopysky, and Srbsko, following pro- cedures of Boardman and Utgaard (1964). Thin sections were prepared for most specimens from Kaplicka because leaching and partial silicification have rendered most of the rock too friable and unsuitable for preparation of peels. With few ex- ceptions, fragments from which peels or thin sec- tions were made were imbedded in small epoxy blocks for better cohesion and for ease of handling, following procedures given by Nye et al. (1972). In several cases serial peels were made, cutting through progressively deeper levels within the col- ony fragment. Cut surfaces, i.e., thin sections and peels of fe- nestrates viewed by transmitted light, are neces- sary for determination of zooecial chamber shape and other internal character states, such as skeletal microstructure. In addition, unless weathered free from the matrix, most fenestrates have the frontal surface adhering to the rock, both in outcrop and in hand specimen, and consequently obscured; the relatively featureless reverse surface is much more typically exposed. Aperture size, spacing, and dis- tribution cannot, therefore, be determined for most specimens prior to production of cut surfaces. The tendency of frontal surfaces of fenestrates to be obscured by embedment in the rock matrix was noted soon after work began on them in the late 19th century (Young, 1877). The standard cut surface is the tangential sec- tion, which is parallel with the surface of the fe- nestrate frond and ideally cuts the branches at dif- ferent levels in different parts of the section. A few FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY :£RD: Fig. 4. Linear measures as used in this study. Definitions of abbreviations are given below. transverse sections, which are perpendicular to branch axes, were cut for most species; they are especially useful for determining the cross-sec- tional shapes of basal plates and the height of su- perstructure, where present. In addition, a few lon- gitudinal sections, which are cut along branch length perpendicular to the frontal surface, were prepared for species whenever possible; these sec- tions are most useful for determination of angles between basal plates and transverse zooecial walls. Images of the thin sections and peels were pro- jected at about 50 x magnification for measure- ment of characters. About one-third of the total measurements were made by using a scale and manually recording the values. The remainder were made by projecting the magnified images onto a Hi-Pad digitizing board and touching a cursor to the two end points that define the distance being measured; distances were automatically scaled ac- cording to magnification of the image and stored in an Apple II microcomputer. Ten measurements of each character were made on each specimen where possible, and as many measurements as possible were made where 1 0 were not available. Six types of measurements were regularly made (fig. 4): spacing between branch centers (BRS); branch width (BRW); spacing from midline to midline of adjacent dissepiments (DS); spacing be- tween centers of adjacent apertures or distal tubes within a longitudinal row (DTS); endozonal zooe- cial chamber width (CW); and aperture or distal tube diameter (DTW). In addition to these types of measures, the angle between the basal plate and transverse zooecial walls (BA) was determined where possible; distance from the basal plate to upper surface of superstructure was measured where a superstructure was present; maximum spacing was measured between midlines of adja- cent, strongly sinuous branches (BRSM) in Flex- ifenestella and Reteporina; width of pinnae (LBR W) was measured in Penniretepora and Ptylopora; en- dozonal width of zooecial chambers in main branches (CWM) and in lateral branches (CWL) were distinguished in Filites; and, in Polypora, spacing between centers of nearest-neighbor (NN) apertures or distal tubes diagonally between rows was measured. The measured characters include both zooecial and extrazooecial features. Size, shape, and spac- ing of zooecial chambers are closely related to po- McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS lypide size, shape, and number of tentacles in liv- ing stenolaemates (McKinney & Boardman, in press). Zooecial features in the Bohemian fenes- trates that were measured are similar to those with relatively low variability within species of living stenolaemates that have high correlation with po- lypide sizes and structures. Aperture diameters correlate with lophophore diameters at 0.783 (P < 0.01) for cheilostomes and at 0.826 {P < 0.001) in living stenolaemates (McKinney & Jackson, in press). Inasmuch as apertures in fenestrates are the outer ends of distal tubes and have the same di- ameter, diameters of distal tubes were measured because apertures typically are embedded in sed- iment. Spacing between zooidal apertures has very low variability and correlates at 0.84 (P < 0.001) with tentacle number and also at 0.84 (P < 0.00 1) with lophophore diameter in cheilostomes (McKinney & Jackson, in press). Correlation of spacing be- tween zooidal apertures with lophophore diameter is not known for living stenolaemates, but nearest- neighbor spacing correlates at 0.76 (P < 0.01) with number of tentacles in free-walled stenolaemates, which is slightly higher than correlation of maxi- mum or minimum chamber diameter with num- ber of tentacles (McKinney & Boardman, in press). Therefore, we measured spacing between zooecial apertures or distal tubes as well as endozonal zooe- cial chamber width. Endozonal zooecial chamber length as seen in tangential section was not measured for all spec- imens because it is only a portion of the total length of the strongly curved or bent zooecia. It was, however, measured and compared with spacing between distal tubes for several specimens in sev- eral species (fig. 5). Correlation between the two is very high (r = 0.95, P < 0.0001, N = 49) if Spi- nofenestella inclara (Pocta) is removed from the sample, and the intercept of 0.019 mm is equal to the thickness of the transverse zooecial wall, which has low variability throughout the fenestrates. In S. inclara the two rows of zooecia in each branch are completely overlapped, so that successive zooecia in a row are separated from one another by two skeletal walls and by a zooecial chamber that belongs to the companion zooecial row. Therefore, endozonal chamber length as seen in tangential sections is much less than the spacing between distal tubes and apertures in this species, making it anomalous within the fauna for this fea- ture. Extrazooecial features measured include the spacings and widths of branches and dissepiments. Branch spacing is highly characteristic for species and has fairly low variability. Wherever distance between branches becomes greater than about 20%-25% of the norm, bifurcation occurs; it is by this means that the uniformly spaced branches constitute coherent filtration sheets that are ap- parently necessary for fenestrates and similar post- Paleozoic arborescent unilaminate bryozoans (McKinney, 1981). Branch width is a compound feature dependent upon width of axial wall, width of zooecial cham- bers, amount of zooecial overlap along the branch axial plane, and thickness of extrazooecial skeleton along the branch sides. Total branch width, how- ever, has a moderately low coefficient of variabil- ity (CV ~ 1 5) within species, but differs substan- tially between species and apparently is an important determinant in resistance to flow of fil- tered water passing through the colony. We there- fore include branch width as a useful taxonomic character, even though it is in part redundant with chamber width. Dissepiment spacing has low variability in some specimens and species and quite high variability in others; its CV ranges from 3.4 to 41.8 in the species studied herein. Inasmuch as dissepiments connect adjacent branches, they provide greater structural integrity to the colony by decreasing the distance over which stress is translated along single branches (McKinney, 1982). Their presence, how- ever, interferes with flow of filtered water between branches, and so their spacing seems to be critical to the colony and is considered an important taxo- nomic character. Their width as measured parallel with branch axes is, on the other hand, difficult to determine in thin sections and peels; it also in- creases proximally at a greater rate than does branch thickness. Therefore, we consider dissep- iment width to be at present of limited taxonomic usefulness and only describe it in general terms relative to branch width. We have not measured length and width of fe- nestrate openings because those measures are de- pendent on spacing and width of dissepiments and on spacing and width of branches. Fenestrates, although of apparent functional importance in al- lowing filtered water to pass from frontal to reverse sides of colonies (Cowen & Rider, 1972; Mc- Kinney, 1977; Cook, 1977; Winston, 1978, 1979, 1981; Taylor, 1979; McKinney et al., 1986), are the residue— albeit apparently necessary— of other attributes of the colony. In addition, there is some disagreement in the literature as to what consti- tutes fenestrate measurements. Some investigators FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY CO CO cs E o o CN g *o 0) o o * N CN c 0) 00 ->0.392 Y=0.01934-0.8897X r = 0.9511 (P<0.000l) .'20 .22 .24 .26 .28 .30 .32 34 .36 Nearest- neighbor spacing Fig. 5. Plot and regression of endozonal length of zooecial chambers in tangential section against nearest-neighbor spacing of apertures in 49 specimens of Fenestella gracilis; F. conopeum; Laxifenestella capillosa; L. digittata; Rectifenestella exilis; Fabifenestella joachimi; Flexifenestella bellaforma; Utropora nobilis; U. parallela; Cyclopelta sacculus; Isotrypa cancellata; I. bifrons; I. sportula; Hemitrypa tenella; and H. mimicra. Arrow indicates point for Spinofenestella inclara, which falls off the graph and is not included in the regression. Each point is based on 20 measurements. have measured openings (e.g., Astrova & Shish- ova, 1963; Kodsi, 1967), while others have mea- sured branch and dissepiment spacing (e.g., Elias, 1964; Tavener-Smith, 1973). This study does not make use of the micrometric formula, which is a method of recording the num- ber of branches, dissepiments, zooecial apertures, and carinal nodes per unit of distance across the frond surface. Elements on which the micrometric formula is based were introduced by F. M'Coy (1844). It was formalized by V. P. Nekhoroshev (1926a) and has been used with various modifi- cations in most studies of fenestrates ever since. Nevertheless, we agree with Tavener-Smith ( 1 966) that the micrometric formula should be aban- doned in favor of measurements of single struc- tures. Such combinative measurements as are used in the formula are not as precise as measurements on single items, which are as easily made, and may be influenced by more than one variable. In order to compare the Bohemian Lower Devonian fe- nestrates with known Devonian species from other areas, published micrometric formulas were con- verted into estimates of spacing. The resulting es- timates were checked by directly measuring the spacings from illustrations within the publica- tions. Data matrices were generated for each genus, McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS using the mean of the measures for each character (columns) of each specimen (rows). The data ma- trices were analysed by cluster analysis for cases without weighting the characters, using the single linkage method provided in the Biomedical Data Package (Dixon et al., 1981). The resulting clusters were compared with the qualitatively grouped specimens and found to agree consistently, with few exceptions. Where the qualitative and quan- titative clustering did not correspond, the speci- men in question was again examined in detail and compared with its two possible groups. If there were similarities in chamber shape or skeletal mi- crostructure with the original group but not with the quantitatively-determined group, the speci- men was retained with its original group. Where no such unmeasured features differed between the two possible groups, the specimen was transferred to its quantitatively-determined group. Descriptive statistics recorded in Tables 1-3, 5, and 7 were computed by the "Condescriptive" package, available in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Nie et al., 1970). Additional sta- tistics provided by the package are on file at the National Museum (Natural History), Prague. Definitions of Terms Aperture— Skeletal opening at distal end of zooecium; the outer end of a distal tube, generally situated on or elevated slightly above frontal sur- face. Autozooecium— The most common type of zooecium, presumed to be the skeleton of an au- tozooid and to have contained feeding polypide. Axial Wall— Straight to zigzag wall of granular skeleton between basal plate and frontal surface, perpendicular to but continuous with basal plate, extending along length of branch and dividing the two rows of zooecia in biserial fenestrates. Basal Plate— Thin, generally continuous sheet of granular skeleton, part of which constitutes the reverse wall of autozooecia; generally transversely curved but planar in some; crenellated into one to several rounded, longitudinal ridges on reverse side. Dissepiment— Skeletal bar between adjacent branches; with a core of granular skeleton but con- sisting predominantly of lamellar skeleton. Distal Tube— Cylindrical, exozonal, distal por- tion of zooecium, generally oriented sharply away from basal plate by abrupt bend at endozone- exozone boundary and of reduced diameter com- pared with remainder of zooecium. Extrazooecial— Skeleton deposited and re- maining outside zooecial boundaries. Frontal (Surface)— Surface of branch of zoar- ium that bears autozooecial apertures or toward which apertures are directed if they are situated laterally on branches; as used here, the term is not related to frontal walls of fixed- wall stenolaemates or cheilostomes (Boardman & Cheetham, 1983). Gonozooecium— Inflated polymorphic zooe- cium presumed to have functioned as brood cham- ber in which eggs developed into larvae. Granular Skeleton— Skeleton consisting of coarsely granular calcite and appearing clear in peels and thin sections; constitutes basal plates, axial and transverse walls, and cores of styles. Hemiseptum— Skeletal plate projecting partially across zooecial chamber, most commonly from inside of bend at boundary between endozone and exozone, less commonly projecting from basal plate or distal transverse wall. Keel— Ridge along midline of frontal surface of branch, formed by outer edge of axial wall, either low or high. Lamellar Skeleton— Skeleton that appears to be composed of thin lamellae deposited in most places parallel with branch surface; composed of platy calcite crystals. Peristome— Sleeve elevated above the adjacent skeletal surface, surrounding the aperture. Reverse (Surface)— Surface of branch or zoar- ium that bears no autozooecial apertures and away from which apertures are directed; on opposite side of basal plate from autozooecia. Style— Skeletal rod, generally less than 10 /un in diameter and located in extrazooidal skeleton in the Fenestrata, around which laminae are de- flected toward the zoarial surface. Superstructure— Skeletal structure borne on high keels or spines above frontal surface; con- sisting of expanded flanges along outer edge of keels or of laterally fused spines extending from keels or spine tips; except in Semicoscinium and Cyclopelta, forming meshwork with openings scaled from zooecial to fenestrular sizes. Transverse (Zooecial) Wall— Endozonal wall generally continuous with basal plate and axial and lateral walls, joining them at high angles and sep- arating zooecia within linear series. Zoarium— Mineralized skeleton of a colony, in- cluding zooecia and extrazooidal skeleton. Zooecium— Skeleton of a zooid. Repositories All specimens illustrated in this paper are de- posited in the National Museum (Natural Histo- 10 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY ry), Prague, abbreviated as NM, or in the Geo- logical Survey, Prague, abbreviated as UUG. Some paratypes of some new species and a reference set of specimens are deposited in Field Museum of Natural History, abbreviated as FMNH. Stratigraphic Considerations The importance of all fossils from Lochkovian and Pragian strata of the Prague Basin has been enhanced since the establishment in 1983 of this as the type area for the two stages by the Subcom- mission on Devonian Stratigraphy. The Konepru- sy Limestone constitutes part of the Pragian se- quence, and the Zlichov Limestone, which immediately overlies the Pragian sequence, con- stitutes the uppermost of the three subdivisions of the Lower Devonian strata in the Prague Basin. Therefore, the fenestrates from these two forma- tions hold an important position as reference fau- nas for Lower Devonian fenestrate faunas from around the world. Distribution of Species There is a rather substantial difference in species compositions of the fenestrate bryozoan faunas from the Koneprusy and Zlichov Limestones, probably the result of the vertical stratigraphic dif- ference between the two formations. Although the collecting sites in the two limestones were in rocks deposited in different environments (reefal in the Koneprusy, perireefal and basinal in the Zlichov), they should contain remains that grew in similar environments. The relatively whole, excellently preserved zoaria of the Koneprusy locality were preserved essentially in place; however, the frag- mentary remains in the Zlichov indicate transport downslope of a majority of specimens into the perireefal and basinal deposits of the collecting localities. The apparently deepest basinal portion of the Zlichov Limestone contains a few fragments of Fenestella, Alternifenestella, and Polyporella that were insufficient for description but distinctly dif- fer from the species described here. It is possible that they were indigenous to the basinal environ- ment, but they probably lived in shallower water, as suggested by their small, fragmentary remains. Six species were found to occur in both the Ko- neprusy Limestone and in the Zlichov Limestone at Kaplicka: Utropora parallela (abundant in the Koneprusy and rare in the Zlichov); I sot ry pa bi- frons; I. cancellata; Hemitrypa mimicra; H. bohe- mica; and Reteporina transiens. Each of the latter five species is roughly of equal relative abundance in the Koneprusy and in the Zlichov at Kaplicka. Eighteen species were identified only from the Koneprusy Limestone: Fenestella gracilis; F. con- opeum; Rectifenestella exilis; Spinofenestella in- clara; Flexifenestella bellaforma; Alternifenestella strigilla; Semicoscinium subacta; Cyclopelta sac- culus; C. victrola; Isotrypa pannosa; I. lineolata; I. sportula; Hemitrypa tenella; H. linotheras; Re- teporina petala; Polyporella incerta; Penniretepora spinosa; and Ptylopora bohemica. The Zlichov Limestone is characterized by the presence of six species of fenestrates that were not found in the Koneprusy Limestone, namely: Laxi- fenestella digit tat a; Alternifenestella estrellita; Semicoscinium discreta; Cyclopelta bohemica; Polypora hanusi; and Penniretepora bohemica. The affinities of the fenestrate bryozoan fauna at the base of the Zlichov Limestone at Srbsko are enigmatic. It consists of 1 5 species: Fenestella sp.; Fabifenestella joachimi; Laxifenestella capillosa; Alternifenestella estrellita; Alternifenestella sp.; Utropora nobilis; Semicoscinium discreta; Cyclo- pelta bohemica; Isotrypa bifrons; I. cancellata; Hemitrypa mimicra; Polyporella sp.; Polypora in- usitata; Penniretepora bohemica; and Filites bohe- micus. Eight species co-occur at Srbsko and Ko- neprusy, and seven occur at both Srbsko and Kaplicka. The Simpson index of similarity [(num- ber of species in common/number of species in the smaller fauna) (100)] results in values of 53 for the Srbsko : Koneprusy comparison and 58 for the Srbsko : Kaplicka comparison. These two val- ues are only slightly higher than the value (50) for Koneprusy : Kaplicka. This may mean that the Bryozoa in the Zlichov Limestone at Srbsko were derived from an environment more similar to that represented by the Koneprusy Limestone than that of the Zlichov Limestone at Kaplicka. The Simp- son indices above are difficult to interpret, how- ever, given their similarities and the small num- bers of taxa involved. They could as well be due to environmental variations or faunal patchiness as to stratigraphic position. Comparison with Other Faunas Lower Devonian fenestrate bryozoans are poor- ly known around the world. They have been stud- ied from New York State and other areas of eastern McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 11 North America by Hall (1874, 1879, 1883, 1886, 1888), Hall and Simpson (1887), and Ulrich and Bassler (1913). Many of the species, however, are unrecognizable from the descriptions and illustra- tions. Much stratigraphic revision has been done since the 19th century, so that some strata then considered to be "Helderbergian" have been reas- signed to the Middle Devonian. Among scattered descriptions and compilations of Lower Devonian fenestrates from other localities are Nekhorosh- ev's (1977) final monograph on Devonian bryo- zoans of Kazakhstan; Yaroshinskaya's (1968) pre- liminary listing of Lower Devonian Bryozoa from the Altai; and Kopaevich's (1984) study of De- vonian fenestrates from Mongolia. None of these resembles the Bohemian Lower Devonian fenes- trates in species, and they contain only cosmo- politan, long-lived genera. The fenestrates of the upper Lower Devonian (Emsian) Erbray Lime- stone of the Armorican Massif in France are ap- parently similar to those of the Lower Devonian of Bohemia, possibly having Utropora nobilis, Ptylopora bohemica, Hemitrypa bohemica, and Rectifenestella exilis in common with the Kone- prusy(Bigey, 1970, 1972a,b). Among the cosmopolitan fenestrate genera, the Bohemian Lower Devonian species may be com- pared most closely with Middle Devonian species from several areas, including the Altai (Nekho- roshev, 1948; Morozova, 1960; Krasnopeeva, 1962; Volkova, 1974); the Kuznets Basin (Mo- rozova, 1960; Nekhorosheva, 1960); Kazakhstan (Nekhoroshev, 1977); northwest Mongolia (Nek- horoshev, 1926b); Kirin (Yang, 1956); Kwangsi (Yang & Hu, 1965); and Michigan (Deiss, 1932). Such ease of comparison with Middle Devonian species is likely a reflection of the numerous de- scriptions of Middle Devonian fenestrates and the dearth of such for the Lower Devonian. At present, close faunal similarity for the Bohemian Lower Devonian fenestrates can only be demonstrated for Emsian deposits of the Armorican Massif. Diagnosis— Zoaria conical or fan-shaped; straight branches connected by regularly spaced dissepiments equal to or less than branches in width; axial wall planar, forming low keel with or without small- or moderate-sized carinal nodes, separating two rows of zooecia; zooecia side-by- side or alternating along branches; zooecial cham- bers short, rectangular to rhomboidal in section parallel to base, with short distal tube somewhat inclined laterally away from axial wall; single hem- iseptum on proximal wall at base of distal tube, diaphragms absent; no superstructure present; granular wall present in basal plate and axial wall but absent in transverse walls; moderate-size styles abundant in extrazooidal lamellar skeleton. Discussion— Morozova (1974) revised the ge- nus Fenestella, naming several new genera and recognizing as separate genera some that were pre- viously erected from species originally placed in Fenestella, even though it is probable that some of the Fenestella-dehyed genera recognized by her are form taxa. Fenestella s.l. obviously contains many distinct morphological groups, based on liv- ing chamber shape, polymorphism, and skeletal microstructure. Some of the morphological groups probably represent evolutionary grades or result from constructional constraints, while others are probably single clades. At this point in our un- derstanding of the genus, it is impossible to rec- ognize which morphological groups are clades and which are polyphyletic. Therefore, Morozova's re- vision is accepted here in large part, despite the probability that some of the Fenestella-derived genera which she recognized are form genera. Fenestella gracilis (Barrande). Figure 6. Reteporina gracilis (pars) Barrande in Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 63, 64, pi. 14, figs. 1-6 (not fig. 7). Fenestella gracilis (Barrande). Prantl, 1932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 10, 11, pi. 1, figs. 7-9, pi. 2, fig. 13. Systematic Treatment Phylum BRYOZOA Ehrenbert, 1831 Class STENOLAEMATA Borg, 1926 Order FENESTRATA Elias and Condra, 1957 Fenestella Lonsdale, 1839 Type Species— Fenestella subantiqua d'Orbig- ny, 1852. Diagnosis— Branches about 0.38 mm wide, spaced about 0.65 mm center to center, connected by dissepiments averaging 1 .64 mm center to cen- ter; zooecial chambers box-shaped, narrowest at bottom, with laterally inclined distal tubes about 0.10 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.23 mm center to center. Description— Zoarial fragments are large, del- icate, undulating sheets up to 63 mm high and 58 mm wide. Branches are typically straight, rarely 12 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 6. Fenestella gracilis (Barrande). A, exterior of funnel-shaped colony; lectotype, NM LI 8498, Koneprusy. B, transverse section through three adjacent branches, two of which are connected by a dissepiment; lectotype, NM LI 8498. C, transverse section through single branch, showing thin development of lamellar skeleton on reverse side and prominent high keel with thick granular axial wall in keel; lectotype, NM LI 8498. D, tangential section with apparent ovicell (arrow), on specimen with lectotype of Utropora nobilis (Barrande), NM LI 5507, Koneprusy. E, tangential section, shallowest at top right and deepest at bottom right; lectotype, NM LI 8498. F, shallow tangential section showing thickened axial wall in keel (top) and minimal presence of granular skeleton in transverse walls between zooecia; lectotype, NM LI 8498. G, longitudinal section cutting near axial plane on right, gradually diverging to lateral margin of branch on left; NM L24641, Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 5 mm; in B = 0.5 mm; and in C = 0. 1 mm. D-G are at same scale as B. McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 13 slightly sinuous; they are connected by fairly reg- ularly spaced dissepiments whose spacing aver- ages about two and one-half times that of branch- es. Autozooecia usually alternate in position along the branches. They are box-shaped, with the base slightly narrower than more frontal portions. The distal-frontal portion of the zooecium is tube- shaped, angled away from the branch axial plane at about 45° toward the adjacent fenestrule. The end turns up as a distal tube. The axial wall is almost straight, but curves slightly due to the over- lap of alternating zooecia along the branch mid- plane. In deep tangential sections, zooecial cham- bers are elongate parallelograms to weakly developed pentagons near the basal wall; length is about three times width. In shallower tangential sections, chamber sections are crescent-shaped, progressively more constricted at the proximal end until the shallowest sections cut only the short distal tube. There is a slight hemiseptum at the base of the distal tube in some zooecia within colonies. The distal tube terminates as a low peri- stome around the aperture. The basal plate is about 0.02-0.03 mm thick and flat to gently curved transversely, with a few large longitudinal ridges on the reverse surface. Lamellar skeleton is less than 0.03 mm thick on the reverse side of the basal plate and on frontal sides of zooecia, and is even thinner on lateral zooecial surfaces. Apparent gonozooecia are about twice auto- zooecial length and width and are higher than au- tozooecia, but they have the same distal tube and aperture diameter as autozooecia. They are locat- ed at branch bifurcations and adjacent to dissep- iments. Discussion— Barrande (in Pocta, 1894) erected two species with the trivial name gracilis, Rete- porina gracilis (pp. 81, 82, pi. 14, figs. 1-7), and Fenestella gracilis (pp. 63, 64, pi. 14, figs. 8-1 1). The latter belongs to Isotrypa, in that it carries a well-developed superstructure supported by a high keel above branches and dissepiments. Originally figured specimens of Reteporina gra- cilis Barrande include two fenestellid species (see Appendix I). The three specimens illustrated by Barrande as figures 1-6 of plate 14 apparently are closest to the concept that he had for the species and are here designated lectotype (NM LI 8498, Barrande's figs. 5 and 6) and paralectotypes (NM L21338, Barrande's figs. 1 and 2; NM L21333, Barrande's figs. 3 and 4) for his species. Most characteristics of the species would place it in Fenestella. It differs from the diagnosis of Fenestella given above by having somewhat ir- regularly spaced dissepiments and from Morozo- va's ( 1 974) diagnosis by not having wide branches. Nevertheless, we consider the differences to be slight and have included it in Fenestella, as did Prantl(1932). Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8498; paralectotypes, NM L21333; NM L21338; ad- ditional registered material, NM LI 5507; NM L24641. Locality— Koneprusy. Fenestella conopeum McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. Figure 7A-E. Diagnosis— Branches about 0.27 mm wide, spaced about 0.63 mm apart, connected by irreg- ularly spaced dissepiments 2.4 1 mm apart on the average; zooecial chambers a flat-sided, proxi- mally truncated cornucopia shape, narrowest at bottom, with distal tubes about 0.10 mm in di- ameter and spaced 0.23 mm center to center. Description— Zoarial fragments are very deli- cate, broad, undulating sheets up to 43 mm high and 22 mm wide. Branches are straight, connected by straight dissepiments that vary in relation to branches from about a 70° angle to perpendicular. Dissepiments have smaller widths compared to branches and rather variable spacing, averaging three and one-half to four times that of branches. Autozooecia are arranged in alternating posi- tions along the branches. The axial wall is straight to zigzag. Zooecial chambers have a flat-sided, proximally truncated cornucopia shape that is nar- rowest at the bottom. In deep tangential sections that cut near the basal plate, zooecia are elongate, narrow parallelograms; transverse walls that di- vide zooecia along a row are at about a 60° angle to the axial wall. Chambers are over five times as long as they are wide just above the basal plate, but their width increases toward the frontal surface so that maximum width is equal to 40% of the length. In shallow tangential sections, chambers are raindrop-shaped, then almost circular where only the distal tube is cut. Distal tubes are short, and apertures are essentially flush with the frontal surface of the branch. The basal plate is about 0.02-0.03 mm thick and strongly curved transversely, with a few large longitudinal ridges on the reverse. Lamellar skel- eton is less than 0.03 mm thick on reverse and 14 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Table 1 . Measurements of species of Fenestella and related genera (see page 7 for definitions of abbrevia- tions). Table 1. Continued. No. of Char- speci- No. of acter mens mea- measure- mea- sure- ments sured merits Range (mm) Stan- dard Mean devi- (mm) ation Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW 14 14 5 13 14 110 110 50 94 140 0.380-0.987 0.212-0.438 0.067-0.115 0.743-3.815 0.153-0.272 0.648 0.276 0.092 1.645 0.231 0.085 0.028 0.012 0.191 0.021 14 140 0.072-O.120 0.095 0.008 Fenestella conopeum McKinney & Kfiz BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW 13 13 20 6 18 20 0.485-0.784 0.213-0.376 0.077-0.113 1.703-4.444 0.266-0.353 0.088-0.138 Fenestella sp. 4 0.555-0.664 0.305-0.354 0.129-0.193 1.036-1.248 0.260-0.319 0.114-0.145 0.632 0.271 0.098 2.411 0.300 0.114 0.614 0.331 0.159 1.160 0.286 0.129 Fabi fenestella joachimi McKinney & Kfiz BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS 53 53 50 56 57 53 0.296-0.716 0.189-0.405 0.092-0.139 0.601-1.337 0.192-0.305 0.074-0.118 0.499 0.275 0.114 0.877 0.245 0.096 0.090 0.045 0.010 1.007 0.025 0.012 0.043 0.021 0.018 0.064 0.021 0.010 l 0.062 0.040 0.010 0.050 0.012 0.006 Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) 26 26 5 26 26 26 216 210 50 243 248 253 0.379-0.977 0.221-0.483 0.089-0.131 0.469-2.253 0.189-0.340 0.078-0.139 0.648 0.342 0.111 1.022 0.248 0.106 Laxifenestella digittata (Prantl) 56 47 50 66 67 65 0.302-0.868 0.235-0.554 0.080-0.156 0.647-1.269 0.192-0.298 0.075-0.129 0.615 0.342 0.119 0.972 0.248 0.096 Rectifenestella exilis (Pocta) 36 22 50 23 40 39 0.274-0.653 0.169-0.265 0.072-0.138 0.431-0.979 0.156-0.319 0.055-0.103 0.474 0.212 0.100 0.648 0.234 0.078 Spinofenestella inclara (Pocta) 1 5 0.681-0.742 0.710 0.067 0.035 0.010 0.161 0.015 0.007 0.070 0.071 0.017 0.148 0.013 0.007 0.055 0.019 0.013 0.186 0.027 0.009 0.020 No. of Char- speci- No. of acter mens mea- measure- mea- sure- ments sured ments Range (mm) Stan- dard Mean devi- (mm) ation BRW CW DS DTS DTW 1 6 10 3 10 10 0.220-0.257 0.114-0.135 1.082-1.373 0.295-0.463 0.089-0.105 0.238 0.126 1.232 0.392 0.096 0.022 0.007 0.119 0.044 0.005 Flexifenestella bellaforma McKinney & Kfiz BRSM BRW CW DS DTS DTW 6 11 20 6 20 20 0.989-1.452 0.289-0.534 0.129-0.173 2.114-2.860 0.236-0.467 0.107-0.143 1.125 0.423 0.150 2.430 0.298 0.129 0.153 0.070 0.011 0.303 0.053 0.010 Alternifenestella strigilla McKinney & Kfiz BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW 35 37 40 34 40 39 0.357-1.204 0.245-0.406 0.111-0.166 0.972-2.010 0.238-0.364 0.076-0.140 0.744 0.328 0.139 1.437 0.296 0.112 0.157 0.035 0.014 0.203 0.019 0.015 Alternifenestella estrellita McKinney & Kfiz BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW 26 24 50 27 37 0.361-0.839 0.247-0.343 0.100-0.165 0.632-1.115 0.189-0.405 0.574 0.282 0.131 0.888 0.276 0.022 0.026 0.013 0.133 0.044 40 0.069-0.116 0.093 0.008 frontal surfaces and is even thinner on lateral sur- faces. A low keel with a single row of low spines, whose spacing is unknown, extends down the fron- tal surface of each branch. Distinguishing Features— This relatively un- common species seems closely related to Fenes- tella gracilis, especially in the widely spaced, nar- row branches, the greatly spaced dissepiments, and the relatively sparsely developed lamellar skele- ton. The most conspicuous differences from F. gracilis are the greater spacing of dissepiments, the narrower basal shape of zooecia, and the larger size of zooecia. Fenestella conopeum differs from F. sardjalensis Nekhoroshev, 1 977, in having more widely spaced branches, much more widely spaced dissepiments, and more closely spaced zooecia. Fenestella fragila Krasnopeeva, 1 962, from the Givetian of the Altai has more widely spaced branches, more closely spaced dissepiments, and more widely spaced zooecia. Fenestella conopeum most closely resem- bles F. buratinensis Krasnopeeva, 1935, as char- acterized by Morozova (1960), but its branches McKINNEY & KRLZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 15 Fig. 7. Fenestella conopeum McKinney & Kfiz. A, transverse section through three branches, two of which are connected by a dissepiment; holotype, NM LI 8537, Koneprusy. B, transverse section through a branch and adjacent part of dissepiment; note thickening of axial wall in frontal keel; holotype, NM LI 8537. C, slightly oblique longitudinal section; paratype, NM L24642, Koneprusy. D, tangential section, shallowest at bottom and cutting near basal plate at top; holotype, NM LI 8537. E, shallow tangential section through distal tube (bottom of figure) and tops of two chambers (top of figure); note thickening of granular axial wall toward bottom of figure, which approaches the frontal surface; holotype, NM LI 8537. F-G. Fenestella sp. NM LI 85 15, Koneprusy. F, tangential section. G, exterior of funnel-shaped colony. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm; in B = 0.1mm; and in G = 5 mm. C-D and F are at same scale as A; E is at same scale as B. 16 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY are slightly more closely spaced and its dissepi- ments more widely spaced. Etymology— From Latin conopeum, a delicate net to keep off gnats or mosquitoes. Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Holotype, NM LI 8537; para- type, NM L24642. Locality— Koneprusy. Fenestella sp. Figure 7F-G. Fenestella capillosa (pars) Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pl. 12, fig. 3, 3a. Description— The zoarium is conical, widen- ing at an angle of 60° along the short diameter and 90° along the long diameter; it is 17 mm high and 24 mm wide. The frontal side is on the inner sur- face. Branches are straight and connected by dis- sepiments with a slightly smaller diameter and spacing, on the average, twice that of branches. Autozooecia alternate in position along the branches, but the axial wall is straight. Zooecial chambers are box-shaped, with length about one and two-thirds width and a slightly convex frontal wall. A large, short distal tube arises from the distal part of the frontal wall and inclines very slightly toward the adjacent fenestrule. Transverse walls are at about a 70° angle with the axial wall. The basal plate is gently to moderately convex transversely, and has a few large ridges on the reverse. Lamellar skeleton on the reverse and fron- tal sides is up to 0.05 mm thick in the section, but calcification on the reverse side is thicker near the base of attachment. A low keel with a core of granular skeleton bears robust styles at unknown spacing. Discussion— Zooecial characteristics resemble no other specimens studied in the collections but are like typical Fenestella s.s., rather than the species herein referred to Laxifenestella. Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— NM LI 85 15. Locality — Koneprusy. Fabifenestella Morozova, 1974 Type Species— Fenestella praevirgosa Schulga- Nesterenko, 1951. Diagnosis— Zoaria generally fan-shaped, fre- quently undulating; linear to slightly sinuous branches connected by regularly spaced dissepi- ments; dissepiment width equal to or less than branch width; keel low, bearing nodes in zigzag pattern; two rows of zooecia per branch; zooecial chambers flat-sided near base but somewhat in- flated laterally above, with side toward branch ax- ial plane strongly curved; zooecial length less than twice their width; distal tubes short; single hemi- septa may be present in the chambers. Fabifenestella joachimi McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. Figures 8, 12 A. Fenestella exilis (pars) Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pl. 13, fig. 3 (not figs. 1, 2, 6, 7). Utropora nobilis (Barrande) (pars). Prantl, 1 932, Pa- leontogr. Bohemiae XV, pl. 3, fig. 5. Diagnosis— Branches about 0.28 mm wide, spaced about 0.50 mm apart, connected by very regularly spaced dissepiments averaging 0.88 mm apart; zooecial chambers inflated, sack-shaped, concave sides against next-proximal and diago- nally proximal zooecia, with distal tubes about 0.10 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.24 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are gently pleated, fan- shaped, radiating up to 360° from the base of at- tachment. The largest fragment is 22 mm high and 29 mm wide. Branches are straight, connected by perpendicular dissepiments with slightly smaller diameter. Dissepiments have spacing about one and three-quarters times that of branches. Autozooecia are in alternating positions along the branches. The axial wall is typically zigzag with crescentic segments. Zooecia are inflated and sack- shaped, with concave sides where formed against the next-proximal and diagonally proximal zooe- cia. In deep tangential sections zooecial chambers are nearly pentagonal, except for the convex distal edge. Slightly higher, they are bean-shaped, and in shallower sections are even more distinctly in- dented on the lateral sides. Distal tubes are located disto-laterally, have well-developed hemisepta at their bases, and are tilted both proximally and toward the adjacent fenestrule. The end of the distal tube is a low peristome that surrounds the aperture, which is inclined proximally and later- ally with respect to the frontal plane. The basal plate is 0.01-0.03 mm thick and has several longitudinal ridges on the reverse. Lamel- lar skeleton is up to 0.04 mm thick on reverse surfaces and constitutes a prominent low keel on McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 17 Fig. 8. Fabifenestella joachimi McKinney & Kfiz. A, exterior of fan-shaped colony; holotype, NM LI 8539, Koneprusy. B, transverse section of single branch; paratype, NM LI 8534, Koneprusy. C, tangential section cutting below basal plate at far left and grazing frontal surface at far right; holotype, NM LI 8539. D, tangential section cutting branch bifurcation; paratype, NM LI 8534. Scale bar in A = 5 mm; in B = 0.1 mm; and in C = 0.5 mm. D is at same scale as C. the frontal side, supporting nodes or low spines with granular cores up to about 0.05 mm in di- ameter and spaced about 0.30 mm apart in a slightly zigzag row. Distinguishing Features— Among Lower and Middle Devonian species of Fabifenestella, F. joachimi is most similar to F. mirifica (Morozova, 1960), of Givetian deposits in the Kuznets Basin, from which it differs in having more widely spaced dissepiments and larger, more widely spaced keel nodes. Fabifenestella joachimi differs from other Lower and Middle Devonian species of Fabife- nestella in having more closely spaced branches; moreover, it has more closely spaced dissepiments and zooecia than F. vaigatschensis (Nekhorosh- eva, 1 960), more closely spaced dissepiments than F. altshedatensis (Morozova, 1 960), and more dis- tantly spaced dissepiments than F. subpioneri (Morozova, 1960). Etymology— Named after Joachim Barrande. Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Holotype NM LI 8539; para- 18 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY types, NM L18497; NM L18533; NM L18534; NM LI 8572; NM L2 1332. Localities— Koneprusy; Srbsko. Laxifenestella Morozova, 1 974 Type Species— Fenestella sarytshevae Schulga- Nesterenko, 1951. Diagnosis— Zoaria conical or fan-shaped, with straight to slightly sinuous branches connected by regularly spaced dissepiments equal to or slightly smaller than branches in diameter; low keel with small nodes aligned in single row; branches with two rows of zooecia that are not inflated laterally but are rectangular to pentagonal in deep tangen- tial section, depending on whether axial wall is straight or zigzag near base; single hemiseptum on proximal wall; low peristome typically present around apertures. Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta). Figures 9, 10. Fenestella capillosa (pars) Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, p. 61, pi. 12, figs. 1, 2, 2a (not fig. 3). Fenestella subacta Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 12, fig. 6 (not figs. 4, 5, 7-11); Prantl, 1 932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 2, fig. 8 (right) (not pi. 1, fig. 10, pi. 2, figs. 6, 7). Fenestella exilis Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 13, fig. 1 (not figs. 2, 3, 6, 7). Isotrypa acris (Pocta). Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bo- hemiae XV, pi. 4, fig. 13 (not fig. 12). Diagnosis— Branches about 0.34 mm wide, spaced about 0.65 mm center to center, connected by fairly regularly spaced dissepiments averaging 1.02 mm center to center; zooecial chambers weakly five-sided to box-shaped near base to kid- ney-shaped near frontal, with distally tilted distal tubes about 0. 1 1 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.25 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are fan-shaped with lon- gitudinal pleats. Commonly specimens show local growth centers along which many asymmetrical bifurcations are clustered, so that branches diverge radially in those areas. There are two such centers in the largest zoarial fragment, which is 52 mm high and 45 mm wide. Branches are straight to slightly sinuous, connected by dissepiments with slightly smaller diameter and spacing which av- erages one and three-fourths times that of branch- es. Autozooecia alternate in position along the branches. The axial wall is zigzag, locally almost straight. Zooecial chambers are five-sided to box- shaped, with a short cylinder of lesser diameter extending distally at about 45° to the frontal sur- face. In deep tangential sections, zooecia appear pentagonal, with length almost twice the width, near the basal plate. Some basal sections are barely bent on the axial side and are therefore almost quadrangular. In tangential sections that cut near the frontal side, zooecia become kidney-shaped, especially where the hemiphragm at the base of the distal tube causes a sharp indentation in the lateral margin. Distal tubes are short, inclined only slightly toward the adjacent fenestrule and in- clined about 45° distally toward the frontal surface. The basal plate is about 0.02 mm thick, with a strong transverse curve up to about a 1 80° arc and several longitudinal ridges on the reverse. Lamel- lar skeleton may be up to at least 0.10 mm thick on reverse and frontal surfaces, but it is thinner on lateral surfaces. A median keel of lamellar skel- eton extends down the frontal side of the branches and is penetrated at about 0.30 mm intervals by high spines with granular cores 0.02 mm in di- ameter. Discussion— The specimen originally illustrat- ed as plate 12, figure 3, in Pocta (1894) belongs to an undetermined species of Fenestella; the speci- men originally illustrated there as plate 12, figure 2 (NM LI 85 16) is here designated as lectotype. Laxifenestella capillosa is the most abundant species in the Fenestel la-group complex at Ko- neprusy. Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 85 16; paralectotype, NM L21377; additional registered material, NM L2 1 334; NM L2 1 339; NM L2 1 447; NM L24643-L24646. Localities— Koneprusy; Srbsko. Laxifenestella digittata (Prantl). Figure 1 1 . Fenestella digittata Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohe- miae XV, p. 11, pi. 2, fig. 12,711. Fenestella spinulosa (pars) Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 9, 10, pi. 1, figs. 1-3, pi. 2, fig. 10 (not pi. 3, fig. 17) (not Condra, 1902). Fenestella exilis Poita. Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bo- hemiae XV, pi. 2, fig. 3 (not fig. 4). Diagnosis— Branches about 0.34 mm wide, spaced about 0.62 mm center to center, connected McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 19 Fig. 9. Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta). A, exterior of colony, with several centers of abundant branch bifurcation; lectotype, NM LI 85 1 6, Koneprusy. B, longitudinal section along a row of zooecia with weakly developed hemiseptum at bottom of distal tube; NM L24643, Koneprusy. C, tangential section cutting below basal plate at top left and at level of distal tubes at right center; lectotype, NM LI 85 16. D, shallow tangential section cutting distal tubes at top left and through carinal nodes at bottom right; NM L24644, Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 5 mm and in D = 0.5 mm. B-C are at same scale as D. by variably spaced dissepiments averaging 0.97 in diameter and spaced about 0.25 mm center to mm center to center; zooecial chambers strongly center. pentagonal at base to kidney-shaped frontally, with Description— Zoaria are simple to complexly only slightly inclined distal tubes about 0. 10 mm folded, fan-shaped, up to at least 75 mm wide, 50 20 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 10. Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta). A, transverse section through three branches, the one on the right at a bifurcation; lectotype, NM L18516, Koneprusy. B, transverse section of single branch; lectotype, NM L18516. C, tangential section through series of asymmetrical bifurcations where colony rapidly spread laterally; NM L24645, Koneprusy. D, tangential section through typical branch bifurcation; NM L24646, Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm and in B = 0. 1 mm. C-D are at same scale as A. mm high, and about 30 mm deep. Branches are straight to slightly sinuous, connected by dissep- iments of about the same diameter, with spacing that averages about one and one-half times that of branches. Autozooecia alternate in position along the branches. The axial wall is strongly zigzag near zooecial bases, less so near the frontal surface. Zooecial chambers are five-sided to box-shaped, with a short cylinder of lesser diameter extending distally toward the frontal surface or inclining slightly toward the adjacent fenestrule. In deep tangential sections, zooecia appear pentagonal, with length about one and one-half times width near the budding plate. In tangential sections that cut near the frontal side, zooecia are kidney-shaped, with a small hemiseptum at the base of the distal tube; in some cases the kidney shape is modified by a flat proximal side. Zooecial axis in shallow tangential sections is oblique with respect to branch axis. Distal tubes are short and incline slightly toward the adjacent fenestrule, somewhat distally. The basal plate is about 0.03 mm thick and strongly curved transversely, with several longi- tudinal ridges on the reverse. Lamellar skeleton may be over 0. 10 mm thick on reverse and frontal surfaces but is thinner on lateral surfaces. A straight median keel with a granular skeletal core extends McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 21 Fig. 11. Laxifenestella digittata (Prantl). A, exterior of complexly grown colony; NM LI 8562, Kaplicka. B, longitudinal section; NM L18562. C, transverse section of two branches; NM L18562. D, tangential section that cuts below basal plate on right and bottom and through keel at top left, where one spine is cut in cross section; NM LI 8562. E, tangential section that cuts two possible ovicells (arrows); NM LI 85 12, Kaplicka. Bar scale in A = 5 mm and in B = 0.5 mm. C-E are at same scale as B. down the frontal side of the branches and gives rise at variable spacing to high spines with 0.01- 0.04 mm diameter granular cores that appear stel- late in cross section; spines similar in spacing and appearance also extend from the reverse side of the basal plate. Apparent ovicells are present in one specimen. They are about 50% longer and slightly broader 22 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 1 2. Fabifenestella joachimi McKinney & Kfiz. A, exterior view of broad, pleated, conical zoarium; NM L2 1 332, Koneprusy. Rectifenestella exilis (Pocta). B, exterior view of broad, nonpleated, conical colony; lectotype, NM LI 8525, Koneprusy. C, transverse section of single branch; lectotype, NM LI 8525. D, tangential section, cutting below basal plate at lower left and at keel level at top right; lectotype, NM LI 8525. E, tangential section, cutting narrow frontal portions of branches and apertures of zooecia; lectotype, NM LI 8525. F, longitudinal section, cutting near branch axial plane at left and along branch margin at right; NM L24647, Koneprusy. Bar scale in A = 5 mm; in C = 0. 1 mm; and in F = 0.5 mm. B is at same scale as A; D is at same scale as F; E is at same scale as C. than normal autozooecia and are near dissepi- ments. Discussion— Prantl's (1932) Fenestella spinu- losa is a junior synonym of Fenestella spinulosa Condra, 1902 (pp. 343, 344, pi. 21, figs. 4, 5) and is therefore an invalid name. Inasmuch as at least one of the originally figured specimens of F. dig- ittata Prantl, 1932, belongs to the same species as McKJNNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 23 Fig. 1 3. Spinofenestella inclara (Pocta). Holotype, NM L2 1 452, Koneprusy. A, deep tangential section. B, shallow tangential section, covering same area as in A. C, longitudinal section along margin of branch. D-E. Flexifenestella bellaforma McKinney & Kfiz. Holotype, NM L24648, Koneprusy. D, transverse section across single branch. E, shallow tangential section, through two zooecia and part of a third left of zigzag axial wall. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm and in D = 0. 1 mm. B-C are at same scale as A; E is at same scale as D. 24 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY the majority of the original specimens of Prantl's F. spinulosa, the trivial name digittata is retained for the species and the specimen figured by Prantl ( 1 932) as plate 2, figure 1 2 (NM L2 1 440), is chosen as lectotype. Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Lectotype, NM L21440; NM L18512;NML18562. Locality — Kaplicka. Rectifenestella Morozova, 1974 Type SPEC\ES—Fenestella medvedkensis Schul- ga-Nesterenko, 1951. Diagnosis— Zoaria conical or perhaps fan- shaped, composed of straight branches connected by regularly spaced dissepiments; dissepiment di- ameters less than branch diameters; branches bearing two rows of alternating zooecia divided by zigzag to sinuous axial wall; zooecia angular to rounded, pentagonal in tangential sections, some slightly inflated laterally; weakly developed hem- isepta may be present. Rectifenestella exilis (Pocta). Figure 1 2. Fenestella exilis (pars) Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 62, 63, pi. 13, figs. 2, 3 (not fig. 1). Reteporina gracilis (pars) Barrande in Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 14, fig. 7 (not figs. 1-6, 8-1 1). Diagnosis— Branches about 0.21 mm wide, spaced about 0.47 mm center to center, connected by variably spaced dissepiments averaging 0.65 mm center to center; zooecial chambers pentag- onal basally and narrowing to elongate slit fron- tally, with laterally directed distal tubes about 0.08 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.23 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are slightly undulating and fan-shaped, radiating up to 360° from the base of attachment. The largest specimen is nearly com- plete and has a diameter of about 35 mm. Branch- es are straight and are connected by slightly thinner dissepiments with spacing about one and one-half times that of branches. Dissepiments are perpen- dicular to branches or are nearly so. Autozooecia alternate in position along branch- es. The axial wall is zigzag or sinuous. Zooecial chambers are elongate, about twice as long as max- imum width and height. They are complexly shaped— pentagonal near the base, bean-shaped in shallower sections, and slitlike in shallowest sec- tions. The short distal tubes are steeply inclined toward the adjacent fenestrules and are located below the narrow crests of the chambers. Distal tubes extend from disto-lateral regions of the chambers. The basal plate is about 0.02 mm thick, mod- erately curved laterally, with a few longitudinal ridges on the reverse. Lamellar skeleton on the reverse and frontal surfaces is about 0.05 mm thick and not appreciably thickened near the base of the zoaria studied. The narrow frontal keel is com- posed of lamellar skeleton penetrated by a single row of small styles spaced about 0.23 mm apart. Discussion— The specimen originally illustrat- ed as plate 13, figure 1, in Pocta (1894) belongs to Laxifenestella capillosa, and the one as plate 1 3, figure 3, belongs to Fabifenestella joachimi. The specimen originally illustrated as plate 13, figure 2 (NM LI 8525), in Pocta ( 1 894) is here designated as lectotype. Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8525; ad- ditional registered material, NM L21331; NM L24647. Locality — Koneprusy . Spinofenestella Termier & Termier, 1971 Type Species— Fenestella spinulosa Condra, 1902. Diagnosis— Zoaria conical or fan-shaped; straight narrow branches bearing two rows of zooecia strongly overlapped basally; branches con- nected by regularly spaced, very thin dissepiments; zooecia not strongly inflated laterally, in single row along basal plate, triangular to crescentic in deep tangential section, extending to alternate sides along frontal surface, obliquely oval in shallow tangen- tial sections below the level of the short distal tubes, and often circular in cross sections; single hemisepta absent or weakly developed on proxi- mal wall; aperture surrounded by peristome; axial wall strongly zigzag to sinuous, extending from side to side of branch near zooecial bases; single linear row of nodes along frontal surface of branch, but axial wall not projecting as a keel. Spinofenestella inclara (Pocta). Figure 1 3 A-C. Fenestella inclara Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, p. 65, pi. 7, figs. 15, 16. Diagnosis— Branches about 0.24 mm wide, spaced about 0.7 1 mm center to center, connected McKINNEY & KRLZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 25 by fairly regularly spaced dissepiments averaging 1.23 mm center to center; zooecial chambers cres- centic to triangular at base, oval near frontal, with short frontally-directed distal tubes about 0. 10 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.39 mm center to center. Description— Zoarial fragments are small, del- icate sheets up to 7 mm high and 8 mm wide. Branches are typically straight to slightly sinuous and are connected by dissepiments whose spacing averages between one and one-half to two times that of branches. Autozooecia alternate in position along the branches. They are steeply and obliquely oriented toward the frontal surface, semicylindrical below and changing to cylindrical above. A very weakly developed hemiseptum is present on the proximal wall. The axial wall is highly sinuous, curving or sharply bending from one side of the budding plate to the other. Deep tangential sections of zooecial chambers are crescentic to triangular, with length about twice width. In shallower sections, cham- bers are oval to raindrop-shaped, with main axis oblique to branch axis. Shallowest sections cut only the short distal tubes that alternate along branch sides, extend straight toward the frontal side, and terminate as a peristomial rim around the aper- tures. The nature of the basal plate was not deter- mined. Lamellar skeleton is thin on all surfaces. The axial wall does not project as a frontal keel, but gives rise to large, granular-cored nodes spaced about one per pair of zooecia. Discussion— Spinofenestella inclara is rare, only one specimen being recognized in all the collec- tions available to us. It is at the base of the range of the genus as given by Morozova (1974). Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Holotype, NM L21452. Locality — Koneprusy . Flexifenestella Morozova, 1974 Type Species— Fenestella eichwaldi Stucken- berg, 1885. Diagnosis— Zoaria conical or fan-shaped; sin- uous robust branches bearing two rows of zooecia, connected by very short dissepiments or touching of adjacent branches; zooecia alternating or paired along branches, not strongly inflated laterally, rect- angular to pentagonal in deep tangential section; axial wall planar, in zigzag or crescentic zigzag segments; distal tube typically short; single hemi- septum absent or present on proximal wall; zooe- cia may be capped by centrally perforate, planar terminal diaphragm; frontal keel low and broad, typically bearing single row of nodes. Flexifenestella bellaforma McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. Figures 13D-E, 14. Diagnosis— Strongly sinuous branches about 0.42 mm wide, joined at about 2.43-mm intervals by anastomosis or short dissepiments; maximum distance between adjacent branches about 1.10 mm; zooecia compressed, tubular, widest at mid- level, pentagonal in deep sections with distal tubes about 0.13 mm wide and spaced about 0.30 mm center to center. Description— The larger zoarial fragment is a curved sheet about 1 2 mm high and 1 3 mm wide. Highly sinuous branches are touching at points of juncture or are connected by short, broad dissep- iments. Adjacent branches join at about twice the maximum spacing that develops between them. Autozooecia alternate in position along the branches; they are compressed, tubular-shaped, and narrowest at the basal plate and at the distal tube. Zooecia in deep tangential sections are pentagonal near the basal plate; closer to the frontal surface they are oval, with the long axis oblique to the branch axis; their length in tangential section is one and one-half to two times their width. The axial wall is strongly zigzag due to overlap of al- ternating zooecia along the branch midplane. Hemisepta are absent. Distal tubes are short; ap- ertures are not elevated above the frontal surface. The basal plate has a few large longitudinal ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton may be rel- atively thick on all surfaces, most particularly on frontal and reverse surfaces. The granular axial wall does not project frontally as an axial keel. The frontal surface is rounded in transverse view and lacks nodes or spines. Discussion— This Lower Devonian occurrence represents a substantial extension of the range of the genus downward from the Lower Carbonif- erous (Morozova, 1974). Distinguishing Features— Flexifenestella bel- laforma differs from the type species, Fenestella eichwaldi Stuckenberg, from the Lower Permian of the central Urals, in having more closely spaced branches and smaller, more closely spaced distal tubes. Etymology— From Latin bella, elegant, and 26 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY forma, figure, for its sinuously anastomosed branches. Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Holotype, NM L24648; para- type, NM L24649. Locality — Koneprusy. Alternifenestella Termier & Termier, 1971 Type Species— Fenestella minor Nikiforova, 1933. Diagnosis— Zoaria fan-shaped or perhaps con- ical; linear to moderately sinuous branches bearing two alternating rows of zooecia, connected by nar- row, regularly spaced dissepiments; zooecia not strongly inflated laterally, trapezoidal to triangular in deep sections parallel to chamber base; distal tube short; hemisepta absent or weakly developed; zooecial bases in single row along budding plate; axial wall highly zigzag, crossing from side to side of budding plate. Alternifenestella strigilla McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. Figure 15. Diagnosis— Gently sinuous branches about 0.33 mm wide, spaced about 0.74 mm apart, connected by regularly spaced dissepiments about 1 .44 mm apart; zooecia erect, sack-shaped, expanded up- ward from narrow trapezoidal or triangular base to inflated, partially rounded portion; distal tubes about 0. 1 1 mm in diameter, continuing linear zooecial axis, and spaced about 0.30 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are fan-shaped, the larg- est fragment being 9 mm high and 1 3 mm wide. Branches are sinuous, connected by dissepiments at about twice the branch spacing. Dissepiments have about the same diameter as that of branches. Autozooecia alternate in position along branch- es. The axial wall is highly zigzag along its base, crossing from side to side of the basal plate, but the amplitude of folds becomes less toward frontal side, merging into the linear keel. Zooecia are erect and sack-shaped, with height greater than length or width and major axis inclined distally with re- spect to the frontal surface of the branch. The distal tube is a narrowed continuation of the axis of the inflated chamber. Zooecia are trapezoidal or triangular in deep tangential sections. Tangen- tial sections that pass through the mid-level of zooecia cut them as flat-based ovals or boot shapes whose major axis is oblique to the branch axis; shallowest sections cut the distal tubes as nearly circular ovals. The basal plate is strongly curved transversely and is about 0.03-0.05 mm thick, with a few very low ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton may form sheaths up to 0.05 mm thick on reverse, lateral, and frontal sides, but a large part of the skeleton is thick granular wall in the budding plate, axial wall, and portions of transverse walls. The frontal surface has a low keel with a thick core of granular wall. Large, widely spaced nodes with granular cores are developed from it, appar- ently only at branch-dissepiment junctions. Distinguishing Features— Alternifenestella strigilla differs from A. rigida (Yang & Hu, 1965), from Middle Devonian deposits of Kwangsi, in the much greater branch spacing, branch width, dissepiment spacing, distal tube spacing, and greater width of distal tubes. It differs from A. afonitschevi (Nekhoroshev, 1977), from the Give- tian of Kazakhstan, in greater branch and dissep- iment spacing and more closely spaced distal tubes. Etymology— From the Latin strigilis, a scrap- er. Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Holotype, NM L2465 1 ; para- types, NM L24650; NM L24678. Locality — Koneprusy. Alternifenestella estrellita McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. Figure 16. Fenestella spinulosa (pars) Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 3, fig. 17 (not pi. 1, figs. 1-3, pi. 2, fig. 10). Diagnosis— Straight to slightly sinuous branch- es about 0.28 mm wide, spaced about 0.57 mm apart, connected by regularly spaced dissepiments about 0.90 mm apart; zooecia sack-shaped, with maximum length lateral and distal with respect to branch axis; distal tubes about 0.09 mm in di- ameter, spaced about 0.28 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are fan-shaped, the larg- est fragment being 6 mm wide and 1 3 mm high. Straight to slightly sinuous branches are connected by dissepiments at less than one and one-half times the spacing of branches. Dissepiments have about the same diameter as that of branches. Autozooecia alternate in position along branch- es. The axial wall is highly zigzag along its base, McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 27 Fig. 14. Flexifenestella bellaforma McKinney & Kfiz. A, longitudinal section; paratype, NM L24649, Koneprusy. B, transverse section through three branches, the middle and left branches being linked by a dissepiment; holotype, NM L24648, Koneprusy. C, tangential section below level of basal plate at top left and cutting near frontal at bottom right; holotype, NM L24648. Bar scale in B = 0.5 mm. All figures to same scale. crossing from side to side of the basal plate, but the amplitude of folds becomes less toward the frontal side, merging into the linear keel. Zooecia are sack-shaped, with diagonal length greater than height or width; the major axis is inclined distally with respect to the frontal surface of the branch. The distal tube is a narrowed, frontally deflected continuation of the axis of the inflated chamber. Zooecia are triangular or trapezoidal in deep tan- gential sections. Tangential sections that pass through the mid-level of zooecia cut them as flat- based, distally tapering ovals whose major axis is oblique to the branch axis; shallowest sections cut the distal tubes as nearly circular ovals. The basal plate is strongly curved transversely and is about 0.02-0.05 mm thick. It has several 28 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY u ' ' Fig. 1 5. Alternifenestella strigilla McKinney & Kf iz. A, longitudinal section; paratype, NM L24650, Koneprusy. B, transverse section of single branch; holotype, NM L24651, Konfiprusy. C, tangential section, cutting boot-shaped section through zooecium at intermediate depth; holotype, NM L2465 1 . D, tangential section, cutting below basal plate at top center and through frontal keel at bottom and right; holotype, NM L24651. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm and in B = 0. 1 mm. D is at same scale as A; C is at same scale as B. pronounced ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton may form sheaths up to 0.05 mm thick on reverse sides but is thinner on lateral and fron- tal sides. A large part of the skeleton is thick gran- ular wall in the basal plate, frontal portions of the axial wall, and portions of transverse walls. The frontal surface has a low keel with a thick core of granular wall. Moderate-sized nodes with granular cores project from the keel with approx- imately the same spacing as zooecia along one side of the branch. Distinguishing Features— Alternifenestella estrellita differs from A. strigilla in being smaller in all measurements recorded herein. A. rigida McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 29 (Yang & Hu, 1965) has narrower, more closely spaced branches, greater space between dissepi- ments, and more closely spaced zooecia. A. afon- hschevi (Nekhoroshev, 1977) has more widely spaced branches, dissepiments, and zooecia. Etymology— From estrellita, Spanish dimin- utive for star. Measurements— See Table 1. Type Material— Holotype, NM LI 85 1 3; para- types, NM L21443; NM L24679; NM L24680; FMNH PE 39307. Localities— Kaplicka; Srbsko. Utropora Pocta, 1894 Type Species— Fenestella {Utropora) nobilis Barrande, in Pocta, 1894. Diagnosis— Zoaria fan-shaped or possibly con- ical; linear to slightly sinuous branches connected by regularly or irregularly spaced dissepiments; two rows of autozooecia alternating along each branch; major portion of zooecial chamber flask- shaped, with long distal tube extending lower por- tion of outer distal region in plane of branches and along side of next-distal zooid before turning sharply toward frontal surface; hemisepta absent; axial wall extends as pronounced keel on frontal side of branch. Utropora nobilis (Barrande). Figures 17, 18. Fenestella nobilis Barrande. Bigsby, 1868, Thesaurus Siluricus, p. 200 (nomen nudum). Fenestella (Utropora) nobilis Barrande in Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 76-77, pi. 17, figs. 4-15. Utropora nobilis (Barrande) (pars). Prantl, 1932, Pa- laeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 15-16, pi. 3, figs. 1- 3, 5 (not fig. 4). Utropora aft". U. nobilis (Barrande). Bigey, 1972a, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., ser. 7, 14, pp. 316-318, figs. 1-6. Utropora nobilis (Pocta). McKinney, 1980, Jour. Pa- leontol. 54, pp. 250-252, pis. 1-3, text fig. 3. Diagnosis— Branches about 0.46 mm wide, spaced about 1.10 mm center to center, connected by irregularly spaced dissepiments averaging about 2.79 mm center to center; zooecial chambers high- ly elongate, recumbent, flask-shaped, with long distal tube along base of lateral side of next-distal zooecium and short, upturned distalmost portion, about 0. 1 1 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.33 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are fan-shaped; larger fragments commonly are pleated by folds paral- lelling growth direction. The largest fragments are up to 80 mm high and 85 mm wide. Widely spaced branches are straight to slightly sinuous, connected by dissepiments at variable but generally widely spaced intervals. Dissepiments have smaller di- ameters than do branches. Autozooecia alternate in position along branch- es and across fenestrules so that apertures are dis- tributed in a rhombic pattern. The axial wall is straight. Zooecial chambers are very long, recum- bent along the basal plate, and flask-shaped, with the neck (distal tube) bent at a 90° angle toward the frontal surface beside the next-distal zooe- cium. The portion of the distal tube beyond the pronounced bend is short, situated laterally at about the mid-level of the branch. Zooecia are elongate and pyriform in deep tangential sections, with the narrower end distal, and are oriented obliquely with respect to the branch axis. Tangential sections that pass through the mid-level of zooecia cut them in two isolated parts: a large, rhomboidal proximal portion against the axial wall, and a small circular section through the distal tube laterally adjacent to the proximal portion of the next-distal zooe- cium. In shallowest tangential sections, only the proximal inflated portions of zooecia are cut, ap- pearing as oval spaces surrounded by lamellar wall. The basal plate is planar to slightly curved trans- versely and about 0.02-0.03 mm thick. It has a few longitudinal ridges on the reverse side. La- mellar skeleton may build sheaths, up to at least 0.10 mm thick, all the way around branches. Discussion— For discussion, see McKinney, 1980. The specimen illustrated in Pocta (1894) as plate 17, figure 15 (NM LI 5507), is here desig- nated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 2. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 5507; paralectotypes, NM LI 5497-L1 5506; NM LI 5508; NM LI 7872; NM L21347. Localities— Koneprusy; Srbsko. Utropora parallela (Barrande). Figure 19. Fenestella parallela Barrande in Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 69, 70, pi. 16, figs. 13, 14. Fenestella pannosa (pars) Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 14, fig. 13 (not figs. 12, 14, 15). Fenestella exilis (pars) Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 13, figs. 6, 7 (not figs. 1-3). Fenestella pannosa Pocta (pars). Prantl, 1932, Pa- laeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 1, fig. 4 (not pi. 2, figs. 8,9). 30 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 1 6. Alternifenestella estrellita McKinney & Kfiz. A, transverse section through three branches; holotype, NM L 1 85 1 3, Kaplicka. B, tangential section through three keyhole-shaped distal tubes with stellate cross sections; paratype, NM L2 1 443, Kaplicka. C, tangential section through specimen with relatively narrow branches; paratype, NM L2 1 443. D, tangential section through specimen with relatively wide branches; holotype, NM LI 85 13. Scale bar in B = 0. 1 mm and in D = 0.5 mm. A and C are at same scale as D. Diagnosis— Branches about 0.28 mm wide, spaced about 0.58 mm center to center, connected by regularly spaced dissepiments averaging 0.89 mm center to center; zooecial chambers recum- bent, flask-shaped, with somewhat elongated dis- tal tube extended short distance along proximal end of next-distal zooecium and short, upturned distalmost portion, about 0.10 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.32 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are probably conical; McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 31 Fig. 17. Utropora nobilis (Barrande). A, exterior of fan-shaped zoarium; lectotype, NM LI 5507, Koneprusy. B, exterior of nearly complete fan-shaped zoarium, radiating at an angle of more than 180° from point of colony origin; paralectotype, NM LI 5500, Koneprusy. C, slightly oblique tangential section with zooecial bases on left and more complete zooecial chambers on right; lectotype, NM LI 5507. D, deep tangential section at and below level of basal plate, cutting possible ovicell (arrow); paralectotype, NM LI 5500. Scale bar in A = 5 mm and in C = 0.5 mm. B is at same scale as A; D is at same scale as C. available fragments are transversely curved, pleat- ed sheets that curl around in an arc up to 120°, the largest being 41 mm high and 49 mm wide. Branches are straight to slightly sinuous, connect- ed by dissepiments having about one and one-half times their average spacing. Lateral placement of apertures gives branches a serrated profile where seen at their mid-level. Dissepiments have about the same diameter as do branches. Autozooecia alternate in position along branch- es and across fenestrules so that apertures are dis- tributed in a rhombic pattern. The axial wall varies 32 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 18. Utropora nobilis (Barrande). A, longitudinal section, cutting close to branch axial plane at left and near branch margin at right; NM LI 7872, Koneprusy. B, exterior of small fan-shaped zoarium, including base of attach- ment; paralectotype, NM LI 5504, Koneprusy. C, tangential section through branch bifurcation; lectotype, NM LI 5507, Kongprusy. D, transverse section through single branch; lectotype, NM LI 5507. E, tangential section, shallowest at bottom right and deepest at top center, cutting many zooecia in two separate places (inflated chamber and distal tube); NM LI 7872, Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 0.5 and in B = 5 mm. C-E are at same scale as A. from almost straight to zigzag or scalloped. Zooe- cial chambers are recumbent and flask-shaped, with the neck (distal tube) bent at a 90° angle. In deep tangential sections, zooecial chambers appear as diagonally elongate ovals; the elongation of the disto-lateral end increases in shallower sections so that the zooecial axis becomes curved, with the distal end pointed toward the adjacent fenestrule. In yet shallower sections each zooecium is cut in two areas, an elliptical section through the prox- imal inflated portion and, lateral to the proximal end of the next-distal zooecium, a circular section McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 33 Table 2. Measurements of species of Utropora, Semicoscinium, and Cyclopelta (see page 7 for defini- tions of abbreviations). No. of Char- speci- No. of Stan- acter mens mea- dard measure- mea- sure- Range Mean devi- ments sured ments (mm) (mm) ation Utropora nobilis (Barrande) BRS 20 130 0.600-1.763 1.138 0.191 BRW 20 123 0.351-0.583 0.460 0.052 CW 5 50 0.095-0.171 0.138 0.018 DS 19 87 1.600-4.350 2.789 0.549 DTS 20 193 0.230-0.458 0.326 0.035 DTW 20 195 0.077-0.141 0.111 0.008 Utropora parallela (Barrande) BRS 22 189 0.406-0.705 0.585 0.054 BRW 22 163 0.223-0.398 0.280 0.030 CW 5 50 0.108-0.196 0.147 0.017 DS 21 170 0.627-1.023 0.889 0.118 DTS 22 208 0.220-0.372 0.325 0.040 DTW 22 213 0.080-0.116 0.095 0.003 Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) BRS 4 20 0.580-1.000 0.788 0.098 BRW 4 16 0.270-0.500 0.369 0.065 CW 3 30 0.131-0.224 0.181 0.023 DS 4 16 0.680-2.000 1.476 0.126 DTS 4 40 0.220-0.320 0.289 0.009 DTW 4 31 0.100-0.120 0.110 0.010 Semicoscinium discreta (Prantl) BRS 10 73 0.392-1.124 0.662 0.109 BRW 10 51 0.260-0.658 0.331 0.039 CW 5 50 0.111-0.277 0.177 0.040 DS 10 80 0.460-1.639 1.113 0.202 DTS 10 100 0.211-0.326 0.265 0.017 DTW 10 88 0.091-0.153 0.108 0.013 Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) BRS 16 92 0.351-0.900 0.657 0.089 BRW 16 73 0.262-0.520 0.354 0.075 CW 5 50 0.129-0.321 0.194 0.038 DS 16 136 0.750-1.300 1.014 0.116 DTS 16 156 0.230-0.347 0.263 0.017 DTW 16 149 0.095-0.153 0.123 0.014 Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kf iz BRS 4 38 0.550-0.960 0.688 0.065 BRW 4 38 0.353-0.490 0.398 0.066 CW 4 40 0.141-0.274 0.197 0.034 DS 4 31 0.950-1.652 1.106 0.038 DTS 4 32 0.230-0.310 0.251 0.004 DTW 4 30 0.090-0.140 0.124 0.006 Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) BRS 7 53 0.313-0.792 0.676 0.107 BRW 7 39 0.266-0.524 0.393 0.060 CW 5 50 0.110-0.237 0.157 0.026 DS 7 69 0.710-1.300 1.141 0.309 DTS 7 70 0.182-0.341 0.264 0.026 DTW 7 53 0.081-0.120 0.107 0.016 through the distal tube. At the end of the short, frontally-directed portion of the distal tube is the aperture, which is therefore located on the side of the branch. The ends of distal tubes are inclined slightly towards the adjacent fenestrules so that apertures are not quite parallel with the frontal plane. The basal plate is about 0.04-0.05 mm thick and virtually flat to slightly curved transversely, with a few large longitudinal ridges on the reverse. Lamellar skeleton is normally up to 0.05 mm thick on the reverse side and builds sides sloped at about a 45° angle against the granular core of the pro- nounced frontal keel, but is very thin on the lateral sides of zooecia except near colony bases. Distinguishing Features— Utropora parallela is characterized by its branch, dissepiment, and zooecial spacing; zooecial length; and relatively short lateral overlap of zooecia with next-distal neighbors. It differs from U. nobilis in all these characters. Discussion— Utropora parallela is one of the most common fenestrates in the Koneprusy Lime- stone, yet only two specimens were found in the Zlichov Limestone. Externally it resembles a typ- ical Fenestella s.l, with densely spaced branches and dissepiments. Its chamber shape, however, is that of Utropora. Measurements— See Table 2. Type Material— Holotype, NM LI 8587; ad- ditional registered material, NM LI 8488; NM L18524; NM L18527; NM L18542; NM L18578; NM L21338; NM L24652; NM L24653. Localities— Koneprusy; Kaplicka. Semicoscinium Prout, 1859 Type Species— Semicoscinium rhomboideum Prout, 1859. Diagnosis— Zoarium narrowly to broadly con- ical, longitudinal folds common in broadly flaring zoaria; apertures typically on outer surface of cone; slightly to moderately sinuous branches bearing two rows of zooecia, connected by short dissepi- ments, with very high granular-cored keel extend- ing along center of frontal side; zooecia inflated laterally, side toward branch axial plane flat to sigmoid, depending on degree of offset of the two rows along the branch; length greater than width in most zooecia, but width may be equal to or greater than length where adjacent branches im- FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 19. Utropora parallela (Barrande). A, exterior of funnel-shaped or pleated fan-shaped zoarium; holotype, NM LI 8587, Koneprusy. B, tangential section through partially recrystallized branches; note isolated distal tubes at top left and right center; holotype, NM LI 8587. C, tangential section through several bifurcations, shallowest at top right; note stellate cross sections of distal tubes; NM L24652, Koneprusy. D, cross section of single branch; NM LI 8488, Koneprusy. E, shallow tangential section, cutting a single zooecium through main part of chamber (lower left) and distal tube with stellate cross section (top right); NM L24652. F, longitudinal section, closest to branch axial plane at right; NM L24653, Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 2 mm; in B = 0.5 mm; and in D = 0. 1 mm. C and F are to same scale as B; E is at same scale as D. pinge; distal tubes and apertures adjacent to or very close to axial wall; hemisepta lacking; la- mellar skeleton on high keel commonly scalloped, with indentations centered over zooecial aper- tures; keel narrow-crested, granular core a single thin sheet not divided apically. Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta). Figure 20. Fenestella subacta (pars) Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 74, 75, pi. 12, figs. 5, 7-9, ?4, ?10 (not 6, 1 1). Fenestella subacta Po6ta (pars). Prantl, 1 932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 10, pi. 2, figs. 6, 7 (not 8). McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 35 Fig. 20. Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta). A, deep tangential section; lectotype, NM LI 8504, Koneprusy. B, trans- verse section through two branches with high keels and intervening vesiculose deposits; NM LI 8505, Koneprusy. C, longitudinal section through single row of zooecia, distal direction toward left; lectotype, NM LI 8504. D, longitudinal section, cutting center of branch and keel at left with keel margin continuing distally above branch to right; NM L 1 8 506 , Koneprusy. E, exterior of flaring conical zoarium with frontal surface on outer surface of cone; paralectotype, NM LI 8586, Koneprusy. F, shallow tangential section cutting high in zooecia on right and through keel on left; NM LI 8509, Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm and in E = 5 mm. B-D and F are at same scale as A. Diagnosis— Sinuous branches about 0.37 mm wide, spaced 0.79 mm center to center on average, connected by regularly spaced dissepiments av- eraging 1 .48 mm center to center; high keel scal- loped along base; zooecial chambers appear as par- allelograms in tangential sections, with distally inclined distal tubes about 0. 1 1 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.30 mm center to center. 36 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 21. Semicoscinium discreta (Prantl). A, weathered specimen with reverse surface preserved at lower left, interior of eroded branches at top left and center, and enlarged mold of keel on right; lectotype, NM LI 8476, Kaplicka. B, transverse section through two recrystallized branches with reverse side eroded to level of ridges on reverse side of basal plate; NM L21436, KapliCka. C, shallow tangential section through three keels with scalloped lamellar skeleton; NM L24654, Kaplicka. D, tangential section through three branches, the left branch cut only through keel, the middle and left branches bifurcated near top of figure; NM L24654. E, longitudinal section along branch of partially recrystallized specimen; NM L24655, Kaplifika. Scale bar in A = 1 mm and in D = 0.5 mm. B-C and E are at same scale as D. Description— Zoaria are broadly conical and slightly pleated, with an angle of divergence up to 90° or more. Some begin with lesser divergence and flare outwardly with growth. Frontal surface and superstructure are on the outside of the cone. The largest zoarium in the collection is almost original size, about 26 mm high and 48 mm wide. Branches are gently sinuous but not anasto- mosed. Dissepiments are narrow and have almost the same thickness as branches, and their spacing averages about twice that of branches. Many dis- sepiments are oblique to branches and contain a sheet of granular skeleton perpendicular to the frontal plane. The superstructure is a high keel that consists of a sheet of granular skeleton up to about 0.08 McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 37 mm thick and tapers toward both the frontal edge and the branch surface. Lamellar skeleton forms a veneer on the keel surface closest to the branch, but thickens up to almost 0.25 mm near the frontal edge; it is always thinner than the underlying branches. Lamellar skeleton on the keel near the branch surface is scalloped, with indentations cor- responding with, but of larger diameter than, un- derlying zooecial apertures. Autozooecia are wedge-shaped, with a cylin- drical portion arising along the distal margin. Zooecial chambers are parallelograms in deep tan- gential section near the budding plate; their length is about one and three-quarters to twice their width. They are side-by-side along each branch, separated by a flat axial wall. Transverse walls are oriented at an angle of about 60° to the axial wall and to the budding plate. Distal tubes are inclined distally at an angle of about 45°, and also appear to be tilted slightly toward the adjacent fenestrules. The inclination of the distal tubes and narrowing of zooecia frontally give them a vague kidney shape in shallow sections. Apertures are inclined some- what downward disto-laterally. Zooecia adjacent to dissepiments are about 20% wider than those that intervene. The basal plate is about 0.02-0.03 mm thick and has a few large longitudinal ridges on the re- verse side. Lamellar skeleton is thickest on reverse sides of branches and where lining proximal and distal walls of fenestrules; it is thinnest on frontal surfaces of branches. Discussion— The specimen originally illustrat- ed by Pocta (1894) as plate 12, figure 5 (NM LI 8504), is here designated as lectotype. Measurements— See Table 2. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8504; paralectotypes, NM LI 8586; NM L21328; NM L21330;?NML21327;?NML21329;NML18505; NM L18506; NM L18509; NM L21436. Locality — Koneprusy . Semicoscinium discreta (Prantl). Figure 21. Isotrypa discreta (pars) Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bo- hemiae XV, p. 25, pi. 4, fig. 1 1 (not 10), pi. 5, fig. 18. Fenestella capillosa Pocta (pars). Prantl, 1932, Pa- laeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 1, fig. 11 (not pi. 2, fig. 5). Fenestella pannosa Pocta (pars). Prantl, 1932, Pa- laeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 2, fig. 9 (not pi. 1 , fig. 4, pi. 2, fig. 8). Semicoscinium sacculus sacculus (Barrande) (pars). Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 2, fig. 18 (not pi. 2, fig. 17, pi. 3, figs. 6-7). Diagnosis— Straight to gently sinuous branches 0.33 mm wide, spaced about 0.66 mm apart, con- nected by regularly spaced dissepiments about 1.11 mm apart; zooecia four-sided, skewed, box-shaped; width almost equal length between dissepiments but greater than length at dissepiments; distal tubes about 0. 1 1 mm in diameter, directed frontally from distal ends of box-shaped chambers, and spaced about 0.26 mm center to center. Description— Zoarium is conical, perhaps fan- shaped. Frontal surface and superstructure are on outside of the cone. Branches are linear to very gently sinuous, connected by dissepiments that have slightly smaller diameters than do branches. Dissepiments show spacing of about one and one- half to two times that of branches; most are per- pendicular to branches, but some are oblique. The superstructure is a high keel that consists of a sheet of granular skeleton up to about 0.08 mm thick, tapered toward both the frontal edge and the branch surface; thickness of lamellar skel- eton on the keel parallels that of the granular skel- eton. Scallops in lamellar skeleton on the keel, centered over apertures on the branches below, are locally preserved. Autozooecia are box-shaped, with a cylindrical portion arising along the distal margin. Zooecial chambers are almost equiaxial parallelograms in deep tangential sections near the basal plate. Zooe- cia are largest and have width greater than length at dissepiments, resulting in maximum branch width there. They are side-by-side along each branch, separated by a flat axial wall. Transverse walls are oriented at an angle of about 60° to the axial wall. Distal tubes are essentially perpendic- ular to the frontal plane. Zooecia adjacent to dis- sepiments are up to 50% wider than those that intervene. There are a few large longitudinal ridges on the reverse side of the basal plate. Lamellar skeleton is thickest on reverse sides of branches and thinnest on frontal sides. Distinguishing Features— Semicoscinium discreta differs from S. subacta in the shape of zooecia, which are roughly equidimensional rather than elongate in deep tangential section; in the orientation of the distal tube; and in the spacing of skeletal elements. It differs from S. kurjensis Nekhoroshev, 1960, from the upper Lower De- vonian of Altai (in Nekhoroshev, 1977, pp. 106, 107, pi. 20, fig. 1), in slightly closer branch and dissepiment spacing and in substantially closer zooecial spacing. Measurements— See Table 2. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8476; ad- 38 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY ditional registered material, NM LI 8526; NM L18544; NM L18579; NM L21435; NM L21436; NM L21439; NM L21441; NM L24654; NM L24655. Localities— Kaplicka; Srbsko. Cyclopelta Bornemann, 1884 Type Species— Cyclopelta winteri Bornemann, 1884. Diagnosis— Zoaria narrow or broadly conical, composed of linear to sinuous branches bearing two rows of zooecia; outer surface of conical zoar- ium is the frontal; short, broad dissepiments tend to be aligned transverse to growth direction, each row and corresponding parts of branches thick- ened on the reverse side into a continuous annular band that projects into the cone beyond normal branch level; cylindrical to irregularly polygonal zooecia in alternating rows overlapped axially so that axial wall is zigzag to sinuous; maximum zooecial length perpendicular to basal plate, with short distal tube that may be almost the same in diameter as lower portions of zooecia; zooecial diameters greater at dissepiment level, where width may be greater than length; superstructure consists of high keel with sheet of granular skeleton as core that divides apically into two divergent sheets to form apical lath; sheath of lamellar skeleton on keel thickens apically and forms transversely con- cave to convex deposit on outer side of lath. Discussion— Prout's (1 859) original material for the type species of Semicoscinium, S. rhomboi- deum, from the "Devonian Shell-beds" of the falls of the Ohio River, has been lost, and no neotype has been designated. Silicified specimens from the type locality that fit the description, however, have a very high keel with an undivided sheet of core material, forming a slightly raised median ridge which projects beyond the lateral scalloped la- mellar skeleton that secondarily thickens the keel. In contrast, Krausel (1953) found, in a restudy of Bornemann's holotype and additional topotype material of Cyclopelta winteri based in large part on careful work with thin sections, that the keel of C. winteri consists of a divided sheet of lamellar skeleton that is Y-shaped in cross section. Cyclo- pelta may be further distinguished from Semicos- cinium by chamber shape and orientation, and the tendency for dissepiments to be laterally aligned and thickened into continuous ridges on the re- verse sides of branches. Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande). Figures 22-24. Retepora sacculus Barrande. Bigsby, 1868, Thesaurus Siluricus, p. 200 (nomen nudum). Hemitrypa sacculus Barrande in Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 100, 101, pi. 11, figs. 1-20. Semicoscinium sacculus sacculus (Barrande) (pars). Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 52- 54, pi. 2, fig. 17 (not 18), pi. 3, fig. 7 (not 6). Semicoscinium sacculus ornatus Prantl, 1932, Pa- laeontogr. Bohemiae XV, p. 54, pi. 3, fig. 8. Diagnosis— Conical zoaria of straight to sin- uous anastomosed branches of variable width av- eraging 0.35 mm wide, spaced about 0.66 mm center to center, connected by anastomosis or dis- sepiments averaging 1.01 mm center to center; zooecial chambers erect, inflated, sac-shaped, with distal tubes about 0. 1 2 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.26 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are narrow to moderately widening cones, with angle of spread typically be- tween 30° and 60°. Narrow cones have circular cross sections, but broader cones are folded lon- gitudinally into gentle to moderately strong pleats. The superstructure of keels and laths is always on the outer surface of the cones, and zooecial ap- ertures under the keels face outwardly also. Zoaria are up to at least 42 mm high and 20 mm wide at distal ends. Branches are straight to sinuous and are anas- tomosed in many zoaria. Anastomosis occurs even in some zoaria with straight branches, but with large zooecia at the level of junction. Spacing of branch junctions is, on the average, almost one and one-half times that of branches. Dissepiments and anastomosis levels are aligned laterally. Their frontal surfaces are roughly level with frontal sur- faces of, and their width is about equal to that of, branches; moreover, they are thickened and lat- erally coalesced into concentric bands on reverse sides, where they may extend as distally deflected wedges around the inner surfaces of the conical zoaria. Some dissepiments consist in large part of several cysts rather than being completely skeletal. The superstructure consists of a high keel with a core sheet of granular calcite that bifurcates into two flaring sheets to form a lath at the frontal edge. The keel and undersides of the lath are covered by lamellar skeleton up to 0.10 mm thick, but generally much thinner; the outer surface of the lath consists of a domed ridge of concentric la- mellar skeleton. Laths are broader than the un- derlying branches. Autozooecia alternate along the branches and McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 39 Fig. 22. Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande). A, high conical specimen, longitudinally broken at level of keel laths (bottom) and along inside of cone to expose upwardly angled ridges formed by inwardly thickened and laterally joined branches and dissepiments; UUG specimen, Koneprusy. B, exterior of slightly undulose, high conical zoarium with only keel laths visible; paralectotype, NM LI 8478, Koneprusy. C, exterior of narrow, high conical zoarium with only keel laths visible; lectotype, NM LI 8479, Koneprusy. D, exterior of irregularly broadened zoarium with only keel laths visible; paralectotype, NM LI 8481, Koneprusy. E, transverse section through four laterally joined branches; each branch is centered on the high keel that supports an expanded lath at top (outer surface of specimen); lectotype, NM LI 8479. Scale bar in A = 2 mm; in D = 5 mm; and in E = 0.5 mm. B-C are at same scale as D. 40 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 23. Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande). A, very shallow section through level of keel laths; lectotype, NM LI 8479, Koneprusy. B, longitudinal section through sinuous branches; NM L24656, Koneprusy. C, section centered on and encompassing same area as A but somewhat deeper, cutting level of zooecial chambers (central bifurcated branch) and apertures (lateral two branches); lectotype, NM LI 8479. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm; all figures at same scale. McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 41 Fig. 24. Cyclopelta sacculns (Barrande). Lectotype, NM LI 8479, Koneprusy. A, deep tangential section in same place on zoarium as shallower sections illustrated in Figure 23, cutting into inner portions of distally tapered dis- sepiments and vesiculose deposits inside the conical zoarium. B, longitudinal section, cutting two inwardly and distally tapered dissepiment levels and, on right, vesiculose deposits inside the conical zoarium. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm; both figures at same scale. 42 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 7 n - B : Fig. 25. Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kfiz. A, shallow tangential section through single zooecium and axial wall (left), with granular wall lacking around disto-lateral portion of zooecium; holotype, NM LI 55 12, Koneprusy. B, longitudinal section, cutting thin margin of lath along upper edge; paratype, NM L24657, Koneprusy. C, transverse section through three branches joined by short dissepiments; holotype, NM L 1 5 5 1 2. D, tangential section, shallowest at right and deepest (below basal plate) at left; holotype, NM L15512. Scale bar in A = 0.1 mm and in B = 0.5 mm. C-D are at same scale as B. overlap axially so that the axial wall is zigzag. They are erect, inflated, and sack-shaped, with no por- tion recumbent on the basal plate; their maximum diameter occurs near the basal plate. Zooecial chambers vary from rounded to subrounded in deep tangential section, depending on whether the granular walls between adjacent zooecia are thin in the middle of the plane of contact or retain uniform thickness from the corners. Granular wall surrounds most of the zooecial chamber but is lacking in lateral and frontal areas. Chambers ap- pear roughly equidimensional in deep tangential section, and those adjacent to dissepiments may have over 50% greater diameter than those be- tween. The basal plate is about 0.01-0.02 mm thick McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 43 Fig. 26. A. Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kfiz. Holotype, NM LI 55 1 2, Koneprusy. Transverse section through single branch, showing local absence of basal plate (right); local absence of granular wall in lateral zooecial wall (left); and thin sheet of granular wall in keel, bifurcating into lath. B-C. Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl). B, shallow tangential section through keel, lower three-fourths below level of lateral links along keel crests; NM L24658, Kaplicka. C, longitudinal section near base of conical colony where vesicles fill from superstructure (top margin) to interior of cone (bottom margin); three concentric skeletal bands extend obliquely in the distal direction from the reverse side of branches; NM LI 8576, Kaplicka. Scale bar in A = 0.1 mm and in B = 0.5 mm. C is at same scale as B. 44 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 05TZ& Fig. 27. Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl). A, exterior of eroded conical zoarium; lectotype, NM LI 5489, Kaplicka. B, tangential section, shallowest at top right; NM L24659, Kaplicka. C, transverse section through several branches with very thick lamellar skeleton on reverse surfaces where branches are anastomosed; NM L24659. D, shallow tangential section through lateral linkages of light-colored lamellar skeleton extending from two keel crests (dark sinuous lines); paralectotype, NM L21448, Kaplicka. Scale bar in A = 5 mm and in C = 0.5 mm. B and D are at same scale as C. and lacks longitudinal ridges on reverse surfaces. It is arc-shaped in cross sections of individual branches, but is coalesced and flat where branches impinge and dissepiments are formed. Lamellar skeleton is up to about 0.10 mm thick on the re- verse side of isolated branches, but may be pro- duced into transverse, distally deflected narrow ridges over 0.5 mm high at the level of dissepi- ments. Cystose skeleton may fill space between branches and superstructure and within the cone in proximal parts of the colony. It generally forms as an asymmetrical deposit, higher on one side of the colony than on the other. Discussion— The specimen illustrated in Pocta (1894) as plate 11, figure 7 (NM LI 8479), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 2. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8479; McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 45 paralectotypes, NM LI 8478; NM LI 8480; NM LI 8481; NM L21316-L21326; additional regis- tered material, NM LI 8570; NM L24656. Locality — Koneprusy. Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kf iz, sp. nov. Figures 25, 26A. Fenestella subacta (pars) PoCta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 12, fig. 11 (not figs. 4-10). Seriopora petala (pars) Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 13, fig. 11 (not figs. 8-10). Semicoscinium sacculus sacculus (Barrande) (pars). Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 3, fig. 6 (not pi. 2, figs. 17, 18, pi. 3, fig. 7). Diagnosis— Conical, flaring zoaria of slightly sinuous branches 0.40 mm wide, spaced about 0.69 mm center to center, connected by regularly spaced dissepiments about 1.11 mm center to cen- ter; zooecial chambers rectangular near base to bean-shaped frontally, with short, frontally-di- rected distal tubes about 0.12 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.25 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are conical, with sides di- verging at an angle of 90° or less near the colony base but flaring to 1 80° or more within 2-3 cm. Cones are slightly to moderately pleated parallel with the growth direction. The superstructure of keels and laths is on the outer surface of the cones. The largest specimen is broken longitudinally, and about one-half of the zoarium is preserved; it is about 40 mm high and 80 mm in diameter. Branches are slightly sinuous and connected by short dissepiments with spacing about one and one-half times that of branches. Dissepiments have about the same width and thickness as branches. The superstructure consists of a high keel with a thin median sheet of granular skeleton divided into two sheets with about a 135° angle between them, thus forming the frontal lath. The granular core of each keel and lath has a flattened Y-shape in cross section. Lamellar skeleton forms a thin veneer on the keel sides and undersurfaces, but it forms a domed ridge of concentric lamellae on the outer surface of the laths. The laths are narrower than the underlying branches. Autozooecia most commonly alternate along the branches, but locally they are side-by-side. The axial wall is generally straight but may be zigzag for short distances. Zooecia are loaf-shaped, ap- pearing subrounded and rectangular in deep tan- gential sections and bean-shaped in sections closer to the frontal surface. Granular skeletal walls are lacking along parts of the lateral, frontal, and basal surfaces. Distal tubes are short, arising from the disto-lateral corner; they are perpendicular to the frontal plane. Length of chamber cross sections is about one and one-half their width at fenestrule midpoints, grading to the inverse relationship for zooecia adjacent to dissepiments. The basal plates vary from 0-0.05 mm thick, are planar or gently curved transversely, and lack longitudinal ridges on the reverse. Lamellar skel- eton is up to at least 0.8 mm thick on reverse surfaces but is thin on lateral and frontal surfaces. Distinguishing Features— Cyclopelta victrola does not differ significantly from C. sacculus in measured features, although branches in speci- mens available are slightly wider and are set slight- ly further apart; primary differences are a straight- er axial wall, shorter zooecia that appear more angular in section, and less elevated superstruc- ture. Cyclopelta victrola differs from C. winteri Bornemann, 1 884, in having less distance between branch junctions, broader branches, and less dif- ference in width of zooecia at branch junctions and in those portions of branches between dissep- iments. Etymology— Named for resemblance to flared speakers on early phonograph players. Measurements— See Table 2. Type Material— Holotype, NM LI 55 1 2; para- types, NM LI 8482; NM LI 8598; NM L24657. Locality — Koneprusy. Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl). Figures 26B-C, 27. Pseudoisotrypa bohemica Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 26, 27, pi. 5, figs. 4, 5, 7, 8, ?6, 79-11. Pseudoisotrypa cancellata (Pocta) (pars). Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 5, fig. 4 (not 12-14, 17). Diagnosis— Sinuous branches about 0.39 mm wide, spaced about 0.68 mm apart, connected by somewhat variably spaced anastomosis or short dissepiments averaging 1.14 mm apart; zooecia short, erect, rounded, sack-shaped, capped by short distal tube about 0. 1 1 mm wide and spaced about 0.26 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are narrow to moderately widening cones, with angle of spread from less than 20° to over 60°. Narrow cones have circular cross sections, but broader cones are folded lon- gitudinally into pleats. The frontal surface and the 46 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY superstructure of keels and anastomosed laths are always on the outer surface of the cones. Branches are sinuous and are anastomosed in some zoaria, but are connected by short dissepi- ments in most. Spacing of branch junctions is, on the average, a little less than one and one-half times that of branches. Dissepiments and anas- tomosis are aligned laterally or alternate. Their frontal surfaces are roughly level with frontal sur- faces of branches, and their width is about equal to that of branches; in many instances, they are thickened and laterally coalesced into concentric or diagonal bands on reverse sides. The superstructure consists of a high keel above branches but not dissepiments. It has a core sheet of granular calcite that bifurcates into two flaring sheets to form a lath at the frontal edge. The keel and lath are covered by lamellar skeleton that makes a domed ridge on the outer surface of the lath. Keels are sinuous, and laths above adjacent branches touch and fuse to form an anastomosed network that resembles the superstructure of Is- otrypa, except for lack of a vertical sheet of skel- eton connecting dissepiments and overlying su- perstructure. Autozooecia alternate along the branches and overlap axially so that the axial wall is zigzag. They are short, erect, inflated, and sack-shaped, with no portion recumbent on the budding plate, near which their maximum diameter occurs. Zooecial chambers vary from rounded to subrounded in deep tangential section, depending on variation in wall thickness. Chambers appear roughly equidi- mensional in deep tangential section, and those adjacent to dissepiments or at anastomosis points may be up to twice the diameter of those between. The basal plate is about 0.01-0.02 mm thick and lacks longitudinal ridges on reverse surfaces. It is gently arc-shaped to flat in cross sections. Lamellar skeleton is up to 1 mm thick on reverse sides. Cystose skeleton may fill space between branches and superstructure and within the cone in proximal parts of the colony. Distinguishing Features— Cyclopelta bohe- mica differs from Cyclopelta winteri Bornemann, 1884, C. sacculus, and C. victrola in anastomosis of keel laths, relative shortness of zooecia, and smaller diameter of distal tubes. Discussion— The Isotrypa-like frontal appear- ance of C. bohemica caused Prantl (1932, p. 26) to erect the new genus Pseudoisotrypa for the species. Its otherwise close resemblance to other species in Cyclopelta, however, and the rather sim- ple step in changing from a sinuous, nonfused state to the fused state of the expanded summit suggest to us that it should belong to Cyclopelta. The spec- imen illustrated by Prantl (1932) as plate 5, figure 7 (NM LI 5489), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 2. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 5489; paralectotypes, NM L21448; NM L15490-NM L 1 549 1 (two parts of one zoarium); additional ma- terial, NM LI 8576; NM L24658; NM L24659. Localities— Kaplicka; Srbsko. Isotrypa Hall, 1885 Type Species— Fenestella (Hemitrypa) conjunc- tiva Hall, 1881. Diagnosis— Zoaria conical or fan-shaped, con- sisting of linear to moderately sinuous branches connected by dissepiments; zooecia not strongly inflated laterally except at dissepiments, generally quadrangular in deep tangential sections, varying in some to rounded quadrangular at dissepiments; distal tube typically short; hemisepta absent; axial wall typically flat, continuing unbroken into su- perstructure; superstructure corresponding with underlying branches and dissepiments, consisting of laterally expanded laths borne on continuous skeletal sheets from branches and dissepiments. Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta). Figures 28, 29. Fenestella pannosa (pars) Po6ta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 68, 69, pi. 14, figs. 12, 14, 15 (not 13). Fenestella acris Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, p. 57, pi. 16, figs. 4-8. Fenestella rustica (pars) Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 16, figs. 2, 3 (not fig. 1). Equals Pseudoisotrypa cancellata (Pocta) in Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bo- hemiae XV, p. 27. Fenestella sportula (pars) Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 16, figs. 17-19 (not 16). Fenestella lineolata (pars) Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 16, figs. 21, 22 (not fig. 23). Fenestella pannosa Pocta (pars). Prantl, 1932, Pa- laeontogr. Bohemiae XV, p. 8-9 (not pi. 1, fig. 4, pi. 2, figs. 8, 9). Isotrypa acris (Pocta) (pars). Prantl, 1932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 23-24, ?pl. 4, fig. 12 (not 13). Pseudoisotrypa cancellata (Pocta) (pars). Prantl, 1 932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 5, fig. 14 (not figs. 4, 12, 13, 17). Diagnosis— Straight to sinuous branches about 0.33 mm wide, spaced about 0.60 mm center to McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 47 Fig. 28. Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta). A, exterior of longitudinally pleated, fan-shaped zoarium; lectotype, NM LI 8584, Koneprusy. B, tangential section through frontal edges of branches (bottom) and superstructure (top); lectotype, NM LI 8584. C, tangential section through zooecial chamber mid-levels and possible small polymorphs in dissepiments; lectotype, NM LI 8584. D, longitudinal section, including apparent gonozooid (arrow), cutting branch axial plane at left and branch margin at right; NM L24660, Koneprusy. E, tangential section through zooecial chamber (right) and small vermiform chamber of possible polymorph (bottom left) in dissepiment; lectotype, NM LI 8584. Scale bar in A = 10 mm; in B = 0.5 mm; and in E = 0.1 mm. C-D are at same scale as B. center, connected by fairly regularly spaced dis- sepiments 1 .0 1 mm apart on the average; zooecia side-by-side, wedge-shaped, narrowing frontally, with frontally directed distal tubes about 0. 10 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.25 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are conical, initially wid- ening at an angle of about 60° to 1 50°. Larger zoaria 48 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 29. Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta). A, exterior of broadly conical, longitudinally pleated zoarium; NM LI 8585, Koneprusy. B, transverse section through single branch; NM LI 8545, Koneprusy. C, D, tangential sections, cutting various levels of inflated zooecia (arrows) associated with dissepiments and interpreted as gonozooids; NM L2466 1 , Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 10 mm; in B = 0. 1 mm; and in D = 0.5 mm. C is at same scale as D. are broadly warped to pleated along the growth direction in distal portions. The largest specimen, approximately one-fourth of a broad, flaring, deeply pleated zoarium, is about 83 mm long and 65 mm wide. Branches are straight to moderately sinuous but are not an astomosed. Diameter of dissepiments is slightly less than that of branches. Dissepiments have locally small vermiform polymorphs and, typically, about one and two-thirds the spacing of branches. The superstructure is supported by a high keel McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 49 Table 3. Measurements of species of Isotrypa and Hemitrypa (see page 7 for definitions of abbreviations). Table 3. Continued. No. of Char- speci- No. of acter mens mea- measure- mea- sure- ments sured ments BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW Range (mm) Mean (mm) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) 22 21 5 21 20 17 180 145 50 192 185 146 0.403-0.953 0.234-0.500 0.103-0.192 0.682-1.515 0.181-0.368 0.075-0.152 Isotrypa lineolata (Pocta) 38 36 40 40 40 37 0.477-1.058 0.278-0.515 0.114-0.277 0.888-1.684 0.203-0.414 0.078-0.172 0.603 0.331 0.138 1.010 0.247 0.103 ) 0.740 0.402 0.189 1.222 0.299 0.124 Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) 11 10 5 11 87 60 50 91 82 65 0.485-1.021 0.288-0.494 0.123-0.214 0.826-2.026 0.239-0.415 0.085-O.148 0.780 0.392 0.162 1.341 0.290 0.114 Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) 12 12 5 12 12 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 103 84 50 119 115 0.291-0.887 0.225-0.516 0.087-0.181 0.536-1.220 0.145-0.364 0.068-0.142 0.556 0.305 0.135 0.854 0.250 0.093 Isotrypa sportula (Pocta) 29 24 30 30 24 24 0.395-0.800 0.256-0.417 0.102-0.188 0.634-1.181 0.211-0.312 0.070-0.132 0.580 0.325 0.137 0.910 0.252 0.095 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande 27 27 5 27 27 27 254 231 50 243 254 253 0.267-0.600 0.167-0.310 0.081-0.124 0.260-0.730 0.170-0.300 0.060-0.090 0.390 0.211 0.103 0.503 0.226 0.078 Stan- dard devi- ation Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kf iz 24 23 5 23 24 24 211 171 50 206 230 201 0.286-0.620 0.138-0.404 0.080-0.147 0.303-1.000 0.170-0.346 0.068-0.121 0.449 0.239 0.113 0.551 0.235 0.086 Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande 6 42 0.430-0.758 0.614 6 35 0.300-0.530 0.384 0.075 0.053 0.021 0.116 0.028 0.009 0.135 0.052 0.038 0.148 0.027 0.023 0.077 0.039 0.026 0.216 0.023 0.011 0.092 0.048 0.027 0.125 0.029 0.010 0.050 0.043 0.023 0.143 0.017 0.011 0.030 0.014 0.010 0.046 0.011 0.003 0.049 0.041 0.014 0.071 0.023 0.004 0.048 0.050 No. of Char- speci- No. of acter mens mea- measure- mea- sure- ments sured ments Range (mm) Stan- dard Mean devi- (mm) ation CW DS DTS DTW BRS BRW CW DS DTS DTW 50 50 50 40 0.106-0.248 0.748-1.076 0.190-0.380 0.108-0.160 0.172 0.034 0.920 0.031 0.291 0.022 0.136 0.013 Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz 36 32 50 33 40 30 0.380-0.630 0.220-0.320 0.101-0.191 0.570-0.800 0.220-0.300 0.100-0.150 0.512 0.243 0.142 0.723 0.254 0.128 0.028 0.008 0.024 0.051 0.004 0.008 of granular skeleton that thickens slightly near its frontal edge but rarely extends as lateral sheets into the superstructure. The keel is veneered by la- mellar skeleton that increases in thickness near the frontal edge to form a wedge-shaped, flat-topped to gently rounded lath. The laths are narrower than the underlying branches. Autozooecia are typically side-by-side rather than in alternate positions along a branch. The axial wall is straight. Chambers are wedge-shaped with an erect cylinder at the distal end. In deep tangential sections, chambers appear as slightly elongated parallelograms with length about one and one-half times width near the basal plate; in shallower sections, they are progressively narrow- er and confined against the axial wall. The trans- verse granular walls between zooecia in a row in- cline at an angle of about 60° from the basal plate. The transverse and adjacent portions of other granular walls may be thinly covered by lamellar skeleton in proximal portions of zooecia. The dis- tal tube arises along the disto-lateral corner of the chamber and is perpendicular to the frontal plane or inclined slightly toward the adjacent fenestrule. Chamber sections cut along the top of the proximal chamber and through the distal tube are roughly bean-shaped. Apertures are along margins of fron- tal surfaces of branches and incline downward slightly in the disto-lateral direction. Autozooecia at dissepiments are up to 30% wider than those that intervene. The basal plate is prominent— up to 0.05 mm thick— and has a few large longitudinal ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton may be thick on the reverse side of the branch, but has not been FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY seen to accumulate substantially on lateral and frontal zooecial surfaces. Apparent gonozooids have large, spherically in- flated living chambers that were probably ovicells. Where they occur, each gonozooid is situated at a dissepiment and its aperture opens into the prox- imal part of the next-distal fenestrule. Gonozooids crowd and cause reduced size of the adjacent zooids because they have a diameter of about 0.33 mm at the level of maximum inflation; they project farther into the fenestrules than autozooids. Distinguishing Features— For comparison with other species of Isotrypa from the Koneprusy Limestone, see Tables 3 and 4. Isotrypa pannosa is similar to Isotrypa sibirica Krasnopeeva, 1935, from the Middle Devonian of Gornoi Altai as re- ported in Volkova (1974, pp. 75, 76, pi. 38, fig. 2), in branch and dissepiment spacing, basal cross- sectional shape of autozooecia, and gonozooid shape and distribution; but /. sibirica has greater spacing between apertures and greater branch sin- uosity. Isotrypa troposomena Deiss, 1932 (pp. 248, 249, pi. 4, figs. 4, 6), from the Middle Devonian of Michigan, resembles /. pannosa in branch and dissepiment spacing and in aperture size and spac- ing, but differs in having more sinuous branches and more robust superstructure laths; its zooecial shape is unknown. Discussion— The specimen illustrated in Pocta (1894) as plate 14, figure 12 (NM LI 8584), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 3. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8584; paralectotype, NM L21305; additional registered material, NM LI 8484; NM LI 8485; NM LI 8545; NM L18583; NM L18585; NM L18595; NM L21301-L21304; NM L21306; NM L24660; NM L24661. Locality — Koneprusy. Isotrypa li inula ta (Pocta). Figures 30, 31 A. Fenestella lineolata (pars) Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 66-67, pi. 16, fig. 23, ?fig. 20 (not 21, 22). Diagnosis— Generally straight branches about 0.40 mm wide, spaced about 0.74 mm center to center, connected by fairly regularly spaced dis- sepiments averaging 1.22 mm center to center; zooecial chambers appear elliptical in sections near base, narrowing frontally, with laterally tilted dis- tal tubes about 0. 1 2 mm wide and spaced about 0.30 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are conical, widening at an angle up to about 1 50°, and are pleated along the growth direction. They are up to 40 mm high and 57 mm wide. Branches are straight to locally sinuous, particularly where immediately distal to bifurcations. Dissepiments have larger diameters than do branches, with about one and two-thirds times their spacing. The superstructure is supported by a high keel of granular skeleton that is thick above branches and very thin above dissepiments. The keel is ve- neered by lamellar skeleton that thickens frontally to form the laths of the superstructure. The laths are narrower than the underlying branches. Autozooecia are typically offset along a branch but are locally side-by-side. The axial wall is straight. Zooecia are sack-shaped, with their long axis oriented almost normal to the frontal plane but tilted in a disto-lateral direction. In deep tan- gential sections, zooecial chambers typically ap- pear elliptical, slightly elongate parallel with the branch axis where cut near the budding plate. The elliptical appearance of chambers is due to the variable thickness of transverse granular walls, which are thin near their midportions but thicker toward the axial and lateral margins. Chamber sections are narrower and bean-shaped near the frontal side. The distal tube arises along the distal margin of the zooecium and tilts slightly toward the adjacent fenestrule, so that branch edges are crenulate in shallow tangential sections. Apertures are along frontal surfaces of branches and incline slightly downward in the distal lateral direction. Zooecia at branch-dissepiment junctions are up to 50% wider than those in the middle of fenestrules. Progressive change in the size of zooecia between mid-level of fenestrules and dissepiments results in spindle-shaped branches. Some zooecia beside dissepiments are equidimensional or are broader than long in sections. The basal plate is about 0.04 mm thick and has only one or two longitudinal ridges along the re- verse side. Lamellar skeleton may be moderately thick on the reverse sides of branches, and may lap up onto lateral sides of zooecia. It has not been seen to accumulate substantially on frontal zooe- cial surfaces. Distinguishing Features— For comparison with other species of Isotrypa from the Koneprusy Limestone, see Tables 3 and 4. Isotrypa lineolata is unique among described Devonian Isotrypa in branch and dissepiment spacing, zooecial chamber shape, and large variations in chamber size. Discussion— The specimen illustrated in Pocta McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 51 Table 4. Comparison of morphological features of species of Isotrypa from the Devonian of Bohemia. Features pannosa lineolata bifrons cancellata sportula Zoarial shape Pleated cones Pleated cones Flat to pleated sheets Cones Narrow cones Branch sinuosity Straight Straight to sin- Slightly sinuous Straight Sinuous Superstructure Narrow laths Narrow laths, two modes of construction Same width as branches Narrow laths, two modes of construction Same width as branches Zooecial distri- bution Side-by-side Alternating Side-by-side Side-by-side Variable Axial wall Straight Straight Straight Straight Straight to sin- Chamber cross section Parallelograms Elliptical Parallelograms Parallelograms Parallelograms to pentagonal (1894) as plate 16, figure 23 (NM LI 8491), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 3. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8491; ad- ditional registered material, NM L24662. Locality — Koneprusy . Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande). Figures 3 IB, 32. Fenestella bifrons Barrande in Bigsby, 1868, Thesau- rus Siluricus, p. 200 (nomen nudum). Fenestella bifrons Barrande in Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 58, 59, pi. 17, figs. 1-3. Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande). Prantl, 1932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, p. 24, pi. 5, fig. 1. Fenestella gracilis Barrande in Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 63, 64, pi. 14, figs. 8-11. Isotrypa gracilis (Barrande). Prantl, 1932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 1, fig. 12, pi. 5, fig. 2. Fenestella rustica (pars) Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 16, fig. 1 (not figs. 2, 3). Pseudoisotrypa cancellata (Pocta) (pars). Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, p. 27. Diagnosis— Slightly sinuous branches about 0.39 mm wide, spaced about 0.78 mm center to center, connected by variably spaced dissepiments averaging 1.34 mm center to center; zooecial chambers wedge-shaped, narrowing frontally with distal tubes slightly inclined laterally, about 0. 1 1 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.29 mm from center to center. Description— Zoarial fragments are large, rel- atively flat to broadly pleated sheets, the largest being 48 mm high and 82 mm wide. Curvature of some fragments suggests that they may be conical zoaria. Branches are slightly sinuous and are con- nected by short dissepiments, not anastomosed. Dissepiments have about the same width as branches but are not as thick. Their typical spacing is about one and three-quarters times that of branches. In a few colonies there are local cysts, with large gaps between laminae, in dissepiments. The superstructure is supported by a high keel of granular skeleton that may thicken slightly to- ward its frontal edge but more commonly tapers to a very thin edge at the upper surface. The keel is covered by lamellar skeleton that increases in thickness near the frontal edge to form a broad, wedge-shaped, flat-topped to acutely crested lath. The laths have about the same width as underlying branches and dissepiments. Autozooecia are typically side-by-side but may alternate along a branch. The axial wall is straight in most places but is gently zigzag where zooecia are offset from one another. Zooecial chambers are wedge-shaped with an erect cylinder at the distal end. In deep tangential sections, zooecial chambers appear as slightly elongate parallelo- grams near the basal plate, but in shallower sec- tions are narrower and confined against the axial wall. Transverse walls between zooecia are in- clined at an angle of about 60° from the basal plate; they are planar near their base, but are distally convex closer to the frontal surface where the distal tubes are differentiated and more proximal parts of the zooecia are roofed over. Distal tubes arise from the center or slightly lateral to the center of distal walls of the zooecia and lean slightly toward the adjacent fenestrules. Zooecial apertures are on frontal surfaces of branches, and their closest mar- gin is at a distance equal to about half their di- ameter from the branch axis. Apertures are rough- ly parallel with the frontal plane. Autozooecia at dissepiments are about 20% wider than those that intervene. The basal plate is about 0.02 mm thick and has a few large ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar 52 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 30. Isotrypa lineolata (Pocta). Lectotype, NM LI 8491, Koneprusy. A, partially sanded exterior of zoarial fragment. B, transverse section through two partially recrystallized branches, and part of a third. C, tangential section through three branches, cutting below basal plate at top right and high in zooecia along bottom. D, tangential section through superstructure, shallowest at top. Scale bar in A = 2 mm and in B = 0.5 mm. C-D are at same scale as B. skeleton may be thick on reverse sides of branches, but it has not been seen to accumulate substan- tially on lateral and frontal zooecial surfaces. Distinguishing Features— For comparison with other species of Isotrypa from the Koneprusy Limestone, see Tables 3 and 4. Isotrypa bifrons has substantially greater branch and dissepiment spacing than any other described Devonian species of the genus. Discussion— The specimen illustrated in Pocta (1894) as plate 17, figure 1 (NM LI 8475), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 3. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8475; paralectotype, NM L2 1 306; additional registered material, NM LI 8483; NM LI 8582; NM LI 8599; NM L24663. Localities— Koneprusy; Kaplicka; Srbsko. McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 53 Fig. 31. A. Isotrypa lineolata (Pocta). NM L24662, Koneprusy. Longitudinal section near branch midplane, also cutting lamellar portion of longitudinal part of superstructure, including junction with two crossbars (peaks in superstructure centered on vertically oriented granular skeleton). B. Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande). NM L24663, Ko- neprusy. Longitudinal section along branch midplane, cutting exactly through entire height of superstructure, including junction with two crossbars, as in A. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm. B is at same scale. Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta). Figures 33, 34A. Fenestella cancellata Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, p. 60, pi. 16, figs. 9-12. Pseudoisotrypa cancellata (Pocta) (pars). Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 27, 28, pi. 5, figs. 12, 13, 17 (not figs. 4, 14). Fenestella pannosa Pocta (pars). Prantl, 1932, Pa- laeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 2, fig. 8 (left) (not fig. 9). Diagnosis— Slightly sinuous branches about 0.30 mm wide, spaced about 0.56 mm center to center, connected by variably spaced dissepiments averaging 0.85 mm center to center; superstruc- ture has granular core only above branches; zooe- cial chambers side-by-side, wedge- to sack-shaped, narrowing frontally, with very short frontally-di- rected distal tubes about 0.09 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.25 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are conical, widening at a 60° to 90° angle. They may be smoothly conical, pleated, or irregularly pinched and swollen. All zoaria are broken on at least one end; the largest is 25 mm high. Branches are slightly sinuous but are not anastomosed. Dissepiment width may be equal to or slightly greater than branch width. Spacing of dissepiments is typically almost one and one-half times that of branches. The superstructure is supported by a high keel of granular skeleton that is not developed above dissepiments. Where the granular skeleton is lack- ing above dissepiments, a vertical, planar to sin- uous sheet of variable thickness is constructed of lamellar skeleton. Granular skeleton in the keels above branches thickens slightly near its frontal edge but rarely if ever extends as lateral sheets into the superstructure. The keel is veneered by la- mellar skeleton that may be only locally developed near the base but increases in thickness near the frontal edge to form a wedge-shaped lath. The laths are slightly narrower than the underlying branches. Autozooecia are typically side-by-side rather than in alternate positions along a branch. The axial wall is predominantly straight but locally de- flected around individual robust zooecia. Zooecial chambers are wedge-shaped to sack-shaped. In deep tangential sections, zooecial chambers are slightly elongated parallelograms to locally ellip- 54 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 32. Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande). Lectotype, NM LI 8475, Koneprusy. A, exterior of fan-shaped zoarial frag- ment. B, transverse section of two branches, the one on left partially eroded. C, longitudinal section along a row of zooids, closer to edge of branch at right, cutting transverse element of superstructure at top center. D, tangential section, near level of basal plate at top and cutting superstructure at bottom. E, transverse section through single branch. Scale bar in A = 10 mm; in B = 0.5 mm; and in E = 0.1 mm. C-D are at same scale as B. tical shapes with slightly rounded proximal ends near the basal plate. Toward the frontal surface, chambers become constricted on the proximal end until they are pyriform just below the level where the distal tube terminates as the aperture. Aper- tures are on the frontal surface of branches, located against the axial wall and essentially parallel with the frontal plane. Zooecia at dissepiments are up to 35% wider than those that intervene. The basal plate is about 0.03 mm thick and has McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 55 Fig. 33. Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta). A, exterior of conical zoarium; paralectotype, NM LI 8581, Koneprusy. B, oblique longitudinal section through branch and superstructure; NM LI 8493, Koneprusy. C, deep tangential section through zooecial bases (center and left) and basal plate (right); lectotype NM LI 8492, Koneprusy. D, shallow tangential section through zooecial chambers and lower portions of superstructure; NM L24664, Koneprusy. E, shallow tangential section through outermost portion of superstructure (left); lectotype, NM LI 8492. Scale bar in A = 5 mm and in D = 0.5 mm. B-C and E are at same scale as D. several small longitudinal ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton may be thick on the reverse side of the basal plate and moderately developed along the fenestrules lateral to zooecia, but it has not been seen to accumulate substantially on fron- tal zooecial surfaces. Distinguishing Features— For comparison with other species of Isotrypa from the Koneprusy 56 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 34. A. Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta). Longitudinal section of specimen in which recrystallization has virtually obscured walls between chambers; distal direction toward left; NM L24665, Koneprusy. B. Isotrypa sportula (Pocta). Longitudinal section; lectotype, NM LI 8503, Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm. B is at same scale. Limestone, see Tables 3 and 4. Branch, dissepi- ment, and aperture spacing in /. cancellata is ap- proximately equal to that in /. angulata Deiss, 1932; /. rara Deiss, 1932; /. ovata Deiss, 1932; /. hexagona Deiss, 1932; and/, vibratula Deiss, 1932, all from the Middle Devonian of Michigan. The latter three, however, are possibly only one species and differ in that they have anastomosed branches, while /. rara has much more inflated zooecial chambers. Internal characters of /. angulata are unknown. Discussion— The specimen illustrated in Pocta ( 1 894) as plate 1 6, figures 1 1 and 1 2 (NM LI 8492), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 3. Type Material— Lectotype, NM L18492; paralectotype, NM LI 8581; additional registered material, NM L18493; NM L21438; NM L24664; NM L24665. Localities— Koneprusy; Kaplicka; Srbsko. Isotrypa sportula (Pocta). Figures 34B, 35. Fenestella sportula (pars) Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 72, 73, pi. 16, figs. 15, 16 (not 17-19). Isotrypa acris (Pocta) (pars). Prantl, 1932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, p. 23 (not pi. 4, figs. 12, 13). Diagnosis— Narrow conical zoaria of sinuous, locally anastomosed branches about 0.32 mm in diameter, spaced about 0.58 mm center to center, connected by anastomosis or dissepiments at about 0.91 mm intervals; superstructure with granular core divided into three sheets along outer margin; zooecial chambers wedge-shaped, narrowing fron- tally with distal tubes placed disto-laterally and oriented frontally, about 0. 10 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.25 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are high, narrow cones widening at less than a 30° angle. Height may be up to at least 20 mm. Branches are slightly to strongly sinuous and are locally anastomosed. Where dissepiments are present, they have slightly smaller diameter than branches. Branch linkages typically have spacing of about one and two-thirds times that of branches. A high keel of granular skeleton divides along its frontal edge into three sheets that are the core for the superstructure and have a trident-appear- ing cross section. The keel is veneered by lamellar skeleton that entirely covers the granular core and fills in the region on the frontal side of the divided portion, making rounded laths with a low, median keel which is the outer edge of the granular skel- McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 57 Fig. 35. Isotrypa sportula (Pocta). Lectotype, NM LI 8503, Koneprusy. A, transverse section through four branches linked in pairs by dissepiments. B, exterior of narrowly conical zoarium. C, shallow tangential section cutting superstructure (left) and various levels of zooecia (right) from distal tubes to near basal plate. D, deep tangential section through zooecial bases and cutting below basal plate at top left. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm and in B = 5 mm. C-D are at same scale as A. eton. The laths are about equal in width to the underlying branches and dissepiments. Autozooecia may be side-by-side or in alter- nating positions along a branch: if the former, the axial wall is straight; if the latter, the axial wall is very slightly zigzag. Zooecial chambers are wedge- shaped, with an erect cylinder at the distal end. In deep tangential sections, zooecial sections are slightly elongated parallelograms to weakly de- veloped pentagons near the basal plate, but be- come narrower and confined frontally against the axial wall. The axial wall becomes more strongly zigzag frontally where zooecia are alternating. Around the proximal ends of zooecial chambers, there may be a thin lining of lamellar skeleton coating the granular walls. The distal tube in each zooecium arises along the disto-lateral corner of the chamber and maintains uniform distance from the axial wall. Chamber sections are typically cres- cent-shaped, with rounded distal end in shallow 58 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 36. Hemitrypa tenella Barrande. A, conical colony, majority preserved as mold of interior of cone, skeleton preserved only along upper margin; lectotype, NM LI 8454, Koneprusy. B, cross section of two branches and super- structure; NM LI 8459, Koneprusy. C, shallow tangential section through superstructure meshwork (center) and supporting spines (right and left); lectotype, NM LI 8454. D, deep tangential section through three zooecia, passing just above basal plate; lectotype, NM LI 8454. E, slightly oblique longitudinal section cutting branch margin at left and right and branch axial plane in center; NM LI 8456, Koneprusy. F, tangential section through various levels of branches, deepest on right; lectotype, NM L18454. G, shallow tangential section through frontal portions of zooecia; lectotype, NM LI 8454. Scale bar in A = 5 mm; in B = 0.5 mm; and in D = 0.1 mm. C, E-F are at same scale as B; G is at same scale as D. frontal sections. Apertures project above frontal surfaces of branches and are essentially parallel with the frontal plane. Zooecia at dissepiments are up to 20% wider than those that intervene. The basal plate is about 0.05 mm thick and has several small ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton may be thick on the reverse side of the basal plate, but it has not been seen to accumulate McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 59 Fig. 37. Hemitrypa tenella Barrande. A, cross section through single branch, superstructure, and supporting frontal spine; NM LI 8459, Koneprusy. B, longitudinal section through zooid and unsupported portion of superstructure; NM LI 8456, Koneprusy. C, tangential section through branches (left), superstructure-supporting spines (center), and meshwork of superstructure (right); NM L18558-A, Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 0.1 mm and in C = 0.5 mm. B is at same scale as A. substantially on lateral and frontal zooecial sur- faces. Distinguishing Features— For comparison with other species of Isotrypa from the Koneprusy Limestone, see Tables 3 and 4. Branch, dissepi- ment, and aperture spacing in /. sportula most closely resembles that of /. nekhoroshevi Kras- nopeeva, 1935 (pp. 62, 63, pi. 13, figs. 38-41, pi. 19, figs. 77, 78), from the Middle Devonian of Altai, but the species differ in that /. nekhoroshevi has smaller apertures and much narrower anas- tomosed branches. Discussion— The specimen originally figured by Pocta as plate 16, figure 16 (NM LI 8503), is here designated lectotype, and that illustrated as plate 16, figure 15 (NM LI 8502), paralectotype. 60 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Table 5. Comparison of morphological features of species of Hemitrypa from the Devonian of Bohemia. Features bohemica linotheras tenella mimicra Zoarial shape Flaring cones Small cones Broadly flaring cones Broadly flaring cones Branch sinuosity Straight to slightly sinuous Sinuous Straight Straight Aperture orientation Frontal Frontal Disto- lateral Disto-lateral Axial wall Zigzag Zigzag Zigzag basally, sin- uous frontally Zigzag basally, sin- uous frontally Chamber cross section Pentagonal to ellip- Concave proxi- Pentagonal to trian- Triangular to semi- tical mally, rounded distally gular circular Measurements— See Table 3. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8503; paralectotype, NM LI 8502. Locality — Koneprusy . Hemitrypa Phillips, 1 84 1 Type species— Hemitrypa oculata Phillips, 1 84 1 . Diagnosis— Zoaria conical or fan-shaped, con- sisting of branches bearing two rows of typically alternating zooecia, regularly spaced dissepiments, and fine-textured superstructure; zooecial cham- bers not strongly inflated laterally, commonly quadrangular or pentagonal in deep sections, opening frontally through short distal tube; hem- isepta commonly present; axial wall flat or zigzag in deep sections, bearing a single row of closely spaced high spines with granular core; lamellar wall extends laterally from tips of keel spines as a few short, inclined sheets that fuse with those from neighbors to form a meshwork of polygonal open- ings, each opening centered over a zooecial ap- erture in the branch below. Hemitrypa tenella Barrande. Figures 36, 37. Hemitrypa tenella (pars) Barrande in Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 101, 102, pi. 15, figs. 1, 4, 6, 7 (not 2, 3,5). Fenestella minuscula Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, p. 67, pi. 16, figs. 24, 25. Diagnosis— Straight branches about 0.21 mm wide, spaced about 0.39 mm center to center, con- nected by regularly spaced dissepiments about 0.50 mm center to center, superstructure borne by tab- ular spines with concave sides; zooecial chambers alternating, with variably shaped basal sections, tapering frontally into laterally and distally in- clined short distal tube about 0.08 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.23 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are conical, broadly flar- ing at an angle of 90° to over 1 80°; they are circular to elliptical in cross section. Longitudinal pleats are characteristic but are not present in all. The superstructure is on the outside of the cone. Branches are very thin and are straight, joined by dissepiments whose diameters are slightly less than those of branches. Dissepiment spacing is on av- erage about 20% greater than branch spacing. Autozooecia alternate in position along the branches. The axial wall is highly zigzag near the basal plate, generally touching both sides of it; but nearer the frontal surface it is sinuous rather than bending sharply, and nearly straight in the frontal keel. Zooecia are inclined and sack-shaped, with their bases closely appressed. Zooecial chambers are triangular, pentagonal, or semicircular in deep tangential sections near the basal plate, with length being only slightly greater than width and height. They are short, obliquely oriented and bean-shaped in more frontal sections, becoming narrower in some areas but generally shorter and also more rounded. Distal tubes are very short and small in diameter; they are located on the frontal surface but are tilted both distally and toward adjacent fenestrules. Apertures are directly against the sin- uous axial wall. The basal plate varies from 0.01 to about 0.05 mm in thickness, with a few low longitudinal ridges on the reverse. Except where very close to colony bases, lamellar skeleton is thin on all outer surfaces of branches. The superstructure is borne on closely spaced, tabular spines whose long axis is diagonal in shal- low tangential sections. Lamellar skeleton on the spines is sculpted into concave faces and peaks that correspond with superstructure openings and McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 61 Fig. 38. Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz. A, conical zoarium preserved in large part as interior mold, but with large central area of skeleton remaining; holotype, NM LI 8452, Koneprusy. B, cross section of single branch and superstructure; paratype, NM LI 8531, Koneprusy. C, tangential section through branches, deepest at top of figure; paratype, NM L18558-B, Koneprusy. D, longitudinal section through branch (lower left) and superstructure (top margin); paratype, NM L24666. E, tangential section through branches (left and top center) and superstructure- supporting spines (right and bottom center); holotype, NM LI 8452. Scale bar in A = 5 mm; in B = 0.1 mm; and in C = 0.5 mm. D-E are at same scale as C. meshwork, respectively. The superstructure gen- erally lacks extra ridgelike calcification above the branch centers. Distinguishing Features— For comparison with other species of Hemitrypa from the Kone- prusy Limestone, see Tables 3 and 5. Hemitrypa tenella resembles H. bugusunica Nekhoroshev, 1948 (pp. 97, 98, pi. 28, figs. 5-7, pi. 29, fig. 3a,b), 62 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 39. Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz. Paratype, NM L18558-B, Koneprusy. A, tangential section through superstructure meshwork (left); supporting spines (center); and frontal edge of branches (right). B, tangential section through frontal edge of branch, cutting zooecial chambers and apertures and axial wall. C, Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz. Exterior surface of superstructure meshwork, with skeletal ridges centered over branches; paratype, NM LI 8588, Koneprusy. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm; in B = 0.1 mm; and in C = 1 mm. from the Middle Devonian of the Altai, in branch and dissepiment spacing, but differs in zooecial spacing and in orientation and placement of zooe- cial apertures. It also resembles H. devonica hei- taiensis Yang, 1956 (pp. 782, 783, pi. 9, fig. 3a- d), from the Middle Devonian of Kirin Province, China, in branch and dissepiment spacing, but dif- fers in zooecial spacing, chamber shape, and place- ment and orientation of apertures. Hemitrypa te- nella resembles H. variosa Deiss, 1932, (pp. 247, 248, pi. 4, figs. 2, 5), from the Middle Devonian of Michigan, in branch spacing and lateral orien- tation of apertures, but differs in dissepiment spac- ing, chamber shape, and zooecial spacing. McKINNEY & KRiZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 63 Discussion— The specimen illustrated in Pocta (1894) as plate 15, figure 1 (NM LI 8454), is here selected as lectotype. Measurements— See Table 3. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8454; paralectotypes, NM L21312; NM L21313; addi- tional registered material, NM LI 8456; NM L18459;NML18558-A. Locality— Koneprusy. Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. Figures 38, 39A-B. Hemitrypa tenella (pars) Barrande in Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 15, figs. 2, 3, 5 (not figs. 1, 4, 6, 7). Hemitrypa tenella Barrande. Prantl, 1932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 3, figs. 11, 12, ?9, ?10. Fenestella exilis Po£ta (pars). Prantl, 1932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, pi. 2, fig. 4 (not fig. 3). Diagnosis— Straight branches about 0.24 mm wide, spaced about 0.45 mm apart, connected by regularly spaced dissepiments averaging 0.55 mm apart; zooecia closely spaced, equidimensional, polygonal at bases, elongate oval nearer frontal surface, merging into distal tube, about 0.09 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.24 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are flattened to rounded funnels, broadly flaring, some to an angle of about 90° but others recurved to over 1 80°. Longitudinal pleats are characteristic but are not present in all. The superstructure is on the outside of the funnel. Branches are straight, joined by dissepiments whose diameters are slightly less than those of branches. Dissepiment spacing is almost one and one-half times that of branches. Autozooecia alternate in position along the branches. The axial wall is zigzag near the basal plate but is much straighter at the frontal keel. Zooecia are budded in a single line in each branch and diverge alternately to right and left sides of the branch as sinuous tubes, closely appressed at bases. Zooecial chambers appear trapezoidal at the basal plate in deep tangential sections, with length and width approximately equal. Just above the basal plate, chambers are pentagonal to triangular in section, with length about one and one-half times width. They are bean-shaped in more frontal sec- tions, becoming narrower than in deeper sections. The entire distal end changes into a laterally and distally tilted distal tube of small diameter where sections cut above the proximal portions of zooe- cia. Apertures, which are near but not directly against the branch axial plane, are level with the branch surface. The basal plate is about 0.02 mm thick and has a few conspicuous longitudinal ridges on the re- verse side. Lamellar skeleton is moderately thick on the reverse sides of branches but forms only a thin veneer on lateral and frontal sides of zooecia. The superstructure is borne on closely spaced, slightly tabular spines. Lamellar skeleton on the spines is sculpted into concave faces and peaks that correspond with superstructure openings and meshwork, respectively. The superstructure lacks conspicuous extra external calcification above branch centers. Distinguishing Features— For comparison with other species of Hemitrypa from the Kone- prusy Limestone, see Tables 3 and 5. Hemitrypa mimicra is similar to H. mongolica Nekhoroshev, 1926b (p. 21, pi. 1, figs. 12, 13), from the Middle Devonian of northwestern Mongolia, in branch, dissepiment, and zooecial spacing and in general zooecial shape. It differs from H. mongolica in having trapezoidal and triangular cross sections near the basal plate; in lacking hemisepta; and in having laterally directed apertures. Hemitrypa mimicra differs from other species of the genus in the combination of branch, dissepiment, and zooecial spacing, zooecial shape, and placement and size of apertures. Etymology— From Czech mimicr, to mimic. Measurements— See Table 3. Type Material— Holotype, NM L18452; para- types, NM LI 8451; NM LI 8453; NM LI 8457; NM L18458; NM L18531; NM L18534; NM L18547; NM L18548; NM L18553; NM L18557; NM L18558-B; NM L21449; NM L24666; NM L24681-L24689; FMNH PE39308-PE39317. Localities— Koneprusy; Kaplicka; Srbsko. Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande. Figure 40. Hemitrypa Bohemica (pars) Barrande in Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 98, 99, pi. 15, figs. 12-19 (not figs. 8-11). Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande. Prantl, 1932, Pa- laeontogr. Bohemiae XV, p. 21, pi. 3, figs. 13, 14, pi. 4, figs. 2, 3. Diagnosis— Straight to sinuous branches about 0.38 mm wide, spaced about 0.61 mm center to center, connected by regularly spaced dissepi- ments averaging 0.92 mm center to center; zooe- 64 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY •*; Fig. 40. Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande. Lectotype, NM LI 8472, Koneprusy. A, conical specimen with skeleton adhering at top and right but preserved as mold of inner surface at bottom and left. B, longitudinal section through several zooecia and supporting spine for superstructure, but majority of superstructure broken off along top surface of specimen. C, longitudinal section through several branches, deepest at center of illustration and shallowest at bottom right. Scale bar in A = 10 mm and in B = 0.5 mm. C is at same scale as B. cial chambers appressed against proximal zooecia basally, rounded distally, constricted frontally into frontally-directed distal tube about 0.14 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.29 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are conical, with a prox- imal, cylindrical to gently widening portion; but gradually or abruptly they flare distally, in an arc of spread up to about 1 20°. Zoarial cross sections are circular to elliptical, generally smoothly curved but with slight pleating in some. Branches are straight to slightly sinuous and are joined by short dissepiments whose diameters are slightly smaller than those of branches. Spacing of dissepiments is about one and one-quarter to one and one-half times that of branches, which are locally triserial preceding bifurcations. Autozooecia are in alternating positions along the branches. The axial wall is zigzag, with planar to crescentic segments. Zooecia are elliptoid, with proximal portions conforming to the shape of the next-proximal zooids. In deep tangential section, zooecial chambers are about twice as long as wide, and vary in shape from distally rounded and pen- tagonal to proximally indented and elliptical. Zooecial sections are diagonally oriented and el- liptical or teardrop-shaped toward the frontal sur- face. Closest to the frontal surface of the branch the distal end forms a frontally-directed tube; the proximal portion is roofed over. The large zooecial McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 65 Fig. 4 1 . Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kf iz. A, transverse section through conical specimen, cutting several high, thin branches and superstructure on outer surface; holotype, NM LI 8561, Koneprusy. B, transverse section through single branch; note keel on reverse surface; holotype, NM LI 8561. C, tangential section through several branches, shallowest at left; holotype, NM LI 8561. D, longitudinal section; paratype, NM LI 8575, Koneprusy. E, shallow tangential section through meshwork of superstructure (left) and supporting spines (right); holotype, NM LI 8561. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm and in B = 0.1 mm. C-E are at same scale as A. apertures are adjacent to the frontal keel but do not overlap the branch axis. Apertures are inclined laterally toward fenestrules. The basal plate is about 0.03-0.05 mm thick, with a few low, broad ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton is thickest on the reverse sides of branches but also has up to 0.05 mm thickness on lateral and frontal sides of zooecia. The super- structure is borne by large tabular spines that arise from the pronounced frontal keel. The spines are slightly offset laterally into two rows along each branch. A low ridge of lamellar skeleton develops over branch centers on the outer surface of the superstructure. Distinguishing Features— For comparison with other species of Hemitrypa from the Kone- prusy Limestone, see Tables 3 and 5. Hemitrypa bohemica is unique among Lower and Middle De- vonian species of the genus in the spacing of its branches and dissepiments, size of zooecial ap- ertures, and perhaps in the presence of triserial portions of branches. 66 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Discussion— NM LI 8472, originally figured in Pocta (1894) as plate 15, figures 17-19, is here selected as lectotype. Measurements— See Table 3. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8472; paralectotypes, NM L 1 8473; NM L2 1 307-L2 1310; additional registered material, NM LI 8474; NM L18520; NM L18552; NM L18554; NM L21442. Localities— Koneprusy; Kaplicka. Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. Figures 39C, 4 1 . Hemitrypa Bohemica (pars) Barrande in Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pi. 15, figs. 8-1 1 (not figs. 12-19). Diagnosis— Sinuous branches about 0.24 mm wide, spaced about 0.51 mm apart, connected by dissepiments or locally by anastomosis at 0.72 mm intervals; zooecial chambers short, curved tubes compressed against proximal neighbors, with dis- tal tubes about 0. 1 3 mm wide opening on frontal side and very regularly spaced about 0.25 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are conical, initially wid- ening at an angle of about 30° to 60°. Colonies with high angle of spread near the base have paraboloid profiles, becoming irregularly cylindrical about 1 cm above the base. Maximum observed height of zoaria is 22 mm, and maximum width is 19 mm. The superstructure is on the outside of each cone, with interior surfaces of cones being the reverse sides of branches. Branches are sinuous, in most places joined by dissepiments of varying length, but locally anas- tomosed. Spacing of dissepiments and points of anastomosis is about one and one-half times that of branches. Branches occasionally terminate where a cone diminishes in diameter distally. Autozooecia alternate in position along branch- es. The axial wall is zigzag with crescentic seg- ments. Zooecial chambers are short, curved tubes, with proximal portions conforming to the shape of next-proximal zooids and a large opening on the distal end of the frontal side. Chamber length in deep tangential sections is one and one-half to two times chamber width. Chamber sections are distally rounded, but sides against proximal and proximal-lateral neighbors are concave. At dis- sepiments or points of anastomosis, chambers are irregular in shape and size, varying up to almost twice normal area in deep sections and tending toward circular or laterally extended shapes. Distal tubes are short and have relatively large diameters, being the upturned ends of the entire zooecia rath- er than constricted portions. Apertures are on the frontal surface of the branches, immediately ad- jacent to the frontal keel and slightly overlapping the branch axis. Higher distal-axial edges give the apertures an oblique proximal and fenestrule-di- rected orientation. The basal plate is about 0.02 mm thick with few or no ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton is relatively thin, only about 0.05 mm thick on reverse sides of the specimens studied. Lamellar skeleton on reverse sides of branches may form an acute keel down the center of each branch. The frontal keel gives rise to tabular spines that are elongate longitudinally in shallow tangential sec- tions. The superstructure tends to have low ridges extending along the outer surface, each centered over a branch. Distinguishing Features— For comparison with other species of Hemitrypa from the Kone- prusy Limestone, see Tables 3 and 5. Beyond the Prague Basin, H. linotheras resembles H. mega- fenestrula Yang, 1956 (pp. 783, 784, pi. 9, fig. 2a,b), from the Middle Devonian of Kirin Prov- ince, China, and H. cornea Nekhoroshev, 1948 (pp. 95, 96, pi. 26, fig. 4a-c, pi. 27, figs. 1-4, pi. 29, figs. 1, 2), from the Lower Middle Devonian of the Altai, in branch and dissepiment spacing; but it differs from both in zooecial chamber shape and lack of thickened, laterally fused dissepiments on the reverse side of zoaria, and from H. cornea in zooecial spacing. Hemitrypa linotheras is unique in its combination of branch and dissepiment spacing, branch sinuosity, zooecial aperture size, zooecial chamber shape, and zooecial spacing. Etymology— From Greek linotheras, net-user. Measurements— See Table 3. Type Material— Holotype, NM LI 8561; para- types, NM L18560; NM L18575; NM L18588; NM LI 8589; FMNH PE39318-PE39320. Locality — Koneprusy. Reteporina d'Orbigny, 1 849 Type Species— Retepora prisca Goldfuss, 1826. Diagnosis— Zoaria simple or complexly fan- shaped; sinuous branches bearing two rows of zooecia joined by anastomosis; low but distinct keel lacking spines or nodes present on frontal surface; zooecia side-by-side or offset, axial wall straight; lateral sides of zooecia straight between McKINNEY & KRLZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 67 Fig. 42. Reteporina petala (Pocta). A, longitudinal section intersecting sinuous branches at right and left; lectotype, NM LI 55 11, Koneprusy. B, transverse section through three branches, two of which have impinged at a point of anastomosis; lectotype, NM LI 551 1. C, exterior of portion of large, complexly folded, fan-shaped zoarium; paralec- totype, NM LI 55 10, Koneprusy. D, composite photograph of tangential section through keel and distal tubes (top right) to skeleton on reverse side of basal plate (bottom left); lectotype, NM LI 551 1. Scale bar in A = 0.5 mm and in C = 10 mm. B and D are at same scale as A. points of anastomosis, grading to laterally inflated moderately long; basal plate flat to gently curved where branches join; zooecial chambers elongate transversely, with prominent ridges on reverse side; between anastomoses, but may be equidimen- irregularly distributed cyclozooecia may be pres- sional at branch junctions; hemisepta absent or ent on reverse sides of branches; superstructure weakly developed; distal tube typically short or absent. 68 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Table 6. Measurements of species of Reteporina, Polyporella, and Polypora (see page 7 for definitions of abbreviations). No. of Char- speci- No. of Stan- acter mens mea- dard measure- mea- sure- Range Mean devi- ments sured ments (mm) (mm) ation Reteporina petala (Pocta) BRSM 10 67 0.590-1.080 0.791 0.059 BRW 11 69 0.270-0.440 0.371 0.027 CW 5 50 0.115-0.209 0.145 0.020 DS 3 30 0.744-1.302 1.111 0.103 DTS 9 80 0.220-0.300 0.252 0.011 DTW 9 67 0.089-0.150 0.114 0.008 Reteporina transiens (Pocta) BRSM 26 228 0.736-1.558 1.034 0.204 BRW 25 198 0.336-0.572 0.440 0.039 CW 5 50 0.119-0.189 0.152 0.014 DS 26 213 1.218-2.334 1.655 0.188 DTS 25 248 0.195-0.370 0.287 0.020 DTW 25 217 0.100-0.159 0.125 0.008 Polyporella incerta (Prantl) BRS 2 0.887-0.933 0.910 — BRW 2 0.367-0.379 0.373 — CW 10 0.115-0.145 0.127 0.011 DS 2 1.453-1.670 1.561 — DTS 10 0.237-0.351 0.278 0.029 DTW 4 0.074-0.108 0.094 0.008 Polypora hanusi Prantl BRS 4 16 0.609-1.205 0.897 0.182 BRW 4 19 0.295-0.542 0.402 0.068 CW 6 53 0.083-0.174 0.127 0.017 DS 4 14 0.814-2.437 1.570 0.609 DTS 4 30 0.204-0.405 0.295 0.035 DTW 4 28 0.081-0.111 0.098 0.006 Polypora inusitata McKinney & Kf iz BRS 4 21 0.544-1.402 1.058 0.196 BRW 4 23 0.442-0.859 0.628 0.108 CW 5 50 0.092-0.182 0.135 0.024 DS 4 22 0.854-2.670 1.741 0.576 DTS 4 38 0.228-0.431 0.307 0.043 DTW 4 36 0.078-0.132 0.105 0.013 NN 3 26 0.171-0.264 0.210 0.035 Reteporina petala (Pocta). Figure 42. Seriopora petala (pars) Po&a, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, p. 79, pi. 13, figs. 8-10 (not figs. 11, 12). Reteporina petala (Pocta). Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 14, 15, pi. 4, fig. 1. Diagnosis— Branches about 0.37 mm wide, spaced at maximum about 0.79 mm center to cen- ter, connected by anastomosis at about 1.11 mm intervals; zooecial chambers high, loaf-shaped, with distal tubes variably inclined both laterally and distally, about 0. 1 1 mm in diameter, and spaced about 0.25 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are broadly curved sheets that are variously warped or are gently to deeply pleated longitudinally. Many curve transversely through at least a 90° arc, but there is no evidence that any were complete cones. Zooecial apertures are located on the concave face. The largest spec- imen is 74 mm high and 60 mm wide. The branches are sinuous and anastomosed. Most typically the regions of anastomosis retain the four rows of zooecia from the fused biserial branches, but locally some anastomosis points re- tain only three rows; one branch rarely terminates against the other. Spacing of midpoints of anas- tomosis is about twice the average spacing of branches. A low, distinct keel extends down the middle of the frontal surface of each branch. Autozooecia within a branch vary from side-by- side to alternating positions. The axial wall is straight. Zooecial chambers are loaf-shaped and higher than broad, with a moderately long distal tube arising from the frontal side at the distal end. Zooecial length is about one and two-thirds the width. In tangential sections, zooecial chambers appear as parallelograms from the base up to the level where only the distal tube is cut, although the transverse walls become convex distally near the frontal surface. Transverse walls are at a 60° to 90° angle to the axial wall and at about a 75° angle to the basal wall. Distal tubes either continue at about a 75° angle to the frontal surface or be- come more highly inclined distally. They vary from parallel to the axial wall to inclined laterally up to a 45° angle toward the adjacent fenestrule. The basal plate is about 0.03 mm thick and gently curved transversely; it has a few large lon- gitudinal ridges on the reverse. Lamellar skeleton is up to at least 0. 10 mm thick on reverse sides of branches and may be almost as thick on frontal and lateral sides. The distal tubes project above the lateral margins of frontal sides of branches, so that branches are serrated in shallowest tangential sections. Discussion— Prantl (1932, pp. 13, 14) reas- signed Seriopora petala to Reteporina, a reassign- ment with which we agree. Seriopora Pocta, 1 894, is therefore a junior objective synonym of Rete- porina d'Orbigny, 1849. The only conspicuous structural differences between S. petala and Re- tepora prisca Goldfuss, 1 826, are the apparent ab- sence of cyclozooecia in the former and their pres- ence in the latter. The specimen illustrated by Pocta ( 1 894) as plate McKINNEY & KRiZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 69 Fig. 43. Reteporina transiens (Pocta). A, longitudinal section through sinuous branch; NM L24667, Koneprusy. B, transverse section through two branches; lectotype, NM LI 8571, Koneprusy. C, deep tangential section cutting near zooecial bases; note branch bifurcation on right; lectotype, NM LI 8571. D, reverse side of zoarial fragment; lectotype, NM LI 8571. E, shallow tangential section that grazes aperture level in right branch and passes through zooecial chambers in left branch; NM L24668, Koneprusy. F, tangential section through axial wall (right) and two chambers, cutting deeper into chambers (through granular skeleton of transverse wall) at top and passing through a distal tube at bottom margin; NM L24668. Bar scale in A = 0.5 mm; in D = 10 mm; and in G = 0. 1 mm. B-C and E are at same scale as A. 70 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 13, figure 10 (NM LI 55 11), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 6. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 5511; paralectotypes, NM LI 5509; NM LI 55 10; NM L18523. Locality — Koneprusy. Reteporina transiens (Pocta). Figure 43. Seriopora transiens Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 79, 80, pi. 11, figs. 21-28. Reteporina transiens (Pocta). Prantl, 1932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, p. 15, pi. 4, figs. 4, 5. Reteporina formosa Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bo- hemiae XV, p. 15, pi. 4, figs. 4, 5. Diagnosis— Branches about 0.44 mm wide, spaced at maximum about 1 .00 mm center to cen- ter, connected at about 1 .66 mm intervals by anas- tomosis; zooecial chambers side-by-side, loaf- shaped with longest diameter perpendicular to the basal plate, and frontally-directed; distal tubes about 0. 1 2 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.29 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are most commonly broad sheets, varying from almost flat to irregularly un- dulating. Less commonly small zoaria are strongly curved into a basket shape. The largest specimen is 65 mm wide by 60 mm high. The branches are sinuous and anastomosed. Re- gions of anastomosis are various, retaining the four rows of zooecia from the fused biserial branches, reducing symmetrically to three or two rows, or, less commonly, having one branch terminating against the other. Spacing of midpoints of anas- tomosis is about three times average spacing of branches. Where present, the keel down the mid- dle of the frontal surface of branches is so low that zooecial apertures may be higher. Autozooecia are most commonly side-by-side within branches. The axial wall is straight. Zooe- cial chambers are loaf-shaped, about twice as high and one and one-half times as long as they are broad. A moderately long distal tube arises from the frontal side at the distal end. In tangential sections, zooecial chambers appear as parallelo- grams from the base up to the level where only the distal tube is cut, although the transverse walls become distally convex near the frontal surface. Transverse walls are at a 60° or, more commonly, up to a 90° angle to the axial wall and are essen- tially perpendicular to the basal plate. Distal tubes may be inclined slightly toward adjacent fenes- trules, but are almost perpendicular to the frontal plane. The basal plate is up to 0.04 mm thick, flat to curved, and apparently lacking longitudinal ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton is up to at least 0. 1 5 mm thick on reverse sides of branches but thins on lateral sides to less than 0.02 mm thick. Lamellar skeleton is, on the average, only slightly thicker than 0.02 mm on frontal sides. Distal tubes project above the general level of skeleton on the frontal surface. In shallow tangen- tial sections they give branches a serrated margin, and in shallowest sections branches are marked by only two rows of thin-walled distal tubes in cross section. Discussion— The specimen originally illustrat- ed by Pocta (1894) in plate 11, figure 23 (NM LI 85 71), is here designated lectotype. Reteporina transiens differs from R. petala in its much larger skeletal measures (Table 6) and in its apertures, being typically above rather than be- low keel crests. Measurements— See Table 6. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8571; paralectotypes, NM L21341-L21344; additional registered material, NM L2 1 345; NM L2 1 346; NM L21444-L21446; NM L24667; NM L24668. Localities— Koneprusy; Kaplicka. Polyporella Simpson, 1895 Type Species— Fenestella fistulata Hall, 1884. Diagnosis— Zoaria fan-shaped; branches con- nected by regularly spaced dissepiments with di- ameters slightly less than those of branches; branches bear two rows of zooecia distal to bifur- cations and three rows preceding bifurcations; zooecial chambers elongate, quadrangular to hex- agonal, box-shaped, with typically short distal tube; hemisepta absent or weakly developed on proxi- mal wall; keel present in branch segments with two rows of zooecia; superstructure absent. Polyporella incerta (Prantl). Figure 44. Polypora incerta Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 18, 51,52, pi. 2, fig. 16. Diagnosis— Straight branches about 0.37 mm wide, spaced about 0.9 1 mm center to center, con- McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 71 Fig. 44. Polyporella incerta (Prantl). Holotype, NM LI 85 14, Koneprusy. A, frontal view of fan-shaped colony. B, transverse section of a single branch. C, shallow transverse section; note keel at lower left. D, tangential section, continued from bottom of C, cutting below basal plate on right up to level of keel on far left. Scale bar in A = 5 mm; B = 0. 1 mm; and in C = 0.5 mm. D is at same scale as C. nected by dissepiments spaced about 1.56 mm center to center; zooecial chambers appear four- to six-sided in tangential sections, with distal tubes of lateral zooecia strongly inclined laterally, about 0.09 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.28 mm center to center. Description— The incomplete zoarium is an erect, recurved narrow fan, 40 mm high and 12 mm wide. Bifurcations are frequent in the region of the colony axis, so that branches curve out to- ward the lateral colony margins. Branch segments are straight between bifurca- tions, connected by dissepiments of about the same width. Branches are triserial for several zooecial 72 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY ¥*"■* $■*&&* c Fig. 45. Polypora hanusi Prantl. A, frontal view of fan-shaped zoarium from which most lamellar skeleton has weathered away; paralectotype, NM L 1 850 1 , Kaplicka. B, transverse section through two eroded and partially silicined branches; lectotype, NM LI 8500, Kaplicka. C, deep tangential section through two branches and a dissepiment; lectotype, NM L18500. D, exterior of apparently conical zoarium; lectotype, NM L18500. E, tangential section through three weathered branches, cutting through and below basal plate at top center and grazing frontal surface at bottom of left branch; NM L24669, Kaplicka. Scale bar in A = 1 mm; in B = 0.5 mm; and in D = 5 mm. C and E are at same scale as B. lengths proximal to bifurcations and are biserial distal to bifurcations, until the change back to tri- serial that presages another bifurcation. Autozooecia alternate in position along branch- es in both biserial and triserial portions. The axial wall is straight to zigzag where branches are bi- serial, and lateral zooecial boundaries are zigzag where branches are triserial. Zooecia are four-, five-, or six-sided and box-shaped, with a wide, short cylinder extending at right angles from the distal end. Where branches are biserial, and in lateral zooecia where branches are triserial, zooecial chambers appear in tangential sections as paral- lelograms or pentagons, with transverse walls ori- ented at about a 55° to 60° angle to the branch axial plane. Their distal tubes tilt strongly toward the adjacent fenestrules and open at the junction of the sides and frontal surfaces of the branches. McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 73 Fig. 46. Polypora inusitata McKinney & Kf iz. A, frontal exterior of fan-shaped zoarial fragment; holotype, NM L24670, Koneprusy. B, transverse section through two branches; paratype, NM L24671, Koneprusy. C, tangential section through branches with few rows of zooecia, deepest at bottom of figure; paratype, NM L2467 1 . D, deep tangential section through endozonal parts of several zooecia; holotype, NM L24670. E, tangential section through two branches, and part of a third, deepest at top left; holotype, NM L24670. F, longitudinal section, cutting deeper on right and grazing branch on left; paratype, NM L24671. Scale bar in A = 2 mm; in B = 0.5 mm; and in D = 0.1 mm. C, E-F are at same scale as B. 74 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Where branches are triserial, the median zooecia are hexagonal in tangential sections and their distal tubes are perpendicular to the frontal plane. Ap- ertures are slightly elevated above branch surfaces on peristomes. The basal plate is about 0.02-0.03 mm thick, strongly curved transversely, and corrugated on the reverse into several large longitudinal ridges. Lamellar skeleton is about 0.10 mm thick on re- verse and frontal sides of branches but is less than half that thick on lateral sides of zooecia. Where branches are biserial, there is a prominent frontal keel with a thin axis of granular skeleton that is not produced into spines. Measurements— See Table 6. Type Material— Holotype, NM LI 85 14. Locality — Koneprusy . Polypora M'Coy, 1844 Type Species— Polypora dendroides M'Coy, 1844. Diagnosis— Zoaria conical or fan-shaped; branches, connected by regularly to irregularly spaced dissepiments, bearing three or more rows of zooecia; zooecia rhomboidal, hexagonal, or ir- regularly polygonal in deep tangential section, re- cumbent on budding plate, or with long axis in- clined distally and frontally; length of distal tube typically moderate to long; hemiseptum may be present on proximal wall; keel and superstructure absent. branches. Branches bear from four to at least six rows of zooecia. Autozooecia alternate in adjacent rows. They are distally inclined, erect tubes that are elongate and rhombic to triangular in section near their bases. Near their distal end, at the base of the exozone, they are constricted by a well-developed hemiseptum on the proximal wall, beyond which they continue as a rounded distal tube more nearly perpendicular to the branch surface. In deep tan- gential section, zooecial chambers are rhombic in the middle rows and triangular in the lateral rows on each side. In shallower tangential sections, zooecial chambers often appear vase- or apos- trophe-shaped where the level of the hemiseptum is cut. The basal plate is transversely curved and less than 0.02 mm thick; it has several small ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton is up to at least 0.10 mm thick on reverse sides but less than half that thick on lateral and frontal sides. Low pus- tulose ridges of lamellar skeleton separate zooecial apertures, but keels with cores of granular skeleton are absent. Discussion— The specimen illustrated in Prantl (1932) as plate 2, figure 14 (NM LI 8500), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 6. Type Material— Lectotype, NM L18500; paralectotype, NM LI 8501; additional registered material, NM L24669. Localities— Kaplicka; Solopysky. Polypora hanusi Prantl. Figure 45. Polypora hanusi Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bohemiae XV, pp. 17, 18, pi. 2, figs. 14, 15. Diagnosis— Slightly sinuous branches about 0.40 mm wide, spaced 0.90 mm center to center on the average, connected by variably spaced dis- sepiments averaging 1.57 mm center to center; zooecia are distally inclined, erect tubes, trian- gular or rhombic below hemiseptum; rounded dis- tal tube above hemiseptum, about 0.10 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.30 mm center to center. Description— Zoarial fragments are warped and fan-shaped; they may be up to at least 1 5 mm high and 20 mm wide. Branch segments are slightly sinuous and connected by distinctly narrower dis- sepiments whose spacing is almost twice that of Polypora inusitata McKinney & Kfiz, sp. nov. Figure 46. Diagnosis— Straight to slightly sinuous branch- es about 0.63 mm wide, spaced 1 .06 mm apart on the average, connected by variably spaced dissep- iments 1 .74 mm apart on the average; autozooecia recumbent on basal plate for short distance, then turned perpendicular to branch surface, irregularly polygonal to rhombic or hexagonal in endozone; cylindrical distal tube in exozone about 0. 1 0 mm wide, spaced about 0.31 mm center to center in longitudinal rows and about 0.2 1 mm from nearest neighbors. Description— Zoaria are small, erect fans, the largest fragment being 1 1 mm high by 1 1 mm wide. Linear to slightly sinuous branches are con- nected at variable intervals by dissepiments whose diameters are somewhat smaller than those of McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 75 Fig. 47. Penniretepora spinosa (Pocta). A, reverse side of zoarium; holotype, NM LI 8597, Koneprusy. B, trans- verse section through single branch; NM L24672, Koneprusy. C, tangential section through main branch and pinnae, shallowest in main branch at bottom and deepest at top, cutting shallowly through all three pinnae on left; holotype, NM LI 8597. D, tangential section covering same area as top half of C, but cut at deeper plane; holotype, NM LI 8597. E, tangential section through axial wall (right) of main branch and base of a pinna that originates lateral to zooecia of main branch; holotype, NM LI 8597. F, slightly oblique longitudinal section cutting axial plane of main branch on left and outer edge of distal tube on right; NM L24672. Scale bar in A = 1 mm; in B = 0.1 mm; and in C = 0.5 mm. D and F are at same scale as C; E is at same scale as B. branches. Branches carry from four to at least six rows of zooecia. Autozooecia are in alternating rows along branches. They are recumbent along the basal plate for only a short distance, with their distal end turned up to extend perpendicularly to the branch surface through the thick lamellar skeleton of the exozone. In deep tangential sections, zooecial 76 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY chambers are irregularly polygonal to rhombic or hexagonal in the thin-walled endozone. The di- ameter is reduced and zooecial chambers are round where shallower sections cut the zooecia as distal tubes in the exozone. Distal tubes are longer than the thin-walled endozonal portions of zooecia. Hemisepta are absent or are weakly developed. Apertures are level with the branch surface or are slightly elevated. The basal plate is flat to gently curved trans- versely for most of its width, but turns up to wrap around a large part of the lateral zooecia. It varies in thickness from 0.01 to 0.04 mm and has nu- merous small ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton is thickly developed on all surfaces of the branches, up to at least 0.20 mm thick. No keels or superstructure are present. Distinguishing Features— Polypora inusitata differs from P. hanusi in its greater branch width and spacing and in the shape of its zooecia. It differs from P. gracilis Nekhoroshev, 1977 (pp. 119-120, pi. 25, fig. 1; not Prout, 1860, p. 580), from the upper Lower Devonian of Kazakhstan, because of more closely spaced branches, dissep- iments, and zooecia within rows, and the shape of its zooecia. Polypora inusitata most closely resem- bles P. una Morozova, 1960 (p. 136, pi. 33, fig. 3), from Givetian deposits of the Kuznets Basin, but differs in having wider spacing of branches, closer spacing of dissepiments, and a greater dis- tance between distal tubes within a row. The sev- eral species of Polypora from the Middle Devonian of the North American midcontinent that were characterized by Stratton and Horowitz (1977) all have more closely spaced branches and dissepi- ments than P. inusitata— among other differences. Etymology— From Latin inusitatus, rare or un- usual. Measurements— See Table 6. Type Material— Holotype, NM L24670; para- types, NM L24690; NM L24671; UUG 990. Localities— Koneprusy; Srbsko. Penniretepora d'Orbigny, 1 849 Type Species— Retepora pluma Phillips, 1836. Diagnosis— Zoaria fan-shaped, consisting of one or more main branches from which short branches (pinnae) arise laterally at an oblique angle; main branches and pinnae bearing two rows of zooecia; zooecia not strongly inflated laterally, alternating in position along branches, proximal portion re- cumbent on budding plate, distal end turned abruptly toward frontal; prominent hemiseptum on proximal wall at base of distal tube; axial wall zigzag along center of branch or extended alter- nately from side to side of basal plate; zooecia at base of pinnae abut those of main branch without influencing chamber shape of zooecia in main branch; apertures flush with or elevated slightly above branch surface; low keel bearing nodes or spines frequently present. Penniretepora spinosa (Pocta). Figure 47. Filites spinosus Pocta, 1 894, Syst. Sil. VIII, p. 1 1 2, pi. 10, figs. 30, 31. Diagnosis— Main branches about 0.58 mm wide; lateral branches about 0.29 mm wide, spaced about 0.75 mm center to center, at about a 60° angle with main branch; zooecia in main branch are distally widening tubes with cylindrical, erect distal ends, and in lateral branches are appressed and triangular basally and extend diagonally with frontally directed aperture at distal end; distal tubes about 0. 10 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.23 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are delicate, pinnate fans consisting of up to several diverging main branch- es. The largest zoarium is about 35 mm high and 25 mm wide. Main branches divide at irregular lengths and pinnae are only about 1 mm long, so the zoarium does not fill all the space encompassed by the branches. Pinnae are side-by-side rather than alternating, and diverge from the main branch at about a 60° angle. The pinnae are slightly tilted in their distal directions toward the frontal side of the zoarium. Autozooecia in main branches are distally wid- ening tubes, with a linear, recumbent proximal portion and an erect distal portion (the distal tube). In deep tangential sections, zooecial chambers are narrow, straight-sided parallelograms with trans- verse walls intersecting the axial wall at about a 45° angle. In shallower sections, zooecial chambers are kidney-shaped, with the distal portion larger than the proximal; in still shallower sections, only the distal tubes are cut as ovals or circles. Hemi- septa are weakly developed on proximal walls. Autozooecia in lateral branches appear as over- lapped, elongate triangles in sections that cut near the budding plate. In shallower sections they are curved, with their proximal tip near the branch axial plane and the distal end opening at an ap- McKINNEY & KRLZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 77 erture laterally placed in the branch near the fron- tal edge. Distal tubes are shorter in zooecia of lateral branches than in those of main branches. Hemisepta are weakly developed on proximal walls. The axial walls of main branches are planar and thick, while those of pinnae are zigzag and thin. The basal plate is continuous, about 0.01-0.03 mm thick in main branches; several narrow but high longitudinal ridges occur on the reverse side. Basal plates of pinnae are generally thinner. La- mellar skeleton is up to at least 0. 10 mm thick on all surfaces of the main branch, but is much thin- ner—only up to about 0.03 mm thick— on pinnae. Measurements— See Table 7. Type Material— Holotype, NM LI 8597; ad- ditional registered material, NM L24672. Locality — Koneprusy . Penniretepora bohemica (Prantl). Figure 48. Glauconome bohemica Prantl, 1932, Palaeontogr. Bo- hemiae XV, pp. 29, 30, pi. 3, figs. 15, 16. Diagnosis— Main branches about 0.47 mm wide; lateral branches about 0.27 mm wide, spaced about 0.92 mm center to center, at 60-90° angles to main branch; zooecia are pentagonal boxes, with inclined distal tubes about 0.10 mm wide and spaced about 0.28 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are relatively robust pin- nate forms. Only broken fragments of single main branches and associated pinnae were found, the longest being 1 1 mm. Pinnae are up to 1 mm long; they are generally side-by-side but may be alter- nating, and diverge from the main branch at 60° to almost 90° angles. In many zoaria the pinnae are slightly tilted in their distal directions toward the reverse side of the zoarium. Autozooecia in main branches and pinnae are pentagonal boxes from which an inclined tube arises distally. In deep tangential sections, zooecial chambers are slightly elongated triangles to pen- tagons arranged in two alternating rows, over- lapped along the branch axis and with almost straight lateral sides. In shallower sections they are kidney-shaped, inflected by a well-developed hemiseptum on the proximal wall at the base of the distal tube. In still shallower sections the short, inclined distal tubes have oval outlines. The axial walls of main branches and of pinnae are strongly zigzag. Locally they cross from side to side of the basal plate. Table 7. Measurements of species of Penniretepora, Ptylopora, and Filites (see page 7 for definitions of ab- breviations). No. of Char- speci- No. of Stan- acter mens mea- dard measure- mea- sure- Range Mean devi- ments sured ments (mm) (mm) ation Penniretepora spinosa (Pocta) BRS 5 39 0.549-0.995 0.748 0.048 BRW 5 5 0.425-0.805 0.582 0.143 CW 5 50 0.057-0.115 0.087 0.010 LBRW 5 37 0.189-0.424 0.291 0.052 DTS 4 37 0.195-0.295 0.230 0.011 DTW 4 34 0.077-0.124 0.096 0.005 Penniretepora bohemica (Prantl) BRS 5 20 0.681-1.127 0.920 0.064 BRW 4 4 0.422-0.532 0.470 0.048 CW 3 30 0.112-0.162 0.136 0.011 LBRW 5 15 0.231-0.306 0.271 0.015 DTS 5 19 0.247-0.344 0.284 0.017 DTW 3 14 0.084-0.118 0.096 0.005 Ptylopora bohemica Prantl BRS 10 0.674-1.082 0.912 0.135 BRW 1 1.041 1.041 — CW 10 0.090-0.131 0.108 0.014 LBRW 10 0.292-0.515 0.389 0.072 DTS 10 0.221-0.258 0.237 0.011 DTW 10 0.098-0.121 0.110 0.006 Filites bohemicus Barrande BRS 14 95 0.547-0.884 0.709 0.041 BRW 4 23 0.315-0.433 0.369 0.027 CWL 5 49 0.103-0.188 0.141 0.019 CWM 5 45 0.127-0.177 0.151 0.013 DTS 4 24 0.136-0.309 0.214 0.057 DTW 3 11 0.089-0.119 0.101 0.008 The basal plate in both main branches and pin- nae is continuous and has several longitudinal ridges on the reverse side; thickness was not de- termined. Lamellar skeleton, which is thickly de- veloped on main branches and less so on pinnae, is penetrated by numerous small styles. Discussion— The specimen illustrated in Prantl (1932) as plate 3, figure 15 (NM L18592), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 7. Type Material— Lectotype, NM LI 8592; paralectotype, NM LI 8593; additional registered material, NM L24673-L24675. Localities— Kaplicka; Srbsko. Ptylopora M'Coy, 1 844 Type Species— Ptylopora pluma M'Coy, 1844. Diagnosis— Zoaria fan-shaped, composed of 78 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 48. Penniretepora bohemica (Prantl). A-C, reverse, lateral, and frontal views of zoarial fragment; lectotype, NM L18592, Kaplicka. D, tangential section of weathered and partially silicihed specimen, cutting basal plate of main branch at bottom and frontal keel of main branch at top; two pinnae cut on left side; NM L24673, Kaplicka. E, tangential section through overlapped zooecial chambers in main branch; three pinnae cut on right side; NM L24674, Kaplicka. F, longitudinal section through single row of zooecia in main branch; NM L24675, Kaplicka. Scale bar in A = 1 mm and in D = 0.5 mm. B-C are at same scale as A; E-F are at same scale as D. linear main branch(es) and linear to slightly sin- uous pinnate lateral branches; main branch(es) typically thickened on reverse and widened by more lamellar skeleton than on lateral branches; lateral branches connected by narrow dissepiments; two rows of alternating zooecia on main and lateral branches; zooecial chambers elongate, pentagonal, box-shaped, continuing frontally as short, erect McKINNEY & KRiZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 79 distal tube, lateral sides of chambers planar or only slightly inflated; axial wall strongly zigzag at bud- ding plate, becoming straighter frontally into dis- tinct keel that bears regularly spaced nodes; su- perstructure absent. Ptylopora bohemica Prantl. Figure 49. Ptilopora (sic) bohemica Prantl, 1928, Rozpravy II, Tfidy Ceske Akademie, RoSnik 37 (10), pp. 2, 3, 1 pi. Ptilopora (sic) bohemica-bohemica Prantl, 1932, Pa- laeontogr. Bohemiae XV, p. 30, pi. 5, fig. 15. Ptilopora (sic) bohemica minor Prantl, 1932, Palaeon- togr. Bohemiae XV, p. 30, pi. 5, fig. 16. Diagnosis— Main branch 1 .04 mm wide; lateral branches 0.40 mm wide, spaced about 0.91 mm center to center; zooecia pentagonal, box-shaped, with disto-laterally directed distal tubes about 0. 1 1 mm wide and spaced about 0.24 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are broad fans with one central main branch. The largest fragmentary zoarium is 35 mm high and 29 mm wide. Lateral branches are commonly bifurcated and, where crowded, occasionally terminated. The main branch is stoutly thickened by lamellar skeleton on the reverse side, and lateral branches are less so. Two rows of alternating zooecia occupy the main branch and lateral branches. Autozooecia are pentagonal, box-shaped, about one and one-half times longer than broad, and very slightly inflated laterally, ending distally as a tube directed disto-laterally toward the frontal surface. In tangential sections zooecial chambers are pen- tagonal near the budding plate, elongate and oval in shallower sections, and short and obliquely oval where only the distal tube is cut near the frontal surface. The axial wall is strongly zigzag in deep sections due to the overlap of alternating zooecia along the branch midplane, but is nearly straight along the frontal surface, where it forms a low, linear keel. Hemisepta are absent. Distal tubes are short; the aperture is parallel with the frontal plane and flush with the branch surface near the keel, but is ele- vated laterally above the rounded branch. The basal plate apparently lacks longitudinal ridges on the reverse side. Lamellar skeleton is much thicker on the reverse than on lateral and frontal surfaces. Discussion— Ptylopora bohemica is one of the earliest known species of the genus. It differs from P. pluma M'Coy ( 1 844), the type species, in spac- ing and width of branches, chamber size and di- ameter of distal tubes, lack of longitudinal ridges on the reverse of the budding plate, apparent ab- sence of keel nodes, and more frequent bifurcation of lateral branches. Specimens from the Lower Devonian of the Ar- moricain Massif referred to as Ptilopora aff. bohe- mica by Bigey (1972b) are similar to P. bohemica, but differ because of greater spacing between lat- eral branches, less calcification of main branches, and smaller zooecial apertures. Measurements— See Table 7. Type Material— Holotype, NM L21335; para- types, NM LI 8594; NM L21340. Locality — Koneprusy . Filites Barrande, 1894 Type Species— Filites bohemicus Barrande, 1894. Diagnosis— Zoaria loosely organized fans of dichotomous branches with proximally recurved, fused pinnae; two rows of alternating zooecia on branches and pinnae; zooecia roughly equidimen- sional, inflated, sack-shaped, with short distal tube of only slightly reduced diameter; zooecia in branches triangular to trapezoidal in deep tangen- tial sections, those in pinnae less regular; axial wall strongly zigzag from base to crest, not projecting as frontal keel; superstructure absent. Filites bohemicus Barrande. Figure 50. Filites bohemicus Barrande in Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, p. 110, pi. 10, figs. 26-29. Filites cribrosus Pocta, 1894, Syst. Sil. VIII, pp. 110, 111, pi. 10, figs. 19-25. Diagnosis— Branches about 0.40 mm wide, in- creasing toward colony bases; recumbent pinnae about 0.37 mm wide, spaced about 0.71 mm cen- ter to center; zooecia L-shaped, slightly inflated laterally in short, recumbent endozonal portion; distal tubes directed toward frontal surface, about 0.10 mm in diameter and spaced about 0.21 mm center to center. Description— Zoaria are composed of pinnate branches that divide at irregular lengths, locally dividing at intervals less than 1 mm but in other places extending up to 30 mm without division. 80 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Fig. 49. Ptylopora bohemica Prantl. A, reverse surface and frontal mold of fan-shaped zoarium; paratype, NM LI 8594, Koneprusy. B, reverse surface of fan-shaped zoarium; holotype, NM L21335, Koneprusy. C, longitudinal section through lamellar skeleton on reverse side of main branch on the left and, on the right, various levels from deep (top) to shallow (bottom) of lateral branches; holotype, NM L21335. Scale bar in A = 5 mm; in B = 2 mm; and in C = 0.5 mm. Width of branches is about 0.4 mm near growing tips, but up to at least 2 mm near bases of large colonies. Pinnae occur alternately on opposite sides of branches; they are short, recurved toward the reverse side, and fused with the main branches. Each pinna extends through an arc of about 90°. Autozooecia are short and slightly inflated. Zooecial chambers are triangular or trapezoidal in deep tangential section at and near the basal plate, but become restricted as distal tubes where they approach the frontal surface. Distal tubes arise at a high angle, about 80°, to the frontal surface, and they constitute up to half the length of the L-shaped zooecia. Zooecia are inclined laterally to a small degree so that apertures are aligned alternately in two closely spaced rows, although the triangular- trapezoidal bases of zooecia are imbricated in a single line. Lateral sides of zooecia are linear in McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 81 Fig. 50. Filites bohemicus Barrande. A, tangential section deep through zooecia of branch (lower two-thirds of branch), reverse side of branch behind basal plate (upper one-third of branch), and three pinnae on each side; lectotype, NM L21336, Koneprusy. B, reverse side of zoarium; lectotype, NM L21336. C, transverse section through branch, cutting two zooecia in branch and only the basal zooecium of a pinna on the right; lectotype, NM L21336. D, transverse section through branch, cutting zooecia of pinnae on both sides; NM L24676, Koneprusy. E, tangential section through zooids of branch, basal zooids of two pinnae, and style-laden extrazooidal lamellar skeleton; lectotype, NM L2 1 336. F, longitudinal section through zooecia (left) and thick, style-bearing skeleton on reverse side of zooecia; NM L24677, Koneprusy. Scale bar in B = 1 mm; in E = 0. 1 mm; and in F = 0.5 mm. A, C-D are at same scale as F. 82 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY deep sections, and the proximal zooecia of the pinnae abut the linear wall. Zooecia in pinnae are less regularly shaped than are those in main branches; they are frequently sack-shaped, with an inflated distal side and the proximal side taking the shape of the outside of the next-proximal zooe- cia. Apertures in pinnae are circular to subcircular, spaced alternately and very closely in two rows. The basal plate is continuous but only about 0.01-0.02 mm thick; several small longitudinal ridges occur on the reverse side. In pinnae the basal plate is apparently not developed, the zooecial bas- es being composed of lamellar skeleton. Lamellar skeleton is thickly developed, particularly on re- verse sides of branches, and is crossed by abundant styles about 0.0 1 mm in diameter. Discussion— The specimen illustrated in Pocta (1894) as plate 10, figure 26 (NM L21336), is here designated lectotype. Measurements— See Table 7. 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Proceedings of the Natural His- tory Society of Glasgow, III: 207-210. McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 85 Appendix I: Sequential Listing of Specimens Illustrated by Barrande and Pocta The list below is for the Devonian fenestrates illustrated in volume VIII, part I of Systeme Silurien du Centre de la Boheme par Joachim Barrande (Pocta, 1894); it includes the original plate and figure number, original name, National Museum (Prague) catalog number, and taxon to which each specimen is assigned in this monograph. Plate and Catalog figure Original name No. PI. 7, fig. 15 Fenestella inclara Pocta L21452 16 Fenestella inclara Pocta L21452 PI. 10, fig. 19 Filites cribrosus Pocta LI 5493 20 Filites cribrosus Pocta LI 5492 21 Filites cribrosus Pocta LI 5494 22 Filites cribrosus Pocta LI 5495 23 Filites cribrosus Pocta L15496 24 Filites cribrosus Podta L15495 25 Filites cribrosus Pocta L15495 26 Filites bohemicus Barrande L21336 27 Filites bohemicus Barrande L21348 28 Filites bohemicus Barrande L21349 29 Filites bohemicus Barrande L21349 30 Filites spinosus Pocta L18597 31 Filites spinosus Pocta L18597 PI. 11, fig. 1 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L18480 2 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21318 3 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21318 4 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21317 5 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21319 6 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21319 7 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L18479 8 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21323 9 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L18478 10 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21324 11 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21320 12 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21321 13 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21322 14 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21325 15 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L18481 16 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21316 17 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21316 18 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21326 19 Hemi trypa sacculus Barrande L21326 20 Hemitrypa sacculus Barrande L21326 21 Seriopora transiens Pocta L21341 22 Seriopora transiens Pocta L21342 23 Seriopora transiens Pocta L18571 24 Seriopora transiens Pocta L21344 25 Seriopora transiens Pocta L21344 26 Seriopora transiens Pocta L21344 27 Seriopora transiens Pocta L21344 28 Seriopora transiens Pocta L21343 PI. 12, fig. 1 Fenestella capillosa Pocta L21337 2 Fenestella capillosa Pocta L18516 3 Fenestella capillosa Pocta L18515 4 Fenestella subacta Pocta L21327 5 Fenestella subacta Pocta L18504 6 Fenestella subacta Pocta L21334 7 Fenestella subacta Pocta L21330 8 Fenestella subacta Pocta L18586 9 Fenestella subacta Pocta L21328 10 Fenestella subacta Pocta L21329 11 Fenei tella subacta Po6ta L18598 Current assignment Spinofenestella inclara (Pocta) Spinofenestella inclara (Pocta) Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Filites bohemicus Barrande Penniretepora spinosa (Pocta) Penniretepora spinosa (Pocta) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Reteporina transiens (Pocta) Reteporina transiens (Pocta) Reteporina transiens (Pocta) Reteporina transiens (Pocta) Reteporina transiens (Pocta) Reteporina transiens (Pocta) Reteporina transiens (Pocta) Reteporina transiens (Pocta) Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) Fenestella sp. 1 Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) ^Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kfiz 86 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY PI. 13, fig. PI. 14, fig. PI. 15, fig. PI. 16, fig. 1 Fenestella exilis Pocta L21339 2 Fenestella exilis Pocta L18525 3 Fenestella exilis Pocta L21332 4 Fenestella exilis Pocta (lost) 5 Fenestella exilis Pocta (lost) 6 Fenestella exilis Pocta L18524 7 Fenestella exilis Pocta L18524 8 Seriopora petala Pocta LI 5509 9 Seriopora petala Pocta L15510 10 Seriopora petala Pocta L15511 11 Seriopora petala Pocta L15512 12 Seriopora petala Pocta L15512 1 Reteporina gracilis Barrande L21338 2 Reteporina gracilis Barrande L21338 3 Reteporina gracilis Barrande L21333 4 Reteporina gracilis Barrande L21333 5 Reteporina gracilis Barrande L18498 6 Reteporina gracilis Barrande L18498 7 Reteporina gracilis Barrande L21331 8 Fenestella gracilis Barrande L18483 9 Fenestella gracilis Barrande L18582 10 Fenestella gracilis Barrande L18582 11 Fenestella gracilis Barrande L18582 12 Fenestella pannosa Pocta L18584 13 Fenestella pannosa Pocta L18542 14 Fenestella pannosa Pocta L21305 15 Fenestella pannosa Pocta L21305 1 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L18454 2 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L18451 3 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L18452 4 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L21312 5 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L21449 6 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L21313 7 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L21313 8 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L18591 9 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L18589 10 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L18588 11 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L18591 12 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L21310 13 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L18573 14 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L21308 15 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L21307 16 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L21309 17 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L18472 18 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L18472 19 Hemitrypa Bohemica Barrande L18472 1 Fenestella rt4stica Pocta L18495 2 Fenestella rustica Pocta L18595 3 Fenestella rustica Pocta L18595 4 Fenestella acris Pocta L18484 5 Fenestella acris Po6ta L21302 5a Fenestella acris Pocta L21301 6 Fenestella acris Po£ta L21303 7 Fenestella acris Pocta L18484 8 Fenestella acris Pocta LI 8484 9 Fenestella cancellata Pocta L18581 10 Fenestella cancellata Pocta L18581 11 Fenestella cancellata Pocta LI 8492 12 Fenestella cancellata Pocta L18492 13 Fenestella parallela Barrande L18587 14 Fenestella parallela Barrande L18587 15 Fenestella sportula Pocta L18502 16 Fenestella sportula Pocta L18503 17 Fenestella sportula Pocta L21306 18 Fenestella sportula Pocta L18583 19 Fenestella sportula Pocta L18583 Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) Rectifenestella exilis (Po£ta) Fabifenestella joachimi McKinney & Kfiz Utropora parallela (Barrande) Utropora parallela (Barrande) Reteporina petala (Pocta) Reteporina petala (Po£ta) Reteporina petala (Podta) Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kfiz Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kfiz Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Rectifenestella exilis (Pocta) Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Utropora parallela (Barrande) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Hemitrypa tenella Barrande Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz Hemitrypa tenella Barrande Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz Hemitrypa tenella Barrande Hemitrypa tenella Barrande Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz Hemitrypa linotheras McKinney & Kfiz Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) Utropora parallela (Barrande) Utropora parallela (Barrande) Isotrypa sportula (Pocta) Isotrypa sportula (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) McKINNEY & KRIZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 87 20 Fenestella lineolata Pocta 2 1 Fenestella lineolata Pocta 22 Fenestella lineolata Pocta 23 Fenestella lineolata Pocta 24 Fenestella minuscula Pocta 25 Fenestella minuscula Pocta PI. 17, fig. 1 Fenestella bifrons Barrande 2 Fenestella bifrons Barrande 3 Fenestella bifrons Barrande 4 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 5 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 6 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 7 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 8 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 9 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 10 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 1 1 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 1 2 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 1 3 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 1 4 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 1 5 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) (lost) L2 1 304 Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) L 1 8 5 8 5 Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) L 1 849 1 Isotrypa lineolata (Po6ta) L2 1 3 1 5 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L2 1 3 1 5 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande LI 8475 Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) L2 1 306 Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) L2 1 306 Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) LI 5498 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5497 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5499 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5500 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) L 1 5 50 1 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5502 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) L 1 5 5 0 3 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5504 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5505 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5506 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5508 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5507 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) 88 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Appendix II: Sequential Listing of Specimens Illustrated by Prantl The list below is for the Devonian fenestrates illustrated by Prantl in Palaeontographica Bohemiae, XV (1932); it includes the original plate and figure number, original name, National Museum (Prague) catalog number, and taxon to which each specimen is assigned in this monograph. Plate and figure PI. l.fig. PI. 2, fig. (right) (left) PI. 3, fig. PI. 4, fig. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 2 3 Catalog Original name No. Fenestella spinulosa Prantl LI 8562 Fenestella spinulosa Prantl LI 8562 Fenestella spinulosa Prantl L 1 8 562 Fenestella pannosa Pocta L 1 8 542 Fenestella pannosa Pocta L21434 Fenestella pannosa Pocta LI 8543 Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) L2 1 338 Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) L 1 8 5 3 5 Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) L2 1 3 3 3 Fenestella subacta Pocta L2 1 328 Fenestella capillosa Pocta L21436 Isotrypa gracilis Barrande L 1 8 5 99 Fenestella exilis Pocta Fenestella exilis Pocta Fenestella exilis Pocta L21437 Fenestella exilis Pocta L2 1 3 1 1 Fenestella capillosa Pocta L2 1 337 Fenestella subacta Pocta L 1 8 5 8 6 Fenestella subacta Pocta L2 1 330 Fenestella subacta Pocta L2 1 3 34 Fenestella pannosa Pocta L2 1 4 3 8 Fenestella pannosa Pocta L21439 Fenestella spinulosa Prantl LI 8562 Fenestella digittata Prantl Fenestella digittata Prantl L21440 Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Polypora hanusi Prantl L 1 8 500 Polypora hanusi Prantl L 1 8 50 1 Polypora incerta Prantl L 1 8 5 1 4 Semicoscinium sacculus sacculus L2 1 323 (Barrande) Semicoscinium sacculus sacculus (Barrande) Utropora nobilis (Barrande) LI 5503 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) L 1 5 5 0 3 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) L2 1 347 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) L2 1 3 1 4 Utropora nobilis (Barrande) Semicoscinium sacculus sacculus L 1 8482 Semicoscinium sacculus sacculus L2 1 3 1 6 Semicoscinium sacculus ornatus L 1 8 5 70 Prantl Hemitrypa tenella Barrande Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L21450 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande LI 8453 Hemitrypa tenella Barrande L 1 84 5 2 Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande LI 8472 Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande L2 1 442 Glauconome bohemica Prantl LI 8592 Glauconome bohemica Prantl L 1 8593 Fenestella spinulosa Prantl L21443 Reteporina petala (Pocta) L 1 8523 Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande LI 8474 Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande L21444 Current assignment Laxifenestella digittata (Prantl) Laxifenestella digittata (Prantl) Laxifenestella digittata (Prantl) Utropora parallela (Barrande) Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) Semicoscinium discreta (Prantl) Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) Laxifenestella digittata (Prantl) Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) Semicoscinium subacta (Pocta) Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) Semicoscinium discreta (Prantl) Laxifenestella digittata (Prantl) (unrecognizable) Laxifenestella digittata (Prantl) Fenestella gracilis (Barrande) Polypora hanusi Prantl Polypora hanusi Prantl Polyporella incerta (Prantl) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) L2 1 44 1 Semicoscinium discreta (Prantl) Utropora nobilis (Barrande) Utropora nobilis (Barrande) Utropora nobilis (Barrande) Cyclopelta victrola McKinney & Kfiz Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) Cyclopelta sacculus (Barrande) IHemitrypa mimicra McKinnney & Kfiz IHemitrypa mimicra McKinnney & Kfiz Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz Hemitrypa mimicra McKinney & Kfiz Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Penniretepora bohemica (Prantl) Penniretepora bohemica (Prantl) Alternifenestella estrellita McKinney & Kfiz Reteporina petala (Po£ta) Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande Hemitrypa bohemica Barrande McKINNEY & KRiZ: LOWER DEVONIAN FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS 89 4 Reteporina transiens (Pocta) 5 Reteporina transiens (Pocta) 6 Reteporina formosa Prantl 7 Reteporina formosa Prantl 8 Reteporina formosa Prantl 9 Reteporina formosa Prantl 10 Isotrypa discreta Prantl 1 1 Isotrypa discreta Prantl 1 2 Isotrypa acris (Pocta) 1 3 Isotrypa acris (Pocta) 14 Plaquettes basales des Fenestellides 1 5 Plaquettes basales des Fenestellides 16 Plaquettes basales des Fenestellides PI. 5, fig. 1 Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) 2 Isotrypa gracilis (Barrande) 3 Isotrypa gracilis (Barrande) 4 Pseudoisotrypa cancel lata (Pocta) 5 Pseudoisotrypa bohemica Prantl 6 Pseudoisotrypa bohemica Prantl 7 Pseudoisotrypa bohemica Prantl 8 Pseudoisotrypa bohemica Prantl 9 Pseudoisotrypa bohemica Prantl 10 Pseudoisotrypa bohemica Prantl 1 1 Pseudoisotrypa bohemica Prantl 1 2 Pseudoisotrypa cancellata (Pocta) 1 3 Pseudoisotrypa cancellata (Pocta) 14 Pseudoisotrypa cancellata (Pocta) 1 5 Ptilopora bohemica- bohemica Prantl 1 6 Ptilopora bohemica minor Prantl 1 7 Pseudoisotrypa cancellata (Pocta) 1 8 Isotrypa discreta Prantl L21445 L21344 L18499 L21446 L21345 L21346 L18580 L18476 L21447 L21306 L18483 Reteporina Reteporina Reteporina Reteporina Reteporina Reteporina transiens (Pocta) transiens (Pocta) transiens (Pocta) transiens (Pocta) transiens (Pocta) transiens (Pocta) Semicoscinium discreta (Prantl) llsotrypa pannosa (Pocta) Laxifenestella capillosa (Pocta) Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) Isotrypa bifrons (Barrande) L21448 Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) ^Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) LI 5489 Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) L 1 5490, Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) L15491 ^.Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) ^.Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) "^.Cyclopelta bohemica (Prantl) L 1 858 1 Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) LI 8492 Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) LI 8583 Isotrypa pannosa (Pocta) L21335 Ptylopora bohemica Prantl LI 8592 Ptylopora bohemica Prantl LI 8493 Isotrypa cancellata (Pocta) LI 8476 Semicoscinium discreta (Prantl) 90 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Field Museum of Natural History Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 Telephone: (312) 922-9410 fo^NOS^ 6-9'^