IC-NRLF

117

THELYCHEE
ANDLUNGAM

H

G.

OF
CARFENTIER

Reproduction of a Lychee Painting Attributed to

the Sung Emperor, Hui Tsung, and Entitled

"The Ch'en Purple Lychee Embroidered Fragrant Bag.

Permission of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

The Lychee and Lungan

BY

GEORGE WEIDMAN GROFF

I

Representative, The Pennsylvania State College Mission to China,

Professor of Horticulture and Director of Agricultural

Work, Canton Christian College

WITH ELEVEN APPENDICES, INCLUDING CONTRIBUTIONS BY

FREDERICK V. COVILLE, WALTER T. SWINGLE, EDWARD GOUCHER, AND MICHAEL J. HAGERTY

ALL OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT

OF*rAGRICULTURE

Sixty-eight Illustrations and One Color Plate

NEW YORK

Orange Judd Company

Canton Christian College

LONDON

Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Limited

CANTON, CHINA

Canton Christian College

1921

COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY

CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE

All Rights Reserved

PRINTED IN CHINA AND U.S.A.

TO

HMtrr C.

AND HIS WIFE

fcclierman

WHOSE KNOWLEDGE OF CHINAS PLANTS AND LITERATURE

AND DEEP INTEREST IN CHINA

HAVE BEEN A CONSTANT INSPIRATION AND HELP
IN THIS STUDY

466566

PREFACE

Most occidentals resident in South China have joined the
Chinese in their zealous enthusiasm for the lychee. It has been the
writer's- privilege to have lived for twelve years in the very heart of
one of the two famous lychee producing regions of China. Shortly
after arrival upon the South China field, as representative of the?
Pennsylvania State College Horticultural Mission at the Canton
Christian College, I was asked to make a thorough study of the
lychee and lungan in their native region. The present work is the
result of these investigations.

The western horticulturist should naturally find in this work
something of interest with regard to fruits of a family with which he
has doubtless had little acquaintance. Interesting theories and
practices of Chinese fruit growers should be of some value to fruit
growers of the West. And to those interested in the introduction. of
the lychee and lungan into other lands these investigations should
lead to a more adequate understanding of the peculiar characteristics
of these fruits, without which there is little hope of successful culture.

It is hoped that this work will be of interest not only to
horticulturists but also to those of East and West who are interested
in the past, present and future of China. The historical setting of
the lychee and lungan as revealed in Chinese literary works should be
of some value to students of Chinese literature and Chinese history.
An acquaintance with these works should arouse the western world
to a realization of the importance of Chinese literature as a possible
source of knowledge for present-day progress in scientific develop-
ment. To the student of geography and world affairs, South China,
and its industrious, self-sacrificing people, should occupy a more
prominent position because of knowledge with regard to this people
in this one special phase of their endeavor; and because of the interest
of South China's widely travelled emigrants in carrying the gospel of
their favorite fruit to the ends of the earth.

THE LYCHKK AND LUNGAN

The writer desires to express his appreciation for valuable
assistance in the field to his many Chinese students and friends, with-
out whose help the work would have been very difficult. To the
many Chinese orchardists whom I have interviewed and to the
Chinese nurserymen in whose homes I have been entertained a wish
is expressed that Chinese investigators and students may have as
cordial treatment in the hands of the western public. To Dr. David
Fairchild and his staff in the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant In-
troduction of the United States Department of Agriculture the writer
is indebted for access to information whereby he could better under-
stand the real problems involved in the introduction of these fruits
into the United States; especially to the late Mr. S. C. Stuntz for his
valuable suggestions and corrections in the preparation of the original
manuscript. Special obligation is expressed to Dr. and Mrs. Walter
T, Swingle for encouragement and their untiring efforts to assist in a
thorough study of the European and Chinese literature and in a more
complete understanding of some of the vital phases of the work. Dr.
Swingle made many valuable suggestions with regard to the possibili-
ties in the use of other species of the " lychee group " for hybridizing
and stock. Thanks is due Dr. S. W. Fletcher, Professor of
Horticulture at the Pennsylvania State College for encouragement in
the study and for reading the original manuscipt; and to Prof. I. L.
Foster, Professor of Romance Languages, for translation of some of
the European literature. In the study of the Chinese literature the
writer is indebted for the assistance of one of his old students, Mr,.
Li Ch'eng Lan (Li Ch'ing Lan, 3* $£ $!j) and to Mr. Kuo Hua
Ssin ( Kwok Wa Sau ||J ^ ^ ) for assistance in checking investigations.
To Mr. Michael J. Hagerty of the Office of Crop Physiology of the
United States Department of Agriculture acknowledgement is due for
a translation of Ts'ai Hsiang's Li Chili P'ir, and to Mr. Ho Hung
P'ing (fpj && 2p) of the Canton Christian College for a translation of
Wu Ying K'uei's Ling Nan Li Chili P'u,

In 1917 it was an agreeable surprise to return from China to
the United States and to find in the Library of Congress at Washing-
ton an excellent collection of Chinese works, with a system of
classification facilitating ready reference. It is no exaggeration to say
that this work, in its present form, would not have been possible
without reference to these valuable works whereby the writer has
been able to check original investigations in his own region and to

PREFACE;

secure valuable information regarding the culture of these fruits in
other sections of China and Judo China. The large collection of
Chinese provincial, prefectural and district gazetteers found in the
Library of Congress has led to a source of information of extreme
value. A careful study of the Chinese writings on the lychee, in-
cluding chese geographical works, has resulted in a strong conviction
that a knowledge of Chinese literature is not only essential in any
study of the varieties, culture and uses of cultivated plants in China,
but that such knowledge is of the greatest value in any attempt to
introduce these plants into successful culture in the West. The
enthusiasm for Chinese literature shown by men like Dr. Walter T.
Swingle should in the years to come awaken the western world to the
treasures stored within its pages. Dr. Swingle's inspiration and Dr.
Herbert Putnam's hearty co-operation has brought the Chinese
collection in the Library of Congress to its present good condition
and I believe this is destined to become the very best collection out-,
side of China itself.

It is not always easy to be consistent in the romanization o£
Chinese names. But except where indicated by the phrase "in
Cantonese", or otherwise, the spelling followed is always the
Mandarin according to Herbert A. Giles Chinese-English Dictionary ;
except in the names of places with post offices, "when the Postal
Guide, issued by the Ministry of Communications of China, is
followed. As the Mandarin romanization of the names of'Kwang-
tung men, places and fruits is hardly intelligible to those working in
the Canton district, the Cantonese romanization according to the
Eitel-Genahr Chinese-English Dictionary in the Cantonese Dialect
has in many cases been placed in parenthesis with- the Chinese
characters.

In conclusion the writer wishes to express his gratitude to
Mr.- Kenneth Duncan of the Canton Christian College for valuable
suggestions in the preparation of the manuscript for the press and for
his willingness to supervise the publication of the work in the writer's
absence.

G. WEIDMAN GROI-F
Ling 'Nam, Cancon, China,

Ml

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE

I. Introduction

II. Origin of the Names Lychee (|£1i) and Lungan (flUR)

and English Spelling and Romanization 13

III. Chinese Literature on the Lychee. . . . 16

IV. European and American Literature on the Lychee and

Lungan . . 23

V. Botany of Four Important Sapindaceous Fruits ... 32

VI. The South China Region, the Home of -the Lychee

and Lungan 44

VII. Some Important Ling Nan Centers 47

VIII. The Climate Best Adapted to the Lychee and Lungan 54
IX. Soils Adapted to the Lychee and Lungan and Cultural

Methods 58

X Methods of Propagation . 64

XI. The Lychee and Lungan in Commerce 71

XII. Knemies , 82

XIII. Varieties of the Lychee 87

XIV. The Lungan 103

XV. The Introduction of the Lychee and Lungan into

Other Lands '. Ill

XVI. Summary 116

APPENDICES
I. Bibliography of Chinese References on the Lychee and

the Lungan 119

II. Bibliography of Western References on the Lychee. . . 127

III. Canton Weather Table 142

IV, Present-Day Varieties of Kwangturg Lychee and

Lungan . 14 3

V. Analyses of Lychee and Lungan Fruits 149

Page

VI. The Lychee a Mycorhizal Plant. FREDERICK V.

COVILLE 151

VII. Lack of Winter Dormancy and the Low Zero Point of
Growth of the Lychee Limiting Factors in Its

Culture in Florida. WALTER T. SWINGLE 153

VIII. Rooting Lychee Cuttings by Means of a High Tem-
perature and High Humidity Process. EDWARD

GOUCHER 1 57

IX. Sung Chio's Account of the Organization of a Lychee
Club at P'ut'ien, Fukien Province, during the
Ming Dynasty. Translated by Michael J.

Hagerty, assisted by Ch'en Ts'ing-hua. . 160

X. Detailed Description of Illustrations 164

XL Supplementary Notes 171

POSTFACE 173

ERRATA 175

INDEX 176

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate
I.

Fig.

Facing Page
or Plate

Reproduction of a Lychee Painting Attributed to the Sung

Emperor, Hui Tsung, and entitled "The Ch'en Purple
Lychee Embroidered Fragrant Bag." (One-third

natural size.) . Back of Frontispiece

II. A Kwangtung Lychee Landscape Frontispiece

III. ia. Reproduction of Ancient Rubbing of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li

ChihP'u." (Two-fifths natural size.) 16

III. ib. Reproduction of a Copy of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li Chih P'u"

Written on Silk. (About two-fifths natural size.) ... 16

IV. ic. Reproduction of a Page of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li Chih P'u" in

the Tsung Li Yaman Reprint of the Chinese Imperial

Encyclopedia. (Two-thirds natural size.) 17

V. 2. Herbarium Specimen of Litchi philippinensis Radlk. (One-
half natural size.) 34

V. 3. Herbarium Specimen of Euphoria cinerea Radlk. (One-half

natural size.) 34

VI. 4. Root System of a Mature Lychee Tree 35

VI. 5. A Flower Panicle of the Lychee 35

VII. 6. Rice Field with Lychee Trees along Inner and Outer Dykes. 44

VII. 7. Limb of Lychee Tree over Lotus Pond 44

VIII. 8. Cantonese Women Harvesting Sagittaria in Muddy Field

Bordered with Lychee Plate IX

VIII. 9. Fish-Ponds along the Pearl River Bordered with Lychee . Plate IX
IX. 10. Lychee Trees along Walled Dykes of Pearl River . . Plate VIII
IX. n. Lychee Trees Withstand the Pearl River in Flood. .Plate VIII

X. 12. Attractive Walk along Lychee Dykes 45

X. 13. Lychee and Plum Planted across Dyked Fields 45

XI. 14. Canton Christian College Students Picking Lychee along

the Dykes 46

XI. 15. Crop Watcher and His Thatched Hut along the Dykes . . 46
XII. 16. Baskets of Ling Nan Lychee Ready for Market . . Plate XIII
XII. 17. Fruiting Clusters of Ling Nan Lychee Plate XIII

XIII. 18. Canton Christian College Middle School Students in Lychee

Practicum Plate XII

XIV. 19. A Heavily Fruiting Limb of Lychee 47

XIV. 20. The Lychee, a Heavy Bearer 47

XV. 21. The Lychee Protected from Bats by Wire Netting .... 50
XV. 22. Terraced Hillsides of Lo Kang Planted to Lychee and

Canarium 50

XVI. 23. Stockade Surrounding Famous Kua lu — Hanging-green —

Lychee ...^ 51

XVI. 24. Bamboo Fence and Net Provide the Kua lu — Hanging-
green — Lychee with Additional Protection 51

XVII. 25. Upland Plantations of Lychee at Hsin T'ang Not Unlike

Apple Orchards 52

XVIII. 26. Fang Yung Lychee Nurseries with Mango Windbreak .. . 53
XVIII. 27. Fang Yung Lychee Orchard of Named Varieties for Propa-
gation 53

XIX. 28. Pair of Ta tsao — Large crop— Lychee Trees 58

XIX. 29. Fang Yung Nurseryman Seated under Hsi chio tsu — Rhino-
ceros horn — Lychee Tree 58

XX. An Acid Peaty Soil Better for the Lychee than an Ordinary

Fertile Soil . .Plate XXI

Plate Fig. Facing Page

or Plate

XXI Healthy Lychee Root Showing the Mycorhizal Tuber-
cles Plate XX

XXII. Enlarged Sections of Lychee Root Tubercles Showing the

Cells Gorged with the Mycorhizal Fungus . . . Plate XXIII
XXIII Mycorhizal Fungi in the Cells of Lychee Root Tuber-
cles Plate XXII

XXIV. 30. Raised-bed Lychee Plantation Showing Water-channel. . . 59
XXIV. 31. Low-lying Delta Lychee Plantations Showing Well-con-
structed Bridge across Canal 59

XXV. 32. Fertilizing Dyke Lychee with Night Soil 60

XXVI. 33. Beds of Lychee with Holes for Night Soil Fertilizer. . . . 61
XXVI. 34. Unloading a Night Soil Boat for Fertilizing Lychee ... . 61
XXVII. 35. Unloading Lychee from District Passage Boats in Canton

City 64

XXVII. 36. Nursery Beds of Chinese Air-layered Lychee Trees ... . 64
XXVIII. 37. Raising Lychee Nursery Stock with Ball of Earth Attached. 65

XXVIII. 38. Boat Load of Lychee Nursery Stock 65

XXIX. 39. Potted Lychee in the Famous Hua Ti Gardens, Canton,

China 66

XXIX. 40. Potted Lychee as Ornamentals 66

XXX. 44. Cluster of No mi ts'z — Glutinous rice — Lychee. (One-half

natural size.) 67

XXX. 46. Cluster of Hsiang li — Fragrant — Lychee. (One-third

natural size.) 67

XXXI. 42. Serious Insect Enemy of the Lychee, Tessoratoma papillosa. 82
XXXII. 41. Killing Lychee Tree Borers with "Hisser" Firecrackers . . 83
XXXII. 43. Trunk of Lychee Tree Covered with Lichens and Track of

Borer 83

XXXIII. 45. Natural Size and Natural Color Reproduction of the No mi

ts'z — Glutinous rice — Lychee 92

XXXIV. 47. Original Parent Tree of Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros horn-

Variety 94

XXXIV. 48. An Immense Lychee — Rhinoceros horn — Tree with Trunk

Twelve Feet in Circumference 94

XXXV. 49. Heiyeh — Black leaf — Lychee. (One-half natural size.) . . 95
XXXV. 50. Fei tsu hsiao — Imperial concubine laugh. (One-half natural

size.) 95

XXXVI. 51. Ch'umatsu — China grass fiber — Lychee. (One-half natural

size.) 96

XXXVI. 52. The Huai chih Lychee Labeled Hei yeh— Black leaf.

(Three-fourths natural size.) 96

XXXVII. 53. The San yueh hung— Third month red— Lychee. (Two-
thirds natural siz'e.) 97

XXXVII. 54. Large Seeded Shan chih — Mountain Lychee — Used for Stock

for Grafting 97

XXXVIII. 55. Chuang yuan hung — Royal red — Lychee. (Two- thirds

natural size.) 102

XXXIX. 56. The Yau yen Lungan as a Temple Tree 103

XXXIX. 57. The Rounded Head of a Fruiting Lungan Tree 103

XL. 58. Wu yuan — Black ball — Lungan Seedling Fourteen Months

Old no

XLI. 59. A Fruiting Cluster of Wu yuan — Black ball — Lungan.

(Two-fifths natural size.) in

XLI. 60. The She p'i— Snake Skin— Lungan. (Two-thirds natural

size.) in

THE LYCHEE #;, AND LUNGAN

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Few world centers are so conspicuously characterized by two
distinct and native fruits as is South China by the lychee and the lung-
an. He who in the West has had a Chinese numbered among his
friends or acquaintances has doubtless seen the lychee in its dried
form. This so-called " Chinese" or "lychee nut" has for years been
the favorite Christmas or New Year gift of Chinese living abroad.
As a result of their generosity it is to-day one of the most popular
Chinese agricultural products on the Western markets and is of increas-
ing commercial importance. The lungan is even more rarely met
in the West than is the lychee. But he who has lived or visited in
South China in the summer season will never forget the curious little
"dragon-eye" which follows on the markets immediately after the
lychee and which is quickly recognized as the little brother of this
fascinating fruit.

The lychee (2£3t) , Lilchi chine nsis Sonn. , indigenous to South
China and cultivated extensively only in that region, is marketed and
relished throughout the length and breadth of the Chinese Republic.
It is famous throughout Asia where it is preserved in various forms
an'd is used in a variety of fancy dishes. The dried form is commonly
served on the tables of Pacific steamships, and in Europe and America
it appears in Chinese restaurants and in the homes of connoisseurs.

The lungan (flH&) Euphoria longana-Lam., is similarly dried
and used by the Chinese but to a more limited extent than is the
lychee. In medicine, however, it has a wider use than has the
lychee. In recent years both of these fruits have appeared in canned
form, preserved in sugared syrup. The labels on the tin cans are
printed in both Chinese and English and are very similar to those of
western fruits now rapidly making inroads on Chinese markets. In
both the canned and dried forms the lychee and lungan are delicious
products; but they cannot be fully appreciated except when eaten
freshly picked from their attractive evergreen trees.

5

THK LYCHKE AND LUNGAN

It is a surprising fact that among the varied fruits of the Western
Hemisphere one does not find a single species belonging to the sub-
family Nephclicae of the family Sapindaceae to which these fruits
belong. For centuries this group has provided the thickly populated
regions of southern Asia and the East Indies with several of their most
delicious and refreshing fruits. Four distinct species, representing
three closely related genera, and each with a number or varieties, are
grown in China, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and British
India. A few scattered trees have only recently found their way into
the West Indies, Panama, southern Florida and southern California
where climatic conditions are somewhat similar to those in the region
in which these fruits are native. It is a singular coincidence that al-
though species of Litchi and Euphoria appear in the wild state in the
Philippines, the two edible species of South China have never been
extensively cultivated in those islands. In the Hawaiian islands one
non-edible species of the family exists. Trees of the edible forms,
introduced from South China by Chinese residents in Hawaii, have
for a number of years borne fruits at irregular intervals. These trees
have only recently attracted the attention of horticulturists. The
cultivation of the best varieties of the lychee and lungan, or of the two
allied more tropical species of Nephelieae, might provide a paying in-
dustry for some of these regions in question. They would certainly
be worthy additions to the fruits now on the markets of the western
world.

The four most widely cultivated fruits of Nephelicae are the
rambutan and pulassan of the malaysian tropics and the lungan and
lychee of the sub-tropical Asiatic Mainland. The latter, the best 'of
the four, is decidedly the most promising for those regions in which
the fruits could be grown for sale in the United States. If the lychee
were given the strict attention of successful fruit growers, and its
cultural peculiarities carefully studied, it should be found that certain
varieties are especially adapted to the low, wet, otherwise useless land
of some of these areas; while other varieties not so promising might
be grown on the hills. The lungan is a hardier species than the
lychee and as such should find a place in the more northern extrem-
ities of sub-tropical regions. It is a fruit worth introducing and is a
most valuable ornamental. Experimentally it will prove of interest
as a stock and for hybridizing with the lychee. The rambutan and
pulassan, Nephelium lappaceum Linn., and Nephelium mutabile
Blume, are strictly tropical forms and should prove valuable introduc-
tions in regions too warm for the Ivchee and lunfran.

INTRODUCTION

Chinese poets have sung praises to the lychee for centuries
while Chinese writers have written of the value of the lychee and
lungan in the home, in medicine and in commerce. In times past
good Chinese officials have encouraged the cultivation of these fruits
by protecting the parent trees of choice varieties, by disseminating
information regarding cultural methods and by encouraging Chinese
writers to make careful descriptions of the best varieties. Bad officials
have greatly discouraged these important fruit industries by the custom,
formerly so rampant in China, of imposing tribute upon the grow-
ers. The importance of the lychee in the eyes of the Chinese is
evinced by the fact that there are no less than nine treatises on the ly-
chee by famous authors, beginning with that of Ts'ai Hsiang (H£)'
in A. D. 1059 and extending to that of Wu Ying K'uei (&ll^)2 in
1826. The latter author has written most interestingly of the origin
of the name lychee.

Travellers to China from the earliest times have reported the
merits of the lychee and have encouraged its introduction into Europe
and the United States. But like many things of Chinese origin, this
important fruit is practically unknown on the Western Hemisphere.
Such a well known authority as Dr. Augustine Henry, who knows
well both European and Oriental fruits, has privately written with
regard to the lychee, *' It is one of the very finest fruits in the world,
not excepting the apple and the pear. ' ' A Portuguese writer3 does not
hesitate to say of the lychee, "It is the most tasty and beautiful fruit
that God has created in the Universe." In fact the lychee has for
many years been a favorite subject of foreign writers but their treatment
has usually been as brief as their access to knowledge regarding it.
One very recent writer4 tersely remarks in a three hundred word article,
" One of the daintiest packages that have ever been wrapped by Nat-
ure's hand is the little spherical litchi fruit. No one, whether he is a

1 TS'AI HSIANG Igg), Li Chih P'u ("# £ 18 ) in Ku Chin Tu
Shu Chi Cheng (^TtBffgjft), Po H-'u Hui Pien (ft ft g ft), TSao Muh
Tien (& * ft), Action 273 (- IT -fc + 2 *), U Chi Pu 1 (& & ffi ~)
pages 1-5 (m~

2 WU YING K'URI (^ m m Ling Nan Lt Chih Pu
in LitiR -Nan I Shu (Stf^&'S), book 59 (^2L-HL#) and in six sections

? MONTEIBO DE CARVALHO, JoSE, Diccionarit fi'jrti'gueSK. daf plantus*
arhustos, page 316.

4 WALKER, ROBERT SPARKS, in The Girdr to Nature, v«.l. MI, NO.

3, p:i£f 34.

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

student of nature or not, can examine the litchi without admiring its
beauty and the sanitary method by which the fruit is preserved."

Considerable effort has been made to introduce the lychee and
lungan into western countries. William Roxburgh (1759-1815) 1
reports, 'This very famous tree is now common in Bengal. It was
originally brought from China. " In the early partly of the 19th cent-
ury the lychee and lungan reached Europe. In the Transactions of
the Horticultural Society of London2 is recorded, "Two species of
Dinwcarpus have been introduced into our gardens: the D. Litchi.
and D. Longan. They are both natives, of the southern pa it of China,
where they are known as the Litchi, and the Long yen and much
cultivated; they have also been transferred thence to different places
in the East Indies. " The lychee reached Trinidad before 1880. '
Florida grew the fruit as early as 1883 when Robert Manning said,
" I tasted it and found the flavor excellent."

Since the year 1907 the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant
Introduction of the United States Department of Agriculture has run a
special project to introduce the lychee into culture and since that time
it has been carefully studied at home and abroad and information re-
garding it has been assembled. In 1911 a tree at Santa Barbara, Cali-
fornia, bloomed but failed to carry its fruits to -maturity. In 1914 it
fruited. In July, 1916, trees which had been sent to Reasoner
Brothers of Oneco, Florida, by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant
Introduction, bore fruit of exceptionally fine quality.

Many problems are involved in the successful introduction of
the lychee and lungan into other lands. The climate and soils best
adpated to their successful culture must first be studied in their native
home. The tendancy of these fruits to variation, and their ready
response to culture, is evident from the large number of varieties
which have been carefully listed by the Chinese in both literature and
commerce. A study of these varieties reveals a marked range in earli-
ness, hardiness, productivity, color, size of fruit and seed; and in

1 ROXBURGH, WILLIAM, in Flora Indica or Descriptions of Indian
Plants, Vol. II, page 269.

• Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, ?d Edition, Vol. II,
pages 402 and 403".

3 TRINIDAD, BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT, Bulletin of Miscellaneous In-
formation (Quarterly), January 1907, No. 53, page 177.

4 CORSA, W. P. , Nut culture in the United States, embracing native and
introduced species, U. S. Department of Aijri- ultur-1. Division of
Pomology, pujfe 105.

INTRODUCTION

the general character such as flavor, fragrance, juiciness and amount
of rag. In the general classification of the varieties of the lychee one
of the most interesting, and possibly significant groups is that which
the Chinese call the "water lychee" or "shuichih" (rK^t^ and
"mountain lychee"' or "shan chih" dli:£0 classification.

The lychee and the lungan are not without their natural
enemies. Very little is done in China to control these enemies. A
scientific study with regard to them is imperative in order both to
advance the industry in China and to prevent these enemies from
gaining a foothold in other countries in which these fruits can possibly
be grown. The most common insect attacking the lychee is a rela-
tive of the well known "stink bug" — a highly decorated species of
the family Pentalomidac. The second most conspicuous enemy is
a mite, apparently an undescribed species of Eriophyes which cause
velvety galls on the leaves of the trees. Several species of-Scarabeidae
are especially troublesome to upland growers. A tree borer is also
common and the Chinese fight it most ingeniously by the use of fire
crackers. Minor, superficial fungi can be found on the leaves of the
trees but the thick, tough, glossy nature of the leaves makes their
susceptibility to fungi very slight indeed. But parasitic algae are very
common on both trunk and leaf.

One of the most fascinating horticultural studies in China is
that of propagation. A Chinese plant propagator will never make an
attempt to give a scientific explanation of his interesting practices;
rather is lie content to throw about his art an air of mysticism. But
one always leaves the haunt of the Chinese gardener or nurseryman
with the inward feeling that the latter has his art at the right place —
his fingers' tips : and that one is leaving with many whys and where-
fores still unexplained. That the western world has much to teach
China in the modern organization and systematic application of
scientific nursery practice is evident on all hands. But it is folly for
the West to feel that there is nothing to be learned from Chinese
patience, perseverance and skill in the utilization of nature's best for
the use of man. In this, as in many other fields, the great opportunity
open to the modemly trained student in China is to bridge the im-
mense chasm that often exists between the practices evolved from
organized knowledge and those that are the result of centuries of
experience and intuitive perception.

Most of the lychee trees grown in the vicinity of Canton
have been propagated by the very common method known as

TllK I.Y.CHKK AND U'NCJAN

pok chih" (ntttfc). 1 his is a process of layering which the mod-
ern horticulturist can rightly term "Chinese air-layering." It is
practically the same as " Gootee" layering of India. All Cantonese
gardeners are excellent manipulators of this method and a great major-
ity of the trees and shrubs, including citrus fruits, of South China are
thus propagated. After the trees have been rooted by this process
they are set out in nursery beds or planted into pots. When they are
raised for permanent planting a ball of earth at least a foot in diame-
ter, held in place by means of rice straw, remains attached to the
roots. The nursery business as seen for example at the village of
Fang Yung (li,r$), near Canton, has become quite an industry and
during the planting season one often sees boat loads of lychee nursery
stock.

Lychee are rarely grown from seed; lungan more often. The
Chinese consider that in a region where temperature and humidity so
greatly facilitate layering there is little reason to depend upon seed-
lings. Then, too, seeds of the lychee are very short lived and cannot
be kept viable for more than four or five days, except under very moist
conditions. In the propagation of the trees in other lands, however,
the seedling method may be advantageous, especially until a large
number of trees are at hand. J. E Higgins L in his bulletin cites some
interesting experiments- with regard to the use of seeds in propagation.

In the greenhouses at Washington the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture has clearly demonstrated that lychee can be
successfully grown from cuttings. Inarching is widely practiced by
the Chinese and in the propagation of some of the best varieties of
the lychee and lungan they often resort to this method. The
small seeded "No Mi Chin" (***) lychee is often thus pro-
pagated. One often sees high headed tops of this variety growing
on trunks of the hardy, mountain or "shan chih" (Uiifc) type.
Chinese recognize the art of grafting but I have not seen them
practice budding. But cleft grafting, known as "tsieh chih" (•$£$)
is quite widely practiced on both the lychee and lungan. In the
famous fruit region of "Lo Kang Tung " ^fUSTO), twenty to thirty
miles northeast of Canton, one sees some very successful specimens
of cultivated lychee which have been cleft grafted upon the hill type.
Jn fact this practice is doubtless the foundation upon which the large
commercial lychee industry of Lokang ($11$) has been founded.

1 HIGGINS, J. E , The. LitcJii in Ha-vaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment

Station, Bulletin No. 44, pnges 7 and S.

INTRODUCTION 1 I

The botany of the lychee and lungan reveals the fact that we
can look with promise to regions remote from those of native habitat
for stocks upon which to work these interesting fruits. In particular
the wild lychee of the Philippines, Litchi philippincnsis Radlk. ,
offers great promise of being found useful as a stock, since it is the
species most closely related to the cultivated lychee and since it has
peculiarities of advantage as a stock. The lungan also has an allied
Philippine species, Euphoria cincrca Radlk., which might be useful
in lungan culture. J. E. Higgins1 has clearly shown that "there is
no difficulty in securing a union of the litchi with the lungan.'
Chinese also report that there are lychee trees growing upon the
lungan roots but its practicability is very questionable as specimens are
rare. Jt is apparent that there is an open field for a series of interest-
ing and helpful experiments in the propagation and hybridization of
these attractive fruits. Such experiments should prove of great value
to China and to other countries attempting to introduce the lychee
and lungan under conditions not so favorable as in their native habitat.
Drought and frost resistance are two factors to be kept definitely in
mind in this work; and soil variations should be carefully studied.

The inhabitants of the South China region, the home of the
lychee and the lungan, should take great pride in these two native
fruits. Of the six provinces which geographically comprise South
China, only two, Kvvangtung (jg )f{) and Fukien (jjjjj $|), grow the
fruits extensively. Szechwan (£3 JlJ ) to the northwest, and not in-
cluded among the provinces of this region, produces some lychee
and lungan. These fruits are known to grow as far south as Siam.
But Kvvangtung and Fukien are the two great lychee-lungan provinces
and their history interestingly discloses that for centuries they have
striven with one another for supremacy in culture and export trade.
The Ling Nan ($& j?f ) and Hsing Hwa (*& ft) regions of Kvvang-
tung and Fukien respectively, are the centers of the lychee and
lungan industry of China. Fukien can rightly claim priority in the
literature of the lychee through Ts'ai Hsiang's treatise,2 now eight
hundred and sixty years old. In the early part of the eighteenth
century Wu Ying K'uei (^JKSil) matched this work by the publication
of his treatise 2 on the most famous product of the Canton region,
the Ling Nan lichee.

1 HlGGlKS, j. E., T&€ Lit chiin Hawaii^ Hawaii, Agricultural Expcrimmt
Station, Bulletin No. 44, page 1 1 .

2 Sff footnotes I .uul 2, p;i^e 7.

THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN

Ling Nran vH$|) is a range of mountains, a region and a
college. The college, known in Cantonese as Ling Naam Tai Hok
' !8l8i>c4&) and in English as the Canton Christian College, has ap-
propriately centered attention upon the lychee. It is the aim and
hope of this institutiou to establish more firmly the lychee in Kwang-
tung by means of a practical effort. This great fruit industry should
be modernly organized and developed to its maximum in order to
increase home consumption and export trade. When railroads, con-
necting North and South, are completed there will be an increased
demand on northern markets for this famous product of the south;
while foreign markets for the dried and canned products are still
undeveloped. It is fitting that one of the great tasks of the Canton
Christian College shall be to standardize and improve the lychee and
to develop its markets. The lychee certainly deserves to be classed
with the very best fruits of the world and is worthy of the name
" Line Nan"

CHAPTER II

ORIGIN OF THE NAMES LYCHEE (^£) AND LUXGAN

AND
ENGLISH SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION

Wu Ying K'uei (^ JJg, SH)1 in the introduction of his special
treatise on the lychee gives a full explanation of the origin of the
name lychee and supports his claims by reference to previous works.
He writes that the lychee (]%, 3t) has secured its name from the fact
that the fru't clings so tenaciously to the twigs, thus necessitating the
use of knives in separating the fruit from the branches. In the time
of the Han Dynasty (?i $8), B.C. 140-86, the characters represent-
ing the fruit were written ££ 3£. The first character gg, pronounced
like the English word lay means "to separate" or "to leave."
The second character 3t, pronounced like dice in the English word
cheese, means "branch." The wood of the lychee is very
hard and the fruit, even when ripe, clings firmly to the twigs. These
early characters, J$ 3C, were thus an attempt to convey the idea that
in gathering the fruit the twigs must be separated from the branches
and the fruit then separated from the twigs. However, as knives
were used in the operation of gathering the fruit the first character
8! later came to be written ^ and to be pronounced " li " the "i"
long as in the English word ice. The second character 3c re-
mained the same though now it is often written $£ with the additional
radical fa meaning "wood" or "tree", on the left which gives the
word, also pronounced chee", a more restricted meaning, "the
branch of a tree." But Wu Ying K'uei (^ |& $i) points out that
^ must not be accepted as the standard form for writing the second
half of the word lychee ('£ 3t), as practically all Chinese authorities
on this fruit use the single-radical word ^t.

A more thorough study of the Chinese character £jj should
prove of interest. Examination reveals that it is made up of two of
the 214 idiographs or radicals of which the Chinese written language

1 WU YING K'UR] (&p$) Ling Nan Li Chih P'u (|£j$j$£t$) in
Ling Nan I Shu ( ££iffsft& ) , book 59 (^JE'HLTlC), section 1 ($$—•%), page

13

14 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

consists, namely: ^ which in the contracted form is written )\- and
means "grass" or "plant" and 7J which means " knife." We
then have at the top of the character ^ a "plant " and at the bottom
"three knives." Wu Ying K'uei points out that these three knives,
written $,, represents "to cut." The sound of this character^,
pronounced "li", is doubtless a corruption of the sound lay",
associated with the character gf|, which was used to represent the
fruit before the idea was originated to give it the present "knife
and plant" character^. It is also worthy of note that Wu Ying
K'uei cautions all writers of Chinese to write the word li" |£ and
not |£ as so many do. The character $ is pronounced "hip " and
means "to cooperate" and is foreign to the original idea of using
the three knife character 5w, "to cut. "

Wu Ying K'uei' s (^Hyit) claim for writing the word lychee
is doubtless well established in so far as its derivation is con-
cerned. But modern usage reveals that the word in Chinese may
be correctly written £££, ||£, ^&, or |£t£. Just as to-day in English
"through " and "thru " are both good forms with considerable pre-
ference for thru especially in hand writing, so in Chinese both J£
and |£ are considered good forms with decided preference for |£ in
handwriting because of the care required not to cross the strokes in
making the knife radical )}. In fact in hand writing most Chinese
writers will unconsciously .write -ft.

The word lychee g*,^ is thus a combination of idiographs
which are used in the derivation of the characters %, and ^ and in
the pronunciation of their sounds. These characters were meant
to convey the idea that the fruit of the lychee must be taken from the
tree by means of knives and with twigs attached.

There is as much difficulty in arriving at the correct form for
representing the characters (|£^t) in English as there is in deciding
upon the correct characters in Chinese. In representing the Can-
tonese sounds of the characters in English lychcc is the most
satisfactory form. The fruit is a South China fruit and should be
called by the name given it by Cantonese because they not only grow
the fruit but sell it all over the world. The name of the fruit as
pronounced in western countries always approximates the Cantonese
sound. In China the name is pronounced in many ways according
to the local dialect of the place. For example in Fukien Icli is one
of the local names under which it is known. It is true that the most
universal dialect of China is Mandarin, which is the official language

OKKJIN OF THE NAMES LYCHEE <J£i) ANi> (j» KI"N(JAN 15

of the country. The Giles dictionary gives the Mandarin spelling as
fichih which would be unintelligible to the average Chinese dealing
in " Chinese nuts " abroad; and to the farmer of South China.

Granted that the sounds to be used in making the name ;m
English word should be the Cantonese ones, it is clear that the
spelling should be that of lyckee, for the simple reason that this
invariably suggests the exact sounds of l\j as in lying and <:hf< as in
cheese. Unfortunately various factors have operated to initiate other
spellings. The Cantonese standard romanization according to Eitel
is faichi, which may indicate the proper sounds to a westerner living
in Kwangtung but to the average reader of English might be pro-
nounced in many ways, since Idi is found in loid. and Idif.y; and clii
is found in child and machine. If we follow the botanical name,
as Mr. Higgins1 urges in his bulletin, or any other of the many
approaches to the Mandarin, we either depart from the South
China word or we have the trouble of explaining how the strange-
looking word is to be pronounced in English. The botanical name
litch-i requires the silencing of the "t" and then the pronunciation
of the two i's" in different ways. Other writers have given us
Hci, li-tchi, la-izi, litchc, hachca, lichi, lychi, leechee andlich<-<.
Only the last can rival lychee. And the objection to lichee is in the
fact that li as an initial syllable has varying sounds as in little, lithe
and litre , but ly as an initial syllable is always as in lying, lyctiim
and I y rate. The word lychcc will best convey the correct Cantonese
sound of the word.

The lungan like the lychee is a two-character word
meaning "dragon-eye." The fruit of the lungan is smaller and
more rounded than that of the lychee and is said to resemble in ap-
pearance the eye of a dragon, from whence it doubtless gets its most
common name. If nlBJI be romanized according to the Cantonese
pronunciation the words should be written lung-ngan; but as an
" ng " sound appears at the end of the first word and also at the
beginning of the second, and as this sound is unusually difficult to
pronounce, the word "lungan " is more desirable. Chinese literary
works and local dialects record many other names for the lungan.
One common name is "uen ngan " (IHJajL) meaning "round eye."
Other names are 'lychee no" (j$i3t>&), meaning servant of the
lychee, because the fruiting season immediately follows that of the
lychee; and "a lychee " ($£$;£), the "second lychee. "

1 Higgins, J. E., The Litchi in Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural
Station, Bulletin Xo. 44, pages 3 ;uui 4.

CHAPTER III
CHINESE LITERATURE ON THE LYCHEE

No ancient civilization has produced so many valuable works
dealing with agriculture and kindred subjects as the Chinese. These
books should receive greater attention in the modern advance of
science. The lychee has long been a favorite with artists in China
and no fruit has inspired more enthusiastic eulogies by the poets and
none other has been made the subject of so many special treatises.
No fewer than nine special monographs, a list of which is appended,
have been written on this fruit, the most celebrated being that of
Ts'ai Hsiang (^H) l fig. 1. It is a noteworthy fact that the
lychee was the first fruit to be so treated by Chinese writers, as is
shown by the fact that Ts'ai Hsiang' s monograph was the model
that inspired Han Yen-chih (?$j£jjiO to write the first special treatise
on the orange in 1179 A.D., one hundred and twenty years later.

It is not surprising that there is so little reference to the lychee
in the earliest Chinese historical documents, as it is distinctly a
southern plant and even at the time when Confu cius compiled the
classics (about B.C. 500) the Chinese dominions did not extend far
south of the Yangtze river.

That the lychee flourished in the southern part of China
before the time of Christ is evidenced by the fact that in a book by an
unknown author, to which Pei Wen Chai (flf^tSf) 2 refers, it is
recorded that Wu Ti ($;#) of the Han Dynasty (m®)> B.C.

1 TS'AI HSIANG (^g), Li Chih P'u

The author has had access to three copies of Ts'ai Hsiang' s work:
(1) A rubbing1, the gift of a Chinese friend, indicating that the work at some
future time must have been carved on stone j (2) A copy on silk which has
been in the possession of a. Chinese family for many generations; and (3)
The copv in Ku Chin Tit Shu Chi Cheng (&Wfa$k1&\ Po Wu Hut Pien
Ts'ao Muh Tien (£*»), section 273 (JgHtf-trt-H*), U Chih
P« 1 (IKMR) pages 1-5 (fS-

2 PEI WEN CHAI («£&) Kuang Ch'un Fan? P'u
section 60 (JfcftrHfe), page 4

16

--^1 r-±% V-

PLATE IV

FIGURE ic. — Reproduction of a page of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li Chih P'u" in the Tsung
Li Yaman Reprint of the Chinese Imperial Encyclopedia.

(Two-thirds natural size.)

CHINESE LITERATURE ON THE LYCHEE 17

140-86, after he had conquered Nan Yueh ($f^) l and subjected
also a part of Annam, built the palace Fu Li (&!£&) and in the
garden or arboretum appertaining thereto he introduced from the
south a hundred or more lychee trees, not one of which grew. This
he repeated for several years and finally succeeded in growing one
tree which seemed to flourish for a time but never fruited. The
Emperor greatly loved this tree but it died after a short period and
" several tens" of .husbandmen were accused of having neglected it
and were killed.

There has been an attempt in Chinese literature to trace the
lychee as far back as B.C. 1766. Wu Ying K'uei (^BSJIf) 2 quotes
from a work Kuang Yii (jUlg) that I Yin (fp-jjfr) of the time of the
Emperor Ch'eng T'ang (^t^), B.C. 1766, of the Shang Dynasty
($!$!)> spoke of a fruit called "feng wan" (JBL&) which some
people believed to be the lychee.

The great wealth of Chinese literature concerning the lychee,
records of which appeared at the beginning of the Christian era and
continue to the present day, is a fair indication of the importance of
this fruit to the life of the Chinese people. Ts'ai Hsiang (HH) J
records, as translated by Mr. Michael J. Hagerty, " All seven pre-
fectures, such as Tung ching (^jift — Tonking and Chia-chih
(^St) — Cochin-China, sent a tribute of fresh lychee to China. In
carrying this tribute the couriers adopted the custom of relays,
stopping and leaving some of the fresh fruit at improvised depots,
some of which were ten "li" apart, while others were but four
"li" distant from each other. These couriers galloped quickly,
day and night. This enforced tribute oppressed these people like a
plague of poisonous insects and wild animals. At Lin-su (Ksj&) in

1 Nan Yueh is the old Kingdom of Cochin-China which in A.D.
222 was divided into Chiao-Chou or Tonquin and what is now the area
covered by Kwangtung and Kwangsi. See Bretschneider, Bo fan '.con
Sinicum. — Emil Vasilievich, Notes on Chinese Botany from Native and
Western Sources, London, 1882, page 23.

2 WU YING K'UEI (^ggil) Ling Nan Li Chih />'« ($&j£3££3f) in
Ling Nan I Shu (&j&ft&), book 59 (3&£-bH#), section 1 (^-^)
page 1 ($-H).

3 TS'AI HSIANG (gg.), Li Chih Pu ($£!£) in Ku Chin Tu Shu
Chi Chen? (llMMig£3ir£), Po Wu Hui Pien (1TO£«|), 7V<w Muh Tien
• section 273 (^-^^-\'^^, U Chih Pn \ <£$«-.), page 2

18 THK LVCHKK AND LUNGAN

Hunan province a man named T'ang Ch'iang (j|f^) sent a
memorial, protesting against the amount of tribute, and Emperor Ho
Ti (5fljif?), A.D. 89 issued a proclamation ordering his ''T'ai
Kuan " (^:W) or Official in Charge of the Collection of Tribute, to
diminish the amount."'

As pointed out in the Kit Chin Tu Shu Chi Chcny r£^IU
^H^),1 "The Chinese Encyclopedia of Ancient and Modern
Times, " each of the three great Chinese literary works 2 dealing with
plants refers to the lychee. In the first of these, "Features of
Plants in the South," Chi Han ($?§•) includes the lychee among the
80 species described listing it as a fruit tree. In this work he
carefully records the characteristics of the tree and fruit and states its
yield, all of which agree with the lychee of the present day.

This Compendium of Chinese Literature heivin referred to was drawn
up and published under Imperial authority in 1726. The botanical section
of this gigantic compilation, Ts'ao Muh Tien (^T^Cjft;, comprises 320 books.
See Bretschneider, Botanicon Sinicum, pages 71, 72 and note 24.

2 a. Nan Fang Ts'ao Muh C/iuang ($$)j '*$.%$&}.

"This is the earliest Chinese treatise dealing with plants and bear
a purely botanical character. The author was Kl Han, a Minister of State
under Hui Ti of the Tsin Dynasty (A.D. 290-307). He had been
previously governor of Canton. We meet in it interesting accounts of some
trees and other plants known at that time in South China, some of them
brought from distant foreign countries. The plants are treated under the
four classes of herbs, forest trees, fruit trees and bamboos, including in all
80 species." See Bretschneider, Botanicon Sinicum, page 38.

b. Pen Ts'ao Kang Mu

"This is the celebrated Chinese Materia Medica written more than
300 years ago and well known in Europe ....... It represents indeed the

most important native work on Materia Medica and Natural History." See
Bretschneider, Botttnicon Sinwuni, page 47.

c. Tu King Pen Ti ao

This is an illustrated Materia Medica comprising 21 books. It was
compiled by Su Sung of Fukien province and published by Imperial Order.

Sec Bretschneider, Botanicon Sinicitw, page 47.

CIIINKSK LITKKATUKK ON T1IK LYCIIKK 19

Chia Ssu Hsieh CXMl) of the time of the Northern \\Yi
Dynasty (4bftl'j A..D. 386-532, in his work on husbandry1 records
that there are many interesting varieties of this fruit, most of which
ripen in the fourth month; and that they are preserved by drying,
when the Mesh and seed do not appear as when fresh.

Tuan Kung Lu (fci^?fr) of the T 'any: Dynasty Ogffl), A. D.
818-904, in his Geographical Account of tiouth<rn Uhina2 records
the lycnee as a strange and wonderful fruit, the best in South China.
He says that it ripens in the Beginning of summer and that it has
white and transparent flesh with sweet juices; and that it is as large
as an egg and some varieties are without see.ds. These are only a
few of the references quoted in the Chinese Encyclopedia.

Another interesting record is that of Su Shih ($$£), high
official, poet and essay-writer of the first rank, who in A. D. 1094
was accused of having spoken disrespectfully of the Emperor and
was banished first to Waichow (ifeW) in Kwangtung (jjlifc) and
afterwards to the Island of Hainan ($£[$)» regions which in those
days were utterly barbarous and unknown. These same regions afe
to-day famous lychee centers and Su Shih ($$£) has left us no less
than eight poems ? on this wonderful fruit, one of which was com-
posed at the foot of Lo Fou mountain < . H7?flj) and has been translated
as follows:

"Beneath these green mountains where spring rules the
year

The arbutus and loquat in season appear;
And feasting on lychee — three hundred a day — •
I shouldn't mind staying eternally here. " 4

'JYi Mm Yao S/ine

Bretschneider translates the title of this work: Important Rules
for the People to gain their Living in Peace. The original work was in 92
sections but a part of it was lo.st a long time ago. The edition now current
is in ten books. See Bretschneider Botttnicon Sinicnw, pages 77 and 79.

2 Pei hu hi Uh/*lfc) by Tuan Kung Lu of the T'ang Dynasty. See
Bretschneider, Botanicon Sinifum, page 1 78.

; Ku Chin Tit Shu Chi Cheng (•|5'^B1&£|J&), Po IVu Hui Pien (Jf4&|£!S),
Ts"ao Muh Tien (J^.^cft), section 276 \&Z&%1r&&\ Li Chin Pu 2
5-fi

Traiislation 1>\ Mrs. Rose S. \V

20 THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN

Of the various Chinese treatises on the lychee, that of Ts'ai
Hsiang, l A. D. 1059, already quoted, is the earliest and most
famous. His work is divided into seven distinct chapters all of which
have been translated by Mr. Michael J. Hagerty, of the Office of
Crop Physiology and Breeding Investigations of the United States
Department of Agriculture. In the first of these chapters he treats
of the extent of territory over which the lychee is grown and pro-
claims his zeal to place this fruit in the position it deserves among
the fruits of the world. He had artists draw pictures of the best
varieties he had seen and these he classified. In the second chapter
he deals with the lychee in his native province, Fukien, and he
names one variety, the "Chen family purple lychee " of which he
says that though there are a thousand varieties and ten thousand trees,
no other one can compare with this. He says of it, "When the
Chen family are about to harvest their crop of lychee, they close all
their gates or doors and people desiring to purchase the fruit must
hand in their money through an aperture in the wall, receiving in
return its .equivalent in lychee fruit. For that which the purchaser
was able to obtain he was thankful and considered himself lucky,
never daring to argue whether the price was too much or too little. "
He then deals with the production and export of the lychee a,nd in
the fourth chapter he considers its medicinal properties and speaks of
the age of the tree and the excellent character of the wood. He
does not fail to discuss the important fact of inability of the lychee to
withstand cold and to speak of its chief enemies. In the sixth chapter
he deals with a few of the many interesting methods of preserving
the fruit which the Chinese used in those days and he tells of the
custom of sending the best fruit as tribute to the Emperor. In the
last chapter he gives a comprehensive list of the varieties produced
and discusses them in some detail.

Sung Chia ($fes) 2 of the Ming Dynasty (9HM), A.D.
1368-1627, also wrote a treatise on the lychee in which he quotes
Ts'ai Hsiang (US-) and interestingly proclaims his desire to organize

1 TS'AI HSIANG (Hg), Li Chih P'u (&$fS) in Ku Chin Tu Shu
Chi Cheng (#^Iil^|i$), Po Wu Hut Pien (|f 4&X&P, Ts'ao Muh Tien
, section 273 (»-tf-fc-f-3fc), Li Chih Pu 1 (2fc£8R-), pages 1-5

2 SUNG CHIA (5feH), Li Chih P'u (&3lt9) in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi
Cheng («<*•*&£), PO Wu Hut Pien (ffttgJR), Ts'ao Muh Tien
, section 273 (JR-lMrt-S*), Li Chih Pu 1 (#$«-), pages

CHINESE LITERATURE OX THE LYCIIEE 21

a Lychee Society, the purpose of which should be to consume the
delicious fruit and to write poems about it. He names twenty-two
varieties growing in Kwangtung as recorded by Cheng Hsiung (jj|$j| j .

One of the most recent treatise on the lychee, and which
does not appear in the Chinese Encyclopedia, is that of \Vu Ying
K'uei (ftlKj^j l published in 1826. This treatise deals with the
lychee in the Ling Nan ($at$f) region of Kwangtung (jgtjfc) and has
been translated into English by Mr. Hoh Hung Ping (fnjftft^1) °f tnc
Canton Christian College. %

The Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao (tittf^Wlfi^ 2, an
illustrated Chinese botany published in 1848, reprints a number of the
well-known lychee monographs and in connection with the illustration
of the lychee Wu CrTi Hsun (;&;£-?$), the author, writes an interest-
ing essay. In this essay it is recorded that Yii Lo Nung (f^H) of
Fukien province had among his pupils one who later became an
official in Yuan Kiang (jtft) in Yunnan (itj$). Yu Lo Nung
(^?|g:f|/ later visited his friend in Yunnan and found recorded in the
annals of Yuan Kiang (jtiE) that the lychee had been produced
there. Upon inquiry why this section did not still produce lychee he
learned that it was because of the difficulties of communication and
the labor and trouble involved in sending lychee tribute to the
Emperor. Because of the hardships imposed upon them the people
had decided to cut down all the lychee trees. Yu Lo Nung (iflgJl)
again pointed out that Yuan Kiang (jctE) was well adapted for
lychee culture and he strongly urged the official to introduce them
from Nan Hai ($i$0 in Kwangtung province. The final answer of
his friend was that Yuan Kiang (TG&) was hot and damp and that
the lychee introduction was not worth the effort as he would not be
there for more than three years. He said that, moreover, as this
was the only place in Yunnan that could possibly produce the lychee,
its production would cause the people much hardship because of the
custom of tribute. He remarked, "For one taste of sweetness by
the officials, the people are caused much trouble. Ah! How sorry
I am! '

1 WU YING K'UEI (^m^) Ling Nan Li Chih P'u (2J|£|£$ig) in
Ling Nan I Shu Uftff£ft:&), book 59 (^3£-Hl/£), and in six sections

2 WU CH'l HSUN (£:JC?&), Chih Wu Ming Shih Tu K'ao

fruit division (%M\ section 31 (^H-T*— %), pages 10 and 11

THE LYCHEK AND I.I 'N (UN

One of the most helpful sources of information in the study
of these fruits has been the provincial, prefectural and district
gazetteers or annals. Each political division of China has at regular
intervals systematically published these geographical records which
contain helpful information regarding history, production and matters
of interest in the life of the people. By means of these records it
has been possible to determine the districts in which the lychee and
lungan are grown and to secure valuable data relative to culture and
varieties. The Chinese works consulted include these and mis-
cellaneous works together with the nine standard works on the lychee.
A list of these is appended and most of them will be found in the
Library of Congress at Washington. These works are constantly
referred to throughout the text. They not only record numerous
legends regarding these fruits which would enrich a child's book of
fairytales; but they discuss in an enlightening manner the habitat,
culture, varieties and trade of these important fruits. Many of the
problems involved in the successful culture of these fruits have been
discussed by Chinese writers and their records should prove of great
value in the development of the industry at home and abroad.

CHAPTER IV

KFROPEYN ANl> AMERICAN LITERATURE

ON TIH-:
LYCIIEE AND LUNG AN

•' "•'•» \-.'

'1'he. first unquestionable records regarding; China, appearing
in the West in the twelfth century, were in Arabic. In these there
is apparently no mention of the lychee and lungan. Gonzalez de
Mendoza's work in Spanish, published in Rome in 1585, translated
into English by R. Parke in 1588, was the first detailed record
regarding China published in any European language after the dis-
covery of the sea route to China in the early part of the sixteenth
century. As translated by Parke, Gonzalez de Mendoza 1 referred
to the lychee in the following words: "Also they haue a kinde of
plummes, that they doo call lechias (Dimocarpus leechee), that are
of an exceeding gallant tast, and, neuer hurteth any body, although
they shoulde cate a great number of them. ''

In k'De Christiana Expedition"2, published in

Lie y as and Lontjanas are mentioned but Alvaro Semmedo l in his

work published in Italian in 1643, and "put into English by a person

of. quality " in 1655, describes the fruit more completely. He says,

' The Southern provinces have the best fruits of all India; particularly

1 Gonzalez de Mendo/a, Juan, .The History of the Great and Mighty
Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof. Translation out of Spanish
by R. Parke. London, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1588, page 14. •

~ Trigault, Nicolas, De Christiano expeclitio ne apud sinas suscepta ab
societate Jesu. Ex P. Matthaei Ricii eiusdem societatis commentariis Libri
V. Augusta Vind. Augusburg, 1615, page 10.

: Semmedo, Alvaro, The history of that grent and renowned monarchy
of China ---- ----- Lately written in Italian by P. Alvarez Semedo ......

NTow put into English by a person of quality, and illustrated with several
mapps and figures ...... London, Printed by E. Tyler for T. Crook.

papi- <.

23

24 THE LYCHKK AND LITNGAN

Cantone ; for they have Anans, Manghas ; and above

all, there are some fruits proper to them of a particular excellency,
such as in Cantone are the Licic, (so the Portughess call them, but
the Chineses, Lid. ) These on the outside are an orange colour,
and when they are ripe doe very much beautify the trees they grow-
on. They are made like chastnuts, in the forme of an heart; when
the shell is pilled of, which is only contiguous to it, the fruit remaines
like a pearl in colour, very pleasing to the sight, but more to the
taste. ' '

In 1655 Martinio 1 reported the lychee and lungan from
•Fukien in the following words as translated by Mrs. Maude Keller-
man Swingle: "A quantity of the fruits called Lichi, in Portugese
Maehaenses Licliias, is also found in the eastern part of the Province
[Fukien] and especially about the cities; they are borne on large tall
trees which have leaves like the laurel and whose top branches
produce fruit lik-i bunches of grapes but with fewer fruits and longer
peduncles; the fruit is the shape of a heart, and the size of a walnut,
resembling a small pine cone, having a scaly but not thick skin for it
can be easily broken with the hand alone; inside is the succulent
white flesh with a suave rose odor and taste; at maturity the fruit
becomes purple so that the trees themselves look purple ornamented
all over with hearts, a beautiful sight to delight the eyes; the seed or
stone is surrounded by flesh, and the smaller the seed the better and
more superior the fruit; rightly may I say that it is the king of fruits;
often have I considered how it delights the eye and one never wearies
of the taste, its flesh is like sweet meats made of congealed (candied?)
roses as the people call it and I have often seen that it almosts melts
in the mouth.

'There is also another fruit which is round and has a
different skin from the above, — this is called the Lung yen, that is
dragon's eye; it is not equal to the above in size but is a little smaller
arid rounded almost like a cherry. The skin is somewhat harder
than that of the " Lichi " and has larger scales. Both are also dried
in China and are sent from this province (Fukien) to delight the
whole empire, but the dried fruits cannot be compared to the fresh
ones as almost all the suave juice is lost. From the Lichi " also a
liquor is expressed, which the Chinese call wine; it is agreeable
enough but not often found."

1 Martinio, Martino, Atlas Sinicus sive Magni Sinarum Imperil
Geographica descriptio, auctore R. P. Martino Martinio e Societate Jesu, ex
Sinanim regno in Urbem misso Prooiratore Vienna. 1^5, page 123.

Kruorr.AX AND AMKKICAN LITKUATI:UK 25

In 1656 Michel Hoym's work ' was made known and published
later in Melchisedech Thevenot's Li da lions de divers voayycs.
Boym devoted a paragraph to the Li-ci and Luni-ycn and said that
the trees appear only in the southern provinces of China; that the
fruit of the li-ci somewhat resembles that of the pine and that the
him yen has a very thin skin; that the texture is somewhat like that
of the grape and is dried in large quantities by the Chinese. He re-
ported how the Chinese claim that when the fruit is wild it has very
large seed, scanty flesh and sub-acid taste, but if it is transplanted and
cultivated the seeds soon decrease in size and the flesh becomes
sweet and abundant. He likened the color of the flesh to human
nails and says that the Chinese sometimes preserve die fruit in salt
water and thus are able to maintain its freshness. His drawing of the
tree and fruit, carefully labeled with Chinese characters, was probably
the first figure of the tree published in the West. Giacomo Zanonii
( 1615-1682) 2 also pictured the lychee, showing limb, leaves, fruit
and flower. His work not published until 1742. Jt describes the
lychee as a tree of large, thick, oblong leaves; the white flowers occur

together; fruit very red with thin skin and white flesh. He

says that the kernels of the fruits are sometimes used with flour f6r
making bread and that the poorer ones are made into powder to
produce a cooling drink. The pre-Linnean name Lischion Indiac
oricntalis was given by Zanonii. In 1662 Johannes Jonstonus's
work5 appeared in Latin. His observations were so similar to those
of Boym as to make one feel that the latter was the source of the
information. He also devoted a whole plate to a drawing of the tree
and fruit which he, too, carefully labeled with Chinese characters.

Dr. Olfert Dapper4 , Dutch traveller in his work published in
Amsterdam in 1670, reports that in Chungkingfu, Szechwan, the
lychee grows everywhere in great abundance; and that in south-west

1 Boym, Michel, in Thevenot, Melchisedech, Relations i/e i/i-rer*
voaygfs. Paris, A. Pralard, 1683, page 2(1.

- Zanonii Giacomo, Jacobi Zanonii Rariorum stirpium hisloria ex parte
olim edita Bononiae, ex typographia Laelii a Vulpe, 1742, page 147.

* Jonstonus, Johannes, Dendrographias : sive, Historiae naturalis tie

arboribus Francofurti ad Moenum, sumptibus haeredum Matthaei

Meriani, 1662, page 475 and Tab. cxxxvi.

4 Dapper, Olfert, Gedenkwaerdigbedryt der Nederlandsche Oost-Indische

maetschappye, op de kuste en in het keizerrijk van Taising of Sina:

Jacob van Mcurs, Amsterdam, 1670, pages 208 and 209.

26 THE LYCHF.E AND LUNG AN

Fukien, especially in Hinghwafu, it grows in still greater abundance.
He states that the fruit grows on trees with a leaf much like that of
laurel; that the fruits form in bunches on the twigs at the tops of the
branches, much like the grape, but on longer stems. He says that
the fruit has exactly the shape of an animal's heart and so pictures it
in his drawing;, and that inside the fruit is a juicy flesh, white
in color and with the fragrance of a rose. He says that when
the tree is in fruit it seems to be decorated with purple hearts and .is
greatly admired by onlookers. He concludes, " The flesh almost
melts like sugar in the mouth, and does not hurt anybody. Rightly
may this fruit be called 'Queen of Fruits'."

George Joseph Camell, or Kamel L , in a work on the herbs and
shrubs of the Island of Luzon in the Philippines, published as
an appendix to John Ray's Historic! plantarum, reported local
Philippine names as well as the Spanish and Chinese names of .what
was apparently the Philippine "alapag", Euphoria vincrca Radlk.
He says that this species grows to about the height of a walnut tree,
with alternate leaves much resembling the laurel; flowers white and
odorous; fruit small, about the size of a hen's egg with a verrucose
membranous skin at first green but turning to red, and dark in color
when dry. He describes the fruit as containing a small mouthful of
diaphanous, excellent, sweetly acid flavor in which there is an oblong
tereate seed. He says it is abundant in the mountains Batan,
Paliopican in Zebu, Bohol and Basilan.

Peter J. B. Du Halde2 , a Jesuit, in a work published at the
Hague in 1736, mentions among other fruits the Tse-tse (doubtless
the Chinese persimmon), Li-tchiand the Lo-ng-yuen, saying that they
are peculiar to China where they are highly regarded and that they
grow especially in the province of Kwangtung. He says that
scarcely any fruit can be compared with the lychee, especially those
varieties with small seeds.

1 Camello, Georgio Josepho, Herbarum aliarumque stirpium in insula
Lu2one philippinarum (Appendix to John Ray's Historia plantaruni), 1704,
pages 53 and 54.

2 Du Halde, Jean Baptiste, Description geographique, historique
chronologique, politique, et physique de I'empire de la Chine et de la
Tartarie Chinoise, Tome Second, A La Have, Henri Scheurleer, 1736,
pages 170 and 17].

EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE

Pehr Osbeck1 , .Rector of Hasloef and \Vo\torp, Member -of
the Academy of Stockholm and of the Society of Upsala, in his
Voyage to China and 1ln Kasi' India;, interestingly reported -in
1757 a certain thrilling experience in his search for plants in which
be says, ''Near this place was a garden, but neither entreaties nor

money could procure me an entrance We went to the house

where the surveyor of it lived. Here was a little gilt figure, on an
altar, which was one of the lares of the Chinese. We were \vell
received in his room; and he immediately ordered a dish of tea
without sugar, and a tobacoo-pipe to he given us but did not desire
us to sit down. We were afterwards presented with two sorts of
fruit, which in their language are called La-tyce and " Lonyan."
These Osbeck has described in another place as a fruit which is
eaten with tea, tasting almost like a sort of our plums and covered
with a brownish, thin and warty skin, in appearance something like
i^all apples. As translated in English he says, *' Lang-an is less than
lat-yee; they have a smooth skin, and sweet pulp, as in the lat-yee."

The first modern botanical name, Litclii Chintnsis, was
given by Pierre Sonnerat2 , Commissioner of Marine and Naturalist
under royal pension, Correspondent of the Royal Household, arid
Member of the Royal Societies of Paris and Lyons, in his publication
of 1782. Sonnerat gives a careful and complete description of the
lychee and says. *4 Its fruit is very agreeable and one of the best in
the country. \YThen it is ripe it is of a russet or reddish color. The
Chinese dry it in an oven to keep it and thus prepared it becomes an
object of commerce. The Longan of China should be included in
the same genus."

Grosier's * very comprehensive General Description of
China translated from the French into English and published in
1795, contains the following interesting but somewhat questionable

1 Osbeck, Prter, A Voyage to China and the East Indies London,

B. White, 1771, pages 308, 326 and 327.

2 Sonnerat, Pierre, Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a la Chine 2

volumes and plates, Paris, L'auteur, 1,782, Tome second, page 23(1 and
plate 129.

* Grosier, Jean Buptiste Gabriel Aiexandre, A general description of
China: containing the topography of the fifteen provinces which comprise
this vast empire; that of Tartary, the isles, and other tributary countries.
The- second edition, transited from the French of the Abbe Grosier.

London. (J. (}. and 1. Robinson. 1795. Vol. 1, patrc 426 and 427.

28 THK LYCHEE AN7]) LUNG AN

statements with regard to the lychee, " We are assured that this fruit
is delicious; but it is dangerous when eat to excess; for it is so

hot, that it occasions an eruption over the whole body The

li-tchi which are carried to Peking for the use of the Emperor, in-
closed in tin vessels,' filled with spirits mixed with honey and other
ingredients, preserve indeed an appearance of freshness, but they lose
much of their favour. That this Prince might taste them in the
highest perfection, the trees themselves have been sometimes
transported to the capital in boxes; and they have been so well
managed, that, when they arrived there the fruit was near its maturity.
The other kind of fruit peculiar to the southern provinces is the
long-yen or dragon's eye; it is of a round figure, has a yellowish
skin, and its pulp is white, tart and juicy. It is said that the fruit of
this tree is not so agreeable to the taste as the li-tchij but is, however,
more wholesome, and may be eaten with great safety. " Sir George
Leonard Staunton * mentions a fruit, the see-chee (probably the
persimmon) with that of the Uc-clwc in the account of his journey
to Canton in 1797 found in his work concerning his embassy to
China. He says, "The Chinese want some European fruits, such
as gooseberries, currants, raspberries and olives; but abound in others
such as the sce-ckee, and the lce-chect which are not produced in

Europe The lee-chee is not much bigger that a large cherry,

with a skin full of soft prickles. The taste of the pulp is tart; and
it covers a kernel, in proportion, large. The lee-chee is often pre-
served, and in that state has somewhat of a sweet taste." Jose
Monteiro de Carvalho 2 in his Diccionarie portuguez 1817,
devoted ten lines to the Lexia and says, " Leaves compact and wide

of a yellowish, green color The fruit is somewhat like the

shape of a green pear, the which is the most tasty and beautiful that
God has created in the Universe. ' '

The beginning of the 19th century witnessed a wider interest
in Europe in the culture of these fruits. The Transacliont of the
Horticultural Society of London,* '' 1818, contains a report on
their introduction into their gardens under the names of Dimocarpus

1 Staunton, Sir George Leonard, An authentic account of an embassy
from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China. London, G.
Nicol, 1797, Vol. 2, page 463.

2 Monteiro de Carvalho, Jose, Diccionarie portuguez da?, plantar,
arbustos. Lisboa, 1817, Tomo I, page 316.

3 Royal Horticultural society, London, Transactions of the Horticultural
Society of London volume TI, 2d edition, London, 1818, pages 402 and 403.

AM) AMKK1C.YN LITEKATU; I.

1^1 chi and DimOCQfpUS L<n\\)nn. This is followed with a descrip-
tion of these fruits, with a record of the fruiting of the longan in a
"stove1' erected by John Knight, Esq., of Lee Castle for the pur-
pose of growing tropical fruits. This report contains a handsome
drawing of a bearing twig of these lonffons. It states that these
fruits, natives of the southern part of China, have been transferred to
different places in the East Indies. Edwards' s Botanical Register1
published in London in 1835 deals with the "Longan Tree" under
the name of Euphoria Lonyan and states that the lychee and lungan
are two of the finest fruits that the Chinese possess. He says,
'They have, when imported, a brown shell, which in the former is
prickly, in the latter simply warted, and contain a single seed sur-
rounded by a succulent aril, having much the taste of an excellent
raisin, only rather more vinous." He says that this species seldom
flowers in England and has produced at only one place; namely at
Mr. John Knight's. He quotes in full from the Transactions of the
Horticultural Society in London and supplements the drawing therein
contained by one of a similar twig in flower. Robert Fortune : ,
Botanical Collector to the Horticultural Society of London in the
second edition, 1847, of his Three Years Wanderings in the
Xorthcrn Provinces of China, including a Visit to the Tea, tiilk,
and Cotton Countries, mentions among trees growing over the plains
and near the sides of the river, the leechet and lonyan. In his
chapter on "Native Fruits, " he says, " What may be more properly
called Chinese fruits, such as the leechees, longans and wangpees,
are, however, excellent, the climate suiting them admirably. When
I was here [in July], the leechee trees were covered with their fine
red fruits, and were very beautiful, the fruit contrasted so well with
the deep clear green foliage "

Alphonso de Candolle ' in his Oriyin of Cultivated Plants,
second edition, 1886, deals with the litchi, longan and rambutan
all under the generic name of Ncphelium. He says that it does not

1 Edwards' s Botanical Register; or ornamental flower-garden and
shnHibery, New Series, Vol. 7. London: James Ridgway and Sons,
Piccadilly, 1835, No. 1729.

2 Fortune, Robert, Three years wanderings in the northern provinces of
China, including a visit to the tea, silk, and cotton countries with an account
of the agriculture and horticulture of the Chinese, new plants, etc. Second
Edition. London: John Murray, J847, page 384.

? Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de, Origin of cultivated
plant.*, Second edition, London, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1, Paternoster
Square. ISHft, jrigcs 314, .'Ho and ttlfi.

30 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

seem that any botanist has found the lychee in a truly wild state
probably because the southern part of China towards Siam has been
little visited. George Watt l in his Dictionary of economic products
of India, 1891, also considers these fruits under Nephelium. He
speaks of its success in India, especially Bengal and he quotes Dr.
Bonavia's enthusiastic remarks in the Pionar.

All the literature on the lichee in the United States is very
recent. One of the first references is in an article by Prof.
C. C. Georgeson l in whicles he notes that the lychee has been
introduced into the extreme south of Japan, but that it does not
readily adapt itself to climates differing much to that peculiar to its
native habitat, southern China and the Malay Archipelago. A full
size illustration of the leaf and fruit is given under the name
Nephelium or Lit.ch.i-Nut. "Nut Culture in the United States, "
a United States Department of Agriculture publication by W. P.
Corsa 3 includes the lychee fruit as an introduced species under the
name Leechee (Nephelium litchi Cambess) as it also does the
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum). It speaks of the lychee as a
product generally on sale at Chinese shops in different cities and often
called Chinese nut. An interesting and important account of its
frost resisting qualities is given and the statement made that specimens
of this fruit, grown in Florida, were on exhibit at the Rose and
Strawberry Show of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, June 26,
1883.

The Pharmaceutical Review 4 of 1897 mentions under Sap-
indaceae three of the important fruits of this family. It records
under "Longan" that the fruits are cultivated in Cuba from China
and that they have a winy taste and are refrigerant; that " Rambustan "

1 Watt, George, A dictionary of economic products of India, Calcutta,
printed by the Superintendent of Government printing, 1889-1893, 6 volumes.
Vol. 5, pages 346 and 347.

2 Georgeson, C. C., The economic plants of Japan in the j^piERTCAN
GARDEN, an illustrated journal of horticulture, Vol. 12, No. 3, March, 1891,
pages 269 and 270.

* Corsa, W. P., Nut culture in the United States, embracing native and
introduced species. Washington, Government printing office, 1896, page
105.

4 Pharmaceutical Review, formerly Pharmactutische Rundschau.
Pharmacexitical Review Publishing Company, Milwaukee, 1897, Vol. 15,
pages 89 and 90.

EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 31

are pulpy, sweet and edible, seeds narcotic, bitter; and that the fruit
of " Litchi ' ' is sweet, rather acid, refrigerant and pectoral and used
to make refreshing adjuvenant drinks in treating slow fevers.

I . \V. Popenoe } , in the 1917 Edition of L. H. Bailey's
Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, outlines the culture of the
lychee, under " Litchi." He deals with the rambutan, pulassan and
lonyan under Nep helium. At the time this work goes to press the
Macmillan Company has in preparation a work by Wilson Popenoe
on Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruits, and among the hundred or
more fruits discussed is the " Chinese litchi.

In the years 1915 and 1916 considerable interest in the lychee
seems to have been manifested in Florida. A paper was read before
the State Horticultural Society by W. S. Taylor2 who also wrote;articfes
for the Florida Times Union in an endeavor to arouse the people of
his state to an interest in this fruit.

The Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station issued a bulletin
July 27, 1917, "The Litchi in Hawaii" by J. E. Higgins 3 ,
Horticulturist. This work contains valuable information regarding
some interesting experiments in propagation which were performed
at that station and also with regard to insect enemies. This work
has b?en a valuable contribution to the increasing interest which is
now manifested in the lychee and lungan and it is frequently referred
to in the body of this work.

1 Poprnoe, F. W., in The standard cyclopedia of horticulture, editrd
by L. H. Bailey, in six volumes, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1917,
Vol. 4, pages 1891, 1892, 1893 and 2131.

2 Taylor, W. S., Florida grower, July 17, 1915, and April 18. 1916 ;
Florida times union, February 8 and 22 and March 2, 16 and 23, 1916.

3 Higgins, J. E. The Litchi in Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment
Station, Bulletin No. 44, Washington, Government printing office, 1917.

CHA-PTtR V
BOTANY OF FOUR IMPORTANT SAPINDACEOUS FRUITS

The sub-family Nephelieae of the family Sapindaceae has for
centuries provided the thickly populated regions of Southern Asia
and the East Indies with four popular and refreshing fruits. These
represent four distinct species which are grouped within three closely
related genera, one each in Litchi and Euphoria and two in
Nephelium. Each species is represented by a number of horticultural
varieties which have been popularized by the inhabitants of the
regions in which the fruits are grown. It is surprising that not one
of these four fruits has ever been commercially introduced into the
Western Hemisphere and that there is not found there a single
cultivated fruit belonging to this family. The four fruits herein
described should prove worthy introductions into any country where
climate and soil are adapted to their culture.

Of the four fruits of this study the iychee is doubtless the
most widely known in foreign countries. As the dried, so-called
" Iychee nut " it is exported from China in considerable quantities.
Foreign residents of southern China, and visitors who come here in
the summer, always remember the Iychee as the one distinctive fruit
of this region. At no other place in the world, except to some
extent in India, is the Iychee grown as a commercial fruit. In
China, in the provinces of Fukien and Kwangtung, the cultivation of
the two sub-tropical species has developed into one of the largest
fruit industries of the nation.

The family Sapindaceae includes among its species the com-
mon soapberry l and a large number of tropical and sub-tropical trees,

1 The family Sapindaceae is commonly known as the soapberry family
and includes the genus Sapindtis. This name is said to be a contraction of
Sapo Indicus, Indian soap, which has reference to the saponaceous character
of the berries. The species found common in United States is S. acuminatus
Raf. A very common species in China is S. mukorosii Gaertn. commonly
known as Mu Huan (^C^,) or Wu Huan Tsu (^fc.lHr*) and widely used for
soap. Herbert A. Giles in his Chinese-English Dictionary, page 632, says
that the black seeds of this species are. used as charms to drive away demons
and their pulpy skin as a detergent.

32

BOTANY OF FOUR IMl'JKT.VNT SAPJNDACEOUS FRUITS

some of which bear edible fruit. The lyclue and the liutyan are
the two most important sub-tropical forms and the ra nth titan and
the pulassan are the two most highly developed tropical species.
Formerly these four were usually grouped in the genus Ncpliclium
with the names A', lilchi, N. lonyann. .V. luppar.i H//tand/V. mutabilc
respectively. George I)on (1831-1838) x, Miquel (1855-1859) 2
Hooker (1875) 5 , and Kurz (1877) 4 give excellent outlines of
X'tpheliuni under which they list the lychee and the lungan.
Baillon 5 in his work published in 1878, divides the Sapindaccac
into eight series with 74 genera. His third series, tiapindeac, with
40 genera includes the plants of this study. Recent botanists have
placed the lychee and the lungan, according to characters which
readily separate them from the rambutan and the pulassan and from
each other, in the two separate genera Litcki and Euphoria. They
continue to group the rambutan and the pulassan under Ncph.diiim.
Radlkofer6 who has given the group the latest and best study has
also followed this treatment.

It is fortunate that this family of plants has been the life-long
study of the botanist, Ludwig Radlkofer, to whom we now look as
the authority on the relationships of the lychee and the lungan. It
is difficult to over-estimate the value of«the kind of knowledge such as
Radlkofer has collected and recorded in his numerous writings on the
Sapindaccae. In experimenting with stocks on which to graft the
lychee and also in hybridizing work, such knowledge is absolutely
indispensable. As a result of Radlkofer' s careful investigations, the
relationships of the lychee and the lungan to the other members of

1 Don, George, A general history of the dicJilamvdous plants. Jn fom
volumes. London, }. (}. and F. Rivington. 1831. Vol. I, pages 654, 655,
670 and 671.

2 Miquel, Frieclrich Anton Wilhelm, Flora van Ncderlandsrh. Indie,
Amsterdam, C. G. van der Post, 1859, pages 554, 555, 556 and 557.

1 Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, Flora of British India. London, L. Reeve
& Co., 1875/7 vol. Vol. 1 pages 686, 687, 688, 689 and 690.

Kurz, Sulpiz, rorsst flora of British Burma. • Calcutta, Office of the
superintendent of government printing, 1877. "2 volumes. Vol. 1, papes
2D2-293 and 294.

5 Baillon, Henri KrneNt, The natural history of plants. London, 1878, L.
Reeve & Co., in 8 volumes. Vol. 5, pages 850, 377, 394, 395 and 396.

Radlkofer, Ludvvig, Stipindactde in die naturlichen Pflanzenj cann lien ,
begr. von A Kngler und K. Prantl. Leipzig, \Vrlag von Wilhelm Engelmann
1X96. Ill Teil. 5. Alneilung, pages 32S to 334.

34 THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN

the family are known with a high decree of probability. For example
we find the species most closely related to the lychee, Litclii
chinensis Sonn, and. hence of greatest promise for use as stock, is
the Philippine wild lychee, Litchi pkilippinenfiie Radlk. (fig. 2), a
large tree reaching a considerable height and growing on the hills
and mountains at an altitude of 100-1700 feet. Pscudoncphcliiuti
fumatutn (Bl. ) Radlk. is also very closely related and may serve as
a useful stock on which to grow the lychee. Considerable experi-
mentation along this line has already been done with Euphoria
long ana Lam., to which the Philippine form, Euphoria cimrut
Radlk. (fig. 3) is closely related.

Radlkofer places the four fruits in the subfamily Xtplulicuc
which he divides into 12 genera with about 78 species. These he
classifies under two main divisions. The one, which includes the
four species widely cultivated for their edible arils, has indehiscent
fruits and is limited to tropical and sub-tropical Asia and the northern
islands of the Malayan Archipelago. The other, which includes the
Titoki tree of New Zealand, has fruits opening spontaneously at
maturity and occurs in Polynesia, Australasia, the southern islands of
the Malayan Archipelago and in South Africa. No species of the
latter is known to occur on the Asiatic mainland or on the neighbor-
ing islands. The first of these groups, with fruits not opening
spontaneously at maturity, is divided by Radlkofer into two sub-groups.
The one, which includes the lychee and the lungan, has fruits with
the arillus free from the seed. The other, which includes the
rambutan and the pulassan, has fruits with the arillus adherent to the
seed. This subfamily Xcphclieae, with special reference to the four
fruits with which we are concerned, can thus be represented as
follows:

1 — Fruits indehiscent

A — Fruits with arillus free from the seed

1— The LYCHEE GROUP comprising the genera Lite hi
and Euphoria, and two others, with a total of 15 species
(see outline of Lychee Group).

a — Leaflets with lateral veins obsolete. Calyx 1/5
cleft; petals none. Fruit muricateand red. Litclii
chinensis Sonn. (fig. 44), the lychee of com-
merce.

PLATE VI

FIGURE 4. — Root System of a Mature Lychee Tree.

m

FIGURE 5. — A Flower Panicle of the Lychee.

UOTANY OF FOUR IMPORTANT SAPIXDACEOUH FRUITS 35

aa — Leaflets with lateral veins more or less conspicuous.
Calyx 1/2 cleft ; petals five. Fruit smaller than
above, smooth and yellow. Euphoria lon<)<in<t
Lam., (fig. 59), the lungan of commerce.

B. — Fruits with arillus adherent to the seed

2— The RAMBUTAN GROUP comprising the genus
Nephelium and two other genera, including in all about
45 species.

a — Leaflets 2-12. Fruit echinate-muricate with long,
hairy setae, 1/2 to 2 in. long; red, yellowish,
orange or nearly black. Xc^hcUiltn lappaccitm
Linn., the rambutan.

aa — Leaflets 4-8. Fruit echinate-muricate with strong,
rigid setae, 1 to 1 1/2 in. long; red; aril separates
more readily from the seed than in the former.
Xrphcliitni nnilabik Blume. the pulassan.

1 1 — Fruits dehiscent

3— The TITOKI GROUP with 5 genera including in all
about 28 species.

Of the three groups above represented, the lychee group is of
the most importance inasmuch as it contains the species most com-
monly represented in China and the Philippines and especially as it
contains the two most highly prized and commercially developed of
the four fruits. The titoki group is of no special significance in this
study.

THK LYCHKE GRC.UP

Litcki ch-inensits Sonn. * Voy. p. 240. vl/82)

Litclti phiiippine sis Radlk. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 8
(C, 6): 458. (1913)

Otonephelium stipalaccum Radlk. in Kngl. & Prantl.
Natl. Pfl.-fam., 3.V:329. (1895)

Xe ph e I i \i m stip ida a u m Bedd. in Madias Journ.
ser. 3, no. 1. p. "39. (1864)

Pstudoncphdmm funialum Radlk. in Knrrl. c^ Plant.

Natl. Pfl.-fam., 3.V:329. (-1895)

36 THE LYCHEE ANJ) LUNGAN

NepheliumfiwntttumBlume, Rumphia, 3:111. (1847)
Euphoria longana Lam., Encycl. meth. 3:574. ,(1791)

Euphoria cin<r<n Radlk., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Munch.

8:299. (1878)

tiapindiis \cincrtv-s Turcz. , Bui. Soc. Nat. Moscow,
31:402. (1858 )

Euphoria stcliulala Radlk. , Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Munch.
8:303. (1878)

Sapindus steUulatu^Turcz., Bui. Soc. Nat. Moscow,
31:403. (1858)

Euphoria elongata Radlk. , Sap. Holl.-Ind. in Actes Congr.
Bot. Intern. Amsterdam. (Separate with new
pagination) p. 7, 25. (1877 or 78?)

Euphoria malaiensis Radlk., Sap. Holl.-lnd. in Actes
Congr. Bot. Item. Amsterdam. (Separate with new
pagination) p. 7, 72. (1877 or 78?)

Euphoria Girducri Bedd., Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p 67, pi. 285.
(1874).

Ncphelium Gardncri Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyl. p.
58. 1864 (N.B. The transfer in Benth. 5c
Hook. 1 867, p. 406 is not a valid tsf. )

Kuphoria cchinulala Radlk., Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3:347.
(1907)."

Euphoria sctosa Radlk., Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3:347.
(1907).

Euphoria nepkciioidcs Radlk., Phil. Journ. Sci. 8 (, C, 6) :
457. (1913).

Euphoria fovcolata Radlk. , Phil. Journ. Sci. 8 ( C, 6):
457. (1913).

Euphoria gracilis Radlk. in Elm. Leaflets Bot. 5:1606.
(1913).

Note: In cases of transfer the citation is given to the first description
as well as to the transfer, and the former is underlined.

BOTANY OF FOFU IMPORTANT SAPIXPAC'EOUS FKriTS 37

BOTANY OF THI: LYCHFE
Synonomy of Lit-chi

Ldi Iji clnn< /m* Osb. Itin. (1765)

Litcki chincusis Sonn. Voy. p. 230. (1782) pi. 129

de. fruct. p. 197, (1785) pi. xlii

edulis Alton. Hort. Kew. 2:36. (1789)

Lifr.hi Lour. Fl. Cochin ...... (1790) (See

ed. 2, p. 286-7)
Euphoria punicea Lam. Encycl. mech. 3:573. (1791)

Eupliori<ixim Hsi* Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13 (1796),

2:611.
Ei±phori_ti Litcki Desf. D. C. Prod. 1:611. (1824)

(Or'Desf. Cat. 159, 1815?)

Lit-chi Camb. in Mem. Mus. Par. 18:30.

(1829)
Scyialin Litcki Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2:269. (1832)

Neplielium duriocarpus Anders. Fl. Behar, Asiat. Soc.

~Bens. 32:199. (See Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. 688)
DESCRIPTION

The Ira as seen in cultivation (fig, 6) is a handsome ever-
green,. 30-50 feet high with a naturally low head 15-30 feet broad
and a short stocky trunk, which when mature reaches a diameter of
3-4 feet. Seedling trees in the wild or semi-cultivation usually have
a higher trunk and sometimes reach immense dimensions. In the
hilly country of South China where trees have ideal growing condi-
tions we have observed lychee trees 70 feet high, with a spread of
head of 60 feet and a trunk girth, breast high, of 12 feet (figures 47
and 48). There are numerous, crooked, low-hanging or spreading
branches. The tree is glabrous in all its parts and has a smooth
bark. The wood is brownish-red, heavy, and close grained and
takes a fine polish. In Kwangtunu; it is commonly used for plow
handles and for grain-mill parts. Roxburgh1 says, "independently

1 Roxburgh, William, Flora Jndica\ or descriptions of Indian plants,
Scrampore, printed for W. Thacker & Co., Calcutta, 1832. 2 volume*-.
Vol. 2, papc 27(1.

38 THE LYCHEE AND 1. UNO AN

of the well known fruit of this tree, it is highly ornamental, being
one of the most permanent evergreens we have in India." It certain-
ly provides a marked feature of much of the beautiful Kwangtung
landscape.

The roots are fibrous, extending in all directions to about the
width of the tree and providing a thick net-work of growth (fig. 4).

The foliage for the greater part of the year is of a deep
green, laurel-like appearance. In winter or spring the new growth
flushes forth a beautiful orange foliage (Ridgeway, Plate u, 90 R-O
Mars Orange), which forms quite a contrast in the appearance of the
tree. The leaves are compound, .-5-9 inches long, petioled and
abruptly pinnate. In general appearance the Chinese often compare
them to those of the camphor and cinnamon trees. Leaflets 2-10
(mostly 5, 6 and 7) usually opposite, shortly petioled, oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, tapering to a fine point, base
cuneate. They are very smooth and glossy above, glaucous beneath
and of a firm texture, with netted veins, the lateral ones almost
obsolete.

Flowers small and numerous, forming a large, oblong,
terminal and leafless panicle (fig. 5) of the length of the leaves or
longer. These are ramous and erect or ascending. The small
greenish-white or yellowish flowers, 1/12 to 1/8 inch wide are on
some trees mostly hermaphrodite while on others mostly male.
They quickly turn brown and are not of a pleasing odor. They
open in China in March and April, and in Bengal and British Burma
in February and March. Ualyx small, cup-shaped, four, rarely five
toothed and both sides downy. Petals none. In both the hermaph-
rodite and male flowers there is a large fleshy, crenulate gland, the
nectary, into which the stamens and pistil are inserted. Stamens
from 6-10. Filaments in the hermaphrodite flowers short, pubescent
and spreading and in the male flower almost three times as long.
Anthers shorter than filaments, roundish and two-lobed. Ovary
superior, elevated on a short column, two-lobed, pubescent, two-
celled, each containing a single ovule. Style erect, rather short and
hairy, fttigmz two cleft, divisions revolute.

Fruit 1-2 lobed, the lobes usually solitary by abortion; very
rarely paired. They are round or oval about 1 to Is inches in
diameter with a thin, leathery, bright red muricated pericarp which
becomes quite brittle when dried. Next under it is the edible

BOTANY OF FOUR IMPORTANT SAPINDACEOUS FKU1TS

portion which is the delicious, sub-acid, semi-transparent, jelly-like
aril which covers the seed. This aril is usually of an azure white or
light yellow appearance which in some varieties inclines to a pink.
The seed is single, oblong, smooth and brown and loosely affixed at
the base to the pulpy aril. It is rudimentary in some varieties, when
the Chinese speak of it as like a chicken tongue, and quite large in
others. The embryo is erect without perisperm,

The lychee might be described a little more fully as a fruit
which in size is about that of a very large strawberry or of a small
English walnut; it inclines a little more to the elliptical of the straw-
berry than to the oval of the walnut. When the fruit is fresh the
skin has the toughness of a thick-skinned grape but when dried snaps
open with the brittleness of a very thin, paper-shelled almond. The
skin is leathery and of various textures and always tends toward a
verrucose surface with angular tubercles.

The different types vary in color from that of a highly tinted
strawberry to the greener tmt of a plum. The fruits form somewhat
in clusters, but are not bunched as in the grape. When fresh the
lychee breaks open and is eaten much like the grape. The flavor
and texture of the lychee might be described as midway between the
juicy sweetness of a highly cultivated grape and the sub-acidity of a
cherry. Some varieties are noted for their delicate, rose-scented
fragrance. In the dried form the fruit suggests somewhat the taste
and character of a large dried raisin from^which the paper-shelled
covering must first be removed. In this form some have compared
its taste to that of a large dried cherry or grape.

The usual habitat of the cultivated lychee is on the foothills
or along the banks or dykes of streams of sub-tropical regions.
Although its precise indigenous stations have not been ascertained it
is doubtless native to South China and grows especially well in
Kwangtung and Fukien. A sour, hardy variety, known as the
"mountain lychee" or "shan chih" (fli^t) is found in a semi-wild
state in Kwangtung. The lychee is also found in Kwangsi and
Szechwan, and in Hongkong, Formosa and Hainan. Introduced
from South China it is now widely cultivated in India, especially in
the Bengal region and in British Burma. The lychee in cultivation,
at its best, is a low-altitude, water-loving plant, especially valuable
for planting along the dykes of streams in sub-tropical areas where
heavy frosts do not occur.

40 . THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

BOTANY OF THE LUNG AN

Synonomy of Euphoria lotignna as outlined by Karl Ludwig
Blume1 :

Ncpkdium Long-fjan Blume.

Nephclium Longana Camb. in Mem. Mus. d'hist. Nat.
XVIII, p. 50.

Ncphelium Longana Hook, in Curt. Hot. Mag. tab.
4096. -W alp. Repert. bot. V. p. 564. 1.

NcpkcliuM Longanum Wight et Arn. Prodr. Flor.
Penins. hid. Or. p. 115.1. Walp. Repert. bot. 1.
p. 420. 4.

Nepheliuin Baigalcnse G. Don in Mill. bot. et gard.
Diet. 1. p. 670.

8cytalia Longan Roxb. , Flor. Ind. II. p. 270.

Bima Noronh. in Verh. Batav. Gen. V. (1790). Bima
cinnamomca s. Linking M. S.

Dimocarpus Longan Lour. Flor. Cochinch. (ed.
WilldJ p. 288.2-Ait. Hort. Kew. (ed. 2). p.
554.2. Trans. Hort. Soc. II. tab. 28.

Euphoria Longan Lam., Enc. bot. III. p. 574.2-De
Cand. Prodr. Syst. Veg. I. p. 611. 2.

Euphoria Lon-gan Juss. Gen. Plant, p. 248-Spr. Syst.
Veg. II. p. 222.2.-Lindl. Bot. Reg. tab 1729.

Longanncs vulg-o Longanicr Buchoz Icon. col. tab. 99.
Long-yen Hist, des Voyag. VI. p. 457.
Lacng-an Osb. Itin. (ed. Germ.) p. 251.

Kjugan, v. Djugaii, vulgo t) jug an Kaempf. Amoenit.
exol. p. 817.

1 Blume, Karl Ludwig, Rumf>hia; sive, Commentationes botanic%ae
imprimis de plantis Indiae Orientalis, turn penitus incognitis turn quae in
libris Rhedii, Rumphii, Roxburghii, Wallichii aliorumque recensentur.

Scripsit C. L. Blume cognomine Rumphius Lugduni Batavornni,

prostat Amstelodami, apud C. G. Sulpke; 1835-48. 4 volumes. Tomus
Tertius, page 108.

IVJTAXY OF l-'OUl IMPORTANT SAIMNDACKOt'S FRUITS 41

of l.)ra< kx-vo<j<. (oculus Draconis) Dapper
Beschr. Sin. p. 209.

n Jonst. Dendr. p. 475.
LuniytH, Boym. in Flor. Sinens.

Lony ijanv. Lony yen, vulgoLungyen, et pronunciation
Japonica Riu. gan., i.e. oculus Draconis.

Note: Euphoria Litchi (hand Juss!) Blanc. Flor. Filip. p. 285
and Boa s. Boboa, Boasbas Camel), in Raj. Hist. Plant. Ill in
App. p. 52. 14 have been eliminated from this synonomy
inasmuch as they do not belong here.

Radlkofer places this species under Euphoria and as such
gives it the name Euphoria long ana from Lamarack, Encyclopedia
Mcthodique 3:574 published in 1791. As outlined under the lychee
group there are ten other species in this genus of which Euphoria
cinerea (fur. 3), a Philippine form, is especially worthy of closer
study. This species is an edible form closely allied to the lungan
and known in the Philippines as the "alupag. "

This fact that there are in addition to the Chinese lungan
other edible species with which to hybridize it, makes the field for
the creation of new forms of this hardier species a very promising
one. The possibilities of using these forms as stock on which to
graft the lychee, as well as the possibilities of hybridizing, make
imperative a systematic study and careful collection of all these
interesting species.

DESCRIPTION

The tree of the lungan, at its best, is a somewhat more hand-
some ornamental with higher head and spreading branches. The
bark of the tree is decidedly corky instead of smooth as in the case of
the lychee. The branches seem more brittle but the wood is not so
hard or highly prized by the Chinese as in the case of the lychee.

The foliage is usually of a darker green than is that of most
varieties of the lychee. In early winter it flushes forth a beautiful
garnet brown young growth (Ridgeway, Plate i, 3 O. R. Garnet
Brown) which at once is a distinguishing characteristic from the
orange flush of the lychee (Ridgeway, Plate IT, 9 OROO Mars
Orange). The leaves are compound, alternate, petioled and pinnate.

42 THE LYCIIEE AND LUNCJAN

They average 4-8 inches long. The leaflets which are opposite or.
alternate are of a more oval oblong outline than the lanceolate of the
lychee; and their point is less sharp. Unlike the lychee the margin
of the leaflets is decidedly wavy. The lateral veins are numerous
and unlike the lyches are very prominent. The leaflets are smooth
on top and tarn;shed or somewhat pubescent underneath.

The flowers are small but larger than the lychee and arranged
on velvety, slightly angular flower stalks. Flowers yellowish-brown.
The calyx is hairy outside and divided into five parts. Petals five,
rarely six; pubescent. Filaments pubescent; anthers glabrous. The
ovary is divided into two, sometime three, parts. The lobes are
quite large, rounded and velvety. The style is thick and stiymn
short and somewhat double. The fruits are rounded, of a yellow
brown color and almost smooth on the surface. The flavor of the
fruit is not so delicate as the lychee but more vinous. The seed is
rounded, of a beautiful black color and marked at the base with a
white orbicular spot which gives it the appearance of an eye, giving
it the name " dragon eye."

In South China there are many varieties of the lungan, the
cultivated forms being usually grafted. The lungan is not only
valuable as a fruit tree but is a beautiful ornamental, especially in the
winter when it flushes forth its beautiful garnet brown young foliage.

The lungan is a native to South China and is found growing
at higher latitudes and higher altitudes than the lychee. It thrives
much better on higher ground than the lychee and endures more
frost. It is rarely found growing along the dykes of streams as is the
lycheee but does especially well on high ground near ponds.

THE LUNGLY (8fe,2fc) — A Lungan-lycliee hybrid

Various Chinese writers refer to what is apparently a hybrid
between the lungan and the lychee, and which they call the Innyly.
In the Annals of Kwangsi l attention is called to this fruit, where it
is said that the lungly tree and leaf have some of the characteristics
of both the lungan and the lychee. The pericarp is said to be like
the lychee but the meat like the lungan. They are not considered
good but can be eaten after cooking. When eaten raw they are said
to produce great quantities of mucus in the throat which produces a
sickness in the eater. They bear fruit at the time of the lychee. t

x., 1800, Volume

Kwangsi T'uhg Chili (J§tl5JM/uiO by Chi Ching
29 (n-j-^L^s:), section 87 (A-h-b&)> PaRe 7 (HM^f

BOTANY OF FOUR IMPORTANT PAPJNDACEOU6 FIIUITS 43

Two FRUITS OF THE RAM BUT AN GROUP

The two fruits of the rambutan group are distinct from the
two of the lychee group in that they are tropical instead of subtropical
forms and that the arillus is adherent instead of free from the seed.
Chinese living in the Straits Settlements report that these two tropical
fruits consist of many varieties but that none are so delicious as the
lychee. Their chief criticism of these fruits is that the aril adheres
more tightly to the seed and that there is a large quantity of ray;
which cannot be swallowed.

Botanical descriptions of the rambulan, Ncplteliitm lap-
pactiun Linn., and the pulasian, Ncphclium mittabile Blume, are
not attempted here. W. P. Hiern l in Hooker's Flora of British
India gives complete botanical descriptions. Bertha Hoola van
Nooten 2 has pictured the fruit, flowers and leaves of the rambutan
on a full page plate. The rambutan is pictured with long, hairy
setae. The pulassan is said to have strong, rigid setae. This fact is
interesting in view of the rudimentary marks of setae on the lychee
and the complete absence in the lungan.

1 Hiern, W. P., in Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, The Flora of British
India, assisted by various botanists. London, L. Reeve & Co., 1875, 7
volumes. Vol. 1, pages 687 and 688.

2 Nooten, Madam Berthe Hoola Van, Fleurs, fruits et feuillages choisis
de la flore et de la pomone de Tile de Java; peints d'apres nature par
Madame Berthe Hoola van Nooten. Bruxelles, E. Tarlier, 1863. Issued
in 10 parts in French and English.

CHAPTER Vi

THE SOUTH CHINA KEUIOX, THE HOME

OF THE
LYCIIEE AND LUNGAN

The South China region, as usually considered, comprises
six of the provinces of China, with a total area of 475,000 square
miles and a population of 92,000,000. There is grown in this
region a wide range of grain, vegetables and fruit. The lychee is
decidedly the most popular fruit of the whole section. But it cannot
be successfully grown in some of these provinces, only partially so
in others, and extensively in but two, Kwangtung \J$|jfiJ and Fukien
(JSift). A few districts of Kwangsi (j^H9) produce the lychee but
not in great quantities. Chinese literature points to the fact that in
Yunnan (f§$|) it has been successfully grown in only one district.
Szechwan IHJlp to the northwest, and geographically not included
in the provinces of South China, produces an inferior type. In
Cochin-China to the south, now a French possession, the fruit is
known to do well and it will grow as far south as Siam. It is also
produced in Formosa, the island belonging to Japan off the coast of
Fukien province and it thrives exceedingly well in Hainan, the island
belonging to China off her south-east coast. The lungan, not so
highly prized as the lychee, is nevertheless usually found contiguous to it.

Kwangtung and Fukien are the two great lychee and lungan
provinces. They cover an area of 150,000, square miles and they
support a population of 55,000,000. Cantonese and Fukienese
greatly prize the lychee and have consequently highly developed it.
A study of the history and literature of these two provinces interest-
ingly discloses that for centuries these people have striven with one
another for supremacy in lychee culture and in the export trade. It
is a fact worthy of note that in both these provinces the districts
which have been most successful are those which, at low altitudes,
lie close to the rivers and coast. The world- wide distribution of
these fruits in dried and canned form is accounted for by the fact
that these districts are those from which have come most of the
Chinese emigrants.

44

PLATE VII

FIGURE 6. — Rice Field with Lychee Trees along Inner and Outer Dykes.

FIGURE 7. — Limb of Lychee Tree over Lotus Pond.

PLATE VIII

FIGURE 8. — Cantonese Women Harvesting Sagittaria in Muddy Field Bordered

with Lychee.

FIGURE 9. — Fish-Ponds along the Pearl River Bordered with Lychee.

PLATE IX

FIGURE 10. — Lychee Trees along Walled Dykes of Pearl River.

FIGURE n. — Lvchee Trees Withstand the Pearl River in Flood.

PLATE X

FIGURE 12. — Attractive Walk along Lychee Dykes.

'-•4

FIGURE 13. — Lychee and Plum Planted across Dyked Fields.

THK SOt'TH CHINA KKiJION 45

It is thus seen that although the lychee may thrive best in
only specially favored delta regions, its culture is nevertheless possible
over a decidedly wide range of sub-tropical territory. The writer is
best acquainted with the Canton delta and has described and pictured
it as ideal for lychee culture.

The Canton delta is the most densely populated and intensive-
ly cultivated region in the world and here the lychee is found in its
most varied and highly cultivated forms. Its culture has developed
into an industry and whole villages give themselves over almost
entirely to its propagation, cultivation and drying. The delta, some-
times called the delta of the Pearl river is a sub-tropical region. It
has been formed by the deposits of the North, West and East rivers,
which for centuries have deposited their burdens of mud and silt over
this area, as chey break into numerous creeks and canals before they
finally flow out into the South China sea. When these rivers are
high, and the ocean tide holds back their waters, the whole area is
subject to devastating floods which the lychee, unlike many other
trees, very successfully resists. The fields and homes of the delta
are protected by numerous dykes which are often held in place by
extensive plantations of the lychee. Both outer and inner dykes are
constructed and the area between, termed in Cantonese a " waai "
(iP))» which cannot be drained except when the tide is very low, is
used for rice (fig. 6), water chestnuts, lotus (fig. 7) or sagitaria (fig.
8^. In fallow years it is filled with water and stocked with young
fish (fig. 9) which increase fertility and which are later sold at a
great profit if floods have not carried them away.

The outer dykes are often held in place by stone reinforce-
ment and by lychee trees (fig. 10), the roots of which are shallow
feeders and help to bind the earth. They are thus able to withstand
floods of great force, some conception of which can be gotten by
observing the ripples in the water (fig. 11). The waters covered
the roots of these trees for eight days with no serious results even
though they were in fruit. And indeed trees seem to thrive best
when the roots are subjected to the periodic submerging of the tide
waters. These are some of the typical conditions under which the
best lychee in Kwangtung are grown The dykes are often used as
promenades for which the trees make a beautiful setting even when
old and neglected (fig. 12). Intercropping is often practiced on the
wider dykes through the center of which is a path, often a public-
roadway. In the illustration lychee trees with their young spring
growth of twigs are seen on the left and plum trees, in blossom, arc
on the right ' fig. 1/0-

40

Throughout north and south China the special product of this
Canton delta is commonly called ''Ling Nan" lychee (jatfti&^i).
Ling Nan ($l$i) is a range of mountains extending from western
China through Kweichow, Hunan and Kwangsi, along the northern
borders of Kvvangtung to Fukien. The name " Ling Nan " is also
applied to an educational institution, the Canton Christain College
(Stl^A^), which has appropriately centered its attention upon the
lychee. Beautifully situated on the Pearl river, three miles south-east
of Canton city, the college farm offers ideal conditions for experi-
ments in both wet and dry culture of the lychee. The college has
acquired river-bottom land, surrounded by dykes upon which are
growing mature trees of the "Waai chi" '.%£&.) variety. When
these dykes at Ling Nan ($t$t) are in fruit they present an interest-
ing sight. Students gladly purchase the fruit by the tree paying hand-
some prices and perch in the branches and enjoy a luscious repast
(fig. 14).

When the dykes are in fruit the trees must be protected by
crop watchers, who both day and night remain in straw sheds con-
structed close to the trees (fig. 15 ). This custom is followed
throughout the delta for each farmer must provide his own crop
protection, and lychee fruits are the favorite prey of marauders. Not
all the fruit of the college is sold by the tree, some being picked and
packed into characteristic and convenient bamboo baskets used by the
Cantonese farmers (fig. 16). Each student makes a careful study of
the fruit (fig. 17) and each class anxiously looks forward to its lychee
practicum (fig. 18). No inducement is necessary to popularize the
"Ling Nan " lychee among the American and European staff.

Some idea of the districts and places in which the lychee and
lungan are produced, especially those in Kwangtung, may be gained
by turning to the Bibliography of Chinese References in Appendix I.

PLATE XI

FIGURE 14. — Canton Christian College Students Picking Lychee along the Dykes.

FIGURE 15. — Crop Watcher and His Thatched Hut along the Dykes.

PLATE XII

FIGURE 16. — Baskets of Ling Nan Lychee Ready for Market.

FIGURE 17. — Fruiting Clusters of Ling Nan Lychee.

PLATE XIV

FIGURE 19. — A Heavily Fruiting Limb of Lychee.

FIGURE 20. — The Lychee, a Heavy Bearer.

CHAPTER VII

SOME IMPORTANT L1X(J NAN LYCIIEE CENTERS

In the Ling Nan v$M) region there are many places famous
for lychee and lungan production. Interesting customs and history
are in many cases connected with the lychee and lungan industry of
these places. The districts of Nan Hai (Nam Hoi r£tf&), Pan Yu
(P'un U $-^3), Tung Kuan (Tung Kun >fi^), and Tseng Ch'ing
(Tsang Shiny: &*$) are especially noted in this connection.

[A CHIH WAN (2£ifc$f) : CANTON'S PUBLIC FRUIT PARK

Fruit parks near some of our large western cities might
prove profitable or philanthropic investments for those interested in
public welfare. The city of Canton has such an open-air resort,
privately managed by individual landholders as a commercial proposi-
tion. Li Chih Wan (Lai Chi Wan IfciJg), ideally located in. P'an
T'ang (P'un T'ong /'^;, at the extreme northwest of Canton city,
provides an ideal pleasure place for the people of this city, especially
for those of Si Kuan (Sai Kwan ®pj),. the aristrocratic western
suburb. P'an T'ang (P'un T'ong vt^) is low and abounds in quiet
streams which are particularly adapted to boating. Throughout Li
Chih Wan ( Lai Chi Wan '%,'%$%} the banks and dykes of these streams
are planted with lychee. Owners of the different sections vie .with
one another in securing trees of the best varieties and types. Li Chih
Wan (Lai Chi Wan ^,^M] is a favorite rowing park and when these
trees are in fruit it is visited by thousands who glide up and down the
streams in little boats, purchasing from care-takers the fresh fruits of
these trees. Sometimes special parties will procure in advance the
privilege of securing all the fruit of one tree and will on some special
occasion repair to its shade for a family picnic. These trees are
given the best cultural attention possible, resulting in some magnificent
specimens (figures 19 and 20). The dykes are carefully maintained
and the trees, when in fruit, are protected from the ravages of birds
by meshed wire stretched across high poles which have been placed
about the trees (figure 21 ). Rustic stone steps lead from the streams
to the paths of these dykes (figure 21). Here and there along the
banks small bamboo structures are provided during the fruiting season

47

48 THK LYCHKK AND LUNG AN

for the special sale of the fruits. Within, tables are provided and an
attendant is quite ready and able to tell one the characteristic merits
of each variety of fruit. The fruit is sold by the catty (one and
one-third pounds) and boat loads of people row up to the steps of
these stands, purchase the fruit and again row out into midstream to
enjoy it.

Under these unusual conditions it is not surprising that the
fruit produced in this region brings high prices because of the demand
which has been so uniquely created. 1 he wealthier classes of
Canton, many of whom live in close proximity to Li Chih Wan
(Lai Chi Wan IKiiH), invest liberally in this project as it brings them
good returns and at the same time provides considerable pleasure.

C H I A ' 1" A N G S'/< ( £i$ i i] I A N KxT E N S I v E I A C H F J .

PRODUCING REGION

Canton city falls within two districts. The western part is
located in Nan Hai (Nam Hoi fgffc) and the eastern part in Pan Yu
(Pun U *R). Li Chih Wan (Lai Chi Wan ££# ) to the north-
west is in Nan Hai (Nam Hoi ffl$). But to the southeast in the
district of Pan Yu (P'un U && ) is a region far more extensive in
its production than Li Chih Wan (Lai Chi Wan

Canton city is located on the northern shore of the Pearl
river. Opposite the city, and extending southeastward is the island
of Honan (Honam Mj^), dividing the Pearl river into what are
known as the upper and the lower reaches. Along the northern
face of this island is a low ridge of hills, upon several of which the
Canton Christian College (|iifi;fcSM£) is situated. The southern
and southeastern sections of Honan island are extremely low and
well watered and are protected from the northern winds by this low
ridge of hills. The whole situation is specially favored for lychee
culture of the water type. The region has been skillfully dyked and
the rich, delta soil has been raised up in beds which are twenty to
thirty feet wide and with ditches or canals ten to fifteen feet wide,
and five or ten feet deep, intervening. These beds are then planted
in fruit: lychee, pummelo, oranges, carambola, guava and other
fruits. A view of these wonderful orchards, taken from the foot-
hills to the north, is indeed impressive; especially in the spring when
the odor of the citrus blossoms is wafted across on the southern
breezes. But when one tries to enter these orchards he finds them

So.MK IMPORTANT LlXCi XAX LYCIIHK CKNTKKS 49

almost impenetrable because of the labyrinrh of canals and ditches
formed by the raising up of the beds of earth upon which the fruit is
grown.

This region, including the whole island of Honan is known
as Chiao T'angSz (Kau T'ong Sz %'-$fnJ) which is one of the main
divisions of Pan Yu ( P'un U 3fr$) district. The orchard practices of
this section provide fascinating studies and the fruit industry therein
found has given renown to such places as Lun T'ou (Lun T'au
M), Tu Hua (T'o Wa .1:^), Pei Shan (PakShan 4hUj), Li
Chiao (Lik Kau $|j^) and Shang Yung (Sheung Ch'ung _rJ$).
Most of the inhabitants of these places are farmers who are well
acquainted with this particular type of "water farming." They
deserve great credit for the success they attain under such peculiar
orchard conditions. There are about twenty varieties of the lych.ee
grown in this region and very little grafting is practiced, almost all of
the trees being propagated by the method known as "Chinese air-
layering.'

Lo KANTG TUNG (HlftrM) : A MOUNTAINOUS LYCHEE COUNTRY

In striking comparison to the low, dyked land of Chiao
T'ang Sz (Kau T'ong Sz ^^n]), so famous for its lychee orchards
planted on raised beds of rich, delta soil, are the terraced hills and
mountains of Lo Kang Tung ( Lo Kong Tung ^flStfjsj) . Here is to be
found another interesting type of fruit culture very different from that
of the low, delta regions and proving clearly the ability of the
Chinese peasant to adapt his culture to whatever his conditions are.

Lo Kang Tung (Lo Kong Tung ^l&SJftjl) also in Pan Yu
(P'un U Hl/^) district, but in the division known as Lu Pu Sz (Luk
Po Sz $Li£wJ), is northeast of Canton city and is easily accessible.
The region known under this name comprises thirty-six villages the
surname of all of the inhabitants of which is Chung (it). The
region is^vell favored in that it is high and well drained and has a
southeastern exposure, a high range of hills protecting it on the north.
This country is visited yearly by hundreds of people from Canton city,
especially in December when apricot and plum are in flower. The
sight of these trees rivals that of cherry blossom season in Japan.
Lo Kang (Lo Kong Mffi) is readily reached by rail from Canton by
disembarking at Nan Kang (Nam Kong ife'ffil), the fifth station east of
Canton on the Canton Kowloon Railway. From this station there is
a crude narrow-gauge branch line running northward. Over this one

SU THK LVCHKt; AND LUMiAN

enjoys a thrilling ride to Lo Kang Hsu (Lo Kong Hu ^|^4|', a
market town and center of the whole region. Several miles beyond
this in the hills is a temple known as Lo Feng Ssu ( Lo Fung Ts/,
]H3Hr) in which a traveller can readily find accomodation for the
night or for days if he so desires and has made provision for his own
food and bedding.

Lo Kang Tung (Lo Kong Tung HfiTO) is noted for its fruit
production, especially the lychee and lungan, mei fmui #£) —
Primus miun< S & Z, Wulan (U lam fe$H) — Canarium pimcla
Koen, Pai Ian (Pak lam &$;) — Canarium album (Lour.)
Raench, Feng li (Fung lut JS$I) — Castanopsis molUssima Bl. and
Shih (Tsz 31]]) — Diospyros kaki L. These fruits are sometimes
planted in orchards at the foot of the hills, but most of the hills
and mountains have been terraced by this industrious people and thus
are made useful for fruit growing. The level beds, fifteen to twenty
feet wide, follow the line of the hills and each step, perpendicular to
the bed, is four to six feet high (figure 22). On these beds the
fruit trees are planted with exceedingly good results but with little
uniformity of kind of fruit or of distance between the trees. In the
lychee season the sight is magnificent and as described by the Chinese
is "like a red cloud. " Lo Kang (Lo Kong H(S5) is especially famous
for its production of No mi chih (No mai t'sz fgf^Mg) and Kuei wei
(Kwai mi $£u£) varieties, although the village of Shui Si Ts'un (Shui
SaiTs'un^MI^) is especially noted for Ya niang hsieh-(A neung hai
35.Wi) and Chiang chun 15 (Tseungkwan lai JIW&). In this whole
section the success of the lychee industry is doubtless due to a
method of propagation which, the people have discovered, brings
excellent results and which is not practiced so extensively at other
places. The Shan chih (Shan chi flift) or mountain variety is used
for stock and after the trees have attained a trunk diameter of four to
eight inches and are firmly established they are cleft grafted to the
better varieties. The people of this whole country are well acquaint-
ed with lychee and lungan culture and many of the dried lychee and
lungan for export are produced here. ^

TSENG CH'ING (*t$): THE HOME OF A LYCHEE OF
NATIONAL FAME

Over the ridge of hills on the north of Lo Kang ( Lo Kong HfifiJ )
is the district of Tseng Ch' ing (Tsang Shingifi^), famous, too, for its
lychee production ; especially so because it is the home of the renown-
ed Kua lu (Kwa luk ^,W<) or "Hanging green " lychee. This

PLATE XV

FIGURE 21. — The Lychee Protected from Bats by Wire Netting.

FIGURE 22. — Terraced Hillsides of Lo Kang Planted to Lychee and Canarium.

PLATE XVI

FIGURE 23. — Stockade Surrounding Famous Kua lu (Hanging-green) Lychee.

FIGURE 24. — Bamboo Fence and Net Provide the Kua lu (Hanging-green) Lychee
with Additional Protection.

SOMK IMPORTANT LINC XAX LYCHKK CFATKKS $1

lychee country is more readily accessible by proceeding to Shik
t'an (Shek ran tf%£) on the Canton Kowloon Railway and from
there proceeding up the Tsang river to the city of Tseng Ch'ing
Hsien

Arriving at this city one will have little trouble to locate the
famous lychee tree. Outside of the west gate of the city, near a
small garden and a temple, there will be found a small group of
lychee trees. Here will be found the original and famous Kua hi
(Kwa luk J£)4£) tree, of which it is said there has never been another
like it. In this garden there are only fifteen lychee trees. Fourteen
of them are Huai chih (Wai chi ?(!$&) and the fifteenth is the Kua lu
(Kwa luk

It is not strange that this famous lychee tree is very carefully
guarded for in the year that we visited it the fruit of the tree was
selling at twenty-four dollars per catty (one and one-third pounds).
The tree was protected by two fences and a net (figures 23 and 24 ).
First there was a large enclosure of heavy poles (figure 23 ) ; then an
inner enclosure of bamboo fencing and finally the net thrown over
the tree (figure 24). These precautions are necessary not only to
keep thieves away but to prevent people from propagating from the
tree. This tree is said to produce fruit noted for its wonderful taste
and fragrance. But fruit produced from layers taken from this tree
and growing in the same district is said to be of very inferior quality
when compared to the fruit of this tree. The Chinese in the
vicinity attribute this fact to the peculiar soil conditions surrounding
this tree which they think cannot be duplicated elsewhere, even
within a distance of a few yards. The tree is said to be several
thousand years old and its present growth shows evidences of new
growths which have shot out from the old trunk. Its shape is
described by the Chinese as one side like the "dragon's head " and
the other side as resembling a " peacock's tail." Before the in-
auguration of the Republic of China the fruit of this tree was either
sent to the Emperor or found its way into the hands of officials. In
those days many so-called Kua lu ( Kwa luk 4$,$) fruits were exhibited
as curiosities but most of them were deceptions. In modern times
the Chinese pay less attention to these rare curiosities of China's
past.

This district of Tseng Ch'ing ( Tsang Shing *||$p comprises
a beautifully hilly country nestling close to the famous Lo Fou (Lo
Fan I^T^ili) mountain. Lungan and lychee thrive especially well

52 THE LYOHliE AND LUNGAN

in this section and many magnificent trees of both can be seen.
Many varieties of both fruits are reported from this section and there
are some other special varieties selling at fabulous prices.

FANG YUNG (MSflp : A LYCHEE NURSERY VILLAGE

The lychee industry is so extensive in Kwangtung as not only
to warrant the acquisition of special tracts of land for its culture and
sale, but likewise for its propagation. Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang Shing
ift*$) and Tung Kuan (Tung Kun tf*^§) are perhaps the two most
famous Ling Nan lychee districts. In the heart of the latter is the,
village of Fang Yung (Fung Chung IB $8.', quite widely noted
throughout the Canton region for two great achievements: the
production of lychee nursery stock and the proud possessor of a
citizen who, under the old order, secured the T'an Hua ($!?£) or
third scholarship degree from Peking. When I first met Fang
Yung's (Fung Chung's JjfflU ) energetic lychee promoter and
nurseryman he eagerly told me of their wonderful trees and of the
fact that he is a relative of Kwangtung "s famous scholar and
official.

Sin T'ang (San T'ong $r$r) a city of 20,000 inhabitants and
a large center for lychee and lungan trade, is on the Canton-Kowloon
Railway only about twenty-one miles east of Canton city. Sin
T'ang (San T'ong 3^|) exports large quantities of these fruits to
Singapore and abroad. The railway station is quite a distance from
the city which is located on the north bank of the East river.
As one walks from the railway to the city, over the intervening hill
land, he cannot help but notice lychee and lungan trees, interspersed
with bamboo and the canarium trees for which the region is also
especially adapted The lychee is well adapted to undrained regions,
but that it also thrives on the hills is quickly evident when one views
some of the beautiful orchards of this region (figure 25) which in
general appearance are not unlike apple orchards of western
countries.

Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang Shing *tJ$) lies to the north of the
East river while Tung Kuan (Tung Kun jfC^j) district is to the
south. This district is low and has scores of canals leading inland,
watering vast fields of rice and sugar cane. The land in this
region is worth two to three hundred dollars gold an acre and
lychee groves are seen everywhere proving how profitable the crop
must be.

PLATE XVIII

FIGURE 26. — Fang Yung Lychee Nurseries with Mango Windbreak.

FIGURE 27. — Fang Yung Lychee Orchard of Named Varieties for Propagation.

SOME IMPORTANT LlN(i XAX LYCIIEE CENTERS

Fany; Yung (Fung Chung Jgtfi) is in the heart of this Tuny:
Kuan (Tung Kim 4i^) region, only three and one-half miles distant
from Sin T'ang (,San 'Pong $ft$). For generations the people of
this village have been in the business of lychee and lungan propaga-
tion and the nurseries are but a stone's throw from the village.
Carefully protected on the north by the houses of the village, and by
a magnificent mungo hedge, this nursery (figure 26) provides a
living for scores of families living in the village. The question of
parent trees is not neglected and the village prides itself on its rare
collection of costly varieties (figure 27), from which it propagates
by layering. Radiating in all directions from this village are paths
leading no great distance to groups of various varieties. Flere we
find a group of No mi chih (No mai ts'z Jfijf^MS) trees; in another
direction is a pair of Ta tsao (Tai tso ifcjt) trees (figure 28) ; while
still in another direction is a magnificent old specimen of Hsi chio
tsu (Sai kok tsz J^^), the trunk of which is at least ten feet in
circumference and beautifully covered with lichens and vines. A
life-long friend of this old tree is seen, in winter garb, seated at the
base of this tree (figure 29). Several days may be spent to advantage
at this spot, inspecting the best trees and inquiring with regard to
nursery and cultural methods, and in the study of varieties represented
in this village. The simplicity and hospitality of the country folk is
inspiring and makes one forget the immediate surroundings of an
unsanitary Chinese village. But these people spend most of their
time in the open country, which in beauty rivals that of our own land.

CHAPTER VII]

THE CLLNf ATE BKST ADAPTED TO THE
LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

A study of the range of these fruits indicate that they are
decidedly sub-tropical, thriving best in regions not subject to heavy
frost but cool and dry enough in the winter months to provide a
period of rest. In China and India they are grown between 15 and
30 degrees north latitude.

The Canton delta, in which these fruits are indigenous, is
crossed by the Tropic of Cancer and is a sub-tropical area of con-
siderable range in climate. Great fluctuations of temperature are
common throughout the fall and winter months. In the winter
sudden rises of temperature will at times cause the lychee and lungan
to flush forth their beautifully colored orange and garnet brown new
growth. This new growth is seldom subject to a freeze about
Canton. On the higher elevations of the mountainous regions
which are subject to frost the lychee is seldom grown. The lungan
appears in these regions more often but it, too, cannot stand heavy
frosts. The more hardy, mountainous types of the lychee are very
sour and those grown near salt sea water are said to be likewise.
The lychee thrives best on the lower plains where the summer
months are hot and wet and the winter months are dry and cool.
The lungan thrives on higher ground than the lychee and endures
more frost.

Some idea of the weather conditions in the vicinity of Canton,
where the lychee and lungan flourish, is made possible by a study of
the records of the Kwangtung Agricultural Experiment Station (JH)£
H^fclfti&tl). These records are quite complete from 1913-1919 and
a study of the rainfall, temperature and humidity charts for this
period reveals the following:

THE CLIMATE BEST ADAPTED TO THE LYCHEE

55

AVERAGE CAN-TON WEATHER RECORDS FOR SEVEN

YKARS (1913-1919) l

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Av. Min. Av. Max.

Temp.
8.69 C.
11.05
13.94
17.99
21.74
24.53
25.12
25.18
23.62
20.13
15.17
10.78

Temp.

19.08 C.

19.04

20.64

25.75

28.94

31.16

32.58

32.73

31.85

29.69

24.27 -

20.29

Humidity Rainfall

69.54
78.30
81.13
82.20
81.42
83.58
80.67
80.3J
77.62
73.27
71.70
70.62

14.90 mm.

57.94

75.97
146.68
253.60
263.26
231.26
258.54
148.40

38.47

58.86

33.92

Total 1581.80 mm.

62.3 inches

A close analytical study of the records of the Kwangtung
Agricultural Experiment Station for the seven year period shows that
the average lowest monthly temperature for the period, in January,
1918, was 5.43 C. (41.8 F. ). The average highest monthly
temperature, in August, 1916, was 34.2 C. (93.6 F. ). The lychee
and lungan flower in March and April when the highest monthly
temperature averaged 20.64 C. (69.2 F. ) and 25.75 C. (78.3 F. )
respectively; and the lowest 13.94 C. (57.1 F. ) for March and
17.99 C. (64.4 F. ) for April. The average rainfall during these
months was 75.97 m.m. (3 in. ) for March and 146.68 m.m. (5.77
in. ) for April. March and April are months of dark, cloudy days
with comparatively little sunshine and high average humidity. Dur-
ing these months the cold, north and north-east winds of winter have
changed to the warm and balmy east and south-east winds of spring.
The Chinese orchardist is quick to recognize the ill effects to his
trees in flower of a* day or two of cold rains when the wind veers to

1 Acknowledgement is due Director Huang Tsun Keng (Wong Tsun
Kaner ti|i|f$£) of the Kwangtung Agricultural Experiment Station
*or access to data from which the above was compiled.

56 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

the north and ths driving sheets of rain blast the opening flower bucis.
The fruits of the lychee and lungan form and develop very quickly
during a most intense growing period from May to August. The
country at this time is undergoing its heaviest rainfall and the humidity
is high. Tne highest average monthly rainfall record for this period
was in August, 1918, when 564.7 rnm. (22.23 in.) fell; the lowest
was in April, 1913, and amounted to 85.8 mm. (3.37 in. ). The
average yearly rainfall for the seven year period was .1581.80 m.m.
or 62.3 inches. Frosts are very light within the delta but during* the
summer months the region is subject to severe typhoons and floods.

Considerable work is still to be done in the study of the frost
resistance of this tree and in the acquisition of varieties especially
adapted to cooler climates. Hsu Po (££•)$)) l in his work on the
lychee, says, "They are only suitable for hot, low countries and
greatly fear altitude and cold, but when care is bestowed they can be
protected." Ts'ai Hsiang (HH) 2 reports: 'Three marches to
the west of Fuchow there is a locality called Shui Wai, where
the climate is a little colder and where the lychee cannot be planted. "
The Superintendent of the Government Botanical Gardens at
Saharanpur, India, ? latitude 28 degrees north, has known the lychee
to endure a freeze of 21 'degrees with the loss of only a few leaves.
He says that the lychee is hardier than the mango but has grave
doubts of any variety that will stand snowfall. He reports that
Dehra Dun is very little cooler than Saharanpur, yet there is a
difference in the fruit. The fruits from the Dehra Dun trees are
more acid. This statement with regard to the inability of the lychee
to withstand snowfall is corroborated by Sung Chia (>&3E) 4 when he
reports a snow fall of several inches at a place called Cheung Lok

1 HSU PO (t&UV Li Chih P'u (^3df) in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi
Cheng W44HHI3U P° WH Hui Pien (ft&gfg), Ts'ao Muh
section 274 (J&-W-b-HW); U Chih Pu 2 (3fc3t«H), page 4

2 TS'AI HSIANG (M«), Li Chih P'u (^*|£) in Ku Chin Tu Shu
Chi ChenK f^MHHfeft), Po Wu Hui Pien (tf&^IS), Ts'ao Muh Tien
section 273 tfff-tf-b-t-Hfc), Li Chih Pu 1 (££«-), page 4

? Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, Correspondence, Reports, etc.

4 SUNG CHIA (&JE6), Li Chih P'u (^3d&) in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi
Cheng (-ft+mMM), Po Wu Hui Pien (ff&IW), TSao Muh Tien
(£**), section 273 (mHW-fc+H^), Li Chih Pu 1 (££&-), page 10

S-t-m

THE CLIMATE BEST ADAPTED/IO THE LYCHEE 57

"when the mountains became white and the natives were greatly
surprised. He says, "That year all the lychee trees died off but
after several years sprouted out again.

Air. George Campbell L of Ka Ying (H m Wl), Kwangtung,
China in January, 1913, reported, "I have been in Ka Ying for
25 years and 18 years ago I can remember a cold snap when the
thermometer went to 24 degrees. The lungan trees were killed and
for years afterwards we got very few lungans. The lichee trees were
also killed though some of them sprouted out again and are now
bearing. This month we had a severe frost, the worst since '93, and
these trees and their cousins were hard hit." More than 20 years
ago Theodore L. Meade of Oviedo, Fla. , reported that the tree
grows well there but suffers much from frost. In the winter of
1888-89 a temperature of 27 degrees cut his-tree back but little, while
21 degrees killed it to the ground in 1890. Mr. Reasoner of the
Royal-Palm nurseries, Oneco, Florida, reported March 11, 1916,
"iVly little lichee trees were untouched by these freezes. A week
ago we had 29 degrees and yesterday 30 with a very hard frost
indeed. I just saw them and they are O.K. '? In a letter to the
writer, after the severe freeze of February, 1917, Mr. Reasoner' s
conclusions were, "There is no doubt but that these trees are much
more hardy than mango trees, but not so hardy as lemon trees.
The leaves cannot stand very severe freezing."

In conclusion it is safe to assume from the records at hand
that the lychee will prove most profitable when grown at low
altitudes, in sub-tropical regions not subject to temperatures much
below 30 degrees Fahrenheit. If the tree is kept dormant and
somewhat protected in the winter it can possibly endure slight
frosts. Doubtless lychee trees could be protected from cold much
as orange and lemon trees are in Florida and California. The
lungan will endure more cold than the lychee but thrives best under
conditions favorable to the lychee.

1 Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, Correspondence, Reports, etc.

CHAPTER IX

SOILS ADAPTED TO THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

AND
C U LT U R A L M ETH O D S

The Chinese believe that the type of fruit produced depends as
much upon the care of the tree as upon the variety or climate. A
successful lychee grower is ever on the alert to minister to every
whim of the plant's desire. In Kwangtung, lychee orchards are
rarely seen exposed to strong, north, winter winds. A low situation
to the south of a hill is preferable for large plantations.

The lungan is more seldom grown under orchard conditions
than is the lychee. There is not so large a demand for this fruit
and the trees therefore more scattered although one often finds
attractive groups of lungan. The lungan tree endures the cold,
north winds better than the lychee but does not thrive so well under
water culture. But trees are often planted along the banks of ponds
where roots have plenty of access to water with exceedingly good
results.

Dyke Plantings

The delta of the Pearl is low and an extensive system of
dykes holds back the water of the streams from the rich delta lands.
The lychee is the favorite tree for these dykes and a considerable
proportion of the fruit produced in Kwangtung is grown on these
embankments. But lungan are rarely seen growing on these dykes.
Lychee trees planted along the main dykes of the streams are more
susceptible to the cold, wintery winds; and when the dikes are built
in series, the second and third are always considered preferable for
the lychee, especially when the situation is on the northern side of
the stream (figure 6). In South China dyke lychee are usually
planted 20-25 feet apart and a low spreading head is developed (fig-
ure 9). In some cases intercropping with banana, guava or even
plum (figure 13) is practiced while the lychee are still young.

58

PLATE XIX

FIGURE 28.— Pair of Ta tsao— Large crop— Lychee Trees.

•••^^••••^••••••••••^•••••••^•^••i

FIGURE 29. — Fang Yung Nurseryman Seated under Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros horn

— Lychee Tree.

PLATE XX

An Acid Peaty Soil Better for the Lychee Than an Ordinary Fertile Soil.

(See page 151 and the detailed description of illustrations.)

(One-fifth natural size.)

PLATE XXI

*****

?

Healthy Lychee Root, Grown in Acid Soil, Showing the Mycorhizal Tubercles.

(See page 152 and the detailed description of illustrations.)

(Magnification 6 diameters.)

PLATE XXII

:".

FIGURE a.

FIGURE b.

Enlarged Sections of Lychee Root Tubercles Showing the Cells Gorged with the
Mycorhizal Fungus. Microphotographs by Dr. Emil G. Arzberger.

(See page 152 and the detailed description of illustrations.)
(FIGURE a, magnification iQ5 diameters; FIGURE 6, magnification 830 diameters.)

PLATE XXIII

Mycorhizal Fungi in the Cells of Lychee Root Tubercles.

Drawings by Dr. Emil G. Arzberger.

(See page 1 52 and the detailed description of illustrations.)
(FIGURES a, b, and c, magnification 775 diameters; FIGURE d, 500 diameters.)

PLATE XXIV

FIGURE 30. — Raised-bed Lychee Plantation Showing Water-channel.

FIGURE 31. — Low-lying Delta Lychee Plantations Showing Well-constructed Bridge

across Canal.

S^ILS ADAPTED TO THIS LYCHKK AND LHXC AX 59

Plantations

The raised-b€d system of orchard planting, so frequently
employed in the Canton delta, seems especially adapted to the lychee
and a very large acreage of lychee is thus grown. This system could
doubtless be employed to advantage in some of the swampy areas of
the United States which now lie waste. In Kwangtung wide, open
ditches, at a distance of thirty to forty feet apart, are dug through land
which is low and subject co flood or to submersion at high tide.
These ditches are ten to fifteen wide, when the excavated earth is
thrown up on the other side, the surface of the beds are 10-15 feet
above the bottom of the channel, which drains out freely when the
tide is low. The lychee trees are planted more or less irregularly
along either side of these beds so that the limbs of the trees, when
mature, stretch across these channels and meet in the center (fig.
.40). Lychee are often intercropped with guava or orange where
this system is used. The conditions secured by this raised-bed meth-
od seem ideal for lychee culture and vast areas of otherwise useless
land are thus made profitable. When one looks down from a high
vantage point over an area such as this, he might think he was look-
ing down upon a vast apple orchard (fig. 31), but let him try to enter

and he soon becomes lost in the net work of beds and streams.

•

Upland Lychce Orchards

Upland lychee orchards, though perhaps not so common in
Kwangtun-j; as low-land, are nevertheless common is hilly countries
like Lo Kang (Lo Kong HfSSj) and Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang Shing
ift7$). In the upland culture of lychee the trees are sometimes scat-
tered irregularly over the hills and intercropped with other fruits; but
sometimes they are planted in regular orchard formation with at least
thirty feet between the trees and with very little tillage after they be-
come mature. Orchards of lychee thus planted are not unlike apple
orchards in general appearance (fig. 25).

Artificial irrigation is not necessary in these upland groves of
Kwangtung but would doubtless prove profitable in regions with less
rainfall and humidity. When the trees are grown under these higher
conditions the soil is usually a sandy loam with clay subsoil.
The abundant rainfall during the fruiting season provides sufficient
moisture to bring the tree to a profitable fruiting condition. But in
any country where this moisture is lacking during the growing season
liberal irrigation should be practiced, and what might usually be con-
sidered an excess water supply may be provided with profit.

60 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

Soiis, Preparation and Transplanting

A loam is most desirable for the lychee and the so-called river
mud of the Canton delta seems to meet the highest soil requirements.
Mr. Humphrey G. Carter,1 Economic Botanist at Calcutta, India,
writes that the Mozufferpore lychee is the best in India and that the
soil there is moist, sandy and mixed with a sufficient quantity of rich
clay. He considers that old river beds make excellent lychee gar-
dens.

In Kwangtung little soil preparation is made for the tree prior
to planting. Where the soil is especially hard, small pits are some-
times dug and these are filled with specially prepared soil. The
farmers rarely grow their own trees, but procure layered stock from
the nurseries.

The planting is done in March and April at about Ts'ing
Ming (^B^), that season in China which is devoted to> the worship
of graves. At this time the soil has begun to warm up and sufficient
rainfall is assured to give the trees a good start. At the time of
transplanting the branches are not trimmed back very severely. The
Chinese claim that unless the young tree has sufficient foliage to en-
able it to benefit from the morning dews it will get a poor start.
Tang Tao Hsieh (ffiMWj),2 in his treatise gives explicit instructions
not to trim off the leaves at the time of transplanting. After planting,
the trunk and limbs of the young trees are often wrapped with rice
straw to prevent excessive evaporation or sun scald in summer and
excessive cold in winter.

1 Carter, Humphrey G. , in correspondence with Office of Foreign Seed
and Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

2 TANG TAO HSIEH (f$il$p, Li Chih P'u d^fff) in Ku Chin Tu
Shu Chi Cheng (-£^^^J&), Po WuHui ft>»(tS^l$l), Ts'ao Muh Tien

section 274 (3$HW-trhTO), Li Chih Pu 2 ^£SRH), page 6

X!
X

w

S

s

PLATE XXVI

FIGURE 33.— Beds of Lychee with Holes for Night Soil Fertilizer.

FIGURE 34. — Unloading a Night Soil Boat for Fertilizing Lychee.

SOILS ADA1TKI) TO TIIK LYCHKF. AND LUX'IAN

/'V rtilization

The Chinese maintain the quality of the fruit is very largely
dependent upon carefully feeding the plants and this is wisely done
from the time the young trees begin to make their first growth.
Careful yearly nourishment of the fruiting wood is provided. The
tree is naturally a surface feeder (fig. 4) and when grown under
raised-bed and dyke conditions this characteristic is greatly encourag-
ed by pouring liquid fertilizer, usually night soil, into little shallow
holes or furrows dug about the tree at a distance not greater than six
or eight feet from the trunk (fig. 32). This is usually done in
early spring and each mature tree in bearing is given no less than
five hundred pounds of this very concentrated liquid manure. On
narrow dykes it is poured into holes dug along the center of the
dyke so as to assure a minimum loss from seepage (fig. 33).

This night soil is transported in boats built for the purpose,
which enter the streams and canals and greatly facilitate the work of
manuring (fig. 34). No Cantonese could be termed a farmer unless
able to shoulder two buckets of water or fertilizer, one swung from
either end of a bamboo pole which balances across the shoulder as he
gracefully trots to and from the fields. • The work of fertilizing is
facilitated by a wooden dipper attached to one end of this bamboo
pole (fig. 34). When the boats reach the dykes the liquid manure
is poured, by means of this dipper, into wooden buckets provided
for the purpose (fig. 40) and carried to the trees.

Mulching

The lychee should profit greatly by mulching, though the
Chinese do not seem to practice it to any great extent. But they are
exceedingly careful in the wet culture of the tree almost every year
to cover any exposed roots with a smear of canal mud. In the
colder districts they often bank the trunk and roots with this mud,
mixed with manure, and thus both protect the tree in the winter
and prepare for the coming months of spring when plant food will
be necessary. Tang Tao Hsieh (fj^IBi)1 in his treatise on the
lychee reports that it is this custom, practiced by the farmers of
Fang Kang (Fung Kong HUM]), Fukien, that has made the lychee of
that place the most superior.

1 TANG TAO HSIEH (fJJst^,), Li Chih P'u ($£&) in Ku Chin Tu
Shu Chi Cheng (tf^WMUft), Po WuHui Pien (t$4&gfg), Ts'ao Muh Tien
section 21-1 (fczHT-fc-HW), /-> '.'///// /'// 2

62 THK LVCHKI-: AM) U'NGAN

Thinniny, I'r tunny <ni<l Y'nld

Thinning is seldom practiced on the lychee; more on the
lungan. Some pruning is done by the Chinese in early winter, but
it is customary to break off many of the twigs and branches at the
time of harvesting the fruit and this is recognized as a form of prun-
ing. Under favorable conditions the tree is a heavy bearer, yielding
on rough estimate as much fruit as apple trees of equal si/.e. Chi
Han (f$E^)' in his Features of Plants in the South reports that
from one tree as many as one hundred "tan" ^equivalent to about
1000-1500 Ibs) can be gathered.

Picking and Protection

The fruit adheres very tenaciously to the tree and crude-
knives are often used in chopping the clusters of fruit, with twigs
attached, from the tree, a custom which as shown has doubtless
given the lychee its name. Considerable superstition exists with
regard to the picking of the fruit. One belief is that no fruit should
be removed before the time of picking; and when once picking has
started the tree should be picked clean, as birds and insects will im-
mediately attack any fruit which remains. This belief doubtless
serves a worthy purpose as the temptation to sample the fruit is great
and the grower always has a good reason to prevent it. At Tseng
Ch'ing (Tsang Shing if^) we were told that the pickers of the Kua
lu (Kwa luk $=!•$£) were always required to sing songs while picking
to guarantee that they were not eating any of the fruit.

Ts'ai Hsiang f$gm)2 refers to customs connected with pick-
ing the lychee in these words: "When the ripening season comes
all fruits should be picked from the tree, then neither insects nor
birds will dare to come near. If the fruit is only partially gathered
from the tree, it will become infested with bats, bees and grubs, the
latter eating into the tree. In order to drjve off these pests the

1 CHI HAN (f|£), Nan fang Ts'ao Muh Chuang (\$Jj.±Mk} in A'//
Chin Tu Shu Chi Cheng fe^flfMUt). Po Wu Hut hen (ttftglB), Ts'av
Muh Tien (J^TJC*-), section 273 (H—W-fc-f-Sfc), /-/' Chili Pit 1 (jftStSR— ),
page 2 (%-m

2 TS'AI HSIANG (HjgN,, Li Chili P'u r$3tfjf) in Ku Chin TH A/"'
Chi Cheng (W-HMiUft), PoWuHuiPien (ftftgiB), TiaoMnh Tien

Action 273 z:&ir'3 /./ chih PH i (3ti!M5 i>^-<- 4

SOILS APAITKD To T1IK LVC11K10 AND U'MiAN <>.<

orchardist or gardener places four posts around the tree and on top
of these he builds a small house. During the night someone dwells
in this place in order to startle these various pests when they come
to plunder or destroy the fruit. Another method is to gather some
bamboo reeds which are from five to seven feet long, and sway them
continually back and forth. This latter method is used to drive off
pests like the bats.

No labor difficulties are experienced in picking the fruit,
though in Kwangtung much of it is picked during the harvest of the
first crop of rice or the planting of the second. Hut labor is as
plentiful in China as it is scarce in the West. And this is a legiti-
mate reason why the Chinese should employ so many intensive
methods of Ivchee culture.

CHAPTER X

METHODS OF PROPAGATION

In the Ling Nan region, the home of the lychee, trees are
rarely produced from seed. One reason for this is that the seeds of
the best varieties are not viable and those that are require 8-12 years
to bring the trees into bearing; whereas, by the Chinese method of
air layering, fruiting trees are secured in from 3-6 years. Moreover,
trees from seed are said not to "come true " with any certainty.
And the Chinese consider that in a region where temperature and
humidity so greatly faeiliate layering there is little reason to depend
upon seedlings. Then, too, seeds of the lychee are very short lived
and cannot be kept for more than four or rive days, except under
very moist conditions.

In the propagation of the tree in other lands, however, the
seedling method may be advantageous, especially until a large number
of trees are at hand. Air. J. E. Higgins in his bulletin 92 cites some
interesting experiments with regard to the use of seeds in propagation
and to methods for their shipment ever great distances. The writer,
following the instructions of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant
Introduction to pack seeds in damp sphagnum moss mixed with
ground charcoal, senta number of tin tubesof Huai Chih (Wai Chi;
and Hei yeh (Hakip) lychee seeds from Canton to Washington.
These arrived in good condition and a number of seedlings were
grown from them. The Shan Chih (Shan Chi) or mountain lychee,
and these two varieties, are the best for the production of seedlings.
No difficulties will be experienced if the grower remembers how
quickly these seeds deteriorate, follows the usual methods, partially
shades his seedlings, and above all else remembers that the lychee is
a water-loving plant which can endure great quantities of moisture
both in the air and in the soil.

Chinese Air-layering

Most of the lychee trees of South China are produced by a
method known as " pok chih" (jgH$)> a process of layering which
the modern horticulturist has come to term uhinf.sc Air-layering.
This is practically the same as the "Gootee" layering of India.

64

PLATE XXVII

FIGURE 35. — Unloading Lychee from District Passage Boats in Canton City.

FIGURE 36. — Nursery Beds of Chinese Air-layered Lychee Trees.

PLATE XXVIII

FIGURE 37.— Raising Lychee Nursery Stock with Ball of Earth Attached.

FIGURE 38.— Boat-load of Lychee Nursery Stock.

METHODS (>K PROPAGATION 65

The Cantonese gardeners are excellent manipulators of this method
and a great majority of the shrubs and trees of South China, including
citrus fruits, are thus propagated. Lychee trees and limbs from
which to propagate are first selected, but except in very rare cases,
not with any very careful observation wirh regard to limb or bud
variation. In the spring about the time the trees are coming into
Mower complete rings of bark are girdled from branches, preferably
not more than two inches in diameter. The strip of bark which is
removed is about an inch in width and a callus is allowed to form for
a day or two before the earth is bound about the new layer. A
special preparation of binding mud is made by mixing wet, sticky,
canal or pond earth with chopped-up straw or leaves; and little balls
of this are bound about each injured branch.

As this process is carried on in the season of dark, cloudy
days and considerable rainfall, little further attention is given to the
tree. If dry, sunny weather continues for any period the little balls
of earth must be watered. The roots begin to form within a few
weeks and the new layer is said to be well rooted in about one hun-
dred days when it is removed from the parent tree with a saw. The"
Chinese say that the layer should be planted out before th^ little roots
emerge from the ball of earth and become dried.

After removing the layers from the parent trees they are set
out in nursery beds of specially chosen soil which inclines to a heavy
and sticky rather than to a light character. The plants are set our
about a foot apart each way in these beds (fig. 36 j which are located
with reference to protection from cold, wintery winds. Here they
remain until at least one year from the following spring. When they
are raised for permanent planting (fig. 37), a ball of earth at least a
f.)Ot in diameter, held in place by means of rice straw, remains at-
tached to the roots.

This nursery business, as seen for example at the village of
Fang Yung (Fung Chung ®f$ ) has become quite an industry and
the business methods whereby trie industry is conducted would be a
fascinating. study. For example we have been told that many of the
trees produced at Fang Yung are layered from trees growing in Chiao
T'ang Sz (Kau T'ong Sz %•$??]) in Pan Yu (P\m U &J£,j district
where very interesting contracts are made between the nurserymen
and the growers for the production of stock. The nurserymen layer
the trees in the groves from trees which they may select and pay for

66 THF, LVCIinF. AM) Ll'NGAN

them by weight at the time they are removed from the trees. The
contract calls for the removal of all layered branches whether dead or
living and for payment of same. It is said that the average price
paid for these layered branches is S2.50 Mexican per tan (tarn $5.
or 133 Ibs. } for. the No mi chih (m%&} variety and $2.25 for the
Huai chih (*$!£)• This nursery business in lychee and lungan
nursery stock is an extensive industry and one often sees boat loads
of lychee nursery stock going out from Fang Yung Fung Chung [ISJflP
(fig. 18).

Layered lychee trees will bear in a few years after they have
been set out into the permanent position, but they are not in their
prime until from 20-40 years. If properly cared for, they may re-
main good fruiting trees for more than a hundred years. Chinese
history is full of records of large old profitable trees and one author,
Ts'ai Hsiang (US),1 speaks of a tree three hundred years old which
continued to prosper in leaves and fruit. Sung Chia SKaO2 referred
to a "big tree requiring several tens of men to get around it, the
trunk of which is empty and inside of which four or five men can
sit."

About Canton thousands of these layered trees are also plant-
ed in pots. In the world famous gardens at Hua ti ( Fa ti $;ifi) one
will find well established trees of many varieties growing in shallow
pots (fig. 39). These can be purchased at prices ranging from 40
cents to $1.50 gold. The Chinese are very fond of using potted fruits
as ornamentals and Chinese gardeners do not fail to bring young potted
lychee into bearing (fig. 40) for this purpose. Lychee trees are
often thus sent north, a careful calculation being made so as to have
them fruit about the time of their arrival.

1 TS'AI HSIANG (H^), Li Chih P'u (££!£) in Ku Chin Tu Shu
Chi Cheng (•jfi^MMUjfc), P° Wu Hui Pien (1$4$?Hf@), Ts'ao Mllh Tien
section 273 (m^W't+H^), /-/ Chih Pit 1 (&*«-), page 3

2 SUNG CHIA (&&}, Li Chih P'u (J^tff) in Ku Chin Tu Shu
Chi Cheng (W^BWIiJfc), Po Wu Hui Pien (1$4&f||g), Ts'ao Muh Tien
section 273 (»H W-fe-hH* ) , U Chih Pit ] (&£«-), pa&e 9

PLATE XXIX

FIGURE 39. — Potted Lychee in the Famous Hua Ti Gardens, Canton, China.

FIGURE 40. — Potted Lychee as Ornamentals.

MKTHODS OF I»K< >1'A< i ATlON 67

Tang Tao Hsieh (f&atlfc)1 reports this method of " pok
chih (JKtt) also in use in Fukien province. He says, 'The
lichee are not produced from seed. Good branches are selected,
injured and wrapped with mud until white root-like hairs begin to
grow out when they are covered with another layer of mud and later
cutoff. In spring they send out new leaves." Mr. Higgins re-
ports 92 modiHcations of the Chinese method of air-layering which
he has employed in Hawaii.

I'roiHujalioH by Inarching

Another method of propagating the lychee, and employed
especially with the lungan, is the inarch method know by the Chinese
under the name ai chih (j£&). The small seeded No mi chih
(f^Mv^J variety is often thus propagated and high headed trees (see
end of bed, fig. 36) with trunks six to eight feet, are often grown in
this way. Good strong seedlings usually of the mountain variety,
Shan chih (Ulfe), are first established, often in pots. These plants
are raised in spring, carried to the scion trees, inarched, and held in
place by bamboo framing until the union has formed.

With regard to the application of this method, Mr. G. W;
Oliver, expert propagator at the Washington greenhouses, in a re-
port to the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, dated
September 1914, says, We had a considerable number of seedling
litchi plants grown from seeds secured from China by your office.
When the seedlings were in three inch pots they were used in in-
arching to small branches on large plants The litchi inarching

work is exceedingly easy and plants could be raised in any quantity
provided you had the seedlings and named varieties to work with."
In 1910 Mr. Oliver also succeded in inarching some seedlings of
lungan with small twigs of lychee plants which had been secured via
Shanghai. This was apparently the first time recorded when the
lychee was put on stock other than its own. In his report Mr.
Oliver said, '* As I recollect I did not have more than three stocks
of the longan for the inarching experiments in 1910, and I did not
regard them as very successful. But the seedling longans were large

1 TANG TAO HSIEH (gh'ill&), Li Chih P'u (&;£19) in Ku Chin
Tu Shu Chi Cheng (l£^I@f§ftJ&), Po Wu Hui Pien (If^RSg), Ts'ao
Mnti Tien {'$;£!&), section 2?~ (^UlT-trr-H^), J.i <7///// Pu 2 l
page 6 (tftx-TfC)-

68 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

plants in six inch pots; had they been used when in three inch pots
the results might have been more successful, therefore no reliable
deductions could be drawn from what 1 did with them. "

Grafting and Budding

Chinese recognize the art of grafting and on the lychee com-
monly employ a form of grafting which they call tsich chili (tsip chi
&&). In using this method it is customary to use the mountain
variety "shan chih " (Ulfj: for stock and after the seedling is three
to six years old to cut off the whole head at about five or six feet
above the ground and place in a wedge shaped graft of the desired
variety. I have never seen them employ grafting wax but they
usually cover the point of graft with mud and protect the graft from
the hot sun by means of a bunch of rice straw tied over the graft.
This method is very common in Lokang (HISO) and in other places
is often used to top-work trees. In Fukien it is also widely practiced
both on the lychee and lungan, and Hsu Po (^f#) in his records of
the lychee in Fukien speaks of '"tsieh chih" and says, "Secure
seedling of the sour kinds, cut off the trunk and use a sharp knife to
make a crack and then insert another branch so that the skin of the
two comes together. Bind with tree leaves and cow manure mixed
with clay." Experiments in grafting and budding the lychee and
the lungan have received some attention at the Hawaii Station and a
method of bark grafting has proved thus far successful in top work-
ing lungan trees to lychee. Mr. Higgins says: " Repeated experi-
ments with this method have shown that there is no ^reat difficulty

in securing a union of the litchi with the longan A noteworthy

influence of the stock on the scion should be mentioned here. The
growth produced is very much more rapid than that of the litchi on
its own roots, and in some cases the character of the foliage appears
to undergo a change. "

The Chinese apparently do not recognize the art of budding
and hence do not employ it on the lychee. Mr. Higgins ] reports,
'The budding of the litchi on the longan has been accomplished in
Hawaii, but this method is not so successful as that of grafting des-
cribed above. "

1 Higgins, J. E., The Litchi in Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment
Station, Bulletin No. 44, p;»ge 11.

METHODS OF PROPAGATION 69

An Open Field for Experiment with the Lychce

It is apparent that there is an open field for a series of inter-
esting and helpful experiments in the propagation of this attractive
fruit. The fact that the Chinese have always propagated a large per-
centage of their plants by layering has not enabled them to determine
the varied results that' can be obtained by means of grafting. A
series of experimsnts in grafting, budding or inarching the lychee on
stocks other than its own should prove of value to the Chinese in
their cultivation of this fruit. It should also prove of value to those
countries which are attempting to introduce the lychee under con-
ditions not so favorable as in its native hnbitat.

Drought and frost resistance are two factors to be kept de-
finitely in mind in this work; and soil variations should be carefully
studied. The varied soil and climatic conditions in which the lychee
grows in China have resulted in distinct varietal differences which
can be utilized to advantage in this work. In this connection it will
be a decided advantage to regroup all the varieties of the lychee into
the water lychee and the mountain lychee classification as one Chinese
author has attempted to do.

It should be especially noted that a study of the Lychee group
of the Sapindaceae as outlined under the botanical discussion reveals
the f ict that we can look with promise to regions remote from those
-of native habitat for stocks upon which to work the lychee. In
particular the wild lychee of the Philippines, Litchi Philippine ns^s
Radlk. (figure 2), offers great promise of being found useful as a
stock since it is the species most closely related to the cultivated
lychee, grows on well-drained uplands and on hill and mountain
slopes at considerable altitudes and is a tree of great height and large
diameter. All this is quite the reverse of the cultivated lychee.
Furthermore, this species has large seeds, at least twice the bulk of
those of the cultivated lychee, and hence presumably producing more
vigorous Seedlings. In any attempt to grow the lychee' on high, dry
situations it is imperative that a test be made of the Philippine wild
lychee as a stock. It is also possible that the little known Pseudone-
phelium furnitum (Blanco), Radlk., a tree growing on Luzon
Island, Philippines, in Borneo and Perak will upon fuller study prove
to be closely related to the lychee. It has flowers destitute of petals
like the lychee, whereas the flowers of the lungan arid the other
species of Euphoria have well developed petals. At any rate the
effort should be made to utilize also this species as a stock for the
lychee which is rather narrowly limited in its range of soil adaptation.

70 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

The closely related genus Euphoria has already proved pro-
mising recent reports from the Hawaiian Islands indicating success
in grafting the lychee on the lungan, EupJwriQ lotiyana Lam. (fig.
59). The allied Philippine form, Euphoria cintrca Radlk. (fig. 3)
should also be tried and the other nine members of the genus
Euphoria should not be neglected. All these facts indicate the pos-
sibilities of opening up a most interesting study with regard to new
methods in the propagation of the lychee which may prove valuable
to both China and to other countries.

CHAPTKR XI

THE LYCIIEE AND LUNGAN IN COMMERCE

In a country where transportation facilities have developed so
slowly it is nut' surprising that threat sacrifices of growers' profits, and
even human life itself, have been necessary in order to get a perish-
able fruit to a critical public and to a tribute-exacting royalty.

The usual method in the handling of the lychee crop is for
the grower to sell to the jobber; the jobber, who is at the mercy of
contractors in human labor necessary to transport the product by
land or by stream, sells to the city wholesaler; the wholesaler to the
retailer; and the retailer to the consumer. Estimates on the value of
the fruit are usually made while it is still on the tree; in fact, con-
tracts for the year's crop are often made while the trees are in flower,
as this allows a little more leeway for a gamble.

After the fruit is picked it is carefully and neatly packed by
these jobbers, the baskets are carefully covered with some of the
leaves of the tree and are often made thief-proof by sewing over the
top a kind of bamboo matting. They are thus transported to the
cities (fig. .45). The wholesale lychee markets in a city the size of
Canton are a most interesting study and the questions regarding
weights and measures, grades and prices are difficult to comprehend.
ISut interesting information can be secured here with regard to dis-
tricts and varieties.

Trilnili Lyvlm

Chinese history points clearly to the evils which have accom-
panied the custom of sending the best produce of the land to the
Kmperor and his Court. It is fortunate for China that this custom
ceased with the birth of the Republic. The demand made by the
royal families upon the great lychee producing districts of the south
has always been "a thorn in the flesh." It has proved a deterring
factor in the development of the lychee industry, as is indicated in
many records of the extreme hardship and even sacrifice of life th;it

71

THE LVCHRt: AND LUNG AN

was necessary to carry the fruits from south to north. Ts'ai Hsiang
(HH-)1 says, "Foochow (j@ftP usually sends its tribute of lychee in
two forms: Hung yen (&|gj and Mi chien tlgjfjlj, or candied lychee.
During the Ch'ing Li (H®) year of Jen Tsung (1041 A.D.),
Emperor of the Sung Dynasty, the T'ai Kuan (JklT) or Official in
Charge of the Collection of Tribute, inquired concerning the form
in which the yearly tribute was sent. T-he Cjjih Chou Shih (^fl>H^),
or Prefect of Foochow OiiMM), told him that the distance was very
long and therefore they were not able to send them. The T'ai
Kuan (Jklf) then ordered the number of Hung yen (|n.!J) lychee to
be diminished, and the amount of plain dried fruit to be increased

Transportation

Although the lychee is perishable the fresh fruit can be market-
ed to advantage at great distances from the orchards, as is testified by
the fact that in northern China and Japan it is readily found in season
on the markets of important cities; and transportation facilities are
still very slow in China. Mr. Higgins 2 in his bulletin gives some in-
teresting experiments with regard to this question and believes
"there is no doubt that refrigeration will prove a very satisfactory
method for placing upon American markets the litchi crop grown in
Florida, California, Hawaii, Porto Rico, or Cuba."

Wholesale Prices of Ike Fresh Fruit

That the local Canton prices for lychee and lungan are not
low is indicated by the following table of prices received by a grower ?
who marketed his fruit wholesale:

1 TS'AI HSIANG (HH), Li Chih P'u (^=£f£) in Ku Chin Ti Shu
Chi Cheng ("g^B^INc), P* Wu Hui Pien (tf^HH), Ts'ao Muh Tien
section 273 (f&Htf-fc+H^), Li Chih Pu 1 (%&&-), page 4

2 Higgins, J. E., The Litchi in Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment
Station, Bulletin No. 44, page 13.

J Acknowledgement is due Mr. Mo Hui T'ang (Mok Fai T'ong
of Pel Shan (Pak Shan 4blll) f°r access to his account books whereby it was
possible to obtain the following figures.

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN IN COMMERCE 73

Wholesale Market Prices forfLychee and Lungan Fruits
per tarn (It) of 133 pounds.

Lychee

Hei yeh Kuei wei
(Hak ip) (Kwai mi)

No mi ts'z Huai chih
(No mai t'sz) (\Vai chi)

JR n

& *fc

Ad? vf* i»

m TK 5*

m tt

1909

$7.00

*

15.00

35.00

5.50

1910

6.00

10.00

15.00

4.20

1911

4.90

10.00

15.00

3.50

1912

8.40

21.00

28.10

5.50

1913

9.75

17.80

22.10

7.00

1914

12.00

22.20

35.00

7.60

1915

12.60

20.00

28.10

5.51

1916

7.00

15.00

21.00

4.91

1917

9.80

15.00

21.00-

5.51

t!918

49.40

184.00

111.00

27.80

i

Lungan

.

Shih

hsia lung yen

Hua kioh

Kao yuan

(Shap

ip lung

ngan)

(Fa hok)

(Koun)

ff

m ft

&

* ft

a m

1909

$7.00

$2.98

$3.50

1910

4.91

1.50

2.10

1911

7.00

2.98

3.50

1912

7.00

2.98

3.50

1913

7.00

2.98

3.50

1914

7.00

2.98

3.50

1915

9.80

4.91

5.95

1916

9.80

4.91

5.95

1917

4.91

1.50

2.10

+ 1918

2980

7.00

9,84

74 THlv;LYCHKK AND LUNdAN

NOTES: •":

* Prices are expressed in terms of Canton local silver the value of which
in terms of gold currency varies greatly. In 1914 $1.00 local silver was equal to
about 50 cents United States currency or 2 shillings English currency; in 1919
$1.00 local silver was equal to about 90 cents United States currency or 5 shillings
English currency.

.This, difference in exchange so favoralvle to China began after the opening
of the European war~and has not yet returned to the normal rate existing before
the war. But the growers returns were greater during the years of the war than
before^ And export prices also fell very little during this period. These facts
indicate somewhat how in these modern days international conditions will affect
the rural populations of countries even so much cut off from world affairs as those
in China... . ..

f The very excessive prices indicated in the year 1918 is accounted for by
the fact that there was an exceedingly short crop because of unfavorable weather
conditions.

THE LYCHEE AND l.rNcJAN IN COMMERCE 75

and Methods of

Wu Tsai Ao (ftfttt)1 in his (/'/// Li Chili (;?tij^;fc) says
that the first day after picking, the lychee loses its color, the second
day its fragrance, the third its taste; and by the end of the fourth or
fifth day all color, taste and fragrance are gone. His statement is
overdrawn, though there is nothing quite so delicious as lychee,
ripened on and freshly picked from the trees. Wu Tsai Ao (*&fSc||)
then devotes a whole section of his treatise to the question of pre-
SIT\ at ion.

Hsu Po (\fe$i}2 devotes more than half of his work to how
!o prepare and eat the lychee. He has a number of honied recipes,
one of which calls for the mashed green fruit, boiled with honey and
then set aside in a jar for one month until it jells. Another:
"Secure some fresh lychee and dry them in the sun for one day.
Remove the skin and the seeds from the meat, and to each catty add
one and one-half catties of white honey. Boil over sand (a slow
fire) until there are from 100-1000 bubbles. Pour into earthen jars
(not iron), alternately heat and cool for one day, and then in this
earthen jar dry the mass in the sun until it solidifies."

The Chinese are connoisseurs in rare and dainty dishes and
the lychee has offered an attractive field for the development of this
art. Canton restaurants list delicious lychee dishes with meat or
syrup dressings and most of the local writers on the lychee have
described various methods of salting, preserving, or canning and dry-
ing the lychee. Mr. Higgins' also gives some local recipes for
preserving the fruit.

r TSAI AO ($M£H', Chi Li Chih (,&$£) in Ku Chin Tu Shu
Chi Chfwr (Vf^IiltftM), I'o H'H H'li Pten (t$4%Mi), TCno Mnh Tien
ft), section 274 (^r.lflrW^, Li CKih l>« 1 ( l^^n), pat;-r 7
•

1 HSU PO ($tf#l), Li Chih P'u ( %,$3£) in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi
Chen? (T^BHHlft), Po H'u Urn Picn (1f4^^), Ts'ao Muh Tien
tion -'73 tm^rt-L-l-H^), /./ Ch,h /'// 2 (&3&K±), pa^ 5

1 Hissi"N? J-E. , The. Lit<lii in Hfi^vttii, Hawaii Aj^ricultxiral J-',\|)t-ri-
nicnt vSt.iliim, litillctin no. 44, P;I^«'N 14 ;imi I ^.

76 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

The Chinese make a wine of the lychee which is considered
a very great delicacy.

Medicinal Value

The Chinese have long recognized the curative value of the
lychee and the lungan for certain ailments but also report that the
raw fruit if taken in excess produce boils and other ailments. Some
work has been done on the chemical analysis of the dried lychee and
lungan (See Appendix) which should assist in arriving at more
accurate information of the real rrfedicinal and food value of these
fruits. More work should still be done along this line. One of the
most recent articles written on this interesting and important phase of
the lychee has been that of B. E. Read,1 who first quotes G. Stuart's
Chinese Matcria Medica as follows:

"... The fruits are dried in the sun or by artificial heat, and
are used as sweetmeat at feasts, and often given as presents to the
newly married. They are not regarded as entirely without deleterious
properties, and when the raw fruits are partaken of freely they are
said to produce feverishness and nosebleed. Partaken of in small
quantity or in the dried form they are thirst relieving and beneficial
to nutrition. But they are specially recommended in all forms of
gland enlargements and tumors. The seeds are regarded as anodyne
and are prescribed in various neuralgic disorders and in orchitis.
The leathery external tegument of the fruits is used in decoction in
the distress caused by small-pox eruption, and also in fluxes from the
bowels. The flowers, bark and root are employed in decoction in
angina and quinsy."

A summary of Mr. Read's1 observations on the value of the
lychee as a drug, in his own words is:

" Therapeutic Activity. The diseases mentioned suggest
the possible presence of iodides, alkaloids or a bitter substance of
strong therapeutic action. The mention of feverishness and nosebleed
produced when the nuts are freely partaken of, together with the
fact that ihis plant is a member of the soapwort family would point
to the presence of saponin. No iodine was found present to account
for its alleged action on tumors and gland enlargements, such as
present-day treatment for goitre would suggest, and no saponin or
similarly active substance was detected to account for its [supposed

1 Read, B. E., The Edible Litchi Nut (Litcfc Chinensis) in Journal
American Chemical Society, v. 40 no. 5, pa?e 818 (May 1918).

THF, LYOHKI-; AVH U'\<;\\ IN COMMKWF,

toxicity. When added to the regular diet of a rabbit, for a long
period or when fed in as large a quantity as 50 g. at one time, no
toxic effects whatever from the nuts were observed.

A more thorough study of the comparative medicinal values
of the lychee and lungan should be made at an early date. Dried
lungan from which skin and seed have been removed can be purchased
in Chinese medicine shops and as such is an article of commerce.
Jnrhe Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information of the Royal Gardens
a? Kevv ' attention was called to this lungan pulp in the following
words :

l< Mr. Consul Kenny in his Report on the Trade of Tainan,

Formosa, for the year 1896 (Foreign Office Report, Annual Series,

No. 2,021) draws attention to this substance in the following words: —

Lungan is the fruit popularly known as the 'dragon's eye.' It is

prepared in the form of pulp by peeling and stoning the fruit and

drying and baking it, and is used by the Chinese as tea "

Notes from a memorandum on the subject by Rev. William. Camp-
bell, r. R.G.S., Presbyterian Missionary at Tainan, are quoted in this
report as follows :

The dried Lung-ngan or Geng-geng, which is largely ex-
ported from An-peng, port of Tainan, is described as the longan
fruit (Nep helium longana^

"Natives state that the "lichi " (Nepkclitim Litclti, Cam-
ness.-) is not very common in Formosa, It is larger than the lung-
ngan or geng-geng, has a thinner and much rougher outside husk, and
contains more edible matter.

' The country of Kagi is a region where much of the gcng-
geng yearly production is prepared for exportation.

'The work of first heating the fruit so as to cause the soft parr
inside to shrink, of peeling the husk, and then of drying the abstracted
soft part over a slow fire, is carried on chiefly by women and girls, who
earn each about 60-80 cash (b-8 cents a day) , besides getting the husks
and hard inner nut for use as fuel. The work usually begins about the
middle of the eighth month and lasts on until the end of the year. The
dried article of export is taken to Shanghai, &c, and is said to be largely
used for infusion with water as a refreshing drink or febrifuge.

1 Kew Royal Gardens, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information ^ Printed
for His Majesty's stationery offnfe, London, 1X99, pap's 219 ami _\?o.

THE LYCHEK AND LUNG AX

"Lungan pulp consists of the fleshy arillus which surrounds
the seed; it is of a black color and leathery consistency and has a
sweetish smoky flavour and is of an uninviting appearance."

Dried Lychee

The most common method of preserving the lychee and the
lun gan is to dry them. This is done either in the sun or in ovens,
the former preferable if the weather permits. Many of the dried
lychee for local consumption and export are produced in the Lokang
(lllJijj) region. In this section the only varieties that are dried are
Shan chih (Shan chi flj^), San yueh hung (Sam ut hung H$&),
Huai chih (Wai chiS&) and No mi ts'z (No mai t'sz f^&) with
great preference for the latter. The Chinese of Lokang ^jiBI) say
that no other varieties are dried because of the thin skin which makes
it impossible for them to be dried satisfactorily.

There are two common methods of drying the lychee; one by
sun and one by fire. The fruits are cut off from the trees with some
stems and leaves attached, fruits, stems and leaves are then spread
out on a drying floor or placed on the ground in round, bamboo
trays and exposed to intense sunlight until the skin (now almost a
shell) is brittle and the aril is free and rattles in the shell. The fruits
are then cut off from the stems and further dried in the sun. When
they are considered sufficiently dry they are placed in the open air for
one night and the dew is allowed to fall on them. The following
day they are again dried in the sun until the shriveled seed becomes
very dry. The fruits are then placed in wooden tubs or earthen jars
which are sealed with paper and stored away. Care must be taken
not to place these jars or tubs in contact with the ground lest the dried
fruit absorb some moisture. Before the fruits are taken to the market
and sold they are once more spread out on trays and exposed to the
air and dew for one night. The following day they are dried in
sunlight for several hours and then sold. Dried lychee for home
consumption are rarely given this night processing as the Chinese say
there are just as good; but the flesh is black instead of an attractive
brown color. If care is not taken in the drying process and the lychee
are exposed to rainfall the shell turns black and the fruit is spoiled.

Lychee are never dried in the ovens unless weather conditions
are unfavorable for sun drying. If the days are rainy when the fruit
should be dried, stoves are constructed in the homes or in convenient
places. Racks made of bamboo are built over these stoves 'and the

TIIK LYCIIKK AND U X(iAX IN COM.MKRC.'K

79

fruit is dried by means of lire. The round, bamboo trays commonly
in use in Chinese villages for drying purposes are about 3 feet in
diameter. Square ovens of clay are first constructed. These are two
or three feet high and within is placed the Chinese earthen charcoal
stove known as fcng lu < fvuig lo .M^- Over this stove is placed an
iron tray and the bamboo frame for holding the trays is built to cover
the entire outfit. Seven or eight trays with lychee are then placed
over the stove, one above the other, and about three or four inches
apart. A bamboo cover is placed over the top of the stove. The
trays are constantly shifted so that no one tray is next to the fire or
occupies the same position for any great length of time. The bottom
tray must b? at a distance of at least one and one-half feet from lh<»
fire. If the heat is too intense the Ivchee will turn black.

The following table indicates the yield of dried lychee secured
from the fresh as given by the people of Lokang

No mi ts'z (No mai t'sz
San yueh hung (Sam ut
Shan chih i Shan dii
Huai chih (Wai chi

Fresh

1 00 catties 24-26 catties

100 ,, /K) catties

UK) ,, M) ,,

100 ,, .SO ,',

The villagers of Lokang ''.JK0Q.1 sell their dried fruit to jobbers
or exporters who in turn pack it in neat packages or sell it by the
catty In Canton the average price for the No mi ts'z (ff&ifc)
variety, other than in exceptional years, is from 60-80 cents Canton
currency per catty. In the United States these same Ivchee appear
neatly packed in pasteboard boxes and bring in the Chinese restaurants
from $1.75 to $2. 00 United States currency per pound. These modern
containers in which the lychee is presented to the foreign trade,
gaudily printed in no less than twelve colors with birds, beasts, insects,
fruits, flowers and women, convinces one that the Chinese are learn-
ing modern methods of presenting their products in an attractive
s'yle. Across the face of the container of one company trrere is a
Chinese gateway at the top of which are the American and Chinese
flags partly hid by a scroll, upon which are the Chinese characters
advertising the product contained therein.

HU THE LYCI1EE AND I. UNO AN

Canned Lychcc and Lunyan

In recent years lychee and lungan canned in sugared syrup
have been making; inroads upon the home and foreign markets and
their popularity is rapidly increasing. Most of the canning: factories
of South China are now canning this product.

Food Value of the Lyckct

That the lychee and lungan as fresh, canned or dried fruit have
a great future is indicated not only by its popularity among the Chinese,
but also by its increasing popularity as a sweetmeat in western coun-
tries. Conclusions drawn by B. K. Read1 indicate that the lychee
makes a good supplementary food, that its calorific value is exceed-
ingly high and that jellies made of this fruit might be of value in
special. diets. He says:

" Food Value — The proximate composition of the litchi has
been estimated by Atwater and Bryant. Like the chestnut it is practi-
cally fat free, contains little, if any, protein, and consists very largely
of * fiber and nitrogen free extract. ' The latter was found to be
composed almost entirely of simple sugars, which accounts far the
inclusion of these nuts as a food and for the claim that they are
'beneficial to nutrition.'

4 The various extracts prepared were acid, and showed the
presence of citric acid with possible traces of the other common fruit
acids, which stimulate the appetite and are well known as 'thirst
relieving substances.' There was no pectin body present; but this
fruit with its high sugar and acid content on the addition of orange
fruit would form an excellent jelly suitable for nephritic and other
limited diets, required for diminishing the acidity of the urine.

"It is reported by Street that owing to its high carbohydrate
content 7 g. of litchi are of equivalent calorific value to 10 g. of wheat
bread. No other of the many fresh fruits or nuts cited by him show
as high a value. I have found the carbohydrate to be a mixture of
simple sugars chiefly invert sugar, a carbohydrate easily digested with
all its energy available for use in the body.

1 Read, B.E., The Edible Litchi Rut (Litchi CJilnensis) in Journal
Amerirm Chemical Societv, v. 40 no. 5, May, 191 8, pages SI 8 and 819.

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN IN COMMERCE 81

Examination of the ash showed considerable content of the
mineral salts needed in a well-balanced diet; thus the nut would make
a good supplement to foods rich in protein and those lacking in
mineral matter.

' The many valuable suggestions of Langworthy on the use of
fruit as a food could be applied to the canning, preserving, drying and
general preparation of this fruit as a wholesome, palatable and attractive
.addition to the diet. "

At present only a very small percentage of the lychee crop is
dried and canned and it is very difficult to know what the total produc-
tion of the crop in China would be. No other country, except some
parts of India, has developed the lychee to the industry stage.

Export

Former Vice Consul Josselyn of Canton, in the U.S. Com-
merce Reports of September 24, 1915, gives the approximate
production of lychee in Kwangtung province alone as 20,000,000 to
30,000,000 Ibs. This report also contains Chinese Maritime Customs
statistics on the export of dried lychee as follows:

Ibs. Value U.S. Gold

Canton 862,533 $148,937

Kowloon 1,051,333 181,627

Hoihow 412,400 7,522

Pakhoi 842 39

Samshui _360 66

2,327,468 $338,191

CHAPTER XII

KNKMIKS

Chinese writers very rarely refer to inject enemies and di-
seases of the lychee. Their category of enemies consists of negli-
gent husbandmen, frost and snow, unfavorable winds, salt water, bats
and one insect which anyone who has seen the lychee crop in China
will at once recognize, by sight and smell, as a very conspicuous
Chinese relative of our numerous so-called "stink bugs." With the
exception of tobacco stems soaked in water, which they use freely on
many crops, the Chinese know very little about insecticides; of the
use of fungicides they know practically nothing. Their belief in a
"hand to hand" warfare is encouraged by cheap labor and they use
some ingenious methods (fig. 41).

A Highly Decorated Pentalomidac — Tcssaratoma papillosa

The most common insect attacking the lychee is this species
known among the Chinese farmers as Ch'ou p'itan (Ch'au p'i tan
^KjO- The insect is highly destructive and Chinese farmers suffer
greatly from its ravages. In the illustration (fig. 42) adults and young
are represented life size. The eggs are laid in rows on the under surface
of the leaves as shown in the illustration. The backs of the insects are
decorated with bands, stripes and margins of red and yellow making
them very difficult to distinguish on the highly colored fruit. Mr. C.
W. Howard of the Canton Christian College reports that the nymphs
require about two months to mature and that there seems to be a
great difference in the life histories of individuals. He says, "A few
may mature in 4-6 weeks and others 8 weeks. Few eggs are seen
after June but eggs and nymphs are sometimes found even in late sum-
mer. There seems to be only one generation each year although closer
study may change our ideas on this." The Chinese recognize that
unless these insects are kept under control they do great damage to
the crop. A brown discoloration of the skin and a rotting of the
flesh seems to take place at the spot where these insects rest on the
fruit. The common theory of the Chinese is that the urine excreted
by these insects causes this discoloration and decay; and the disagree-
able odor has given it its Chinese name. The noxious odor of these

82

PLATE XXXI

FIGURE 42. — Serious Insect Enemy of the Lychee, Tessoratoma papillosa.

PLATE XXXII

FIGURE 41. — Killing Lychee Tree Borers with "Hisser" Firecrackers.

FIGURE 43. — Trunk of Lychee Tree Covered with Lichens and Track of Borer.

KXK.M1KS 8/5

insects exudes from the openings on the back of the abdomen in the
nymph stage and from the under side after the adult winged stage is
reached. Mr. Howard says, *'l would incline to think that injury
is caused by punctures and not by the secretion of these glands as their
contents are discharged only when disturbed by man or enemies.
They Itan no urine and excreta from digestive tract is hard."
There can be no question that one of the greatest pests of the lychee
is this insect and the Chinese combat it as best they can by climbing
the trees and scooping the adults and nymphs in by means of nets or
picking them by hand. Modern methods for fighting this enemy will
be watched by the Chinese with great interest. They will be ready
to adopt such methods as soon as shown they are more economical
than their present hand warfare.

Xonn $c(irdb< i'ltit — Injurious Ltaf (.'luifirx

Growers of tip-land lychee experience considerable trouble
with several species of Scarabeidat which they call Huauy cJi'uny
(Wong ch'uny $&). These appear in great swarms in the month
of April, just about the time the flower buds of the lychee open. In
South China hundreds of acres of rolling land are devoted to graves,
upon which the Chinese graze their cattle. This sod provides an
ideal home for the larvae of these insects and in the spring myriads
of adults emerge and attack the leaves and flower buds of many trees.
The chief remedial measure of the Chinese is to attack these insects
in the adult stage. They go out with torches and pick them from
the trees. At the Canton Christian College the people pick (hem
by hand, the agricultural department purchasing them by weight and
using them for chicken food. These insects are only troublesome
on the higher areas and are not a factor for consideration where trees
are grown under wet conditions at any considerable distance from
sod land.

Mr. C. W. Howard reports the most common species found
about Canton in the order of their importance:

Hoplosteri&u* diinen*i$ Guer.

1 1 (tl of rich in i)luinlnu }>!nnicitlh's Burm.
.1 itoni'ild r tricolor Gyll.
Adordn* conv(.cus Burm.

a '>rn Busk.

84 THE LYCHEK AND LUNGAN

Lydi(< Ltaf Gail 's

A very conspicuous enemy of the lychee and lungan are
the leaf galls which are found widespread about Canton. Mi.
J. E. Higgins l treats of these galls caused by mites, reporting
them as having made their appearance on the lychee in the Hawaiian
Islands. He says, ''Specimens of this mite have been submitted for
identification to Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomo-
logy, of the Department of Agriculture, who reports that the mite is
apparently an up described species of Eriopbyes the genus responsible
for similar diseases of other plants." The first symptoms of the
work of these mites is quickly discernable by the wrinkled leaves.
On examination the early stages are easily seen as small galls embed-
ded on the under surface of the leaves which increase in size and are
covered with a brown velvety hairy growth.

Mr. Otto A. Reinking 2 reports, "The most injurious affec-
tion on lychee is three different types of leaf galls produced by insects.
As a common thing entire branches of leaves are attacked. The
symptoms of the usual gall formation is a thickened, wrinkled leaf On
the affected portions are formed many abnormal hairs of a brown color
with a velvet-like appearance. A second type of gall is evidenced by
a somewhat spherical enlargement without the numerous hairs. The
third type is a minute gall in the form of a slightly enlarged portion
around the insect puncture." Further investigation should reveal
whether or not these types of galls are produced by the same or
different species of Efiophyes.

Mr. Higgins 1 reports three different treatments tried in Hawaii
to kill these Eriophyes as follows :

1. Solution of 10 ounces nicotin sulphate and 1 3/4 pounds
whale-oil soap in 50 gallons of water.

2. Resublimed flowers of sulphur in powdered form, applied
with an ordinary power bellows at the rate of 4 3/4 pounds for a tree
20 feet high and 28 feet in spread.

3. Solution of self-boiled lime-sulphur solution made up of 4
pounds quicklime and 4 pounds flowers of sulphur in 25 gallons of
water.

1 Higgins, J.E. , The Litchi in Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Bulletin No. 44, pages 17 and 18 and figures 1 and 2.

Reinking, Otto A., Diseases oj Economic Plants in Southern China.
The Philippine Agriculturist, Vol. VIII, No. 4 (Nov. 1919), page 123.

KXKM1KS 85

Mr. Higgins adds, 'Later examination disclosed results so
much more favorable to the nicutin sulphate and fish-oil soap that the
other treatments were abandoned. This spray was applied again on
March 28 (the first on February 11), April 11 and 25. One tree
received treatment on March 11. By the end of April the mites
were practically eradicated/'

-1 Lij<'ln< 1 1'< < Borer

Another very common insect attacking the lychee is a tree
borer. Its work is very manifest on both lychee and lungan by the
debris left upon the bark of the trees (fig. 4.-?). Mr. C. W. Howard
of the Canton Christian College is working with this insect, which he
has not yet identified. The Chinese are constant in their warfare
against this borer by piercing it with wire thrust into the channels
which it bores in the trunk of the tree; or by making "hisser"
firecrackers which are spurted into the holes, thereby burning or
suffocating the insect in its larva stage (fig. 47). Some times the
holes are plugged with tallow which is also said to be very effective
in smothering the life out of the larvae.

Molh Larva At fuelling Flou't-r N/fw.s and Fruit

In the vicinity of Canton the larva of some insect quite com-
monly attacks the flower stems of the lychee. Larvae are also some-
times found in the fruit. But whether or not the two are of the same
species has not as yet been determined. Mr. Higgins * also reports
a lychee fruit worm at work in Hawaii, * the larva of a tertricid moth
(Cryptophlebia illepida)." The relationship of these insects
cannot be known until these at work about Canton are. identified.

X <•<;!< I nsf-cts and OUnr Enemies

Some scale insects also attack the lychee and lungan but the
infection has never been noted as very serious.

Mr. Higgins ' reports from Hawaii a root inhabiting mealy
bug, the hemispherical scale Saissetia hcmisphcrica, the Japanese
beetle Adorctus tenuinwrn[fttus and the larva of a moth Archips

1 Higgins, J.E., The Litchi in Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment
Station, B illetin No. 44, pages 15 and 16.

8b THE LYC1IKK AND LUN(JAN

posluitlanus. In its immunity to the Mediterranean fruit rly Mr.
Higgins classifies the lychee with the banana and pineapple.

In addition to insect enemies bats often attack the trees when
the fruit is about ripe. In China these are driven off by means of
gongs sounded in the trees during the early hours of the evening or
by means of nets erected about the trees (tig. 21 ).

Fungi

Minor, superficial fungi can be found on the leaves of
lychee and lungan but in general the thick, tough, glossy nature of
the leaves makes their 'susceptibility to fungi very slight indeed.
Mr. Otto A. Reinking ' reports undetermined leaf spots and says.
' The lychee tree is remarkably free from all injurious fungus attacks.
The tree apparently is very healthy, with waxy, resistant leaves and
a healthy bark. A black superficial leaf mold caused by a fungus of
the Mcliola or Capnodium type is present, but never in a serious
form. Minute black specks of a fungus of the Micropeltis form
may also be observed. "

Lichens and Algae

Lichens are very common on the trunks of lychee trees (tig.
43). There are a number of undetermined species of both lichens
and algae appearing on the trunk, branches and even the leaves of
these trees.

Reinking, Otto A., Diseases of Economic Wants in Southern CJiina,
The 'Philippine Agriculturist, Vol. VITI, No. 4, (Nov. 1919), Pag-e 123.

CHAPTER XII!

VARIETIES OF THE LYCHEE

A fair indication of the interest and attention which the Chinese
have given the lychee is manifested in the great number of varieties
one finds listed in the literature of China and in the careful classifica-
tion of the fruit on the markets of the country. The varieties are far
too numerous for commercial culture, but a standardization has not
been developed, due chiefly to ths lack of intercourse between
sections producing this fruit and of organization among nurserymen
and growers. The varieties also run to grades which the wholesale
markets are quick to recognize, often to the disadvantage of the
grower. Numerous Chinese writers have carefully listed these
varieties.

Writers from Fukien, and they have been by far the greater,
have striven to prove that Fukien produces the best lychee, but those
describing Kwangtung varieties just as strongly assert that this section
produces the best. Residents of the two provinces are to-day equally
as emphatic in their claims for the home-grown product. Wu Ying
K'uei l in his Ling Nan Li Chili P'u tried to settle the argument
interestingly by asserting that the Emperor Han Wu Ti ($n&ffr),
when he wished to transport lychee to Ch'ang An (&'£), took all
from "ChiaoChou" (Coc hin China). , He also proved his claim
in favor of Kwangtung by showing that in the time of the T'ang
dynasty, T'ien Pao (3£9f), the queen, was very fond of lychee.
If secured from Szechwan or Fukien the way would have been much
nearer, but instead "flying riders" were provided and the "Nan
ftai" (r^tfc) district in Kwangtung provided the Queen with the
best in the land. She did not get any from Fukien. On the other
hand the Pen Ts'ao Tu Ching ^^@|.l), as pointed out in the
Annals of Fukien, places Fukien first, Szechwan second, and Ling
Nan last. But as a matter of fact Szechwan hardly deserves to be
ranked as a lychee producing province.

WU YING K'UKT (&«&), Ling Nan Li Chili P'

aalSAu (*flfiHt), Book 59 (3£-bJi#), section 5 (#!£),
2 -KftnK)-

88 THJ<; LYOHEE ANJ) LUNG AN

As early as 1492 in -the Annals of Fukien there was published
a list of 40 varieties at the head of which are the names of the three
sent as a contribution to the Emperor. These three and 30 follow-
ing are apparently those which this writer wishes to designate the
" water lychee " and the best general type; for at the end of the
list he names 7 varieties which he calls the " mountain lychee", the
first three of which he has classified as "medium" quality. Ts'ai
Hsiang in his Li Chih P'u lists 12 varieties under what he calls the
"Chen family purple >J class and 20 under the Hu pi Qfcjfc) or
"tiger skin" class. In writing of these 32 varieties Ts'ai Hsiang
says, " ...... Those which are named'after the families which produce

them are the best known. When the name of a locality is mentioned
in the description of a variety, it indicates that it is a variety peculiar
to that particular place. Those varieties which are not named after
families, and no particular place of production is mentioned, probably
grow in all four places Foochow (ffiJH), Chuanchow (&#0,
Hinghwa (tlffc), and Changchow ($fcft|) — prefectures of Fukien."

Sung Yu (5JcS)1 in his Li Chih P'u names 22 kinds of lychee
growing in the Kwang provinces that Cheng Hsiung (g|$&) has
previously recorded, while in the Annals of Kwangtung there are
listed about 30 varieties and Wu Ying K'uei 2 in his Ling Nan Li
Chih P'u lists more than 70 varieties. Most of these he carefully
describes, states the chief districts in which they are grown and gives
the history of their origin. A list of his "Ling Nan " varieties is
also appended. Mr. F. D. Cheshire, formerly U. S. Consul at
Canton, in a report on the lychee published in Plant Immigrants, a
multigraphed bulletin issued by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant
Introduction, and quoted in the Litchi in Hawaii, briefly described
15 Kwangtung varieties.

The Chinese of Kwangtung say that the lychee has more
varieties than any other fruit. This they believe to be due to the
tendency of the lychee to change its qualities under different cultural

1 SUNG YU (&&), Li Chih P'u (&$I9) in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi
Cheng (**•{!£«), Po Wu Bui Pien dfttgff}, Ts'ao Muh Tien

section 273 (»rW-fe-i-H*), Li Chih Pu 1 (3»*ffl5-), page 8

(**;•).

2 WU YING K'UEI (^Jjgai), Ling- Nan Li Chih P'u
Ling Nan I Shue (£$&&), book 59 (5rbJL#), section 4
1-10 (-

VARIETIES OF THE LYCHKK

and soil conditions. 1 hey recognize the extreme difficulty to per-
petuate the desirable characteristics of highly prized varieties under
conditions other than those in which the fruit has had its ory:in. At
the present time it is quite easy to list as many as 40 or 50 varieties
of lychre recognized in K wangling. A list of 49 varieties in
Chinese character, Mandarin and Cantonese romanization, and with
English equivalents will he found in the Appendix. But 15 distinct,
widely-known and commercial varieties is a fair estimate for Kwang-
tung. More than half of these are readily found in season on the
markets of Canton city where they are attractively displayed to a
discriminating public. •

From close contact with the people of Kwangtung t am led
to believe that there is greater intelligence on the part of the average
Cantonese with regard to the names of the varieties of the lychee, and
their respective good and bad qualities, than there is on the part of
the average citizen of the West with regard to varieties of important
fruits. The average Cantonese student or peasant will quickly tell
you why he considers the No mi ts'z (No mai t \sztS3frfc) better
than the Huai chih (Wai chi $=&) or the Kuei wei (Kwai mi $y£)
better than the Hei yeh ( Hak ip JS3|) . I" South China few Chinese
feasts are complete unless they are begun or finished with the lychee,
dried or fresh. And when the fruit is in season the conversation of
the feasters often turns to the quality of different .lychee,- or- to it
gamble as to the size of the -seed in the fruit about to be opened.

Among the fifteen common varieties of lychee in Kwangtung
there is a wide range with regard to earliness, general attractiveness,
sweetness and size of fruit. The color and surface texture of the
skin, the texture, taste and fragrance of the flesh and the size of the
seed are all qualities which soon determine in the mind of the con-
sumer the value of a variety. By judicious selection and careful
propagation by experts these varieties have been find. The cultural
requirements for the different varieties, though not known by the
average, farmer, are recognized by specialists who are engaged in the
nursery business and who are quick to recommend to the grower,
varieties which may be best adapted to his conditions. In this con-
nection it is a significant fact that one of the common general
classifications of varieties is the mountain and the walfr types,
the latter containing bv far the most.

90 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

In the following description of these varieties it has been
difficult to carry out, with any degree of clearness to those unac-
quainted with this fruit, distinguishing characteristics. The Chinese
in their remarks concerning the different qualities of the Jychee are
very clear cut in their terminology, much of which is difficult to
translate into good English.

The form of the lychee they speak of as round, egg-shaped or
heart -shaped. In describing the fruit in more detail they refer to the
base as the ti (tai jg*) and to the calyx end as the ting (teng Hf) or
top. They also sptak of the shoulders which they term Hang chun
(Uung kin ffiff}). These they say are high or low or one higher
than the other. The terms used in describing the size of the fruits
are much the same as in English. The Chinese have many words
to describe color but that of the lychee is usually referred to as
red or green red. They refer to the skin, which they speak
of as k'o \hok %&) or shell, as thick or thin, rough or smooth,
The markings or dots on the lychee are quite characteristic and for
these they have a special term, the chu ti (chu tai &fc^?). They are
also quick to recognize any special lines on the fruits whereby varieties
may be distinguished.

The flesh of the fruit the Chinese refer to as jou (yuk ft)
or meat and they speak of it as poll (pok §j$) thin or heu (hnu J^C)
thick. They recognize at once a difference of color in the
fl:sh and are quick to describe it. They speak of the flesh as shwang
(shong $fc) meaning crisp or knn shwang (kon shong $£?£)
meaning dry and crisp. With reference to the juice contained
within the lychee they recognize that in some varieties it is more
readily held within the flesh than in others. That is, when the skin of
some varieties is removed, the juice of the aril remains entirely within
the flesh whereas in other varieties the juice tends to run out into the
skin or shell as it does in some grapes. The Chinese term co\ering
this quality is kan chieh (k"n kit &8g) which literally means ''dry
and clean;" and of the many different characteristics of the lychee,
this is one of the most highly prized by the Chinese. These juices
they speak of as "water" which they say is " much" or "little. "
The Chinese also have a term to cover that part of the fruit which
we speak of as the rag. This they call cha (jff) which they say is
"much" or "little" and which largely determines the quality of
the fruit. It is the small amount of rag which gives the lychee its
superiority over the more tropical rambutan.

VARIETIES OF THE LYCHEE 91

There is a wide range of flavor in the different varieties of
lychee ani the Chinese have some interesting expressions to cover
this quality. For example suan (sun fit ) is a sour acid flavor
whereas sunn t'ien (sun t'im SlSft) or sour-sweet is a mild sub-acid
flavor. The term sch'ivg t'ien (ts'ing t'im «JrJfr) clear sweetness and
clio t'ien (chuk t'lm rUSH") or dull sweetness are often used. Some-
times they also use lisiang t'ien (hcung t'lm H=Sft) meaning fragrant
sweetness and mi t'ien (mat t'tmffft) meaning "honey sweetness"
in describing the flavor of the lychee.

The seeds of this fruit are of two chief kinds: the mature,
well-developed ones which the Chinese call ta ho (tai hat ;fo|5[) or
big seed and the shrivelled, immature ones which they call chiao ho
(tsiu hat ,$$g) which literally means scorched seed.

The following descriptions of some of the varieties of the
lychee are listed here somewhat in the order of their importance as
commercial fruits or in propagation.

No mi ts'z (No mai t'sz *f&!ft)-- Glutinous rice

The No mi (f|$0 or glutinous rice, characterized by its sticky
or glutinous quality, is one of the most common and highly prized
vareties of rice in China. A great quantity of the Chinese rice wine
is made from this kihd of rice. Why the Chinese should name
one of their best lychee after this rice 1 have never heard explained.
The No mi ts'z ($!&3fcjj) is sometime called Shui ching hwan ( Shiu
tsing un Tjt&A) which must not be confused with Shui ching ch'iu
(Shui tsing k'au :&a&£fc), a distinct variety Most of the No mi ts'z
(No mai t'sz JHI^e^J, also sometimes written f^jeH, are produced
in the district ot Pan yu (P'un U Ull^ . The Lo kang Mffl) region
is especially famous for its production of a superior type. This
varie;y is commonly propagated by Chinese air-layering but the
quality of the fruit thus produced (fig. 44) is not considered to be so
good as those which have been inarched or grafted on the " mountain
lychee" (fig. 45). This practice, widely followed at Lo kang^
doubtless accounts for the superior fruit produced there.

The leaves of trees of this variety are rather small and do not
form a very dense head. The leaflets are quite long, pointed and
the -margin, especially at the tip, is somewhat wavy. Petioles are
short

92 THE LVCHEK AND JA'NGAN

This variety appears on the markets rather late in the season
but commands ^ high price and there never seems to be an over
supply, probably due to the fact that an excess production is used for
drying. Some people dispute the superiority of the No mi ts'z (No
mait'szf&Jfclt) over the Kuei wei (Kwai mi $fen£), which appears on
the Canton markets about the same time. The fruit of the No mi ts'z
is one of the largest of any and good fruit will average about three-
fourths of an ounce in weight. Good types of this variety have
exceptionally small and shrivelled seeds which will not germinate.
This quality doubtless places it in the first class. The form of the
fruit is somewhat rounded, but with prominent shoulders (fig. 45),
one of which may be somewhat higher than the other. The skin is
roughened and markings prominent. The fruit is red and this color
is also quite evident on the inside of the skin. The flesh is solid,
crisp and of a fragrant, sweet flavor. It is so dry and dean that
the Chinese remark that when the fruit is first opened the flesh can
be wrapped in thin tissue paper without even moistening the paper.
The flesh is very smooth and is said to resemble fat. It is one of
the best varieties for drying and large quantities are thus preserved.

Kua lu (Kiva Ink W&) — Hanging yrtcn

• If one were to consider fame this variety should certainly come
first. It is the most mystical of all varieties and Chinese literature is
full of interesting stories connected with it. It is produced in the
hilly district of Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang shing ifJ^) where the original
tree is still to be seen near a monastery. This tree has been described
under Tseng ch'ing — the Home of a Lychee of National Fame.*

The leaves of this variety are deep green, small, narrow and
quite pointed. It appears on the markets after the Huai chih (Wai
chi S$0 but is not very commonly found on the markets of Canton.
Before the time of Republic much of the fruit of this variety was sent as
contribution to officials and used for presentation purposes. :In those
days I had one Kua lu (&%&) presented to me in a little red box and
my friend informed me that he had paid one dollar for it. J took it
to an expert on the lychee who at once informed me that it could
not have been from the original tree as it did not have the green tip
and line characteristic of the fruits of this tree. It is this tip and line
which gives the fruit the name "hanging green. ?

*SfC .w/>;v/, Hiaptrr VII, page 50

PLATE XXXIII

FIGURE 45. — Natural Size and Natural Color Reproduction of the No mi ts'z —
Glutinous rice — Lychee.

VARIETIES OF THE LYCHEE 93

The fruits are quite large, rough, but without prickles. The
skin is thin, soft and red and said to resemble that of the No mi ts'z
1 $&%*&)• But the seed is much larger and the sweetness of a more
sprightly sub-acid flavor. The flesh is dry and crisp and like the No
mi ts'z can be wrapped in tissue paper without wetting the paper. It
is said to keep very well. The fruit of the original tree is noted for
its medicinal qualities and for its wonderful taste and fragrance.

l\ IK i irti (Kirai ini ££ii£) — Cit\namon flavor

The Kuei wei (^u#) is a very popular commercial variety
grown largely in the Pan yu (P'un u $^) district, especially at lLo
kang, ($i[$ ) and Shang yung (Sheung ch'ung JLf$). Compared with
the No mi ts'y, (fig^fcH), tne flesh of which is said to be fatty, the
Chinese speak of the Kuei wei (££?£) as like lean meat: For this
reason they say it can be eaten in greater quantities. In form the
fruit is sorrvjwhat smaller than the No mi ts'z ($s%.*£-) and inclines a
little more to the heart shape. It has a very rough, but pretty red
skin, which tinges to green. Fruits of the Kuei wei (££n£), the skin
of which is altogether red, are said to be very inferior to those with
the green markings. This green color of the skin usually appears on
the shoulders These is usually a line, or constriction in the skin,
running around the fruit which, is quite characteristic. The
roughened character of the skin, which is quite prickly, is another
prominent feature of this fruit. In Lo kang (^|SJ) there is a type of
Kuei wei (fjr«Jc) called the Yah t'ou lu (Ap t'au luk <?,|fl^) which
is said to be the best type of this variety. The seed of the Kuei
wei (£t-;i$c) is very small and dry. The flavor is very sweet and
fragrant, from which the variety doubtless gets its name of "cinnamon
fl.ivor. "

llsiang li (Ilcuny lai &%,) — Fragrant lycluc

This variety is produced at various places in Kuang chou
( Kwong chau JftM-l J but the best are produced in Sin Hsing (San hing
$|ffK^ district. In fact the fruit is often called the Sin hsing hsiangli (San
hing heung lai ^rfl^^^ to designate that it is superior to any llsiang
li (^|£) produced elsewhere. The original tree of this variety, which
is said to have been the best, was located at Liu tsu fa t'ong (Luktso
fat t'ong -Aflifc^ in Sin Hsing (San hing$frf&). This temple is a
Buddhist temple named after Liu tsu (Luktso AIR.), who was the sixth
and last patriarch of the Buddhist Church in China. The founder of
Buddhism in China was Tat-rno who came in the fourth century.

94 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

From him the headship of the Church was transmitted through a
succession of patriarchs and ended at the close of the seventh century
in the death of Luk-tso. l Luk-tso's real name was Lu Hwei-neng
and his native village was Lo-ts'uen, near the present city of Sin
Hsing (San hing Dfffl), in Kwangtung. He was born there in 625
A. D. l It is interesting to note that the origin of this variety has at
least an indirect connection with the life of this famous tCwatigtung
Buddhist.

The trees of this variety are of a somewhat different appearance
from those of other varieties. The tree is more upright in habit and
thfc leaves, which are small and pointed, tend to grow upward. The
fruits are small deep red in. color, very rough nnd with many
prickles, like the Kuei wei (fl&fc) (rig 46). The flavor is very-
fragrant and delicious and is satd to be even better than that of the
Kuei wei (t|i£). The seeds of good types of this variety are smaller
than those or any oth^r variety. The Chinese say they are so small
that one cannot eat sufficient fruit of this variety to fill a wine glass
with the seeds.

The fruit appears on the markets rather late. Districts other
than Sin hsing (San hing $r^) are said to have attempted to place
this variety on the markets, but these are inferior as the character of
the fruit quickly changes when grown in other localities. This fact
has resulted in the production of other varieties that are somewhat
similar to the Hsiang li '&'%,). One of these, a very small fruit a
little longer in form than the Hsiang li f^jft), is a variety known as
Lung ya li (Lung nga lai ffit3r3£) or " Dragon tooth lychee."

Hsi chio tsa (Sai kok Isz ffift=f-} — Rkinoccrus .hum

This variety also had its origin is Tseng ch'ing (Tsang shing
One immense tree, which is said to be one of the original trees,
is still growing at Liao ts'un (Liu ts'un gtft) and is shown in figures
47-48. In this district the fame of this variety is next to that of the
Kualu

The fruit is large, fragrant and sweet and the rlesh is some-
what fibrous and tough. It is a very early variety, in this respect
ranking ahead of Ta tsao (Tai tso ^;ia) which follows it. The
trees are said to grow larger than those of Ta tsao (^Cin), and are not

1 Henry, B.C., Ling-Nam or Interior Views of Southern Cirnu, S.\V.
Partridge and Co., London, 1886, page 224.

PLATE XXXIV

FIGURE 47. — Original Parent Tree of Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros horn — Variety.

FIGURE 48. — An Immense Lychee^-Rhinoceros horn — Tree with Trunk Twelve
Feet in Circumference.

DC c

VA1UKT1KS OF TIIK LYCHKK 95

so compactly headed as those of the latter. The trunk and branches
are very irregular the leaves are not dark in color. The fruits
are quite large, full at the top and sharp at the bottom, giving it
the appearance, it is said, of a rhinocerous horn. The seeds also are
wide at the top and narrow at the bottom and the skin is quite rough.

Jl ci ych (Hah ip %.%} — ttlack l«if

The Hei yeh (3&&1 is one of the most widely known and
popular varieties in Kwangtung. It is widely planted, but certain
places are known to produce fruits of the better types. In the dis-
trict of Shun te (Shun tak Hfijft), village of Ch'en ts'un (Ch'an ts'un
|3M»t^» there is a variety called the Chin ch'ai tzu (Kam ch'ai tsz &$£?•)
the fruit of which, in shape and color, somewhat resembles that of
Hei yeh (j&t^). The fruit has small seeds and sweet taste and is
sometimes called Hei yeh

A characteristic feature of the Hei yeh (£&£) is the color of
the leaves which are very dark and from which the variety gets the
name "Black leaf.'' The leaves are long and wide, pointed and
slightly curled. The tree is densely covered with them. The petioles
are quite long.

The fruit ripens in June and July, the season in which the
best lychee appear, and appears after T'ang po (T'ong pok #!&).
Those ripening in the Chinese season known as Hsia chih (Ha chi
fL3l) are said to be the best and true type. It is a medium sized
fruit with thin, soft skin (fig. 49). The shoulders are wide. The
color is not so red as many varieties and somewhat green tinted. The
seed is usually fully developed, of good size, and readily germinates.
The inside of the skin and sometimes the flesh is slightly pink. The
flesh is sweet and crisp.

This variety is said to be one of the best of the ' 'water lychee * ',
but it is also recommended for upland conditions if sufficient water
for irrigation is assured. It is a beautiful tree and quite widely used
as an ornamental.

Fci Isu hsiao (Fi tsz silt Ufaf-^} — Imperial concitltiiu '* hnnjh

This interesting variety had its origin in Fatshan (fMfi), an
important delta city near Canton. The fruits of this variety appear-
ing on the markets are produced in Pan yu (P'un u $£) district.
The color of this fruit is described as that of amber; the size and

THE LVCHEE AND LUNGAN

shape that of a goose egg and the sweetness of honey. The
skin is thin, the meat is thick and the seed is very small. The juice
is somewhat milky. The flavor is very fragrant and is said to remove
any bad odors from the mouth and to give the teeth a fragrance which
will last over night. In general appearance the fruits produced at
the present time are said to resemble those from the original tree
except that the form is somewhat more elongated and the skin more
dotted. The seeds are sometimes large and sometimes very small
(fig. 50). It is an early ripening variety appearing shortly after
San yueh hung (Sam ut hung H/j$t).

T'f.ny Po (T'ong poll' $Hft) — Pond embankment.

This is another very early variety widely planted throughout
Kwangtung. In Pan yu (Pun u $1$) district it will be found at Pei
shan (Pak shan 4hUl), Lun t'ou (Lun t'au rojrJJH'? T'u hua (T'o wa
h^£ ) and Li chiao (Lik kau jSJU ) . It ripens about ten days after San
yueh hung (Sam ut hung.H$&l).

The leaves are small and somewhat like those of the Huai
chih (Wai chi $Htt) The fruit is said to resemble the egg of a pigeon.
The skin is red and roughened. The flesh is thin and juicy and
with little rag. The flavor is quite sour.

Shang hou h uai'(She uny sit it ir'.ri f& £1iO— ' ' Pr< aide-ti t of a hoard
embraces"

This variety probably has its origin in Fukien as it is reported
that an official known by the title of Shang shou (fiSMlO i-e. , a President
of a Board, went from Kwangtung to a place in Fukien and brought
back with him seed of a fruit the tree of which gave origin co this
variety.

The fruit ripens about the same time as the No mi ts'z
(flMfc-ft) and is quite widely grown in Kwangtung. The leaves are
quite small. The fruit is large and rounded in form. The skin is red
with many large dense spots. The inner part of the skin is pink and
adheres slightly to the upper part of the seed. The flesh is quite
easily separated from the seed and the flavor is sweet but with little
fragrance. The seeds varv in si'/e.

VARIETIES OF THE LYCHKK 97

Vlt'u ma tsa (Chu ma txz ^JflEF-) — China yrass fiber.

This variety is produced in Lo kang (LokongJRpQ) and
ripens shortly after Kuei wei (Kwai mi ^i^c). The leaves are quite
large and densely crowded on the tree, tending to fold over one an-
other and hang downward The petioles are long.

The fruits are quite large and said to be shaped like a thumb
or chicken heart. The shoulders are quite high up. The skin is
rough, but the markings large and few (fig. 51). The inner skin is
very red. The flesh is quite dry and crisp and tends to stick to the
seed which may be large or small. It is considered to be a very
fragrant variety, but not of especially fine flavon

Ta isiw (Tai tso ^cia) — Large crop

This is a very commonly grown variety, widely scattered over
many of the districts bordering Canton. It ripens quite early appear-
ing after Hei yeh (Hak ip SSM) . The fruit is somewhat egg-shaped
with rough skin and many dots, which are dense and small. The
skin is a bright red. The flesh is quite solid and crisp^ but with lines
of yellow color especially near the seed which is large, ^ Some, of the
juices run out into the skin upon opening. The flavor is rather sweet.

Unai chilt (Wai chi ftltt) — The Wai River lychec

This is perhaps the most common variety and the cheapest.
It ripens quite late in the season for the best flavored lychee, but its
very large seed and watery nature place it in a somewhat inferior class.

The leaves are medium large and not pointed. TJie form of
the fruit is quite round. The skin is of medium smoothness; not
nearly so smooth as the Hei yeh (£fjt). The dots or markings are
few and small. In general appearance it much resembles the Hei
yeh (JiMg) and the best types of this variety are often sold for Hei
yeh (^81) (fig- 52). The color of the skin is a good red and inside
the skin is pink. Seeds of this variety germinate readily and it is a
vigorous grower, very easily propagated and cultured. It is said to
be one of the most satisfactory general purpose varieties as it is a
high yielder and has a long season.

98 THE LVCHKK AND LUNG AN

yiuh luiny (tiam lit huny HJJIC) — "Tliinl month rtrf"

This is the earliest maturing lychee produced in Kwangtung.

It appears on the markets in early May and finds a ready sale in spite
of its inferior quality compared with lychee produced later. A
village by the name of Ma yuen (Ma un jftm ) in Sunwui (iffffr)
district is very famous for its production of this variety. At this place
the fruit is known under the name of Tsao kuo t Tso kwo Jp-JR ) ,
meaning "early fruit." It is also sometimes called Tsao li (Tso
lai •¥•]&) or early lychee." It is grown chiefly along the dykes and
is quite readily distinguished from other varieties. The variety is
said to have originated in the Heungshan (&\\i) district near the
village of Sha yung (Sha ch'ung v4?$$). A Sung dynasty emperor is
reported to have visited this village, stopping with a family by the name
of Ma ( $, ) . The emperor was very fond of lychee, but as it was early
summer not any of the fruit had ripened. But strangely it was found
that fruit from some trees had ripened and thus the variety was
originated.

The leaves of this variety are quite long and pointed and much
thicker than other varietes. The branches of tree are said to be very
brittle and easily broken off. The fruit is exceptionally large, averag-
ing over an ounce in weight (fig. 33). The skin is thick and tough
with few but large markings. The fruit is red but not brilliantly so.
The flesh is quite thick, not very sweet and with much rag. The
seeds are long and not matured.

Pai la U chili (Pak lap (ai chi fifii^i) — White wax lychu.

This fruit is also known under the name of Po le tzu (Pak
lik tsz 6^?, — white fragrant plant. The fruit is quite common
in the Heungshan (§Ul) district and ripens after the Huai chih
(•Wai chi tfltfc). The fruit is large and rounded with pink rough
skin and many lage dots. The flesh is not particularly sweet, some-
what stringy and tending to a pink color. • The seeds are usually
large.

Shan chih (Shan chi Uj$0 — Mountain lychu.

This is the variety which is doubtless nearest the wild form
and it is found widely scattered throughout Kwangtung. It is usually
found in the hills rather than along streams. It is grown in many
places and recognized as especially valuable for stock on which to
grow the better varieties. It is sometimes known under the name
Suan chih (Sun chi (ft ft) or "sour lychee."

VARIETIES OF THE LYCHEE 99

The leaves are very large, wide and quite pointed. Petioles
are short. The tree is an upright grower and twigs also tend upward.
It ripens very irregularly, some late and some early. The form is
rather elongated with a very roughened skin and bright red color.
The flesh is thin, the seed exceptionally large (fig. 54) and the juice
is sour. The flavor is said to depend upon the soil and cultural
methods and the Chinese believe that the character of this variety
can be quickly changed under cultivation.

A number of so called varieties of lychee have originated from
the Shan chih (ditt), such as for example the Mi kuei (Mai kwai
*&), Chiahuai (Ka wai «\ Ta niu ku (Tai ngau ku **ft),
Ta crTiao ch'un (Ma tseuk ch'un Jft$f$), Cheng pao hou (Ch'ang
pau hau J9M3MR), and Ting sz niu (Ting sz ngau

One of the most interesting types of mountain lychee thus far
reported is that called Yeh shan chih (Ye shan chi SFUltt) or
"wild mountain lychee." This fruit has been reported as growing
in the West river region. A search has been made for the tree or
trees which are said to exist, but thus far without success. The
fruit is said to resemble the lychee, but with hairs instead of prickles.
The tree is very large and tall and the seed very light in color.

In addition to the fifteen varieties described there are many
others of commercial importance or of purely local interest. The Ya
niang hsieh (A neung hai •£#£&) is a promising new variety coming
from the Lo kang (Lo kong iS$3) region. It is said to rival the
No mi ts'z (No mai t'sztS&lfc^ but as yet has made little progress
on the Canton markets. The Pu tai (Po toi >ffrS) has also originated
from the same place as the Ya niang hsieh (ffitJlSl). The Chuang
yuan hung (Chong un hung Hft7t&) is quite popular and can be
purchased on the Canton markets (fig. 55). The Yu ho pao (Yuk
ho pao (Yuk ho pau :£$?&) is a very common early variety appear-
ing immediately after the San yueh hung (Sam ut hung H8&V
Many claim that it is a type of Sam yueh hung (Hj§|rj but the
evidence to hand leads us to think it is more of a distinct variety than
many of the other so-called varieties.

An analytical descriptive table of some of these important
lychee varieties appears on the following pages.

Analytical Table

'V^

O

Number of fruits
Cc. of juice
Weight of seeds (oz, )
Weight of flesh (oz. )
Weight of skin (oz. )
Weight of leaves

and stem ( oz. )
Weight of rag (oz. )
Longitudinal dia. (in. )
Latitudinal dia. On.)
Longitudinal cir. (in.)
Latitudinal cir. (in.)

20
270

1/2
13

1 1/2

1

61/2
11/4

11/2
43/8
47/16

26
240

1/2
11 1/2

2

2

2

11/8

11/4

1 15/16

4

Seed

Small and
shriveled

Small and
dried

Color of Skin

Rounded

with
top broad

Rounder

with
top brord

Surface of Skisi

plate 1
3. OR
b Rose
Dore«

plate 1
3. O-R
b Rose
Doree

Shape

Rough

with

few dots

juice all held within aril or

some in skin upon opening

Flavor

Average date when the variety
can usually be secured

All
within

Sweet,
honey
fragrant

July 8

All
nthin

Honey

sweetness

mportant LycHee Varieties

>, -- &

5 =

w Q .

cn * '-3

'jj M ft

•fci

C3 ^f$

• — '"'

£^ ^ 41"

-4— »

' **^ ^**

x £ **

» tf

1? 3 «

:- £ *

'rt *s5 .M,

- J" a

2 j=

^ & -m

26

26

22

28

17

230

260

210

240

235

2

1

2

2

2

11

11 1/2

111/2

10

11

2

2 1/2

2

3

2

1

1

1/2

1

1

11/2

2

21/2

2

2 1/2

11/4

11/4

13/4

11/16

17/16

13/16

11/4

15/16

1 1/8

1 9/16

4

41/8

4 7/16

4

49/16

4

41/8

3 3/16

4 1/16

43/4

Large,
oblong

Large and
small

Large and
small
elongated

Large

Large

Round

Rounded

Roundel-

with
broadened

with
broadened

Round

Round

top

top

plate 1
3. O-R

plat 1
8. O-R

olate 1
3. O-R

plate 1
3. O-R

plate 1
1. Red

b Rose
Doree

Scarlet-
Red

b Rose
Doree

b Rose
Doree

b Begonia
Rose

Rough and
thin

Rough,
thin

Rounded
with many
small dote

Quite
smooth '
Few
large dots

Smooth
and
thin Few
small dots

All

All

All

Some in

Some in

within

within

within

skin

skin

Sweet

Sweet

Swrrt

Tune 18

Jub

June 29

July IS

July 24

102 THE LYCHKE AM) LUNG AN

In addition to the varieties described and those listed in
Appendix IV as found in Kwangtung there are also many other
varieties reported which have not as yet been studied. These include
the Ch'en t/,u (Ch'an tsz ]$$£) — Ch'en's purple, Li ting chu (Li
ting chu !Jrft$0 i-e-» pearl of a black horse's head, Mou ni kuang (Mail
ni kwong 2£;£;&) , Shih pah niang (Shap pat neung-fvVfil) — Eighteen
maids, Tai hvva hsiang (Tai fa heung ifc^-fiO — "wearing flowery
fragrance/' and Chiang chuntzu(Tseung kwan tsz JOTC&) — General's
purple.

With regard to Indian varieties, Higgins * reports: "A variety
known as 'Mclean' is said to be one of the best in that country.
Another under the name ' Muzaffarpur Seedless ' is practically seed-
less in many of its fruits, 'Bedana' is another small seeded, sweet
variety. 'Dudhia' is quite unusual in that it is white. 'Rose
scented' is a fruit of large size and very agreeable flavor. China'
is a late-season variety."

1 Higgins, J.E., Tht Litchi in Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Bulletin No. 44, page 20.

PLATE XXXVIII

FIGURE 55. — Chuang yuan hung — Royal red — Lychee.
(Two-thirds natural size.

PLATE XXXIX

FIGURE 56. — The Yau yen Lungan as a Temple Tree.

FIGURE 57. — The Rounded Head of a Fruiting Lungan Tree.

dlAPTKR XIV

Tin: U:X(;AX

1 he lungan has been described us the monk" of the
sapindaceous group of fruits. A Singapore Chinese was endeavor-
ing to make a simple but distinctive comparison of these four fruits.
He said, '* The rambutan is the long haired gentleman of the group;
he has Mowing locks. The pulassan has his hair cut modern style.
The lychee has had the clippers put on his head. But the lungan,
with head closely shaven, is the Buddhist priest of the four." This
description applies only to the general outside apparance of these fruits
with relation to length of setae or smoothness of skin. It indicates
that, unlike any of the others, the outside surface of the lungan is
smooth.

'["he lungan is the most cold-resistant fruit of the group and
will be found growing farther north than the lychee, and at higher
altitudes. It requires perhaps a little less care than the lychee and
individual trees growing in a semi-wild condition are seen more often
than lychee. It is a taller, higher-headed tree, with branches and
flower spikes growing more upright than those of the lychee and with
bark characteristically its own. The fruits are much smaller than
lychee but the leaves and the flowers are conspicuously larger.

'["he fruit is round, or nearly so, and when ripe is yellow. The
fruit clusters are usually much more crowded than those of the lychee.
It fruits about a month later that the medium late varieties of lychee,
the best varieties appearing in the month of August. It is consumed
by the Chinese in considerable quantities. They believe that this
fruit is not so strengthening as the lychee but prize its medicinal value
very highly. The aril is certainly less fleshy than that of the lycher
and much more vinous in taste. The seed is invariably large and there
are no varieties with shriveled seed as in the lychee. The seed is
usually black or sometimes brown and is said to look like a. "dragon-
eve " , whence the fruit <jets its name.

Hl'3

104 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

Chinese literature records many names for the lungan. As
early as the sixteenth century Li Shih Cheng ^B£gr) in his Pen
Tsao Kang Mu <'>£1fMMH) records a long list of synonyms. Another
writer goes into quite a lengthy discussion as to whether a fruit called
the i chih (Yik chi &-U is the same as the lungan. He records
that it was the belief ot many people that the two were the same hut
his conclusion was that the two must have been quite different as the
1 chih (Yik chi &H? ) grows on a vine whereas the lungan grows on
a tree. We. have not yet been able to locate the 1 chih (Yik chi
Set? ', though it is doubtless Sapindaccai, as some of the species of
this family are vines.

The lungan is very widely cultivated in Kwangtung but from
all reports to hand Fukien has made greater progress in its develop-
ment. In the Ling Nan region, P'ing chou (P'ing chau -T^ftl),
Chihkang (Ch'ik kong #;ffl), Ta fang (Tai t'ong -ftfe) Pei shan
(Pak shan 4blU) and Shih wei t'ang (Shik wai t'ong TJHiJt) are
especially famous for their lungan. The best variety of lungan the
Shih hsia lung yen (Shek hap lung ngan ^jiiifcfiW), had its origin at
P'ing chou (Ping chan ^$j) and the fruit of this variety produced
there is said to be better than that produced at any other place.
Although not so large, the flesh is more crisp, the seed is smaller
and the fruit after drying, if soaked in water, freshens up almost like
the fresh fruit. The fruits produced at P'ing chou (^#H) are also
said to be much sweeter than those of other places.

A Suitable Door-yard and Avenue Tree

In the Ling Nan region the lungan is very frequently planted
as a dooryard or village tree and a favorite site is near temples (fig.
56) . Magnificent specimens such as these, which are at least forty feet
high with a straight trunk five feet to the branches, would make
wonderful avenue trees. The diameter of the trunk of this tree,
breast high, is two feet eight inches. The rounded head of the
lungan tree is well ^illustrated in figure 57.

Cultural Methods

Although the Chinese commonly think of the lungan as a
very desirable tree for shade, its culture as a fruit is not neglected and
some large lungan orchards will be seen scattered over the country.
For example at Ta t'ang (Tai t'ong ;fc$£ ) in Chiao t'ang sz
(Kau t'ong sz^^fH^ the lowland regions are often planted to lungan.

THE LUNtiAN 1U5

Beds about 15 feet wide with trenches between of about 6 feet are
often raised up as in lychee culture. Lungan trees are then planted
along the edge of these beds and pumelo are planted down the center.
The lungan prefers a rich, sandy loam and its roots should have
access to plenty of water. At Ta t'ang (Tai t'ong ;fc$t) an interest-
ing form of planting is followed, similar to that sometimes used in
citrus culture. After the beds have been raised up above the incom-
ing tides, little mounds of canal earth are built up on the beds several
feet above the surface and the young trees are then planted on these
mounds. Year after year as the trees grow more canal earth is
carried on to the beds and the young roots are thereby nourished by
this fresh, rich soil. The young trees, thus planted, are often held
in place by bamboo supports and the trunks are wrapped with rice
straw to prevent sun scald. When the trees are planted upon higher
ground holes are dug and the soil enriched. The trees are always
planted in the spring.

In order to obtain good results with lungan the Chinese
recognize the importance of fertilization. The trees are fertilized
after picking the fruit; once during the winter and once during
the flowering season. At the latter season the Chinese recognize
that it is not well to feed too much night soil or urine fer-
tilizers high in nitrogen but that they should feed more ground bones
and ash. In low-land culture it is common to take advantage of the
winter months, when the waters are low, to smear fresh canal mud
o\er the beds. The results from this rich soil are indeed gratifying.

Several interesting customs connected with the cultivation of
this fruit are worthy of note. The Chinese recognize that consider-
able thinning of the fruit is usually necessary. It is a common
practice to thin the flowers rather than the fruit. The Chinese say,
"Lungan, one flower, ten fruits; lychee, ten flowers, one fruit. "
By this they mean to point out the importance of protecting the
flowers in lychee culture and of destroying some in lungan culture.
Accordingly a large number of flower-bearing twigs are pruned from
the trees by the growers. Mr. W.B. Cole1 of Hing-hua, Kukien,
an important center for lungan culture, in a letter to the Office of
Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, said, * This is the flowering
season of the longan. It is also the time when the pruning is done.

1 Cole, W.B. , from Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, United
States Department of Agriculture, Washington, Reports, Correspondence,

106 THi: I.YCHKK AND U'XGAN

About three-fourths of the spikes of the rlowers are cut off. Next
year's fruit comes from the new growth from these pruned branches.
Later on the fruit on the bunches is thinned out. The fruit growers
take infinite pains with this fruit. The trees are also fertilized at this
season, with night soil as a rule. Most trees are fertilised about three
times a year.

The fruit is picked in July and August, and after Li Tsiu
(Lap Ts'au j£$v, about the Chinese 8th month and 8th day) it
is said to be very inferior. Practically all of it is picked before that
time though the Shih hsia (Shek hap ^i^) will keep a few days
longer. The fruit is removed from the tree by cutting off the
clusters with leaves and branches attached. The varieties of the
lungan in point of earliness appear on the markets in the following
order: Tsao ho (Tso wo^-^fc), Wu yuan (U un ,%U), Hua
kioh (Fa hok #&), Shih hsia (Shek hap tflfe), and Shep'i (She p'i
fcfc$t) • The trees will yield up to four or five hundred pounds of fruit.
Many of the fruits are dried, preferably in the sun. As the fruiting
season of the lungan is the period of Kwangtung's most severe
typhoons and driving rains it is often difficult to get the lungan to the
markets or to dry them satisfactorily. This is doubtless a serious
check to successful lungan culture.

Methods of Propagation

Most of the lungan trees in cultivation in Kvvangtung are
either seedlings or have been inarched. Where inarching is practiced
the stock is almost invariably Wu yuan (U un J^JSl) which is allowed
to reach a height of five or six feet, requiring from three to five
years, before it is inarched. The inareh is made high up on the
trunk no less than four feet from the ground. This practice is
doubtless followed as it is the easiest way to succeed with the inarch
when the young plants are taken to the parent trees. But the point
of union is at a weak place in the tree and during the high winds
there is a tendency for the tree to break at this place unless carefully
protected with bamboo bracing until quite old. Even in old trees it
is usually possible to determine the point of union between stock and
scion, as there seems to be some little difference in the rate of growth
of the two and the bark of the Wu yuan (U un &1HP is usually
rougher than that of other varieties.

Grafting the lungan is seldom practiced in Kwangtung but
Wu Vino; Kuei C^ISS^ ' refers to the art as practiced on the lungan.

THE LYCHEK 107

He calls attention to the fact that although the lungan is always
grafted on its own stock it is not unusual to find three or four grafts
sandwiched between the stock and the top, a practice which is said
to develop a much better fruit. This sandwiching of grafts consists
of top-working the lungan to the lungan, but as soon as the scion is
well established it is cut off and a new graft inserted in the new
growth of wood. This process is continued three or four times.
Mr. Cole says: 'The chief answer the Chinese fruit grower gives
for this novel method of grafting is that it makes larger fruit. They
also have the idea that it makes a stronger tree to withstand the wind.
Typhoons are very severe along this coast. This graft provides a

brace for the new graft so that it cannot be readily torn out

This region in China has the reputation for the best lungan. The
fruit growers know nothing about the scientific side of the question.
Their objective is large, sweet fruit. How their methods do it they
do not know. But it is true that they get results. In Foochow, 75
miles to the north, where they are not so skilled, the fruit is of a
decidedly inferior quality having large pit and small pulp. Here the
fruit is large with small pit and thick, juicy pulp.

'They tell me that where two or three trunks are grafted
into one top that the good fruit bearing wood lends its strength to the
top making the entire top bear large fruit

4 They do not seem to have much success here in using the
litchi for a stock on which to graft the longan. They say that where
they succeed it makes good fruit

There are ten or twelve varieties of the lungan with consider-
able range in quality and earliness. A list of these will be found in
the Appendix. An analytical study of some of the best varieties is
<ji\(.Mi herewith.

108

Analytical Table

-=.
_c

- 1C

'S- -

Number of fruits
Cc. of juice

Weight of seeds (oz. )
Weight of flesh (oz. )
Weight of skin (oz. )
Weight of leaves

and stem (oz. )
Weight of rag (oz. )
'Longitudinal dia. (in. )
Latitudinal dia. On.)
Longitudinal cir. (in.)
Latitudinal cir. (in. )

59

62

140

120

21/2

4

9

7

2 1/2

3

1

j

3

2

1

1 1/16

1

3

3

3 1/8

3

Seed

Rounded

Color of Skin

Ridgeway Plate III

l9YO-Y-b

Chamois

Surface of Skin

Smooth,
dots few
and small*

Juice all held within aril or

some in skin upon opening

All
within

Flavor

Sweet,
and vinous

Date when the variety

can usually be secured

August 10

August

Ltingan Varieties

109

c

a ,*

*•- & ^5

-= ;s g

r=. _* K?

V3 T^E

fV> ',**'

E75

82

38

62

73

100

160

110

120

5

3

4

3

6

8 1/2

7

8

3

3

3

3

2

11/2

2

2

3

21/2

. 3

31/2

7/8

-13/16

9/16

7/8

15/16

1 1/8

1

1

211/16

3 5/8

2 I/*

2 3/4

2 1/4

3 5/8

31/4

27/8

Rounded

Slightly
elongated

Slightly
elongated

Slightly
elongated

19 YO-Y

Honey
vellow

19YO-Y-d

Cream buff

21 0-YY

Colonial
buff

Rough,
thick, dots
close and

Rough,
thick, dots
close and

Smooth,
thick, few
small dots

Rough,
thick, few
small dots

many

many

All

Some in

Ail

All

within

skin

within

within

Sweet,

Sweet

Sweet and
juicy

Sweet and
refreshing

refreshing
and Hesh

very thick

August 5

August 16

August

August 10

11U THE LYOHKK AND LUNG AN

Tin 8hik It-sin lung yen (8 lie If, hap lung ngan fttfcJUWi) — The

Stone Gorge Lung an

This variety is considered the best of the lungan. It had its
origin in P' ing chou ( P 'ing chau TOfl) of the Nan hai ( Nam hoi fgfg)
district. The original parent tree is said to have grown out between
two rocks, which gives the variety its name. Investigation in the
region has not resulted in the location of the tree nor the rocks in
which the tree is said to have grown. This variety is also known
under several other names. The Shih yeh lung yen (Shap ip lung
ngan ftSUfclft) or "Ten leaf lungan" is said to be a type of this and is
so-called because the leaflets are usually ten in number In general
there seems to be two distinct types of the "Stone Gorge Lungan",
the black seeded type and the brown seeded type. The former is
known under the name of Hei ho shih hsia (Hak hat shek hap $Jfc
35iSfe) — "The Black Seeded Stone Gorge Lungan, and the brown
seeded type as the Chin crTi ho shih hsia (Kam ts'at wat shek hap

Wu Yuan (V un ,%telJ— Black Ball

This is a small lungan, probably nearer to the wild than any
other variety, very small, quite sour, large seed but widely used for
stock in the Ling Nan region. The leaves of the tree are large,
bark rough and it is a vigorous grower (fig. 58) . Although the fruits
are small (fig. 59) they are edible and usually used for canning. The
Chinese say that the sour taste of this lungan makes it better fruit for
canning. The Kao yuan (Ko un ,%E1) is probably a type of this
variety of somewhat superior quality. It is also widely used in canning.

Tsao ho (Tso wo ?-9fc) — Early Ric<

This is the earliest variety of lungan and while not so good is
nevertheless highly prized. There is a type of this variety about two
weeks earlier and called the Ch'i chin tsao ho (Kam ts'at tso wo

She p'i lung yen (She p'i lung ngan fcfc&fi&HR) — Snake N /,•//>

Lungan

This is one of the largest of the lungans and is very latr.
The fruit is about the size of a small lychee (fig. 60 . The skin is
rough and the seed is large and the quality is considered inferior. It
is produced very largely at Shih wei t'ang (Shek \vai t'ong fiMtfi

The Hua kioh (Fa hok #£$) — Flower Skin

Most of the trees of this variety are seedlings and the Chines?
recognize it as one of the poorest of the lungan. The flesh is thin
and rather tasteless.

mv&sMF

PLATE XL

FIGURE 58. — Wu yuan — Black ball — Lungan Seedling Fourteen Months Old.

CHAPTER XV

THF, INTRODUCTION OF THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN
INTO OTHER LANDS

Roxburgh ' states that the lychee common in Bengal was
originally brought from China. India is the only country into which
a successful commercial introduction has been made and Macmillan 2
reports: 'This fruit, represented by different varieties, of varying
quality, is grown to great perfection about Calcutta and elsewhere in
India, and is commonly sold in the bazaars when in season. " The
lungan and rambutan, introduced into India in 1798, have always
been carried side by side with the lychee.

Europe became interested in these fruits in the early part of
the 19th Century, when effort was made to introduce them into both
England and France. And it was doubtless at this time that these
plants were transferred to different places in the East Indies where
their culture is more promising. In the Quarterly Journal of Science,
1882, we find the statement: "Attempts have been made to
introduce into Trinidad the litchee (Nephelium Litchee), and though
the climate is too uniformly hot, the fruits have been delicious,
resembling a high class muscat grape in consistency and flavor."

In 1903 O.K. Cook and G.N. Collins J in their Economic
Plants of Porto Rico, published by the United States National
Museum, devoted nearly a page to Litchi chinensis, calling attention
to it as "one of the fruits most likely to succeed in Porto Rico and
likely to be of value when once generally introduced." They
pointed to the scarcity of literature on the results of experiments on
this tree in the West Indies and to its successful introduction into
India.

' Roxburgh, William, Flora India; or description of Indian plants^ 2
vol., Calcutta, 1832, Vol. 2, page 269.

2 Macmillan., Hugh F. , A handbook of tropical %ardenittg and planting,
Colombo, H. W. Cave and Co., 1910, page 177.

* Cook, O.F. , and Collins, G.N. , Economic plants of Porto Rico. In
contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Washington, D. C. ,
1903, Vol. 8, part 2, pages 176 and 177.

Ill

112 THE LYOHEE AND LUNGAN

In October, 1911, a photograph was received by the Office
of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture from J. Jones, Curator of Botanic Station in
Dominico, showing a fruiting branch of the lychee.

Higgins 1 is authority for the statement that the lychee was
first introduced into Hawaii in 1873 by Mr. Ching Check and since
that time there have been other introductions by the United States
Department of Agriculture and by Chinese residents. The Hawaii
Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report, 1912, portends an
increasing interest in the lychee in those islands, by the statement,
11 the litchi plants imported from China direct, and those received
through the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction, are making a
very satisfactory growth, and may be regarded as past the critical
stage." Plate, n figure 2, shows a tree planted March 14, 1908.

Charles Amory at Sanford, Florida, grew specimens of this
fruit as early as 1883 and Theodore L. Meade at Oviedo, Florida,
had a tree in 1888. The first lychee tree introduced into California
was that planted by E. D. Hadley about 1897. This was secured
from Reasoner Bros, of Oneco, Florida, who had imported this
tree from Seharanpur, India; and in 1913 it fruited for the first
time. In 1914 Mr. Bissett and Mr. Wilson Popenoe of the Office
of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction reported the tree in fruit in
October. Mr. Popenoe, who had seen fruits in the Orient, said
that the fruit of this tree was smaller than that in the Orient, but that
the flavor was very pleasant. Prior to 1900 there was a tree growing
in the greenhouses at Washington. This flowered but never
fruited.

One of the earliest introductions by the Office of Foreign
Seed and Plant Introduction was in 1907, when they received a
shipment of plants from China via Shanghai. Rev. W. N. Brews-
ter, missionary at Hing-hua fu, Fukien, China, was so convinced
of the future of the fruit in America that he imported living trees at
his own expense and between July 1, 1907, and January 1, 1908, he
sent to the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction interesting
data regarding the culture of the lychee and the lungan. The
photographs submitted were the first ever received by the office
showing the tree in bearing. Subsequent shipments of both seeds and

1 Higgins, J.E., The Litchi in Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment
Station, Bulletin No. 44, page 5.

^7TRODUCTJON OF THE LYCHKE INTO OTHER LANDS 113

plants were received from Samuel L. Gracey, American Consul,
Foochow, and from others in China. From Java, Saharanpur and
Muzofferpur plants and seeds were received. Distributions were
made to Florida, Cuba, Panama, Guam, Porto Rico, Isle of Pines
and Trinidad. Trees of the Shanghai shipment of 1907 sent to
Reasoner Bros, of Oneco and to W. S. Taylor of Tampa, Florida,
fruited in 1916, when both reported fruit to the office, those of
Reasoner Bros, being first received. In 19J5Mr. John Ashon of
New Orleans, La., brought with him, upon his return from China,
forty trees of the very best Kwangtung varieties. These he turned
over to the United States Department of Agriculture, but only a few
were in a living condition.

In the summer of 1915 and 1916 large quantities of seeds
were received from J. E. Higgins, Honolulu, Hawaii; from the
Canton Christian College, Canton, China, and from Frank N.
iVlsyer, Agricultural Explorer in China. Seedlings from these were
grown at the government stations at Rockville, Md. , Chico, Cal.,
and Miami, Fla. W. S. Taylor of Tampa, Florida, also received
some of these and imported seeds on his own initiative. At the
request of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction,
carefully chosen plants of the best varieties were introduced through
the Canton Christian College in May, 1917. These were left at
Honolulu in the care of Mr. Higgins, as the boat was slow and they
were not enduring the rigors of the journey.

Greater success has been attained in the introduction of the
lungan into Europe and the United States than has been the case
with the lychee. It has fruited in both Florida and California and is
listed on the catalogue of the Royal Palm Nurseries, Oneco,
Florida.

Sonic Problems in Hie Introduction of These Fruits

Unusual care and attention is required in order to introduce
successfully these interesting fruits into new countries. The trees of
both species are very tender and especially susceptible to cold and
salt air or salt water. In the transportation of selected stock only the
most carefully selected position on the ship will guarantee sufficient
heat and moisture to protect the trees from the blasting effects of the
salt sea air. Chinese methods of propagation do not encourage
strong root development and the tendency of the average shipper is
to send newly layered trees, the root systems of which are not firmly
established.

114 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

We have seen that unusual precautions are necessary to
guarantee the successful introduction of lychee seeds and that this
method offers little encouragement for the acquisition of the best
varieties as seeds of these are not viable.

There are great differences in the varieties of both the lychee
and the lungan and it is not easy to be sure that one has secured the
best stock unless he has personally supervised the choice of the
branches to be layered. Then, too, it is difficult to know which
varieties are best suited to the particular conditions under considera-
tion.

After the trees are selected with regard to their fruiting
qualifications extreme precautions must be taken to have them clean
and to have the soil in which they are introduced free from insect
enemies and disease. It is of vital importance that the insects and
diseases attacking these fruits in China are not introduced into other
countries.

Upon arrival in the new country the plants must be cared for
by only those who have made special study of the natural habitat of
these plants. The most careful protection against frost should be
given and the highest cultural methods administered, especially in the
case of the lychee. A good loam soil, -extraordinary quantities of
water in the soil and air, and sufficient plant food in available condi-
tion should be guaranteed to the lychee if success is to be assured.

The hardier varieties of the lungan give every promise of
enduring the climate of southern Florida and California. But in the
planting of any lychee trees it must be remembered that young trees
are especially susceptible to frost and must be protected. This can
doubtless be done in much the same way as orange and lemon trees
are protected. Hsu Po (f&HO 1, in speaking of cultural methods in
Fukien, says: "The village people who love their trees burn rice
straw under chem and then the cold has no ill effects. In fall and
winter they use wet clay and manure to protect the roots. Dead
branches are cut off in order not to give trouble to the whole trunk."
The Chinese recognize that excessive cold is one of the most deadly

1 HSU P'O (&M), Li Chih P'u (^£ft) in Kit Chin Tu Shu Chi
Cheng (-£^ISft3l;£), Po Wu Hui Pien UfftgiB), Ts'ao Muh Tien
(?**), section 274 (fc-lHrHW), U Chih Pu 2 (&*«&-), paffr 4

INTRODUCTION OF THE LYCHF.K INTO~OTHKK LANDS 115

enemies of the plant and they often wrap the trunks and branches of
young trees with rice straw. Ts'ai Hsiang f^H)1 reports: 'The
lychee tree, when first planted, dreads the cold, and until it is five or
six years old it should be protected during the depths of winter from
frost, snow and sleet."

The fruiting trees at the Royal Palm Nurseries at Oneco,
Florida, are under cover. Mr. E. N. Reasoner, in a letter to the
writer dated September 6, 1917, said : '* When the severe cold wave
came in February last we protected the small lychees so they had no
exposure; the fruiting trees in the large shed were under cloth roof
and had fire protection, but we did not start fires until the temper-
ature in the shed was down to about 28 or 2V, and in consequence
the mango trees standing next row to the lychees were severely cut

back The lychees were just starting a flush and the leaves were

tender, but not killed at all, and no damage resulted to them in any
way. "

1 TS'AI HSIANG (££), Li Chih P'u (&£tg) in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi
Cheng: (#^H|^J&), Pu Wu Hid Pien (If4^^i^), TSao Muh Tien
(£*»), section 273 (-W-fc-fH*), U Chih Pu 1 (&$«-), page 4
(*«*).

CHAPTER XVI

SUMMARY

The lychee and the lungan are two delicious and attractive
fruits of South China origin. The former is so highly prized by
jthe Chinese that it has become the subject of song and verse by
Chinese poets and and of lengthy treatises by Chinese writers and
officials. A study of Chinese literature reveals interesting historical
data with regard to the names of these fruits and their importance in
the life of the Chinese people. Chinese methods of propagation and
culture are therein disclosed, a knowledge of which should lead to
more successful treatment in the introduction of these fruits to other
lands.

European travellers to China have continuously reported the
lychee and the lungan since 1585, seventy-one years after the dis-
covery of the sea route to China in 1514. Botanists have thoroughly
studied these important species and they are now attracting the
attention of western horticulturists.

The whole group of sapindaceous fruits, including especially
the sub-tropical lychee and lungan, and also the tropical rambutan
and pulassan, deserve more adequate consideration as promising
fruits for culture in the West. The lychee and lungan are the
subject of this work. Sufficient botanical information regarding the
relationships of these two species is at hand to warrant a series of
experiments wrhich should prove of value to the Occident in the
cultivation of these fruits.

The lychee grqjvs luxuriantly in the river deltas of the prov-
inces of Kvvangtung and Fukien. The tree is well adapted to dyke
conditions and in the delta of the Pearl river, where there are
hundreds of miles of dykes, the lychee industry has grown to such
an extent as to warrant whole villages devoting themselves exclusively
to its propagation. A lychee park has even been established near
Canton. The lungan thrives under somewhat drier conditions and
the industry has been developed more extensively in Fukien than in
Kwangtung. The lungan will endure more cold than the lychee, but
both suffer severely from heavy frosts. They attain their best
development where the winters are mild and dry and the summers
hot and humid.

116

sr.MMAKY 11

Chinese farmers give strict attention to the cultural methods
of both of these fruits. In the case of lychee they practice djke,
raised bed and upland culture. Loam soils, or those which readily
hold soil moisture, are preferable. River muds are ideal for the lychee
and it will endure excess quantities of moisture and floods of great
duration. The Chinese are intensive feeders of these trees and
practice mulching and careful frost protection.

Chinese methods of propagation of the lychee consist chiefly
in "Chinese air-layering" desirable parent trees. They sometimes
inarch good small-seeded varieties upon the large-seeded and more
hardy stock?. Grafting the lychee and lungan is extensively practiced.
The known wild relatives of the lychee and the lungan open a
promising field for the determination of new and better methods of
propagation and for the creation of hybrids.

The lychee is one of the most important commercial fruits in
China. The history of its trade and transportation, and of the fruit
formerly paid to royalty, is most interesting and instructive. The
Chinese have many methods for the preservation of both of these
fruits and large quantities of the dried product are exported. It is
claimed that the lungan has certain medicinal qyalities and large
quantities of a preparation known as lungan pulp are exported from
Formosa.

There are numerous insect enemies and diseases of these
fruits and the introduction of more modern methods of combating
them should prove of value to the Chinese. Great care must be
taken not to introduce these enemies into western countries.

Chinese writers have listed scores of varieties of the lychee,
but no careful elimination or classification has been attempted. A
more thorough study of the mountain and water types of lychee
should be made and greater effort to extend the dry culture of- the
fruit should be attempted.

These fruits have been successfully introduced into India and
considerable work has been done with their introduction into Europe
and southern United States. It is known that they will produce
fruit in the West Indies and Hawaii. Special attention has recently
been given to the lychee in Hawaii. A number of problems are
connected with their introduction, chief among which are the difficul-
ties of carefully selecting the best varieties for the new conditions,
care in transportation and protection from salt water and cold.

118 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

No effort should be too great to bring about a successful
commercial introduction of the lychee into the sub-tropical regions
of the West. Search for cold resistant strains should be made in the
hope of growing this fruit in Florida and California, and the very best
strains of the more tropical forms should be more widely cultivated
in the West Indies and in Hawaii. The fact that the lychee is a
tree which responds very quickly to a peculiar type of water culture,
as practiced by the Chinese living in the river deltas in South China,
should lend interest to its possibilities for the low and undeveloped
swamp regions of the United States.

The words of Dr. Bonavia l with regard to the introduction
of the lychee into India in an article which he contributed co the
Pioneer and which has been quoted in the Economic Products of
India by George Watt are applicable to western introduction. He
said: * Here then is a fruit tree which resists the heaviest rains, and
stands the hottest winds, and also the frosts of these provinces
(North- West Provinces). Moreover, it bears annually an abundant
crop of fine, well flavored and aromatic fruit, which can readily be
sent to distant markets without injury. Instead of being planted by
the one or two, it should be planted by the-thousand. Of all I know
of the hardiness" and fruitfulness of this remarkable tree, I feel
confident that if any individual (or company), possessing the
necessary capital, were to plant an extensive orchard of litchi trees,
say where canal water would be easily obtained, or where well water
is within easy reach, he would very profitably make a life-long
business of it."

( 1 Bonavia, Dr., in Watt, George, A dictionary of the economic products r,J
India, 1891, 6 vol., Calcutta, vol. 5, page 347.

APPENDIX I

BIBLIOGRAPHY OK CHINESK REFERENCES ON
THE LYCHEE AND THE LUNG AN

\ Ch* en T'ing (BMft), Li Chih P'u

Library Cong. C338.51 V. 5
2 Ch'en Ting Kuo (tt£H), Li Chih P'u

Library Cong. C3.48.51 V.97

I Hsu P'o (ffcttO, Li Chih P'u (3fc.*»\ in Ku Chin Tu
Shu Chi Cheng (#3«liJft), Po Wu Hui Pien
(IftifSli), Ts'ao Muh Tien (?**), section 274
L» Chih Pu 2 (aiflRn), pages 1-5

Library Cong. 373.12 V.157

4 Lin Ssu Huan (*KIB), Li Chih P'u

Library Cong. C338.5 V.6

5 Sung Chia (*a), Li Chih P'u (£«»), in'Ku Chin

Tu Shu Chi Cheng (*^HS||lft), Po Wu Hui
Pien (l^HiBS), Ts'ao Muh Tien (^TJC^L), section
273.(nfc-trt-H*), Li Chih Pu 1 («$«-), pages
6-11 (^M-t-K)
Library Cong. C373. 12 V. 157

6 Tang Tao Hsieh («£»), Li Chih P'u (ifcttifc), in Ku

ChinTu Shu Chi Cheng (*^H¥J«lft), Po Wu
Hui Pien (ft&Sli), Ts'ao Muh Tien
section 274 (rtW-trW&), Li Chih Pu 2 (
pages 5-7 (£.$.-bK).

Library Cong. C373.12 V.I 57
1 19

120 THE LVOHEK AND LUNGAN

7 Ts'ai Hsiang (gtf), Li Chih P'u (&$»), in Ku
Chin Tu Shu Chi Cheng (#^«31;£), Po Wu
Hui Pien (tf«$i>, Ts'ao Muh Tien
section 273 : r^T-trf H# ) , Li Chih Pu I (
pages 2-5 'r:3?2ul€).

Library Cong. C373.12 V. 105.

8 Ts'ao Fan (*$>, Li Chih P'u (££». , in Ku Chin
Tu Shu Chi Cheng te^gW&jfc), Po Wu Hui
Pien (If«!i0, Ts'ao Muh Tien (]£*»), section
273 (-tf-fc-t-H*), Li Chih Pu 1 (a£«-), pages
12-13 (t-M-t-HK).

Library Cong. C373.12 V.157.

9 Wu Ying K'uei (&*a), Ling Nan Li Chih P'u
, in Ling Nan I Shu (affitfH). book

, six sections (^>N«'.
Library Cong. C338.37 V.65.

Miscellaneous Chinese Works Referring to Lychec <ind Liaig

an

10 Chao TaiTs'ung Shu (««»«), 1876, Chang Shan
Lai (3»Ui*), 48.

Library Cong. C338.51 V. 5 & V.97.

11 Chih Wu Ming Shih Tu K?ao (ffi^r«!^H^), 1849,

WuCh'i-Hsun ^%KJt), 17:46-95; 31:10.
Library Cong. C283.5.

12 Ch'in Ting Ssu K'u Ch'uan Shu TVung Mu

*^««H), 1868, 116:36.
Library Cong. C342.20.

13 Ching Shih Cheng Lei Ta Kuan Pen Tso

, 23:22-23.

Library Cong. C103. 14 1.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHINESE REFERENCES 121

14 Ku Chin T'u Shu Chi Cheng (#+WMlJft),
Hui Pien fftftiftf^. Ts'ao Muh Tien '
Chapt. 273-277.

Library Cong, CHS. 75.

1 S Knang Ch'un Fang P'u :.J&$#ffj), 1708, Pci Wen Chai
(«*#», Chapt. 60-62.
Library Cong. C283.3.

1h Liner Nan 1 Shu (affiattf), -1826, Line Nan Li Chih Pu
'*»ail£:*u»), Wu YingKuei i^Ka1-
Library Cong. C338. 37.

17 Lint: Wai Tai Ta (at^-f^^), 1773, Choit Ch'u Fci

Library Cono. C338.45.

18 Luntr Wei Pi Shu (8|$f&&), 1794, Ma Chun Lang
'x«ttK), 11:1-

Library C:OIIK. C338.47 V.6.

1.9 Pei Wen Yun I'u ^«X«lff), 1826, 4: 1. .
Library Cong. C348.48.

20 Pen Tsao Kanjr Mu ^l^^g), 1596 F,i Shih ChenK

(^B^gr). 31:4-7.

Library Conir. C103.21.

21 Se Fu (•««), Chapt. 157.

Library COHK. C373. 1.2 V.I 57.

Fukien

22 Fuhkien Tun«r Chih fMa*e), 1871, Wu Tana

59: 7-10, /U, :«, 45.
Library Conu. B192.F3.

23 Ch'uanChouFu Ma Hang Ting (jglfH^JS^Ifli), 1893

Wang ChiaTing ^»), 12: 5-5.
Librarv Conu. 1U92. F4 G85.

122 THE LYCHKK ANJ) l.UNGAN

24 Fu Chou Fu Chih (lMjft£), 1754, Hsu Ching Hsi

(fc**), 25:11-15.

Library Cong. B192.F4.

Kwangsi

25 Kuangsi Trung Chih (lJtHM;£), 1800, Chi Chins

(££), 89:6; 90:18; 91:1, 11; 92:1, 7; 93:9.
Library Cong. B192.K5.

26 P'ing Lo Fu Chih (^*&fcg;, 1877, Ching Una (^ >.

25:3.
Szechwan

27 Ssuch'uan T'ung Chih (KJUMjgO, 1815, CVang Ming

(*W), 74:6, 9, 16, 29, 40; 75:64, 65.
Library Cong. B192.S7.

28 Chung Ching 'Fu Chih (jtS^S), 184.4, Yu Ching

(.^), 3:48.

Library Cong. B192.S73C83.
Kweichow

29 Kuei Chou Fu Chih (*^'Jtl;^;^), 1827, Erh Cheng (&&).

14:5.

Library Cong. B192.S73K7.

30 Yunnan T'ung Chih (TOjiffiu^O, 1855, Chao Shen Chen

(ffltR^), 67:23.

Library Cong. B192.Y5.

Kwunytung Annals arranged according to Prfftclurf.s and
Districts

3 1 Kwangtung Timg Chih ( 'UDliM^^, edited by Yuan Yuan
(Be*;', 1864. Book 34 (H-r*H*), 59:12.

32 Kwangchow Fu Chih ij^M1!;^^}, edited by Shui Lin

(*$M), 1880. Book 7 (-fc#) 16:10-11.

33 Nanhai Hsien Chih (|f|^^i£), edited by Iran ^'ao

Chith ^if^tii), 1836.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHINESE REFERENCES 123

34 Nanhai Hsien Chih ($tW&£), edited by Cheng Meng

Yu (JS&#=E), 1872. Book 6 (*#), 8:26.

35 P'anyu Hsien Chih ($fif&£), edited by Li Fu Tai

($£*), 1872. Book 2 (-#), 7:3.

36 Shunteh Hsien Chih (jMUBft), edited by Ting Nan

(BW), 1853. Book 2 (r#), 3:45.

37 Tungkwan Hsien Chih (jK^HSijg), edited by Peng Jen

Chieh (»A«), 1/99. Book 7 (-fc#), 40:2.

38 Ts'unghwa Hsien Chih (^«&£), edited by Kuo Yu

Hsi (»MR), 1908, Book 2 (r#), 2:82.

39 Lungmen Hsien Chih (f|H8&£0, edited by Yu Wen

(US), 1851. Book 2 (-#), 3:24.

40 Sinning Hsien Chih (&*&&), edited by Ho Fu Hai

(ratf»), 1892. Book 3 (H#), 8:13.

41 Tsengch'eng Hsien Chih (it^KsK), edited by Chao

Chun («0fe), 1810. Book 2 (r*), 1:2.

42 Hsiangshan Hsien Chih fem&&), edited by Lin Chu

Huai (WRIB), 1828.

43 Hsiangshan Hsien Chih ($Ul&&), edited by Chen Li

(««), 1880. Book 2 (r#), 5:24, 25, 22:70.

44 Sinhwei Hsien Chih (if't'iS&ife), edited Lin Hsing

Chang («0«), 1841. Book 2 (r#), 2:66.

45 Shanshui Hsien Chih (H*|fcK), 1818. Book 1 (-#),

1:49.

46 Ts'ingyuen Hsien Chih (&&!££ ), edited by Li Wen

Hsuan (4£«*i), 1880. Book 1 (-#), 2:22.

47 Sinngan Hsien Chih (ir^lK^), edited by Shu iMou

Kuan (ffSrar), 1819. Book 2 (r*), 3:3.

48 Hwa Hsien Chih' (#«&), edited by Wang Yung

Ming (I**), 1867. Book 3 (a*), 3:39.

49 Chaoking Fu Chih («ftjff&), edited by Wang Yu

Shih (3Ea»), 1877. Book 3 (H*), 3:40, 41.

124 THF, LYCHF.K ANJ) LUNG AN

50 Kaoyao Hsien Chih (MMt&)V edited by Hsia Hsiu

Shu (ltfc&), 1827. Book 2 (-#), 4:15-16.

51 S'/.ehwei Hsien Chih (W^H^J, edited by Chen Chih

Che (fc&Sft), 1897. Book ,3:8, 80. Book S
<H#), 1:81.

52 Ngenp'ing Hsien Chih (j&T^^O, edited by Yang

Hsueh Yen («*£), 1826. Book 5 (•£#)', 16: 16.

53 Tehking Chow Chih (feRMfc), edited by Yang Wen

Chun (&£$). Book 3 (H#), 3: 40, 41. Book
, 11:7.

54 Shaochow Fu Chih (ffiWjfc}&), edited by Lin Shu

Hsun (tt&tlll), 1875. Book 7 (-b#>, 11:38.

55 Kuhkiang Hsien Chih (jfe&fl$&), edited by Cheng Hsi

Ching («H«\ 1875. Book 6 (-A*), 12:20.

56 Hweichow Fu Chih (j&W/friSO, edited by Lu Ying

K'uei (S«^), 1688.

57 Hweichow Fu Chih (£JHjfiF;&), edited by Liu Kuei

Nien (a«^), 1881. Book 20 (##), 45:23.

58 Haifung Hsien Chih (^IHiS), edited by Yu Pu

Hsiung v^bJg), 1751. Book 2 (n*), 6:53.

59 Ch'aochow Fu Chih (JIQM^WJ, edited by Chang Chieh

Ch'i (mftm\ 1763. Book 22 (#n#), 39:8.

60 Ch'aoyang Hsien Chih (^l^|^), edited by T'ang

Wen Tsao (j»*8|), 1820.

61 Ch'aoyang Hsien Chih iHKUftftOj edited by Chou

Heng Chung (rafim), 1885. Book 5 (3D*;), 11:6.

62 Leichow Fu Chih (i^H/fr;£ , edited by Lei Hsueh Hai

(»*»), 1811. Book 2 (-*), 2:50.

63 Suik'i Hsien Chih (&g|!!&;iO, edited by Yu Ping Yung

(*«»), 1849. Book 5 (3DtO, 10:4.

64 K'iungchovv Fu Chih (JtjW^Jii), edited by Lin Lung

Pin (ttfttf), 1891. Book 3 (H#), 5:17.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHINF.SF I1KFERKNCKS 125

65 K'iuntrshan Hsien Chih (^0tHi|jll, edited by Li Wen

Hsuan (*££>, 1801-1803. Hook 2 (-#),. 3:8.

66 Ch'engmai Hsien Chih (JtiSl&tO, edited by Hsieh

Chi Shao (OTIffS), 1909. Book.l (-#), 2:40.

67 Tingngan Hsieh Chih (MMKIfr)^ edited by Wu Ying

Lien (£Kflg), 1879. Book 2 (.-#), 1:7.

08 Wench 'ang Hsien Chih (&HS!&i£0, edited by Chang
P'ei (»»), 1719. Book 1 (-#), 2:3.

h9 Liukao Hsien Chih (Ki.si!^^), edited by Nieh Ch'i
Ch'inir (*jflf«), 1893. Book 2 (-#), 4:15.

70 Kiehyantr Hsien Chih (^|^|$^j, edited by Liu Yeh

Ch'iu (8m$h), 1780.

71 Kiehyang Hsien Chih (tWI^), edited by Li Hsing

Hui (^£»), 1891. Book6.(-A*), 7:5

72 Jaop'ing Hsien Chih (gHM&£), edited by Liu Pien

(«t|i), 1687. Book 5 (X#), 11:13.

73 Ch'enghai Hsien Chih (Jf«s), edited by Li Shu

Chi ($*§), 1814. Book 7 (4;#), 23:7.

74 Lienchow Fu Chih (l^jHIf^J, edited by Chang Yu

Ch'un (»#£), 1834. Book 3 (=#), 6:2.

75 Meuming Hsien Chih (1^^^^), edited by Cheng Yeh

Ch'ung (jffi$g), 1888. Book 1 (-*), 1:77.

76 Tienpeh Hsien Chih (t&$&£0, edited by Chang

Hung (-£$), 1827.

77 Tienpeh Hsien Chih (*&»&), edited by Sun Chu

(»»), 1893. Book 2 (-*), 4:1.

78 Shihch'eng Hsien Chih (stfi«K5K), edited by Chang

Ta K'ai (»*SH).

79 Shihch'eng Hsieh Chih (?JJ«ytt3fe), edited by Chiang

T'ing Kuei (jflfgtt), 1893. Book 2 (-*), 2:41.

126 THE LVCHEE AND LUNGAN

80 Loting Chow Chih (&&WJ&), 1731. Book 1 (-#),

1:39.

81 Sining Hsien Chih (H^IS), edited by Chu Yu Tsung

(tS»S5) 1831. Book 2 (r#), 3:19.

82 Wan Chow Chih (««&), 1829. Book 1 (-#),

3:25.

83 Kinchow Chih (&*H:iO, edited by Chu Ch'un Nien

(*Mf¥), 1835. Book 2 (-*), 1:55.

84 Changhwa Hsien Chih (gifc«KK\ 1897. Book 1

(-*), 1:18.

85 Yangkiang Hsien Chih (»i«iSO, edited by Li Yun

(:^S), 1813. Bookl (-#), 1:7.

APPENDIX II

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES
ON THE LYCHEE.

1 00 Anderson, Thomas, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Journal,

1863. vol. 32:199.

Library of Congress AS472. B3.

101 Aiton, William, 1731-1793, Hortus kewensis: A

catalogue of plants cultivated in the Royal botanic
garden, Kew. 3 vol., London, Printed for G.
Nicol, 1789. vol. 2:36.

102 Atkinson, Edwin T. , Notes on the Economic Products

of the North- Western Provinces, 1881. PartV.,
page 57.

103 Baillon, Henri Ernest, 1827-1895. The natural

history of plants. 8 vol., London, L. Reeve &
Co., 1871-1888. vol., 5:350,377,394,395,396.
Library of Congress QK97. B15.

104 Baillon, Henri Ernest, 1827-1895, Dictionnaire de

botanique. 4 vol., Paris, Hachette et cie, 1876-92,
page 425.

Library of Congress QK7.B15.

105 Beddome, R.H., 1830-1911, Contributions to the

botany of Southern India in the Madras Journal of
Literature and Science, July, 1864, pages 39, 40.

106 Beddome, R. H., 1830-1911, Transactions of the

Linnean Society of London. 30 Vol., London,
1791-1875. vol. 25:212.

Library of Congress QH1.L6.

127

128 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

107 Beddome, R. H., 1830-1911, Icones plantarum indiac

orientalis or plates and descriptions of new and rare
plants from southern India and Ceylon. Madras,
Gantz Bros., 1874, page 21; PI. cm, CCLXXXV,
page 67.

108 Bentham, George, 1800-1884, Flora hongkongensis:

a description of the flowering plants and ferns of the
island of Hongkong. London, L. Reeve, 1861,
page 47.

Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 460B44.

109 Bentham, George, 1800-1884, Genera plantarum ad

exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata
definita. 3 vol., Londini, Reeve & Co., 1862-83.
Vol. 1:405, 406.

Library of Congress QK97.B47.

110 Bentham, George, 1800-184, Flora australiensis: a

description of the plants of the Australian territory.
7 vol., London, L. Reeve & Co., 1863-1878.
Vol. 1:464, 465.

Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 460 844 F.

111 Birdwood, George Christopher Molesworth, M.D.,

Catalogue of the Vegetable Products of the Pres-
, idency of Bombay. Bombay, 1865. Second

Edition, No. 48.

112 Blanco, Manuel, 1778-1845, Flora de Filipinas segun

el sistema sexual de Linneo. Manila, C. Lopez,
1837. Vol. 2:199, 200, 201, 288.
Library of Congress QK368.B6.

113 Blasdale, Walter C. , A description of some Chinese

vegetable food materials. Bulletin No. 68, U.S.
Dept. of Agriculture, 1899, pages 42, 43, 45.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES 129

114 Blume, Karl Ludwig, 1796-1862, Bijdragen tot dc

flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 2 vol., Batavia, Ter
Lands drukkerij, 1825-26, page 233.

Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 460B62B.

115 Blume, Karl Ludwig, 1796-1862, Rumphia; sive,

Commentationes botanicae imprimis de plantis
Indiae Orientalis. 4 vol., Lugduni Batavorum,
prostat Amstelodami, apud C.G. Sulpke, 1835-48.
vol. 3:106-111.

Library of Congress QK341.B65.

116 Bois, D., Quelques arbres fruitiers Indo-Chinois,

January, 1907, page 5.

117 Boym, Michael, in Thevenot, Melchisedech, 1620-

1692, Relations de divers voayges. 2 vol., Paris,
A. Pralard, 1683, page 20.

Library of Congress G159.T39.

118 Bretschneider, Emil Vasilievich 1833-1P01, Early

European Researches into the Flora of China, 1880,
Shanghai, 1881.

119 Bretschneider, Emil Vasilievich, 1833-1901, History

of Early European Botanical Discoveries. 2vol.,
London, S. Low, Marston & Co., 1898.

120 Camello, Georgio Josepho, Herbarum aliarumquc

stirpium in insulo Luzone philippinarum (Appendix
to John Pay's Historia plantarum), 1704, pages 53
and 54.

121 Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de, 1778-1841,- Prodromus

systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. 17 vol.,
Parisiis, Treuttel et Wu'rtz, 1824-73, page 611.
Library of Congress QK97.C2.

130 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAJS

122 Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de, 1806-

1893, Origin of Cultivated Plants. New York, D.
Appleton & Co., 1902, pages 314, 315, 316.
Library of Congress SB107.C25.

123 Cyclopedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia.

vol. 2, page 1086.

124 Cook, O.F., & Collins, G. H., Economic Plants of

Porto Rico In Contributions from the United
States National Herbarium, Washington, D. C.,
1903. vol., 8, Pt. 2: 176, 177.

125 Corsa, W. P. , Nut culture in the United States, embrac-

ing native and introduced species, 1896, page 105.
Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

126 Dalzell, Nicol Alexander, 1817-1878, The Bombay

flora, 1861, Bombay, Education Society's press.
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Library, U.S. Dept. Agriculture 460D17.

127 Dapper, Olfert, d. 1690, Gedenkwaerdig bedryf der

Nederlandsche Oost-Indische maetschappye, op de
kuste en in het keizerrijk van Taising of Sina. 1
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Library of Congress DS708.D22.

128 Desfontes, Rene, 1750-1833, Tableau de 1'Ecole de

Botanique, 1815. Paris, J. A. Bresson, 1815, page
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Library of Congress 2K73. P2D3.

129 Desfontes, Rene, 1759-1833, Catalogus plantarum

Horti regii parisiensis. Parisus, J. S. Chaude, 1829,
page 230.

Library of Congress QK73.P2D4

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES 131

1.40 Dictionnaire dt-s sciences naturelles, 1823. 60 v.ol.,
Strasbourg, F. G. Levrault; Paris, Le Normant.
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Library of Congress. QH 13. 1)5.

131 Dictionary of Popular Names of Plants, 1882, pages

248, 249

132 Don, Geqrge, 1798-1856, A general history of the

dichlamydous plants. 4 vol., London, J. G. 6c F.
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133 Du Halde, Jean Baptiste, 1674-1743, The general

history of Cnina. 4vol., London,.!. Watts, 1736,
pages 19, 20, 170, 171, 172, 230.
Library of Congress DS708.86.

134 Dunn, Stephen Troyte, 1868, Flora of Kwangtung and

Hongkong. London, Darling & Son, Ltd., 1912,
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Library, U.S. Dept. Agriculture 89K51A.

135 Edward's Botanical Register, 1835. 33 Vol., 1815-

1847. vol. 7; 1729.

•136 Endlicher, Stephano, Genera Plantarum secundum
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137 Forbes, Francis Blackvvell, 1839-1908, An enumeration

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138 Fortune, Robert, 1813-1880, Three years' wanderings

in the northern provinces of China. London, 1847,
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139 Gamble, J. S., A Manual of Indian Timbers. 1781

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1 32 THK LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

140 Gartner, Jospeh, 1732-1791, DC fructibus et seminibvs

plantarvm. 2 vol., Stvtgardiae, Academiae Caro-
linae, .1788-91. 3 vol., l/ipsiae, C. F. E. Richteri,
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141 (Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1886. Vol.

XXV, pages 52 and 150.

142 Georgeson, C. C., The Economic plants of Japan. .In

the American Garden, 1891. Vol. 12:962, 270.

143 Graham, John, 1805-1839, A catalogue of the plants

growing in Bombay and its vicinity. Bombay,
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Library, U.S. Dept. Agriculture 460G76.

144 Grosier, Jean Baptiste Gabriel Alexandra, 1743-1823,

A general description of China. 2 vol., London,
G. Y. and J. Robinson, 1795, pages 425, 426, 427.
Librar} of Congress DS708. G87.

145 Gonzalez de Mondpza, Juan, The historic of the great

and mightie kingdome of China, and the situation
thereof. London, E. White, 1588, pages 14, 60,
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Library of Congress DS708.G644.

146 Hawaii, Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual

Report, 1912, page 25.

147 Henry, Augustine, A list of plants from Formosa in

Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.
December, 1896. Vol. 24, supplement, page 29.

148 Higgins, J. E., The Litchi in Hawaii, 1917, Bulletin

No. 44, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station.

149 Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, 1817-1911, Flora of

British India. 7 vol. , London, L. Reeve & Co. ,

1872-97, 1:686, 687, 688, 689, 690. 460.12H76F.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES 133

150 Hosie, Sir Alexander, Report by Consul-general Hosie

on the province of Ssuch-uan. 1904. London,
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Library U.S. Dept. Agriculture 127H93Re.

151 India Botanical Survey, Records of the Botanical Survey

of India, Calcutta, 1893-1916. Vol. 1: 236, Vol.
2: 55, 92, 1893-1902, 1903.

152 Ito & iMatsumura, Tentamen Florae Lurchuensis, in

the Journal of the College of Science, Imperial
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153 Ito, Tokutaro, Kinkvvao Tetsuen Kwaishi (Memorial

volume for the 80th anniversary of Baron Keisuke
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154 Jonstonus, Johannes, 1603-1675, Dendrographias:

sive, Historiae naturalis de arbor ibus, 1662, pages
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155 Jussieu, • Antoine, Laurent de, 1748-1836, Genera

plantarum, Paris. 1789, pages 246, 247, 248.
Library of Congress QK93.J9.

156 Kevv Royal Gardens, Bulletin of miscellaneous in-

formation, London, 1887, pages 219, 220.

157 Koorders, Fran Anna (Schumacher), Systematisches

VerzeichnisS der zum Herbar Koorde's gehorenden,

in Nederlandsch-Ostindien, besonders in den
Jahren 1888-1903 gesarnmelten Phancregamen.
2vol., Hatavia, 1910-1914. Vol. 1:8, Vol! 2: v,
pages 5, 34, 75.

158 Kurz, Sulpiz, 1834-1878, Forest flora of British Burma,

1877. 2 vol., Calcutta, Office of Supt. of Govt.
printing, 1877. Vol. 1; 292, 293, 294.
Library U. S. Dept. Agriculture 460K96F.

134 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

159 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet dr,

1744-1829, Encyclopedic methodique. Botanique.
8 vol., Paris, Panckoucke, 1783-1808. 2:440 179.?
Supplement 3:478 1813, Tome Troisieme: 573
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Library of Congress QK7. L2.

160 L'Ecluse, Charles, i. e. Jules Charles de, 1526-1609,

Exoticorvm libri decem, 1605, pages 36, 37.
Library of Congress QH41. L39.

161 Linne, Carl von, 1707-1778, Systema naturae per

regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines,
genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis,
synonymis, locis . . . 1767. 3 vol., Lipsiae, G. E.
Beer, 1788-93. 2:18, 1277.
Library of Congress QH43.S53.

162 Linne, Garl von, 1707-1778, Genera plantarum

eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum,
figuram, situm et proportionem omnium fructifica-
tionis partium, 1789., 2 vol., Francofurtiad moenum,
sumtu Varrentraspii et Hennere, 1789-91. 1:262
No. 671.

Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 452L645G.

163 Linne, Carl von, 1707-1778, Systema naturae per

regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines,
genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis,
synonymis, locis 1796. 3 vol , Lugduni, J. B.
Delamolliere, 1789-96. 2:611.

Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 411 L64S.

164 Linne, Carl von, 1707-1778, Species plantarum 1799.

Berolini, G. C. Nauk, 1797-18, 2:346 No. 755.
Library of Congress QK91.L5.

165 Linne, Carl von, 1707-1778, Systema Vegetabilum,

1825-28 5 vol., Volume 11, page 222.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES 135

166 Loureiro, Juan cle, 1715-1796, Flora cochinchinensis

1793. 2 vol., Berolini, Haude et Spencer, 1793.
Pages 286, 287, 288.

Library, U.S. Dept. Agriculture 46<»L93.

167 Macmillan, Hugh F. , Gardeners' Chronicle, 'Decem-

ber, 190«, pages 414, 419.

168 Macmillan, Hugh F., A handbook of tropical garden-

ing and planting, Colombo, H. I. Cave & Co.
1910, pages 167, 177, 178.

Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 34M22.

169 Martinio, Martino, 1614-1662, * Atlas Sinicus sive

Magni Sinarum Imperii Geographic^ dctcriptio.

Vienna, 1655, page 123.

170 Matsumura & Hayata, Enumeratio plantarum formos-

anarum, in the Journal of the College of Scic nee,
Imperial University of Toyo, 1906. Vol. 22:95.

171 Matsumura, Jinzo, 1856, Index plantarum japonicaium,

Tokioni, apud Maruzen, 1912, 2: 334, .135.
Library of Congress QK369.M3.

172 Merrill, Elmer D., A dictionary of the plant names of

the Philippine Islands. Manila, Bureau of public
printing, 1903. 470.

Library of Congress Q75. 1}5.

173 Merrill, Elmer D., 1876- , The Flora of the Lamao

Forest Reserve, in the Philippine Journal of Science,
Vol. 1, suppl. 1, April 15, 1906, pages 86, 87.
Library of Congress Q75.P51.

174 Merrill, Elmer D., Afloraof Manila. Manila, Hureau,

of Printing, 1912, page 305.

Library of Congress QK368. M.S.

136 THE LYCHEE AND XUNGAJS

175 Miguel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm, 1811-1871, Flora

van Nederlandsch Indie, 3 vol., Amsterdam, C. G.
van der Post. 1855-59 pages 554, 555, 556, 557.
Library of Congress QK367. M6.

176 Monteiro de Carvalhe, Jose, Diccionaria portuguez

das plantas, arbustos ... 1 vol., Lisboa, na offic.
de J. F. M. de Campos, 1817, page 316.

177 Nooten, Mme. Berthe Hoola van, Flours, fruits et

feuillages choisis de la flore et de la pornone de Tile
dejava. Bruxelles, E. Tarlier, 1863.

178 Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Cor-

respondence, Reports, etc.

179 Osbeck, Pehr, Dagbok ofwer en Ostindisk Resa . . .

Stockholm, Lor. Ludv. Grefing, 1757.

180 Osbeck, Pehr, 1723-1805, . . . Reise nach Ostindien

und China . . . Rostock, J. C. Koppe, 1765, pages
251, 265.

Library of Congress DS708.078.

181 Osbeck, Pehr, 1723-1805, A voyage to China and the

East Indies, by Peter Osbeck. 2 vol., London,
B. White, 1771, pages 308, 326, 327.
Library of Congress DS708.081.

182 Paris. Museum d'histoire naturelle. 20 vol., Paris,

1815-32. 18:30, 1829.

Library of Congress QH3P181.

183 Pallas, Peter Simon, 1741-1811, Reise durch verschie-

dene Provinizen des Russichen Reichs in einem
ausfuhrlichen Auszuge. 2 vol., Frankfurt und
Leipzig, G. Fleischer, 1776-77, page 129.
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184 Payer, J. B., Families Naturelles des Plantes, 1872

Paris, G. Masson, 1872. paee

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES 137

185 Pharmaceutical Review, 1897, pages 89, 90.

186 Philippine Agricultural Review, Manila, 19- , Vol.

9, No. 3, 1916, page 200.
Library of Congress SI 7. P4.

187 Pierre, Louis, i. e. Jean Baptiste Louis, 1833-1905,

Flo re forestiere de la Cochinchine . . . 5vol., Paris,
O. Doin, 1879-1907.

Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 460P61.

188 Plant Immigrants, Office Foreign Seed and Plant

Introduction, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington,
July-August 1915, Nos. Ill, 112. pages 907, 908
with illustrations, pages 916, 917, 918, 919.

189 Plukenet, Leonard, 1642-1706, .Air.altheum botani-

cum, London, 1769, page 25.
Library of Congress QK41.P7.

190 Popenoe, F. W. , in the Standard Cyclopedia of horticul-

ture, edited by L. H. Bailey, in six volumes, New
York, The Macmillan Company, 1917, Vol. 4,
pages 1891, 1892, 1893 and 2131.

191 Quarterly journal of science, literature and art. 29

vol., London, J. Murray. 1816-30 Vol.- 4, page
293.

Library of Congress QLQH.

192 Radlkofer, L., 1829, Ueber die Sapindacecn Hol-

landisch-indiens, 1877, pages 25, 26, 27, 72.

193 Radlkofer, L. , Ucbcr Sapindus und damit in Zusam-

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pages 16, 299, 303.

194 Radlkofer, Ludvvig, 1829, Conspectus tribum generum-

que sapindacearum, 1890, pages 16 and 17.

195 Radlkofer, L., Sapindaceae in Engler and Prantl.

Leipzig, 1887, pages 300, 301, 328, 334.
Librarv of Congress QKP-7. F6.

138 THE LYOHEE AND LUNG AN

196 Radlkofer, L-» Records of the Botanic Survey of India.

Calcutta, 1907, pages 347, 348.

Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 460In2B.

197 Radlkofer, L. , Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien . . .

Leipzig, U. Englemann, 1887, pages 204, 205.
Library of Congress QK97.E6.

J98 Radlkofer, L. , Sapindaceae philippinenses novae 11
... May, 1913, pages 1606, 1607.

199 Radlkofer, L. , The Philippine Journal of Science,

1913. Vol. 8:444, 445, 446, 447, 457, 458, 459.

200 Ray, John, 1627-1705, Historia plantarum. 3 vol.,

London!, H. Faithome, 1686-1704, Appendix 1:52,
53.

Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 452R21H.

201 Read, B. E., The Edible Litchi Nut (Litclii Ckiuevsis)

in Journal American Chemical Society, v. 40, no. 5,

page 818 uMay 1918).

202 Retaking, Otto A., Diseases of Economic Plants in

Southern China. The Philippine Agriculturist,
Vol. VIII, No. 4 (Nov. 1919), page 123.

203 Roxburgh, William, 1759-1815, Flora Indica; or

Descriptions of Indian Plants. 2 vol., Calcutta,
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204 Roxburgh, William, 1759-1815, Hortus Bengalensis

or a catalogue of the plants growing in the honour-
able East India Company's Botanic Gardens at
Calcutta. 1814, pages 28, 29.

205 Royal horticultural society, London, Transactions . . .

1812-1848. 10 vol., London, 1812-48, Vol.
pages 402, 405.

Libra rv of Congress.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WKSTKKN KKKKKKNTKS 139

206 Saunders, William, Catalogue of Economic Plants in

the Collection of the U. S. Department of Apicul-
ture. No. 308.

207 Semmecio, Alvaro, 1585-1658, The history of that

great and renowned monarchy of China. London,
E. Tyler, 1655, Chapt. 1, Part, 1, pages 5 and 6.
Library of Congress DS708.S46.

208 Semmedo, Alvaro, 1585-1658, Relatione della grande

monarchia della Dina, Romae, Hermann Scheus,
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Library of Congress DS708.S49.

209 Shitsumo Honzo, Journal College Science, 1900.

Suppl. t. 1.

210 Sonner.it, Pierre, 1749-1814, Voyage aux indes

Orientales et a la Chine, 2 vol., Paris, L'auteur,
1782, Part II; pages 230, 231.
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211 Spach, Eduoard, Histoire naturelle des vegetaux, Paris,

1834-48, pages 61, 62, 63, 64.

212 Staunton, Sir George Leonard, bart, 1737-1801, An

authentic account of an embassy from the King of
Great Britain to the Emperor of China, 1797.
2 vol., London, G. Nicol, 1797, page 463.
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213 Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb, 1783-1856, Nomenclator

botanicus, enumerans ordine, 1821, Stuttgardtiae
etTubingae, J. G. Cottae, 1821, pages 328, 460.
Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 452SHN.

214 Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb, 1783-1856, Nomenclator

botanicus; seu, Synonymia. 2 vol., Stuttgartiae

et Tubingae, J. G. Cottae, 1840-41, pages 191,
192.

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140 THE JLYOHEE AND LUNG AN

215 Taylor, W. S., Florida Grower, July 17, 1915; Florida

Times Union, Feb. 8, 1916; Feb. 22, 1916; Mar.
2, 1916; Mar. 16, J916; Mar. 23, 1916; April 18,
1916.

216 Theropeutique, Bulletin General, 1881, pages 325 and

326.

217 Thwaites, George Henry Kendrick, Enumeratio

plantarum Zeylaniae: an enumeration of Ceylon
plants, 1864, London, Dulau & Co., 1864.
Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 460T424.

218 Treasury of Botany, 1899, page 784.

219 Trigault, Nicolas, 1577-1628, De Christiano expedi-

tio ne apud sinas suscepta ab societate Jesu, Libri
V, 1615, Augsburg, 1615, Libri 1, page 10.

220 Trinidad, Botanical Department, Bulletin of Miscel-

laneous Information, 1888-1908, Trinidad, January,
1907, page 177.

221 Turczaninow, Nicolaus, d. 1864, Animadvers herb.

Turez, in Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des
naturalistes de Moscou, 1858. Vol 31: 402, 403.

222 U. S. Dept. of Agr., Division of Pomology, Bulletin

No. 1, Report on the Condition of Tropical and
Sub-Tropical Fruits in the United States in 1887.

223 Vahl, Martin, 1749-1804, Symbolae botanicae, sive

plantarum, 1790. 3 vol., Hauniae, 1790-94, 2:55.
Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 452V18.

224 Vidal y Soler, Sebastian, Phanerogamae Cumingianae

Philippinarum, Manila, 1885, pages 104 and 105.
Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 460B66P.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WKSTKIIN KKKKIJKNCKS 1.41

225 Vidal y Soler, Sebastian, d. 1889, Revision de plantas

vasculares F"ilipinas, Manila, dc M. Pere/. 1886,
pages 97, 98, 344.

Library of Congress QK3.68.B64.

226 Voigr, J. O., Catalogue of the Plants in the Seramporc

Garden, generally known as Dr. Carey's Garden,
1845, page 95.

227 Walker, Robert. Sparks, in the Guide to Nature, Vol.

XII, No. 3, page 34.

228 Walpers, Wilhelrn Gerhard, 1816-1853, Repertorium

botanices systematicae, 6vol., Lipsiae, Friderici
Hofmeister, 1842-48, pages 364, 365.
Library of Congress QK97.W21.

229 Walpers, Guilielmo Gerardo, Annales Botanices

Systematicae. 7 vol., Lipsiae, F. Hofmeister 1848-
68, Tomus II, page 220.

230 Watt, George, 1851, A dictionary of economic

products of India, 1891. 6vol., Calcutta, 1889-
93. Vol. 5: 346, 347.

231 Wight, Robert, 1796-1872, Icones plantarum Indiac

Orientalis, 1840, 6vol., Madras, J. B. Pharaoh,
1840-53. PL 1; t. 43.

Library of Congress QK358.W64.

232 Zanoni, Giacomo, 1615-1682, Rariorum stirpium

historia ex parte olim edita, Bononiae, Laelii a
Vulpe, 1742, page 147.

Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 452. 2X11.

APPENDIX III
Canton Weather Table*.

A TYPICAL YEAR

Average J Max Min, Air ! Humidity Velocity i Direction
Temp. F. | Temp. Temp. Pressure! of Wind | of Y\ ind j

January

56.1

64.8

47.1

30.14

73

2.487 N. N. E.

February

59.7

67.5

5'?.6

30.06

77

1.586 N.E.

March

64.4

71.5

52.2

29.95

86

2.001 K. S. E.

April

70.4

76.2

54.9

29.87

83

1.703 E. S. E.

May

78.9

86.8

72.1

29.77

85

1.756 S. E.

June

81.7

89.1

76.1

29.62

88

2.133 S. S. E.

July

84.1

92.5

76.7

29.69

81

2.087 S. P. E.

August :

82.8

92.0

75.2

29.65

82

2.135 E. S. E.

September

78.2

88.0

71.0

2^.75

72

2.490 N. N. E.

October

75.4

86.5

67.5

i>9.98

69

2.403 N.E.

November

66.5

77.1

59.5

30.04

58

2.648 N. N. E.

December

57.7

66.8

50.7

30.12

76

3.073 N.

Stormy

j Dark

Rainy

j Evaporation Rainfall

Days

Days

Days

i

•

January

20

7

4

69.

mrn. 37.7 mm.

February

10

12

6

49.2

64.3

March

6

18

12

41.9

130.6

April

18

5

12

83.1

136.4

May

12

0

19

90.2

1 90.9

June

3

0

22

73.9

335.6

July

16

1

. 14

96.5

106.7

August

15

0

16

79.1

191.1

September

23

1

6

90.7

16.7

October

28

s

0

139.4

00.0

November

25

4

I

133.1

01.9

December

17

6

8

74.3

81.7

Notes on Bad Weather:

March 12th midnight to March 13 noon heavy rain and strong -\vind.

April llth very strong winds.

April 25th at noon a very strong wind from the N. E. followed by rail

May llth to 31st there were fifteen days of rain.

May 20. h strong wind, thunder and rain.

June 1st to 22nd there were twenty days of rain.

August 9th to 22nd there were eleven d ys of rain.

August 13th and 14th strong winds and heavy rains.

September a severe shortage of rain ; more so than usual.

October - No rain during the whole month.

November 10th and llth stong winds.

Practically no rain during November.

* The above iifures wrre taken from records of tlx- Kwanttuiij; Ajrici

142

Kxprriment SM

APPENDIX IV
PRESENT-DAY VARIETIES OF KWANGTUNG LYCHEF

Mother rs shoe
Bursts the., throat
Man's name
Royal rexl
China grass fiber
Phoenix gem
Imperial

concubine' s laugh
Black leaf
Fragrant lychee
False Wai ...
Cockroach lychee
Hanging green
Cinnamon flavor
Rushes in the pond
Sparrow egg
Rice cinnamon
Glutinous rice
Glutinous rice ball
White wax lychee
White fragrant

plant
Cloth ba»
Rhinoceros horn
Third month red
Sugar lychee
Mountain lychee
President of a
board embraces

1

£L fti ££ A neung hai

Ya niang hsieh

2

¥$ tfjt tffc Ch'ang pau hau

Cheng pao hou

3

J$ n 3£ Chau Shiu Yuk

Chou Shao Yu

4

Jt)t TC %L Chong un hung

Chuangyuan hung

5

*f fifa -¥• Chu ma tsz

Ch'u ma tsu.

6

li, M, £fc Fung wong k'au

Fang huang ch'iu

7

JE ^ 3c Fi tsz siu

Fei tsu hsiao

8

& g Hak ip

Hei yeh

9

§ H Heung lai

Hsiang li

10

ig it Ka Wai

Chia Huai

11

*? & & Kat tsat chi

No no chih

12

^ & Kwa luk

Kua lu

13

^ i^c Kwai mi

Kuei wei

14

^. 3f fi Lok t.'ong p'o

Lo t'ang p'u

15

$ft ^ |j| Ma tseuk ch'un

Ma ch'iao ch'un

16

^ ^ Mai kwai

Mi kuei

17

fi ^ ^ No mai t?sz

No mi ts'z

18

& ^ H No mai t'un

No mi tw'an

19

fiS^fe Pa^ laP ^a' c"i

Pai la li chih

20

^ ^ ^f. Pak lik tsz

Po le tzu

21

^ £8 Po toi

Pu tai

22

^t ^ ^ Sai kok tsz

Hsi chio tsu

23

H ^ %L Sam ut hung

San yueh hung '

24

^>#l Hft Sha t'ong lai chi

Sha t'ang li chih

25

llj -& Shan chi

Shan chih

26

f^ ^1 1SI Sheung shu wai

Shang shou huai

143

144

THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN

27

Tfc 7? -T- Shui fau tsz

Shui fou tsu

Water float

28

ik a! $c Shui tsing k'au

Shui ching ch'iu

Crystal quartz ball

29

& $L & Siu i k'un

Hsiao erh ch'uan

Child's fist

3.0

g$ & Sun chi

Suan chih

Sour lychee

31

*& %. & Sung ka heung

Sung chia hsiang

Sung family

fragrance

32

^C W & Tai ho pau

Ta ho pao

Large purse

33

;fc *h $& Tai ngau ku

Ta niu ku

Big bull

34

^C it Tai tso

Ta tsao

Large crop

35

H iH: i£ T'am shai t'seng

T'an shih ch'ang

A person's name

36

Sft HI T'im ngam

T'ien yeh

Sweet cliff

37

$k ft *¥* Ting sz ngau

Ting sz niu

Hit and kill

.

the cow

38

$& & T'ong pok

T'ang po

Pond

embankment

39

-fc /! ^ Ts'at ut shuk

Ch'i yueh shou

Seventh month

ripe

40

J|f ^ ^ Tseung kwan lai

Chiang chun li

General's lychee

41

^ A Ts'ingpi

Ch'ingp'i

Green skin

42

•¥• ^ Tso lai

Tsao li

Early lychee

43

^ ^ $ Tsun fung lai

Chin feng li

Tribute lychee

44

xic tit £. Ts'oi ma chi

Tsai ma chih

Vegetable hemp

plant

45

IHJ ^ Un t'un

Yuan t'un

Round rump

46

^ fe Wai chi

Huai chih

Wai river lychee

47

if UJ ^t Ye shan chi

Yeh shan chih

Wild mountain

lychee

48

HL W fiL Yuk ho pau

Yu ho pao

Jade purse

49

5E zK Yuk ping

Yu ping

Jade ice

PRESENT-DAY VARIETIES OF LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 145

PRESENT-DAY VARIETIES OF KWANQTUNG LUNGAK

£3 Fa hok Hua kioh Flower skin

Hak hat shek hap Hei ho shih hsia Black seed

stone gorge

3 $ Ifi] Ko un Kao yuan Fat meat ball

4 A? /! #1 Luk ut Pau Liu yueh pao Six months

leopard

5 fl-«f||ifcBJI Shap ip lung ngan Shih yeh lung yen Ten leaves lungan

6 Ti^oW Shek hap lung ngan Shih hsfa lung yen Stone gorge lungan

7 $£&iW She p'i lung ngan She p'i lung yen Snake skin lungan

8 HEJuW Ting un lung ngan Ting yuan lung yen Most round

lungan

9 JiWaW Ts'iuyuklung Ts'ui you lung yen Crisp meat lungan

ngan

10 •?•. 3k Tso wo Tsao ho Early rice

11& EJLJun Wu yuan Black ball

12 31 US Yau ngan Yau yen Soft lungan

WU YING K'UEI'S

LIST OF VARIETIES OF LYCHEE

.IN .
LING NAN LI CHIH P'U

Third month red
Jade purse
Rhinoceros horn
White wax
Black leaf
Tribute
Pond

embankment
Icicle

Water float-
President of a

board embraces
Big clove
Showing the

head flower
Bell of a

horse's mouth
Fragrant lychee
Hanging green
Clove knot
Glutinous rice
Fire mountain
Field cliff
Cinnamon flavor
China grass fiber

1

H $ & Sam ut hung

San yueh hung

"2:

3C W & Yuk ho pau

Yu ho pao

3

@ # ^ Sai kok tsz^

Hsi chio tsu

4

& M ^ Pak lap tsz

?ai la tsu

5

*& m Hak ip

Hei yeh

6

5H ^£ Tsun fung

Chin feng

7

31 -S T'ong pok

T'ang po

8

$! #K dT- Ying ping tsz

Ying ping tsu

9

?K 7? ^ Shui fau tsz

Shui fou tsu

10

^ II 1^ Sheung shu wai

Shang shou huai

11

k T W Tai ting heung

Ta ting hsiang

12

ft S3 fc Lo t'au fa

Lu t'ou hua

13

!& U 1^ Ma hau ling

Ma k'ou ling

14

f? ^ Heung lai

Hsiang li

15

J$ ^ Kwa luk

Kualu

16

T If ^* Ting heung kit

Ting hsiang chieh

17

fl! $fc $ No mai t'sz

No mi chih

18

fc. Ui Fo shan

Huo shan

19

ffl g| Tin ngam

T'ien yen

20

^ Sfc Kwai mi

Kuei wei

21

^ ^ =f. Chu ma tsz

Ch'u ma tsu

1 WU YING K'UEI ($

W.jl', Ling Nan Li Chi

Ling Nan I Shu (^^^S^-),

book 59 (^lirHl/fc),

pages 1-10 (®— "H_^^~hK)'

146

\VU YING K'UEI'S

LIST OF VARIETIES OF I.VCHKK 147

22 ftft ft

Chan ka tsz

Ch'en chia tsu (

23 W®m

Shan u ch'ui

Shan hu chui (

Zft ^/C it*.

Tai tso

Ta tsao I

25 * ft V

Tai tseung kwan

Ta chiang chun 1:

26 /> MF *

Siu tseung kwan

Hsiao chiang chu n S

27 It a ^

Hung sau hai

Hung hsiu hsieh F

28 ff ff

Ye chung

Yeh chung A

29 -fc fl It

Tsat ut hung

Ch i yuch hung S

30 * ft &

Chung ts'au luk

Ch un ch iu lu C

31 m ft **

T'am Shai Tseung

T'an Shih Ch'ang P

32 ft S3 l-g

Cha-j Shiu Yuk

Chou Chao Yu £

33 % ft £

Lai Chung Sz

Li Sung Ssu P

34 ^ 48

Yau lap

Yo lah f

35 S& £

Lap lai

Lah li V

36 ft £

Tsiu hat

Chiao ho S

37 # fc

Ch'un fa

Ch'un hua S

38 $ «

Ukit

Hu chieh IV

39 5. ft ft

Yuk lo seung

Yu lu shuang J

40 ft £ 3jc

Ming ut chu

Ming yueh chu E

41 *B * £f

Fi tsz siu

Fei tsu hsiao 1

42 m m «

Maan li pik

c

Wan li pi 1

43B9C*

Li ting chu

Li ting chu P

44 « j$ «|

Shan u shue

Shan hu shu ;, • C

45 * m ^

Mau ni kwong

Mou ni kuang

46 ^ & 91

FC'ing iu tan

Ch'ing yao tan E

47 ^^^

Fa tso ch'un

Hua ts'ao ch'un F

48 |^ jQ ^

Fu p'ak kwong

Hu p'o kuang /

49 'Ac *#

Fo chai

Hun ch'i f

Choi family

purple

Coral pendulum
Big crop
Big general
Small general
Red embroidered

shoe

Wild species
Seventh month red
Chinese eighth

month

A man's name
A man's name
A man's name
Having wax
Wax lychee" '
Scorched seed
Spring flower
Mongols hurry
Jade dew frost
Bright moon pearl
Imperial

concubine's laugh
Thousand miles

greenish blue
Pearl of a black

horse's head
Coral tree

Beautiful bullet
Flower grass

spring

Amber bright
Fire level

148

THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN

50

?K ^ £jc Shui tsing k'au

Shui ching ch'iu

51

*fc US 2c Luk lo i

Lu lo i

52

$£. Jit Ijk Kau ki wan

Chiao chi huan

53

H! xf" i£ Lung nga lai

Lung ya li

54

& % Sung lai

Sung li

55

$£ JnL ^ Hoi i k'un

Hai erh ch'uan

56

$ffc $i ^ Luk lo po

Lu lo p'ao

57

ft fi}| Kok shu

Chio shu

58

'?£ H S| Fa ling t'au

Hua ling t'ou

59

&• SI ^ Kung ling sun

Kung ling sun

60

Y H Nga kai

Yachi

61

J& |p Fung lun

Feng luan

62

6 3£ IS Paak yuk ang

Pa yu ying

63

3E ^ fl Yuk pau lung

Yu pan lung

64

SK ?§c Lai chu

Li chu

65

JUt 7C fe Chong un hung

Chuangyuan hung

66

^ ^g Mo pun

Mo p'an

67

flf ^t Shing wa , f.

Sheng hua

68

ffi ^! ^ Tseung kwan li

Chiang chun li

69

7h ^ A Siu ching un

Hsiao ho pao

70

>h W %L Shi u ho pau

Hsiao ho pao

71

E^ i^ Ix£ Che ku pan

Che ku pan

72

^ $1 Sin hung

Ch'ien hung

73

^ ^ Ts'im Juk

Ch'ien lu

74

$b W M Tsam tsam fai

Ts'im fei fu

Crystal quartz ball
Green netted -s ilk

cloth

Tea. poy ring
Dragon tooth

lychee

Hung lychee
Baby's fist
Green netted-silk
robe

Rice dumpling
Flower ridge head
Grandfather

leads grandson
Young maid's

tuft of hair
Phoenix egg
White jade dish
Jade coil dragon
Eye of a black

horse
Royal red
Grinding pot
Superior picture
General lychee
Small quartz ball
Small purse
Partridge strip
Fresh and

bright red

Bamboo slip green

Penetrating to the

lungs and bowels

APPENDIX V

ANALYSES OF LYCHEE AND LUNG AN FRUITS

by
Walter C. Blasdale »

. ~ Cane Reducing A , Undeter-
Water Prote.n Fat ^ gup|r Ash

Nephelium litchi (aril):

Original material 14.94 2.91 1.44 4.47 66.58 2.21 745

Water-free substance 3.43 1.69 5.25 77.27 2.60 8.75

Nephelium longan (aril):

Original material 10.94 5.01 1.04 37.50 27.54 2.3l 15.86

Water-free substance 5.63 1.1742.11 30.70 2.59 17.80

1 U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 6.4

PRINTED BY THE COLLEGE PRESS
CANTON, CHINA

149

APPENDIX VI

THE LYCHEE (LITCHI CHINENSIS) A MYCORHIZAL PLANT.

By FREDERICK V. COVILLE

Botanist, United States Department of Agriculture

The lychee plants brought to America by the United States
Department of Agriculture and held in the greenhouse for pur-
poses of study and propagation have seldom grown with luxuriance.
Their stunted appearance and the poverty of their root develop-
ment under the ordinary treatment of greenhouse plants indicated
a lack of nutrition, and the idea suggested itself that the lychee
might belong to that class of plants which require, or thrive best
in, an acid soil.

For a preliminary experiment, twelve seedling lychee plants
were procured from the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Intro-
duction (No. 46568). Three different soil mixtures were used, four
plants being potted in each. For our present purpose only two of
these soils need to be considered. One of these is the potting soil
used for ordinary greenhouse purposes, made up of one part of
rich loam, by bulk, one part of sand, and one part of well-rotted
cow-manure. The other soil consists of two parts of upland peat
and one part of clean sand.

The plants were potted in these two soils June 21, 1920,

in 4-inch pots. The pots were plunged in sand, in a greenhouse in

which the minimum temperature in winter is 55° Fahr. at night,

'70° in the daytime. In spring, summer, and fall the temperature

goes much higher.

The difference in behavior of the lychee in the two soils
is conspicuous, as is shown by typical plants from the two lots,
seven months after potting, reproduced in Plate XX. The
growth of the plants in the ordinary potting soil is very feeble; in
the acid soil it is free and luxuriant.

Corresponding inequalities of growth have taken place
underground. In the ordinary soil the root development is feeble
and is confined chiefly to stout, unbranched leaders which have
pushed through to the bottom of the pot. In the acid soil the
plants have produced similar root leaders, but more freely, and in
addition there is an extensive development of smaller much-
branched roots. These lie chiefly at the sides of the root-ball,
against the wall of the pot. Some of the plants in the ordinary soil
have developed similar branched roots, but much less extensively.

151

152 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

The characteristic of greatest interest, however, in the acid-
soil plants is that their branched roots are covered with tubercles,
and that these tubercles are gorged with mycorhizal fungi. The
appearance and the abundance of these tubercles are well shown in
Plate XXI.

Dr. Emil G. Arzberger, of the Office of Crop Technology,
with exquisite technique, has fixed, stained, and sectioned the
tubercles, and has made drawings and photographs. His descrip-
tions and illustrations leave no question that these tubercles are
genuine symbiotic mycorhizas. Three photographs and four
drawings by Dr. Arzberger, showing the mycorhizal fungi in the
cells of the tubercles, at enlargements of 195 to 830 diameters, are
reproduced in Plates XXII and XXIII. None of the plants in
the ordinary soil developed these tubercles.

This experiment was conducted without knowledge that
Professor Groff was writing a book on the lychee. Ordinarily such
an experiment would be repeated many times for verification before
the results were published, but it has seemed desirable to publish
this brief statement at once, since the experiment points to con-
clusions of fundamental significance in the life history of the
lychee and suggests a definite and unusual line of agricultural
practice, at the very beginning of the culture of the lychee in the
United States.

The experiment indicates that the mycorhizal fungus is
beneficial to the lychee plant, probably, indeed, essential to its
vigorous growth and productivity; that an acid soil is necessary
for the maintenance of. the fungus; and that a soil of peaty type
is the most promising for lychee culture. Repeated experiments
should be made to test the validity of these indications. Dr.
Arzberger is making a detailed study of the lychee root fungus for
more extended publication.

Although these mycorhizal tubercles presumably occur on
the roots of the lychee in China, they have never been recorded or
observed there, so far as Professor Groff is aware. A reexamination
of lychee culture in China, in the light of the present experiment,
will be of great interest, for it is likely to be found that this industry
is a genuine acid-soil culture, developed as such by the Chinese,
unconsciously and empirically, from the ancient and cumulative
experience of that amazing people.

APPENDIX VII

LACK OF WINTER DORMANCY AND THE LOW ZERO POINT OF

GROWTH OF THE LYCHEE LIMITING FACTORS IN ITS

CULTURE IN FLORIDA.

By WALTER T. SWINGLE
United States Department of Agriculture

Canton, China, is in the same latitude as Havana, Cuba.
Coconut palms abound in Cuba and also in southern Florida, but
the visitor to Canton looks in vain for them. The coconut palms
grow in numbers on the shores of Lake Worth, Florida, in latitude
26° 45', just three and one-half degrees north of Havana.

The lychee has not as yet been grown successfully without
protection in any part of Florida; and yet it is grown commerically
in the southern part of Fukien Province, especially about Hsinghwa
Fu (now P'ut'ien Hsien), two degrees north of Canton. I passed
through Canton late in January, 1919, and found the weather
cloudy and distinctly chilly. I was told that there had been prac-
tically no sunshine for a month. To my surprise, the lychee trees
growing on the dykes on the Canton Christian College grounds
on Honan Island showed a beautiful wine-colored flush of new
growth. The daily meteorological records of the Freeman Mete-
orological Observatory at the Canton Christian College for January,
1919, give the following record of temperature and humidity:

Day

Temp, at 7 A.M.
Deg. Cent.

Max. Temp.
Deg. Cent.

Min. Temp.
Deg. Cent.

Humidity

7 A.M.

per cent.

Avg. Humidity

7 A.M., I P.M.

6 P.M., percent.

I

13-0

17-8

10.8

95

86

2

9-4

12.8

9.0

70

6l

3

4-1

13-4

4.0

61

52

4

5-6

15.6

3-8

72

56

5

7-6

19.1

5-2

71

52

6

9-5

20.9

7-3

87

61

7

13-7

23-5

9.0

81

73

8

17-5

23.4

13-4

92

9i

9

19.4

25-5

17.0

97

89

10

19.0

27.9

18.4

96

83

ii

19.8

26.4

17.0

98

86

12

14.1

20. o

13-9

83

75

13

14.2

19.9

13-7

77

93

153

154

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

Day

Temp, at 7 A. M.
Deg. Cent.

Max. Temp.
Deg. Cent.

Min. Temp.
Deg. Cent.

Humidity
7 A.M.
per cent.

Avg. Humidity

7 A.M., I P.M.

6 P.M., percent.

14

15-4

20.7

13-9

88

86

15

17.7

20.5

17-3

93

86

16

13.2

19.1

12.3

81

80

I?

15-7

22.5

12.8

89

85

18

I7.6

23.4

16.8

92

85

IQ

10.2

13-8

10. I

77

77

20

9.1

12.6

8-9

66

70

21

' 8.9

12.7

8.6

76

82

22

7-4

12. I

6.8

89

87

23

IO. 2

17-5

9.6

94

93

24

16.1

23-3

iS-2

98

97

25

12.8

n. 8

95

93

26

12-5

9-3

98

93

27

.

12. I

8-9

98

93

28

.

12.4

8.8

89

87

29

.

I8-S

8.0

97

96

30

14.0

IS.O

7-9

89

94

31

9-5

IO.S

9-3

92

94

12.8

18.0

10.9

86

82

The mean temperature for the month, obtained by taking the mean be-
tween the maximum and minimum, is 14.45 Cent, or 58.01 Fahr.

Unfortunately, there is no sunshine record for January, 1919.
The record for February, 1920, which tabulates similar but slightly
lower maximum temperatures, shows only the following hours of
sunshine for the month:

Day of Hours and Minutes

Month of Sunshine

i • . . . o h. 33 min.

6 o h. 4 min.

15 o h. 19 min.

17 2 h. 20 min.

29 i h. 52 min.

Total, 5 days •. . . . 5 hrs. 8 min.

Only five hours and eight minutes of sunshine for a month ! And
the last five days of January, 1920, had also been without sunshine.

The raw winter climate of Hongkong, in the latitude of
Cienfuegos, Cuba, is well known. Many other tropical plants
besides the coconut fail to thrive there. In spite of the coldness
of the winter climate, frost is practically unknown there and is
very rare in Canton, and never severe.

A comparison of the records for January, 1919, for Canton,

LIMITING FACTORS OF GROWTH IN FLORIDA

155

China, and the average for six points in Florida* for a long period
of years is shown below:

Station

Latitude

Mean Temp.

Mean Max.

Mean Min.

Hours of

(Location)

(North)

°Fahr.

°Fahr.

°Fahr.

Sunshine

Canton, China. .

23° 06'

58.01

64.4

51-6

5 hr. 8 min.

(Jan. 1919)

(Feb. 1920)

Key West, Fla. .

24° 34'

70.00

74.00

65.00

Miami, Fla . . .

25° 46'

65.00

74.00

57.00

Ft. Myers, Fla. .

26° 38'

62.00

72.00

52.00

Tampa, Fla . . .

27° 5*'

59.00

68.00

50.00

194 hours

Eustis, Fla

28° 50'

58.00

69.00

48.00

Jacksonville, Fla.

30° 20'

55-00

64.00

46.00

161 hours

It is evident at a glance that the Canton climate in January,
1919, was much colder than the average of south Florida points,
and especially the mean maximum temperature was much lower.
The thermometric records do not fully show the difference between
South China and Florida, since the bright sunshine (50 to 60 per
cent or more of the total possible) of the south Florida winter
would heat the leaves, buds, and twigs of a tree to a higher tem-
perature than that of the air, while nothing of the kind happens
during cloudy weather in China.

The records reprinted above show that at Canton, China,
during the eleven days from January 8 to 18, 1919, the minimum
temperatures were above 12.3° Cent. (55.1° Fahr.), the daily mean
temperatures were above 15.7° Cent. (61.3° Fahr.), and the maxi-
mum temperatures were above 19.1° Cent. (66.4° Fahr.), the hot-
test day being the loth with the minimum 18.4° Cent. (66.1° Fahr.),
the mean 23.2° Cent. (73.7° Fahr.), and the maximum 27.9° Cent.
(82.3° Fahr.). Probably the growth on the lychee trees observed
about January 25 resulted from this spell of warm weather.

Such a moderate warm spell as this is sure to occur during
every Florida winter, with the added stimulus of bright sunshine
half or more of the time.

If a surmise be ventured, I would place the zero point of
growth of the lychee, in the light of the facts recorded above,
between 16° Cent, and 18° Cent, (about 6o°-65° Fahr.). It is
clear that the lychee has a very low degree of winter dormancy.

The fact that the lychee was growing at Canton in the last
week of January, 1919, in spite of prolonged cloudy weather and
low maximum and mean temperatures, proves that it is able to

*Henry, Alfred J. Climatology of the United States. Weather Bulletin B.( Washington
D. C., igo6, pp. 352-361.

156 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

break out into new growth at relatively low temperatures; in
other words, that it has a low zero point for vegetative growth,
just as the West Indian lime, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing.,
and the guava, Psidium Guajava L., both of which are forced into
a tender new growth by a few days of warm weather such as com-
monly occur during a Florida winter. Both of these plants suffer
severely from cold in all but extreme south Florida.

It appears very probable, then, that the lychee has hereto-
fore failed to grow in Florida without protection not so much
because of any extreme sensitiveness to cold as because of its lack
of winter dormancy and low zero point of growth which cause it
to put out tender new growth very liable to be injured by even
moderate cold snaps. Experience in Florida has shown only too
clearly that once the lychee has started into a tender new growth
it is severely injured even by very slight frost that would have no
effect whatever on mature leaves and twigs.

It would appear desirable to test the lychee in south Florida
by giving it the protection of a lath shed. Possibly the trees
should be shaded on hot days to prevent the breaking out of new
growth; certainly they should be protected by fire-pots, if neces-
sary, on cold nights, and during cold winds if in growth.

After the lychee has been grown successfully with such
protection it might be possible to work out methods of culture in
certain favored locations without the expense of sheds, giving only
protection by fires during severe cold spells.

The lychee is able to stand prolonged hot, moist weather in
summer, in fact probably requires such weather in order to grow
vigorously and fruit abundantly. The summer climate of south
Florida is very much like that of south China, and doubtless the
lychee will feel at home in Florida if it can be properly protected
during the winter.

In view of the exquisite flavor and superb beauty of the ripe
fruit of the choicest varieties of the lychee, there is every reason
to expect that this, the most highly esteemed fruit of China, will
be grown in special greenhouses by amateurs all over the United
States. Our hot summers, so trying to many flowers and fruits
of Europe, would be beneficial rather than injurious to the lychee,
and as a relatively low temperature during winter is advantageous
to this tree, the expense of maintaining such a lychee house would
be less than that of an ordinary greenhouse. Now that Professor
Groff has brought the finest varieties of the lychee to the United
States and Dr. Coville has worked out the soil requirements of this
plant, there should be no serious difficulty encountered in fruiting
this tree under glass.

APPENDIX VIII

ROOTING LYCHEE CUTTINGS BY MEANS OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE
AND HIGH HUMIDITY PROCESS.

By EDWARD GOUCHER
United States Department of Agriculture

The vegetative propagation of certain woody plants, especi-
ally some of the tropical and subtropical fruits, including the
lychee, has always involved problems more or less difficult of solu-
tion. In the past, various methods to root both hard and soft
wood cuttings have been tried with varied success, but not any
have proved entirely satisfactory or reliable.

In the case of the lychee there has been special need for
improved methods of propagation. Heretofore it has been neces-
sary to propagate the desired varieties either by the inarch method
or by grafting on seedling stocks. As these stocks must all be
grown from short-lived seeds, secured abroad, which are very
difficult to obtain in living condition, an attempt to establish in
the United States an industry in this valuable fruit has been
greatly retarded.

With the object in view, therefore, of finding a solution of
the difficulties, several experiments with cuttings of lychee were
made as follows:

(1) Cuttings were taken from the tips of young shoots.
These were made from four to six inches long and the foliage was
reduced about one-half. A ball of sphagnum moss was tied about
the base of each cutting and these were then placed in pans in a
warm propagating-case.

(2) Another lot of cuttings was placed in a mixture of
Jersey muck and silver sand, in a case similar to the above.

Not any of the cuttings in either of these two experiments
rooted, but their behavior was very valuable in later experiments.
In the hot, humid atmosphere of the propagating-case all of the
cuttings of lychee, placed in both the moss and soil, had their lower
ends decayed, while the tops remained in splendid condition. And
some cuttings formed a callus just above the surface soil, indicating
that they needed more aeration at their base.

(3) The third trial was then made with cuttings set in
inverted pots, the stem ends shoved through the holes in the bot-
tom. A small quantity of sphagnum moss was packed about the
base so as to steady them, and the inverted pots were then placed
on a bed of moss in the propagating-case. About forty per cent of

157

158 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

this lot formed roots, the remainder decaying at the base, but with
some callousing above the dead wood.

(4) In the final and most successful experiment a number
of three-inch pots were two-thirds filled with a mixture of Jersey
muck and silver sand of equal parts. The cuttings were made
with only a small portion of the foliage removed. Each cutting
was then tied to a six-inch pot label, and the labels were shoved
down into the partly filled pots until the base of each cutting just
touched the soil. These cuttings formed a callus in from eight to
ten days and some sent their roots down into the soil in twenty
days after planting. Eighty per cent of these cuttings rooted, and
when they were thoroughly rooted the pots were filled with soil
and the plants were removed to a cooler section of the propagating-
case in order to prepare them gradually for greenhouse conditions.

Construction of the Propagat ing-Case.

The propagating-case contains a shallow, galvanized iron
pan for water which is heated by means of an electric heater or a
small oil-stove hot-water equipment. Over the pan is placed a
false bottom of one-fourth-inch wire mesh which is covered with
moss. Upon this moss the pots containing the cuttings are placed.
Over the box, which is tightly constructed so as to conserve all the
heat, a hinged sash is fitted. This must fit sufficiently snug to
prevent evaporation.

A very simple outfit for field use has been made similar to
the above. The heating equipment consists of an oil-stove with
water attachment. A small one gallon boiler is located immedi-
ately over the oil-stove, not unlike an incubator. A one-inch pipe
extends out from the top of the boiler, and under the water-tank
which it encircles, and then returns to the bottom of the boiler.

Preparation and Treatment of Cuttings.

As already indicated, great care must be taken in the pre-
paration of cuttings not to allow them to become dry. After they
are removed from the parent plant they should be immediately
immersed in water. The lychee seems to delight in a hot, moist
atmosphere. A temperature of 85 to 90 degrees should be main-
tained in the propagating-case and cuttings should be kept moist
at all times. The foliage should be wet down several times during
the day if necessary, and shaded from bright sunlight. The lychee
is peculiar in its ability to stand up under these hot, moist condi-
tions. Cuttings of other fruits will collapse completely; others

ROOTING LYCHEE CUTTINGS 159

callous but do not send out roots; and still others go to pieces in a
few days. The lychee, on the other hand, will quickly wither if
allowed to become dry.

The chief difficulties experienced have been in removing
the plants from the sweat-box. This must be accomplished
gradually, and in order to do this one should have one or two other
boxes in which there is a gradual let-down of temperature and
humidity. With the right kind of cuttings and facilities there is
no reason why the propagation of the lychee from cuttings should
not prove a most advantageous commercial method of multiplying
desirable varieties of this interesting plant.

APPENDIX IX

SUNG OHIO'S ACCOUNT OF THE ORGANIZATION OF A LYCHEE CLUB

AT P'UT'IEN, FUKIEN PROVINCE, DURING THE MING

DYNASTY*

Translated by Michael J. Hagerty, Chinese Translator of the United

States Department of Agriculture, assisted by Ch'en

Ts'ing-hua and Wu Mien

INTRODUCTION

Sung Chio (literary name Sung Ta-mo) in 1608 wrote his Li chih p'u or
treatise on the lychee. He was a native of P'ut'ien district in Hsinghwa prefecture,
one of the famous lychee-grpwing regions in Fukien Province.

His treatise is reprinted both in the Imperial Encyclopedia (see p. 119,
No. 5) and in Mr. Wu's great work on Chinese Botany (see p. 120, No. n). It
contains seven chapters, as follows: i. "Fortunate Occupation" (Introduction);
2. "The Lychee Club"; 3. "The Narrative" (History); 4. "Records of the Sung
Family Lychee"; 5. "Lychee Wine" ; 6. "Remarkable Events"; 7. "The Lychee
Slave (Lungan)." The whole treatise is written in a highly imaginative style
and is replete with hyperboles and literary allusions. The author extols the lychee
above all other fruits. "The lychee is the genius, the Buddha of the fruits; there
is nothing to be compared to it," so he begins his treatise. In the first chapter he
tells of eating a thousand or two lychee fruits a day and a hundred thousand fruits
during the season. Only two of his friends, Kup Sh&ig-tai and Fang Tzu-tao,
could eat as many. He says, "I took pleasure in separating the varieties and
enjoyed compiling this treatise."

Under the heading "Unalloyed Bliss in Eating the Lychee," he lists
thirty-three favorable or auspicous circumstances which add to the pleasure of
eating lychee, such as: "the coming of agreeable friends," "facing flowing
water," "examining treatises on the lychee," etc., etc. Then under "Somber
Happenings in Eating the Lychee," he lists thirty-four unfavorable circum-
stances tending to diminish the pleasure derived from eating the lychees, such
as: "heavy rains," "having people about who do not like to eat lychees," "lis-
tening to bad poems or songs," "urging guests not to eat lychee under pre-
tense of avoiding ill effects from the heat," appearance of the Pine cone vari-
ety," (the last to ripen, marking the end of the season), etc., etc.

*This translation of Sung Chio's account of a lychee club is taken from the second chapter
of his Li chih p'u reprinted in the Chinese Imperial Encyclopedia, Book 273, Hui Kao, Pt. i, fol.
7 of the Small Edition, or Pt. i, fol. 15-16 of the Imperial Edition.

Sung Chio's entire work and the five other treatises on the lychee reprinted in this En-
cyclopedia, have been translated by Mr. Hagerty assisted by Ch'en Ts'ing-hua and Wu Mien.
Photostat copies of the typewritten translations, as well as of the entire text of the Imperial Edition
of the Encyclopedia referring to the lychee and lungan (Books 273-277 and part of Book 280, in all,
202 folios), may be secured by arrangement with the Library of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Translations of the other four treatises on the lychee (Nos. i, 2, 4
and 9, on pp. 118-119), not reprinted in the Imperial Encyclopedia, as well as the Chinese texts, can
also be secured there.

The Library of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has also a set of photostat copies of
he historical and botanical references on the lychee from western sources, 409 pages in all, prepared
by Mrs. Walter T. Swingle (Nos. 100-232, see pp. 127-141). These also may be secured by special
arrangement.

160

THE ORGANIZATION OF A LYCHEE CLUB 161

CHAPTER II

The Lychee Club

"The people of the Min-hao1 region (though living near the
lychee districts) do not all see the lychee. To see this fruit, to
obtain some to eat during the ripening season, and when eating
to obtain one's fill, to taste all the famous varieties — these, like
visiting the Mermaids' palace2 and Ch'i Nu's3 mansion to obtain
all one wants of bright pearls an inch through and coral branches
ten feet long, are not easy. The people of leisure in Wu4 and
Yueh5 (far distant from the lychee districts) who hear of this fruit
can enjoy it only through their ears, though the hearing of it makes
them imagine they can see it and causes their mouths to water so
profusely that they wet their feet and are compelled to roll up the
skirts of their robes, embarrassing them so that they do not know
what to do. There has been no lack of curious people in the world
who nevertheless do not travel a thousand or a hundred // to see
this fruit. The natives (living in lychee districts) are so accus-
tomed to seeing and hearing of this fruit that they do not appre-
ciate those bright pearls and corals and even regard them as being
no better than sweet peaches or sweet plums. So therefore I
have written the metaphors on "Unalloyed Bliss" and "Somber
Happenings" (see above).6

"My friends of the same tastes as myself in the village are
few and their capacity for eating lychee is very small.7 Many
times I have wanted to invite a number of friends to form a club
like the Lien She8 and the Mei She,9 but for one reason or another
this wish was never realized. At the end of spring Fang Tzu-tao
came to see me and I talked to him about this subject. He was
pleased and said: 'Last summer while visiting in Yun-chien10 I
earnestly thought about this fruit and now I shall not lightly reject
this opportunity.' Accordingly, on the 6th day of the 6th month
we began to meet in the Ts'ui family garden now belonging to the

1 Fuchow in Fukien Province.

2 The Shu I Chi (collection of notes on the wonderful, by J£n Fang of the early part of the
6th century) says that the Chiap J£n or Mermaids dwell under the water like fish, where they weave
without stopping and when their tears drop from their eyes they turn into pearls. See T'zii Yuan
p. 56, under the iQSth radical.

3 This is the 'hao' or pseudonym of Shih Ch'ung, a man famous for his great wealth, which
he was fond of displaying. See Giles C. P. D., p. 651.

4 Kiangsu Province.

5 Chekiang Province.

6 This introductory paragraph is so obscure and so full of hyperboles as to be difficult to
render literally in English.

7 As compared with his own capacity to eat one or two thousand fruits a day.

8 Lien She — Lotus Club.

9 Mei She — Plum Blossom Club.

Jo The present Huat'ing district in Sunkiang prefecture in Kiangsu.

162 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

brothers Lin Ch'ien-po and Lin Shou-po and we agreed to meet
once every day until the lychee fruiting season was over and then
stop. The by-laws of our club consisted of five articles. I was
made director of the club. Though this fruit is a wonderful and
mysterious thing, yet we are able to value, cherish, and also guard
it by forming into a club those who have the same liking for it as
ourselves.

"We will meet when the weather is fine. For a tent we will
use the heavy shade. For a bath we will use the cold fountain.
For a covering we will use clothing that the breezes blow through.
For illumination we use cool moonlight. To mix with the lychee
we will use dark blue wine. For relief (from over-eating) we
will drink cold syrup. To verify statements concerning the lychee
we will use the old records. To record our business we will
use new poems.

"Although we are living in a foul, dusty world, still we are
able to view the borders of the capital of the genii and while our
bodies dwell within a fiery city, our spirits roam throughout the
cool valleys. Not only those people of leisure living in Wu and
Yuen cannot gratify these longings, even Po Fu1 who broke the
purple silk in Nan-pin2 or Su Weng who was presented with some
deep red hornless dragon pearls (ch'en ch'iu chu)3 in Ling-piao4
are like one who calls himself venerable when there is no Buddha
around and that they could not compete with us is clear.

By-Laws:

(1) "The club begins to meet when the Huo shan (Volcano)
variety is entirely ripe and ceases to meet on the day when the
Sung lei (Pine cone) variety comes forth. Each day one member
acts as director and procures three thousand fruits as an average,
but if there are more, then the pleasure is greater.

(2) "Whoever acts as director sends out announcements
before the time of meeting. As the club has no fixed meeting-
place, either an old Buddhist temple or a famous garden will be

* This is an allusion to the following incident n6ted in the biography of Po Chu-i found in
Old History of the T'ang dynasty: "The lychee fruit grown around the gorges of Pa I or Eastern
Ssuch'iian has a hull that is like red silk, and inner skin that is like purple silk. Its pulp is bright
like frozen snow with juice of a 'sweet sour' taste like rich, sweet wine." See P ei Wen YSn Fu,

3 Ch'en Ch'iu chu — deep red, hornless dragon pearls. This is an allusion to an incident
mentioned in the following two lines of a poem written by Su Tung-p'o upon eating some lychee fruit
on the nth day of the 4th month:

'You rinse the wine cups and pour out the excellent wine,
While on this transparent dish you present me with these
deep-red hornless dragon pearls.'

* Ling-nan. See P'ei W6n Yun Fu, Bk. 7, Pt. i, p. 108, r.

THE ORGANIZATION OF A LYCHEE CLUB 163

suitable for this purpose. One may come by boat or horseback,
following the course he finds suitable. The club will often meet
in remote country places where we will have even more seclusion.

(3) "The club will meet in the morning and adjourn in the
evening. At noon we will eat some vegetable congee and in the
evening supplement this with several cups of clear broth. There
will be no large vessels of strong rank meats to mar the refinement
of our gatherings.

(4) "When about to separate each member must select a
theme and a rhyme and at the following meeting he must present
his poem. If it is not finished he is punished by having three
thousand fruits taken from him. At meeting-time, members will
devote themselves to eating and drinking and not occupy them-
selves with poems and songs but each following his own inclination
may either take the tripod for warming tea, play chess, recline
upon a pillow or mat, enjoy fragrant incense, chat, laugh and not
bother about anything else.

(5) "Those who disturb our ideas and who shirk should
be dealt with strictly, while the dilettanti who enter (uninvited)
shall not be excluded."

APPENDIX X
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE I. Reproduction of a painting of the lychee attributed to the Sung
Emperor, Hui Tsung (1100-1126 A. D.) and entitled "The Ch'en Purple
Lychee Embroidered Fragrant Bag." Photograph, February, 1921, by
permission of The Metropolitan Museum of Art (one-third natural size).

PLATE II, Frontispiece. A Kwangtung lychee landscape. A nine-story pagoda,
a Canton slipper-boat and lychee trees along the dykes of the streams. Honan
Island, Canton, China. January, 1915. Photograph (No. 1049.544) by the
author.

PLATE III, FIGURE ia. Reproduction of a rubbing of the "Li Chih P'u" by
Ts'ai Hsiang (two-fifths natural size). This work was composed in Fukien
Province, China, in 1059 A. D. It was divided into seven parts of which this
page, scarred and cracked, represents the first portion of Part I. The work
is possibly the oldest horticultural monograph extant. Ts'ai Hsiang's literary
name is (Ts'ai) Chun-mo; and his canonization title, given by the Emperor
after his death, is (Ts'ai) Chung-hsiang Kung. Photograph, December, 1920,
for the author, from the copy in the Library of Congress Chinese collection.
The set of rubbings from the inscription on stone, in the Library of Con-
gress Chinese collection, is mounted, Chinese style, in a folded portfolio of 70
pages. Photostat copies of this, as well as of a set of rubbings from a facsimile
copy on wood, in which all the characters are perfect, can be secured by
arrangement with the Library of the United States Department of Agriculture.

PLATE III, FIGURE ib. Reproduction of a copy of the "Li Chih P'u" by Ts'ai
Hsiang, neatly written upon silk. This page also represents Part I of the
work and is reproduced here about two-fifths natural size. The silk copy
which has been in the possession of one Chinese family for at least five genera-
tions, though slightly worm-eaten, is well preserved. Photograph, 1920, for
the author.

PLATE IV, FIGURE ic. Reproduction of a reprint of the "Li Chih P'u" by
Ts'ai Hsiang, representing the first page of Part II as it appears in the Tsung
Li Yaman reprint, of The Chinese Imperial Encyclopedia (two-thirds natural
size). Photograph, 1920, for the author, from the copy in the Library of
Congress Chinese collection.

PLATE V, FIGURE 2. Fruiting material of an herbarium specimen of Litchi
philippinensis Radlk (one-half natural size). The specimen was collected in
Tambalos Province, Luzon, P. I., in April, 1905, by W. M. Maule. A quo-
tation from Radlkofer, attached to the specimen, states: "These fruits seem
really partly to split by exsiccation, but nevertheless the plant is from floral
and anatomical characters a true litchi." It is important as a matter of record
to note, on the leaves of this specimen, lychee leaf-galls, a species of Eriophyes,
a conspicuous enemy of the cultivated lychee (see page 84) . Photograph by
the author (No. 31136), February, 1918, with permission of the Bureau of
Science, Manila, P. I.

PLATE V, FIGURE 3. Fruiting material of an herbarium specimen of Euphoria
cinerea Radlk (one-half natural size). The collector was H. N. Whitford.
The fruits were secured from a 5o-meter tree growing at the foot of a hill, on
river-bottom land, along Lamao River, P. I. Photograph by the author (No.
31134), February, 1918, with permission of the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.

164

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 165

PLATE VI, FIGURE 4. The root system of a mature lychee tree, as seen along
the side of a dyke, the earth of which had been washed away by flood. Near
Nan Kang, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1151) by
the author.

PLATE VI, FIGURE 5. A flower panicle of the lychee, San yueh hung variety.
Near Nan Kang, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1152)
by the author.

PLATE VII, FIGURE 6. An inner and an outer dyke along the Pearl River, both
planted with lychee trees. In the low, wet field, bounded by these dykes,
Cantonese farmers are setting out, in straight rows, young rice plants. Ling
Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, April, 1915. Photograph
(No. 1057.595) by the author.

PLATE VII, FIGURE 7. A lotus pond surrounded by dykes. The limb of a
lychee tree extends out over the pond. Li Chih Wan (Canton's Public Fruit
Park), Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1069.702) by the author.

PLATE VIII, FIGURE 8. A dyked field in the Canton Delta, planted to sagit-
taria. Cantonese women are standing in the mud, up to the knees, harvesting
the crop. Notice again lychee trees planted along the dykes. Near Canton,
China, December, 1913. Photograph (No. 1029.281) by the author.

PLATE VIII, FIGURE 9. Fish-ponds, in which fish are cultured, formed by the
dykes constructed along the Pearl River. Students standing under the lychee
trees and fishing in the ponds. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton,
China. Summer, 1916. Photograph (No. 4120.1339) by the author.

PLATE IX, FIGURE 10. Pearl River dykes held in place by stone walls and lychee
trees. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China. June, 1914.
Photograph (No. 1038.443) by the author.

PLATE IX, FIGURE n. The Pearl River in flood, showing the ability of the
lychee to withstand the submersion of roots for long periods of time. Floods
in Kwangtung are frequent and severe, but lychee trees, planted along the
dykes, withstand the force of the streams. Ling Nan (Canton Christian
College), Canton, China. July, 1915. Photograph (No. 1078.753) by the
author.

PLATE X, FIGURE 12. A walk along a lychee dyke. Near Canton, China,
March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1153) by the author.

PLATE X, FIGURE 13. The dykes in south China are usually planted to fruit.
Lychee trees on the left and plum trees on the right. Honan Island, Canton,
China, January, 1915. Photograph (No. 1050.545) by the author.

PLATE XI, FIGURE 14. Students picking lychee in the well-formed dyke plan-
tation of the Canton Christian College. These trees are the Huai chin
variety. The students often purchase a whole tree of fruits. This photo
was taken when the tides were high and the water reached to the branches
of the trees. Ling Nan, Canton, China, July, 1914. Photograph (No.
4052.454) by the author.

PLATE XI, FIGURE 15. Crop watcher who, during the fruiting season of lychee,
sleeps and eats on the dykes, thus protecting his crop. Note his thatched hut
on the right, under the trees. He has picked a basket of fruits and is preparing
them for the market. Ling Nan, Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph
(No. 1063.695) by the author.

166 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

PLATE XII, FIGURE 16. Ling Nan lychee ready for the market. This is one
of the types of basket, made locally from stripped bamboo, in which the fruit
is marketed. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, July,

1914. Photograph (No. 4053.455) by the author.

PLATE XII, FIGURE 17. Clusters of lychee, Huai chih variety, as they form on
the trees. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, June,

1915. Photograph (No. 4070.694) by the author.

PLATE XIII, FIGURE 18. A group of Canton Christian College Middle School
students as seen at the time of a favorite practicum — a study of the varieties
of the lychee. Ling Nan, Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No.
4069.693) by the author.

PLATE XIV, FIGURE 19. A fruiting limb of a lychee tree. Ling Nan (Canton
Christian College), Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1156) by
the author.

PLATE XIV, FIGURE 20. The head of a lychee tree in fruit, showing the ex-
tremely heavy yield. Note especially how the heavily fruiting limbs have
been braced with bamboo poles. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College),
Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1157) by the author.

PLATE XV, FIGURE 21. Lychee trees, along the dykes, the fruit of which is
protected from the ravages of bats by meshed wire netting, stretched from
poles stuck into the mud of the ponds. The flight of the bats to the trees is
thus checked. Li Chih Wan, Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No.
1068.700) by the author.

PLATE XV, FIGURE 22. A view of the terraced hills, planted to fruit, at Lo
Kang. The irregularly constructed steps along the sides of these hills are
from fifteen to twenty feet wide and quite level. The sides of the steps, as
seen by a man standing on each terrace, are perpendicular and from four to
six feet high. Lo Kang, Kwangtung, China, April 9, 1919. Photograph
(No. 31480) by the author.

PLATE XVI, FIGURE 23. The outer stockade built about the famous Kua lu
lychee tree. With fruit worth $24 per catty (one and one- third pounds) no
chances are taken by the owners with thieves. This, the original Kua lu tree,
is said to produce fruit of very superior quality and flavor. However, layers
from the tree planted elsewhere are said to be far inferior to the original. The
original tree is very old and in the days of the Empire all the fruit was sent
to Peking or found its way into the hands of officials. Tseng Ch'ing, Kwang-
tung, China, June 28, 1918. Photograph (No. 31313) by the author.

PLATE XVI, FIGURE 24. In addition to the stockade (Fig. 23), enclosing the
Kua lu lychee, there is an inner fence of bamboo. In addition to this pro-
tection against thieves, there is a fish-net thrown over the entire tree in order
to protect the fruit from the attack of birds. It is reported that when the
fruit is being picked from this tree it is customary for the owner to require
pickers to sing in a loud voice, thus assuring that no fruit is being eaten.
Tseng Ch'ing, Kwangtung, China, June 28, 1918. Photograph (No. 31316)
by the author.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 167

PLATE XVII, FIGURE 25. Upland orchard of lychee, revealing the tree, in
shape and size not unlike that of apple. The magnificent culture of these
trees of Huai chih variety as seen on these foothills establishes the fact that
it is not necessary to grow this tree along the streams if the rainfall is sufficient
during the fruiting season. Hsin T'ang, district of Tung Kuan, Kwangtung,
China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1150) by the author.

PLATE XVIII, FIGURE 26. Lychee nurseries at the village of Fang Yung.
Lychee trees are very tender, especially when young and the nursery plantings
are protected from the cold winter winds by a magnificent hedge of mango
trees. Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917.
Photograph (No. T 149) by the author.

PLATE XVIII, FIGURE 27. Fang Yung nurseryman in his orchard of specially
selected and named trees, from which his nursery stock of lychee is propagated.
Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photo-
graph (No. 1148) by the author.

PLATE XIX, FIGURE 28. A pair of Ta tsao — Large crop — lychee as seen in the
nursery village of Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March,
1917. Photograph (No. 1147) by the author.

PLATE XIX, FIGURE 29. Mr. Chan P'eng Cheung, nurseryman of Fang Yung,
seated under a beautiful specimen of lychee, the Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros
horn — variety. Notice the vines and lichens growing along the trunk of the
tree. Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917.
Photograph (No. 1146) by the author. <

PLATE XX. An acid peaty soil better for the lychee than an ordinary fertile
soil. On June 21, 1920, these two lychee plants were of similar size and
condition of health. On January u, 1921, when this photograph was taken,
the condition of the two was conspicuously different. The vigorous healthy
plant at the left had been growing for the seven months in an acid soil, con-
sisting of £wo parts of upland peat to one of sand, while the weak unhealthy
plant at the right had been growing for the same period in an ordinary rich
soil made up of equal parts of loam, manure, and sand. (One-fifth natural
size.) Photograph from Frederick V. Coville.

PLATE XXI. Healthy lychee root showing the mycorhizal tubercles. This is a
photograph (six times natural size) of a healthy root from a lychee plant grown
in an acid peat-and-sand soil. The tubercles are gorged with mycorhizal
fungi. Plants grown in an ordinary rich soil are small and weak and bear no
tubercles. Photograph from Frederick V. Coville.

PLATE XXII. Enlarged sections of lychee root tubercles showing the cells
gorged with the mycorhizal fungus. Microphotographs by Dr. Emil G.
Arzberger.

FIGURE a. Median longitudinal section of a tubercle, showing the fungus
mycelium in nearly all the cortical cells. (Magnification 195 diameters.)

FIGURE b. Two of the outer cortical cells of a tubercle, showing the form
of the fungus mycelium. (Magnification 830 diameters.)

168 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

PLATE XXIII. Cells of lychee root tubercles containing the mycorhizal fungus.
Drawings by Dr. Arzberger with the aid of a camera lucida.

FIGURE a. Group of host cells from the outer part of the cortex, contain-
ing a relatively stout mycelium. (Magnification 775 diameters.)

FIGURE b. Group of host cells from the inner part of the cortex, showing a
distorted host nucleus and the relationship of the branches of the mycelium
to one another. (Magnification 775 diameters.)

FIGURE c. Host cell from the outer part of the cortex, showing a large
nucleus and the presence of cytoplasm. (Magnification 775 diameters.)

FIGURE d. Group of inner cortical host cells, bordering on the vascular
cylinder, showing the structure and relationship of the mycelial branches.
(Magnification 500 diameters.)

PLATE XXIV, FIGURE 30. Reclaimed swampy land, planted to lychee. A
clear illustration of the raised-bed system of orchard planting, Tung Kuan
district, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1145) by the
author.

PLATE XXIV, FIGURE 31. Scene of low-lying lychee groves, from substantially
constructed bridge across a canal, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China,
March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1143) by the author.

PLATE XXV, FIGURE 32. Cantonese farmer at work along the dykes, fertilizing
lychee trees with night soil. The fertilizer is carried in the buckets, from the
boats (PLATE XXVI, FIGURE 34) ; small holes are dug near the base of the
tree and a liberal quantity of this liquid fertilizer is poured into the holes. In
the watery field on the left sagittaria is growing; in the field to the right the
stubble remaining from the second crop of rice is seen. Near Canton, China,
December, 1913. Photograph (No. 1026.242) by the author.

PLATE XXVI, FIGURE 33. A raised-bed plantation of lychee, showing holes
dug in the beds, into which the liquid night soil is poured. Honan Island,
Canton, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1144) by the author.

PLATE XXVI, FIGURE 34. Unloading night soil boats for tMe fertilizing of
lychee trees. Hundreds of these boats ply between Canton City and the
country districts. The long bamboo handle on the dipper serves also as a
pole on which to swing the two buckets when the man carries them, swung
across his shoulder, to the dykes. Near Canton, China, December, 1913.
Photograph (No. 1025.241) by the author.

PLATE XXVII, FIGURE 35. Lychee fruits arriving at the markets in Canton.
The fruits are. transported from the districts in the large, covered, bamboo
baskets, in the passage boats seen in the photograph. The man, singing as
he jogs along, is carrying two of these heavy baskets of fruit, one attached to
each end of a large bamboo pole swung across his shoulder. Canton City,
China, July, 1915. Photograph (No. 1077.739) by the author.

PLATE XXVII, FIGURE 36. Extensive nursery beds of lychee as seen at Fang
Yung. These plants have all been "Chinese air-layered" from selected trees
and planted closely together in nursery beds. Fang Yung, Tung Kuan
district, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1142) by the
author.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 169

PLATE XXVIII, FIGURE 37. The common method of raising the young lychee
trees from their nursery beds. A ball of earth is kept intact with each tree
raised, held in place by ropes of rice straw carefully bound about the earth
before the tree is moved. A large, sharp chisel is used to raise the tree. Fang
Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph
(No. 1141) by the author.

PLATE XXVIII, FIGURE 38. The lychee trees are transported from the nurseries
in boats, as seen in the illustration. Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China,
March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1140) by the author.

PLATE XXIX, FIGURE 39. Potted lychee on sale in the Hua Ti Gardens near
Canton. Hundreds of these plants, sold under variety names, can be found
in these world-famous gardens. Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No.
1073.709) by the author.

PLATE XXIX, FIGURE 40. Potted fruits are favorite ornamentals of the
Chinese. Small pots of fruiting lychee are not uncommon. Hua Ti Gardens,
Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1072.708) by the author.

PLATE XXX, FIGURE 44. A cluster of the famous No mi ts'z — Glutinous rice —
lychee, from a layered plant. (One-half natural size.) Lo Kang, Kwang-
tung, China, June, 1920. Photograph (No. 1349) for the author.

PLATE XXX, FIGURE 46. A cluster of Hsiang li or Fragrant lychee from Sin
Hing district, Kwangtung. (About one-third natural size.) The fruits are
deep red in color, with a roughened surface. They are quite fragrant. Can-
ton, China, summer, 1915. Photograph (No. 1136) for the author.

PLATE XXXI, FIGURE 42. The most conspicuous insect enemy of the lychee —
a highly decorated species of Pentatomidae, Tessaratoma papillosa. The
winged adults, lychee-colored nymphs, and hatched and unhatched eggs are
all shown about natural size. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton,
China, summer, 1915. Photograph (No. 1139) by the author.

PLATE XXXII, FIGURE 41. An ingenious method of killing the lychee tree borer.
Cantonese farmer, standing in the fork of the tree, shooting "hisser" firecrackers
into the holes which the larvae have bored in the branches of the tree. Near
Canton, China, January, 1914. Photograph (No. 1035.306) by the author.

PLATE XXXII, FIGURE 43. The trunk of a lychee tree showing the work of the
lychee borer and lichens growing over the bark. The sight of both is very common.
Near Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1065.701) by the author.

PLATE XXXIII, FIGURE 45. A natural size and natural color reproduction of
the inarched type of No mi ts'z variety of lychee as produced at Lo Kang,
Canton, China, summer, 1915. Photograph (No. 1137) for the author.

PLATE XXXIV, FIGURE 47. The original parent tree of a famous variety of
lychee, the Hsi chio tsu — Sai kok tsz — or Rhinoceros horn. In the Tseng
ch'ing district the fame of this variety is next to that of the Kua lu or Hanging-
green (see PLATE XVI). Liu ts'un, Tseng ch'ing district, Kwangtung,
China, June 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31330) by the author.

PLATE XXXIV, FIGURE 48. View of the entire "Rhinoceros horn" tree, the
trunk of which is shown in FIGURE 47. In the Tseng Ch'ing district this
variety ranks third in earliness. Some idea of the size of this tree may be
made by comparing it with the people standing along the road. This tree
had a spread of head of more than sixty feet. The forked trunk, breast high,
had a total circumference of twelve feet. Liu Ts'un, Tseng Ch'ing district,
Kwangtung, China, June 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31329) by the author.

170 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

PLATE XXXV, FIGURE 49. The Hei yeh (Hak ip) or Black-leaf variety. (One-
half natural size.) Fruit from Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China,
June, 1920. Photograph (No. 1327) for the author.

PLATE XXXV, FIGURE 50. The Fei tsu hsiao (Fi tsz siu) or Imperial concu-
bine's laugh. (One-half natural size.) Fruit from Pei Shan, Pan Yu district,
Kwangtung, China, June, 1920. Photograph (No. 1325) for the author.

PLATE XXXVI, FIGURE 51. The Ch'u ma tsu (Chu ma tsz) or Chinese grass
fiber variety. (One-half natural size.) Fruit from Lo Kang, Kwangtung,
China, June, 1920. Photograph (No. 1339) for the author.

PLATE XXXVI, FIGURE 52. The Huai chih (Wai chi) lychee, as it appears on
the Canton markets under the name of Hei yeh or Black-leaf. (About three-
fourths natural size.) Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1135)
for the author.

PLATE XXXVII, FIGURE 53. The San yueh hung (Sam ut hung) or Third
month red lychee. (About two-thirds natural size.) Canton, China, May,
1915. Photograph (No. 1130) for the author.

PLATE XXXVII, FIGURE 54. Fruit and leaves of the Shan chih (Shan chi) or
Mountain lychee. (About one-third natural size.) This is one of the wild
forms found growing in Kwangtung. The fruit invariably contains large seeds,
and the flesh, which is thin, is very sour. The seed germinates readily, if
planted shortly after removal from the fruit, and the seedlings are vigorous.
In Lo Kang and other regions this type is often used for stock on which to graft
or inarch the No mi ts'z and other varieties. Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwang-
tung, China. June 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31331) by the author.

PLATE XXXVIII, FIGURE 55. The Chuang yuan hung (Chong un hung) lychee,
not a commercial variety but nevertheless quite popular. (Two-thirds natural
size.) Fruit from Pei Shan, Pan Yu district, Kwangtung, China, June, 1920.
Photograph (No. 1323) for the author.

PLATE XXXIX, FIGURE 56. Magnificent specimen of a lungan tree near a
temple along the road extending from the East Gate of Tseng Ch'ing city to
Liu Ts'un. This tree was variety Yau yen (Yau ngan) or Soft lungan. It
was forty feet high with a spread of head of sixty feet. The trunk, breast
high, had a diameter of two feet, eight inches and a circumference of eight feet.
Liu Ts'un, Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, June 29, 1918. Photo-
graph (No. 31319) by the author.

PLATE XXXIX, FIGURE 57. The fruiting head of a fine specimen of lungan
tree. Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, June 29, 1918. Photograph
(No. 31320) by the author.

PLATE XL, FIGURE 58. Mr. K wok Wa Shau, with potted lungan seedling four-
teen months old. The tree is a U un (Wu yuan) or Black ball variety, com-
monly used for stock. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China
November, 1919. Photograph (No. 31547) for the author.

PLATE XLI, FIGURE 59. A fruiting cluster of the U un (Wu yuan) or Black ball
lungan. (About two-fifths natural size.) This is the variety commonly used for
stock. The fruit is edible but inferior to other varieties. Fruit from Pan Yu dis-
trict, Kwangtung, China, July, 1918. Photograph (No. 31362) for the author.

PLATE XLI, FIGURE 60. A cluster of She p'i or Snake skin lungan. (About
two-thirds natural size.) This is one of the largest of the lungan, and, like all
other varieties, has large seeds. Shih Wei T'ang, near Canton, China, July,
1918. Photograph (No. 31363) for the author.

APPENDIX XI
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Page 7, footnote 3. For date and place of publication see page 28, footnote 2.

Page 12. In a literal sense the words "Ling Nan" mean "South of the Range,"
a term used for Kwangtung and Kwangsi. According to Giles Chinese-English
Dictionary "Ling" means a mountain range, and "Nan" means south. And
according to the same author the range to which reference is made in the expression
is the "Mei or Plum" range of mountains in the northeast of Kwangtung.

Page 13. It is worth observing that Ts'ai Hsiang and Wu Ying K'uei did not
agree in the use of the "wood" radical in writing the Chinese word representing
the sound "chee." Ts'ai Hsiang always used the radical and in the frequent
references to his "Li Chih P'u" in this work it has been incorrectly omitted.

Page 16, footnote i. Various rubbings and copies of the Li Chih P'u by Ts'ai
Hsiang have been in circulation but are now difficult to obtain. It has not only
been reprinted in Ku Chin T'u Shu Chi Ch'eng (see page 18) but also in the Chih Wu
Ming Shih T'u K'ao (see page 21 and No. n, page 120). This monumental econo-
mic botany of China contains no fewer than 1714 excellent plates about 9^ by 5^
inches, and each accompanied by a concise description of the plant figure. The
historical part of the work gives a full account of 838 plants. A third edition was
printed from the original blocks in 1919 by the Provincial Printing Office of
Shansi at Taiyiianf u. A smaller reprint of this work, published in Western style
and bound in two volumes with the English catch-title, "Readings in Chinese
Plants," was issued in 1919 by Commercial Press, Ltd., of Shanghai. In this edi-
tion the plates are 3^ by 2 inches. The Chinese stroke index to Chinese names
of plants greatly facilitates ready reference. Six treatises on the lychee are re-
printed in the Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao, including the original one by Ts'ai
Hsiang. These are Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 recorded in the bibliography, pages 119
and 120, and a monograph, Chi Li Chih by Wu Tsai Ao, not included in the
bibliography but cited on page 75, first paragraph and footnote one.

Translations of these and other treatises by Mr. Hagerty and Mr. Ch'en may
be secured by arrangement with the Library of the United States Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Page 18, paragraph 2 and footnote 2a. According to Giles, the author's name
is spelled "Chi Han"; but Bretschneider spells it "Ki Han."

Page 20, line 4. Insert the name of Mr. Ch'en Tsing-hua after that of Mr.
Michael J. Hagerty.

Page 40. This synonomy of Euphoria longana, outlined by Karl Ludwig
Blume (see page 129, No. 114), is subject to correction and revision. It includes
some non-botanical names and is confusing.

Page 68, paragraph 2. It should be noted that lychee grafted on the lungan
in Hawaii has proved to be short lived.

Page 88. Insert footnote 3 — Cheshire, F. D., in Plant Immigrants, Office
Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction . . . (see Page 137, No. 188).

Page 119, No. i . Ch'en T'ing's treatise will be found in Chao Tai Ts'ung Shu,
section 48, Chia Chi, pages i-io. Lib. Cong. C338.si(83).

Page 119, No. 2. Ch'en Ting Kuo's treatise will be found in Chao Tai Ts'ung
Shu, section 48, Keng Chi, pages 1-8. Lib. Cong. C338.5i(83>.

Page 119, No. 4. Lin Ssu Huan's treatise will be found in Tan Chi Ts'ung
Shu, section 50, pages 1-5. Lib. Cong. C338.5(8o).

171

172 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

Page 120. To the nine standard works on the lychee listed here should be
added the following three additional ones:

Wu Tsai Ao, Chi Li Chih. See page 75, footnote i.

T'u Pen Tsun, Li Chih P'u. See Bretschneider Botanicon Sinicum,

i : 168. Preface only in the Imperial Encyclopedia.
Huang Li Keng, Li Chih P'u. See Bretschneider Botanicon Sinicum,

i : 168. Not found.

Page 129, No. 1180. Bretschneider, Emil Vasilievich, 1833-1901, Botanicon
Sinicum I. Notes on Chinese Botany from Native and Western Sources in Journal
of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1881. New Series.
Vol. XVI, Part i, Shanghai. Printed by Noronha & Sons, No. 12 Canton Road,
1882, pages 167 and 168.

Page 130, 1220. Cheshire, F. D., in Plant Immigrants (see 137, No. 188).
Page 143. Note that the Cantonese names appear in the first column and
the Mandarin in the second.

POSTFACE

This compilation of knowledge concerning the lychee and
lungan is western in form but Chinese in spirit. Therefore it
does not seem out of place to follow Chinese usage and to attach
a postface. This gives the wrker an opportunity to explain some
things that would otherwise remain a mystery.

The original body of the work and five appendices, pages
i to 149, were printed on the College Press, Canton Christian
College, Canton, China, where it was possible to insert Chinese
characters. The work went to press about the time the writer
was leaving for an extended trip to Siam, and consequently he
had no opportunity to read the proof or to revise the work as it
went through the press. Early in 1921 the unbound sheets were
sent to the United States.

There has been considerable advance in the scientific study
of the lychee during recent months. Credit is due Dr. Frederick V.
Coville for the discovery of mycorhizal fungi growing on the
roots of lychee. Dr. Coville's article, well illustrated with draw-
ings and microphotographs by Dr. Emil G. Arzberger, suggests
the probability that an acid soil is essential for successful culture
of the lychee. Chinese methods of propagating the lychee have
never been highly satisfactory. Mr. Edward Goucher has finally
worked out a most unusual process for rooting lychee cuttings
that may not only revolutionize lychee propagation, but also
that of other sub-tropical and tropical plants. Acknowledgment
is due Mr. Goucher for his experiments and his explanation of
the process as worked out with the lychee. Mr. Walter T.
Swingle's statement of his observations on the Lack of Winter
Dormancy and Low Zero Point of Growth of the Lychee
should prove helpful in the culture of the lychee in Florida.
Mr. Swingle also suggests the possibilities of the lychee as
an attractive greenhouse plant. This is also the conviction
of a number of observers who have seen the lychee in its
native home.

Mr. Michael J. Hagerty's clear translation, recording the

173

174 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

organization of a Lychee Club as early as the Ming dynasty, will
prove of unusual interest.

The additional material, pages 151 to 188, and all the illus-
trations were printed at the Mount Pleasant Press, J. Horace
McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pa., in June, 1921. A
portion of the edition will be bound in the United States, but
copies for distribution in the Orient will be assembled and bound
in China.

We are only on the threshold of an understanding of this
interesting and valuable fruit. A scientific lychee culture is essen-
tial to China and is of interest to the West. The industry should
be systematically developed in China and foreign markets
created for the canned and dried products. It is the writer's hope
that in the near future the Chinese will work out the scientific
phases of lychee culture as well as they have the historical and
literary lore of this most highly prized fruit.

G. WEIDMAN GROFF.
Washington, D. C., U. S. A.
June 22,

ERRATA

Page io. paragraph 3. For No Mi Chih read No mi ts't.

Page 1 6, footnote i. For future time read past time.

Page 17, footnote i. Cancel Emil Vasilievich.

Page 1 8, paragraph 2, line 3. Cancel the.

Page 18, footnote 20, line i. For bear read bearing.

Page 1 8, footnote 26, last line. For 47 read 54.

Page 37, line 3. Cancel Laetji chinensis Osb. Itin. (1765) from the synonomy. Osbeck
in his Dagbok ofwer en Ostindisk Resa . . . (1757), translated into the German in 1765 and
from the German into English in 1771, refers to the lychee as from China but does not give
a Latin name as he does in the case of other plants he recorded. This name is therefore
not a valid synonym.

Page 45, paragraph 2. For sagitaria read sagittaria.

Page 50, paragraph 2. For No mi chih read No mi ts'z.

Page 52, paragraph 2. For Sin T'ang read Hsin Tang.

Page 53, paragraph i. Same correction as page 50, paragraph 2.

Page 58, paragraph 2, line 3. For trees therefore read trees are therefore.

Page 59, paragraph i, line 8. For fifteen wide read fifteen feet wide.

Page 59, paragraph 2, line 2. For is read in.

Page 61, paragraph i, line i. For maintain the read maintain that the.

Page 61, paragraph 2, last line. Cancel (fig. 40).

Page 64, paragraph 2, line 3. Cancel 92.

Page 66, paragraph i, line 5. For No mi chih read No mi ts'z.

Page 66, paragraph i, last line. For (fig. 18) read (fig. 38).

Page 67, paragraph i, line 7. Cancel 92.

Page 67, paragraph 2, line 3. For No mi chih read No mi ts'z.

Page 85, paragraph 2, line 9. For (fig. 47) read (fig. 41).

Page 88, paragraph 2, line i. For Sung Yu read Sung Chio.

Page 93, paragraph 2, line 12. For these read there.

Page 95, paragraph i, line 4. For rhinocerous read rhinoceros.

Page 96, line 21. For Shang hou huai read Shang shou huai.

Page 98, paragraph 2, line 4. For (/»'#. 33) read (fig. 53).

Page 100. Brackets should not extend below "Weight of rag (oz)."

To secure the total of 16 ounces to the pound of fruit add only weight of seeds, flesh,
skin, leaves and stem. The weight of rag is included in the weight of flesh.

In the "No mi ts'z" column across from "Weight of rag" some error occurs in the state-
ment "6 >£." It should probably be "i K" but could not be verified at time of correction.

Page 107. Title at the top of page. For The Lychee read The Lungan.

Pages 108 and 109. Subject to the same explanation and correction as recorded under
pages ico and 101.

Some error exists in the case of the weights recorded under "Hei ho shih hsia" lungan
as the total of seeds, flesh, skin, leaves and stem is 15 instead of 16 ounces. No change
can be made as original records were not available at time of correction.

Page 1 1 6, paragraph i, line i. Cancel and.

Page 119, No. 4. For Li Chih P'u read Li Chih Hua.

175

INDEX

Acid-soil, 151, 152, 167, PI. XX.
Adoretm convexus Burnt., insect enemy,

83-
Adoretus tenuimacuiatus , insect enemy,

85.

Africa, 34.

At chihy Chinese term for inarching, 67.
Air-layering, 9, 10, 49, 53, 64-67, 91,

117, 168, PL XXVII.
Alapag, Philippine lychee relative, 26,

41.

Algze, 86.

American literature, 23-31.
Amory, Charles, Florida grower, 112.
Analytical table, lychee varieties, 100,

101; lungan varieties, 108, 109.
A neung hai, variety of lychee, 50, 99,

143-
Annals,

Fukien, 121, 122; cited, 88,

Kwangsi, 122.

Kwangtung, 122-126; cited, 88.

Kweichow, 122

Szechwan, 122.
Anomala varicolor Gyll., insect enemy,

S3-

Archips postvittanus, insect enemy, 85,
86.

Arzberger, Dr. Emil G., acknowledg-
ment drawings and microphotographs
by, 152, 167, PI. XXII, 168, PI.
XXXIII, 173.

Ashon, John, importer of lychee, 113.

Autoserica nigrorubra Busk., insect
enemy, 83.

Baillon, Henry Ernest, cited, 33

Bamboo, 52.

Banana, 58.

Baskets, marketing, 166. PI. XII. 168,

PL XXVII.

Bats, 63, 82, 86, 166, PL XV, PL XVI.
Bedana, Indian variety of lychee, 102.
Bengal, in.
Bibliography —

Chinese references, 119-126, 171, 172.

Western references, 127-141.
Big bull, variety of lychee, 144.
Black ball, variety of lungan. no, 145,

170, Pis. XL, XLI.

Black leaf, variety of lychee, 95, 143
170, PL XXXV.

Black seed stone gorge, variety of lun-
gan, 145.

Blasdale, Walter C., quoted, 149.

Blume, Karl Ludwig, cited, 40, 171.

Bonavia, Dr., quoted, 118.

Borer, tree, 85, 169, PL XXXII.

Borneo, 69.

Botany, 32-43.
lychee, 37-39
lungan, 40-42

Boym, Michel, cited, 25.

Bretschneider, E. V., cited, 17, 19, 171,
172; quoted, 18.

Brewster, Rev. W. N., importer of
lychee, 112.

Buddhism, 93, 94.

Budding, 10, 68.

Burma, 39.

Bursts the throat, variety of lychee, 143.

By-Laws, Lychee Club, 162, 163.

Calcutta, in.

California, 6, 8, 57, 72, 112, 114, 118.
Cambell, George, quoted, 57.
Cambell, George Joseph, cited, 26.
Campbell, Rev. Wm., quoted, 77.
Canal mud, use of, 105.
Canals, 48, 52.
Canarium, 50, 52.

album (Lour.) Raench, 50.

pimela, Koen, 50.
Candolle, Alphonse, cited, 29, 30.
Canned lychee and lungan, 5, 75, 80,

no.
Canton —

city, 46, 47, 48, 89.

climate, 54, 55, 142, 153-155.

climate compared with Florida, 153,

J55-
delta, 45, 46, 54, 56, 59, 60, 165, PL

Kowloon Railway, 49, 51, 52.

latitude, 153.

location, 48, 153.

markets, 71, 89, 92, 99.

public fruit park, 47, 48.

restaurants, 75.

weather, 54, 55, 142, 153-155-.

176

INDEX

177

Canton Christian College, I, 12, 21, 46,
82, 83, 85, 1 13, 1 53, 165, Pis. VIII, IX,
XI, 166, Pis. XII, XIII, XIV, 169,
Pis. XXXI, 1 70, PI. XL.

Cantonese, 89.

Capnodium, fungus, 86.

Carambola, 48.

Carter, Humphrey G., cited, 60.

Castanopsis mollisitna, Bl., 50.

Chafers, leaf, 83.

Ch'ang An, transportation of lychee to,
87.

Changchow, prefecture in Fukien, 88.

Ch'ang pau hauy variety of lychee, 99,

H3-

Ch'an Ts'un, village, 95.

Ch'an tsz, variety of lychee, 102, 164,
PI. I.

Ch'au p'i tan, insect enemy, 82.

Chau shiu yuky variety of lychee, 143.

Check, Ching, first introduction into
Hawaii, 112.

Chemical analysis, lychee, 80, 81, 149.

Chen family purple, class of lychee, 88,
164, PI. I.

Cheng Hsiung, cited, 88.

Cheng pao hou, variety of lychee, 99, 143.

Ch'eng T'ang, Emperor, B. C. 1766, 17.

Ch'en T'ing, Li Chih P'u, 119, 171.

Ch'en Ting Kwo, Li Chih P'u, 119, 171.

Ch'en Ts'ing-hua, assistance acknowl-
edged, 1 60, 171.

Ch'en Ts'un, village, 95.

Ch'en tzu, variety of lychee, 102, 164,

Cheshire, F. D., cited, 88, 171, 172.
Cheung Lok, 56.

Chia huaiy variety of lychee, 99, 143.
Chiang chun li, variety of lychee, 50, 144.
Chiao T'ang Sz, lychee region, 49, 65,

104.

Chia Ssu Hsieh, cited, 19.
Chi Han, cited, 62, 171.
Chih Kang, lungan region, 104.
Ch'ik Kong, lungan region, 104.
Child's fist, variety of lychee, 144.
Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao, cited, 21,

171.
Chi Li Chih by Wu Tsao Ao, cited, 75,

172.

China, Indian variety of lychee, 102.
China grass fiber, variety of lychee, 97,

143, 170, PI. XXXVI.

Chinese —

bibliography, 119-126.

Collection in Library of Congress, 23,

22, 164.

descriptive terms, 90, 91.
gardeners, 65, 66.
Imperial Encyclopedia, 160, 164, PI.

literature, 16-22, 104.

nurserymen, 2, 65, 167, Pis. XVIII,

XIX.
nut, 5 32.
officials, 7.
poets, 7, 1 6, 19, 1 1 6.
treatises on the lychee by —
Ch'en T'ing, Li Chih P'u, 119,

171.
Ch'en Ting Kwo, Li Chih P'u, 119,

171.
Cheng Hsiung, title not known

cited, 88.
Hsu P'o, Li Chih P'u, 119; quoted,

56,68,75,114.

Huang Li Keng, Li Chih P'u, 172.
Lin Ssu Huan, Li Chih Hua, 119,

171,

Sung Chio, Li Chih P'u, 119; cited,
20, 56, 66, 88; translated in part,
160-163.
Tang Tao Hsieh, Li Chih P'u, 119;

cited, 60, 61, 67.

Ts'ai Hsiang, Li Chih P'u, a, n,
120, 164, PI. Ill, PI. IV, 171;
cited, 1 6, 17, 20, 62, 63, 66;
quoted, 56, 72, 88, 115.
Ts'ao Fan, Li Chih P'u, 120.
T'u Pen Tsun, Li Chih P'u, 172.
Wu Tsao Ao, Chi Li Chih, 75;

cited, 75, 172.

Wu Ying K'uei, Ling Nan Li Chih
P'u, 120; quoted, 2, ii; cited, 13,
!?> 31* 87, 88, 106, 107, 171; list
of Kwangtung varieties, 146-148.
writers, 7, 22, 82, 87, 116, 117.
Chinfeng li, variety of lychee, 144.
Ch'ing p'i, variety of lychee, 144.
Ch'i Nu, pseudonym for Shih Ch'ung,

161.

Ch'i yueh shou, variety of lychee, 144.
Chong un hung, variety of lychee, 99,
143, 170, PI. XXXVIII.

178

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

Ch' ou p't tan, insect enemy, 82.
Chou Shao Yu, variety of lychee, 143.
Chuanchow, prefecture of Fukien, 88.
Chuangyuan hung, variety of lychee, 99,

143, 170, PL XXXVIII.
Ch'u ma tsu, variety of lychee, 97, 143,

170, PI. XXXVI.
Chu ma tsz, variety of lychee, 97, 143,

170, PI. XXXVI.
Chung-hsiang Kung, Ts'ai Hsiang's

canonization title, 164.
Chun-mo, Ts'ai Hsiang's literary name,

164.
Cienfuegos, Cuba, latitude compared,

154.
Cinnamon flavor, variety of lychee, 93,

143-

Citrus, 48, 65.
Citrus aurantifolia, (Christm.) Swing.,

156.
Climate —

adapted to lychee and lungan, 54-57.

Canton compared with Florida, 1.53,

I55-
Seharanpur, 56.

Cloth bag, variety of lychee, 143.

Club, Lychee, 160-163.

Cochin China, 44, 87.

Cockroach, variety of lychee, 143.

Cocoanut palms, 153, 154.

Cold, ill effects, 55, 56, 1 14, 1 15; protec-
tion, 60, 61; resistance, lungan, 58,
103.

Cole, W. B., quoted, 105, 106, 107.

Collins, G. N., quoted, in.

Color, lychee, 100, 101; lungan, 108, 109.

Commerce, 7, 12, 71.

Cook, O. F., quoted, in.

Corsa, W. P., cited, 30.

Coville, Frederick V., acknowledg-
ment, 173; contribution by, 151;
reference to work of, 156.

Crisp meat lungan, variety name, 145.

Crop watchers, 46, 165, PI. XI.

Cryptophlebia illepida, insect enemy, 85.

Crystal quartz ball, variety of lychee,
144.

Cuba, 72, 113.

Culture, 58-63.
dyke, 58, 117.
greenhouse, 1 56.
hill type of lychee, 49, 50.
in Florida, 153.

Culture—

lychee, 48-50, 114, 116, 117.

methods, lungan, 104-106.

raised-bed, 59, 117.

upland, 59, 117, 167, PI. XVII. • .

water type of lychee, 48, 49.
Cuttings, 10, 157-159.

Dapper, Olfert, cited, 25, 26.

Dehiscent fruits, 35.

Dehra Dun, India, 56.

Delta, Canton, 45, 46, 54, 56, 59, 60,

165, PI. VIII; Pearl river, 58.
Description —

lychee, 37, 38, 39.

lungan, 41,42, 103.

terms, 90, 91.
Dews, value of, 60.
Dimocarpus, 8, 28, 29.
Diospyros kaki L., 50.
Diseases, 82, 114, 117.
Dishes, lychee, 75.
Distance for planting, 58, 59.
Ditches, 48.

Door-yard tree, lungan, 104.
Don, George A., cited, 33.
Dragon eye, 5, 15, 103.
Dried, 5, 50.

lychee, 75, 76, 78, 79.

lungan, 77.

Drought resistance, 1 1, 69.
Dudhia, Indian variety of lychee, 102.
DuHalde, J. B., cited, 26.
Duncan, K., acknowledgment, 3.
Dykes, 45, 4«, 58, 165, Pis. VI, VII,

VIII, IX, X, XI.

Early lychee, variety name, 144.

Early rice, variety of lungan, 145.

East Indies, 6, 29, 32.

East river, 45, 52.

Edwards' Botanical Register, cited, 29.

Enemies, 9, 82-86.

England, 29, in.

EriophyeSy lychee leaf galls, 84, 85, 164,

Pl.V.
Euphoria, 6, 32, 69, 70.

cinerea, Radlk., 1 1, 26, 34, 41, 70, 164,
Pl.V.

longana, Lam., 5, 34, 41, 70, 171.
Europe, in, 116, 117.
European literature, 23-31.
Exchange, influence of, 74.

INDEX

179

Experiments, lychee, 69; needed, n,
1 1 6; rooting lychee cuttings, 157,
158; soil, 1 51.

Exports, 50, 52.

Fa hok, variety of lungan, 73, 106, 108,

no, 145.

Fairchild, David, acknowledgment, 2.
False wai, variety of lychee, 143.
Fang huang cKiu, variety of lychee, 143.
Fang Kang, place in Fukien, 61.
Fang Tsu-tao, friend of Sung Chio, 160.
Fang Yung, lychee nursery village, 52,

53, 65, 167, PI. XVIII, PI. XIX, 168,

PL XXVII, 169, PI. XXVIII.
Fat meat ball, variety of lungan, 145.
Fei tsu hsiao, variety of lychee, 95, 96,

143, 170, PI. XXXV.
Feng /;', chestnut, 50.
Feng wan, Chinese synonym for lychee,

*7;

Fertilizing, 61, 105, 106, 117, 168, PI.

XXV, PI. XXVI.

Firecrackers, use of, 85, 169, PI. XXXII.
Fish, 45, 165, PI. VIII.
fri tsz siu, variety of lychee, 95, 96, 143,

170, PI. XXXV.
Flavor, lychee, 91, 100, 101, in, 156;

lungan, 108, 109.
Flesh, lychee, 90.

Fletcher, S. W., acknowledgment, 2.
Florida, 6, 8, 30, 57, 60, 72, 113, 114,

1 J 8, 1 53; weather compared, 155,1 56.
Flower skin, variety of lungan, 1 10, 145.
Flush of lychee, 54, 153.
Flying riders, tribute bearers, 87.
Foochow, prefecture of Fukien, 72, 88,

107.

Food value, 80.
Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction,

Office of, 2, 8.
Foreign trade, 79.
Form, lychee, 90, 100, 101; lungan, 108,

109.

Formosa, 39, 44, 77.
Fortune, Robert, quoted, 29.
Foster, I. L., acknowledgment, 2.
Fragrance, lychee, 91 .
Fragrant variety of lychee, 93, 143, 169,

PI. XXX.
France, in.
preeman Meteorological Observatory,

153-

Freeze, 54, 56, 57.

Frost resistance, lychee, u, 30, 54, 56,

57, 69, 82; lungan, 54, 56, 57.
Frost protection, 1 14.
Fruft park, Canton, 47, 116.
Fruit worm, 85.
Fuchow, 56.
Fukien, province, 11, 32, 44, 68, 87, 88,

96, 104, 1 1 6.
Fung Chung, lychee nursery village, 52,

53, 65, 167, Pis. XVIII, XIX, 168,

PI. XXVII, 169, PI. XXVIII.
Fungicides, 82.
Fungi, 86. .
Fungi, mycorhizal, 152, 167, Pis. XXI,

XXII, 168, PI. XXIII.
Fung Kong, in Fukien, 61.
Fung /«/, chestnut, 50.
Fung wong k'au, variety of lychee, 143.

Galls, leaf, 84, 85.

Gardeners, Chinese, 65, 66.

Gazetteers, see Annals.

General's lychee, variety name, 144.

Georgeson, C. C., cited, 30.

Glutinous rice, variety of lychee, 91,99,

100, 143, 169, Pis. XXX, XXXIII.
Glutinous rice ball, variety of lychee,

143-

Gonzalez de Mendoza, Juan, quoted, 23.
"Gootee" layering, 10, 64.
Goucher, Edward, acknowledgment,

173; contribution by, 157-159.
Gracey, Samuel L., shipment received

from, 113.

Grafting, 10, 49, 50, 68, 106, 157, 171.
Grave land, use of, 83.
Greenhouse culture, lychee, 156, 173.
Green skin, variety of lychee, 144.
Grosier, J. B. G. A., quoted, 27, 28.
Group, lychee, 34-36, 69.
Guam, 113.
Guava, 48, 58,59, IS6-

Habitat, lychee, 1 1,39, 54; lungan, 42,54.

Ha chiy Chinese season, 95.

Hadley, E. D., California grower, 112.

Hagerty, Michael J., translations ac-
knowledged, 2, 17, 20, 171, 173;
translation by, 160-163.

Hainan, 19, 39, 44.

Hak hat shek hap, variety of lungan, 108,
145.

\

180

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

Hak tp, variety of lychee, 64, 73, 89, 95,
97, 100, 101, 143, 170, PI. XXXV.

Hanging green, variety of lychee, 50,
92, 143,166, PI. XVI.

Han Wu Ti, Emperor, reference to, 87.

Han Yen Chih, monograph on orange,
1 6.

Harvesting, 63.

Havana, Cuba, compared with Canton,

J53-
Hawaii, 6, 31, 67, 68, 70, 72, 85, 112,

117, "8.
Hei ho shih hsia, variety of lungan, 108,

145.
Hei y eh, variety of lychee, 64, 73, 89, 95,

97, 101,143, i?o, PI. XXXV.
Henry, Alfred J., cited, 155.
Henry, Augustine, quoted, 7.
Henry, B. C., cited, 94.
Heung lai, variety of lychee, 93, 143,

1 69, PI. XXX.

Heungshan, district in Kwangtung, 98.
Hiern, W. P., cited, 43.
Higgins, J. E., 10, ii; cited, 15, 31, 64,

67, 75, 85, 86, 102; quoted, 68, 72, 84,

85, U2; shipment received from, 113.
Hill lychee, 52.

Hill type of lychee culture, 49, 50.
Hinghwa, prefecture of Fukien, 88, 105.
Hit and kill the cow, variety of lychee,

144.

Ho Hung, P'ing, acknowledgment, 2, 21.
Holotrichia plumbea planicollis Burm.,

83-
Honam, island opposite Canton, 48, 164,

Pis. II, X, i68,Pl.XXVI.
Honan. See Honam.
Hongkong, 39; climate, 154.
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, cited, 33.
Hoplostermus chinensis Guer., insect

enemy, 83.

Ho Ti, proclamation of, 18.
Howard, C. W., 85; quoted, 82, 83.
Howard, L. O., cited, 84.
Hsia chih, Chinese season, 95.
Hsiang //', variety of lychee, 93, 94, 143,

1 69, PI. XXX.

Hsiao erh ch'uan, variety of lychee, 144.
Hsi chio tsu, variety of lychee, 53
143, 167, PI. XIX, 169, PL

Hsu P'o, Li Chih P'u, 119; quoted, 56,

68,75, H4- .
Huai chih, variety of lychee, 46, 51, 64,

66, 73, 79, 89, 92, 96, 97, 98, 101, 144,

165, PL XI, 1 66, PL XII, 167, PL

XVII, 170, PL XXXVI.
Hua kiohy variety of lungan, 73, 106,

108, no, 145.

Huang ch'ung, insect enemy, 83.
Huang Li Keng, Li Chih P'u, 172.
Huang Tsun Keng, acknowledgment,

Hua Ti Gardens, 169, PL XXIX.
Hui Tsung, Sung Emperor, 164.

Humidity, 55, 66, 64.
Humidity, high fc

158.

or rooting lychee, 157,

Hsinghwa, Fukien, latitude, 153; lychee
region, 11.

Huo shan, variety of lychee, 162.
Hu pi (tiger skin), class of lychee, 88.
Hybridization, 6, n, 41, 42.

I chih, Chinese synonym of lungan, 104.
Imperial cuncubine's laugh, variety of

lychee, 95, H3, 170, PL XXXV.
Inarching, 10, 67, 106, 157.
Indehiscent fruits, 34, 35.
India, 6, 31, 32, 54, 56,81, 1 1 1.
Indian varieties, 102.
Irrigation, 59.

Insect enemies, 82-86, 114, 117.
Insecticides, Chinese use of, 82.
Insect protection, 62, 63.
Insects, chicken food, 83.
Intercropping, 58, 59.
Introductions to —

Bengal, in.

Burma, 39.

California, 6, 112, 118.

Cuba, 113.

East Indies, in.

England, 29, in.

Europe, in, 116, 117.

Florida, 6, 30, 113, 118.

France, in.

Guam, 113.

Hawaii, 6, 31, 112, 117, 118.

India, 6, 31, in.

Isle of Pines, 113.

Other lands,i, 7, 8, 11.

Panama, 6, 113.

Porto Rico, in, 113.

Trinidad, 113.

United States, 112, 113, 117, 118.

INDEX

181

Introductions to —

Western Hemisphere, 32.

West Indies, 6, 1 1 1, 1 17, 1 1 8.
Isle of Pines, 113.
I Yin, cited, 17.

ade ice, variety of lychee, 144.
ade purse, variety of lychee, 144.
ava, 6.

ones, J., interest in Dominico, 112.
onstonus, Johannes, cited, 25.
osselyn, Vice Consul, quoted, 81.
uice, lychee, 100, 101; lungan, 108,
109.

Kao yuan, variety of Iungan3 73, 109,
no, 145.

Kat tsat chi, variety of lychee, 143.

Kau T'ong Sz, lychee region, 49, 65, 104.

Ka waiy variety of lychee, 99, 143.

Ka Ying, in Kwangtung, 57.

Kenny, Consul, quoted, 77.

Kew Royal Gardens Bulletin, quota-
tion, 77.

Ko uriy variety of lungan, 73, 109, no,
145.

Kua luy variety of lychee, 50, 51, 92, 94,
143, 166, PL XVI.

Kuang Yu, cited, 17.

Ku Chin T'u Shu Chi Ch'eng, cited, 18,
19,20,171.

Kuei wei, variety of lychee, 50, 73, 89,

92, 93, 94, 97, loo, H3-
Kuo Hua Ssin, acknowledgment, 2.
Kuo Sheng-tai, friend of Sung Chio, 160.
Kwai miy variety of lychee, 50, 73, 89,

92,93,97,100,143.
Kwa luky variety or lychee, 50, 51, 92,

143, 166, PL XVI.
Kwangsi, province, 44.
Kwangtung, province, n, 32, 44, 52,

58, 59, 63, 87, 88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 98,

104, 106, 1 1 6.
Kwangtung, varieties of lychee, 143-

144; varieties of lungan, 145.
Kwangtung Agricultural Experiment

Station, cited, 54, 55.
Kwok Wa Sau, acknowledgment, 2.

Labor, in China, 63, 77, 82.

Lai Chi Wan, public fruit park, 47, 48,

165, PL VII, 1 66, PL XV.
Lake Worth, Florida, compared, 153.

Lamarack, Jean Baptiste, cited, 41.

Lap Ts'aity Chinese 8th month, 106.

Large crop, variety of lychee, 97, 144.

Large purse, variety of lychee, 144.

Larva, of moth in stem and fruit, 85.

Layering, 10, 53, 64.

Layered stock, 60.

Leaf chafers, 83.

Leaf galls, 84, 85, 164, PI. V.

Legends, 22.

Lemon, 57.

Library of Congress, collection of

Chinese works, 2, 3, 22, 164.
Library of United States Department

of Agriculture, 164; arrangement for

translations and references, 160.
Li Ch'eng Lan, acknowledgment, 2.
Lichens, 86,^167, PI XIX, 169, PI

XXXIII.

Li Chiao, lychee region, 49, 96.
Li Chih Hua by Lin Ssu Huan, 119, 171.
Li Chih P'u. See Chinese treatises.
Li Chih Wan, public fruit park, 47, 48,

165, PI. VII, 166, PL XV.
Lien She, lotus club, 161.
Lik Kau, lychee region, 49, 86
Ling Nan, 1 1, 12, 46, 47, 64, 87, 104, 162,

171; lychee, 46; lychee centers, 47-53
Ling Nan Li Chih P'u by Wu Ying

K'uei, 120; cited, 13, 17, 31, 87, 88,

107, 171 ; list of Kwangtung varieties,

146-148; quoted, 2ii.
Lin Ssu Huan, Li Chih Hua, 119, 171.
Liquid manure, 61, 168 Pis. XXV,

XXVI.

Li Shih Cheng, cited, 104.
Litchty 6, 32.

chinensis Sonn. See Lychee. 5, 27,

34-

philippincmis, Radlk., 1 1, 34, 69, 164,

PI. V.
Literature, 16; Chinese, 16-22, 104;

European and American, 23-31.
Li Tsiity Chinese 8th month, 106.
Liu tsu, last patriarch of Buddhist

Church in China, 93.
Liu tsu fa t'ongy temple, 93.
Liu yueh paoy variety of lungan, 145.
Location of Canton, 48, 153.
Lo Fau, famous mountain in South

China, 19, 51.
Lo F'eng Ssu, temple, 50.
Lo Fou. See Lo Fau.

182

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

Lo Fung Tsz, temple, 50.

Lo Kang Hsu, market town, 50.

Lo Kong Hu, see Lo Kang Hsu.

Lo Kong Tung, see Lo Kang Tung.

Lokt'ongp'o, variety of lychee, 143.

Longan. See lungan.

Lo t'ang p'uy variety of lychee, 143.

Lo-ts'uen, native village of Liu tsu, 94.

Lotus, 45.

Lotus club, reference to, 161.

Low land regions for lychee and lungan,

104, 105.
Low zero point of growth, lychee, 153,

155, 156.

Lu Hwei-neng, Liu tsu's real name, 94.
Luk Po Sz, lychee region, 49.
Luk tso, last patriarcji of Buddhist

Church in China, 93.
Luk tso fat t'ongy temple, 93.
Luk ut paUy variety of lungan, 145.
Lungan, 5, 33, 50, 103-110, 170, PI.

analysis, 149.
avenue tree, 104.
botany, 40, 41.
cold resistance, 58.
color, 108, 109.
cultural methods, 104-106.
description, 41-43, 103.
door-yard tree, 104.
• dragon eye, 15.
dried, 77.
flavor, 1 08, 109.
form, 1 08, 109.
frost resistance, 54, 56, 57.
habitat, 42, 54.
juice, 108, 109.
market prices, 73.
orchards, 58.
origin of name, 15.
other names, 15.
pronunciation, 15.
pulp, 78.
seeds, 108, 109.
spelling, 15.
stock, for lychee, 67.
surface texture, 108, 109.
synonomy, 40, 41, 171.
time of fruiting, 106, 108, 109.
yield, 106.

Lungly, 42.

Lun T'au, lychee region, 49, 96.

Lun T'ou, see Lun T'au,

Lu Pu Sz, 49.

Luzon, 69.

Lychee, i, 33, 103.

acid-soil, 151, 152, 167, PI. XX.

age, 60.

botany, 37, 39.

chemical analysis, 80, 81, 149.

club, 1 60, 163.

color, loo, i oi.'

culture, 48-50, 114, 1 1 6, 117.

cuttings, 10, 157, 158.

description, 37-39.

dishes, 75.

dried, 75, 78, 79.

experiments, 69, 157, 158.

flavor, 91, 100, 101, in, 156.

flesh, 90.

flush, 153.

form, 90, 100, 101.

fragrance, 91.

frost resistance, u, 30, 54, 56, 57,69,
82.

fruit park, 47, 116.

fruit worm, 85.

greenhouse culture, 156, 173.

group, 34-36, 69.

habitat, 39, 54.

hill types, 52.

juice, loo, 101.

leaf chafers, 83.

leaf galls, 84, 85, 164, PI. V.

legends, 22.

low zero point of growth, 153, 155,
156.

lungan, 73.

market' prices, 72, 73, 79.

monographs (See Li Chih P'u), 16, 21,
119, 1 20.

mycorhizal plant, 151, 152.

national fame, 51.

nurseries, 52, 53, 167, PI. XVIII.

nut 5, 32.

orchards, 48, 49, 52, 58.

origin of name, 13.

ornamental, 66.

painting, 164, PI. I.

Philippine wild, 69.

potted lychee, 66, 169, PI. XXIX.

pronunciation, 13, 14.

propagating-case, 158.

INDEX

183

Lyche

propagation, 9-11, 49, 50, 53, 64, 91,

106, 116, 117.
protection, 57, 60-64, JI4> l$&> J66,

seeds, 91, 100, 101.

size of tree, 66.

slave, the lungan, 160.

spelling, 15.

surface texture, 100, 101.

synonomy, 37.

texture, 90.

time of fruiting, 100, 101.

transportation, 72.

tree borer, 85.

tribute, 71.

varieties, 87-102.

village nursery, 53.

water-loving plant, 9, 64, 69, 88, 89,

95,117-

wine, 75, 91, 160.
winter dormancy, 153, 155.
writing of characters, 13, 14.
yield, 1 66, PI. XIV.

Ma ch'iao ch'un^ variety of lychee, 99,

I43-.

Macmillan, Hugh F., quoted, in.
Mai kwai, variety of lychee, 99, 143.
Malay Peninsula, 6, 34.
Mango, 53, 57, 167, PI. XVIII.
Manning, Robert, quoted, 8.
Manuring, 61.
Markets, 48, 87, 168.

Canton, 71, 89,92,99.

prices, lychee, 72, 73, 79.
Marketing, 71; baskets, 166, PI. XII,

168, PI. XXVII.
Martinio, Martino, quoted, 24.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society,3O.
Ma tseuk ch'un, variety of lychee, 99,

143-

Ma Un, village, 98.

Ma Yuen, village, 98.

Mclean, Indian variety of lychee, 102.

Meade, Theodore L., Florida grower,
112; cited, 57.

Medicinal value, 7, 75, 117.

Mediterranean fruit fly, lychee im-
munity, 86.

Met, Prunus mume, S. & Z., 50; Range
of Mountains, 171.

Mei She, Plum Blossom Club, 161.

Meliona, 86.

Meteorological records, Canton, 153,154.

Methods of planting, 60.

Meyer, Frank M., shipment received

from, 113.
Micropcltis, 86.

Mi kuei, variety of lychee, 99, 143.
Min-hao, region in Fukien, 161.
Miquel, F. A. W., cited, 33.
Mites, 84, 85.

Mok Fai T'ong, acknowledgment, 72.
Mo Hui T'ang, see Mok Fai T'ong,
Monographs. See Chinese treatises.
Montiero de Carvalho, Jose, cited, 7, 28.
Most round lungan, variety name, 145.
Mother's shoe, variety of lychee, 143.
Moth larva, 85.
Mountain lychee, variety name, 9, 39,

50, 54, 64, 67, 68, 69, 88, 89, 91, 98, 99,

117,143, 170, PI. XXXVII.
Mountainous lychee country, 49.
MozufTerpore, 60.
Mud, river beds, use of, 60.
"Mui," Prunus mume, S. & Z., 50.
Mulching, 61.
Muzaffarpur seedless, Indian variety of

lychee, 102.
Mycorhizal fungi, 152, 167, Pis. XXI,

XXII, 168, PI. XXIII.
Mycorhizal plant, the lychee, 151, 152.

Nam Hoi, district in Kwangtung, 21, 47,

48,87,110.
Nam Kong, lychee region, 49, 165, PI.

Nan Fang Ts'ao Chuang, cited, 18.

Nan Hai, see Nam Hoi,

Nan Kang, see Nam Kong,

Nan Yueh, 17.

National fame, the lychee, 51.

Nepheliea, 6, 32, 33, 34.

Nephelium, 6, 29, 30, 33.

lappaceum Linn., 6, 35, 43.

mutabile Blume, 6, 35, 43.
New Zealand, 34.
Night soil, 6 1, 105, 1 06, 1 68, Pis. XXV,

XXVI.
No mai t'szy variety of lychee, 10, 50,

53, 66, 67, 73, 79, 89, 91 92, 93, 96,

99, 100, 143, 1 69, Pis. XXX, XXXI 1 1
No mai t'un, variety of lychee, 143.
No mi //z, variety of lychee. See No

mai Csz.

184

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

No mi tw'an. See No mat fun.

No no 'chihy variety of lychee, 143.

Nooten, Madam B. H., cited, 43.

North river, 45.

Nurseries, 10, 52, 53, 60, 65, 66, 167, PI.

XVIII, 169, PI. XXVIII.
Nursery beds, 65, 168, PI. XXVII.
Nurserymen, Chinese, 2, 65, 66, 87, 167,

Pis. XVIII, XIX.

Nursery stock, sale by weight, 65, 66.
Nursery village, 52.
Nut, Chinese, 5; lychee, 5, 32.

Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Intro-
duction, 112, 151.
Officials, Chinese, 7.
Oliver, G. W., quoted, 67.
Oranges, 48, 59.

Orchards, lychee, 48, 49, 58; lungan, 58.
Origin of name, lychee, 13; lungan, 15.
Ornamentals, lychee, 6, 66.
Osbeck, Peter, quoted, 27; cited, 172.

Pat la li chihy variety of lychee, 98, 101,

143-

Pat Ian, Canarium, 50.
Painting, lychee, 164, PI. I.
Pak lamy Canarium, 50.
Pak lap lai chiy variety of lychee, 98,

loi, 143.

Pak lik fsZy variety of lychee, 143.
Pak Shan, lychee region, 49, 170, Pis.

XXXV, XXXVIII.
Panama, 6, 113.

P'an T'ang, region near Canton, 47.
Pan Yu, district in Kwangtung, 91, 93,

95, 96, 170, Pis. XXXV, XXXVIII,

XLI.
Pearl river, 45, 165, Pis. VIII, IX;

delta, 58.
Peaty type soil, most promising for

lychee, 152.
Pei hu lu, cited, 19.
Pei Shan, lychee region. See Pak Shan.

PI. XXXV.

Pei Wen Chai, cited, 16.
P'ei Wen Yun Fu, cited, 162.
Pennsylvania State College Horti-
cultural Mission, I.
Pentatomidcty 82, 83, 169, PI. XXXI.
Pen Tsao Kang Mu, cited, 18, 104.
Pen Ts'ao Tu Ching, cited, 87.
Perak, 69.

Pharmaceutical Review, cited, 30, 31.

Philippines, 6, n.

Philippine wild lychee, 69.

Phoenix gem, variety of lychee, 143.

Picking, 62, 165, PI. XI.

Pine cone, variety of lychee, 160, 162.

P'ing Chau, lungan region, 104, no.

P'ing Chou, lungan region, 104, no.

Plantations, dyked, 58.

Plant Immigrants, cited, 171.

Planting distance, 58, 59; methods, 60;

time of, 60.

Plum, 49, 58, 1 65, PI. X.
Plum Blossom Club, 161.
Poems, 19.

Poets, Chinese, 7, 16, 19, 116.
Pok chihy Chinese term for air-layering,

10, 64, 67.

Po le tziiy variety of lychee, 143.
Pond embankment, variety of lychee,

96, 144.

Popenoe, F. W., cited, 31.
Porto Rico, 72, in, 113.
Po tot, variety of lychee, 99, 143.
Potted lychee, 66, 169, PI. XXIX.
Preparation of cuttings, 158.
Preservation of lychee, 5, 75, 117.
President of a Board embraces, variety

of lychee, 96, 143.
Prices, dried fruit, 79; fresh fruit, 72,

73; wholesale, 72, 73.
Problems in introduction, 113, 114,

117.
Pronunciation, lychee, 13, 14; lungan,

J5-

Propagation, 9-11, 49, 50, 53, 64, 91,
106,116, 1 17,168, PI. XXVII.

"budding, 10, 68.

Chinese air-layering, pok chihy 64, 67.

grafting — tsieh chihy 68, 106, 171.

inarching — at chihy 67, 106.

seedling method, 64, 106.
Propagating-case, lychee, 158.
Protection from cold, 57, 60-64, IJ4,

156, 1 66, PI. XV; from insects, 60,

61, 64; from sun scald, 62, 63; from

thieves, 60.
Pruning, 62.
Pseudonepheliumfumatum (Bl.) Radlk.,

34, 69-

Psidium Guajava L., 156.
Public fruit park, Canton, 47, 48.
Pulassan, 6, 33, 35, 43, 103.

INDEX

185

Pulp, lungan, 78.
Pummelo, 48.

P'un T'ong, region near Canton, 47.
P'un U, district in Kwangtung, 47, 48,
49, 65, 170, Pis. XXXV, XXXVIII,

Pu tat, variety oflychee, 99, 143.
P'ut'ien, Fukien province, 160.
P'ut'ien Hsien, Fukien, 153.
Putnam, Herbert, acknowledgment, 3.

Quarterly Journal of Science, quoted,
in.

Radlkofer, Ludwig, cited, 33, 34, 41;

quoted, 164.
Rainfall, 55, 56.
Raised bed culture, 59, 117.
Raised bed plantations, C9, 168, Pis.

XXIV, XXVI.
Rambutan, 6, 33, 35, 43, 103.
Rambutan group, 35, 43.
Range of lychee and lungan, 54.
Read, B. E., cited, 76, 80, 81; quoted,

77, 80, 81.
Reasoner Brothers, importers, 8, 112,

113; quoted, 57.
Reasoner, E. N., quoted, 115.
Recipes, 75.

Reinking, O. A., quoted, 84, 86.
Republic of China, 51, 92.
Resistance to drought, 1 1, 69.
Restaurants, Canton, 75.
Rhinoceros horn, variety of lychee, 94,

?5, 143, 167, PL XIX, 169, PI.

Rice cinnamon, variety oflychee, 143.
Rice, culture with lychee, 45, 52.
River-bed soil, 60.
Rooting lychee cuttings, 157, 158.
Rose-scented lychee, Indian variety, 102.
Round rump, variety oflychee, 144.
Roxburgh, William, cited, 1 1 1 ; quoted, 8.
Royal Horticultural Society, 28, 29.
Royal Palm Nurseries, Florida growers,

"3-
Royal red, variety of lychee, 143, 170,

PI. XXXVIII.
Rushes in the pond, variety of lychee,

143-

Sagittaria, culture with the lychee, 45,
165, PI. VIII, 168, PI. XXV.

Saharanpur, climate of, 56.

Sai kok tsz, variety oflychee, 51, 94, gc,

143, 167, PI. XIX, 169, PL XXXIV!
Sai Kwan, western suburb of Canton,

47-

Saissetia hemispherica, 85.
Salting, 75.

Salt water, ill effects of, 82.
Sam ut hung, variety of lychee, 79, 96,

xxxvii43' l65' P1' VI' I7°' P1*

San Hing, lychee region, 93, 94, 169, PI.

San T'ong, city, 52, 53, 167, PI. XVII.
Sanyueh hung, variety oflychee, 79, 96,

xxxvn43' l65' PL VI> I7°' PL

Sapindacea, 6, 32, 33, 69, 104.
Sapindaceous fruits, botany of, 32-43.
Sapindus, 32.

acuminatus, Raf., 32.

mukorosii, Gaertn., 32.
Scale insects, 85.
Scarabeida, 83.

Seeds and seedlings, 10, 64, 67, 157.
Seeds, lychee, 91, loi; lungan, 108,

109; shipment of, 64, 114; viability

of, 64, 1 14.

Semmedo, Alvaro, quoted, 23, 24.
Seventh month ripe, variety of lychee,

144.
Sha Ch'ung, village, 98

Shan chi, variety of lychee, 10, 50, 64,

xxxvii79' 98'

I43'

4,

L

Shan chih. See Shan chi.

Shang shou huai, variety of lychee, 96,

101, 143.

Shang Yung, lychee region, 49, 93.
Shap ip lung ngan, variety name, 73,

109, 1 10, 145.

Sha t'ang li chih, variety name, 143.
Sha t'ong lai chi, variety name, 143.
Sha Yung, village, 98.
Shek hap lung ngan, variety name, 106,

109,110,145.
Shek T an, station, 51.
Shek Wai T'ong, lungan region, 104,

no, 170, PI. XLI.
She p'i lung ngan, variety name, 106,

109, no, 145, 170, PI. XLI.
She p'i lung yen. See She p'i lung ngan.
Sheung Ch'ung, lychee region, 49, 93.

186

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

Sheung shu wai, variety of lychee, 96,

101, 143.
Shih Ch'ung, man famous for great

wealth, 161.
Shih hsia lung yen, variety of lungan,

106, 109, no, 145.
Shih) persimmon, 50.
Shih Wei T'ang, lungan region, 104,

1 10, 170, PI. XLI.
Shihyeh lung yen, variety of lungan, 73,

110,145.

Shik T'an, station, 51.
Shipping seeds, 64, 1 14.
Shu I Chi, cited, 161.
Shut ching ch'iu, variety of lychee, 91,

144.

Shuifau tsz, variety of lychee, 144.
Shuifou tsu, variety of lychee, 144. •
Shui Sai Ts'un, village, 50.
Shui Si Ts'un, village, 50.
Shui tsing k'au, variety of lychee, 91,

144.

Shui Wai, locality, 56.
Shun Tak, district in Kwangtung, 95.
Shun Te. See Shun Tak.
Siam, ii.

Si Kuan, western suburb of Canton, 47.
Singapore, 52.
Sin Hsing, lychee region, 93, 94, 169,

PI XXX

Sin T'ang, city, 167, PI. XVII.
Siu i k'un, variety of lychee, 144.
Six months leopard, variety of lungan,

.H5-

Size of tree, lychee, 66. .
Slave, lychee, the lungan, 160
Snake skin lungan, variety name, no,

145, 170, PI. XLI.
Soapberry, 32.
Soft lungan, variety name, 145, 170,

PL XXXIX.
Soil, 59, 60, 65, 89, 99.

adaptation, 69

experiments, 151.

importance of in growing Kua lu, 51.

preparation, 60, 114.

variations, n, 69.

Soil, of peaty type most promising, 152.
Sonnerat, Pierre, quoted, 27.
Sour lychee, variety name, 98, 144.
South China, i, 6, 11,44, 58, 83, 89, 116,

118; climate, 155.
South' China Sea, 45.

Sparrow egg, variety of lychee, 143.

Spelling, lychee, 15; lungan, 15.

Spraying, formulae, 84.

Staunton, Sir G. L., quoted, 28.

Stocks, 6, 11,41,50,67.

Stone gorge lungan, variety name, 106,
109,110,145.

Straits Settlements, 43.

Stuart, G., quoted, 76.

Stuntz, S. C., acknowledgment, 2.

Suan chihy variety of lychee, 98, 144.

Sugar cane, 52.

Sugar, variety of lychee, 143.

Sumatra, 6.

Sun chi, variety of lychee, 98, 144.

Sung chia hsiang, variety of lychee,
144.

Sung Chio, Li Chih P'u, 119; cited, 20,
56, 66; translated in part, 160-163.

Sung family fragrance, variety of lychee,
144.

Sung ka heung, variety of lychee, 144.

Sung lei, variety of lychee, 162.

Sung Yu. See Sung Chio.

Sun scald, protection, 60.

Sunwui, district in Kwangturig, 98.

Superstition, 62.

Surface texture, lychee, 100, 101; lun-
gan, 108, 109.

Su Shih, quoted, 19

Sweet cliff, variety of lychee, 144.

Swingle, Maude Kellerman (Mrs. Wal-
ter T.), acknowledgment, 24; prepa-
ration of references, 160.

Swingle, Walter T., acknowledgment,
2> 3, 173; contribution by, 153-156.

Synonomy, botanical, lychee, 37; lun-
gan, 40, 41, 171.

Szchwan, province, u, 39, 44, 87.

Ta ho pao, variety of lychee, 144.
Tai ho pau, variety of lychee, 144.
Tai ngau ku, variety of lychee, 99, 144.
Tai T'ong, lungan region, 104, 105.
Tai tso, variety of lychee, 53, 94, 95, 97,

101, 144, 167, PI. XIX.
Tarn shai t'seng, variety of lychee, 144.
T'ang po, variety of lychee, 95, 96, 144.
Tang Tao Hsieh, cited, 60, 61, 67; Li

Chih P'u, 119.

T'an Hua, a literary degree, 52.
Ta niu ku, variety of lychee, 99, 144.
Tan shih ch'ang, variety of lychee, 144.

INDEX

187

Ta T'ang, lungan region, 104, 105.
Tat-mo, founder of Buddhism in China,

93-
Ta tsaoy variety of lychee, 53, 94, 95, 97,

101, 144, 167, PI. XIX.
Taylor, W. S., cited, 3 1 ; Florida grower,

"3-

Temperature, 54, 55, 64.
Temperature, high for rooting cuttings,

!57> 158.
Ten leaves lungan, variety name, no,

145;

Terminology in describing fruits, 90.
Terms, Chinese for describing fruits, 90,

91.

Terrace hills, 49, 50, 166, PI. XV.
Tessaratoma papillosa , insect enemy, 82,

83, 169, PI. XXXI.
Texture, lychee, 90.
Therapeutic activity, 76.
Thieves, protection, 51.
Thinning, 62; of fruit and flowers, 105.
Third month red, variety of lychee, 98,

143, 165, PL VI, 170, PL XXXVII.
T'ien Pao, T'ang dynasty queen, 87.
Tien y ch^ variety of lychee, 144.
Tiger skin, class of lychee, 88.
Time of fruiting, lychee, 100, 101;

lungan, 106, 108, 109.-
Time of planting, 60.
•T'im nganty variety of lychee, 144.
Ting sz ngaUy variety of lychee, 99, 144.
Ting sz niuy variety of lychee, 99, 144.
Ting un lung ngan, variety name, 145.
Ting yuan lung yen, variety name, 145.
Titoki group, 35.
Titokitree,34.
Tobacco stems, use of, 82.
T'ongpok, variety of lychee, 95, 96, 144.
T'o Wa, lychee region, 49, 96.
Trade, 117.

Transplanting. See Planting.
Transportation, 72, 117.
Travelers, 7.

Treatises. See Chinese treatises.
Treatment for cuttings, 158.
Treatments for Eriophyes, 84, 85.
Tree borer, lychee, 85.
Trees, prices of, 66.
Tribute lychee, 17, 71, 87, 88.
Tribute lychee, variety name, 144.
Trigault, Nicolas, cited, 23, 24.
Trimming, 60.

Trinidad, 8, 113.

Ts'ai Hsiang, Li Chih P'u, 2, 11, 120,

164, Pis. Ill, IV, 171; cited, 16, 17,

20, 62, 63, 66, 88; quoted, 56, 72, 88,

115.

Tsai ma chihy variety of lychee, 144.
Ts'ao Fan, Li Chih P'u, 120.
Tsao hoy variety of lungan, 106, 1 10, 145.
Tsao liy variety of lychee, 144.
Tsang river, 51.
Tsang Shing, district in Kwangtung, 47,

51,52, 59,62, 92, 94, 166, PL XVI, 169,

PL XXXIV, 170, Pis. XXXV,

XXXVII, XXXIX.
Ts'at ut shuky variety of lychee, 144.
Tseng Ch'ing. See Tsang Shing.
Tseung kwan laiy variety of lychee, 50,

144.
Tsieh chihy Chinese term for grafting,

ip, 68, 106, 171.
Ts'i Min Yao Shue, 19.
Ts'ing Ming, 60.
Ts'ing piy variety of lychee, 144.
Tsip chihy Chinese term for grafting, 68.
Ts'iuyuk lung ngan, variety name, 109,

145.

Ts'oi ma chiy variety of lychee, 144.
Tso laiy variety of lychee, 144.
Tso W0y variety of lungan, 106, 1 10, 145.
Ts'ui you lung yent variety name, 109,

145.

Tsunfung laiy variety of lychee, 144.
TsZy persimmon, 50.
Tuan Kung Lu, cited, 19.
Tubercles, on roots of lychee, 152, 167,

Pis. XXI, XXII, 168, PL XXIII.
Tu Huat lychee region, 49, 96.
T'u King Pen Ts'aOy 18.
Tung Kuan, district in Kwangtung, 47,

52, 53, 167, Pis. XVII, XVIII, XIX,

168, Pis. XXIV, XXVII, 169, PL

XXVIII.

Tung Kun. See Tung Kuan.
T'u Pen Tsun, Li Chih P'u, 172.
Typhoons, 56.

United States, 112, 113, 117, 118.

United States Department of Agricul-
ture, 10.

U lanty Canarium, 50.

Un /'«», variety of lychee, 144.

U un, variety of lychee, 106, no, 145,
170, Pis. XL, XLI.

188

THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN

Upland culture. See Hill type.
Upland orchards, 59, 1 17, 167, PI. XVII.

Varieties, 19, 22, 49, 53, 87-102, 107,

114, 143, 145, 146-148.
Varieties, lychee, 87-102.
Varieties of lychee, Kwangtung, 143, 144.
Varieties of lungan, Kwangtung, 145.
Vegetable hemp plant, variety of lychee,

144.

Viability of seeds, 64, 114.
Village, nursery, 53.
Volcano, variety of lychee, 162.

"Waai" — a dyked enclosure, 45.

Wai chiy variety of lychee, 46, 51, 64, 73,

79, 89, 92, 96, 97, 98, 101, 144, 165,

PI. XI, 1 66, PI. XII, 167, PI. XVII,

170, PI. XXXVI.
Waichow, 19.
Wai river lychee, variety of lychee, 97,

144, 165, PI. XI, 166, PI. XII, 167,

PL XVII, 170, PL XXXVI.
Walker, Robert Sparks, quoted, 7.
Water chestnuts, 45.
Water culture, 58, 61.
Water farming, 49.
Water float, variety of lychee, 144.
Water-loving plant, lychee, 9, 64, 69,

88,89,95,117.
Water lychee, 9, 88, 89, 95.
Water type of lychee culture, 48, 49.
Watt, George, cited, 30.
Weather, 54, 55; Canton, 54, 55, 142,

J53, J55? Florida compared with

South China, 153, 155.
West Indian lime, 156.
West Indies, 6, 1 1 1 , 117, 1 1 8.
Western Hemisphere, 32.
West river, 45.
White fragrant plant, variety of lychee,

H3-
White wax lychee, variety of lychee, 98,

Wholesale prices, 72, 73.

Wild mountain lychee, variety of lychee,

99, 144-
Williams, Mrs. Rose S., translation, 19.

Winds, effect of, 55, 58, 82.

Wine, lychee, 75, 91, 160.

Winter dormancy, lychee, 153, 155.

Wong ch'ung, insect enemy, 83.

Wong Tsun Kang, acknowledgement,

Writers, Chinese, 7, 22, 82, 87, 116, 117.

Writing of characters, lychee, 13, 14.

Wu, region in Kiangsu Province, 161.

Wu Ch'i Hsun, cited, 21.

Wulan. See U lam.

Wu, Mien, assistance acknowledged,

1 60.
Wu Tsao Ao, Chi Li Chih, 75, 172;

cited, 75.
Wu Ti, 1 6, 17.
Wu Tsai Ao, cited, 75, 171.
Wu Ying K'uei, Ling Nan Li Chih Pu',

120; cited, 13, 17, 87, 88, 106, 107,

171; list of Kwangtung varieties,

146-148; quoted, 2, n.
Wu yuan, variety of lungan, 106, no,

145, 170, Pis. XL, XLI.

Ya niang hsieh, variety of lychee, 50,

99, 143-
Yau ngan, variety of lungan, 145, 170,

PL XXXIX.
Yau yen* variety of lungan, 145, 170,

PL XXXIX.

Ye shan chi, variety of lychee, 99, 144.
Yeh shan chih, variety of lychee, 99, 144.
Yield, lychee, 166, PL XIV.
Yield, lungan, 106. -
Yik chi, synonym for lungan, 104.
Yuan Kiang, 21.

Yuan t'un, variety of lychee, 144.
Yiieh, region in Chekiang Province, 161.
Yu Lo Nung, 21.

Yu ho pao, variety of lychee, 99, 144.
Yuk ho pan, variety of lychee, 99, 144.
Yunnan, 21, 44.
Yu ping, variety of lychee, 144.
Yuk ping, variety of lychee, 144.
Yun-chien, now Huat'ing in Kiangsu,

161.

Zanonii, Giacomo, cited, 25.