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The

Macrolepidoptera

of the World

- A systematic description ===

of the hitherto known Macrolepidoptera

edited in collaboration with well-known specialists

by

Dr. Adalbert SeitZ, Professor

STUTTGART

Verlag des Seitz'schen Werkes (Alfred Kernen)

1913-

AUGUST scHMirr

44 WOODYCREST DR.
liORTHPORT. N. Y. 11768

All rights reserved.

Printed by H. 1. a u p p jr, Tubingen.

I Division:

The Macrolepidoptera

of the

Palearctic Fauna

2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges.

With 56 coloured plates (-J4S9 figure)

Preface.

When in 1909 the last number of Volume I of the "Macrolepidoptera of the World" had appeared
some critics expressed a doubt as to whether an undertaking of such magnitude could be carried out on
the scale of the first volume.

The friendly, even enthusiastic, reception accorded to Volume I has decided the fate of the entire
worij. From that moment there was nothing to hinder a rapid publication, and both editor and publisher
have strenuously endeavoured to carry out the plans set forth in the preface to Volume I.

As the principal item in our programme was comprehensiveness, we have attempted, as far as the
limited space would allow, at least to indicate all that is of value in determining and classifying the species,
as well as to mention biological details. Frequently also remarks have been added which have reference to the
relation of the Lepidoptera to the environment, food, protective measures, injuriousness, etc. Although the
size of the present volume has hereby been increased, the volume containing 100 pages more than its pre-
decessor, the number of parts has nevertheless been restricted to thirty, as some of the parts consist of
several sheets of text. It has thus been possible to conform to the wishes of collectors desiring a compre-
hensive work on the hybrids of Sphingidae from the pen of the most experienced writer on this subject.

The second point mentioned in the introduction to Volume I was rapidity of publication. The
financial question for the entire work having been solved by the reception accorded to Volume I, it was
possible to publish as rapidly as time would allow. The praiseworthy and strenuous efforts of the publishers
enabled us to issue no less than 488 parts since the publication of the first volume (Nov. 1909), viz.:

Pale arctics Exotics

46 German I 102 German I

80 French parts 120 French / parts

32 English 1 108 Englisli I

which, for about three years (940 working days) works out at not quite two days for each part. Although
I do not anticipate that there is anybodj^ who does not appreciate such a performance, I hope nevertheless
that readers will remember the rapidity with which the work was issued if any slight errors of omission and
commission have escaped our vigilance.

We have been blamed by some reviewers of our work for not going beyond our original intention
of providing a comprehensive handbook for collectors and Lepidopterists by examining the collections of Mu-
seums and private Entomologists for new species and by continuing the subdividing of forms and the naming
of aberrations already more than sufficiently carried out by others. We accept this reproof with the reserv-
ation that we did not follow this course on account of expediency, but because we as.sumed that the majority
of readers would not be pleased at the introduction of numerous new forms and the minute subdivision of
old ones.

I cannot leave this subject without attempting to explain why another wish, which was more gene-
rally expressed, had to be ignored. Since the conclusion of Volume I nearly 150 weeks ago (Nov. 1909) almost
exactly 150 parts have been issued in each language; m the German edition, for instance, parts 56 to 102
of Division I and 41 to 143 of Division II, i. e. one part in each language every week. Why, we are asked,
is not a German part issued regularly every Monday, a French one every Wednesday, ^and an English one
every Friday, and why are periods of extreme haste followed by pauses of weeks or even months ?

VI PREFACE.

The answer to these questions lies in the different methods of our scieiuitic co-workers. It would
certainly not be uimatural, on receiving a large manuscript, to issue it at regular intervals. The letterpress,
however, is not printed and revised according to parts, but according to chapters ; when a prhited sheet is
ready it is dated and must at once be issued. We have also to consider the authors, whose manuscript must
not be delayed,'lest they be anticipated by another's publication.

It is therefore impossible to give beforehand the exact date of publication of each future part. Only
this much can be said toda}', that, after the Palearctic Noctuids with the exception of the two last and rather
small groups (end of the Quadrifidinae and Hypeninae) have appeared and after four of the six groups of
Geometrids have been issued in the three parts following, the Palearctic portion of the work will shortly be
completed, so that the Exotic division can be issued much more rapidly.

The third point at which we aimed was to render the work inexpensive for the purchaser. WTiether
we have succeeded in realising this is for our subscribers, and not for us, to decide. The work was meant to
be in reach even of collectors of only very moderate means. The price of the rather large second Volume
has worked out at less than 30 shillings for subscribers, and by comjjaring our text and plates with those of
other equally cheap publications the reader must judge for himself whether the quality of the more than
3000 diai^noses and nearly 2500 figures justifies this sum. But while doing so he must not forget that the
price for subscribers of the two Palearctic volumes still in the course of publication will be considerably
less, as they are condensed into very few parts. The subscribers price for the entire volume of Geometridae
(dealmg with about 3000 forms) will scarcely exceed 10 shillings.

We therefore conclude Volume II in the confident expectation that the same reception will be accorded
to it as to Volume I. The lenient and considerate criticisms the work has so far received leads me to hope
that its modest aim of bjing essentially a work of reference has been recognised and appreciated. But just
as in the introduction to Volume I I had to meet the charge that the beauty of the plates suffered thi-ough
so many figures representing only half a specimen, so again today I have to answer a criticism arising
from misconception. It has been considered a grave fault that the composition of the various paragraphs
is not uniform throughout the work. This allegation was founded on the absolutely erroneous premise that
all forms dealt with in one paragraph were always considered to belong to the same species. It is, how-
ever, quite outside the province of this work to determme the degree of relationship of one form to another.
A paragraph is meant to deal with forms closely allied; it is not my intention at all to influence the per-
sonal opinion which any one may have on the above questions according to his own experiences. Had
we entered into the disputes about the specific distinctness of forms, etc. — which anyhow appear to me
rather futile — , the work would have become much more bulky and scarcely as useful. Naturally, in by
far the greater number of cases the forms are so arranged that those placed together in one paragraph
as being closely allied or similar are in fact forms of the same species. But where this is not the case
the reader will please remember that the "Macrolepidoptera" is a work of reference and not a series of cri-
tical monographs, and further, that where the text gives more information this is a voluntary contribution
on the part of the author.

Just as far removed from the scope of the "Macrolepidoptera" was a decided position with regard to
the question of nomenclature. We could not make up our minds to follow implicitly the preliminary code of
so-called "international rules of Nomenclature", and how well founded our scruples were has been proved
by the overwhelming majority by which this code has been rejected — in some countries by 90 per cent
of the votes. We have adhered essentially to the law of priority and only admitted exceptions to
this rule for very strong reasons, i. e. if the strict application of priority would have changed long-established
names. But the opinion of those readers who do not admit any exceptions to the law of priority has also
been taken into consideration inasmuch as a slight alteration of our original plan has enabled us to give
an extensive synonymy and to include the synonyms in the Index to each volume.

In the sixth preface to Vol. I of the Macrolepidoptera I proffered our hearty thanks to all who
have assisted in the undertaking, and now I have again great pleasure in thanking particularly the authors
of the letterpress of the various groups, many of which presented great difficulties. We are no less indebted
to the owners of collections who gave most efficient help by lending specimens and whose names have been
mentioned in Vol. I; also to our lithographers, Messrs. Werner and Winter, of Frankfurt a. M., whose
plates, without laying any claim to artistic and decorative effect, can bear any comparison as regards
utility ; and last but not least I nmst thank the publishers of the work, who have strenuously endeavoured
to comply with even the most exacting demands. Both they and the editor will try to prove their gra-
titude for the appreciation shown in the urgent demands of their readers for a continuation of the work
by producing the separate parts still more rapidly than before, though during the last three years the
time elapsed between the issue of any two parts was on an average less than two days.

Before I close this preface to Vol. II I should like to repair an omission caused by my absence
abroad when Vol. I was concluded; I mean a statement of the reason for our change of programme. The ori-

PREFACE. VII

ginal plan was that the fu'st 100 parts should be almost exclusively Palearctie, so that the Palearctic divi-
sion of the work would conclude with part 100 i.ssued in 1909. But the very numerous subscribers to the
much more important Exotic division — there being no similar works on Exotics in existence — protested,
demanding that at least the larger butterflies of the Exotic fauna should be dealt with first. Especially the
subscribers residing in Africa argued that on account of the climate their sojourn in that continent usually
only lasted a few years, and that a work issued in parts extending over many years would be of little use
to them. This argument is so sound and the request so reasonable that we have attempted to conciliate
each party by publishing the Palearctic parts alternately with those dealing with the families of the larger
Exotic Rhopalocera, the latter being now also concluded with the Nymphalids just issued.

Darmstadt, Sept. 30th, 1912. Adalbert .Seitz.

II. VOLUME:

BOMBYCES

AND

SPHINGES

All rights reserved.

Phalaenae, Moths.

The large division of Lepidoptera called Phalaenae, which name is completely s3'nonymous with
the designation «Het erocera->, is not equivalent to the «Diuraa». The term Moths comprises far more
diverse elements, and a general characterisation is as difficult as it would be futile. Whereas all butterflies
have a well developed tongue, the mouth-parts of Heterocera are sometimes used as a sucking organ, some-
times they are unfitted for that purpose; they may be reduced to a very great extent or even be suitable
for biting. The antennae also exhibit all modifications imaginable, and the fore- and hindwings may have
■ the strangest relative proportions, here the forewing being the main organ of flight and there the hindwing,
and both may be completely absent. The caterpillars too bear every conceivable kind of external covering,
the skin bearing warts, buttons, peg-like projections, thorns, brushes, filaments, pustules, wax-wool, spikes,
and even stinging organs. The number of feet also is different, varying from 3 pairs fit for crawling to
such perfection that almost the whole underside is modified into an organ of adhesion. Also in the meta-
morphosis we meet with great diflFerences; for instance, species are known which have a kind of pro-
chrysahs. In respect to all details we must therefore refer the reader to the characterisation of the various
subdivisions.

I. Section: Bombyces.

The Bombyces, which Linne put behind the Sphinges as a group equivalent to the latter, are closely
associated with the Hawkmoths in the arrangement of the present work. The Sphinges stand as a separate
family in between a number of different Bombycid families which, foUowing old custom, are here united
under the little suitable collective designation of Bombyces. However, it is not possible to arrange the
animals in such a way that they form a continuous line; and since we have nevertheless to deal with the
various species one after the other in a continuous series, unnatural separation of close allies is often un-
avoidable. We abstain also from giving a characterisation applying to all the families of Bombyces. —
The number of hitherto known forms is about 10000. They are distributed nearly over all the countries
inhabited by Lepidoptera, but do not extend so far north as the Butterflies. On remote islands the number
of endemic forms is mostly exceptionally small, as compared with that of the Diurna, Sphinges and Noctuae.
Tropical mountainous districts appear to be especially favourable for the development of a great variety
of forms of Bombyces. Though often incapable of taking nourishment from flowers, the Bombyces fly ac-
tively about — as a rule late at night — and nearly all the species come to the light. The organ of smell
is often more strongly developed in the cfcf of Bombycids than in any other group of Lepidoptera, the
distances from which they are able to find the ?? being often astonishing. — We must state, however, that
the group of «Bombyces» known as such to collectors since Lixxe's time has been adopted here only in
order to have a name comprehending all the Heterocera which do not belong to the Sphinges, Noctuids,
Geometrids and Micros. — Seitz.

1. Family: Zygaenidae.

First (anterior) submedian vein present in both wings;*) forewing without areole. Frenulum and
retinaculum present. A more or less distinct vein in the cell, extending from the angle of the discocellulars
basad; costal vein of hindwing rarely anastomosed with the cell, mostly separate, parallel with the cell, and
connected with it by a short oblique bar (=SG') in or beyond middle. Ocelli usually present. Claws of

') Some exotic forms excepted.

4 PKYEKIA. By Dr. K. Jukuax.

tarsi without tootli. — Egg above a little impressed, the surface very feebly sculptured. — Caterpillar with
16 legs, head small, retractible into the prothorax; setiferous warts on all segments; the prolegs bearing a
halfnng of hooks. — Chrysalis in a cocoon, abdominal somites all (?) free. According to Dohekty's ob-
senation the larvae of a curious long-tailed Oriental species oi Bimantopterua live in the nests of white ants.
— Day -flying insects, mostly of Inight colours, metallic gloss being prevalent, but there are also
sombre brown and yellowish foniis without gloss. They have a slow flight, and many sham death on being
touched. The soft bodj- contains acrid fluids, which protect these tenacious insects against the predations
of their insectivorous enemies. They sit mostly lazily on flowers, only in hot sunshine become the cTc'' of
manj- species more livel}^ swanning about in a straight flight. In pattern, colour and shape many Zijgaennlae
ao-ree closely with other Lepidoptera to wliich they are not nearly related, especially members of the families
Geometridae, Synlomidae, and Aictiidae, as well as Pieridae and Danainae. The similarity between the Paiae-
arctic Zygaenids and Syntomids, especially in the outline and the relative size of the wings, was in fact the
main reason which induced the older authors to regard these insects as being closely allied to one another
and therefore to unite them in one family. How-ever, the small Zijgaetw -Wk^ wings are a character acquired
independently by these two families, and found only in one portion of the whole family Zygaenidat'. The
more original Zygaenids are doubtless the Chalcosi'mae with their broad wings and strongly pectinated an-
tennae, though the Chalcosiinae on their part are in other respects more specialized than our true Zygaenae.
It is a general fact met with everywhere when studying the phytogeny of animal forms, that a species or
a group of forms (genus, family, etc.), more generalized in some characters than a second species or genus
(etc.), is much more specialized than the latter in other organs. This fact is very prominent among the
Zygaenids.

The Palaearctic Zygaenidae are divided into three subfamilies, which can easily be distinguished as
follows :

1. Phaudinae. — Tongue reduced, very weak or absent; body rough-hairy.

2. Chalcosiinae. — Tongue present, rarely absent, in the latter case the abdomen not rough as in the

Phaudinae; body more or less metallic; foretibia without spur; hindtibia with apical
spurs, but without middle spurs.

3. Zygaeninae. — Tongue present; foretibia with spur.

A. Subfamily: Phaudinae.

Tongue reduced. Palpus mostly small, often indicated only, rarely rather large, but in this case rough-
hairy like the whole bodj-. Most species are entirely devoid of metallic colours, only the tibiae are sometimes
slightly metallic green. Scales of the wings hair-like, rarely truncate. Black, brown, and yellow or red are the
colours of this subfamily. — Hardly anything is known about tlie former stages, with the exception of a Javanese
species. In the Palaearctic Region there occur 6 species, which belong to 3 genera:

1. Pryeria. — Submedian veins of forewing connected with one another by a bar, which is occasionallj' inter-

rupted.

2. Phauda. — All subcostals of forewing from cell, or 3. and 4. stalked.

3. Pseudopsyche. — The 3.-5. subcostals of forewing stalked, the 5. proximal of the 3.

1. Genus: Pryeria Mom-e.

Body rough-hairy; abdomen of cf with long apical tufts. Palpus just vestigial. Tongue absent.
Antenna long-pectinate in c", dentate in ?, distaUy slightly incrassate, flattened below, pectinations non-scaled.
Tibiae without spurs. Wings Syntomis-like in outline, transparent, being covered with thin hairs; costal
margin of forewing incrassate, costal vein distally connected with edge i)y short veinlets, 1. subcostal re-
presented by an incomplete vein which does not extend to the cell, 3. and 4. subcostals stalked, cell very
narrow from base to middle, subcostal and median nervures touching each other, submedian veins connected
before the middle by a bar, which is occasionally interrupted; costal vein of the small hindwing distally
anastomosing with cell, 5 veins from cell, anterior angle of cell much more produced than hind angle. —
Former stages not known. The caterpillar feeds on «Masaki'> according to Pryek. Like many other Zy-
gaenids sporadical, sometimes found in great numbers on a tree, and not met with again for a long while.

sinica. P. siniCB ^loore (la). Body black; the mesothoracical tegula and the greather portion of the ab-

domen dirty orange-yellow. Wings covered with thin black hairs, base pale yellow; forewing broader in ?
than in c . — Japan and North China, not rare in Central Japan, found by Pkyek in great numbers
in the neighbourhood of Yokohama.*)

*) I met with tliis species flying in great numbers around a tree in a garden of the Bluff near Yokohama. Whole
swarms of cfcT' gathered around the ^, which were silting at the tips of some branches. The cfcfi on the wing, resembled
exactly a sawfly of the Tenthredinid genus Lyda. — Seitz.

PHAUDA; PSEUDOPSYCHE. By Dr. K. Juiujan. 5

2. Genus: Phailda Walk.

Body rouLjli-haiiy, abdomen of & with loiii; tufts of hairs at the apex of the abdomen. Ocelh ab-
sent. Palpus and tongue present but small. Antenna setiform, pectinated in a", the pectinations short and
those of each segment fused together to form (in ventral aspect) an angle, in ? non- pectinate. Foretibia
with spur: mid- and hindtibiae with a pair of very short apical spurs. Wings elongate; forewing with 4
or 5 subcostals, all from the cell, or 4. and 5. stalked; costal vein of hindwing separate from cell, connected
with the subcostal vein by a bar proximally of apex of cell. — Larva on Ficus and Terminalia, anteriorly
liroader than posteriorly, with a brown dorsal stripe which is anteriorly dilated, sides white or yellow.
Cocoon hard. Ijarrel-shaped, yellow, with brown and red stripes. — A genus of the Oriental Region, re-
presented in tlie Palaearctic fauna by three species occurring in China. The perfect insects resemble the
Coleopterous genus Lijai^: when touched they curve the abdomen ujiwards, the anal brushes projecting like
a pair of forceps, reminding one of earwigs.

P. triadum Walk. {— fortunei U.S.) (la). Reddish yellow, the centre of the upperside of the alt- triadum.
domen, the long apical tuft and a large patch at the apex of the wings black.*) — North China; Kiukiang,
found in June.

P. pratti Lrech (la). Body black; abdomen and underside of thorax golden yellow. Foiewm^ pratii.
orange-yellow, distally brownish grey, the apex being pale grey. Hindwing semitransparent, distal half
black. — I-chang am Yang-tse-kiang, where Pk.mt discovered the cf in July, also at .Aloupin and Wa-shan,
\Vest China, in June and July.

P. lanceolata nor. ^pec. (la). Body reddish yellow, frons, forecoxa, a stripe on abdomen and most lanceotata.
likely also the antenna black. Forewing long, without indication of an anal angle, brownish black, extreme
base yellowish red, 2. and 3. radials on a short stalk. Hindwing transparent, with darker edges, 2. and 3.
radials on a long stalk. — I-chang, one cT (without antenna) in the Tring JIuseum.

3. Genus: P»ieuclo|>syche Oberth.

Body long-hairy. Tongue and ocelli absent. Palpus rather long, rough-hairy. Antenna setiform,
long-pectinate in o^, the pectinations without scales, in ? the antenna very thin, each segment produced
into a point on underside. Foretibia without spur; mid- and hindtibia with a pair of short apical spurs.
Wings distally transparent, sparsely clothed with small scales. Forewing with 5 subcostals, the 3., 4. and
5. stalked, the 5. nearest the cell, the 2. and 3. radials close together, both median branches proximally of
cell-angle; costal vein of hindwing anastomosed with the cell, except base, becoming free proximally of
apex of cell, 1. radial and subcostal on a long stalk, 2. and 3. radials from a point or on a short stalk. —
Amurland and West China.

P. dembowskii Oberfh.**) (Ibi. Body black, the hairs mostly yellowish grey, the mesothoracical rfmfioi^'s-
tegula and the abdomen below at the sides and above at the apex red or yellow. Wings transparent, veins *"■
black, base yellowish or red. Two forms are known. — The form described b}' ObekthCk is from Askold;
the base of the wings and the abdomen are yellow. — The other form, oberthueri Strp-. (lb), has these oberthueri.
parts red. Occurs on the mainland in May and June near Wladiwostock, Raddefka and Chabarofka, being
doubtless more widely distributed in the southern districts of Amurland.

P. yarka Oberth.{\b). Appears to belong here according to the tigure. Smaller than the preceding j/ar^a.
species. Head, thorax, apex of abdomen and base of forewing pale yellow. — Ta-tsien-lu, found in May.

B. Subfamily: Chalcosiinae.

Tongue and palpus present; the latter separated from the eye by a geiial stripe which is usually scaled.
The stripe of scales bordering the eye posteriorly is broad, bearing above thin erect hairs. Frons usually strongly
convex, prominent. Antenna in cf and ? pectinate, at least at the apex. Foretibia without spur; mid- and hind-
tibiae with a pair of short spurs at the apex. Anal segment of ? mostly modified into a long ovipositor. — The
species of this cential subfamily of Zygaenidae are nearly all more or less metallic green or blue, being mostly
marked with red. yellow or white. This subfamily contains very diverse-looking forms, which, however, are all
easily distinguished "from the Zygatninae by the absence of the foretibial spur. The species are partly verj' variable,

*') This species, whicli I found in China in September, resembles, when crawling about with the wings closed, exactly
a bug of the Hemipterous family Lygaeidai. The large black apical patch of the wings represents the membranous portion of
the Hemipterous wings. The same applies to PhaiKhi .yKmatreimls M'ulk:, according to information received finni Hofrat B. Hagex.
— Seitz.

**) In the text of the German edition and on the plate the name is misspelt dembrowskii.

6 AGLAOPE; PROCKIS. By Dr. K. ,]i.rdan.

even in the venation of the winf::s, the sexes being in some genera so diilferent that cf und ? were placed in different
genera until quite recentlj'. The subfamily is most abundantly developed in the lndo-!Malayan Subregion. Many of
the genera occurring there extend northwards into the Palaearctic Region. In habits the C/nilconiinae agree closely
with the Zygaenae. The larger, broad-winged s])ecies have mostly a still heavier flight. Some dark-coloured forms
frequently Vest on the stems of trees. The bizarre pattern of many species renders it probable that we have here
to do with an imitation of spotted blossoms The forms which are copied by Geometrids, Arctiids and other Heter-
ocera, are generally much rarer than the mimics. This may partly be due to the Chalcosiinae taking less easily
to the wing and therefore escaping the eye and net of the collector. The paucity of specimens of Chalcosiinae as
compared with the frequency of Geomctridae mimicking them, for instance in New Guinea collections, is verj'
striking. However, the forms resembling Euploea and Dauais are generally very common, as are also the fulguri-
diform species. — The- short thick caterinllar bears narrow, prominent, setiferous warts on all somites, e.xcept the
small head. The ])U])a lies in a usually dense cocoon which is fastened on the upperside of a leaf that is more
or less rolled in ; at emergence of the imago the anterior third of the pupa protudes from the cocoon.

4, (ieiius: Aglaope Latr.

Tongue absent. Palpus small, i)ut distinct. Antennae pectinate in both sexes, pectinations sparsely
scaled, short in ?. Foretibia without spur; mid- and hindtibiae with an apical pair of short spurs. The
1. subcostal of forewing not far distant from the 2., the 3. — 5. stalked together, the 3. branching off close
to cell. Costal vein of hindwing anastomosed with cell beyond middle of the latter for a short distance.
Anal segment of ? prolonged to form an ovipositor. — Caterpillar with small setiferous warts ; a brown
dorsal line accompanied each side Ijy a yellow line; sides striped with white. Pupa in a rather strong,
somewl'.at elongate cocoon.

infausta. A. infausta L. (lb). Transparent black-brown; collar, a short streak at the base of forewing and

the hindwing from cell to abdominal margin red. Distributed from the Rhenish Palatinate to South Spain
and Italy, but not found everywhere, in Germany only in a few localities; flies in July in the sunshine about
hawthorn and blackthorn. — Caterpillars on these plants and on Amygdalis, doubtless also on other Rosa-
ceae; sometimes in such numbers that they become injurious.

5. Genus: Procris F., Foresters.

Antenna of cT long-pectinated, in ? feebly dentate and below longitudinally flattened or impressed.
Tongue always very distinct. Veins all from the cell (of course, the costal and submedian veins excepted),
rarely two of the subcostals of forewing stalked together. Anal-segment of ? not modified into a long ovi-
positor. The species are very uniform in coloration. They are all black-brown or smoky, and are more
or less densely clothed with metallic green scales, which assume often a blue or coppery tint. The metallic
gloss is almost completely absent from a very few species. In consequence of the great uniformity in aspect
and the rather considerable variability of the species in size and colour the forms of Procrig are very diffic-
ult to recognize, unless the structure of the genitaha is taken into consideration. The statements in Hterat-
ure about the distribution of the various species are mostl)' quite unreUable.

They are, like all Zygaenids, clumsy fliers, which sit sluggishly on flowers; the ??, which are fre-
quently much smaller than the cfcf, fly rarely, while the cfd" swarm freely in the sunshine on warm days,
having a slow straight flight. A number of species are verj' common, but are often found only at certain
restricted stations. Dry downs are the principal localities, especially on chalky soil, where the insects are
found sitting on the blossoms of Compositae, Dipsaceae, Poterium, Lychnis and other plants.

The caterpillar bears in the first stage single bristles placed on tubercles, while the later stages
have broad, flat, densely hairy warts. The young caterpiUar mines the leaves of the food-plant, the later
stages living free, at least of most species. Pupa in a loose cocoon, fastened on the food-plant or lying on
or underneath the surface of the ground.

According to the form of the antennae the species can be arranged into three groups, which, how-
ever, are not sharply separated.

The species with distinctly obtuse antennae (sfafices and allies) are connected by amaura and allies
with the species which have distinctly pointed antennae {globulariae, chloros, etc.). The third group contains
the species with clubbed antennae; for this last group Hampsox has proposed the name Zijgaenoprocris.

Proem is purely Palaearctic; the genus has its nearest relatives in Australia.

A. Species with pointed antennae.

ampelo- P. ampelophaga Bayle (= vitis Freyer) (1 c) is a species with long antenna; in contrast to the

phaga. other species of I'rocris the 3. and 4. subcostals are stalked in nearly all specimens, not the 4. and 5.

Shaft of antenna blue; thorax greenish blue; upperside of abdomen green; underside of the body only

PROCRIS. By Dr. K. Jordan-. 7

feebly glossy. Upperside of wings blackish l)rown. forewiiig slightly purple. — Riviera, Italy, S. E. Europe,
Caucasus and Asia ]\Iinor. — Larva on Vitis, said to occur sometimes in such quantities as to become m-
jurious; two broods, the first feeding on the young shoots, the second on the leaves.

P. pruni has in the o" strongly pectinated antennae, the jiectinations lying close together and being
densely scaled: in the ? the antenna is distinctly dentate and densely scaled also below at the sides. The
clasper of the cf is distally strongly dilated and truncate, the lower apical angle being more or less tooth-
like; the clasper bears near the base a long process. The 7. abdominal sternite of the ? is emarginate.
Upperside of head, thorax and forewing mostly slightly green, sometimes glossy green or blue; underside
of abdomen much more glossy than upper. — Larva above more yellow, laterally more grej-, bearing red
dots near the warts. On Prunus and Clalluna, occurring in spring, rather commonly in some places. From
France to China and Japan, in several slightly differentiated geographical races; not in Great Britain. —
The European specimens, which are the original pruni Schiff. d- Dm. (\ c), have the forewing usually sUghWy pruni.
green, rarely blue. — As amasina H. S. (1 c) specimens have been described from Amasia and recorded amas/na.
from other places of Asia Jlinor. This is a small form with a slightly coppery brown forewing which is
green at the base. — tristis Breni. (Ic), from Amurland and Korea, is a dark form which has little green tristis.
on the forewing. — esmeralda Bf/r. (Id), from Japan, is on the whole more green than the preceding. — esmeralda.
Chinensis Feld. (Ic), of which the author described both sexes, is represented in the Felder collection by Mnensis.
two very much worn ??. This form has the forewing strongly glossy green-blue. Ning-po; in the British
Museum fresh specimens from North China.

P. elegans Pouj. (id). Antenna green-blue, feebly glossy, in the & with moderately long pectina- elegans.
tions, those of the distal segments being short, in ? the pectinations short, the distal segments being dentate.
Body without gloss. Wings smoky, transparent, without metallic gloss; cell of forewing truncate, M' close
to the angle. Clasper of o^ broad, bearing a large black tooth at the base. — West China; Amur (a pair
received from ilessrs. STAUDiN'tfEu & Banh-Haas).

P. Chloros is distributed from Austria to Asia Minor. Head, thorax and underside of abdomen
strongly glossy. Upperside of forewing densely scaled green or yellowish green or bluish, rarely brownish
with green base, the base being usually much more strongly glossy than the remainder of the wing.
Teeth of the two penultimate antennal segments of cf short and fused. Clasper of cf apically broadlv
rounded, the edge being distinctly incrassate at the lower angle; at the base a dagger-shaped, setiferous,
straight process which is directed backwards. — The first-described form, chloros Hiihn. (1 d), inhabits S. E. chloros.
Europe. The specimens with somewhat yellowish forewing and bright green base are ab. sepium Boisd. sepium.
(Id); they occur in the Southern and Eastern districts of the area inhabited together with the individuals
which have almost uniformly green forewings. — chloronota Stgv. (Id), trom the Taurus, has a brownish diloronota.
forewing with green base ; this form , which I know only from the description , resembles apparently very
closely P. pruni amatiina. Does it belong here?

P. tenuicornis Zcll. (Id) is very similar to the preceding species, but the upperside of the forewing temiicomis.
is no more glossy metalUc than the remainder of the wing. The structure of the clasper is not known to
me. — Hungary; Italy; S. E. Europe.

P. cirtana is one of the smallest species. The pectinations of the antenna of cT are long and
apically broad and are mostly lying as close together as in pruni. Body and forewing either brown with little
metallic gloss , or glossy green or blue. Clasper of cf ventrally almost evenly emarginate from base to
apex, no basal process, apex feebly bisinuate, the upper angle somewhat projecting. The species occurs in
N. W. Africa and again in Central Asia . and is perhaps also represented in South Europe. — The North
African form, cirtana Luc. (Id), has very strong antennae. The specimens with glossy blue forewing axe cirtana.
ab. bakeri Kirhii (= orana Baker) (le): they occur together with brown and green individuals. Morocco; imlieri.
Algiers. — The Asiatic subspecies, recorded from Samarkand and Margelan, is ambigua Stgr. (le); it differs ambigua.
from the preceding only in the slenderer antenna, the pectinations being less Jjroad and standing more
widely apart.

P. incerta Stgr. (le) is dark green on upperside of body and forewing and has very httle gloss, incerta.

Hindwing feebly transparent, ^vith an indistinct greenish tint. Clasper of cT obli({uely truncate at apex,

especially distinguished by a tooth which is placed below the lower angle, projecting inwards and being
curved a little basad. — Fergana; Kuldja.

P. SOlana Stgr. (le) is very similar to the previous in colour, but the forewing is on the \v\\o\e solana.
more glossy and the clasper of d" bears no tooth. Besides, the 7. abdominal sternite of the & is a little pro-
duced and mesially incised; in the ? the segment in front of the vaginal cavity is emarginate. — Fergana:
Osh; Tura; Kuldja; Baldshuan.

8 PROCRIS. By Dr. K. .lf.KDA>'.

P. globulariae. I consider HtJBirEB's.9/o6!</OT-/ae to be the large species ^vith pointed antenna which is

not rare in Central and South Germany, being distinguished in the cf by the moderately long antennal

pectinations and the simple clasper. The latter is without a basal tooth: the apex is obliquely truncate

and slightly emarginate, the upper angle more projecting than the lower, both being somewhat incrassate.

The species varies rather considerably in size and colour. — Larva in all stages mining, not only when

young, in the leaves of Scabiosa and Globularia. The cocoon is fastened at plants close to tlie ground.

Europe, with the exception of England and the Northern countries, eastwards distributed as far as Central

notata. Asia. — The South-Western subspecies is notata Zell. (= soror Bamb.) (If), which occurs in Morocco, Spain,

South France and Italy. Forewing usually very pale bluish green. — The Central European form is the

globulariae. true globulariae Huhn. (? = tenera titgr) (lef). On the whole more densely scaled green or blue-green

subsolana. than the previous. — subsolana Stgr. {= cuprea Ramh.) (If) has a less transparent hindwing; occurring in

suspecta. Hungary and further Soutli and East. — In Central Asia fjfobidariae is represented by suspecta Stgi: (If),

splendens. of which large specimens with deep-coloured hindwing have been described as splendens Stgr. (Ig). — All

these forms are onl\' slightly different and are connected by intergradations.

cognata. P. cognata H.S. (If), or what I regard to be this insect, has somewhat longer antennal pectinat-

ions in the cf , but is otherwise hardly distinguishable externallj' from globulariae. The clasper of the cf is
narrower than in glohuhiriac and bears at the base a long, free, thorn-like process which is directed back-
wards as in P. amphvlophaga and rhloros. In order to perceive this process it is generallj' sufficient to re-
move the scales from the underside of the tip of the abdomen with the help of some moist blotting paper.
turatii. Strongly glossy Italian specimens which are more denseh' scaled on both wings are ab. turatii Bait. (1 g).
— Larva mining like that of globulariae , in the leaves of Gentaurea, in England especiall}' C. nigra. Pupa
in a loose cocoon in the ground close beneath the surface. — Spain, Italy, France and South-Coast of Eng-
land; perha])s also in German}' and Austria?

P. budensis. Very similar to the two preceding species in colour. Wings more sparsely scaled
and therefore more transparent. The clasper of the cf bears at the ventral edge in the centre a broad
truncate tooth which stands crossways to the edge; the sternite of the 7. segment is a little produced, the
lobe being impressed and mesially shghth' emarginate. Hungary and Central Asia, frequently confounded

budensis. with the following insect. — The Hungarian specimens, budensis Speyer (Ig), are reather more densely
scaled than the Asiatic form and therefore more green on the forewing and deeper fuscous on the hindwing.

asiatica. — The Asiatic form is asiatica N/^r. (Ig); resembling the following species, with which it occurs together,
but is not quite so transparent. Fergana; Sajan; Sarafshan.

votgensis. P. volgensis Moschl. (= mollis Gr.-Gr.; ? = tenera Stgr.) (Ih) is paler still than hudensix. The

7. abdominal segment of cf ventrally not impressed; the clasper with strong pointed tooth near the apex.
Probably pnupera Christ, belongs also here. — South Russia, Fergana, Amdo, and Kuku-nor.

Itamifera. P. hamifera spec. nor. (1 h) is similar to large dark specimens of P. budensis. Antenna hardly reach-

ing to three-fourths of cell of forewing, blue. Forewing greenish blue, slightly transparent. Hindwing
shorter at hindmargin than in P. bmleiisis, distal margin emarginate before anal angle. Clasper of o^ in the
centre of ventral edge with a pointed tooth which is curved basad. — JVIts. of Fergana, 4 cTcf in the Tring
Museum.

fleeter. P. hector spec. nov. (Ih). Antenna reaching to four-fifths of cell of forewing, deep blue; upper and

under surface of head and thorax somewhat lighter blue ; abdomen green. Wings as in P. bmleiisi.'^, longer,
less transparent; forewing blue above, the posterior half of the hindwing being distinctlv washed w'ith blue.
Underside of hindwing dusted with blue scales, more densely at costal margin. Clasper with a thin, thorn-
like, rather long tooth at the ventral margin close to the apex. — ^Mersina, 1 cf in the Tring Museum.

B. In the following species the cTcf -ant ennae have at least 3 segments besides

the last without f r e e pectinations.

siibtristis. P. subtristis Stgr. (Ih) has opaque dark green forewings. The hindwing is black, non-transparent.

3 segments of the cT- antenna shortly dentate. Clasper of cf beyond middle with a broad, pointed tooth

which only slightly inclines backwards, and deeply sinuate between this tooth and the narrow apex. In

amaura. true subtristis Stgr. the forewing is on the upperside almost black towards distal margin : while ab. amaura

Stgr. (Ih) has the forewing uniformly green. — Kuldja, Fergana, and Sarafshan.

dolosa. P. dolosa Stgr. (li) is a small species which is almost identical with the previous species in colour

and in the structure of the antenna ; but the hindwing is somewhat paler and the underside of both wings

bears rather more blue or green. The claspei- of the cf, however, is widely different, bearing far beyond

middle a very long, thin , thorn-like tooth. Sjiecimens Avith the underside of the wings extended gieen are

subdolosa. ab. subdolosa Stgr. — Sarafshan, Karatagin, Fergana, and Tianshan.

TRYPANOPHORA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 9

P. graeca upec. nor. (li) has likewise 3 antenna! segments with fused teeth. The upperside of gmcra.
forewing much more golden green than in the 2 preceding species, and the hindwing seraitransparent in"
centre. The 7. ventral segment of cf (the ? is not known to me) produced and somewhat incised at the
apex. Clasper with a triangular tooth near the base and another before the broad, obliquely truncate
apex. — Greece, one of the two specimens before me collected by Maktin Holtz on the Taygetos in
June 1901.

P. orana Aiisf. (1 i). According to the description a small species which we have from Morocco; orana.
the teeth of the 3 last but one segments of the d"- antenna contluent. Head, thorax, and base of forewing
golden green, distal portion of wing somewhat bluish or at lest less golden, fringes sometimes distinctly
chequered. Hindwing feebly transparent. Clasper of cf obliquely sinuate at the apex, the upper angle
projecting. — Morocco ; Algiers.

P. statices L. (= staticus Fourc; aureosa Eetz.) (li). Forewing green or bluish, usually ieehly stadces.
transparent in consequence of the thin scaling of the under surface. Hindwing semitransparent. The ?
usually much smaller than the cT. In the latter mostly the teeth of 9 antennal segments confluent. Clasper
of cf broad at apex and obliquely truncate, the lower angle usually somewhat projecting, forming a small
lobe. — Larva feeding on Rumex acetosa; paler above than at sides, with a reddish dorsal stripe, naked
around the upper setiferous warts. Pupa in a loose cocoon on the ground at the bases of plants. The
name uralensis Gr.-Grsh. (Ik) refers to pale bluish specimens; there is in the Tring- Museum a specimen uralensis.
from the Ural from the collection of Grum-Grshimailo. — In Russia distributed northward about as far
as the 64"; in Great Britain extending north into Scotland. The southward distribution of staiicc.s is not
known with certainty; the species bas been recorded from all the Mediterranean countries of Europe and
also from Asia Minor, but all these records require confirmation. The commonest species in Central Europe.

P. micans Frei/er (^ manni Led.) (1 k). Similar in size to the preceding species. Forewing much micans.
more densely scaled blue or green, and the hindwing much blacker and below more green or blue. Clasper
with a rather strong tooth near the broad apex. Specimens with very thick antennae are ab. heydenreichi heydenreidii.
Led. {= crassicornis Stqr) (Ik). — Bavarian Alps (Freyer, not found again?), South Hungary, Balcan
Peninsula, Italy, South France, Spain.

P. geryon Hiibn. (= minor Eversni.) (Ik). Smaller than statices, the sexes nearly equal in size, i\iQ geryon.
clasper of 5" usually with a triangular tooth before apex. — Larva on Helianthemum vulgare; less bright
in colour and smaller than the larva of duticex; with a brown dorsal stripe which is divided by a thin
white line; a few granules around the upper setiferous warts. Pupa in a dirty white cocoon, which is
attached to plants, especially moss, close to the ground. In small specimens usually only 7 antennal
segments of the c? have tlie teeth merged together, jjesides the end-segment; this is ab. chrysocephala diryso-
Nick. (11), which is especially plentiful at high altitudes in the Alps. The British specimens of geryon cplialn.
cannot be distinguished with certainty from rhnj^oceiiliala. — Common on chalky soil. Europe, extending
northward as far as England and Scandinavia, soutinvard to Asia Minor and Spain.

P. obscura Zell. (11). Forewing narrower than in geryon; hindwing less transparent, especially &i obscura.
the posterior margin, anal angle rather more prominent. — There are apparently two geographical races.
The one described by Zellku occurs in Asia Minor and on Rliodos; glossj- yellowish green specimens are
ab. anceps .SY^rr. (1 1). — In Turkey occurs the form balcanica >>tgr., which is larger and has dull yellowish anceps.
green forewings. balcanica.

C. Species with clavate antennae.

P. capitalis Stfjr. (11) is easily distinguished in both sexes by the clavate antenna and gveen capita/is.
forewing. — Armenia. Staudinger found the insect very plentiful early in June on the Jenikeni Plateau,
where it was flying about close to the ground.

P. duskei (irAh-sh. Antenna clavate. Forewing black-brown, according to the author, rarely dai'k duskei.
green, tongue yellow. The ab. aerea (h-.-Grsli. is larger and dark bronze-colour. — Persia. aerea.

P. chalcochlora Ifamps. (11). Head, thorax and forewing golden. Hindwing black-grej'. Antenna dmlcodi/ora.
of cf and ? clavate, in cP strongly pectinate (club excepted), in ? dentate. — Chitral.

6. Genus: Trypanopliora KoH.

Antenna of c? strongly, of ? shortly pectinate, but the teeth of the distal segments rather long also
in ?. In forewing 3., 4. and 5. subcostals stalked, 2. und 3. radials from the cell; in hindwing 1. radial
absent; both wings with vitreous spots. — Larva narrowed behind, truncate anteriorlj'; ground-colour black,
green, or red, paler below than above, smooth, with rows of setiferous warts, a tubercle on each side of
thorax larger. Polyphagous, feeding on the leaves of Anacardium, Terminaha, Spondias, Mangifera etc.
The j'ellowish brown pupa in a dense, milky white cocoon. — Indo-Malayan Subregion, extending northwards
to Kashmir and South China.

n 2

10 ETERUSIA; RHODOPSONA; PIDORUS. By Dr. K. Jokdan.

semihyatina. P. semihyalina KoU. (2 a). Frons and a spot on the niesothoracical tegula reddish yellow, 4. and

5. abdominal segments yellow above. Foiewing near the base with a band of vitreous spots and a large
vitreous patch bej^ond middle consisting of many spots. Hindwing with vitreous spot at base and a row
of 3 vitreous spots behind the apex of cell; on the underside a yellow spot in front of apex of cell. —
Kashmir, India, South China. Variable in the trojjical districts.

7. Genus: X2terusia Hope.

Korewing elongate. Antenna of d' long -pectinate, of ? dentate, except the last segments, which
bear also in ? long pectinations, giving the antenna the appearance of being clubbed. 2. and 3. radials of
forewing stalked. Sexes often ver\^ ditferent in pattern, the ?? in these cases being much paler and more
extended light in colour than the cTcf. These ?? remind one of Fulgoridae on account of the leathery
appearance of the wnngs.

leptalina. E. leptalina Koll. (2a). Sexes dissimilar, cf: collar red, tegula of mesothorax yellow, underside

of body grey-yellow. Wings greenish black, markings yellow; forewing with longitudinal streak at base,
an abbreviated, sometimes interrupted, transverse band in centre, and a dot ontside apex of cell ; hindwing
yellow from base to near apex of cell, the veins more or less black. Underside more extended yellow and
paler; hindwing almost entireh- pale yellow, bearing some black spots beyond cell. ? with tiie head and
sexpnnctata. coiiar red; abdomen ringed with fuscous. In the ?-f. sexpunctata Walk. (= octopunctata Moschl.) (2a)
both wings are yellow, the hindwing being occasional^ whitish, and bear usually one or several sharply
marked black spots. In ?-f. leptalina Kol/. {= cicada Fldr., triliturata IVa/k.) (2 a) the forewing is more
or less extended fuscous between the veins. — Central and West China, Kashmir, Afghanistan, North -West
and North India.

elizabetha. E. elizabctha Walk. {z= dirupta Walk., microcephala Fldr.) (2h). cf : head and collar green; under-

side of body pale yellow; markings of wings yellow, paler below; forewing with longitudinal stripe at base,
two spots in centre, a larger spot distally of cell and several submarginal spots; central area of hindwing
yellow, irregulary divided by the dark veins. ? very similar to ?-f. sexpiou-fafa of E. hpfaVnia, but head and
collar not red. — Yang-tse-kiang, from Shanghai westwards to Ta-tsien-lu, found in June, July and August.

tricolor. E. tricolor Hope (2 b). Sexes similar. Green -black; antenna, head, part of back, some spots at

apex of hindwing, as well as the veins in the distal portion of forewing below and the borders of the sub-
marginal spots metallic blue. Abdomen yellow, banded with blackish blue above in c?', below in ?. Forewing
with yellowish white spots: 1 at base, 2 proximally of centre, 1 distallj- of apex of cell and an irregular
submarginal series. Hindwing with a broad yellow band , which occupies nearly the whole hindmargin. —
West China, in June; common in North India.

magnifica. E. magnifica Bllr. (2 b). Sexes similar. Like the preceding, paler, forewing with a band proximalh-

of middle. Abdomen yellow above in d" and ?. — West China; common in North India.*)

aeiiea. E. aedea L. (2 c). Sexes similar. Markings of both wings white, otherwise like uiagnifira. Perhaps

aedea and niaynijka are mere colour-varieties of the same species. — Common in Central and West China,
Indian specimens being somewhat ditferent.

8. Genus: Bhodopsona yev. nov.**)

Antenna of cT and ? long -pectinate, bushy, pectinations remaining also in ? rather long at apex.
8. abdominal segment of cf and claspers long, these longer above than below, almost closed below.
Forewing with red stripe or for the greater part red. cT and ? similar in pattern. — India, China.

costata. R. costata II '(///.■. (2 c). Black; head and collar red; a broad red costal streak on forewing, curving

backwards at apex of cell, extending to hinder angle. — Common in West, Central, and North China, the
streak being yellowish red in West Chinese ¥?.

nibiginosa. R. rubiginosa Leech (2 c). Forewing red, only the tip and a streak behind cell jjeing black. Pecti-

nations of antenna \ery long; 2. and 3. radials of forewing separate. — West China, in the Tring-Museum
some specimens which were obtainad between Chungking and Mt. Omi (= Omei-Shan).

9. Genus: Pidoriis Walk.

Antenna of cf and ? pectinated. Forewing with white or j^ellow transverse band; hindwing uni-
colorous or with yellow spot or band. Claspers of cf truncate, widely open. Sexes similar. — Indo-Malayan,
northward to Japan and Gorea.

) The figure is taken from an Indian specimen. Chinese individuals are paler yellow and agree with aedea in the
extent of black on the wings.

") Name-type: coatata Walk.

HERPA; CORMA; CHALCOSIA. By Di. K. Jobdan. U

/'. rihiHcopia Dnn-ij. Brownish black, body somewliat blue; occiput red. Forewiiig with a slightly
curved dirty white band. Underside with metallic blue subniarginal spots, the hindwiiig, moreover, being
washed with blue towards base. — The Palaearctic form is atratus Bth: (2 c), ditfering from the Indian atratus.
(jldiicopis in the underside being less marked witli blue. Very common in .Japan, occurring also in Corea,
Manchuria, and West China.

P. gemina M'alk. (2b). Black-brown; occiput red; sides of breast and underside of abdomen yellow gemina.
in cf. Forewing with a straight yellow band. — Only one specimen known from West China; more
common in South China and North India.

P. euchromioides Walk. (= fasciata Fldr) (2c). Blue; occiput red. Forewing with pale yellow euchrom-
band; hindwing with large, irregular, yellow patch. — Corea and North China, apparently rare; Leech met ^oides.
with this insect, which reminds one of Chalcosia remota, near Gensan in July.

P. leechi nom. nor. (fasciatus Leech) (2d). Black, with yellow median band extending across both leec/ii.
wings. — Omei-shan and Mupin, West-China, in May and June.

10. Genus: Herpa Walk.

Antenna pectinate in d^ and ?, the teeth being very long in cf. Crossveins of both wings very
deeply angulate, the upper corner of cell much more projecting than the lower corner. Yellow species,
without metallic gloss on the wings, collar not red. — India, China.

II. vcnosa Walk. Yellow; veins of both wings black. In North India and West China. — The
Chinese specimens are paler than the Indian ones: sinica Oberth. (2d), from Ta-tsien-lu, West China. sinica.

H. ochracea Leech (2d). Like the i)receding species, but the abdomen black. — Wa-shan, West odiracea.
China, in July, one cf in coll. Leech (now belonging to the British Museum).

H. luteola Leech (2d). Only one ? known to us. Head black; tegula of mesothorax yellow; thorax luteola.
and abdomen bluish black, the latter yellow beneath. Wings dirty pale yellow, veins and margins black. —
Wa-shan, West China, in July.

H. basiflava Oherth. (2d). Body black. Wings dirty grey-yellow, veins black; forewing with basiflava.
yellow basal patch which is bordered by a black band. — More frequent than the previous species; West
China, in July.

11. Genus: Coruia Walk.

Pectinations of antenna shorter than in Herpa Walk.; 3. subcostal of forewing proximal of 4.; upper
angle of cell projecting very far, the hinder angle acute, 2. and 3. radials stalked; upper cell-corner of
hindwing truncate, no further projecting than the acute lower angle. — Indo-Malayan and Chinese.

C. laranda Druce (2 e). Body above brown - black , edge of collar and underside dirty yellow, laranda.
Wings brown-black, marked with dirty white; forewing with 2 spots proximally of centre, a lai'ger spot
proximally of apex of cell, an interrupted discal band and some submarginal dots; hindwing with dirty
white streak beliind cell. — West, Central and Southern China.

12. Genus: Chalcosia lllm.

Like Herpa; pectinations of cf- antenna shorter. Cross-veins of both wings likewise deeply angulate,
the upper corner of cell projecting, at least in forewing, but not so much as in Corma. All the larger
species have a red collar; the dark parts of the body and wings are more or less metallic. — Indo-Malayan,
extending northward to Japan and Corea. The insects occur in West China partly at considerable altitudes;
such forms extend most probably farther north in Western China than is at present known. Some species
are very variable individuallj^, the speciiic distinctness of many forms being doubtful.

C. pectinicornis L. {= thallo L.: guerini Kirbi/) (2 e). Wings browii, partly green or blue, pectinicornis.
especially distally on the veins; forewing with two macular bands; hindwing with a short white band at
the apex of cell, or also the basal area as far as this band suffused with white, ab. auxo L. {= tiberina auxo.
Cram.) (2e) is a conspicuously different form in which the hindwing is yellowish white, bearing a sharply
defined blue-black marginal band traversed by blue veins. — China.

C. suffusa Leech (2e). Forewing, especially distally on the veins, pale ferruginous red; a white band suffusa.
in centre, accompanied by black spots internally and externally ; an interrupted subapical row of white spots.

12 EEIASMIA; CAMPYLOTES. By Dr. K. Jordan.

Hindwing white, with broad black marginal band whicli i.s somewhat washed with blue and is ill-defined
posteriorly; median veins blackish. Underside white and black, base of forewing blue. — West Ghiiia, very
common, in June and Jul}'.

reticularis. C. reticularis fjeech (2e). Forewing j'ellowish white, the veins black, black basal streaks between

tlie veins: distal margin and two somewhat ill-defined bands also black. Hindwing with black marginal
band which extends to 2. median, the veins being green within this band. — Ta-tsien-lu, West China; a ?
in coll. Leech.

remota. C. remota Walk. (2f). Greenish black; body, antenna, and veins of upperside of forewing metallic

blue, underside also with blue shimmer here and there on the black portions of the wing. Forewing with
an almost straight white band. Hindwing white from base to apex of cell, this area interrupted by an ill-
defined, cenirallj^ usually incom])lete, black band which emanates from the centre of the costal margin,
broadl}- joining the marginal band before anal angle; this median band sometimes much widened. — A
rather connnon species, which is found from West China to Corea and Yezo.

syfanica. C. syfanica Obertli. (2f). A small greenish black species. \'eins of forewing whitish; a straight

white band not far from base, a second one, somewhat undulate, fiom the centre of the costal margin.
Hindwing white, with a posteriarly narrowing black marginal band. Collar whitish yellow; abdomen ringed
with white above, all white below. — Ta-tsien-lu, West China.

tliihetana. C. thibetana Olicrlli. (2f). Similar to the preceding, smaller, forewing with onl}' one white band,

which is forked anteriorly. — Ta-tsien-lu, West China, Gan-ssu.

alpherakyi. C. alptierakyi Lri'cli (2f). Like thibrtaiia , but as large as .•<i/fn)iic<i; forewing metallic green, the

veins not whitish, the white band broader, not Y-shaped. — In We.st China near the Tibetan frontier;
6 <f(f and 3 ?? were found at an altitude of 3000 m ; June and July.

The last three small forms are perhaps only varieties of one species.

13. Genus: Krasiiiia Hope.

Frons strongly projecting. Antenna pectinated in cf and ?. Cross-vein in both wings feebly angulate;
hind angle of cell of hindwing projecting farther distad than the obtuse upper angle ; 2. and 3. radials of
forewing on an long stalk, strongly curved. — Larva {of pi(/vlt(//a) velvet}' black; tubercles pale red; a
rectangular dorsal yellow patch extending over two segments. — Large insects, with black wings which
are marked with white and metallic green-blue. The forewing bears a dirty dark yellow band in basal
half; a costal spot of the same colour hi the proximal tliird of the hindwing. — North India to
South Japan.

I'J. pulchella Hope Hindwing with a broad white band which narrows anteriorly, occupying

|)osteriorl\' almost the whole margin. The species was described from Indian specimens. — China is

chinensis. inhabited by a special subspecies which we designate chinensis ^ithap. nor. (2g). The black of both wings

is more extended, the white and blue-green markings therefore being reduced. Common in West China,

in June and Jul}'.

sangaica. E. sangaica Moore (2g). Similar to the preceding species, but the hindwing for the greater part

black, the broad white band oi pulchella being represented only by some green-edged spots. — Shanghai,
Kagoshima, Kiushiu; in June.

14. Genus: Campylotes Westtc.

Frons only slightly prominent. The veins branching off from the cell in both wings nearly all
strongly curved, being partly undulate; 2. to 5. subcostal of forewing stalked together, also the 2. and
3. radials and 1. median; in hindwing 2. and 3. radials long-stalked; cross-vein feebly curved, in both
wings the lower angle of cell more projecting than the olituse upper angle. — North India and China.
Some species occurring at very higt altitude, 3000 m. Wings with red and yellow longitudinal stripes and
white or yellow subapical spots.

histrionicus. C. histrionicus Westw. (2g). Shoulder pale yelloAV. Comma-spots of hindwing not interrupted. —

Afghanistan, North-India, and West-China.

romanovi. C. romanovi Leech (2 h). Shoulder with red spot; body otherwise greenish black. Streaks of

forewing and comma-spots of hindwing not interrupted by a black band. — A frequent species in West
China, near Mupin and Washan, in June.

HISTIA; AGALOPE; ELCYS.MA. Hy Dr. K. Jordan. 13

C. desgodinsi Ohcrfh. (21i). Femora and underside of abdomen pale yellow. Shoulder without spot, desgodinsi.
Tlie streaks and comma-spots interrupted by a black line which runs from the middle of cosla of forewing
obliquely blackwards, being on hindwing almost parallel to distal margin; frequently a similar line also near
base of forewing. — Very common in West China.

C. pratti Let'ch (2h). Similar to (h'sfjodinxi; paler, a black, curved, subbasal band on forewing, ihe praiti.
black median band more evenly curved. — Central and West China, rather common near Chang -Yang on
the middle Yang-tse-kiang.

C. minima Ohcrfli. (2f). The smallest known species; perhaps a dwarf-form of hi^frioninis WeMw. minima.
A yellow shoulder-spot on mesothorax as in hisfrioHiciis; femora grey-yellow; abdomen below reddish yellow,
llarkings of forewing yellow, the costal and hindmarginal streaks being broad. — West China, Omei-shan
and Ta-tsien-lu, in June and July.

15. Genus: Slistia Hbu.

Both wings strongly elongate. Forewing with numerous vein-lets between costa and edge; 1. sub-
costal anastomosing with costa, cross-vein deeply angulate, the upper angle of cell strongly projecting; in
hindwing the cross-vein not angulate, short, all veins from cell. — Larve brown, with pale red warts,
reminding one of the larvae of Aristolochia - Papihos. Piepers found the larva of libelluloldes in Java on
Bischofia javanica. The cocoon was fastened on a rolled-in leaf.

The imago resembles the tailed black Ai-istolochia-Papilios.

H. rhodope Cram. Head, breast, the larger proportion of the abdomen and a jjasai spot on the
underside of the wings red. Hindwing blue-green from base to about apex of cell. North India to the
Loo-Choo Islands. — The Chinese form is small, the blue of the hinwing being strongly reduced, especially
in ?: nigrinus mhsp. nov. (3 a). West and Central China, rather rare. nigrinus.

16. Genus: Agalope W^a/k.

Frons slightly prominent. Antenna much shorter pectinate in ? than in o^. Body and wings without
metaUic gloss. Wings parchment-like, semitransparent , clothed with small hair-scales. Cross-vein sharply
angulate in both wings; 1. subcostal of forewing free. — Afghanistan and China to New Guinea. — The
Indian species hifa.^ciafa is described a good tUer, occurring in company of />rf?a.s and flying rather high
above the ground. All species yellow or yellowish at (jr near the base of forewing.

A. eronioides Moore. Danaid-Hke. Forewing with white basal dot; both wings distally more or less
black; forewing with whitish spots. — The northern form, diluta .^nb.-<p. nov. (3b), from W^est China, is di/iila.
much paler than the Indian one, the distal margin being much less densely scaled black and the white
spots of the forewing being larger and less sharply marked. Omei-shan and Mupin, in June.

A. bieti Oberth. (3b). Similar to diluta; wings, especially the forewing more extended fuscous, but bicti.
not so black as the distal margin of Indian eronioides; the yellow basal spot of forewing small, not sharply
defined; hindwing without the fuscous band which in diluta touches the tip of cell. — Ta-tsien-lu.

A. dejeani Oberth. (3a). Forewing very faintly yellowish at the base; two blackish bands between dejeani.
base and middle; distal margin of both wings feebly washed with blackish. — Ta-tsien-lu, at high altitudes.

A. davidi Oberth. (3a). Similar to the previous, basal spot distinct, the two bands absent; upper davidi.
angle of cell of hindwing less projecting than lower. — Common in Central and West Cliina, in June.

A. immaculata Leech (3b). Similar to davidi; branches of antenna longer; wings much less blackish, immaculata.
hindwing almost pure yellowish white. — Ta-tsien-lu, West China, in July.

A. hyalina Koll. (3b). Forewing with basal spot; a band distally of centre of cell; a white spot in hyalina.
front of .5. subcostal and a larger one before i. median. Hindwing white. — Afghanistan to Burma.

17. Genus: £lcysina Btlr.

Similar to Af/alope, hindwing tailed, 2. and 3. radials stalked. — Larva thick, dirty pale yellow,
with five violet-brown longitudinal stripes; between the stripes short black bristles. Cocoon dirty white,
fastened to the midrib of a leaf. — Southern Amurland, Corea, Japan, Birma. Only one species known.

E. westwoodi. Yellowish white, semitransparent. Antenna black. Veins and distal portion of
wings more or less blackish. Base of forewing yellow, this patch distally bordered by a black line. Two
forms in the Palaearctic Region, a third in Birma. — The species was first described from Japan; in this

14

ARTONA. Rv Dr. K. Jordax.

westwoodi. fomi, westwoodi \'<>ll. (3a), the wings are distall}- rather strongly blackish and the tail is long. The costa
candata. of hinihving bears in distal half one or several short veinlets branching off on anteiior side. — caudata
Bnm. (3a) is the form from Askold and the Ussuri-district. Wings less Ijlackish; forewing more rounded;
tail shorter; costa of hindwing without veinlets.

Subfamily: Zygaeninae.

Poretibia always with spur, which usually extends beyond the tip of the tibia. Tongue present (obsolete
in Artona maereu.s according to Staudixckk). The species are universally small, only a few surpassing in size a
little our Z. Jilipiiiditlac. The hindwing ver3' often small, and many species have lost the upper radial (vein 6).
The species with small hindwing, and especially the forms with vitreous spots, bear a bewildering likeness to the
Syntomids, but are easilj- recognized, as nearly all Zygaenids, liy the distinctly developed 1. submedian vein (1 c of
Hekrich-Schaeffee), the frons being moreover mostly strongly convex. — The larvae, as far as known, live free
on leaves, pupating in a tough, opaque cocoon which is fastened on a rolled-in leaf or at a stalk. Whereas the
species of the genus Zi/f/aeiia and the very closely allied exotic genera occur mostly gregariously, the other forms
are nearly always met with in single specimens. The oviposition of the ?? of these insects appears therefore to be
different. However, the smaller forms, which are not conspicuous either by size or garb, escape easily the observa-
tion of collectors in the tropics whose eye is averted by the butterflies, and we receive therefore little information
about the habits of these pretty but small and inconspicuous insects. Sometimes, however, the larvae occur in such
numbers that they destroy the foliage of whole trees.

gracilis.

octo-

maculata.

aegerioides.

superba.

clathrata.

funeralis.

Cyclops.

18. Genus: Artona Walk.

Here belong all the species with 2 pairs of spurs to the liindwing, long palpi and long legs, the
1. radial of hindwing (vein 6 of Herrich-Schaeffer) being absent. Small differences in the shape of the
wings, in neuration and in the structure of the antennae, which have served for the characterisation of a
number of genera, are effaced by transitions.

The narrow-winged species have quite the aspect of Syntomids, some remindinding one also of
Aegeriids (usually called Sesiids in Europe), while the broad-winged forms are Lithoda-\\ke. Graesee found
octomaculata resting on a flower.

A. gracilis ir«//i-. (3 c). Body metallic. Antenna of o"^ pectinated, of? simply filiform, being ventrallj-
impressed longitudinally. Wings narrow; forewing with several narrow, yellow streaks; hindwing vitreous
except margins. — Japan and Gorea, in July.

A. octomaculata. Like tlie previous. Antenna white before apex. 4 yellow spots on forewing. Two
geographical forms. — octomaculata Brcm. (3e) occurs in Amurland; the two external spots are large and
not divided. — aegerioides Wulk. (= sesiaeformis Fldr.) (3 c) has smaller and less sharply defined spots,
the posterior discal spot moreover being divided by a fuscous vein. Japan, Gorea, North and Gentral China.

A. superba AIpli. (3c). Body ringed with yellow. Forewing with pale yellow spots: a long streak
in front of cell, a spot behind cell, and distally a I'ow of 4 spots. Hindwing deeper yellow, margined with
black, 1. submedian black. — Se-chuen, in August.

A. clathrata Fouj. (3d). Body and wings yellow, the latter bordered with brown. Veins of fore-
wing and two oblique transverse lines as well as an irregular transverse line on hindwing brown. Abdomen
above ringed with brown. — At Mupin in West Ghina.

A. funeralis Bth-. (= chinensis Leech) (3d). Brown-black, antenna and body slightly metallic,
ufiperside of forewing with an indistinct purpbsh sheen in side-view. Forewing opaque, without markings;
hindwing pointed, more or less transparent centrally from base to beyond apex of cell and from the cell-
fold to the hindmargin. — Nagasaki, in June; Yokohama; Gensan in Gorea, in Juy; Chang-Yang on the
Yang-tse-kiang, in June.

A. maerens ^tgr. (3d) belongs here most likely, thongh the tongne is absent (according to
Staituinger). Dull black, hindwing below somewhat grey. — Raddefka and Wladiwostock, in June; north
of Peking, in July.

A. manza Alph. (3 c). Abdomen yellow. Wings spotted with yellow. Forewing with 3 dots
proximally of middle and two externally diverging spots beyond middle. Hindwing with large yellow spot
from hindmargin to cell and a small spot in the black marginal band. — Gan-ssu.

A. Cyclops SUjr. (3d). Blackish olive-brown, frons, palpi, a portion of underside of body, fringes
of wings, a spot at tip of cell of forewing and a large, longitudinally divided patch on the hindwing below
pale yellow: 2. and 3. radials of hindwing stalked. — Amurland, Gorea, Gentral Giiina. Very close to the
Indian qnadnmucidata Moore.

ILLIBERIS. By Dr. K. Jordan. 15

A. sieversi Alph. (= dejeani Oherth.) (3d). Forevving with a yellow streak behind cell from base sieversi.
almost to middle and a yellow spot on cross-veins; fringes yellow. Hindwing yellow, bordered with black,

2. and 3. radials from cell or stalked. — West China; Kuku-nor.

A. cuneonotata Leech (3d). Frons white; forewing with a j'ellow line in front of cell, besides the cuneonotata.
two spots of deversi; black border of hindwing broader. — West China, in July.

A. delavayi Ohirth. (3d). Basal streak and discal spot of forewing united. — Rather frequent in delavayi.
West China, in June; Yunnan.

A. aurulenta l^oiij. (3c). Forewing with 3 whitish yellow spots, the 1. and 2. close together, the aurulenta.

3. large, kidney-shaped, distally of the cell. Hindwing yellow, bordered with black, a small black spot at
costal margin. — Mupin.

A. sinica Alph. (3c). Forewing witli 3 whitish yellow dots in first third, and a double s\)o\ sinka.
distally of apex of cell. Hindwing yellow, with black border, which is broadest behind middle. — Se-
chuen. The only know specimen is said to be a ?, but is doubtless a c^ according to the antenna; however,
Alpheraky might easily have ascertained the sex bj' the frenulum.

A. albofascia Leech (3g). Bodj- metallic. Forewing blackish, somewhat metallic at base; a straight, albofascia.
externally somewhat irregular, white band proximally of middle. Hindwing white, with back distal border. —
Ta-tsien-lu on the Upper Yang-tse-kiang, in July.

19. Genus: Illiberis Walk.

Tongue long. Palpus very short. Antenna in cf long-pectinate, the distal segments being usuallj-
dentate, in ? shortly pectinate or dentate. Hindtibia with 1 pair of short spurs. Veins from the cell, rarely
2. and 3. radials of forewing stalked; 1. radial of hindwing (vein 6 of Hereich-Schaefper system) present. —
Prof»-/.s-like insects, easily distinguished from Procris by the foretibial spur. As in that difficult genus we
are also in lUiberis not well acquainted with the distribution of the species.

I. sinensis Walk. (3e). Antenna pectinate to tip in cf and ?, branches of ? short but distinct; shaft sinensis.
of antenna glossy green-blue; body black, with a feeble dark green gloss. Wings transparent; fringes
black; basal half of costal edge of forewing, the whole hindmargin, and on the hindwing the costal margin
more densely scaled black. 1. median of both wings proximally of cell-angle; cross-vein of hindwing
sharply angulate, the lower cell-angle projecting. Clasper of cf divided almost to the base into 2 long
narrow processes of which the ventral one is pointed, being very strongly chitinized. — Central and
West China.

I. assimilis spec. nor. (3e). Entirelj' like the preceding except for the ventral process of the clasper assimilis.
of cT being replaced by a quite shoi't, verj- broad lobe which bears a conical tooth. — Gensan in Corea,
Central China, in June and July.

I. rotundata ■'<pec. nor. (3e). Antenna of ? dentate. Forewing shorter and more rounded than in roiundata.
the previous insects, hind and distal margins of forewing more densely scaled, many scales of the upperside
3-toothed, fan-like; median veins of both wings nearer the cell-angle than in the previous species, cross-
vein of hindwing feebly angulate, the lower angle of cell httle projecting, 2. and 3. radials and 1. median
of hindwing about equidistant from each other. — Chang -Yang on the Yang-tse-kiang, in June.

I. psychina Oherth. (3e). Antenna of cf rather shortly pectinate, the last 5 or 6 segments dentate, psydiina.
antenna of ? dentate. Abdomen above feebly green, below dark grey, especiallj- in cf. Wings blackish
grey, the scales pale, the fringes deeper black. 1. median of both wings close to angle of cell; lower cell-
angle of hindwing projecting. Clas])er of o^ broad, bearing at the ventral edge a large, triangular,
acuminate tooth. — Wladiwostock; Askold, from end of April; doubtless often confounded with the
following species.

I. hyalina Stgr. {= consimilis Leech) (3 f). Antenna of cf pectinate, the last 10 segments dentate, hya/ina.
these simple in ?, the others dentate. Body and wings grej', somewhat yellowish, pale purple in side-
view, especially on the veins. Underside and on hindwing also the upperside at costal margin scaled
white; scales long, feebly bidentate, those of underside of both wings as well as those of upperside of
hindwing mostly non-dentate. Cell of forewing in proximal half more angustate than in the preceding
species, the subcostal and median veins contiguous; 1. median of hindwing far from cell-angle, 4. and
5. subcostals of forewing from a point or short-stalked. Clasper of cf broad, with simple, event)- curved

16

PHACUSA; TNOPE. Rv Dr. K. .Torhan.

ventral edge. — Wladiwostock . (biiDd by Graeser from -Id. May to 3. .hint' in the vally of the so-called
first river; also in Se-chuen.

tenuis. I. tenuis Bt/r. (3f). Antenna of 2 shortly |)ectinate, the last 14 or more segments of cf and 2 dentate.

Body rather strongly glossy. Anterior border of hindwing inclusive of cell (apart from a small spot) black,
a distinct black bar on the cross-veins of forewing; cell of forewing truncate, the lower angle almost acute,
1. median from this angle, this vein in hindwing distant from apex of cell. Clasper of cT hioad, with a
broad, spiniferous, basal process. ~ Japan, Amiirhind, Corea, May to August.

nigra. I. nigra fjeecli (3g). P/'orrw-like. Body green-blue, feebly glossy, in ? quite dull. Antenna of cf

long-pectinate, 3 or 4 penultimate segments long-dentate; the branches short in ?. Wings not Iwaline,
clothed with large scales of which the apex is rounded; forewing only very faintly transparent, with
distinct, pale blue sheen, distal margin feebly rounded, 1. median from the obtuse angle of cell, midwaj'
between the 3. radial and 2. median; in hindwing 1. median rather distant from cell-angle, also midway
between 3. radial and 2. median. Clasper broad, with simple ventral margin, there being a spiniferous
hump on inner side at base. — Japan.

odiracea. I. ochracca Li'i'cli (3e). Bodj' and antenna without metallic gloss. Abdomen grey-yellow, clay-

colour, if denuded. Antenna of cf with very long branches which stand far apart, of ? more shortly
pectinate. Wings blackish grey, with very feeble yellowish tint. 1. median of forewing a little proximally
of cell-angle. Ventral sclerite of 7. abdominal segment excised; 8. sternite of d" bilobate. — Central and
West China.

transvcna. I. transvena sj)ec. nov. (3d). Smoky black; wings partly transparent between the veins, black on

the veins and at the edges, the forewing bearing a sliort subapical band of the same colour; a streak from
base to 2. median and on hinwing a subcostal stripe from base to apex yellowish white. — Shanghai; one
specimen in the British Museum.

20. Genus: Pliaciisa Wall-.

Like Illiberh

cvlx'lc

to Corea.

but 1. radial of hindwing absent.

Indo -Australian and Chinese, northward extending

Iranslncitia.

dircc.

itwiii'cmina.

Pil. cybele Leerli (3e) cf. Antenna very strongly glossy, shortly pectinate, the distal segments
dentate. Forewing in sha})e like that of Illiheris mienni:< , distal margin somewhat longer; apex of cell
rounded, 4. and 5. subcostals from a point, 2. and 3. radials stalked (individual character? the 2. radial
absent from the right wing), both medians distant from cell-angle, the 2. nearer the base than in /. xhiemift.
Distal margin of hindwing not emarginate, 1. radial absent, cross-vein feebl}- curved, 2. and 3. radials long-
stalked in the right wing, from a point in the left, but in this wing the 3. radial distally not developed.
Clasper broad. — Gensan, in June, one cf collected by Leech.

Pll. translucida /'onj. (3f). Similar to Il/ibcris tcnuh, larger, veins and wing-margins broader black,
the lihick stripe along hindmargin of forewing dilated distally of middle, 4. and 5. subcostals stalked. —
West China, in June.

Pll. dirce Leech (3f). Apex of forewing broadly black, like the black hindmargin with a purple-
blue sheen in side-view. — North China, (^orea.

Ph. nigrigemma Walk. {^= cyanecula //. Srh.) (3g). Antenna of a" and ? long -pectinate, very
strongly glossy. ? with yellow anal woolly tuft; clasper of cf with a long hook the tip of which is curved
down- and forwards. North China.

21. Genus: Iiiope %;■.

Similar to I/liberis, but hindtibia with 2 jjairs of spurs according to statements of Staudinger and
Graesi'.h. — Amurland. The species are not known to me from specimens.

hcteroiryna. I. hetcrogyna Slfjr. (3g). Smoky black; wings feebly transparent; no metallic scales; 4. and

5. subcostals of forewing stalked. — Larva light red, covered with many black dots; head shining brown.
On Pyrus, in May. Pupa brown, in a white silky cocoon. The imago Hies in Juni. — Wladiwostock,
Ussuri, Askold.

impelliicida. 1. impellucida (Iraes. (— pellucida Khhij) (3g). Wings dark brown-grey, opaque, more elongate

than in heteroyyna. — Wladiwostock, m Julj-.

CLELEA; PIAROSOMA; THYRASSIA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 17

I. ulmivora Graes. (3h). Antenna of cf long pectinated, of S shortly pectinated. Wings grey-black, ulmivora.
transparent, without markings; veins, margins and fringes black; 4. and 5. subcostals of forewing not stalked.
— Larva velvet)- black, with 2 broad, bright yellow, dorsal, transverse bands; head glossy black; on Ulmus
campestris, in autumn. Pupa hibernating, brown-yellow; cocoon hard, white, fastened on a rolled-in leaf.
Imago in May.

22. Genus: Clelea Walk.

Palpus short, scarcely reaching beyond edge of frons. Hindtibia with two or one pair of spurs,
there being species in which the median pair is sometimes absent, sometimes present. — Indo - Malaj'an ;
China. The iwojse-species belong perhaps to this genus.

C. cyanicornis I'ouj. (3h). Body with strong metallic gloss. Antennae white before apex. Fore- cyanicomis.
wing black, with 5 white dots : 'ii in a submedian row, 2 beyond apex of cell diverging distally. Hindwing
all black or with white dot. — Central and West-China, in June.

C. albomacula Leech (3h). Like ri/aniconus, but hindwing white with broad black margin. — West albomacula.
China, only 1 specimen known.

C. sapphirina Walk. {— stipata Alph.) (3h). Black, body green or blue. On forewing blue spots, sapphirina.
namely a streak at base, a transverse band before middle, an interrupted ellipse before apex with a spot
behind it, and a thin marginal Hne. — South, Central and West China; North India.

C. fusca Leech (3h). Antenna and head purple blue, pronotum golden. Forewing yellowish brown, fusca.
very slightly metallic. — Japan; I-chang on the Yang-tse-kiang (the same?).

C. syfanicum Oherlh. (3h). Large. Forewing with broad red costal streak which curves backwards syfanicum.
distally. Hindwing red, distal and posterior margins black. Reminding one of Retina costata. — Tong-ho
and Moupin, in West China, April and May.

C. melaleuca spfc. nor. (3i). ?; head, thorax and antenna brown-black; abdomen and wings white, melaleuca.
Forewing with some black dots in proximal third; a little more than distal half brown-black, with grey
veins and, at apex of cell, a white spot; 1. subcostal proximal to two -thirds of cell. Hindwing white,
with black marginal band which tapers behind, not reaching anal angle. — Ta-tsien-lu.

23. Genus: Piarosoina Hamps.

Similar to Fhaciisa. The two median veins very close together in both wings, 1. radial of hindwing
present. — Two species are known, one from China, the other from Burma.

P. hyalina. Collar and the bases of the abdominal segments white. Forewing black, with 2 hyaline
patches, each consisting of several spots separated by the veins. Hindwing vitreous, with black distal margin,
which is widened tooth-like behind middle. Two forms. — In true hyalina Leech (3i) from Kiukiang, on hyalina.
the Yang-tse-kiang, the distal vitreous patch is narrower than the black space which separates it from the
proximal window-patch. — In thibetana Oberfh. (3i) the distal patch is broader than the interspace, and the tliibetana.
marginal band of hindwing, moreover, is narrower than in Leech's form. West China.

24. Genus: Thyrassia Btlr.

Antenna pectinated in cf and ?, the teeth of the last 8 segments merged together, almost as in
Procris statices L. Palpus short. Spurs very short, naked, thorn-like, one pair to hindtibia. Second median
vein of forewing widely separate from angle of cell; cell of hindwing very broad at apex, the subcostal
vein branching off at a considerable distance from the costa. — Larva (of T. procumbens SnelL, Java) on
Vitis trifoliata. Dark yellow, paler beneath, with white hairs on the sides. Pronotum with a brown dorsal
spot, abdominal segments with a subdorsal spot each which is white on the 1., 3., 6. and 7. somites. Pupa
in a cocoon which is fastened to a leaf. — Indo-Malayan ; one species extending to West China.

n 3

18 ZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Skitz.

penangae. T. penangae Moore (Bi). Abdomen yellow, ringed with black. Forewing with two yellowish basal

streaks, two subvitreous spots in the middle and a third before apex. Hiiidwing vitreous, costal margin and
apex black. — Occurs in West China according to Leech; originally described from Penang.

25. Genus: Z^'gaeiia /'., Burnets.

Small, stout, black insects, sometimes with metallic gloss. Antenna very strong!}' developed; the
club l)eing considerably incrassate distally. Tongue long and strong. Legs rather short. Forewing elongate-
oval, black or red, rarel,y spotted with white or yellow. Hindwing small, usually red, seldom black. —
Larva strongly humpbacked, very soft, downy-haired. Pupa in a paper-like silky cocoon, the sheaths of
legs and wings being loosely soldered together. The moths are mostly local, their stations being often re-
stricted to a mountain, a meadow, etc. They appear mostly in large numbers at their special localities,
swarming about flowers, which they suck, f i. Scabious, Thistles, Eryngium, etc., their flight being slow
and straight on. The body of these insects contains, as in the other Zygaenids, a yellow , acrid, oily hquid
which renders them nauseous, protecting them not only against their enemies among the vertebrates, but
apparently even against predatory insects, f. i. Asilids. Like all insects protected by the body-juices, they
are extremely tenacious of life, enduring considerable wounds as well as resisting strong poison for some
time (cyanide of ])otassium). They conceal themselves in no way, mostly resting conspicuously on stalks or
sprigs, hardly taking to the wing when touched, so that one can often pick them off by the long antennae.
The latter are not concealed beneath the wings when at rest, as in other Heterocera, but are held straight
forwaid. The main locality for the genus are the Mediterranean coast districts, of Europe as well as of
the Atlas countries and the Levant, where the Zygaenae occur in a great abundance of forms, which partly
intergrade and are found in immense numbers of specimens. There are often several individuals of dif-
ferent species on a flower, which easily explains that hybridisation obtains here more often than in any
other group of Lepidoptera. However, such copulations appear to be mostly without result. The Zygaenae
are best killed ])y injection of some strong tobacco juice W'ith the help of the hollow needle of a morphia-
syringe. As in all protected Lepidoptera the specifically distinct forms are without exception very common
at their localities, the commercial value depending solely on the accessibleness of these places. The
number of species is largest in South Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor, thence decreasing rapidly in
all directions. The pacific coast of Asia is reached by one species onlj' and the higher North of Europe
by two, while not one occurs in South Asia. Outside the Palaearctic Region there occur only a few species
in South and East Africa, while two Palaearctic forms extend into the Punjab and the Nepalese valleys of
the Himalayas.

The species are on the whole very similar to one another and also very constant, varj'ing only in
certain directions. There occur of nearlj' all species individuals for instance Avith yellow instead of red
markings. The normally six-spotted species may exceptionally have five spots, and inverse!}'. In species
which bear a red belt the latter may sometimes be absent, and in non-belted forms the belt may appear in
rare cases. The spots of the forewing may be edged \vith white and merged together. Lastly, the mar-
ginal l)and of the hindwing may be so widened as to more or less displace the red ground-colour. These various
aberrations have in may cases received names. *)

lubiciindus Z. rubicundus Hiihn. (= erythrus Boisi/.) (4- a). All the wings red, also the hindmargin, only the

apex and distal margin of forewing bearing a black edge, which is a little more than 1 mm wide. — In
Central and South Italy. Very local.

crythrus. Z. erythrus llilhn. {^= saportae Boisd.; minos Boisd.) (4a). Larger; antenna longer, with thicker

club. The red colour of forewing restncted to 3 streaks , the distal one being wedge-shaped ; moreover,
irpina. only the basal third of the hindmargin of forewing is red. South France, Italy and Sicily. In ab. irpina
v.agna. Zkkert, from the Riviera, the cuneiform spots are confluent. — As magna (4 a) a very large form from the
Abruzzi is sold by Staitdinger; the posterior cuneiform spot is strongly widened and distally straight-truncate.
— Larva dull greenish }ellow, witli heavy black dots subdorsally and yellow side-spots (Sapokta); in some
districts not distinguishable from the larva of j^iirpuralis. On Eryngium and Thyme (Rouast). Hibernating;
pupation at end of May. Imago in June and July; frequently sitting on Thyme and Eryngium.

p:ir;ju,,ilis. Z. purpuraHs Briinnich (= pilosellae Esj).; minos FuesxI.) (4a). In this species the hindmargin of

forewing (base included) is all black, wliile the red wedge-spots situated before it may be shaped entirely
as in /-ri/thnin Jllni. An aberration with light yellow instead of red markings, already recorded by

*) The editor lenders his best tliaiiks to Mssrs. Burgf.ff (of Geisenheim) and DziimzvNSKi (of Vienna), wlio kindly com-
pared the list of species here dealt with as to its conipleleness and verj' generously put at his disposal specimens for tignrinjj.

ZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 19

OcHSENHEiMER, has more lately been named by Ruhl ab. grossmanni (= liitescens Tuti). It is said to have grossmanni.
been observed as a constant or at least prevalent form in certain very limited localities. In ab. obscura Tutt obscure.
the entire wings, inclusive of the red colour, is darkened. — sareptensis Sfgr.-Reh. (-tb) is a large, some- sareptensis.
what paler, lighter red form from South Russia. — diaphana Stfp: (4c), from Tauria, has thinly scaled, diaphana.
strongly transparent wings, the central wedge-spot being distally strongly widened. — nubigena Led. (4cj nubigena.
is also a very thinly scaled form from the liigh mountains of Europe and Asia, having moreover (like many
mountain-forms) a very shaggy body, like Z. exuhois, with which it occurs occasionally together. — In the
rather large form smirnovi Christ. (4c), from Turkestan, the distal wedge-spot is constricted before its di- smirnovi.
lated apex. — pluto 0. (= pythia Hbn.) (4b) has a black apex to the hindwing and the central streak of pluto.
forewing is entirely of even width, not in the least being dilated distally; in South Europe, as far north as
Austria. — In polygalae AV7). (4 b) the black interspaces between the red streaks have entirely disappeared po/j'^a/ae.
the red being so extended (especially in ?) that the forewing is only edged with black, differing from rxbi-
ciindini in the hindmargin of forewing being black (though sometimes only narrowly); in the South, espe-
cially Northern Italy. — In heringi ZelL, from North Germany, the antenna is thinner and the central fieringi.
wedge-spot of the somewhat broader forewing extends to near the distal edge. — In ab. interrupta Sfr/r. (4b) interntpta.
the central streak is broadly interrupted and the posterior one often constricted in middle; more in the
North of the area, among the name-typical form. — If all tln'ee streaks are interrupted, the red is separated
into 6 spots, recalling the pattern of other Zygaenas; this form is ab. sexmaculata Burgeff. — Finally, there sexmaculata.
occur also specimens which have a red abdominal belt: ab. cingulata Bin-f/e/f. — Larva bluish white or cingulata.
liglit yellow; a subdorsal row of heavy black dots; head, pectoral legs and stigmata black. Fullgrown in
May and June on various species of Grass, Trefoil, Thyme, etc. Pupa brown, posteriorly yellow; in a
strongly convex yellowish cocoon. The imagines emerge after 3 — 4 weeks, flying on hill-sides and forest-
roads, resting especiallj' often on Thistles, Scabious and Eryngium ; they are local, but appear here and there
in large numbers. There are often several specimens on the same flower; they are lazy and can, without
difficulty, be taken off with the fingers.

Z. brizae Esp. (== scabiosae Hbn.) (4c). Smaller and weaker than the previous species, with con- bn'zae.
siderably shorter antenna. The red wedge-spots are confluent, the basal two-thirds of forewing, apart from
hindmargin, being all red, the distal edge of this area being straight and parallel to the edge of the wing.
Extends from the Tyrol eastwards into Western Asia. — In erebus Sffji: (= manni Kiibij) (4c), from erebns.
Armenia, the hindwing is more broadly edged with black, which is the case also in gallica Obert/i., from gallica.
Digne, the red colour of forewing being somewhat reduced in this form. — corycia .SY^r. (4dj, from Syria, corycia.
is rather intensity coloured, but is very much smaller than t3'pical bvi:ae; the forewing strongly rounded and
almost elliptical; the black marginal band of hindwing narrow but sharply marked. — Also of hrlzae there
occur specimens with the red streaks interrupted: ab. interrupta Hirschke, and individuals with red abdominal interrupta.
belt: ab. cingulata Dziurz. — Larva grey-3'ellow; subJorsally black velvety spots behind which there are cingulata.
yellow spots, these bearing black setiferous dots ; stigmata, pectoral legs and head black, the last with a fight-
edged frontal triangle. FuUfed in May on Cirsium arvense, and turning into a blackish , posteriorly yellow
pupa, which lies in a silvery white cocoon. Imago in June and July, local, and not in such abundance as
the preceding.

Z. zuleima Pier. (^ ludicra Luc) (4d). A small, delicate insect with an almost naked body. The zuleima.
wedge-spots are narrow, being separated by broad black interspaces; the external streak angulate, hook-
like, being extended close to distal margin. — In Algiers, on meadows, in spring till early .May not rarely
on Umbelfiferae, for instance near Oran, on the parade-grounds of Gonstantine, etc.

Z. scabiosae Srher. (4d). At once recognized by the long, thin, almost filiform, antenna which is scabiosae.
hardly incrassate apically. The red streaks of forewing more pear- than wedge-shaped, resembling prolonged
drops. Widely distributed; all Europe from Scandinavia and Finland to the Mediterranean Sea, and from
Spain eastwards far into Siberia. — Of colour-varieties are known: ab. flava Pieszcz (ochre-yellow), ab. flaveola fiava.
Zickert (orange-yellow), ab. citrina Spiilcr (fight sulphur-yellow), and also melanotic specimens — ab. hoff- flaveola.
manni Zickrrf — as well as almost plain black individuals — ab. nigerrima Zickert. — In orion H.-Sc/i. (4d) "''"'""■
the upper red drop-hke spot is darkened in the middle resp. constricted, only its basal portion being reduced yJ""^""'-
to a dot and the external portion appearing as an ovate spot, the hindwing bearing a black marginal band orion.
of more than 1 mm width. In Italy, also already in the Tyrol, locally very common. — In ab. divisa <S>7(/r. divisa.
(4d) also the lower streak is interrupted. In the South not rarely among the previous form. — ab. trans- Irans-
apennina Ca/b. stands in between the last two forms. — In subalpina Ca!h. (4e) the black edge of tiie "pennina.
hindwing is very narrow, and the upper streak of the forewing is stiU continuous, while the posterior one ^"'"^'P""'-
is interrupted. Specimens of subalpina from the southern Alps with all the streaks interrupted are ab. con- conjuncta.
juncta Calb. — romeo Dup. (4e) has the forewing as in dirisa, the hindwing, however, being very narrowly romeo.
edged with black. Riviera; North Italy. — In neapolitana Calb. (4e) all the streaks are separated into neapolitana.

20 ZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Skitz.

spots as in divisa, but the hindwing is much more broadly edged with l)lack. From South and Central Italy.
nevadensis. — nevadensis linmb. (4e) is a very small and thinly scaled form from South Spain, wiiich, in the arrange-
ments of the spots, belongs to the form-group of scabiosae, but leads over to the following species in the
shorter and more strongly clubbed antenna. — Lai-va golden yellow, white-hairy, a row of 9 black subdorsal
dots; head and thoracical legs black, marked with white; stigmata lilack. Adult in April and May on Trefoil.
Pupa yellowish brown, darker anteriorly and dorsally; cocoon golden yellow. The imago in June and July
on mountain-meadows surrounded by forest, slowly flying up and down or resting on halms of grass. Though
easily caught on the wing like all Zygaenas, the specimens of srahinsae found at rest flj' hurriedly away
when touched. Locally common, but not in abundance.

contaminei. Z. contaminel Boisd. (4e). This species, which is distributed from the Pyrenees to Andalusia,

being more restricted to mountainous districts, corresponds in pattern to scabiogae orio>i, i. e. the anterior
streak is rather short, the central one is separated into a minute basal dot and a large drop-like spot, and
the posterior one, though continuous, is strongly constricted in the middle. The very gradually and evenly
incrassate, but verj' strongly clubbed antenna distinguishes this species at once from all forms of .^cabiosae,
with tlie exception of the small nevadensis, which is, however, much larger, being almost twice the size.

Z. sarpedon. This species is the first of a group of red-banded Burnets from the Mediterranean
coasts which have only 3 red spots on the forewing: the anterior and the posterior wedge-spots and a small,
rounded , drop-like spot corresponding to the distal portion of the central streak. — In the name-typical
sarpedon. form, the small sarpedon flbii. (4e), the colour is pale, but distinctly red; liindwing with a vitreous streak
tiimacttlata. from the base to the middle. Spain; South France. — trimaculata E^p. (4f) is a little larger; the wings are
entiiely limpid, the red spots of the forewing being only feebly marked, while the hindwing is almost
balearica. entirely transparent; Balearic Is., perhaps occassionally also among the previous. — balearica Boisd. (= sar-
pedon//.-.SV/(.) (4 f) is considerably larger and more densely scaled than the 2 previous; hindwing beautifully
vernetensis. red, nan'owly edged with black. Spain, South France, and Piemont. — vernetensis Obertli. (4f), from the
Pyrenees, has the forewing as in balearica, but the hindwing is black, with two red streaks, one each in and
below cell. — Besides these (partlj) geographical forms two aberrations have received names, the light
flava. yellow one: ab. flava Obertli., and the one with confluent spots: ab. confluens Dziurz. — Larva much
confliiens. variegated, green, with brown subdorsal and lateral lines, a subdorsal row of black dots, black stigmata,
and black head edged with reddish; till June on Eryngium. Pupa in a brown cocoon. Imago flying in
July and August on stubble and sunny fallow fields.

favonia. Z. favotlia Frr. (= sarpedon Hbn., cedri Bruond) (4g). This form belongs to a group of North

African Burnets the pattern of the forewings of which reminds one much of the preceding species, while

the abdomen is red from the middle nearly to the tip, which gives the insect a characteristic aspect and

renders it easy to recognize even when it flies quickly past. The whole of Mauretania, everywhere common.

vitrina. — ab. vitrlna Stgr. (4g), which I found only at very limited localities , for instance near Constantine and

at the cemetery-wall near Batna (Prov. of Constantine), is easily differentiated by the transparent wings. —

staudingeri. ai). staudlngcri Aiist. (4f) is similar, but has only a narrow abdominal belt, so that one might mistake the

loyselis. insect, for a small loijselis, if it did not lack the red collar of the latter. — loyselis Oberth. (4fg) has always

a rosy red collar, and a narrow but bright rosy red abdominal belt; otherwise resembhng favonia, but most

specimens considerably larger. Normally the red basal area of loyselis separated into 2 — 3 longitudinal

spots, and the apical patch into 2 red rounded spots. If the spots are more or less confluent, we have

confluens. ab. confluens Dziurz. — The insect described by Bruand as valentini, in which the red spots are enlarged,

' '' may possibly belong to an analogous faronia-form*). — The finest form of this group is thevestis Stgr. (4f),

in which there is a large lobate subapical patch. — All these varieties occur all over Mauretania, on hills, in

dry beds of rivulets, and on waste ground. The commonest form is favonia, which is found in June on

nearly all the thistles growing at the road-sides and in the fields. The ?? have an extraordinarily thick

body, and aj^parently scarcely take to the wing before copulation. Thevestis and loyselis are very local; the

other forms occur together and fly also among the former varieties.

piinctum. Z. punctum 0. (4g). Represents the preceding African insect in the South of Europe. Position of

the red spots as in sarpedon, but the apical spot enlarged, appearing washed out, being deeper red centrally
and pale at the edges. Red abdominal belt always absent. Name-typical jiiinctiim occurs at the north-east
coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, as far as Armenia; small, the markings of forewing more or less confluent,

valentini.
thevestis.

*) The larvae of ttiese forms are not yet l<nown; but I found at the fliglit-places of favonia some weeks before the
appearance of this insect green-yellow, black-spotted Zygaena-larvae which bad the habit of burying themselves as far as the
centre of their liody in the receptacle of various Corymbiferae , especially yellow thistles. I did not succeed in rearing them,
but they were presumably the larvae of favonia.

ZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 21

the hindmargin remaining broadly black. — In dystrepta Fisch.-Wald. (4h), from S. E. Europe and Asia Minor, dystrepta.
the hindmargin is only very nari'owly sliaded with black, the forewing being otherwise all blood-red except
distal margin; this colour replaced by miniate in a specimen from Asia Minor received from Messrs. Staud-
iNGER and Bang-Haas under the name of malatina (4h). — italica Htgr.-Rcb. (4h) is a more densely scaled malatina.
and therefore brighter coloured form from South and Central Italy, the apical patch being distinctly sepa- 'taUca.
rated from the basal area by a narrow black interspace, while in the much larger contamineoides ^^'tgr. conta-
(= contaminei /Ai] dalmatina H.-Sch.) (4h), from Spain, Italy, and Sicily, a broad interspace isolates W\q mineoides.
apical spot completely. — Larva greenish, with white dorsal line and subdorsal rows of black dots, below
which there are larger yellow spots. Head and thoracical legs black , abdominal legs yellow ; in May and
June on Erj'ngium. The imago in July at very limited localities, but rather common, flying low.

Z. wagneri Mill. (4 hi). This species does not stand in close connection with any other. Forewing wagneri.
very broad and strongly rounded, extremely densely scaled and of very intense metallic gloss, with a violet
or very dark blue tint, which is met with nearly to the same extent among the Riviera Burnets only in the
otherwise (juite dissimilar Moechadix and maritima. 5, rarely 6, mostly small spots on forewing are bright
blood-red like the hindwing and have black edges when viewed obliquely. On underside all the spots sharply-
separated ; in the $ the black margin of hindwing occasionally widened. S. E. France, especially in the neigh-
bourhood of Nice. — In ab. nigra iJziurz. the red of hindwing is almost entirely replaced by black; while nigra.
in ab. giesekingi Wagn. the central spots of forewing are reduced. — In ab. achilleoides Wagn. the 5. spot giesekingi.
is enlarged and washed out. — Larva short and thick, strongly humped, dark green, paler at the sides; adiilleoides.
black subdorsal dots, below which there ai'e honey-coloured spots; head black, pronotum white; in May on
chalk hills, on Hippocrepis comosa.

Z. trlfolii Esp. (4i). Forewing denselj' scaled, black, glossy, with 3 red spots at base, in centre trifolii.
and near apex; the central one oblique, elongate, composed of two; hindwing with a black edge of about
I '/a mni width. Europe except the high North, and Northern Asia as far as the Altai. — In ab. lutescens lutesccns.
Cockirell the red is replaced by lemon yellow; in ab. obscura Tntt it is of a brownish tint; while in ab. obscura.
intermedia Tutt is is paled to orange. — A large form with small spots, from the Bukovina, has been intermedia.
named v. orientalis by Hokmuzaki, and Fltchs has designated as var. gracilis a dwarfed form from the orientalis.
Rheingau. — In ab. orobi Hhn. (4i) the 2 spots composing the central patch are separated, while in minoides gracilis.
Selys {= confluens t>tgr) (4i) the 3 red spots are broadly connected vwth one another, being sometimes '"'f'"-
merged together to a broad red area (as in 4i4). — ab. palustris Obivth. has normal markings, but is very .,i,i„g(r,g
large, nearly equalling in size orientalis. — In trivittata Spi'gcr, whicii, like all the preceding forms, occurs among trivittata.
ordinary trifolii, but very rarely, the spots of the forewing are connected with one another longitudinally.
— In ab. basalis Selyn the distal spot is isolated, while the others are confluent. — In ab. glycirrhizae basalts.
Hhn. the spots are transversely connected in pairs. — syracusiae Zell. (4 k) is a form with very broad glycirrlUzae.
distal marginal band to the hindwing, described from Sicily, but occurring also in Southern Italy, Spain, syracusiae.
and especially North Africa, though in the last locality in less well characterized specimens (Fuchs). — In
seriziati Oberth. (4k), from North Algiers, the black is still more extended on the hindwing; this colour seriziati.
forms a complete or centrally interrupted band across the wing, occupying sometimes even the base, in
which case only a small postmedian spot remains red. Oberthur figures this latter form without giving it
a name; Dziurzynski calls it ab. nigra (4k). — Larva green, when young, later pale yellowish; 2 subdorsal nigra.
rows of velvety-black double-spots, another row of yellow lateral dots, between which there are the stig-
mata; in April and May on Trefoil. Pupa l)lack, in a whitish yellow cocoon, frequently on the bark of
roadside-trees which stand near clover-fields. I have found trifolii flying only in meadows on which there
are temporarily water-pools; also the form syraeuaiae has been met with by rae only at brooks in meadows
and at ditches for draining, as well as in swampy meadows, in June. Seriziati, however, I have found also
in dry meadows, but only near the sea-coast, in May.

Z. lonicerae Schev. (5a). A little paler, more transparent, and larger than trifolii; the red more lonicerae.
a deep pink. At once recognizable by the much longer, thinner and more pointed antenna, and by the
shape of the forewing, which is longer, distally broader, but apically again more acute than in trijolii.
Distributed all over Europe, going far north, everywhere common, also in the whole northern districts of
Western Asia, eastwards as far as the Altai. — A number of colour-aberrations have been observed, oc-
curring as rarities among ordinary lonicerae: ab. citrina (= flava Oberth.) is light yellow instead of red; in citrina.
ab. chalybea Aurir. the red is darkened, and in ab. carnea Spuler flesh-colour. — ab. eboracae Prest. is the clialybea.
name of pale specimens with whitish fringes. — A very large form — major Frey (5 a) — represents the '^«''«^''-
species in many valleys of the Alps, for instance at Faido, Airolo at the St. Gotthard railway, in Wallis, and ^^j^^
other places of Southern Switzerland. — As in trifolii ab. minoides also here the red spots may be confluent, confluens.
= ab. confluens Selys. — In ab. rubescens Biirgeff the forewing has become almost entirely red in con- rubescens.

22 ZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

privala. sequence of the extension of the spots. — On the other hand, the red spots can also be reduced to 4 small
(lots, :=! ab. privata Burgrli. — Larva dull white (cT) or greenish (?); on the back rows of (juadrangular
black spots; above the legs a row of small black dots, above which there is a jellow line. Pupa black-
brown, in a straw-yellow cocoon. Jmago in July and later; on clearings in woods, several specimens being
often found sitting on one tlower.

angelicae. Z. angelicae <). (5a). Forewing steel-blue, with 5 .spots, which are continent on underside. Hind-

wing with a black distal margin of even width. The extreme tip of the antennal club has a yellowish silky
rioteschalli. gloss. — The j'ellow aberration already desciibed by Ochsenheimer is named ab. doleschalli by Ruhl. —
sexmaciila. ab. sexmacula Dziitrs. has 6 spots. — In ab. confluens Dziiirz. the spots are enlarged. — In S. E. Ger-
confluens. many, Austria, and the Balcan Peninsula; in the North of the area in July, in the south earlier. — In
trans- transcarpathlna Hormuz., from the Bukovina, the spots are small and edged with black. — Larva yellow,
carpathina. very finely dotted with black, two rows of black triangles on the back; in June on Trifoliuni montanum.
Pupa anteriorly black, in a golden-yellow cocoon.

stoechadis. Z. Stoechadis Bkh. (^= lavandulae libit.) fiib). Entirely black, densely scaled, with a metallic dark

green (rarely blue) gloss. Forewing with 5 spots. Hindwiiig likewise black, with red dots in the centre,
sometimes, esj)ecialiy in the ?, also the base dusted with red. Exceptionally there appear 6 spots in other-
wise normal black specimens. North -East Spain, and the French and Italian Riviera; verj' common. —

jiulimmic. In judicariae Calh., from the Southern Tyrol, the spots of the forewing are thinly edged with white. — In

ilulu'n. ab. dubia Sfff)-. (5 be) the red scaling of the hindwing is so extended that the black is reduced to a broad,

siiuious, marginal band. According to this band being more or less narrowed by the expansion of the red

colour, we have transitions towards tninsali>ina , the figures of niediat(ji)ih and charoii Bo'imL and o^ trana-

alpina Hbn. representing such forms. Most similar to fransa/pina Exp., dealt with below, is a form sold by

rnm/xiniae. Messrs. Stauwnger & Bang-Haas as var. campanlae (5 c), which comes from Italy. — As hadjina (5 c) I
hadjina. j-eceived fi-om the same firm a large 6-spotted Zygaena which resembles a g\gm\t\c fi/ipendiifae; from Tauria.*)

— Larva dorsally deep yellow, with '2 subdorsal rows of black oval spots; sides lighter, with a row of black
dots; underside greenish; in May adult on Dorycnium sutfruticosum. Pupa brown, in a light-jellow cocoon.

— The imago has a fast and active flight , often sailing for short distances without moving the wings,
appearing tpiite black. Near Genoa, Pegli and other places at the Italian Riviera this insect is, next to
Z. transalpina maritima, the commonest Burnet throughout June. Sometimes I have seen small swarms flying
about the tips of oak-trees at a height above the ground at which I have never observed other Zygaenae.

cynarae. Z. cynarae Exp. {= millefolii Exp.) (5b). 5-spotted, the bod}' entirely without hairs, with metallic

green gloss; wings very sparsely scaled, the colour a|)pearing pale. The abdomen bears a red ring which

is more distinct at the sides than above. From the Rhine valley southwards to the Riviera and eastwards

turatii. to the Ural and the shores of the Black Sea. — In ab. turatii Std/h. (5 c) the abdominal belt is entirely

. missing above, appearing only as a lateral spot; North Italy, Dalmatia; near Pegli, at the Riviera, I met

tricingidata. constantly with this form, while it occurs elsewhere only sparingly among the type-form. — ab. tricingu-

lata Bur(jc(f has 3 abdominal belts, which, however, are usually red only above and laterally, not below. —

genistae. In genistae H.-Sch. (= dahurica //.-.S'<7/.) (5d), from South France, Hungary and the Tyrol, the forewing is

crntaureae paler and more transparent. — centaureae Fixch.-Wald. (od) has a stronger antenna and the 5. spot is pro-

■ longed towards the hind angle. — Larva greenish above, yellowish grey at the sides ; subdorsal black dots,

near which there are yellow spots; head greyish green; till June on Peucedanum oreoselinum. Imago in

June, in the north of the area from Julj-. Sluggish aiul clumsy insects; the individuals occur more singly,

there being apparently no decided flight-places as is the case with other Burnets.

anthyllidis. Z. anthyllidis Boisd. (= erebus Meuj.) (5e). With pale collar and light-red belt. The wings strongly

widened, and especially the fi spots of forewing enlarged, being more or less quadrangular. Pyrenees. —

flava. ab. flava Oberth. is the yellow aberration. — In caucasica Sff/r.-Reb. (be) the pale collar is missing,

caucasica. ^nd the two distal spots touch each other or are confluent; from the Caucasus. — Larva yellow, with the

head, thoracical legs and transverse bands black; on Trefoil. Pupa in a white ovate cocoon of which the

frontal end is directed downwards (ObekthOr).

filipendnlae. Z. fllipcndulae Z. (5et). 6 rather large spots on forewing; no abdominal belt. At once distinguish-

able from the tranmlpimi-iovms by a different red, broader wings, and especially by the underside of the
forewing having a greyish silky lustre and bearing indistinct red clouds. Throughout Europe, except the
flava. high North, also in Asia Minor and Armenia. — ab. flava ffobson is the (accidental) yellow aberration.
chrysan- — Also the occurrence of ab. chrysanthemi Bkh. (5e), in which the sjiots of forewing and the hindwing
themi. are brown, appears to be due to chance, as it has formerly been met with several times in some numbers

') hi Staudinger-Rebel, Cat. Lep. Pal. Faun., this foini is enumerated as a transition towards filipendulae.

ZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Settz. 23

near Stralsund, while more lately only single specimens have been found here and there, for instance near Paris.

— In ab. cytisi ///-«. (5f) tlie spots of the forewing are confluent in pairs, while in ab. confluens Dzhirz. cytisi.
also the pairs are joined together. — In ab. bipunctata Se/i/s the proximal pairs are merged together, while confluens.
spots 5 and 6 are free ; in ab. communimacula Seli/s the distal pairs are confluent , while the basal spots '^"'"^ "'."'
are separate. — In al). conjuncta 7'uf/ all the spots are merged together, being longitudinally connected macula.
with one another in ab. trivittata Tittf. — manni H.-Sch. {= arctica Hjjarre-Hc/m.) (5f) is a small, thinly conjuncta.
scaled, strongly hairy form due to cold , spot 6 often being reduced ; in the higher Alps and in the high trivittata.
Nortli. — tutti Ji'f'h. (^ hipi)Ocrei)idis Sfcpli.) has a broad, black, sinuous marginal band to the hiudwing. '""""'■

— ochsenheimeri ZeU. (= fjlipt-ndulae major Esp.; transalpina O.) (og) is a large, bright-coloured mountain- Q^,gg„.
race from South Europe. — In ramburi Led. (5f), from Greece, Asia Minor and Syria, the spots are con- heimeri.
fluent in pairs in such a way that the reduced 6. spot appears to be a projecting portion of the inuch en- ramburi.
larged 5. — gurda Led., from Messina, is similar to ramburi and has, like the latter, a transparent \m\^\- ^urda.
tudinal fold in the hindwing; but tlie forewing is longer, narrower and more pointed; the distal pair of

spots is merged together to a large patch, which is larger than the patch formed by the united median
spots, while the reverse is the case in ramburi. — Larva yellow, with subdorsal rows of black spots, above
the abdominal legs rows of black dots; in May and June on grass and various low plants. Pupa yellowish,
anteriorly brown ; in a sulphur-yellow cocoon. The imago very common from June to August at road-sides,
on roads in woods, and in mountain-meadows, especially frequenting the tlowerheads of Thistles and Scabious.

Z. transalpina E^^. {^= medicaginis 0.; charon, angelicae Boisd.) (5g). Very highly coloured: metallic transalpina.
black-blue or -green, with 6 small, widely separated, somewhat black-edged spots. The very bright red
hindwing is broadly margined with black. On the underside of forewing all the red spots are merged
together in the name-typical form. — ab. flava Dziurz. is the (accidental) light-yellow aberration. — ab. flava.
ferulae Led., which occurs in the southern Alps and extends sjioradically into Southern Germany, is paler ferulae.
red and has still smaller spots on the forewing than name-typical transa/jnna , but is hardly separable from
it as a distinct form. — In ah. nigricans Oberth. {=^ brunnea Dziurz.) the red has changed into coffee- nigricans.
colour, as in ab. chri/santlieini of plipenduhie. — boisduvali (Joda (= xanthograjiha Germ.) (5i) has yellow *o«rf(/i'rt//.
spots on the forewing (5 or 6), and a yellow streak or heart-sha])ed spot on the otherwise black hindwing;
South Italy. — ab. zickerti llofjm. is similar to boisduvali, but the hindwing is all black, being without zickerti.
the yellow central spot. Flying sparingly among the preceding. — astragali Bkh. (= hippocre])idis t!bn.; astragali.
angelicae Boisd.) (5gh) is of a magnificent vermilion colour, with 6 large spots on the forewing and a
narrow marginal band to the hindwing. The forewing below is uniformly vermilion (without separation into
spots), with black margin. This is the northern form, which occurs in France, South and Central Germany,
and Belgium, being said (probably erroneously) to extend as far as Sweden. — Specimens of this form
with an abdominal belt are named by Hirschke astragali ab. cingulata. — ab. miltosa Ca)id. is founded cingulata.
on a small specimen from La Roghelle in which the spots of the upperside are also confluent. — miltosa.
sorrentina Stgr. (5i) resembles boisduvali, but the spots are red, and the spot of the hindwing is often sorrentina.
very small; Southern Central Italy (Naples). — calabrica Calb. (= spicae IStgr.) (5i) is quite black, with calabrica.
very small red spots, the spot of the hindwing being only vestigial, the insect therefore resembling
stoechadis; South Italy. — maritima Oberth. (5h) is, like the name-typical form, very bright red, but maritima.
the black margin of the hindwing is wider and more sinuate; the (6) spots of the forewing below are
not confluent; Riviera. — italica Dziurz. (5h) the same, but has only 5 spots; Northem Italy. — Larva italica.
green, with black dorsal stripe, and yellow lateral line, above which there are triangular black spots; in
May adult on Astragalus, Hippocrepis, etc. Pupa black, abdomen greenish white; in a Hght-yellow cocoon.
The imagines are lively and active insects, taking perhaps quickest to the wmg of all the Burnets. They
likewise simulate death when suddenly touched, but revive soon and whiz quickly away, the flight being
fast. Though the form astragali extends beyond the 50. degree of latitude, being still common near Mom-
bach (Mainz), Darmstadt, etc.. South Europe, especially Italy, must be considered the principal locality of
the species, the forms here flying occurring from May to July in really surprising numbers; maritima flies
in great abundance even in dull weather and till night -fall on the southern slopes of the Riviera, near
Genoa, Pegli, Savona, etc., transulpina being likewise very common in the southern valleys of the Alps of
Ticino, extending into the North Italian plains.

Z. dorycnii O. (=r dahurica Dup.) (5d). With G spots and a red belt, which does not reach all dorycnii.
round the abdomen as in the otherwise similar peucedani, not being continued on the underside. Russia,
Armenia and Persia. — In senescens Sfgr. (5e), from Tauria, the anterior basal spot of the forewing, the senescens.
hindwing and the abdominal belt are dark rose-colour, the other spots of the forewing being white, with a
yellow tint.

Z. ephialtes L. {= falcatae Boisd.) (oik). Forewing with 6 spots; the basal pair red, the others ephialtes.
white; hindwing with a white dot. Abdomen with red belt. From South Germany and Switzerland, east-
wards to Greece and South Siberia. — medusa Pull, (ok) is the form without the 6. spot: being especially medusa.
frequent in the eastern districts of the area. — In the west of the area, especially in Northern Italy, South

24 ZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

Germany, Austria, and also in some of the Balcan States, there occur two forms which are marked like
cplualtes resp. medusa, but have the 2 basal spots of the forewing and the abdominal belt deep yellow instead
coronillaf. of red; these forms are coronillae Esp. (6a) with 6 spots, and trigonellae E.^^p. (6a) with 5 spots. —
tngoneHcir. Likewise in Austria there occur, often together with other forms at the same places, two varieties in wliich
the spots of the forewing as well as the whole hindwing except the black margin are yellow; these are
icterica. icterica Led. (6 a) with 6 spots, and aeacus Esp. (6 b) with 5 spots on the forewing. Sometimes the yellow
aeaciis. colour has a strong reddish tint; such forms are named by Hirschkk princi (6b), if there are 6 spots, and
aiiranUac'a ^"''^n^'^*^^' '* ^lere are 5. — Also red forms are found which are similar in appearance to red-belted
peiii-etUirii.-^'^'P^'"'^"^'^'' ''^**P- ''''/''''" ^b. woLi, being also the most northern forms. They are peucedani Esp. (= hippo-
at/ia- crepidis H.-Srh.; aeacus Hiibn.) (6b) with 6 spots, and athamanthae Exp. (= veronicae Bkh.) (6c) w^ith 5.
mantliae. The red colour of the hindwing of these forms may more and more be replaced by the black marginal
guenneri. band, being finally rejti'esented only by a red central spot. These forms are ah. guenneri Ilirsclikc, if there
metzgeri. are 6 spots, and ab. metzgeri liirsclike, if there are 5. — We have further to mention a group of aberrations
in wliich the liindwiiig bears two small sjiots instead of a single white or red one. This modification is
sophiae. '<»t»^^''i "<' "early all the above-mentioned forms and has received special names. Thus, epliia/fes with '2 white
aemilii. spots to the hindwing bears the name sophiae Euire, the corresponding form of meduaa being aemilii Eatre,
bahri. while ammilluf with 2 spots is bahri Hir.-ichke and the corresponding tiiijoiullae-iovm wutzdorffi lliifchke.
wutzdorffi. j^astly there is another Burnet in which the forewing is white-spotted, the hindwing being entirely black,
araratica. and the abdomen black without belt: this is araratica i'/^^;-. (5k), from Armenia, which was placed here by
former authors, while others consider it a form of donjcnii (Spuler). — Larva yellow or green, reddish yellow
at the sides, with pale belts; a dorsal stripe and subdorsal rows of spots black; above the legs rows of
black dots ; on the whole similar to the larva of Jilipendulae ; in May adult on Vetch, TrefoU, Thyme, Eryngium,
Plantago, etc., the black pupa in a white-yellow silky cocoon. The imagines fly in July in meadows, ven-
turing even into gardens; they are especially often found resting on the heads of thistles standing near
the edges of woods and on fallow ground, sometimes one finds only one form at a certain place, sometimes
several forms fly about at the same time in one field, copulating together, the offspring, however, not having
mixed or transitional characters. Occasionally specimens of this species have been met with which were in
copula with individuals of entirely different species.

ecki. Z. ecki Christ. (6c). Little is known of this rather isolated Burnet, which does not stand in close

relationship to any other, not being allied to cphiultex or cxulam, nor to anlliijlliilh, behind which it is placed

in the catalogue of Staudinqer-Rebel. The dull dark grey forewing bears 6 pinkish crimson spots of which

the 2 distal ones are slightly confluent; hindwing of the same tint, with rather broad black margin and

cingtilata. reddish grey fringes. The abdomen is usually black, but occurs also with red belt, = cingulata Hirschke. Persia.

exiihms. Z. exulans lluchmir. (= subochracea White) (6 c). Strongly hairy, thinly scaled, with faint coloration,

relatively slender antenna and broad wings. Forewing .5-spotted, the spots light rosy-red on a grey, rather

transparent, ground. Hindwing with dull grey mai'gin which is wide especially at the apex. Shoulders

with grey or faintly pink hairs, fringes of the same colour. An alpine insect, from the highest meadows

of the Alps, Pyienees, Apennines, and the Scotch mountains, the species being found everywhere in abun-

flava. dance at its flight-places. — ab. flava Oberth. is the pale yellow form, which has been met with near Lauterat.

conjluens. — In ab. confluens Strand the 4 proximal spots are confluent, at least in pairs. — Among the name-typical

fulva. form there occur larely reddish yellow specimens, = ab. fulva SjMlcr. — vanadis Balm, is the northern

vanadis. representative of the species, from Scandinavia and North Russia; still more transparent and with still
more shaggy body, but the intermixture of grey hairs on the thorax in absent. It may be mentioned, how-

dilatata. ever, that specimens coming close to this form are occasionally found in the Alps. — In ab. dilatata Bi(r</eff

exsiliens. the 5. spot is extended to the distal margin. — exsiliens Stgr. (6 c) is an eastern form, from the Altai, with
clearer colour and pattern, the whole apical area of the hindwing being grey, occupying '/s of the wing.
— Larva of I'.ndans velvety-black; intersegmental rings and lateral spots yellow; in June adult on Azalea
concumbens. Pupa black, in a whitish yellow cocoon. The imagines fly in July and August, being extrem-
ely common at their flight-places. In the Alps one finds them often in swarms covering the clusters of
flowers on tlie mountain-meadows.

magiana. Z. magiana Styr. (7b) is a pale-coloured, somewhat transparent, Burnet from the mountains near

hissariensis. Samarkand, about the habits of which little definite is known. — The ab. hissariensis Gr.-Grsh., which is

connected with the preceding by all intergradations and which occurs in the same country, has the si)ots of

the forewing small and sharply defined; the 6. transverse spot and the vestiges of the abdominal belt

which appear occasionally are without weight in distinguishing this form ; from Virgil Gazi, end of July.

Corsica. Z. COrsica Boisd. (6d). A peculiar smafl Burnet with 5 almost equal-sized spots which are very

round and glossy bright red, the ground-colour between them having in certain aspect a somewhat brassy
lustre. — In May and June in Sardinia and Corsica. — Larva light grey-blue, at the side a dark hue, and

2YGAENA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 25

on tlie l)ack a white one, along which there are black spots; in May qn Santolina nicana. Cocoon light
In-own. The niotiis in .lune and July, on sunny slopes, especially frequent at higher altitudes.

Z. meliloti I'^sp. (= viciae SrhrL, loti Jlbn.) (Bd). A rather small, slender, delicately scaled Bui-net, meliloti.
with relati\fly Hiiii antenna and usually 5 spots, almost reseml)liag a dwarfed trifo/ll, but the colours
paler; only in the name-typical form the hindwing more narrowly edged with black. Distributed from
Sweden and Livonia to the Mediterranean coasts and from the Riviera to Siberia and Mongolia. — ah. flava fiava.
Bmgcff is the light yellow ajjerration, which may occur everywhere. — In ab. confusa Stgi: (Bd) the red confusa.
spots of the forewing are continent; found in Western Asia. — ab. ehnbergi L'niter is a small form from ehnbergi.
North Europe, with reduced spots on the forewing and a broad black margin to the hindwing. — In
dahurica Boisd. (Bd) the coloration is altogether brighter and the insect more robust, the antenna being dahurica.
especially stronger; the wings more densely scaled; not restricted to Asia, but occurs already in East
Europe. — mongolica Stgr. <f- Roh., from nothern East Asia, has an obtuse antennal club, and a broader, mongolica.
beneath darker, foiewing. — italica Coradja (= nigra Dzii(rz.) (Bd) has 5, extremely rarely B, often small italica.
spots on the forewing and an almost black hindwing, whicli bears in the centre a narrow red streak; in
Liguria, where I found them especially frequent on meadows in mountain-forests near Pegli , occurring
there conmionly, but being restricted to small flight-places. — teriolensis Spfyer (6e) is nothing but pale- teriolensis.
coloured rharou from the southern Alps and the Apeimines. — In sicula Calb. the distal spots are merged siaila.
together; Sicily. — All these forms have I)lack non-belted abdomina.

There occur, however, also red-belted forms. Red-belted specimens of the ordinary 5-spotted meliloti
are ab. stentzi Fn: ; very rare. Though apparently occurring everywhere among the typical form , one stentzi.
may nevertheless examine many thousands of specimens of meliloti without finding among them a single
stentzi. — The 6-spotted (rhtiron-) form with red belt is ab. decora Led. {■= cingulata Htrfr. i. l.t (Be), and decora.
the red-belted dahurica from South-East Europe is ab. annulata Caradja. annulata.

The strongly aberrant Z. ledereri >^tgy. if- Reli. (Be) is perhaps best placed here, showing howevei- ledereri.
also close affinities to filipendidae, near which it is put in Stai'diiNGEr & Rebel's catalogue. It is a rather
small insect from the coasts of the Black .Sea, bearing B large, quadrate, bright rose-coloured spots on the
forewing, the hindwing being of the same colour and having a very narrow black margin; abdomen witiiout
belt. The specimen here figured from the Staudixger collection was kindly placed at our disposal by
Herr Bang-Haas. — Perhaps iaphria H.-Srh. is the same as this species, while I cannot identify laphria Fn:, laplin'a.
which has been recorded from Armenia.

The caterpillar of meliloti is pale green; the dorsal line white, the dorso-lateral ones yellow, laterally
of these a series of vellow spots and black dots; head black; in May on Trefoil and Vetch. Pupa yellowish,
anteriorly black-brown, in a bright-yellow cocoon. Though this moth is very weak, it flies nimbly and
sometimes rather high. When being caught they first sham death, but then suddenly whiz away, generall}-
ascending at once. The flight-places appear to be very limited in size, being often restricted to a few acres,
the insect being there frequent, though never occurring in such abundance as many other species of Zi/f/oena.

Z. niphona Btlr. (= christophi St(jr.) (Be). The only Burnet from East Asia. Rather large, niplwna.
sparsely scaled, .j-si^otted , with rather wide red abdominal belt. Club of antenna strongly incrassate at
apex. The insect has the appearance of a large meliloti, but the body is strong and robust, the flight
however being nevertheless not at all fast. Though the species varies considerably, some specimens being
B-spotted and resembling therefore X. peucedani, there are no local races. The abdominal belt occupies
mostly 2 segments, but is sometimes restricted to one segment, the posterior portion of the abdomen being
occusionally all red. The species is widely distributed in Japan , especially at low altitudes of the central
mountains, near and on the Fujisan; probably more sporadic in Amurland, since Graeser did not meet with it.

Z. graslini Led. (Bf). The 6 spots of forewing confluent in pairs, there being a basal, central and graslini.
marginal red area separated by black bands. Asia Minor to Kurdistan and Mesopotamia. — In the form
COnfluens Oberth. (Bf), from Syria (especially the neighbourhood of Beyrut), the basal and central areas are conflnens.
also confluent, the wing being red from base bej'ond middle.

Z. oxytropis Boisd. (Bf). Rather small, on forewing with 6 quadrate spots which are finely edged o.xytropis.
deep-black, the distal pair being more or less broadly united. Throughout Italy, especially frequent at the
Riviera, at the Italian as well as the French side. — There occur also specimens with red abdominal belt,
ab. cingulata Zickert, and individuals with confluent central spots, ab. confluens Zickert. — The moth flies cingulata.
in May and does not seem to be restricted to definite flight-places, but is found singly among the swarms confluens.
of other Burnets.

Z. lavandulae F^p. (^= spicae Ifbii.) (6g). For the greater part metallic blue-black, inclusive of the lavandulae.
hindwing, being superficiallv similar to utoeeliddi.^ and fmn.'^fdpina eulnbriea ; however, larrmditlne is at once
II 4

2B ZYGAEXA. By Dr. A. Sf.itz.

distinguislied by the white colhir. The iiaiiie-lypiiMl tnrin, tVom the Riviera and the adjacent (Hstricts of

Spain, has a black, red-spotted liindwinj?. tlie red sj)()ts on the underside of the forewing beini^: separate. —

coiisobiina. In tlie form consobrina Gfvin. (6f), from Digne in South France and probablj- also occurring elsewhere,

the red spots on the undei'side of the forewing are confluent and liic whole basal half of the upperside of

the hindwing is red. — Larva much variegated, being longitudinally striped with white, grey and brown,

and bearing rows of yellow dots and a short brown pile; underside red. In winter on Dorycnium; pupating

in a white ovate cocoon. Pupa yellowish grey, anteriorly black. As in (in/tnipis the moths do not appear

to be so much confined to definite tlight-places as other Burnets, occurring always more singly. They tly

in spring, sitting often on stalks of grass, head downwards, and seem to visit flowers less often than do

other Zvgaenae.
rhada-

manthus. Z. rhadamanthus Esp. (6g). Forewing strongly transparent, glossy grey, with 6 red spots, the 2.,

cingtilata. 3., 4. and 5. being edged with black at the proximal and distal sides. Riviera and Catalonia. — cingulata

Led. (6h) has a red belt. This is a normal form in Spain, while in Liguria only single individuals of it are

kiesenwetteri. found among typical specimens. — kiesenwetteri ll.-Srh. (= stoechadis Bohd.) (6h) has quite a dilferent

aspect on account of the deeji black ground-colour of the forewing and the black hindwing, resend)ling

liiraiididae or ftforr/iadis, but the black edges of the spots of the forewing are easily visible on the black

nigarb/ensis. ground. — algarbiensis Christ. (= roederi Sff/r.) (6h), from South Portugal, is similar, hut the 6. spot of

the foi'ewing is entirely obsolete or only slightly vestigial. — Larva variegated, grey, black, longitudinally

sti'iped with white and yellow, witli red collar; in April full-grown on Dorycnium. Pupa m a white oval

cocoon. The moths in spring till ]\lay. tVe(|uently sitting on stalks of grass.

ctwieri. Z. cuvieri Boittd. ((>h). This large fine Burnet has rosy- red wings, the forewing being divided

into B ai'eas by two black-grey bands; a broad collar and an abdominal belt rosy. Inhabits Anterior Asia,

manlia. from Syria through ^lesopotamia to Turkestan. — In manlia L'-<l. (Uh), from Xtn-th Persia, the body has

an eijually broad rosy red collar and abdominal belt , but the blackish bands separating the red areas of

the forewing are much broader, the distal area being represented by an irregular half-divided patch. — ab.

confliiens. confluens Olnith.. discovered in Mesopotamia, has the wings entirely rosy red, only at the costal and inner

margins of the forewing there remain small black triangles.

lamara. Z. tamara Cfnist. (7bj. One of the finest Zygaenae. All the wings bright yellow, with a delicate

rosy tint, the distal margin being black; forewing divided by 2 black transverse bands into 3 areas of

nihn7. nearly equal size. Antenna exceedingl}' long and strong, the abdomen being broadly belted with red. —

(Itifinoii. hi rubra Banrz-Haas i. I. (7b) the hinilwing is rosy red instead of yellow, while in the form daemon Christ.
(7 b) the fore- and hindwing are red. All 3 forms occur together in Ai'menia, but are found only in
limited districts.

m/tisi. Z. tnitisi />:ii)rz. has a yellow collar, and yellow spots on forewing, which are contluent except the

distal ]iair, the hindwing being bright yellow with lilack apical area: from the Caucasus.

cambysea. Z. cambysea Ltd. (6i) is ros>- red like cuvieri, but differs in the bod\- being entirely black, without

rosacea, red collar and belt: Iran. Turan. — In the form rosacea Rcmi. (6i) the spots of the forewing are so merged
together that the wings appear almost evenly carmine. Representing the species in Armenia; but it is not
probable thai this insect occurs there alone witliout the first described form.

htigiienini. Z. huguenini step: (6i) is a large heavy- built Zygaena from the Pamir. Instead of the 3. pair of

spots the forewing bears a larg patch occupying the whole marginal area; the 1. and 2. pair of spots of
the forewing are separated by a black transverse band, the spots of each pair however being united.

Iiabriliniieri. Z. haberhaueri Led. (Bi). With red collar, but without red licit. On forewing obliquely from

cosia to anal angle an evenly wide greyish black band separating a triangular marginal patch from the red
area of the wing, this area moreover being costally incised at the basal third or divided by a slight band.
In Armenia, apparently in localities where for a long while past no collections have been made.

sedi. Z. sedi /•'. (6k). In this insect the spots of each pair are merged together to large fight red

])atches, these being separated from each other only by tliiu lines of the transparent ground-colour.
■Abdomen without belt. Coasts of the Black Sea.

cacuminiim. Z. cacuminum Chrinf. (6k). This species reminds one in pattern of the carnioliea-grovi]), the 6. spot

of the forewing being parallel to the distal margin. But the colour of all the spots of the forewing as well
as of the hindwing is a dull purple, as it hardly occurs again in the whole genus. From Iran.

laeta. Z. laeta Jfbn. (cf 6k, ? 7a). Collar and j)atagia as well as the entire abdomen (except base) red:

also the wings testaceous red except soine lilack s])ots on the forewing. From the Tyrol through Austria-

mniitierhfimi. Hungary and the Danubian countries to Turkey and South Russia. — In mannerheimi Chard. (7a) the

ZYCiiAENA. By Dr. A. Si:itz. 07

])lack s|)()ts of the t'orewiii^-, moieover, are reduced to dots, wliicli sonietinies ai)pear also dusted witli red;
in the Ural and at tlie coasts of the Black Sea. — The Castilian ignifera Koib (7a) is perhaps a western ignifeia.
form of this otherwise East European species. However, lliis insect approaches closely also the North
African algiru, liaving like this a very bright red forewing whicli bears only minute l)lack dots; in iyjiifera,
however, the abdomen is always conspicuously red in its posterior lialf, being always entirely black in
algifu. — Larva of /acta light bluish green, with while dorsal and lateral lines, along which there are ])lack
dots; in June full-grown on Eryngium. Pupa yellow, anteriorly dark brown, in a whitish cocoon. The
moths in July and August on dry hill-sides, on Thyme. During their slow flight the entirely red abdomen
is especially conspicuous, the flying insect bearing on that account a distant resemblance to certain southern
Hemiptera.

Z. lydia N/y*-. (7 a) reminds one in pattern already of the following species, arhiUcae, but the wings lydia.
are densely scaled and the dark ground-colour of the forewing has a strong metallic gloss ; the intensely
deep red collar is a further characteristic. From Tauria and Kurdistan. — The very similar cremonae cremonae.
SUjv. (7 a), from the Libanon, has in addition to the red collar a red abdonunal belt, the distal patch of
the forewing jjeing occasionally somewhat constricted in the centre. In hjdia as well as cmmonai' the very
bright scarlet spots of the forewing are united in [lairs.

Z. achilleae Eai). (=: triptolemus Kin.) (7c). This 5 -spotted Burnet is recognizable by the 5. i)atch achilleae.
being comjiosed of 2 large trilobate oder reniforui continent spots; the patch has mostly the shape of a
triangle with the angles rounded off, one corner pointing towards the apex of the wing. The forewing
has not the dark metallic ground of most Burnets , but shows on the disc a greyish yellow tint , which
has sometimes a slight silky gloss. The insect is very widely distributed , reaching the North Eurof)ean
coast in Belgium and extending in various local laces southwards to the Mediterranean, occurring from
Spain as far as the Altai. — The ab. flava lloni. (7d) is the lemon-yellow aberration, while ab. hrunnt& flava.
Dziurz. is coftee-brown; ab. cingulata Dziurz. has a red belt, and in ab. confluens Dzita-:. the 4 proximal bninnea.
spots of the forewing are united in jtairs; ab. dziurzynskii Hirschke has a belt and confluent spots. All cingatata.
these forms appear, more or less rarely, among the normal form, not being confined to a definite patria. ~ ''""/'"''•-''■ ..
In viciae Hbn. {= janthina Boisd.) (7 c) the 5. spot of forewing has assumed a more rounded shape in viciae.
consequence of the disaji])earance of the lateral lobes, l)eing however still so irregular and its edges so
washed out that it is hardly possible to mistake it for any other 5-spotted species; more in the South of the
area of distribution. — bellis Hbii. (7 c) is a considerably larger mountain-form from the southern Alps, the bellis.
Apennines and various other mountain-chains, as far east as the Altai; recognizalile, besides the much
stronger and heavier built, also by the denser scaling and more conspicuous coloration. — In tristis Obcrth. (7d), tristis.
from the higher Pyrenees, the red spots, of which the 5. is a mere oblique streak, almost disappeai' on the
transparent dark grey ground, and the vitreous grey of the hindwing occupies also tlie apex, which is red
in other achil/eae-i'ovms. — In the Syrian antiochena .bV^r. (7d) the red spots are more carmine and have a antiochena.
tendency to becoming confluent, while in arragonensis iitgr., from Spain, they are often actually merged armgoncnsis
together. — This is also the case in phoenicea .S/yr. (7d) to such an extent that almost every vestige oi phoenkea.
the ground-colour has disappeared from the disc; all the wings are uniformly red, the forewing being edged
with blackish only at the apex, so that at first siglit one might mistake the insect for Z. rtdncnmlus, if the
built of the body and shape of the antenna did not prove its true relationship; Kurdistan. — Lastly, a
very conspicuous form is bitorquata Mai. (7d); the ground-colour of the forewing is a silk\- yellowish grey, bUorquata.
with which the narrow black margin sharply contrasts ; from the coasts of the Black Sea. — Larva green,
with ])aler dorsal and darker lateral line; along the former 2 rows of dark dots, below which there are
yellow spots: head l)lack. Till June on Astragalus, Esparcet and Vetch. Pupa yellow, anteriorly black; in
a white cocoon. The moths occur in summer, in Gential Europe in July and August, in the South in
June: they use to sit on Scabious and Thistles, often several specimens together on a tlower-head. Their
favourite flight-places in Central Europe are the outskirts of woods, in South Euro])e liill-sides.

The large, red-belted Z. armena Ev. (7c), from Armenia, is perhajjs best placed here; the large anncna.
red spots are situated in light clouds as it were. — Also of this insect a yellow form is known : ab.
flava lloiH. flava.

Z. fraxini Men. (^ oribasus ll.-Sch., carneolica Frei/cr, rogdana Boisd.) (7e) is the tirst t)f a series /raA/W/.
of species from Western and Central Asia. The 2 basal spots of the forewing are united lo a large vivid
red ])atch which occupies the entire basal area. Of the central pair of spots the lower one is always much
the larger, if the two sjjots are not merged together; the distal s]H)ts are united to a severally incised, often
very irregular patch. The red spots are partly edged with white, the abdomen being always entirely- black
in the name-typical form. Armenia. — haematina Koll. approaches the i)receding, but is much smaller and haematina
more narrow-winged. In this form spot 4 is more rounded and there is a red collar, which is absent from
fraxini. Rebel considers JidfiiuifinK a distinct species from an examination of the type contained in the

28 ZYGAEXA. B.\ Dr. A. Skitz.

perdita. liot'miiseuiii at X'ienna: tVoiii Persia. — In perdita >V'//.. t'nua Hr- (laueasiis, tlie ceiitial spots arc white,

scovitzii. not being oi' scarcely centred witli red, and the liindwing is bruadly edf^ed with bhick. — scovitzii iU'n.

(= sogdiana Ersch.) (7e) has a broad rosy red loliar and soiaetimes a red abdominal belt, on tiie liindwing

a small, black, usually triangular spot being attached to the middle of the narrow black distal margin;

separata. Persia and the Pamir. — In ab. separata >V'/c. (7e) the distal spots are narrowly but distinctly separated

ersclio/fi. from one another; Southern Fergana. — erschoffi Sfyr. (7t) has spots .") and B often widely separate.

standing side by side rather than one below the other; collar and 1-2 abdominal segments red, sometimes

kavrigini. also tlie shoulders, as in our last ligure: Pamir. — kavrigini (ir.-fJrsh. (7fg) has the abdomen mostly

kohistana. entirely red, inclusive of base; from Kuchara. — In the likewise Central Asiatic kohistana Gr.-Gr.-<li. on

rosinae. ihe contrary there are only vestiges of a red collar and abdominal belt. — rosinae Korb (7f), from

Armenia, resembles scorit^il. but the ])alpi and nearly the whole abdomen, especially in ?. are bright red. —

glasiinovi. Here may also belong glasunovi, desciibeil by Grum-Grshimailo from a single sjjecimen which has remained

beyond my reach. The individual is described as being black, without abdominal belt; a basal spot,

2 central ones and 2 distal ones on forewing. the last being large, transverse and curved, purple like the

narrowly black-margined liindwing; Dchidchigrut-Darja. — The prettiest and most variegated form, in short

truchmena. one of the finest Burnets, is truchmena Ercrsm. (7g). It has a broad rosj- red collar, and the abdomen is

bright I'ed, except the ajiex : the median pair of spots of forewing, however, is white and the basal half of

olivieri. \iind\vmg transparent: Turkestan. — In olivieri Bohd. (= dsidsilia Frr.) (7h) not only the collar and

2 — 8 abdominal segments are red but also the jjatagia, the red spots of the forewing being very large;

from Syria and Armenia. — A further series of forms has a red abdomen, like truchmena; here belongs

laelifica. laetifjca Jl.-Sch. (7g) with the pairs of spots on forewing separate, and hebe (Siifr. i. 1.) (7h) in which they

hebe. j^,.g slightly connected with each other by whitish bars; from Hadjin. — In ganymedes ff.-ScIi. (7h), from

^ '■^ ' Ainasia, the penultimate pair of spots and the apical patch are rather bruadly connected and the red

markings of the forewing have a white edge of about 1 mm width. — The colour of the wings of the much

formosa. smaller formosa If.-Sch. (7i), from Asia Minoi' and Syria, is far lighter ipale rosyi, the abdomen, however,

malatiana. being black except a narrow belt. — In malatiana (.•>'<(/'■. i. 1.) (7hj this belt is broader, comprising the

2—3 penultimate segments; Malatia, east of the Antitaurus.

Very little is known of the habits of all these species and forms, which occur partly in districts
difficult of access. The early stages are mostl\' unknown, though the motiis occur like other Zygaenae in
large numbers at their flight-places. Esjteciaily of truchmena are we assured by H.\^hekh.\uer that it inhabits
the steppe of Turkestan in enormous numl)ers, occurring even in the gardens of the towns of that country.
The larva of xcoritzii is known, but not the food-]ilant; it is yellow-grey, with broad light dorsal stripe;
laterally there are rows of large black spots, Ijelow which there are light dots.

escalerai. Z. escalerai i'ouj. has orange spots on forewing, the external i)airs being confluent; spot 6 is

elongate and transverse. Tiie liindwing is orange, with a vermilion tint, the disc being hyaline and the
apex black, there Ueing a black dot situided at centre of distal margin. The species has been discovered
by EscALERA in Persia, the type contained in the Paris Museum being caught in .luly. According to the
description this form is allied to the fa.iini-fn(climeiia-gvou\}.

Iiilan's. Z. hilaris (>. (7i). .\s small as or even smaller than formosa. The red colour i)redominates so

mucli tliat it occupies the whole foi-ewing, there remaining only small black sjiots. which are sometimes

contiuent, but are often reduced to dots standing widely separate. The red collar of the preceding and

following grouj) is never present; however, sometimes there are yellowish white hairs at the edge of the

thorax. Common at the Riviera and the South-East Coast of Spain. From Digne, in the Basses Aljjes. I

have before me a pale yellow aberration belonging to the Tring Museum: the figure (7ii bears the name

pallida, however I do not consider it necessarv to give here names to such pale yellow aberrations, if they

ononidis. have not already received names. — In ononidis Mill., from the French Riviera, the red spots are not

cscorialensis. separated by yellowish white borders from tiie black ground. — In escorialensis Ohrrtli. (7k), from the

Castilian table-land, the wings are more thinly scaled, pale rosy, the black s|)ots are reduced to thinly pale-

felix. edged dots. — In fellx Oberth. (7 k), from Algiers and South -West S])ain, the black spots are more or less

contiuent, the red ground-colour along the distal margin being sometimes separated as a sock-like halfmoon.

faustula. The white edges are usually altogether absent, or there are only feeble vestiges of them. — In ab. faustula

Stgr.-Reb. (8 a) on the contrary the black spots are distinctly edged Avith yellowish white. — Lastly, ab.

maiiretanka. maurctanica Styr. (8a) has a red belt. — The 3 last forms tly exactly at the same time and the same

places; i found them frequently united in copula. They are extremely common throughout June on

nearly all the heights of the Atlas Mts., sometimes the one sometimes the other form being prevalent in

confluens. the various flight-places. — As rare exceptional forms we have further to mention ab. confluens Oberth.

(7i) in which there are only very small black light-edged dots on the otherwise entirely red forewing; ab-

hkolor. bicolor Oberth. (7k) which has no black but only light dots (remnants of the edging), and lastly ab.

unicolor. unicolor Oberth. (7k) in which the A\ings are uniformly red, being narrowly bordered with black. These

last 3 forms have been found in the Pyrenees among the normal form. — Larva very short and thick,

ZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Skuz. 29

yellow, anteriorly greenish, with dorso-lateral rows of thick black dots; head brown. In June on Ononis.
Pupa brown, in a yellowish grey or brownish wrinkly cocoon. The moths tly especially in the morning
till 11 o'clock and again in the ofternoon from 4, on dry sunn>- hills and on the cornfields situated
between the mountains. They always whiz about quite low, about 20 cm only above the ground, resting with
preference on clusters of Thyme. Tliey vary strongly, ObekthCr recording, jjesides the above-mentioned
forms, also aberrations with coffee-brown wings.

Z. algira DKp. (8a). One of the finest Zygaenae. Fier}- bright red; forewing with black distal algira.
margin, which has a bluish metallic sheen and begins and ends in a black costal spot, an anal one
standing at its proximal side. In the marginal area thus bordered there is a black dot and at one-third
from base a larger, mostly quadrangular spot. Body always deep black, iiearing extremely rarelj- traces of
red scaUng in the place of the belt. In May in Northern Algiers. — ab. concolor Oherth. (8b) has strongly concolor.
reduced black spots, the wings being almost uniformly red. — As al). exigua uov. (8a) I designate the exigua.
small form from higher altitudes of the Atlas, occurring from the end of June till July; it resembles the
normal form in pattern, but the wings are somewhat darker and narrower and the insect is so much
smaller and slenderer that the body is scarcely '/a the size of that of algira. I think it probable that this
form is a second brood of alffirn ; however, I have no evidence for this assumption. — The specimens of
a/fjira tly considerably higher than the previous species, about 1 — 2 m a])ove the ground, and visit especially
Umbelliferae and Scabious. Their tlight-places, at which they occur often in very large numbers, are very
limited, being often restricted to a slope of one certain mountain. It is worthy of note that this insect is
so soon worn that at the end of the time of occurrence one finds only leather-yellow or pale red, but
otherwise quite perfect, specimens, which one might easily mistake for aberrations.

Z. marcuna Obcrth. (8b) is much duller red than the previous forms, being more dark pink. The mamina.
black dot situated in the distal area touches the black costal margin, and the red basal area is separated
from the red discal area by a heavy black band. In the Aures-Mts., Algiers; in May.

Z. baetica l^bi: (8b) is similar to iitarcKna, l)ut the ilot in the distal area is isolated and the abdomen, baetica.
which is always black in ntarviaia, has a red belt. South Spain. — Larva in May on Vetch.

Z. fausta. A rather small, very prettily variegated Burnet with red collar and often much red on
abdomen. The 6. spot of forewing stands mostly so far separated from the 5. that it reaches spot 5
only with the extreme points of its hoi'ns (sometimes only with the lower horn). From Central Germany
through South -West Europe to South Spain and Italy. — The name-typical fausta L. (8 b) has two wh'dc fausta.
longitudinal streaks on the thorax, all the spots being strongly margined with yellowish white and the apex
of the abdomen except the extreme tip bright red. South Europe to South Germany; ab. lugdunensis Mil/, lugdiuiensis.
is the yellow aberration of the same, from Lyon. — In nicaeae titcp-. (8d), from the French Riviera, the nicaeae.
spots are not or hardly perceptibly edged with light and the thoracical streaks are darkened. — In jucunda Jucunda.
Meissner (8 c), from South -West Switzerland and the Italian Riviera, the red of the abdomen is moreover
wanting, or is indicated only by very sparse red scahng. — In ab. segregata Blachier the red spots are segregata.
all separate; occurs -Among jucunda at the foot of Mt. Saleve near Geneva in July and August. — The very
bright red junceae Obcrth. (^8 d) has a very strong and broad collar and abdominal belt (the entire posterior junceae.
half of the abdomen red except a narrow black subapical belt); but the light borders of the spots of the
forewing are very thin and the yellow colour of the thoracical streaks is reduced; P3'renees. — faustina O. fatistina.
(8cj has a less emarginate hindwing; the red very vivid, inclusive of the belt, which is interrupted beneath.
Further, the tip of abdomen is not red in cf; the red basal spot is never connected with the central spot,
and the legs are black-green instead of light yellow as in fausta. From Portugal. Transitions between fausta
and faustina, like the specimen 8c named "fausta", have often been observed. — The larva of fausta is
light green, with brown dorsal lines and subdorsal rows of black spots; head red, abdominal legs black,
anal pair red; on Goronilla. Pupa green-brown, anteriorly darker, in an ovate, white cocoon. The moths
in July and August on fiowery slopes, flying low.

Z. carniolica. It is hardly possible to give a general description of the colour and pattern of the
2(3 odd forms which are being united under this species. The antenna is strong, being enlarged to a stont
club; collar and edge of thorax mostly with whitish hairs; legs black-blue, jellow beneath. Forewing
metallic black-green, densely scaled, fringes fight reddish yefiow; 6 spots, the 6. halfmoon-shaped , parallel
with the distal margin, its normal colour in exceptional specimens absent, but then always recognizable by
the scaling having a different gloss. The species is distributed throughout Central and South Europe, as
well as North Africa and Western Asia, extending to Turkestan and the Altai. "To enumerate all transi-
tions and aberrations would fatigue even the most patient," saj's Ochsenheimer; we also shall therefore only
characterize the forms which alone till now have received names.

30 ZYGAENA. Bv \)y. A. Skit/..

caniiolka. Tlie naiiie-typical loiiii, carniolica i't-o/A (— - onohiA diis SrliijJ. & Jiiii., caffer K-fj).} (8di has white-

edged spots on forewing and a red abdominal belt. From Central Germanj- southwards to the Mediter-
fliiveula. vanean and eastwards to the Altai. — ab. flaveola Egp. (= luteola Boisd.) (8d) has the hindwing and the
spots of the forewing straw-yellow insteail of red. As a rarity everywhere among the normal form.
dicliroma. especially often found in Austria. — ab. dichroma IJirsMf has the red mixed with yellow. — In ab.
grossi. grossi Ifh-Hchke the red is replaced by coflee-brown. — hedysari Hbn. (= astragali Hbii., onobrychis Boisd.,
Iiedysari. ^^^^\\\^)^\ Uln., sedi Dap.) (8ej has no red abdominal belt: the commonest form in Germany, but locally
diniensis. predominating also in Italy and other countries. — diniensis H.-Scli. (8e) has a red belt; the spots of the
boliatschi. forewing very large, fiery red, with very thin light borders. French Riviera. — In bohatschi Wagn. the
iurassica. spots of the forewing are confluent in pairs ; Liguria. — In al). jurassica Blachier the central spots are
very large and connected with the red basal area by a costal streak, while the 6. spot remains isolated;
weileri. found near Geneva in Jul}^ and August. — ab. welleri Stgr. {= diniensis OherUi.). Here the proximal spots
are merged together to a large red patch which bears single red dots, only the 6. (lunate) spot remaining
ragonoti. separate; in Germany, Austria and at the Riviera. — ab. ragonoti Giam'lli (8f), from Turin, is only a
modification of the form weileri ; the forewing is almost entirely red, but, besides the 6. spot being isolated,
there are some more black markings in the basal area of the forewing than in weileri. — In the Tring
totirubra. Museum there is an aberration with entirely red wings, which may be named tOtirubra nb. nor. (8f), since
the corresponding forms of otlier species of Zygaena have received names. Found in Hungary. — In
amoena. amoena Stgr. (8ef), from Hungary and Lower Austria, the whitish edges of the spots of the forewing are
so eidarged that the white almost entirely displaces the dark ground-colour, the hindwing being sometimes
berolinensis. j)ale pink, as in the third specimen tigured as (itnoena on 8f. — In berolinensis ^tgr. (8gj, occurring singly
everywhere among tlie normal form, but being especiallj' typical at the Italian Riviera, the white margins
laurica. yf' the s])ots of the forewing are comjiietely absent and the abdomen is without belt. — As taurica Stgr.
(8g) a L\dian form is known in which tiie h ju'oximal spots are broadly white-edged, wlule the 6..
apenina. transverse, spot has almost disappeared. — In apenina Tiir. (:= wiskotti (kdb.) (8g), which tlies not rarely
near Genoa behind tlie (lam])o Santo among /ledi/sari and hert)liiieiisis, the fi. (tninsversei spot is completely
cingulata. ajjsent or is oidy indicated as a dull shadow in the ground- coliun-. — cingulata hziurz. is a quite similar
sardoa. form without the (5. spot, luit iias a red abdominal belt. — sardoa Mai), is a small form from Sardinia in
graeca. which the anterior edge of tlie thorax has no white hairs. — graeca Stgr. resembles a small carniolica of
the name-typical form, and has like this insect a red belt, but the whitish yellow edges of the spots of the
ororui. {brewing are much Uiinner; from Greece. — orana Diip. (= mauretanica Mab.) (8h), which closely
I'esembles hilaris ab. iiiaiiretanica, is easily di.stinguished from this by the absence of the abdominal belt
and differs from the likewise similar hilaris felix in the 6. (lunate) spot being isolated; from Western
barhara. Algiers. — barbara If.-Sch. (= nedroma Oherth.) (8i) agrees almost exactly with orana, but the spots are
allardi. broadly pale-edged: North Africa. — allardi Obertli. (8i) is barbara with red abdominal belt; likewise from
.Algiers. — A minute dwarfed form of the preceding, from the same country, has been sent to me bj'
minor. Messrs. 0. Staudinokk & B.\xg-H.vas as minor (8i). — amasina Stgr. (8hj, from Asia Minor, closely
amasina. resembles amoena. but is iieautifully bright-red instead of pink and has abundant traces of the black ground-
wiedemanni. colour, which in amoena is almost entirely replaced by white. — Wiedemann! Men. (8h), from Anterior
Asia, on the contrary has so much white on the forewing that this is the i)re\alent colour: moreover, the
(ilbdrraciini. abdomen is vermilion except the base and tip. — albarracina Stgr., from Andalusia, is a small form which
transiens. approaches orana, but has less red on the abdomen than the previous. — In transiens Stgr. the spot 6.
which is edged with white in the ])revious forms, has become all white, the red centre disappearing, this form
therefore approaching the following (occitanica-) group, which one has several times endeavoured to distinguish
occitanica. specifically from tlie c«/-«io&a-forms ; from Western Asia. — occitanica \'ill. [=■ phacae Ubn.) (8i) is here
dealt with as being only tiie western representative of the carniolica-aenes. The 6. spot is always pure
white; the hindwing, moreover, is broadly edged with black and the abdomen without belt; South France
and Spain. On an average somewhat smaller than carniolica, but by no means always so small as the
iberica. s]iecimen figured. — In iberica Stgr. (8i) the 6. spot is reduced to a narrow white speck, the spots 1 — 5
of the forewing being very thinly edged with white; the ground-colour of the forewing black; the posterior
half ot the alidomen usually red ; from Catalonia. — If the abdominal belt is absent , which happens
azona. sometimes in the (f, we have ab. azona Spuler. — ab. disjuncta Spider is based on specimens of iberica
disjtwcta. i„ which the spots of the forewing are distinctly and widely sejiarated. — Lastly, albicans Stgr. (8k) has
■ the forewing almost white, with red and some black spots, the white edge of the thorax being shining
white and the abdomen posteriorly all red; from Andalusia. — There exist almost all gradations between
these forms, and by naming all of them the series of aberrations would be considerably enlarged. Especially
OmnTHUR figures many an interesting aberration whick perhaps recurs and might receive a name. —
Larva pale bluish green, with white longitudinal lines and yellow and black lateral dots; head and legs
brown; till June on Hedysarum, Dorycnium, Astragalus, etc. Pupa greenish brown, anteriorly darker, in a
white ovate cocoon. The moths are sluggish, the ?? having a clumsy flight on account of the thick
abdomen. They fly especially in open woods and on slopes bearing trees, and appear to be more jjartial

ZYGAENA, EPIZYGAENA. By Dr. A. Seitz. — References of llic original descriptions of the Palaearctic etc. 31

to shade tlian all the other I'uiiiets. They are easy to catch and as they usually close the wings resignedly
in the net , they are also more easily brought home undamaged than their congeners. The abundance in
which they a]i]iear at their flight-places is often astoundingiy great.

Z. cocandica h'rsch. (7g). A very remarkable form with \enow spots on the forewing, only the cocandica.
basal ones being shaded with red, the insect bearing at first glance some resemblance to the following
forms. Occurs in Fergana, where it appears to be rather widely distributed and vei'y common. Like many
s]iecies of that country it has sometimes an entirel\- red abdomen: karategini Gr.-Grsh., from Buchara. — karategini.
As ab. conserta Ch-.-Gvalt., from the Pamii-, with considerably more red, the insect ap))roaches the frasini-growp. conserta.

26. Genus : HlpiKyg-aeiia 'l'>y<h

For the following insects, which extend into the Indo-Australian fauna, Jordan proposes this genus
in the II. Volume of our work; they differ from the true Zygaenae especially in the hindtibia bearing only
one pair of spurs instead of two pairs. Kihdy had already placed some Eplzi/gacnn, namely^ caschmirmMH
and (indh-u, into the otherwise entirely African genus Zutidha, while Hampson dealt witli them as true
Zi/f/aena. They deviate indeed also in colour from the Zijf/aenne, which have a very uniform pattern.

Z. afghana Moore (8fl. In asjiect similar to the ])receding forms, but the antenna verj' long, afghana.
The spots of the forewing and the hindwing dull rosy red. In Iran; leaching fai-fhest towards south,
traversing the border of the Oriental fauna, into which it extends for a considerable distance.

Z. caschmirensis. Recognizable by the white tips of the antenna, the 5 pale yellow spots of the
forewing and the deep purple red hindwing, which is traversed in the centre by black bands. In the name-
typical caschmirensis f\oU. (8k) this black band of the hindwing is simple, being sometimes interrupted in casch-
tlie centre. — In asoka Moore (8k) the band is double, the black margin being sometimes also so strongl}- ""''^''^'s-
dilated that the red ground-colour is reduced to some median spots. In this form the tips of the antenna "^'^ "'
are not distinctly white. Both forms occur in Kashmir, extending from there into India. A further form.
eri/t/irosoma Hamps., is ajiparently restricted to the Indian fauna.

Appendix.

19. Genus: Phacusa (p. Kl):

Larva (of crairfurdi, Java) black, with 4 rows of brown warts, which bear brushes of white bristles.
The moths remind one in aspect of Syntomids with vitreous spots.

P. djreuma (therth. |8i). Head and antennae glossy green, abdomen black, with fierj' red gloss, djreuma.
Wings transparent, the veins, distal margins and the bases blackish. — Tse-kou. in West China.

•25. Genus: Zygaena (p. 18):

The home of Z. f/urda is the envirous of the port of Mersina in Asia Minor, not ^lessina, as is stated
on p. 23 in consecpience of a typographical error.

Z. aurata B/achler is a form of favoiiia A\ith glossy brass-j'ellow ground-colour: disco\-ered in aumta.
Julv in the Maroccan Atlas.

Alphabetical List

with references to the original descriptions of the Palaearetic Zygaenidae enumerated above.

* denotes tliat the insect is also figured in tlie place i[uoted.

achilleae Zyg;. Esp. Eur. Schmett. II, p. 189*. albarracina Zyg. Stgr. Bed. Ent. Zg. 1887, p. 41.

achilleoides Zyg. Wagn. Soc. Ent. XIX, p. 149. albicans Zyg. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. Ed. II, p. 22.

aeacus Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. 33. I albofascia "Art. Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. L. 1898, p. 399.

aedea Eter. L. Amoen. Acad. VI, p. 403. albomacula Clelea Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. L. 1898, p. 329.

aegerioides Art. Wlkr. Cat. Lep. Het. XXXI, p. 80. algarbiensis Zyg. Christ. Mitt. Sciiweiz. Ent. VIII, p. JOl.

aemilia Zyg. Favre. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. X, )). 36. algira Z\ g. Dnp. Leji. II, p. 86 *.

aerea Pnur. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. St. Pet. VII, p. 197. allardi Zyg. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. Ill, p. 41 *.

afghana Epizyg. Moore. Cat. Lep. E. I. Mns. II. p. 286*. alpherakyi Chalc. Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. L. 1898, p. 345.

32

Urbeschreibungs-Nachweis der pal. Zygaeniilen.

amasina Procr. H. Schaff. Eur. Schmett. VI, p. 42.

amasina Zyg. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. XIV, p. .32.5.

amaura Procr. Stgr. Stelt. Zsr. 1887, p. 70.

ambigua Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 71.

amoena />«. 5/^/-.' Bed. Ent. Z. 1887, p. .39.

ampelophaga Procr. Bayle. Sag»io Ins., p. 40.

anceps Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 18e2, p. 35.5.

angelicae Zvg. U. Sclimett. Eur. II, p. 67.

annulata ZyV Caradja. Iris 1893, p. 192.

anthyllidis Zyg. Boisd. Mon. Zyg. 4, 8.

antiochena Zyg. Stgr. Bed. Ent. Z. 1887, p. 34.

apenina Z.\g. Tur. Boll. See. Ent. Ital. XVI, p. 71.

apennina Zyg. Dziurz. Iris 1902, p. 33.5.

araratica Zyg. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. Ed. II, \). 48.

armena Zyg. Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1851, p. 625.

arragonensis Zyg. Stgr. Bed. Ent. Z. 1887, p. .34.

asiatica Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, pag. 73.

asoka Kpizyg. Moore. Proc. Zool. Soc. L. 1879, ji. 384.

assimilis Iliib. Jord. Seitz, Macrol. I, Bd. II, p. 15.

astragali Zyg. Bkh. Rhein. Mag. I, p. 631.

athamanthae Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. 37 *.

atratus Pidor. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hi.st. (4). XX, p. 401.

aurantiaca Zyg. Hirschke. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1903, p. 57.

aurata Zvg. Blachier. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1905, p. 213.

aurulenta Art. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6). \1, \^. CXVI.

azona Zyg. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 165.

bahri Zyg. Hirschke. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1905, ]i. 94.

baeticaZyg. Rbr. Faun. Andal., Taf. 12*.

bakeri Procr. Kirby. Cat. Lep. Het. I, i). 82.

balcanica Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1862, p. 356.

balearica Zyg. Boisd. Mon. Zyg. 2, 5*.

barbara Zvg. H. Schaff. Schmett. Eur. II, ]). 47 *.

basalis ZyV Selys. Ann. Soc. Ent. Beltr. 1872. p. LIX.

basiflava Herpa, Oberth. Et. d"Ent. XV. i). 21.

bellis Zyg. Hbn. Sml. Eur. Schmett. 10*.

berolinensis Zvg. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 49.

bicolor Zvg. Oberth. Et. dEnt. XX, Taf. \1I, Fig. 130*.

bieti Agai. Oberth. Et. dEnt. XI, p. 29 *.

bipunctata Zyg. Selys. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1882, p. CXIV.

bitorquata Zyg. Men. Cat. rais., p. 259.

bohatschi Zyg. Wagn. Soc. Ent. XX, p. 73.

boisduvalii Zyg. Costa. Fauna \apol. 1832 — .36.

brizae Z.\g. Esp. Eur. Schnjett. 43. 3, 4 *.

brunnea Zyg. Dziurz. .Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1903, \i. 50.

budensis Procr. Speyer. Geogr. Verbr. I, p. 466.

cacuminum Zyg. Christ. Hor. Ross. XII, p. 243 *.

calabrica Zyg. Calb. Iris VIII, p. 226.

cambysea Zyg. Led. Hor. Ross. VI, p. 86 *.

campaniae Zyg. Stgr. i. I. Seitz, Macrol. I, Bd. II, p. 22*.

capitalis Procr. Stgr. Hor. Ross. XIV', p. 317.

carnea Zyg. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 164.

carniolica Zyg. Scop. Ent. Cam., p. 189.

caschmirensis Ejiizyg. Koll. Hiigels Kasclniiii IV, p. 459 *.

caucasica Zyg. Stgr.-Reb. Cat., p. 382.

caudata Elc Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib., p. 97 *.

centaureae Zyg. Fisch.-Wald. Xouy. Mem. 1832, p. 358*.

chalcochlora Procr. Hampson. .lourn. Bombay 1900, p. 225.

chalybea Zyg. Auriv. Nord. Fjiir., p. 53.

charon Zyg. Hbn. Sml. Eur. Schmett. 21 *.

chinensis Erasm. Jord. Seitz, Macrol. I, Bd. II, p. 12*.

chinensis Procr. Fldr. Wien. K^nl. Mon. VI, p. 32.

chloronota Procr. Stgr. Hor. Ross. VII, p. 100.

chloros Procr. Hbn. Sml. Eur. Schmett., Fig. 238*.

chrysanthemi Zyg. Bkh. Nat. Eur. Schmett. II, p. 166 *.

chrysocephala Procr. Nick. Stett. Zg. 1845, p. 93.

cingulata Zyg. Dziurz. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1903, p. 48.

cingulata Zvg. Hirschke. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1905, p. 95.

cingulata Zyg. Led. Verb. Zool. bot. Ges. W. 18.52, p. 72.

cirtana Procr. Luc. Explor. Alg., p. 374 *.

citrina Zyg. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. XX, Taf. 8 *.

citrina Zvg. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 154.

clathrata' Ad. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6i. VI, p. CXVII.

cocandica Zyg. Ersch. Fedtsch. Reise, p. 28 *.

cognata Procr. H. Schaff. Schmett. Eur. VI, p. 42 *.

communimacula Zvg. Selys. .Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1882, p. C.\IV.

concolor Zyg. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. VI, p. 68*.

confluens Zyg. Dziurz. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1900, p. 117*.

confluens Zvg. Dziurz. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1902, p. 39.

confluens Zyg. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. XX*.

confluens Zyg, Strand. Nyt. Mag. 39, p. 52.

confluens ZVg. Selys. Bull. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1882. p. 113.

confusa Zyg. Stgr. Stelt. Zg. 1881, p. 398.

conjuncta Zyg. Calb. Iris VIU, p. 206.

conserta Zyg. Gr.-Grsh. Rom. Mem. Lep. R', p. 525.

consobrina Zy>;. Oerm. Faun. Ins. Eur. 16. t. 23 *.

contaminei Zy^. Boisd. Icon. II, p. 48 '.

contamineoides Zys. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 46.

coronillae Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. II *.

Corsica Zyg. Boisd. Mon. Zyg. 5, 2; 33*.

corycia Zvg. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 45.

costata Rhodops. W/kr. Cat. Lep. Het. II, p. 439.

cremonae Zyg. Stgr. i. I. Seitz, Macrol. I, Bd. II, p. 27 *.

cuneonotata .Art. Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. L. 1898, p. 328.

cuvieri Zyg. Boisd. Mon. Zyg., p. 53 *.

cyanicornis Clelea Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6). VI, p. CXVI.

cybele Phac. Leech. Proc. Zool. Soc. L. 1888, p. 596*.

Cyclops .\rt. Stgr. Rom. Mem. Lep. Ill, p. 172*.

cynarae Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. 37 '.

cytisi ZyLC. Hbn. Snd. Eur. Schmett., p. 15*.

daemon Zyg. Christ. Iris VI, p. 88.

dahurica Zvg. Boisd. Icon., Taf. 54, 7*.

davidi Agai. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. IX, p. 19*.

decora Zvg. Led. Verb. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien 18,52. p. 125.

dejeani Agai. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. .XVIII, p. 20*.

delavayi Ad. Oberth. Et d'Ent. XIX, p. 29*.

dembowskii Pseudops. Oberth. Lep. Askold, p. 7.

desgodinsi Campyl. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. IX, p. 18*.

diaphana Zyg. Stgr. Bed. Ent. Zg. 1887, p. 31.

dichroma Zyg. Hirschke. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1905, p. 94.

dilatata Zyg. Burgeff. Ent. Zeitschr. Guben XX, Xr. 22.

diniensis Zyg. H. Schaff. Schmett. Eur. VI, p. 46 *.

dirce Phac. Leech. Proc. Zool. Soc. L. 1888, p. 596.

disjuncta Zyg. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 165.

divisa Zyg. Sts,r. Iris V, p. 343.

djreuma" Phac."^ Oberth. Et. d'Ent. XVIII, p. 21 *.

doleschalli Zvg. Riihl. Soc. Ent. VI, p. 106.

dolosa Procr.' Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 69.

dorycnii Zyg. O. Schmett. Eur. II, p. 69.

dubia Zyg." Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 21 *.

duskei Procr. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. St. Pet. VII, p. 197.

dystrepta Zyg. Eisch.-Wald. Nouy. Mem 1832, p. 359*.

dziurzynskii Zyg. Hirschke. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1905. p. 93.

eboraca Zvg. Prest. Entomol. XVI, p. 273.
ecki Zyg. 'Christ. Hor. Ross. XVII, p. 123.
ehnbergi Zyg. Reuter. .Act. faun.' Fenn. IX, p. 22.
elegans Procr. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. 143.
elizabetha Eter. Wlkr. Cat. Lep. Het. II, p. 433.
ephialtes Zvg. L. Syst. Nat. (XII. ed.), p. 806.
erebus Zvg. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1867, p. 101.
erschoffi Zyg. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 76.
erythrus Zvg. Hbn. Sml. E\n-. Schmett. 87 *.
escalerai Zyg. Pouj. Bull. Mus. Paris 1900, p. 68.
escorialensis Zyg. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. VIII, p. 80.
esmeralda ProJr. Btlr. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. (4). XX, p. 394.
euchromioides Pidor. Wlkr. Cat. Lep. Het. C. M. II.
exigua Zyg. Seitz. Macrol. I, Bd. II, p. 29 *.
exsiliens Zyg. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1881, p. 398.
exulans Zyg. Hochenw. Bot. Reis. 1792, p. 265 *.

favonia Zvg. Err. Beitr. V, p. 76 *.

fausta Zyg. L. Syst. Nat. iXII. ed.), p. 807.

faustina Zvg. O. Sclimett. Eur. II, p. 99.

faustula Zvg. Stgr.-Reb. Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 388.

felix Zyg. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. I, p. 36*.

ferulae Zyg. Led. Verb. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien 1852, p. 71,

filipendulae Zvg. L. .Syst. Nat. (X. ed.), p. 494.

flava Zyg. Burgeff. Ent. Zeitschr. Guben XX, Nr. 22.

flava Zyg. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. XX, Fig. 148*.

flava Zyg. Piescz. Verb. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien 53, p. 570.

flava Zyg. Rom. Mem. Lep. I, p. 79 *.

flava Zyg. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 161.

flaveola Zvg. Esp. Eur. Schmett., 36 *.

flaveola Zvg. Zick. Natur. Sicil. XVII, p. 69.

formosa Zyg. H. Schaff. Schmett. Eur. VI. p. 45*.

fraxini Zyg. Men. Cat. rais., p. 260.

fulva Zyg. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 157.

funeralis Art. Btlr. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. (.5). IV, p. 351.

fusca Clelea Leech. Proc. Zool. Soc. L. 1888, p. 595 *.

gallica Zvg. Oberth. Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1898, p. 21.
ganymedes Z\if. H. Schaff. Schmett. Eur. VI, p. 45*.
gemina Pidor, Wlkr. Cat. Lep. het. II, p. 427.
genistae Zyg. H. Schaff. Schmett. Eur. II, p. 35.
geryon Procr. Hbn. Suil. Eur. Schmett., f. 130—1 *.

Publ. 10. V. 1909.

List of the Palearctic Zygaenidae.

33

gieseUiiigl Zyg. Wagn.
C|l:isiiiiovi Zyg. Gr.-drsli.
gloluitariae Procr. Hbn.
gl\ cirrliizae Zyg. Hbn.
gracilis Art. ITAr. Cat.
gracilis Zyg. Fiirhs
graeca Procr. -Tord.

Soc. Ent. 19, p. 149.
Hor. Ent. Ross. 27, p. 386.
Snil. Eur. Schmett. 2, 3. *
Sml. Eur. Schmett. 138. *
Lep. Het. 31, p. 127.
Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 55, p. 69.
Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 9. *

graeca Zyg. SUjr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 7, p. 105.

grasliiii Zyg. Led. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien 1855, p. 197.*

gros.si Zyg. Hirschke, Jahresb. Wien. Ent. Ver. 1905,

p. 95.
grossinanni Zyg. Uilhl, Soc. Ent. 3, \\ 83.
gueiincri Zvg. Hirschke. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. Ver. 1905,

p. 94.
gurda Zyg. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1S61. p. 152. "

liabcrliaueri Zvg. Led. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1870, p. 29.
Inuljiiui Zyg. Siijr. Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Pal. Lep., p. 384.
Iiaciiiatiiia Zyg. Roll. Ins. Pers., p. 12.
lianiil'rra Procr. -lord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 8. *
liebe Zyg. Stgr. i. I. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 28. *
hector Procr. -lord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 8. *
hedvsari Zyg. Ilbu. Sml. Eur. Schmett. 29. *
heriiigi Zyg." Ze(L Stett. Zg. 1844, p. 42.
heterogyiia Inope Stgr. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 170.
hevdenreiclii Procr. Led. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien 1852,

p. 103.
hilaris Zyg. O. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 123.
hissariensis Zyg. Or.-Grsh. Rom. Mem. Lep. 4, p. 520. *
histrionicus Campyl. Westic. Royle bot. Himal. Lep.,

p. 53. *
liol'fiuaiini Zyg. Zick. Natur. Sicil. 17, p. 69.
liuguciiiiii Zyg. Slgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 73.
Iiyaliiia Agal. Koll. Hugel's Kasctimir 4, p. 462.
Iiyaliiia Illib. Slgr. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 169. *

iberiea Zyg. Stgr. Cat. Schmett. Eur. (ed. II). p. 50.
icteriea Zyg. Led. Verh. zool. -bot. Ges. Wien 1852, p. 72.
ignil'era Zyg. Korb, Iris 4, p. 349.
iminaculata Agal. Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,

p. 344.
impellucida Inope Graes. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1888, p. 108.
iiicerta Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 72.
inl'aiista Aglaope L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 807.
inleriiiedia Zyg. Tutt., Brit. Lep. I, p. 487.
iiiterrupta Zyg. Hirschke, Jahresb. Wien. Ent. V. 1905,

p. 93.
iiiterrupta Zyg. Stgr. Cat. Eur. Lep. (ed. 2), p. 45.
irpiiia Zyg. Zickert. Int. Ent. Zeit. 19, p. 117.
italica z'yg. Stgr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (ed. 3), p. 381.
italica Zvg. Caradja, Iris 8, p. 71.
italica Zyg. Dziurz. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. 5. 1903, p. 50.

jucuiida Zyg. Meisn. Nat. Anz. Schweiz I, p. 35.
judicariae Zyg. Calb. Iris 8, p. 218.
junceae Zyg^ Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 8, p. 32.

karategini Zyg. Gr.-Grsh. Rom. Mem. Lep. 4, p. 525.
liavrigini Zyg. Gr.-Grsh. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 402.
kieseinvetteri Zyg. H.-Schdjf. Schmett. Eur., fig. 6 — 8. *
koliistana Zyg. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 27, p. 385.

laeta Zyg. Hbn. Beitr. II, 4, 2. *

laetifica Zyg. H.-Schiiff. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 44. *

laiiceolata Phauda Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 5. *

laphria Zyg. Frr. Neu. Beitr. 6, p. 135. *

laraiida Corma Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (6) 18, p. 235.

lavaiidulae Zvg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 34. *

ledereri Zyi^.' Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 320.

leeclii Pidor. -Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 11. *

leptaliiia Eter. Koll. Hligel's Kaschm. 4, p. 462.

lonieerae Zyg. Schev. Naturf. 10, p. 97.

loyselis Zyg. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. I, p. 34. *

lugduiiensis Zyg. Mill. Icon, pi. 8. *

luteola Herpa Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,

p. 341.
lutescens Zyg. Cocker. Entomologist 20, p. 152.
luteseens Zvg. Tutt, Brit. Lep., p. 434.
lydia Zyg. Slgr. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1887, p. 36.

maerens Artona Stgr. Rom. Mem. L^p. 3, p. 171.
magiana Zyg. .S7(/)-. Stett. Zg. 1889. p. 23.
magna Zyg. Stgr. i. I. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 18. *

p. 49.

. 595. *

p. 141.

p. 393.

, p. 93.

■nagiiil'ica Eter. Bllr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 5.
major Zyg. Frey. Lep. Schweiz, p. 67.
malatiaiia Zyg. Stgr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (3), p. 387.
malatiiia Zyg. Stgr. i. I. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 21. *
maiilia Zyg. Led. Hor. Ent. Ross. 6, p. 87. *
mannerheimi Zyg. Chard. Rev. Ent. Silberm. 4, p. 194. *
maniiii Zyg. Led. Verh. zool. -bot. G. Wien 1852, p. 103.
maiiza Artona Alph. Rom. Mem. Lep. 6, p. 7. *
marcima Zyg. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 12, p. 27.
maritima Zyg. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1898, p. 22.
medu.sa Zyg. Pall. Reis., p. 472.
melaleiica Clelea lord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 17. *
meliloti Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 38, p. 10.
metzgeri Zyg. Hirschke, Jahresb. Wien. Ent. 5. 1903,

p. 58.
micaiis Procr. Frr. Neu. Beytr. 4, 1. *
miltosa Zyg. Candeze. Feuille Jeun. Nat. 3, p. 47.
minima Campyl. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 19, p. 25. *
minoides Zyg. Seljjs. Cat. L6p. Belg., p. 23.
minor Zyg.' Banyh. i. I. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 30. *
mongolica Zyg. Stgr. i. I. Stgr.-Reb. Cat. Pal. Lep..

p. 383.

neapolitana Zyg. Calb. Iris S. ji. 2l)9.
nevadensis Zyg. Rinbr. Cat. And., fig. 1. *
nicaea Zyg. Stgr. Cat. Eur. Schmett. (ed. 2),
nigerrima Zyg. Zickert, Natur. Sicil. 17, p. 69.
nigra Illib. Leech. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p.
nigra Zyg. Dziurz. Int. Ent. Zeit. 19, p. 185.
nigricans Zyg. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 20, Taf. 8. *
nigrigemma Phac. Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. M. I,
nigrinus Hist. -lord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 13.
niphona Zyg. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (4) 15,
notata Procr. Zcll. Isis 1847, p. 294.
nubigena Zyg. Led. Verh. zool. -bot. G. Wien 1852

oberthueri Pseudops. Stgr. Rom. Mem. Lep. C. p. 291.
obscura Procr. Zell. Isis 1847, p. 15.
obscura Zyg. Tutt, Brit. Lep. I, ]>. 337.
obscura Zyg. Tutt, Brit. Lep. I, p. 487.
occitanica Zyg. Vill. Linn. Entom. 2, p. 114. *
ochracea Herpa Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, 2,

I'. 340.
ochracea Illib. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 341.
oclisenheimeri Zyg. Zell. Isis 1847, p. 303.
octomaculata Artona Brem. Bull. Acad. Pet. 3, p. 476.
olivieri Zyg. Bdv. Mon. Zyg., p. 98. *
ononidis Zyg. Mill. Pet. Nouv. 2, p. 249.
orana Procr. Aust. Le Naturaliste 1880, p. 284.
orana Zyg. Dup. Hist. Lep. 2, p. 145. *
orientalis Zyg. Horynuz. Soc. Entom. 17, p. 139.
orion Zyg. H.-Schdff. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 33. *
orobi Zyg. Hbn. Sml. Eur. Schmett. 133. *
oxytropis Zyg. Bdv. Mon. Zyg., p. 89. *

palustris Zyg. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 20. *
pectinicornis Chalc. L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 2), p. 807.
peuangae Thyr. Moore. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1859,

p. 198. *
perdita Zyg. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 76.
peucedani Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 25. *
phoenicea Zyg. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Ztg. 1887, p. 35.
pluto Zyg. 0. Schmett. Eur. II, p. 26.
polygalae Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 2, p. 222. *
pratti Campyl. Leech, Entomol. 23, p. 109.
pratti Phauda Leech, Entomol. 33, p. 81.
prinzi Zyg. Hirchke. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. 5, 1905, p. 94.
privata Zyg. Dnrgejj. Int. Entom. Zschr. 20, Nr. 22.
pruni Procr. Schi'ff. Verz. Wien, p. 308.
psychina Illib. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 5, p. 28. *
pulchella Eter. H.-Schdff. Auss. Schmett. f. 160—1.*
punctuni Zyg. O. Eur. Schmett. 2, p. 36.
purpuralis Zyg. Brimnich, Dansk. Atl. I, p. 686. *

ragonoti Zyg. Gian. Zool. Anz. 25, p 509. *
ramburi Zyg. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1861, p. 151. *
reniota Chalc. Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. M. 2. p. 431.
reticularis Chalc. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,

p. 344.
rhadamanthus Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 40. *
romanovi Campvl. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,

p. 346.
romeo Zyg. Dup. Hist. Lcji. 2, ii. 12.

11

u

List of the Palearctic Zygaenidae.

rosacea Zyg. Rom. Rom. M6m. L6p. I, p. 79.
rosiiiilp Zvfi. Korb, Iris 4, p. 349.
rotuiidala Illib. lord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 15. *
rultescpiis Zyg. Burijeff, Int. Ent. Zschr. 20. Nr. 22.
nibic-uiidus Zyg. Ilbn. Sml. Eur. Schmett. 137. *
riibignosa Rhodops. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,

p. 338.
rubra Zyg. Bang-H. i. I. Stgr.-Reb. Cat., p. 38G.

saugaiea Erasm. Moore. .Vnn. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20,

p. 86.
sapphiriiia Clelia Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 2. p. 465.
sardoa Zyg. Mab. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1892, p. 150.
saroplciisis Zyg. Stgr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (3), p. 380.
sarpciloii Zyg. Hbn. Beitr. II.
scabiosae Zyg. Schev. Naturf. 10, p. 97.
scovitzii Zvg. Min. Cat. raison., p. 260.
sedi Zyg. F. Mant. 101.

seiiiihxaliiia Trypan. Koll. Hiigel's Kasclim. 4, p. 457. *
.senesc-ens Zvg. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zsch. 1887, p. 36.
separata Zyg. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887. p. 74.
scpium Procr. Bsd. Icon. Taf. 56. *
scriziati Zyg. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. I, p. 33. *
spxinacula Zyg. Dziiirz. Int. Ent. Zschr. 19, p. 18."j.
sexinaculala Zyg. Burgeff, Int. Ent. Zschr. 20, Nr. 22.
sexpuiictaCa Eter. Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 2, p. 432.
sieula Zyg. Calb. Iris 8, p. 216.
sifvcrsi .Vrtona Alph. Rom. Mem. Lep. 6, p. 5. *
sinensis Illib. U7fc. Cat. Lep. Heter. B. M. 2, p. 290.
siiiica .Vrtona Alph. Rom. Mem. Lep. 9, p. 122. *
sinioa Pryeria Moore. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (4) 20, p. 86.
sniiriiotvi Zvg. Christ. Rom. Mem. L6p. I, p. 108. *
solana Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 72.
sophiae Zyg. Farre, Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. 10, p. 36.
sorreiitina Zyg. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 254.
splendpiis Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 68.
slalices Procr. L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), p. 495.
slaudinyeri Zyg. Aust. Pet. Nouv. II, p. 243.
steiilzii Zyg. Frr. Neu. Beitr., p. 278.
stDOchadis Zyg. Bkh. Rhein. Magaz. I, p. 628.
subalpina Zvg. Calb. Iris 8, p. 212.
subsolana Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1862, p. 352.
siiblristis Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 68.
suffnsa Chalc. Leeeh, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 343.
superba Artona Alph. Rom. M6m. L6p. 9, p. 121. *
.siispeela Procr. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1867, p. 71.
syl'aniea Chalc. Ot)erth. Et. d'Ent. 19. p. 33. *
syfanicuni Clelea, Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 19. p. 25. *
syraeusiae Zyg. Zell. Isis 1847. p. 301.

taniara Zvg. Christ. Hot. Ent. Ross. 23. p. 300.
laurica Zyg. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14. p. 325.

17,
P-

P-
40.

p.

139.
136.

256.

tenuieornis Procr. Zell. Isis 1847, p. 293.
tenuis Illib. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (4) 20, p. 394.
leriolensis Zyg. Speyer. Geogr. Verbr. Schmett. I, p. 462.
Ihevestis Zyg. Stqr. Berl. Entom. Zschr. 1887, p. 33
thibetana Chalc. Uberth. fit. d'Ent. 19, p. 32. *
tbibetana Piaros. Uberth. fit. d'Ent. 19, p. 31. *
totirubra Zyg. Seitz. Macrolep. 2, p. 30. *
transaipina Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. II, p. 142.
transapenuina Zyg. Calb. Iris 8, p. 213.
transearpatliiea Zyg. Hormttz. Soc. Entom.
trausiens Zyg. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1887
translucida Phac. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885,
transvena Illib. -lard. Seitz, Macrolep. 2. p. 16.
triaduni Phauda Wlk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. I, p.
trieingulata Zyg. Burgeff, Int. Ent. Zschr. 20, p. 154.
trifolor Eter. Hope. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 18, p. 445
tril'olii Zyg. Enp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 34. *
Irigonellac Zyg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 33. *
Irimaeulala Zvg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. II, p. 40 *
trivittaia Zvu'. Tutt, Brit. Lep. I, p. 507.
trivittata Zyg. Speyer, Stett. Zg. 1877, p. 41.
Iristis Procr. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir., p. 97. *
Iristis Zyg. Ol)erth. fit. d'Ent. 8, p. 29.
truc'hmena Zyg. Eversm. Bull. Mosc. 1854 III, p. 184.
turatii Zyg. Sindfss. Mitt. Schweiz. Eut. 8, p. 368.
tutti Zyg. Reb. Stgr.-Reb. Cat. Pal. Lep., p. 384.

ulniivora Inope Graes. Berl. Entom. Zschr. 1888, p. 107.
unicolor Zyg. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 20, Taf. 7. *
uralensis Procr. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 27, p. 385.

valentini Zyg. Bruand, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1846. p. 201. *
vanadis Zvg. Dalm. K. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1816,

p. 223.
vernetensis Zyg. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 8. p. 28. *
vieiae Zvg. Hhn. Sml. Eur. Schmett. 2. *
\1trina Zyg. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1887. p. 32.
volgensis Procr. Moschl. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1862, p. 139. *

wagneri Zyg. Mill. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. 92.
weileri Zyg. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1837, p. 39.
westnoodi Elcysma Voll. Tijd. Ent. 6, p. 136. *
iviedenianni Zvg. Min. Mem. Acad. Imp. Pet. (6) 3,

p. 50. *
Mufzdorffi Zyg. Ilirschke. .Jahresb. Wien. Ent. Ver.

1905, p. 94.

yarka Pseudops. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 18, p. 42. *

ziekerti Zyg. Hof/m. Int. Ent. Zschr. 18, p. 9.
zuleiuia Zyg. Pier. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1837, p. 22. *

Correction:

p. 21, line 15 from above should read: which are moreover much larger,
with the exception of the small form nevadensis.

being almost twice the size.

EPICOPEIDAE; EPICOPEIA. By A. Janet. 35

'2. Family: Epicopeidae.

Some of the species of this family inhabit Indo-Malayan territory, others the east of the Palearctic
Kegion. They are remarkable for their surprising similarity to certain species of Aristolochia-Papilios.
Among the Palearctic species E. mencia and E. hainesi, from China und Japan, imitate respectively Papilio
mencius and alcinous.

It is very difficult to find the right place in classification for this family. For, while the Epico-
peidae show certain affinities to some families, they are widely different from them in other characters.
Contrary to Hampson's opinion, the Epicopeidae appear to us to be better placed near the Zygaenidae,
especially the Chalcosiinae, than near the Uraniidae, differing from the latter by the bipectinate antennae
and the presence of intracellular veins. The very characteristic shape of the hindwing is proved by the
venation to have nothing to do with the corresponding outhne of the wing in Uranids. In this latter
family the tail-hke projections, where they are present, stand in connection with the radial and median
veins. In the Chalcosiinae, oa the other hand, the prolongations of the tailed forms {Histia, Agalope) are
traversed by the subcostals, and this is also the case in Epicopeia. However, it must be borne in mind
that the submedian veins of the two groups are different, the Chalcosiinae having two branches and the
Epicopeidae only one.

Like the Chalcosiinae also the members of the present family are very tenacious of life, and when
irritated emit a j-ellow hquid from the neck.

A ver}^ remarkable characteristic of the Epicopeidae is the wax-like exudation which completely
covers the larva and consists either of a kind of powder, or of filaments comparable to long white hairs,
e. g. in the Indian species E. polydora Westtv.

The family consists of only one genus.

Geiuis: Epicopeia Westw.

■\Iedium-sized or fairly large moths. Tongue present. Palpi small. Antennae bipectinate. Legs
rather strong; anterior tibia with a spur, middle tibia with one pair of median spurs, and hind tibia with
two pairs (median and apical). Subcostal of forewing five-branched, branch 1 free, 2, 3 and 4 stalked,
5 either free or stalked with first radial. Median cell traversed by a forked vein, which may however be
reduced to a forked fold. Discocellular strongly angulate, sometimes also reduced to a fold. Submedian
forked at the base. On the hindAving the subcostal is extraordinarily long, being sometimes more than
twice the length of the costal. It is not entirely divergent from the first and second radials, but these
three veins end in a strongly produced lobe, which is a real tail in the true Palearctic forms. Cell tra-
versed by a vein, which is seldom forked, being usually simple, and is continued by two radial veins.
The cell-vein may be reduced to a fold. Frenulum variable, absent from E. polydora Wesiiv., relatively
well developed in E. hainesi according to Nagano-Kikudjiro. — Larva with IG feet, green or
blackish, l)ut completely enveloped in a powdery, granular or fibrous wax-like substance.

E. mencia Moore (10 a). Abdomen black, above ringed with red in the ^^ forewing blackish grey, mencia.
rather dark, the veins black. Hindwing of the ,3 on the whole darker; between the tail and the anal
angle two rows of red submarginal spots which couAerge towards a rather large anal spot. In the $
these spots are paler and those of the inner row have a yelloAvish tinge. — Larva on a species of Ulmus,
called small-leaved elm by the missionaries. Its black skin is concealed by a white powdery wax-like
substance, which rubs off, but is soon replaced. According to E. Haldswoeth the larva attains a
lenght of 6 cm., and pupates in October, fastening together some leaves, which form a shelter for the
chrysalis, the latter being covered with a wax-like dust. The moth appears in June. China, Fuchow
(doubtless also further south), northward as far as Pekin. and from Shanghai to Hankow (and certainly
as far as I-chang); Corea (Oberthur).

E. hainesi. Abdomen black above. Forewing rather paler than in mencia. Hindwing with only
one row of red submarginal spots between the anal angle and the tail. Inhabits China and Japan in two
geographical races: hainesi Holl. (= simulans Leech) (10 a) vnth a red apical spot in the hindwing. Base hainesi.
and margin of the forewing more blackish than the broad grey median portion of the wing. This
form has been carefully studied by Mori-Sotaro and Na&ano-Kikudjiro ') (August 1907), who have
informed us about the life-history of the insect. According to them the species has two broods, being on
the wing in April and May and again in August and September. The two broods are only distinguishable
by their size, the summer form being larger than the spring one. From 20 larvae which pupated in Au-

') In Japanese, as in Hungarian, the surname is placed before the forename.

36 EPICOPEIA. By A. Janet. — Ali)hal)itifal List.

gust, 2 moths were obtained in the middle of September, the remaining 18 in the following April. The
larva resembles that of Geisha distinctissima Walk., and is light green, covered with a wax-like exudation
which is sometimes a white powder or consists of short threads; it lives on the plant called Yamakobashi
(Lindera glauca). It is short and compact in shape (about 25 mm long) and pupates in a cocoon formed
sinicaria. of a rolli'd-up leaf. .Japan, especially in the south (Shikoku, Gifu, Yokohama). — In sinicaria Leech the
whole forewing as far as the margin is lighter and the red apical spot of the hindwing is absent (among
about 40 specimens only one showed any signs of it). Central China, in the mountains above I-chang;
Tai-tu-ho, Siao-lu, Mupin, Yacheu, Tien-tsuen; according to Nagano also in North .Japan (Yezo).

polydora. E. polydora Westw. This, the first-known species of the genus seems, to belong exclusively to

excisa. India (Sikkim, Bhutan), but in the British Museum there is a specimen of the form excisa Btlr. (10 b),
which Savage-Landor brought from Tibet. In the shape and colour of the wings it resembles Papilio
elwesi and the 9 of rhetenor. Forewing smoky grey, veins and internervular folds black, base of the hind-
wing grey as far as a white triangular patch which extends across 5 or 6 cellules and of which the
larger portion lies proxinially to a line which would unite the tips of the costal and submedian veins.
Distally to this patch the hindwing is black. The hindmargin bears from the anal angle to the apex of
the tail a row of red spots which form ocelli near the tail, but are reduced to crescents or simple dots
near the anal angle.

caroli. E. caroli spec. (?) nov. In Sikkim and Bhutan a number of Epicopeia occur which have been

described by Moore and Butler under various names (cf. vol. 10 of Macrolepidoptera, p. 60, plate 9)
and which are obviously closely allied to philenora Westiv. Our ignorance of the early stages prevents us
from deciding whether polydora and phileiiora are distinct or only forms of the same species, caroli, of
which I have one specimen from Tseu-ku before me from the collection of M. Charles Oberthur, is
quite evidently intermediate between polydora excisa Btlr. and philenora caudata Btlr.; if philenora and
polydora are distinct species, the new form is also distinct, and I therefore name it caroli. Ground-colour
of the forewing smoky grey, the hindwing with blue metallic reflections, recalling the ^J of Papilio 'protenor.
But the characteristic sinus between the costal and subcostal gives the insect the appearance of a tailed
Papilio. The hindwing bears an almost triangular patch, as in excisa, which extends over 4 cellules; the
hindmargin of the hindwing is accompanied by pale red ocelli. In short, the moth has the shape and
colouring of philenora and the markings of polydora. The forewing bears at about ^/4 of the cell a red
costal spot. Body black, head and end of abdomen red.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic forms of Epicopeidae with a reference to the original descriptions.

* denotes that the form is also figured in the place quoted.

Macrolep. 2, p. 36. *
p. Het. B. M. 5, p. 46. *
haiiirsi I';pic. Holl. Trans. Amer. Ent. See. 16, p. 72.

raroli Kpic. -hind, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 36.* I nieneia F2pic. A/oore, Proc. Zool. See. Lend. 1874, p. 578.*

pxcisa Kpic. Bull. 111. Lep. Het. B. M. 5, p. 46. * | sinicaria Ei)ic. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. II. 19 (1897), p. 181.

SYN'l'OMlDAE. Uy Dr. A. Seitz. 37

8. Family: Syntomidae.

Nearly always small moths, which very rarely attain nearly medium size, and have a rather stout
body, lanceolate forewing and very small hindwing, which sometimes appears to be a mere appendage to
the forewing. Head small, with convex and comparatively very broad frons, and scmiglobular eyes set
far apart. Antennae usually setiform, but occasionally pectinated, or in the wasp-like forms as thick as
the antennae of wasps. Tongue nearly always strongly developed, but sometimes aborted. Palpi very
short. Legs strong, the hindlegs especially often conspicuously modified in appearance by tufts of hair,
brushes, vivid marking and colouring. Tibiae with short spurs. Forewing rather narrow with the apex
slightly rounded and sometimes somewhat widened. The cell more than half the length of the forewing,
mostly very narrow at the base and broad and truncate at the apex. The submedian forked at the base.
Where the hindwing is strongly reduced, the venation is much simpHfied; cell small; frenuhnn present.
Abdomen often very stout in the females, so that these cannot fly if the wings are shortened at the same
time. The abdomen is frequently ringed and spotted with yellow and metallic colours. — Larva quite
unlike those of the preceding group, bearing crests of hair and often brushes and long tufts. The hairs
are generally placed on rows of short warts on the back, while anteriorly and posteriorly long tufts of
hair are directed foreward and backward respectively. Very often the larvae have extremely vivid colour-
ing, being snow}^ white, bright red, etc. Pupa usually short and stumpy, the segmental incisions very
deep, otherwise wathout special characteristic. It lies in a round, egg-shaped, tough cocoon, which some-
times resembles a small bird's-egg.

-bf5*

Nearly all the Syntomids are diurnal, often marked with bright metallic colours, and show a
golden gloss when on the wing. They nearly all frequent flowers, and are so fearless when sucking that
one can take them with the fingers. When disturbed they go off with a straight, whizzing flight, similar
to that of Zygaena, and settle in the grass or bushes, some on the underside of leaves. Many of these
moths closely resemble other insects, especially aculeate Hymenoptera and mimic their movements and
mode of flight. In several tropical species {Trichura) even the sting of an Hymenopteron is mimicked by
a peculiar hairy process at the apex of the abdomen. Those insects which most closely resemble wasps
have a peculiar waist-like constriction, the perfectly egg-shaped abdomen being connected with the thorax
by a thin stalk. The colouring of these mimetic species is hke that of the model. In the Old World
where the poisonous wasps belong to the genera Vespa, Eumenes, Pollistes and Odynerus, and often have
yellow-ringed bodies, many Sj'ntomids are also ringed with black and yellow; while in tropical America,
where the best-armed Hymenoptera, belonging to the Pompilid genus Pepsis, are blue in colour, the
Syntomids are often also uniformly blue-black. In fact, one may say that there is no very poisonous
genus of Hymenoptera with an abundance of species which is not imitated by some Sj^ntomid. These
moths are very tenacious of life, and like the Zygaenas it is difficult to kill them by a squeeze. However,
the resemblance of the two families is only superficial, being caused by similarity in the shape of the wings
and body, and not by any real relationship, as has already been mentioned on page 4 of the present
volume. On closer observation many external differences \\dll be noticed; for instance, when the Syn-
tomids are resting, the wings are as a rule more spread out, while in the Zygaenae they are laid close
along the body; an exception form only those genera of Syntomids which mimic Ichneumonids and there-
fore have the wings folded close over the body so as not to betray themselves, e. g. the South American
genus Trichura already mentioned above.

The Syntomids are distributed all over the warm and temperate zones of the earth, but are
common only in the tropics and subtropics. In the temperate region of America the number of species,
which can be counted by the hundred in Central America, dwindles quickly down to 20, and there are
only 4 European species as compared with the very large number in tropical Asia. While numerous Syntomids,
often with a beautiful burnished gold colouring, inhabit tropical Africa, only one small form is known to
occur in Africa north of the Sahara.

Most Syntomids, hke the Zygaenids, appear in large numbers of individuals. The largest German
form, Synt. jihegea, may be observed flying up and down on sunny slopes in great abundance. In CTiina
Umbellifers resembling hemlock and growing along the trenches are sometimes literally covered with
the yellow-ringed species of Syniomis, so that one can simply pick them off with the killing-bottle. In
Brazil I caught over 20 different species in one hour on a patch only a few yards square overgrown with
a kind of Spiraea, and in Ceylon I once found such a multitude of Syntomis passalis, which is easily
mistaken for a wasp when on the wing, that I thought I had happened on a wasp's nest.

About 1200 forms of Syntomids are known, which Hampson classifies in about 150 genera in his
recent monograph, the genus Syntomis alone containing 150 forms. In the Palearctic region occur only
3 genera, apart from the 50 mostly Asiatic forms of the genus Syntomis.

38 SYNTOillS. By Dr. A. ^r.ny..

1. Genus: ^iyiitoiiiis (>.

Small moths, varying greatly in .size and shape, from rather stoutly built insects to slender, midget-
like .species. Head inclusive of eyes transversely oval, with broad, often bright golden-yellow or -white
frons; palpi very small, so that they often do not entirely cover the strongly developed tongue. Antennae
more than half the length of the costa, filiform, generally with white tip. Thorax in the wasp-like species
spotted with yellow on the shoulders, sides of breast, tegulae and the metathorax, etc. Legs very strongl}'
developed, the hindtibiae sometimes slightly dilated, so that they resemble the pendant hindlegs of wasps
on the wing. Abdomen either with a yellow base and a yellow belt or entirely ringed with yellow, the
latter being the case especially in East Asiatic and Indian sjjecies. On account of this j^ellow marking the
Syntomids are so like certain Eumenids and Pollistes that one can hardly distinguish them when they are
on the wing. This similarity is enhanced by the fact that the Syntomids frequent the same flowers (white
Umbellifers) on which the wasps are to be found in great numbers. If a Syntomis of the germamcs- gronyi
is disturbed, it spreads the wings without flying away and moves forward in jerks, in the same manner
as true wasps. This peculiar movement and the position of the wings renders the imitation perfect, just
as many of our Sesias, which mimic the Ichneumonids in facies, still more simulate their models by
pendulating like the Ichneumonids before the leaf on which they intend to settle.

As far as I know, only the eggs of the European species are known; they are round, yellow, small,
and are deposited in clusters. Larva dark grey, densely covered with brown woolly tufts united to form
cushions. Pupa brown, in a loose cocoon intermixed with the hairs of the larva. The moths are on the
wing in the summer, are diurnal, flying in sunshine, and the $$ are often very sluggish and clumsy.
English authors often employ the name Zygaeiut for this genus, while the red burnets which we call
Zygaena are designated with the generic name Anthrocera.

phc(icit. S. phegea L. (= quercus F.) (9 a). Blue-black, forewing with (i, hindwing with 2 white spots.

Abcl(ini(>n with a yellow ring each on segments 1 and 5. Very widely distributed over Europe

and Anterior Asia, but local, being absent from large districts, for instance the North and North-West,

ganssuensis. in the South and South-East on the contrary often abundant. — The Central Asiatic form ganssuensis

Gr.-Grsh., irom Kuku-Xor, which is not known to me, is said to have one orange-coloured band on the

pfluemeri. abdomen; the forewing bears 6, the hindwing 2 spots, as in true phegea. — pfluemeri TT'acg. (9 a) is a

form bearing 5 dots, which occurs here and there among ordinary specimens in the North, but is the

usual form in the South, for instance at the Eiviera, although specimens with 6 spots {sexmaculata Gian.)

are also found there. — In the same way, in the Caucasus one regularly meets with specimens whose an-

nigricomis. tennae are entirely black without white tips; this is nigricornis Alph. — The dots themselves may be

kruegeri. enlarged and partially confluent, e. g. in ab. kruegeri Bagusa (9 a), which KKtJGER found in Sicily. ■ —

phegeus. On the other hand, specimens with reduced spots are not rare, for instance ab. phegeus Esp. (9 b), where

the spots are smaller and some entirely obsolete, so that the forewing bears only 4 and the hindwing one

doelia. small dot. In al). cloelia Bkh. (9 b) there is only one spot on the forewing and none at all on the hind-

ci/clopaea. wing. Ab. cyclopaea Ragusa, found in Sicily, bears no spots at all on the forewing and only one distinct

iphivicdia. one on the hindwing. And in iphimedia Esp. (9 b) all spots are obsolete. — These aberrant specimens

occur among true phegea, and are common one year and rarer the next; but on the whole they are found

more frequently in the south of the region, for instance at the Eiviera, in Italy, and Sicily. — The j^ellow

eggs are deposited in clusters on blades of grass. The larvae hibernate and feed on grass or low-growing

plants; they are covered with brown woolly tufts on a black ground, and are full-grown in June. The

moths are on the wing in June and July on sunny slopes and in dry woods. The $$ have a very stout,

heavy body and comparatively short wings; they remain in the grass, awaiting the ^^.

bk-incln. S. bicincta Koll. (9 b). Similar to the preceding, but of a more slender build, the spots larger than

in large-spotted phegea, and at once distinguished from the latter by the sulphur-yellow forehead. In
Kashmir, on the northern slopes of the Himalaya, and in the valleys of its eastern ranges, in the Yang-
tse valley, and southward far into India (Calcutta).

mestraUi. S. mestralii Bugn. {= kindermanni Led.) (9 c). Body and forewing similar to those of phegea, but

the antenna entirely black with the exception of the extreme tip, spots larger, especially that below the
cell of the forewing more rhombiform than elongate-oval, and the large spot on the hindwing occupies the
whole basal area with the exception of the base itself. The wings of the ? are reduced to small, pointed
lobes, but still bear distinct white markings, although the spots are reduced to minute dots on the fore-
palcstinae. wing; from Syria. — In the form palestinae Hamps. the antenna is usually entirely black and the spots
Uba)iotua. more yellowish; fi-om Palestine. — libanotica Bang.-H., a much smaller form from the Lebanon, measuring
only 28 to SO mm. expanse, but otlu-rwisr closely resembling mestralii, the antenna having usually a white
tip, Init being occasionally without it. Caught at an altitude of SOO in., near the village of Delepta.

atiliochcna. S. antiochena Led. (9 d), from Syria, closely resembles mesiralii, the ?, like that of the latter,

having only small lol)es instead of wings, these being still more reduced than in mestralii. The species is

SYNTOMIS. By Dr. A. Skitz. 89

recognisable by the white spots on the forewing being generally much smaller; the large spot on the hind-
wing is also reduced in size, and its margins are irregular. The tip of the antenna generally white, but
sometimes black, this being the case in ah. taurica Hamps., where the spots are also still more reduced. Hyria. taitrica.

S. bactriana Ersch. (9 c). Very similar to the two preceding species, especially mestralii, but easily badrUnai.
recognised by the large, somewhat rounded, slightly yellowish spot on the hindwing which is situated
exactly before the anal angle and far distant from the apex of the wing. The wings of the $ are fully
developed. Prom Turkestan.

S. maracandina Ersch. (9 c). Resembles bactriana, the wings of the $ being also fully developed, '""''"cau-
but the wings have a strong metallic sheen with a slight violet tinge, all white spots smaller, that below
the cell often comma-shaped, the spot on the hindwing small, round, and close to the base. Specimens
with especially small spots are designated ab. cocandina Ersch. Turkestan. eocandina.

S. caspia Standf. (9 d). Very similar tu tiie preceding species, and probably only a form of it. Fore- caspia.
wing almost exactly as in maracandina, only the white spot below the cell is generally larger than the
others, and pear-shaped. The spot on the hindwing is also large, being square with rounded corners;
it is situated so close to the anal margin that the latter is reduced to a black line. Southern Russia
and Armenia and the neighbouring Turkestan.

S. sintenisi Stgr. (9 d). Much smaller than the preceding species, all spots bright yellow on a back- sintenisi.
ground with a strong blue gloss. The hindwing may bear smaller or larger transparent yellowish spots.
Central and Eastern Asia, as far as North China.

S. fortune! Orza (9 d). All spots of the forewing large, oval in basi-distal direction. The hindwing fortunei.
entirely yellowish hyaline, only the apex and distal margin blue-black, the marginal band being produced
into a tooth directed basad. Japan. The 3'(? very common in August; the $$, which are sluggish and
much smaller, rarer. — In specimens from Hokkaido the two s}iots situated below the cell of the forewing
sometimes merge together to form a long streak. In ab. erebina Butlr., on the other hand, the spots are erebina.
reduced.

S. cingulata Weber (= anetta Builr.) (9 d). Smaller, rather duller black-brown, without distinct eingulata.
metallic gloss, the spots on the forewing very elongated, only the one near the base very small. On the
hindwing the hyaline spot occupies the whole anal half. Central and Eastern China, extending in South
China onto indo-Australian territory.

S. cyssea Stall (= collaris F., schoenherri Bdv., caprea Prittw.) (9 e). Similar to the preceding, cyssea.
darker, with a stronger metallic gloss, frons and a thin collar (not visible on the plate) as well as the
first and fifth abdominal segments bright yellow. Spots on the forewing much smaller than in the preced-
ing, the two spots on the hindwing far apart, the anal one being generally larger. Kashmir, but also
distributed over the whole of Anterior India, as far as Ceylon, occurring there in large-spotted forms,
e. g. cysseoides Btlr. On high-roads, especially on the winding roads leading up the mountains, singly,
but not rare.

S. persica Koll. (9 f). Abdomen with several orange-yellow bands, thorax black. Forewing with persica.
large, longitudinal hyaline spots, hindwing quite glassy, with narrow black margin. Persia.

S. dichotoma Leecli (9 e). One of the largest and finest Syntomis of this region. Abdomen with dichotoma.
4 bright yellow rings; the first behind the thorax broad, the second and third narrow, and the fourth
on the fifth segment broad. The Iwaline spots on the forewing are often confluent, but in typical speci-
mens the two glassy spots below the cell of the forewing are separated b}^ a black bar, which goes from
the middle of the cell to the middle of the inner margin. In ab. concurrens Leecli this bar is absent, concunens.
so that the forewing presents an almost uniformly hyaline surface. In Western China and Tibet.

S. formosae Butlr. (= emma Butlr.) (9 e). Size and wing-markings almost as in fortunei, only the fonnosae.
ground-colour darker; but at once recognisable by the yellow-spotted thorax, and by all the segments of
the abdomen bearing yellow rings. In Central China (Fu-chow), also in Southern China, Formosa and
parts of India. Seems to be rai'e on Palearctic territory.

S. perixanthia Hamps. (9f). Very similar to dichotoma, but the thorax strongly spotted with light P*".'; •
yellow, and the abdomen having 7 pale yellow rings instead of 4 orange-yellow ones, these rings being
partially shghtly interrupted by a dark dorsal line. In Western China, also in Formosa. — The form
persimilis Leech is distinguished from true perixanthia by the black instead of yellow tegulae. From Ni-tu. persimilis.

S. masoni Moore (= davidi Pouj.). This species stands in the same relation to perixanthia as masoni.
concurrens to dichotoma; the marking of the body consisting of conspicuous yellow rings and spots is almost
the same. But the wings present an almost uniformly hyaline surface, owing to the absence of the black
bars. Western China, Tibet; also in Further India.

40 SYNTOMIS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

consequa. S. consequa Leech (9 e). Much smaller than the preceding species, the abdomen likewise bearing

6 light yellow belts, which are, however, quite thin, and the thorax entirely black with the exception of
the yellow tegulae. The glassy spots large, but divided into two groups by dark bars, one of these
groups lying in the basal, the other in the marginal portions of the wing. Hindwing with a longitudinal
glassy spot in the anal area. Western China and Tibet.

muirheadi. S. muirheadi Fhlr. (0 g). Head, thorax and abdomen with In'iglit orange-yellow markings. In the

5 the abdomen bears 7 fairly regular orange rings, in the J these are rather unequal, and those on the
2'"' a'ld 4"' segments constricted or interrupted dorsally. The markings of the wings also vary con-
siderably, but this is not always sexual, as Felder supposes. The specimen figured is an exceptionally black
one. The hyaline spots may merge together to form large transparent areas, which almost cover the
aucld. whole surface of the wing as in dicliotoyna concurrens. Leech has distinguished as ab. aucta specimens
in which the vitreous spot in the cell occupies the whole area of the latter, and the elongate transparent
spot below the cell is much I'ularged. Eastern and Southern China.

rtinjzona. S. euryzona Leecli (!' g). Body spotted and tinged with orange yellow as in miiirlieadi; on the fore-

wing all the hyaline spots confluent so as to form one large, transparent area, which only leaves a dull
dark-brown margin and a dark spot at the apex of the cell. In Western China and Tibet.

germana. In S. gerniana Fklr. (= thelebus Men. nee F., fenestrata H.-Schdff. nee Drunj) the thorax is very

strongly marked with orange-yellow, and the abdomen ringed with the same colour; the hyaline spots are
large but sharply separated; the largest are the one below the apex of the cell and that on the hindwing,
viandarinia. ^vhich occupies the greater part of the wing. Amurland and North China. — The form mandarinia Butlr.
(9 h) has the markings of the body more extended yellow and the hyaline spots are more sharply defined ;
but this form can hardly be distinguished from true germana on account of the great variability of the
specimens even in one locality. On the Yang-tse-kiang and in Japan. The moths are very common
locally, frequenting especially the white Umbellifers which overgrow the ditches; in June and July. Pro-
bably polymita Sparrm. (= thelebus F.), from South China, is only a southern representative of this East
Asiatic species.

pasca. S. pasca Leech (9 h). Frons yellow, thorax with fewer markings than even in the darkest germana,

the spots more reduced, the ground-colour being deeper black and more extended. Central and Western
China and Tibet.

iorquala. S. torquata LeecJi. In this species the tegulae are yellow, but the frons black; abdomen bearing

7 yellow rings; forewing with tl hyaline spots; the fringe below the apex yellowish. Central China.

acrospila. S. acrospila FIdr. (9 h). Similar to the preceding, but at once distinguished by a small, yellowish

white spot in the apex of the forewing. In East, Central and West China.

duiiihana. S. diaphana Koll. (= vitreata H.-Schdff., oenone Butlr.). This large and easily recognised species

only touches the Palearctic region in Kashmir, and seems not to occur at all in Eastern Asia, while it
is widely distributed in tropical India (Burmah, Assam, etc.). Head and thorax black and yellow, ab-
domen bearing 7 yellow rings in the <J and 6 in the $, the anterior ones of these being constricted or interrupted
dorsally. On the forewing only a spot at the apex of the cell and the margin are black, the latter being
proximally widened into rays, and on the hindwing only the margin; everything else hyaline, yellowish.
Seems to occur rather singly.

rnbrozonala. S. rubrozonata I'ouj. Frons and tip of antenna white, thorax black, abdomen with 7 purple-red

Imcoma. or orange-yellow rings, = ab. leucoma Leech (9 f). Margins and cellular spot of the forewing black.
From the margin a long black ray extends to the apex of the cell, and another broader one between the
median branches also towards the cell, Til)et and Western China.

(iraduala. S. graduata Hamps. (9 f). Also ringed with red, and distinguished by the cells of both wings being

black, there being only one hyaline stripe below the cell, and on the forewing also one beyond it, but
no spot in the cell. Kiang-Nan, China.

S. actea Sicmh. The typical form of this Indian species has not yet been found on Palearctic

swinlioei. territory, but only a variety of it. The form swinhoei Leech has a black head and frons, thorax spotted

with orange. Abdomen with 7 orange rings. Forewing with a yellow stripe below the costa and above

the inner margin, cell with a wedge-shaped hyaline spot, the other hyaline spots as in other species.

In Western China.

pratli. S. pratti Leecli. From Cent)al China: in this species the frons is spotted with white, and two-

thirds of the antenna are white; thorax black, with orange spots on the tegulae. Abdomen with (J orange
rings and black apex. Wings \\ith hyaline spots as in other species.

Publ. 11. 11. 1910. CERYX; CALLITOMIS; DYSAUXES. By Dr. A. Seitz. 41

S. xanthoma Leech (9 g). The yellow spots on the thorax small and dull, pale yellow, and abdomen xanthoma.
vvitli 7 very narrow yellow bands, the wings black-brown with a purple gloss; the hyaline spots not larger
tlian in phegea, dull in colour. Central China.

2. Genus: Ceryx WalJgr.

Closely allied to the preceding genus, but consisting mostly of smaller, slenderer insects, the only
Palearctic species being one of the most robust. Distinguished from Synlomis by the greater reduction
of the venation of the hindwing, the upper median being also absent. The hindwings therefore have still
more the appearance of being unimportant appendages to the comparatively broad forewings. On the
wing Ceryx consequently somewhat resembles Diptera, and this similarity is increased by the fact that the
movement during flight is undulating and dancing. In Hampson's classification the genus contains
39 species, some of them minute, and is distributed over India, especially the ^Malayan and Papuan
Archipelagos, as well as Northern Australia and Ethiopian Africa. Only one species, which is distributed
over India and South China, extends into the Palearctic region in Kashmir. It is worth noticing that
already Fabhioius called a species of this genus ,,Zygaena diptera" evidently considering the reduction
of the hindwings as the most important charcteristic of the insect. Nothing is known about the early
stages. The moths often vary greath' in one locality. They generally fly about '2 m. above the ground,
on sunny roads and open places in the woods. While the species of Syntomis are numerous on Um-
bellifers, I never saw a Ceryx sucking at a flower; but their strongly developed prol)oscis proves that
this occurs; perhaps they more often frequent the blossoms of trees and shrubs than of herbs. Not one
of the numerous specimens which I studied in Nature was abundant.

C. itnaon Cr. {= fusiformis Walk., approximata Walk.) (9 h). ^'er^' similar to Syntomis phegea, and imaon.
with the same yellow band on the 1st and 5th segments, but smaller and slenderer, the spots hyaline, not
white, and much larger than in phegea, or the likewise similar ,S'. fortwiei. The hyaline spots moreover
vary in size and shape; they may be partially i-educed — sargania ButJr. — or may occupy the greater sargania.
portion of the hindwing ■ — artina Builr. — or may nearly disappear altogether — mota Sicinh. arlina.

3. Genus: Callitoniis Buth.

This genus consists of half a dozen rath'^r different Syntomids, which are distinguished from other
Syntomidae by a covering of short hairs on the surface of the wings. In contrast with the preceding
genus the hindwings are more rounded, and are larger in the Palearctic forms in jiroportion to the fore-
wings. North India and Java, a less closely allied species in Celebes.

C. leucosoma Buth-. (9 h). Abdomen ringed with 3'ollow, wings dull dark brown, with light spots, leucosoma.
Kashmir.

C. syntomoides Butlr. Similar, generally darker, hindwing with a smaller spot at the base; abdomen sj/iitomoidps.
not ringed with yellow, but with only two yellow belts on segments 1 and 5, so that ther<^ is a

slight resemblance to Syntomis phegea. Also in Kashmir.

4. Genus: Dysaiixes Hh7i.

This genus contains some rather small moths with orange-yellow abdomen, along the back of
which there is a row of small black dots. Head very small, strongly resembling that of Lithosids in shape;
tongue strongly developed, palpi porrect, but short; antennae finely ciliate, these ciliae being short in
true Dysaiixes. Forewings dark brown, nearly always with some small whitish hyaline spots; hindwings
generally orange like the abdomen, and edged with a dark colour. If we adopt the genus as conceived
by Hampson, the species only occur in Europe, Anterior .\sia, Mauretania, Madagascar, and the Mau-
ritius. But in Madagascar a large number of similar Syntomids occur, all having brown forewings with
whitish spots, and orange hindwings with dark margins, which are closely allied in spite of small dif-
ferences in the antennae and venation (Micronaclia, Stictonaclia, Thyrosticta), and other very similar forms
occur in Ethiopian Africa, many of which have the colouring of Dysauves, but reach the size of Calli-
morpha dominula. The larvae are blackish grey with light warts, thin tufts of hair and light dorsal stripe;
they live on lichens in the summer, and can run exceedingly fast. The pupae in a loose cocoon. The
moths are on the wing in the hot sunshine on waste fields and on slopes, and are fond of spots over-
grown with broom and heather.

D. punctata F. (= famula Godt., serva Hbii., confamula Hbii., ancilla var. Esp.) {9 i). Forewing punctata.
dark brown, two white spots on the disc and three before the apex, the upper one standing alone. Hind-
wing orange, margin dark brown. Southern Europe, northward as far as Burgundy, Alsace, Vallais,
Southern Tyrol, Hungary, to the Ural Mts., Asia Minor, Armenia and Turan. — In hyalina Frr. (9 i), hyalina.

II 6

42

DYSAUXES. By Dr. A. Seit/.. — Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Syntomidae.

ragusaria. from South-East Europe and Asia Minor, the hindwing is hyaUne in the costal region; ab. ragusaria,

which ZiCKEKT bred at Naples together with normal famuhi and servula, resembles hyalina in the almost

(amula. entirely hyaline hindwing, but the spots on the forewing are absent. — In famula Frr., from Dalmatia,

the Balkan Peninsula, and Asia Jfinor, the hindwing is paler and also hyaline in the costal region. The

parvigutla. s])ots on the forewing, however, are small and incomplete. — In parvigutta Cltrist. (9 i), from Turkestan,

viodesla. all spots on the forewing are reduced to minute, sometimes almost invisible dots. — In modesta Krul..

from South Russia, the spots on the forewing are of normal dimensions, but with a yellow tinge instead

servula. of ivory. — servula Berce, from South Italy, France and Spain, has no spots on the forewing; — and in

separata, the Mauretanian form separata Baxfj-H. (0 i), from Western Algeria, which I, however, also found in ilm

Aures J\lts., the orange-coluur on th(f hindwing is, moreover, reduced to a l)asal spot liy the widening of

the dark margin. — Larva rather unicolourous, more densely hairy, witli the warts Init slightly paler,

on lichens on trees until June. The moths are common in South Europe; tiiey fly in .June and .Tnly

on \ery hot slopes, and when on the wing resemble a small sawfly of the genus Nematus.

ancilla. D. ancilla L. (= obscura F., quadrioculata Goeze, lemopicta Fourcr., tripunctata Scop.) (9 i). Much

larger, the brown forewing has only two larger spots and one small isolated dot before the apex, no
discal spots; the hindwing is brown in the jj and a little transparent discally, in the $ spotted with
yellow on the disc. Central, Eastern and Southern Europe, from Belgium and France to the Ural Mts.
and Turkey, from Pomerania to Naples and Southern France. Larva Idackish with light warts, broad
yellow dorsal stripe and pale lateral one, hairs not very dense, but fairly long and in tufts, until June,
on lichens (Lichen, Jungermannia). Pupa reddish brown, in a loose cocoon. 'Ihe moths fly singly on
shad}' paths, at the edge of shrubs, and in hollow roads, and are very common on the Mediterranean
coasts, but often very rare in the northern districts of their area.

syntomida. D. syntomida Stgr. (9 h). Fore and hindwing yellowish hyaline excejit lor the dark distal margin, basal

area, abdomen and tegulae orange. Forewing with dark brown cellular spot. From ^lardin in Mesopotamia.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic Syniomidae. with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is also figured in the place quoted.

acrospiht Syiit. Fldr. Novara Lep. *

ancilla Dys. L. Syst. Nat. (12), p. 835.

anliocliena Synt. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 151. *

arliiia Cer. Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 12, p. 347.

aiicia Synt. Leech, Entomolog. 31, p. 153.

baetriaiia Synt. Ersch. Fedtsch. Reise Lep., p. 29. *
biciiicta Synt. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir 4, p. 460. *

easpla Synt. .S'/ryr. Stett. Ztg. 1877, p. 176.
cinciuiata Synt. Weber, Obs. Entom., p. 109.
cluelia Synt. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. II, p. 46. *
cucandina Synt. Ersch. Fedtsch. Reise Lep., p. 31."
coneurrens Synt. Leech, Entomolog. 31, p. 153.
consequa Synt. Leech, Entomolog. 31, p. 153.
cyelopca Synt. Ragiisu, Natur. Sicil. 17, p. 20. *
cyssea Synt. Sloll, Pap. Exot. 4. *

diaphaua Synt. Koll. Hiig, Kaschmir 4, p. 460. *
dii-hotoma Synt. Leech, Entomolog. 31, p. 153.

ereblna Synt. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. .'").
ciiryzona Synt. Leech, Entomolog. 32, p. 153

(amula Dys. Frr. Neu. Beytr. 2, p. 143. *

I'oriuosac Synt. Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 12, p. 346.

fortunei Synt. Orza, L6p. Jap., p. 38.

lianssueiisis Synt. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 25, p. H, I.
{(cnnaua Synt. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 37.
graduala Synt. Hamps. Cat. Lep. Plial. I, P- 67. *

hyalina Dys. Frr. Neu. Beytr. 5, p. 152. *

iniaon Cer. Cr. Pap. Exot. Ill, p. 94. *

iphlmedia Synt. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. II, p. 49. *

krueyeri Synt. Ragusa, Natur. Sicil. 17, p. 20. *

leuconia Synt. Leech, Entomolog. 31, p. 154.
leucusoma Call. Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 12, p. 351.
libaiiutii-a Synt. Buna-H. Iris 19, n. 142.

maudariiiia Synt. Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 12, p. 349.
maracaiidiua Synt. Ersch. Fedtsch. Reise Lep., p. 30. *
masoiii Synt. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 845.*
mestralii Synt. Bugn. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1837, p. 439. *
modesta Dys. Krul. Soc. Ent. 9, p. 161.
mota Cer. Sivinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, [). 134.
iiiuirheadi Synt. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 37.

nigricornis Synt. Alph. Rev. Ent. I, p. 18.

paleslinae Synt. llamps. Cat. Lep. Phal. I, P- HO.
parvigutta Dys. Christ. Verh. Ver. Brtinn 27, il 11.
pasea Synt. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 124. *
perixantlia Synt. Hamps. Cat. Lep. Phal. I, P- 97. *
persica Synt.'iCoJL Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, M. \.

CI. 1, p. 53.
persimilis Synt. Leech, Entomolog. 31, p. 152.
pt'Iuemeri Synt. Wacq. Stett. Ztg. 1876, p. 370.
phegea Synt. L. Syst. Nat. I, p. 494.
phegeus Synt. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. II, p. 46.
pratti Synt. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1.SS9. p. 123. *
punctata Dys. F. Spec. Ins. 2, p. 207.

ragusaria Dys. Zickert, Natur. Sicil. 17, p. 97.
rubrozonata Svnt. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p.
CXVII.'

sargaiiia Cer. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 1.
separata Dys. Bnng-H. Iris 19, p. 143. *
servula Dys. Berce, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1862, p. 386.*
sintenisi Synt. Standfss. Rom. Mem. Lep. 6, p. 664. *
sivinboei Synt. Leech, Entomolog. 31, p. 152.
syntomoldes Call. Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 12. p. 351.
•'yntomida Dys. SIgr. Iris 4, p. 248.

laurica Synt. Hamps. Cat. Lep. Phal. I, p. 109.
lurquala Synt. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1889,
p. 124.

xanthoma Syst. Leech, Knlomolog. 31, p. 152.

ARCTIIDAE. By Dr. A. Seitz. 43

4. Family: Arctiidae, Tigermoths.

With this family we commence that division of the Heterocera which were formerly classified as
true Bombyces. The Tigermoths form a link between the so-called Micro- and jMacrolepidoptera, in as
much as their first and certainly eldest groups, the Lithosiinae and Nolinae, show an unmistakable affinity
to the Micro-Lopidoptera, while those genera which consist of the larger and often beautifully coloured
Arctiinae seem to be allied to the Noctuids and especially the Acronyctas.

One can hardly give a general diagnosis for the entire family, which consists of over 400 genera
and more than IJOOO species. The \enation, which is usually so constant, often varies so much in the
Arctiids that even in one specimen one side is different from the other. The group takes its German
name ,,Barenspinner" from the dense and sometimes pelty hair of the larvae, which pupate in a cocoon.
The larvae of the elder groups, those which are more closely allied to the Micro-Lepidoptera, live on
lichens, those of the other groups are generally polyphagous, and are extraordinarily greedy, often growing
very rapidh'. On the other hand, we also find species among the Arctiids whoso larvae hibernate more
than once on account of their slow growth.

The hairs of Arctiids are generally not very poisonous. They sting a little mechanically, and in some
tropical species are modified into needle-like bristles. But as regards the inflammation they cause, they
do not nearly come up to those of other Bombyces, like Lasiocampids, certain Saturnids (Htjferchiria)
and Limacodids. Many of these larvae are able to travel long distances, and all the larvae of Arctiids
may be described as agile on the whole, a characteristic which is also apparent in the moth, whereas
the pupa is often absolutely incapable of motion, and cannot even make the usual movements of the
abdomen.

The moths themselves are on the whole of a regular shape, which is characteristic of each sub-
group. Except in Argiva we nowhere find tail-like prolongations of the wings; but there are often thin
tufts of hair or discs with raised scales on the wings; and occasionally there are knot-like swellings at
certain points on the wings; etc.

Nowhere do we meet with mimetic resemblance. Only the very smallest species are sometimes
adapted to their surroundings; the larger forms are quite conspicuous in shape and colouring, and fly
fearlessly in day-time, though they may normally be night-fliers. They are protected by the very sharp
and aromatic oil which exudes from two openings in the thorax behind the collar w-hen irritated, and
which in its effect on the tongue resembles that of the Zygaenas and Syntomids, and sometimes gives
the living moth a characteristic odour of fennel or musk, etc.

Hampson, who has monographed the greater part of the Arctiidae. has attempted to give a
characterisation of the entire group from the venation, but the classification based on the neuration com-
pelled him to remove from the Arctiids certain groups which undoubtedly belong to them, viz. Nyctemera,
Cullimoriilia, Perkopis, etc. On the whole we may nevertheless accept it as a character common to all the
Arctiids s. str. that the costal and subcostal of the hindwing are coincident for some distance, while
these veins in other moths often only touch, e. g. in the Noctuids, and remain separate nearly throughout,
and in the other Bombyces are generally altogether separate or only united by a transverse veinlet. We
abstain, however, from a generally applicable definition which is based on a single organ, and only
characterise the Arctiids as usiialh' brightly coloured agile moths, many of which have the habits of
butterflies, the tongue being usually well developed and the legs strong and very mobile. The antennae
of the $$ are usuallj' setiform, those of the (^^ also sometimes hardly or only slightly pectinate, more
rarely with long, feathery pectinations. Larvae stout, sometimes densely covered with hair; pupae stumpy,
generalh- smooth, often appearing polished. Their distribution extends over all the continents and larger
islands as far as the Arctic zone.

We here divide the known Palearctic Arctiids into the following groups, which do not represent
scientifically established subfamilies, but are only artificial divisions proposed for the sake of lucidity:

1. Nolinae. 5. Spilosominae.

■1. Lithosiinae. G. Arctiinae s. s.

8. Hypsinae. 7. Callimorphinae.

4. Micrarctiinae. 8. Nyctemerinae.

A few^ other groups w^hich should be placed with these, such as Phaegopterinae, Pencopinae, etc.,
have no representatives in the Palearctic fauna.

U NOLA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

1. Group: Nolinae.
This group col)sistt^ of about "iUO species distributeil over tlie wiiole globe, about one-fifth of which
occur in the Palearctic region. A conspicuous feature of these moths are spots on the wing with erect
scaling. The wings themselves are rather broad, grey or brown in colour, with fine and sharp markings.
'J"he tongue may be aborted, but is usually strongly developed; frons and face densely covered with hair;
palpi variable in length. Legs slender with long tibial spurs. Larvae stout, hairy, the larvae living exposed
are covered with thick, long, hairy fur. Thoy live on lichens, the inside of stalks, or even on leaves, into
which they do not, however, eat holes, l)ut of which they only gnaw off the surface, leaving the stratum
of the leaf. They pupate in a boat-shaped cocoon; the pupa is thin-skinned, and the moths appear after
three or four weeks in the summer. The insects settle on trunks of trees and on the underside of leaves,
often also on telegraph poles. The European species are not common, many being even rare and mostly
very local. They are on the wing at night, only flying in day-time when disturbed, and their movements
resemble those of the Micro-Lepidoptera.

Herrich-Schaffeb pointed out their close relationship to the C'ymbids and Sarrothripids,
which is very evident in the shape of the cocoon, as well as in the structure of the bodj-. But as
Hampsox places Hyblaea, Bleniva and other undoubted Noctuids among the Sarroihropinae, the genera
Sarrothripa, Earias, etc., may be separated from the Nolinae and be dealt with among the Noctuids.

1. Genus: No I a Leach.

This genus embraces about 40 species, which are distributed over the entire globe. By far the
greater number inhabit Australia, from where over a dozen forms are already known. Only one species
occurs in Europe; the remainder of the genus is scattered over all parts of the globe. The Nolas have a
rather large, ovate head, strongly convex, large eyes, no ocelli, long poi'rect palpi with a densely scaled
middle segment. The antennae are considerably more than half the length of the costa, and strongly
ciliate in the ^. Thorax strongly built, without tufts; legs slender, the middle tibia with a pair of spurs.
^Vings very broad, with strongly curved costal margin, and long oblique outer margin, the margin of the
hindwing rounded and bearing long fringes. Abdomen regularly cylindrical, projecting beyond the anal
angle only very slightly or not at all. The larva of only one species is known, stout, with 14 legs,
rather sparse!}- covered with hairs; pupa a little depressed in the centre. The moths like to settle on
barked timber, e. g. telegraph jjoles.

cueulalella. N, cuculatella L. (= palliolalis Hbn.) (10 b). Forewing light ash-grey with dark grey-brown basal

area, which is separated from the light grey outer portion of the wing by a black curved line with a
whitish edge on the outer side. In this cuculatella differs from Roeselia togatulalis, which is the only
similar species, but is twice as large. The whole of Central and South Europe, Spain, Italy and the
Balkan Peninsula. — In continental specimens the Mhitish grey outer portion of the forewing is usually fairly
uniform in colour, with hardly any darker shading. — In English specimens this outer portion is dark

fuliffinalis. brownish; this is fuliginalis StcpJi. — Larva flat and short, with hairy warts, yellowish grey with broad,
light, dorsal stripe, dark lateral lines and black head. It hibernates, and feeds until May or the beginning of
June, lives on fruit-trees, sloes, white-thorn, mountain-ash and other deciduous trees; it pupates in a boat-
shaped cocoon which is intermixed with woody fibres, the walls being firt built up and the cocoon then
closed at the top. The moth not rare in July, on boards and fences.
impura. N. impura Mann (10 c). Like the preceding, but the dull white outci- portion of the forewing

crossed by transverse ochre-brown shadowy stripes, one of which contains the minute discocelhilar dot.
Asia Minor, Palestine and Syria, also from Brussa.
cmmbi- ^_ crambiformis Bebel. Dirty ashv grev, forewing with a iialr brownish tinge; a transverse line,

externally elbowed below the cell, between the basal third and the rest of the forewing; another line,
light, edged with dark on its inner side, and bent at the costa in the $, borders the outer portion and
runs straight from the costal to the inner margin. A dark, irregular, wavy line runs through the marginal
area itself. The same size as impura, Iiut the body more delicate and slenderer; moreover, it is character-
ized by ver}- long, porrect palpi, which give the insect the appearance of a Crambus. One ^ from
PC'XGELERS collection from Uralsk; the $ described by Rebel from specimens from Orenburg.
viiasnia' ^* "I'COphasma Bull. Only in Japan, where it reaches the Palearctic region on the main island;

otherwise an Indian moth. The outer portion of the forewing is traversed by rows of spots instead of
transverse shadowy lines; hindwing thinly scaled. On the forewing the erect scales are in the same places
as in cueulalella, viz.: above the base, over the centre of the wing, and below the costa before the apex
of the cell.

phaea. N. phaea Hamps. (10 c). Only the $ known. Uniformly dark grey-brown in colour, shaded with

black, the central portion sHghtly darker; a blackish longitudinal spot above the base and another above
the apex of the cell of the forewing. I-chang on the Yang-tse-kiang.

KOESELIA. Bv Dr. A. Seitz. 45

2. Genus: Roeselia Hb

■n.

Generallj' more strongly l>ailt moths, resembling the preceding in the shape of tJie wings and facies.
Head proportionately smaller, forehead narrower, palpi often curved downwards or porrect; antennae long
and slender, ciliate or bi-pectinated in the (J. Wings broad, the apex being sometimes more pointed than
in Nolo, subcostal of forewing with 4 branches. Larva from brownish j-ellow to flosh-colour, on deci-
duous trees; it gnaws the epidermis from the leaves, so that a white, minutely reticulate spot results.
Pupa in a boat-shaped cocoon. About 50 species known to-day, which are distributed over all temperate
countries, with the exception of continental Africa, whence no form has been recorded; two species,
however, are known from Madagascar.

R. togatulalis Hbn. (10 c). Forewing ashy grey, clouded and marked with a duller shade. A logahdalis.
blackish brown shadowy stripe, slightly convex on the outer side, runs through the centre and divides a
larger outer portion from a smaller inner one. Through the outer area runs a sinuous darker hne, which
is more distinct at the inner margin. In Central and Southern Europe, and Asia Minor, in sandy districts.
Larva bright foxy red, fairly densely covered with hairs; with dark lateral stripe. Until May on low
oak-bushes, in sunny spots. Pupa brown in a yellowish boat-shaped cocoon, attached to twigs of oaks.
The larva remains on the under.side of leaves by day, but easily betrays itself by the unmistakable reti-
culate transparent spot in the leaf. Moths at the end of June and July. They must be immediately
killed, as they begin to fly very soon after emerging from the chrysalis.

R. albula Schiff. (= albulalis Hbn.) (10 c). Much smaller, scarcely half as large as the preceding, albida.
Ground-colour of forewing whitish, the median shadowy stripe narrower, forked towards the costa. Hind-
wing lighter at the base. In the $ the dark shadowy transverse line which runs through the centre of
the forewing is a little broader. In ab. fascialis Spul., the whole median area is darker and the marginal fascialis.
area grey-brown, the latter being traversed l)y the sharply defined light wavy Hne. The whole of Central
and South Europe, northward as far as Finland and Great Britain, throughout Northern Asia to Corea
and Japan, here on the main island and Kiushiu. — Larva pale yellowish brown, with shorter whitish
hairs and single long brown bristles, with double grey dorsal stripe and uninterrupted black subdorsal line.
Until June, on brambles and watermint; the moth in July, not common.

R. scripta Moore (10 c). Only as large as albula and not unlike it in the markings, but the whole scripia.
insect almost uniformly slate-grey, slightly tinged with blue: the hindwing also unicolourous, not lighter
at the base as in albula, where the basal portion of the hindwing is almost white. Kashmir; the almost
inseparable form inscri'pta Moore occurs on Indian territory (^Sikkim).

R. gigantula 8igr. {= gigas Butl.) (10 d). Twice as large as the two preceding species, similar to gigantula.
toyatulalis in shape and size, but the apex of forewing more pointed. Uniformly brownish grey in colour,
in the outer portion of the cell a dark, silky patch of raised scales, and similar smaller patches below the
costa near the base and before the apex of the forewing. The latter is traversed by several dark wavy
lines, which often portion off a slightly darker median area, which is broadened at the inner margin.
Near Amasia in Asia Minor, on the Ussuri, and in Japan on the main island and Hokkaido.

R. maculata Sigr. (10 d). As large as gigantula and with similar markings, but the wings con- maculata.
siderably lighter; the outer area of the forewing almost dull white, distinctly traversed by dark dotted
lines beyond the centre and before the margin. The patch of raised scales in the cell very densely scaled,
dark and conspicuous, hindwing light grey, only darker towards the apex. In Amurland, on the Suifun
(DoERRiEs), and near Vladivostock (Graeser).

R. nitida Hamps. (10 d). Size and shape as in the preceding, but basal and outer portions of the nitida.
forewing silvery white, a dark costal spot at the base and a brownish yellow transverse band before the
centre. Before the apex a smaller costal spot, from which proceeds a dark, dentate line which is inter-
rupted at the submedian and borders the marginal area, the latter being slightly tinged with copper-
colour and several times constricted. In Kashmir, also distributed over the Indian Himalayas. — Larva
according to Harford pale yellow, first and last segments orange; on segment 3 a double black spot
and a single one on segments 6, 10 and 11, a red hairy tuft behind the head. On Ilex, chewing the
edges of the leaves from underneath. At each change of skin the old skin remains hanging on the hairy
tuft behind the head. Pupa boat-shaped, attached to a twig and covered with l)its of bark, also the
red tuft of hair and the old head-capsules being used.

R. fumosa BuU. (= strigulosa Stgr.) (10 d). Much smaller than the preceding forms. Dark grey, the fumosa.
darkly shaded median portion edged basally by a line which is convex at its inner side and finely dentate
at on its outer egde. Wavy lines, interrupted several times, traverse the median and marginal areas.
The raised patches of scales below the costa small and low. Amurland, Corea and main island of Japan.
In July, locally common. Larva in May and June on oaks (Graeser).

46

MDIEEASTEIA, MELANOGRAPHIA. Bv Dr. A. Seitz.

bryophilalis. R. bryophilalis SIgr. (10 d). Similar to the preceding, only darker grey; but the dark transverse

stripes which cross the median portion are visibly darker, especially in the costal area of the forewing,
and form an obtuse angle at the median. A white, comma-shaped dash is placed below the middle of
the costa. In Amurland and on Askold, end of June and July.

triangulalis. R. triangulalis Lefc/i (10 d). Similar to the two preceding, also dark grey, but much larger, as large

as gigantula and iogaiulalis. Large black raised blotches are situated at the base, in the middle of the cell
and in the apex of the cell of the forewing. The sUghtly curved outer discal line bounds the hghter
marginal portion, which is also traversed by an irregular darker yia\y line. Japan (Satsuma).

liijrunula. R. tigranula Piingl. (10 d). Forewing clear silvery white with the usual raised blotches of scales

near the base, before the middle of the costa, and in the apex of the cell; hindwing uniformly dark grey
with light fringes. Found by Korb at Kasikoparan in Eussian Armenia.

costalis. R. costalis Stgr. (10 e). As large as the preceding, but the forewing duU instead of clear white,

and traversed by dirty grey bands before the margin and in the centi-e. Hindwing lighter grey than in
iigranula and a little smaller. The patches of scales small Ijut rather high; there is generally a black spot
near the one at the apex of the cell. Near Chabarovsk in Amurland, at the Ussuii and on Askold, in July.

aculidu. R. acutula Piingl. (10 e). One of the most delicate forms of the genus; forewing long, pointed and

proportionally narrow, thinly scaled, light yellowish grey. The 3 usual patches of scales near the base,
at the centre and at the apex of the cell. A curved line, concave towards the base and running directly
onto the patch of scales situated in the middle of the cell, on which it is acutely elbowed, bounds the
rather darker basal area. The marginal area is limited by an outer transverse line, S-shaped and inter-
rupted at the median vein. Hindwing transparent light grey-brown, with very long fringes. Found by
RfcKBEii. near Aksu in Turkestan, in ilay.

striguki. R- sfrjgula Schiff. (= strigulalis Hbn., lineolahs Ev.) (10 e). Considerably smaller than the preced-

ing, but with much brighter and more vivid markings. The 3 patches of scales at the base, middle and
apex of the cell rather large. Before and again behind the centre of the forewing there is a slightly
curved dark transverse line edged with a lighter shade. In the basal and marginal areas the black veins
are sharply defined on the light ground. Throughout Europe with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula,
from Scandinavia to Italy, and from France and England to the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. —
In specimens from Great Britain and Ireland the outer portion of the wing is darker; this is the form
inonachalis. monachalis Haic. — Larva more or less reddish yelloM" ochre, with broad yellow dorsal line edged with
brown, with light hairs, a black spot on segment 7; head dark brown with a yellow triangular spot.
Until the beginning of June, on young oaks. Cocoon like parchment, intermixed with fibres of bark.
Moth in June and July. Pungeler informs me that he considers Treitschke'.s statement that it
also occurs in April a mistake. Anyhow, the occurence of a second brood in Central Europe has not
been proved.

3. Ueiuis: Hiiuerastria Butl.

The name is taken from a superficial resemblance of this genus to the Noctuid genus Erastria,
which caused the author of the first discovered form to describe it as such. Distinguished from the
preceding genus liy tiie .intennae of the o, which are ciliate and not bipectinate. 4 species are known,
one of which occurs in North America, another very small one in Ceylon, the two others inhabiting the
Palearctic region.

M. mandschuriana Oherih. (10 e). Thorax and forewing white, the median area brownish with light
and dark shading; a white submarginal line shaded with brown on both sides; abdomen and hindwing
hght brownish grey. From Suchan and Ussuri, near Chabarovsk and Yladivostock, on Askold, in Corea
and Japan.

longivenlris. M. longiventris Fou]. (10 e). Size and shape of the wings as in the preceding, but more robust,

with stouter thorax and larger head. The inner portion of the marginal area of the forewing, which is clear
white in mandschuriana, as well as the basal portion are shghtly clouded with brown. Near Mupin in
Sze-chuen; also found in Further India.

mand-
schuriana.

4. Genus: Melauog'i'apliia Hamps.

This genus, erected b\- Hampsox for only two species, is Indian, but one of the species has also
been found in Fuchow and Tse-kiang. According to Hampsox it is distinguislied from Nola by the
branch of the subcostal which runs to the outer margin of the forewing and which IL^vmpsox calls vein 7,
originating beyond the subcostal vein 10 in this genus, while in Nola it branches off before the origin of
that vein.

CELAMA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 47

M. flexilineata Hamps. The only species occurring in tlio Palearctic region, wliich is unknown to flexilineata.
me in Nature, is described as grey sprinkled with brown dots, with raised scales near the base, in the
middle and at the end of the cell; the basal portion is tinged with a brownish shade; the line^ which
hounds it is black and l)ent at the cell, below it and at the siibmedian; traces of a parallel line are
indicated on its inner side. The line bounding the outer portion begins at the centre of the costa, and
continues in the shape of a curve which is proximally concave.

5. Genus: Celaiiia Wdk.
GO species are known of this genus, which is distributed over all five continents. The insects
are generally quite small grey moths, with a compaiatively strong body and broad wings. Tongue well
developed, palpi porreet, projecting for the length of the head. Spurs of the tibiae well developed. The
antennae of the ,5 may lie either pectinate (Subgenus DeJtapterum Hamps. and Celama s. dr.), or ciliate
(Subgenus Epizmctis Mcijr. and Arailnipha Walk.). The larvae of only very few species are known; they
resemble those of LHhosia and some of them like these feed on lichens. Pupa in a cocoon made of tho
leaves of trees, ami sometimes also covered with lichens. The moths are on the wing in July, and rest
on boards and trunks of trees covered with lichens, their wings being folded flat in roof-shape. Many species
appear to be very rare.

C. cicatricalis Tr. (10 e). Ashy grey, forewing thickly dusted with brown, with three patches of eicalricalis.
raised scales, near the base, in the middle and at end of the cell. A number of curved hnes, sometunes
reduced to rows of spots, run from the costa to the inner margin. Sometimes all the markings are inter-
rupted by the dark irroration, and the wings then have a checkered appearance, as if they had been
sprinkled with fine pepper. Spuler names specimens with smoke-grey wings ab. infumatalis. Central infumatalis.
Europe and Central and Eastern Asia, specimens exactly like European ones being found as far east as
Chabarovsk and Yladivostock (Staudinger) ; in Europe southward to Southern France and Central
Italy. Larva similar to that of Lith. deplana, in June and the summer on lichens on oaks and beeches.
The moths from hibernating pupae in the spring (Pungeler, Griebel), and again in July and August
(Spuler) on^he trunks of beeches, not rare locally.

C. ancltlitalis H.-ScMff. (= tuberculalis Mann) (10 e). Very similar to the preceding species, but ancipitalis.
more robust, the thorax broader, with black centre, the abdomen ringed with dark brown. The forewing
broader, with longer outer margin, more even grey colouring, the markings thinner and more complex,
the lines which in cicatricalis are simple being mostly doubled or even trebled in consequenc of the appear-
ance of dark and Hght borders. The spots of raised scales as in the allied species. From Croatia and
Dalmatia, appears to be rare.

C. confusalis H.-Schdff. (--= cristulalis Dup.). Tntermediate between the two preceding in size and confusalis.
colouring, but the markings coarser, the lines more distinct, especially that which separates the margnial
and central portions. This hue starts with a dark costal spot before the costal spot of raised scales,
runs around the apex of the cell in a large curve, is angulate at the lower radial branch, and at the
submedian once more forms a shallow curve towards the margin. Several small hnear teeth project from
it basad. Hindwing with very long and extremely fine whitish fringes. Distributed over the whole of
North and Central Europe as well as over the northern part of Asia; from Scandinavia and Finland
southward to Northern Italy, and from Belgium and France eastward to Amurland, North China and
Japan; also in Northern India. — Larva green or brownish with light dorsal stripe and small yellow
warts bearing dark hairs; on segment 6 a brown transverse spot; in the autumn on bushes of oak. Pupa
in a cocoon ornamented with bits of leaves, between leaves; moths in April and May, on tree-trunks and
boards, not rare.

C. centonalis Him. (? = aerugula Him.) (10 f). Very variable, usually recognisable by the lighter centonaiis.
marginal portion contrasting with the checkered grey median area. Slightly smaller than the preceding,
the forewing more pointed, the hindwing shorter; the first transverse line bent at the median, the posterior
one finely and irregularly dentate. Hindwing wdth a lighter marginal area, w hich is straight at the margin-
al side. Throughout Europe and Northern Asia, from Finland and Livonia to Corsica and Spain, and
from England and France to the Amur, China and Japan, where it occurs on the Main Island and Hok-
kaido. — atomosa Bre7n. (10 f), which is the usual form in Eastern Asia, also occurs in Europe as an aber- atomosa.
ration, near Aachen (Pungeler) and at the Riviera. It is almost quite white. — In al). candidalis candidalis.
Stgr. the median area of the forewing is more unicolourous. — turanica Stgr. is smaller and the forewing turanica.
of the (J has scarcely a vestige of brown; Ferghana. — The form impudica Chrid. is perhaps also to be impudica.
placed here. — Larva flesh-coloured, covered with dark yellow-brown hairs, with yellow dorsal stripe
edged with dark, and running through a row of dark V-shaped markings; very fine lateral stripe and
black-brown head; on species of clover and other herbs, also on birches (Bering). More often on sandy
ground; moth in June and Jul\\

48 CELAMA. Bv Dr. A. Seitz.

crislahila. C. cristatula Hhn. (= cristulalis Him.) (10 f). A little smaller still than the preceding; a light

line geneialiy nniri between the marginal and central areas, curving outwards towards the margin
behind the apex of tiie cell, following the outer transverse line. Chiefly in Central Europe, Germany,
subchlayny- \xii~triii, and Switzerland, northwards into Russia and southwards as far as Spain. — subchlamydula Sigr.
occur.s in South Europe, in Spain, Italy, Dalmatia and Greece; also found as an aberration in Baden
(Gauckj.er). In this form the forewing is shaded with brown, especially the central area, and sprinkled
minutalis. with small black scales. — minutalis Leech (10 g) is an Eastern form, described from Japan, with an
uniformly whit(* forewing and less distinct transverse hnes. It is perhaps better placed with the next
species. — Larva similar to that of cenionalis, violet brown or greenish with dark dorsal line running
across some V-shaped marks, and yellow warts bearing brown hairs. Until .Tune, on water-mint ami
Teucrium: the moths local but not rare, in June and July.

"^^^'laUs' ^' chlamitulalis Hbn. (= chlamydulalis Tr.) (10 f). Forewing creamy white, with rather faint

nuirkings; the marginal area dark with irregular edges, and traversed l)y light and dark lines. Hindwing
whitish, with grey curved shadows on the disc and before the margin. In South and South-East Europe
as well as in Asia Minor. Larva yellow with l)lack head, reddish dorsal line, and dark, wavy lateral
stripe, above and below which there are dark spots. In the autumn, on Odontitea lutea; the moths in April.

Candida. C. Candida Biitl. (10 g). Wings of the (J more rounded. Forewing white with dark base and

margin, and black-brown median band; hindwing almost clear white. The moth is very similar to a small
$ of Roe.^eUa albuJa. In the hght marginal portion before the outer margin there is a dark W-shaped
mark, and behind the middle of the forewing a dark dot. North China, Corea, Japan.

aiifjiilata. C. angulata Moore (10 g). Very small, forewing white, slightly tinged with brown, especially at

the costa and outer margin. Directly behind the base, before and behind the middle as well as before
t\u' margin there are dark transverse bands of varying width; hindwing very slightlj' tinged with brown,
especially at the costa. In Kashmir, but also distributed over the Himalayas and the whole of Anterior
India, as far as Ceylon.

squalida. C. squalida Sfgr. {= musculalis Saalm., fraterna Moore, vanhasselti Heijl., ceylonica Hamps., des-

niotes Tur)i.) (10 g). An extremely small, but very variable insect. Three transverse bands traverse the
lighter ground-colour, which is almost pure white in typical specimens; the first of these is near the base,
the second, which is lighter in the centre, crosses the median area and bounds it marginally, and a third
runs along the margin. However, the ground-colour of the forewing may be more or less dusted with
grey; only the outlines of the dark transverse bands may be distinguishable; a dark median spot may
bo hidden in the dark middle shadow, or may be quite distinct. If all the forms which Hampson places
in this species belong together, its area of distribution is very large, and extends over South Europe
(Spain) and Asia Minor eastward to the Pacific coasts of China and from Kashmir tliroughout India and
Austraha, over the Malay Ai'chipelago and tho South Seas; also over Madagascar.

innocua. C. innocua Bull. {= costimacula Stgr.) (10 g). In this species the transverse bands of the forewing

are replaced by costal spots; only the one before the centre is continued as a narrow line to the inner
margin, 'i'his line is more angulate at the median in specimens from the Ar.nir and Formosa than in
those from Japan. Amur, Formosa, Japan; caught in June.

flexuosa. C. flexuosa I'ouj. (= sikkima Moore) (10 g). Larger and more unicolourous than the preceding;

forewing dull leather-yellow to greyish yellow, the proximal median line strongly curved and bounded
basally by rows of brownish dentate spots, and marginally by light edges. Hindwing whitish in the (^,
dull brown-grey in tho $. j\Iupin in West China, also in North India.

karelica. C. karelica Tengstr. {= arctica Schoi/., obsoleta Btr.). This species is said to have a white head

and collar; abdomen slightly tinged with grey- brown. Forewing w^hite with the usual patches of raised
scales in the middle and at the end of the cell; a few costal dots near the base. The first transverse
line not reaching the inner margin; the outer one finely dentate. Hindwing whitish in the ^, dull and
inconspicua. -pah in the $. In Finland and South Waranger, on peat-moors. — In the form iticonspicua Alph. the
median portion of the forewing is suffused with reddish brown; from Kuldja.

aegyptiaca. C. aegyptiaca Snell. (10 g). Scarcely more than half the size of flexuosa. Forewing dull reddish

grej^ the basal i)ortion beneath the costa sprinkled with black. The outer portion of the forewing slightly
lighter; the patches of scales in the middle and apex of the cell dark. The outer line is composed of
black dots, encircling the apex of the cell, being broader from the median, dark brown, distinct, reaching
the inner margin beyond the middle of the latter three small curves. This outer line is edged with light
(listally. Another light line extends along the margin in irregular waves; a broad dark line runs over the
base of the fringes. Hindwing almost transparent, duller at the apex and margin. From Egypt.

thymula. C. thymula Mill. (10 g). Grey, forewing slightly tinted witli yellowish brown, the marginal area clearer

grey. The inner trans\erse band runs from the costa first in tlie direction of the outer margin, but then curved

Publ. 14. II. 1910. PEXINOLA; POECILONOLA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 49

sharply elbowed on the central patch of scales, and then runs as a deep black line almost directly to the
inner margin. The outer transverse hne curves sharply towards the margin already on the subcostal,
encircles the apex of the cell in a broad double curve, and is accompanied on ist inner side by a pale
parallel line. There are a few brownish shadowy spots distally at the costa. In Southern France and in
Spain. — Larva dull brownish yellow, with black head, small hairy yellow dorsal and dark lateral warts,
a dark dorsal line and a red lateral one. Pronotum black, with pale divisional line. On thyme.

('). Genus: Pexiiiola Hamps.

In 1900 IIampsox erected this genus for a $ found at Yatung in Tibet, and placed it at the
end of the Nolinae. This seems scarcely the correct place for the insect — which is, however, unknown
to me — , if IIampsox is right in excluding Sarrothripa, to which Pexmola seems to me to be nearly
related, from the Arctiids and placing that genus among the Noctuids. As I have not had an opportunity
of examining the specimen, I here verbally quote Hampson's diagnosis:

Proboscis fully developed; palpi porrect, extending quite three times the length of head and
strongly curved downwards, the '2nd joint fringed with hair above and with tuft at extremity' Ijelow,
the 3rd well developed; antennae of $ minutely ciliated; legs long and slender, the spurs long.
Forewing elongate, narrow, the apex produced and acute; veins 2 and 3 curved, the former from
close to angle of cell, the latter from angle; 4 from angle; 5 from above angle; 6 and 7 separate
from below angle of cell; 8, 9 shortly stalked; 10, 11 from cell free. Hindwing with vein 2 from
middle of cell; 3, 5, from angle; 4 absent; G, 7 coincident; 8 from middle of cell; the median
nervure and vein 1 strongly pectinated above.

P. longirostris Hamps. 9- Head, thorax and abdomen grey-white, strongly mixed with black, lomjirostris.
Forewing grey, suffused with olive-brown and strongly irrorated with black; an antemedial ridge of
blackish scales tipped with white from subcostal nervure to vein 1 ; tufts of similar scales below the cell at
origin of vein 2 and at upper angle, the latter with indistinct blackish line from it, bent outwards above
inner margin; a diffused dark waved subterminal line. — 32 mm. — 1 $. Yatung.

7. Genus: Poecilonola Hamps.

Hampson places into this genus 3 forms which, besides a shght difference in venation, are only
distinguished from most other Nolinae by the somewhat more upturned palpi. The species are among
the largest of the whole subfamily, and are rendered rather conspicuous by the varied and contrasting
colours. One species inhabits Ceylon, another the Indian Himalayas. A few years ago an additional form
has been described from the Palearctic Himalayas.

P. chionobasis Hamps. (J: palpi and forehead black; vertex and thorax pure white; antennae dark chionohasis.
brown excepting the tip, and a spot on the metathorax of the same colour; breast, legs and abdomen of a
brown tint, tarsi ringed with white. Forewing pure white; at the middle of the costa a large triangular
spot which bears dispersed silvery scales, and whose apex reaches to the median vein, its outer margin
being strongly- indented; marginal area black-brown, its inner edge wavy, and elbowed towards the cell at
vein 3; an irregular row' of black markings before the margin. Hindwing with white basal half and brown
outer half. 14 mm. Described by ITami'Son from a single <^ from tlie Kangia- Valley (Kashmir).

2. Group: LLthosiinae.

This group consists of about 250 genera with a little more than a 1000 known species; and we
must suppose that the greater number of forms of many genera have not yet been discovered. Many
genera resemble Microlepidoptera in appearance and as the Microlepidoptera are notoriously much neg-
lected by collectors, it is certain that many Lithosiinae have been overlooked. Certain species, moreover,
avoid the hght, remaining hidden in bushes or in crevices of bark, where they are well concealed, and
seldom or never fly in day-time. As has already been mentioned in the introduction to the family, most
lepidopterologists recognise in the Lithosiinae a very old group, an ancestral form, from which many of
our modern chief groups have arisen by development in different directions. There is an unmistakable
affinity to the Noctuids; on the other hand, an almost uninterrupted line of transitional forms leads to the
brightly coloured diurnal tiger-moths, which inhabit the temporate regions, and to the more tropical
Agaristidae, which occur especially in warmer countries. Undoubtedly the Lithosiinae are closely allied to
the Nolinae, but the larvae have 16 legs, i. c the first pair of abdominal legs is not aborted. On the
other hand, in the arrangement of the hairy warts the larva resembles the Syntomids, and the moth

II 7

50 STIGMATOPHORA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

itself also shows some affinity to them. Among the Noctuids they seem especially to be connected with
^arrothripa and Earias through the Nolinae, and with the Acronyctids through the Arctiinae.

Nearly all true Lithosiinae are small moths; the majority of the Palearctic species are small, and
it has also been found on reconsideration that certain conspicuously large exotic species are better placed
into other groups. The largest of the I'alearctic species is Oenistis quadra, which is exceeded in size b\-
only very few Exotics.

Head widest transversely, usually with the frons flat and covered with appressed scales, with dot-like
and stronglj- convex eyes, and without ocelli; antennae very slender, hair-like, soft and very fragile; palpi
not extending far beyond the head, generally short and upturned. Tongue variable, usually strong. Thorax
short and stout, with strongly curved back, which is usually smoothly sealed and often ornamented with
metallic or brightly coloured spots or dots. Legs strong, the coxae often very long. Abdomen in the (J
slender, in the $ sometimes club-shaped, usually not extending beyond the anal angle of the hindwing,
and often not even reaching it. Forewing frequently linear with a very long inner margin; hindwing often
very large, proportionately larger than in any other Lepidopteron. When the insect is at rest the hind-
wings are folded radially like a fan, and the forewings shifted so far one over the other that the costal
margins of both wings are almost parallel and the shape of the insect becomes linear. The venation varies
considerablj' in the different groups. Areole of the forewing present or not; on the hindwing the neuration
is sometimes reduced to only two veins, this being almost unique among Lepidoptera.

The colouring of the Lithosiinae is predominantly yellow, white or pink. The forewing sometimes
bears bright-coloured or black dentate transverse hnes, and often a broad costal stripe. Tlie hindwings
are nearlj' always unicolourous, at most there are small dark bands or marginal spots; the underside is
generally without markings.

The larvae are as yet but very little known. They live on the trunks of trees and rocks, under
wall-stones, etc., where they generally feed on lichens. As the latter often grow singlj- and very far apart,
the larvae, when they have finished one plant, are compelled to search for another, and to that end they
are often enabled to travel very fast. On bare rocks in Australia I frequently found the larva of Eutane,
which is common there, running about with remarkable agility in order to get at the lichens, which grew
far apart, so as to avoid any considerable period of abstinence. Other species which feed on lichens, as
for instance 0. quadra, are also able to live on the leaves of trees so that they do not die of hunger when
lichens are scarce.

The larvae are uniformly cylindrical, often with a comparatively larger head than the true Arcti-
inae; rows of warts bearing stiff bristly hairs along the back. Many of the larvae of Lithosiinae lie
concealed in crevices of tree-trunks in day-time, others run about in the burning sun-shine searching for
food. The pupae are found in crevices of bark, or under stones, often a large number together, lying in a
light cocoon or even only supported by a few threads. In the Palearctic region the moths have only one
brood, but this often extends over months. They rest on leaves and flowers, especially on Scabious, and
when touched frequently drop off to conceal themselves in the grass; many obstinately feign death. Most
of the species are common, but only very occasionally occur in abundance. They fly by day as well as
by night, and the larger species appear sufficiently protected by the exudation of the oil-glands of the thorax.

1 . Genus : Ntiglliatophora Stgr.

Frons very broad and flat, eyes very far apart, antennae filiform; thorax with smooth scaling,
hairy anteriorly and on the tegulae. Hindtibiae rather thick, with long spurs; abdomen of the $ club-
shaped. Wings, broad, especially the hindwings. Eight species in Palearctic East Asia and tfhe
neighbouring districts of India, with red or yellow to white ground-colour, not rare in July on downs and
grassy forest-roads. — Larva on lichens growing on stones.

mtcans. S. tnicans Brem. & Grey (11 a). Forewing white edged with orange-yellow, and with rows of

distinct black dots, one before the margin, with the dots close together, two through the centre; a black
spot at the base. Hindwing ivory-yellow, also edged with orange-yellow, usually with irregular dark dots
before the margin. In the whole of North Asia, from the Altai to the Amur, in Corea, North and Central
albosericea. China, southwards to Shanghai, where it is represented by the form albosericea Moore, which is distingu-
ished from the first-described form by almost white hindwing. Larva full-grown 4 cm. long, very slender,
blue-grey, with pale yellow spots and dots, which replace the ground-colour above the feet. A broad
stripe on the back composed of yellow spots. Head slightly heart-shaped with brown mouth (Graeser).
It lives until the beginning of July on mossy stones, and pupates in a silky cocoon, the pupa being
stumpy and yellowish brown. The moth in Juh' and August, in rocky places, common in many localities.

flara. S. flava Brem. & Greij (= ochracea Led., sinensis Walk.) (11 a). Botli wings uniforndy orange-

yellow, hindwing without markings, forewing with three rows of black dots as in micans, but the dots

EUGOA; PSILOPEPLA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 51

smaller, often obsolescent before the margin, the dot at the base of the forewing very small, almost in-
visible. On the underside the forewing is more or less suffused with black. From the Altai to the mouth
of the Amur and t'orea, on Askold, and also extending far to the south, over South China into the
Malayan territories, ab. leacrita Swinh. (11 a), with more distinct dots above and without the sooty leacrila.
suffusion beneath on the disc of the forewing, comes from .Japan and Southern China. The moths in
July, locally apparently not rare (according to Graeser for instance at Blagoveshchensk).

S. acerba Lccfh (It a). At once distinguished from flava by the colouring, which is bright pink acerba.
instead of yellow; hindwing and abdomen pale pink, thorax and forewing dark pink; the latter bears
5 dark stripes beyond the cell on the veins, which often connect the discal rows of spots. From Mupin
in West China.

S. rhodophila Walk. (11 a). Body orange, wings tinged with rose-red, especially at the margin, rhodophila.
sooty suffusions, varying in extent and shape, on the disc of the forewing between the veins at the base
and before the marginal area. Amurland and North China, southwards to Shanghai, as well as in
Corea and Japan, where it occurs both on the Main Island and on Hokkaido (Matsumdra). Seems only
to occur singly. ]\lany authors place this species with Miltochrista, on account both of its rose-red colour
and small size and of the shape of the wings, in which this species differs from the preceding.

S. torrens Butl. (11 b). Size and shape as in the preceding, but thorax and forewing briglit dark ton-ens.
pink, the blackish suffusions being reduced on the forewing to two undulating shadow}^ lines, which
traverse the disc. Leech, whom Matsumura follows in his Catalogue, considers torrents a variety of the
preceding species.

S. palmata Moore (11 !>) only touches the Palearctic region at the southern frontier of Kashmir, palmala.
size almost as in micans; jjalo yellow, with dark markings, the forewing bearing two basal dots one below
the other, and then a transverse row of three large black dots, which have sometimes a steely blue gloss.
The distal portion of the basal half of the wing is without markings, but the outer half of the forewing
is covered with a network of radial streaks which leave a broad outer margin and stand close together.
Before the outer mai'gin of the hindwing there are also traces of such radial stripes. First described from Bengal.

2. Genus: £iig-oa ]r«/fc.

This genus consists of a dozen small, grey, weakly spotted and banded species, which are mostly
very like each other, and inhabit chiefly the tropics of the Old World. Only two forms, which are closely
allied, reach the Palearctic region in Eastern Asia. Head broad, with flat frons; eyes far apart; tongue
strong; palpi short, erect; antennae filiform, almost imperceptibly dentate in the ^. Thorax short, stout.
Legs strong, tibial spurs moderately long. Abdomen sometimes projecting a little beyond the anal angle.
Forewing narrower and more pointed than in the preceding, usually mouse-grey or brown-grey, the Pale-
arctic forms slightly marked with black. Nothing is as yet known of the early stages.

E. taeniata Flxs. (11 b). Forewing with a few fine costal dots on a slate-grey ground; before and taeniata.
beyond the median area irregular lines, here and there interrupted or thickened into spots. From the
Bureja Mts. and Corea.

E. grisea Butl. (11 b). Little larger than the preceding. Forewing also slate-grey, 2 black dots near grisca.
the liase, and 2 hnes separated into spots beyond the middle and before the margin. From Japan;
according to Matsqmura also in Corea.

3. Genus: Psiloi»epla Turn.

Closely allied to the preceding genera, and united with them by Hampson, but with nuich
narrower and more densely scaled wings, and altogether more strongly built. Nearly all 6 species inhabit
the Himalayas, and all belong to the Indo-Australian fauna; only two of them occur in Tibet.

P. fasciata Moore (= promelaena Hamps.) (11 b). Forewing dark smoky brown with the exception fasciata.
of the outer third and an elongate spot at the base of the inner margin. Behind the cell, this colour
is extended marginally into a tooth. The marginal portion, which is bounded by a yellowish transverse
line accompanying the tooth, is lighter and variegated with j^ellowish colour. Hindwing slightly trans-
parent dark brown; a narrow shadowy line runs through the disc, parallel with the outer margin. From
Yatung in Tibet.

P. margaritacea Walk. (= margaritaria Walk.) is similar in markings to Nud. mundana, but '."^'Jj'^Cp"'
without the distinct cellular spot, and the ground-colour of the forewing is more or less pure white or
yellowish white. Yatung, also in Sikkim.

52 NUDARIA; COMACLA; SICCIA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

4. Genus: Bfudaria Haw.

Tliis gonus, which only contains ono spocifs, differs from all the allied groups hy i\w broad, very
delicate and almost glassy wings, on which thti markings aro onlj- seen as very pale, shadowy lines and
spots. Head and bod\' almost naked, only on the frons a very thin tuft of liair. Palpi short. Antennae
enveloped at the base by a thick tuft of hair, so that they look incrassate. liody delicate, legs strong,
with long, stout coxae, short femora, thin tibiae and long tarsi. Instead of scales, the wings are thirdv
covered with fine hairs; they are broad with the outer margin rounded. Larvae fairly plump, with small
head, rather transparent skin and stiff hairs, not very dense but partially very long. They inhabit mount-
ainous districts, especially frequenting overhanging rocks with lichen, and there one often finds large
numbers of them together. In July they pupate in a loose oval cocoon, the pupa being thin-skinned and
the moth already appearing after a few days. The moths rest, often gregariously, under slabs of rock,
with the wings folded in roof-shape. One can also obtain them by beating the branches of firs. They
then fly away slowly and steadily; yet their flight is more easy and adroit than one would except in
moths with such delicate wings.

mundana. N. mundana L. (= transparens Betz., nuda Hhn., hemerol)ia Hbn.) (11 b). Body and- wings dull

smoky brown, wings semidiaphanous. Forewing with dark dot at the base, and two dark dentate lines
before and beyond the centre, between which there is a dark central spot in the cell. In North and
Central Europe, from Scandinavia and Finland to the I\Iediterranean, and from France to Anterior Asia,
but scattered and generally only in hilly regions. Especially transparent specimens, which occur every-
dilucida. where together with true mundana, are called ah. dilucida Fipid. — Egg yellow; larva transparent glossy
lead-grey or greenish, with fine hairs, wliich are longer and arranged in tufts anteriorly and posteriorly:
the head black. Dorsally there are light spots, before and below which stand black markings. Until
June on lichens on stones and walls. Pupa transparent greenish white, later yellowish, with deep black
eyes and small minute dark dots on the back, in a loose cocoon which is protected by the hairs woven
into it and is attached under rocks and flat stones. One often finds large numbers of these cocoons
together. The moths appear in July and August, and settk in the same spots as the larvae and pupae.
They are usually very abundant, wherever they occur, and I sometimes found moths, pupae and full-
grown larvae together at the same time under the same slab of rock. The moths on the wings strongly
resemble Neuropterids of the Chrysopid genus Hemerohius

5. Genus: Coiuacla ^Yalk.

Head broad but low, frons flat; eyes small, far apart, the frons being broad; tongue narrow and
delicate; palpi pointed, porrect, with long end-segment; antenna of ^ ciliate. Thorax slightly longer than
in Nudaria, abdomen stouter, somewhat more densely covered w-ith lough hairs, in the 9 woolly at the
apex. Forewings curved downwards in the apical portion, so that the apex is rather pendant, broad, the
apex itself rounded. Hindwing broad and long, the anal angle projecting beyond the abdomen. All wings
dull light brown, slightly transparent, but considerably more densely scaled than in Niidaria. Larva stout,
slightly more denselj' hairy, on lichens; the moth at damp spots where lichens grow. Three species belong
here: one from Europe, a similar one from the Gaboon, and a unicolorous one from North America.

senex. C. senex Hbn. (= rotunda Haw.) (11 b). Not unlike Nud. mundana; the central sjtot at the ii,\wx

of the coll distinct; a larger shadowy spot at the middle of tlu^ costa, and before the marginal area of the
forewing a row of spots which are especially distinct in the costal region. Another curved row of spots
bounds the basal third of the forewing. Sporadically in North and Central Europe, southward to the
Alps and eastward to the Ural. — Egg round, yellow, larva ashy grey, very hairy, with black head. From
the autumn to June on Jungermanniaceae. Pupa stumpy, dark brown, in a dense hair}- cocoon. The
moths fly in July on damp meadows, and are not rare in their flight-places; they come to the light at
night (Spxilek).

6. Genus: Siccia Walk.

Head very broad, eyes small and widely separated by the immense flat frons. Palpi upturned, not
projecting beyond the vertex, or obliquely porrect. Tongue strongly developed. Thorax broad with
slightly convex back, in the $ the tegulae far apart. Forewing long and much narrower than in the
preceding genera, sometimes rather pointed, but the apex not bent down; hindwing more elongate. Ab-
domen of the (J moderately slender, that of the $ ending in a thick club, which is covered with wool.
Hindlegs long, tibiae not incrassate. Hampson unites here about 20 species, which were formerly placed
in different genera; they almost all occur in India and China, only 2 species inhabiting Africa.

HYPOSICCIA; PARASICCIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 53

S. taprobanis Walk. (= cingalesa ]\'alk., grainmopluira Fldr., simiata Moore) (11 bj. TIil^ whito fortv tiijinilinnis.
wing traversed by black dentate lines, between which there are blacic dots in the cell; hindwing grey with
light fringes. The specimen figured is a very large ?, the largest I have ever caught. Distributed through-
out the Western Himalayas, from Kashmir all over India to Ceylon and Malacca. According to Hami'Sox
specimens from Dharmsala and Bombay are purer whit(^ than those from Ceylon. The moths settle on
boards and tree-trunks, and when touched drop down.

S. sagittifera Moore (11 c). Similar to the preceding and hke it varying much in size. The fore- .sagiUl[era.
wing on the whole purer white, the dentate lines absent or separated into dots; hindwing lighter grej'.
Kashmir (Kangra, Dalhousie district), widely distributed in the Himalayas, as far as Indian Sikkim. At
higher altitudes.

S. obscura Leech (11 c). \ciy similar to the preceding, but some of the dark spots on the forewing obscicra.
united by slightly wavy or angulate transverse lines. The basal portion of the forewing, moreover, is
suffused with dark grey, and the hindwing is considerably darker, almost as in taprobanis. Japan, said
to be caught near Yokohama, described from there with a '? by Matsumura. I did not meet with it
at Yokohama.

S. v-nigra Hamps. (11 c). This form is mentioned from Shanghai. I neither saw it in collections v-niijra.
there, nor did I catch it myself; it does not therefore appear to be common. According to the figure not
unlike sagittifera, but all parts of the forewing tinged with violet-grey. Through the centre of the forewing
runs a smoke-grey shadowy band, which is produced distally into a strong tooth, and from which narrow
streaks extend distad.

S. nilgirica Hamps. The first-described form does not occur in the Palearctic region, but only tin-
race cinereicolor Hamps. (11 c), which is slightly irrorated. This is a very small moth, not larger than cinereicolor.
minuta, having somewhat the appearance of sagittifera. It is known from Shanghai, but occurs also throughout
the area of nilgirica, often beside the latter form.

S. sordida Butl. The ground-colour of the forewing of this widely distributed species varies from sordida.
white to smoky grey. The markings are more constant, consisting on the forewing of a black dot at the
base and two others near it below the costa and the cell ; a further line of dots commences before the
middle below the costa and runs to the submedian fold. The cell bears a dot in the middle. Another
dentate line begins with a costal spot, curves outwards below the costa and is elbowed inwards on the
submedian; on the disc a lunule, upon which foUows a feebly dentate hne, curved outwards below the
costa, elbowed at veins 4 and (>, then bent inwards below the cell and outwards near the inner margin;
beyond it an interrupted line excurved below the costa and in the centre, and then incurved ; at the margin
a row of dots, and the fringes with dots at the apex and in the centre. Hindwing of (J white, brownish
towards the apex, that of the $ paler or darker brown (Hajipson) according to the dark colouring of
the ground of the forewing. This form occurs in China and India. In the form subcinerea Moore, from subdnerea.
Kashmir and Formosa, the hindwing of the ^J is entirely brown with white fringes, while in quinque- ?^""^,Ya"
fasciata Hamps. (11 c) the forewing is suffused with a dark colour.

S. minuta Butl. (11 c). Smaller than the smallest taprobanis, both wings deep dark brown, the minuta.
forewing hghter in the median area, which is bounded on both sides by dark lines and bears an obsoles-
cent dark spot in its outer portion; known from Yokohama.

7. Genus: Hyposiccia Hamps.

These small, whito or light grey, moths, which ha^o the facies of Siccia, are, as well as the next
genus, separated by Hampson on account of small differences in the neuration from those forms
with which they were formerly united under the name of Aemene. The genus is distinguished from
Parasiccia especially by the shorter tibial spurs. It comprises 3 species, a Palearctic one from China
and 2 similar, smaller forms from Assam.

H. punctigera Leech (11 c). As large as the largest forms of the preceding genus; cream-coloured, punctigera.
forewing with a few scattered black dots. From West and Central China.

S. Genus: Parasiccia Hamps.

Distinguished from the preceding by the longer tibial spurs as well as by the upturned i)alpi
reaching the vertex, which is not the case with the shorter palpi of Hyposiccia. The 5 species of this
genus inhabit exclusively Asia.

P. altaica Led. (11 c). Forewing silvery white with numerous small and thick black dots, of which altaica.
the discal spot at the apex of the cell is especially distinct. Behind this, the dots are arranged in two

54 MELANAEMA; ASURIDIA; MILTOCHRISTA. By Dr. A. Sf.itz.

flcxuose lines which are about a niillimotre apart. My specimens obtained at Yokohama have less mark-
/asciala. ings than a specimen from Ussuri in PC'xgkler's collection. The smaller form fasciata Bull, is des-
cribed from Hokkaido: it resembles the smaller specimens from the Altai in size, l)ut has a stronger dark
suffusion between the two rows of spots and at the base of the forewing. Both forms intergrade and
are not geographically separate. From the Altai to Amurland (Vladivostock), and in Japan, North, Main
and South islands. Not rare on Hondo in July. Pupae spun up together under stones (Graeser).

fsVHffl' '*• punctatissima Pouj. Similar to the preceding in markings, but the forewing washed witli dirty^

grey-brown, so that the small shadowy band behind the middle and the discal spot are less conspicuous.
West and Central China, especially at the Yang-tse-kiang.

maculala. ?• maculata I'ouj. (11 c). Forewing differing strongly from those of the two preceding forms, being

occupied for the greater part liy an irregular brown spot, wliicli leaves white patches at the base and
margins. West China.

perirrorata. P. pcrirrorata Havips. j white, much speckled with brown, palpi with ])lack markings. Forewing

with obsolescent subbasal band; a curved antemedial l)aii(l ends at the costa in a spot which is elbowed
outwards below the costa; in the ci>ntre of the cell a dot and above it at the costa a spot; a discoidal
lunule; a brownish band at the inner side of the postmedial line, the latter being excurved below the
costa towards the centre and then strongly incurved, an irregular subterminal line elbowed inwards at the
discal fold, and incurved below vein 3; a row of small spots at the margin. Hindwing white, washed with
grey. Underside of forewing dark brown-grey; hindwing white with indistinct discoidal spot and irregular
subterminal line. Described by Hampson from a single couple from Kia-ting-fu {^) and the Omei-shan ($).

9. Genus: Melaiiaeiiia Bull.

This genus s. str. only contains one Palearctic species, which has extremely conspicuous colouring.
Head l)roa(l, palpi quite short, just reaching the frons. Tongue strong, long. Thorax broad, especially
at the shoulders, abdomen rather stout, just extending beyond the anal angle. Tibiae with moderately
long spurs.

vcncla. M. veneta Butl. A beautiful moth; all wings bright yellow with carmine margin and black veins.

In Amurland and Japan, both on the Main Island and Hokkaido. In July and August, not common.
At the same spot near Yokohama where this extraordinarily coloured moth occurred, I at the same time
caught a Pyrahd of exactly the same size and colouring; when on the wing the two species, which are
not related at all, are only distinguished by observing the movements of flight, and also because the
Pj-ralid always settles on the underside of leaves.

10. Genus: At^uridia Humps.

This small genus, which has already th(^ facies of Milfochrista, consists of one Chinese species and two
from the Himalayas. The tongue, always well developed in Milfochrista, is aborted. Eyes large; palpi
porrect but short, hardly extending beyond the head. Antenna of (J with thin bristles. Thorax short.
Tibiae with moderately long spurs. Abdomen woolly, especially at its apex.

camipivia. A. carnipicta Butl. (11 d). Rose-red, the forewing with three black transverse lines, the outer one

of which runs around the discal dot; dark rays on the veins in the outer area. Hindwing pale pink;
fringes of both wings blackish grey. From the Nankow Pass in China.

11. Genus: Iff iltochri^ta Hh

m.

According to IIampsox, who includes many of Moore's and Walker's genera iu MUtochrista,
the latter, which is also known as Calligenia, embraces over 60 forms. They are nearly all small graceful
moths, pink or yellow in colour, with very characteristic fine markings, similar to those of Asuri-dia on
the forewings. Head not nearly as broad as in most of the preceding genera; frons convex, much nar-
rowed below; eyes large, prominent; palpi short, hardly extending beyond the head, porrect. Antennae
long, nearly always considerably more than half the length of the costa, serrate, pectinate, almost filiform,
with shorter or longer ciliae. Forewings of the ^^ with the costal margin often straight distally. so that
the apical angle is very distinct. Larvae, as far as is known, stout with rounded head and long hairs,
on lichens. Pupae in a cocoon intermixed with hairs. The moths have only one brood in the northern
districts of their area: they settle on flowers at which they suck, especially Umbellifers and flowering
shrubs, e. g. Viburnum, etc., and are generally only found singly.

MITLOCHEISTA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 55

M. ziczac Walk. (= inscripta Bull, rivalis Leech) (11 d). Tory like Miniata rosariu, but the ground- ziezac.
colour of the forewing grey, outer margin and apical half of costal margin deep blood-red, hindwing
greyish pink instead of yellow; slightly larger than rosaria. Central, East and West China.

M. flexuosa Leech (11 d). Larger, both wings deep rose-red, forewing almost blood-red. Basal and flexuosa.
marginal portions of the forewing with fine black rays. Abdomen brown. West China.

M. inscripta Walk. (= erubescens Butl.) (lid). A small species. Forewing purple-pink, with black inscripla.
transverse lines, hindwing black-brown; in the $ the hindwing bears pale purple spots before the margin.
China: Hhanghai.

M. bivittata Buil. (11 d). Like a small aberruns, with which many authors unite it. Forewing deep hirittuta.
rose-red and hindwing paler. Two transverse lines traverse the forewing and separate the basal, median
and marginal areas; from the outer one black rays e.xtend to the margin behind the cell. Two black dots
near the base, one in the cell and several before the margin. From Japan. Several times I found them
in cob-webs, in which they seem easily to entangle themselves.

M. aberrans Butl. (11 d). Almost exactly like the preceding, not nuich larger, forewing mostly aherrans.
darker pink, and the black dots, especially those before the margin, more distinct and sharper. Amurland
and Japan; I found the species near Shanghai, in June. — In the form askoldensis Obtrth., from Askold, askoldensis.
the central one of the 3 black transverse lines is absent.

M. miniata Forst. (= rubicunda Schiff., rosea Esp.) (11 d, e). The European „Red Arches" has miniata.
flesh-coloured ground-colour, rose-red margin to the forewing, and on this wing a black dentate hne beyond
the middle, and black, elongate spots before the margin. In the ^ the costa is curved upwards beyond
the apex of the cell. Throughout Europe and North Asia, from Scandinavia and Finland to the Mediter-
ranean, and from France to Amurland, Corea and Japan. In ab. rosaria Bxitl. (11 d), which is commoner rosaria.
in the east of the area of distribution than in the west, and is perhaps a distinct species, the ground-
colour is more yellow; and in ab. crogea Big7i. (= flava Meyer), the wings are quite pale yellow, the crogea.
forewing being edged with bright yellow. — Egg oval, yellow. Larva grey, with blackish head, with long
and dense hairs, hibernating, until June on lichens on walls and fences. Pupa black-brown, abdomen
with yellow incisions, in a cocoon densely intermixed with hairs. The moth appears at the end of June
and is not rare, but always occurs singly, in forests, at road-side ditches, etc., on UmbelHfers or Scabious.
It is usually resting on flowers, sucking, and is easily caught.

M. rosacea Brem. (= undulata Leech) (lie). Similar to the preceding, smaller, ^ with the costa rosacea.
not bent upwards beyond the apex of the cell; the black dentate line behind the centre of the forewing is
moreover often absent; in its place there is sometimes a row of blackish dashes or hooks; the cellular dot
and the row of dots before the margin distinct. In Amurland, at the Ussuri, Suifun, on Askold, North
and Central China; in July.

M. pallida Brem. (11 e). o P'^le yellow, forewing with darker margin, $ almost white. Cellular spot imllida,
and row of spots before the margin distinct. In Amurland, at the Suifun, near Vladivostock, in the
middle of July. According to Staudinger also in Corea and Japan. The similarity of the colouring
to that of the much larger Asura megala (11 g), also known from Eastern Asia (Pekin), is most remarkable.

M. sanguinea Moore (11 e). Rather small. Forewing dark vermilion, with black dots before the sanguinea.
outer margin, hindwing on the contrary black with red spots before the outer margin. Underside purple-
pink, with rows of black spots before the margin of the wings. Shanghai, from the end of June, not rare
on the road to Sikawey, between cornfields, on Umbelhfers. — Worn specimens resemble Asura infmnata,
which is more rust-coloured, and of which I only know the figure.

M. fasciata Leech (11 e). Light j^ellow, forewing with reddish inner margin and numerous black dots fasciaia.
and comma-streaks in the basal third. In the median area a dark cell-dot. The outer area is separated
from the median area by a black line which is produced outwardly in the centre into a large tooth and
into a smaller one under the costa. In the outer portion of both wings black vein-streaks; forewing with
black dots at the outer margin. From the Omei-shan in Western China.

M. linga Moore (= tripartita Walk.) (11 e). Comparatively large, one of the largest species of the linga.
genus. Straw-coloured, thorax with black dots, end of abdomen orange. A few basal spots on the fore-
wing, two rows of dots through the centre, and one before the marginal portion black; the veins accentu-
ated by black streaks in the outer area. In the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim.

M. gratiosa Deless. Extraordinarily variable in size, colouring and markings, so that it is difficult graliosa.
to find two specimens exactly alike. The largest specimens are by far the largest Miltochrista, and those
with strongest markings also the most beautiful. There are innumerable transitions between the different
varieties, wiiich are only sometimes geographical. True gratiosa comes from India; it is represented by the
large form figured lie (after Delessert). Here the forewing is deep rose-red with yellow reticulatioas,

56 NUDINA; APAIDIA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

rows of black dots and tinged with violet before the marginal area; hindwing and abdomen light carmine-
maclans. pink. — In the smaller mactans Butl., described from Darjiling, but also occurring more northward, the
vellow reticulation is much reduced, and the very deep red ground-colour predominates considerably. • —
preliosa. In pretiosa Moore (11 f), from Kashmir, the yellow is less reduced, the red colour as well as the violet
tinge in the marginal area being less extended; on the other hand, the black median rows are covered
witli silvery bands, running transversely across the forewing. — flammealis Moore is a large non-Pale-
urctic form from the Eastern Himalayas. — defecta Walk, described from Nepal, is also not known from
striata, the Palearctic region. — striata Bron. &: drey, however, inhaljits North China; it has mere dots or dashes
instead of the brownish stripes, and the yellow reticulation predominates over the red ground-colour,
pidchra. wliich is much reduced. — puichra Butl. is a ratlier small l)ut very brightly coloured form from Ja])an,
in which the red is very deep and bright, but the black dots of the transverse lines of the forewing are
pulefeerrma. almost obsolete. — pulcherrima Stgr., from the Anuir, is also very bright red, but not constantly different
from the other East Asiatic forms, and connected l)y a complete chain of transitions with the North
C'liineso and Japanese forms. — Some other forms of the species {lanceolata, lucibilis), do not reach the
Palearctic region. The entire species has an immense area of distribution: from Amurland southward to
the Malay Archipelago, and from Kashmir and Western Anterior India over Ceylon throughout South
Asia to China and Japan. The moths do not seem to be rare, but to occur singly like most Miltochrista.
decussata. M. decussata Moore (11 d). One of the most inconspicuous species; dull straw-coloured, often slightly

tinged with brown in places. A few small dark dots at the base; others in the disc, being remnants of
the central transverse line; the outer lini! strongly and deeply dentate; marginal area with black vein-
streaks. East China.

M. delineaia Walk. (= rhodina H.-Schaff.). The original form not Palearctic. This is orange, fore-
wing with black basal dots. The inner transverse line of the forewing twice elbowed, the middle one
shghtly incurved, the outer one originating at the same spot as the middle one, and excurved below the
discal spot; in the outer area dark vein-streaks. In the hindwing there are also dark vein-streaks in the
juseescms. apical region. South-East Asia. The form fuscescens Butl. (= chinensis Fldr.) has the base of the fore-
wing darkened; northward to the Yang-tse-kiang.
calamina. M. calatnina Btifl. (= lutea Stgr.) (11 d). Larger than decussata, brighter and purer yellow, other-

wise similar; the anterior and middle transverse lines of the forewing slightly more distinct, approximating
each other in the middle, the outer line very strongly dentate. In Amurland, locally abundant, e. g. at
Nikolaiovsk; at the Ussuri; in Japan on the North, Main and South Islands.

rufa. M. rufa Leech (11 c). Hampson has separated this very peculiar species from this genus, and

united it as genus Heliosia with 3 yellow forms inhabiting the Papuan and Malayan countries. Both
wings rose-red, the forewing being darker, and both have a broad black band before the margin; the fore-
wing moreover is sooty in the basal third. Occurs in Centra] China, and has probably Httle to do with
the otlier forms which Hampson places in his genus Heliosia.

12. Genus: Xutliua Stgr.

This genus is based on a small species from Eastern Asia, which Staudinger separated from

Miltocliristu. The insect is a transition from the latter to Paidia. It is a small yellow moth, with

slightly pectinate antenna, rounded forewing and very large, broad hindwing. Tongue strong, long, palpi

short, upturned before the frons, which they just reach. Nothing is known of the early stages.

iirtnxidia. N. artaxidia Butl. (= nul)ilosa Stgr.) (11 f). Straw-coloured, hindwing lighter; in the outer half

of the forewing a grey sinuous cloud; on the hindwing of the (J a darker shadowy band before the margin.
In Amurland, near Vladivostock, and at the Ussuri; according to Leech in Corea; also in Japan, where
Fenton found it near Tokio, and Pryek on the Ohoyama.

13. Genus: Apaidia H.-Schiiff.

This genus consists of two small grey South European species. Head small; frons not very broad,
not narrowed below; palpi short, obliquely upturned; tongue developed. Antenna of c? ciliate, of $ very
thin. Thorax and abdomen very thin, somewhat resembling those of certain Tineidae in facies; abdomen
just reaching the anal angle. Forewing shghtly elongate, pointed in rufeola, more rounded in mesogona;
hindwing large and broad. The larva densely hairy, on bark, into which they eat.

mesogona. A. mesogona Godt. (11 f). Brownish ashy grey; through the middle of the forewing a shadowy line

runs from the costa and another from the inner margin-, which sometimes merge together and form a
continuous line. In Southern France and on the Iberian Peninsula. Larva brown, light yellow dorsally,
densely hairy, with a lateral line composed of black spots, until "Slay on the trunks of cork-oaks, on lichens.

PhM. 9. III. 1910. NUDARIDIA; PAIDIA; LYCLENE. By Dr. A. Seitz. 57

A. rufeola Ramb. (11 £). Larger than the preceding, the forewing longer and more pointed, light nifcola.
ashy grey, with reddish sheen, the dots in the median portion variable, sometimes merged together to form
a stronglj' elbowed transverse line. In Italy (Northern Italy, Rome), and in Corsica.

14. Genus: Bfudaridia Hamps.

Two small moths from the Amur form this genus; they were formerly placed with Niularia, but
differ strongly from it in the antennae and venation. Tlw very broad and ratlier sliort wings are so
strongly rounded that the apical angle of the forewing entirely disappears.

N. muscula Stgr. (11 h). Dark brown, slightly transparent, forewing with a few dentate lines before muscula.
and behind the centre, and a distinct discal dot. Near C'habarovsk and Vladivostock, in the yiitchan
district, in July.

N. ochracea Brem. (11 h). Quite similar to the preceding in size and shape, yellowish brown, the $ ochracea.
lighter, pale ochre-yellow. The transverse lines before and beyond the discal spot on the forewing obsoles-
cent, and scarcely recognisable in worn specimens (from which Bremer's figure was taken). At the
mouth of the Ema, at the Chingan and Ussuri, probably distributed throughout Amurland, in July.

15. Genus: Paiclia Hbn.

This genus only contains one species, which cannot, however, be placed in any of the genera now
known. It is most closely allied to Nudaria, but also shows some affinity to Endrosia, and in Hampson's
classification stands between Apaidia and Asura. Head moderately large; frons broad above, smoothly
scaled, without long tuft of hair. Tongue aborted. Palpi porrect, about as long as the head. Thorax
with short hair, abdomen dorsally with longer hair. Forewing unusually broad and rounded, with strongly
overhanging apical portion in the ^J. Hindwing scarcely broader than the forewing, outer margin slightly
incurved in the centre. Larva with long tufts of hair, on lichens of walls and stones; the moths in
crevices of rocks and stones.

P. murina Hhyi. (= vestita Hbn., nica Frr.) (11 f). Light brownish, hindwing lighter, both wings rmirina.
shghtly transparent, hindwing more so than the forewing. A small dot in the middle of the cell and another
at its apex dark; two feeble shadows extend from the costa and a few shadowy dots from the inner
margin of the forewing. Hindwing without markings. Throughout Central and South Europe, but very
sporadical and local. — albescens Stgr. is a larger, more witish, form from Syria. — In the smaller and albescens.
darker conjuncta Stgr. ihe shadowy dots on the forewing merge together and form lines. Mesopotamia. — conjunda.
In cinerascens H.-Schdff. (11 f) the ground-colour is more sooty ashy grey than brown, and the markings cinerascens.
also merge together to dark shadowy transverse hnes; from Asia Minor. — Larva pale grey, with small,
grey, laterally light-hairy warts, and two subdorsal lines composed of sulphur-yellow separate spots. Until
May on lichens on walls, sometimes in large numbers under the top-slabs of walls; often absent in largo
districts, and at their locaUties frequently confined to certain walls or stones. In July.

16. Genus: I^yclene Moore.

Hardly 8 Asiatic species of this genus, which is composed of 100 mostly tropical forms, reach the
Palearctic region. In facies they strongly resemble Miltochrista, and unite this genus with several others
which are separated from the old genus Setina, viz.: Philea, Cybosia and Endrosa. In their habits and
facies these Palearctic species do not differ at all from Miltochrista. The insects are met with singly on
flowers, or are accidentally found when beating the branches of blossoming trees.

Head broad, depressed; eyes moderately large; tongue strong; palpi very short, not reaching the
frons, with vestigial end-segment. Antennae long, setifoim, in the ^ sometimes uni- or hi-pectinate or
finely serrate, the teeth being always short in these latter cases. Thorax thin, short, as a rule with smooth
hairs. Legs thin, tibiae with short spurs. Abdomen slender, sometimes extending beyond the anal angle,
sometimes not reaching it. Forewing triangular, fairly broad, never lanceolate or linear as in Lithosia:
hindwing considerably shorter, oval, usually without markings. In Ltjclene many of the characteristics
of markings and colouring of Miltochrista are repeated, generally on a smaller scale, rose-red and pale
yellow being predominant. — Little is known as yet of the larvae; that of L. lutara Moore, according to
the figure, appears to be very stout with scanty hairs. Pupa in an ovate cocoon.

L. griseata Leech (11 g). The largest Palearctic form; forewing grey with a few irregular dark dots griseala.
near the baso, a dark spot in the apex of the cell, and a W-shaped flexuose row of spots before the margin.
Hindwing slightly yellowish, darker near the apex. From West China.

L. carnea Powj. (= rubricans Leech) (11 g). Almost as large as griseata, but forewing dull j-el- carnea.
lowish grey with a strong wine-red tinge. Only very few of the dots of the basal and marginal rows are
present, but a dark transverse band luns from the middle of the costa to the inner jiart of the inner
margin. West and Central China, especially at the Yang-tse-kiang.

II 8

58 ASURA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

nigrivena. L. nigrivena Leech (11 g). Not unlike the preceding in shape, size and colouring; the forewing,

however, has no distinct transverse baud, but in the outer third a row of comma-shaped dashes of varying
length, partly situated along the veins. West China.

unipunda. L. unipuncta Leech (H g)- Still larger than the preceding, forewing predominantly orange; distin-

guished by the large black spot standing quite isolated at the apex of the cell. Central and Western China.
iii((jala. L. megala Hamps. (11 g). Size and shape of the preceding, but much lighter, more ochreous above;

there is a row of dots before the margin as well as the dot at the apex of the cell. From Pekin: closely
resembles some MiUochrista, e. g. M. fallida Brem.

inlumaki. !-• infumata FUIr. (= pallida Moore) (11 g). Forewing of o P^'l^' orange, outer half shaded with

darker coloui-. bindwing sooty grey black with orange-yellow outer margin. Forewing with cell-dot and a row
of dots before the margin. On the hindwing there is also a black discal spot, which is, however, con-
cealed by the black suffusion. In lighter specimens, in which the colour of the hindwing is often con-
siderably lighter, the discal spot is also distinctly visible on the upper side; such specimens belong to ab.
postica. postica Moore. Kashmir, also in other districts of the Himalayas. This form also is similar to certain

MUtorliristti, e. g. M. samjuinca Moore.
(Uutrma. L. dharma Leech (= biitleri Leech) (11 g). Pale yellow, resembling a very small L. megala, but

both the cell-dots and the dots in the submarginal row very small, and another row of similar, scarcely
visible dots between the base and centre. Widely distributed, found in Kaslimir and Southern Japan, and

ralamarid. occurs probably also in most of the interjacent countries, e. g. West and East China. — Perhaps L. cala-
maria Moore (= punctata Ehc, celipoda Meyr.), which extends far to the south and has dark spots also on
the tli(n-ax, is only a variety of dharma (Hampsox).
modesta. L. modesta Leech (11 h). Considerably larger than the preceding forms, about intermediate between

dharma and megala; likewise ochreous; the cell-spot in the forewing very large and distinct, the row of sub-
marginal dots also distinct though irregular. A number of other black dots on thorax and at the base
of wing, and a dot in the middle of the cell below the costa. From North-West China.
sirigipennis. L. strigipennis H.-Schaff. This very variable moth is sometimes more, sometimes less streaked

and dotted with black, and inhabits especially tropical India (Sunda-Archipelago, Sikkim, Formosa) in
the forms terminata Moore, discistriga Moore, fruhstorfen Auric.; it touches the Palearctic region at Shanghai.
Specimens from there are ivory-yellow, sometimes ochreous, and mostly dark pink at the anterior and
outer margins; besides various black dots the forewing bears a row of dark streaks or hooks in the
outer area.

congerens. L. congerens FIdr. {= arctocarpi Moore (11 h). JIuch less conspicuous than the preceding forms;

pale yellow, all the spots on the forewing produced to form parallel, comma-shaped dashes: the dots in
the apex of the cell and at the base of the forewing also form short streaks. Widely distributed in the
Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim.

nibricosu. L. rubricosa Moore {= curvifascia Hamp.'i.). As large as congerens; instead of the rows of short

streaks there are three continuous bands, the basal and marginal bands being wavy, but the central one
oblique and straight. The ground-colour of both wings is carmine pink, but pale orange yellow specimens

othnacea. also occur; these are ab. ochreacea Hampx. Kashmir; also distributed over Anterior India to Ceylon.

Hiiiluloaa. L. undulosa Walk. (= straniinea W(dk.. excurrens Walk., decurrens Wall.-.). By far the smallest

Palearctic species of this genus, scarcely more than half the size of congerens. Pale yellow, forewing
finely and densely dotted in the whole basal half as well as before the margin. ^Moreover, a very fine
sinuous hue traverses the forewing before the outer third. An Indian moth, only reaching the Palearctic
region in the Kangra district, Kashmir.

17. Cjenus: Asiira Walk.
This genus s. str. has little more than a dozen species, and is distributed over the tropics of the
Old World, a few forms occurring even on isolated and outlying islands, such as the Louisiades, Tenimber
and Tasmania. An Australian species, A. cerviccdis, is regarded as the typical form. It is black-brown
with ochreous spots, having the same pattern and colouring as numerous Syntomids which fly together
with it, though this similarity cannot be called mimetic. The ^^ of most species differ from those of the
preceding genus in the antennae being rathes strongly pectinated. The moths resemble MiUochrista in
habits and appearance, but the yellow ground-colour is predominant.
umbrifera. A. umbrifera Hamps. (11 h). Dull brownish ochreous; forewing so strongly dusted with cinnamon-

brown that the transverse lines crossing it are obscured. Hindwing light grey-brown. From Yatung in Tibet.
nubifascia. A. nubifascia Walk. (11 h). Size of the preceding, but the forewing and hindwing pale yellow, with

lines of dots in the basal and median areas. The dark dusting is confined to the marginal area, where
"'la^Ha' '* forms three dark teeth reaching nearly to the outer margin. In ab. simplicifascia Ehv. the two rows of
Jiomogenci. dots forming the central band are farther apart. In ab. homogena noiii. iiar.. which Hampsox describes

PHILEA; CYBOSIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 59

without naniin<; it, tin' markings of tlu' forewin;,' arr obsolete. From Kashmir over Tilx-t to tho Eastern
Himalayas, from where tho species was originally described.

A. dasara Moore ( $ = chromatica Swlnh.) (11 h). Considerably .smaller than the preceding, pale dasam.
yelliiw, the forewing of the J with distinct transverse lines before and behind the centre, which approach
each other or merge together below the cell; hindwing also light yellow, slightly paler. In the $ the
transverse bands loss distinct, but a dot in the apex of the cell of the forewing, which is usually obsolete
in the (J, is more prominent. This spot is also very distinct in a ^ which I caught near Hillgrow in the
Nilgliiris. Distributed from Kashmir over India to the Malay Archipelago, and locally not rare.

18. Genu.s: Pliilea Z.

This genus has often been united with the following genera Ci/bosia and Endrosa, but the insects
belonging to it are very delicate as compared with the robust Endrosa. They inhabit generally grassy
embankments and alpine meadows, but are not confined to the mountains as are the Endrosa. When
caught they obstinately feign death, and the 9? sometimes do not fly away even when thrown into the
air. The wings then hang down with tho undersides touching one another. Tho sexes differ greatly in
size. Frons fairly broad, palpi short, porrect, tongue absent, eyes large, antenna of (^ serrate. Thorax and
frons smoothly scaled, legs thin, tibiae with moderately long spurs; abdomen with dense, snioth, slightly
metallic scaling, not pilose as in Endrosa; wings sparsely covered with very thin scales, hindwing with
black disc below. Larvae with fairly long black hairs, dark brown with light rows of spots, on lichens
on stones; pupa dark reddish brown, in a thin cocoon. Only one very widely distributed species.

P. irrorella CI. (= flavonigropunctata Betz., irrorea Schiff., irrorata Godt.) (11 i). Light yellow, irrordla.
3 transverse lines of minute black dots traverse the forewing, hindwing mostly with only one dot in the
apex. Beneath, the forewing is glossy sootj' grey with the exception of a rather irregular yellow outer
margin. Distributed throughout Europe with the exception of the extreme North and South, and from England and
Western France throughout Northern Asia to the Pacific Ocean. Among typical specimens there are found various
aberrations, 0. g. ab. signata Borklt., in which the middle rows of spots are united by streaks; ab. futnosa ■'*!/"^^''-
Sandb., with strongly brownish ground-colour, described from tho North, but also found in Germany. —
The species also varies strongly geographically: flavicans Bdr., from the Mediterranean and Anterior Asia, flavicans.
has brighter deep yellow wings and the apex of the abdomen yellow. — nickerli Bebel (= signata Z.) nicknii.
is paler yellow, the forewing slightly dulled with the exception of the clearer yellow inner margin; from
the Alps and Northern Europe. This form is often found in collections as freyeri. — True freyeri Nick, freijcri.
(11 i) is, however, according to Rebel, the much smaller insect from the highest Alps, in which the
dots of the central rows sometimes merge together. The black basal spot of the forewing mentioned by
8TAriiiN(;ER-EEBEL is unessential, and the pale yellow colour is found in nickerli as well as frei/eri. —
andereggi H.-Schdff. (11 i) has the veins of the forewing dark, appearing like rays; from the high Alps, andcreggi.
and in the higher North. — riffelensis Fell. (11 i, k) is considerably smaller, the ground-colour slightly riffelensis.
dulled, the black vein-streaks more numerous, especially the costa and median veins strongly sooty black.
In the high Alps, especially abundant above Zermatt; can be obtained by beating the juniper-bushes
around the hotels at Eiffolalp. — lata Christ., larger, with broader wings, paler, with very few markings lata.
hindwing often quite without markings: from Russia over North Siberia to Kamtschatka. — insignata Sigr., insignata.
quite similar to the preceding, but with narrower wings; forewing also with very few dots, and hindwing
without any; East Siberia. — • Larva black-brown, reddish grey laterally, with black hairs intermixed with
reddish brown ones placed on small glossy black warts. Dorsally a row of bright yellow spots, often
contiguous, subdorsally dull yellow ones, and yellow spots laterally. On lichens of stones, until June.
Pupa blackish brown. Moth in July and August, in grassy spots, resting closely appressed to a stalk or
branch, with tho wings strongly slanting in roof-shape. When disturbed they either drop down into the
grass, or only fly a few yards. Common in suitable localities wherever they occur; the $$ must be
searched for more diligently, as they fly less, but they are also not rare.

19. Genus: Cybosia Hbn.

This genus also contains onh' one known species. Slender hke Philea, but with larger and broader
wings, especially the hindwing being considerably broader. Tongue present, but reduced. Palpi and eyes as
in the preceding genus, but the antenna setiform; the frons with slightly rough hairs, not so smoothly
scaled. The $$ not so much smaller than the ^J^. Larva stout, black-ln'own, more densely hairy, but
not so brightly spotted as that of Philea; on lichens and especially on Hepatics.

C. mesomella L. (= eborea Esp., eborina Hbn.) (11 k). Forewing pale ivory yellow. A dark dot mcsomclla.
below the costa, and another above the inner margin. Hindwing grey, fringes yellow. North and Central
Europe, excepting the extreme North, also in Anterior Asia and Siberia. Larva dark grey with deep black head and
nuchal plate; hairs blackish. Until May on lichens on the ground, especially Jungermanniaceae. Pupa
black, in a cocoon covered with lichens. Moth in June and July, not rare, but occurring more singly
than the preceding species.

60 ENDROSA; CHIONAEMA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

20. Genus: Kiidrosa Hi'n.

Murli more strou^'ly Iniilt tliaii tho i)rccodiiiji; f,'en('ra. .Mcdiiuii siztnl, but rnliust, ycJlow iiiotlis, with
alioitcil toiigiK!; (ho ])ali)i aro also roductHl, and (juitti hidden in the shaggy hairs of the head. Antennae
of ^^ finely ciHate. Thorax and end of ahdomcn more stronfj;ly hairy; on tho side of the thorax beneath
there is a small Ijladder-like organ with whicli the moths are said to make a slight clicking noise when they
aro flying about in the sun-shine. The larvae aro stout, cylindrical, with tufts of hair, and like the allied
genera live on lichens; they hibernate, and pupate in a light cocoon intermixed with their hairs, the pupa
being stumpy and immobile. The moths rest with the wings folded flat in roof-shape; most of them occur
in mountainous regions.

rosdda. E. roscida Scliijf. (11 k). Eeseml)ling Pliilca irrorvlla, rather small, pale yellow, unicolourous, with

few markings, al)domen i)lack, only the ond-segment yellow. In Central Europe and Anterior Asia. —

melanoinos. melanomos Nick. (11 k) is a form from the high Alps, which is said to occur also in similar specimens in

Scandinavia; still smaller than true roscida, upperside of wings strongly suffused with sooty in patches,

sometimes the ground-colour altogether suffused with black ; tegulae with erect hairs. The dots on the

forewing are often united by several blackish rays on tho veins. — Larva black-brown, densely checkered

with yellowish. Dorsal line yellow, ill-defined. On lichens on the ground and on stones, whore one must

search for them in the early morning before they crawl away in the crevices of stones. Pupa stumpy,

ochreous, in a whitish cocoon; the moths in June and July, on dry stony slopes, where tliey are soon

flying in a straiglit line when the sun shines, or are found at rest on rocks.

kiiMweini. E. kuhiweitli Hbn. (11 k, 1). Bright pale orange yellow, the dark dots large and distinct, usually

longitudinally oval, most numerous in the row before the outer margin. The forewing below is suffused

with lilack. In typical specimens the abdomen is entirely orange-yellow, or banded with black, while in

compluia. ab. compluta Hbn. it is black with the exception of the tip. Tn North-Eastern Germany and the coun-

alpeslris. tries around the Baltic. — alpestris Z. is the southern form, occurring in the Alps of Switzerland and the

Tyrol, as well as in South-East Europe, Asia Minor and Armenia; considerably larger, abdomen strongly

ringed with black, antenna of (J thicker. — Larva black with yellow dorsal line, strong yellow irroration,

which forms an interrupted stripe above the legs. Hairs black above, mixed with grey laterally; underside

lighter grey-brown. Like the preceding until May on lichens. The moths more abundant only in the Alps,

local and more singly in the plains.

auriiu. E. aurita Sulz. (11 1). Bright pale orange yellow. Forewing with rows of thick black dots, which

stand closer together before the margin. Underside of forewing not suffused with black, hindwing the

same colour as forewing, not lighter as in kuhlwei7ii. Thorax black, with a yellow spot in the middle in

true aurita. Abdomen black, often with the sides, a number of bands and the apex yellow, or entirely

yellow with the exception of the base. The true aurita is only known from the southern Alps, especially

ramosa. from the Vallais. — In ramosa F. (11 1), which represents the species in the higher Alps (e. g. at Zermatt,

but also in other ranges of the Alps at the same altitude), the dots of the forewing are united by sooty

Iransiens. black vein-streaks, so that mostly only the marginal dots remain isolated. — ab. transiens -S'<(/r. (11 1) is a

transition to ramosa in which the dots of the wings are only partially united by slight rays; already at a

imhula. lower altitude in the southern Alps. A further transition is ab. imbuta Hbn. (Ill), in which these rays

pollens, are continued inwards to the base. — pallens Mill. (11 1) is a pale yellow form, often also slightly smaller,
which occurs at the highest altitudes, near the snow-line; I found it for instance as the only form on the
sa(jittal(i. (iorner Clrat, whore it was abundant. — ab. sagittata Bdtz., from the south-side of the Simplon, is a deep
yellow form with strong marginal spots. — j\loroov('r, localities aro known in which a coff('e-l)rown form
occurs frequently or almost exclusively, e. g. at certain places in the Upper Engadino; this form was first
observed in abundance by Catherine and kindly sent to me for description in this work, but was

fiimosa. meanwhile also discovered by Heyuemann and described as ab. fumosa (11 1). — Larva blackish brown,
with rhombiform spots dorsally, and irregular light yellow ones laterally; similar yellow dots are arranged
in rows in place of subdorsal lines. The larvae of the high alpine forms are darker with blacker hairs
and smaller yellow dots. — aurita with all its forms has as yet only been found in the Alps and neigh-
bouring ranges, an area of distribution so much restricted being rare among Lithosiids. But there the
moths are common from the end of June to the autumn, and during nearly the whole period of fhght one
finds worn and fresh specimens. The ^(^ are mostly seen when they fly slowly across the valleys in a
straight lino with a slight clicking noise, often at a considerable height above the ground. In the early
morning the 9? may be forced to fly by kicking against young larch trees, or they can be caught when
they rise with a clumsy flight into the air from the stony slopes.

21. Genus: Chionaeuia H.-Schdff.
These small Lithosiids, better known under Walker's name of Bi;;onc, are among the most
pleasing of all the smaller Heterocera. They aro usually snowy white with simple blood-red transverse lines on
the forewing, and it is this simplicity of colouring which makes them so charming. Scarcely any species

CHIONAEMA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

61

can bti describod as cdimiiDii. Ijiko Mollodinula they arc nearly always met; with resting singly on a leaf
or fl(jwer, or they may be beaten out of bushes. .Altogether about 80 forms are known, which are distri-
buted over Southern and Central Asia and tropical Africa. A very few species extend northward as far
as southern Siberia and southward to Australia.

Head large, Irons scutiform, longer than broad, slightly narrower below, very smoothly scaled,
white. Eyes large, somewhat oval, slightly convex. Palpi porrect, seldom upturned, short. Tongue strong.
Thorax robust, moderately convex, often marked with red or yellow on a white ground. Tibiao with
moderate spurs. Abdomen cyhndrical, narrow, sometimes pointed, nearly always of the same colour as the
hindwing. Forewing fairly elongate, often broad from the base, in the (^ frequently with a lMnniiellat(!
fold on the underside beyond the middle of the costa, from which a tuft of hair originates on (lie ui)iiei-
side. Hindwing broad and large, the middle of the distal margin often oxcurved. — Larvae, as far as they
are known, cylindrical, with small round hiuxd and long dense tufts of bristles standing on rather large
warts; on hchens. Pupae very smooth, rounded, pointed behind, immobile, in an ovate, very loose,
reticulate cocoon mad<^ of hairs. The moths fly at night, but wIkui disturbed also in day-time,
or rest on flowers. In the tcunperate regions they occur in the summer, in only one brood, but in th(;
tropics are met with singly all through the year, being most abundant in tropical India from Januaiy to
April, this depending, however, on the locality.

C. puella Drury (nee Moore) (12 a). Forewing with 4 narrow scarlet transverse lines, that plac(!d iniclla.
before the centre projecting basad with a strong tooth, the one Ixdiind the centre proximally convex,
being curved distad at the costal and inner margins. Three distinct black central spots in the cell in
the (^, and one in the ?. Hindwing tinged with a delicate rose-red. In Kashmir (Kulu, Dalhousie,
Kangra); also in other Himalayan districts (Nepal) and distributed over South India to Ceylon, mostly
not rare, but singly.

C. hamata Walk. (= emergens Walk.) (12 a). The only Japanese Chioanema besides the southern, hamala.
non-Palearctic, uiiipimda. Very closely alhed to puella, and united with it by Matsumura; more robust
than imella from Kashmir, the red transverse bands thicker, the one behind the middle angulate at the
apex of the cell, and running in a convex curve to the inner angle, where it meets the terminal band in
the $. Distributed throughout Japan, from Hokkaido to the Linchotes; also in the opposite districts of
China, from Shanghai to Hongkong, probably also in the interior, but always singly and often rare.

C. sanguinea Match. A narrow red stripe runs from the basal transverse hne, which is often sanuuineu.
vestigial, to the inner red line traversing the forewing before the centre. The outer red line is also
connected with the terminal one by a streak at the costal margin and at the inner angle. The hindwing
bright pink, especially in the marginal area. The scent-organ at the centre of the costa inconspicuous. —
In ab. cruenta Leech (= dubenskii Alph.) (12a) the red transverse lines are very narrow. In North and ciuenla.
Central China, as well as on Formosa.

C. alba Moore (12 a). White, the forewing tinged with roso-red at the base, costa and before the alba.
margin, with a black discal spot; hindwing also suffused with rose-red towards the apex. Sometimes the
whole apical area of both wings is strongly rose-red, and the underside of the forewing blackish. North
and Central China and Corea.

C. sikkimensis Elw. (12 a). This Indian form from the Himalayas is distributed northward to Tihot sikkiviensis.
(Yatung). It is at once recognised by the transverse l)ands placed before and beyond the centre being
dull orange-yellow instead of red, while the terminal band is absent. The thorax is also marked with
ochreous; the hindwing is pure white.

C. adelina Stgr. (12 a). Like the preceding without terminal band on the forewing, but the bands udclina.
before and beyond the centre rather coarsely dentate, and together with the shortened basal band and
tht^ edge of the tegulae bright scarlet, not ochreous as in the preceding. In Amurland, at Yladivostock
and at the Ussuri. — A small and strongly differing c? described by Staudinger from North China
(Macrolep. Amur-Geb. No. 308) probably belongs to the following species.

C. pratti Elw. (12 c). Smaller, with broader wings, the ^ with a strong tuft of hair beyond the pralti.
middle of the costa. The postmedian line is quite or almost obsolete between the apex of the cell a^nd
the costa; a red termmal line is present, but reaches neither the costal nor the inner margin. Hindwing
in the <S very bright pink, and the underside also strongly tinged with pink. North and Central China,
near Pekin, in Shantung, at Ningpo and at the Yang-tse-kiang, locally not rare. In July.

C. ariadne Elw. (12 c). The transverse lines very broad, blood-red, the one before the centre with ariadne.
a tooth projecting towards the base; a broad red smear before the margin; <? with three black discal
dots; hindwing less brightly rose-red than in pratti. At the Yang-tse-kiang.

C. adita Moore (= bifasciata Pouj., walkeri Ehv.) (12 b). Forewing pure white, the red terminal adila.
band absent, and there are at the most slight traces of the basal band. The two central transverse hnes

62 AGRISIUS; PA1L\0XA. By Dr. A. Skitz.

very narrow and light rod. Both sexes with two or three discal dots; the J with a very strong tuft of
hair Ijeyond the niiddh? of the costa. In Kashmir, Tibet, also widely distril)uted in the Himalayas.

(asciola. C. fasciola Elic. Smaller, the terminal band very broad, almost touching the broad outer transverse

line at the inner margin; from tli(! inner transverse band of the q a process projects distad in the cell:
^ with 2 or 3, ? with one discal spot. Hindwing bright pink, esjiccially in the $. At the Yang-tse-
kiang, near I-chang, t'hang-yang.

giMifcra. C. guttifera Walk. {— triguttata Walh.) (12 c). All 4 transver.se lines present, but quite obsoles-

cont and orange-yellow. Kashmir and other Himalayan countries; also distributed over Anterior India to
the Audamans. The species agree.s in the yellow colour of the hnes with C. dohertiji Elw. from the North-
AVestern Himalayas.

bellissimfi. C. bellissima Moore (12 b). The most beautiful Lithosiid, of the size of 0. quadra. Forewing white,

with three discal dots, and broad blood-red transverse lines at the base, before and beyond the centre of
the forewing. In the o tlie Avhole outer area of the forewing suffused with orange-yellow, in the $ a
yellow band before the margin. Hindwing and abdomen a beautiful carmine-pink, darker in the ^ than in
tile $. Underside in <J entirely carmine, in $ white with dark central spots, and the hindwing tinged
with pink. Widely distributed in the Himalayas, especially in the West. Locally not rare. In Indian
specimens the band before the margin is sometimes also red instead of yellow.

iiilct-rogu- Q interrogationis Pouj. (12 c). Scarcely half as large as the preceding; the band before the margin

likewise yellow, bemg broad and diffuse in the S; the central and basal bands also bright yellow; hind-
wing in the (J very bright rose-pink. In the $ the bands of the forewing are more reddish. Known from
North India and Shanghai.

phaedra. C. phaedra Leech. This species is easily recognised by the submarginal band of the forewing ter-

minating costally in a large spot, so that the outer transverse band and the submarginal band are con-
nected, the basal and antemedian bands also being connected. Three black dots in the disc of the fore-
wing. In typical specimens the transverse bands are dark blood-rod; but specimens also occur in which
moupi- ^j^pj, jjyg orange: ab. moupinensis Leecli. At the Yang-tse-kiang, from the estuary to Sze-chuen.

It vltolv •

gmclla. C. gazella Moore (12 c). All transverse bands of the forewing dull orange, and all connected with

one another; between the two central liands one to three spots, also orange; hindwing and abdomen Avhiti?
or light grey. In Kashmir, also distributed over the Himalayas as far as Sikkim.

tjelida. C. gelida Walk. (12 c). On the forewing the white ground-colour is entirely superceded by ochreous-

brown, the whole median area excepting the costal portion being occupied by dull yellow-brown clouds.
A sooty brown smear extends through the cell almost to thf outer margin; hindwing yellow-brown. In
the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim.

(/(()•(•/((. C. detrita Walk. (= suffundens Walk.) (12 a). Thorax and forewing everywhere with irregular grey-

brown cloudy spots, between which there are light bands and stripes. Only in the disc there are 3 black
dot-like spots, the one at the apex of the cell having a whitish centre. Hindwing in the ^ white, in the $
slightly dulled with grey. In the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim, but also in other mountain-ranges
of India.

22. Genus: Agrisiii!;* Walk.

This j)eculiar genus seems to unite true Lithosias on the one haml with MiliocJirista and on the
other with the Nyctemerids or Hypsids. In contradistinction to the last described forms, Agrisius has
long, somewhat upturned palpi, especially the end-segment, which in the Hypsids is strongly porrect in
the shape of a stylet, being remarkably long. Agrisius has a moderately broad head, well developed
tongue, fill- or setiform antennae. 'Thorax strong, broad, smoothly scaled, spotted. Forewing broad,
dotted in the basal area, distally with streaks on the veins. This scheme of markings strongly recalls
Hypsinae. Only 2 forms are known, one from Eastern Asia and the other from the Himalayas. Nothing
is known to me of the habits, as I have never found a moth of this genus in nature.

hd(jinosus. A. fulginosus Moore (-= japonicns Leech) (12 d). Sooty grey-brown, body and basal half of fore-

wing with Ijlack dots. In .Japan (more definite localities are not recorded), as well as China, and said to
occur also in India.

28. Genui?: Paraona Moore.

Very closely allied to the following genus, but the wings .shorter, the body more robust, inter-
mediate between Lithosia and Agi/Ua in general appearance. Head broad, eyes small, widely separated by
tilt* frons, palpi fairly short, antenna setiform. Thorax broad, the collar brightly coloured and sometimes

OENISTIS; APISTOSIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 6:5

with a metallic gloss. Abdonion of the cJ(J slender, clothed with rough hair. Forewing more triangular,
not so elongate as in Liihosia, t\w hindwing also not so long as in the following genus. Sexes similar.
Three species, one of them Palearctic.

P. staudingeri Alph. (^l'2d). Sooty grey-brown with sulphur-yellow collar; forewing and thorax slaiulimjcri.
darker than the hindwing and abdomen; both wings with dark voins. Sze-chuen.

24. Genus: Oeui^tis Hhn.

Formerly quadra was placed in (hiophria together with nihricollis, but stands now wideh' separated
from it. Hampson unites it with only one other species, subcosteola, in his genus Lithosia, so that all
the long-winged species hitherto known as Lithosia, have to be removed from that genus, as they are not
related to quadra. But as the genus contains numerous species and hence is very characteristic of the
subfamily, we prefer to retain Fabricius's name Lithosia for it, and therefore follow Staudinger-Rebfj.
(t'at. Pal. Lep. p. 377) in removing quadra from it.

Head moderately large, frons slightly convex, not narrowed bidow. Eyes fairly large; palpi short,
erect; tongue stong; antennae setiform, not more than half the length of forewing. Thorax stout, smoothly
hairy. Abdomen smooth, a tuft of hair dorsally on segments 2 and 3. Legs with metallic blue scales;
tibiae with short stout spurs. Forewing very elongated, broad at tlu' base; hindwing very long with faii'ly
pointed apex. Sexes dissimilar. Larvae with longitudinal stripes, thinly covered with strong hairs; by day
they rest full length in the crevices of tree-trunks, and live on lichens, hut when these are scarce also
feed on leaves of trees or even needles. The pupa is stout, very smooth, as if polished, in a very loose
cocoon in crevices of bark. The moths appear after 3 or 4 weeks; they are very abundant in some years
and then again very scarce for a long time.

One often sees the moths flying by day; they have normally only one brood.

0. quadra L. (12 d). The ,^ of the Large Footman is much smaller than the 9. brown-grey with quadra.
a leaden gloss, thorax and base of wings golden yellow, costa metallic blue-green at the base. The $ yellow,
the forewing with a black-blue spot behind the centre of the costa and above the inner margin. — The
Japaneses form, dives Butl, is said to have darker (J(J; but the comparison of a large number of speci- dives.
mens proves that this difference is not constant; the (J figured on plate 12 d is an authentic Japanese
specimen which I myself caught near Yokohama, specimens similar in all details occurring in Europe.
The European specimens vary considerably, the $? with regard to the size and the (J(^ in the colouring.
In exceptional cases one of the dots (ah. wnipunda SpuL) or both (ab. impunctaia Spul.) may be absent
in the $, or replaced by a transverse band (ab. fasciata SpuL, confluens Dumont). The area of distribution
extends over almost the whole of Europe and Northern Asia, from Scandinavia and Livonia to the Medi-
terranean, and from the Atlantic coasts to Amurland, t'orea and Japan. A specimen from Sikkim which
Hampson mentions is exactly similar to the $ of quadra, except for an anomaly in venation; otherwise
0. quadra is to be regarded as an exclusively Palearctic species. — Larva slate-grey, with thin longitudinal
lines, a transverse black spot each across the back anteriorly, in the centre and behind, and subdorsally
there are longitudinal rows of small reddish yellow warts; until June of lichens on trees, walls and
stones. When the species becomes over-abundant a scarcely of food results; the larvae then attack the
leaves and needles of trees, and may become injurious. Pupa black, with a porcelain-gloss, stumpy and
immobile. The moth appears in July or August; in the south of the area there is occasionally a second
brood.

0. nigricosta Leech (nee Hampson) (12 f). We here unite in tlu^ same genus with quadra a species nigricosla.
which is treated by Hampson as a separate genus {Conilepia) and really stands rather isolated. Half the size of a
$ of quadra, forewing with dark costa hut withf)ut the black dots of quadra-^. The type, a ^, is said to
have come from Japan.

25. Genus: Apistosia Hbn.

This genus consists of 6 species, of which the 5 Exotics, mostly American species, differ con-
siderably from the preceding genus, while the only Palearctic form, which touches our area in West China,
is very closely alhed to 0. quadra. Head broad, frons broad, separating the moderately large eyes.
Tongue developed. Palpi upturned, reaching nearly to the vertex. Antenna uni- or bipectinate, Thorax
very smoothly scaled, abdomen laterally with hairy warts. A few foreign species have the remarkable
habit of resting with the hindwings projecting posteriorly beyond the forewings.

A. subnigra Leech (12 6). Similar to a small $ of <>. quadra, yellow with 2 dots on the forewing, subnigra.
which is relativelv broader. From Wa-shan in Western China.

64 AGYLLA: CHRYSORABDIA. By Dr. A. Si;iT/..

26. Genus: Agylla Walk.

This gonus is already closely allied to true Lithosia. The palpi mostly project only half as far as
those of Apisioski; head smaller, frons flat, antennae long, often with fairly long pectinations. Thorax
almost globular; tibiae with moderate spurs; abdomen clothed with rough hair. The forewing of the
Palearctic species elongate, linear, but lanceolate in some Exotics, and too small in comparison with the
huge hindwing; in the (J(J sometime with patches of hair. Over 50 species are placed in this genus, which
were formerly scattered over many genera, and are distributed over both hemisj)heres. The greater number
of species inhabit the Andes, a smaller numl)er the Himalayas.

sinensis. A, sinensis Leech (12 e). Recalling 0. quadra in colour and markings, light yellow with 2 black

dots on th(! forewing, but tlu^ spots only half as largo and the upper one not at the costa, but below it
in the cell. In West China.

prasina. A. prasina Moure. This remarkable moth, from Kashmir, slightly resembles Hypsids, especially

Macrohrochis gigas, which is much mors extended black. Size of $ of 0. quadra, bodj- and wings white,
but with strong metallic blue markings, the forewing being shaded from the maigins inwards, and traversed
by the dark glossy metallic l)lue veins, while the hindwing is white with a grey-black apex. Kangra, Dal-
housie, distributed in the Indian Himalayas to Sikkini.

liltatd. A. vittata Leech (12 f). The species is well characterised by the yellow longitudinal stripe which

traverses the dark blue-grey forewing; costa and collar are also pale yellow, as well as the hindwing.
In this longitudinal band of the forewing the moth resembles a group of Indian species belonging to the
following genus. North China; the form does not appear to bo common.

albilinis. A. albifinis Walk. (12 f). Dark grey-brown, a large disc-shaped spot at the apex of the forewing,

and a narrower band at the apex of the hindwing white. Not rare in the whole of the Western Hima-
layas from Kashmir far into the Indian territory. In the eastern Himalayas the species is represented by
a similar moth, apicaUs Moore, with more intense colouring, which does not, however, reach the Pale-
arctic region.

pallens. A. pallens Hamps. (12 f). This moth, which is unknown to me in nature, is among the largest

species, and has a very broad lanceolate-rotundato forewing. The colouring is very remarkable : abdomen and
hindwing are sooty grey, but the forewing light ivory with dark costal stripe, the colouring being reversed as
compared with that of most of the following species, which have a dark forewing with light costa. In the
North- Western Himalayas to Kashmir.

gifjantea. A. gigantea Oherth. (12 a). Almost as large as the cj of 0. quadra; both wings uniformly iron-grey,

shghtly tinged witli yellowish red; the forewing has a bright yellow costal stripe extending as far as the
apex. Singly in AmurUiiid, on Askold and in Japan, caught in July at the lamp by Graesek.

collitoides. A. coilitoides Bull, {ii a). Larger and darker than gigantea, forewing glossy black-grey, the costal

stripe broader and lighter; the collar bright orange. In Amurland (Hampsox), as well as especially
Japan. I only caught the moth once, near Yokohama, at the end of July; it does not appear to be
common.

posllusea. A. postfusca Hamps. (12 e). Like a small form of the preceding, being described as such. The

costal stripe narrows towards the ajjex, whm-ir it almost disappears. Kashmir and Tiliet, probably also on
Indian territory.

holochrea. A. holochrea Hamps. Pale ochreous; tips of palpi, antenna, femoral stripes, tibiae and tarsi dark

brown; underside of forewing suffused with brown with the exception of flu- marginal area. Chang- Yang.

27. Genus: Chrysovabdia Butl

Four species, which are alhed to Agijlla vittata with regard to colour and markings, have been
separated from the preceding genus on account of peculiarities in the venation. All the species have the
forewing longitudinally striped. Two species are Indian, two Palearctic.

biiitta. C. bivitta Walk. (= disjuncta Moore) (12 f). As large as 0. quadra; the light yellow colour pre-

dominates on the forewing, the dark metallic glossy dark blue longitudinal stripes lieing obsolescent in the
disc and only distinct in the outer marginal iirea. The ce)stal streak is broad(ir in the $ than in the ^J.
Kashmir, widely distributed in the Himalayas, also on Indian territory.

Pnhl. 9. HI. 1910. LITHOSIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 65

C. alpina Hamps. (l"2g). The fif^nire (froiu IIampson) shows that the dark bands of the forewmg alpina.
are more complete than in the preceding species, only the upper one being obsolete before the outer mar-
gin. Costal area of forewing suffused with sooty. Yatung in Tibet, at an altitude of 10 000 feet.

28. Genus: I>it]i08ia F.

This genus with its over 120 forms might be sejiarated into over 20 genera, if all the divisions
proposed by Moore and Wat.ker could be considered valid. But the Palearctic forms, about 60 inciuil-
ing the varieties, can be arranged quite naturally in one genus if the group of species is accejjted in
TIampson's sense, who dealt with it under Hubxer's name of Ilema {Eilema). — Lithosia is especially
characterised by the vei-y long linear forewings, and the broad hindwings, which latter are generally folded
in a very complicated fashion when the insect is at rest. All 4 wings are kept close together and one
over the other, so that when at rest they extend far beyond the relatively short abdomen, but project
only slightly laterally. The proboscis is well developed, as in the preceding genus; head broad, with especi-
allj' broad vertex and large prominent eyes; palpi very short and rather rough-hairj^ below, with the
a])ical segment quite vestigial ; antennae of (J variable, setiform or with very small teeth or delicately
plumose; thorax short, abdomen very stout, wich a very stumpy apex in the $, very rough-hairy in thee?-
Forewing broadened directly Ijehind the base, with the costal and inner margins almost parallel, hindwing
generally slightly incurved below the apex. — Larvae moderately hairy, usually with longer hairs at both
ends and often with coloured warts nv knobs; on lichens. Pupae, as far as they are known, dark, glossy,
with stumpy tail-end, in a loose cocoon. The moths appear in the summer, and rest in daytime in the
foliage of bushes, or on stalks or twigs, with the wings folded; thej- are easily flushed, and then fly for
short distances in a straight line, settling again on branches close by, usually on the underside of leaves.
In dull weather they often drop down into the grass, where the_y can easily conceal themselves on account
of their slender build. The representatives of this genus are mostly found at the southern lioundarj^ of
the Palearctic region, but some other districts are also rich in species, e. g. the island of Madagascar.
No species is known from America.

L. basinota Moore. One of the largest species of the genus. True basinota inhabits the Indian
Himalayas, but in Palearctic Kashmir occurs also a form, lurida i?«(/. (12 g). Like the Indian race it luis Jurida.
dark violet-brown thorax and forewing, and the head, collar and a spot at the base of the inner margin
of the forewing yellowish grey; the disc of the hindwing, however, is paler yellow than in specimens from
Sikkim, being only slightly brownish at the margin; the hindwing of the Palearctic form, moreover, has
the base bright yellow\ Kashmir, on the southern slopes, Kangra, Dalhousie.

L. deplana Esp. (= depressa Esp., luteola Hbn.) (12 g). Both wings dark brow'n-grey, with the depJana.
costa of the forewing and the fringes light bright yellow, especially in the $. The ground-colour is
often more or less lightened with ochreous, sometimes almost clay-colour {ochreolSi Hbn.), or nearly whitish i!g/,!5ojl''
(helveola 0. = helvola Hbn.), or of an indefinite intermediate shade (luteola Hbn.). In pavescens Buil.. hdeola.
from Hokkaido (Island of Yezo), the wings are dirty greyish yellow; the hindwing lighter in the al>- parescens.
dominal region. — From Scandinavia and Northern Russia ; found also eastward in Japan (form pacescen.^),
but specimens are not known to me from Amurland or Central Asia. — Larva dirt}- lead-grey, bearing a
yellow dorsal stripe with dark edges and 3 raised black transverse spots anteriorly, posteriorly and in the
centre, and black markings laterally. Until June, on lichens on trees. Pupa glossy red-brown. The moths
singly but not rare, in Julj' and the beginning of August, may especially be beaten from young conifers.

L. griseola Hbn. (12 g, h). In typical specimens of this form, which is distributed over the greater firisrohi.
part of the globe, the forewing is very glossy, silky, light lead-grey, with pale sulphur-yellow costal margin,
which is, however, narrowed at the middle of the costa and only extends to the apex as a very fine
line. Hindwing pale yellowish grey, uniform in the $, slightly darker marginally in the (J. At once
distinguished from the preceding species by the underside (12 h) on which the sulphur-yellow- hindwing and
abdomen contrast sharply with the ash-grey forewing and thorax. Central Europe, especially not rare in
Crermany, northward to Finland, southward to Northern Italy, westward to the Atlantic coasts, eastward
to Anterior Asia. — In Great Britain a form occurs which is analogous to the form ochreola of deplana,
with the forewing yellow above; this is f lava Haw. (= stramineola DbL). — In the East the species varies (lava.
considerably. In Amurland it is much smaller, and the ground-colour of the forewing is so light that the
costal stripe only slightly contrasts with it; this is vetusta Walk. (= amurensis Stgr.). — aegrota Bull. nf^J.*'^""
(= adaucta Bw<L, cinerea Pouj., lenta Leecfe) (12 h), on the other hand, is larger than European griseola,
and the forewing darker, the hindwing, which is yellow above, contrasting sharply with it; from Japan. —
This moth also occurs outside the Palearctic region, e. g. as lilacina Moore and fuscicilia Hamps. in India,
serva Walk, in the Malay Archipelago (and Japan?) and subumbraia in West Africa. — Larva black-grey,
with reddish yellow* spots behind the head, from segment 3 backwards two reddish yellow longitudinal
stripes dorsally, between which there is a black dorsal line. Until the beginning of June, on lichens on

II 9

06 LITHOSIA. By Dr. A. SniT/.

trees. Pupa glossy reddish brown, in a cocoon of moss or lichen. The moths in July and August, often
common in Central Europe and in Amurland, on tree-trunks and the branches of suckers.

bipuneta. L. bipuncfa ///'*;. (= colon Mosc/tZ.) (12 h). Similar to griseola in size and colouring, in the colour

of the forewing resembling especially flaca, but before the costa and above the inner margin there is a
l)lack dot as in the $ of quadra. A few specimens caught in South-Euroj)e (Italy. Spain). Otherwise in
Ethiopian Africa (Cape Colony, Natal), perhaps also in India.

japonica. L. japonica Leech (1"2 h). ]\Iucli .-^mailer than (/riscula. but similar, (iiiiy mure brightly coloun-d:

forewing more stiongly rounded. Japan.

musculo. L. muscula Styr. (1'2 h). Still smaller than tiie preceding, almost like a dull-coloured sororcuJa, tiie

costal stripe light yellow, but not contrasting greatly with the light greyish yellow ground-colour. Tlie
forewing below is dark grey with narrow light yellowish brown costal marginal stripe, and broader greyish
yellow outer marginal area; the hindwing beneath light yellowish or whitish grey, daiker at the costal
margin. Somewhat variable specimens from IJeirut, the Tauius and tlic i.ebanon.

coreana. L. coreana Leech (= arideola Fixs.) (12 h). 'i'liis form is closely allied to the preceding, but is al-

r-eady a transition from it to hirideola, of whicdi it might be a small form. Head, neck and shoulders and
the costal stripe of the dirty grej'-brown forewing bright yellow, Hindwing light yellow, more or less
suffused with brownish. From Anmrland. North China. Ja]>an. and Corea.
nrideola. L. lurideolaZ(/(c/;. (= coniplanula Btic, plumbeola H.-.Sc/ff'///.) (12 i). ]<'orewing broadened towards tln'

outer margin, bright glos.sj' lead-grey with broad, regular, light yellow costal band, somewhat dulled at
the ape.K, and pure yellow fringes; hindwing, head and neck and anal tuft of J ivory yellow. Beneath,
the forewing is only suffused with sooty grey at the base and on the disc, so that a liroad outer border
is pale yellow. Hindwing pale yellow with a sliglitly dark costal margin. Throughout Europe with the
exception of the extreme North and South, also in Asia Minor, up to 10 000 feet in the Alps. --Larva
dark lilue-grey with black dorsal line and black head, bearing black and yellow hairs; subdorsal lines
black, stigma-line orange. On lichens of trees, hibernating, until the end of May. Pupa reddish lirown.
glossy. Moth from June to August. According to Schmidt the larvae prefer the trunks of beeches and
oaks, but I most often beat the moths out of the lower branches of high, solitary larches in the Alpint'
valleys; locally veiy common, especially in the mountains.
dehiHs. L. debilis Sigr. (12 i). Head, neck, shoulders and anal tuft bright yellow, thorax and abdomen

blackish. Forewing dark iron-gre}-, with the costal and outer margins pale yellow; hindwing pale ivory,
darker at the costal margin. Fiom Irkutsk.

mowsina. L. itiorosina //.-.SV/kV//. (= costalis Z.) (12 i). At once recognised by the thin scaling of the semidia

]ihanous hindwing. Forewing very narrow, linear, with very pointed apex and inner angle, earth-grey Mitli
only slightly contrasting bright yellow costal margin, and a thin yellow line at the inner margin. Hindwing
transparent light ivory. Asia ilinor.

complana. L. complana L. (= complanata Cos/.) (12 i, k). Very like the preceding, hut the forewing not so

elongate, and the angles not so accentuated, the costal streak broader and brighter yellow, the hindwing
duller, not so transparent; the apex of the abdomen brighter yellow. On the underside the disc is very
inominenth' blackish iron-grey, and contrasts vividly with the orange-yellow costa and the broad pale
yellow marginal area. Hindwing beneath pale yellow, the costa deeper yellow; below costa a grey streak
from the base. Throughout Europe with the exception of the Arctic region, and in Anterior Asia, south-
ward to the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, and eastward to Turkestan. — Lar\a blackish dorsally, with
narrow lighter lines; subdorsal lines composed of small reddish yellow and white spots; lateral line inter-
rupted, reddish yellow. Until June, on lichens; also attacks the foliage of fruit-trees. The moths in July
and August, in open places in woods and nurseries.
likaria. L. vikaria IFa/fc. {— antica. Walk., natara Moore, sarawaka Bu/Z., imitans Ma!*.). Very like the preced-

ing, both wings somewhat broader and shorter; the yellow costal stripe often disappears beyond the centre
of the costa in the lead-grey ground-colour; otherwise very variable. A moth of tropical countries, not
rare in India, on the Malay Islands and in Africa. One specimen is said to have come hmn the Amur,
but this may be due to an error in labelling, as collections made in Amurland are often augmented by
the tiavoller during his stay at Hongkong, where vikaria is not rare.
sericca. L. sericea Gregrson (= molybdeolaGwcn.) (12 k). Cjrey, head and shoulders, end of abdomen, costa of

forewing and tips of fringes yellow. Strongly resembling deplana in facies, but smaller and more delicate,
forewing narrower with straighter outer margin, costal stripe of forewing paler and yellow, sharply defined
and of equal width to the apex; hindwing not uniformly grey, but lighter at the base and darker at the
apex, the whole ground-colour more iron- than brown-grey. Confined to Great Britain: Cheshire and Lanca-
shire. — Larva blackish grey with short brown hair and black dorsal line; subdorsal line interrupted,
orange-red, spotted with white; lateral line black, stigma-line rusty yellow edged with black: head black
(Mevrk'k). Until Juno on lichens, dead leaves, etc. The moth in July, singly and local.

LITHOSIA. By Pr. A. Skitz. 67

L. caniola Hbn. {= couiplauoidcs Fucks) (12 k). Alnmst Iho same in colouring as cjriscola and luri- caniola.
deola, Init the forewing much smaller, the outer margin oblique, only slightly excurved; the colour much
lighter, more yellowish grey, so that the \r,\\e yellow costal stripe is less prominent. Hindwing very pale,
scarsely darker at the costal margin, with the apex much more pointed than in the two species mentioned,
M'ith which it might be confounded. At once distinguished from complana by the underside of the fore-
wing, on which the pale grey colour extends to the margin, the latter not being broadly yellow as in com-
planci. In West and Central Europe, Germany, Switzerland, France, England and Kussia; also in Spain,
Italy and Sicily, ali. vitellina Bdi\. if it is not a lighter variety of another species (which appears to me nidlinu.
to be probable, according to the shape of the wing in Biosduval's figure, plate .57, fig. 10 $), is a form
with the forewing dusted with grey close to the distal margin and of a pale bright j'ellow ground-colour
in the cJ- ab. albeola Hbn. (= lacteola Bdv.) (12 k) is considerably smaller, and, except for the bright alheola.
yellow thorax, entirely white on the upper side; it occurs among ordinary specimens. — Larva grey or
reddish brown with dark dorsal line, red subdorsal lines edged with black and occasionally spotted with
white or black; on lichens on stones or walls, but may also be reared on withering lettuce-leaves and the
flowers of Lotus corniculatus; until July, when it pupates in the ground according to FuciiS (?); the
moth flies in August at the Ehine, but probably considerably earlier in the South.

L. affineola B)('H). (= calamaria Moore) (12 k). Very closely allied to the form vitellina of caniola, af/ineolu.
light straw-colour, slightly suffused with blackish at the costa of the forewing and in the costal area of
the hindwing, as in vitellina, and also on the underside. Widely distrilnited in Southern Asia, in the
Palearctic region in Kashmir, Amurland and Japan. — In Japan and China there also occurs the
form aprica Bull., which is unknown to me. It strongly resembles sororcula, on account of the almost upriva.
golden yellow ground-colour and the reduction of the black dusting, but is said to differ from that species
in the venation and shape of the wings. Undoubtedly the differences between affineolu, calamaria and
aprica are very insignificant.

L. costipuncta Lcf c/t (121). Much larger and more robust than the preceding forms, even larger than cosiiimiictu.
deplana. Bright golden yellow above, with a black siiot below the middle of the costa; hindwing with a
blackisii costal margin. At the Yang-tse-kiang.

L. sufftisa Leech. (12 k). One of the largest Lithosia, as large as the $ of quadra. I'Yirewing violet- suHnsa.
grey, lighter towards the outer margin, with bright yellow costal stripe; hindwing pale yellow. From
Sze-chuen.

L. nigripoda B»rm. (= insolita TFaiA-., praecipua TFa/fc.) (121). As large as the preceding, but the nigripodu.
forewing pale straw-colour; dull longitudinal shadows along the subcostal and submedian veins. In the $
the ground-colour is deeper bright yellow. In Eastern China and Japan.

L. moorei Let'r/( (12 1). As large as the preceding, in the (J the dull whitish grey forewing strongly moorei.
tingetl with brown along the veins and in the whole outer third, the costa also narrowly dark brown.
In the $ the forewing uniforndy dark brown dusted with whitish. In the Yang-tse valley, from Ningpo
to Sze-chuen.

L. degenerella ll'f///,-. (= alba .1/oorc, nivosa B((//.) (12 1). One of the smallest, Litlto.sia, not larger defjenerella.
than sororcula; forewing jiure sn(nv- white, hindwing pale isabella-colour, lilackisli at the costa, frons,
collar and thorax also white. North anil East China, Corea and Japan.

L. unitaH/)». (= gilveola Brfi'., palliatella /faw/w.) (12 1). Both wings fairly unifoinily ochreous grey, unila.
sometimes with dark shading before the outer margin, and the anal portion of the hindwing as far as the
subcostal a shade lighter, more light ivory. In South Germany, Switzerland. Austria-Hungary, in sandy
districts. — arideola //«■. (12 1), more in North Europe, Scandinavia, Finland, and North-Eastern Germany, arideola.
has a l)roader, In-ight yellow costal stripe on the grey forewing. and the pale yellow anal half of the
hindwing contrasts sharply with the grey costal half. — vitellina Tr. is whitish grey, head, shoulder and vilellina.
abdomen beneath bright yellow. Forewing brownish from the base to the middle, the outer half and the
fringes orange-yellow, hindwing pale yellow; distributed in Germany, France, probably also elsewhere. —
In flaveola Ramhr. (= petreola Guen.) the forewing is light ivory without any dark dusting; Spain. — flaveola.
palleola //?)». has also no dark .shading or patches; but the gromid-colour of the upper side is pale straw- pallcola.
vellow; in the south of the area. — arundineola G'Me?j. is a transition from paUeola to vitellina, hkeyvise arimdincola.
more in the South. — gilveola ().{■= beckeriG'f/e'n.) is a smaller form; forewing pale straw-colour, .somewhat yilveola.
darker towards the outer margin; hindwing ivory; Austria-Hungary. — Perhaps cinereola Hft/;., with light cinereola.
grey forewing, also belongs here. There is therefore in Europe from North to South a complete gradation,
the grey of the Finnish and North-East German arideola changing to light grey straw-colour and whitish,
from Germany, Austria, France, Italy to Spain. Usually only one or two forms are found in one locality,
but in the interjacent districts, especially in South Germany and Austria, the forms of the neighbouring
districts occur as aberrations beside the normal form of that district. The same is the case in Anterior
Asia, true unita occurring in Ferghana, and further south, in Armenia, the lighter palleola. — Larva dark

') Cf. Ochsenheimer, Schmett. F.ur. Ill, p. 137, foot note.

G

m LlTllOSIA. r,y Dr. A. Seitz.

grey- brown, hairs black-browu, some of the longer bristles white; dorsal, lateral, and subdorsal lines black;
above the dark lateral lines rows of small white spots; on the back yellow-brown spots. Head brown
with 2 wliite dots. On lichens, withering leaves and flowers, until July. The moth in July and August,
not rare in sandy districts.

Ilacudliata. L. flavociliata LefZ. (= ochraceola jBre?w.) (1'2]). Head, thorax and abdomen, forewing and fringes

of liindMing bright yellow; hindwing blackish grey, slightly tinged with yellow towards the base. In East
Asia, westward to the Altai. — In specimens from the Amur the forewing is sometimes strongly suffused
infusiatd. with sooty in the outer area, which greatly alters the general appearance of the insect; this is ab. infus-
cata Stgr. — In every case flavociUata has the hindwing beneath grey with yellow fringes, differing in this
fruni all other Lithosia.

hilarella. L. lutarella L. (= luteal., luteola Sch iff., lutosa Es]j.) (13 a). ForeMing light golden yellow, hindwing

the same; but the costal margin of the latter suffused with blackish grey, sometimes to the middle of the
wing, sometimes only narrowly. The underside is very characteristic, the forewing being dark blackish
grey, with pale yellow margins, and the golden yellow hindwing bearing blackish grey basal streaks in the
costal area. Throughout Europe and North Asia, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and from the
niijrocindu. Atlantic coasts over Central Asia to Amurland. In ab. nigrocincta.S/jr.. described from the ,,Mainzer Sand",
* the forewing is distally narrowly edged with black. — Larva dark grey-brown with brown hairs and black

dorsal line; subdorsal lines brown, stigma-line white, edged with yellow above. Until June, on lichens.
The moths are on the wing in July and August; they vary very strongly, especially in the amount of
black on the hindwing. The}' usually rest in daj'-time on stalks or on branches of gorse, looking like bits
of straw, but one also finds them sucking at flowers in the sunshine. In most districts of Central Europe
this and sororcula are the commonest Lithosiids.

■pallifrons. L. pallifrons Z. (= vitellina Bdr. pt.) (13 a). Very like the preceding, and by many authors consider-

ed a hardly separable aberration of lutarella. Frons and ground-colour of forewing paler, not blackish,
the costal margin of the very narrow forewing said to be more curved. Forewing above often slightly
dusted with blackish. On the underside the entire forewing and the costal half of the hindwing are suf-
fused with blackish; in the latter there is a small but always distinct pale yellow central lunule. Europe.
manidu. from the North Sea coasts to the Mediterranean and from France to Greece; also in Armenia. — mar-
cida Mann (13 b), from the Mediterranean coasts of Europe, Asia and Mauretania (which I also found on
the southern slopes of the Atlas Mts.) is pale greyish yellow, almost like a form of unita in colour, but of
a different shape; the costal region of the hindwing is only slightly and more uniformly dulled with grey,
and the margins of the forewing are often narrower and paler yellow. The second, smaller, brood is
pygmaeula. naneola Ragusa. — pygmaeola Dbl., perhaps a separate species, from Southern England and tlie opposite
coast of Holland, is a small form, light straw-colour, the forewing with the exception of the costal area
more or less suffused with dark. — Specimens from Marasch have light ivorj- forewing and in the (J ?!''''
orange-yellow, in the $ ivory hindwing with a black grey patch below the costa; in honour of Herr Bang-

hawjhausi. Haas, who sent it to me. I call it banghaasi for?}i. nor. (13 a). — Larva black-brown with dark broad
dorsal line and black subdorsal lines; on the back yellow-brown spots; stigma-line yellowish. Until June on
lichens on stones. Barer than the preceding.

sordidula. L. sordidula 7?amfcr. (13 a) is a small form from Andalusia with glossy silvery-white forewing, and

is not identical with marcida; head and anal tuft bright golden yellow.

sororcula. L. SOfOfCUla Hm/?!. (= aureola Hfcn.) (13 b, c). Forewing with the costa strongly convex and therefore

the apical jiortion of the forewing considerably broader than in the form.s of the h/ZcireZ/o-group. Head.
thorax, end of abdomen and the forewing bright golden yellow, the hindwing of (J but little paler; in the
$ both wings slightly paler orange-yellow. In contradistinction to lutarella, the costal area of the hindwing
above and beneath is never black. From England. Scandinavia and Denmark to Spain and Dalmatia,
from North Russia to Turkey, and from France to Asia Minor and Armenia. — Larva blackish (according
to Hampson whitish or yellowish), with 2 yellow dorsal stripes with red dots and white spots; until
June on lichens on trees, both on conifers (Ochsenhemer) and on deciduous trees (Spuler). Moth in June
and July, common almost everywhere; can be obtained by beating saplings, also in bushes and in the
grass, sometimes sucking at flowers in the daj'time.
cribratu. L. cribrata Stgr. (13 b). Very like the preceding species in shape, larger, orange-yellow, not golden

yellow, and not glossy. The tegulae with a black dot. Forewing with the exception of the outer margin
with small but distinct and partially dense black dots. Distributed in East Asia: Amurland, North and
Central China, Corea, Askold, and in Japan on the North, Main and South islands.
cereola. L. cereola Hbn. (= cinereola Z.) (13 b). Similar to the preceding, but lighter, orange-yellow, and of

quite a different shape. The costa of the forewing straight, not noticeably excurved near the apex, the

') A monographic revision of this species based on a considerable amount of material would throw more
light on this question and is much to be desired.

PELOSIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 69

outer inari^iii therefoi'i' iimch longtT; the outer margin of the hindwing sHghtly incurved below tlio apex.
Beneath, the forewing in the 3* dulled with pale grey, with orange costal and broad bright yellow outer
margin. The $ is half the size of the ^. In North Europe and the Alps. — Egg rose-red. Larva reddish
grey-brown, lighter laterally; two light yellow dorsal lines; stigma-line yellow; until June on hchens on
stones. Pupa brownish yellow, glossy. The moth in Juh' and August, on damp meadows.

L. albicosta i?o(/. (13 c). One of the smallest species, most closely allied to the Andalusian sordidula; albicosta.
silvery grey, forewing with a glossy white costal stripe. From the Canaries; the specimen before me is
dated October; according to Rebel others were caught in August. Pungeler possesses similar specimens
from April.

L. atratula Ev. (13 c). Black, with the .shoulders and end of abdomen orange; a bright yellow ulmlula.
costal streak on the forewing; on the hindwing the costa also nan-owly yellow, this streak being covered
by the forewing. From the Kentei Mts. (Dauria).

L. fumidisca Hamps. (13c). Forewing dark violet grey, costal and outer margins orange-yellow: [mnidisca.
hindwing yellowish gre_y. Cannot be confused with any other species. An Indian moth, which, however,
has also been caught at Sikawei near Shanghai, in East China, and by Korb in Amurland.

L. nigripars Walk. (= pallens Moore). As large as the 3* of quadra; both wings uni^formly ivory, nujriparn.
fringes and margins orange-yellow. In the (^ the costa of the forewing is thinly black at the base.
Beneath, the forewing and the costal area of the hindwing are suffused with sooty. Kashmir.

L. conformis TFai/i:. (= nigrifrons Moore, laevis Bfi^L) (13 c). As large as the preceding, and with confonnis.
similar colouring, but the outer margin of both wings orange-yellow, that of the forewing sometimes very
dark. Kashmir, distributed throughout the Indian Himalayas, as far as Japan.

L. tetragona. Two forms are known of this species, which is distributed over nearly the whole of tclraijona.
South Asia, but is usually not abundant: one form (tenuisig^ia Moore) is not Palearctic; the forewing bears
on a pure ivory yellow ground a greenish-black square spot, scarcely extending beyond the median area,
and a small dot-like costal marginal spot before the last costal third. — In the Palearctic form, sordida .sordida.
Bull. (13 d), the blackish green inner marginal spot occupies the greater part of the forewing, and the
costal spot of tenuisigna is so much enlarged in sordida that they nearly or actually touch one another.
At the same time the ivory hindwing is dulled with grey in its outer area. North India and China,
northward to Fu-chow.

L. signata TFo/fc. (13 d). This species also occurs in 2 forms. In true signaia the inner marginal spot svjnuln.
is round, and sometimes slightly reduced, this being the case in ab. brevimacula Alfh. In the other form, brevimacula.
d'lrecta Leech, it is larger than in the figure, and somewhat elongate, so that the species slightly resembles direda.
the preceding. North China.

L. iimbr'iAta Leech (13 d). Bright reddish brown above. Thorax and forewing intermixed with grey, [imbriuiu.
dark cloudy markings at the inner margin of the latter. The base of the costa broadly white, this colour
surrounding a triangular dark costal spot; the costal margin itself angulate before the last costal third.
Hindwing dirty brown-grey, apical area and margin darker. Central China.

L. reticulata Moore (13c). Forewing yellowish grey, dusted with scattered black scales: through rclividula.
the middle of the forewing a diffuse rust-brown stripe elbowed btdiind the lower angle of the cell. Kashmir;
also distributed over the Indian Himalayas.

L. pallida Moore (13 c). Forewing dull yellowish grev; before the outer third a transverse band i>allida.
composed of dark raised scales; in the centre a few dark spots, in the (j' another one on the costa before
the centre. Hindwing orange-j-ellow with broad black veins. Kashmir.

L. vagesa Moore. This moth, distributed in several forms over the whole of Northern, Anterior vayvsa.
and Further India, only enters the Palearctic region at the southern frontier of Kashmir. It has about
the same shape and size as the (^ of quadra, and is like the $ of tlie latter uniformly golden-yellow
in colour, but without markings or dots. The (J has, however, a patch of scales below the cell of the
forewing and an oval scent-patch on the disc of the hindwing.

L. costalis Moore (= fimbriata Hamps. nee Leech) (13 d). Only half as large as the preceding; custalis.
the $ dirty yellowish brown, almost without markings, only small faint spots being present below the
costa; the (J has an ochreous stripe below the costa and narrow black streaks in the median area and
before the outer margin. Hindwing ochreous, suffused with brown. In South East Asia, especially Further
India, northward to China, where the name-typical form occurs.

29. Genus: Pelosia Hbyi.

This exclusively Palearctic genus may be considered an offshoot of Lithosia. It consists of 6 or 7
forms, usually grey-brown or straw-yellow in colour, which are distributed over Europe and North Asia.
No form extends into North Africa or India.

70 GNOPHRIA. By Dr. A. Settz.

Hfiid with Iji'oad frons, sei)arating the semiglohidar eyfs. Pali)i quite sliort : antennae of q senate
or ciliate. Tibiae with moderately long spurs. Forewing resembling that of LiOwsiu in shape, with curved
costal and slightly convex distal margins. Hindwing broad with very regularly rounded margin with long
fringes. Egg globular. Larva only known of one species; it is stout with small head; dorsally rows of
hairv warts: it feeds on lichens. The moths are found on damp meadows.

muscerda. ?• muscetdai Hufn. (= perlella i*'., cinerina Bs/)., pudorina E.sp., (13 d). Dull slate-grey, with a gloss

like lead-sulphide, forewing white along the costa. A number of black dots are placed across the disc, varying
stionglv in number and size. Apex of forewing very pointed. North and Central Europe, in bog districts
and on damp meadows, locally also found in Southern Europe; occurs also in North and East Asia,
in China and Japan. — The egg, according to Aukivillius, yellow, reticulate. Larva black-brown,
variegated with reddish grey, and clothed with ])lackish hairs. Dorsal and subdorsal lines black; lateral
line greyish red, interupted; nuchal shield and anal tergite deep red, interrupted by the dorsal line. On
lichens and withering leaves, until June. Moth in July and August, on boggy meadows, sporadical and
only locally more abundant; seems to be absent from large districts.

oblusu. P. obtusa. H.-Schfiff. (13 d). Recognisable by the obtuse apex of the forewing; the latter altogether

broader, more uniformly brownish giw, usually without distinct discal dots, and never with the light
silverv white costal stripe which fresh muscerda always bear, lieing however often indistinct in old and
sul!<ch<uui . in worn specimens. Quite sporadical, in North Germany, in Italy, and as sutschana Stgr. in Amurland.
The eastern form is darker, and has sharper black streaks on the forewing. Seems only to occur quite
singly. Nothing is known of the early stages, except that the pupa is said to have been found in Mecklen-
burg in a reed.

noclia. ?. nocixi Bull. (= obtrita .S7(yr.) (13 e). Size and shape of the preceding, with which this form is

united by Hampson. The colouring is essentially darker, deep earth-brown and very glossy; the black
discal marks which are often indistinct in obtusa are united to form a line, which is excurved and tra-
verses the centre of the forewing. In East Asia, in Japan and Amurland, in July, rare; was caught at
the lamp.
inigusta. P. angusta ."^Vj/r. (13 e). Scarcely half as large as the i)rcceding. perhaps only a small local or

seasonal form. Erom Amurland and Corea.

ramusola. P- raniusola .S'/r//-. (= ramulosa H«w;).s.) (13 e). The largest species of the genus, if it really belongs

to it. Forewing dull straw-colour, with darker inner margin, light yellowish grey in the 9^ without mark-
ings, only tho veins distinct. Li Amurland, near Madivostock, Chabaro\sk, and at the Ussuri, not com-
mon, in July.

albicoda. P- albicosta Hamps. ^ grey brown or dark brown; vertex, legs, apex of abdomen, and ventei' ocli-

reous-wintish. Forewing with narrow ochreous-white costal band; fringes of both wings ochreous-vvhite.
20 to 26 mm. Japan.

?)0. Genus: Oiiophria stcjih.

In his great work ll.wii'sux unites the only i'alearctic species of this genus with the very
different iniifusciu, only known from Sumbava, to form the genus Atolmis. which he. placed among the
ArdUnae. We leave it at the end of the LUhosiinae, where it forms a kind of transition to the hetero-
geneous group Micrardiinae, which latter have some characteristica in couimdii with the ArdUnae and
Lithosiinae and others in which they differ from these subfanulies.

Head small, frons less liroad than in the other LithosUnac, eyes large, semiglobular, prominent,
pali)i short, scarcely reaching the middle of the frons: tongue stout, strong: thorax round; legs strong;
abdomen slender, with very brightly coloured end-segment; wings of the same shape as in Lithosia, only
the hindwing shorter in comparison with the forewing. I'he latter with a so-called areole, which often
occurs in the Arctiids. We only jilace one species, ruhricoUis, in (liiiipliria, and do not include the few
American forms which Kirby placed here with a?

rubricollis. G. fubricoUis L. (13 e). Deep dark brown. I'resii specimens almost black; collar orange-red, end of

abdomen golden yellow. North and Central Europe, southward to the Mediterranean, and in Sicily; also
throughout Siberia to Amurland (near Pokrofka); not yet found in Japan. Xeuburger names

llavicullis. Roumanian specimens flavicollis; they are less dark brown and with light yellow instead of red collar. —
Larva grey, thinly sprinkled with greenish ycdlow, and with a narrow white dorsal line edged Avith grey,
and dorsally rows" of small reddish yellow warts bearing black hairs. Head dark brown, with two whitish
curved lines. In autumn on lichens, especially those of old firs. Pupa glossy brownish red, in a loose
cocoon. The moth in May and June, locally abundant, but not every year. Sometimes they suck at
Scabious in the sunshine, but usually rest in day-time on the long branches of firs overhanging the paths
in the woods, where they may l)e ol)tain('(l by beating. They do not, however, fall down to the ground

KLK^MA; C'OSCINIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 71

but at once flj' away and conceal themselves on a similar liranch. On the wing they bear a superficial

resemblance to the caddis-fly Phryganea striata, which rests at the same time in the same fir-branches,
and when disturbed flies off in tlie same way-

8. Sulifamily: Hypsinae.

Beside the. few forms of the genus Anunais and Ilypaa, wliieh possibly may here and there extend inin
the Palearctic region in Kashmir, oidy one species of the group. l)elonginfr to tlie genus Eliffma. is found in
iiur region. But the classification of this latter genus with the Iljipsimie. is not established with certainty, as
ll.AMPSON places it with the Lithosiids. Altogether the Hypshiuc comprise 20 genera, with about 120 forms,
which are entirely confined to the Old World, viz. to the Indo-Australian and Ethiopian districts, with the
single exception of El'Kjnui narcissus. Only slightly further south than the Southern Palearctic boundary, in
South China and North India, the Jljipsiuae are among the commonest moths; and the boundary of their are'i
of distribution is quite abrupt. On the whole they are large or medium-sized and very brightly coloured moths
of the facies of Arctiids, which, though they rest under leaves in day-time, quickly fly away when distiu'bed.
Many Hiipsinae, e. g. Iliipsa itself, J)i(iama, etc., have a peculiar organ before the anal angle of the forewing,
which has the appearance of a bump on the upperside and consists beneath of ridges, and is considered to
be an organ of strididation. The larvae are very sparsely hairy, also often brightly coloured, hardly resembling
those of .\rctiids, with large, often slightly indented head and very, soft flabliy body, so that they, lik(! the
larvae of certain Nulodimtids. easily drn|i nil' ilu' food-trees when these a.re slightly shaken, and only move
away very slowly.

31. Genus: £lig;uia Hhn.

Head rather small; frons narrow: eyes large; palpi very long, obliquely upturned, especially the
third segment long, nail-shaped, with a slight knob at the end; antennae filiform, short; thorax short;
legs stout with woolly hairs and metallic dots; hindlegs very long, with strong spurs at the apex of the
tibiae. Abdomen long, slightly flattened and truncate at the apex. Forewing very long and narrow, the
hind angle so obtuse that the outer and inner margins pass into one another quite gradually. Hind wing
with rather irregular outer margin, orange-yellow with l)lack apical area. Larvae also brightly coloured,
sparsely hairy, on trees; the pupa in or on the grotind.

E. narcissus Cr. (131). Markings most peculiar; through the forewing runs a white longitudinal streak nnrcissns.
which separates the dark olive-green costal from the lighter inner marginal area. It differs from the fairly
similar African hypsoides in there being no large white spot at the apex of the hindwing, only the fringes
being lighter. Larva with yellow and black transverse stripes, on deciduous trees; the moths in two
broods, in July and again in October, in North China, n(jt rare; also widely distributed in Lidia, south-
wards to Malacca and Ceylon.

4. Subfamily: Micrarctiinae.

The following genera can no longer be placed with the Lithoiiiiuir without constraint. They must,
however, be separated from the Arcliinae s. str., if the Callimorphinae, which are still more closely allied to
the Arcliinae than are the Micrarctiinae, are separated from them, as in Hampsoss classification. The species
placed in the present group are even more closely related to the Callimorphids. to which Haploa and Utiietheisa
form a transition.

fn facies the moths still resemble Lithosiids, the body of the c? being very slender, the forewings
elongate with short distal margin, with light, white, ivory or brown ground-colour marked with small dashes
nr dots. The hindwings are verv broad with long outer margin, in the 3 of Argina the anal angle being
extended to form a pointed lobe. The larvae are true „woolly bears", being strongly hairy, with stout body
and small head, very agile, greedy and polyphagous; but they do not feed on lichens like the Lithosiids. The
moths are partiallv diurnal and often astoundingly abundant at their fliudit-places, sometimes forming swarms.

32. Genus: Coscinia Hhn.

Eather small moths, mostly light-coloured, agile and lively. Head moderately large; frons not
particularly broad; eyes large, palpi short, porrect; tongue aborted; antennae of ^ pectinate; thorax small;
abdomen slender, long, extending slightly beyond the anal angle. Forewing elongate, narrow, with short,
only slightly curved, oblicjue outer margin. Hindwing broad and large, the outer margin somewhat elbowed
obtusely in the centre near the end of the upper median branch. — Larva densely covered with short
tufts of very stiff hairs; they hibernate, and grow very slowly. On grasses. They pupate on the ground

72 COSCIXIA. By Dr. A. .Seitz.

ill an untidy cocoon; the moth appfars in iniilsinnmcr and ri'sts on stalks and twin's, with the hindwings
closely folded as in the Lithosiids, and i\u- forewings tii^ditly wrapped round the body, so that it has a
linear appearance like the Lithosiids.

alriula. C. striata L. (= gramniica L., palladia Fowrc.) (IS f). Forewing ivory, with narrow l)lack longitudinal

stripes: hindwing orange-yellow, with black costa, marginal band and cential lunule. The name-typical form
occurs throughtmit Euroj)e with the cxcejjtion of the extreme North, and in Northern Asia to Amurland.
pallida, ab. pallida Bull. (13 f) are specimens in wiiich the dark stripes on the forewing are more or less obsoles-
cent. — Obertiiuk names similar specimens from the Pyrenees, in which moreover the colour of the
.lanlhoplcm. forewing is uniformly bright cadmium-orange ab. xanthoptera. In bipuncta Styr. the forewing is light
Inpnncla. ■^^.^^,^ll.^.f,Q]Q■^^y. ^nd has no other markings than two separate black dots at the end of the cross-vein.
This lighter colour is usually accompanied by a reduction of the black band of the hindwing. — On the
other hand, the band may be unususally broadened, and at the same time the other black markings above
inlennedia. and beneath increased; this is ab. intermedia .s';)«/. (13 b). which in the increase of the black colour is a
mtUvio- transition to the following form. al). melanoptera Brahtn (13 f) has the hindwing quite uniformly black-
^ *'"■ brown, whereas the light ground-colour of tiie forewing is still visible as narrow stripes and minute dots.
jumrm. In ab. f unerea By. (13 e) both wings and the body are deep black-brown, with the exception of the orange-
yellow segmental incisions. — All these aberrations may occur beside typical specimens, though they are
not found everywhere and are not equally frequent. A very large form was described by Obekthur
mimnda. from Thibet, miranda (13 f), l)ut only from one (J. In the description (Et. d'Ent. 19, p. 33) it is not
mentioned to which species „Chelonia mi.randa" bears any affinity. From J^Ioenia in Tibet, caught in July.
— Larva blackish grey, with small yellow-brown Avarts bearing star-shaped tufts of short but thick black-
brown hail. Dorsal line of the lafvae of true striala reddish yellow, in that of melanoptrm it is said to
be dark. Side-line white; head black. From September until :May, on grass. On warm days in April,
about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the larva crawls up the st\lks and can be seen there from a considerable
distance if one lies down on the ground and looks across the grass. Pupa reddish brown, in a whitish
cocoon. The moth in July and August, especially abundant in sandy districts; the ^S ^b' about in the
sunshine on grassy spots and like to settle on long stalks and the twigs of young conifers. The dark
forms occur in the South and East of the area, transitional forms are met with exceptionally in all
localities.

C. cribaria. This very variable species is still more widely distributed than striata, also occurring
beyond the Mediterranean in Mauretania. The ground-colour is white, but is nearly always dusted with
black on the hindwing and occasionally also on the forewing. In almost every form the forewing bears
cribaria. i)lack markings, which are very variable in size and number. The true cribaria L. {= cribum L.) (13 g)
has the forewing white with very numerous black-brown dots arranged in angulate transverse bands, and
uniformly black-grey hindwing with white fringes. From England, Scandinavia, and North Eussia, south-
punetigera. ward to South Germany, Austria, France and Switzerland, and eastward to the Ural. — punctigera Frr.
(13 g), from South Germany, Franco and Switzerland, has the dots of the forewing strongly reduced in
both sexes, so that only a few central rows, consisting of fine but sharp dots, are present. — In the form
bifasciala. bifasciata Eambr. (13 h), from Corsica, which is regarded as a separate form on account of small differences
in the larva, the dots of the forewing are several times connected l)y longitudinal streaks, so that the
moth somewhat resembles striata, the insect corresponding to the form melanoptera. Abdomen without
Candida, spots. — Candida Cr. (= cribrellura E.sp.) (13 h) is the often very large form from South Europe, the south-
ern Alps, Italy, North Spain (said to occur singly also in the East). The forewing is entirely silvery-
white, sometimes (not always) with two small black dots at the apex of the cell (= colon Hhn.), also the
chrysoce- hindwing is dirty white in the anal area. — In South Spain and Sicily this form merges into chryso-
phala. cephala Hbn. (= coscinia 0., Candida H.-Schdff., albeola Hbn.-G., inquinata Bambr.) (13 h) with golden-yellow
head and shoulders and uniformly silvery white forewing. In Mauretania this is the usual form of
cribaria. — Lately several other forms have been described, which are doubtless very closely allied
to cribaria, although some of them are considered distinct species. We do not wish to deny their
lybissn. specific distinctness, but should like to see the opinion confirmed by the early stages. — lybissa Piiny.
(= powelli Ofcer///.) (13 i) with white sparsely dotted forewing in the ?, and yellowish abdomen without
punclata. spots. — punctata Oberth. (13i) with orange-yellow head, grey thorax and wings, the forewing bearing
haroldi. more abundant black dots arranged as in true cribaria, and Avith yellow, dotted abdomen, ab. haroldi
Oberth. (13 i), which differs from the preceding in the white forewing and is a transition to true
callignns. cribaria; like the preceding from North Africa. — And lastly calligans Tur., from the Etna, whose fore-
wing is brownish but still lighter than the hindwing and bears solitary dots, which in their arrangement
slightly resemble the Lithosiid Stigmatophora micans. — All these last-named forms are fairly small,
scarcely half as large as the $ of Candida, and as they are partly caught at unusual times {calligans
sibirica '" October), one might suppose that we have to do with seasonal differences. — Of further varieties,
rippcrlli. the Eastern form sibirica Stgr. must be mentioned, in which the black dots are obsolescent, and rippertii

Pnbl. 1. IV. 1910. UTETHEISA. By Dr. A. SritZ. 73

Bdr. (13 h) in which the Rioiind-colour of the forewing is also blackish grey, but in which the dots are
quite distinct; from the Pyrenees. — Egg round, golden-yellow. Larva dark grey-brown, reddish yellow
laterally, with black and single white hairs on blackish warts. Dorsal line and sometimes also subdorsal
lines whitish yellow, the head dark brown. However, the larvae of the different forms are not quite
identical, for in.^tance, that of hifasciata is lighter yellow laterally, and with reddish hairs on the middle
segments. According to Spuler the larvae of those forms which occur in mountainous regions arc
darker. On grass, also on other low-growing plants, untill the beginning of June, in the higher Alps
(Zermatt) until the end of June. Pupa short, stumpy, reddish brown. The moths are on the wing from
June until August, according to the position and elevation of the locality. In contradistinction to the
preceding species the (^(^ appear only to fly in day-time when disturbed, otherwise resting on boards, rocks
and stalks, with the forewings closely wrapped around the abdomen. The_y are not so much confined to
certain flight-places as striata, but are more dispersed; they are not rare, but are entirely absent from
some localities within their area of distribution.

33. Genus: Utetheisa Hbn.

This genus together with Deiopeia, which was erected at a later date, contains a few more than a
dozen forms, only half of which are, however, good species. They are distributed over all countries which
are not too cold, and are usually among the first moths met with on entering a country. Wherever we
go ashore, in Italy, Algeria, the Cape, Madagascar, in Sydney or Melbourne, in China, Japan, India, the
United States, Brazil, and even on nearly all larger islands, the first moths which are flushed in the grass of
the dunes on our approach are the Utetheisa. On a journey in African, Asiatic or Australian deserts they
are the last Lepidoptera to leave us, and on a sea-voyage they often come to greet us when the boat is
still far from the coast.

Head fairly large, with moderately broad, smoothly scaled frons, and large, semiglobular eyes.
Palpi short, upturned. Tongue strong. Ciliae of the antennae of the ^ varying from being quite short
to being long. Tibiae with moderate spurs. Forewing elongate, with the costal margin slightly curved
towards the apex; ground-colour wliite, tinged with rosy red or dotted, seldom restricted by black. Hind-
wing large, white with black margin and often with central lunule. Body graceful and well pro-
portioned, thorax often spotted, abdomen cylindrical. Larva agile, with brighter colouring and finer hairs,
than that of Coscinia, with dorsal warts and small, spotted head. Pupa in a cocoon on the ground. The
moths live in the grass, often only fly for a few paces and in the sunshine suck at flowers, especially
clover and Echium. When touched, as in many Arctiids, two drops of an acrid oily liquid, with a slightly
burning taste on the tongue, exudes from the thorax.

U. pulchella L. (= pulchra Schiff.) (13 k). \Miite forewing with black and red spots, hindwing pulcheUa.
with irregular black distal margin and central lunule. Head and prothorax orange. Europe, south of a
line extending from Central Eussia across the Danube countries and South Germany to Central France,
almost everywhere, every year and regularly; but also met with singly and by chance far north of this
line, being found in England, North Germany to the Baltic, Heligoland, North Eussia and Siberia, here
and there, often after intervals of years: at Manchester, Frankfurt, Giessen, Hamburg, singly and usually
near the railway, probably carried there by the trains. Besides distributed southward throughout South
Europe and the whole of Africa, often enormously abundant (Algeria, Egypt), throughout Central and
Southern Asia to Japan, the Philippines, Australia to the extreme south; in the west to the Atlantic
islands (Madeira, Canaries, Cape-Yerde, etc.) and represented in America by closely allied forms. In spite
of this enormous area of distribution no geographical races have developed. On the whole, the moths ara
smaller in the east and in the Southern hemisphere, so that a name tenuella form. «oi\ (13 k) might be tenuella.
given to those very small East-Asiatic forms which do not come under Hampson's pidchelloides. On the
other hand, certain abberrations occur in most localities, e. g. ab Candida Butl., which has wliite forewing Candida.
without any red and with very little black, ab. pallida Sirul. (13 k), which I caught near Giessen, has pallida.
very pale markings, ab. melampyga SpuL has the abdomen nearly all black, ab. fasciata Spul. (13 k) mclampyQa.
has the black dots united to form lines, ab. semisignata Spul. (13 k) has the black dots confined to ^^^^ semisignala.
outer marginal portion of the forewing, being absent in the median and basal areas. In thyter Butl. thijter.
they are almost entirely absent. — The larva, like the moth, is so very variable that a general description
is almost impossible. In localities where they occur in abundance, as in East and North Africa, I often
found quite differently coloured specimens close together. As a rule, the larva is dark grey, lighter (lead
grey or light yellowish) dorsally, on the separate segments reddish yellow or yellowish brown transverse
bands. The hairs are moderately long, rather thin, black or wliite; sometimes a white lateral line is
present; head light reddish brown, with black markings. The moths rest in the grass on field paths, at
railway banks and in dry beds of rivers, often in huge numbers. I found them most abundantly in Egypt
at the Nile Canal and in Algeria along certain railway lines. In Kabylia I drove past mountain slopes

II 10

74 ARGINA; EPIMYDIA; PSEUDOSTEERHA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

where pulcheUa flew up before the approaching mail-coach almost like clouds of snow-flakes. I found the
moth common even in the hottest summer far into the Lybian desert, as far as there w-ere still traces
of vegetation. In East Asia, South China and Japan it was much more rare, and usually in the mount-
ains, on grassy heights. In Australia I caught it on large plains, overgrown with Spinifex near Port
Adelaide and Melbourne. On Teneriffe, I found pulcheUa immediately at the landing place at Sta. Cruz,
on Opuntia, and they were numerous at the drilling-ground, etc. etc. It has been observed that the
moths congregate in huge swarms and travel over Gibraltar and South Portugal.

34. Geniii^: Ai'giiia Hhn.

This genus, placed by Kirby among the Lithosiids, but removed from this family in Hampson's
Catalogue, consists of 10 or 12 forms belonging to about 6 species, greatly resembhng Arctiids. Head
large, with broad, slightly convex frons and large protruding eyes. Palpi short, porrect, with short end-
segment; the latter anteriorly- truncate, with black tip. Tongue present, Init thin, twice the length of
the head. Antennae in both sexes with very short ciliae. Thorax, especially in the $, much stouter and
stronger than in the preceding species. Legs strong, mostly with metallic dots, tibiae with short spurs.
Abdomen cylindrical, golden yellow or red, with dorsal and lateral rows of dots. Forewing less elongate,
hind wing less widened and in the ^ with a tooth-like projection at the anal angle. — • Larva with tufts
of hair, shorter dorsally and longer at both ends, with small head, transverse spots on the back, and light
interrupted lateral stripe, on various plants, e. g. Crotalaria obtusifolia (Horsfield). The genus is
distributed over all warmer countries of the Old World with he exception of Europe, and is found even
on outlying islands. The moths mostly live in the grass, on broad roads, and mountain-slopes; when
flushed they go off with a straight and rather sustained flight, and sometimes come to the lamj). They
are among the commonest moths of their countries.

cribaria. A. cribaria Clerck (13 i, k). ^ dark orange yellow, $ lighter; forewing bearing numerous rows of

black dots with light edges, hindwing with more isolated black spots, confluent before the apex. In
Kashmir, more at lower altitudes of the southern districts ; also throughout India and Australia, Indo-China, Mada-
gascar and the Mauritius, in various forms {pardalina, astrea, dulcis, pijlotis). — Larva with warts bearing
short hairs, at the anal end long bristles, dark iron-grey with glossy head, dark dorsal line and brown-red
legs; subdorsally the rings are whitish. Pupa light reddish brown, lighter dorsally, thorax and
abdomen marked with black dots. The moth in the summer, common on wood-paths, in warm climates
throughout the year.

argus. A. argus Koll. (131). Head, thorax and forewing bright greyish red, the forewing bearing numerous

light rings and oval spots with black centres, which are all arranged in rows, but stand isolated. Ab-
domen and hindwing purple-pink, the latter with several black spots varying in size and number. From
Kashmir throughout India and the Himalayas to Ceylon and Burma. — Larva similar- to that of cribraria,
also dark grey, lighter dorsally, but with yellow dorsal stripe and broad white interrupted lateral line
bordered with red raised dots. Head and legs reddish brown. On Crotalaria and other plants. Pupa more
elongate and pointed than that of cribraria, light reddish brown, with blackish markings. The moths settle
on the underside of leaves, and may be beaten from the bushes overhanging the mountain-paths, but are
not nearly as easy to catch as cribraria.

35. Genus: £piiiiyclia Stgr.

Staudinger erected this genus for a single small grey species which has about the appearance
of a Heterogijnis. The head is small, very hairy on frons and palpi, eyes very large, fairly close together;
palpi very small, with long hairs; tongue aborted; antenna of (^ pectinated. Thorax and abdomen slender
and delicate, with long but sparse hairs; tibiae with very small spurs. Wings comparatively broad, fore-
wing triangular with long straight costal margin and rounded apex; hindwing moderately broad. The only
species inhabits Siberia, and nothing is known about the early stages.

dialampra. E. dialampra Stgr. (18 i). Head, thorax and antenna as well as the first segments of the abdomen

black, the rest of the abdomen orange-yellow. Wings thinly scaled, uniformly smoke-grey, transparent.
From the Kentei Mts. in Dauria.

3G. Genus: Pseiidosterrlia BU.

This genus has been proposed for a small species which Oberthur — whose figure we reproduce
— treated as a Geometrid following Lucas. According to the specimen which is before me (from Piingeler's

KERALA; CAMPTOLOMA; TANCREA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 75

collection) the moth does not seem to me to be put in its proper place by Staudinger and Rebel.
It may have affinities with the following genus, but would better be placed among the Noctuo-Phalaenids.
Body very delicate; head broad; eyes small, widely separated by the broad frons. Forewing with the
costa strongly curved behind the base, very pointed, outer margin obliquely truncate; hindwing obtusely
triangular, comparatively much smaller than in the preceding genus.

P. oranaria Luc. (13 i). Mouse-grey above; forewing dusted with earth-grey; from the apex a dark oranaria.
shadowy band runs to the middle of the inner margin, the disc being slightly yellowish before the latter.
The costa shaded with a darker colour. Hindwing above mouse-grey, with scarcely darker discal dot, not
easily distinguished. Beneath, both wings lighter grey; forewing in the outer marginal portion with 2 short-
ened transverse bands, hindwing beyond the centre with a dark simple curved line, and before it a dark
discal spot. The ^ is not inconsiderably larger than the $. The species is apparently widely distributed, as its
name is derived from Oran in Western Algeria, but has also been found at Bone in the extreme east of Algeria.

37. Genus: Kerala Moore.

Following Staudinger and Rebel's catalogue, we interpolate a second species, though its
position here does not to us appear to be very natural. The shape, the palpi and the boat-shaped cocoon,
all point to a certain affinity with the Cymbalidae or Nolidae, to which Staudinger would not, however,
agree. Formerly the same author placed the moth with the Noctuids, in agreement with a suggestion by
Snellen, where it had perhaps best have remained. As its position is at least uncertain, we leave it in
the place assigned to it in Staudinger-Rebel's catalogue, where it can at all events be most easily found.

Head large, frons broad, separating the small eyes. Palpi extending far beyond the frons. Tongue
strong. Antennae filiform, with exceedingly short ciliae in the cj. Head and thorax smoothly scaled, the
latter broad and short. Legs fairly long, smoothly scaled, hindtibia with 2 pairs of short spurs. Ab-
domen slender and very short, smoothly hairy, without real anal tuft. Forewing very long and linear
with the costa excurved directly behind the base, and the costal and inner margins almost parallel. Hind-
wing very broad and long, tightly folded, without markings.

K. macroptera Oberth. (13 i). About the same shape as Cymaiophora; forewing light grey, darker macroptera.
at the costa; basal third separated from the rest of the wing by a grey band narrowly edged on both
sides with black; a second grey shadowy band before the outer margin. A black comma-shaped spot
before the apex of the cell. In Amurland and on Askold, in Mongolia and Western China, in June, on
branches of oak.

38. Genus: Caiiii)toloiiia Fldr.

Very remarkable small moths, conspicuously coloured and stoutly built, which are distributed from
Eastern Asia to Further India. Head fairly small, somewhat hidden beneath the large dome-shaped
thorax. Palpi moderately long, thin, porrect. Antennae setiform in both sexes. Tibiae with long spurs.
Forewing triangular, the costa strongly curved near the base. The colour is yellow, the scheme of marking
very peculiar. Two species are known: the genotype from Japan and East China, the other, very similar
one, from Assam. The position of this genus is doubtful. In structure the moth strongly resembles
certain Liparidae, especially Thaumaiopoea, whose systematic position is likewise nor yet certain. We may
also mention here that according to Pryer the larvae of Camptoloma live gregariously in compact nests,
which are attached to chestnut trees, on the leaves of which the larvae feed.

C. interiorata Walk. (131). Forewing blight lemon-yellow, hindwing orange-yellow, end of abdomen inlcriorala.
red. Forewing with G l)lack lines which traverse the wing longitudinally, obliquely and transversely: the
wing is orange-red at the inner margin and above the inner angle. Larvae gregariously on chestnut; the
nests on the bark. Near Yokohama, not common, also near Shanghai.

39. Genus: Taucrea Pwtg.

This genus only contains one extraordinary species from Central Asia. While the $ so closely
resembles the $ of Ocnogyna Corsica that it can only be distinguished by the shorter hairs, the (J, which
is slender and has the body pointed, has almost the facies of Orgyia duhia, which it also resembles when
on the wing. It is distinguished from Ocnogyna by the more elongate forewing, the less distinct inner
angle and the silky, not woolly, covering of hair. On the first abdominal segment laterally there are
beneath two cavities. Antennae of S ^nd '^gs of both sexes short.

T, pardalina Piing. {^ 14 b, ? 16 a). ^ light bright yellow with black spots. In the anal area 'pardnlina.
of the hindwing 2 dark rays extend from the base. $ dirty ochreous, the wing-remnants fawn. From the
Ili-river in Turkestan.

76 OC'NOGYNA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

40. Genus: Ocnogyna Led.
In this "enus we unite about !50 forms, which are all Palearctic and are placed by others in tht-
genera Ocnogyna, Tnchosoma and PachijIischM. The most conspicuous cluiractoristic is the abortion of
the wings in most ??. Curiously enough, this pecuHarity appears again in \hv Southern Hemisphere in
an Arctiid genus of South America. — Head fairly hidden in the thick woolly covering of the thorax,
small; frons narrow; eyes small and hidden. Palpi short and with very long bristles. Thorax and ab-
domen covered with thick wolly hair, thorax of (^ very broad and large, abdomen of cj slender and short.
Fori'wing of (J triangular, very often asymmetrical, and frequently distorted, usually with bright-coloured
markings and small spots. Hindwing usually with black outer band and median spot. In the $ the
wings are aborted to a very variable degree; sometimes they still attain half their normal length; some-
times only traces of them are present. The larvae are usually common where they occur, remaining
together when young, but dispersing later on. It is advisable to look for the larvae in the spring, before
the vegetation begins to grow and conceals the larvae, which are on the ground. They grow rather
slowly, and generally remain in the pupal stage for a long time. The ^J^ fly quickly and wildly, often
also in daytime.

Corsica. 0. Corsica Bambr. (14 a). In the c? forewing yellow, with black bands and spots, hindwing orange,

an apical spot, a median lunule and two wedge-shaped streaks in the anal area from the base black.

sardoa. In the ? the body and the wing-remnants are almost yellowish white. Corsica. — In sardoa Sfgr. (14 a),

from Sardinia, the hindwing is more pink and more strongly spotted; the wings of the much darker ?,

albifascia. which are much better developed than in true Corsica, are also more strongly spotted. — la ab. albifascia

rosacea. Const, the orange bands are replaced by white ones. ab. rosacea Spul. (14 a) has the hindwing bright
purple-pink; the $ is quite pale and its wings are as small as in true Corsica, but with less spots. —
Ijarva reddish brown, with broad black median stripes edged with white, and three dark lateral stripes.
The hairs anteriorly and posteriorly black, in the middle foxy red, laterally whitish. In May and June,
on grass: pupa dark reddish brown, in an ovate, brown cocoon. Moth from March to May; easy to breed.

pierreli. 0. pierreti Bamhr. (14 a). Forewing brown, at the costal margin large cream-coloured spots edged

with black; a similar smaller spot at the base, and often traces of others in the disc. Hindwing orange

yellow, with broad black marginal band. The ? altogether without wings, dark, with long legs and stout

gandolphei. abdomen. In ab. gandolphei Oberth. (14 b) the anterior costal spot is absent and the posterior one also

ailanlica. sometimes smaller, ab. atlantica Luc. has all the light spots, but they are smaller, ab. mauritanica
lanica. Luc. (14 b) has only traces of spots on the forewing, there being present a very small costal spot and an
huguniini. exceedingly small one near the apex of the cell. In huguenini Oberth. (14 b) the forewing is quite uni-
formly brown, ground-colour of hindwing paler yellow, with the black marginal band broader and more
continuous. — All the forms occur in East Algeria, except huguenini, which inhabits Central and West
Algeria, and is often regarded as a separate species; it is at all events the western representative of the
East-Algerian fierreti. — The larva of mauritanica is found in meadows, lying exposed on the ground. It
is very brightly coloured, with blue-grey dorsal area, bisected by a light line, the dirty white sides sharply
defined. Head black-brown. The hairs are not foxy red, but dark brown, and not so dense as in baetica.
On low growing plants; it pupates in June. The moths are still rare in collections; with me they emerged
in a room without fire in the middle of January.
haciiva. 0. baetica Bambr. (14 b). Black, fore- and hindwing traversed by a few white flexuose bands,

often tinged with red, which run around the apex of the cell in dentate curves. The first describer
already figured several forms of the J; a smaller one, which I name baetica tijpica, in which the black
on the hindwing is augmented, and a larger one in which there is more white on the hindwing. The
latter may be the case to a much greater degree than in Rambur's figure, so that the white colour is
mcridio- predominant, at least on the hindwing. This latter form I name ab. meridionalis nam. noi\ (14 b); it is
the predominant form in Northern Africa; among a large number of specimen which I bred in Africa,
I have not obtained even a single dark one. But the light form also occurs in Europe, so that there can
be no question of geographical races. On the other hand the white may be absent, with the exception

ohscurior. of a few slight traces; this is the case in ab. obscurior Spul, which is represented by Ramlur's fig. 2.
The $$ of baetica have scarcely visible wing-remnants, and in facies resemble the $ of Orgijia antiqua.
In Spain and North Africa. — Larva very variable, dark brown, sometimes broadly lead-grey dorsally,
always with stiff foxy-red hairs above, and stiff whitish grey ones laterally, so that there is a resemblance
to a larva of Bhyp. purpurata, but the small silvery-white spots of purpurata are quite absent in baetica.
The larvae always remain on the ground like those of A. hebe, and must be collected before the grass in
the meadows grows long enough to hide them. Locally they are very common, and in the space of a
few square rods hundreds may be collected, and reared on lettuce, dandelion, etc. Pupa in a white cocoon,
reddish brown, that of the $ with stout abdomen and slenderer thorax (the reverse of Eambuk's figure).
The larvae are full-grown at the end of May. The moths appear at the end of November and December.
Common.

OCNOGYNA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 77

0. herrichi Stgr. (16 a) is a transition from baetica to the following group. Size and shape o{ herrichi.
baeiica, but the dark markings in the basal half of the wing strongly reduced, so that the hindwing is
quite white with the exception of the marginal band. From the Taurus.

0. loewii Z. {= clathrata Led.) (14 c). Forewing of (^ with similar markings to baetica, but the loewii.
white bands broader and the spots before them not black but olive-green. Hindwing dirty white with
olive spots. Wings of the $ reduced to very small remnants. Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt, as well as
on Rhodus. — The Armenian form, armena .S'/r/r. (14 c), is darker, the olive spots on the forewing only armena.
leaving light lines, and merging together on the hindwing to form bands. — On the contrary, pallidior pallidior.
Christ. (14 c), the form from Turkestan, is considerably lighter in colour in consequence of the broadening
of the light bands on the forewing and the separation of the dark bands on the hindwing into rows of
spots. — Larva black-grey, with dark marmoration and yellowish white dorsal line broadly interrupted
from the third segment; laterally rows of yellow-grey obhque spots, which are sometimes indistinct. Hairs
dorsally reddish brown, laterally wliitish. In April on low-growing plants. Pupa reddish brown, in a
cocoon of earth in the ground near the surface. The moth is common and flies in September and
October. According to Christopii it is difficult to rear.

0. zoraida Grasl. (14 d, e). As large as, but more brightly coloured than, the preceding; thorax zoraida.
and abdomen with dense long hair. Wings dull light pink, forewing with large, black costal spots con-
tinued as flexuose bands, which reach to the median vein and its branches; hindwing sparsely spotted.
The wings of the 9 are only developed to half the normal size. In Spain. — Larva velvety black, said
to resemble that of A. testudinaria. In June and July, on Plantago, Salvia, Taraxacum, and other low-
growing plants, in daytime beneath leaves. Pupa reddish brown. Moth emerging the following May.

0. hemigena Grasl. (14 d). Smaller and darker than the preceding, standing between zoraida and hemigena.
leprieuri. Spots of the forewing essentially smaller, only a few small spots on the hindwing. ? very like
that of leprieuri, the spots only sharply defined and complete at the costa. From the Pyienees. —
Larva lead-grey, with broad whitish grey dorsal stripe and black warts bearing dark hairs. In July and
August, on low-growing plants. Pupa reddish brown. The moth in May. — hemigena and zoraida are
doubtless representative species, but cannot be regarded as forms of one species, if the widely differing
descriptions of the larvae are correct.

0. parasita ffl)«. (14 c). The species which is found furthest north. Dark sooty reddish brown, the fore- parosita.
wing in the o with black basal rays and small angulate spots, hindwing with dark square spots. $ with
the wings developed to '/2 or ^/4, and with dark spots throughout the forewing and at the margin of the
hindwing. Hungary and the Danubian countries. South Switzerland and Southern France. — At the
Black Sea the form intermedia Stgr. occurs, which has the basal streaks shorter and the spots smaller, intermedia.
and the hindwing uniformly grey. — nogelli Led. (14 d), from Lydia, has the forewing entirely without nogelli.
spots, or only slight traces of them. — Larva yellow or brown, with yellow brown hairs, three dark
dorsal lines, between which there are dark dots. Stigmata white. In May and June, on low-growing
plants, Hke gentian, nettles, also on grass; pupa reddish brown in a grey cocoon. Moth in the early spring.

0. leprieuri Oberth. (14 d). Thorax dark reddish brown, densely covered with yellow-brown hairs; leprieuri.
abdomen dull reddish yellow, with dark dorsal line. Sometimes the ^yellow hairs give the whole body a
golden yellow appearance. Wings sooty reddish brown, rather transparent. When held before a dark
background the forewing has a yellow-red costal area in which there are 4 or 5 small costal spots. The ?
has very short wing-remnants, which are hidden in the woolly covering of the thorax. The costal spots
of the ^ are sometimes scarcely recognisable. In North Algeria. — Larva dark grey-brown, with red hairs
in the centre and blackish ones at both ends, so that it superficially resembles the larva of plantaginis.
It feeds until the beginning of June on low-growing plants, especially on borage, beneath the leaves of
which it rests in daytime, and pupates in a white ovate cocoon, the pupa being short, red-brown, with
dark markings. The moth does not appear until the following March or April. I have found that
the wings of the (J also develop when the insect remains on the ground, the wings being kept erect.
Locally very common.

0. pudens Luc. (14 f ^, 16 a (J). Greyish red, thorax and forewing more or less tinged with pwdcns.
yellowish red. A shadowy line composed of dark spots on the back of the abdomen. Forewing with an
abundance of small blackish spots, arranged in three or four transverse lines. Hindwing also spotted with
blackish, especially in the apical area, with dark discal streak. $ almost exactly like that of leprieuri,
blackish, woolly. Mauretania and the opposite Andalusia. — Larva dark brown, with blackish brown head
thinly marked with white, and black-brown nuchal shield divided by a pale line. Hair black at both ends
and reddish in the centre. Dorsal line thin, white.

0. latreillei Godt. (14 e). Body shaggy, black, as is also the forewing, the latter traversed by white lalreillei.
bands differing much in size. Hindwing dark rose-red, with black marginal band and central spot. ab. aurantiaca a^irantiaca.

78 CLETIS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

chinensis. Spul. has orango hindwing. — chinensis Gr.-Grsh., from the Chingan Mts. in China, has the head orange-
yellow, and the basal area of the forewing entirely black; according to Staldinger & Rebel perhaps
a separate species. — Larva grey-brown, with dark hairs, white dorsal and dull subdorsal lines. Nuchal
shield and anal tergite black, the former divided by a light hne. Until the autumn on low-growing plants;
pupa brown, in a brown cocoon, in moss. Moth in March and April, in the mountain regions of Spain. —
The wings of the $ frequently distorted and reduced.

pretiosa. 0. pretiosa Stgr. (= pomona SIgr.) (14 e). Head and thorax with light spots and margins; body in

both sexes larger than on our figure, which was taken from papered specimens. Wings very like those
of the preceding species in colour, the black of the forewing generally divided into more black spots by
the more numerous light bands; hindwing more yellowish red. From Amurland. This species is placed
in Ocnogyjia by Hampson; but it would perhaps be better placed witii Micrarctia kindermanni, of which
it is probably only a form.

bdlieri. 0. bellieri Led. (16 a). Forewing dirty grey-white or isabella-colour, with four rows of grey-brown

transverse markings, wliich restrict the ground-colour to a great extent; from the Taurus. — In the form
banghaasi. banghaasi Stgr. (14 e), from Akbes in the Southern Taurus, there are dark contiguous transverse stripes
before the outer margin of the forewing, and the hindwing is tinged with bright rose-red, especially in the
berylta. anal area. — In berytta Stgr. (14 e), from Beirut, the wings of the (J are entirely tinged with reddish
brown, and the bands of the forewing are indistinct. The only specimen of the $ of herijtia which is
before me, and from which our figure is taken, is very different from the ^ of banghaasi; and the opinion
is quite justifiable that bellieri, banghaasi and berytta are three different species. Very little is known
about these moths. They would perhaps be better placed with the following genus.

41. Genus: Cletis Bambr.
About a dozen rather closely allied species belong here. Head large, but hidden in the wool of
the thorax; frons narrow, but covered with long hair; eyes moderately large; palpi short with dense long
bristly hair; tongue aborted. Thorax very broad, tegulae with very long hairs in the (^. Abdomen of ^J
slender, slightly flattened, with shaggy hairs, that of the $ stout, covered with almost entirely smooth
short hair. Legs smoothly scaled, often with a metallic gloss, hindtibia with 2 pairs of large spurs. Fore-
wing more or less yellowish grey, with dark angular spots. Hindwing light red with black median
and marginal spots. — Larvae with short black hairs, light dorsal line and small glossy black head
with yellowishmarkings. They prefer sandy districts and have only one brood; their area of distribution
embraces Europe and North Asia.

maculosa. C. maculosa Gerning (14 f). Typical South German specimens of this species described from Frank-

furt a. M., — where it has now almost disappeared — are dull grey-brown with dark spots on collar,
thorax, tegulae and forewing. The hindwing is purple-red, lighter in the (J and darker in the $, with
flava. black spots, or in rare cases the hindwing yellow (ab. flava Spul.). Transitions, more leather yellow in
pallida, colour, are ab. pallida Aign. Typical specimens are onl_v found in Austria-Hungary and in the countries
of the lower Danube, besides Southern Germany. But the species varies greatly, if every small difference
simplonica. is considered a characteristic of a separate local form. — In Switzerland is found simplonica (14 f), from
the higher Alps, which is much darker in the ^ and almost without any red, both sexes being without
sirigulosa. a black marginal band on the hindwing. — In strigulosa Hamps. (14 f) the black spots are more numerous
in the forewing, especially at the margin, and the hindwing also has strongly developed spots on the disc,
dahurica. beside the marginal band composed of larger spots. — dahurica Bdv. {= reticulata Christ.) (14 f), from
Turkestan and South Siberia, the increase in the number of black spots on the forewing is more evident
on account of the lighter tint of the ground-colour, the wings having a finely recticulate appearance,
manner- especially in the $. — mannerheimi Dtip. (= honesta Frr.) (14 g) has the reticulations thicker, as the
black spots are smaller; the moth itself is often larger, and the (J has stouter antennae. In the Ural and
caccilia. in Anterior Asia. — In caecilia Led. (14 g), a smaller form from Anterior Asia as far as the Altai, trans-
itions to which are already found in Eastern Europe, the black spots are deeper black and so enlarged
slivnoensis. ^^^^ ^^^Y almost touch in the marginal area. Rebel named such East-European transitional specimens
arrago- from Bosnia slivnoensis (16 a). — On the other hand, in the West-European form arragonensis Stgr. (14 g),
ncnsis. from Spain, the spots on both wings are reduced, so that there sometimes only remain dots of varying size.
latina. — latina Tur. (14 g). from the neighbourhood of Rome, forms a transition io mannerheimi, the ground-
colour being mostly lighter than in true maculosa and the spots being intermediate between both forms,
but are sometimes reduced nearly as much as in arragonensis. — Lastly, it must be mentioned that the
ground-colour, especially that of the forewing, varies in all the forms, and not least in true maculosa,
slerlzi. SciiULTZ has given a name to one of these aberrations, calling the light form stertzi. — Larva velvety
black, with short hairs and glossy black head, with a yellow clover-leaf shaped spot over the mouth,

TEICHOSOMA; PHRAGMATOBIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 79

yellow 01 reddish dorsal line and short brownish oblique stripes laterally. The blackish grey warts have
a bluish sheen, and those above the feet bear rusty yellow hairs (Ochsenheimer). Until May and again
in July on Galium, pupating in crevices in the ground or under stones. Pupa blackish, with a blue
bloom. Moth in June and August, in the South common in many localities, in the North no longer
founc' in many of its former flight-places. The larvae are best sought in the noonday heai, as they then
leave their hot hiding-jilaces to crawl up the stalks of grass and weeds.

C. gruneri Stgr. (16 a). The original specimen of tliis form described from the Altai is in the gnmeri.
Museum at Dresden. Nothing further is known to us about this species; we therefore give a figure of the
specimen, which is closely allied to the forms of maculosa.

42. Genus: Tricliosoma Oherth.

This genus only consists of one species found in West Algeria, only the ^^ being known. The
species is placed by Hampson in the large genus Maenas, together with American and Indian forms.
It is undeniably allied to Cletis, and also to Ocnogyna (0. fudens, leprieuri) and may be considered a
transition towards Phragmatobia, where Staudinger and Rebel place it; it is distinguished from
Phragmatobia by the strongly pectinate antennae, in which it resembles Cletis.

T. breveti (Jbertli. (16b). Forewing bright yellowish brown with transverse rows of black spots; breveti.
hind wing pale carmine with black outer margin and discal spot. In Western Algeria: Sebdou, Tlemcen;
found in October.

43. Genus: Plirag-iiiatobia Ste'ph.

As now restricted this genus only consists of 9 forms, and is characterised by the small head,
simple antennae and thinly scaled wings. Abdomen of $ very stout, brightly coloured, that of the J'
very much shorter, with woolly hair. The tibiae, especially the foretibia, are thickened, hindtibia with
2 pairs of spurs. Tongue absent; the short porrect palpi entirely hidden in the woolly covering of the head.

P. fuliginosa. The ruby tiger has the thorax and forewing dark reddish brown with a blackish
comma-shaped spot at the apex of the cell, edged with carmine. Hindwing carmine, more or less hyaline
in the costal area, with more or less confluent black spots before the margin and at the apex of the cell.
Throughout Europe and North Asia and parts of North Africa, from the Atlantic Ocean to Japan, and
from Lapland to Morocco, and again in closely related forms in North America. The name-typical form
fuliginosa L. (16 b) has the forewing rather densely scaled and the hindwing bright rose-red with distinct fuliginosa.
black spots. Underside strongly suffused with purple-pink. Central and West Europe to Anterior Asia. —
In North Europe occurs borealis Stgr. (16 b), which has vivid black markings and in which the red is borealis.
confined to the sides of the abdomen and the anal part of the hindwing. Scotland, Scandinavia, Finland,
Lapland. — ab. subnigra MM., with very dark forewing, must not be confused with the northern form ; subnigra.
it is scarcely darker than true fuliginosa, and not so strongly hyaline as borealis. In ab. flavescens Schuliz flarescens.
the abdomen and hindwing are yellow instead of red. — amurensis Stgr. i. 1. is a form of the same size as amurensis.
fervida, but is in colour almost exactly like fuliginosa, the forewing however being broader. — pulverulenta 'P'^l}^^u-
Alph. (16 c) is a transition to fervida, the forewing being lighter than in /u/if/mosa, more yellowish brown,
and the hindwing lighter and clearer, more flesh-colour, and with well-defined marginal spots ; from Turkestan
and Northern China. ■ — fervida Stgr. (16 b) is the largest and lightest form. The forewing is strongly fervida.
tinged with yellowish red, and therefore almost the same colour as the hindwing, the latter bears strongly
reduced dots; South Europe, North Africa, local. — placida Friv. (16c), from South-East Europe, Asia, placida.
Minor and Turkestan, is a very large form, usually regarded as a separate species, with the forewing more
triangular and uniformly dark brown, and the liindwing pure light pink spotted with black. The forewing
bears a carmine dot at the upper angle of the cell. — Egg reddish grey. Larva hght or dark grey with
black brown head. The entire body covered with foxy red hairs; these hairs are always more black
brown in placida, and sometimes so in fuliginosa. In June, late autumn and after hibernation in April,
on low-growing plants, on high-roads, railway embankments and waste fields. Pupa black with the ab-
domen marked with yellow in the segmental incisions. The moth at the end of April and in May, and
again from the end of July, common everywhere on fences and in gardens, on roads and at brooks.
On warm days in the winter the larvae sometimes leave their hiding-places and are then found on field-
paths and roads, running about quickly.

P. coelestina Piing. (16 c). As large as placida, forewing mouse-grey, thinly scaled, hindwing almost coelestina.
yellowish white with grey base, and dull grey spots before the margin. Both wings with blackish hook-
shaped spot at the apex of the cell. Thorax and abdomen dark grey, the apex of the latter ochreous.
Underside uniformly dull white without distinct discal spots; from the Altyn-Dagh in Central Asia.

80

EUCHAEIA; EUPREPIA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

P oarvula Fldr (16 c). This moth from Kashmir is miknown to me in uatm-e, and therefore we
' reproduce' iSfk s figure. The brown forewmg has a rose-red costa and a dark ohh.iue shadow; the

hindwing is purple-pink with black marginal band and discal spot.

44. Genus: Eucliaria Hbii.

Rather small moths with handsome markings: thorax broad, very woolly; wings rather short and

broad Head moderately large, with the frons narrow and so densely co^^red with woolly hairs tha the

eves and palpi are quite hidden, and only the rather short antennae, which are strong y bipectmate in

the' ^ protrude from the wool. Thorax, broad, especially in the 3, with short and dense hair which

,Hnfls' erect on the te-ulae. Legs short, femora and tibiae densely covered with woolly hair. Abdomen

tt rlrt, sha g -, in the^? heavy, club-shaped, with shorter hair, brightly spotted. The arvae

sL lar to those of the preceding genus, densely clothed with short, shaggy hair, with a ligh dorsal hn .

There is only one brood. The moths come to the light. The larvae remain hidden in daytime and feed at mght.

E casta Esv (16 c). Forewing dark brown, before and again beyond the centre a dull white

'" "■ transversa band, from winch a strong tooth extends distad. Hindwing dull white in the c?, rose-red in

tLe Q 'vith bkck-brown outer band. Central Europe, from the Pyrenees to South Russia, local and

.-.■ • noradica usuallv common at its fhght-places. In ab. mediodivisa Spul. (16 d) the tooth of the inner

'"^'^^'''^"""•S ^-a n"!i ?nto the outer band, .so that the band of the brown ground-colour lying between the bands

Ts eparated into two spots; mostly the dark base of the forewing is also divided by white hnes or separ-

deserta ated into small spots In the form deserta Bartel the brown colour is extended, the outer wnte band

o he forewing not being produced distad into a tooth, and the hindwing being predominant y smok
niaraia own with a dull white median band. In ab. nigrata Schum the forewing is a most entirely black
.S a b b vittata Spul, on the other hand, has on the hindwing an inner dark browm band running pamlle
Tea w h the outer margin, ab. lutea Schultz are ?? with yellow hindwmg. -Larva f^^^k brown with
;ivetv black dorsal s^ots divided by a yellow central line, and black wai-ts bearing blackish hairs; in
the summer on low-growing plants: it pupates in the autumn in a cocoon intermixed with earth, the pupa
is stumpy and reddish brown, and the moth appears in the following June.

45. Genus: Eiiprepia 0.

This genus contains 4 species, all Palearctic. It corresponds to the genus Apant^sis which is
.-idelv distributed in North America and contains a great many species similar \^-^ f f-^ ^"^^
authors also placing with it A. quenselU, winch occurs mter aha in the Higher Alps of the Old Woid.
S e specls o!Eupr%^a are mediiim-sized. bicolorous, moderately brightly coloured moths .^ich resemble
on.^ another. Thev are distributed over the Mediterranean countries, only one species extending eastward
"cental Asia. - Head and thorax shaggy. Frons narrow, with strong tuft of hair which par ly hideB
he llrge eyes- palpi short, porrect: tongue aborted. Hindwing rather small in comparison with the fo^e-
w ng with ve;y^e'w or n; spots, while the forewing is usually brightly spotted. In some species there
rs7birdder-shaped organ laterally on the metathorax, which is considered an organ for the perception
of sound Tt larvae' are unusudly stout and plump, especially the middle segments bemg swollen; on
grass, among the root of which they remain hidden m day-time. The moths usually rest on the ground,

. , . '"'^ ''''E''''rivularis Men. (16 c). The smallest species. White, forewing with numerous small black spots

""^""^- and .oLn:^, varyii in number and distinctness, which has led to tl^e pubh^on <^-veral n^s.

Thorax above with shaggy ivory hair, in the middle and on each tegulae a black streak. In the Caucasus,

.uaica ''"""e ";«d'c~"= 'tessellata VUl.) (16 c). Larger, the ground-colour of the wings more or less
'"'^"- tinged with ittcolour,\,he spots on the forewing. larger and less numerous, the -^-ing al.o sparser-
potted Head black, the streaks of the thorax so broad that they almost supersede the whitish giound-
coloi with the exception of the collar; abdomen red, spotted with black. As ^nr^vular^s^^ specimens occur
S' a blackened (ab. .nuJIl ScJruU.) or have the markings confluent (ab. cohaerens Schutz). There is

nareola. t^ a fellow form, ib. flaveola SMtz. - In South Europe and ^'^^f^^^.J^^Xr^nSl^^^
with very short tufts of hair, which radiate from the warts; on grass; from the autumn until ApiU, m
yimeLitlld among the 'roots. Before it pupates the larva rests for ^^^7 ^^^^ -,:;/«r summ:
stoLs, sometimes together with ants, which do not appear to molest it. ^he moth a. t^ la e su^
and autumn In Spain, Southern France, Mauretania, Italy, Dalmat.a and the Ba kan Penin.ula, common
ahnost everywhere. ' On warm days the larvae also feed in the winter; one must not forget to put foi
them into the breeding-jar loose earth into which to crawl.

oerizcni E. oertzeni Led. (16 c). Still larger than the preceding, forewing with only 8 "^ 9. mostly very

large spots; hindwing, especially in the outer half, tinged with very bright rose-red. Head and thorax
quite dark brown above. Syria.

Publ. 20. IV. 1910. PARASEMIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 81

E. divaS'^^rr. (= haberhaueri JZp/t.) (16 d). Hindwing usually without any spots, forewing with very diva.
few. Head, thorax and abdomen dull yellowish white, with very sparse dark markings. In Central Asia,
Turkestan and the Tian-Shan.

46. Genus: Paraseniia Hhn.

Distinguished from the preceding genus by the lunger pectinations of the antennae of the ^. Rather
small moths with slendei- (^(^ and stout-bodied ?$; forewing fairly exactly triangular, dark brown or black
with yellow or white stripes, hindwing red or yellow with black markings, only in aberrative specimens
l)lack or white. Head and thorax covered with dense and shaggy but soft hair; palpi short, porrect, with
l)rush-like liair beneath. Eyes large, but partly concealed in the wool. Antennae of medium length, bipectinate
in the J. Thorax witb dark stripes in the middle and on the tegulae. Legs short, tibiae with long spurs.

The genus only contains one species, but this is distriliuted over a larg<* portion of Europe, Asia
and North America.

P. plantaginis L. (lOd.e). This moth is extraordinarily variable. Normally it has lilack forewing pJontagmis.
in both sexes, with moderately broad, ivory yellow bands. The hindwing is yellow in the q, with an
irregular nuxrginal band which is often interrupted, and 2 or 3 submarginal spots. The basal portion of
the hindwing bears black streaks at the margin of the cell, and before the anal margin, in the $ the
hindwing is red above with the base strongly black. It occurs in all temperate countries of the Northern
Hemisphere, but is often absent in the plains of the southern districts, being found in the plains only
in the North. From North Scandinavia to Andalusia and the Caucasus, from England to Japan and in
America in the West of the United States. Numerous aberrations have been found and named, which
often occur predominantly, often only exceptionally among typical specimens. In the Alps especially very
different forms occur in the same locality: ab. hospita S'c/ii//- (16 e) is a form of the ^, often occurring hospita.
also in the hills, in which the ground-colour of the hindwing is pure white instead of orange yellow.
The white ground-colour may also have much increased in quantity, the dark margins of the cell being
obsolescent; this is the case in ab. bicolor Bdtz. In the alpine ab. matronalis Frr. (16 e), the hind- ^^''°}°^'- ,.
wing is entirely black with the exception of some hght submarginal markings, the bands of the
forewing also being narrower. In ab. elegans Bdtz. (16 e) in which the light markings of lioth elegans.
wings are often reduced to slight traces, the ground-colour of the liindwing is wliite. — In
the $$ the colour of the hindwing may be yellow {flav ipeniiis) or pink {roseipenni.s) instead of red,
or may also gradually change from yellow in the basal half to red in the outer half. In
ab. albulae KiUan the ivory-yellow of the forewing is strongly tinged with reddish, ab. subalpina Schaw. ""^"'"''.•
forms a transition to matronalis, the basal half of the hindwing being black, the outer half j^ellow {^)
or red ($). ali. borussia .S'c/f«M'. is the form of subalpina corresponding to hospita, the ground-colour of the borussia.
hindwing being white. In ab. nycticans Men. (= me\&n Christ.) (16 e) the black is only slightly increased nyclicans.
on the forewing, but so much s(_) on the hindwing that its upper side presents a perfectly uniform black
surface. If both wings are uniformly black we have the rare ab. raetzeri Schaw. Of other aberrations raelzeri.
we mention: ab. nigrociliata <S"c/(o«'., which is the name for all specimens with black fringes, ab. henricho- nigrociliula.
viensis .S'c/»//<^ are yellow specimens in which the white streaks and band of the forewing are mort' or less Dignsis
confluent, ab. brunnescens .9c/taii'. (16 e) has in the (5* the j'ellow colour of the hindwing suffused with brown — brunneseens.
and in ab. rufa Tutt the hindwing is red. — ■ Of course, several aberrational characters may be found in rufa.
one specimen, so that double names result, such as lutea-obsoleta Tutt, iu which the central markings Mea-
are absent, while the ground-colour of the hindwing is yellow. — In the Asiatic districts of its area the
moth differs from the European forms, but does not vary individually to the same extent as, e. g., in
many localities in the higher Alps. — In North Asia, especially Kamschatka, Amurland, Central Siberia,
the white colour of the forewing is nearly always increased, the ground-colour of the hindwing being
white (cj) or yellow ($); this is the form floccosa Grae.s. — In Japanese specimens the markings of tha floccosa.
forewing are sometimes snowy white instead of greenish white or ivory; Butler names such specimens
macromera (from which he moreover separates an ab. leucomera). However, this variety occurs aber- macromera.
latively also outside Japan in other localities of the Palearctic region. On the other hand, ab. melano-melanomera.
mera Butl:, also described from Japan, are darker specimens which have the ground-colour of the hindwing
white in the outer half and stand between hospita and horussia. — The white ma^' be so much increased
that the black is reduced to narrow marginal spots, the wing being otherwise quite white ; this is the case
in ab. confluens Schaiv. (16 f). — In Tibet occurs a constant, rather small form, sifanica Gr.-Grsh. (16 f), '^?«/^'."'»'S-
here the ground-colour of the hindwing is alike in both sexes, and in the cell of the forewing there is an
oval light spot. — Very similar is altaica ,S7gfr. i. 1.- (16 f), from the Altai; little larger, but easily distin- altaica.
guished by the hindwing, which is scarceh' more extended black in the $ than in the i^. — The opposite
is the case in <^(^ from the Orknevs, in which the edges of the cell and the submarginal spots of the
hindwing are so extended and the ground-colour of the latter so dark that the o might be mistaken . ,
for a $. I call this form insularum /orw. «or. (16 1). — In caucasica .^/c». (16 f) the light inner marginal caucasica.

11 11

S2 ORODEMNIAS; ORONCUS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

stripp of the forewing is interrupted in the centre by the dark ground-colour. 'J'he hindwing is slightly
angulate, red, hut also sometimes yellow (caucasica flava). — It must also be mentioned that a series of
forms of plantaginis have been erected for North American specimens, and are sometimes treated as varie-
ties of a separate species, sometimes as varieties of flantaginis. e. g. modestu, petrosa, cichorii, selwynii.
scudderi, geddesi, geometrica, coespiiis, which are dealt with in the American part (Vol. 6). — Larva black
at both ends, with dark hair, the median rings reddish brown with foxy hairs, long bristles posteriorly; head
black. From the autumn until ^lay. on low-growing plants. Pupa dark brown with strong bristles poste-
riorly; in a loose cocoon. The moths arc on the wing in June, in the higher Alps until August. The $$
rest on leaves of low-growang herbs, and when flushed only fly a fmv paces before settling again. The (^'o
are on the wing in daytime, being most lively in the afternoon, and have a rapid and piecipitous flight,
k{H'ping about a yard from the ground; they are found especially in meadows in woods on alpine pastures
and on broad roads overgi'own with grass. When on the wing they sometimes make a distinct clicking
noise. They are usually very common wherever they occur, and the different aberrations are found siinong
ordinary specimens in a varying degree of abundance.

47. Genus: Oroileninias Wallgr.

This genus, like Parasemia, is distributed over the whole Xorthern Hemisphere, and intergrndes
imperceptibly with the American genus Apantesis, as whose boreal representative Orodemnkts may be re-
garded. Three forms may be considered to belong to the Old World and thrive to the New, while quenselii
belongs to both hemispheres. Orodemnias is much stouter than I'arasemia. The small head is almost hidden
under the collar; the antennae of the (J^J are almost simple like those of the $$, the thorax of the $$
is l)road, the abdomen black in the centre with yellow or red markings laterally; the palpi shoit; tongue
aborted; forewing dull ivory yellow and black. As far as is known, the species live in the temperate
regions only at a considerable height in the mountains; but in the extreme North they inhabit the plains.
They seem to require plenty of snow. The larvae have short hairs with longer ones only posteriorly, and
sometimes hiliernate several times before developing into the short-lived moths.

lurbuns. 0. turbans Christ. (16 g). This moth superficially resembles Parasemia phi)itaginis, but the forewing

is densely reticulated with cream-colour like quenselii. The $ is distinguished from the (J figured especially
by the costal area of the hindwing being black in the basal half. From the higher mountains of Mongolia,
Dauria and Kentei, where it rejjresents the following species.

quenselii. 0. quenselii Pa?/fe»/Z (= strigosa i^.) (IGg). Forewing almost exactly as in the preceding species,

but the light veins narrower, often only as thick as a hair, on a black ground: hindwing blackish grey,
in the $ spotted with orange-yellow in the outer area; fringes of both wings whitish yellow. In the
highest Alps, especially in the Vallais (Riffel Alp) and Engadine, in the Tyrolean Alps (Antholzer Alp),
in Graubiinden, on the Bernina Pass and the Daniser Alp; in the Tauei-n and again the Tore disti'ict
Utnrala. in Lapland. Also in closely allied forms in North America {gelida). — liturata Men. is the East-Siberian
form, with pure white stripes on the forewing and with the yelloAv of the hindwing increased so as to
fdlloni. be predominant. — • al). falioui Jourdlieuil is a rare ^-^orm with the forewing yellowish white without mark-
ings and golden yellow bindwings, which are darker in the basal area. High Alps of the Vallais. Certain
American quenselii-iorms, e. g. complicata Walk., form a transition between this aberration and American
species of Apantesis, as e. g. the much larger virguivcida. — ■ Larva black, with a median line comjjosed
of light dots, and black warts bearing dark hairs dorsally and reddish brown ones laterally. On stone-
covered slopes and on pastures with short grass, until May on low-growing plants. They are said to
attack other larvae together with which they are confined. The moth from June, flying also in daytime,
in some years very rare, in others common.

cervini. 0. cervini i^a/L (16 g). Forewing dull ivory yellow, more or less tinged with reddish and spotted

with black-brown. Hindwing of (^ dirty yellowish, with greyish black spots at and before the margin;
in the $ sooty grej', with light markings })efore the margin. In the Vallais, especially at Zermatt. ■ — The
hnatecki. form hnatecki Freij (16 g) is larger, the cohnir alike in both sexes, with strongly reduced dark markings
of the forewing and almost entirely yellow hindwing; from a locality in the Alps of the Vallais which is
not more definitely known. ■ — • Larva black, with black head and warts; a longitudinal stripe of grey-
green hairs dorsally and a light dorsal line which fades as the larva grows older; resting among stones or
on the bare ground; until Juno on Saxifraga and other low-growing plant. Pupa reddish brown with
light segmental incisions, under stones in a loose cocoon. Many larvae are ichneumoned, the pupa being
much infested with a species of Pimpla (Wackeezapp).

48. Genus: OroncU!>i gen. 7iov.

I place here several .\rctiids which were hitherto either included in Pericaliia. rather unnatmally,
near matrontila, or have onh- lateh been deserilted. Head rather small; froiis narrcjw, i-oughlv hairv; eyes

MICRARCTIA. ]]y Dr. A. Seitz. 83

strongly convex, moderately large; palpi porrect, of mediuni length, and moderately hairy. Antennae in
hoth sexes slender, filiform, simple. Thorax above with rather long, but not very rough hair, black with
dull yellow collar. Legs of medium length, all femora incrassate in the middle, the hindtibiae strongly
hairy on the outer side, with a pair of long spurs beyond the centre and very short ones at the apex.
Forewing with the inner angle completely effaced, l)lack-brown, a broad ivory yellow costal stripe from
base to two-thirds; liindwing bright red or yellow, with strong discocellular spot and elongate black spots
before the apex and the anal portion of the outer margin. The venation (which is very constant in
Arctiids) does not differ much from that of Spilosoma, Phragmntohia, etc. — The species of this genus,
two in number, inhabit Central Asia and have only become generally known quite recently; nothing is as
yet known of the early stages; they are said to inhabit Alpine regions, and hence the generic name : dgoyxoc.

0. urania Pmuj. (16 h). Abdomen black, yellow laterally and at the apex, forewing sooty black- urania.
brown with the costa broadly ivorj^ yellow from the base to tAvo-thirds, before the outer margin wavy
markings of the same colour, sometimes dulled. Hindwing bright yellow with black spots at the apex
of the cell and before the outer margin. North of Corea, at the Aksu Pass, in Jlay and June. The
original specimens in Herr Piingeler's collection.

0. tancrei .S'^(/r. (16 h). Abdomen black-brown, red laterally and at the apex. Forewing dark brown, iancrei.
with the costa ivory yellow to two-thirds; before the apex a dull white band runs to the inner angle;
hindwing red, slightly tinged with yellow in the outer area. Underside very like that of urania. From the
Issyk-kul, caught in May (Coll. Nassauer, Pungeler, Staudinger).

49. Genus: Micrarctia gen. nov.
This group, which is closely allied to Arctia, onlj' contains small forms, which are especially
distinguished from the stout Arctia, whose abdomen is often club-shaped, by the slender build of the
abdomen of the (J and also by the lesser bulk of that of the $. Hampson places them with the genus
Phr((gmatobia on account of the similarity in venation: Leech even described one form as Nyctemera.
The head is rather large, with broad tufted frons; eyes small; palpi slender, with tufts of hair, porrect;
antennae of (^ with long pectinations, or even plumose. Thorax stout, short, with moderately long hair,
and bright markings. Legs slender, tibiae not visibly thickened, hindtibia with only the end-spurs, tibiae
and tarsi whitish. Abdomen much slenderer than in Arctia and Phragmatobia, brightly coloured laterally
and at the apex. Forewing triangular, dark reddish brown, with yellowish white streaks, hindwing moder-
ately large, scarlet, only al)erratively yellow, with black spots. The genus contains a large number of
forms, which, however, proliably Ijelong to relatively few species, and is confined to temperate Asia.

M. trigona Leech (16 i). Forewing dark reddish brown; from the base and above the inner margin Irigona.
broad yellow rays, which merge together with a W-shaped spot of the same colour in the outer area.
Hindwing red with lilack basal streaks and marginal spots. Li ab. nigra Leecli the light rays of the nigra.
forewing are reduced and the hindwing is quite black. Ta-tsien-lu in West China.

M. y-albula Oherth. (16 i). Smaller, the markings of the forewing less confluent, small white spots y-albula.
at the costa; hindwing dull reddish yellow, blackish at the base. Here also occurs a form with the hind-
wing almost entirely black, the light Ijands of the forewing being reduced; this is ab. lugubris Ohertli. lugnbris.
In ab. rubida Lccc/t the liindwing is scarlet instead of reddish yellow. From West China. rubida.

M. sieversi (/r.-6'r.s/(. (16 i). On the forewing the yellowish markings are isolated, but slightly more sievcrsi.
numerous, and the longitudinal rays in the basal area are irregular. The black marginal spots of the
red hindwing are large, rectangular. Tibet; the specimen before me (from coll. Pungeler) is labelled
Kuku-Nor.

M. rupicola Gr.-Grsh. (= glauca Stgr.) (16 k). According to the figure in Romanoff's Memoires rupicola.
(IV, plate 19. fig. 6) this moth, which is unknown to me in Nature, is yellowish grey on the forewing, with two
regular rows of black spots in the outer area and wedge-shaped rays at the base. The dull-yellow hind-
wing bears dark basal streaks, a discocellular lunule and two disc-shaped spots at the apex and above
the anal angle. From the Transalai district.

M. postflavida Hamps. Tliis moth is also unknown to nie in Nature. It was described in 1894 poslflavida.
from a ^ fi'om Kashmir and is very small, not being larger than the preceding species". Head, thorax
and abdomen grey-brown, the latter yellowish at the apex. Forewing very dark rusty brown with diffuse
whitish markings; hindwing orange, with dark dusting, dark central lunule, and broad blackish marginal
jjand.

M. glaphyra i/c. (16 i). Forewing dark reddish brown, with deep black angulate spots, standing glaphyru.
in creamy- wliite dentate markings; liindwing deep orange-red. From Ala-tau and Ferghana. — The form
manni AIpli., from Tian-Shan and Issyk-kul, which has lately been imported in large numbers, has the manni.
hindwing scarlet. Specimens of this form in which the creamy-yellow markings of the forewing are tinged yQg„f,fi„
with rose-red are called ab. rosearia 8tgr.\.\. (16 i), and those in which they are reduced is ab. tristis -S'/^r. iristis.

84

SPILAECTIA. Bv Dr. A. Seitz.

graiiosu.

qlauca.

piwngeleri.

amabilis.

kinder-
manni.

pomona.

erschoffi.
ferghana.

Iransversata.
issyka.

mongolica.

i. 1. (16 k); alj. gratiosa N/i/r. (ItJi) are specimens in which the central lunule is uhscnt, ami ali. glauca .S'^gr.
has the ground-colour of the forewing violet-grej-, while the hindwing is pale brown; in ab. puengeleri /i67^
chcr the hindwing is black. In ab. amabilis Bottcher a broad white median band runs transversely across the
forewing. — All these forms occur in Ceutial Asia, mostly in Ferghana, where the species is apparently
verj- common.

M. kindermanni Stgr. Forewing coffee-^jrown, streaked and banded with wliite, but the spots of
th(^ brown ground-colour not sliarjjly angulate and with straight edges as in (jlaphyra, but cloud-shaped and
with rounded corners and margins. \n the typical form from the Ural the hindwing is orange-yellow:
the same is the case in ab. pomona >'/;/'■.. in which, however, a broad white raj' traverses the middle of
the forewing from the base almost to the outer margin and the base of the hindwing is not blackish
as in true kindermanni. — erschoffi .!/;)/(. (16 k), probablj- specifically different from idndernidtmi, has the
hindwing scarlet, and the wings of the $ are often aborted; from Tian-Shan. — ferghana Styr. (= sel-
monsi Biiticher) (16 k) is a verj" small form from the Pamir, in which the brown spots (ui the forewing
and the black ones ou the hindwing are reduced. In ab. transversata Bottcher the light median band of
the forewing is continued to the inner margin. • — In issyka Styr. (16 k) the black spots of the hindwing
are larger, especially that before the apex being linear, and the cream-coloured bands of the forewing are
tinged with yellowish; from the Issyk-kul. — mongolica J/p/i. (16 k) is the largest form; the very stout
thorax has distinct bright markings, the tegulae being edged with dark, and the black dorsal stripe
contrasting with the light sides of the thorax; the abdomen is dark scarlet with black median stripes;
the bands of the forewing are narroAV and strongl}' flexuose, the spots of the hindwing strong and nume-
rous; from South- Western j\Iong(jlia. — ■ We here draw attention to our remark on page 78 that freti-
osa Styr., placed by Hampson with Ocnoyynu, is a species closely allied to lindermanni and perhaps only a
snuill aberration of pomona.

5. Subfamily: Spilosominae.

In the ,, Ermines'" the habitus of Arctiids is united with a monotonous white or grey colouring quite
uimsual in tlie other groups of this brightly coloured family. But tliis superficial and unimportant character-
istic goes liand in hand with a number of other very conspicuous pecuharities. Abroad head with the antennae
sometimes quite short, a very woolly broad thorax which is almost without markings, a narrow and often long
forewing, very slender o abdomen and short strong legs are characteristic of most of the species belonging to
this subfamily, which Hampson lias mostly placed in one genus, Diacrisia, with about 150 forms, including
the varieties. The venation is not only exactly the same in all these forms, but it is almost exactly a Hombycid
venation aiul aijrees with that of even quite heterogeneous species, e. g. certain Lymuutria. We do not at all
maintain llial the Spilosominae form an anatomically different group from the other Arctiidae, but as in the
case of the Mirrarciiinae, only introduce this division here in order to attain the lucidity of arrangement,
which is the main object of the present work. We characterise the Spilosominae as stout strong moths, usually
with light colouring, frequently thin scaling and sparse markings, often reduced to dots. The insects are protected b>-
oily secretions from glands of the thorax, and bear ,, warning colours" only on the abdomen, the bright colouring
of which at once distinguishes the moths from the often similar Liparids. The larvae on the whole are clothed
with longer hairs than many of the preceding grotip and like nearly all larvae of Arctiids feed almost iiulis-
criminately on low-growing plants, being usually common wherever they occur. The moths are pronounced
nocturnals, and are distributed over all five continents. There seems to be a distant connection, especially
expressed in the larvae, with the American genus Palustra, whose larvae live in the water, and with the more
Central and North American Ecpnntheria.

lubricipeda.

50. Genus: ^pilarctia Butt.

This genus contains about 50 forms of ,, Ermines" placed by Hampson together with many others
in the genus Diacrisia. They all inhabit the Old World and about 20 of them occur in the Palearctic
region. No species is known to me from Africa, and even Palearctic Mauretania has no representative of
the genus, while Spilosoma, with much fewer species, is represented both in America and Africa.

Head moderately large; eyes hidden in the downy wool of the frons. Thorax with long shaggy
hair; abdomen of the ^ slender, that of the 9 stout, heavy, and usually extending far beyond the anal
angle. Palpi fairly short, porrect; tongut^ aborted; antennae of (^ moderately pectinated. Legs usually
brightly coloured or dotted, contrasting sharply with the light colour of the moth. Forewing usually with
the costal margin strongly curved tow-ards the apex, and with the outer margin convex; hindwing oval.
The ground-colour of the wings and body is almost without exception creamy-wdiite, more or less tinged
with yellow, this coloiu-ing being only aberratively darker. The larvae are clothed with short but dense
and stiff bristly hair, and have mostly a light dorsal line, and the ground-colour lighter laterally and
ventrally. They seem to have only one brood in the North, living until the autumn on sorrel, dandelion,
plantain, etc., run very rapidly, and pupate in a cocoon at the surface of the earth. The moths usually
belong to the commonest species of their district.

S. lubricipeda L. {= hitea Hufn.) (15 a). Creamy white above, q tinged with orange-yellow, $ with
pale yellow. The forewing w-ith a few black dots at the costal and inner margins, as well as with an

SPILARCTIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 85

ohliiiui' )-i)\v wliicli runs') to two thirds of tho inner margin, being sometimes straight, sometimes shghtly
curved; abdomen orange-yellow with black dorsal spots. On the underside both M'ings bear strong median
spots, and the forewing a straight oblique line which begins behind the cell and runs to the submedian
vein. Throughout Europe with the exception of the extreme North, and in North Asia; from the coasts
of the North Sea, Scandinavia and North Russia to the Mediterranean and from England to the Amur. —
In different localities of Europe interesting melanistic forms occur, from which varioush' modified forms
have been obtained by crossing with similar specimens and with normal ones*). The most important locali-
ties where these aberrations are found are the coasts of the Channel and the Low German coast with
its islands, ab. zatima Stoll (15 a) has the internervular spaces at the forewing and hindwing brownish; zatima
in ab. deschangei Dep. (15 a) the whole surface is grey-brown with the exception of the narrow white deschangei.
veins and tlie thorax. The thorax, moreover may, also be blackened, this form being sold as ab. uni-
color Stgr. i. 1. (15 a), but must receive another name, as Hombekg has already called the entire
ly white form by that name in 1907. I therefore propose the name totinigra nom. nov. for the uniformly iolinirjra.
dark specimens. There occur all the transitions to these extreme forms (eboraci Tugw.), which have also ebomci.
been obtained by cross-breeding. These as a rule bear on the unchanged light cream ground-colour black
streaks at the margins of the forewing and on the liindwing (ab. inlermedia Htdfss.). When the increase
of the black marking is accompanied by transverse bands on the forewing the form ab. fasciata Tugw. [asciata.
results. In contradistinction to this increase of the black markings a reduction of it may also be mentioned :
ab. unicolor Romh. (= denigrata Schiiltz) in which all the black dots are absent with the exception of the unicolor.
costal marginal spot nearest the base. — Egg round, silver-grey. Larva grey-brown, with j^ellowish red
hairs, only slightly lighter dorsal stripe and yellow-brown head. In the autumn on low-growing plants.
PujJa reddish brown, hibernating. Moth in May and June, nowhere rare.

S. rhodosoma Tur. (15 b). In this species, only lately discovered in Sicily, the black of the rhodosoma.
upperside is increased by a larger number of the spots; but the species is especially distinguished Ijy the
bright red abdomen, which in hibricipeda is always orange-yellow like the forewing.

S. guttata ErscJi. This form, which is only known to me from Fedtschenko's Reise, is creamy gultala.
yellow in colour. Thorax spotted with black, abdomen orange, above with black rows of dots. Forewing
with numerous small dark dots, which are partially arranged in rows and in which the one at the lower
angle of the cell is V-shajied. Hindwing with dark median spot and two small spots near the anal angle.
From Sarafshan in Central Asia.

S. melanostigma Ersch. Head, thorax and forewing light yellowish white ; forewing with black dots "^^f "„""'
and dashes arranged similarly to those of liibncil)eda; at the base of the costa a black streak reaching
almost to the middle of the costa; a spot in the middle of the cell and a dot at its apex; below the costa
beyond the middle five black dots and a row of eight similar ones from tho apex. Hindwing ivory white,
with a black dot in the centre and two near the anal angle. From Turkestan.

S. obliqua Walk. This widely distributed species has the forewing creamy j'ellow, the hindwing ohliqua.
lighter and the abdomen scarlet or orange-yellow. In the (J ^small black spots on both wings varying
in size and number; in nearly all (^{J there are present an interrupted submarginal row on both wings,
an oblique shadowy lino on the forewing, and a discal spot on the hindwing; in the $ the forewing
sometimes only bears an oblique line from the apex towards the inner margin. Throughout South and
East Asia, from Kashmir to North Japan and Corea, and in India southward to Travancore and Burma.
The moth varies strongly; beside a number of forms produced by the variation of the black spots, which
have not received distinctive names and do not deserve any, several geographical races have been separ-
ated, such as hoirqun from North India, nydia from Nepal, iodara from the Nilghiris, etc. Only the Pale-
arctic forms concern us here. — dalbergiae Moore (15 b), from Kashmir, has dull-coloured wings and dalbergiae.
orange-yellow abdomen. — ione Butl. (15 h) has the abdomen scarlet with the exception of the yellow tip, ionc
and the basal area of the hindwing light grey. Hokkaido, Japan. — mollicula Bidl., from Hakodate, also moUicula.
has the abdomen red, but the basal area of the liindwing is strongly suffused with purple-red al)ove;
the oblique shadowy line of the forewing is absent in the $. — This line is present in the $ of bisecta biseda.
Leech (= mandarina Moore) (15 b), from Nagasaki and the opposite China; but this insect has the ground-
colour of the forewing much duller, as in dalbergiae, from which it is, however, at once distinguisheil
by the scarlet abdomen.

S. casigneta Roll. (= sanguinalis Moore, sagittifera Moore) (15 b). Strongly resembles rhodosoma, casignela.
but the black colour at the base of the costa is absent. The species is easily recognised by the underside,
where the disc of the forewing is suffused with bright purple-red. Distributed from Kashmir over Tibet
to Western China; also in the Indian Himalayas, where the species is very abundant. It varies strongly,
and Hampson mentions specimens with the thorax black instead of orange-yellow. — seriatopunctata Motsch. ™^"!g/^
(= striatopunctata Oberth.) (15 c). Also very closely allied to rhodosoma, and probably not specifically

') Some recent authors consider Linse-s lubricipeda to be the insect generally known as mcHthasIri Esp.
But as the two names are employed in the whole Uterature in the usual sense, an alteration can only lead
to confusion.

-) Cf. Standfuss, Handb. der palaarkt. Grossschmetl. II. ud. page 307.

S6 SPILAECTIA. By Dr. A. Skitz.

different from that insrct. The lihick liasc (if the costa is very distiuct in tlic j ami tin- olihtjm^ row
of dots on the forewing varies strongly in development. Hindwinj^ above and below often stronglj' suf-
fused with rose-red. This ri'ddish hue may also be continued on the forewing, this being tiie case in

bu-ilimbala ''''• fOSacea £»//. In ab. basilimbata Vii///. there are dark shadows in the internervular spaces of the fore-
wing. The larva, according to tfT.\UDiN«ER, very like that of Spilos. menthasiri, somewhat darker
and especially distinguished from it by the hairs of the sejiarate tufts being denser. East Siberia, North
China, Corea and Japan, locally very common.
inacqiudis. S. inaequalis Bull. (15 c).- Very like the two preceding, smaller, the obhque row of dots of the

birewing always complete, as in caHUjnctd; distinguished from this form by the palpi being carmine below,
instead of lieing black as in casigmiii. The groun(l-c<»lour \ai'ies from orange-3'ellow to creamy-white.
In .rajian. not lare.

coslhnacula. S. costimacula LeccJi (1-) c). I'mewing creamy-white, hindwing usually snow-white, thorax white

with yellow markings; abdomen rose-red. Forewing with brownish spots at and below the costa, and with
a very regular, somewhat curved, oblique row of brownish dots. In West China, Washan and Mnpin.

rhodophila. S. rhodophila Walk. (= rubridorsa Moore) (15 c). ^lill;y white, head yellowish, abdomen rose-red,

with dots which are very faint in the $ and almost indistinguishable in the J. Lateralh' on the neck
distinct small rose-red spots. From Kashmir to Western China; also in the Indian Himalayas, not being
rare in Sikkim. Often only a discal dot and the oblique row of dots remain of the black markings; of
the forewing. The species varies greatly as regards the size and intensity of these markings, a more
weakly marked form (dorsata) has been separated from the form with stronger markings [rhodophila). —
Larva dark brown, light brown laterally, wuth a reddish brown head. White streaks dorsally and rows
of pale ones laterally, hairs long, on yellowish M'arts. On low-growing plants.

iankowskii. S. jankowskii Oi)cr//(. (15 c). Forewing and thorax ivory yellow', hindwing pure white, abdomen red,

base of abdomen with white hairs. Very fine black spots at the apex of the cell of the forewing, travers-
ing the latter in an oblique and sometimes interrupted row, which does not often extend beyond the
submedian vein. In the $ usually only that part of this oblique row beyond the apex of the cell is
soror. distinct, the lower part Ijeing only slightly indicated. From Amurland. — The form soror Leech, from West
(Tiina, has no discocellular spot on the forewing, the oblique band of spots curves towards the costa,
and there is a further sjjot at the inner margin. — Larva (last but one stage) black, the hair appearing
grey because consisting of a mixture of black and wliite hairs; laterally on each segment three brown
streaks, one abo\-e the other: head lirown; venter with brown sjjots. Moth in August.
sHbccirn(M. S. subcarnea Walk. (= bifrons Walk., leucothorax Fldr., erubescens Moore, trybakowi Alph., ober-

thueri Semp.) (15 d). Thorax and forewing ivory yellow, the latter usually finely spotted with black.
Hindwing purple-red or white, slightly suffused with rosy-red, seldom without a red tinge. Abdomen
bright blood-red, white at base and apex, with black dots dorsally. Throughout Japan, Corea and China;
eastward to the Philippines and southward to the Malay Archipelago.
robusta. S. robusta Leech (15 c) is probably only a more robust form of the preceding, the (^ having black

dots on the tegidae, wdiile the spots on its wings are on the contrary somewhat reduced. Underside, as
in suhcarnea, often suffused with rosy-red. West China. Perhaps a seasonal form.
sligmaia. S. stigmata 3/oore (= lacteata B«<L) (15 d). Light ivory yellow', hindwing creamy white; abdomen

carmine. On the forewing, beginning at the apex, there is an abbreviated row of fine short black comma-
shaped dashes, and a dark row' of dots interrupted at the apex of the cell. The hindwing has a small
black spot before the apex and two to four similar spots above the anal angle. In the $ the black
markings are less distinct. Distributed from Kashmir over Tibet (Yatung) to West China. Pupa black
with tufts of dirty white and black hairs; the hairs on the last segment reddish yellow.
comma. S. comma Walk. (= abdominalis Moore) (15 d). Thorax and wings pale orange-yellow, forewing

with one or two costal spots aiad an abbreviated inner-marginal stripe, above the base and apex
of which there are small black spots, which may be connected with the costa by rows of dark shadowy
spots. Hindwing with dark discal dot, the basal portion often tinged with rosy red. Kashmir, appears
to be rare.
bifasciata. S. bUasciata Buil. (15 e). The largest Spilarctia; ? sometimes as large as Arctia caja. Thorax and

w'ings orange-yellow; U\o wide black strijies, merging together at the inner margin, traverse the forewing,
the inner one of which is often interrupted, and the outer one sometimes also. Hindwing without spots,
or sometimes in the $ with one to three black discal spots. Abdomen orange-yellow; dorsally a row
of dots (rj) or transverse spots ($). Ho far only known from the Main Island of Japan, where it was
found at Tokio and Nikko. I caught two specimens near Yokohama.
flaveula. S. flaveola Leech (15 d). A small form, orange, suffused with red-lead colour, legs striped with

black, abdomen pale red dotted with black above. Fore- and hindwing with a dark spot before the
apex of the cell, the former with and oblique row of spots. West China.

jlammeola. S. flammeola ^1/oore (15 e). Likewise a small form; reddish orange; head light yellow, abdomen

with fine dots, forcAving with two parallel rows of dots, ajid also like the hindwing with a dark discal

SPILOSO.MA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 87

dot. East China (Ning-po, Kiu-kiang) and Japan, on the Jlain Island and near Nagasaki. Not common.
In June and July.

S. lewisi Butl. (15 e). Thorax and forewing dark grey-brown; the former with white smears, the lemsi.
latter with white veins and angulate, somewhat branching, longitudinal stripes. Hindwing yelloM'ish, with
brownish grey discal and marginal spots. Head white; abdomen scarlet, with Idack dots. In Japan, not
rare on the Main Island; also in West China.

S. rubilinea 3/oore (15 e). Forewing entirely earth-brown, faintly marked with small black dots; rubilmea.
hindwing light yellow, tinged with red, with black discal and submarginal spots. Al)domen carmine,
a stripe of black spots dorsally. In ab. discinigra Moore the liasal area of the hindwing is suffused with discinigra.
Itlaekish. West China. Also distributed in Northern India.

S. leopardina KoU. (= divisa Walk., liturata ira^A.) (15 e). Creamy white, but thorax and wings leopardina.
so densely covered with large black spots that the ground-colour is entirely replaced with the exception
of a few light veins and a few longitudinal and transverse stripes. Abdomen very bright purple red,
with a row of black dots. The black spots vary somewhat in arrangement and distribution. Kashmir;
also in the Indian Himalayas.

S. multiguttata ir«?A-. (= spilosomoides TFaZfc., pardalina ITcJA-.) (15 f). Forewing white, liindwing yellow, jind/if/ji/tota.
both densel}' covered witli numerous rows of blackish spots, onl}- the basal area of the hindwing in the ^
usually free. Thorax white, also dotted, abdomen yellow, with transverse spots above.

S. imparilis Butl. (15 f). ^ black-brown, collar and abdomen orange. Through the forewing two imparilis.
angulate rows of black dots, one through the centre, the other before the margin. The hindwing also
bears a submarginal, fairly straight, row of dots. The $ is quite different, creamy white with two angulate
rows of dots, converging somewhat towards the inner margin, and a few further dots before the outer
margin; hindwing entirely or almost without spots. Exceptionally the row of dots on the hindwing may
also be absent in the (J. Throughout Japan, not rare at Tokio. I obtained a specimen from the larva in August.

S. infernalis Butl. (15 f). Butler has erected for this species the genus Thanatarctia, to which, infcrnalis.
if it were considered valid, the preceding species would also belong. ^ uniformly black-brown, without
markings, with carmine collar and abdomen. $ pale ochreous, forewing beyond the centre with a broad
dark transverse band, interrupted by the hght veins and narrowed at the submedian fold; a pale spot
behind the apex of the cell. Hindwing with brown discal spot, a curved line beyond the centre and a
row of small spots before the margin; in exceptional cases the hindwing may be entirely without spots.
As yet only known from Japan.

51. Genus: Hpilosonia Steph.

The species of this genus are without exception white in both sexes; in contradistinction to Spil-
arctin, which is confined to the Old World, Spilosonia is also distributed over America, in the North of
which continent they are among the commonest moths. On the whole they are more stoutly built than
Spilarctia, the forewing broader and not so pointed, the hindwing larger, al)domen short, scarcely reaching
the anal angle. Larva short, clothed with dark hairs, and bearing a brightly coloured dorsal line. They
have two broods, occurring in June and the autumn, and hibernate in the pupal stage. The moth in
May, June and again at the end of July and in August, they are much attracted by light, and in daytime
rest close to the ground on boards, tree-trunks and stones. They fly from soon after dark to 10 o'clok at night.

S. menthastri Esp. (= enninea Marsh., lepus Betz., mendica Eossi, lubricipeda Hamps.) (15 f). Milky menthastn.
white, al)domen orange with black dorsal dots. Forewing more or loss sprinkled with sharplj* defined black
dots, of which there are always some at the costa and others arranged in rows in the disc. Hindwing with
discal dots and often with anal ones and others. Antennae black. In specimens from Northern Scotland
the forewing is sandy yellow: ab. ochrea (ab. 5 in Hampson), also found elsewhere as an exception among ochrca.
true menthastri (15 g). The forewing may Ije darkened to brown; this is the case in ab. brunnea Ober/A. hrunnea.
In ab. \uxir\\ Godt. the forewing is suffused with rose-red distally and brownish proximally. In ab. walker! '"^^"f:
Curt, the dots merge together to form radial streaks. Throughout Europe with the exception of the South,
and in Central and North Asia to Amurland, China and Japan; here it usually occurs in the form sangaica Walk., snngaica.
which is only distinguished from true menthastri ])y the sparse dots, especially in the outer area of the
forewing. Specimens similar to sangaica occur aberratively also in Europe, bearing the name paMci2J««ctoFMc/(.9,
and in contradistinction to it there is the very strongly dotted krieghoffi Pabst. A still further reduction
of the dots leads to ab. unipuncta Strand, in which there is only one dot on the hindwing. — punctariutn jmnclariicm.
Cr. {= loseiventer SnelL, doerriesi Oberth.) (15 g) is distinguished from menthastri by the carmine abdomen
with sharp transverse spots, and by the wings being rather more spotted, being quite different from
sangaica, with which its shares it native country. East Asia. It is proba])ly because menthastri occurs
in China as sangaica that many authors regard punctarium as a separata species. — Egg light yellow. Larva
lilack-brown. witii deep dark brown hair and orange-yellow dorsal stripe. On low-growing plants, from

88 ALPHAEA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

July to September. Pupa lilack. The moths in May and June, sometimes again in the summer, common;
often in great numbers on warm nights in June.

caeria. S. caeria Piing. (17 a). White, costal margin of forewing slightly brownish. Before and bej^ond the

middle of the forewing interrupted chains of brown dots, similar dots being also found dispersed at the

base, apex of cell and before the margin. Abdomen red with white tip; behind the head at the sides of

the neck two red spots. From the Kuku-Nor.

urlicac. S. urticae Esp. (= papyratia Marsh.) (15 g). Distinguished from the preceding species by purer

white and somewhat more thinly scaled wings bearing only a few dots, mostly on the disc, and by the

antennae being white almost to the tip. The black dots may be increased (= pluripiinctu Bbl.), but may

also be reduced to a few {= quadripiinctataCosmov.), or may be replaced by black stvea,ks {= radiataSpul.).

North and Central Europe as well as locally in South Euroi)e. Also in tlie Hi-district, and said to occur

at the Amur, if it has not been confused with sparsely spotted menthnstri sanqnicn or with Stranh'.s

unipuncta. — Egg light yellow, almost conical. Larva blackish, with black head and dark brown hair.

Stigmata white. Pupa black with yellow segmental incisions. The niotli in ilay and again in August;

much rarer than mcnthastri.

erylhrozona. S. erythrozona Roll. (= cognata Walk.) (15 g). Snowy white, in the q the basal portion of the

costa black. Abdomen red, but with such broad black bands and lateral spots that little remains of the

red ground-colour. Hindwing sometimes with a few small dark spots. Only known from Kashmir.

melano- S. melanosoma ii/a»?ps. (15 g). Also snowy white, with very slight traces of dark spots; abdomen

white, not red, with dark bands, otlierwise very like the preceding. Kashmir and West China, prolialdy

also in the intervening Tibet; also in North India.

punim. S. purum Leech (15 g). Like the preceding quite white, with transverse, long or much abbreviated,

bands on the abdomen, but twice or three times as large as melanosonia. From West China.
nivetim. S. niveum Men. (15 h). As large as or still larger than the preceding species; wings sometimes

with traces of small blackish spots; abdomen laterally spotted with rose-red and dotted with black laterally
and above. Tlu'oughout East Asia, East Siberia and Amutland, China with the exception of the south,
Corea and Japan. — Larva densely covered with long yellow-grey hair, dirt}^ grey with lighter lateral spots ;
it hibernates when young. The moths in July and August, local, but common at their flight-places; they
fly out of the grass, making a noise according to Doenitz. I could also hear a slight clicking sound
of the wings when nire?<m flew close bj' me, like that made by many larger Arctiids (especially CoZ/n«or2:>/)«,
but also by the small Par. plantaginis).

allium. S. album Brt'w. (= rubidum 7.<eec/i, leiicoTpter a Alpih.) (15 h). Like the preceding, but the abdomen

a brilliant blood-red. Wings sometimes with some black spots, usually at the base of the forewing and
at the apex of the coll of the hindwing. West China to Corea.

52. Genus: Alx^haea Wall-.
This genus, which is variously defined, is most naturally conceived as consisting of about a dozen,
partly Indian, tiger-moths with brightly spotted or striped forewings and fawn-coloured hindwings. To a
great extent they are small forms which show an unmistakable affinity with Spihsoma. The palpi are
short, densely and strongly hairy, porrect before the frons, which is sometimes rough-hairy. The tongue is
usually absent or reduced. Frons broad, widely separating the small eyes. Thorax not so much humped
as in the i)receding genus, and head therefore not so much hidden. Forewing not so lanceolate, more
triangular, iiindwing comparatively small. Nothing is known of the larvae of true Alphaea; the moths
seem to be much rarer than those of the two preceding genera, and are not so widely distributed. From
a morphological point of view the genus must perhaps be sunk, as Haju'son does; but as the facies is
very different Alphaea may here be retained for the sake of convenience. The area of distribution extends
from Kashmir to West China; the genus also enters Indian territory, as it occurs in Sikkim.
fulvohiria. A. fulvoliirta Tra//i-. (15 h). Thorax blackish, with white markings. Wings white, forewing with

close blackish olive reticulations; hindwing with a few spots of the same colour in the disc and before
the outer margin; abdomen dull orange-j^ellow with long greyish yellow hairs. West China and North
India, probably also in the interjacent Tibet.
"fasaa A. obliquifascia Ha?Hps. (17 a). This moth, which is unknown to me in Nature, resembles the

common A. tripartia from India, but the white spots on the forewing are so arranged that they form a
macular band, which starts from the base, is elbowed on the submedian and runs parallel with the outer
margin to before the apex. From Kashmir; also distributed in the Indian Himalaj^as.
'^^'"'mosa'. ^* Quadriramosa A'o?L (17 a) has light forewing with a network of dark veins, a scheme of marking

recalling that of Endrosa ramosa. The thorax has three dark longitudinal stripes, the abdomen black
transverse spots on an orange-coloured ground. Kashmir, where it is very widely distributed, in the Kubi.
Kangra and Dalhousie districts, also distributed in the Goorais Yallej' and in the Indian Himalayas to Sikkim.

Pnbl. 23. IV. 1910. LACYDES; ALOA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 89

A. unifascia Walk. (15 h). Forewing white, with broad median band irregularly dentate at both unifascia.
edges, and with numerous small spots varying in shape and size, especially at the costa and inner margin.
Hindwing with a few small spots on the disc and before the outer margin; the ground-colour is usually
somewhat duller than on the forewing, even being suffused with dark brown in ab. varia Walk. Kashmir, varia.

A. phasma Leech (15 i). This species, which Leech placed in the genus Thyrgorina (also sunk by phasma.
Hampson), and which really differs rather strongly from the preceding, has the thorax and wings creamy
white; collar and abdomen orange-yellow, the latter with rows of dots dorsally and laterally. The fore-
wing is densely irrorated with small pale yellowish grey spots arranged in transverse lines; darker spots at
the apex of the cell and before and beyond the middle of the costa. In West China. Only the (J known.

53. Genus: L^acydes Walk.

In Kirby's Catalogue this genus is composed of various species inhabiting partly Asia and partly
Africa. The latter non-Palearctie species Haiipson places in the genus Maenas, whose affinity to Lacydes
is evident. Distinguished from Spilosoma by the more pointed forewing, smaller hindwing, slenderer build
and much greater agility. It is said of s-pectabilis that it is attracted by baits; its tongue must therefore
functionate and not be so much reduced as in all other allied genera, such as Spilarctia, Spilosoma,
Diaphora, etc. Otherwise very little is known of their habits.

L. spectabilis Tausch. (= intercisa Dup., incisa Frr.) (15 i). The long pointed abdomen of both, speclabilis.
sexes, the straight costal margin and long apex of the forewing, acutely pointed in the ^, the small hind-
wing, etc., are characteristics enough to separate this and the following species from Arctia and Diacrisia.
Thorax ivory yellow, with dark markings; abdomen orange with strong blackish bands, in the $ some-
times almost entirely blackish; hindwing creamy white with numerous small dark yellowish grey spots,
which merge together to form stripes and almost uninterrupted chains. Hindwing with broad submarginal
band of the same colour, in the $, moreover, with strong markings in the basal area. From Central
Russia to Syria eastward through Anterior Asia to the Altai and Tian-Shan. The form annellata Christ, annellata.
(15 i) has the spots on the wings light ochreous, partly narrowly edged with black, the submarginal band
of the hindwing is often reduced to a few small spots, and the abdomen purer yellow; from Turkestan. —
Larva above dark grey blue, with yellow hairs, the segmental incisions yellow; lateral stripe white, stig-
mata red. Until June on low-growing plants; the moth in July and August.

L. semiramis Stgr. This moth, which is unknown to me in Nature, is placed by Hampson in semiramis.
the genus Maenas, composed of Indian and South American forms and agreeing in many ways with
Walker's Lacydes. It is pale greyish yellow and has dark spots on the forewing, which are partly
arranged in transverse chains. The hindwing is very sparsely spotted, with brown discocellular lunule.
The moth comes from Syria.

54. Genus: Aloa Walk.

This genus has the same pure white or ivory ground-colour as Spilosoma, as well as the
brightly coloured abdomen, but the costal margin of the forewing is also vividly coloured and in con-
junction with a collar of the same shade presents a characteristic study in colour, especially when the
insect is at rest. The Aloa are usually large and strongly built moths with large head, very broad, flat,
often brightly coloured frons, aborted tongue and relatively short and porrect palpi. Antennae short, in
the $ scarcely more than one-third the length of the costa, in the true white forms (Amsacta) setiform
without real teeth or pectinations. The thorax much raised, so that the head lies far down on the breast
and when viewed from above entirely disappears under the prothorax, a characteristic which we also observe
in the doubtless closely allied genera Bhodogastria and Creatonotus. Thorax beneath usually bright red
at the sutures on a white ground; the foretibia Hkewise bright red, while the other legs are white. Fore-
wing lanceolate, narrow and pointed, hindwing moderately large with rounded outer margin and pointed
apex. Moore places the genus with the very closely allied Phissama, Kkby unites it with Bhodo-
gastria, Hampson distributes the species over Diacrisia, Amsacta and other genera, We place here about
a dozen, partly very closely allied, species, which touch our region in various localities in Asia.

A. lactiiiea Cr. (= frederici Kirby, marginata Moore) (15 i). In its especially large Palearctic Jaciinen.
specimens, one of which from Tsingtau we figure, tliis is the largest species of the genus, pure white with
the abdomen striped with black and orange above and the costal margin of the forewing blood-red.
Distributed from Kashmir over Northern India and the larger portion of China to Japan. — Larva
black with strong warts, bearing long bristly hairs, laterally scarlet spots and tufts of reddish brown hair.
Moore names Menispermum glabrum as the foodplant for India (from Grote's MS.). The larva is
doubtless polyphagous and feeds on various low-growing plants; it hibernates and in May pupates in an
ovate cocoon intermixed with hairs, the back of the abdomen being much swollen in the pupa, and the
moth appearing in July (in the North). The moths are not rare and come to the light, resting in day-

II 12

00 PHISSAMA; CREATONOTUS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

time near the ground. Outside the Palearctic region the moth is widely distributed in tropical India,
being found as far as Java, and occurring in a slightly different form in Ceylon, where I caught the moth
at various times of the year.

A. lineola. Less than half as large as laciinea. Forewing ivory yellow, costal margin and foretibiae
much duller red, hindwing without spots. Uniformly dull white beneath, forewing with red, hindwing
with dull yellow costal margin. Abdomen blood-red with a row of dots dorsally and sometimes also a
lineola.ievf dots laterally. In true lineola F. (= strigata Walk.) (17a) a black stripe only sHghtly interrupted bj'
the median branches runs from below the cell towards the outer margin of the forewing. The forms
emiiteyis Walk., candidula Walk., flora Sivinh., piinciistriga Walk., and rubricosta Moore represent a series
showing the gradual reduction of the black longitudinal line of the forewing, which in ruhricosia is only
indicated by a dot at the lower end of the cell. On the hindwing, which as a rule bears no spots, there
may also be black dots on the disc and before the apex. Widely distributed in India and reaching the
Palearctic Eegion in Kashmir. The moths are not rare, settling on stalks of grass on broad forest-roads,
where they can be flushed by sweeping the gi'ass; they only fly for a few yards, and in their flight
somewhat recall Leucania fallens. I often caught several forms in one locality; in the Xilghiris and in
Ceylon I found emittens to be the predominant form, to which belongs the specimen figured.

55. Genus: Phissaiua Moore,
Only two species should bo placed in this genus, one of which is distributed throughout India and
is conmion almost everywhere, occurring on Palearctic territory in Central China, the other inhabiting
Syria and Arabia. Although in shape very like the preceding, they resemble in facies Spilarctia, being
ivory with semitransparent wings and brightly coloured abdomen. Head large, with flat, broad, smoothly
hairy frons; palpi and tongue small; antennae very short in the $, about half the length of the costa
in the (^, and with quite short ciliae, so that they appear simply setiform to the naked eye. Thorax
very strongly convex, smoothly hairy; legs spotted, with black at the knees. The larvae with shorter
hairs than in the preceding genus, with the warts less large and the dorsal stripe more distinct ; the pupa
with the abdomen less swollen. The moths rest in the bushes or in the grass, and at night come to
the lamp.

transiens. P. transiens Walk. (= isabellina Walk.) (17 a). The name-typical form almost uniformly cream-

coloured, with very transparent hindwing; at once recognised by four black dots at the apex of the cell

vacillans. of the forewing, which almost exactly form an oblong, ab. vacillans Walk. {17 a) has the ground-colour
darker, dull grey-brown, and sometimes a few spots between the four on the forewing. Widely distributed,
from Kashmir throughout India to China and Formosa, sometimes one form being predominant and
sometimes the other. — Larva black with reddish spots and red-brown hairs; dorsal stripe broad, ivory,
laterally with dark spots; on Dioscorea, Cissus, etc. The moths are common; they rest on low bushes
on grass plots, from which they can easily be beaten, and only fly in day-time when flushed. I found
the grey and the white forms together at the same place and in the same month.
gracilis. P. gracilis Stgr. Thorax and forewing creamy yellow; two black dots on the thorax, which is

slightly suffused with rose-red anteriorly. Forewing with a few black dots in the basal area, a dot at
the apex of the cell, a curved row beyond the centre and a small costal dot before the apex. Hindwing
light grey with dark median dot. Abdomen red with black dots. Palestine; undoubtedly closely allied
to Creatonotus arahica Havtfs. from Aden, but the latter has spotted tegulae.

56. Genus: Creatonotus Hbn.
This genus also only contains one species, which is distributed over the greater part of India
and extends from China in the north to Australia in the south. This single species is considerablj' more
brightly coloured than the preceding forms. Tongue present, more than twice the length of the head;
palpi obsolescent; antennae short; thorax flesh-colour with dark centre; abdomen bright scarlet. Shape
of wings as in Pkissama. Larva with much less dense but longer hair than in Phissama; pupa slenderer,
and more pointed at the apex of the abdomen. The moth common, in daytime resting on herbs, often on
the underside of leaves.

C. gangis. Forewing pale flesh-colour; a dark olive-green longitudinal stripe runs from the base
to near the outer margin and is broadly interrupted in wedge-shape by the gi-ound-colour on the first
ganpis. median branch. Hindwing semidiaphanous. In the $ the ground-colour of both wings is lighter. Two
»u(rt/!(.s' ^^"""^^ ^™ known: gangis L. (= interrupta L., francisca F.) (17 a) and continuatus Moore, in which latter
the median stripe of the forewing is completed by dark spots at the apex of the cell. From the Yang-
tse-kiang throughout India to North Australia. — Larva with long hairs and broad yellow dorsal stripe
on which there are orange spots. Head with white markings. It pupates in a very loose cocoon and in
hot countries the moth appears already after 7 days (Slater). Common.

AEEAS; ARCTINIA; DIAPHORA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 91

57. Genus: Areas Walk.

If the species of doubtful relationship which Kirby places with A. galactina are excluded, only
one species remains; a beautiful brightly coloured large moth resembling Arctia villica in the arrange-
ment of the colours, but allied to the Spiloso^ninae in the shape and markings, especially of the body,
and in the similar venation. Frons broad, brightly coloured, shagg3\ Palpi fairly long, upturned before
the frons, with naked end-segment. Eyes small. Thorax moderately broad, not strongly elevate, so that
the head protrudes distinctly in a dorsal view. Collar and tegulae white with dark spots. Abdomen long.
Hindtibia with two pairs of spurs. Forewing lanceolate with the inner angle almost absent; hindwing
rather small.

A. galactina Hoev. (= orientalis Walk., trigonalis Voll.) (17 b). Large, forewing ivory with black- galactina.
green veins and stripes, hindwing orange with red base and usually with a few black spots. Abdomen
scarlet with black dorsal spots. In ab. cana Druce the hindwing is purple-pink. Kashmir, through North cava.
India to West China, usually rare.

58. Genus: Arctiiiia EichwaU.

This genus consists of one species, distributed from Central Europe to Japan. It has almost the
facies of Sfilosoma, with dense woolly hair, almost unicolourous with orange abdomen. The head is con-
cealed in thick wool, the palpi are strongly hairy, the antennae rather short, pectinated in the ^. The $
is usually smaller than the (J, more densely scaled and more brightly coloured. The larva also resembles
those of Spilosoma, and like the latter lives on low-growing plants; in two broods in the south of its area.
The moth is found in nearly all districts of the area, but in many localities is a seldom-found rarity.

A. caesarea Goeze (= luctifera Esp.) (17 b). Sooty black brown, hindwing of ^ more strongly caesarea.
diaphanous; anal angle of hindwing and abdomen orange-yellow, the latter with black transverse dots.
From Germany and South Russia to the Mediterranean coasts and from France through Anterior Asia and
Siberia to North China and Japan. According to Staudinger there is no essential difference between
East Asiatic specimens (= Atolmis japonica Walk.) and Central European ones; but on the other hand
there occur everywhere among typical specimens otliers in which the orange j^ellow colour at the anal
angle of the hindwing is almost or entirely absent; such specimens being ab. moerens Bull. — Larva moerens.
blackish, with very dark brown hair; dorsal line orange-red. In the early summer and again in the
autumn on low-growing plants; pupa red-brown; the moth in May and again at the end of July and in
August on walls, fences or at street-lamps; mostly rare, having been found in many localities only once
or twice.

59. Genus: Diaphora Steph.

The name of this wholly Palearctio genus already indicates one of its characteristics, viz., the
transparency of the wings, which in some forms is distinct only in one, in others in both sexes, and is
only absent in turensis. Head and thorax densely clothed with woolly hair; eyes entirely hidden in the
wool; palpi protruding from the wool of the frons as rather long black points. Antennae of <S usually
with long pectinations, those of the $ simple and very short. Forewing triangular, a number of dots,
which may be arranged in rows or dentate lines, being the only markings. Abdomen not brightly coloured.
The larvae vary from black-brown to reddish brown in colour, with a narrow, sometimes indistinct, dorsal
hne and fairly dense hair; in the south of the area they occur everywhere in two broods, and the moths
are usually not rare.

D. mendica CI. (17b). ^ sooty brown-grey, usually with a black dot at the apex of the cell; mendica.
sometimes without and in other cases with a few accessory dots. The ? thinly scaled, milky white, with
the abdomen of the same colour; wings very sparsely dotted, ab. rustica Hb??. (17 c) are <^c? with the ntslica.
ground-colour milky white like that of the $$. ab. binaghii Tur. are transitional specimens from the binaghii.
normal brown c?(? of mendica to rustica. — Schultz names $-specimens with only one black dot ab.
depuncta. — By pairing the white ^^^ of rustica with normal ?? of mendica (which is an interbreeding depuncla.
of races and not hybridisation, as is usually reported) peculiar sand-coloured ^^ result, which are called
standfussi (17 c). If the $ of standfussi is recrossed with the ^ of rustica a white and much dotted moth slandfussi.
results, the form inversa Car. (17 c). — But we have true hybridisation if the ^ of rustica is crossed with inversa.
another species of the genus, e. g. with the following species, D. sordida Hbn.; from this cross-breeding
a real hybrid is obtained, viz., f. hybr. viertli Car. This may again be paired with other forms, e. g. viertli.
with f. inversa Car., by which cross htlaris Car. is obtained, or with mendica, whence beata Car. results, hilaris.
etc. — Egg light yellow. Larva grey-brown, greenish laterally, with reddish brown warts and foxy red
hairs; on the back a median line, which is sometimes indistinct. It feeds on low-growing plants, in the
north of the area in July and August, in the south in July and again in the autumn. Pupa stumpy,
glossy reddish brown; the moth in June, or in May and in July and August, singly, but not rare in most

92 EHYPARIA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

localities, throughout Europe with the exception of the Polar region, and in Anterior and Central Asia
to the Altai.

sordida. D. sordida Hbn. (17 c). ^ very hke that of mendica, but with stronger dots, $ also dull greyish

brown. The forewing is much more densely spotted in both sexes, and the dots are already arranged in

rarbonis. curved, often irregular, transverse lines. In ab. carbonis Frr. (= sordida ? Hbii., semicana Esp.) (17 c)
the black dots are reduced and the insect therefore closely resembles the ^ of mendica, but can always be
distinguished from it by the shape of the wings and by a row of dots at the apex of the cell forming
trifasciata. a transverse spot. On the other hand, in ab. trifasciata Spul. (17 d) the dots are so distinct and so
confluent that they unite to dense curved rows forming real narrow transverse bands. As has already
been mentioned under mendica, sordida has been crossed with the form rustica and vierili Car. has thus
been obtained; but the species has also been paired with the following, D. luctuosa, and true hybrids have
seileri. resulted, viz. the f. hybr. seileri Car. — Larva light blue-green with dark warts and light dorsal line.
Hairs dark brown; lateral line yellow; head black. It feeds on low-growing plants and pupates in the
autumn; the pupa is black-brown and hibernates. Moth in June (I caught a worn specimen near Genoa
already in the middle of June); in the plains sometimes a second brood in the late summer. It likes to
settle on the underside of the leaves of nettles or brambles. The area of distribution is very limited;
it only reaches from the Pyrenees to the Alps and the neighbouring countries of these mountains. In
the Appenines I found the insect fairly abundant. The ^ is on the wing in daytime and has a wild flight.

luctuosa. D. luctuosa Hb7i.G. (= lugubris H. Schdff.) (17 d). This species represents the preceding in East

Europe. Also smoke-grey, but slightly larger, wings broader, the ground-colour with a reddish tinge,
which is especially visible at the distal margin. The rows of dots, which may also be partially united tu
form bands, are very distinct, especially at the costa of the forewing, but may also be reduced. However,
the marginal dots are nearly always distinct, and the forewing on the whole is more densely scaled. The
hybrid form, f. hybr. seileri, has already been mentioned under sordida. In the Eastern Alps, Austria,
Hungary and the Balkan Peninsula to Greece. — Larva black-brown with dark foxy red hairs. In Austria
in June and July, in Greece probably in two broods. The moth in the early spring and presumably in
the summer. Locally not rare.

turensis. D. tufcnsis Erscli. (17 d). Dirty grey-brown with long porrect black palpi. Forewing with strong

black dots at the base, a diseocellular spot composed of several black dots and behind it a curved trans-
verse hne sometimes slightly interrupted. Hindwing little lighter, with a dark discal spot. In Central
"'"'^X'rt" ^^^^' *^sp9cially Turkestan, in the Tian-shan and the Kuldsha district. — The form maracandica Stgr. i. 1.
(17 d), also from Turkestan, is considerably larger, often rather lighter, and the black transverse Hnes are
reduced into often incomplete rows of dots.

6. Subfamily: Arctiinae.

The true Tigermoths are moderately small to large insects, often very brightly coloured and with the
wings of an usually normal shape. The head is moderately large, the frons not very broad, with long dense
hair, in wiiich the eyes are concealed. The palpi are mostly covered with short and dense hair; the tongue is
often absent or strongly reduced. The legs are strong, as as rule brightly coloured, with short spurs. Thorax
stout, woolly, an oil-gland at each side of the neck. Abdomen of the $ usually very stout, often club-shaped
towards the apex, sometimes so much so that flight is difficult. Forewing usually triangular, hindwing broadly
ovate or rounded, both wings sometimes aborted in the $. — Larvae with very long, often shaggy hair;
many of them, like the moths, are very brightly coloured. As a rule they are polyphagous, and feed on nearly
all plants favoured by larvae, such as lettuce, dandelion, plantago, etc. Most of them have only one brood.
About 200 species are known, which are widely distributed, most of them, however, inhabiting the Palearctic
Region and North America, while they are considerably rarer in the Tropics. Great variability in the markings
of the wings may be regarded as rather characteristic of the Arctiinae. Although it is conceivable that one is
inclined to give names to more or less constantly recurring individual forms in which the marliings are so en-
larged or reduced or so confluent that the general fades is much altered, the introduction of names for speci-
mens in which single spots are absent or confluent, as occurs in nearly all the Arctiinae in every imaginable
combination, is merely a burden on science, which we must avoid here, if only on account of the restricted
space at our disposal, the present work being already bulky enough. In larger Icpidopterological works it depends
on the personal views of the author how far he will go in accepting the named individual aberrations, and in a
comprehensive work like the Macrolepidoptera of the World, the question of space is of decisive importance.
However, it is quite out of the question among the Arctiinae to give a name to every single variation in
marking, if only on account of the prodigious number of possible modifications, which, e. g. in A. rillira.
amount to as many as a thousand, all being certainly in existence, although some may accidentally not yet
have been found. P'or that reason we have only more fully dealt with those names w-hich have been accepted
in catalogues and collections, while others based on mere anomalies in markings are only cursorily mentioned er
entirely left out, being a mere encumbrance.

60. Genus: Rhypai'ia Hbn.

These tigers are medium-sized moths, strongly built, with large head, tufted frons, very broad
thorax clothed with long shaggy hair, and with the abdomen also shaggy, and rather slender in the (J;

EHYPAEIOIDES. By Dr. A. Seitz. 93

antenna in the ^ with rather long pectinations, in the $ setiform; palpi short, with moderately long
shaggy hair, slightly down-curved; tongue aborted; logs strongly hairy; forewing triangular with straight
margins and rounded angles, hindwing rather largo, with the apex somewhat pointed and the outer margin
very shghtly excurved in the centre. The larvae are very hairy and have strong mandibles, so that they
sometimes gnaw their way through the gauze of the breeding-cage. The genus is wholly Palearctic, its
three species being distributed over the North of the Old World from the Canary Islands throughout
Europe and North Asia to Japan. The genotype is B. ■pur'purata L.

R. leopardina Men. (14 g). Eeserabling Cletis in facies. Forewing of ^ yellowish brown, of the $ Icoimrdina.
dark brown, with black basal streak below the cell and only slightly darker shadowy spots, of which
usually only a small one at the apex of the cell and a larger one below the apex before the outer margin
are distinct. Hindwing spotted with black, in the ^ pale pink, in the $ dark pink. In Amurland and
Tibet, according to Oberthuk also in Syria.

R. rufescens BrulU (= fortunata Stgr.) (14 h). ^ yellowish brown, $ darker brown, both wings rufescens.
suffused with rose-red. ^ with four dark brown costal spots on the forewing, which are continued as very
pale transverse bands to the inner margin, and with a small discocellular spot. In the $ the transverse
shadowy bands are more distinct, but without a real sharp costal spot. Hindwing yellowish brown,
suffused with rose-red, less in the ^ than in the $ . Only found in the Canaries. — Larva with long
silky hair, brown, in ditches at the sides of roads, on cabbage and also on a species of tobacco (Nicotiana
glauca). The species is, it seems, distributed over all the Canary Islands, and is not rare.

R. purpurata L. (=■ purpurea L.) (14 h). Forewing bright yellow with transverse rows of pale grey pwpurata.
or brownsih spots; hindwing brilliant deep purple-red with black spots. Throughout Europe with the
exception of the West, and in North Asia to Japan, but local. — In the foun atromaculata Galv., which «''"o»»acM-
has long been known under this name in the trade, and which occurs at many places on the German " "'
North Sea coast, the dark spots of the forewing are very sharply defined, and those on the hindwing
also larger and confluent. — There also occurs an inconstant melanistic form, such as is found in all
Lepidoptera (ab. obscura Schultz), or in which the otherwise dark spots of the forewing appear light (ab.
infuscata SpuL). ■ — On the other hand, towards the East we observe a reduction of the spots of the fore-
wing. According to a communication received from the noissionary Herr Klapheck the specimens
of 'purfu y-ata are much less spotted in Shantung than for instance in Germany ; in the countries of the
Caucasus the spots are sometimes quite obsolescent, this being ab. caucasica Alph.; even in East Germany "('■I'^'^o^sica.
there is a slight reduction of the spots of the forewing in ab. berolinensis F«cfes, and this is stronger in sis
ab. immaculata Fuchs. — • ab. flava Stgr. are specimens with the hindwing dark yellow instead of purple- immam-
red, which Hubner already knew and wliich probably occur as exceptions everywhere, ab. transiens h'i^'^'
Spul. with the hindwing yellow distally is a transition to flava, and ab. flavescens Spul. with pale yellow
hindwing is the extreme aberration. — Larva dark iron-grey, with velvety black transverse rings on which
are placed small white stars and spots. The hairs are dorsally bright foxy-red and laterally whitish grey.
A variety of the larva has lemon-yellow hair dorsally. From the autumn until the end of May on all
kinds of plants, especially on Genista and allies, but also on all sorts of herbs and oven on oak and
willow bushes. It is advisable to collect the larvae when rather young in the spring, as they are later
much infested by parasites. They have cannibal tastes, especially attacking specimens of their own kind
in the pupal stage. The species occurs especially in sandy districts in the plains, in warm, sunny localities.
The moths in June and July. The (J(^ are on the wing on hot days between 11 a. m. and 1 p. m. and
fly upwards slowly in a spiral until they disappear from sight ; after a few minutes they slowly come
down again into the bushes where they crawl away. The $? seem to fly at night. The moths are other-
wise sluggish. The larvae are easy to rear on withering lettuce-leaves, etc.

61. Genus: Rhyparioides Bull.

More slender than the species of the preceding genus, which they resemble in the arrangement of
the markings and in colour. Thorax of ^^ considerably narrower, abdomen thinner and longer. Palpi
much longer than in Rhyparia, porrect, not obliquely down-turned. Antennae of ,^^ with shorter pecti-
nations. Larva of R. metelcana longitudinally striped with light yellow and grey, and with grev-brown
hairs; habits as in the preceding genus. The area of distribution is also almost the same, but a few
species occur in the tropics of India.

R. metelkana Led. (= flavida Brem.) (14 i). Forewing in the ^ lemon-yellow, in the $ darker; mcldkana.
a few dispersed black small spots; a reddish brown longitudinal smear on the median vein through the
median area to the apex of the cell. In the $ the forewing is moreover traversed by angulate transverse
rows of small dark red spots. Distributed in East Asia, in Amurland, Corea, and in Japan on Hokkaido,
the Main Island and the Eiu-Kiu Islands (Matsumura), also in restricted localities in Europe, in

94 DIACRISIA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

Hungary and said to occur also in Northern France. Spulek separates the East Asiatic form (flavida)
from the European specimens. — Larva ivory--\vhite, with blackish grey longitudinal bands, narrowly edged
with white: there are tufts of dirty greyish yellow hairs on yellowish warts. Venter blackish grey, prolegs
reddish Iirown (Horvath). On low plants growing in damp spots, such as Caltha and Euphorbia palus-
tris, but may also be reanul on dandelion. Until ^la}- at wet ditches and in boggy localities. The moth
in July and August.

amurensis. R, amurensis Brem. (14 i). Wings much broader than in the preceding, but without the reddish

brown streak on the median. Fore wing bright yellow, in the (^ with a few small black spots, especially
at the costa and at the middle of the inner margin. $ with intricate reddish brown markings on the forewing;
hindwing and abdomen in both sexes similar to those of the preceding species. Widely distributed in
East Asia; in Amurland, North and West China to Sze-chuen, in the Yang-tse Valley, in Corea and
the whole North of Japan; locally not rare.

nebulosa. R. nebulosa Bull. (= simplicior Butl.) (14 i). Larger than the preceding; forewing dull orange-

yellow, with more or less numerous black spots, forewing of (J suffused with blackish grey from the
median vein to the inner margin with the exception of the marginal area. Hindwing Ijright red with
black spots. Especially distinguished from the preceding species by the dark suffusion of the forewing
of the c^, by the dark chequered fringes of the forewing and the altogether darker colour of this wing.
In Amurland near Vladivostock, at the Ussuri and Suifun, in North and Central Japan, in July, local.

subvaria. S. subvaria Walk. (14 k). Forewing lemon-yellow, darker in the basal area, with a dot in the cell

near the base and a group of small black and brown spots at the apex of the cell. Hindwing deep
orange-red, a few black spots on the disc and before the outer margin. The $ has a few additional
reddish yellow spots below the cell, and transversely through the forewing angulate rows of reddish dots.
In China, in the North as well as in the South (Hongkong) and from the coast up the Yang-tse Valley
to Central China.

62. Genus : I>iaerisia Hhi.

This genus of Hubner's has been reintroduced when it was found that its genotye sannio was
not closely related to the species Parasemid pJantaginis generally placed with it in one genus Nemeophila.
In his later classification of the Arctiids, however, Hampson considers sannio to be generically allied
to the species of the preceding genera, and unites Bhyparia, Spilosoma, Spilarctia, etc., in one enormously
large genus containing more than 150 forms. As it was necessary, however, for the sake of lucidity to
split up this unwieldy genus into sections, we have not followed Hampson, but adopted for the various
sections the generic, names proposed by former authors. The great sexual dimorphism in sannio appears
to us to render it impossible to place sannio in the same genus as other less dimorphic species, such as
Spilosoma. A further characteristic of Diacrisia s. str. is the more slender build of the (J. It is separated
from Parasemia and others by the areole being absent. — Head small; frons narrow, but clothed with
dense woolly hair; palpi moderately long; tongue absent. Thorax small, round; abdomen in the ^ very
long and slender, in the $ stout, oval. Legs very much longer than in the preceding. Wings of the o
large, triangular, in the $ considerably shorter; apex rather pointed. Larva with tufts of hair, the hairs
being longer posteriorly than anteriorly. The moths have two broods, which differ one from the other.
They occur in the plains as well as in the higher mountains, almost as far as the limit of vegetation.
They are confined to the Palearctic region, but are there distributed over nearly every countrj'.

.tavnio. D. sannio L. (= vulpinaria L., russula L.) (14 k). Forewing of the ^ lemon-yellow, hindwing

ivory yellow, both wings with a greyish red median spot and pink margin. In the $ the body and wings

are suffused with brownish red. Throughout Europe with the exception of the Polar region, and in Ice-

pallida. land. — In pallida Stgr., which occurs constantly in Central Asia and aberratively also in Europe, the

Irene, black colour is reduced. — In irene Butl. (= immarginata Niepelt), which occurs in Japan and locally also

elsewhere in the Palearctic region, and is regarded by Matsumura as a separate species, the black

colour is aliscnt on the hindwing of the (^ and the median spot on the forewing is generally reduced.

uniformis. — In uniformis Higr. (14 k), from Syr-Darja, the last trace of black and pink has disappeared, so that

extreme specimens of this form are quite uniformly pale yellow on both sides of the wings and body. —

In specimens from Ferghana, the Issyk-kul and the neighbouring countries further east in Central Asia,

the red inner margin of the forewing is entirely absent, the black on the hindwing being however present.

viorliia. This is the form mortua Stgr. — Further eastward, at the Amur, a form occurs with very sharp black

amuri. markings, and with the ground-colour of the hindwing strongly tinged with reddish, amuri Stgr. ■ — In a

mountain-form from above Zermatt in the Vallais ') I found the black colour increased in several of the

') At Zermatt flies the form of the plains according to a communication i. litt. by Herr Puxgelek.

HYPHORAIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 95

specimens which I caught in August (tho only brood'?). In this form both sexes are ahke in size, the ?
being larger and the (J smaller than usual. It maj- bo allied to moerens Strand, which is also darker and moerenx.
which Staudingek already described without naming it. In this form the hindwing is almost entirely
suffused with sooty, so that the light ground-colour only appears as light spots before the outer margin.
— Larva dark brown, with foxy red hairs, light dorsal line spotted with red, and white stigmata. From
the autumn until the beginning of May and again in June and July, on various low-growing plants.
Pupa reddish brown. The moth appears already after 2 or 3 weeks; it is on the wing in May and again
from the end of July, exceptionally a third small brood in September. Common nearly everywhere on
grass-grown wood-paths, in open woods and on alpine meadows. The (J rests in the grass, and when
flushed flies precipitously for 30 or 40 yards, then settles again in the grass. The $ lies closer, has a
whirring flight, and does not generally rise so high above the ground as the 3*.

63. Genus: Hyplioraia Hbn.

This genus consists of four or five species with nut-brown forewings spotted with yellow, and
bright yellow hindwings sometimes suffused with red. Moderately small moths with very woolly head,
even the eyes being hairy; palpi moderately long and porrect, but hidden in the woolly covering of the
head; antennae of ^ bipectinate, with long pectinations. Hair on thorax and abdomen long and shaggy;
legs strong, spurs of hindtibiae moderately strong. Wings fairly short and broad. Larvae stiff-hairy, with
small head. The genus is confined to the northern temperate and cold zones, but is circumpolar.

H. festiva Bkh. (nee Hufn.; = lapponica Thunbg., avia, Hbn.) (17 e). Wings thinly scaled; forewing festiva.
reddish brown with yellow band-like spots on the costa and at the inner margin, and an irregular yellow
band before the outer margin; hindwing black in the basal area, but in the outer area bright yellow with black
spots. In the extreme North of Europe, Lapland; likewise in Siberia, and in a similar form Qiyperborea)
also in Arctic America. — Larva dark grey, with small black head and long black or foxy red hair.
After hibernating twice it is full-grown in June; on moors, where it feeds on Vaccinium uliginosum and
other bog-plants. The moth in July; it seems to be very rare, and is only occasionally offered by deal-
ers. Formerly it seems to have been obtained more frequently.

H. ornata Shjr. (= kutschumi Ersch. i. 1.) (17 e). Forewing dark grey-brown, five lemon-yellow onuita.
spots at the costal margin, a row of similar ones before the outer margin and a few in the disc. Hind-
wing white in the ^, orange-red in the $, with dark basal streaks, central lunule and submarginal spots.
In the 9 a large portion of the basal area is often black. In aberrational specimens the lemon-yellow
spots of the forewing may be confluent, as is the case in the $ 17e; this is an aberration frequently
found in Arctiids, and in other species is called ab. confluens. From Mongolia (Urga).

H. alpina Quens. (= thulea Dahn.) (17 e). This moth hke the preceding has the characteristics alpina.
of a northern species well developed, viz. thin scaling of the wings, these being sometimes almost trans-
parent, and a peculiar hairy clothing of the body. Forewing black, but much more densely spotted with
cream-colour than in festiva, sometimes so much so that the white colour is more extended than the dark
ground-colour. Lapland, Finland, Northern Siberia; very rare.

H. seitzi Bang-H. has only lately been described, and seems to be closely allied to the preceding, seitzi.
at least in size and colouring. The light spots on the forewing are somewhat reduced and the colour
faded to pale reddish yellow. In the hindwing the basal area is not quite black, but only has dark
streaks. From the Issyk-kul district, doubtless very rare like al'pina.

H. kolpakofskii Alph. This species, which is only known to me from the figure and is certainly f.°f^^'ii
not a Callimorpha, appears to be best placed here. Tho antenna is bipectinate. Thorax and forewing
blackish brown, the latter thinly scaled with ivory white spots dispersed over the entire wing; hindwing
and abdomen ochreous, the former yellowish red at the base, with smaller black spots at the margin and
three larger ones at the anal angle, before the apex and at the centre of the inner margin. From the
Tian-Shan.

H. aulica L. (= pustulata Miill.) (17 e, f). The reddish brown forewing bears j-ellow, round, drop- aitlica.
like spots, which are not placed on the costa (except one near the base). Hindwing bright yellow, spotted
with black. In ab. hamata Spul. the yellow colour is so much reduced that beside slight traces on the hamata.
forewing only a hatchet-shaped hook on the hindwing remains, ab. radiata Spul. has a yellow stripe radiaia.
above the inner margin of the forewing, which is more distinct in dejeani. In ab. immaculata Gilhn. ynmani-
(= bicolor Spul.) the forewing is dark brown, the hindwing black, both with scarcely any yellow except for
tho yellow fringes. In ab. extensa Schultz only several of the yellow spots on the forewing are confluent, extensa.

96 PEEICALLIA; AXIOPOENA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

infenialis. al). infernalis Schultz has tho forewing spotted, but the hindwiiig blackened, and ab. defasciata Schultz on
^'I'sf^llia- *^^^ otlier hand has hghtor hindwing with the black reduced, ab. testudinaroides .S'or. approaches the follow-
roideft. ing species in the more briglitl}- coloured hindwing. — • In Europe with the exception of the north and
west, in Northern Asia to the Amur, local and sporadical, usually not rare at its flight-places, found in great
aliundance at Ratisbon on the Koilstein. — The larva slightly resembles a half-grown larva of A. hebe,
togetiur with which it is often found, but it leaves its winter-berth a little later; it is black above with
red hairs laterally, and pupates in April or May, the pupa being black, and the moth appearing already
the end of May or in June (later in the North).
^Huriu ^' testudinaria Fowrcr. (= maculania La?i^, curiahs Esp., civica Hb7i.) (17 f). Similar to the preced-

ing, but the spots on the forewing larger, the hindwing of a beautiful scarlet tint, and also with the
spots larger. In the Southern Alps, from South France to the Tyrol, and in Italy. The larva like that
of A. caja, with long black and laterally red hair; until April on low-growing plants; the moth in May
and June, much more local and rarer than the preceding form. Intermediate specimens have been bred by
crossing aidica and testudinaria, which is comparatively easy, as testtidijxiria is probably only an extreme
form of aidica. Aberrational specimens without the red colour on the hindwing also occur (ab. crocea Schultz).
dejeani. H. dejeani Godt. (17 f). In this species the yellow spots of the forewing merge together to form

a long longitudinal streak, which is elbowed before the outer third, then widens in places and runs to the
costa; hindwing yellow. In the mountains of the Iberian Peninsula. Hairs of the larva reddish brown
anteriorl}^ long and black-brown posteriorly; the head black. Local and probably rather rare; few spe-
cimens in most collections.

64. Genus: Pericallia Hh7i.

The very peculiar species matronida is probably best considered the only representative of this
genus; it is a large, clumsily built moth. Head sunk far down on the breast, frons moderately broad,
woolly; eyes rather large; palpi long, slightly down-turned; tongue aborted; antennae in both sexes with
very thin and short teeth and therefore appearing almost setiform. Thorax very broad, brown with red
streaks, the hairs at the base of the abdomen erect and forming curls. Legs strong, femora and tibiae
slightly thickened, spurs of hindtibiae small and pointed. Abdomen smoothly hairy, brightly coloured,
stouter posteriorly, especially in the $, in the ^ with the claspers far exserted. Wings broad and large,
hindwing with a deep groove below the frenulum, base of the median and submedian veins thickened
below. Larva with long hair, light in its youth, then brown, and lastly almost black; it usually hiber-
nates twice and pupates in the spring. The moth appears in tho summer and often flies in daytime, or
rests near tho ground. The species prefers hilly districts, but does not occur in the higher mountains.

inalroHida. P. matronula L. (= idriensis (Scop., matrona Hbn.) (17 g). The large Tiger has cinnamon-brown

forewing with lemon-yellow costal spots; abdomen bright orange with black spots, mostlj' forming bands.
Very widely distributed from Eastern France throughout Europe to the Amur, but not in Japan. The
arrangement of the spots on both wings is not constant, as may he seen from our figures of both sexes.
Above all the lemon-yellow spots of the forewing may be reduced (ab. 'pauciguttata Schultz) or increased
(ab. multimaculata Schultz) or divided (ab. dissoluta Schultz) or confluent; in the last case the yellow spots
near the base (ab. haliciaca Schille) or those near the apex (ab. concreta Schultz) may be united; the latter
spots may also be increased (ab. centmlasia Schidtz). On the hindwing the spots may be increased by
an apical spot (ab. nigroapicalis Schultz); the spots of each row may be united to form complete bands
(ab. nigrostriata Schultz), and these bands may anastomose (ab. opaca Schultz). The following forms have
sereua. a very striking pattern: ali. serena Schidtz, in which the inner band of spots on the hindwing is almost
agassizi. or entirely absent; ab. agassizi Schultz (= graeseri .S'c/mZte) in which there is a yellow complete band on
the forewing from the costal margin to the inner angle, this band sometimes running along the inner

litlcolincta. margin for some distance; and ab. luteotincta Schidtz with the forewing orange instead of lemon-yellow.
— Egg whitish; larva when full-grown blackish with dark brown warts and long reddish brown hair.
It hibernates twice as a rule and then pupates in tho spring without taking any more food. They are
difficult to rear, and bring many disappointments. It is advisable so to force the larva that it pupates
after tho first winter, in which, however, one is not always successful. The moth appears in May and
June, and is found singlj', more often in tho East than in the West, and flies sometimes also in daj'time,
its fhght being fairly rapid. Dandelion and willow are recommended as food-plants (v. Schick).

65. Genus: Axiopoeiia Mm.

This genus consists of one large species. Head large, frons woolly. Palpi fairly long, obliquely upturned,
with small end-segment. Tongue long and strong; eyes large; antennae simple. Thorax woolly;
abdomen stout, club-shaped posteriorly in the $. Hindtibiae with small spurs. Wings broad, of sombre
colour. The large, stout moths inhabit rocky mountain-regions of Anterior Asia and sometimes fly in da3'time.

Publ. 25. IV. 1910. CARCINOPYGA; GONEEDA; PEEPARCTIA; AECTIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 97

A. maura Eichwald (= kerelini Men., fliiviatilis Swiwfe.) (17 g). Black-brown, the basal area of the maiira.
hindwing and the back of the abdomen rose-red. In Armenia, Transcaspia (Krasnovodsk), Persia, Turke-
stan, Baluchistan, in rocky localities, where the moths congregate in crevices of rocks and are said to
settle in large masses one on top of the other.

66. Genus: Carciiiopyga Fehl.

This genus only contains two species, with grey thorax, yellowish red abdomen and brightly banded
forewing. The head is fairly large, with the frons woolly, the porrect and rather short palpi being hidden
in the wool, with the exception of the end-segment; eyes small; antennae simple; body stout ; legs moder-
ately' strong, liindtibia witli small weak spurs; wings rather rounded. They inhabit Central Asia, from
Turkestan to Kashmir, and appear not to be abundant.

C. lichenigera i'VW. (17 g). Porewing slate-grey, with six slightly curved 3'ellow transverse haiuh; lirhoiidcrd.
hindwing flesh-pink, lighter in the costal area, with large black spots. Ladak.

C. proserpina Sigr. (17 h). Forewing violet-grey, with six light bands, which are however only prcserinnn.
distinctly yellow at the costa. Hindwing pale yellow, spotted with black, more so in the $ than in
the cj. Turkestan. — Larva dark brown, ochreous at the venter, with sparse pale brown hair, and white
spots laterally. Head black with two light spots: on species of Euphorbia and Artemisia.

67. Genus: do nerd a Moore.

This genus also only contains two species in the Palearctic region. It resembles the preceding
genus in the yellow bands of the forewing, but the bands are differently arranged, encircling a dot-
like streak in the median cell and forming a kind of maze. Head moderately large; thorax Inoad, with
broad whitish collar and broad black tegulae. Abdomen purple-red, with black spots dorsally and at the
apex. Wings broad, aborted in the $ of one species. Kashmir, and the neighbouring Tibet.

G. bretaudiaui 0/j('r//(. (17 h). On the forewing the hght colour predominates, being a hght lemon- bjdoiirli-

yellow with a tinge of green, and the black markings traverse the wing as broad curved hnes. Hindwing

and abdomen purple-red, with three or four parallel black bands differing in width. In the $ the wings
are only half developed. Tibet.

G. perornata Moore (17 h). Larger, more strongly developed, the 9 with the wings fully developed, perorndla.
the black bands so broad as to reduce the yellow on the forewing and the red on the hindwing to narrow •
interspaces. Kashmir.

68. Genus: Preparctia Hani'ps.

This genus also consists of two species and is exclusively Palearctic; large, handsome moths with
broad robust thorax and with the abdomen of the $ club-shaped posteriorly. Head fairly small, frons
smoothly hairy; tongue strong; palpi long, porrect; eyes large; antennae simple, but with stout shaft; legs
strong; hindtibia with moderate spurs. West China and Tibet.

P. romanovi 6'r.-rr'r.5/(. (17 h). Forewing black, with very peculiar creamy-white bands, which cross ronKumri.
each other, traversing the wings in different directions. Hindwing golden yellow, before the outer margin
three black spots, and on the disc a few smaller ones. Abdomen red. From Amdo in Tibet, from the
Sinin Mts.

P. mirificaOfeer;/(. (17 i). Eatber like the preceding in the markings, but in colour more like A.caja. mirilim.
Forewing dark brown, with white fasciae, hindwing bright scarlet with black spots. Thorax with white
and black markings; abdomen red with dark dorsal and lateral dots. From West China, Ta-tsien-lu.

'&•' >

69. Genus: Arctia Scltxank.

Strongly built, very brightly coloured moths, often flying in daytime in the sunshine, but swarming
late at night. Head small, depressed. Frons smoothly hairy; eyes rather large; antennae of ^ serrate;
palpi short; tongue aborted. Thorax very broad and strong; abdomen of $ very stout posteriorly, that
of the cj more densely hairy. Legs strong, hindtibia with short spurs. Wings large and broad, brightly
coloured, forewing dark, spotted or banded with wliite, hindwing bright red or yellow, with black mark-
ings. In our conception of the genus it contains scarcely a dozen species, of which numerous varieties
have been erected. As the spots are confluent in every imaginable way and also vary so much in their

IT 13

98 AT^CTIA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

proportional size that it is difficult to find two exactly similar specimens, we confine ourselves to tiio
enumeration of the more important forms so as to avoid undesirable expansiveness.

In^ciuta. A. fasciata £sp. (7i) Thorax black, white laterally; forewing black, so much traversed by white

bands that tlic light colour is predominant. Hindwing golden yellow, red at the margin, with black

spots; alxlomen liright scarlet with black tip and transverse dorsal spots. South Fiance and Western

nroliosa. North Italy, ab. gratiosa H6/(. (17 i), has the black of the forewing so increased that the white is reduced

iilicilliiicrl. to narrow hnes. -- In North Africa there occurs the form oberthutri Oberth. {17 i) with the hindwing entire-

c.syjt'ii. ly shaded with red. — esperi .S'^ryr. (17 i), from Si}ain, has tlie dark median bands united one with the other.

Ii(/riti(i. and ab. tigrina T'/.//., which may occur throughout the whole area, but is commonest in Spain, is still more

white than true fasciatu. the l»ands being separated into costal and innermarginal spots. ■ — Larva blackisii

grey, beneath reddish, with dark wai-ts; above it is grey-brown with bright foxy red hair laterally; that

of the form esperi is said to have a red dorsal stripe. Rearing is difficult and uncertain, but sometimes

one obtains imagines from all the larvae without any apparent special reason, identical treatment often

l)roducing quite different results. Frequently the larvae get through the winter only to die in the spring.

Normally they pupate in May, the moth appearing in June or Jidy, not being rare in South Europe;

the Mauretanian form oberfhueri appears to he considerably rarer.

iliihi. A, dido Wngii. (IHd). Forewing wood-brown, with lemon-yellow spots at the base and margin;

hindwing bright red with blacldsh spots edged with whitish. In North Africa; as yet only found at a few
places, especially in Eastern Algeria near the frontier of Tunis, in June; comes to the lamp at night.

thiheiicu. A. thibetica FeW. (= suttadra Moore, cajula S/grr.) (18 a). Forewing reddish brown, with sparse light

spots ; an irregular yellowish l)and Ijegins before the outer third of the costa and runs straight to the
inner angle. Hindwing bright scarlet with a few discal spots and a black band of spots before the margin.
pulchi'ior. In ab. pulchrior ah. nov. the light spots of the forewing are considerably larger, the discal spots of the
((nmiilidra. hindwing are absent and the submarginal band of spots is interrupted, ab. aurantiaca ?to?«. «oi\ is a form
wjtli yellow hindwings. — From Kashmir to Tiljet, widelj- distributed, in mountainous regions, often not
rare; in Kulu iiiid Dharmsala in the south, also at Ladak and Chitral.

inlercularis. A. intercalaris Ey. (= alpherakii »S7(/r.) (18 a). Forewing black-brown, banded with ivory, with almost

the same colouring and marking as a small caja. Hindwing brilliant scarlet; before the margin black

iUthija. spots, which may be confluent. — In the form ilithya BoUcher, from Naryn, the hght median band is

absent, the white on the forewing being reduced and distributed as in .!. thihcticu. — In Turkestan. Tibet.

and in Siberia in the Altai.

caju. A. caja L. (18 b). Forewing diuk brown, banded witJi white as iji tiie preceding, but quite twice

as large. Hindw^ing bright red, before the margin and in the disc with black spots having a steely blue

centre. Thorax brown with rod collar. Abdomen scarlet with black transvei'se dorsal spots; no lateral

spots. There are very many alierrations, which were partly obtained artificially, partly by chance.

OBEKTHiJR mentions about 500 different caju and figures 36 such abeiTations. This great variability

chiefly consists in the increase in size or the reduction of the wlute bands of the forewing and the black

plKtnUismd. spots of the hindwing. ab. phantasma Niei)elt, in which the forewing is uniformly creamy white and the

obscnra. hindwing vermilion without any spots, and ab. obscura C'oc/i//. (= futuraFicA-., glaseri Stichel), in which the

forewing is dark brown without any marking, and the hindwing uniformly black, are the extremes of a

series of named forms, as e. g. ab. liineburgensis Mncld.-Siein, sijltica Wcni., dealhaia ^chuUz (in the

nihrodor- direction of phanfasnia) and clarhi Tutl (towards obscura). Of aberrations in other directions we mention:

.S7UJS. j^Ij rubrodorsalis Schultz, in which the black spots on the abdomen are absent, ab. pallens »S't7( Mfc, in which

lidescens. ^^^ ground-colour of the forewing is brownish yellow, and ab. lutescens Tutt (= flava Aign.) in which the

yidiiili'tissi. hindwing is sulphur-yellow. Ruber names small specimens obtained by inbreeding ab. standfussi. —

Throughout Europe and Anterior Asia, from Scandinavia, Lapland and North Russia southward to the

Mediterranean and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pamir, Kashmir and oven Assam. — The species also

varies geographically; and wo have firstly forms which are found aberratively together with ordinarv

roiilhieihi. cuja, e. g. confluens Bhl. (18 a) is a variety occurring constantly in the North (Lake Ladoga) with the

wliite of tJie forewing reduced and the ground-colour of the hindwing dark deep red, the black spots

liislnnicii. being more or less confluent. — lusitanica -§/»//. (18 b), on the other hand, has the hindwing and abdomen

light red-lead colour- with the spots of the hindwing separated. ■ — In Asia caja is consideraldy larger

than in Europe; akeady in Asia Minor it is larger, with much white on the forewing and the hindwing

phaeosoma ^^^ *'^^' <^ almost white; tin's is wiskotti .S7^r. — phaeosoma Bm/?. (18 b), from Eastern Asia, is at once

distinguished by the white tegulae. In this form, which is the normal one in Japan, East Siberia, Corea

and North Cliina, the white may be predominant on the forewing, but may also be aberratively reduced,

as in European specimens. In East iVsia, where the larva of phaeosoma is locally extraordinarily abundant

(luripouiis. ((jraeser), specimens often occur with yellow abdomen and hindwing; this is ab. auripennis BiiiJ. —

oricittali'i. In orietitalis Moore, from Kashmir to the Khasia Hills, the thorax and forewing are more yellowish red-

ARL'TIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 99

l)ro\vn, as in certain local forms in North America, where caja occurs in some very different varieties
{utahensis, opulenta, transmontana, etc.). — Egg greenish white, larva with very long and dense hair,
which is red on the anterior segments and on the others hiack above and only red laterallj-, placed on
warts with a whitish gloss; when touched roughly the hairs sting slightly, hut do not cause any note-
worthy inflammation. From September until May, at the edges of woods, on meadows in the woods, on
nettles, dandelion and many other low-growing plants. Attempts to breed aberrations by feeding the
larvae with certain plants (foliage of walnut, etc.) were not successful. Common.

A. flavia Fwe.s.s/. (= \ivgo Hhi.) (18 h). As large as caja, but the fore-wang black streaked and banded (luviu.
with white, the black median area, however, not being divided. Hindwing yellow with black spots. Ab-
domen red, black dorsally and at the apex. In the Higher Alps, but only sporadical, occurring in the ,.„^.p^,
Upper Engadine, in the Grisons, the Vallais, etc. The specimens vary extraordinarily, even in the same obiscnni.
locality, ab. rosea Lorez has the hindwings tinged with rose-red, in ab. obscura Lorez they are lirown like ll'i^'o'l^il"-
the underside. In ab. flavoabdominalis Lorez the abdomen is yellow instead of red. In ab. atroabdominalis niroalKh-
Schultz the black of the apex is e.xtended over the entire abdomen, ab. stygialis Schultz has the fore^^ing minalis.
entire!}- black. Instead of black the forewing may be more or less deep brown (ab. brunnea Spul.). In *'y'""'''>-
ab. nigricans Lorc2 there are still traces of white. The costal border may be much broadened; this is the nigricans.
case in ai). latemarginata .S'c/jwte; it is mo.stly wliite, but may be yellow, as in flavocostata -S'pwL In ab. ^''tf-
angustesignata Spul. the wliite is altogether extended and the black reduced. Although names have been n^^ig!.""'"'
given to specimens differing in the markings they are of little value. — On the other hand flavia varies coslala.
slightly geographicallj-. In the Ural the form uralensis Hei/ne occurs, with the fore-ning very thinly marked «|','/""'''''-
with wliite, the costa being black and the hindwing darker yellow. — In the Altai sibirica /fe(/?ie is found, »',Y,';('„xi'.v
with very light yellow liindwing and the colour often altogether paler. — In campestris Graes., from the sibirica.
Amur, the median spot does not reach the inner margin. — Egg white. Full-grown larva black, with f""'?'"'''''''-
greyish yellow hairs; warts dark, hairs with white tip. Hidden in daytime in crevices of Malls and boul-
ders; feeds at night on low-growing plants, hibernates twice and pupates in June in a cocoon between
stones, the pupa being brown and immobile. The moth in July. It flies late at night, coming to the
light. At midsummer one may sometimes find at the same time in crevices of the same heap of stones
freshly laid eggs, half-grown larvae, pupae and fully developed moths. The species, which is much sought
after by collectors, is already much decimated at many of its former flight-places.

A. villica L. (18 c). The Cream-spot Tiger has black forewng with usually rounded ivory white villieu.
spots, and bright yellow hindwing spotted with black; abdomen red vnth black dorsal spots to the tip;
triangular white spots on the tegulae. In Northern and Central Europe with the exception of the Arctic
region; in varieties southward to the Mediterranean and eastward to Anterior Asia. — The species vari(^
ver}^ much individualh-. The white spots of the forewing may merge together to form transverse bands
{ah. fasciata) or longitudinal ones {ah. radiata, ursula); they may be reduced in size (ab. paucimaculata)
or in number (ab. medionigra, stratidi). On the other hand, the black ground-colour can be almost super-
seded by the white spots, so that only traces of it remain, as in ab. neglecta Schultz. Again, specimens neylevla.
are known which are almost entirely black: ab. caliginosa Schultz. If both the white forewing and the caliginosa.
hindwing are almost imspotted we have ab. illustris Schultz. Oberthue (Etudes XX, plate 16, 17) illuslrifi.
figures a great many aberrations without proposing an,y names, in wliich we gladly follow him; so do
?tIriBirs and Wintersteix in Iris 17 plate 6, and 18 plate '2. Especially in England, where such
sports are very much sought after, the collections are rich in such abnormal specimens. To these
belong also the more common form ab. contracta Schultz, whose hindwing bears black bands, and ab. roHlriiiln.
crodeli Schultz, in which the costal margin of the hindwing is Idackened. Sometimes the ground-colour rrodrli.
varies; that of the forewing may be grey: ab. pallida .S'c'/(i</^?, while that of the hindwing is brown in [udliilu.
ab. brunnescens Schultz. — Local variations of rillica both in colour and markings are more interesting, brunncs-
In konewkai Frr. (= domiduca Afjr.) (18 c), from Italy. South Spain and Persia, as well as the lower ^.o„V((7,o(.
altitudes in Sicily, the white spots of the foreAving and usually also the inner discal spots of the hindwing
are united to form bands. — In bellieri Fai/^a (= chavignieri Failla, brunhilda Stgr. i. 1.) (18 c), from the bellieri.
higher altitudes of Sicily, both the groimd-colom- of the forewing and the spots on the hindwing are
chestnut instead of black. — angelica Bdv. (18 c) has the .spots of the forewing lemon-A-ellow instead of angeluM.
white; from South Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor, local. — confiuens Bom. is a form with the confhiens.
the spots of the forewing confluent, wliich is however constant in localities where true villica does not occur,
as in North Persia, Armenia and parts of Tm-kestan. It is characteristic of the form that the two large
external spots are broadly confluent, wliile the inner ones are more or less isolated. — fulminans Stgr., fuliiiitKitis.
from Syria, has the hindwing bright red instead of yellow. — Egg white. Larva iron-black, Avith reddish
brown head and legs, black warts bearing tufts of brown and gi-ey hair. Stigmata white. Until the
beginning of ilay on low-growing plants. Pupa in a coarse cocoon, black with brown segmental incisions
and a tuft of bristles at the apex. Moth in June and the beginning of Julj', almost everywhere in East
Europe, in the west more sporadical and absent in large districts or becoming rarer from year to year;

100 NK'AEA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

('. ij;. at Fiankfinl a. ^I. and Main/,, wlicre it lia.s been pnictically extinct for many years. In South Europe
•still very common at most flight-jilaces. In daytime it rests on leaves, but is easily flushed, when it goes
off in a rather high pai-aliolic curve, settling again at a short distance, therefore being easily caught.

raeckbeili. A. rueckbeili P/</(.iy. As large as villica: forewing rather narrow with olilique slightly incurved outer

margin, pale grey-brown with dull white spots, the largest of which is situated at the base and contains
two or three dark dots. Other spots partly at the costal and partly at the inner margin. Hindwing dull
yellow with two l>rown-grey median bands, and a broad grey marginal band of the same colour only
reaching the margin at its upper end and connected with it at the middle by a few rays. Abdomen
above yellowish with grey spots. Found in ^lay in the desert south of Aksu (Central Asia).

Iiele. A. hebe L. (= festiva Hufn., nee Bkh., monacha Fourcr.). Forewing dull white, with more or less

numerous black transverse bands edged with rust-colour and sometimes interrupted and running from the
costa to the inner margin. Hindw-ing purple-red, with black transverse spots. In Europe with the exception
of the extreme West, North- West and North, in Anterior and Central Asia, where several local forms occur.
From Livonia to Calabria and Syria and from Paris to ^Manchuria. l)ut always local. The commonest
Itujcns. aberrative specimens are those with the black bands of the forewing broadened (ab. lugeris Schultz), some-

((Wicavs. times suppressing the ground-colour altogether. On the other hand, ab. albicans Fnchs is a form in which
the white predominates, the black bands of the forewing being only slightly indicated. — ScHULTZ calls

'".'..J!';' specimens with the inner band of the forewing doubled ab. bivittata. In ab. wassi J(om. the hindwing and
abdomen are yellowish brown instead of purple-red. — More important are certain local forms like
sartha. sartha .S7(/r. (18 d), from Turkestan, smaller, with narrower wings, the collar with bright light edge; a strong
darkening of the forewing, which is not rare in specimens from Turkestan and Europe, is not constant. —
/■''''■'," interrogationis Men. (18 d) is the eastern form from Siberia and Manchuria, in which there is a great
deal of white on account of the much narrower bands of the forewing. CrRfM-GRSHMAiLO calls spe-
cimens of this form with very distinct red collars (this being sometimes the result of the setting) ab.

collid-ts. collaris. — Egg yellow, later on grey. Full-grown larva black, with black head and warts, the latter
liearing grey hairs dorsally and rusty yellow ones laterally. Until April on sunny fallow fields, on low-
growing plants, especially spurge. Pupa in a loose cocoon on the ground, which can be recognised by the
silk-throads glittering in the morning dew; black with small bristles posteriorly. The moths at the end
of April and in May; they only occur in sandy districts and only in the plains. In day-time they rest
on or near the ground; the $$ have a very heavy abdomen, and when ovipositing run with whirring
wings along the ground, from which they can scarcely rise. The species is usually common where it
occurs, Init local, and mostly the larvae can onh- be found on certain definite fields, where great quantities
of them may be encountered in the early spring. Some of the larvae are, however, always attacked by
a certain fungus, Empusa aulicae, and occasionally the disease is introduced into the breeding-cages with
such larvae. The best result is therefore obtained if one breeds the larvae separately or only a few
together in small flower-pots. It must be observed that the larvae sometimes attack fresh pupae of their
own kind, and gnaw through thin gauze. Exposure to low temperatures now and again produces melanistic
examples, but generally kills the specimens or results in cripples. Sunshine is necessary to the larva,
wliich then feeds greedily and grows rapidly.

7. Subfamily: Callimorphinae.

In conlradistinctiuu to ihe preceding group of clumsy nocturnal moths with the tongue mostly aborted,
we have the very slender light-winged flower-loving Callimorphinae which are nearly all diurnals enjoying the
sunshine, and almost exceed in brilliancy of colour the bright Arciiinae. The blackish wings usually have a
liright green metallic gloss and rounded white or yellow spots or stripes; the hindwings are bright deep red or
purple red, yellow or white. The larvae are mostly more brightly coloured than those of the preceding group, and
with the hair not so long and shaggy as in those. The Callimorphinae do not occur in Australia, but are fairly
luiiversally distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. However, they do not extend so far northward as certain
genera of Arciiinae, and it is worthy of note that always only a few species occur in one locality, the greatest
number being found in the North-Western Himalayas, where the Palearctic and Indian genera meet. Nearly all
the species are common where they occur, many of them being foimd in great abundance.

70 Geiui.s: Xioaea Moore.

Rather large moths with medium-sized head, large eyes, short palpi and strong tongue; antennae
long with short ciliae in the (J. Body entirely clothed with dense smooth hair. In the f^ the much
produced apex of the forewing is characteristic, while the $ of the single species resembles a Call, dominulu
rossica in shape and colour and has normally-shaped wings. The only species inhabits West China and the
neighbouring districts of the Indian Himalayas.
lonijipeniiis. N. longipennis Walk. (ISd). Forewing and apical area of liindwing black with wliite spots; the

remainder of the lundwing bright yellow with black spots. Thorax black, abdomen bright yellow wth

CALLIMOEPHA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 101

black dorsal and lateral spots. Everywhere at the Middle and Upper Yaug-tse-kiang, in I'pper Assam and
the Eastern Himalayas, common in many localities.

71. Uemis: Callilliorpllit Lair.

Medium-sized and very hrightly coloured moths, mostly with a. stnmg metallic gloss on the thorax
and wings. Head rather small; eyes very prominent; palpi short, upturned, with reduced end-segment;
tongue strong; antennae simple, setiform in l)oth sexes. Thorax clothed with dense smooth hair: abdomen
slender, in the $ cylindrical, brightly coloured and with dark strijies or spots, aberratively sometimes
metallic black. Forewing triangular, metallic black-green or lilack-ldue, with white or yellow markings,
hindwing oval, red or yellow, aberratively sometimes black. Larvae sparsely covered with short bristles,
brightly coloured, hibernating on low-growing plants; pupa small in proportion to the moths, the latter
appearing after four or five weeks. The species inhabit Europe and North Asia, and in Kashmir and tin
Eastern Himalayas enter Indian tern'tory. There is no species in Northern Africa, but a few occur in the
Ethiopian region, which however are perhaps better placed into a separate genus.

C. dominula L. (= profuga Goze, domina Hbn.) (18 e). The Scarlet Tiger has black-green glossy iliniiintilii.
forewing, with the spots at the middle and apex of the cell and near the base of the inner margin ochre-
ous and the other spots white. Hindwing deep dark red with a Idack spot before the apex of the
cell and black mai-ginal markings. Abdomen red with broad black dorsal stripe and apex. Through-
out Europe with the exception of the Arctic countries and many islands, eastward to the countries around
the Black Sea. About 20 varieties have been erected, some being aberrations, some geographical races,
and Standfu,ss has obtained a number of inconstant but highly interesting forms by crossing different
races. The spots on the forewing mav all be white (ab. hamelensis PfUimer), without there being any other hnwclcnsis.
distinction. In ab. confertaS'c/iMite the usually white spots on the forewing are confluent. In ali.fasciata .S'pwL '■""/;''''"■
the spots of the forewing merge together in pairs to form transverse bands. In ab. paucimacula Schuliz pauci-
the spots are reduced, often being alisent with the exception of one. In ab. inarita Scliultz the spots of xincuhi.
the forewing are absent. In ab. romanovi .S7fl7i.(//ss. (18 c) the black of the hindwing is increased, only the ',"gl\ii^'yi.i
base being red, while in ab. nigra SpuJ. both wings are black above, ali. nexa SchuJiz has the discal spot iiifjra.
of the hindwing united \\ith the black colour of the margin, but is oth.n'wise normal, ab. radiata Krodel '"■';'■
has two white raaial basal streaks on the underside of the forewing. — Beside these variations, which may
occur anywhere, there is a series of geographical races which in some localities are the only form and in
others occur among name-typical specimens: lusitanica S'/grr. has tlie forewing like oi'dinary dominula, but the In.sUdiiica.
hindwing is yelloAV. Singly already in South Germany. — rossica KoU. (18 e) like the preceding with rossica.
yellow hindwing, but the spots on the forewing all white and mostly rather larger. — bithynica Stgr. hilhiiiiira.
has all the spots of the forewing yellow or brownish, the liindwing red, with tin- l)lack like that on the
abdomen increased. — In the (>xtreme South-East of the area of distribution insubrica Wackz., with the ui.siilnini.
hindwing tinged with yellow, forms a transition from hithijnica to ifalica. In certain alpine valleys. —
italica Standfss. (= donna Costa) has the hindwing very dark yellow, sometimes strongly reddish, while the itulint.
spots of the forewing are larger; in Central and Upper Italy, where it is locally constant. — bieli Stgr. bieli.
is a very conspicuous form in M'hich the spots of the forewing are all orange-yellow and the binding
light red-lead colour tinged with yellow tinge; North Portugal near Oporto. — Lastly, the very variable
form persona Hfo«. (= donna Ea'/j. neo, Costa, domina ///;«.) (18 e) must bo mentioned, with small spots on pvrsonu.
the forewing and yellow hindwing, the latter in the outer half entirely black hke the abdomen. — Larva
blackish grey with broad sulphur-yellow dorsal stripe interrupted and marked with black, and with minute
yellow and white spots laterally. The warts have a bluish gloss and bear short hairs. Until the beginning
of May on low-growing plants, especially Cynoglo.ssum. Pupa reddish brown, sometimes two or three in
the same cocoon. The moths in June and July, often but not regularly flying by day in the sunshine,
visiting flowering lime-trees. Very common in most localities; the larvae are best collected in the early
spring directly after hibernation.

C. philippsi Bartel. The moth is said to resemble quadripunctaria, but according to the author the philippsi.
white bands of the forewing consist of spots recalling the markings of dominula and the black spots of the
hindwing are much enlarged. Kusch, Russian Turkmenia (?). Unknown to me (aberration of another species?).

C. quadripunctaria Poda (= hera L.) (18 f). The Jersey Tiger, generally known under Linne's ^"^"^^.J"^V^^
name of /(pra, has a greenish black forewing banded with white, the hindwing in typical specimens being bright
vermilion with three black spots at the apex of the cell and before the outer margin. Throughout Europe
with the exception of the North and Western Asia, from England and Western France to Persia and from
Livonia and St. Petersburg to the Mediterranean; also mentioned from Egypt, but probably only in the

') At Darmstadt, according to the kind information received from Ilerr Wilbrand, on an average one
specimen among liOO red ones.

102 HIPOCRITA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

district bounding on Syria, if this record is not erroneous. ■ — AVhile the specimens from near the northern
Ijoundary of the area (e. g. at Crefeld, in the Harz mountains and Northern Russia) are usually not larger
than domlmda, there occurs in the South at Digne, Clausen, in Dalmatia, etc., a large but otherw-ise not
mufiHii. different form, which has long appeared in collections and dealers' lists as magna. — In Syria, especially
fulgida. in the Lebanon, at Adana, etc., a similar form occurs, as large as magna, this is f ulgida Ofcer//i. (18 f).
which is distinguished by the narrow stripes of the fore\\'ing and especially by the fier}- red colom- of the
hindwing. wliich is much deeper than in magna; moreover, the black spots on the hindwing are larger. —
The red colour of the hindwing may also turn to orange; this form, which occurs especially in Brittany,
^hdescens ^^ called ah. saturnina Oberth. (18 f). It forms a transition to the foim ab. lutescens .S^^r. (18 f), like^\i"s8
not uncomon in Northern France, but occurring also elsewhere, with strong stripes on the forwing and
light yellow hindwing. — A varying reduction in the white stripes of the forewing has repeatedl}- been
observed and has given occasion for proposing various names {nigricans Kemijnij, medionigra Spul., perfusca
Bast., costimacula Spul.). Lastly the stripes of the forewing may be present, but changed in colour; tliis
cens. ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ i'^ ^^- brunnescens Spul. — Larva dark brown-grey, with orange warts and dorsal spots and
brown and rather short hair; fine yellow irroration laterally; head black. Hibernatts when young, and
lives until June on low-growing plants, but also likes to feed on tender shoots of oak. Pupa dark brown,
in a loose cocoon. The moths appear at the end of Jul}^ or in August, and fly in daytime in quarries and
rocky places. In some years they are exceedingly abundant; they visit Umbelhfers, Scabious, Watermint,
Echium and other flowers, especially at brook-sides. In the North of their area they are becoming rarer
in many localities, or are on the verge of extinction, e. g. at Frankfurt a. M., Mainz, Darmstadt, Hamburg,
St. Petersburg, etc.

menlriesi. C. menetriesi £r. (18 f). Forewing black with yellow radial streaks several times interrupted. Hind-

wing orange, with the black veins partly much broadened. Head, collar and costal margin of hind^^•ing
purple-red. From Sungary.

plagialu. C. plagiata TP'aZfc. (18 g). Head and thorax yellow marked with blacldsh brown; abdomen yellow

with black bands. Forewing dark black-groen with very dense white spots in the outer half, the basal half
more sparsely covered with oval ivory spots. Hindwing bright yellow, with very variable black markings.
In the Himalayas, from Kashmir to South China, common in many localities.

Iii>:trio. C. histrio Walk. (IS g). Like the preceding species in colour, but the white spots are arranged dif-

ferently in the outer portion of the forewing; the four apical spots small, not forming a regular row with
the subapical band of spots. In North and Central China and Corea.

piiiii'iiiaU>:. C. principalis A'o/L (18 g). Forewing metalhc blackish green, with dispersed yellow or ivory-white

spots; hindwing bright yellow, with black spots before the margin and at the apex of the cell, and also
as in meneiriesi traversed by broad black veins. In facies resembling the preceding forms, but at once
distinguished by the blood-red body being broadly marked with black dorsally. In Kashmir, widely distributed
ycgatis. in the Himalayas; the lighter and larger form regalis Leech extends as far as Ciiina. In the smaller fedt-
, /| ." schenkoi ^'r.-r/rA7(., from Pamir, the spots on the forewing are paler, the liindwing also hght yellow, the
veins black-brown without any dark shading.

(■(Iiiilitlh. C. equitalis A'o//. (18 g). Body as in the preceding species, to which it is closely alhed, blood-red

with black markings; but the forewing spotted with white to a very variable degree, and the hindwing
with white ground-colour, bearing sometimes more, sometimes less numerous grey-brown spots. Kashmir;
distributed over a large part of the Himalayas, and especially in the northern valleys, as far as Sikkim
in India; not rare.

8. Subfamily: Nyctemerinae.

This group, tlie chief genus of which is the Indo-Auslralian-Africaii Nuctemera. is by many autliors
considered a separate family, but by others placed with the Arctiids, especially with the Lilhosiinae. Heeeich-
ScHAFFER first placed the species of his genus Nyctemera with the Liparids, but they had to be separated
from the latter on account of their ocelli. They may, however, be regarded as transitional forms in as much
as similar tufts of hair as those of the larvae of Liparids have been observed in the Nyctemerids. They are
distinguished from the larvae of Arctiids by the otherwise rather sparse hair. In contradistinction to the poly-
phagous Arctiinac they are usually monophagous. I found the larva of the Australian N. conica only on Senecio,
and only Senecio is mentioned for A', annidala from New Zealand. The venation is distinguished by
an areole in the forewing. The moths are conspicuous in colour, and like many protected insects fly by day
in the sunshine.

72. Genus: Hi|)Ocrita Hbn.

This genus only contains one species, which is at the same time the only species of Nyctemerinae
which is a member of the European fauna. The moderately small moth is bright red; head rather large,
with flat frons, large eyes, quite short and porrect palpi, aborted tongue and the antennae with very

HYALOCOA: HYPERBOEEA; NYCTEMERA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 103

short ciliae. The abdomen of the $ is stout, cyhudrical, that of the ^ slender and hairy. The larvae are
very brightly coloured, with sparse hair, and feed on Senecio; pupae very glossy, stumpy, immobile, on the
ground. The moths fly on stubble, pastures and alpine meadows.

H. jacobaeae L. (= senecionis GW<.) (18 h). Forewing grey; inner margin, a stripe below the costal jacobaeae.
margin, two marginal spots and the hind wing purple-red. Europe and Western Asia to the Altai. In
ab. gilleti Andre (= confluens SclntUz) the red markings of the forewing are more or less confluent. In giUeti.
ab. fulvescens .S'pw?. the red is replaced by orange-yellow, and in ab. flavescens Thierry -M. by pale yellow, ^j'^j'^^pg^^^^^^^^^^
In ab. grisescens S'pu/. the hindwing is grey. — Egg yellow. Larva with yellow and black rings, the head qrisrsmis.
black marked with yellow, and the hairs sparse and brownish; on Senecio vulgaris, S. paludosus, said to
feed also on Tussilago; full-grown in July and August. Pupa l)lack, glossy, in a cocoon on the ground:
the moth in May and June, on meadows, flying by day when flushed; settles on stalks of grass. Com-
mon everywhere.

73. Genus: Hyalocoa Havips.

This genus also contains only one species, which was formerly placed with Hipocrita. But the
areole is absent, and it is doubtful whether the genus ought to be placed here at all. Head small; eyes
very large; palpi small; tongue quite aborted; antennae simple, thorax and abdomen very slender in the^.
in the $ stouter, short and rather club-shaped; wings comparatively broad, very thinly scaled. Nothing is
known of the early stages; the only species inhabits East Asia.

H. diaphana El-. (18h). Sooty grey-brown; head and thorax darker, collar bright reddish yellow, diaphana.
abdomen paler yellow, in the ? with dark doi-sal spots in the middle. Wings without markings, diaphanous
grey-brown. Seems rather rare, in Amurland and near Irkutsk, in May and June.

74. Genus; Hyperborea (Jr.-Grsh.

This genus contains one East-Asiatic species resembhng Parasemia in facies. Slender, with small
head, short palpi, simple antennae, large tegidae, slender abdomen, broad triangular forewing and large,
almost circular hindwing.

H. czekanowskii Gr.-Grsh. (18 h). Forewing grey-brown, semitransparent ; a white costal stviTpe, czejxanows-
another above the inner margin and two crossed stripes in the outer area; tho veins are also white, narrow,
and sharply defined. On the hindwing the margin is irregular, grey-brown, and before it, on the semi-
diaphanous ground-colour, are two spots below the apex and above the anal angle. From the Tunguska
River.

75. Genus; Xycteiiiera Hbn.

Moderately large, slender moths, usually black and white in colour with simple markings. Head
rather large, on a long constricted neck; eyes prominent: ocelli present; palpi moderately long, porrect,
with thin end-segment. Tongue developed. Antenna of S pectinated. Thorax thin, tegulae spotted,
abdomen of (J slender, in the $ cjdindrical, usually with dorsal spots, very smoothly scaled. Wings
broad, usually white with dark edges, forewing with distinct areole. Larvae as far as known yellow or red
with dark rings, some with tufts of hair, many hving on Senecio. Pupa smooth, thin-skinned, in a loose
cocoon; before the moth emerges one can see the spots of the thorax and abdomen shining through.
The moths are on the wing in daytime, their fhght being restless; they seem to be protected; I saw a
dragon-fly which had caught a A', conica let it go again after a few seconds. Pagexstecher, who
monographed the genus, enumerates about 80 mostly Indo-Austiahan forms. Only two forms extend to
the Palearctic Region at its southern boundary.

N. plagifera Walk. (18 h). White with blackish brown discal and marginal markings. Thorax and plagifcra.
abdomen spotted with black, tip of the latter and the head yellow. Common throughout India, north-
wards to Tibet, China and Formosa. In warm districts during the whole year, in the Palearctic Region
more in the autumn, flying together with Pieris canidia, from which it can scarcely be distinguished when
on the wing.

N. lacticinia Cr. (18 h). Thorax anteriorly yellow spotted with black. Forewing black-brown vdth I act icini a
white obhque band before the apex rounded at both sides, and a white stripe basally at the inner margin.
Hindwing white, semivitreous, with broad, proximally irregular, marginal band. Throughout India, Southern
China ana Formosa. Lar^-a grey, dorsally red, this colour- being inteirupted by tufts of hair situated on
warts; at ths sides of the head two porrect tufts of hair; found on Cacaha conchifolia. Common.

104

List of the Palearctic Arctiidae.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic forms of Ardiidae, with a reference to the original descriptions.
*) signifies tliat the form is figured at the place quoted.

Xaturli. 5^;. p. 12S.
Hist. 1901,8, p. 179.

iu-iilulii Hues. I'iiiKj. Iris Ulir,'. p. 15'.).*

iiiloliiia Chion. Slijr. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 191. *

:i(lila riiiou. Moore. Cat. Lep. K. I. Comp., p. :50G. *

:i.'!(r(.la l.itli. /?»/(. .\uii. .Mag. Nat. Mist. (4) 20, p. 3!)7.

ji('().\iiliiica Cel S}i('U. 'rijdschr. v. Ent. IH, p. (iT. '

iifl'iiicola l.itli. lircm. Lej). O. Sibir.. ]i. 97. *

iillia CliidU. Moori', Proc. Zool. Soc. I.diid. IS7.S. p. 2N.

alhcola Litli. lUiti. luir. Schmett. i. ■

iiJlK'sfciis Pairl. Hltjr. Iris 1, p. 249.

albicans Arct. Fiichs, .Jahrb. Nass. Ver.

albicosla Pel. Jlainji^. Ann. Mag. Xat.

albieosla Lilh. l{o(j. Ann. Wion. Hofmus. 9, p. 4.").*

albil'aseia Ocn. Co'iisl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Er. (6) 8, p. 161. *

albifiiiis Agyll. \Vatk. Cat. Lep. Ilet. B. M. 7, p. 1686.

albosoricea Stegin. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 87.

albiila Knes. Seltifl'. Wien. Verz., p. 69.

iilbiiiii Spiles. Brein. &Grc!j, Schmett. N.-Cliiii.. ]i. 15.

alpeslris Endr. Z. Stett. Zg. 26, p. 34.

alphia Chrys. Ilavip.s. Cat. Lep. Phal. 2, p. 184. *

alpiiia Hyphor. Quciiv. Acerb. Travels N. Cape 2, p. 253. *

allaiea Paras. Sti/r. i. I. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 53.

aiiiabilis .Micr. lioUeh. I-2iitom. Zeitschr. 19, p. 63. *

ainiiri Diacr. Stijr. Rom. M6m. Lep. 6, p. 277.

aiiiiireiisis Phragni. .S7(//-. /. /. Macrolep. 2, p. 95. *

aniurensis Rhypils. lirem. Lep. (Jst-Sibir., p. 39. *

aiH-i|iitalis Cel. II. -Sehal/. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 2. p. 165. *

aiulercjijiii Phil. H.-Sehci/f. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 156. *

anifflic'a Arct. Bdv. Ind. Meth., p. 42.

aiii|iilata Cel. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ISSS, p. 393.

ani|us(a Slf/r. Riun. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 182. *

aii)|us(*>si{|iiala Arct. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 135.

aiiiicllala' Lac. Clirixt. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 55. *

aprica Lith. Bull. Cist. Entom. 3, p. 115.

arjius ,Vrg. KoU. Iltig. Kaschmir 4, p. 467. *

ariailnc Chion. Kite. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890. p. 39 1.

arifh'ola Lith. Her. Stett. Zg. 1844 p. 415.

aniicna Ocn. Slijr. Cat. Lep. Eur. Faun. (II.). p. 59.

arrajioiu'iisis Ch't. Slijr. Iris 7, p. 256.

arla\i<lhi Xudiiia Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 8.

:iriiiiiliiii>uhi Litli. Qiirn.
ask(»l(lensis .Milt. Ohirlli
atlaiilica Ocn. Luc.
aloiiiosa Cel. Breiii
alraliila Lith. A,'/ .
alroabdoiiiiiialis .\i
aiilica llNjihor. L.

aiiraiiliaca Arct. Seilg, Macrolep. 2
aiiraiilhic-a Ocn. Spul. Schmett. Eur
aiiripeniiis ,\rct. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soi
aiirila iMidr. Sid:.

\nii. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 10.
Et. d'Ent. 5. p. 30.
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) 1, i). 412. *
Bull. Acad. Pet. 3. j). 491.
I'.ull. Mosk. 1847, 3. ]>. 79. *
t. Lorez, Soc. Entom. 19. p. 12 1.
Svst. Nat. 1, p. 505.
^ p. 99.

1.38.
md. ISSl, p. 7.
(lesrh. Ins. *

5ST.

borealis Phragm. SUjr. Cat. Lep.
borussia Paras. Schaw. Sitzber. zool.

B. M

15. p. IS

, p. 13S.

p. IKi.

p. 1682.

bai'lica Orn. liuiidtr. .Vnii. Soc. I'hit. Fr.

I>aii(|liaa>i Lith. Seilz, Macrolep. 2, ii. 68. *

haiiiihaasi Ocn. Slip: Iris 8. p. 291. *

basiliiiibara Spilarct. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881. p. 6.

belHtTi Airt. Failln. Faun. Sicil., p. 52.

bellicri Ocn. Led. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1855. p. 203.

bellissiiiia Chion. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1S78, p. 27.*

borvlla Ocn. .S'/i/r. Iris 8, p. 291.

bicolor Paras. Hal:. Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ge-<. IXilO. p. 220.

bicli Call. Slijr. Iris 7. p. 256.

bifasciala Co-c. Laiiihr. .Vnn. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1, p. 270. *

bifasciala Spilarct. Bidl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 7.

biiiai|bli Diaph. Tur. Atti Mus. Milan. 42, p. 39. *

bipiincla Lith. llbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. 2. *

bipiiiu-tatu Cose. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 345.

bisecta Spilacrt. Lcceh, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. LIS.

biihviiica Call. Sbp-. Cat. Lep. Pal. (I I), p. 56.

bixiila Chrys. Walk. Cat. Le]). Llet.

bixillala .\rct. Sehidtz, Soi-. Entom.

bivitlala ICuch. Spul. Schmett. Eur,

bivitlala Milt. Bull. Cist. Entom. 3,

Eur. (II).

p. .)

9.

■liot.Oes.Wien 2/111.19(16,

abrrraiis .Milt. Bud. Ann. .Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 2(1, p. 397.
acerba Stegin. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 196.
bretaudiaui Con. Oberth. Pa. d'Ent. 20, p. 55. *
breveli Trichos. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.(G) 2, p.CLXXIV.
brc\ imaeula Lith. Alph. Rom. Mem. L6p. 9, p. 130. *
bruiiiiea .\rct. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 135.
Iiriiniieseens Acrt. Schnllz, Entom. Zeitschr. 18, p. 105.
bruiinosceiis Call. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 141.
briiiiiiesfens Par. Sehuw. Sitzber. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien

III. 1906.
bryopliilalis Roes SIgr. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 181.*

caeeilia Clet. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 3. p. 364.
eaeria Spilos. Piinr;. Iris 19, p. 79.
caesarea Arctin. Ooeze, Entom. Beytr. 3. p. 63.
caja Arct. L. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 500.

calaniaria Lycl. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 392.
ealaiiiiiia .Milt. Bull. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 396.
caliyaiis Cose. Tur. Nuov. Form. Lep. Ill, p. 120.
caligiiiosa Arct. Schultz, Entom. Zeitschr. 18, p. 110.
cainpestris Arct. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1892, p. 212.
eaiia Areas Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 3, p. 234.
Candida Cel. Bud. III. Types Het. B. M. 3, p. 9. *
Candida Cose. C'ur. Ent. Nap. (1787) 1, p. 5. *
Candida Ft. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 361.
candidalis Cel. Siyr. Rom. Mem. Li^p. 6, p. 258.
caniola Lith. Ubii. Eur. Schmett. 2. *
earbonis Diaiih. Frr. Neue Beytr. 7, p. 74. *
carnea Lycl. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) 6, p. CXLIII.
carnipicla .\sur. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 342.
casiynela Si)ilarct. KoU. Hiig. Kaschmir, 4 (2), p. 469.
casta Euch. E.-<p. Eur. .Schmett., Abb. 3, p. 177. *
cauc-asiea Paras. Me)t. Cat. raisoti., p. 262.
cancasica Rliyp. Alph. Trans. Ent. Ross. X. p. 14.
cpntonalis Cel. JIbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Pyr. *
cercola Lith. llbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. *
cervini Orod. Full. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1864, p. 23. *
chincnsis Ocn. (Sr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Pet. 4, p. 262.
chionobasisPoecHawps. Ann.Nat. Hist. VIII(1901),p.l78.
chlaniitiilalis Cel. llbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Pyr. *
chrvsocepliala Cose. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. 2, Bomb. 2.
ciealricalis Cel. Tr. Schmett. Em-. 10 (3). p. 39.
cincraseens Paid. H.-Schaff. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 162. *
cincroicolor Sice. Hanips. 111. Types Het. B. M. 8, p. 51. *
cineroola Lith. llbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. *
coi'lestina F^hragm. Piuifi. Soc. Entom. 19, p. 121.
cohaPFiMis Eiipr. Schullz, Ent. Zeitschr. 18, p. 141. *
coliaris .Aict. (!r.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Pet. 4, p. 462.
collitoides Agyll. Bud. Cist. Entom. 3, p. 115.
ooninia Spilarct. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 7, p. 1703.
coniplaiia Lith. L. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 512.
cuniplula Endr. llbn. Eur. Schmett. 2. *
conl'eria Call. Schultz, Soc. Lhitom. 19, p. 148.
cont'liiens Arct. Relel, Berge's Schmetterl. (IX), [i. 430.
eont'luens Arct. Horn. Mem. Lep. 1, p. 87. *
confluons Hi)i. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. 1908, p. 181.
conflucns Paras. Schaw. .lahrber. Wien. Ent. Ver.l 7. p. 77*
conformis Lith. Walk. Cat. Lep. He*. B. M. 2. p. 509.
conl'iisalis Cel. Il.-Schalf. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 2. p. 161.
con(|creiis Lycl. Feld. Novara Lep. II. *
conjnncia Paid. Stgr. Iris. 4. p. 249.
continualus Great. ilioor(',.Aiin.Mag.Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 344.
corcana Lith. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888. p. 600. *
Corsica (Jen. Rambr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1. p. 272. *
costaiis Lith. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 26.
coslalis Roes. Stgr. Rom. M^m. Up. 3, p. 178. *
cnsliniacula Spilarct. Lcpc/(, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, 158.
coslipunda Litli. Leech, Entomologist, 23, p. 82.
cranibil'onnis Nola, Rebel, Iris, 1902, p. 223.
cribraria Arg. Clerck, Icon. Ins. 2. *
cribraria Cose. L. Svst. Nat. 1, p. 507.
cribrala Lith. Slyr. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 189. *
cristalnia Cel. llbn. Smlg. Vdg. Schmett. *
rcojiea Milt. Big)i. Bull. Soc Ent. Fr. 1880. p. 105.

Publ. 12. XI. 1910.

List of the Palearctic Arctiidae.

105

erueiita Chion. Leech, Entomologist, 23, p. 49.
cucullatella Nola, L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 537.
czekanou'sldi Hyp. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Miis. Pot. 4, p. 404.

dahuriea Clet. Bdv. Icon. L6p. 2, p. 120. *

dalbergiae Spilarct. Moore, Proc. Zool. Son. Lond. 1888,

p. 394.
(ia.><ara As. Moore. Cat. Lep. E. I. Comp., p. 303.
debilis Lilh. Skjr. Rom. M6m. Ltip. 3, p. 190.*
defliau(jei Spilarct. Dip. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (0) 6. p. 283. *
decussata Milt. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 8~.
defaspiata Hvphor. Schults. Soc. Entom. 21, p. 43.
denenerella Lith. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 28. p. 324.
dcjeaiii Ilyphor. Godt. L6p. France 4, p. 320. *
doplana Lith. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abbikl. 4, p. 97. *
depuncla Diaph. Schults. Entomol. Zcitschr. 1908, ]). 183.
detrita Chion. Walk. Cat. Lep. Hot B. M. 2, p. 529.
dharnia Lycl. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 394.
(lialaiiipra Epim. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 346. *
diaphaiia Hyal. Er. Bull. Mo.sc. 184S, 3, p. 212.
dido Arct. Waqn. Reis. Algier, 3, p. 209. *
dilui-ida Nudaria Spid. Schmett. Eur., p. 144.
dlrefla Lith. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 180.
di^i-iniyra Spilarct. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc: Lond. 1865,

p. 810.
diva Eupr. Sttjr. Stett. Ztg. 1887, p. 84.
dives Oeon. Bull. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 2(), p. 398.
doiiiiiiula Call. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 509.

eboraei Spilarct. Tugw. Entomologist 1894, p. 205.
elefians Paras. Batz. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 1890, p. 220.
ecjuitaliis Call. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir 4, p. 465. *
erselioffi Micr. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 29. *
erjihrozona Spilos. Koll. Htig. Kaschmir 4 (2), p. 468.
esperi Arct. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 14, p. 103.
cxtensa Hyphor. Schultz, Soc. Entom. 21, p. 43.

falloui Orod. Jourdh. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1866, p. 127. *
fascialis Roes. Spiil. Schmett. Eur., p. 123.
fasciata Arct. Esp. Eur. Schmett. 3, p. 178. *
t'asciata Call. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 110.
fasciata Milt. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 107.
faseiata Psilop. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 36.
fasciata Spilarct. Tugiv. Entomologist 1894, p. 96.
fasciata Ut. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 143.
fasciola Chion. Eliv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890, p. 391.
ferjjliana Micr. Stgr. Stett. Ztg. 48, p. 82.
fervida Phragm. Stgr. Cat. lep. Eur. (II), p. 59.
festiva Ilyphor. Bkh. Eur. Schmett. 3, p. 191.
finibriata Lith. Leech, Entomologist 23, p. 81.
flamnipola Spilarct. Moore. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (i)

20, p. 89.
flava Clet. Stgr.-Rhl. Cat. Pal. Lep. (Ill), p. 369.
flava Lith. Hmv. Lep. Brit., p. 147.
flava Rhyp. Stgr. Cat. Eur. Schmett. (I), p. 24.
flava Stigm. Brem. & Greg, Motsch. fit. I, p. 63.
flaveola Eupr. Schultz Entom. Zeitschr. 20. p. 26.
flaveola Lith. Rambr. Cat. Andal. *
flaveola Spilarct. Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899.

p. 154.
flavescens Hip. Thicrrij-M. Naturaliste 1889, p. 181.
flavia Arct. Faessl. Mag. Liebh. Entom. 2, 1. *
flavieans Phil. Bdn. Icon. 2, p. 110. *
flavicoilis Gnophr. Neabgr. Soc. Entom. 17. p. 155.
flavoabdoniinalis Arct. Lorez, Soc. Entom. 19, p. 123.
flavoeiliata Lith. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1853.

p. 364. *
flavocostata Arct. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 135.
flexilineata Melanogr. Ilamps. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.

Soc. 11, p. 440.
flexuosa Cel. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) 6, p. CLXVII.
flexuosa Milt. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 196.
floccosa Paras. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 115.
freveri Phil. Nick. Stett. Zts. 6. p. 105.
fuljiida Call. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 20, p. 56. *
fulijiiiialis Nola Slcph. III. Brit. Ent. 4, p. 63.
l'uli()iiiosa Phragm. L. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 509.
fuMgiiiosus Agris. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond. 1872,

p. 571. *
fulininans Arct. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 57.
fulvescens Hip. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 143.
fulvohirta Alph. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 3, p. 684.

II

fuiiiidisca Lith. Ilamps. Fauna Ind. Moths 2, p. 80.
funiosa = brunnea Endr. Heydeni. Ent. Zeitschr. 1909

p. 178.
fuuiosa Roes. Bull. 111. Tvpes Het. B. M. 3, p. 9.*
fuiierea Cose. Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1847, p. 77. *
fusce.scoiis Milt. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877,

p. 343.

yalucliiia Areas, IIoeiK Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Phys. 7,

p. 280. *
gaiidolphei Ocn. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 6, p. 71. *
ijaiiyis Creat. L. Amoen. Acad. 6, p. 410.
yazella Chion. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872,

p. 572. *
gelida Chion. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 2, p. 529.
gigantea Agyll. Oberth. Diagn. Lep. Askold, p. 6.
giganliila Roes. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 238.
gilveola Lith. O. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 137.
glaphyra Micr. Ev. Bull. Mosc. 16, p. 544. *
glauca Micr. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 251. *
gracilis Phiss. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 354. *
gradli Eupr. Schultz, Entom. Zeitschr. 18. ]). 141.*
gratiosa Milt. Deless. Souv. Ind. 2, p. 90. *
gratiosa Micr. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 4, p. 533. *
grisea Eugoa Bull. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 399.
griseata Lycl. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 200.
griseola Lith. Ilbn. Eur. Schmett. 2. *
griscsccns Hip. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 143.
gruiieri Clet. Stgr. Stett. Ztg. 1867, p. 104.
guttata Spilarct. Ersch. Fedtsch. Reis. Lep., p. 32. *
guttifera Chion. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 7, p. 1779.

hamata Chion. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 2, p. 549.

haniata Hyphor. Spul. Schmett. Eur., p. 136.

hanieleiisis Call. Pflilm. Stett. Ztg. 1879, p. 158.

haroldl Cose. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1907. p. 331.

hebe Arct. L. Syst. Nat. (XII), p. 820.

helveola Lith. 0. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 133.

heiuigeiia Ocn. Grasl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1850, p. 402. *

henrichovieiisis Paras. Schultz, Entom. Zeitschr. 18, p. 85.

herrichi Ocn. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 337.

hilaris Dioph. Car. Iris 11, p. 396. *

histrio Call. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 3, p. 054.

huatecki Orod. Freg, Lep. Schweiz, p. 85.

holoehrea Agyll. Ramps. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1901,

8. p. 182.
honiogeiia As. Seitz, Macrolep.. 2, p. 59.
hospita Paras. Schi/f. Wien. Verz.. p. 310.
huyueiiiiii Ocn. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 3, p. 42.

ilithyia Arct. Bottch. Entom. Zeitschr. 19, p. 55. *

illustris Arct. Schultz, Entom. Zeitschr. 18, p. 113.

inibuta Endr. Illiii. Eur. Schmett. 2. *

iminaculata Hyphor. GiUm.. Soc. Entom. 19. p. 131.

ininiaculala Rli'yp. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 51 .

iiuparilis Spilarct. Butt. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20,
p. 394.

iinpura Nola Mann, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1862, p. 368. *

inaequalis Spilarct. Butt. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4,
! p. 351.

iiK-oiispicua Ci'l. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 24. *

iiiferiialis Hvphor. Schultz, Nyt. Mac. Nat. Krist. 43
! (2), p: 121.

J iiiferiiali.s Spilarct. Butt. .\nn. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1) 2n,
p. 395.

infuiiiata Lycl. Fcld. Novara Lep. 11. *

iiifuniatalis 'Cel. Sprd. Schmett. Eur. p. 122.

infuscata Lith. Stgr. Rom. Mem. L6p. 6, p. 273.

iiiiioeua Cel. Butt. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 671.

inscripta Milt. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 2, p. 547.

insiqnata Phil. Stgr. Stett. Ztg. 42, p. 399.

iiLsilbrica Call. Wackerz. Stett. Ztg. 1890, p. 216.

insularum Paras. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 82. *

intercalaris Arct. Ev. Bull. Mosc. 16, p. 544.

iiiteriorata Campt. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 31, p. 291).

interiiiedia Cose. Spul. Schmett. Eur. p. 142.

intrnnedia Ocn. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 335.

iiiterrogalioiiis Arct. Men. Enum. Mus. Petr. 3, p. 147. *

Inlerroiiallonls Chion. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) 6,
■p. CXXV.

inversa Diaph. Car. Iris 11, p. 397.*

lone Spilarct. Butl. Cist. Entom. 2, p. 41.

ircne Diacr. But'. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 6.

14

U>0

Ijst of tho raloAictio Arotiithuv

iri>»«-IUi \. Uvu. Ins, rar, •

j;irt>Uara<> '. • -~ ~ \ \). j>, 511,

j;«iiki>\\skii ~-. ...;.. I ;. a"Knt. 5. p. SI. '

>K l.«»p. bVun.. i>. S.

St.-;; "ttf CS !. lU^.

k»rrlira >. .

kiiidrriiutiiiii \'

kolpakot^'kii

kourukai \

kiihlwriiii Kiuir. Ui'm, Kur. Srhnirti. ;;.

r. p. 2«.

■,u, .'

IIT. *

::5. *
5V ll.V

4\>5,
p, SOI,
h. IVt. IT. p. 50'

t, B. M. 1. p. :»i-

\

. li, p. SI,

1SI7. p, «i«4,
IS.-..

ktrliriiiia N\\:. (>, P.
kirtiiirM \',v\i ("•■. r,.;
Ula !" :', (■*;■• -
Uirnuiniiiiiain

bilnrilloi
Irarrita >, ^

lr«>|tar«lin;« ^
l1^J»riM^r^ i.

libxs^i

lichrniju-rrt . ro... \

linottki A',\,; .^". Km. > -

liosi.i ^• ^ '

litiinil:)

Uxwii > , . . ^ ^.

l«tU(|i|K>nni< Nic. H «»<*. Oa*
k»«gir>»>Irts IVxir. Ji'iivi's.
loni|i\ritiri« ' -

lubriciprd.-i - ^ ^ \

lurtuusji ;

lujiubrN

hirMa

hirWM»U» .

lusitauirM

lusiianira - .* T. j^. '.Joy.

luiart^lbi ". - - Xal. «X>. p. r»Jl5.

lutr«>U I .•,:.. < ■ • -

liilrtXinrla '~ ^ - ^. j-. IC4.

lu^^^><M•u* \ ^ .4.

luvrrii Sj-.iv--, v^v... ..^c, i ...i,-. > ^. i-. .-v- , "

nii)n«r:in<)ksa Diaph, SJ«r. i. I. Seiti. Macrolep. i, i , ;',v
nwcrtMjxMT* l\ir;\#. KtiM. Trans. Eni. Soo. Loud. I5>SI.

nKirntpirni Kot. l>*rrf*. ft». d'EW. 5, p. 6S. *

nwrlaus >! "• '^'-♦' T'-.-< F-r <,. T . i-.i i<-- n -^.i,. -
HKlrulas;! - , - ,

luaruUla . - -

ntarulata ~ - ;i, p. l>

ntafiui I. , ^ -

NMlKlsr h u riji iK(

mainnrrhpimii

nMniti M.

nMiritki '. " ^^ (

nMnjiairii9if<>a IV., , U „,i. i

nuirils <.\ '" S * -J-. Xyl. \'. , \

nMlrxiuilK " . ■ \"

itMirtMitiU ~ - \ \

nMura \\

nKturiianir:) .p. ST6. *

UM^MMihisa •« - . ;. ISJL

mr^Mlai 1 .\ jv ',!t>^. *

ni. -

»u._... :...v.-.i , ,- -. . ..;, Soc. Lond i«i

p. 5.
n»<-lanoim»> r;'..;r. .ViVl\ >!
«

HI. - - -

M^Wli.
ntrnririoM
nirnltuisiri -

IX. ir-s.

.. Kets. Liep.. |v oo.

'. p. 5U. *

:». i\ SS4. *

iiioxoiiirlkt Cyb. /„ S>-sl, Xat, 1, p. r>Sr».

iiioirlkaiia Hhv>-*v i - .• Wien. Ent. Mon. lSt>l,p, 16:?, »

iilirans >,ii;:,. \ tJn-j*, MotSk'h. Et, 1, p, 68,

niirrttplMsuMi .\ Oisi, Kntom. S. p. lit.

iiiiiiiaiM MiU. K(>r.'i», Nov. S(hh\ Ins.. p, T5,
niiiiut;) Siov. Itnll. Tnuis Irt. StH-, l.ouii, 18SI. p. o5»r>,
niiiuiiaiis i",l /..<<*, Prv -v>o, l.oiui. ISS8. p. 60T. *

luiraniki ^.^v<^■. iHnHk. i. |J>. p. SS. *

iiiiril'ira Pn-p. 0,N rJJ», Kl. d'KiU. 16, p. 8. *
iiuHl<>Ma I \A 1 t.<x\k. IVaus. Ent. S^h\ I.ond. 18i>9. p, ?tH»,
niormis As.tri. BhU. Oisl. Entom. S. p, 114,
nu»«>mi- :\. ;. ."CfniNtf. .\rv-h. Math. Krist, :j:». p. ■^♦.^,
niolliriila >i u.irv^t, HhIL ,Vun, Maj:, Nai, Hist. (A) "2t>.

< p,. p. .186.
-; :JS. p, 81.
N.;. . --■. ainott, Enr, ^. p, 155>, *

nioiuirhitlis Kv ( -

UH>ort>i l.;;!;, I

ni«tnf^iiui \ ■■'

uiorln.-i IV ^ Stott. Zts:. 188T. p. T8.

niou|iin<>iisi> v .,,>.., /xy»'*. Trans. Ent. ikx\ I.ond. 18i»V».

;-. 174.
i(uiltH|uii.Hia Spilarvt, Wnlk. Cat. ljt>p. Hot >' \' "•

;'. (KiT.
niiiiulana N\ularia I.. Eaun Suiv 0 n ;>l"
uuirina P;u.i, }lhn. IVitr. > till.

niusr<>nfai Pol. //m/m. 14«^rl. ,
luiisrubi l.ith, ^"<J|r. Iris I:i, p. l.Sti,

nan^ibi l.ith. Khjjm.mi, Natur. Suil. 8, p, -,J5T,
n«H|l««rta .Vrvt. >Vfc«Mc. Entoni, Zoitschr. 18. p, 114.
nrbul«v4t I^^.x-.hIs. BmtK Ann. M.-ig. Xat. Hist, (4) 20.

np\a
nirk^rli
iiiijr:! 1. .,
iiji|rjran> \v
niyrirosta t '

uijinpars .
nigrip«Hia '.
ni(iriM*na

'/c. Svv. Entom, 19. p, 148.
). Vorh. r(nM,-K>t. Gos. Wien 1SH>6. p. 5.
f. Soht; . p. 140,

7.«>rcc. > .:i. 19, p, 1^4.

.;. Ijcrck, i'i\>>.- Zool. S<h\ Loud. 1888.

n. M. T. p. 1779.

Et, Ent. 1. p. 6S.
, It!-, »!, ir;i:.>. Ent. Soo, Lond. 1899.

niynH-iliiita Paras. $rk«N-. Wit^n. Jahrb, Eut. Ver. 17.

; . t>9.
niynn-inria Lith. ^ii^jTrr, GrH^gr. Verbr. Schniett. ?.

'. 085.
uitkla K - *:".*.;•<, Fatm. Brit. Ind. Moths. 2. p. 147.
nixruni >. Bnll. Phys, Math, Pet, 17. p. 218.

ni»rii< P . irans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881. p S.

uogflli «.Vu, Ltxi. .Vnn. Soc. Ent. Bols:. 1865. p. 62. *
mihiiasria .Vs, H\»U-. Cat. Lep. Het. B, M, 31, p, 251,
nxriirans Paras, Min, BuU.' Acad. P*tr. 17, p. 217.

olMTihuri f*. Et- d'Ent. IS. p, 27. *

obliqua <; iU-. Cat. l^p. Het. B. M. S. p. 679.
obliqiijiasria a.l:.. Hijmp.--. Faun. Ind, Moths. 2, p. 24.
oh*cHra \r • .'" • -. Svx\ K!;Tv>;^i 19. p. 12S.

obscUM > - Mjd. 1888. p. 604. *

ohsrnrior k - - .p. ISS.

»biu<a IVl, U.-^ - :, 6. p. 5S,

<»rhrar«« l.vol. !- R M. 8. p. 51. *

orhrrohi 1 " - - • :, *

»>^rUrni K - Wieti 5. p, 2t>l.

or>in;?rm - - \;i^r, p, 39S. *

.•rn.ua ^ - 188."*
>>ri<>iiut;> .v.>.. ..1,-.:, .\..:.. Mast, Xat, Hist, ^5) I,
p, 2S0,

IH>ll^n!' -V^'lt. H«Mps, Faun. Ind. Moths 2. p. 66.

|«Urn* A-:. Strrff,-, V ' - hr, 190,,.

palirn* . : .\.' , A - v2i 19. p. 6. •

|Hillr«tbi I . .

IMllMta .Vr - r, 18. p. 105.

(MllHb* 1 - ...... ^,,. Loud. 1S77. p. 360.

i'.. - Iris 5. p. S47.

1, ("r -, ::. ^ Soc. Lond. 1878. IV 21.

I'. - l^ir.. p. 97. *

l>;i , - - r. 143.

|Millt<li«r V l.ep. 1. p. lo9. *

pallirntns . - _ . p. 339.

^hiMta Sii,>:iu. .U.V'rt. I>vK, Zcn,4. Soc. Loud. IS7$,

pansiix i ^ ^ u. 2. 2.*

ItamUliiKi ~ ^. P- ^•'^

ImI of the- i'iiloarctic Arcliiiiao.

107

|):ir\iil:i I'hrfic^rri. Fel'l. Novara I.op. 11.*
iciiicliiiiiciila Call. Snhullz, Hoc. Knt.om. !.'<, fi. 17.
p!i\cs((!nH J,ith. /iJ/«. Ann, Maj,'. Nat. fliHt. M; iJO. p. '.'MH.
pf-rirrorala Parasicc. y/amps. Arm. .Maj<, N'at. Hist. lOO:!

Ml;, p. .'J49.
pcrornata Gon. Moon;, Proc. Zool. .Soc. \,(>i\il. \M'i'.).

p. ."Jft.i. *
persona Call. 7/6n. Beytr. Eur. Schmf;tt. 2. *
phai-a Nola HamjiH. Cat, Lf^p. Phai. 2, p. .'55. *
pliacdra Cliiori. Leech, Trans. Erit. Soc. LonrJ. 1880.

p. \'i(;. *

phaeo.ionia Arct. Bull. .\n\\. Mag, Nat, Mist, (4) 20.

pliiiiilasrna Arct. A'iej>. Insekt.-Borse 1905

plia>iria Aipli. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lonrl. 1899, p. !.'>!>.

piirrr-(l Ocn. Jlambr. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 10, p. XXVII. *

plar-iila I'tirafrm. Frit:. Mag. Tufl. Tdrs. Evk. 2, p. 271, *

pla()ia(a r iijl. Walk. Cat. I,f;p. lift. B. .VI. '.',, p. fw.'j,

pli)(|if<-ra Xyct. Walk. Cat. Lep. IIf;t. B. M. 2, p >'>o

plaiiiajiifils Paras. L. Sy.st. Nat. (X;, p, ,501,

poiiioiia \licr. Stfjr. Iris 10, p. 320.

potlflaviila .Micr. Humps. Faun. Ind. .Moths 2, p, J8, *

po-slOiHca .\g>ll. Humps. Faun. Ind. .Moths 2, p. 70.

posric-a Lyd.' A/oore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. '.id.

prasona A^ll. Moore, Cat. Lcp. E. I. Corrip , p. 299. *

priiiti Chion. Elw. pTor:. Zool. .Soc. Lond. 1890, p. 394.

pr<-iio>ia Milt. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Eond. 1879, p. 394.

prcliosa Ocn. .S'^^r. Rom. Mern. Lcp. 3, p. 192. *

principalis Call. Koll. Hfig. Kaschrnir 4 C2), p. 4G,5, *

proserpina Ena, .S'/j/r. Stett. Ztg. 48, p, 79,

pudfns Ocn, Luc. Ann. Soc. Ent, Vr. 18.53, p. 410, *

pu(li<a Eupr, Eap. Eur. Schmctt. Abb, 3, p. 177.*

pin-la Chion. iJniry, III. Exot. Ent. 2. *

pu<-n((p|»-rl Micr. Bottch. Entorn. Zeit.schr. 19, p. 63, *

pMlrliplla r:t. /.. Syst, Nat, (X), p, .5,34,

pulchtrrima Milt, Slf/r. Rom, .Mem, I-6p, 3, p, 187,

pulfhra Milt, BuH. Ann. Mag. Nat. flist, (4) 20, p. 396,

pujr-hrlor Arct. Seilz, .Macrolep. 2, p. 99.

puhcrulfuta PhraL^rn. ^//;fe. Rom. .M/;m. L6p. .5, p, 84.

punclarui-s .Spilos. Cr, Pap, Exot, 4. *

puticiala CoHC. Oherth. Bull. Soc, Pint, P'r, 1907, p, ,331,

puiHtalissima Parasicc, Pom;, Bull, Soc, Ent, Fr, (C) 6.

p. CLIX,
pan(;liyera Cose, Frr. Neuere Beytr. II, p. 76, '
pnnctiyera Hyposicc. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899,

p. 188l
purpurata Rhyp. L. Syst, Nat. (X), p, 505,
puruiu Spilos. Leech, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond, 1899, p. 1.51.
pvymaeola Lith. IM. Zoolog. 5, 1847, p. 1914.

rpiadra ')(ori. L. Syst. Nat. I, p. 511,
(|ua(lripun(-traria Call, Porfrt, Ins, Mus. Graec, p. 89.
((uadriraniosa Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir 4 t2), p, 68.
(ludi-plii Orod. Payk. Act. Ilist, Nat. HaL 2, p. 99. *
i|uinr|upfas(-lata Sicc. Ilampfi. Ill, Types Het. B. M. 8,
p. .-,-. '

radiala Call. Krodel. Kntoni'A. Z'itschr, 19, p, II.
radiala Hyphor, Spul. Schmett. Eur., p, 136,
raftzeri Paras. Scha>r. Wien, -Jahresb, Ent, Wr IT o. 68.
raniosa Endr. F. Ent. Syst, 3 fl), p. 463.
ramosula Pel. Stf/r. Rom. Mem, Lep, 3, p. 1 8^4.
rpyalis Call, Leech. Trans. Ent, Soc, Lond, 1889. p. iiiS. *
reticulata Lith, Moore, Proc. Zool, .Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 798.
rhodophila Spilarct. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B, M, 31, p. 294.
rhodophila Stigm, Walk. Cat, Lep. Het. 31, p. 2.54.
rhodo-(oma Spilarct. Tur. Natur. Sicil. 20 Sftp., p. 38. *
riffplt-nsis Phil. Fall. Ann. Soc. Pint. Fr. (4) 5, p. 99. *
rippertii Cose. Bdr. Icon. 2, p. 94. *
ri\ulari.s Eupr, Men. Cat. raison, p. 263.
rohusta Spilarct. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon'i. n^-.i-.j,

p. 149.
romanovi Call. Standfs. Handb. Pal. Gross-Schmett. (II),

p. 140. *
romanovi Prep. Or.-Gmm. Hot. Pint. Ross. 25, p. 462.
rosacea Milt. Brem. Bull. .\cad. Pet. 3, p. 475.
ro-^acea Ocn. Spul. Schmett. pjir.. p. 133.
ro-sacea .Spilarct. Bull. .Ann. Mat.'. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 3.52.
rosaria Milt. Bull. .\nn. Mag. -Vat. Hist. (4) 20. p, 397,
rosfida Endr, Schi/f. Wien. Verz., p. 68.
rosea .\rct. Lorez. Soc. Entom. 19. p. 123.
rosearia MiCT. Slf/r. i. I. Seitz, Macrolep. 2. p. 83. *
rosslfa Call. Kolen. Mel. Entom., p. 95.

ruhiila Micr. Leech, Trans. Pint. .Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 161.
ruliiliiiea .Spilarct. Moore, Proc. Jiool. Soc. Lond. l><6r,

(-, 810.
nibricollis tinophr. L. Syst, Nat. (X), p. -511.
niliricoia Lycl. Moorc, I'ror,. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 30. *
rtiliriidorsaliM Arct. Hchnllz, PIntom. Z^Mtschr. 1908.
riicUlieili Hyphor. I'ung. Iris 1901, p. 190,*
rufa Milt. Leech, PIntomologist, 23, p. 82.
rufa Paras. 7'«//, PIntornol. Record, 1907.
riifcola A paid Itamhr. Ann. .Soc. Pint. P'r. I. p. i;7l. *
rufiMceim Hhyp. HrulU:, Bck.-Webb. Hi.st. Nat. Can., p. 95.
rupir-ola Micr. (ir.-Orfih. Rom. M6rn, L<^p. 4, p. 535. *
rii-iica l>i;iph. Hhn. Bcitr. Eur. Schmett, 2 (3;, p. 64,*

jtaiiiKirera -i. , . Mo',r> Proc. Z^joI. .Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 392.

saiinio Oj.icr. /,. ~,-t. Naf. <X), p. .506.

saniiaica -pilos. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 31, p. 291.

Aanipiiuea f.'hion. MoUch. £t. Ent. I, p. 63.

•.aii((uinea .Milt. Moore, Ann. -Mag. Nat. Hist, (i) 20, p. 87.

^ardoa Ocn. SUjr. Berl. Entom. 2Jeitschr. 14, p. 105.

sartha .\rct. .S7?/r. Stett. Ztg. 1887, p. 82.

saliirnina Call. (Jherth. £t. d'PInt. 20, p. 5';

g«ripta Roes. Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc, Lond, 18?i?5, p. .593.

seilerf iJiaph. Car. Iris 11, p. 393.*

selizi Hyphor. Bunfi-H. Iris 1910, p. 50.*

.temiramis Lac. Stf/r. Iris 4, p. 161.*

semisi((nata I't. .S'jf<w7. Schmett. Eur,, p. 143,

.<»enex Comacla 7/'/w. Hmlg, Eur, Schmett,*

serena P'-ri'-. Schultz, KiiUitn. Zeitschr, 18, p, 26,

serialopuiiclata Spilarct, Molfsch. f'A.. d'PInt, 9, p. 31.

sericea Lith. Oregs. PIntornol. weekl. Int. 9. p. 31.

sibiriea .\rct. Bei/ne, Hrjc. Entom. 14, p. 97.

sfbiriea Cose. Stf/r. Iris 5, p. 346.

sleversi .Micr. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Rf/ss, '25, p. 462,

sifoniea Paras, fir.-dr.ih. Hor, Ent. Ross. 25, p. 462.

signata Lith. »V//fc, Cat, Lep, Het. B. M, 2, p, 495,

sinnata Phil, lil.h. Nat, Eur. Schmett, L', p, 258.

sikklmensis Chion. fJlw. Proc. 7j>o\. Soc. \/)r\<\. 1890,

p. 395.
sjmplieirasela As. Elw. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890,

r.. 389. *
simpionica Clet. B<k. Gen. Ind, Meth,, p. 64.
sinensis Ac'vll, Leech, Trans. Pint. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 178.
slivnoensis Clet. Rebel, .Ann. Wien. Hofmus. 18.*
sordida f^iaph. Htrn. Smlsf. Plur. Schmett. 2. *
sordida Lith. Bull. III. types Het. B. M. 5, p. 39.*
sordida Sicc. !;//«. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 372.
sordidola Lith, lUtm.hr. ('fit. Andal., p. 210.
soror Spilarct, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond, 1899, p, 150,
sororeiila Lith. Hufn. Berl. Mag. 3 OTf;?, p. 398.
specrabills Lac. TuuHch. Mem. .M p. 212. *

squalida Cel. SUfr. Berl. Ent. Zei VO, p. 102.

standfu-^^i Diapli. Car. iirx:. Entomoi. 1*94, Nr. 7.
staudinueri Paraon. Alph. Rom. Mem. Lep. 9, p. 168. *
stertzi Clet. Schultz. Iris 15, p. 328.
sti(|mala Spilarct. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon'I- 186.5.

p. 809.
^^triata CVwc. L. Syst. Nat. X., p. 520.
striata .Milt. Brem. & f'rreu, .VIot.sch. Pit. i:.i,r. i, p. h-j.
siriflipennis Lvcl. H.-Scha/f. Aussereur. Schmett. *
■,rri(|ula ;; .Schi//. Wien. Verz., p. 69.

^rrlipilo-a •. Hamps. Cat. Lep. Phal. 3, p. 236.
subalpina t'jr-is. Schaw. Wien. .Jahresb. Ent. Ver. 17,

fi. »i:i. *
subcarnea -pilarct. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 3, p. 67.5.
suhchlarnvdula Cel. SIffr. Hot. Ent. Rfjss. 7, p. 107. *
subeinerea Sicc. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878,

p. 31.
Aubniqra Phragm. MiiJ. Mem. Soc. Cannes 18*0. *
-ubniqra .\r,i-t. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1899,
■ (.. ir.).

sabiaria Rhvpds. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. .M. 3, p. 637.
surrasa I.ith. Leech. Tran.s. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 18.3.

taeniata Eu20a Fixs. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 327. *

lanere! Or. .S/'/f. -t.tt. Ztg. 1887. p, 81.

laprohanis -:■ (t „// . Cat. Lep. Het, B. M. 2, p. 542.

lenuella I •. > ,/; M r I'.p. 2, p. 73.*

te^tudinaria ;: r i. i . ^vz-cr. Ent. Paris (Z), p. 260.

le^iudinarioides it , phor. So>r. Rev. Russ. Ent. 19t^, p. 5.

thvmula (,rl. M'li. Icon. Lep. ined. 2, p. .3.37.*

th'yter Ut. But!.. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 371.

libciiea .Arct, Feld. Novara Lep. 2. *

108

List of tho Palearctic Arctiidae.

ti(|raiiiila l\oes. l'iing. Iris Iti, 1902. p. 141. *
siiiriua Arot. ViU. Linn. Entom. 2. p. 150. *
lojiatulalis Hoes. Ilbii. Smlg. Kur. Schmott. Pyral. *
lorrcns Sliiiin. lititL Ann. .Nhic. Nat. Hist, (ot -1, p. 353.
iraii-ifiis Endr. Sim: Cat. Schmett. pal. (11), p. 53.
iraiisicns Pliiss. W'tilk. Cat. Lep. IltM. H. M. 3. p. 675.
trausxorsala Mior. liOltcli. Entoniol. Zeitsohr. 10. p. G7. *
trlan(|ulalis Roes, l.tich. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1888. p. fiOS. *
iriiasVialu Diaph. SpHL Silunett. Eur., p. 128.
iri(|ona Mur. Liccli. Trans. Ent. Soo. Loiui. 1809, p. 170.
iristis .Mior. S/j/r. i. J. Seitz. Macrolep, 2, p. 83. *
liiraiilcn Col. Slur. Stett. Ztg. 1887. p. 77.
liirbaiis Orod. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 20. p, 400.
tiirtMisi!< Diaph. Ersch. Fedtscii. Reis. l.ep., p. 33, *

uinbriffra As. Hamp^. Cat. Lep. Phal. 2. p. 431. *

iindulosa Lvcl. Walk. Cat. Hot. P. M, 2, p. 545,

iiiiiiascia Alph. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. P. M. 3, p. 771.

iinii'«irinis Diacr. Stiir. Iris 20. p. GO,

iinl|iun<'ia Lyol. Leech. Entomologist 23, p. 82.

unita Lull. Hbti. Eur, Sehniett. *

uraleiisis Arct. Heytie. Soc. Entoni. 14. p. 07,

iirania Or. Piinfi. ^oc. Entom. 19, p. 121.

uriicae Spilos. Exp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 3, p. 20. *

\a('lllans Phiss. ll'd/A'. Cat. Lep.

xajio-ia I.ith. Moore. Cat. Lep. !•

varia .\lph. IVii/A-.

\fnaia .Melan. Bull.

\rlusta Lith. Walk.

\ierili Diaph. Car.

AJkaria Lith. IVoJA-.

villica .Vrot. L. Syst. Nat.

vitollinn Lith. Bih . Icon.

Het. B. M. 3, p. 685.
J. Comp.. p. 304.
Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 31. p. 297.
Ann. Mac. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p, 397.
Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 2, p. 506.
Iris 10. p. 371. *
Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 2. p. 305.
(X). p. 501.
, p. 105. *

vitolliiia Lith. Tr. Schmett. Eur. 10 (1), p. 165.
villain Agyll. Leceh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1890, p.
v-niflra Sice. Hamps. Cat. Lep. Phal. 2, p. 393.

178.

walkerl Spilarct. Curt. Brit. Entom. 2, p. 92.
wassi Arot. Aiqn. Rovart. Lapok 13, p. 69.
uiskotii Arct. 'Stijr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 333.

xaulhupioru Cose. Oberlh. fit. d'Ent. 8, p. 35.

y-uUiula Micr. Oberlh. Et. d'Ent. 11. p. 30.*

zuliiiia Spilarct. StoU. Pap. Exot. 4. *

ziczai- Milt. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. .M. 7, \>. 1681.

/uraiihi Ocn. Grasl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1836, p. 561. *

Correction.

To Endrosa aurita, p. GO:

The smoky browni variety of this species was described by Hampsox as brunnea (not fumosa)
and hence must bear this name.

LYMANTRIIDAE. Bv Dr. E. Strand. 109

5. Family: Lymantrlidae.

Tho Lymantriids, better known under the name of Liiiaridae, are a family not very numerous in
species, which in the Palearctic region is widely distributed, especially in the south and east, while the number
of species quickly diminishes as we go north; scarcely one-fourth of the species found in South Scandinavia
occurring north of the Arctic circle. The Lymantriids are an exception in purely Arctic districts; there
occurs for instance only one species of Das?/cfttVa in Greenland and another in Arctic America. In the frontier-
districts of the Indian region the number of species is considerably increased because here true Palearctic
forms are intermixed with Indian ones which extend northward, and on account of this many species
must be dealt with as Palearctic whose true home is India. The nearest relatives of the Lymantriids
must be looked for among the Noctuids, and since these come very near to the Arctiids, as is well known,
also among that family. The larvae also show close affinity with the large Noctuid stirps, while the
larvae of the Notodontids for instance, the moths of which in many points resemble Lymantriids, strongly
deviate from the latter. There occur therefore immistakable transitions to the Noctuids, e. g. the African
genera Homalotneria Wallgr. and Synogdoa Auric, which in facies are Lymantriids, but in venation Noc-
tuids. Lymantriids which strongly resemble Arctiids are for instance Numenes, while Cisjna resembles
the Hypsids. The Pterothysanids also belong to the alhed families, although they are easily recognised
by the absence of a frenulum. In deducing the relationship of the families of Lepidoptera the position
of vein 5 in relation to 4 and 6 is particularly important.

The Lymantriids are usually small or medium-sized moths, inconspicuous in colour, being generally
white or yellow, more rarely grey, brown or black; often they are entirely without markings or only bear
single spots or streaks; more rarely they are vividly marked with black and white {Lymantria), or with
reddish yellow on a dark brown gi'ound (Orgyia). The hindwings are usually without markings. The fore-
wings are broad, rounded at the apex, most species being hairy at the inner margin. When the insect
is at rest the wings are placed flat in roof-shape, and in the $ are sometimes aborted. Even when they
have wings the $$ are always more sluggish than the c?c?. the latter sometimes flying by day {Hypo-
gymna, Aroa, Orgyia).

The head of the Lymantriids is small; the eyes naked; ocelli sometimes absent; tongue very short
or quite vestigial; antennae not long, in the <? bipectinate to the tip (the teeth also sometimes with long
bristles at the end), in the $ with short pectinations or only serrate. Palpi never large, but usually with
a distinctly separated end-segment. Legs usually short, with long woolly hair, and iiearing median and
apical spurs or only apical ones. Thorax strong and hairy. Abdomen of S usually slender, not extendmg
beyond tho anal angle or only a little, with anal tuft; in tho $ often clumsy and stout, with much anal
wool, and never extending far beyond the anal angle. In the forewing vein 1 c is absent, while 1 a and
1 b do not anastomose, 5 originates near the hind angle of the cell, therefore nearer 4 than 6 (by which
it is distinguished from the Notodontids for instance), 7, 8, 9 and 10 usually stalked, an areole often
present. Hindwing with two inner marginal veins, 5 originating nearer 4 than 6, 8 free from the base,
almost touching the cell in the middle and being connected with 7 by a transverse vein. Frenidum always
present.

The almost globular eggs are usually nearly or quite smooth, not so liigh as they are broad, flat
or slightly hollowed at the top; they are often deposited in batches covered with the anal wool. Many
larvae are distinguished by bearing a funnel-shaped wart dorsally on segments 9 and 10 which
can be reversed in cone-shape. These larvae (larvae mobilituberosae) have 4 well-developed prolegs and
anal claspers, on the middle segments brushes of hair and 6 or 8 warts with radiating hair on each seg-
ment, beside the funnel-warts mentioned above. The larvae of European Lymantriidae may be classified
as follows: a) those with large star-shaped knob-like warts (Hypogymna, Lymantria, Ocneria); b) with
brushes on the middle segments and pencils at both ends of the body {Orgyia, Dasychira, Laelia);

c) without brushes but with tufts of hair and long lateral hairs or scutiform spots {Stilpnoiia, Arctornis);

d) with small hairy warts and with a smaller hairy tubercle on segments 4 and 11 {PorDiesia).

110 LYMANTEIIDAE. By Dr. E. Strand.

The funnel-shaped warts are said to serve as defensive organs against the attacks of Ichneumons,
etc., probahly givinj,' off a nauseous scent imperceptible to us. They are reversed by the pressure of the
blood and retracted by muscular action. In some species (e. g. Lymantria monucha and concolor, Hypo-
gymnia viorio) they are quite small. They are known from several Indian species, e. g. Euproctis plana,
ritellina, guttata and scintiUans, Laelia exclamationis, Dasychira inclusa (dalbergine), etc., while in the larvae
of some Indian Dasychira they are said to be probably absent. The hairs of the before-mentioned tufts
and brushes is spun into the cocoon by the larva, and in some species produce an inflammation on the
human skin. The hairs of young larvae of Lymantria are distinguished by bladder-like swellings (aero-
phores), whereby the specific gravity- is diminished and the possibility of the larvae becoming dispersed
is increased. Most larvae of Lymantriids are short and stout, and in the dense covering of hair resemble
the larvae of tiger-moths. They live more often on trees than on herbs and usually hibernate as larvae ;
the cocoon is sometimes double and the pupa is slender (pupa obtecta), soft-skinned and sometimes very-
hairy. The larvae of the (5'(^ are often smaller than those of the $$. When touched the Lymantriid
larvae do not roll up and are mostly rather sluggish. Exceptionally (e. g. in Lymantria dispar) they are
cannibals.

Some of the Lrjmantriidae are the insects most noxious to cultivation, especially notorious being
the Black Arches {Lymantria monacha) and the Gip-sj- moth (L. dispar) (the name Lymantria meaning
destroyer). Gynandromorphous specimens have frequently been observed in L. dispar, and lately B. Brake
has bred whole series of interesting gynandromorphs by crossing aUied races. The Lymantriids usually
hibernate as larvae.

The position of the wings differs sometimes rather considerably even in otherwise closely allied
species, as e. g. Arciornis l-nigrum and Stilpnotia salicis. The wings of several species bear poisonous hairs.

It is not always easy to distinguish the different species of these insects. In many cases it is
possible to find new characteristics not as yet known or taken into account, e. g. the anal tuft of the $
of Euproctis chrysorrJwea consists of simple tliin filiform hairs, while in E. transversa Moore from Java
it is formed of broad lanceolate scale-hairs, so that these two species can without difficulty be distinguished
bj^ the anal tufts alone.

The most notorious among the noxious Lymantriids is the „black arches" moth {Lymantria mon-
acha). The species is generally comparativeh' sparse even in forests which are unusually favourable for
their rapid increase, but when they once begin to multiply their number grows astoundingly in a few-
years. The moth is not remarkably fertile, only laying about 100 eggs, but all the same the number of offspring
of a single specimen after 5 generations is said to reach four or five millions, even apart from the large
number which have in the meanwhile been destroyed by various enemies. Many remedies for getting
rid of this plague have been tried in vain; even infecting them with fungi has met with little or no
success. But many larvae perish from a natural disease caused by fungi. It also appears that after
some time the persistent increase of specimens in one locality is arrested by the disparity in the number
of specimens in the two sexes. At the height of such a devastation, migrations of large swarms of this
moth have frequently been observed, the insect thus often invading far-off districts which until then had
remained free from attack. Such migrations also occur among other Lymantriids, e. g. Stilpnotia salicis.
In consequence of their habit of coming down the trees and crawling up the stems of others it is possible
to mitigate the destruction by putting limed rings around the trees. Another of our most noxious species
of Lymantria, L. dispar, was in 1868 or 1869 introduced into N. America, wdiere it since 1879 occurs in
iumaense numbers and under the name of Gipsy moth has become known as one of the worst insect-
plagues, being there much worse than in Europe. From 1889 to 1897 no less than 750 000 dollars were
granted by the government of the States for the destruction of this insect.

Among the parasites of the Lymantriids one of the commonest is Pimpla instigator, which infests
the pupae of Ocneria, Porthesia, etc.

Lymantria dispar is a favourite subject for research on questions relating to sexual distinctions,
as e. g. experiments in castration. The larvae of dispar are an ideal subject for such experiments, and
on account of the strong sexual dimorphism the fully developed moth is also very suitable for this purpose,
all the more because the species is particularly interesting on account of the frequency of gyandi'O-
morphous specimens. By these experiments in castration the following results have been obtained, inter alia,
which are doubtless of wider bearing or may even be of general application. The size of the genital glands
and the capacity of the abdomen are correlative. But castration has no effect whatever on the secondary
sexual characteristics, the genital glands not at all influencing the development of the secondary- sexual
characters. These glands do not influence the characters of the regenerated wings, nor has castration
any influence whatever on the psychic differences of the sexes (Oudemans, Meisenheimer.)

We divide the family into two groups, viz.: Areolatae, in which an areole is often present, and
Inareolatae in which it is always absent. Whether the areole is present or not has no great significance,
as in some species both is the case, the areole being sometimes present in one wing, absent in the other.

LACHANA; VARMINA; DASYCHIRA. By Dr. E. Strand, 111

Wo understand therefore under Areolatae those forms in which an areole can he present, this p o s's i h i 1 -
ity being recognisable by the following pecuHarities: The rule without exception is (at least in those
insects which interest us) that vein 10 takes part in forming the areole; but this is only possible when it
originates from the ceil, i. e. fi'om the anterior margin of the cell, never when it branches off from vein 9.
In the latter case the base of vein 10 is already distant from the cell and therefore this vein cannot
become connected with the cell by curving or branching so as to form an areole.

1. Group: Areolatae.

1. Genus: liacliaiia Moore.

Small and rather dark, long-hairy insects with short palpi which are not visible from above;
the antennae with long pectinations ; minute end-spurs at the middle and hind tibiae; an areole in the fore-
wing, and in tlie hindwing veins 3 and 4 stalked. Only one species.

L. ladakensis Moore (19 a). Hair grey on head, brown and black on body. Forewing greyish ladahensis.
yellow witli brown dusting and three narrow curved darker transverse bands and dark transverse spot on
the discoeellulars. Hindwing dark brown. Expanse 28 mm. Kashmir.

2. Grenus: Varoiina Moore.

This genus contains only one small rather hairy species with small and porrect palpi, the legs
being without spurs. Abdomen ($) with large anal tuft. Areole large, vein 6 of forewing distinctly separ-
ated from vein 7 at the base, vein 3 and 4 of the hindwing originating at the angle of the cell, but not
from a point. Forewing sharply pointed, with oblique margin.

V. indica Walk. ('2'2a), from Kashmir, has in the o * black body, with grej- and brown hairs on head indicn.
and thorax; forewing blackish with orange spots; marginal area grey, with wavy inner edge and with
a submarginal row of black dots; in the middle and at the apex of the cell a deep black spot edged witii
light gre}-. Hindwing black. The $ has the head covered with white hair, and has light ochreous collar
and anal tuft as well as lighter wings. J 32, $ 42 mm. — Larva black with white spots, dorsal and
lateral warts reddish yellow, the anterior and posterior ones with reddish tufts and the central warts with
greyish ones, segments 4 and 11 with long black dorsal pencils.

3. Genus: Dasychira Steph.

Closely allied to Orgyia, but altogether larger and clumsier insects, having in Ijoth sexes fully
developed wings, narrower and more oblique-margined wings. Femora and tibiae with long downy haii", forelegs
hairy and porrect when the insect is at rest. Hindtibiae with only end-spurs. Abdomen of the $ extend-
ding beyond the anal angle of the hindwing. — Larva with tufts of hair on the 4"' and following seg-
ments, a pencil of hair on the 11"' and usually two similar ones laterally on the first segment. The
Dasjichira, with the exception of a few Arctic species {rossi and groenlandlcd) , are confined to the Old
World, but here over 50 species are distributed over 3 continents. Some species are exceedingly common
and their long-hairy larvae are often among the most conspicuous insects, even coming into large towns.
Many occur commonly only in certain years, and may increase so as to become injurious. The moths are
adapted in colour to their environment and are thereby much protected, so that one sometimes rarely
finds the moths of which the larva belongs to the commonest insects. The genus is conceived differently
by various authors. If one includes all the strongly deviating small forms which Butler, Mabille and
Saalmuller place in the genus, Madagascar has an abundance of species, this island alone containing
a quarter of all the known species.

D. selenitica Esy. (= lathyri Hbn.) (19 e). Ground-colour of forewing of ^ pale ochreous, in the $ selenilica.
whitish, but the latter with such dense markings that nothing is seen of the ground-colour but a narrow
sinuose submarginal band, a discocellular spot and a longitudinal ring-shaped spot at the inner margin,
the remaining area gi"ey, partly with yellowish and brown dots; a narrow light grey band bounding the
basal area on the outside usually distinct. Forewing of (J with white discocellular spot and a similar spot
at the inner angle, and with grey-brown spots and transverse bars. Hindwing in both sexes black with
yellow fringes and in the (J with yellow discocellular bar. From Germany and Austria through Eussia
to Finland, and from Hungary westward across the Rhine, but sporadical and entirely absent in many
localities. — The green eggs are covered with anal wool by the $. The larva appears in June; it is
blackish above, with long dense hair and three long black tufts two laterally on the first seg-
ment and one on the last segment. The dorsal tufts brownish, black above. It is found until October,

112 DASYCHIRA. By Dr. E. Strand.

before hibernation, very abundantly at many places, usually on sandy soil, and feeds on low-growing
plants, especially on Leguminosae, e. g. Lathyrus, Sarothamnus, Vicia, Trifoliuni, but also attacks trees,
which it is said to have damaged. After hibernation it pupates in April, without having taken much
food. They then are much rarer than in the autumn, and are very difficult to rear, often not a single
moth being obtained from large quantities of larvae. According to a wide-spread opinion the larva needs
large tracts of sand in order to find a suitable spot for pupation and, if it cannot find one, runs about
without pupating until it dies. Even in Nature a great many larvae appear to die before pupating. Pupa
reddish l)rown, with yellowish hair (especially dorsally), with darker markings, in a grey-brown ovate
cocoon on t)r in the sand. The moth in May and June, usually not common, even rare in localities where
the larvae are found in huge (luantities in October, e. g. at Erfurt, Frankfurt a. M., Regensburg, etc.;
only in some years commoner.

albodentata. D. albodentata i?r<!)». Thorax and forewing ashy grey, almost unicolourous, with the exception of a

white flexuose snlilimbal line, which does not or scarcely reach the costal margin. A dark transverse band
bounding the basal area distally, projects as a sharp tooth in the centre, and a dark discocellular spot is
indicated; at the costal margin two indistinct oblique transverse grey spots. Upperside of hindwing and
underside of both wings lighter grey, beneath with indication of a darker discocellular spot. Fringes of the
olija- hindwing spotted with white. From the extreme south of the Ussuri district. ■ — olga Oberth. (19 g) is
said to be a form of this species, with both wings in the (J almost entirely black, bearing a greyish white,
ratVier large, triangular or almost trapeziform costal spot. The $ has grej'ish brown wings with dark dots,
a white submarginal line similar to that of the name-typical form; the inner edge of the marginal area
is formed by a black acutely dentate transverse line and a black transverse line also runs across the centre
of the wings forming a sharp point directed basad in the centre. The basal two-thirds of the costal area
of the forewing whitish, bounded posteriorly in the basal half by a black longitudinal streak. A dis-
cocellular spot is indicated. South-East Siberia. — The larva of olga feeds on maple. The moth appears
in the autumn.

fascelina. D. fascelina L. (19 f). Forewing ash-grey, lighter at the costal margin, with black and yellow

irrorations, the median area bounded on the inner side by a regularly curved dark transverse line and on
the outer side by a similar one twice or three times broken; both lines being most distinct at the costal
margin. Hindwing grey or whitish. — Larva blackish grey with yellowish hair, the dorsal bristles yelloM"
laterally. Pupa black-brown in a blackish cocoon. Distributed from Arctic Norway to Bilbao and Piemont
and from England and the Atlantic coasts to the Altai and I\Iongolia. — While the normal size varies
from 40 mm. (^J) and 50 mm. ($), a form figured but not named by Herri ch-Schaffer for
proletaria. which I propose the name ab. proletaria Strand nom. nov., does not attain more than 29 mm. in the (J;
it is also distinguished by the ground-colour of both wings being olive-grey, with the two transverse lines
rather indistinct and not reaching the hindmargin, while the discocellular spot is more conspicuous than
medicaginis. in true fascelina. — medicagitlis Hbn. is darker in the $. Forewing black-grey, the light costal area only
nidicated at the most, but the sharply defined discocellular spot situated in a white patch from which
extend long acute prolongations directed marginad; the outer transverse band is broad and distinct, the
inner one diffuse; both dusted with rusty yellow. Hindwing dark grey, with a submarginal row of dark
lands, smears. ■ — laricis Schille is an almost uniformly ash-grey form with scarcely any black or white irroration,
with shortened and obsolescent transverse stripes, living on larches, while the name-typical form lives on

obscura. leaf-bearing trees. — The Arctic obscura Zeit. is much darker, with the forewing uniformly black-grey

without any markings except the usually indistinct outer transverse line. The larva of this form, occur-

ing in the Arctic region as a typical local variety, but also mentioned from Siberia and Amurland, lives

unicolor. on Salix. — In ab. unicolor Scliultz (from the Vallais) the forewing is said to be light grey, quite unicolour-

nivalis. ous without any markings. — nivalis Stgr., which the author suspected to be a "species darwiniana" of
the preceding and which is perhaps a distinct species, is larger {^ 4*2 — 46 mm.) and much lighter; hind-
wing sometimes almost quite white, only in the $ somewhat variegated with grey, and dusted with blackish
below costally; the light ash-grey forewing bears two obsolescent transverse bands suffused with orange.
Antenna of \^ with longer pectinations and less pointed at the apex than in fascelina. Central Asia, in the

obscura. higher mountains (Alai, Transalai, Hazret-Sultan Mts., near Samarkand, Issyk-kul). — obscura Stgr. are
specimens of nivalis from the eastern Tian-shan and the Uliassutai in which the whitish grey forewing is so
densely dusted with blackish that the ground-colour is almost superseded; the transverse bands almost

angclus. obsolete. Hindwing grey with darker median dot and obsolescent submarginal band. — angelus Tschet-
verikow also belongs to the group of D. fascelina nivalis, but is distinguished from the other forms Ijy the
much clearer chalky white colour of the forewing, which bears a strongly developed black discoidal spot,
and by the hindwing being dirty wliite with a dark median spot and dark outer band. Occurs in the
southern foothills of the Sajan Mts., Northern Mongoha. cj 37 mm. — Egg of fascelina whitish, covered
with wool; larva blackish grey, the tufts at the sides of the thorax and on the end-segment long and black;
the rest of the body covered with grey hair, the dorsal tufts whitish black above. When long exposed,

Puhl 13. XII. 1910. DASYCHIRA. By Dr. E. Strand. 113

especially after hibernation, the dorsal hairs acquire a sulphur-yellow tinge, but this always vanishes
after the moult. The larva feeds on all kinds of low-growing plants, especially on Sarothamnus, but
also attacks various deciduous shrubs; it may be fed up on lettuce, hibernates when one-third grown, and
pupates at the beginning of June in a blackish grey cocoon intermixed with the hairs of the larva, the pupa
being clothed with brownish hairs dorsally. The moth from the end of June to August, very well con-
cealed and difficult to find in daytime. The larvae are common almost everywhere, but are not so abun-
dant as is often locally the case with selenitica.

D. fortunata Eogenh. (19 g) is most closely allied to fascelina, but is distinguished from it by tixe fori unata.
more elongate body, slenderer build, especially the shorter and slenderer abdomen of the (J, darker colour
and different markings, the transverse stripes of the forewing being especially much more acutely dentate
and without the yellowish patches of scales of fa.scelina. The pectinations of the antennae of the (J of fascelina
diminish in length much more strongly towards the tip. Canary Islands. — The pale yellowish green eggs
are deposited in rounded clusters sparsely covered with wool on the needles of Pinus canariensis, the food-
plant of the larva. The latter is black with two narrow yellow dorsal lines, and on segments 4 to 8 dense white
dorsal tufts of hair, on segments 1 and 11 black pencils of hair. Pupa reddish bro-mi with three ochreous
spots and yellow hair; cocoon ovate, among pine-needles in a dirty brown web. At Las Palmas the moths were
observed in large numbers in the autumn, the ^(^ swarming like those of Lymantria monaclui, and being pur-
sued and devoured by the Asilid fly Promachus latitarsatus, while the $$ rested on the shady side of the trunks.
As the larvae, pupae and moths appeared in great abmidance at the same time, the period of flight does
not seem to be sharply defined. The insect is so common as to be noxious.

D, abietis Scliiff. (19 g). Forewing very brightly marked with greyish white and blackish grey, the abielU.
transverse bands and discoidal spot black, the wavy line in the marginal area white. The white colour is most
prominent in the basal area and in the basal half of the costal area. Thorax dark brown with whitish sides. Head
whitish. Abdomen and hindwing in the (J dark grey-brown, in the $ whitish. From South Sweden and Russia
to Central and South Germany, and from the Carpathians through Bohemia and Lower Austria to South-West
Germany (Bavaria and Baden), but absent from large districts; sporadical and mostly rare. According to
Spuler Austrian specimens are whiter than South German ones, and northern individuals have the wings
less bright in colour with narrower markings. The name mediobscura iSc/wZte has been given to a 9 in which j«edioft.scum.
the median area of the forewing is much darker, so that the various darker transverse bands which are usually
present are scarcely recognisable. — Egg light greenish, larva light green with black segmental incisions, black
and white spots and reddish brown-yellow dorsal tufts which are lighter at their bases, the tufts of hair of the
first segment black, of the 11*'' segment brownish yellow. From the autunm until the spring on conifers. Pupa
glossy black, with brown hairs, esjjecially dorsally, in an ovate grey cocoon. Moth in June and July. The
larvae are beaten in the autunm from the branches of fir-trees overhanging the roads and are best kept during
the winter sleeved on firs protected l)y a roof, which however is not always a success. Forcing, by which
the moths may already be obtained in the autumn, is also frequently a failure. One must be careful to pick
out the most tender fir-needles for the small larvae, as they cannot eat older, harder needles; they leave the
egg in Aiigust or September.

D. pseudabietis BuU. (= pryeri 5m</.) (19h). From Japan. ^ brown-grey or blackish, the basal area pscudo6i«to.
of forewing, which extends twice as far marginad at the costal as at the inner margin, is silvery grey, but so den-
sely dusted with dark that the ground-colour is partially concealed, and in the marginal area there is a silvery
wliite narrow transverse band or line. Between tliis band and the margin a row of black spots, often confluent,
and the fringes are indistinctly spotted with black. In the median area the angulate discocellular spot only indi-
stinct. Hindwing with lighter inner margin, and the fringes spotted with greyish white. Underside whitish, M'ith
black discocellular spots, and greyish discoidal area on the forewing ; 50 mm. $ greyish white with the hindwing
slightly darker, forewing rather densely dusted with black, an almost straight black transverse line in the
basal third and an abbreviated black transverse mark about midway between the cell and the margin;
the discocellular spot large and halfmoon-shaped. Fringes of both wings white with black dots. Underside
of hindwing with conical grey discocellular spot. — argentata Butt., from Japan, is said to be closely allied argentala.
to abietis, but probably belongs to pseudabietis; it is silvery white in the basal third of the forewing and at
the outer margin, otherwise with a grey smoky bro"wn ground-coloiir entirely covered with zigzag or wavy dark
black lines, of which those bounding the basal and marginal areas are the most distinct. Hindwing whitish
towards the base, otherwise the ground-colour like that of the forewing, with dark grey discocellular spot and
marginal band. Thorax greyish white, on the tegulae a black spot and on the metathorax a black transverse
band. LTnderside of wings whitish brown with grey discocellular spot and discal band. (J 48 mm.

D. pudibunda L. (19d). $: Forewing greyish white dusted with dark, and bearing dark wavy transverse pudibunda.
II 15

114 DASYCHIRA. By Dr. E. Strand.

lines edged with pure white on the inner side. Hindwing white with indication of a dark submarginal band.
^: Forewing olive-grej', with blaci< median area and darker indistinct slightly wavy transverse lines in the
marginal and basal areas. Hindwing greyish j'ellow, with a transverse band which is slightly more distinct than
in the $, and sometimes forms an elbowed anal spot. In Europe, from Southern Scandinavia to the northern
districts of South Europe, also in Asia, where it is probably distributed over the greater part of the Palearctic
iuglamJis. Region, being known from Armenia ( ?), Syria, Amurland, Ussuri, North-J^ast China, Japan. juglandis//6»i. de-
notes a form which is rather strongly divergent in the ^, being distinguished by a greyish white head and thorax
(in typical specimens this is dark brown or only slightly lighter), as well as by a whitish basal area of the fore-
wing. The median area is grey with blackish discocellular spot and marginal lines; hindwing with distinct
dark submarginal band and discocellular spot. In the $ the submarginal band of the hindwing is also more
concolor. distinct than in tyjjical specimens, ab. concolor Stgr. (19e) has dark grey forewing, unicolorous or with only
traces of transverse lines. Said to be rather more common in North Germany, otherwise rare, among true jtu-
(lihunda. — Egg light yellowish ])rown with dark median spot. Larva usually light lemon-yellow, but sometimes
broMnish yellow, violet or blackish grey, with deep black segmental incisions, lighter dorsal brushes and red
or brown pencil on the 11"^ segment. It lives from the end of July until October on deciduous trees, espe-
cially beeches, and pupates in a yellowish or brown cocoon according to the colour of the hairs of the larva, the
pupa, which hibernates, being blackish or reddish brown. The moth appears in the spring and early summer,
and rests on boards or tree-trunks. Late in the autumn, but very rarely, single and usually small specimens are met
with which have emerged too soon. The moths are not rare. In some years they are so abundant that the
larvae denude the trees, but this does not mean any very great damage, on account of the lateness of the season.

modexta. ^' tiodesla Kirhy (= pudica Stgr. nee Moore.) (22 a) is very closely allied to pudibunda, but on the whole

rather smaller; the two black median lines bounding the median area are more distinct, with shorter teeth,
and the outer transverse line is not nearly so much incurved posteriorly as in pudibunda. Before the outer
margin there is always a row of black spots, but never a whitish transverse marking in the middle of the mar-
ginal area; hindwing of the (^ much darker than in pudibunda., and the dark lines on the under side are cpiite
absent or only slightly indicated at the costal margin. The marginal area of the forewing of the $ with narrower,
straighter and more blackish transverse lines, and the hindwing is whitish with obsolescent dark median spot
and black dots on the fringes; there are no transverse bands on the underside of both wings in the $. — Larva
until the end of August on different deciduous trees ; it is so similar to that of pudibunda as to be easily confused
with it.

Imniltild. D- lunulata Butl., from Japan, lias the forewing silvery grey dusted with blackish., with an oblique

black transverse line near the base, which commences with tlu'ee brown spots edged with black and is followed
by a blackisli costal spot ; a half moon-shaped black line stands slightly beyond the centre, and near the margin
there is a row of blackish lunules. Hindwing of the ^ smoky brown, of the $ dull white with a dark disco-
cellular spot and two darker discal stripes parallel with the margin, and with a row of dark dots at the margin.
Body white, thorax grey, abdomen of (J with dark transverse stripes laterally. Pectinations of antenna rusty
red. Underside of both wings dull white with dark discocellular sj^ot and a discal stripe forked in the ,:^ ; the $
a(ron!/(Ui.v,ith dark marginal spots on the forewing. Expanse 53 to 67 mm. — acronycta Obertk. (19 e), based on
speci7nens from Askold, an island near Vladivostock, has no dark transverse band bounding the median area
on the inner side, but in place of it there are at the costal margin two united transverse bars (or a ring-
shaped mark), the extramedian transver.se line is sharply broken in zigzag shape and the hindwing is
soUfarut. lighter than in true lunulata. 54 mm. — solitaria iS'^g-r. (19f).The ?islarger (70to 72 mm.), with lighter hindwing,
bearing two white transverse bands in the ajjical half, and two dark spots at the costal half of the forewing.
Habitat as in acronycta*).

virgrvea.

D. virginea Oberth. (19 f), from the island of Askold, near Vladivostock, is a white moth with a
yellow sheen in ])arts ; expanse of the $ 67 mm. ; on the forewing above tliere is an indication of two wavy
narrow transverse bands formed of very minute dark speckles. The ^, measuring only 50 mm., has head,
thorax and forewing white: on the last there are two transverse bands as in the 9> but the outer one
is much more distinct. Hindwing and abdomen browii-grey, but greyish white in the apical third.

(lolbcn/iae. In D. dalbergiae Moore (22 a), from the North-AVestern Himalayas, the ,^ has dark fawn forewing

with dense and minute black dots; in the marginal area a greyish band curved basad at the costal margin,
otherwise straight and with a Avavy edge on the inner side. Hindwing light grey with dense minute brown

*) IjKicch (Trans. Bnt. Soc. London 1899, p. 125) maintains tliat acronycta does not differ in tlie least from .Tapanese
spncimens; Uie differences shown by acronycta and lunulata are explained by the figure of lunulata being "a very bad one".
But a^ STAriiiN-OKu already very eorrci^dy pniuted out (Mem. Rom. VI, p. :?l)7)the original description of lunulata men-
tions characteristius which do not well apply to acronycta, and Siaudi.nui'.r's remark (1. c.) that Leech, who was other-
wise a good Lepidopterist, cannot always be relied on in such questions, is likewise well founded.

DASYCHIRA. By Dr. E. Strand. 115

irroration, indicating a band at the margin. Abdomen above with a row of black spots. 40 mm. Forewing
of the $ lighter, more greyish, with brown diffused marginal band slightly narrowed anteriorly, in which a
row of indistinct dark dots is visible; on the inner side of this band there are three narrow black
sharply defined longitudinal spots and a black diffused streak originates from the base of the wing at the inner
nuxrgin. Hindwing and abdomens light grey. 52 mm. — A peculiar (^-aberration, from the Kangra Valley, de-
scribed and figured but not named by Moore, has a large round snow-white spot near the base of the forewing
and the median area bounded by a black interrupted sharply defined line. I name this form kangrana nom. nov. kanfjrana.
— The larva of the S is dark brown, with reddish brown head, two white dorsal lines on the 4"' segment and
reddish dorsal tufts on segments 4 and 7, while the 9-larva has dark brown dorsal brushes, a subdorsal white
line, and red dorsal spots on segments 9 and 10.

D. grotei Moore (= kausalia Moore) (22 a), from North India and West China, is white in the $; fore- grotci.
wing sparsely and minutely irrorated with brown, antenna ))rown. The ^ light brown-grey above, forewing
with thin black dusting and indistinct dark sinuous transverse lines (near the base, middle and margin) and
lunular discocellular spot; hindwing light greyish brown, with yellowish inner area; fringes whitish, disco-
cellular spot indistinct, underside lighter; both wings with dark brown dentate discocellular spot and an in-
distinct discal transverse band. (^ 46 mm., $ 70—80 mm. Larva yellow with long yellow hair and shorter
yellowish bristles on segments 4 — 7 and 11, as well as a deep black spot between segments 4 and 5. The spe-
cies is often considered synonymous with Das. horsfieldi Saund., from Java, which is scarcely correct.

D. mendosa Hbn. {= sawanta Moore) (22 d). $: Head, thorax and abdomen light brown, the latter mendosa.
often slightly lighter, with a row of black dorsal spots. Forewing brown with a blackish longitudinal stripe
from the base to about the middle of the wing; before this stripe the grond-eolour is greyish white, with 2 or
3 darker transverse smears, the light area terminating at the discocellular; a diffuse olive-yellowish band runs
along the inner margin and as a sublimbal band almost to the costal margin, interrupted by a dark longitudinal
stripe. Hindwing above and below light olive-grey. Underside of forewing greyish brown, with brownish
yellow costal margin and black curved longitudinal stripe in the apical half, as well as with black s-jjots on the
fringes, ^i Forewing brown, with rounded white subbasal spot edged with dark, light brown discal spot and
dark subapical spot, dark su]3l)asal and submarginal lines; hindwing brownish white. The species was first
described from Java. Some authors put as synonyms of it no less than 9 DasycUrae described later from India,
Java, Borneo, Australia and Christmas Island, and which are dealt with in the Indo-Australian section of
this work (Vol. X); in fact, however, several of these are evidently good species, as the larva of the collective
species mendosa is very differently described, from blackish to greyish white. Of these forms three at most
concern us, viz.: fusiformis Walk., from North India, the $ of which has the forewing grey, white in places, ftt^iformis.
with two light brown bands, while that of the ,^ is almost uniformly brown, having only a light round spot on the
outer side of the subbasal line. — lanceolata Walk., to judge from the specimen before me from the former lanceolata.
ATKiNSON-coUection, is a smaller form ((J 29 mm), with light brown forewing which in the costal half
is occupied by a greyish white longitudinal band with a wavy posterior edge and not quite reaching the
l)ase, and which has two or three brown spots at the costal margin ; unfortunately it is doubtful whether this
form, which does not entirely agree with the original description, is the true lanceolata, and also whether it
occurs in our area, the specimen mentioned being from Calcutta. — basivilta Walk, is greyish fawn-colour, hasivitla.
forewing dusted with black, with four black transverse lines and white discal smear, hindwing ashy grey;
it was described from Ceylon, and it is doubtful whether it also occurs in N. India. — Expanse of mendosa.
said to be S 34 to 42, $ 46 to 54 mm. Larva black, head striped with red, segment 1 with long black
tufts of hair and a white band interrupted by red streaks; laterally red spots, below these a white line;
segments 4 to 7 with dorsal tufts of yellow hair originating from a dark spot, segment 5 with a black tuft of
hair laterally; 8 to 11 with subdorsal scarlet spots, 11 with long black dorsal tuft; legs scarlet or with scar-
let spots, in a lighter forui of the larva the whole head and a dorsal spot on segment 1 are scarlet, while
the dorsal tufts on 4 to 7 are grey. The moth is not rare.

D. securis Hhn. (= falcata Walk.) (22 c). Head and thorax ochreous brown, abdomen ochreous sccuris.
white. Forewing ochreous, posterior half sparsely irrorated with dark, from the base to the margin an ob-
solescent dark longitudinal stripe. Hindwing ochreous white. cJ 34, $ 50 mm. Larva black, with ochreous
and black hair, reddish dorsal tufts and red head and legs, green spots laterally and a green longitu-
dinal hne. As also a whitish yellow tufted larva is described as being that of securis, it is probable that
in this species as in D. pudibunda, mendosa, etc., the larva varies in colour and may be light straw-colour
with duU yellow dorsal brushes and black tufts of hair and head i). Throughout India as well as Ceylon,

*) This species has lately usually been refei'ied to as inclusa Walk., or invaria Walk. D. inclusa is a form from .Tava
and invaria from the Philippines, whose identity with our species from Kashmir appears to me to be very doubtful or
more exactly, very improbable. Together with Moore I therefore troat the present insejt as distinct.

llf) HYPOGYIMNA; ORGYIA. By Dr. E. Steand.

Burma, Java, Australia, and said to occur also in Africa.

ilavimacula. D. flavimacula Moore from India and Tibet. The J of the form first destril)ed, from India, has the

forewing dark jjurjjle-brown with three wavy black transverse lines, a dark lunuie bounding a brown smear on
the discocclhilar and a row of dark sj)ots in the marginal area. In the anal angle a wliitish yellow sharj)ly defined
ol)li(lue transverse streak. The hindwing is dark, and the underside of both wing.s has a postniedian trans-
verse line and a discocellular spot. $ lighter, with sharper markings. S 48, $ 60 mm. The form from Tibet
(Yatung) differs in the shorter forewing with more rovmded margin, especially in the 5- while in true fhivi-
yatonyu. macuhi- llie forewing is elongate with very oblique margin. I call the form from Tibet yatonga nom. nov.

tenebrosa. D. tenebrosa Witlk. (22 c). Dark l)rown, forewing with six indistinct dark Mavy lines edged with,

purplisli grej' on tlie oiiter side, a row^ of dark lunules in the marginal area and everywhere else a pat-
tern of irregular diffuse separate spots and streaks. All wings with a black discal spot below. Hindwing dark
grey. The markings of the forewing of the $ less distinct. Forewing with black discocellular spot, while in the
closely allied hlmmi Moore, often united with it, there is a large ochreous spot instead. 43 to 52 mm. India,
Tibet and West-China.

chinemiti. D. chinensis Swinh. is also allied to D. hhiinn, Imt tlie colouring is different and the transverse lines of

the forewing are of a different shape. Greyish brown, forewing with greyish white especially in the apical half,
tlie subbasal and the median I)rown transverse lines sinuous, the discal one dentate and recurved, tiie sub-
marginal one composed of lunides; at the margin there are lunules with white inner edge and brown longi-
tudinal wedge-shaped spots. Hindwing brown with a vestigial darker discal band; fringes ochreous with
l)rown spots. Underside light olive-grey, with double discal band on both wings and large discocellular spot
on the hindM'ing. ^ 44, $ 50 mm. China (Mupin, Ta-tsien-lu, Kwei-chow).

calocaloidcs. D. calocaloides /vcfo/f (22c), from West China, has dark brown forewing partly suffused with yellow-

ish or greenish, and bearing black wavy transverse lines, as w'ell as two or three small greenish spots at the
costal margin; the discocellular spot is reniform and edged with black on the outer side. Hindwing orange,
with broad black costal and outer-marginal band and a long black wedge-shaped stripe from the base to the
marginal band. Underside of both wings orange, with black marginal band anteriorly and on the outer side,
and distinct discocellular spot. (^ 46 mm.

4. Genus: H^'pog^iiiiia Hh

n.

This genus only contains one European species, slightly resembling the Psychids ; the ^ has a slender
body and rather broad rounded wings ; the $ is stout-bodied with narrow wings, the forewing being one-half,
the hindwing one-third the length of the body; in the forewing of the $ veins 6 and 7 are absent. Larva with
large star-shaped knob-like warts, on grasses; pupa with thin hair, m a loose cocoon.

morio. H. morio L. (19 a). (^ varying from blackish to grey, with transparent wings; $ not able to fly,

natlyi. yellowish grey with yellowish fringes. Smaller, lighter specimens are named ab. natiyi Airpi. From South-
Eastern Germany through Austria and Hungary to the Northern Balkan and southward to Central Italy. The
records from Southern France, Mmiich and Dillenburg (Hessen-Nassau) are doubtless incorrect. — On the
caueasica. other hand, in Armenia the form caucasica Heyl. occurs; smaller, witli longer fringes and shorter spiir on the
foretibia, forewing more rounded. — ■ The eggs are deposited in clusters on stalks of grass. Larva black with
yellow longitudinal stripes, the dorsal and ventral stripes interrupted, warts ochreous, with grey hair. From
Jmie until May on grasses, especially Lolium. Larvae which pupate early give the moth already in the autunm,
but most of the larvae hibernate, their imago appearing in the spring. Pupa in a thin loose cocoon, soft, yel-
low with brown markings and grey hair. The moths are local, on meadows, usually abundant, often occur-
ing in large quantities in the valley of the Danube, where the (^,^ are frequently seen flying about briskly in
daytime.

5, Genus: Orgyia O.

Smaller forms, which in the ^J-sex resemble Rhopalocera in the usually bright colouring and the halxit
of flying in daytime, Avhile the $$ liave aborted \\ings and very stout woolly abdomen; 5-antenna short with
short dentition. The $$ are very sluggish and usually lay their eggs on the cocoon. The species can there-
fore onlj' be distributed by the larvae. The antemia of the ^ is bipectinate, the ciliate pectmations being long
and bearing at their apex a stronger bristle directed basad. — Larva also brightly coloured, with brush-like
tufts and pencils of hair; they live on trees and shrubs and pupate in a double cocoon, the pupa bearing minute
hairs. About 50 species are known, bemg distributed over the entire earth and extending far northward.

ORGYIA. By Dr. E. Strand. 117

0. aurolimbala Guen. (191)). (^ brownish black with golden fringes: $ reddish yellow or brown-grey. at«roZim6a/o.
Eastern Pyrenees and Catalonia, as well astlielli and Issyk-kul districts. — In Castile there occurs var. guadarra- guadarra-
mensis»S7///'.. which is smaller with unicolouroiLS wings and duller fringes on the forewing. — Larva gre_yish brown "'<^"'*!*'-
with yellow markings, reddish brown dorsal tufts and black pencils of hair on segments 1 and 11. Until May
on genista; the moth found in June and July.

0. flavolinibata Stgr. (19 b). J : forewing smoke-])lack with pale yellow fringes, suffused with a hghtcr flavoHinbala.
colour below towards the apex and margin; smaller than the preceding sjiecies. $ entirely witliout wings,
with snowy white hair. Tian-shan and Altai. — According to Staudinger and Rebel's Catalogue tristis /ri.sfe.
Gr.'Orsh. (from Pamir) is perhaps synonymous mith flavolitnbtild, but it seems to differ more strongly from
flavoliinhiita than tl).e latter does from aurolimhUa, being easily distinguished from flavolimbaki by being only
half the size of the latter (expanse 11 mm, flavolimbata 19 to 22 mm).

0. ochrolimbata Stgr. {= christophi Alph.) (19 b), from the South-West Caucasus, is distinguished from nrlirolnn-
the preceding species by the fringes being ochreous also at the inner margin of the hindwing and by the indication ''"'"■
of an indistinct lighter and very broad transverse band with dark median spot on the forewing; on the hind-
wing, moreover, the marginal area only is as dark as the hindwing of the preceding species.

0. panlacroixi Oherth. (19 b), from Algeria, has dark brown forewing with a blackish sui)niarginal band, iMidacroixi.
two similar median transverse streaks once elbowed and blackish, base; hindwing blackish with lighter band along
distal and inner margins. Found in June at Tuelagh.

0. gonostigma F. (19 a). cj: Forewing light chestnut with blackish discal spot and transverse lines and (jonoslujtna
whitish spots. The $ (a 5) is blackish grey to yellowish grey and is much larger than in anliqua. Throughout
Europe and Northern Asia, from South Scandinavia and Russia to Corsica, and from England, Belgium and
France to Japan. Local, but usually not rare. — In East Asia occurs the form approximans Bull. ; this is <ii>iiroxi-
similar to gonostigma, but the wings are narrower and more acutely pointed, the forewing has smaller spots and ""'"^•
only two instead of four or five at the ii\)ex ; the ground-colour of the forewing darker and the black spots there-
fore less prominent. Expanse 33 or 34 mm. — Egg round, wh.ite with darker centre. Larva black, with light
yellow longitudinal stripes, reddish or greyish yellow warts, light ochreous dorsal tufts and black pencils
on segments 1 and 11; full-grown in May and June, and again in August, on deciduous shrubs, especially sal-
low, as well as on young fruit-trees, roses, raspberries and blackberries. Pupa in loose, brownish concoon; the
moths in June and autumn.

0. antiqua L. (19 a) is common from' Southern Lapland to the Mediterranean and goes eastward to the anliqua.
Amur; it seems to be absent from Andahisia and the Balkan, but occurs in Northern Nt)rth America. The ^,^
vary considerably in colour, var. modesta Heyne, from Central Russia, is uniformly pale brown with obsolescent mudcsla.
markings distally. Another form, also with, only slight markings, but light yellowish grey in colour, occurs
in tlie Bukovina; this form, which moreover is larger than West European specimens may be named var.
bukowina nom. 7iov. The form (ab) confinis Gr.-Grsh. (22 c), which is darker brown with lighter basal and median hukowina.
area, lias been described from the Changai Mts. in Mongolia and from the Kuku-Nor district. Much darker, conftms.
blackish brown ,^,^ are named al) infernalis Rbl., while bright l)roAvnish yellow and much lighter specimens infcmalis.
are called ab. dilutior Schullz (described from Germany). — zimmermanni Graes., described from two ^S from dilutior.
Blagovechensk in Amurland, is very closely allied to antitma, and seems to be a transition between the latter dimmer-
and ericae; it is especially distinguished by the fringes of the forewing not being cherpiered and by the narrower
and more unicolourous forewing, which bears a large greyish white spot in the middle of the costal margin
extending mward to the reniform spot, which latter is edged with white at the discocellular ; three narrow dark
lines traverse the wings, the space between the two iimer ones being shaded with dark at the costal margin,
while in antiqua this part of the wmg is usually rather lighter than the rest ; in zimmernuinni the marginal area,
moreover, is not suffused with a darker colour as is the case in antiqua. — Eggs of antiqua whitish, with darker
centre and edge. Larva iron-grey, with reddish and whitish yellow markings, yellow or brownish dorsal tufts
and blackish pencils on segments 1 ajid 11; on segments 4 and 5, moreover, there are pencils of hair directed
laterad, by which the larva is at once distinguished from that of gonostigma and other species of Orgyia. Almost
throughout the year until September on numerous trees and shrubs, also on maple, plantain and other
usually but little favoured deciduous trees. Pupa yellowish grey, darker dorsally, in an ovate yelloM'ish grey
cocoon. The moths occur everywhere in the area of distribution, being common in almost every locality until
October, the ^^^ flying by day in the sunshine, their flight being irregular, restless and tumbling; they are
found as abundantly in towns as on wood-paths and country roads.

0. frigotephras Bdv. (19 b). (J: Forewing brownish yellow, with a light grey elbowed ikntemediAn Irigotephras.
transverse line and two spots of the same colour in the costal marginal area, the median one being placed trans-

118 ORGYIA. By Dr. E. Strand.

versely and pointed ]K)stiTiorly, wluk' llie apical one is elongate-rectangular; between the two a dark i)rown
transverse s])ot wJiich is dentate on its outer side and sometimes continues slightly narrower to the liindinar-
gin; at the inner angle a small sharply defined white transverse spot. $ entirely wingless, with whitish woolly hair;
it never leaves the cocoon, in which it also lays the eggs. The species varies strongly, the chief form occurring
anceps. in .Soutli France and on the Iberian Peninsula. — In Algeria andMorocco occurs var. anceps Oberih. (22 b), which
is usually larger and has the forewing sooty chestnut-colour, almost without markings and with only an indica-
tion of the transverse line, while the white spot at the hind angle is usually even larger and more rounded than

transicns. in the main form ; hindwing like the forewing without markings. — transiens 8tgr. occurs in South. Mauretania
as a transition to the following; it is slightly smaller than anceps and brighter chestnut with grey costal mar-
ginal spots. — Specimens from Calabria in coll. Turati have the forewing already distinctly chequered with
sicula. reddish brown and grey, and therefore form a transition between e/rMsca and s«c«/f/.. — sicula >S<(/r. (22 b), from
Sicily, has the forewing greyish chestmit, almost without darker lines, with ob.solescent grey costal spot, some-
times with a grey median transverse hand and before it a transverse line of the same colour, spot at inner angle
ilrtixca. small and yellowish (always?); hindwing usually light chestnut. — etrusca Verity (22b). from Tuscany,
is distingm'shcd from sicula by the costal spot of the forewing and the very distinct and sharply defined exti'abasal
cornira. line and the similar median band. — Corsica Bdv. (19 a), from Corsica and North Afi'ica, questionably also
from Sicily, is as dark as or still darker them the principal form and without distinct grey costal marginal spots
or other distinct markings, with the exception of the ^\■hite spot at the inner angle, the reniform mark edged with
^\■hite and tMo transverse lines bounding the median area, the proximal one of which has a white iimer edge;
raiiiiiiii-i. smaller than the main form. — I incline to the opinion that ramburi Mab. is not a mere synonym of Corsica,
as is stated in Staudinger's Catalogue and as Spuler suppo.ses. ramburi seems to be slightly larger, still darker,
without the reniform mark and Avithout sharply marked transverse lines, therefore also without a well-defined

oncnlalis. ,nedian area, the spot at the inner angle more rounded. — It is probably closely allied to orientalis Stgr., from
prisrti. the Taurus, Syria and Palestine, which is said to be blackish brown. — prisca Stgr. (22 c), from Ferghana and Mon-
golia, is probably also closely allied to trigotephras, St.utdikger and Rebel considering it a questionable , .Spe-
cies darvviniana" of the same. The o is smaller than antiqua (23 to 26 mm), witl). more whiti.sh markings on the
forewing and light brown liindwing ; there is usually an indistinct narrow reniform spot at the cross-veins edged
with, grey and above it at the costal margin an often very large grey distinct spot; there is grey dusting at the
inner margin forming a luilf-band and before the whole of the outer margin. $ without a trace of wings,
with whitish grey hairs. — The eggs of trigotephras are quite white; deposited by the fluffy hairy white $ in
th.e cocoon, which the $ does not leave and in which it dies. Dr. Seitz found the larva of the form Corsica
in Algeria not rarely on Quercus ilex; it is violet grey with yellow longitudinal stripe and red-lead coloured
dots, ivory white silky dorsal tufts and black pencils on segments 1 and 11, without tlie lateral pencils found
in antiqua below the tufts. From May to Jiily. The q,^ fly by day; their flight is more quiet than that of
antiqua; when pursued the moth at once flies up into the air; from June to August, possibly again in the
later autumn.

criccw. 0. ericae Germ. (19 b). cJ: Forewing rusty brown, lighter distally, with irregular transverse lines

and whitish irregular spot at the inner angle, and often with a whitish smear in the middle of the costal
niitirjitoidc.s: nuirgiii (ab. antiquoides Hbn.); the latter form also appears to differ in the rather smaller size, darker ground-
colour and indistinc^t or obsolete spot at the inner angle, but I cannot ascertain with certainty if the latter
characters appear regularly together with the whitish smear at the costal margin. Occurs in North-West Germa-
ink-rincdia. ny, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Armenia, Changai Mts. in Mongolia. — In Central Hungary occin-s var. inter-
media Friv., which is larger and darker with more distinct markings, and forms a transition to var. Corsica
of the preceding species, from which it is however distinguished by the much larger size and rather lighter

Iccchi. colour. — leechi Kirby (= prisca Leech nee Stgr.), described from Chang -Yang, is, although perhaps a separate
species, closely allied to ericae. The (^ has chestnut forewing bearing two transverse lines, the inner one being
almost straight, the outer one first curved towards the apex and then directed oblicpiely towards the inner
margin. Discal area of wings suffused with a darker shade costally, at the middle of the costa a few white scales
and at the apex a white smear. Hindwing dark chocolate brown. Underside light brown suffused with a dark-
er tint. 30 mm. Central and West China. — Egg of ericae white. Larva ochreous, variegated with red,
with black markings, light yellow dorsal tufts and black pencils behind the head and on segment 11. May
until July, on heather and other low-growing plants. Pupa yellowish grey, with yellowish hair and black mark-
ings, in a yellowish grey cocoon. The moth on moors, in July and August, locally common.

rupvslris. 0. rupestris Ranih. (19 b). J: Forewing brown, with indistinct darker spots and three narrow greyish

white transver.se bands, the proximal one of which is straight and almost linear, the distal one broader ante-
riorly and not reaching the margin posteriorly ; between the two outer ones a greyish white transverse spot at
the costal margin ; hindwing lighter brown. $ whitish grey, with tiny wing-renmants. — Larva blackish, with
two reddish yellow irregular dorsal lines, blackish dorsal tufts and pencils, as well as lighter coloured warts;
until the end of Mtvy on Dianthus and Lotus. Pujia black with reddish brown dorsal s^jots; cocoon under

ORGYIA. By Dr. E. Strand. 119

stones. The moth is on the wing in June and July, it has so far only been found in Corsica and does not seem
to be common.

0. dubia Tavsch. (19 e). ^: Forewing bright j'ellow, with three dark brown transverse bands, the dnhia.
central one of which is forked anteriorly; the inner one of the two branches does not reach the costal margin,
the outer one is strongly excurved. The proximal transverse band is elbowed beyond the centre and ex-
curved in the centre; in the basal area a round dark spot. Hindwing dark brown with orange-yellow triangidar
transverse median area. In South Russia, Eastern Siberia, Armenia, Transca.spia, Kara-Kum, Tian-Shan,
Tarbagatai district. — judaea Stgr. (19 c), in which the median area is broader and whitish yellow, occurs judaea.
in Palestine, Egypt and Eastern Mauretania, while var. splendida Ramb., distributed in Spain, Sicily and East- splendida.
ern Mauretania, is distinguished by the brighter yellow colouring and larger size, the body of this form is also
yellow, while in the main form it is dark brown with a yellow tip. The $ of var. splendida is figured as grey
with a yellowish sheen and reddish dots. — In Asia Minor and Aimenia occurs var. turcica Led., which turcica.
closely resembles splendida, but the black bands of the forewing are narrower and quite interrujited in places.
— A form occurring in Syria and Mauretania in which the forewing is black with yellow spots, these being
the remnants of the bands, is described as josephina Aust. (19 e). — Another foriu, interrupta Gr.-Grsh., is jo.wphhm.
lighter than true dubia, the black marginal band is very narrow, the sublimbal band is interrupted before the '"tfrupta.
discocellular spot, the latter merging together with the posterior half of the band; from Turkestan. — Fischer
de Waldheim figures a form from Sarepta as seleniaca, which, if the figure is correct, strongly de- ftrlcninca.
viates from the true dubia; it is considerably smaller, forewing with whitish ground, and with the proximal
and submedian black bands merging together beyond the centre, so that only a horseshoe-shaped light ring
open posteriorly and encircling the discocellular spot remains in the median area; in the basal area there are
two black longitudinal spots. Hindwing yellowish white, with black marginal band, apparently without
a broad black costal marginal band. — From Batna in Algeria (Province Constantine) I have before me about
a dozen specimens from coll. Seitz, which the latter partly caught in June and partly bred. They belong to a
form closely allied to splendida which I name isolatella form nov. (19 c): the antemedian black transverse band vsolateUa.
of the forewing is almost straight and not united with the submarginal band at the hindwing margin; the latter
band is distinctly separate from the black discocellular spot, but almost entirely confluent with the marginal
band, being separated from it by a yellow line, which is only distinct at both ends, being zigzag in the middle
and interrupted in places. Expanse 22, length of forewing 12 mm. — ab. umbripennis ab. nov. (19 c) is another nmhripen-
novelty which I have also from coll. Seitz. It is very like the form figured in Rambur's Cat. Syst. Lep. Andal. ""•'•
pi. II, fig. 4 c as a var. of 0. splendida, but differs from it in that the antemedian transverse band is united with
the sublimbal band by a longitudinal branch in the middle and at the hindmargin ; between these two
branches a circular spot of the yellow ground-colour remains. The limbal and sublimbal transverse lines
are confluent, only at the costal and inner margins there is a short transverse narrow yellow streak, being
the remains of a dividing band. Basal area of forewing mostly yellow. Basal half of hindwing dark yellow.
Expanse 22, length of wing 10 mm. — In transcaspica Krul., from Aschabad, the ground-colour of the forewing transcm-
is almost as ochreous as on the hindwing and all the black markings are considerably broader than in the main P''^"-
form — algirica Lttc. is a rather doubtful form from Algiers, whose forewing is black with a yellowish sheen and alf/lrictt.
with a straight yellow submedian transverse band interrupted by the black veins, as well as a small yellow
transverse spot at the discocellular. Hindwing yellow with dark median band and the indication of a dark
median spot and basal smear. Expanse 22 mm. The ,, species" was placed by its author in the Arctiid genus
Tfichosoma (recte Ocnogynn Led.), but is certainly an Orgyia. $ unknown. According to Lucas an aber-
ration of algirica occurs in which the yellow transverse band is reduced to a small yellow transverse spot; I
name this ab. oblitereIlarf&. woy. — Egg oi dubia comparatively large, ivory. The larvae of all the forms differ nhTiicrclla.
from the preceding species in that there are no long pencils of hair laterally behind the head and on
segment 11, but short tufts, being still shorter than the dorsal brushes. According to Rambur the larva of
splendida is black with tiny whitish and reddish yellow dots. That of the North African isolatella is sul-
phur-yellow with orange-red transverse spots on each segment and narrow black streaks below them. The
dorsal tufts are bright wood-brown with a white centre, the short hump-like tail-tuft on segment 11 slightly
yellowish brown, the outer hairs dark. Prolegs and anal clasper orange. A. Seitz often found the full-grown
larva in June on very low bushes of Quercus ilex, more rarely also on different kinds of genista and other
low-growing plants. Pupa in a whitish yellow cocoon; the $ not only does not leave the cocoon, but often
the thin pupal skin which is like tissue paper does not come off but only splits in places, so that copulation
can take place. The (J flies very wildly and fast by day in the sunshine, especially in the late afternoon. Its
flight does not resemble that of any other Orgyia and is so rapid that it is impossible to follow the insect
with the eyes. When attracted by the $-cocoons the (5*3* can be obtained in large numbers, but are very timid
even when approaching the $.

0. thyellina Bntl. [^ 22 b, $ 19 c), from the Main and North Islands of Japan, slightly resembles tri- ihinUina.
gotephras, but is much larger and darker ; the forewing more pointed, in the basal third and at the inner mar-

120 DASORGYIA; AROA. By Dr. E. Strand.

gin brownish yellow with darker irroration as far as the large conspicuous white spot at the inner angle, the
wings otherwi.se dark })rown with black spots edged with a lighter colour, and a few small light smears. Hind-
wing deep dark chocolate, with two light fringe-lines. J^xpanse 33 mm. The $, which differs greatl}' from the
(J, occurs in a form with the wings fully developed and one with thciU half-developed, which are both figured
on plate 19 c. The form with the wings fully develo])ed is erroneously marked ,,J", the (J of the .species being
figured on plate 22 c.

6. Genus: 1>asorg;;i'ia Sfgr.

It is questionable Avhether it belongs to this group; all the species are unknown to me in nature, and
not a single fairly reliable description of the genus has as yet been published. It is said to be intermediate
between Orgyia and Dasychira. In habitus and markings it most closely resembles Dasychirn, also in the anten-
nae, which however have not the pectinations nearly as long as in D. selenitica and the other known species of
Dasychira, and in the hairs of the thorax, the shape of legs and abdomen. But the palpi are decidedly
shorter tlian in D. fascelina, and the $$ have shortened wings, short serrate antennae and thick woolly abdo-
men. Size considerably below the average of Dasychira. Abdomen short, slender, rather acutely pointed,
without a conspicuous anal tuft. Known from Central Asia.

imiiiilfi. D. pumila Stgr. ej: Forewing greyish brown, dusted with black, with an obsolescent central spot and

t«'o similar transverse lines at one-third and before the outer margin. Hindwing blackish, lighter at the
base, with yellowish grey fringes. $ with shortened wings, which are similarly marked as in the (J. ^ 22 to
25 mm. Length of body of cj 23 mm. Tarbagatai district.

seUtwphorei. D. selenophora Sfgr. Wings brownish black. Forewing at the apex of the cell with large sharply

defined blackish lunulc which has a light edge; the outer half of the cell is dirty white and beyond it there
is a light S-shaped transverse line. Towards the base there is also lighter scaling, which sometimes appears
as a transverse line. Underside light, with black outer margin. Hindwing with light basal area cbisted with
black, in which there is a small central lunule, and broad black outer margin. Expanse 25 or 26 mm. Southern
Ferghana. — Grum-Grshimailo figures a form from Pamir under the name pumila of Stgr. which probably is not
specifically different from selenophora, but deviates from it in that the forewing bears three distinct whitish grey
transverse bands; a small undulating submarginal band, a similar but simply curved one between the first
and the middle of the wing and a much broader median band bounding the lunule on the iimer side. The lu-
yanihira. nule of the hindwing boiuided externally by a light transverse bar. I call this form var. pamirica mim. luw.
(22 b).

ilphrmhii. D. alpherakii (Jr.-Gr.'ih. (22 b). Forewing yellow with blackish scaling in the marginal, costal and

basal areas, and l)la(rk discocellular spot. Hindwing with broad black marginal band. Below i>oth wings lighter,
the forewing with black discocellular spot. The bipectinate antennae brownish yellow. The body with yellow
iinnni. and black hair. Length of wing of , J' 12 mm. Kuku-Nor and Amdo districts. — grumi >S'/^r. has about the same
size and colour as selenophora, but the antennae (as in the following foriu) biijoctinate, the branches being
twice as long; forewing blackish with two median spots and one beyond the cell yellowish white. Hindwing
above uniformly black. The author of the form considers it probable that it is an aberration of alpherakii.

.<semetwiei. Kuku-Nor (Tibet). — semenowi flr.-Grsh. Certainly closely allied to alpherakii, occurring also in the Amdo-
district. Forewing yellow, thickly dusted with black, the centre of the dark-edged median area and the outer
half of the cell yellowish white, discocellular spot black. Hindwing yellowish black, darker at the outer mar-
gin. On the underside the wings are yellow, densely dusted ^\ith black towards the base. Forewing with the
discocellular spot and marginal band black. Body with black hair variegated with yellow in |)Iaces. Length of
wing of ,^ 1 3 mm .

7. Genus : Ai*oa Walk.

Closely allied to Orgyia, but the palpi much longer and slenderer, the third segTuent porrect, legs
less hairy, $ with fully developed wings, pectinations of antennae of the $ shorter than in the .j. Fly in day-
time. Usuall}^ small or medium-sized moths of rather uniform yellow or brown appearance. The genus is
distributed in South Africa as well as in the Indian Region.

phimi. A. plana Walk. (22 d). cj 28 to 34 mm., ground-colour mostly light ochreous but sometimes lirownish,

with a dark but rather obsolescent postmedian band on the forewing. $ ochreous, with dark dusting
and a postmedian band on the forewing ; a discocellular spot may be present or absent on both wings.

3. 11. 1011. CIFUNA; LAELIA. By Dr. E. Strand. 121

$ 36 to 42 miu. In Kashmir, also distributed in Anterior India, extending to Ceylon. — In the form June- junctifera.
tifera Walk, the wings are rather lighter towards the base, with black discocellular spot, whic:h touches
a brownish or reddish spot on the outside.

A. substrigosa Walk. (19 h). Light reddish yellow; forewing greyish in the marginal area at a subcostal suhstru/osa.
and median striix-. Hindwing slightly lighter than the forewing. Pectinations of antennae black. Body
beneath white. Fringes with indistinct darker spots. 32 mm. pyrrhochroma Walk. (19 i) is said to be a riyrrho-
form of substrigosa, as they occur together and with all kinds of transitional forms. But true pyrrhochroma ""-roma.
looks very different, the hindwing bearing a broad marginal band. North India, China.

A. cinnaniomea Moore. From the boundary of the Palearctic Region. Forewing light yellowish brown chnm-
with rather indistinct discocellular spot tuid without transverse lines, fringes ochreous. Hindwing orange, inomea.
suffu!5ed with brownish. ^ 34 mm. — aurantiaca Walk, is a somewhat smaller form (30 mm.) which, to iwdge aurantmca.
from the description, has darker dull brown forewings. North- West Himalayas.

A. flavicoUis Leech (22 c), from Chang-yang in China, is semitransparent whitish; venation, costa, flavicollis.
margin and fringes of both wings, as well as head and thorax smoky brownish grey. Collar yellow. Ab-
domen whitish with darker rings in the basal half. 40 mm. — Later Leech has described (in Trans. Ent.
Soc. London 1899, p. 120.) a $ from Chia-kou-ho which is said to be entirely whitish, with the thorax
of the same coloxu- as the collar. This form, which is more probably a separate species, may receive the
name leucoides Strand. leucoiden.

8. Genus: Cifiiiia Walk.

Medium-sized, usually dark-coloured moths with long stout and usually obiquely porrect palpi,
bipectinate antennae, and moderately long wings, whose outer margin is nearly straight. — Distributed in
South and East Asia.

C. locuples Walk. (19 d). Forewing dull reddish yellow or ochreous, variegated with whitish and tocuplcs.
purple, with curved indistinct transverse band and a more distinct, darker, and almost straight marginal
band russet brown. Hindwing brownish yellow to ochreous. Both wings beneath reddish yellovv, bearing a
blackish spot externally light-edged, and a similar submarginal band. Forewing usually with distinct reni-
forra discocellular spot. $ darker and more unicolourous. Expanse 40 to 52 mm. The chief form occurs in India
as well as in South and Central China. — In Auiurland, Corea Japan, etc., the species occurs in a smaller
(32 to 35 mm.) and darker form, var. confusa Brem., in which there are often sharply defined black spots coniusa.
before the inner angle and in the costal half of the basal area, these spots being at most indicated in true
locuples. Moreover, at least in Japanese specimens, the median band of the forewing is more irregular than
in true locuples. — Larva not unlike that of fascelina, with long-hairy brushes; those near the head yellow
with dark hairs in the centre; on low-growing plants, especially on vetches (Graeser).

C. eurydice Butl. (= amata Stgr.) (19d). 9: Forewing olive-grey, in the basal half with a broad black eurydice.
transverse band not reaching the base; a discocellular spot is at least indicated; at the costal margin in the
apical half there is a deep black narrow halfring and in the marginal area a transverse row of black dots,
which markings are larger on the grey-l)lackish underside. Hindwing black (brown), with olivaceous greyish
yellow outer margin above and below. ^ smaller and darker, hindwing uniformly brownish black to the
olive-grey fringes. ^ 39, $ 46 mm. — Larva very brightly coloured, with rose-red dorsal tufts. Full-grown
in June, on Vitis amurensis. Amurland, Japan.

C. jankowskii Oberth. (19d). (J: Reddish brown, forewing in the basal half with two or three nar- ja»k-owskr,.
row whitish transverse streaks edged with black on the inner side, discocellular spot indistinct and reni-
form; in the apical half two black zigzag or wavy transverse lines, between them a black transverse stripe
twice or three times interrupted. Hindwing without transverse markings, but with two or three short black
longitudinal streaks in the apical half ; similar streaks on the underside of both wings, but only in the basal
half; a submarginal dark transverse band is indicated beneath on both wings. $ slightly lighter, especially
the hindwing, which is traversed by a broad blackish transverse line. ^ 33, $ 30 mm. — Larva resembling
that of the preceding species, but the dorsal tufts of hair golden brown; on Vitis amurensis. Eastern Asia.

9. Genus: liaelisi Steph.

Medium-sized moths, unicolourous, white, ochreous, brown, etc., or with very simple markings. Closely
allied to Aroa, but nocturnal, the wings rather more elongate and the membrane of the wings forming a
small groove at the upper angle of the cell on the underside. Antennae long, with long pectinations in the
(J, and short ones in the $. Palpi long and porrect. Veins 6 and 7 of the hindwing stalked. Hindtibiae

II 16

122 LAELIA. By Dr. E. Strand.

with middle and apical spurs. Larva as far as knoAVTi with yellow dorsal brushes and dark pencils on the
first segment, on species of grass and bamboo; moths in the summer; the (J(J fly about briskly, the $$
resting on stalks of grass or bamboo-leaves near the ground.

coenoaa. L. coenosa Hhn. (19 i). (J: Pale ochreous, with three obsolescent longitudinal smears and a few

blackish dots in the marginal area of the forewing. $ uniformly dirty white. Widely distributed in Central
Europe (North Germany, Northern France, England, Hungary, Bukovina, Bulgaria, Catalonia) and also
occurs in Eastern Asia (North China, Ussuri district, Amur, Corea, Japan). A form from Central China,
white or almost imperceptibly yellow in the ^ sex, at most with indications of dark marginal spots, is
Candida, described as Candida Leech; this is also recorded from the Bukovina, and the $ of it described as pure
sawiaiva. white. — sangaica Moore, from Japan and China, is closely allied to coenosa, and probably the two have
often been confounded, sangaica is grejash ochreous on the entire upperside, being only slightly whitish
at the base of the hindwing (in coenosa the hindwing is unicolourous and lighter than the forewing); the
number of black spots six at most, base of thorax and abdomen whitish; underside of body lighter than
the upperside and without spots; frons and legs brownish ochreous. 31 to 32 mm. Typical locality:
Shanghai. Dr. A. Seitz, on 11. 8. 1891, caught a ^ near Yokohama which is a new form, ab.
pnMcipi/Mrfa. paucipuncta form. nov. (19 i): forewing with at most four black dots, forming a slightly oblique but al-
shmms. n\ost straight line. Length of forewing 18 mm, of body 16 mm. — sinensis Walk. (= brevicornis Walk.).
(J: Head and thorax dirty white. Abdomen yellowish, with white woolly hairs anteriorly. Wings greyish
at the costa, otherwise fairly pure white, with single obsolescent black dots in the marginal area. Forewing be-
low suffused M-ith reddish brown at the margins. Hindwng white. Basal segment of paljii. miderside of antennae
and femora brownish. Body of $ larger than in coenosa Hbn., wings pure white without markings, but
with a diffuse spot in cell 2. Below suffused with lighter brownish at the margins. Antennae seen from
above white, from below black. Length of forewing 17 to 18 mm. Tyjjical locality: Hongkong, also re-
giganlra. corded from Corea and said to occur at the Middle Amur. — gigantea Bull, in the (J closely resembles true
coenosa, but is considerably larger, A\'ithout smoke-coloured suffusion or striation, and has an irregular angul-
ate row of six black spots transversely across the wings. Hindwing white. Thorax cream-colour. Frons
ochreous. Legs white instead of yellow and grey. Abdomen and underside white. Expanse 52 mm. Yoko-
hama. — Like sangaica, also sinensis and gigantea have been regarded as separate species, but I leave
the question open, as the material before me does not suffice to determine whether they are distinct
species or only local races. — Egg smooth, white, with a bro^ra incomplete ring. The larva of coenosa
lives on various species of grasses on damp meadows, is yellowish grey with black, white and reddish
yellow markings, yellow dorsal tufts and black pencils; until July on Festuca, Carex and other grasses.
Pupa with tufts of yellow hair, in a yellow cocoon intermixed with hair. Moth in Jiily and August.

iiiiihrina. L. umbrina Moore (20 a), from North India, is in the cj wine-brown, on the forewing with an

angulate transverse row of small light spots bearing light pupils; hindwing in the basal two-thirds more
thinlj' scaled and therefore appearing lighter, more gi-eyish; otherwise .smoky bro\vn. Thorax reddish brown,
abdomen smoke-bro-\\ai. Underside smoky brown, with lighter margin and veins. Legs partly ochreous. 34 mm.
In the Himalayas, from Kulu in Kashmir.

japomiiUi. L. japonibia sfec. nov. (19 i ^, 21c $). ^■. Forewing and hind^ving uniformly brown-grey, the

former with a black dot on the discocellular, which is 1. 5 mm long and half as broad. Fringes, as far
as recognisable, like the wings. Hind\ving with the indication of an almost linear bar on the discocellular;
Ijeneath this bar is distinct, being slightly widened at both ends, while the discocellular spot of the fore-
wing is only indicated below and is very distinct above. Body like the wings, slightly lighter below. Legs
grey, suffused with browTiish yellowish. Antennae greyish white vnt\\ darker pectinations. Expanse 37 mm,
length of body 14, length of forewing 17 to 18. Japan (Coll. Seitz).

exclama- L. exclamatlonis Koll. (= rubida Walk., cervina Walk., rotundata Walk.) (19 i). ^■. Reddisli

'"""■"■ brown or dark fawai ; forewing with irregular black irrorations and a black line as discocellular spot, which
often continues as far as vein 2 and is interrupted by lighter veins. 9 lighter and paler, rj 36, $ 44 mm.
disjunda. In ab. disjuncta Walk. (= rotunda Moore, Lep. Ceyl. II, pi. 110, fig. 4, 4a) the discocellular spot is se-
parated into two spots and the colouring is more greyish. — Larva brown, with dorsal tufts of the same
colour and a subdorsal row of very short orange-coloured tufts. Kashmir, also through Anterior India
to Ceylon.

lestama. L. testacea Walk. ($ = uniformis Hatnps.) (20 a). Like exclamationis, but the forewing with a

black subapical streak {^). $ more ochreous instead of red. The true testacea is very light, in the $ with

juvenls. scarcely a vestige of black dusting. — In the form juvenis Walk, the forewing of the ^ is said to be longer.
colon. — colon Ilamfs. has a dot-like (J) or quite short ($) di.scocellular spot. — A preeminently North Indian
species, probably extending into Palearctic territory in the North- West.

ARCTORNIS; STILPNOTIA. By Dr. E. Strand. 123

L. litura Walk. ^ : Like exclamationis, but dark greyish brown, head, collar and legs ochreous. lilura.
:{() to 36 mm. — Distribution as in the preceding (Kashmir, etc.).

L. lieterogyna Hamps. (22 c), tiom Kashmir, differs from the preceding species principally in that helcronyna.
the $ has aborted wings. ^ dull brown, clothed with long hair-like scales, discocellular spot of the fore-
wing smoky black, a smoke-coloured smear between the base of veins 2 and 4 and an indistinct smear
at the upper angle of the cell. ^ 44 mm.

10. Genus: Arctoriiis Germ.

On account of the reasons mentioned in the introduction we place this genus with the Areolatae
despite the fact that it has noareole*); but I do not doubt that specimens of ^. l-nigrum sometimes occur
which have an areole. Otherwase Arctornis is closely allied to Laelia and Stilpnotia. Antennae compar-
atively shorter the in L. coenosa. Most easily distinguished from Stilpnotia by the two dorsal veins of
the forewing being connected by a transverse vein as in the Noctuids. — Larva (of A. l-nigrum) very
hairy; than hairs are especially long at both ends and arranged in tufts dorsally; it pupates between
leaves spun together, and the moth emerges after two or three weeks, sometimes even after a few days
(8 to 10). The moths are extremely delicate; they rest with the wings flat in roof-shape on the surface
of a leaf, almost exactly forming an equilateral triangle. They are then very difficult to recognise,
as their colour differs little from that of the leaf, the wing in life having a layer of greenish liquid matter
between the membranes. When the moth dries the greenish hue disappears, as was already observed
by OcHSENHEiMER, the^ wings assuming a more or less pure white colour.

A. I-nigrum Miill. (20 a). Pure white, with narrow black costal margin and black discoidal vein, i-nifirum.
Legs with one to three black spots. 45 to 60 mm. Widely distributed in Europe (South Sweden, Finland,
Denmark, Central Europa, North and Central Italy, Armenia, Amurland, Japan. Corea). Larva Math
eight tufts of hair dorsally, of which the three central ones are reddish yellow, the others whitish. It
hibernates and lives until June on deciduous trees, especially young limes and beeches, from which it
jumps down when disturbed. The moth, which appears after a very short period of pupation, is almost
everywhere rare in Europe, more common in Asia. Pupa transparent light green, with yellow and black
marking. After hailstorms and heavy rains, which destroy many moths, one often finds the moths thrown
down on the roads in woods.

A. alba Brem. (— sinensis Moore) (22 c). Pure white, wings with a silky gloss, forewing with i\ aiOa.
black discocellular spot, which is sometimes absent (= ab. depuncta ab. nov.). Frons, palpi and parts of the dcpunda.
legs ochreous. Pectinations of antennae brown. 34 mm. — In Bremer's description an ochreous spot is
mentioned in the middle of the wing, but as such a spot seems never to occur (also according to obser-
vations by Leech, 1899), and as Bremer does not mention the black discocellular spot, I take it that
the description ,, ochreous" is a laps. cal. for ,, black" spot.

11. Genus: Stilpnotia Westw. & Humphr.

Closely allied to the preceding genus, but the dorsal veins of the forewing not connected, veins
6 and 7 of the hindwing with longer stalk, la considerably shorter than lb. Palpi errect, reaching the
vertex of the head. Antennae bipectinate in the i^, bidentate in the $. Hindtibia with two pairs of
spurs. Without or with an areole. Larva of the Palearctic species hibernating. The moths of some species
may be very abundant in certain years and congregate in migrating swarms.

S. salicis L. (20 a). White, sometimes with ochreous, or in the ^J even blackish costal margin; salicw.
head and collar as well as the pectinations of the aiitennae dark. Tibiae and tarsi with broad black
rings. 44 to 55 mm. Throughout Europe, southward to South Russia, the Northern Balkan Peninsula,
throughout Italy, Central Spain, Corsica, Armenia, North-Eastern Asia Minor, Issj'k-kul, Altai, Tian-shan,
South-Eastern Siberia; also in the Arctic region, for instance South Varanger in Finmark (Norway). —
The East-Asiatic form Candida Stgr. has much purer glossy white and entirely opaque, more thickly scaled, Candida.
wings and is on the whole smaller, with narrower wings. From Eastern Siberia, Urga, Amurland, Japan,
Corea, China. ■ — Yellowish grey specimens are ab. sohesti Capr. Specimens from Tian-shan with black soliesli.
pectinations of the antennae of the ^ are nigripennata Stgr. ab. nigrociliata Fiichs has sharp black nigripen-
marginal third of the costal margin and glossy black fringes; Germany, ab. rubicunda Strand has both nata.
the wings and hairy covering reddish, almost rose-red at the costal and inner margins of the forewing "^^^p^j'^^J^^''
(cJ); in South Norway. — The eggs are laid on tree-trunks in clusters covered with a paper-like substance.

•) In Aurivilius, iNord.jns Fjarilar, Liria (= Arctornis) is dcscribud as havinj,' an areole.

124 IVELA; CARAGOLA; PANTANA. By Dr. E. Strand.

In July. Larva black with a row of light dorsal spot and yellow lateral line. Segments 4 and 5 each with
a pair of united fleshy pointed tubercles. It lives on species of willow and poplar, hibernates, is often
noxious and pupates in a loose cocoon between leaves, the pupa being glossy black with white spots and
yellow tufts or hair. The moth appears in July and August. The (^(^ already begin to fly before dusk
in the evening and often swarm like snow-flakes round the poplars and willows at country-roads.

flcvo- S. flavosulphurea Ersch. Closely allied to salicis, but forewing and thorax sulphur-yellow, the hind-

sulphurea. ^^^^^^ .^j^^j abdomen lighter. Pectinations of antennae light. ^ 35 mm. Ferghana, Sarafshan district, and
cre/cM^a.perhaps near Ajigora. — The ^ of cretacea 67(//-. (22 d) is chalky white or greyish white, $ whitish. From
Issyk-kul.

ochropoda. S. ochropoda Eversm. (22 d). White, with the forelegs, tarsi of hindlegs and palpi ochreous, the

pectinations of the antennae being black. Forewing of $ with very slight sulphur-yellow suffusion. From
South-Estcrn Siberia and the Ussuri district.

sarius. S. sartus Ersch. (21 d). Wings uniformly greyisli brown, body above slightly ligher. Antennae

gi-eyish yellow. ^ 33, ? 35 mm. Sarafshan district, Ferghana, Issyk-kul, Tian-shan.

c!i<ina. S. cygna Moore (= cymbicornis 5m//.) (20 b). ^ pure white, wings in life with a liright light

green sheen and semitransparent, veins yellowish. Antenna boat-shaped, very long and with light brown-
ish yellow pectinations. Tips of palpi yellowish. Tibiae and tarsi of the fore and middle legs with black
spots on the outerside. 48 mm. East Asia.

moorei. S. nioorei Leech, from C'hina, is almost like cygna, but the wings are shorter and the nuirgin is

more rounded; the shaft of the antenna black with the exception of the base. $ pure white, wings with
glossy silvery white scales, which form numerous slightly raised transverse bands; forewing with small
black discocellular spot. Wings broader than in Arctornis alba Brem. 28 to 29 mm.

12. Genus: Ivela Sirinh.

So closely allied to Stilpnotia that the only species would perhaps be better placed in that genus.
The palpi are shorter than in t;V|3ical Slilpnotia as conceived by Hampson, but scarcely shorter than in
S. salicifi, i)orrect. In facies less robust, abdomen cylindrical and not extending beyond the anal angle,
costal margin of forewing convex, and the apex of the forewing more rounded than for instance in S.
salicis, margin convex, almost not oblic{ue and in this very distinctly differing from salicis, hindmargin
also romided. I do not find any other noticeable difference in the venation except that in the forewing
the stalk of veins 7 and 8 is considerably longer and also that of 8 and 9, vein 9 being therefore very
short (about as in S. comma Hutt., cf. Hampson, Fauna of Brit. India, I p. 487). It is not correct
that vein 10 originates at one-third before the end of the cell, as Svvinhoe states; its position is as.
in salicis. Areole absent. Hindwing broader and more obtusely rounded than in salicis.

auripes. I. auripes Bull. (20 b). (J greyish white, forewing with silvery scales, especially on the veins, dust-

ed with greyish brown and very slightly suffused with dark grey along the costal margin (most distinctly
below), and also along the veins; antennae longer than in Arctornis l-nigrum, with a black spot near the
base, and with black pectinations. Fringes almost imperceptibly darker than the wings and glossy.
Discocellular .spot absent. Forelegs golden-yellow, the others with yellowish tarsi. 50 to 63 mm. $ larger,
costal margin, veins and fringes scarcely darker, femora white below. Expanse 55 to 70 mm. Japan. I have
only compared specimens from Corea; they correspond to the smaller dimensions given.

13. Genus: Caragola Moore.

A genus consisting of few, mostly Indo-Malayan, medium-sized, white naoths with small porrect
palpi; hindtibia with only one pair of spurs, and antennae bipectinate. In the forewing vein 3 originates
rather far before the apex of the cell, and 5 from the apex, 6 from the anterior angle, 7, 8 and 9 stalked,
10 from the anterior margin of the cell without forming an areole (always ?).

sericea. C. sericea Moore. $ pure silvery white. Palpi and inner side of forelegs black. Forewing without

bands of raised scales. 38 mm. Kashmir, Sikkim, Masuri, Tibet.

14. Genus: Paiitaiia Walk.

This genus consists of a few exclusively South and East Asiatic moths of medium size, M'hich
are usually uniformly coloured and marked, of comparatively slender build, with large wings, the hind-

PANTANA. By Dr. E. Strand. 125

wings appearing broad and truncate, extending far beyond the abdomen. Palpi rather slender and naked,
obliqiiely porrect and upturned. In some points the genus resembles Orgyia, but, apart from the palpi
already described, differs froni this genus in that the legs are less hairy and that the $$ have fully de-
veloped wings as well as bipectinate antennae, the pectinations being short. The cJ^ begin to fly already
after 5 o'clock in the evening sunshine, describing circles and loops in the air, their restless and tumbling
flight resembling that of Orgyia. They like to fly along the bamboo-fences with which the gardens and
court-yards are often surrounded in East Asia. Nets with long poles must be used for catching them,
as the moths fly up into the air when pursued.

P. visum Hhn. (= dispar Walk.). In the ^J the head is orange-yellow, thorax light brown, ab-
domen whitish. Forewing yellowish white, variegated ^vith light red and brown in the costal half, excepting
however the middle of the costa and the discocellular ; two dark smears below the angle of the cell.
Hindwing pure white. Costal half of imderside of forewing orange, but black towards the apex. 44 mm.
— var. ampla Walk. (20 b). A ^ from South China, June 1891, gives rise to the following remarks, ampla.
According to the locality this specimen should be P. ampla Walk. I have not, however, been able to
discover from the descriptions a specific difference between the two species (visum and ampla), and I
cannot consider the specimens from India before me as specifically different from those from China. Only
two Chinese specimene weU enough preserved are before me. Walker and after him Hampson give the
presence of one or two dark smears on the middle of the forewing as a characteristic of visiitn. But such
smears are not distinctly present on either of the specimens before me, nor in Huebner's figure, while
there is a slight indication of them also in the Chineses specimen. According to Walker visum is slightly
larger than ampla, but Chinese examples (expanse 37, length of forewing 21 mm.) are quite as large as
the Indian ones before me. Hxiebner's figure is moreover so bad that the insect cannot with certainty
be recognised from it. Another difference is that the dark subapical spot on the underside of the forewing
is black in the Chinese specimen and nearly reaches the margin, while in most Indian examples it is
more brown-black and slightly removed from the margin, but this does not seem to have any significance.
Walker had already drawn attention to the two forms being probably varieties of one and the same
species. The form visum inhabits Burma.

P. sinica Moore. ^ greyish white; forewing at the base, costal and distal margins smoky brownish, niiuca.
A black cliequered irregular spot between the veins below the cell. Thorax smoke-browai ; the frons and
palpi ochreous. Abdomen and legs grejdsh white. Pectinations of antennae dark bro\vn, shaft grey. 32 mm.
In East and Central Cliina. — Leech (1899) described a ,^ from Chang-yang, but did not name it, in
which the liindwing is pure white with a broad marginal band extending from the costa almost to the
anal angle: ab. limbifera nom. nov. Hmhifera.

P. bicolor Walk. (= dehneata Walk., circumdata Walk., sorchda Walk., comparata Walk.) (20 h), bicolor.
distributed over the gieater part of continental India, also its north, has the head, collar, palpi and last
segments of abdomen orange, while the basal segments are white. Wings yellowish white, forewing slightly
suffused with a darker colour between the veins, the hindwing with dark marginal band interrupted by the
veins. Below, the greater part of the forewing aiid a discal smear on the hindwing are dark. $ with
scarcely a trace of darker colour.

P. nigrolimbata Leech, from West China, has orange-yellow head and palpi, dark thorax and abdo- nigra-
men. Forewing white, with black band, which is widest anteriorly and interrupted below vein 2; a black '""''m^-
spot at the hind angle of the cell and two similar but larger spots beyond the cell. Hindwing white,
with black marginal band from the costa to vein 3. $: Forewing ochreous white, with black spots as in
the (J, but without marginal band. Hindwing dirty white, without markings. 48 to 54 mm.

P. simplex Leech, likewise from West China, has light blackish brown foremng with the venation simplex.
lighter in parts; costa with light brown transverse streaks to the apex of the cell. Discocellular spot lunu-
lar and light brown. Costa and fringes darker. Hindwing M'hite. Head and thorax like the forewing.
Palpi golden brown. Abdomen lighter. ^J 34 to 40 mm.

P. pluto Leech has black-brown wings, forewing slightly lighter at the apex of the cell, underside pMo.
a little lighter than upper. Legs, thorax and abdomen dirty yellowish wliite; head and palpi light orange.
(J 36 mm. Typical locality: I-chang in China.

P. eurygania Druce, from Southern Central Ching (Chang-yang, Sze-chuen). c? ' Head, antennae, eurygania.
thorax, tegulae, legs and abdomen black. Forewing black, with a white spot at the apex of the cell and
a larger white spot below the cell reaching to the inner margin. Hindwing white, black at the base,
margin with a broad black band from the apex almost to the anal angle. (J 32 mm.

126 PIDA; NUMENES; HIMALA; LYMANTRIA. By Dr. E. Strand.

15. Genus: Pida rValk.

Facies and venation about as in Dasychira. Palpi upturned and extending beyond the vertex. Pectina-
tions of antenna of (J long, of $ short. Legs with thick long hair. Only three species, of which only
one concerns us.

slrioipennia. P. strigipenilis Moore (20 e). Forewing yellowish white, striated with black, there being least

striae in the postmedian costal area. Discocellular spot black. Hindwing orange-yellow, striated with
black at the apex. Head and thorax dark reddish brown. Abdomen orange-yellow. Metathorax with black
tuft of hair. Antennae black with whitish sides of the shaft. ,^ 46, $ 55 mm. — From Chang-yang;
also widely distributed in India.

16. Genus: IViiiiieiics Walk.

Larger, conspicuously marked moths; forewing subtriangular, sharply angiilate at the apex, with
convex costal margin and ahnost straight distal margin. Hindwing extending considerably beyond the
alidomen. Palpi obliquely u])turned; antennae of both sexes with long pectinations. Venation as in D<tsy-
chira, veins 6 and 7 of hindwing from the cell. An Indian genus with about 6 species.

disparilii', N. dlsparills St(ji-. (20 c). ^i Forewing black, with olive sheen and a straight yellowish white

obli(]ue band extending from the middle of the costal m.argin to the anal angle and enclosing a dark spot
at its posterior end ; the veins light. Hindwing with a broad white transverse band extending from the
middle of the inner margin to the apex of the inner margin, but without reaching the latter. Beneath,
the white markings are slightly broader, but the veins of the forewing remain black. Forewing of $ proxi-
mally with foxir light transverse bands, the distal ones of which iniite just before the anal angle, while
the proximal one is only half as broad as the others. Hindwing and abdomen light orange-yellow, the
former with a large transverse black submarginal spot constricted in the middle. Below, both wings of
the $ are yellow with two black spots on each, o ^"^ ^o ^6, 2 51 to 60 mm. Amurland, Jajjan, Central
separata, and Western Clhina, usually not common. — separata Leech is distinguished in the (J from true dispa-
rilis in the jrellowish white transverse band being united with the apex of the wing by a band; there
is also a white spot near the base of the costa. Hindwing without the white central spot. In the 5 the
basal band of the forewing is broader and the hindwing bears two black spots instead of a stripe. Both
sexes larger than the main form.. ^ 58, $ 82 mm. (!hang-yang in Cliina. A $ form of separata is distin-
guished by tlu; basal band of the fort^wing being interrupted in the middle and by the very indistinct dis-

^i.«7«(ra/u. coccllular spot on the underside of the hindwing; from Shiobara in Japan (Coll. Seitz): ab. biseparata
nov. (lb. (22f). — Leech has described a ^ from Ohoyama in Japan inider tlie nani,e of Lynmntria albof(i.sciii,
which he afterwards himself declared to be a form, of disparilis, but which is very probably a separate
species. It is larger (56 m.m), the veins of the forewing not lighter than the ground-colour, the light band
of the foreM'ing quite w'hite, with parallel sides, broader than in disparilis and not enclosing a dark spot

albojascia. posteriorly; hindwing uniformly white. At present this albofascia (20c, 22 e) may remain with dispa-
rilis united as a variety. — The larva lives on beeches, has two brush-like black tufts of hair on segments
4 and 5, as well as large warts with white hairs, and a bladder-like swelling above on segment 10.

17. Genus: Hiiiiala Moore.

Only one species belongs to this genus. It closely resenibles the Notodontid Gazalina and is often
placed near the latter, while Gazalina was hitherto placed with the Lymnntriidae. Palj)i slender and porrect.
Antennae with long pectinations and hairy basal segment. Areole absent.

argcntca. H. argeiltea Walk. (21 d). Head, thorax and abdomen white, fore^ving silvery white, with black

veins and dark m.argin. Hindwing white, veins black in the apical half of the wing, marginal line black.
cJ 44, $ 54 mm. India, also in the North-Western Himalayas.

2. Group: Inareolatae.
At the head of this group stands the large genus:

18. Genus: I<yiiiaiitria Hb7i.

Medium-sized or large moths which are throughout light in the $ sex and often very bright in colour,
being remarkable for their sexual dimorphism and containing our most noxious insects. Wings of $ some-
times aborted, but on the whole normally developed. Antennae of (J with long pectinations, in the $
with shorter ones or dentate; hindtibiae as an exception with only one pair of spurs. Wings of $ more

LYMANTRIA. By Dr. E. Strand. 127

elongate than those of the (^. Palpi very hairy. Vein 6 of the fore wing originating below the anterior
angle of the cell, 7, 8, 9 and 10 stalked, 7 branching off at a greater distance from the cell than 10.
Veins 6 and 7 of the hindwing originating from the anterior angle of the cell. — Distributed in the Pale-
arctic, Indo-Aiistralian , African, and Nearctic Regions. Closely allied to the genus Cisjna*).

L. dispar L. (20 d). Forewing with four distinctly separated black transverse lines and one or di.ipar.
two black basal spots, in the (^ bro\vnish grey, at the base and in the outer median area purer grey;
hindwing of ^J yellowish brown with indistinct dark discocellular spot and indistinct transverse band.
Wings of $ yellowish white, forewing with black discal spot, hindwing with or without dark submarginal
band. (J 36 to 50, $ 50 to 65 mm. Distributed throughout the Palearctic Region with the exception of
the Canaries, the Arctic and partly the Subarctic districts, very rare in South Scandinavia and Finland,
in the East in Amurland, Corea, Japan, North, West and Central China. Also in North America. — The
species varies very strongly and many forms have already received names. In the (^ of disparina Mii.ll. disparina.
the ground-colour is predominantly whitish yellow, especially in the marginal cells; the $ is al.so lighter
and without any marking except three regular, connected, wavy or almost zigzag, dark, transverse lines,
as well as dark marginal dots on both wings, ab. fasciata Rebel, $, which is said to bear "transverse stripes fasciata.
widened into bands on the forewing", is probably disinguished from disparina by the dark transverse
markings being broader and the ground-colour perhaps darker than in disparina. ab. bordigalensis Mab. bordigalen-
(= disparoides Gasch.) is a dwarf form ($ expanse about 40 mm., the ^ proportionately smaller) (from ■'^^"
France), while major Fuchs is the name given to a large form (length of forewing of $ 34 to 35 mm., major.
(J 23 mm.) from North Germany, erebus Th.-Mieg, from North England, North-West Germany, North erebits.
China, etc., is a much darker, predominantly black-brown (J-form. The transition to it is setniobscura semi-
Th.-Mieg. — umbrosa Bull., from Japan, is distinguished by diffuse markings and the absence of the "''•'^'^"''"■
black wavy dentate discal line outside the cell of the forewing, while the sublimbal dark transverse line
is present but very indistinct; ^ up to 51 mm., $ about 62 mm. — wladiwostockensis ab. nov. (20c) ,^, wladiwn-
is smaller (expanse 31, length of forewing 15. 5, of body 13 mm.); forewing blackish brown, with indis- ■'-■'"'*''"-'*'■''•
tinct greyish markings, median and marginal areas about equally dark, the dark dot-like spots of the
basal half sharply defined; hindwing smoky brown, slightly darker at the mai'gin. Ground-colour of under-
side of both wings like the hindwing above, with discocellular spot and transverse band as in the prin-
cipal form. Vladivostock (Coll. Seitz). — ■ Schtjltz describes several aberrations with reduced markings from
German specimens, insignata $ is unicolourous, being even without the discocellular spot and without the in.<ii(inala.
black dots before it on the foreAving. angulifera $, without any marking on the foremng but the disco- aiKjidifera.
cellular spot and one black dot, while the hindwing is normal, unifascia $, with a dark transverse band in unifasda.
the median area of the forewing, but otherwise without markings, submarginalis 9, with a broad dark band snhmargi-
along the margin of the hindwing. — japonica Motsch. (= hadina Bull., fumida Bull. ^ nee $) (20 d) is '.'"'"*•.
the Japanese form, which is distinguished by the larger size and the absence or indistinctness of the black
markings at the costal margin and on the wing-surface, apart from the discocelhilar spot. Moreover, the
ground-colour of both wings is darker, being greyish brown, and the black marginal spots, especially on
the hindwing, are more distinct. The largest specimens before me measure 92 mm; according to Leech
(1899) East Asiatic specimens of "L2/ma)?iri«(Zts/jaT", with which the unites the form japonica, reach 114 mm.,
the latter dimensions probably apply to japonica. The (5*, according to Motschottlsky, is distinguished by the
indistinctness of the broAvn wavy lines as well as by the larger size. It is also considerably darker, being
dark .smoky browoi; the hindwdng quite unicolourous, the forewing, which has a tinge of olive, bears two
incurved, widely separated, black zigzag lines, which bound the central third of the wing and enclose a broad
irregular obsolescent band of the same colour; the margin with a broad blackish band irregularly sinuate
on the inner side ; fringes chequered with brown and black. (J 53 mm. Japan, Kwei-chow in China. — Ano-
ther Japanese form is fumida Butl., closely allied to japonica Motsch., but smaller and darker. $, forewing fumida.
smoky brown, lighter in the marginal area with the exception of the apex, the discal lines composed of
lunules closer together than in L. dispar; the inner one (originating at the apex of the cell) fairly dis-
tinct, the second one indistinct, the third consisting of broad lunular smoky brown spots. Hindwing dirty
greyish yellow, with a broad submarginal light brown band, but entirely without marginal spots. Abdomen
like the hindwing, but the last segments with broad red margins. $ 63 to 65 mm. ^J like the $, but con-
siderably smaller and darker. — sinica Moore, (J from Shanghai and Formosa, is perhaps not different from sinica.
fumida, but according to the description it appears that the abdomen is everywhere suffused with reddish;
collar red, discocellular spot present on the underside of both wings; it is not certain from the description

*) Hainpson's characterisation of the two genera Lymantria and Cispia in "Motlis of India" is partly incorrect. In
the key Lymanlria stands under "palpi upturned", while in reality they ar^ porrect. In tlie diagnosis of Ciipia ,, palpi porrect"
is stated, which is correct, but in the accompanying figure llic palpi are drawn as upturned; tliey are also relatively longer and slen-
derer than in tliis figure, Cisjna being fairly easily distinguished thereby from the otlicrwise very closely allied Lymantria. Tlien,
in tlie diagnosis of Cispia tliere stands: "10 being given off from nearer the cell or from tlie same point as 7", but in llie figure
it certainly originates nearer the aper tlian 7. In nature only Cispia rcnosa Wallc. is known to me, and in this species 7 and 10
originate from about the same point or 10 periiaps a sliade nearer tlie apex.

128 LYIMANTRTA. By Dr. E. Strand.

that only the forewing has dark marginal spots. ^ 38. 3 mm. — The eggs are laid in brown clusters densely
covered with anal wool, on trunks, branches, boards, stones, etc., so that they look like ochreous clumps
of fungus and have gained for the moth the German name of "Schwammspinner". The eggs hibernate under
this protective covering, and the small larva emerges in April. The larva grows until July, and is then grey
marbled with yellow; dorsal warts blue on the first 5 segments, red on the others; head greyish yellow with
two brown streaks ; lives on fruit-trees and various other deciduous trees. Pupa blackish browTi, with reddish
brown hair arranged in tufts. The hairs of the larva sting slightly when touched roughly, but do not cause any in-
flammation on a not too tender skin. In years when the larvae are unusually abundant, they are much decimat-
ed by a beetle, Calosoma sycophanta, which the caterpillar tries to evade by letting itself suddenly down from
the branches by a thread, remaining hanging about 1 or 2 yards above the ground. The pupa, which lies in a
very loose cocoon, usually between leaves, is as such pursued by an ichneumonid (Pimpla); it is also often in-
fested by Tachinae ; otherwise the moth emerges from the end of June to September. The (J (J are on the wing
in daytime in the sunshine, their flight being restless; the $$, whose wings are often crippled, are very sluggish
and mostly do not fly at all. — By crossing geographical races Brake has obtained whole series of gyandro-
morphous specimens (cf. Plate 22g). By continuous inbreeding the size of the form japonica was in Germany
in a few generations reduced to that of the West European dispar. We also mention that it is said to be proved
by separating the (J^J pupae from the $$ pupae that parthenogenesis obtains, this phenomenon being observed
in nine succeeding generations. Much doubt is thrown on these results by various authors.

tnailiiira. L. inathura Moore (20 e). $: Head and thorax white, two white spots each on collar, meso-and meta-

thorax; palpi, teeths of antennae and two spots on the mesothorax red. Abdomen red, with a row of black spots
above, endsegment whitish; legs black and red. Forewing white, with red and black basal spots, dark trans-
verse bands partly separated into spots or lunules, and black rounded marginal spots ; costal margin and fringes
red. HindAving red, with dark discocellular spot, a sublimbal row of dark spots and small round marginal spots.
5 96 to 112 mm. (^: Forewing with whitish ground and black-brown markings, those in the marginal area being
very sharply defined; in the middle of the cell a small round dark spot in a whitish patch. Hindwing and ab-
domen light orange ; the former with sharply defined black discocellular spot, an also black sublimbal row
of almost connected spots and smaller, distinctly separate, marginal spots. Abdomen with a longitudinal row
aurora, of black dorsal spots. Kashmir, Japan, and widely distributed in India. — The very closely allied form aurora
Bull. (20e) is smaller in the $; forewing with the ground-colour darker and the transverse dark bands more
numerous, without red spot on the mesothorax, also without black dorsal ones on the abdomen. $ 75 to 80 mm.
(^ fairly uniformly black-broAVTi, without distinct markings (according to Swinhoe the q type described by
fusca. Butler was an old faded specimen). Amurland, China, Corea and Japan. — Under the name of fusca(20e)LEECH
figures of this species the (J-form which he considers the darkest, but which, apart from the sharply defined
l)lack transverse iTands of the forewing, seems to agree with the form which Swinhoe (1903) considers the
chief form. In the basal half three narrow black transverse bands, the proximal one of which stands immedi-
ately at the base, while the other two are less distant from each other than from the jiroximal one. Further,
there is a transverse band through the centre and a zigzag dentate submarginal band, as well as black marginal
spots. Hindwing uniformly black-brown. Nagahama, in July.

moiuicha. L. monacha L. (20g). This moth, only too well known unfortunately on account oft its bad repute,

has the name of "Black Arches". It has white forewing with black basal spots and four sharply angulate black
transverse lines, the second of which is the broadest; hindwing greyish white and grey. Abdomen light rose-
pink. 37 to 55 mm. Distributed nearly throughout Europe with the exception of the Arctic Region, kiiown
from Castile, North Italy, Croatia, Greece, also from Armenia, Amurland and Japan. — The species varies
nitjra. strongly and has received the following aberrational names, nigra Fr. : The two central bands are confluent
at the costal and posterior margins, forming black spots, or the whole median area is dark, the red of the ab-
eremiia. domen usually weaker, eremita 0. (20 g): Forewing and abdomen smoke-brown or blackish grey, the former
atra. with black markings, atra Linst.: Forewing uniformly black, without markings, hindwing greyish broAvn, ab-
lutea. domen black, lutea Auel is a light form in which the central bands are interrupted; the red colour of the ab-
flavo- domen is equally deep almost to the thorax, flavoabdominalis Schultz has the abdomen yellow instead of red;
uhdominalis. subfusca Sckultz $ is distinguished by everything which is black in true monacha being yellowish brown, and the
obsolela. abdomen being also yellowish brown instead of red; in obsoleta Schultz the dark transverse bands in the median
area of the forewing are absent, wliile they remain in the basal and outer-marginal areas. All these names
were given to European specimens. — The eggs are laid in August on various trees, preferably conifers ; they
are oval, light brown or light red. The larvae liibernate when yoimg, remain together in batches and are full-
grown in June. They are then whitish grey to blackish, with grey hairs, red and blue warts, and a dark longitu-
dinal dorsal line which is interrupted or broadened into spots in places. The larva belongs to the few species
of Lepidoptera feeding both on conifers and on deciduous trees, but they are most damaging to conifers. The
species is the most important moth economically and about the most dangerous insect to oiir forests. A large
amount of literatui'e treats of the "Blach Arches" and its destruction, which has always been very difficult

Publ 23. XII. 1910. LYMANTRIA. By Dr. E. Strand. 129

and on which large sums are expended annually. All attempts at destruction, such as picking off the larvae and
pupae by hand, attracting the moths by fire, the ringing of the trees, infesting the larvae with bacteriae, etc.,
have so far only had temporary or insufficient results. — Pupa golden glossy red-brown or dark brown, with reddish
hairs dorsally and rather long anal point, in crevices of bark, loosely attached by a few threads. Moth from
the end of July xmtil about September, in most years in moderation, but sometimes in great abundance, resting
on tree-trunks. The ^, which easily flies away when disturbed, gives off a chirping sound when held with
the wings closed while beating time with its head. When taken off the tree the 0 folds its wings like a butterfly,
and curves the end of the abdomen towards the head and projects the ovipositor. The moth is rare
scarcely anjrwhere in its area of distribution, but on the whole occurs more abundantly in the East than
in the West.

L, atlanfica Ramb. (20 g). ^ smaller and stouter than that of monacha, with similar markings, dtlanUca.
but without a discocellular spot and without any dots near the base of the wing. Both wings dark brown,
sparsely dusted with black and grey. Markings piire black. Fringes of forewing like the surface of the
wing, those of the hindA\'ing pale reddish, both with darker spots. Pectinations of antenna light yellow.
Abdomenreddish with dark transverse markings; (J 35 mm. $ larger, 43 — 45 mm., ground-colour of wings lighter,
forewing with black longitudinal streak in the basal area and black costal spots, as well as three proximally
and one distally in the marginal area, while the darker median area is sharply bounded by a black transverse
stripe on both sides, enclosing on the discocellular a lighter I'eniform, anteriorly open, spot with black edges,
and being slightly lighter in colour at the costal margin. Hindwing slightly lighter at the base. Fringes
and abdomen about as in the $, pectinations of antenna brownish. Andalusia, Mauretania. The ^(^ fly
already soon after dark, in June, and frequently come to the light.

L. aboleta Stgr. (21 a), from Palestine, has the forewings narrower and more rounded at the apex than aboleta.
Ocneria terebynthi. They are dirty clay-colour, dusted with blackish and with blackish transverse markings,
through which run three lighter transverse lines contrasting with the gi'oiuid-colour. The second, slightly
zigzag, transverse line has the darkest edges, wihle the outer one is usually only edged by black spots.
Fringes light reddish chequered \vith dark, and not chequered at the uniformly light grey hindwing. Un-
derside of both wings dirty light grey. Body of $ with reddish hairs, of ^ with dirty grey ones.

L. destituta Stgr. (21 a). Reddish brown-grey, slightly irrorated with white, fore'\ving especially iir destUuta.
the (J darker, before and beyond the centre of the forewing two dentate narrow curved bands, in the middle
and beyond the base two obsolescent transverse smears, only distinct in the costal half. — Armenia.

L. grisescens Skjr. (22 f), fi-om the Island of Askold in the Ussuri district, is dirty grey; a dark, very tjrinescens.
obsolescent, transverse band runs through the centre of the forewing. Discocellular altogether or partly black.
A few obsolescent darker small spots in the marginal area. Smaller black marginal dots ; these are also recognis-
able on the underside, which is otherwise without markings. Hindwing dirty light grey with a very obso-
lescent dark outer margin.

L. lapidicola H.-Shdff. (23 e), from Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, has the forewing smoky brown and lapidicola.
ashy grey with the indication of three or four darker transverse bands not reaching the distal margin. Hind-
■wing pale rose-red, with sharply defined marginal band narrowed at the anal angle. Fringes of both wings
light, darker at the veins. Abdomen rose-red, darker at the apex. In (^ the abdomen bears a darker longitu-
dinal dorsal hne, which is at the most only indicated in the $, the marginal band of the hindwing is much
more sharply defined and the forewing in the basal half bears two black oblique transverse lines close to-
gether and not reacliing the hindmargin, as well as a more obsolescent sublimbal band recognisable as far the
hindmargin, and a similar marginal band. ? 38 to 52, (J 32 mm. — urbicola Stgr. (21 a) is a form from Smyrna, xrhimla.
Beirut, etc., having gi-ey hindwing with a narrower light median band; the forewing has more distinct
transverse bands, reaching the hindmargin, and a discocellular spot of light and dark scales. — phoenissa Bogenh.. phoenissa.
from Smyrna, Palestine, and Cyprus, has the hindwing lighter, quite unicolorous, never bearing a sharp
marginal band ; on the underside of the hindwing there is a round dark spot in the middle of the costal margin,
which is scarcely visible in lapidicola; shaft of antenna of ^ whitish instead of reddish. — libanicola Stgr., from libanicola.
the Mts. of Lebanon, has the forewing almost unicolorous, but bearing two dark transverse bands close together
in the marginal area. — mardina Stgr., from Mesopotamia, has the forewing darker, almost unicolorous, mardlna.
with two darker median bands below, which are especially distinct in the r^. — Larva dirty brown-grey, venter
yellowish, dorsally, especially on segments 3 and 8, there are lighter spots; warts black or blue black, only
now and again with short tufts of hair. Lives on almond-trees. Pupa densely covered with bro^^^l hair.

L. komarovi Christ. (21 a), from Armenia, has the forewing dark brown-grey vnth a slight yellow- komarovi.
ish tinge, without markings or with three thin indistinct dark transverse bands; the hindwing orange-
yellow with the uniformly black-brown costal and distal margins apparently interrupted by the slightly
lighter veins, with dark fringes. Abdomen orange-yellow, with dark transverse spots above. Head and thorax
brown .

II n

130 LYMANTRIA. By Dr. E. Strand.

oberthueri. L. oberthueri Lnic, from Tunis, has the forewing in the o I'gl^t grejish brown-yellow, with a narrow

dark transverse median band, partly separated into spots, and a similar sublimbal band really only consisting
of two transverse lines placed close together and divided by the Hghter longitudinal lines; discocellular black
narrowl}' edged -svith white on the outside; costal margin with small indistinct black spots. Hindwng orange-
yellow with black sublimbal band, which is broad anteriorly and thin and ]3ointed posteriorly. Fringes
yello-nash with very indistinct dark spots. 30 mm. The $ has the fore^ving grejash brown with lighter
veins and irregiilarly aiTanged light longitudinal and oblique smears. Hindwing pale reddish grey ^\ith the
marginal band broader than in the (J and not so sharply defined. 40 mm.

ohiuscata. L. obfuscata \Yalk. (22 f) has in the $ reduced wings, which are however better developed than

in L. incerta Walk. The ^ is greyish brown and resembles L. incerta, the postmedian double lines are
more regular, and the liindwing bears a dark central hmule at the apex of the cell, as well as a dark
marginal band. $ hght ochreous with darker discocellular vein. Larva light bro^vn, with short dorsal tufts
and long lateral brushes and with hght lines along the middle and at both sides. — Kashmir; also distri-
buted in India. Our figure is taken from the type in the British Museum.

obsoleta. L. obsoleta Walk, t^ brown with reddish abdomen. Forewing wiih dark dusting and indistinct ante-

median and postmedian lines in double halfmoon-shape; discocellular spot black, luniform, no spot in the
cell. Hindwing light blackish brown. Head pale rose-colour around the eyes and below, legs and abdomen the
same, the latter bearing a dark dorsal stripe. In the $ the abdomen, moreover, has black lateral
spots and a dark apex; hindwing reddish in the dorsal area. ^ 42, $ 72 mm. Described from North-
albohtnata. India. — albolunata Moore, from Kashmir, is more variegated with black on the forewing, and there are
vinacea. white lunules between the postmedian lines. — vinacea Moore is a $-form perhaps only occurring in South
India, which is wine-grey with indistinct browTi zigzag lines on tlie forewing, a dark discocellular and mar-
Mascara, ginal spots. Hindwing with a narrow brown marginal band. — bhascara Moore has the hindwing rose-colour,
with a broad brown marginal band, the forewing being light fawn, densely iiTorated with browii and bearing
sobrina. several transverse zigzag lines. Described from North India and Darjiling. — sobrina Moore (according to
SwiNHOE a separate species!) is distingiiished by the shai-ply marked transverse lines of the forewing; inner
iris, margin of hindwng rose-red. $ with yellowish abdomen. — The form iris form. nov. (20 f), from Central and
Southern China, a number of specimens of which from Seitz's collection from Hongkong are before me and
to which also the specimens figured belong, are larger in the 9; forewing brown like bark, slightly
iridescent bluish with very indistinct greyish markings, the brown gi-ound-colour only appearing as spots and in
bands more or less separated into spots; all the gi'ey parts are dusted with large browTi dispersed scales recognis-
able with the naked eye. The most distinct of the light markings is a double row of transversely placed
luniiles about 7 or 8 mm fi'om the margin, the lunules being convex proximally and their pointed horns being
directed marginad. In a lighter median area difficult to distinguish as such, which is about 5 mm broad
at the hind margin and almost 10 in the middle, and is separated from the double row of light lunules
just described by an almost linear shai-ply zigzag brown band, there is an irregular transverse roAV of 6 or 7 small
black spots, of which the one at vein 1 b appears as a longitudinal streak, the one at the discocellular as
a transverse bar. The brown antemedian area is chvided into wedge-shaped longitudinal streaks by the
lighter veins. In the basal half the light colour predominates, but with a large brown spot in the middle
and at the costal margin and one or two black longitudinal streaks in the middle. Underside grey-browii,
darkest in the marginal area and at the costal margin, with blackish triangular traiisverse discocellular
spot and an almost straight shadow-y light transverse band, partly separated into spots and about 9 mm from
the margin in the middle, slightly curved marginad in the hindmarginal area and therefore being here only
half as far distant from the margin as in the middle. Dark fringe-spots also visible below. Hindwing
light greyish brown, darkest above in the marginal area, but without discocellular spot, below with one, as
well as with brownish veins and co.stal and distal marginal areas; in the last a lighter transverse band,
which is not however the continuation of the same band on the forewing. Head and thorax brown like the
wings, between the eyes a lighter smear, collar red, coxae and base of femora red, legs brown with black
bands. End of abdomen brown, above and at the sides reddish (most strongly reddish beyond the centre),
and with a greyish median longitudinal stripe above, blackish below, segments partly red at the hindmar-
gins. Antennae black, shaft lighter in places. (J smaller, colour of wings as in the 2, but the median area
does not bear any black dots except three on the discocellular, which area sometimes confluent. Under-
side of both wings lighter, gi'ejish white, only brownish at the costal margin; tlie light transverse band of the
? is only indicated here by the dark hne bounding it at the inner edge; the fringes appear almost without
spots below\ Abdomen greyish, lightest below, without a reddish tinge, above with darker median longi-
tudinal stripe, laterally a row of deep black spots. Anal tuft gre\ish. — The moths are common in August
on tree-trunks, especially on those of older Cassias; the species is distributed over India and Cliina with
the exception of the North, and Formosa.

concolor. L. coticolor Walk. (20 f). ^ whitish yellow or light sulphur yellow, prominently spotted with black

also on the head and thorax. The black transverse lines of the forewing verj' irregular and more or less inter-

OCNERIA. By Dr. E. Strand. 131

rupted. Hindwing light greyish to blackish, ^\•itb. traces of a submarginal band or lighter spots. Abdomen
red, with no black spots or only indistinct ones above. cJ 56 mm. $ with whitish hindwing and yellow
abdomen; 88 mm. — superans Walk. Ground-colour of fore wing pure white, abdomen of rj above ^v^th distinct superan.<t.
black spots. ? with, whitish abdomen, smaller than true concolor (65 mm). — In carnecolor Moore both camecolor.
sexes are said to have a yellow abdomen and whitish hindwing with the indication of a sublimbal band;
markings of forewng narrower and less distinct than in true concolor. Himalayas. — micans Fekl. has white niicans.
ground-colour above on the wings and body, with slight yellowish tinge, on the anterior half of the abdomen
three or four, on the mesonotum one black round spot, but without the black longitudinal stripe on the
thorax of tnie concolor. Hind^ving with narrow grejdsh submarginal band and transverse stripe at the
costal margin. ? 70 mm. India, also in the Northern Himalayas.

L. lucescens Btitl. ^ is allied to L. ascetria Hbn., but larger, the spots in the basal area replaced lucescens.
by a single zigzag line ; the line wliich crosses the cell is almost twice as far from the two connected dis-
cal lines, and the latter are less incvirved towards the base ; hindwing light glossy grejash brown-yellow instead
of yellowish white, as well as without distinct submarginal wavy hne, but the mai-gin is broadly gi'ey.
Discocellular spots grey. Expanse 45 mm. — Japan.

L. marginata Walk, and pusilla Fldr., wliich latter is probably nothing but the $ of marginata, belong marginaia.
to the Eastern Himalayas and have not yet been recorded from our area*). But in Palearctic Kashmir
occurs the form nigra Moore (20 f). All these forms are recognisable by the broad black margin of the hind- nigra.
wing, which sometimes, when confluent with the dull greyish basal area, occupies the greater part of the
wing, nigra differs from pusilla in the brownish ground-colour of the forewing and the entirely black hind-
wing, the head and thorax are moreover spotted mth ochreous and the abdomen is ochreous with black
transverse lines, lateral spots and anal tuft. $, forewing with broad deep black confluent bands, with white
interspaces.

L. moesta Swinh. (J & $, palpi and antemiae browii; head, thorax and forewing dark grey; on the moesfa.
forewing two darker grey transverse lines, viz., one antemedian angled outwards above the centre and
crenate, the other discal parallel A\-ith the outer margin, not far distant from the latter and slightly dentate.
At the apex of the cell a gi'ey halfmoon-shaped spot. These markings all very indistinct. Abdomen and
hinch\ang lighter grey, suffused with reddish, withoiit markings. Underside uniformly light grey without mark-
ings. J 38, 9 43 mm. — Kashmir (Kangra), Kasaoli.

19. Genus: Ociieria Hbn.

Closely allied to the preceding genus, bat the antennae of the (^(J mostly rather longer, veins 4 and 5
of both wings and the distance between 2 and 3 comparatively shorter ; the wings of the ? more strongly rounded,
smaller or very little larger than those of the ^. The moths altogether smaller, the colouring more uniform
and the markings simpler. The larvae differ from those of Lymantria by the absence of the brightly coloured
knob-like warts. Ocneria is most strongly represented in Europe and especially the MediteiTanean region, while
Lymantria inhabits especially the Eastern and South-Eastern countries of the Palearctic Region, and is
also widely distributed in the tropics.

0. detrita Esp. (21 c). S sooty brown black, with black, regularly curved and outwardly finely dentate, post- deirita.
median transverse line and black discocellular bar. Abdomen with narrow black transverse bands. ? rather
smaller, sooty black-browTi, ^vith dark discocellular spot, but otherwise without markings. (J 34, $ 30 mm. Larva
on deciduous trees, blue-grey with white dorsal line, cup-shaped vermilion warts on segments 9 and 10,
and otherwise with grey, black and reddish yellow warts; head blue-black; it liibernates when half-grown
and pupates in May, the pupa being blackish grey with brown tufts of hair. — Here and there in North Ger-
many, Austria and North and Central Hungary, in the lowlands of the Bukovina and as far as Bulgaria,
Sarepta, also in South-Eastern France and the South-Eastern Taurus. At the boundaries of its area the
moth is often rare, otherwse locally very common; it is on the wing in June and July, and the larve prefers
low oak-bushes.

0. terebinthi Frr. (21 b). Light bluish ashy grey with white dusting, which is most distinct towards terebinihi.
the inner margin and base, also filling in the obsolete central lunule. Veins suffused -nith reddish grey.
Both transverse stripes rather indistinct, undulate line absent. Hindwing reddish gxey, unicolorous. Ab-
domen (9), palpi and femora ((J$) rose-red. $ 34, $ 29 mm. Larva according to some authors not different
from detrita. other observers claim to have found differences. Asia Minor, Balkan countries, Armenia. —
unicolor Stgr., from Mesopotamia, has the forewing almost unicolorous, without transverse lines. v.nlcolor.

*] L. heatrix, from .Java, also with broad black margin of the hiiulvviiig, is often considered synonymous with this
species, but I believe it to be a different species.

132 OCNERIA. By Dr. E. Strakd.

icrcbynihina. Q. terebytithina Stgr. (22 h), from Mardm in Mesopotamia, is closely allied to the preceding species,

but the forewing is narrower, more pointed at the apex, size smaller (^ 20 — 31 mm), forewing dark grey
with three conspiciunis white spots, the fringes very sharply chequered with light and dark. Hindwing whit-
ish grey. The palpi appear to be shorter and slenderer than in terebinthi.

raddei. 0. raddei Chr. (21 b), from Armenia, is white, with an orange-yellow anal tuft in the $; in both sexes

the forewing dotted with black, the dots forming an antemedian and a postmedian transverse row,
both being slightly curved, and each ending at the costal margin with a larger dot; proximally to the posterior
end of the outer transverse row there is an abbreviated similar row parallel with it. Fringes of forewing ^vith dark
spots, those of the hindwing without. 13 — 16 mm. Transcaucasia — Staudixgee has described a form from
vesialhia. Mardin in Mesopotamia as var. vestalina; this has the forewing almost imicolorous, without dots.

/lavipalpata. ®* flavipalpata Stgr. (21b). Closely allied to Ocn. raddei, but has the forewing distally much narrower,

of more uniform ^\idth, etc. Size 38 mm. Colour chalky white; forewing finely irrorated with blackish, with a
small black spot at the lower angle of the cell; on the underside dirty yellowish grey. Hindwing, especially
in the outer half, very slightly dusted with light gi'ey; beneath only the costal margin is naiTowly yellowish
grey. Palpi chrome-yellow, extending beyond the white frons. — Valley of the Jordan.

signatoria. 0. signatofia Chr. (21 b), from Transcaucasia and Turkestan, is light reddish gi'ey in the $, slightly

ochreous, ^\ith the indication of a band at the base and two obsolescent transverse stripes, the anterior
one of which is curved, the posterior one iindvilating and geminate; the discocellular spot forms a deep
black circular ring wliich is prolonged distad into a small streak; in the cell there is a small deep black
dot and below the cell in the basal half one or two similar ones. Fringes with the indication of darker spots.
o rather darker, more broMiiish than the $. Both sexes with the hindwing unicolorous or only very slightly
poenitens. darker distally. — A form from Palestine has been described as poenitens Stgr., which is smaller, lighter
yellowish gi'ey and with the markings still more indistinct, and which is perhaps better regarded as a distinct
species.

nibea. 0. rubea (Schiff.) F. (21 c). Reddish or yellowish grey with nan-ow dark submarginal line on both

wings, darker veins and white discocellular spot narrowly edged with black, j* with or without an antemedian
indistinct dark transverse line; the $ often Avith a fairly distinct darker marginal band, reddish on the fore-
wing and brownish yellow on the hindwing. Hindwing sometimes a little lighter than the forewing. In Germany
ruhrior. the species only occurs in the Rheingau, where it is represented by var. rubrior Fuchs, which is bright red
on both sides. Otherwise the species occurs in Spain, Southern France, Italy, Southern TjtoI, Moravia,
Lower Austria, Western Hungary, Transsylvania, Dalmatia, and North-Westem Africa. — Larva yellow,
slightly brown above, with two blackish stripes ; it hibernates, and lives until May on low oak Imshes hidden
in daytime. It changes into a light bro^vn pupa with yellow hair, the moth already emerging in barely a
fortnight.

ledereri. 0.(1) ledereri Mill. (22 h), from Sicily, is said to resemble Dasychira selenitica; antermae strongly

pectinate, wings with two, only slightly distinct, transverse bands and rather lighter fringes. About 33 mm.
According to STAuriNGER?e(7e»-erz is about of the same size and has on the whole the same colouring and mark-
ings of the wings as his Ocneria nova; the third transverse line is acutely angled inwards in its lower portion
(below median vein 1) as in Oc. nora. The antennae have long pectinations, about as in 0. terebinthi, the palpi
are shorter than in 0. nora, abdomeii slenderer than in terebinthi.

nora. 0. ( ?) nora Stgr. ^ : Forewing smoky bro-woi, sprinkled with yellowish grey scales and bearing three black

transverse lines and a narrow central lunule. The first transverse line is situated close beyond the base, the
second is very distinct and broad, at one-third the length of the wing, and the strongly dentate third 2mm
before the distal margin, being very acutely angled inwards in its inner portion and edged with light on
the outer side. Underside of forewing rusty brown with blackish costal margin, the median cell being
almost entirely filled in with black. Hindwing rusty brown, broadly irrorated with blackish costally almost
to the apex, this irroration being particularly distinct on the similarly coloured brown luiderside. 33 or 34 mm.
— Marash in the Taurus.

samarUa. Q. ( ?) saniatita Stgr. (21 c), from Palestine, has in the 9 ashy grey mngs with dark iiToration and

three black transverse lines ; discocellular spots narrow, obtusely angled, about half moon-shaped, light with
black edges; fringes dark with small white checks. Hindwing dirty clay-grey, densely irrorated with blackish,
with narrow black outer margin, and lighter indistinctly chequered fringes. Underside of both wings blackish
grej^ with a subnnxrginal lighter transverse line (forewing) or transverse band (hindwing).

OCNEROGYIA, ALBARRACINA, TOPOMESOIDES. By Di-. E. Strand. 133

0. ( 0 amabilis Chr. (21 d). The ^, from Askhabad, has light oUve-brown forewing slightly suffused amabilis.
with grey, with three blackish browTi transverse bands: one before the centre narrow, distinctly curved distad,
another nearly in the centre just as narrow but less curved, and a marginal band two or three times as broad.
Fringes like the forewing, indistinctly chequered with dark. Hindwing orange-yellow, with fringes of the
same colour, and deep black band slightly narrowed posteriorly, at the distal and costal margins. Beneath both
wings orange-yellow, forewing slightly lighter than hindwing, black at the costal margin as far as beyond the '
centre, and further distally with a black spot and a similar marginal band and spot in the middle of the cell ;
the underside of tlie hindwing similar to npperside.

20. Genus: <^cucrog;^'ia Stgr.

Unknown, to me ; the systematic position not recognisable with certainty from the inadequate descrip-
tion; it is even questionable whether Ocnerogr^/ia really belongs to this group (Inareolatae). It is compared
with Orgyia, but is said to be most closely related to Ocneriri. The antennae have a very slender shaft, and
much longer, slenderer and more widely separated pectinations than the species of Orgyia, and are moreover
longer than in the latter, being slightly more than half the length of the costal margin of the forewing. Tho-
rax and vertex appear to be clothed with long thin hair, also the frons. Palpi extremely small, lying on the
hairs of the forecoxae. — Only one species:

0. atnanda Stgr. from Mardin in Mesopotamia. Forewing uniformly dark brown-grey, hindwing ochreous amanda.
browii with brownish grey fringes. Thorax and vertex light browTi-grey, frons and abdomen ochreous
brown, discocellular spot indistinct. 31 mm.

21. Genus: Albarraeina Stgr.

This genus is also only known to me from Staudinger's description. Antenna of (^ long, bipectinate
and pointed, nearly as in Ocneria terebinthi, that of the $ with short pectinations, shorter than in terebinthi.
Thorax clothed \vith long hairy scales. Tegulae much raised. Thorax laterally clothed with long hair.
The hindtibia with two pairs of fairly long spurs. End of abdomen of $ with long hairs in wreath-shape.
Forewing more elongate than in most species of Bombyx, outer margin very convex, inner margin only slightly
shorter than costal one. Venation ,, rather different from that of the species of Bombyx (especially the
median cells are not nearly so short)". Only two species.

A, korbi Stgr. (21 d), from Albarracin in Eastern Central Spain, is light ashy grey ; fore wdng with blackish korbi.
irrorations, veins darker, distally a transverse row of 6 — 7 black spots and near the margin a row of black trans-
verse bars. Hindwing whitish dusted with grey ((J), or grey with white fringes (?). Underside of forewing uni-
formly black-grey, \vith sharp white costal margin and whitish spots before the outer margin, the fringes appearing
almost chequered with black wliite. (^ 30, 2 33 mm. — From Jaffa in S3Tia var. syriaci Stand f. (22h) has been syriaca.
described, which is of a lighter colour throughout: fringes more uniformly grey and all the markings of
the insect more obsolescent, hindwing and abdomen of the rj almost uniformly white; moreover, the fore-
wing is narrower %vith the margin less curved and with a dark stripe extending into the apex. ^ 29 — 30,
? 32 — 33 mm. — Baxg-Haas has described without naming it a 2-form of korbi from Tunis (in Iris XIX,
p. 130), which is distinguished by the strong black macular wavy line being absent or nearly so. 35 mm.
I suggest calling this form var. deundulata Strand. deundulata.

A. baui Stand/., from Palestine (according to Staudinger's Catalogue) or Syria (according to Stand- baui.
fuss) is slightly smaller than korbi (cJ 26 — 28, $ 28 — 31 mm), slenderer, antenna of ^ with shorter pectinations,
forewing broader than in syriaca and hghter above, the hindwing however darker, being grey, but with
snow-white and indistinctly chequered fringes. Forewing chalky white, veins with black scales, there
being also black shading in the cell and around it; in cells 2 and 3 deep black wedge-shaped spots, in cells
4 and 5 these are absent (in contradistinction to syriaca); costal margin with deep black oblique streak before
the apex. Underside of forewing dark grey, partly lighter at the margin, that of the hindwing of (J white,
with obsolescent discocellular spot, black shading at the dorsal margin and an irregular row of spots paxallel
with the outer margin; the hindwing of $ beneath light grey.

22. Genus: Topomesoides gen. nov.

Most closely allied to Topomesa Walk., but vein 8 and 9 both terminate at the costal margin, 10
originating closer to the cell than 7, the discocellular of the hindwing is more oblique (the cell anteriorly
considerably shorter than posteriorly) and veins 6 and 7 of the hindwing are separated at the base, 7 really
originatine from the anterior margin of the cell. — Type: T. (,,^raa") jonasi Btlr. (19 h, 3).

134 PERINA; PORTHESIA. By Dr. E. Strand.

jonasi. T. jonasi Bull. (1911), from Japan, is light sulphur-yellow on the forewing with large brown

discocellular spot lighter in the centre, and a reddish brown longitudinal costal marginal spot at the apex,
which at its inner end is prolonged into a sharp point posticad and inwards. Hindwing silky white, yellowish
distall}'. Body white, thorax yellowish, head and teeth of antennae orange. Palpi, tibiae and tarsi ochreous.
Wings beneath sulphur-yellow, forewing with ochreous costal margin and dull orange-coloured apex of the
costal area. 25 — 40 mm. — Plate 19 h 4, represents a very large ^ which according to observations by Prof.
Seitz flies at the same places as the small form of jonasi and seems to be a seasonal form; I name it
gigantea. gigatitea jorm. nov.

23. (Jdiiis: Perina Walk.

A small South- and Eastern-Asia.tic genus which stands rather isolated in some respects. The
(J (J have very tiny palpi and long narrow forewing with a very long oblique margin, veins 4 and 3 on a
short stalk, while 2.3 originates from the hind angle of the cell and 7 and 8 from towards the apex. On
the hindwing also 4 and 5 are stalked, while 6 is absent. In the $ the distal margin of the forewing is less oblique,
veins 4 and 5 originate from the ape.x of the cell and 6 is present.

nuda. P. nuda F. (21 d). ^ with orange-coloured head and legs, black antennae and greyish brown body,

abdomen with white transverse lines, anfil tuft orange, forewing hyaline v^dth the inner basal area clothed with
brown scales, hindwing dark brown with hyaline apical area. The $ light ochreous with orange anal tuft. — Lar-
va greyish green with short black dors<)l brushes and longer pencils at both ends of the body, as well as
gieyi.sh black lateral tufts; above a green longitudinal band with white line and led spots. Pupa greenish,
beneath spotted with reddish brown and black. ^J 38, $ 50 mm. China, Japan, India, Ceylon.

24. Genus: I*ortliesia Stefh.

This genus, distributed over the whole old A^orld, but not rich in species, is closely allied to Euproctis,
but easily distinguished from it by the absence of vein 5 in the hindwing.

similis. P. sitTiilis Fuessl. (21 i) is white, and very like Euproctis chrysorrhoea, but more pure silky white,

anal wool and hairs at the apex of the abdomen of the $ golden yellow. In Central and South Eastern

Europe, absent from the Southern Balkan Peninsula, but distributed in South Italy, Armenia, Altai, Amurland,

Corea, Japan and China. — Not rarely, especially in the (J sex, varieties occur with small dark spots on the

aurifliia. forewing: auriflua (F.) Hbn. has three spots at the inner angle, forming an oblique transverse row, and one spot

nyctea. in the basal area near the hindmargin; nyctea Gr.-Grsh. has only one spot at the inner angle as well as
irimaculatit. one in the basal area like auriflua; trimaculata ab. nov. is like nycten. but has another spot on the

quadri- oostal margin opposite the subbasal irmer marginal spot , while quadrimaculata ab. nov. has a fourth
maculaia. subapical spot. The two last-named forms are from Eastern Asia, where spotted specimens of this species
seem on the whole to be commoner than in Europe. — Larva black, with sparse black grey hairs,
a brick-red divided longitudinal dorsal stripe, white lateral stripes and black head, segment 1 black streaked
with yellow, the tubercles on segments 4 and 11 also black. The larvae disperse soon after emerging from the
eggs, which are covered with the anal wool of the $, hibernate singly and pupate at the beginning of June. Pupa
blackish bro^vn in a whitish cocoon. Moths from the end of June until August common everywhere in the
distribution-area, but not in such numbers as the very similar Euproctis chrysorrhoea, and. not noxious. The
moth comes to the light and when at rest folds the wings veiy steeply in roof -shape; when touched it feigns
death, lying on its side with the \iangs closed.

melania. P. tnelatiia Stgr. (22 h), from Mesopotamia, Kurdestan and North-Eastern Asia Minor, has white wings

with rather broad black band before the outer margin partly separated into spots, light ochreous brown an-
tennae and in the (J deep dark brown abdomen with brownish white anal tuft, in the $with ochreous brown
anal tuft. On the underside the costal margin of the forewing is slightly suffused with darker as far as
beyond the centre. Head, thorax and legs white, palpi blackish. Abdomen beneath white in both sexes,
suffused with dark above in the $, especially distally. ^ 25 — 30, $ 35 mm. — Sometimes (in the $ always ?)
melaniodes. the forewing bears a black irmer marginal spot (melaniodes ah. nov.).

rebeli. P. rebeli Haberh. is said to be very similar to Euproctis karghalica. At the apex of the cell there are

three black dots, the middle one of which is larger than the other two. Without marginal spots. 30 — -32 mm.
Larva 12 nun long, with black hair, at the head two long grey tufts of hair, on both sides a white stripe,
white rings on segments 1 and 2, a black hairy tuft on segment 3, from which a red stripe runs to the end-
segment, being divided by long black hairs. Legs reddish brown. Lives in May on Palarius austrialis near Slivno.

xatifhnr- p. xanthorrhoea Koll. (= subdita Moore) (23 a). ,^ white, slightly suffused with darker, hindwing

r K/ca. ^yitii a broad (especially costally) but not sharj)ly defined blackish marginal band ; anal tuft orange ; pectinations

EUPROCTIS. By Dr. E. Strand. 135

of antennae browTiish. $ without any darker suffusion. — flavonigra 3Ioore has hght ochreous forewing and flavonigra.
black hindwing, white at the base, fi'inges ochreous. — Larva black, head striped with white, segment 1 with
red band and long black brush, dorsally with yellow spots. Throughout India, also in the North (Kashmir). ^ 28,
$ 37 mm.

P. torasan Holl. (23 a), from Shirakawa in Japan, is {^) uniformly orange-red, hindwing above suffused torasan.
with a darker tint in the centre, forewing beneath with a small dark brown smear not far from the apex.
Expanse 22 mm. (According to Hampson i. 1. this species is not an Euproctis but a Porthesia.)

P, tsingtauica spec. nov. (23 c). One ^ from Tsingtau (Coll. Seitz). Forewing bright ochreous with feinfftawica.
three black submarginal spots, the two posterior ones of which are larger, more shai-ply defined and quite
as broad as long, distant from the margin by about their breadth, and indistinctly divided by a lighter
scaled vein, while the anterior one, which is about equally distant from the distal and costal margins, is
almost a mere dot. Between the two anterior ones of these spots and the discocellular there are black
scales, which sometines may perhaps form a distinct smear. In the centre of the basal area there are also
black scales, which are more dispersed. Hindwing light dark brown, lighter at the base and inner margin,
some veins with yellow scales at the apex, the fringes golden ochreous like those of the forewing. Under-
side of both wangs ochreous, but paler than the upperside of the forewng, apical half of forewing (but
not quite to the margin) slightly irrorated with brown. The entire body covered with ochreous hair,
very little or scarcely at all lighter beneath; pectinations of antenna brown. Eyes deep black. Expanse
18.5, length of forewing 9 mm. Length of body 8.5 mm.

25. Genus: Eiii)r«»ctis Hhn.

This genus is widely distributed in the Indian Region, and a good many species also occur in the
southern districts of the Palearctic Region, but in Europe only one is found. It also occurs in Africa and
Australia. Palpi obliquely porrect, projecting beyond the frons. The remains of the tongue often distinct,
middle tibia with one pair of spurs; hindtibia with two pairs. Antennae bipectinate in both sexes. $ with
large anal tuft. In the forewing veins 3, 4 and 5 originate near the angle of the cell, 6 from the upper
angle or shortly beyond it, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are stalked, 10 originating nearer the apex than 7. On the hind-
wing veins 3 and 4 are stalked or originate from the angle of the cell, 6 and 7 stalked, 5 much further from
6 than from 4. The larvae are moderately hairy, but the hairs sometimes urticate, causing inflammation. The
cocoon with which the hairs of the larva are intermixed is also very dangerous for the human skin, the urticat-
ing faculty remaining long after the moth has left the cocoon. The moths belong to the commonest species
of their countries almost everywhere; by day they rest either on trunks or boards, or on the underside of
leaves, from which they can be flushed by beating the branches. The moths are nearly all fairly unicolorous,
mostly yellow, more rarely white.

E. chrysorrhoea L. (= auriflua Esp.) (21 e). White, abdomen of S and anal tuft of 2 dark yellowish chrysor-
brown. Not rarely the forewing of the ^ bears black dots, vvliich are more numerous and form rows in ab. *■ "«"■
punctigera Teich; the name punctella (21 e) may be given to specimens bearing only a few isolated dots. In punctigera.
ab. nigrosignata Bandermmm the dots are confluent forming streaks, especially near the base of the ^f^"^^- nigrosUjnata.
wing, and are also found on the hindwing. In ab. flavescens Bebel the forewing is yellowash hvovrn anA jiavescens.
without markings. The abdomen of the S is sometimes much darker, and may even be quite black.
I name the latter form, which occurs for instance in the Bukovina, abdominata Strand. — In South and abdomhmta.
Central Europe, in Southern Scandinavia, Livland, Mauretania, Asia Minor, Armenia, Sarafshan district,
perhaps also Japan. — Larva black, with gi-eyish brown or reddish brown hairs, red spots dorsally or two
red dorsal lines, black tubercles on segments 4 and 11. Head brownish black. In the autumm it emerges from
the eggs, which are covered with the anal wool of the $, and hibernates when young in a common nest made
of leaves spun together. When the trees have lost their leaves in the autumn the nests remain, looking like dark
bunches of leaves on the bare branches. In order to prevent the larvae from becoming noxious, these
bunches must be cut out of the tree and burnt. Already at the end of March the yoimg larvae begin to leave
the nest at intervals, but return to it again in rainy or frosty weather. The full-growm larva, which slightly
resembles that of Porthesia similis, pupates at the end of May or beginning of June, and the moth appears
from the end of June until August; not rare anywhere, but only occurring in abundance in some years.

E. flava Bretn. (= subflava Brem.*) (21 e). Light ochreous, iorewing above from the middle /^nw.

*) This species wa.s erected in 1S61 by Bremer as Aroa flava: in 1864 he repeated the original description, giving
a (very bad!) figure, and changed the name to .subflava without giving any reason or referring to his former description.
But the rpason was doubtless that he believed the name flava to have been preoccupied. But this is not the case, if
Bombi/x flava F. is treated as unrecognisable, and the original name of Buemeh's species must therefore be remtroduced.
SwiNHOE, in his revision of the Lijmantriidae of the Old World (1903), 'has neglected to do so, although he particularly
mentions that the name flava F. cannot be employed.

136 EUPROCTIS. By Dr. E. Strand.

of the inner margin to the cell -n-ith an only slightly distinct obliqxie stripe formed of black specks, with-
out diseocellular spot. tS 30, $ 35 mm. The type-form has black spots at the apex of the forewing; this is
interna, not the case in intensa Bull, from Japan. In the latter the dark median band is moreover slightly more
distinct, and is'divided at or shortly before the centre into two narrow bands almost reaching the costal margin.
bipundi- Amur, Ussuri, Corea, China, Japan. — ab. bipunctigera Strand ab. nov. In o and $ there are in the costal
''^"" half of the marginal area of the forewing two black dots, usually mth a lighter edge, forming a trans-
verse row, two or three mm apart and only half as far from the margin; these spots, to judge from the speci-
mens before me, arc more or less distinct in most cases. Yokohama and Noith Cliina (Museum Berol.,
type from Yokohama).

stramiiiea. E. straminea Leech (23 a), from West and Central China, is light yellow, face whitish, palpi dark,

abdomen light gi'ey-brownish, anal tuft white variegated with orange (rj') or brown ($): Foremng light yel-
low, with a dark median band which is interrupted by the veins, forked before the median vein, not reaching
the costa; no apical or submarginal spots. Hindwing silky white. Underside white; forewing with an inter-
rupted dark subcostal stripe and a dark smear on vein 3. ^ 33 — 40, $ 42 — 48 mm. Allied to E. flava intensa Btlr.

niphonis. E. tiiphonis Butl. {= squamosa Butl., raddei Stgr.) (21e, f). ^ grejash smoke-colour, forewing above

densely coveied with black and yellow scales, costal margin broadty leather-yellow, hkewise the outer
margin, which is sparsely scaled ^vith black, diseocellular spot black. Hindwing smoky grey. Head and
collar ochreous, antenna blackish, thorax light leather yellow, abdomen browTiish. Underside of ^vnngs
bro-vvn, costal and distal margins partially leather-j'ellow. 36 — 37 mm. $ (21 e) ochreous; forewing above
leather-yellow with a broad reddish smear between the cell and the inner margin, not reaching the base, and
black diseocellular spot ; base white, with black subbasal spot. Hindwing with black diseocellular spot and
straw-coloured underside. 47 mm. Japan, Corea, China, Amur, Ussiu-i district. — Fixsen describes spe-
cimens from Corea which differ in being smaller (length of forewing 18 mm) and less woolly; body slenderer,
abdomen blacker, with golden yellow anal tuft; wings above dark black-browTi with the exception of the
margin and a broad pointed stripe along the costal margin, which are golden yellow; at the costal margin
not far from the apex the black spot is very sharpl}^ indicated, on the underside of the forewing the whole
coreana. area is black. This form has been named coreana by Staudinger and is perhaps a different species from niphonis.
Larva until Jime on Ostrya.

piperita. E. piperita Oberth. (21 e) resembles flava Brem.-. gi'ound-colour bright yellow, markings violet-brown,

with black dots, forming a broad transverse median band extending distad, not quite reaching the costal
margin and usually united to a large basal spot, so that only a small triangular spot remains j^ellow bet-
ween the two at the inner margin. Behind the curve of the median band there are two small dark spots close
above one another, while there is a tliird before the apex and a fourth close to the inner margin. Underside
pale yellow, suffused M'ith blackish in the middle. Hindwing pale yellow above and below. S 26, ? 35 mm.
In true 'piperita the median band is said to be like the head of a dog (,,a la forme d'une tete de chien")
and the basal spots are not mentioned in the original description, however the description is very poor. If the
basal spot is really absent in true piperita, the form described above would have to be kept separate as a good

snelleni. variety vuider the name of Snellen! Stgr. — Described from Amurland, is also said to occur in Japan, South and
West China.

pulverea. E. pulverea Leech (21 f), from. Japan and Corea, is similar to piperita, but is smaller and has no

dark markings apart from brown scales which are sparsely distributed from the base almost to the margin,
forming a kind of a mantle-shaped mark, whose outer margin bears a few silvery spots. Hindwing and under-
side of both wings leather-yellow without any markings.

conspersa. E. conspersa Butl. (21 f), from Japan (Yokohama), has the forewing ochreous, the basal two-thirds

being dusted with black scales, with the exception of a light angulate band close before the basal third; at
the distal edge of the black area there is also an indication of a lighter band; two black subapical spots.
Hindwing deeper ochreous than the forewing. Underside of forewing with white inner margin, the basal
three-quarters of the wing suffused with light brownish. 36 mm. According to Leech the ^ is sometimes deep
choka. chocolate-colour: ab. choka nom. nov.

staudingcri. E. staudingeri Leech (21 f), from Japan, is deep leather-coloured or bright ochreous; forewing with a

purple brown basal smear and an elbowed central band constricted in the middle and at the costal margin and
merging together with the basal smear at the hindmargin; diseocellular spot black, large and round. Hindwing
without spot. Head and thorax orange, abdomen velvet^' black, orange at both ends. Underside leather-yellow,
forewing darker in the centre.

Publ 32. xn. low. EUPROCTIS. By Dr. E. Strand. 137

E. latifascia Walk. {= antiqua Walk.) (21 f). Head, thorax and wings dull white, abdomen blackish laUfascia.
with orange-yellow anal wool and whitish base. Pectinations of antennae browTiish yelloAv. — postica Walk, postica.
has greyish brown abdomen with white anal tuft, while abdominalis Moore is said to differ from po-slica by the ahdomina-
longer and narrower wings. In ab. basiatra ab. nov. the base of the costa of the I'orewing is black and there ''*•.
is a black smear at the inner angle. ^ 32, $ 48 mm. Kashmir; also distributed in the Indian region.

E. flavinata Walk. (23 a), from China, also distributed in India, has in the cJ orange-yellow head, jlavinaiu.
thorax and forewing, the latter with deeper orange spot at the apex of the cell and indistinct ante- and
postmedian transverse hnes, which diverge towards the costal margin and are scaled with black in the inter-
vening area. The markings are often very obsolescent. Abdomen and hindwing lighter, $ with brown anal
tuft.

E. sulphurescens Moore (21 li). from Kashmir, also distributed elsewhere in India. ^ ochreous wliite sidrhurcs-
with black abdomen and orange anal wool, forewing with the indication of a median band towards the inner '''"''•
margin, hindwing lighter. $ with ochreous abdomen.

E. montis Leech (23 a). ^J: Forewing yellow, a band consisting of sparse black dusting from the middle inmitl<i.
of the wing to the inner margin. Hindwing white suffused with yellow, with a silky gloss. Head and thorax
orange. Abdomen black with the exception of the first and last segments, which are orange. Underside
silky white. Abdomen and legs yellowish. West and Central China; the type-specimen came from Chang- Yang.

E. lunata Walk. (21 g). ^ light ochreous, with large black discocellular spot. $ whitish ochreous, ^^^th humtu.
ochreous brown anal tuft, cj 34, $ 38 mm. — Larva brown with long tufts of hair anteriorly, posteriorly and late-
rally, and \^'ith square white dorsal spots on the thoracical segments and on segments 5 and foUowang. — Kash-
mir, also elsewhere in India, especially in the North- Western Himalayas.

E. cervina Moore (23 a). In the $ head, thorax and forewing brownish yellow, the latter with median cervini.
light lines elbowed outwards on the discocellular, and postmedian regularly curved hnes. Fringes of both wings
yellow, hindwing and abdomen brownish, q : head yellow; thorax, abdomen and wings ochreous white, slightly
suffused with brown; forewing witliout light lines, margin of wings yellow. The species was first described from
Ceylon. — In the Palearctic region a variety occurs which in the t^ has darker wings witli less prominent
light lines, the hindwing also being darker (kashmirica form. nov.). kashmirici.

E. vitellina Koll. (= gamma Walk., princeps Walk.) (23 a), from Kashmir. 3' light ochreous, forewing vitellhi'i.
with a dark median band with a light edge, forked at the hinder angle of the cell and not reaching the costa, and
with one or two submarginal black spots towards the apex ; hindwing lighter. $ with ochreous anal tult. In the
form comparata Walk, the black submarginal spots are absent. — • Larva black with white dorsal and lateral roDiiiamir.
spots and on each segment a small rusty red hump bearing white hairs.

E. plana Walk. (= discinota Moore) (21 g). ^ reddish yellow, forewing light orange-yellow, usually j'lona.
slightly dusted with black, a rusty red band from near the base of the costa to the middle' of the median
vein and from there straight to the inner margin ; a postmedian band excurved at the cell and a black cUscocel-
lular spot; hindwing lighter. $ with obsolescent bands. (^ 44 to 54, 9 60 to 72 mm. — Larva dark brown
with deep red lateral warts with white hairs, the anterior dorsal warts with white hairs and the posterior
ones with silky brown ones.

E. icilia Stoll (22 g). Like plana, but the whole basal area of the forewing purple-browm, and often icilia.
merging together with the postmedian band beyond the cell. (J 38 to 48, $ 54 mm. — ■ Larva purple-brown
with short gi'ey hair-brushes, reddish lines and light-spotted dorsal ^warts. India, also the North- Western
Himalayas.

E. albodentata Moore. Body brownish white, forewing ohve-brown, veins and margins lighter; fore- ulhudeniaia.
\ving with a postmedian and also an antemedian elbowed^ight hne, the two converging towards the inner margin,
and with triangular white marginal spots. Hindwing Ught ochreous brown, with whitish apical area. ^ 45 mm.
Kashmir, Burma.

E. bipunctapex Hainps. (21 h). Reddish bro^vn, a triangular apical area enclosing two sharply defined hipunda-
round spots, the costal margin, a rounded triangular inner angular area on the forewing and a broad mar- P"'"-
ginal band on the hindwing yellow; a brown discocellular spot is sometimes visible. China, Kashmir, also
on Indian territory.

E. variana Walk. (= pusilla Moore) (23 b). Distinguished from flavinata by the smaller size, more vnriana.
prominent light lines of the forewing and the absence of black dusting between them. The orange cell-spot
mostly absent. 9 hghter and without markings. In North-India and China, also on Formosa.

E. argentata Leech (23 b), from Japan, has orange forewing, the basal three-fourths dusted with (irymtaia.
II -18

138 EUPROCTIS. By Dr. E. Strand.

b^o^vn, distally with an irregular row of brown spots bearing silvery scales; this row is interrupted between
rows 5 and 6 and does not extend beyond 7. Hindwing ochreous white. 24 mm.

Susanna. E. susanna Slgr. (21 i), from Palestine and Arabia, is pale ochreous, forewing with two curved

orange transverse lines, between which there are large black scales irregularly distributed and before the outer
margin there is a transverse row of such black scales ; the inner one of the two transverse lines is placed at one-
fourth the length of the wing, is slightly excurved and somewhat obsolescent in the middle, the outer
one. slightly curved like the figure 6 is at two-thirds. Hindwing unicolorous, in the ^ brighter ochreous
than in the $, and the same is the case on the underside, which is without markings. 18 to 35 (usually 22
to 26) mm.

charman- E. charmatitititi Vuill. (21 i). Forewing and all fringes golden yellow; hindwing yellowish brown,

''"''• sometimes with a slight lead-coloured tinge. Beneath, both wings are yellowish black with yellow margin.
Body and legs likewise yellow. 24 mm. Southern Algeria; one (^ caught in June by Dr. Seitz in Egy])t ;
in this specimen the hindwing appears rather lighter than the forewing, especially on the upper side, in-
stead of the other way about (see the figure in Nov. Lepid. pi. II, fig. 2), but notliing is to be seen of dark
transverse bands in the abdomen which are visible in the figure, but not mentioned in the text.

karghalica. E. karghallca Moore (= flavosulphurea Gr.-Grsh.) (21 i). Forewing white with a yellowish tinge and

greyish white scales. Discocellular spot large, ochreous, ring-shaped, a row of small sublimbal spots of the
same colour, which is usually broadly interrupted in the centre. Hindwing white. Abdomen of <J golden
yellow, of $ grey with black rings and golden yellow anal wool. Underside white, costa fo forewing dark
brown in ^. Central-Asia, Amur.

(itomarla. E. atomarla Walk. (= apicalis Walk.) (21 h) is distinguished from bipunctapex by the deeper reddish

brown colour, narrower yellow band on the forewing, and the hindwing only having a yellow marginal fine,
instead of a band. (^ 28 to 30, 9 38 mm. Larva olive-green, with sparse fine hairs, reddish dorsal band and
black warts on segments 4, 5 and 11. Distributed from Kashmir over the whole of anterior India to Ceylon.

laden. E. lactea Moore, from Eastern Turkestan, is uniformly white with a yellowish tinge. Abdomen

with yellow apex. Underside paler, costal margin of forewing and palpi ochreous brown. Antennae light ochreous
brown with white shaft. Foretibiae with ochreous brown tuft of hair. 32 mm.

himaculata. E. bimaculata Walk. (21 h). White, with very large angulate black rounded discocellular spot, $ with

lutescens. golden orange anal tuft. ^ 38, $ 50 mm, but varies not a little, ab. lutescens Walk, has the head, thorax and

bigutla. forewing slightly ochreous; bigutta Walk, is slightly smaller than true bimaculata with smaller discocellular

spot. West and Eastern China (Shanghai); also widely distributed in India and, if celsa Walk, is not a different

species, also in the Philippines.

digramnia. E. dlgramiTiaGwer. (21 h). Light orange-yellow, abdomen suffused with a darker tone, anal wool orange;

forewing with ante- and postmedian elbowed light transverse lines, the interspace dusted with dark, especially

Knimaciihi. towards the inner margin; two subapical sharply marked black spots. Hindwing lighter. unimacula Moore
has only one subapical spot on the forewing, and the abdomen is slightly more brownish. — ^^'idely distri-
buted and common in China and India; also known from Java.

inconspi- E. iiiconspicua Leech (23 b), $, from West China, is ochreous; anal wool golden brown, discocellular

"""' spot obsolescent , an obsolescent transverse stripe of golden brown scales from the middle of the inner margin to
the median vein. Hindwing white with ochreous hairs at the inner margin. Underside dull white without mark-
ings. 9 46 mm.

unipuncta. E. utiiputicta Leech (23 b), from West China, has light yellow forewing with indications of a darker

median band, which are only distinct towards the inner margin, and with a subapical dark spot. LTnder-
side white, also the entire hindwing. Abdomen suffused with dark ; anal tuft of $ dark, of ^ orange. (^ 30 to
33, 9 44 to 46 mm.

endoplagia. E. endoplagia Hamps. (23 b). Forewing light ochreous with an obsolescent dark smear in the inner

marginal area shortly beyond the centre. Hindwing lighter. (J 23 mm, 9 29 mm. In the 9 the dark spot is only
slightly indicated. West and Central China.

Tpaujxrata. E. pauperata Leech. ^•. Forewing pale leather-yellow with a dark smear in the inner marginal area

before the centre. Hindwing hghter. Underside as above, but with blackened costal area of forewing. 9
diaphanous dull white, forewing suffused with ochreous gi"ey. (J 31 to 35 mm, 9 40 to 44 mm. West China.

rccuri'dia. E. recurvata Letch (23 c). Forewing yellow, basal area darker bounded by a lighter elbowed hne;

beyond the centre of the wing there is a dark recurved transverse band, ^hich is interrupted by the veins
and bounded by a light hne on the inner side. Hindwing lighter. Underside light ochreous. 26 to 32 mm.
North and Central China.

Alphabetical List. 139

E. seitzi spec. nov. (21 g). (^ : Forewing light ochreous, middle of the costal area whit isli ; from the middle seiizi.
of the hind margin (4 mm from the base) there runs to the centre of the wing (6 mm from the base) a trans-
verse white band which is so densely irrorated with brown that only a white edge remains on each side
about one-fifth the width of the whole band; these two white edges are connected with one another in the
.middle by an equally narrow white longitudinal streak, and there remain small white interspaces between
the brown dots; these two white edges of the band are prolonged forwards vertically to the costa and merge
together with the white costal area. The brown band is more distinct at the hindmargin. Fringes unicolorous,
scarcely lighter than the surface of the wing. Hindwing above and below greyish white, suffused with ochreous,
fringes ochreous. Forewing below posteriorly like the hindwing, eostally slightly irrorated with brownish,
in the basal third of the costal margin bro^\^^.. Head and thorax like the fore^ving above; antennae white
with brown pectinations; eyes dark grey with black spots. The hindlegs with white hairs and scales, the
forelegs yellowish, especially at the base. Abdomen below white, laterally yellowish white, above black or greyish
black. Anal tuft pale ochreous. Expanse 27, length of wing 13. 5, of body 12 mm. — China: Hongkong,
28. VIII. 1891. (Coll. Heitz). Allied to E. recurvata Leech.

E. scintillans Walk. (21 h). Forewing reddish brown suffused with mauve, and with indications of black- scintillans.
ish smears; costal and distal margins sulphur-yellow, this colour not reaching the base eostally, at the
outer margin the yellow band is three times incurved on the inner side and bears silvery spots at this margin.
Hindwing yellow. Head and collar orange. Pectinations of antennae brownish yellow, likewise the abdomen,
while the thorax is brown. Underside light yellow, forewing with darker subcostal stripe. Anal tuft orange.
(J 20 to 26, $ 32 to 38 mm. subnotata Walk. (= justiciae Moore) has the yellow marginal band di\ided into svhnotata.
three spots, limbata Butlr. is larger than the main form and has the wings coloured like subnotata, but the Hmbala.
yellow costal margin is present, the hindwing light violet brown, with light yellow marginal band, irrorata irrorata.
Moore has two or three narrow light yellow transverse bands in the basal half of the wing*), the bro%vn colour
of the forewing darker. — Larva dark brown with red lateral warts, segment 3 with yellow band, segments
4, 5 and 11 with short brown brushes of hair, segments 5 to 10 with broad yellow dorsal stripe, anal segment
with yellow spot. The larva is said to vary greatly, so that some of the forms mentioned above may really be
distinct species. — Distributed from Kashmir over the whole of India to Ceylon.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic Lymantriidae with references to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is figured at the place quoted.
abdoniinalis Eui)r. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond. 1888, p. 398. \ auripps Iv. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p^ 402

abdoininata Eupr. Strand, Seitz, Maorolep. 2, p. 135.

abietls Das. Schiff. W. Verz., p. 55.

aboleta Lyni. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 295. *

acronyeta Das. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 5, p. 35. •

alba Arct. Brent. Lep. Ost-Sibir., p. 41. *

albodentata Da.s. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir., p. 102. *

albodentata Eupr. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 401.

albofasria Num. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. U29. *

albolunata Lyni. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 403.

alsirica Org. Luc. Explor. Alg., p. 376. *

alpherakii Dasorg. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Eiit. Ross. 25, p. 404. bipiinctapex p:upr. Hamps. 111. Het. Brit. Mus. 8, p. 57. -

ainabilis Ocn. ChrUt. Rom. M6m. l^p. 3, p. 60. * , bipuncfigcra Eupr. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 135.

amanda Ocneiog. Stijr. Iris 4, p. 254. i bordigalensis Lym. Mab. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. 9.

ampla Ocnerog. .S7(/»-. Iris 4, p. 254. I bukoviua Org. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 117.

ainpla Pant. Walk'. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 820 ,

anceps Org. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 9, p. 37. * I Candida Lael. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 121.

angehis Da-s. Tschetp. Rev. Russe Ent. 4. p. 77. Candida Stilp. Stgr. Rom. Mt^m. L^p. 6, p. 308.

angulitera Lyni. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 24. p. 35. carnecolor Lym. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 399.

antiqua Org. L. Svst. Nat. (X), p. 503. catocaloides Das. Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 126

antlqiioides Org. Him. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. * I caucasica Hypog. Heyl. Conipt. Rend. Soc. Belg. 1887, p. 88

aurolimbata Org. Guen. Ann. Soc. Fr. 1835, p. 635.
aurora Lym. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 403.

basiatra Eupr. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 136.
basivitta Das. Walk. Cat. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 436.
bani A\\>. Standfs. Iris 2, p. 266.
bhascara Lym. Moore. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, p. 345.
bicolor Pant. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 787.
bigutta Eupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 837.
binuu'ulata Eupr. Walk., Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 836.

approximans Org. Bidl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 10.

argentata Das. Bnil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 12.

argentata Eupr. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 139

argentea Him. Walk. Cat. Het. Br. Mus. 4, p. 827.

atlantica Lym. Rambr., Favm. And. *

atoniaria Eupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Br. Mus. 4, p. 796.

atra Lym. Linstoic, Entom. Zeitschr. 21, p. 96 — 103

ccPTina Eupr. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 345.
charnietanti Eupr. Vuill. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1890, p. 204.
chinensis Das. Sivinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 468.
choka Eupr. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 136.
chrysorrhoea Eupr. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 502.
cinnanioniea Aroa Moore, Lep. Coll. Atkins., p. 44.
coenosa Lael. Hbn. Smlg. Eirr. Schmett. *

aurantiaca Aroa Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 296. colon Lael. Hamps. 111. Het. Brit. Mus. 8, p. 56. *
auriflua Forth. P. Mant. p. 125. comparata Eupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p. 315.

*) These bands are not mentioned in the description and are not alike on the two wings. HampSON does not quote
this figure in Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths I. p. 483. If these bands should prove to be owing to a mistake on the part of
the artist, irrorata wovild be a mere synonym.

140

Alphabetical List.

coiiiplicata Das. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p. 3ti2.

(MHifolor Das. Stgr. Cat. Kur. Ix>|). (I), ]>■ 20.

coiifolor I,ym. \\<ilk. Cat. llet. Biit. .Mus. 1, p. 870.

roiit'iiiis Oi<r. Ur.arsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 25, p. itilJ.

coiifiisa Cir. liretn. Lep. 0.st-.Sil)ir., p. 42. *

coiisptTsa l>;u|ji-. Bull. Cist. J''ntoin. 3, p. 117.

ooreana I'^iipp. Stt/r. Rom. .Morn. L>^p. (>, p. 311.

Corsica ()i«. lidr. Icon. II, p. 142. *

costalis l.yni. Waik. Cat. H.-t. Brit. .Mus. 32, p. 3<w.

crctacca .Siil|>ii. St(jr.-Iibl. Cat. Pal. U'p., p. 117.

cVRiia .Stilpn. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. KH.

(lalberffiac Das. Moore, I'roc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 3U'J.
(Icpuiicia Arct. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, \y. 123.
(Icstitiita L^^u. Stijr. Iri.s 4, p. 25(i.
(Ictcrsa Lym. Walk. Cat. llet. Brit. Mus. 32. p. 3t).5.
iloti'ita Ocn Esp. Sclinictt. Eur., Abbild. *
(icuiidiilala .VU). Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 133.
(lit:raninia iMipr. Oner. Regn. Anini. Ins., p. 508. *
dilulior Ort;. Schiiltz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 24, [). 35.
disjuncta Lad. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p. 366.
(lispar Lym. L. Syst. Xat. (X), p. 501.
disparilis Xum. .s7;/c. Rom. ilem. L(^p. 3, p. 200. *
(li>parina Lym. Miill. Faim. Sil. 3, p. 2. *
(liihia Oig. Taiisch. M(§m. Soc. Mosc. 1806. *

ciiduplasia Kupr. Uainps. Journ. As. Soc. Bomli. 11, ji. 2i>5.

crclMis Lym. Th.-Mieg, \je Natural. 8, p. 237.

crcniita Lym. O. Schi'nett. Eur. 3, p. 194.

cricae Org. Germ. Fauna I. E. 8. *

ctriisca Org. Verily, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1905, p. 59.

ciirydicc Cif. riutl. Cist. Ent. 3, p. 118.

oiirygoilin Pant. Driiee, Ann. .Mag. Xat. HLst. (7) 3, p. 170.

cxelainatlonis Lacl. Koll. Uiig. Kaschmir, 4, \i. 469.

fascelina Diis. L. Syst. Xat. (X), p. 503.

fasciata Lym. Rhl., Bergo"s Schniett.-Buch. p. 118.

Vlava L'upr. Breni. Bull. Acad. Pet. 3, p. 479.

flavesceiis Eupr. Bhl. Berge's Schmott.-Buch, |i. 116.

flavlcollis Aroa Leech. Entomol. 23, p. 111.

flaviiiiaciila Da.s. Moore, Proc. Zool. ,Soc. Lond. 1863. ]>. SOL

flavlnala Eupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p. 331.

flavipalpata Ocn. Star. Iris 8, p. 296. *

llavoabdiiiiiinalis Lym. Schultz, Ent. Zschr. Stuttg. 24, p. 36.

flovoliinl)a(a Org. Slgr. Stett. Zg. 1881, p. 404.

Ilavonicra Porth. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. I^ond. 1879, \k loo. *

flavosulphurea Stilp. Ersch. Hor. Ent. Ross. S, p. 316.

tortiinata Da-s. liofih. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1891, p. 566.

fuMiida Lym. Hutl. Ann. JSIag. Xat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 403.

fusca L\ ni. Leeeh, Proc Zool. Soc. Ixmd. 1888, p. 629. *

fusifonnis Das. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 5, p. 1070.

gigantea Lael. Biitl. Cist. Entom. 3, p. 117.
gigantea Toponi. Strand, Seitz. Macrolep. 2, p. 133.
gonostigiiia F. Sy.st. Ent., p. 585.
grisescens Lym. Stgr. Rom. :Mem. L6p. 3, p. 209. *
grotei Das. Moore, Lep. Mils. E. I. C, p. 338.
eruml Da-s. Sfgr.-Rbl., Cat. Pal. Lep., p. 115.
guadarraiuensU Org. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (2), p. 65.

heterogyna La«l. Hamps. Faun. In<l. Moths 1, p. 443.

icilia Eupr. Stoll, Pap. Exot. Suppl., p. 158. »

iiu'onspicua Eupr. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899. ]). 133.

indicia \'arm. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 5, p. 1039.

ilircnialis Org. Rhl. Berge's Schniett.-Buch, p. 114.

iiisigiiata Lym. Schulh, Ent. Zschr. Stuttg. 24, p. 35.

iiitiMisa Eujn'. Bull. Ann. Majg. X'at. Hist. (4) 20, )), 402.

iiitcrnu'dia Org. Friv. Jell. 1866. *

intcrriipta Oig. Gr.-Grsh. Rom. M^m. L(5p. 4, p. 555.

iris Lym. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 130. *

irrorata Eupr. Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 2, p. 87. *

isolatclla Org. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 119. *

janUowskii Cif. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 10, p. 13. *
japoniliia Lael. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 122. *
japonica Lym. Motsch. fit. Entoni. 9, p. 31.
jcinasi 'I'opom. Butt. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 402.
.josephina Org. Aicst. Le X^atural. 1880, p. 212.
jiidaea Org. Stgr.-Iibl. Cat. Pal. Lep., p. 114.
juirlaudis Das. Hhn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. *
jiiiiclitera Aroa Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p. 334.
juvciiis Lael. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 5, p. 1099.

kangrana Dasych. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 115.
karghalica Eupr. Moore. Ann. Mag. X'at. Hist. (5) 1, p. 231.
kashinirica Ku|)r. Strand. Seitz, Macrolep. 2. p. 137.
konianivi Lym. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 109.
korbi Alb. .s/r/r. Stett. Zg. 1883, p. 179.

lactea Eupr. Moore. Aim. .Mag. Xat. Hist. 1878. p. 231.
ladakpiisis Lacb. Moore. Proc Zool. Soc. Ixind. 1888, p. 398.
lanct'olata Das. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 5, p. 1075.
lapldicola Lym. ll.-Schajj., Schmett. Eur. Syst. 6, p. 52. *
laricis Das. Schille. Soc Ent. 14, p. 403.
latlfasoia Eupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 831.
ledereri Ocn. .1/(7/. Icon. 2, p. 451.
leechi Org. Kirby. Cat. lleteroc, p. 495.
Ipuooides Aroa Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 121.
lihaiiicola Lym. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 161.
Ii?iiiflca Das. \]'alk. Entomol. 5, p. 125.
limbata Eupr. Butt. 111. Het. Brit. >Ius. 5, p. 53. *
liiubifera Pant. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 125.
liinbuarealis Lvni. Strand. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 125.
lineata Das. Walk. Cat. Het. B. Mus. 4, p. 875.
litiira Lael. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. JMus. 4, p. 797.
l-nigniin Arct. Miill. Faun. Ins. Friedr., p. 10.
lodiples Cif. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 5, p. 1173,
lucescens Lym. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881. p. 11.
Iiinata Eupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 837.
luiialata Das. Butt. Ann. Jlag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 403.
Iiitea Lvm. Aiiel, Zeitschr. f. w. Ins. Biol. 5, p. 159.
lutesceris Eupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 837.

major Lym. Fiichs, .lahrb. Nass. Ver. Xat. 52, p. 132.

inardina Lym. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 337.

inarginata Lym. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Jtus. 4, p. 877.

matlliira Lym. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Ixnid. 1865, p. 805.

luedieaginis Das. Hbn. Smlg. eur. Schmett. *

inediobseura Das. Schaltz, Entom. Zschr. Stuttg. 24, p. 35.

inelania Porth. Stgr. his 4, p. 255.

luelaniodcs Porth. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 134.

inendosa Das. Ubn. Zutr. 11, P- 19- *

luloans Lym. Feld. Reise Nov. pi. 99, fig. 2. *

modesta Das. Kirby, Cat. Heteroc, p. 483.

modesta Org. Heyne, Soc. Ent. 14, p. 98.

iiioesfa Lym. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 484.

iiionaeha Lym. L. Syst. >fat. (X), p. 501.

iiiontis Eupr. Leech, Entomol. 23, p. 111.

niorio Hypog. L. Syst. X'at. (XII), p. 828.

iiatiyi Hypog. Aign. Rov. Lap. 13, p. 69.

nigra Lym. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 399.

nigra Lym. Frr., X''eu. Beytr. 2, p. 5. *

nigripennata Stilp. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 338.

nigritula Das. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p. 360.

nigrociliata Stilp. Fuchs, Jahrb. X'^ass. Ver. 66, p. 71.

nigrolimbata Pant. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. lx>nd. 1899, p. 121.

nigrosignata Eupr. Bandermann, Ent. Zeitschr. 20, p. 97.

niphonis Eupr. Bull Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 9.

nivalis Das. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 97.

nora Ocn. Stgr. Iris 13, p. 112.

nuda Per. F. Mant. 2, p. 117.

nyctea Perth. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 25, p. 464.

oberthiiri Lvm. I). Luc. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 75. *

obtuscata Lym. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p. 367.

obliterella Org. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 119.

obscura Das. Zett. Ins. Lappon., p. 927.

obscurata Das. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 337.

obsoleta Lym. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 880.

obsoleta Lym. Schultz. But. Zeitschr. Stiittg. 24, p. 36.

ochroliinbata Org. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1881, p. 405.

ochropoda Stilf). Erersm. Bull. Mosc. 3, 1847, p. 76. *

olga Das. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 5, p. 34. *

orientalis Org. Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Pal. Lep., p. 114.

pamirica Dasorg. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 120.
panlacroixii Org. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 1, p. 41. *
pauoipuncta Lael. Strand, Seitz. Macrolep. 2, p. 122. *
paupprata Eupr. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 138
phoenissa Lvm. Rogh. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1891, SB.

p. 8.5".
piperita Eupr. Oberth. fit. d'Ent.'. 5, p. 35.
plana Aroa Walk. Cat. Het. BritT Mus. 4, p. 786.
plana Eupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 7, p. 1731.
pluto Pant. Leech, Entomol. 23, p. 111.
poenitens Ocn. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 162.

Alphabetical List.

141

. (iL>:i. "

,. y7.

I). 329.

piistioa Rupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. I\[u.s. 32, p. 348.
postica Org. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. INhis. 4, p. 803.
piisca Org. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 95.
proletaria Das. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 112.
psciulabiefis Das. Bull. Cist. Eutom. 3, p. 118.
piidihunda Das. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 503.
piilvcrca Kupr. Leech, Proo. Zool. Hoc. Ijoml. 1888, p
puiiiila Das. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1881, i). 405.
puiictclla Eupr. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 135.
piiiictiircra Eupr. Teich, Corr. Nat. Ver. Riga, 41, i
piisllhi Eym. Fldr., Eeise Novara .*
pyrrhoohroina Aroa Walk. Cat. Ilet. Brit. Mus. 32,

qiiadriinaeulata Forth. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 134.

laddci Eupr. Stgr., Horn. M^m. lAp. 3, p. 207. *

laddt'i Ocn. Christ. Rom. yUm. L^p. 2, p. 10. *

raiiihiiri Org. Mah. Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. 1800, p. 557. *

rclicli l'(irth. Haberh. Soe. Entoni. 17, p. 82.

rt'furvata Eupr. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 138.

riibea Ocn. F. Mant., p. 117.

nibieiinda Stilp. Strand, Schr. Nat. Ges. Danzig, N. P. 10,

p. 285.
nibrior Ocn. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 53, p. 45
riipestris Org. Ramhr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1832, p. 275. *

salicis Stilp. L. Sy.st. Nat. (X), ]). .501.

sainarita Ocn. Stgr. Iri-s 8, p. 294. *

san^aioa Lael. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. HLst. (4) 20, p. 92.

sartiis Stilp. Ersch. Fedtsch. Rei.s., p. 36. *

scintillans Eupr. Walk. Cat. Ilet. Brit. Mus. 7, p. 1734.

securis Das. Hhn. Zutr. 2, p. 19.

seitzi Eupr. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 138. *

seleniaca Org. Fisch.-Wald. Entoni. Ross. 2, p. 249. *

selenitioa Das. Esp. Schniett. Eur., Abbild. *

selenophora Das. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 90.

semenovi Das. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 25, p. 464.

seiuiobscura Lyni. Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 8, p. 237.

separata Num. Leech, Entomolog. 23, p. 111.

sericea Carag. Moore, Lep. Coll. Atkim., p. 45.

sicula Org. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 95.

tiignatoria Ocn. Christ. Iris 6, p. 88,

siniilis Forth. Fuessl. Verzeichn., p. 35.

simplex Pant. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. l^nd. 1899, )). 122.

sinensis Lael. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 829.

sinica Lym. Moore, Froc. Zool. Soc. I^ond. 1879, p. 403.

sinica Pant. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 92.

Snellen! Eupr. Stgr. Rom. M(5m. L(5p. 3, p. 207.

sobriua Lym. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 402. *

sohesti Stilp. Capr. Compt. Rend. Soc. E. Belg. 21, p. 200.

solitaria Das. Sigr. Rom. M(5m. L(5p. 3, p. 202. *

splendida Org. Ramhr. Faun. Andal. *

staudingeri Eupr. Leech, Froc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1888, p. 624. *

straniinea Eupr. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1899, p. 135.
strigipennis Pida Moore, Lep. Coll. Atkins., p. 53.
superans Lym. Walk., Cat. Het. Brit. INtus. 4, p. 402. *
siibflava Eupr. Hrem. Lep. Ost-Sibir., p. 41. *
subl'usca Lym. Schidtz, Entom. Zeitschr. Stiittg. 24, p. 36.
subnnii'ginulis Lvm. Schidtz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 24, p. 36.
siibnotata Eupr.' Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p. 502.
substriffosa Aroa Walk., Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 497.
sulphiirescens Eupr. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888,

1). 399.
Susanna Eupr. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 258. *
syriaca Alb. Standfs. Iris 2, p. 266.

tenebrosa Das. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p. 301.
terebinth! Ocn. Frr. Bej'tr. 3, p. 110. *
terebvnthina Ocn. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 259.
testacea Lael. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 3. p. (583.
thyellina Org. Butt. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 10.
torasan Eupr. Holl. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16, p. 73.
transcaspica Org. Krulik. Soc. Entom. 21, p. 50.
transicns Org. Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Pal. Lep., p. 114.
trigotephras Org. Bdi'. Eur. Lep. Ind. meth., p. 46.
triniaculata Forth. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 134.
tristis Org. Gr.-Grsh. Rom. M^m. L6p. 4, p. 554. *
tsingtauica Forth. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 135.
turcica Org. Led. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1852, p. 117.

unibrina Lael. Moore, Froc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 398.
unibripennis Org. Strand, Seitz. Macrolep. 2, p. 119. *
unibrosa Lym. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, )). 10.
unicolor Das. Schultz. Entom. Zeitschr. 24, p. 35.
unicolor Ocn. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 260.
unifascia Lym. Schultz, Entom. Zeitschr. 24, p. 36.
unimacula Eupr. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 399.
unipuncta Eupr. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1899, p. 136.
urbicola Lym. Stgr. Cat. Eur. Schmett. (I), p. 28.

varia Das. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 4, p. 868.

Tarians Eupr. Walk. Cat. Het. Brit. Mus. 3, p. 796.

vestalina Ocn. Stgr. IrLs 7, p. 260.

vinaea Lym. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 402.

virginea Das. Oberth. Diagn. Lep. Askold, p. 7.

visum Pant. Hbn. Zutr. 3. p. 32. *

vifeUina Eupr. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir, 4, p. 471.

wladiwostockensis Lym. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 127. *

xanthorrhoea Forth. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir, 4, p. 470.

yatouga Das. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 116.

zimmermauni Org. 6'raes. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 122.

THAUMETOPOEID/E. By Dr. E. Strand. 148

6. Family: Thaumetopoeidae.

This group of moths consisting of about a dozen forms, which until the beginning of this century
were always placed with the Notodontids under the generic name of Cnelhoca7npa, lias now been establish-
ed as a separate family. This result is especially owmg to researches by American entomologists which have
proved the Notodontids to be a much more uniform group than one was hitherto inclined to believe, that family
forming a refuge for all Bombicoid genera which it was difficult to place. A certain affinity with the Lymantriids
induces us to place them after that family. They are confined to the Palearctic Region. Their nearest
relatives, which are presumed to be found either among the Lymantriids or the Lasiocampids, are probably
certain American forms of the genera Tolype or Hypopachn, and certain African Lymantriidae and Austra-
lian Lasiocampidae. But their true position in classification has not yet been established with certainty,
even modern authors still placing them with the Notodontids. Antennae short, not or scarcely half so long as the
costal margin of the forewing, bipectinate to the tip in both sexes (shorter in the $); segment with a long
tuft of hair directed forward. Eyes naked. No ocelh and no tongue. Palpi very small, hairy and porrect,
segment 1 longer and thicker than 2. Thorax covered with erect woolly hair. Abdomen of J with anal
tuft, of $ with anal wool. Legs with long hair, hindtibiae only with endspurs, no tibia longer than the femur.
Wings thinly scaled, hairy, rather broad, distal margin straight, apex and inner angle rounded, scheme of mark-
ings uniform (cf. figures, plate 21 and 23), frenulum always present. Hindwing small and rounded, forewing
without a tooth at the inner margin. Venation about as in the Notodontids, areole absent, dorsal vein of
forewing with basal fork, vein 5 only slightly developed and equally far from 4 and 6. Veins 6 and 7 of hind-
wing always stalked, sometimes also 3 and 4; 8 originates from the base of the wing and bends down to
the middle of the anterior margin of the cell. Flight at night. Wings at rest held in roof -shape.

The eggs are globular and are deposited in clusters or rings and covered with a cement intermixed
with the anal wool. The larvae have 16 feet and resemble those of the Lasiocampids; they are stout, cyhndri-
cal, short, with uniformly short hair, and with knob-like warts bearing long fine brittle barbed hairs arranged
in tufts, which cause violent inflammation on the human skin. On the middle of the back, from segment 4
onward, there are so-called mirror-spots. The larvae are gregarious, living in nests, which they leave at night in
regular processions (hence the name ,,processionary caterpillars") in search of food and to which they return in
the same way. They pupate in the nest, forming elongate rounded cocoons intermixed with hair, or they go
into the sand to pupate more singly. Beetles of the genus Calosoma {C. sycophanta L. and inquisitor L.) often
occur in the nests and destroy the larvae. The caterpillars either march one behind the other or with
one in the first row, two in the second, three in the third, etc., up to fifteen to twenty in the last. In
T. processionea one larva marches in front, another following with its head close to the first, then a third
and a fourth marching in the same way; in the next section there are two marching abreast, then three, four,
etc., until six or seven march in one row. Towards the end the procession, which is one or two yards
long, narrows again and finishes with one or two larvae. Slowly they move along, always the nose of one larva
touching the preceding specimen. The hairs of the larvae contain a great deal of formic acid, and moreover
ferments are said to increase the inflammation and terrible itchmg. The inflammation reappears after from
two to nine weeks and can be very dangerous, especially in the eyes. The pupae sometimes hibernate twice.

Only one genus:

Genus: Tliauiiictopooa Hbn.
The characters are those of the family.

Th. solitaria i?'rr. (23c), from Asia Mnor, Sji'ia and European Turkey, is closely allied to the follow- solikiria.
ing species, but the hindwing is quite white without any transverse band, at most with a small dark
marginal spot at the anal angle, the inner transverse hne of the forewing is almost straight and the apex
of the forewing more produced. (^ 25, $31 mm. Larva in May and June on Pistacea terebinthus; it is
fairly densely clothed with long yellowish white hairs.

T. processionea L. (21 k). cj with grejash white forewing bearing lighter and darker transverse Unes, processio-
with an narrow pure white transverse band at the base, and in the proximal half of the marginal area two "''''•
blackish parallel transverse lines with a narrow white outer edge and anteriorly united by a dark smear;
hindwing with an obsolescent greyish transverse band. $ on the whole larger, the dark transverse lines obso-
lescent or absent, hindwing greyish. S 29, ? 32 mm. (cf. pinivom). Central Europe (with the exception
of England), South-Eastern Turkey, Northern and Central Italy and Northern Spain. — luctifica Stgr. is much luclifica.

144 THAUMETOPOEA. By Dr. E. Strand.

darker and usually smaller; forewing greyish black; hindwing (also in the ^) dirty grey. — -The procession-
ary larva, which lives on oak, is brownish black-grey above with a row of reddish bro\\'n spots bearing long
thin barbed hairs. The thoracical segments bear each eight reddish long-hairy knob-like warts, the other seg-
ments four each. Sides greyish white with darker indistinct spots, stigmata deep black. The larvae are
often very injurious to oak-forests.

pityocampa. T. p'ltyocampa Schiff. (21k), the pine processionary moth, is more sharply marked than the preced-

ing species, the median area is distinctly lighter than the subbasal and submarginal areas, hindwing whit-
ish, without transverse band, but with black anal smear. The halfmoon-shaped discocellular spot and the
transverse lines of the forewing sharply defined. 34 mm. In southern Europe with the exception of Southern
Russia, locally in Baden, in the most southern districts of Switzerland, in Austria-Hungary, Asia Minor,
orana. Syria. — var. orana Stgr., from Algeria, is paler, forewing whitish grey; in var nigra Bang.-H. (23 c), from
nigra. Tessin, the Ught grey colour of both wings of the main form is changed to blackish grey. — Milliere
describes and figures (1886) an aberration from Cannes which is distinguished by the two transverse lines
bounding the median area of the forewing being deep black, sharply defined, broad and everywhere equally
distinct; basal and marginal areas comparatively light. The white hindwing without dark spot at the anal
imignipen- angle. I call the form ab. insignipennis ah. nov. — Larva bluish black, with a transverse swelling on each
jiis. segment bearing brownish yellow hair, on the sides wlutish grey tufts of hair; head black and underside
wliitish; it lives on Pinus abies and is often noxious. Pupa reddish yellow in a brownish red barrel-
shaped cocoon.

pinivora. T. pitiivora Tr. (21 k). Closely allied to the preceding species, but all the same distinguishable at

a glance by the black-checkered fringes of the hindwing. Moreover, the transverse lines of the forewing

run differently, converging strongly posteriorly in pinivora and being parallel in pityocampa or nearly so

(cf. figure), pinivora and pityocampa are distinguished from processionea inter alia by the fi-ons being naked

in the middle, glossy and traversed by fine transverse ridges, while in processionea it is clothed with glossy

hair; moreover, the latter species has no spur at the end of the foretibia, while the other two have one.

30 to 35 mm. In North and Central Germany, Western Central Russia ( ?), and also said to have been

plutoniti. obtained like processionea, in Southern Sweden. — In ab. plutonia Schultz the forewing is uniformly blackish,

iivjromacn- ^o that the markings of the type are scarcely or not at all visible; hindwing grey, nigromaculafa Peters.

laid, has broader and deeper black bands on the forewing and therefore corresponds to a certain extent to ab.

insig7iipennis of pityocampa. — • Larva bluish grey irrorated with yellowish, with eight brownish red warts

on each thoracical segment, bearing whitish grey hairs, several similar ones on the abdominal segments,

and three longitudinal rows of warts laterally. On Conifers. Pupa light brown, in a greyish white bai-rel-

shaped cocoon.

hereuleana. T. herculeana ■/?««(/>. (23 c), from Spain and Palestine, differs from the preceding species in the

white ground-colour of the forewing; the latter bears two narrow sublimbal dark bands close together, of
which the distal one is slightly broader and dentate at the outer edge, as well as a broad band occupying
almost the whole of the basal area but not reaching the base. Sometimes the two sublimbal bands merge
hifasciaia. together to form a single broad band; this form has received the name bifasciata Spul. While the normal
colossa. size does not reach 30 mm, a form occurs in Spain and Portugal (colossa Bang.-H.) (23 d) whose S6 attain
an expanse of 35 and the $$ of 40 mm. Markings of S prominent and brown-yellow, almost confluent, while
jmltu'M the $ is almost uniformly brownish yellow. — judaea Bang.-H. (23 d) is the local form from Palestine; the
wings are pure white, the transverse bands blackish, the basal and marginal areas as well as the hindwing
pure white with a silky gloss; underside also white, that of the forewing with large blackish
shadowy spots originating at the costal margin. (^ 30, 9 35 mm. — Larva blackish brown with lighter seg-
mental incisions, dark brown liairs on the black transverse swellings, lighter longitudinal lateral line and
above it blackish warts, and with a blackish brown head. Wlien young the larvae live together in large nests
on low-growing plants. Pupa in a brown cocoon.

jordana. T. jofdana Stgr. (23 e) from Palestine. S- Forewing white with blackish basal stripe at the costal

margin and blackish subhmbal transverse band ; the latter is quite one mm. broad, equally broad everywhere
and nearly quite straight. The inner margin is narrowly dark almost to the base. Below, the whole costal
margin as well as the marginal portion of the forewing is darker. Hindwing white on both sides, only the
costal margin shghtly darker below. The long-pectinate antennae yellowish bro^\Ti; thorax above with long
white hair. Abdomen yellowish brown, with narrow black rings above. ?: forewing thinly scaled, dirty
grey, unieolorous, hindwing slightly lighter whitish grey. Forewing with a very obsolescent extramedian
shadowy band. All fringes ((J$) unieolorous. Antennae Ught brown, frons with yellowish brown hairs, thorax
grey but with whitish tegulae. ^ 22 to 30, ? 25 to 39 mm. STA.trDiNG.ER surmises, probably correctly, that this
species should be placed into another genus, for which he proposes the name Thaumatocampa\ unfortunately
here as in other similar cases he has not entered upon a closer examination of the generic distinctions.

Pubi. 5. IV. mil.

List of Palearctic Thaiuiiet()[)()('i(lao.

145

Alphiibeticiil List

of the Palearctiu Tlummetopoeidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
*) signifies that the foini is figured at the place quoted.

bil'usi-iiita 'I'li. Spiil. Sriiuictt. lOur., \i. lUo.

folossa Th. B(niy-II. Iris 24, p. 31.

herciileaiia Th. Jfanih. Faun. Andal. ]'l. 11. *

jordaiui Tli. ,Si(jr. Iris 7, p. 269. *
jiidaoa Th. Bancj-Il. Ii'is 24, p. 31.

iiisig'iiipennis Th. Slrund, Seitz, Macrolcp. 2, p. 144.

liictil'ica Til. SUir. Stgr.-Rbl., Oat. l^al. Lep., [i. 113.

iiig:ra Th. Bami-H. Iris 24, p. 31.

nlgroinaculata Th. I'eters. Ins.-Borse 1899, p. 245.

oraiia Th. St<jr. Stgr.-Rbl., Cat. I'al. Lep., [). 113.

piiiivora Th. Tr. Schmett. Eur. 10 (1), p. 194.
pityocainpa Th. Schiff. W. Verz., p. 58.
pliitoiiius Th. Schultz, Nyt. Mag. Nat. 43, p. 115.
profossioiica Tli. L. Syst. Nat. (X). p. 500.

soiitaria Th. Frr. Beytr. 3, p. 102. *

II

19

General characterisation. By Dr. A. Seitz. 147

7. Family: Lasiocampidse.

The name Lasiocampidae is derived from tlie larva being covered with shaggy hair. The family com-
pri.ses about 800 species, some of which are again .'<plit up into a large number of subspecies on account of their
ready response to different geographical conditions, and also are very variable individually, some aberrations
being almost monstrosities. In this family dimorphism, which is not usual among Bombycids, is occasionally
very pronounced, e. g. in Selenophorn hiniqera-lohidina, so that if all the dimorphic, aberrational and local
forms are taken into consideration, more than a thousand forms are united in thim family, a number which is
only surpassed by the Arctiids and reached by the Liparids.

They are more evenly distributed over the earth than other families. About 3.50 forms inhabit the
Western hemisphere, and 420 the Eastern. The Lasiocampids are by no means so much more abundant in the
tropics than in the temperate zones, as is the case with other groups of moths, the colder district of North Amer-
ica alone appearing especially poor with only 40 forms. The Arctic winter of Canada and the Xorthern States
of the Union with its blizzards and sharp frosts prevents the Lasiocampids, which nearly all hibernate as lar-
vae, from establishing themselves in these countries, and only single species are met with in the other districts
of the U. S. A., apart from the warmer south-western states, such as Arizona, New Mexico, etc.

In Europe and temperate Asia also, where more than 200 forms of Lasiocampidae occur, only a few
go far north, and not one species has followed the Liparids to Greenland and North Siberia. Following the
degrees of longitude we find about 70 species in Europe and almost the same number in Anterior Asia and the
northern part of Central Asia, as the Avestern forms disappear in nearly the same proportion as new eastern
ones appear. In Amurland and the neighbouring temperate China there are about 25 to 30 well-characterised
main forms, which, if they were as rigourously separated into varieties as the European forms, would also result
in about 50, and in temperate Asia we find 15 species with a large immber of varieties. But they are absent
on many islands.

The position assigned to the Lasiocampids in the different schemes of classification is somewhat un-
stable, as they show affinities with several other families of Bombycids. They agree with the Liparids in the
peculiar brushes which protrude from the first segment of the larva at the sides of the head, the moths also
showing some points of resemblance to the Liparidae, especially in the antennae. As in the preceding families
{Arctiidae, Liparidae, etc.) the larvae of the Lasiocampids are protected by the chemical and mechanical pro-
perties of their covering of hair, and likewise have the habit of weaving these hairs into the cocoons, whereby
the pupa is also protected. The sexual dimorphism, often so excessively developed in the Liparids, is again met
with in this family, and the extraordinary difference in size from which the Liparid Lymantria dispar derives
its name, we find in the same pronounced degree in the Lasiocampid Snana concolor.

According to their anatomy nearly all the groups of Lasiocampids examined as yet are rather primitive
forms, only the antennae of the (^ being specialised, as is also the case in other groups of considerably more
generalized moths, e. g. the Cossids. In the Lasiocampids it is a result of the clumsiness of many $$ which
renders it necessary that the ^J is equipped with an acute sense of smell. The frons nearly always bears a dense
tuft of hair ; the palpi are often stumpy, but very frequently prolonged in nose-shape to a sometimes pointed
cone. Tongue always aborted; eyes small, strongly convex, often deeply hidden in the wool of the head.
Thorax, especially in the $, mostly very stout and woolly; legs short, strong, densely hairy. Forewing without
frenulum, often with dentate outer margin and strongly shortened inner margin, hindwing almost circular; ve-
nation very regular, cell often short, discocellular strong; all the branches almost equally distant from one
another at the margin. The mecUan veins fully and uniformly developed. A distribution of the veins as in
many Saturnids where the costal system seems to separate from the cubital veins and the inner marginal portion
becomes separate from the costal portion by the absence of the transverse vein, does not show itself to any
marked degree in the Lasiocampidae.

The structure of the body, particularly the constancy of the venation which in spite of considerable differ-
ences between many genera is remarkably uniform, accounts for the fast but always unsteady and clumsy
flight of the Lasiocampids. The 99 of many species do not seem to fly much; but the ^^ are all the more
lively and often rush wildly about over brushwood and meadows even wliile the sun shines. The cj of Lasio-
cnmpa querctis, e. g., is decidedly diurnal, being most lively in the afternoon between two and four o'clock,
while I never met with the $ in daytime, but at 10 o'clock at night. The ^ of Macrothylacia rubi also fhes by
day, especially in the afternoon between half past four and six o'clock, the 9 however only flies bj- night, and
but very little. The ^ of Lasiocampa trifoUi, which species only flies by day when disturbed, is on the wing
between 7 and 10 p. m. and the 9 scarcely later. In Gastropacha both sexes often fly late at night. In some
groups the 99 cannot fly at all on account of the reduction of their wings, e. g. in Chondrostega and Lasio-
campa ( Lambessa) staudingeri.

The colouring is much brighter and more varied than in the Lymantriids. Fiery red (in Odonestis pruni)
is replaced by a beautiful apple green (Trrtftr/ia vishnmi), co\)per-hro\vn{Gastrop.quercifolia) by slate-blue {Poecilo-
campa populi). In the markings there is usually a strong white discal spot on the forewing, beyond which a

1 48 General characterisation. By Dr. A. Seitz.

slightly curved small band bounds the marginal area. But very often this pattern is replaced by an excellent
protective colouring, the conspicuous white discal spot being only reduced or quite obsolete, and the trans-
ver.se bands modified into markings imitating the venation of leaves. In Epicnaptera, Gastro pacha, etc., the
ving has exactly the appearance of a diy leaf, and when at rest the insect is very difficult to perceive.

Although resemblance to parts of plants, pieces of bark, etc., is widely distributed among the Lasiocam-
pids, we meet with no sign of mimicry. There is indeed not a single insect of any protected family which the
Lasiocampids resemble even accidentally or quite superficially.

The Lasiocampids are very prolific, as in all the species the 59 lay a large number of eggs. According
to the weather, this numerous progen}'^ cither produces one or several broods or succumbs to diseases, especially
flacherie and fungus, such as Isaria farinosa and Botrytis bassii. These diseases frequently already decimate
the young larvae, but often large numbers of them grow up until they are ready to pupate, when a large
percentage of them dies. Every collector wonders at the huge numbers of blue-haired larvae of Macrothylacia
rvhi found in the autumn. Almost every larva leaving in June the egg, which is laid in clusters of hundreds,
flourishes throughout the summer and hibernates in October; but only a restricted Jiumber of moths appears in
May to propagate the species. Much the greater number of larvae casually met with in the winter is diseased,
being infested with the white mycelium of fungus, and often bearing parasitic vegetation, which protrude from
the stigma and between the segments as white threads and club-shaped growths.

Beside these plant-parasites the larvae of Lasiocampids are much decimated by parasitic insects, espe-
cially Tachinids, some of which are almost entirely confined to the Lasiocampid larvae. The largest of our
Eiu'opean Tac-hinids, E'jhinomyia grossa, nearly always hves in the larva of Lasiocampa trifolii; and Masicera
pratensis is especially abundant in Cosrnotricha potatoria, etc. Many parasites, especially Ichneumons, may
be regarded as the protectors of the forests, as they prevent the increase of such noxious insects, •especially
the genus DendroUmus. The appearance of large numbers of Lasiocampids in especially favourable seasons
is in some cases without any practical importance, e. g. the armies sometimes met with in the higher Alps of
Malncos. alpicola, which feeds on herbage. But if noxious insects appear in such masses, enormous devasta-
tions may be the consec^uence. The genus to which Dendr. pini belongs is notorious for this, and these injurious
species at once appear in districts devoid of forests as soon as woods of the food-trees are planted, and it is astonish-
ing to observe in how short a time a species usually occurring in single specimens multiplies to such an ex-
tent that even the most energetic measures against the pest are mthout success. At the season of flight the
ground in the woods is covered with dead specimens and masses of wings, and at night the moths swarm about
the lights and street-lamps in dejise clouds like snow-flakes in a storm. Where the climate renders it impossible
to fight against the plague of larvae, for instance by putting lime-rings around the trees, the forests are often
doomed and the cultivation of the food-plant has to be abandoned.

In the temperate region the Lasiocampids have only one brood ; but in many species it is easy to force
(lie larvae so that a second artificial brood may be obtained, which is often visibly different from the first. As
an exceptioia so-called incomplete summer-broods also occur in Nature, some larvae developing more quickly
and giving the moth in the same summer, while the more slow-growing specimens do not emerge until the next
year. It is decidedly necessary for the Lasiocampids to pass the winter as larva and not in the pupal stage.
Species the larvae of which are full-grown in the autumn remain in that state throughout the winter and do
not pupate until the spring, often, as in Macrothylacin rubi, witliout taking any more food worth mentioning.
Sometimes the moth still appears at the very end of the season; e. g., Eriogaster rimicola emerges in October,
and Poecilocampa popiili in November. Eriogaster lanestris normally flies in the winter, and its Alpine variety
arhusculiie only emerges on mild Avinter-days, or if svich days do not occur, sometimes remains in the 2JU2)al
stage ten years or even longer.

The moths are short-lived. The larva, usually very large in proportion to the moth, stores an enor-
mous quantity of fat. The ^J very soon swarms about in search of a ^ ; exceptionally it may copulate more
than once, but soon afterwards dies, while the $ is occupied for some time with depositing a large number of
eggs. The eggs are often laid in clusters, sometimes, however, also singly, and occasionally pasted around
small twigs side by side, forming regular rings {MaJacosoma neustria). As regards the food of the larva, the
family is poh^hagous, attacking trees and herbs, deciduous and indeciduous trees, Monocotjdedons and Dicoty-
ledons. It has even been said of Macrothylacia ruhi to have gnawed at moss, which is shunned by nearly all
other larvae, and to have attacked artificial vegetable products, such as bread.

Apart from the interruption caused by the winter, the growth of the larva of the Lasiocampidae is
very regular and rather slow. The larvae of Macroth. ruhi, which emerge from the egg in June, are not full-
grown until the end of September or October, i. e. after about 14 weeks ; those of Lasiocampa. quercus, appearing
in July, are not ready to pupate until the following June, and the larvae of Gastrop. quercifolia appear in June
and feed until the end of May, excepting the winter months. The length of the larval stage explains the inca-
pacity of nearly all Lasiocampids to produce a second brood in the cooler districts.

Pupation takes place in a carefully spun cocoon often of a very regular shape (Lasiocampa. Eriogaster,
Diplura); the hairs of the larva arc often used, being placed in an erect position on the surface of the cocoon.
In DendroUmus the aoiculate spines of the blue collar of the larva are often woven into the cocoon, so as to

CHONDROSTEGA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 149

encircle like a wreath that portion of it which^ corresponds to the liead of the larva and appears to be most
in need of protection. Other larvae again, e. g. Mal'tcosoma neustrid, eject a liquid into the cocoon which be-
comes a yellow powder when dry falling onto the pupa when the latter is attacked. Other pupae, as for instance
Gastropacha, are covered with a blue , , bloom", and others again are protected by the cocoon bearing humps
which are filled with fragments of hair, projecting above the surface and therefore being first attacked by the
foe, and are meant to spoil his appetite for fiu'tlier attack, before the pupa itself is even uncovered. Thus the
meaning of the curious cocoon of Trahali vishnou may be explained, the cocoon bearing two high humps on
the middle of the back with a saddle between them giving the coccon a curious camel-like appearance.

The pupal stage of the Lasiocampids lasts almost uniformly from three to five weeks. The insects
emerge at all times of the day and night, but some species only come out at a certain hour. The cJcJ begin
to be lively soon after emerging and commence flying, so that great care must be taken to prevent them from
injuring themselves in the breeding cage, e. g. Dipluni loti, Tnihdla vishnou, OdoneMis hrevivenis, and Chondrn-
stega constantinn.

The abundance of individuals, especially of the larvae, renders the Lasiocampids one of the families
most important in economic entomology. Malacosoma neustria is very injurious to fruit growing, and Dendro-
limus to conifers. The latter species is very difficult to fight against in the south-eastern Palearctic district,
where the climate is almost subtrojjical and allows the production of two broods instead of one, and where the
larvae do not therefore hibernate on the ground in the forests, it being impossible on that account to use glue-
rings. No decided results have as yet been obtained by the artificial propagation of the enemies and disease-
germs of the larvae. The larvae of Lasiocampids do not seem to have many enemies, apart from the parasites
mentioned above, as the hairs, which cause inflammation, seem to be equally offensive to both birds and rep-
tiles. Among the birds only the cuckoo, which has a stomach with a felty lining, appears to eat large numbers.

The inflammation, usually slight, resulting from coming into contact with the larvae of Palearctic
Lasiocampids is abated by strong bases, such as ammonia, soaps, etc. According to a physician (Dr. Lang-
HEINZ) the hairs of the larvae penetrating vertically into the skin can be removed by painting the spot with
collodiwtn; on removins the coat the hairs are said to adhere to the collodion.

1. Genus: dioii«li*OKteg;a Led.

Small, inconspicuous species, greyish yellow to brownish grey in colour, with dense long hair. The
$5 without wings. Antennae of ^^ with very long and dense pectinations, and at the base a thick tuft of hair,
in the $ almost simple. Eyes naked or hairy. Frons with a strong lioi-ny projection ending beneath in a pointed
tooth and above in a strongly projecting and usually triangular plate. Clipeus with a sharp horny transverse
ridge. Palpi short, pendant. Wings of (^ with entire or slightly wavy margin, fringes very long. Costal margin
of forewing somewhat concave, inner margin straight, distal margin strongly curved. Hindwing also with
strongly curved distal margin. Forewing with 11 or 12 veins, 2 to 10 into the margin, 11 into the apex. ; when 12
veins are present 8 forked with 7 {vandalicia). Hindwing with eight veins. Cell of both wings open, disco-
cellular veins almost entirely obsolete. Femora with very long and dense hairs, tibiae less woolly, tarsi
smoothly scaled; foretarsi very long, foretibiae very short, with two end-claws, the outer one very small the
inner one sometimes very long. The genus only occurrs in the Mediterranean countries and Anterior Asia.
In the complete develoiDment of the dorsal warts the larvae resemble those of the Lymantriids and Arctiids,
as well as those of the Thaumetopoeids, but are distinguished by the skin being hairy between the warts,
and from the Thaumetopoeids also by the warts on segments 2 and 3 being placed in two rows. Segment 1
with two large warts and on each side two smaller ones, 2 to 11 with two anterior large warts near together
and two posterior small ones farther apart and several lateral ones, 12 with 4 warts in a transverse row, 13
with only two.

C. vandalicia Mill. (24 a). Body dark grejdsh brown, forewing of the same colour, basal half darker, vanihiVicUi.
bounded on the outer side by an ill-defined light transverse band starting at the costal margin and soon becoming
indistinct. Hindwing lighter, smoke-grey, with darker marginal hairs. Underside of forewing grejash brown,
with darker costal margin, the light band only distinct at the costal margin. Hindwing with narrow light trans-
verse band strongly excurved in the centre. $ dark greyish brown, entirety without wings and anal tuft. Ca-
stile and Portugal. August and September. Larva in mountainous districts on Gramineae (Nardus), also on
Hypochaeris. Stout, blue-black, with small black head and velvety black dorsal spots, warts reddish brown
with tufts of hair. Dorsal tufts white intermixed with yellow and black, lateral hairs whitish, ventral hairs
dark reddish brown. Stigmata black with narrow grey edge. Thoracical legs black, ventral legs and claspers
yellowish. October to April. Pupates in a cocoon on the ground.

C. pastrana Led. (24 a). ^■. Body and wings uniformly yellowish grey, with a silky gloss, densely hairy, pnalntnn.
$ reddish brown, outer hairs of the anal tuft of the same colour, inner ones glossy white. Coasts of the Black

150 MALACOSOMA. By Dr. K. Gbunberg.

hyrcanu. Sea, Syria, Palestine and G_\qirus. — hyrcana Stgr. (24 a), from Persia, is entirely gre5rish brown, only slightlj'
glossy. In the middle of the costal margin of the forewing a broader ill-defined sjiot, and somewhat nearer the
apex a smaller and somewhat sharper one. Underside of botii wings with narrow dark l)rown transverse band,
iHiliirsinnifi. strongly excurved, especially on the hindwing, and yellowish grey basal half. — palaestrana Stg)\ (24 a), from
Palestine, is smaller, light brownish grey or mouse-grey, very glossy, without markings, and is a])out intermediate
between the two preceding forms. — Larva yellow, with brick-red transverse dorsal bands and dark brown
haiis. Incisions and lateral line blackish l)rown. In S\Tia on Artemisia.

suhfancialn. C. subfasciata Klug (24 a). Pale yellowish grey, glossy, fore- and hindwing with entire brownish

median and submarginal bands. Marginal scales spotted with brown. Underside like upper, bands some-
what darker. Antennae yellowish brown. Egypt. Larva from December to February, when young yellow,
after the third moult with yellow hairs and carmine on segments 2 and 3. Pupates in the ground in a felty cocoon
intermixed with hair. Moth in October.

longespimitfi. C. longespinata Auriv. (24 a). Uniformly yellowish grey-brown, glossy, with the median band quite

obsolescent, only slightly sharper at the costal margin of the forewing, b\it more shai'ply defined on the undcr-
sid(>. Egvfit.

Jasciatiii. C. fasciana Stgr. Similar to C. piistramt. lighter yellowish grey, slightly less gloss}\ Wings on both

sides with narrow or somewhat wider, sharp median brown band, which in the forewing is somewhat
excurved before the inner margin and in the hindwing above the middle. Antennae greyish brown. Palestine.

consUnilhiri. C. constantlna Auriv. Slightly larger than pastrami.. Upperside greyish brown, with a silky gloss;

forewing slightly lighter. Forewing with a light submarginal band, hindwing with a dark one. Underside
light greyish brown, both wings with a dark brown median band parallel with the margin. £ reddish brown,
antennae short and stout. Algeria. Larva black, with short yellow hair and three slightly prominent longitudinal
stripes of golden yellow bristles. Warts whitish. Lives on Thapsia garganica.

aurMlJii. C. aurivillii Piivg. Similar to mihfasciata. Ground-colour whitish. LTpperside with brown median

band and slightly less distinct submarginal band. Median band more distinct on underside than above. Palestine.

2. Genus: HalaooKoiiia Hhn.

Medium-sized species, reddish brown to greyish yellow in colour, with the body clothed with dense
soft woolly hair. Ej-es naked or hairy. Antennae of (J with long pectinations, in the $ the pectinations of
medium length or rather short. Palpi with dense but short hair. Margin of wings entire, forewing broad,
costal margin almost straight, outer margin rather strongly curved. Costal margin of forewing ventricose at
the base; median cells closed. Forewing with 12 veins, 6 and 7 on a short or long stalk. 9 and 10 on a long
stalk, 8 from the cell close to the apex or from the stalk of 9 and 10. Hindwing with 8 veins, 8 connected with
the cell beyond the base, forming a very small basal cell which sends off one or two strong accessory veins to
the costal margin. Femora and tibiae with long hairs, middle and hind tibiae with small end-spiu-s. — Eggs
deposited in a ring on twigs, hibernating. Larva when young in a common web, very limp, slender, cylimlrical.
with sparse soft hair. Ground-colour of body grey-blue like the head, with reddish yellow and black longi-
tudinal lines, which are straight or curved, continuous or interrupted. Pupa Avith short soft hair, with a bluish
bloom, in a loose soft cocoon, dusted with yellowish. Posterior end stout, conical, stumpy. — The eight to ten
species of the genus are confined to the Northern Hemisphere, and are distributed over the whole of Europe,
Northern Asia, North Africa and North America. They inhabit the mountains as well as the plains, and
sometimes occur in huge numbers. In the Higher Alps they are found beyond the tree-line, occurring at nearly
every altitude. The fact that many species are now entirely absent from districts where they occurred formerly
in immense numbers is still unexplained.

neiistrUi. M. neustria L. (= testacea Motsch., bilineatus //««'.) (24 b). True neustria is reddish brown, but varies

from pale greyish yellow to ochreous and light brown and in all shades to dark reddish brown. Upperside

of forewing with two narrow dark oblique transverse bands, one before and another beyond the centre, which

usually have light edges, the first on the proximal side, the other on the outer, and converge below the cell

or at the inner margin, sometimes being contiguous below the cell; the enclosed space usually darker than

the ground-colour of the wing. Fringes of forewing on the costal half with two broad light spots. Underside

parallela. with narrow dark median band across both wings. In the entire Palearctic Region. — In the form parallela

Stgr., from Central and Anterior Asia, the bands of the forewing are quite or nearly ^larallel and slightly ex-

unicolor. curved. — On the other hand the bands may be quite obsolete or absent: ab. unicolor Aign. In ab, maculifera

maculifera. Koll. the bands are still indicated by a small costal marginal spot. — flavescens form. nov. (24 b), from Algiers,

has light yellow grund-colour in both sexes. — Tutt separates numerous aberrations according to the com-

MALAOOSOMA. l^y Dr. K. GmrNBERG. 151

binatidii (if roloiir ajjd markings. P'irst he distinguishes ah. quercus Enp. (= queroina Sdys), which has Hght quercus.
oclircou.s irr()nn(l-(-'()h)ur, the fore wing l)earing inchstiuct bands. Specuniens in wliich these hands are confluent
in tlie centre Tittt names ab. ochruc&i-confiuens. When the sjiace between the bands of tlie forevving is filled
with a dark colour so that a dark transverse band is formed we have ab. annularis Geoffr.; in ochmcea-fracta annularis.
this transverse band is interrupted in the centre; in ab. ochracea-unicolor it is obsolete. The forms with yellow
or brownish yellow ground-colovn-, to which also the type belongs, are arranged as follows: In ab. confluens confluens.
Selys the bands of the forewing touch below the cell; in virgata Tutt as in the ochreous annularis Geoffr. they vinjala.
are filled with a dark colour; in fracta Tutt they are similar, but interrupted in the centre; and ab. concolor fraclu.
fib. nov. {= unicolor Tutt, nom. preoec.) comprises unicolorous brownish yellow specimens resembling oc/wacea- '^">"-" '>''■
unicolor in markings. — Of specimens with light brown ground-colour Tutt distinguishes ab. cervina with distinct cervinu.
yellow bands on the forewing, and, analogous to the preceding, cervina-virgata (= neustrius Haw.), the space
between the bands dark, cervina-fracM, the band interrupted, and the uniformly brown cervina-unicolor . —
The ground-colour of vulgaris Borkh. is reddish brown, the bands of the forewing distinct; in specimens which mlijaris.
are also reddish brown these bands may vary as in those of a different colour, and be filled in with dark, inter-
rupted or obsolete (= rufescens- virgata, fracta-unicolor Tutt); ab. pyri Scop, has the ordinary markings, but is pi/ri.
rust-red in colour and may be mocbfied into rufa-confluens, rufn-virgata, fracta and unicolor Tutt according to
the development of the markings. — Eggs dark grey, arranged spirally in broad tightly closed rings on twigs.
Larva with wliite dorsal line accompanied on each side by two thin lines, wliich are reddish yellow like the
broader lateral stripe. Hairs brownish. Head as well as segments 1 and 2 with two velvety black spots, seg-
ment 11 with a tubercle; stigmata black. Until June gregarious on fruit-trees and different deciduous trees,
sometimes injurious. Gkaeser once observed the East- Asiatic form testacea near Vladivostock in such immense
numbers that all the oaks for a considerable distance were stripped bare. Pupa black with short brownish hair,
in a soft wliite cocoon. The moth, which emerges at the end of June and in July, is common everywhere in the
area of distribution. The species occurs in some years in such abundance that it is injurious to fruit-growing.

— Between this and the following species should be placed the very similar North American forms M. disstria
Hbn. and americana F.

M. castrensis L. (24 c). ^■. Head and thorax light yellowish grey, abdomen brown. Forewing above casirensis.
greyish yellow, with two oblique dark brown transverse bands, the inner one running from the middle of the
costal margin to the base, the outer one placed beyond the centre ; at the apex of the cell a more or less distinct
bridge from cne to the other : beyond the outer band a submargnal dark shadow. Fringes yellow with two dark
spots. Hindwing dark brown with light fringes. Underside dark brown, forewing beyond the centre with
light transverse band, and light apical spot; hindwing greyish yellow at the costal and outer margins, with
median band of the same colour. $ dark reddish brown, bands of the forewing as in the t^, but yellowish grey
and separated. Underside of both wings with oblique light median band. The species is very variable. Europe
to Central Asia, even in the Arctic Region, as well as Andalusia and (probably) Greece. — ab. taraxacoides taramcol-
Bell. is pale yellowish, the bands are scarcely indicated; hindwing darker. France, England. — veneta Stndfs. J,*;^,^
cj : Head and thorax brown, forewing with brown median band and broad brown margin ; $ quite dark brown,
only With a narrow light central band in the forewing. Northern Italy ab. hilleri Stndfs., likewise from Northern Mlkri.
Italy, is uniformly brown in both sexes. — kirghisica Stgr. (24 c) is considerably paler than the type, wth blacker kmjkisica.
band on the forewing and whitish median band on the hindwing, $ with yellow forewing bearing indistinct
brownish bands. Anterior to Eastern Asia. — As in neustria Tutt adds to the already named forms the aber-
rations consisting of combinations of colour and markings and calls uniformly light yellow J'cJ with obsolete
bands on the forewing, unspotted fringes and greyish brown hindwing, ab. pallida; forewang yellow with in- pallida.
distinct markings, hiiKhving dark brown: obsoleta; ^vith darker bands on the forewing: ab. intermedia; when oftsofcto^^^^
the forewing is brown (as in ab. hilleri Stndfs.), but with distinct brown bands, we have ab. brunnea Tutt. Fore- j"j^[/,"g^_"'"
and liindwing dull brown, the former with distinct yellow bands and basal area; the centre of the wings en-
closed by the bands and the marginal area more reddish : virgata Tutt. Fore- and hindwing uniformly dull brown viryata.
without markings: unicolor Tutt. Forewing reddish brown with yellow bands and basal area as in virgata: rufo- unicolor. ^^^^^
virgata Tutt. Forewing redchsh brown without light basal area, only with the two light bands: bifasciata Tutt. 'j^^^lj^"'

— Eggs grey, similarly to those of neustria deposited in broad rings on the stalks of plants. Larva with black
spots and dots on a greyish blue ground, with whitish dorsal line edged by two broad reddish yellow, irregularly
interrupted longitudinal stripes. Lateral lines also reddish yellow. Stigmata black. Hairs yellomsh. Until
June at cky sunny spots on heather, Euphorbia and various other low-growing plants ; when young gregariously
in a loose whitish web. It pupates in May or June. Pupa and cocoon similar to those of neustria; .the moth
emerges in July. Very local and during the last decades becoming rarer in many districts ; when flushed it
flies by day on meadows and mountain slopes, on the alpine meadows up to almost 2000 metres and locally
abundant. , ! '

l . rf M. franconica Esp. (= dorycnii Mill.) (24 d). cj: Deep black-brown, with yellowish median band on franmnim.
fore- and hindwing and light fringes, as well as indistinct subbasal band in the forewing. Median baud on the

152 TRICHIURA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

under side broader, with diffuse edges. $ unicolorous or with a very diffuse median band, dark reddish brown

to rather Hght ypHowisli brown. In Germany at the Baltic and in West and South-West Germany, also in

imnoriiii- France, Southerja Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia. — panormitana Ttir. (23 f). from Sicily, is larger, the wings

iana. ^^^ broader, more densely dusted with yellow, and in the $ bear more or less distinct yellow transverse lines.

hftea. — In Algeria occurs a uniformly bright oclireous $-form, lutea Oberfh. (24 e). — Eggs dirty white, as in castrensis

deposited on the stalks of low-gro\Wng plants. Larva with brownish hairs, blackish blue, the head the same

colour, the markings variable, mostly with a narrow light brown dorsal line edged by black velvety stripes,

and reddish yellow markings, with a light blue lateral line and reddish yellow one above the legs. Venter white

with three black spots. May and June, gregariously until the last change of skin on Triticum, Plantago, Ru-

mex, etc. Pupa dark brown, under stones in a whitish cocoon.

alpicola. M. alpicola Stgr. {= franconica Mill.) (24 e). Very closely allied to fnuiconica, smaller, especially the 9,

prima, median band of the ^ narrower and more sharply defined, also on the underside. Higher Alps. — prima Stgr.
(24 e), the form from the Central Asiatic mountains, is distinguished from the European form by the mucli
broader median band and distinct basal band of the ^. $ dark brown suffused wth yello^vish, and with a scar-
olheUo. cely visible band. — In ab. othello Blnch. the rj is quite uniformly black-brown, the $ not being different from
true nlpicold. — Eggs deposited in loose rings on slender twigs. The beautiful larva is bright greyish blue
with brownish hairs, the white dorsal line bounded by two broad black longitudinal stripes, which are inter-
rupted with yelloM'ish red. Lateral line very irregular reddish yellow, stigmata black with narrow yellow edge.
Especially in damp spots on willows. Pupa dark brown, in a yellow cocoon beneath stones. NoM-here rare in
the Higher Alps, but in some years occurring in such quantities that all loose stones and boards are covered
with the larvae and whole collections of cocoons are found beneath slabs of lime-stone or slate. Moth in July
and August.

;]. rit'iiiis: Tricliiiira StejjJi.

Gr(\y or ])re(1ominantly l)r(l^\•n species of medium size; (^ with short dense anal tuft, or tlie abdomen
only s|)arscly covered with hair {ilicis). Eyes hairy. Frons with long conical jjrocess, truncate and furnished
with a few small teeth at the tip. Antennae of ^ with long pectinations, with short ones in the 9- Palpi short,
densely hairy. Wings entire, broadly rounded, forewing with straight inner margin and strongly curved distal
margin. Costal margin of hindwing strongly ventricose at the base. Fringes long. Forewing ■vvith 12 veins,
(i and 7 as well as 9 and 10 stalked, 8 from the upper angle of the cell or from the stalk of 6 and 7; 2 to 9
into the margin, 10 into the apex. Vein 8 of the hindwing curved down to the cell near the base and united
with it as" far as the origin of 7 or even shortly stalked with 7 (crataegi); a strong and long spur curved distad
emanates from the very short basal cell and runs towards the costal margin. Cell of both wings closed. Legs
covered the' tarsi with thick, soft, woolly hair to, middle tibiae with two short end-spurs. — Larva cylindrical,
segment 11 mth a shght hump {crataegi) or higher one (ilicis). Body clothed with short sparse soft hair, a
few longer and stiffer hairs only on the flat warts. Segments 1 to 3 with a large wart on each side, on both
2 and 3 two dorsal warts in addition; 4 to 11 M'ith two dorsal warts and three smaller lateral Avarts on each
side, all eight in a fairly regular transverse row. Pupa in a strong, parchment-like coccon, thin-skinned, reddish
brown, with several small hooked bristles at the stumpy posterior end. The larvae live gregariously in nests
and do not separate until they are nearly full-grown.

cralaciji. T. crataegi L. (= floccosa CL, vidisideae L., sylvina Fuessl.. maii F., avellanae F., bicaudata Relz.)

(24 e). Light ashy grey to brownish grey or greyish brown, forewing with broad dark median band edged I)y

sharp bhvck lines; the inner border dentate at the costal margin, the outer one strongly wav}-. Forewing in

addition with indistinct wavy submarginal line; both wings with dark marginal line. Hindwing with narroA\'

dark median band slightly lighter on the outer edge. L^nderside of both wings with wavy dark brown median

band. The 99 ^^''^ usually darker than the cJo> predominantly grejash brown. Europe (with the exception

of the Arctic Region, Sicily, Greece and the countries around the Black Sea). A light-coloured form, whitish in

the,^, light yelloAAnsh grey in the 9- i" M'hich the dark band of the forewing is more prominent, is distinguished

paUida. by TuTT as ab. pallida. — The Alpine and Northern form ariae Hbn. {= arbusculae Pfajf) (24 f), from the

artae. ^jpg Apennines, Riesengebirge, etc., Scandinavia, Lapland, is characterised by darker grcAash broAvn eolour-

freyvri. ing. In Norway two forms of the larva occur. The larva hibernates U\ice. — ab. freyeri TuH (= ariae Fr.

nee Hhn.), also a form of the high(>r Alps, is light whitish grey in the S- The larva lives on an alpine species

m.-ilil'tami. of willow. — Another form, castiliana Spul., is as yet only known from Castile. .^ \vith bright markings, the

black borders of the dark band of the forewing less wavy; 9 hght brownish grey. Eggs embedded in the anal

wool of the 9- Larva so variable] in" markings and colouring that there is sometimes hardly any similarity

PM. 5. Vll. Wit POECILOCAMPA; ERI0GA8TEH. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 153

between the various specimens ; the back black, bordered at each side by abroad white longitudinal stripe, which
is often separated into spots; there are also red or reddish yellow markings. On each segment a narrow
transverse band reddish yellow or light yellow. Head black. Hair brownish, on the dorsal warts black.
Until July on Salix, Betula, Crataegus, Hazel, Blackthorn; the form ariae also on Ainu s. Pp red-brown,
very short and stout, with broad obtuse tail-end, in an ovate bluish grey cocoon. The moth in the autumn,
not everywhere and in many places of its area of distribution not at all common.

T. Jlicis Ednib. (24 c). Smaller than crataegi, the median band narrower and its margins less dentate; tUris.
submarginal line more distinct. Hindwang brownish grey. Thorax dark, collar lighter, with a dark border.
Andalusia and Catalonia. — Larva slender, tapering anteriorly, reddish brown, evenly hairy, segment 1 bluish
grey. Dorsum with 2 yellow longitudinal lines connected at the incisions and enclosing on each segment 3 yel-
low papillae bearing hair; 5 similar papillae on each side below the yellow line, one larger red-brown wart on
segment 11 and two on segment 5; on segments 2, 3, 5 and 10 two black spots behind the middle papilla. May
to June, on evergreen Oaks. Pupa in a hard brown cocoon.

4. Genus: Poeeilocampa Ste-ph.

Allied to Trichiura; but the frontal process broader and shorter; wings longer and narrower, thinlv
scaled, transparent, the scales being divided nearly to base into 3 — 4 hairs; marginal scales shorter. In the
forewing vein 8 from the cell or stalked, 9 and 10 on a long stalk, both ending in the costal margin or 9 in the
apex; in the hindwing 6 and 7 from a point or on a stalk branching off from the anterior side of the cell.
Middle tibiae without spurs; hind tibiae with 2 minute hardly visible end-spurs. — Larva slightly flattened,
clothed with sparse and short hair, segment 11 with feeble protuberance, 1 — 10 without dorsal warts, but all
the segments with a wart-like hump; above the legs 1 or 2 warts. Rests in daytime closely appressed to the
bark of trees or branches. Pp in a hard cocoon intermingled with earth, red-brow2i, naked, with numerous
hooked bristles at th cremaster. — The moths appear in October and November, when the (J(^ can be observed
flying about street-lamps on warm nights. They are not rare, but do not appear ever to occur in such abundance
as is the case from time to time with Malacosorna.

P. populi L. (= desolata Mull.) (24 f). (J blackish brown, with whitish or gi'ey collar; $ with somewhat popuU.
lighter wings, black-brown thorax, light grey-brown collar and dark brown abdomen. Forewing with a narrow,
white or yellowish, dentate median band and an often indistinct subbasal band. Hindwing with a white, ill-
defined, median band. Fringes of both wings with light spots. L^nderside like iipper, somewhat lighter, the
bands rather broader and chffuse. Europe, Central Scandinavia to Northern Spain and Sicily, in Asia as far
as Amurland. The species varies much in the ground-colour: the base of the forewing reddish yellow and the
distal margin yellowish (ab. flavescens Spul.), base of forewing and distal half of both wings whitish with broad flavesccns.
pale fringe-spots (ab. albomarginata Heyne), predominantly light-coloured specimens with the median and distal albomargi-
marginal areas of the forewing whitish and the hindwing entirely white (ab. albescens Heyne). — The high- "^^^•
alpine form from Switzerland, alpina i^rey (24 f), is larger, the marginal area clouded with grey and the light alpina.
subbasal band of the forewing distinct. — canensis Mill., from Southern France, is likewise essentially larger than canensis.
the t)rpe-form ; the ^ almost entirely black, the median band of the forewing sharply dentate, the marginal area with
light grey clouds, the white median band of the hindwing rather well-defined. $ brownish grey. — The Sicilian form,
cnlberlae. calberlae Rdgusn, usually united with canensis and probably not separable from it, has likewise a sharply
defined basal band on the forewing, and in both sexes an accessory, external, median band composed of two separate
parts, which band, however, occasionally occurs also in canensis. — lydiae Krulik., from Eastern Russia, doubtless lyiJiar.
identical with the dark Siberian form, has in the o the body entirely black, the collar being bu; little lighter, the
wings greyish black, without any brown tint ; the basal band of the forewing is absent, the median band feebly devel-
oped and shghtly dentate, parallel with the margin. — Egg oval, flattened, grey or dark brown, deposited
singly or in small clusters. Larva greyish yellow to whitish, black above, wath light hair on the sides, large
black dorsal spots which touch one another in the centre and irregular black spots, sometimes being almost
entirely without markings. Venter with black median spots, which are especially large between the abdominal
legs. Until July on Oak, Birch, Lime, Aspen, May, Blackthorn, nlpina especially on Larch (until August). Pp
blackish brown, in a hard, dirty grey cocoon intermingled with sand and earth. The moths in the late autumn,
from the end of September until far into November, singly, but not rare, and apparently not local. According
to Staudinger the specimens from Amurland are darker than European ones and have no light collar.

5. Genus: Eriogaster Oerm.

Eyes hairy. Anteima of ^ with long pectinations, of $ with very sliort ones or but feebly dentate {ki-
nestris). Palpi short, concealed under the dense hair. Wings entire, somewhat shorter ;vnd broader than in

II 20

15t

KKIOGASTEH. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

Poerilocmnjxi. with more conv^ex distal margin, scaling rather thin, the groimd-scales likeA\'ise divided into
filaments. Forewing with 12 veins, 6 — 8 free from the upper angle of the cell or 6 and 7 resp. 7 and 8 on a
short stalk, 9 and 10 on a long stalk, 2 — 9 run into the distal margin, 10 into the apex. In the hindwing 8
already from the base united with the cell for a shorter or longer distance, 7 from the anterior side of the
cell, 6 from the apex of the cell; basal cell very small, with 1 or 2 simple or branched accessory veins
rxinning to the costal margin. C?ll closed in both wings. Fringes short. Body and legs clothed with dense long
woolly hair. 9 wth broad anal tuft. — Larva elongate-cylindrical, each segment with 2 larger or smaller dorsal
spots of reddish yellow felty hair; abdominal legs reddish yellow or light brown. Pp very short, stout, with
broadly rounded tail-end, in a hard j)archment-like cocoon which is acorn-shaped and has an air-hole and hd.
The moths in the autunui; the (^(^ fly soon after they have left the pupa, which usually takes place late in tin-
aft ernoon.

rimicola. E. rimicola Hbn. (= catax Esp.) (24 f, g). Uniformly light reddish brown, $ with a grey anal tuft.

Forewing with whitish discal spot and sometimes a more or less distinct, incurved light median band. Lighter,
more yellowish specimens also occur. Central Europe, from Germany and Northern France to Roumania. —

inspcrmi. inspersa Sigr., from Cilicia (and Lydia I), is smaller and darker bro^\^l than European specimens, the upperside
heijig densely dusted with yellowish scales. Aiial wool of $ thinner and shorter, more brownish, with whitish
median stripe. — Larva ashy grey, with grey or brownish hair, and broad, grej-ish blue dorsal stripe bordered
with black and yellow. On segments 4 — 10 two brushes of short reddish yellow bristles, 2 and 3 each with a large
black dorsal spot also bearing reddish yellow bristles. May — June, gregarious when yourg. especially on hedges
of Black- or Hawthorn, but also on old Oaks. Pp light brown, in a hard, brown or yellowish brown cocoon
with lid. The moths are on the wing in August and September, the pupa also lying over in exceptional cases.
Spoi'adical, in the South common in many places, rarer in the North.

pMlijypxi.

cata.r.

E. philippsi Bertol. (24 g). Most nearly allied to E. riinicoki, somewhat smaller, M'ith lighter ground-
colour. Antenna of ^ more shortly pectinated. Forewing without white discal spot. Anal wool of 5 silvery
grey. Syria. Cocoon Mghter than in rimicola, dirty yellowish brown, a regular elhpse, .similar to that of Las.
trijolii.

E. catax L. (= lentipes Esp., everia Knock) (24 g). q : body and basal half of forewing bright golden
brown, distal area of both wings isabella-colour ; forewing with oblique ochreous median band, Avhich is not
sharply bounded. $ lighter or darker brown, with grey anal wool; forewing with narrow yellowish median
band. (J and $ with sharply marked white discal spot on the forewing and a wliite costal border to the hind-
wing. — Egg flattened, brownish grey, deposited around twigs in oblique rows and covered with wool. Larva with
brownish grey hair, yellowish brown, ^^•ith velvetv black incisions and blackish brown head, blue lateral spots,
wliich are pencilled and dotted with yellow, and blue-black dorsal spots. Until Jidy in a common web on
Black- and Hawthorns, Oak, Poplar and Birch. Pp dark brown, in a yellowish or brown, very hard, barrel-
shaped cocoon,

E. lanestris L. (24 h). Very dark brown, with hght browii antemiae; $ with dense grey anal wool,
Forewing with a white basal spot centred with dark brown, a prominent white discal spot and a wliite post-
median dentate band. Hindwing Math ill-defined white median band, and beneath with wliite costal margin.
North and Central Europe, Italy with the exception of the South, and from South Russia to Turkestan. Egg
cylindrical, deposited in a spiral around thin twigs and covered with grey wool. Larvae gregarious until the
last moult in a bag-like, whitish grey web; greyish blue, clothed with greyish j^ellow and whitish hair, with
reddish yellow brushes of bristles as in rimicola, abdominal legs bright red. Until July on species of Prunus,
Hawthorn, Birch, Lime, Willow. Pp ochreous, soft-skinned, in a hard, smooth, brown or pale barrel-shaped
seuecta. cocoon. — The northern form, senecta Graes. (= borealis Car.) (24 h), from Finland, the Ural Mts., Hungary
and Eastern Siberia, is more slaty grey copiously mixed with white. The pupa hibernates twice. — The liigh-
arbwirulae. alpine arbusculae Frr. is characterised by the broader and more dentate band of the forewing and darker, more
blackish grey, distal marginal area of the (5. The larva of arbusculae is black, with glossy head and light
reddish brown hair, the back and sides being spotted with white; abdominal legs yellow. In the High Alps
until August on Salix arbuscula, Sorbus ariae, also on Alnus and Bctula. The pupa usually hibernates more than
once, 2 — 9 times.

kuie-'ilris

UCdlllllO-

phylli.

ncogena.

E. acanthophylli <Uu\ (24 h). Body and wings light chocolate-brown; $ with dense whitish yellow
anal wool. Forewing with a dark-centred wliite basal spot and sharp white discal one; the white trans-
verse band also sharply defined, posteriorly widened into a spot and then strongly narrowed, curving basad be-
fore the liind margin and joining the basal spot; distal marginal area predominantly whitish grey. Hindwing
blackish brown, with indistinct Ught median band, Persia, in the high mountains. Larva gregarious, on Acan-
thophyllum, Acantholimon and Oxytropis; head black, dorsal hair dense, short, yellowish brown, incisions
black, at the sides a white interrupted line, venter lighter broM'n, stigmata V)ordered with black. Pupates on
the ground between clusters of the spiny food-plant in a barrel-shaped, ochreous, very thin cocoon.

E. neogena F. d. W. (24 i). Similar to (icantophylU, blackish grey-brown. Patagia of ^ edged with

LASIOCAMPA. By Dr. K. GrunberG. 155

grey, anal wool of $ strongly mixed with whitish grey. Basal and discal spots of forewing small, the band of
the (J strongly dentate, interrupted in the centre, the connection with the basal spot indistinct; in the $ the
band separated into streaks confined to the veins. (J with white dentate marginal band, which sometimes con-
sists of single broad vein-stripes and is in the $ always separated into narrow streaks. Hindwing dark with the
distal marginal area greyish, or predominantly greyish white with brown median band. 8outh-Eastern Russia,
Armenia, Altai. Larva similar to that of lanestris, blackish grey, with velvety black warts bearing rust-red
hair, and with ^\'hite lateral dots forming longitudinal lines. In May on Acacia. Pupates in a brown barrel-
cocoon. Moth in August.

E. henckei Stgr. (2-ti). Dirty smoke-grey, especially on the forewing. Body partly or predominantly '«cHc/cei.
white-hairy. Forewing with wliitish veins and an oblique pale median band, which is broad in (J and narrow or
absent in$; discal spot large and ill-defined, often absent. South-Eastern Russia. — Larva yellowish grey, wash-
ed with black on sides and back, dorso-laterally with 2 rows of large, elongate, black spots which are broadly
edged with yellow, especially below. Head and stigmata black, abdominal legs with a triangular black lateral
spot low down. On a steppe-plant of which the name is not given (a species of Rhubarb ?). Pp in a very thin
yellowish barrel-cocoon.

E. rueckbeili Graes. Allied to acantophylli and neogena. Forewing dark grey-brown, with large brown- rueckbeili.
centred, distally dentate, white basal spot, and large, sharply marked discal one ; the first transverse band beyond
the centre consists of 3 white spots connected by a thin irregular line, and is less dentate than in neogpMn;
the white marginal band narrow, produced distad on each vein into a sharply pointed tooth; in the centre
of the costal margin a white longitudinal smear. Hindwing blackish grey, the light transverse band hardly
indicated. $ with the markings more greyish white, without basal spot on the forewing (normally ?), the first
transver.se band of even widtii, the marginal band separated into spots; anal wool dark blackish grey above
and light grey beneath. Issyk-kul (Alexander Mts.).

6. Genus: I^asiocaiiipa Schrank.

Large or medium^sized species, usually differently coloured in the sexes, with broad, rounded, entire
or very feebly scalloped wings. $ essentially lai-ger than the ^ , only in one species wingless (sUiudingeri). Eyes
irregularly clothed with short hair. Frons with a liorny process in most species. Antermae in o with long pecti-
nations, in $ with short ones or (staudingeri $) very faintly dentate. Palpi short, shaggy, end-segment distinct,
with short appressed hair. Costal margin of forewing almost straight or slightly convex beyond the middle.
Apex rounded, distal margin feebly convex; costal margin of liindwing excurved at the base, then straight,
distal margin evenly convex. Forewing with 12 veins, 2 — 5 separate, 6 — 8 likewise separate or 6 and 7 on a
short stalk {decoloratn, staudingeri). or 8 from 9, 10 (grandis); 9, 10 on a short stalk, 11 free; 2 — 9 into the distal
margin. In the hindwing vein 6 from the upper angle of cell, 7 from its anterior margin proximally to the
centre, 8 approaching 7 rather far beyond the base, and running close along it for a shorter or longer distance
or being connected with it by a short oblicfue vein; basal cell therefore rather large, extending beyond half
the cell; the accessory veins running to the costal margin (2 or more) rather weak or entirely obsolete. Cell
closed in both wings, discocellular vein in forewing elbowed in the middle, in hindwing near upper angle of cell,
the lower angle projecting more distad than the upper. Femora and to some extent also the tibiae with long
hair, tarsi smoothly scaled; fore tibiae longer or shorter than the 1. tarsal segment, armed with an apical thorn
in some species; hind tibiae with 2 end-spurs.

Although the species differ to some extent in the ground-colour, which may be light greyish white,
yellow, brown, browaiish red or very dark brown, or an intermediate shade, the scheme of markings is very
uniform. Apart from some entirely unicolorous species, we meet with certain markings everywhere: a white
discal spot on the forewing usually with a dark edge, and a Ught postdiscal band across both wings, wMch may
he replaced by a dark band distally bordered with a light colour ; some species have in addition a light subbasal
band or occasionally a light basal spot on the forewing.

The Palearctic species can be separated into several groups according to morpliological detail. Firstly,
staudingeri with its wingless ? (genus Lamhessa Stgr.) contrasts with the normal- winged species. Among
these latter the species without horny frontal process but with end-thorn to the foretibia (Lasiocampa s. sir.,
with quercus, graridis, serrida and probably also josiia) differ therein from the remaining species, which
have a frontal horn, but either have no end-thorn to the foretibia {Aurivillia Tutt, with decolonita, datini and
davidis) or have such a thorn (Pachygastria Hhn.. with trifolii, terreiii, eversmanni, ruimi and concolor).

However, iii the present work it appears advisable to group the species according to the colour and
pattern in connection with the geographical distribution, and we distinguish accordingly a quercus-gvowp con-
taining the numerous yellow, or brown to dark brown forms with yellow bands belonging to the widely distributed
L. quercus; a trifolii-gronp, which comprises, besides trifolii and its forms grandis and seirula, predominantly
brown-red or reddish grey moths with an usually narrow whitish band and small discal spot; an eversmanni-

156 LASIOCAMPA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

group vvitli ever.smfinni, naim, diividis, terreni and josun. wliioh are greyish yellow or predominantly grey steppe-
forms witJi dark bands; and lastly, af/ecoZomY/t-group eniliracing the forms without markings, decolorata., dntini,
grisea spec. nov. and staudingeri. The species of the two last groups occur in the eastern Mediterranean countries,
with the exception of tlie Algerian staudingeri.

Larvae of a dark ground-coloiu', bluish gi'ey or black, usually with light dorsal longitudinal lines aixd
light lateral obhque stripes, the hair being variously coloured, of even length, the back bearing moreover short
fclty hair; incisions without hair.

J']) thin skimied, with olitusc. unarmed tail-end, in a hard })arehmoi^t-likc baiiel-shaped cocoon.

a. quercus-group.

L. quercus L. (25 a, b, c). Sexes very different in size and colour. ^ deep reddish broAvn to choco-
late, a broad band on the wings and the fringes of the liindwing brownish yellow. Forewing ^\^th a sharply
marked white discal spot. 5 oclireous to hght reddish brown, the transverse band proximally with dark border,
distally diffuse, discal spot of forewing edged with blackish brown. Underside of (^ and $ as above, the proxim-
al lialf dark and the marginal area pale. The species is extraordinarily variable. Besides the geograpiiical
forms and those colour-varieties which have the character of constant forms, numerous aberrations of individual
value only have received names, as have also specimens combining in their coloiu- and pattern charn.cteristics
of some varieties, and it goes without saying that all intergradations occur. The species is distributed over the
larger proportion of the Palearctic Region, occurring from the Altai to the Canaries, and from Lapland to Sicily,
only being absent from the southern districts of the Balkan Peninsula. — Egg deposited singly and not firmly
fixed, oval-cylindrical, greyish black, the colour somewhat variable in the various forms, having a yellowish
tint in viburni Chien. and being reddish in meridionalis Tuft. The j'oung larva is black, with regular quadran-
gular dark yellow dorsal spots. The full-grown larva likewise blackish, densely clothed ^v^th hair which varies
from greyish yellow to greyish brown ; the incisions, which are bluish in the young larva, are very broad and black,
each belt bearing two subdorsal white spots, which are sometimes indistinct; at the sides of segments 4 — 11
whitish or more yellow oblique streaks which emanate from a white lateral stripe, which is separated into sliort
bars and usually prominent, more rarely less distinct. Stigmata wliite. Head dark, with black mp,rkings,
segment 1 dorsally reddish j^ellow, spotted \vith black, 2 and 3 each with a lateral, prominent, red-centred
white ocelUform .spot. The larvae emerge in August, are still small when they hibernate, and grow fast in the
spring, pupatiiig in May. In cUstricts with a mild winter, e. g. in the South of England, they are about feeding
on warm siinny days during the winter. Besides Oak, Birch and Willow they live on various species of Prunus,
as well as on Rubus, Calluna, Sarothamnus, and other low plants. Pupation in a regularly ovate, hard, parch-
ment-like, dark brown cocoon. Pp thick, blackish brown, with light brown intersegmental incisions. The pupal
stage lasts as a rule only a few weeks, but in the high mountains and the high North the pupa regularly liiber-
nates twice. The moths are on the wing in Central Europe from early July until the end of August. The
(JcJ fly by day very swiftly in a zigzag course, particularly during the sunny hours of the afternoon, searching
quercus. for th3 $, The latter only lays eggs after it has been on the wing. — In truo quercus L. (25 a) the ^ is reddish
brown, wth a broad yellow, shglitly curved transverse band, which has a siiarply defined dark proximal border,
is distally somewhat more cUffuse, and narrower on the hindwing; the forewing with a rather small cbscal spot,
$ lighter or darker yellowish brown, the basal half of the wings darker with a more or less pronounced reddish
tone; tlie band likewise jialcr than in the o and proximally sharply bounded. The numerous forms can be
an-anged in two natural groups, which are also geographically separated, though the distribution-areas overlaj)
in Centra,l Europe: broad-banded forms, among wliich is true quercus and which inhabit the northern
half of Europe, andna,rrow-banded for^ns wliich inhabit the southern half of Europe, sparlii Hbn. being typical
for this gi-oup. TuTT (Brit. Lep. vol. 3) classifies the various forms, especially those occurring in Great Britain,
according to the different tint of the ground-colour, which arrangement of course also appUes to Central Euro-
pean examples. Witliin the various groups the scheme of markings is more or less faithfully repeated. The
majority of the forms resulting have natru-ally only individual value. He distinguishes — 1) (J-f o r m s: the
first group has a reddish brown or rust-brown ground-colour and here belong true quercus L.. further ab, ^
curvala. cufvata Tutt with a narrow, strongly curved, yellow or ochreous transverse band; ab. latovirgata Tutt with
lalovirgata. conspicuously broad band ; ab. :J semimarginata Tutt with the band normal in the forewing and extended to the
""'"uaia. tlistal margin, in the hindwing; ab. q marginata Tutt with the band extended to the distal margin in both wings;
marghwia. and lastly ab. cj basipuncta Tutt with yellow basal spot on the forewing ; — the second group of ,^^ has the
bnsipuHcla. ground-colour dark chestnut and here belong, besides the narrow-banded spartii Hbn.. the broad-banded roho-
ris and ab. guillemotii Trim, (cf, below), the last two corresjjonding to ab. latovirgata and seniimdrginata of
the first group, while spartii-curvata Tutt, spartii-marginata and spartii-basipuncta correspond to the forms
of the first group bearing the same designation; — the third group comprises forms with deep purple or chocolate

LASIOCAMPA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 157

croiind-colour, the markings being normo.l in the principal torin ab. i^ purpurascens Tutt, and the forms of the ijwpuras-
otiier groups being repeated {pur-purancens-curvaia Tutt, purpiirascens-kdovirgatd. pvr pvmscens-semmmrginata , '^"'^■
purpurascens-mnrginata, and pur purascens-husipuncta Tutt): — the fourth group, in which the ground-colour
is deep reddish brown, contains only four forms: ab. brunnea Ttitt with normal markings, further sicuki Stgr. Iminnea.
(cf. below) corresponding to ab. semimarginata Tutt, and its subvarieties ab. sicnla-latovirgata Tutt and sicula-
nmrginata Tutt. — 2)$-forms: in the first group with the ground-colour yellow or pale ochreous we have
first an entirely unicolorous form without markings, ab. $ obsoleta Tutt, and a form with distinct pale bands, nhi^olcta.
ab. $ virgata Tutt, the two other forms, ab. semimarginata and inarginata being the same as in the first group riiyuln.
of (?c? (see above); — in each of the second to foin-th groups, which comprise the 9? with the gi'ound either
dark oclu-eous (ocAracea-group), or reddish yellow (rufescens-group), or brown (6r;tw«ea-group), the four schemes
of markings are repeated {ochracm-obsoleta, ochracea-virgata, ochracea-semimarginata, ochracm-marginata, etc.).
In this arrangement the virgata-iovms of the $ correspond to the ? of true quercus. — The name subalpina, pro- snimlpUm.
posed by Aga.ssiz for a form from the Swiss Jura but not described by him, applies probably to a somewhat
lighter, yellow-banded variety intermediate between true alpina and roboris. Specimens of this kind occur
also in the Tyrol and in the Romagna. — The high-alpine form alpina Freij (2.5 b) is distinguished in S and ? alpiyw.
by a very dark colour. Band of wings strongly curved, obsolescent in the hindwing; discal spot small. At
altitudes from 2000 m upwards ; hibernates a second time as a pupa. — The likewise dark-coloured ?? from
Lapland, which recall mlhmae, have been distinguished as ?-f . lapponica Fuchs ; the broad transverse band is lapponica.
bright yellow. According to Tutt the apex of forewing is iiiore pointed and the distal margin straighter than
in the ? of true quercus. — callunae Pnlm. (25 b), the form from Scotland and Sweden, is rather larger than adlunae.
quercus; distal margin of forewing more oblique. ,^ very dark brown, with little or no intermixture of red,
forewing with a yellow basal spot ; band broad, strongly curved, distally diffuse or produced along the veins.
$ more or less reddish brown, never prominently oclu-eous, forewing with paler base. The larva on Calluna
vulgaris; essentially different when young from true quercus, being black after the 1. moult, with large, trian-
gular, orange-red spot on each segment; after the 2. moult likewise black, with orange-red incisions and a
grey longitudinal stripe. The full-grown larva is clothed with bright golden brown hair above, the hair on
the sides being deep blackish brown and the underside almost black; the light subdorsal line is absent or is
only represented by a spot in each incision ; the oblique pale lateral stripes are replaced on each segment by
an indistinct reddish line. The larva hibernates twice. The cocoon is larger and darker than in true quercus.
— A South-Siberian mountain-form, occurring in the Altai, may be mentioned in this place, which recalls
callunae as well as alpina, being of a dark colour, with a sharply defined yellow band which is not widened out,
and with large and long discal spot and a yellow basal spot on the forewing. The veins are slightly yellowish
in the marginal area. We call it altaica form. nov. — In Russia occurs a very large and dark form with the altaim.
discal spot of the forewing long and the band broad and strongly curved, somewhat recalling caUuruie; we name
it ab. russica form. nov. (25 a). The specimens figured came from Kineshma. — In roboris Schrank (= quercus ^^'««^ca.
Esp.) the transverse band is much widened in both wings, but does not extend to the distal margin, while m '
marginatn Tutt (see above) it reaches the margin in the fore- and hindwing. — The band extends to the margin
only in the hindwing in guillemotii Trim., which is found from Hungary to Southern France and also occurs in niuUcmoiU.
South Europe; this form replaces true quercus in the Gironde; the 9? are not larger than the cJcJ, of a reddish
ground-colour. — burdigalensis Gerh., from Bordeaux, is very near the preceding, but the cJ has a light-brown hurdigalen-
shade along the distal margin of the hindwing. — olivacea Tutt and olivaceo-fasciata Cockll. (= infumata Spul.) '„','-;,„^g„_
stand somewhat apart from the other forms, both being characterised by the appearance of a greenish tint, oUvaceo-
which extends over the whole wings in the former and is restricted to transverse bands in the latter. — cJcJ with '"''"" "'
the ochreous colour of the 9 are ab. ^ femini-colorata Niep., the wings being slightly darkened towards the /e^'J!^^^
base and the veins usually somewhat brownish. — Lastly, we have to mention ab. fenestrata Gerh. with in- ^^„"Xak
distinct band, and the wings more or less thinly scaled, in the outer half sometimes almost transparent. This
form has occasionally been obtained together with normal specimens by breeding and is, according to Tutt,
probably the result of unfavorable conditions of environment. Such a form occurs also among sicula.. — Of the
South-European forms we mention first sicula Stgr. (= spartii Fr.) (25 c). It is recognized by the narrow and sicula.
but little curved band, and in the ^ also by the distal margin of the hindwing being as a rule broadly and uni-
formly yellow ; in the 9 the band of the hindAving colnpletely merges together wdth the slightly paler distal marginal
area. Sicily and Spain (Andalusia). The larva resembles in all essentials that of viburni (see below) or the
hair is somewhat paler; lives especially on Rhamnus. The moth from September to November. — In the
remaining forms the band is strongly narrowed in both wings: spartii Hbn. (= scopariae Mill.) (25 b) has a ..paHii.
narrow yellow transverse band which, moreover, is still more narrowed towards the Irind margin on both wings.
Ground-colour deep dark browai in the ^, reddish brown in the $, the band being also in the ? sharply defined

158 LASIO(!AMPA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

and narrow. Southern France to Central .Spain, Nortliern Italy and the S(juthern Tyrol, ii\ hot summers also

iemtata. in South- West Germany. The larva does not differ from that of true querciis. — tenuata Fuchs comes very
close to spartii; it occurs from Central Germany southw-ard and both sexes are dark-coloured and bear a nar-
ildhiiiitina. row band, which is very prominent on the dark ground. — ab. dalmatina Gerh., from Dalmatia, is hardly se-
parable from /e^mate and sjmrtii; the band of the forewing is narrow and that of the hindwing still narrower,

viburni. and the fringes of the hindwing are dark, having only a thin light edge. — viburni G-'i<e«., which inhabits Southern
France, the Pjrenees, Italy and Sicily, is scarcely distinguishable in the imago from spartii and tenuata, but the
larva is well characterised, its ground-colour being darker, the deUcate long hair predominantly white, the
short felty hair of the dorsum bright reddish brown, the intersegmental bands narrower. The larva feeds on
various shrubs, such as Vibiirnum, Rubus, ffytisus, Erica arborea, Scoparium, etc., is full-grown early in January

meridit)- and liibernates until May. The moth flies in August, September and Oktober. — Here belongs also meridio-

"" '*■ nalis 7'm«, from Southern France (Provence, Alpes Maritimes); (J dark chocolate, $ yellowish brown, both witli

a inarrow sharply marked transverse band. Larva with orange-red head : the dorsal hairs pure white ; rolls

aatalau- up into a ring when disturbed. — The extreme form of this series is catalaunica Stgr., from Catalonia and Central
Italy, in wliich tlie band is very narrow, being a mere line, (^ very dark brown, $ reddish brown.

b. trifolii-group.

L. trifolii E.sp. The numerous forms vary from deep reddish brown to pale yellowish grey, the body
being of the same colour as the wings. Forewing witli prominent, black-edged, white discal spot, both wings
bearing a narrow or more broad, sharply marked or sometimes quite obsolete, whitish transverse band, which
is often proximally bounded by a dark shadow on the forewing ; some forms have between the cUscal spot of forewing
and the base a dark dentate band, which sometimes bounds a paler basal patch. — Egg oval, flattened, with central
depression, lighter or darker yellowish grey shaded with brown or minutely dotted with black, deposited singly.
Larva black, hair greyish yellow to yellowish brown, rather short, dense and matted, intermingled with some
long tliin hairs, and sometimes foxy red on the dorsum. Incisions blackish blue or black, these bands rather
narrow, interrupted by tlu-ee white dorsal longitudinal lines, of which the median one is the most distinct. Head
reddish brown, witli black dots, frons yellow with black markings, pronotum and anal tergite reddish yellow
spotted with black. Segments 2 and 3 each with a red dorso-lateral spot, 4 — 10 with oblique whitish side-stripes.
Underside yellowish red, more or less extended black-spotted. Stigmata white. The larvae emerge late in August
and in Sej)tember, hibernate young and feed up from May or June on various Papihonaceous plants, preferably
species of clover, but also on Medicago, Genista, Ononis. The larva of the name-typical form usually in localities
with sparse vegetation, while tho.se of ab. medica.rjini.s prefer luxinious meadows. Pupa greyish green, in a regular,

Irijidil. oval, hard, clayish cocoon. Moths from June until September. — True trifolii Esp. (25 c, d) is unicolorously
deep red-brown, with sharply marked discal spot, the band of the forewing being prominent in the ^, diffuse
in the $. The band of the hindwing is either absent or only vestigial. Distributed from Southern Sweden,
the Baltic provinces and England throughout Central and South Eurojie to Asia Minor, Armenia and Turan.
mcdicagi- With the name-tjrpical trifolii, and in some places even more commonly than this, occurs medicaginis Borkh. ( = tri-
'"*'• folii Panz.) (25 d), which is more greyish brown, the forewing and thorax being densely shaded with grey scales
and hairs and the dark shadow at tlie proximal side of the band of the forewing more prominent in consequence
of the paler tone of the ground; the fringes of the forewing dark reddish brown. In Asia Minor this form entirely
replaces true trifolii. — Also in this species Tutt has given names to the various gradation in colour and mark-
jUtva. ings: he distinguishes as ab. flava a pale yellow form with distinct dark, transverse, pale-edged band, several
modifications of this form being known, one without any markings (ab. obsoleta- flava), another with an in-
distinct pale median band between the lines (ab. pallida' flava), which band may be constricted or interrupted
(ab. contr acta- flava). The pale greyish brown forms comprise medicaginis Borkh., specimens of which without
markings being ohsoleta- medicaginis Tutt, while examples with a more or less distinct median band are separated
as virgata-medicaginis Tutt; here belong also ratamae H.-Schdff. and codes Hbn. (see below). The fawn-coloured

ceivina. or reddish grey form with normal markings and distinct median band is ab. cervina Tutt (without markings
= ab. obsoleta-cervina Tutt, with constricted median band = ab. contracta-cervina Tutt). To the group with
red-brown ground-colour belong true trifolii and iberica G-iien. (cf. below); besides these Tutt calls specimens
with the basal band of the forewing obsolete in c? and $ ab. unilinea-typica, and a form with obsolescent trans-
verse bands and distinctly pale veins ab. suffnsa-ti/pica. Lastly, the examples with the very dark red-brown
rufa. ground shaded with deep red are ab. rufa Tutt, specimens without markings (= ab. obsoleta-rufa Tutt) or with
the median band constricted (= ab. contracta-rufa Tutt) also occurring. — Besides the Central European forms

ibcrica. several well-characterized Mediterranean varieties are known, iberica G-uen. (= trifolii Dup.), from Spain, is
uniformly red-brown, having no markings apart from the almost black discal .spot of the forewing. It occurs
singly also in France, Switzerland and Southern Germany. — A form likewise inhabiting Southern Spain is

LASIOGAMPA. By Dr. K. (Jkunberg. 159

ratamae H.-Schdff. (= trifolii Hhn., retamae Ramb.), found also in Morocco: body and forewing yellowish ratewioc.
grey, the dark shadow at the proximal side of the band on the forewing, the snbbasal band, the border of
the discal spot and the entire hindwing dark red-brown with a violet tint ; the light band of tlie hindwing better
expressed than that of the forewing and a little more proximal in position. — In codes Geyer the light bands codes.
are always distinct, that of the hindwing is placed distally to the band of the forewing; the external dark trans-
verse shadow is prominent ; but the subbasal band is frequently quite absent ; ground-colour dark brown to greyish
brown in the (^, yellowish grey with a more or less extended reddish brown tone in the $. Larva M'ithout
the white longitudinal lines on the intersegmental bands. Central and Southern Italy, Greece ( ? ), Spain, Algeria.
— mauritanica Slyr. (25 d), from Algeria (Lambessa), is very clo.se to codes, but smaller and jjaler, or at least iufnirita-
densely dusted with greyish yellow scales. — In North Africa (Tunis) occur two more forms, which are conspi- '""''
cuous by their size and dark red-brown colour, and deserve being named; one has a very narrow band, jugurthina jiKjurthhia.
form. nov. (25e), the hindwing being unicolorous in the ^ and the forewing bearing a light basal spot in the same
sex ; the other form, seitzi form. nov. (25 e), has a very broad band. — The smallest form of trifolii occurs in Syria: seilzi.
maculosa Roqenh. {= bathseba Stgr.), characterised by its small size and recalling by its colour codes and medi- maculosa.
ciujinis ; ,^ varying from yellow to brown, the light band present on the forewing or absent, sometimes also the
hinthving l)caring a narroAV pale band; $ light brownish yellow, with the jjale band narrow and proximally
edged with broAvn.

L. grandis Rogenh. (= salomonis Stgr.) (25f), ForeAving red-brown to yellowish brown, with dispersed yramiis.
yellow scales, indistinct light subbasal band and sharply marked, narrow, white discal one, the discal spot
being dark-edged and ])rominent. Hindwing unicolorous. Underside brownish red, with a diffuse, curved,
dark liand across both wings. The extreme light form, ab. sapiens Stgr., has the forewing entirely clay-colour, sapiem.
SjTia and Palestine. Larva larger than that of trifolii, dark, with whitish yellow dots in the deep black inter-
segmental bands, pronotum almost entirely occupied by two large, deep black spots, Avhich are narrowly edged
with orange-yellow.

L, serrula Guen. (25 f). Greyish brown, dusted with red-brown scales, the narrow dark discal hand serrula.
exteriorly pale-edged and here regularly dentate ; the white discal spot large. HindAving above unicolorous,
beneath with a dentate band like the forewing. North Africa, according to Guenee also in Andalusia. Besides
the name-typical form there occur in North Africa two others; the one is reddish brown, sparsely dusted with
yellowish scales, the band being strongly reduced and only feebly dentate, maroccana Stgr., from Morocco and tnaroccana.
Oran, and the other, undulata Stgr., a more eastern form from Algeria (Biskra) is light yellowish grey with a undulata.
narrow brown band and strongly undulate distal margin. — The species is represented in Palestine by a third
form, palaestinensis Stgr. (26 a), which is much smaller than true serrula, with the yellowish grey forewing pulaedi-
densely covered with light scaling and bearing a narrower dark band, which is pale-edged on the distal side "'''"'■'•'•
and less dentate, discal spot smaller ; hindwing brown, with a narrow pale transverse band and light fringes. - —
Larva with a V-shaped spot on the head, a dorsal row of orange brushes of hair and whitish oblique side-stripes,
very lively, at once rolls up when touched. On Limoniastrum, Atriplex and Salsolaceae.

c. eversmanni-group.

L. terreni H.-Schdff. Stouter than trifolii, the forewing broadly rounded at the apex and therefore ierrenl.
proportionately shorter and broader ; in the (J pale straw-colour, with dark brown subbasal and discal bands,
in the $ predominantly brown, with indistinct band which is exteriorly broadly edged with white or is absent;
discal spot white with dark edge in ^ and $. Discal band strongly cur\nng distad at the costal margin. Hindwing
greyish brown, in the J with a sharply marked band. Underside hke upper, band prominent in the cj, obso-
lescent in the $. Turkey and Asia Minor as far as Syria and Palestine. Early stages not yet known.

L. eversmanni Eversm. (25f). Straw-coloured, with narrow dark brown bands and brown fringes, fore- eversmaniu.
wing more or less variegated with brown in the centre. Hindwing brownish, with strongly obsolescent band.
The white discal spot small. The transverse band of the fore\ving stands occasionally close to the apex of the
cell. 9 lighter and more unicolorous than the S, band indistinct in forewing and usually absent from hindwing.
August and September, on dry saltsteppes, from the Ural to the southern districts of the Altai. Larva bluish
grey with light blue incisions. Hair thin and dense, of even length, yellowish grey; segment 1 cherry-red above,
2 and 3 with a subdorsal spot of the same colour on each side; dorsal line wliitish, indistinct on account of
the hair, accompanied on each side by a red, frequently interrupted, macular band which is bounded by velvety
black spots. Underside und legs reddish yellow. The half-grown larvae feed in the spring on steppe-grasses,
the older specimens on Leguminosae. probably Alhagi camelorum (in captivity fed up on Astragalus), and
are probably nocturnal; though full-grown the middle of May, they do not spin the cocoon before the end
of June and feed until pupation takes place.

L. nana Stgr. (= herzi CJir.). Most nearly related to eversmanni and at first considered by Staxtdingek nana.
to be a small race of it. Brownish yellow, forewing more elongate, the band more obhque, indistinct or even
absent, if present it is placed close to the cell and is connected with the pale-centred brown discal spot. Persia
(Shalu-ud), Ferghana. Larva in May on Lycium barbarum.

IGO MACrvUTHYJ>AOIA. By Dr. K. Gui nbekg.

davidU. L. davidis St(jr. (25 f). The typical form is light cream-colour, yellowish white, with sharply marked,

(huk, (lint ally usually distinctly dentate band on the forewing; the brown band rather broader, sometimes in-
distinct or even absent. On the forewing there is frequently a short brown subbasal band. Underside likewise
pale, with broader dark bands. The figure (25 f) represents a dark form in which only the outer area of the
forewing Jias the normal creamy colour. Palestine.

mmi. L. Josua SUjr. (26 a). The specimen here figured doubtless belongs to this species, but the colour of its

forewing is very light. In true josua the forewing of the (^ is brown densely dusted \\\\\\ j'ellow bearing a light
basal spot, which is usually ])roduced into 2 sharp points; the light border of the median band is distinct and
continued on to the hiudwing as a narrow prominent transverse band. In the $ the forewing is even more
densely dusted with light scales than in the ^ and the hindwing also is frequently paler. Palestine. Early stages
vauchcrl. not known. — The species is represented in Morocco by a larger and darker race, vaucheri Blach.; the ^ is dark
reddish brown irrorated with small yellow scales, all the markings, i. e. the basal and discal spots and the trans-
verse bands, are prominent and nearly ochreous ; the $ is lighter in colour and more variable, the light markings
being somewhat diffuse.

d. decolor ata-group.

(Icculnnilii. L, decolorata King (2(5 a) is nearly uniformly pale yellowish grey, without pale discal spot. Palestine

and Egypt.

(irisea. L. grisea spec. nov. (26 a). An entirely unicolorous species, which is light-grey with an ill-defined white

discal spot in the forewing. The ground-colour is similai- to that of palaestinensis Stgr., but there is no trace
whatever of dark markings. Palestine.

(Mini. L. datini 3Iab. (26 b) is uniformly dirty brownish grey. Tunisia.

staudingeri. L. staudingeri Baker (26 b). Yellowish brown or more greyish brown. 5 with remnants of wings,

dark greyish brown or reddish brown. Algeria (Lambessa, Biski'a). Larva similar to that of serrula,
frons with a triangular sulphur-yellow spot, which is separated by a deep black border from the slaty blue sides
of the head. Characteristic are subdorsal, horizontal, pointed pencils of hair of which there are 5 on each side
of every segment, the pencils converging at their tips. The intersegmental incisions slaty blue marked with
white. In June full-grown on low plants of various kinds, such as species of Artemisia, Genista, Trifolium, and
also on young bushes of Quercus ilex. According to Dr. Seitz's observation the larva remains in daytime on
the ground or more inside the bunches of the food-plant, appears at 5 o'clock p. m. and can be obtained in num-
bers shortly before dusk sets in. It is difficult to breed, and pupates on the underside of stones, for which reason
it is advisable to place some stones into the cage. As the larva does not easily take to a new kind of food, it is
best to feed it up on the species of plant on which it was found. As a rule it eats but little and grows slowly,
and a large percentage die in captivity. Pupation in a cocoon which is similar to that of trifolii, but sometimes
entirely white. The moths are on the wing in August and September. In Central and Southern Algeria (Lam-
bessa, Batna, Biskra), locally very common.

7. Genus: Haerotli^'laieia Raynh.

Closely allied to Lasiocampa Schrnnk. Eyes evenly hairy. End-segment of palpi shorter than in Lnsio-
cdiupa and indistinctly separated. Veins 6 and 7 of hindwing always on a distinct stalk, basal cellule
smaller and just reaching the middle of the cell, sending off two strong, simple or furcate, accessory veins to
the costal margin. Antennae of ,^ M'ith long pectinations, of $ with very short teeth. Frons and anterior tibia
unarmed, as in Lasiocampa quercus. Wings as in Lasiocampa, broad, rounded, entire; forewing with 2 light trans-
verse bands. Represented in the Palearetic Region only by one species, wliich however is widely distributed.

riibi. M. rubi L. (26 c). ^ paler or darker brown, varying from rather light rust-brown to deep red-brown;

forcAving with 2 whitish discal bands which converge behind, are either narrow, sharply marked and linear,
or broader and more diffuse, and either stand rather far apart or approach each other strongly or even touch
one another. On the distal half a submarginal, broader or narrower, often indistinct or even absent, greyish
white suffusion which is well defined and strongly dentate only on the outer side. Fringes whitish. LTnderside
entirely unicolorous. or at the most the outer band vestigial. $ larger, greyish brown, forcAx-iug strongly
suffused with grejash white; markings as in the ^. Throughout Europe (with the exception of Sicily and
Greece) as far as Central Asia. — The variability is considerable in both .sexes in size as well as colour and
markings. The (J of name-typical rubi L. (26c) is dark reddish brown, the $ grejish brown \vith a slight
reddish tone, the whitish transverse bands are rather far apart. The different colour-varieties of ^J and

PM. 25. VII. mi. METANASTRIA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 161

TuTT with a special name, likewise the combinations of markings repeated in each of these groups, which are,
however, as in Las. quercus, only of individual importance. Accordingly we distinguish: — ^-forms: with bright
foxy red colouring and tj^pical markings, ab. rufa Tutt, having the following aberrations in markings: trans- rufa.
verse bands of the forewing widely divergent (rufa-separata Tutt), close together (rufa-approximata Tiitt), touch-
ing in the centre {riifd-conjunctn Tutt), or confluent forming a wide median band (rufd-fasciata Tuft), one
transverse band absent {ri(fn-i(nilinea Tutt), or the bands asymmetrically developed in the two wings {rufa-dis-
similis Tutt), or the wings with indistinct transverse bands (rufa-obsoleta Tutt), and lastly with the spaces bet-
ween the transverse bands filled in with dark (rufa-virgata Tutt). — With dark rust-red ground-colour and
typical markings, ab. ferruginea Tutt, with the same aberrations in markings as above (ferruginea-separata, fcrruginca.
ferruginea-approximata, ferruginea-conjimcta, ferruginea-jasciata, ferruginea-unilinea, ferruginea-obsoleta, fer-
rugiriea-dissimilis and ferrugitiea-virgnta). — Ground-colour light like the lighter submarginal colour, ab. pal- iHillida.
lida Tutt, with the same forms as above (pallida-separata, pallida-approximata, paUida-conjuncta, pallida-fas-
ciata, palUda-unilinea, pallida-dissimilis, pallid a-obsoleta and pallida-virgatn). — $-forms: Ground-colour greyish
brown tinged with reddish, the tj'pical form, in wluch there are the same abeiTations as in the ^ (cervina- separata
cervina-approximata, cervina-conjuncta, cervina- fasciatn, cervina-obsoleta, cervina-dissimilis and cervina-virguta) ;
ground-colour dull greyish brown without reddish tinge, ab. grisea, with the same forms (grisea-separata, grisea- grisea.
approximata, grisea-conjuncta, grisea- fasciata, grisea-unilinea, grisea-dissimilis, grisen-obsohta, andgrisea-virgata, all
these names by Tutt). — In Morocco and Spain two well-characterised southern forms occur, digramma d'ninunma.
Meade-Waldo, of which only the $ is known, deep dark reddish brown with sharply defined, narrow and wi-
dely separate bands on the forewing. Fringes darker. Morocco. Larva on Quercus ilex and Pistacia lentis-
cus, from December to March, moth in Api-il. — korbi Griinberg, from Spain (Sierra Espuna), is uniformly korbi.
dark reddish brown in both sexes, without any markings. — A rather doubtful form is that occurring in Fin-
land and at the most northern border of the distribution-area, pygmaea Reuter, a small dark form with the pygmaea.
transverse bands close together and indistinct, but sharply edged with black on the outer side. — Moths in June
and July. The (^(^ are on the wing towards evening at dusk, looking for the $$, their flight being irregular
and rapid; the $$ occasionally come to the lamp. The eggs are elUptical, flattened, grey with glossy surface,
and are deposited in cylindrical clusters on stalks of grass and low-growing plants, sometimes also on stones.
The larva is black with dense long hairs of the same colour intermixed with white laterally, while dorsally it
bears short, felty, lighter or darker brown hair. Incisions deep blaok. Posterior edges of the segments with
a brownish yellow transverse band interrupted in the centre, becoming indistinct in the full-grown larva. The
larvae are polyphagous, living until the middle of October on different grasses and low-gi-owing plaiats, also on
some deciduous slu-ubs, such as birch and blackberry. At the shghtest touch they roll up and drop to the
ground. In the autumn, when they are full-grown, one often sees them wandering about restlessly in large num-
bers on meadows and moors. They hibernate, also rolled up in a ring, under roots of plants, moss, etc., until
the end of February, and then live in the open again until they pupate in April, but without feeding. They
are much decimated by parasitical insects, and a large percentage is also destroyed by a parasitical fungus
during the winter, so that they are always much rarer in the spring than in the autumn*). Pupa black, with
short stiff bristly hairs and light-brown abdominal incisions, more slender and thick-skimied than in Lasio-
campa, in a soft blackish grey and rather dense cocoon.

8. Genus: Metaiiastria Hbn. (= Amuria ^wnt;.).

Antennae of ,^ with moderately long pectinatins, of $ with short ones. Palpi long, porrect, with long
erect hair, and very long cylindrical end-segment. Eyes naked. Frons smooth. Wing entire, forewing broad
with sharp rectangular apex, costal margin strongly curved, outer margin shghtly so, inner margin almost
straight: hindwing large and broad with broad rounded apex, costal margin almost straight, distal margin
strongly curved. Forewing with 12 veins, 2 to 4 at fairly regular distances from the cell, 5 from the hind angle
of the cell distinctly separate from 4, 6 and 7 on a short stalk from the upper angle, 8 from the short stalk
of 9 and 10; 2 to 8 into the distal margin, 9 into the apex; in the hindwing vein 2 from the middle of the
cell, 3 to 5 at equal cUstances from and near the lower angle of the cell, 8 rather far beyond the origin of 7 unit-
ed with it for a very short distance, basal cell moderately large but very elongate, accessory veins absent.
Cell of both wings closed. Cross-vein curved in the forewing., acutely angled in the liindwing, the anterior
straight portion only half as long as the posterior cui'ved one; a receding vein runs basad from the angle. Tho-
rax rough-haired, abdomen more smooth. Legs moderately long, femora and tibiae with very long hair, tarsi
smoothly scaled, first segment considerably shorter than the others together. Fore tibiae not armed,
middle and hind tibiae with very short end-spurs concealed in the long hair.

M. subpurpurea Bufl. {= dieckmanni Graes., rubra Hamps.) (26 c). Antennae hght brown; frons, suhpurpu-
tegulae and dorsum of thorax yellow, patagia, sides of thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Forewdng chestnut, '■'^"•
dusted with grey scales and bearing two narrow yellow, slightly wavy, transverse bands before and beyond
the centre, which begin with a larger spot at the costal margin. Black discal spot very indistinct. Inner margin

*) Numerous observations have already been published about the hibernation of the larvae in captivity. It seems to be
very important that in the autumn and early winter enough water is poured on to the moss in which the larvae are embedded.

II 21

162 DIPLURA; NADASIA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

densely covered with long ,yello\v hair from the base to the light spot terminating the outer band. Hindwing
lighter brown. Underside reddish browii, both wings with gre_\ash yellow transverse band, only reaching to
vein 4 in the forewing. At the basal side of the transverse band both wings densely covered with grey scales.
$ like the (J, only shghtly lighter and more thinly scaled. Amurland, Japan. On the wing in July. Eggs red-
dish yellow. Larva cyhndrical, thinner at both ends, without long lateral hairs, head small, dull black, body
clothed with yellow hair, dark grey with a row of velvety black dorsal spots cUvided on segments i to 10 and
bouiaded laterally by a light sickle-shaped mark. Underside reddish yellow. Gregariously in a wliitish grey
web, only feeds at night, hibernates and then feeds up until June or July. Cocoon very hard, parchment-
like. Sometimes two to four pupae in one cocoon, the pupa hibernating again. In Southern Amurland (Vladi-
vostock), however, the insect only hibernates once.

9. Genus: Diplura Ramb.

A well-characterised genus confined to the western Mediterranean area and only containing two verj^
closely allied species. Antennae of (J with long pectinations, in the $ onl}' serrate. Palpi small, shghtly pen-
dant, indistinctly jointed. Eyes hairy. Hair of tlie body of ^ long, of the ? shorter; abdomen of ^ with a
divided bifid long anal tuft. Wings entire; forewing triangular, with sharp apex; costal margin only shghtly
curved in the outer half, distal and inner margins moderately curved; liind angle broadly rounded. Costal
margin of liindwing strongly excurved at the base, distal margin rather strongly curved. Forewing with 12
veins, 2 to 4 at almost equal distances from the liind margin of the cell, 5 from the hind angle of the cell,
distinctly separate from 4, 6 and 7 from the upper angle of the cell, 8 close before it, 9 and 10 on a short
stalks ; 2 to 8 into the margin, 9 into the apex. In the hindwing 3 to 5 close together from the hind part of
the apex of the cell, or 4 and 5 on a short stalk, 7 beyond the centre or close to the cell-apex, united close
beyond the base by a strong transverse vein with vein 8, whicii latter is strongly curved towards the costal mar-
gin already at the base, so that a very large basal cell is formed, which is almost larger than the true cell. A
moderately large accessory vein emanates from the base of vein 8. Cell closed in both wings; cross-vein of
forewing irregularly curved, and in the liindwing angulate before the centre. Femora and tibiae with long
but rather sparse hair, tarsi smoothly scaled, fore tibiae not armed, middle and liind tibiae with two short end-
spurs. The species are uniformly red-brown or greyish brown, with sharp white discal spot and outer wliite
dentate line on the forewing. — Larva long, cylincU'ical, with irregular hair, long at the sides, and producing
strong inflammation. Only two warts of different size at each side of the first segment; segments 2 to 5 dor-
sally with two transverse short and very dense tufts of hair beyond the middle, on segments 2 and 3 another
pair of such tufts at the anterior edge; segments 6 to 12 without these tufts and in the middle only sparsely
hairy. Yellowish bristles on all segments at the anterior and posterior margins; segments 6 to 10 in addition
with two or three felty spots covered with white hair. Pupa short and stumpy, naked, reddish brown, in an
elliptical parchment-Uke cocoon.

lotl. D. loti O. (26 d). ^ dark reddish broM-n, forewing with sharply defined white discal spot, and white,

slightly wavy, postdiscal band, which is broader at the inner mai'gin. Underside hke upper, band more indistinct.
9 slightly larger, dark greyish brown, discal spot sharply defined, band indistinct : underside almost or entire-
ly without markings. West and Southern France, Spain. Flies in May and June. Larva grejash brown
with white lateral hairs, the bristles on the anterior and posterior edges yellow. Head brown, hairy. Accord-
ing to Mendes from the end of August to May, and according to RotiAST from ^lay to August, on Cistus
salviaefolius. As regards pupa cf. description of genus.

algeriensis. D. algerlensis Baker (= brumiea Oberth.) (26 d). Also regarded as a form of loti: similar to the preced-

ing, l)and of the forewing of the ^ strongly and sharply dentate. $ dark brown, with ill-defined discal spot,
without band. End of July and August, not rare on stony slopes; according to other statements specimens
also occur in April (from hibernating pupae ?).

10. Genus: Xadsisia Walk.

Very closely allied to Diplura, containing two small species onl}' known from Egj'pt. Antemiae of (^
with long pectinations, of ? with shorter ones, which are however distinct to the tip. Apex of forewing more
rounded than in Diplura, inner margin straight, costal margin of hindwing considerably longer than the inner
margin. Vein 6 and 7 as well as 9 and 10 on a long stalk in the forewing, stalk almost as long as the free
ends of the veins ; 9 into the margin, 10 into the apex. Two accessory veins at the base of the hindwing. First
tarsal segment with a few long hairs on the outer side. Colour uniformly dirty greyish brown; forewing with
minute white discal spot and various light and dark wavj^ lines, or almost without markings. — Larva and
pupa of N. obsoleta have been described by Kltjg.
%mdala. N. undata A7h<7 (26 d). Body grepsh brown with a reddish tinge, forewing of the ^ of the same colour,

discal area darker, bounded proximally and cUstally by a whitish dentate hue. A blackish, finely dentate, band
before the margin. Fringes with hght spots. Hindwing Ughter grey, with ill-defined dark submarginal band

CHILENA; GOSMOTRICHE. By Dr. K. GrtJnberg. 163

Underside lighter than upper also on the fore\ving; markings indistinct. Hindwing with dark discal band. $ lar-
ger, lighter grey, markings indistinct and diffuse. Egypt, early stages unknown.

N. obsoleta Klug (26 d). Uniformly brownish grej^, forewing with indistinct dark discal and submar- obsoleia.
ginal bands. Egvi^t. — Egg pale yellowish, deposited on slender twigs of Acacia. Larva blue-grey, underside
yellow with black spots, sides with fine sporadical black dusting and long grey hairs. Back with yellow longi-
tudinal band dotted with black, and irregular black lateral band bounded by a black stripe of spots on the
outer side. First and last segments blackish blue, 2, 10 and 11 with long black dorsal tufts of hair, 3 to 6 with
short brown brush-like hairs, 7 to 9 each with two black warts. Pupa dark brown, stumpy, in a regular elliptical
greyish white cocoon, attached to slender t\\dgs at the top of Acacia-trees.

11. Genus: diileiia Walk.

Of this genus, wliich is essentially Oriental and Ethiopian, only three species are Palearctic, occurring
in the East-Mediterranean district. Antennae with long pectinations, wliich are only slightly shorter in the
9 than in the (J. Palpi short with rather long bristles, end-segment small, knob-like. Eyes densely hairy; frons
smooth. Body very hairy, abdomen of (J pointed, with longer anal hairs and lateral tufts on the middle seg-
ments. Forewing and the rather long fringes entire. Forewing broad with rounded apex, costal margin slightly
curved only in the outer half, distal margin also moderately curved, inner margin almost straight. Costal margin
of liindwing slightly excurved at the base, then straight, distal margin strongly curved. Veins 6 and 7 of the
forewing on a short stalk from the upper angle of the cell, 8 close before it, free, 9 and 10 stalked, stalk
shorter than the free ends of the veins, 2 to 9 into the distal margin; in the hindwing 4 and 5 on a short stalk,
8 free from the base, soon after its origin united with 7 for a short distance, forming a small basal cell with it;
two strong accessory veins ; 1 b to 7 into the distal margin, 8 into the costal margin. Cell closed in both wings;
cross-vein of forewing very slender, angulate laear the lower angle of cell and then strongly inclining to-
wards the apex of the wing. Femora, tibiae and first segment of fore tarsi with long hair, tarsi smoothly scaled,
with long segments, middle and hind tibiae with short end-sjiurs. The species are uniformly grey or greyish
brown, with white discal spot and dark oblique transverse bands in the forewing. — Larva cylindrical, with
soft hair, especially laterally, without lateral warts, the dorsal warts also feebly developed but bearing a few
longer bristles. Segments 2 and 3 with four dorsal short dense tufts of hair each, 11 rather strongly raised
with a few longer hairs, 5 to 10 with three ventrolateral transverse stripes of smooth silky hair. Pupa brown,
naked, with stumpy, rounded, non-armed end, tliin skinned, in a strong parchment-Hke white cocoon.

C. obliquata Khig (26 e). Greyish wliite, forewing suffused with brownish, with an ill-defined obliquala.
brownish transverse band from the apex to the middle of the imier margin. Egyjjt.

C. sordida Ersch. (26 e). Antennae brownish yellow, body grey, wings lighter or darker greyish brown; sordida.
forewing with wliite discal spot and two parallel ill-defined blackish brown transverse bands, the inner one
running from the apex to the middle of inner margin. Underside almost without markings, and without discal
spot. Central Asia. Very variable. — Larva bluish grey; segment 1 with two black spots, 2 and 3 almost black
with yellow hind margin ; the other segments bearing yellow dorsal and lateral lines with reddish yellow mark-
ings, and blue dots between them. On Alliagi camelorum, first brood in April, the second already in June.
As the time of development is so short, perhaps a third brood also occurs. Pupates on the food-plant or on
some undergrowth near by.

C. proxima Stgr. (26 e). Most closely allied to sordida, antennae dark brown, ground-colour of ^ dark proxima.
brownish grey, of $ lighter. Discal spot of forewing sometimes indistinct, the imier dark transverse hne in
immediate proximity to the discal spot, the outer one strongly dentate. Mesopotamia.

12. Genus: Cosmotrielie Hbn.

Medium-sized species, from bright yellow to reddish brown in colour, in the forewing with an usually
large white double discal spot and dark oblique band rumiing from the apex of the wing to the inner margin.
Antennae of (^ with very long pectinations, in the $ with short ones. Palpi strongl}' porrect, with long cyhn-
drical end-segment. Eyes shghtly hairy, the hairs sometimes (laeta) very sparse. Frons shghtly convex,
smooth. Body densely hairy. Forewing elongate, but rather broad, costal margin curved only in the outer
half, apex sharply marked, rectangular, outer margin moderately curved, inner also curved or almost straight,
liindwing broadly rounded with strongly curved distal margin. In both wings the distal margin is more or
less distinctly wavy. Forewing with 12 veins, vein 2 near the base, 5 from the lower angle of the cell, 6 and 7
as well as 9 and 10 on a short stalk, 8 free from the upper angle of the cell; 2 to 8 into the margin, 9 into
the apex ; in the liindwing 4 and 5 from a point or on a short stalk {laeta), 8 strongly curved at the base and
united with 7 by a long oblique transverse vein beyond the middle of the cell, a large broad basal cell being
formed; from tliis basal cell four or five accessory veins radiate, the outer longer one running parallel with

164 COSMOTRICHE. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

the free end of vein 8. Cell closed in both wdngs, cross-vein angulate in the middle in the forewang, before the
middle in the hindwing. Femora and tibiae covered with dense long hair, likewise the fore tarsi on the outer
side; middle and liind tibiae wdtli long end-spurs. Throughout the Palearctic Region with the exception of the
Balkan Peninsula and North Africa, also in the Oriental Region. — Larva clothed everywhere with long thin
hairs, on segments 2 and 11a long dorsal brush of hair, on segments 3 or 4 to 10 dorsally tliree or four or even
five parallel, or posteriorly divergent, tufts or brushes of short dark bristles. Laterally above the stigmata of
segments 2 to 10 a longitudinal row of white spots or streaks of hair, three on each segment. Pu})a in a long
yellow cocoon pointed at each end, dark brown, glossy, with a large number of small thin bristles at
the stumpy posterior end. The sexes are rather strongly dimorphic, the <J(J are smaller and darker than the $$,
the forewing appearing sUghtly shorter through the distal margin being more strongly convex and distinctly
incurved at the apex. Dark $$ and light j'J, however, also occur, and this reversion in colour characterises
some local races.

C. potatoria. Drinker. Varying from dark reddish brown with lighter brownish yellow patches to light
ochreous or gre\ash yellow. Forewing uath dark-centred wliite chscal spot, above wliich there is a small white dot,
with narrow dark subbasal band, and a dark transverse band extending from the apex of the wing to before the
middle of the inner margin. In the marginal area an often indistinct dark dentate band which bounds
the lighter-coloui-ed middle of the Aving on the outer side. Hindwing with incUstinct dark obhque band, which
may be entirely absent. $ pale oclu-eous to light greyish brown, markings as in the (^. Distributed from Japan
over Siberia, Russia, Central and Northern Europe to Southern Italy and Spain; in the North to Finland. —
Eggs short oval, slightly impressed on both sides, greyish white or with a reddish tinge, and strongly opalescent,
deposited singly or in clusters on grasses and shrubs (Corylus, Rubus, Clematis, etc.), covered with a sticky
substance by wliich they adhere to the objects and to one another. Larva blackish grey with a shght tinge
of blue, dorsally with extended irregular yellow spots, wliich form stripes in very dark specimens; hairs of body
and head light brown. Dorsal tufts and brushes of hair black. The lateral hairy spots white. In young larvae
the dorsal markings are bright orange-yellow. The larvae emerge in August and first devour part of the
egg-shell, afterwards feeding on hard grasses (Carex, DactyUs, Luzula), also on Leontodon. They hibernate
after the third change of skin from the end of October or November until April, and are ready to pupate in
June. The fusiform cocoon is pale yellow, being often attached to the stalks of Sparganium and Phragmites;
pupa glossy dark brown or blackish brown. The larvae require a great quantity of moisture and drink large
drops of water. Therefore in breeding them the food must be well sprinkled v\ath water. After a long drought
it happens that they attack other larvae and suck them out. The moths appear from the end of July until
the end of August and fly in the late evening, the c?c? being agile, the ?$ rather clumsy, the latter also

potoiorkt. sometimes coming to the lamp. — True potatoria L. (26 f) is reddish brown in the (^, with more or less extended

lighter spots, and light oclireous or pale loam-j'ellow in the $, witli the characteristic markings in both sexes.

askoldemis. — In Southern Amurland (Ussuri) a special form occurs, askoldensis Oberth. (26 f); larger and darker than

the European specimens. It appears to be confined to the Ussuri district, for specimens from Chabarovsk

and Nicolaievsk, for instance, do not differ from the European form ; however, small specimens similar to the

type-form are found also in the Ussuri district. — The typically coloured form with incUstinct transverse bands

beroUnmsi.1. TuTT na^mes obsoleta- potatoria. ab. berolinensis fl'ei/ne (26 f); rj pale yellow, the darker parts greyish yellow,

this colour sometimes spreading over the entire wing; $ still lighter than the typical form, under.side

whitish yelloAv; surroundings of Berlin, also in England. Tutt names a uniformly pale grey or whitish yellow

form without distinct bands, ohsoleta-berolinensis. Here must also be placed the form occurring in Northern

Europe, Denmark and Northern Germany, with conspicuously light-coloured ^ and dark $, which Car.\d ja

inversa. has named ab. inversa. A very light yellow ^-form with quite indefinite markings and almost obsolete discal

feminalis. spot on the forewing we name (^-ab. feminalis; the band of the liindwing is conspicuously broad and diffuse.
Fig. 26 g 1 and 2 represent a form from Holland (Amsterdam), oclrreous in both sexes with the markings also
ill-defined (especially in the 9). and with the veins, particularly in the forewing, conspicuously blackened.

alrinerra. We name it atrinerva ab. nov. — Tutt (Brit. Lep. vol. Ill) treats all the other shades of colouring as separate

lutescens. varieties: the dark j'-ellow or orange-yellow form with normal markings is named lutescens Tutt (with indistinct
markings obsoleta-lutescens Tutt): the dark yellow form with reddish or yellowish brown base of the forewing,

proxima. transverse bands and hindwing of the same colour, the hindwang having a darker band, is proxima Tutt; inter-
media Tutt is very little different, the reddish brown darker colour occupying the marginal area beyond the
outer transverse band as well as the costal marginal area; the liindwing is uniformly reddish brown with con-

dUmnuta. siderably darker median band. ab. diminuta Tutt is reddish broAvn to chocolate, forewing with j^ellowish basal

inner marginal spot and a yellowish streak from the lower discal spot to the outer transverse line, hindwing

exirema. uniformly reddish brown. Lastly the darkest form, ab. extrema Tuft, has the forewing uniformly dark reddish

brown or chocolate, \vith shght purple tinge and the transverse bands still darker,'* hnidwing uniformly dark

reddish brown (with indistinct transverse hnes: obsoleta- extrema).

alboiiiacu- C. albomaculata Brem. (26 g). Closely allied to 'potatoria. somewhat smaller, the two white spots of

lata, the forewing considerably larger, especially in the $. The ^ dark reddish brown to quite deep dark brown with

a decided violet tinge, $ also browji Avith a brownish violet forewing. Between the obhque transverse band of

SELENEPHERA; TRABALA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 165

the forewing and the submarginal dentate band the colour is slightly lighter, in the (J usually whitish violet.
The dark transverse band of the forewing is always absent. Southern Amurland, Corea and Japan. In Amur-
land in June and July. — Larva ^v^th large orange-brown dorsal spots edged with white, and four tufts of hair
at each side on segments 4 to 10 respectively, these being still shorter than in potatoria; laterally and ventrally
brownish. Habits as in potatoria, likewise the shape and colour of the cocoon.

C. laeta Walk. (26 g). A very beautiful brightly coloured species (the figure is rather too dark). Base laela.
and costal marginal area of the forewing warm yellowish brown, inner margin lighter ochreous, the marginal
area lying beyond this blackish transverse band reddish violet, the forewing of the same colour, but more light
brownish towards the base than the abdomen. Discalspotof forewing very large and irregularly angulate, touching
the small spot, with a dull silvery gloss. Distributed from Eastern Siberia, Corea and Japan to Anterior India
and the Sunda Islands. The specimens from India and the Sunda Islands are more unicolorous, and above all
do not possess the large deep yellow inner marginal sjiot of the forewing which characterises the East Asiatic
ab. sulphurea Auriv., occurring as far as North India. — Larva common in Amurland on Laspedeza bicolor, tiulphurea.
in shape and colour similar to that of potatoria, grey, laterally intermixed with yellow and blackish, with broad
black dorsal band formed of connected rhomboidal spots. On segment 2 a slightly longer and tliinner tuft of
hair beyond a black one; the tuft on segment 11 mixed black and wliite. Short black tufts of bristles on seg-
ments 3 to 10. The eggs are glued to the small stalks of the food-plant and hibernate. The young larvae do
not appear until the beginning of June, in small clusters of from 10 to 20 specimens, and are full-grown the
middle of July. Cocoon yellowish white, somewhat lighter and slenderer than in potatoria. Moth the beginning
of August.

13. Genus: SSeleiiepliera Ramh.

Antennae scarcely half as long as the forewing, in the ^J with fairly long pectinations, in the $ serrate
at the base, then pectinate. Palpi scarcely extending beyond the forehead, with bristly hairs and with stumpy
knob-like end-segment. Eyes hairy. Body with long dense hair. Margin of both wings slightly wavy. Forewing
triangular with rather sharp rectangular apex, costal margin only slightly curved in the outer half, distal
and inner margins moderately curved. Hindwing strongly rounded, with strongly curved distal margin, and the
costal margin excurved at the base. Venation similar to that of Cosmotriche, 6 and 7 as well as 9 and 10
of the forewing on longer stalks, basal cell of hindwing also large and broad, but without accessory vein, onty
from the base of the hindwing an accessory vein to the costal margin. Femora and tibiae also long-haired,
tarsi without hair, smoothly scaled. Hindtibiae Math short end-spurs usually concealed in the hair. Only one
species. — Egg large, elliptical, bluish green with a dark median spot at each end. Larva with tliin hair like
that of Cosmotriche, with long tuft of hair on segments 2 and 11, segments 3 to 10 respectively with three tufts
of short black bristles close together on each side, the anterior ones very small, the last four large and
broad, on segments 11 and 12 two small similar tufts. Ventro-lateral white hairy spots as in Cosmotriche.
Lateral warts absent. Pupa naked, with stumpy anal end, without hooked bristles, in a long-elhptical soft
cocoon, intermixed with the hairs of the larva.

S. lunigera Esp. (= lobulina Frr.) (27 a). Forewing ashy gi'ey, with large half moon-shaped white IwiKjera.
discal spots, median area bounded by two black transverse bands, edged with white on the proximal respec-
tively outer side, the outer band especially strongly dentate. In the marginal area a black submarginal dentate
line. Hindwing dark greyish brown with ill-defined whitish oblique band. Fringes of both %vings white, with
black spots at the ends of the veins. From Lapland over Sweden, Russia, Central and South Germany, Bohemia,
the Alpine countries to Roumania. ab. lobulina Esp. (= lunigera Frr.) (27 a), the dark form, is entirely lobulina.
black without markings except for the lunule and perhaps the light edges to the transverse bands of the
forewing. Between these two forms stands intermedia Rhl., in wliich only the median area of the forewing intermedia.
is blackened. Larva bluish black, «ath irregular yellow dorsal spots, or bluish grey with red spots (lobulina),
dorsal hair black, ventral hair whitish grey, all tufts black; dorsally on the anterior and posterior margin of
segment 2, at the extreme anterior margin of 3 and between the tufts of hair on 3 to 1 1 there are also white
hairs. The dorsal patches on wliich stand the tufts of bristles are bounded by bright light yellow spots. On
firs, more rarely on pines, liibernates when young on a branch (only exceptionally full-grown already in the
autumn), in the following year until June. Cocoon dirty grey, pupa yellowish grey. Moth in July and August.

14. (ieiius: Trabala Walk.

An essentially tropical genus, distributed from Southern Asia over South-Eastern and Southern Africa
to Central America. Antemiae of both sexes with long pectinations, these only slightly shorter in the $ than
in the ^. Palpi short, densely and broadly hairy. Eyes naked. Body densely hairy. Abdomen of (^ slender
and pointed, of $ with broad thick anal tuft. Margin of both wings wavy, more so in the hindwing, forewing
broad, triangular, apex rectangular, slightly rounded, costal margin only curved in the outer half, distal margin
also only slightly curved, inner margin more strongly so. Hindwing very broad, rounded, anal angle of (^ much
produced backward, hindmargin as long as the abdomen. Foi-ewing with 12 veins; vein 2 originating near the

166 EPICNAPTERA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

base, 3 halfway between 2 and the apex of the cell, 4 and 5 slightly separate or together from the lower angle
of the cell, 6 and 7 on a short stalk from the upper angle of the cell, 8 close before it, free, 9 and 10 on a
very long stalk, the stalk considerably longer than the free ends of the veins ; 2 to 9 into the margin, 10 into
the apex; in the hindwing vein 2 halfway between base and apex of the cell, 4 and 5 together from the lower
angle of the cell, 7 close to the base from the cell, shortly united with 8 close to its origin, forming a short narrow
basal cell. A short strong accessory vein directed costad originates at the base of 8. Cell of forewing closed,
cross-vein very thin and almost rectangularly angulate in the middle, cell open in hindwing. Femora and
tibiae densely clothed with long hair, tarsi densely scaled with a few hairs only on the outer side, middle and
hind tibiae with short end-spurs.

vishnoit. T, vishnou Lef. (= sulphurea KolL, pallida Walk.) (27 a). Only the tj'pical species of the genus occurs

on Palearctic territory, being found tliroughout Southern Asia, Ceylon and the Sunda Islands, and going north-
ward to Kashmir and China. (J light apple-green, sometimes with a yellowish tinge, antennae, costal margin
of forewing and the common llarro^\■ transverse oblique band are light bro^^^lish, a submarginal dentate band,
often quite obsolete, and the fringes darker brown; median area of fore^\'ing, inner marginal area of hindwing
and upperside of abdomen wliitish. $ much larger than the ^, var3ang in colour between light yellowish green
and a decided oclu-eous yellow, all markings shaqier, dark brown to blackish. Forewing M-ith a large sharp
discal spot often having a grey or wliite centre, and an extended imier marginal spot usually reddish brown
with darker edges. Several forms of the larva occur. The usual one is brownish grey with two black dorsal spots
on each segment bearing long black hairs, these spots bcijig united on the thoracical segments, and with long
lateral tufts of hair, the anterior one intermixed with black hair. Head yellow spotted with red. A second form
of the larva is blackish with broad white dorsal band and reddish brown anterior tufts of hair. A tliird form is
reddish brown A\-ith blue lateral spots. The cocoon is covered Avith short black poison-hairs which urticate strongly.
It is brownish yellow, is placed on a thin twig and has the shape of a camel's back on account of two humps.

15. Genus: Epionaptera Bamb.

Antennae of r^ with moderately long pectinations, of $ with only short ones, almost serrate at the base.
Palpi covered ^vath dense bristles, porrect, but only slightly extending beyond the frons. Body, especially the
abdomen, densely clothed witli woolly hair. Margin of both wings wavy, especially of liindwing. Forewing
elongate with pointed apex; costal margin slightly curved, distal margin strongly so, a deep sinus between
veins 2 and 3, inner margin produced into a lobe befoi-e vein 2, moderately incurved in the middle. Hindwing reg-
ularly rounded, distal and inner margins almost circular, but the basal part of the costal margin strongly ventricose
and terminating abruptly, forming a sharp right angle. Vein 2 of forewing originating close to the base, 4 and 5 close
together from the lower angle of the cell, 6 and 7 on a short stalk, 9 and 10 on a fairly long one, 8 close before the
\ipper angle of the cell ; 2 to 8 into the distal margin, 9 into the apex ; in the liindwing 4 and 5 on a short
stalk, 8 first curved towards the costal margin, then strongly recurved towards the cell, and here con-
nected with the base of 7 by a short transverse vein; a broad basal cell is thus formed, from wliich 2 or 3
veins branch off towards the costal margin, another accessory vein originating from the base. Cell closed in both
wings, cross-vein of forewing slightly curved, in the hindA\ang almost straight. Femora and tibiae clothed
with long dense hair, middle and hind tibiae with moderately long end-spurs. — Larvae similar to those of
Gastropacha (cf. below), with the hairs very short and sparse above, rather long and dense laterally, lateral
warts simple, on segments 2 and 3 a brightly coloured entirely bare ornamental spot; segment 11 with a
flat dome-shaped hump. Pupa with a grey or bluish to reddish bloom, with numerous short hooked bristles
over the whole back of the thorax and at the anal end, and a similar belt of bristles on all the abdominal
segments; in a soft mealy cocoon.

ilicifolia. £, ilicifolia L. (= betulifolia Esp.) (27 b). Light rust-coloiir to reddish brown, forewing with large

grey discal spot and tlu-ee rather indistinct transverse bands formed of black spots, the middle one continued
on the hindwing. Distal margin of forewing light grey. Hind%\-ing darker grey with diffuse white median band.
The tips of the dark brown fringes white between the veins. Distributed from Japan and Eastern Asia (Cliina,
Eastern Siberia) to Scandinavia and Finland; in Eiirope to Northern Italy; absent from Holland. — The lighter-
coloured Japanese form, in wliich there is also a greA'ish \\'hite postmedian band on the forewing, beside the

japonica. large discal spot and marginal area of that colour, is japonica Leech. Larger and more brightly coloured speci-
mens already occur in Amurland, wliich are perhaps identical with the Japanese form. — The Tibetan Alpine
sinina. form sttiina Gr . Grsh . , ivoTO. Amdo , is only superficially described as a lighter and brighter red form. However, in
European Alpine specimens the grey is also sometimes more extended. Ttjtt (Brit. Lep. vol. 3) has divided
the British specimens into several forms according to the intensity of the markings and the gradation in the
virgata. shade of colour. He distinguishes as ab. virgata Tutt a form with the dark median band shai-jily contrasting

rufescen.^. with the transverse Unes, and enclosing the light discal spot; as ab. rufescens Ttdt a form with red ground-
colour, grey or reddish green marginal area, small discal spot in the forewing and whitish transverse band in
the hindwing; rufescens is really only distinguished from true ilicifolia by the much smaller wlute discal spot
of the forewing. Almost uniformly red specimes with the markings strongly reduced are unicolor-rufescens

EPICNAPTERA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 167

Tutt. ab. lutescens Tutt is a form with yellow ground-colour; particularly pale-coloured specimens only showing ItUescens.
slight traces of the red colour and the grey markings are ab. pallida Tutt; lastly, a predominantly dark grey pallida.
form with the basal area of the Avings reddish and the marginal area dark grey, the discal spot somewhat light-
er and the transverse bands whitish grey, is ab. grisea Tutt; here, moreover, two subvarieties are distinguished, (jrisea.
viz. grisea-pallida Tutt, a lighter grey form with small whitish discal spot and whitish bands on the forewing,
and grisea-suffusa Tutt, a darker form with indistinct transverse bands, dark discal spot and reddish veins. —
Moths in April — May. In da3rtime they rest quietly with the wings folded in roof-shape and the hindwings pro-
jecting below them, a position which renders them very similar to a dry leaf. In the evening they fly about
rapidly. Egg oval, shghtly flattened, with glossy wliite spots on a slightly darker ground-colour. Larva bright
rust-brown with bluish grey head, hairs yellowish grey and black, the ornamental spots on segments 2 and
3 bright deep yellow, flanked by black spots; two sharp white dorsal spots before the hind margin of segments
2 to 11. A black dorsal line widened at each segment is very indistinct. Another form is grey with reddish
yellow dorsal spots and black dorsal line. The very conspicuous ventro-lateral hairy spots white with a silky
gloss. Underside deep black with light brownisli yellow transverse band-like spots only in the incisions. Until
August on willow and bilberry, especially on low shrubs near the ground, more rarely on poplars; in Amurland
also on birch and Corylus mandschurica. Pupa blackish browai with reddish white bloom, in a yellow cocoon.

E. tremulifolia Hbn. (= ihcifolia Esp., betuhfolia 0.) (12 b). Closely alhed to ilicifolia, the xeAAish tremulijolia.
brown or reddish ground-colour lighter and brighter; the grey discal spot of the forewing absent, the black
bands are usually sharper and composed of smaller spots; the grey colour of the marginal area of the fore-
wing less pure. Spots of fringes less distinct. Central Europe (absent in England), southward to Northern
Italy, eastward to Southern Russia, Ai-menia and the Taurus. — Staudinger distinguishes a lighter form
predominantly greyish yellow or grey and yellow, recalling ilicifolia: ambigua Stgr., from Issykkul; it has ambigua.
also been found at Sarepta and in Hungary. — Egg reddish brown with broad white belt. Larva reddish grey,
greyish brown or blue-grey, hairs light grey mixed with black on the warts, the ornamental spots on segments
2 and 3 bright vermilion, bounded laterally by large black spots and posteriorly by two small white ones. Un-
derside and prolegs bright orange-yellow, predominantly black on the thorax, further back only spotted with
black. Until the autumn on various deciduous trees, such as oak, birch, poplar, ash, mountain ash, also on fruit-
trees; pupates in the autumn in a yelloAvish white cocoon. Pupa blackish brown with reddish bloom.

E. suberifolia Dup. (27 c). Smaller than ilicifolia and tremulifolia, pale greyish yellow or with a shght suberifolia.
reddish tinge. Transverse bands very narrow, often diffuse. Southern France, Spain and Portugal, North-
West Africa, in two broods, February and June-July. In Portugal also observed in October (probably eai-ly
specimens of the next spring brood). Larva bluish grey with white hair, the ornamental spots on segments 2
and 3 red, singly on oaks and cork-oaks.

E. glasunowi Gr.-Grsch. A Persian species, not yet well known, resembUng suberifolia. Forewing ykmmowi.
reddish brown with grey marginal area, the bands as usual formed of single lunules, the outer one broad, red,
always accompanied by a yellowish grey shadow. Veins reddish yellow, fringes white. Hindwing darker,
more intermixed with grey, with reddish grey mecUan dentate band. Northern Persia; Teheran.

E. alice John. Head, thorax and legs mouse-grey or yellowish to reddish brown, abdomen mostly alice.
somewhat lighter. Wings with entire margin, lighter or darker mouse-grey to greyish or reddish brown, fringes
white, darker bro\vn at the ends of the veins. Forewing with dark brown discal spot, markings sharp and typi-
cal, as in ilicifolia and tremulifolia, the lunules of the transverse bauds almost continuous. Transverse band
of hindwing very pale and cUffuse. Syr-Darja cUstrict. Moth in April and May, but probably already in March,
single specimens also observed in July. The 33 are on the wing directly after sunset, and then again just be-
fore sunrise, on dunes of steppes, their flight being rapid and rolling, and close above the grass, in which the
as yet unknown $$ are probably concealed.

E. arborea Blocker (27 b). The largest European species, related to ilicifolia and tremulifolia. Groiuid arlMra.
rust-colour to reddish brown or grey-brown, the grey discal spot of the forewing very large and distinct,
the outer rather indistinct band of spots with a broad grey iimer edge; marginal area also grey. The two
median bands of blackish lunules sometimes more, sometimes less distinct. Hindwing with broad and almost
straight mecUan band, which is narrower towards the costal margin. As yet only observed in the Gouv. St. Peters-
burg, especially in the vicinity of the capital itself. The moth is rare and flies in the late spring when Rhamnus
is in flower. — Eggs milky white, the dark brown markings similar to those of ilicifolia but larger; deposited
in clusters of from 4 to 10 on the bark of trees. Larva on various deciduous trees, such as birch, poplar, oak, ash, also
on high willow-bushes, appearing rather flattened on account of the strongly developed lateral warts and fleshy
humps which bear long dense hair, and therefore like tremulifolia in shape, but more like ilicifolia in colour.
Upperside very variable, dark bluish grey with yellow lateral longitudinal lines and small yellow and black
spots between them, to almost uniformly grey; the white dorsal spots only vaguely indicated. Underside
and legs velvety black, the yellow incisions only slightly developed. Cocoon dirty reddish grey, coarse, attached
to trees, etc.

168 GASTROPAGHA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

16. Genus: CHa!>itro|>a<'lia 0.

Large and very conspicuous species. Antennae short and always strongly curved, with moderately
long pectinations, these only slightly shorter in the $ than in the ^. Palpi beak-shaped, stongly porrect and
slightly curved, flattened laterally. Eyes short-haired, only sparsely so in the $. Body clothed with dense woolly
hair. Wings with strongly dentate margin. Forewing elongate, costal margin strongly curved, apex slightly
rounded, distal margin rather strongly curved, with a pointed tooth between veins 1 and 2; hindwing short
oval, broadly rounded, costal margin strongly excurved. Veins 4 and 5 of forewing close together from the
lower angle of the cell, 6 and 7 on a short stalk, 8 from the upper angle of the cell, 9 and 10 on a long stalk,
the stalk longer than the free ends; 2 to 9 into the margin, 10 into the apex. In the hindwing vein 2 close
before the apex of the cell, 4 and 5 on quite a short stalk, together with 3 from the lower angle of the cell, 6 and
7 close together from the upper angle ; 8 strongly curved from the base, connected with the anterior margin
of the cell by a long obhque transverse vein, sending off 5 or 6 long, strong, usually strongly curved, accessory
veins to the costal margin. Cell of both wings closed. Femora and tibiae with dense long hair, middle and hind
tibiae with quite short end-spurs hidden in the hair. In the whole Palearctic Region except the southern por-
tion of the Mediten-anean district, to Japan, China, and Anterior IncUa. — Larva distinctly flattened dorso-
ventrally, with very strong leg-like lateral warts on segments 1 to 10, the three thoraoical warts simple, long
conical, the abdominal warts bifid, the anterior cone longer than the posterior, especially on segments 4 and 5.
On segments 2 and 3 a raised transverse spot of a deep black colour densely covered with narrow lanceolate
scales of the same tint. Segment 11 with a pointed conical or an obtuse hump. Short dorsal and long lateral
hair; far dow'ji laterally between the legs 3 or 4 stripes of black hair on each segment. Pupa blackish brown
to black, densely dusted with white, fairly densely setose, also setose at the rounded anal end, in a dense soft
cocoon intermixed with the hairs of the larva and mealy dust.

c/Kenifolia. G. quercifolla L. (27 d, e). The Lappet. Deep copper-red, wings darker towards the costal margin,

with a whitish violet gloss in the marginal area ; forewing strewn with yellow scales in the basal half, with thi-ee
black transverse bands, the two outer ones formed of lunules. In the hindwing only two transverse bands.
Distributed from Japan, China and Amurland to Europe, here common almost every^vhere. In the South
to Asia Minor, Turkey, Italy and Northern Spain (absent from Greece and Southern Italy), in Scandinavia
to 60" latitude. The species varies considerably in the ground-colour, from quite dark to oclireous. — The
alnifolia. darkest form is alnifolia 0. (27 e), in which, especially in the ?, the black colour may extend over the whole
wing ; it occurs from the Northern boundary of the area as far as Spain, the Alps and Hungary, but is parti-
cularly common in the North, where it is more abundant than the name-typical form. At the other end of
ulmifolia. the series stands ulmifolia Heudck., which is quite light, almost oclireous, but sharply marked. It is on the
whole confined to the South, but occurs iii Asia as far as the Amur. The aberration of tliis form without mark-
pallida. ings TuTT names ulmifolia-obsoleta. — Very like the last-named is pallida SpuL, a pale yellowish reddish
dalmafina. grey form almost without markings. — Forms also lighter but more reddish arc dalmatina Gerh., from Dalmatia,
meridiona- and iTieridionalis Hormuz., found in the Mediterranean area to Asia Minor, in the former the outer band of lun-
'**• ules is absent iuid t he imier median one only developed as a narrow line (according to Tutt this form is entirely
without markings); in meridiorialis the transverse bands are moderately well developed; Tptt here distingiiishes
two further forms, meridionalis-ohsoleta entirely without markings, and meridiou'dis-lineata with sharply defined
markings. In the same way he distinguishes dalmitina typica with the markings indistinct and dahnatina-
lineata very sharply marked. Of course these forms are not always sharply defined. — Tutt enumerates
suffttsa. further two darker forms as aberrations, viz. suffusa and purpurascens, the former dark reddish brown, appear-
pitrpuras- j-jng greenish on the patches of the forewing which bear yellow scales, often with yellow fringes and sharp mark-
" ings (with the markings indistinct or absent snffusa-ohsoleta); and pur pti rase ejis is deep dark purple with
the black extended and the transverse bands sharply defined (without markings purpurasrens-obsoleta). —
cerridifolia. cerridifolia FIdr. (27 e), from Japan, Corea, the Ussuri district and Corea, North China, is in contra-distinction
to the preceding forms very well characterised; it is bright light reddish brown with a broad orange-yellow
costal margin to the hindwing; the transverse bands are narrow and indistinct in the forewing and usually
entirely absent in the hindwing. — Some further aberrations are also distinguished which differ from normal
specimens in size or in the shape of the wings. Tutt names a giant-form, 100 to 120 mm. in expanse (9). which
major, was first mentioned by Gauckler and bred from particularly large larvae from near Vienna, ab. major. On
hoegei. the other hand. ab. hoegei Heudck., a dwarf-form appearing as second brood in September in favourable j-ears
saliciiorm. and sometimes also the result of breeding, is only half the normal size. — salicifolia Stgr., from Kentei, is also
considerably smaller than normal specimens, the ^ measuring 51, the $ 60 mm in expanse; the colour is light
greyish brown, similar to that of populifolia, especially in the marginal area, being almost violet-grey in the
middle of the outer margin; the outer transverse line is only very slightly indicated. Hinflwing with broad
sibirica. transverse band, double in the $. — Lastly there is a form from Western Siberia (Tomsk), sibirica Krul., which
is also a light aberration of less than normal size, with indistinct bands on the forewing, almost unicolourous
incompleta. hindwing, and yellow fringes. — ■ Tutt names ab. incompleta a form bred by Gauckler which is obviously a
monstrosity, having a semicircular excision at the anal angle of the hindwing. — Egg oval, flattened at both

r Pnhl. 5. Vlll. I'Jll. ESTIGENA. By Dr. K. GRiTNBERG. 169

poles, with white ground-colour and green belt. They are deposited singly or in small groups of from four to
six on the underside of leaves. Larva dark reddish brown or olive, often with extended irregular ashj^ grey
spots, the transverse spots on segments 2 and 3 deep black, bounded by bright orange to brick-red lateral spots
only in the young larvae. On segments 4 to 10 respectively four slightly raised rust-red wart-like spots, placed
in pairs and bearing single lanceolate scales, the anterior pair smaller than the posterior one, and sometimes
indistinct. Hump on segment 11 pointed, conical, and slightly inclining backwards. Hairs above mostly
blaok, the long lateral ha-rs white to brownish yellow, lateral warts with single long black hairs. The ventro-
lateral stripes of hair black. Base of anal claspers red or brown. Underside bright orange, with black spots,
extendedly black on the thorax. The larvae emerge in August and live until the end of October on sloes and
other species of Prunus, on fruit-trees, poplars, willows, hawthorn, wild roses; they hibernate on the foodplant,
pressed closely against the bark, and at other times also lie so close along the twigs that they are difficult to
find. They are sometimes very injurioixs to nurseries. Pupation in July, on branches, in a rather loose, dirtv
grey, long spindle-shaped cocoon. Pupa blackish brown, densely dusted with white. The moths appear in
July, sometimes alread}^ in the second half of June, and can be found until August. In daytime they rest in
the same po.sition as the species of Epicriaptera, with the forewings folded in roof-shape and the hindwings
projecting far forward, and are difficvdt to discover on account of their remarkable protective colouring, the
effect of which is heightened by the leaf -like contour of the wings. After dark they are on the wing for several
hours and also come to the light.

G. populifolia Esp. (27 c. d). .Similar to the preceding, wings slenderer, light reddish brown-yellow, 7JopMZi/oZm.
apex and inner margin of forertang and costal margin of hindwing bright rust-yellow. Five black dentate lines
formed of lunules on the forewing, and seven on the hindwing; forewing also with small black discal spot, and
with a black longitudinal costal streak originating at the base. Distributed from Finland over the whole of
Northern Central Europe to Northern Italy, Hungary, and the Bukovina, local and on the whole rare ; absent
in England; in the East as far as Northern China and Japan. — The species varies in the shades of colour like
the preceding, but not so strongly. A very light whitish yellow form occurs (ab. flava Schultz), almost without flava.
markings, which was observed in the neighborhood of Berlin; further, a pale greyish yellow form, very like
the first named and perhaps not distinct from it, fagifolia Roth (Spuler). ab. grisescens Spul. is darker veddi&h. fagilolia.
grey-brown. — As in quercifolia a portion of the larvae of populifolia may in favourable years produce a second, orisescens.
autumn, brood appearing at the beginning of September, which is named ab. obscura Heudck. (= aestiva Jaen.) obscura.
and is similarly characterised by the smaller size and darker colour, autumnalis Jae)i. is an artificially forced autumnalis.
third brood, obtained from the egg in a few weeks by means of an evenly high temperature ; it is rather pale
with well developed dark markings, ab. (cult.) standfussi Jaen. is also artificially produced, being scarcely standfussi.
smaller than true populifoUn, darker fiery red in colour with strongly developed black markings. — Eggs at
first green with broad white belt, later on dark reddish brown, deposited on poplars in small clusters of five
or six. Larva i-eddish grey to ashy grey, or white-grey, irrorated with fuscous, with lighter, more yellowish
incisions, hairs black on the back, whitish grey at the' sides, a few long blac^k hairs only on the warts, the ven-
tro-lateral spots of hair also black. Transverse spot on segment 2 black, on 3 lighter, with black edge. Hump
on segment 11 dome-shaped, with two small warts on it. August until the autumn and fi'om early sjjring until
May, on various .species of poplar, mostly on the higher branches, only going into the bushes in order to pupate.
When being bred the larvae want a great deal of water, especially after the fourth change of skin. Pupa dark
brown with light bristles and densely dusted with white, in a greyish white or more yellowish cocoon intermixed
with the hair of the larva. The moth is much less common than quercifolia, in some districts even a great rarity.

G. tsingtauica 5/jec. nov. (27 c, d). Most nearly allied to populifolia, but considerably smaller -And tsinfjtauica.
somewhat darker, with three distinct continuous bands on the hindwing; the lunules of the transverse bands
of the forewing at the apex and before the inner margin broadened to form large black spots. China (Tsingtau)
Tj'jDes in coll. Bang-Haas).

16. Genus: Estigeua Moore.

An essentially Oriental genus with only a few known species, one of which, E. pardalis Walk., is distri-
buted over the whole of Southern Asia and the Sunda Islands, and also occurs in Arabia. Very closelj^ allied
to Gastropacha. Antennae of both sexes with rather long pectinations, which are only slightly shorter in the $
than in the (J, the branches becoming shorter towards the apex. Palpi long and broad, almost shovel- like in
shape, porrect. Eyes naked. Forewing with entire margin, long and narrow, with acute apex, distal and inner
margins rather evenly curved, hindwing almost regularly oval, strongly prolonged longitudinally also in the $.
Veins 4 and 5 of forewing distinctly separate, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 out of the stalk, 9 and 10 on a very long
stalk, the free ends considerably shorter than the stalk; 2 to 9 into the distal margin, 10 into the costal margin.
In the hindwing vein 2 close to the apex of the cell, 4 and 5 stalked, the stalk together with 3 from the apex
of the cell, 7 near the anterior angle of the cell, close to its origin united by a straight transverse vein with vein

II 22

170

ODONESTIS. 15v Dr. K. Grinberg.

8, which is curved from the base and emits six or seven strong accessory veins to the costal margin. Cell closed
in both wings; basal cellule of hindwing large and broad, but shorter than the cell. Femora and tibiae densely
hairy, middle and hind tibiae with very short end-spurs.

jmrddlis. £. pardalis Walk. (21 c). Reddish yellow to reddish grey-brown, but usually with the reddish tint

distinctlv ])rcdominant, often rendered much darker by loose black scales. Forewing with five blackish transverse
bands, hindwing with two more or less distinct ones formed of separated lunules. At the costal margin of the
hindwing and inner margin of the forewing a more or less bright yellow to rust-coloured, extended-light spot
with a few black dots; in dark .specimens it is often especially distinct. Touches the Palearctic Region in Arabia
and tile Western Himalayas, and is chstributed in India far into the tropics, where it is not rare.

17. Genus: Odouestis Gerw.

Antennae of J with long pectinations, of $ with short ones, the branches longest at the base and be-
coming gradually shorter towards the apex, the posterior row longer than the anterior one. Palpi long and point-
ed, projecting far beyond the frons. densely scaled. Eyes hairy. Frons smooth, densely covered with long
penclant hairs; thorax and abdomen densely long-haired, likewise the femora and tibiae, especially in the (J.
Middle and hind tibiae with rather long spurs, Forewing fairly broad, costal margin first straight, then rather
strongly curved before the apex, distal margin entirely straight, very wavy or entire. Apex acutely pointed or
slightly rounded. Anal angle obtuse, hind margin almost straight ; hindwing broadly oval, distal and liind margins
evenly rounded, costal margin rather straight, only slightly ventricose at the base. In the forewing vein 2
close to the base, 4 and 5 close together from the hind angle of the cell. 6 and 7 on a short stalk; 8 together
with 6 and 7 from the anterior angle of the cell or close before it, 9 and 10 on a short stalk; 2 to 8 into the
margin, 9 into the apex. In the hindwing vein 2 distant from the base, 3 from the hind angle of the cell, 4
and 5 also on a short stalk, 8 united with 7 for a short distance close beyond the base, forming a small narrow
basal cellule, from which a strong accessory vein runs to the costal margin. Cell closed in both wings, disco-
cellular vein of forewing convex, of hindwing straight, posteriorly directed oblicjuely outward. — The genus
is distributed over the Palearctic and Indo-Malayan Regions, but in the Palearctic Region only represented
by two species, one belonging especially to Europe, the other to Eastern Asia, They are bright red to redcUsh
yellow in colour, the markings are confined to the forewing and consist of a large white cUscal spot, a subbasal
and a discal dark curved line, as well as an irregular submarginal wavy line. — Larva similar to that of Gastro-
pnchii. rather flattened, with undivided leg-like lateral warts, most strongly developed on the thoracical seg-
ments, hairs dorsally short, laterally long and soft, often branched like a feather. Instead of the ventro-lateral
tufts of hair there are numerous small tufts of hair arranged in round spots, which look almost like spots of
mould. Segment 2 bearing a belt-like ornamental spot, not hairj% segment 11 Avith a broad round hump. Pupa
densely clothed Av-ith short bristles on head, back, and the moderately pointed anal end, the abdomen bearing
belts of such bristles. Pupa in a moderately dense cocoon.

pruni. 0. pruni L. (27 f). (^ orange-red or dark ochreous, hindwing somewhat paler, $ darker, brighter red,

and larger. Forewing with large vividly white discal spot edged with black, and narrow, black, slightly curved,
discal band, also narrower, irregular, subbasal and submarginal bands. Central Europe to Eastern Asia, absent
in England, occurs in the South as far as Catalonia, Central Italy, the Balkan States and Asia Minor. The only
rosacea, aberration of this very constant species which has as yet been named is ab. rosacea Schultz, an unusually light
bright rose-red, normal-sized form, occasionally obtained by breeding, only the subbasal transverse
prunoideA: band is developed, — In Catalonia a second brood occurs, known as gen. aest. prunoides iSfgr., which is lighter
than the type-form and only one-half or even one-third its size. — Eggs almost globular, chalky white, with
grey central spot. Larva when young dark grejdsh brown, later on bluish grey with irregular black and reddish
bnnvn markings, the ornamental spot lighter or darker red, flanked by two black spots. Head dark grejash
brown with sulphur-yellow transverse spot above at the hind margin. Hairs above dark, lateral hairs wliitish.
Underside orange-red Mith a row of large black median spots. Pupa black A\-ith brown hair, in a dirty whitish
grey cocoon between leaves. Larvae from August until autumn and from the spring until June on fruit-trees
and black-thorn, often in gardens, also on birches, Alnus and limes. They are cUfficult to breed and are best
tied up in bags of gauze on their food-plant. Moth from June to the beginning of August.

brevivenis.

0.

Slightly smaller than pruni. with the margin of the forewing entire and

brevivenis Butl. (27 f)

straight. Bright light red, discal spot small, discal band also irregular with a strong curve outwards above
vein 6; forewing of (J shghtly darkened along the margin. Eastern Asia. Dr. Seitz, who often bred the species
in China, gives the following information; Larva in shape resembhng a half-gi'own larva of quercifoUn, more
brown than grey; laterally at the head two short tufts of hair directed forward: on the body lateral fi'inges
of hair directed downwards. On segment 2 a black incision with two violet-blue tufts of hair, on segment 8

DENDROLIMUS. By Dr. K. GrUnbeeg. 171

a saddle-like brown mark and on 11 a conical wart. On deciduous trees, especially on low bushes. Pupates
in a paper-like white, rather mealy cocoon, the pupa being stumpy and blackish brown. From July to October;
the moth common in Southern China in the autumn.

18. Genus: Deiidroliiiiiis Germ.

Large or at least medium-sized, densely hairy and opaque species, whose colouring is on the wliole
dull brown, reddish or greyish brown, light grey or at most reddish yellow. Antennae of (J rather strongly
plumose, in the $ with short, or longer (bufo), pectinations. Palpi porrect, extending considerably beyond
the Irons and densely scaled and hairy. Frons sniothly and densely hairy. Eyes hairy or naked. Thorax
and abdomen densely liairj% the latter conical and pointed in the ,^, cylindrical in the $. Femora and tibiae
very densely clothed with long woolly hair, tar.si smoothly scaled; middle and liind tibiae with long or short
end-spurs. Forewing elongate, with slightly rounded apex, costal margin curved beyond the centre, distal
margin moderately curved. Hindwing broad, evenly rounded, with the costal margin nearly or quite straight,
distal margin of both wings slightly wavy or almost entire. In the forewing veins 4 and .5 together from the
lower angle of the cell, 6 and 7 on a short stalk, 8 from the upper angle of the cell or close before it, 9 and 10
on a short or longer stalk: 2 to 8 into the margin, 9 into the apex or also into the margin (6«/o). In the hind-
wing 4 and 5 on a short stalk from the lower angle of the cell, 8 anastomosed with 7 at a point close beyond
the base, or connected with it by a very short transverse vein, a short narrow basal cell being formed, from
which originate two short accessory veins, which may however be absent (bufo). Cell of both wings closed.
Distributed throughout the Palearctic (from Eui'ope to Eastei'n Asia) and Oriental Regions. — Larva somewhat
flattened, clothed with long soft hair, the lateral warts distinct on the thoracical segments, but only slightly
developed on the abdomen. Segments 2 and 8 above with a belt-like spot densely clothed with deepty coloured
hairy scales; similar scales on a broad hump-like elevation on 11, as well as on two small dorsal warts on 10;
the latter warts sometimes also bear long hairs (bufo). Smaller scales scattered on segments 2 and 3 on each
side of the dorsal line, being especially dense beween the anterior transverse spots, where they cover the entire
surface. Pupa clumsy, clothed with short hair, with broad rounded tail-end bearing numerous hooked bristles.
— While the genus is, in Europe, only represented by Dendr. pini, quite a number of species have to be distinguish-
ed in Eastern Asia. The Japanese fauna alone contains seven species, some of which may however be found
to be synonymous when they are better known. But four species are quite certainly known from the East-
A.siatic continent, the most important of which, Dendr. segregatus Btlr., closely alhed to our pini, is distributed
over the whole area including Japan. A second species, undans Walk., is in its typical form confined to South-
ern Asia and only represented in Eastern Asia by some aberrant forms. Two other species, rernotn Walk.
and punctata Walk., are only known from C!hina. The German colony Shantiing knows from experience that
the East-Asiatic Dendrolimi are no less injurious to forestry than the European one, whole freshly planted
pine-woods having been destroyed. Dendr. sibiricus Tschtr., from North-Western Asia, is a link between the
East-Asiatic and European species, but seems only to occur on larches.

D. pini. A species var\ang greatly in ground-colour, from deep redcUsh brown to deep greyish brown
and very pale yellowish grey. Forewing with small and usually prominent white discal spot, and three blackish
transverse bands, continuous or formed of single curved and angulate spots, and sometimes entirely or almost
obsolescent, the first band close to the discal spot, the second in the middle of the wing, the tliird submarginal,
with a deep dentate sinus in the middle. The smaller (J is on the whole more sharply marked than the
larger $. Hindwing unicolorous, without markings. Distributed in several forms in Europe from ScancUnavia
to Northern Spain, Central Italy and Greece (absent in England), in the East to Japan; in Amurland, China
and Japan also occurs a series of forms hitherto usually regarded as distinct species. — The true European pini pini.
L. (28 a) is deep reddish brown or lighter brown to dark greyish brown, discal spot and bands of the forewing
well developed, the costal mai-gin, the space between the two inner bands and the distal marginal area scaled
with grey ; in specimens with the markings well defined the ground-colour beween the two outer bands there-
fore appears as a sharp brown transverse band, usually the base of the wang as far as the discal spot also retaining
the ground-colour. AH kinds of combinations, of course connected by various intermechate forms, result from
the different shades of ground-colour, from the scaling between the two inner transverse bands being parti-
cularly densely whitish, from the inner bands or all bands being entirely or partly obsolescent. That so few
forms of a species hke tliis, whose colouring and markings are remarkably pliable, have as yet received names
is owing to its absence from England, as otherwise Tutt, the well-known monographer of English Lepidoptera,
would not have allowed such an admirable opportunity for erectiiag a large number of aberrational forms to
escape liim. Until a short wliile ago only the mountain-form, montana Stgr. ( 28 a), had received a name, beside the montana.

172

DENDROLIMI'S. Bv Dr. K. GrInberg.

ohscura.

unicolor-

brimnea.

yriscKceii/i.

externo-
(asciala.

unicolor-
griscsccns.

typical form in Europe; it is deep dark brown in colour, densely scaled and very sharpty marked; the white
scaling is more dispersed in the hindwng, forming spots, and being only more condensed in a band along the
inner side of the submarginal band. Here a dark form from the Southern Tyrol, should also be mentioned
which belongs to monta.mi in a wder sense, and which we name ab. obscura ab. nov. (28 c); the white scaling
of the forewing is absent with the exception of a white inner edge to the very deeply coloured submarginal
band. Rebel has lately given names to two extreme forms: ab. unicolor-brunnea Rebel, uniformly reddish
brown with the markings of the forewing obsolescent, and ab. grisescens Rebel, uniforml}' whitish grey \Wth
normal markings on the forewing. As the markings of the grey specimens also vary greatly and as the name
grisescens only applies to individuals with the markings fairly well developed, we feel justified in giving a name
to two particularly aberrant forms, one, with the forewng unifoimly whitish grey from the base, and verj^
sharp black submarginal band, we call ab. externo-fasciata ab. yiov.; the discal spot is much reduced, the inner
liands altogether obsolete, the marginal area is darker grey, the hindwing light grejash brown. An altogether
uniformly yellowish grey form with small sharp discal spot and greyish white fringes in which the outer band
is also scarcely indicated bj' slight traces, may receive the name of unicolor-grisescens ab. nov. — The eggs
are comparatively large, the size of a grain of hemp, oval, first bluish green, later on more gre3^ They are de-
posited in clusters of about 50 on the bark of pines. Larva light brown to predominantly gTey, in the former
case with irregular grey dorsal spots, on segments 3 to 10 near the hindmargin two black divergent streaks,
as well as lateral black oblique streaks in between the abdominal segments. Venter grey with yellowish brown
median spots. Stigmata white. Hairs grey or brownish, intermixed with black on the warts. The bristles
and scales on the transverse spots and dorsal warts deep black, the smaller scales along the back white with a
satiny gloss. Pupa blackish brown, the abdominal incisions and wing-cases dark reddish brown,, hairs and hooked
bristles at the anal end lighter reddish brown. Moth from the end of June until August. The larvae feed
almost exclusively on species of pine, preferably on the Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris). They appear already in
August and feed until the third change of skin in the autumn, when they seek their winter quarters on the ground,
generally beneath the fallen pine-needles, also under moss, in a place as dry as possible. In the spring they
go up the trees again and feed until the end of June. At this time they are most harmful. Pupation in crevices
of the bark, also between the tips of twigs, in a dirty or greenish grey, dense, longitudinally oval cocoon, at
the anterior end of which the projecting sharp bristes and scales of the girdle-spots form a kind of ring or collar.
Pini is the worst enemy of pine-woods, and does a great deal of harm, especially in Central Europe, above all
in large forests not interrupted by deciduous trees nor with thick undergrowth. It is considerably less abun-
dant in North- Western Germany. It has moreover not yet been found noxious in the Baltic Provinces (Est-
honia).

D. sibiricus Tschtvr. (= laricis Tschtvr.). Very similar to pini, somewhat larger, uniformly black to
brownish grey, sometimes with traces of' reddish brown bands in the marginal and basal areas. Transverse
stripes as in pini, the outer Avavy one very broad, black and stronger than the others. The whole surface of the
wing evenly strewn with large white scales, the discal spot of the forewing distinct. Antenna of $ with short
but distinct pectinations. So far only known, from the Ural, the Sajan and Bureja Mts., where it is said to
have migrated from the East. The larvae, which bear a conspicuous resemblance to those of pini, live on Larix
sibirica, and are very injurious, especially to young plantations; they are also said to have been found on firs
though rarely, but this may be due to a confusion with pini.

D. superans Butl. (28 b). A very large species with uniformly dark gre_\nsh brown ground-colour, ^
somewhat lighter than $, according to Butler with a large white basal subcostal spot on the foreAving. The
small white discal spot distinct, the blackish transverse bands also fairly well developed, especially the sub-
marginal one, which has a sharp white inner edge; the median one with a broad grey cloudy edge. Japan.
speclabills. — spectabilis Bull., described by its author as a distinct sjiecies, is remarkably dark, thorax and forewing being
almost black; no discal spot, the white edge of the submarginal band separated into sharp spots. Size of a
large segregatns. Japan.

segregaius. D. segregatus Butl. (28 b). The characteristic representative of pini in Eastern Asia, most closely

allied to it, an.d so far mostly placed together with this species, varying also in the same way. The ground-
colour is less red than in pini, dark greyish brown, chocolate-brown to deep blacldsh brown, the hindwing in
the latter case being however always lighter, the submarginal band of the forewing is particularly sharply de-
fined, and consists of separate, often intensely black angulate spots which are still distinctly visible on the
darkest ground-colour; the white scaling of the forewing accompanies the three transverse bands as a distinct
edge, and is on the whole more extended than in pini. The hindwing also sometimes bears a white transverse
band on the inner half. Distributed over the whole of Eastern Asia, the Amur and Ussuri districts, Northern
bifascia. China and Japan. We distinguish two forms: ab. bifascia ab. nov. (28c), which is very common and in wliich
the M'hite margins of the two inner transverse bands are particularly strongly developed, especially in the $,
cinerea. so that the transverse bands themselves are reduced; and ab. ciiierea ab. nov. (28 d), a form also abundant
at Tsingtau, with the ground-colour of the forewing and the margin of the hindwing light yellowish grey, the

sibiricus.

superans.

PACHYPASA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 173

submarginal band of spots being deep black. It corresponds about to ab. externo-fasciata of pini. — dolosa dolosa.
Bull, is closely allied to pini, larger and darker. The inner band of the forewing grey, with a black band at the
apex of the cell, the middle of the wing between the bands dark reddish brown, the outer band whitish, its
black margin of spots very indistinct. Hindwing dull dark brown, costal and distal margins greyish. Japan.

zonata BvtI. Dark chocolate, forewing with silvery white discal spot, transverse bands white, prominent, zonula.

the outer one macular, and very wavy as in pini, middle of wing pitch-brown, marginal area beyond the outer
band dark purple-brown. Japan. — fentoni Bull. Allied to D. superans Butl. Light rusty red, bands of fore- fenioni.
wing and marginal area darker. The wliite discal band prominent, the outer band with a sharp white inner
edge. Hindwing brown with lighter costal margin. Japan. — The last three insects were formerly treated
as distinct species, but they are probably only forms of the very variable segregatus, perhaps one or the other
belonging to the likewise closely allied superans.

D. punctata Walk. (28 d). A rather small dull brown species with whitish discal spot in the forewnng, punclnta.
the transverse bands somewhat hghter than the ground-colour, yellowish brown with a dark edge. North
China., also Hongkong.

D. remota Walk. A light coloured pale greyish brown species with whitish antennae and three slightly remoia.
wavy brownish yellow bands on the forewing, the outer ones still more diffuse than the two inner ones. Hind-
wing uiiicolorous with scarcely a trace of bands. North China, Shanghai. Probably only a form of the preceding.

D. undans Walk. A yellowish to reddish brown species confined to the Indian region in its typical undans.
form, and represented in the Palearctic Region by a few forms; firstly, in Japan by ab. excellens Butl. (28 d, e), excellms.
in the ,^ the greater part of the forewng bght reddish ochreous, basal and marginal areas, the irregular waved
transverse bands and the hindwing dark brown; the considerably larger $ is duller greyish brown, the bght
edges of the bands of the forewing are also not so Hght as in the <^. A small white discs,! spot is distinct in both
sexes. — fasciatella Men. {= unicolor Oherth.), also from Amurland, Ussuri and Corea, is a smaller variety jasciaieJla.
with uniformly reddish or greyish brown forewing in. which the ochreous portion between the bands is absent ;
the bands are distinct. — excelsa Stgr.. from Amurland, Ussuri and Corea, is very like the Japanese excellens; exceUa.
the cj, as in excellens, has the disc bright ochreous, base and margin of the forewing and the hindwing are dark
broAvn; the ? has paler markings, with bght brown hindwing. — According to the description flaveola Motsch. jUveola.
may also be only a form of undans.

D. bufo Led. (28 f). Light brownish or greenish grey, cj in the forewing with curved white subbasaland bufo.
distal bands and white discal spot, these markings being at most only slightly indicated in the $. In both sexes a
widely dentate row of black marginal spots on the forewing. A dark aberration of the species also occurs frequently,
ab. obscura Stgr.. which is smoke-grey or blackish grey (cf. 28 f; the figure belongs more nearly to tliis form obscura.
than to true bufo). In Spia and Palestine, as well as in the neighbouring districts of Asia Minor.

19. Genus: Pacliypasa Walk.

Antenna of (J in basal half with extraorcUnary long pectinations, these cpickly reduced in length beyond
the middle and then fairly short to the apex ; in the Ijasal half the posterior pectinations are considerably longer
than the anterior ones. Antenna of $ with short pectinations from the base. Palpi porrect, extending slightly
beyond the frons, very densely scaled, \vith short and stumpy but cbstinct end-segment. Eyes naked. Frons
smooth with dense hair directed forward. Body covered wdth dense long hair, abdomen very long, extending
considerably beyond the anal angle of the hindwing in the (^ by almost half its length. Femora and tibiae
clothed with long hair, middle and hind tibiae with short end-spurs (otes) or without spurs (lineosa); tarsi
smoothly scaled. Forewing elongate, almost regularly lanceolate, with rounded apex, distal and inner margins
evenly curved and considerably more so than the costal margin, which is fairly straight in the basal half. Vein
2 near the base, 3 close before the apex of the cell, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 and 8 originating one after the other
from 6, 9 and 10 on a long stalk emitted close before the upper angle of the cell; 2 to 9 into the distal margin, 10 into
the apex. In the hindwing veins 2 and 3 close to the lower angle of the cell, from which originate 4 and 5
on a common stalk, 7 originates clo.se to the base, 8 free at the base, then approximated to 7, and touching
it at one point or connected with it by a short transverse vein; the accessory cell thus formed is moderately
large, narrow and pointed. Accessory veins absent or indistinct in otus, while lineosa possesses three cbstinct
accessory veins. Cell closed in both wings, very short and narrow. — Larva somewhat flattened with strongly
developed lateral warts on all the segments, these being especially long and resembhng legs on the thoracical
segments. Beside the short bristly dorsal and long thin lateral hair the body is also clothed with rather broad
large lanceolate scabs, which are especially prominent in the middle of the back, but occur also on the lateral
warts between the long hair. Ventro-lateral stripes of hair absent. Segments 2 and 3 with a dorsal, transverse,
much raised and brightly coloured swelling, occupjing nearly the entire breadth of the back and bearing a trans-
verse incision opening and closing in the live specimen. Segment 1 1 with a broad flat hump, or all segments
with two warts, wliich are especially well developed on segment 11. Pupa hairy, mth stumpy anal end, in a

174 LEBEDA; PARALEBEDA. By Dr. K. Geunberg.

dense silky or parchment-like cocoon. — The genus is represented by two species confined to the Mediterranean
district, one of which, lineosa, occurs in the West, the other, otus, in the Central and Eastern countries.

otus. P. otus Drury (= dryophaga Hhn.) (28 e, f). The largest Palearctic Lasiocampid. CTreyish brown, the

forewing uniformly and densely dusted with black scales, with a very deeply and acutely indented median
band and a more wavy oblique submarginal one, both usually wdth a narrow light edge on the sides away from
each other. Southern Italy, Sicily and Greece, in the North from the Austrian coast districts to Rovimania;
Asia Minor, northward to Armenia, southward to Palestine. — Egg marbled with white and yellow, and with
black dots (Treitschke). Ground-colour of larva yellowish brown and light grey, with the irregular longi-
tudinal stripes and the markings on the lateral warts of considerable size, being one of the largest known Pa-
learctic Bombycid larva. Hairs black on the back, grey at the sides and on the warts, the latter also bearing
some black hairs. The scales on the middle of the back and on the sides white. The transverse swellings on
segments 2 and 3 bright rust-red, with short bristly hairs of the same colour, the posterior one -ndth a black
longitudinal stripe in the centre. Underside more or less bright orange, with broad black longitudinal stripe;
iinderside of the warts also black. Pupa blackish brown, in a long elhptical wliite or whitish grey dense woolly
cocoon. Larva from Julj^ until May on Cupressus or Quercus pubescens, also on juiiiper. Moth from June
to September. The larvae will also feed on our common oak. In breeding them one must put them into a
cold room for hibernation, and must not keep them too damp.

lineoso. P. lineosa Vill. (28 f). Grey; thorax and forewing strongly variegated with white, abdomen and hind-

wing darker, forewing with a broad longitudinal pure wliite band, narrowly and cbstinctly edged with black,
the anterior edge of the band bearing two deep pointed indentations; before the apex of the wing there are
two isolated longitudinal streaks, proximally produced into a point and likewise edged with black. Southern
France and Spain, North- West Africa. Larva similar to that of Odonestis pruni, grey with blackish longitudinal
stripe, the swellings on segments 2 and 3 bright reddish yellow with similar hairs, segment 11 with two warts
bearing tuft-like black hairs, two similar smaller warts also on the other abdominal segments. Lives vnitil
May on cypress (Cupressus sempervirens and fastigiata). Pupa dark brown with brown hair, light abdominal
incisions and short stiff bristles at the anal end.

20. Genus: liebeda Walk.

Antennae of ^ densely and strongly plumose, the branches only becoming gradually slightly shorter
towards the tip, in the $ also with evenly short pectinations to the apex. Palpi porrect, extending beyond
the frons, very densely scaled, broader towards the apex, and obliquely truncate. Eyes naked. Frons smooth,
densely clothed with hairs directed forAvard. Body densely hairy, abdomen extending considerably beyond
the anal angle of the hindwing, slender and pointed, especially in the (^. Forewing broad, costal margin rather
stronglycurved, in the outer half, apex rectangular but slightly rounded, distal margin moderately strongly
curved, inner margin slightly ventricose in the basal half, then somewhat incurved to the distal margin. Hind-
wing broad, distal margin evenly and strongly rounded, costal margin strongly and broadly incurved before
the centre, then straight and oblique to the margin. Vein 2 of forewing originating near the base. 4 directly
before the lower angle of the cell, from which 5 originates, 6 and 7 on a short stalk, the stalk together with

8 from the upper angle of the cell, 9 and 10 also on a short stalk, which is longer than that of 6 and 7, 2 to

9 into the margin, 10 into the apex. In the hindwing vein 2 beyond the middle of the cell, 3 close to the lower
angle of the cell, from wliich originate 4 and 5 on a very short stalk, 8 anastomosing with 7 in a point directly
beyond the origin of the latter, both veins elbowed where they touch. Basal cell moderately large, narrow,
s]iiiulle-shaped, accessory veins obsolescent and indistinct. Cell of both wings closed. Cross-vein of forewng
angulate in the middle, that of the liindwing near the anterior end. Femora and tibiae densely hairy, middle
and hind tibiae with short end-spurs, tarsi smoothly scaled. Only one species occurs on Palearctic territory,
being found in the North- Western Himalayas, just on the border between the Palearctic and Oriental Regions.

nohUif!. L. nobilis Walk. (30 c). A very large species, the ? measuring more than 130 mm. in expanse. Light

greyish brown with the markings darker, deep chocolate brown in the ^. Forewing with sharp wedge-shaped
discal spot, and four narrow light grey transverse bands, the middle ones of which enclose the discal area, which
is deep chocolate brown in the ^; a blackish longitudinal smear traverses the discal area at the height of the
discal spot in the o, and is broadened beyond the outer band to form a dark marginal shadowy .stripe reacliing
to the apex; before the hind angle a black double spot, mostly indistinct in the $. HindA\-ing deep dark brown,
lighter in the $, with two parallel grey median transverse bands. On the underside thorax, palpi and basal
half of forewing a deep black brown in the S, hghter in the $. Kashmir. Northern India,^also elsewhere in the
Himalayas (Silhet, Nepal, Naga Hills).

21. Genus: I*aralebeda Awiv.
AlUed to the preceding geiius, as well as to Pachypasa and the next genus Taragama. Antennae sharply

TAEAGAMA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 175

bent back in the middle, in the (J with the pectinations of the basal half very long, shorter towards the apex,
the posterior branches longer than the anterior ones, in the $ the pectinations short and of even length. Palpi
upturned, reacliing to upper margin of eyes, densely and smoothly scaled, broader towards the apex. Eyes
naked. Frons smooth, densely covered with porrect hairs. Body smoothly and densely hairy, abdomen ex-
tending far beyond the anal angle of the hindwin.g. Forevving of .;? rather narrow and slender, broader in the $,
costal margin only curved in the outer half, distal and inner mai-gins rather straight, forming an obtuse rounded
angle. Hindwing elongate, costal margin quite straight to the tip, distal margin moderately curved. Venation
similar to that of Lebeda. but veins 6 and 7 as well as 9 and 10 on longer stalks in the forewing, 8 close beyond
the cell from the stalk of 6 and 7 or chrectly from the apex of the cell; vein 10 into the apex, strongly curved
at the end. Venation of hindwing as in Lebeda, but veins 4 and 5 on a slightly longer stalk; basal cell with
a strongly forked accessory vein at the base and another short simple one beyond the centre. Femora and tibiae
with dense long hair, middle aiid hind tibiae ^vith moderately long end-spurs, tarsi smoothly scaled. — Larva
flatened, with long lateral hairs. Lateral warts well developed, pediform, especially long and cylindrical on
the thoracical segments, conical on the other segments. Ventrolateral stripes of hair absent. Segments 2
and 3 with two densely bristly, brightly coloured dorsal belt-like spots, segment 11 with flat hump. Dorsal
scales absent. The ty})ical species, P. plagifera Walk., is represented in Amurland by a special form.

P. plagifera Walk. (30 d). A large species, the $ measuring almost 120 mm. Greyish brown, usually plat/ifera.
with a reddish tinge. Forewing with a deej] chocolate brown spot occupying the grater part of the outer half,
extending to the margin and to the apex, and only leaving a broad stripe at the outer margin; the inner and
costal edges are very sharply defined and are bordered by a narrow black band originating in the middle of
the inner margin, running obliquely outward close to the costal margin and then curved backward, running
back to the inner margin, where the bounding line is usually narrowly white ; in true plagifera the spot extends
to the distal margin and to the apex without a definite edge, and is traversed by a continouous, more or less
distinct, black submarginal dentate band ending in a sharp black spot at the hind angle. — In the form from
Southern Amurland, femorata Men., the dark spot of the forewing is sharply bounded also distally along the femorala.
recurring band, without extending to the margin. — Eggs very large, chalky wliite, deposited at the end of
July in clusters of 6 to 12 on the underside of leaves. Larva (according to Graeser) resembling that of Giistr.
quercifolia and populifolia, very large in proportion to the moth, on various deciduous trees (Phellodendron
amurense, Populus tremula, Quercus mongohca, Corylus heterophylla, Tilia cordata, Syringa amurensis, and
Pirus). The young larvae live gregariously usually at the tips of branches. After liibernating they are still
found singly on tree-trunks.

22. Genus: Taragaiiia Moore.

Most closely allied to Pdchypasa, very similar to tliis genus in the build of body and antenna as well
as in the shape of the wings. The branches of the antenna of the ^ become suddenly shorter in the apical half.
The rather long porrect palpi are curved downwards at the tip, the end-segment is short, stumpy. Eyes naked.
Body as in Pachypasa densely hairy, the patagia usually of a dark and conspiciious colour. Mddle and hind
tibiae with very short end-spurs entirely hidden in the hair. Forewing in both sexes elongate, with pointed
apex, distal and inner margins evenly curved, hind^v^ng shorter and broader in the J than in the $, with strongly
curved or even concave distal margin, the hind angle being rather well defined. In the forewing vein 4 ori-
ginates close to the lower angle of the cell, but is distinctly separate from 5, 8 originates from the middle of
the long stalk of 6 and 7, the stalk of 9 and 10 long, often considerably longer than the fi-ee ends of the veins.
In the liindwing the veins are as in Pachypasa, a distal accessory vein leaves the spindle-shaped basal cell at
the base, and often another vaguer one before the apex. Margin entire, with short fringes. Beside the dark
discal spot, sometimes indistinct, the forewing usually bears two wliite basal spots and two undulate white
transverse lines, between wliich there is a very dark large spot in the <$. The S<S are considerably smaller tlian
the $9. — Larva similar to that of Gastropacha, with the dorsal hair short, the lateral hair long and in tufts;
the lateral warts are only well developed on the thorax. Segments 2 and 3 with dorsal girdle-shaped spot
clothed with black hair, 4 to 1 1 with four dorsal warts each, two large anterior and two smaller posterior ones.
Pupa clothed with short hair with the exception of the wing- and leg-cases. — The genus occurs in all the warmer
regions of the Old World. The purely Palearctic species are confined to the Mediterranean area and have
one representative in Amurland. Also a few Indien species must here be recorded, occurring in that part of the
Himalayas which extends into the Palearctic Region.

T. repanda Hbn. (29 a). Very variable in size, $ up to 80 mm. in expanse. Head and tegulae grey in the repanda
(J, patagia deep reddish brown, the rest of the body lighter reddish brown: in the $ the entire body grey, only
the patagia rust-coloured with white edges. Forewing brownish grey with sharp white discal spot and irregu-
larly dentate white submarginal band, as well as a black discal spot, which is only distinct in the cj, in the middle
of the costal margin also a white spot. In the (J, between the discal spot and submarginal band and bounded
by the latter, a large dark rust-brown to blackish brown spot. Forewing of $ more or less variegated with

176

TARAGAMA. By Dr. K. Gbunberg.

rusty yellow. Forewing of ,^ dark reddish brown, of 9 grey, with whitish fringes blackened at the anal angle.
The typical form only f)ceurs in Southern Spain and Morocco, where it i.s however very abundant. The only
aegyijliaca. other known form, aegyptiaca Bang-H. (29 b), from Northern Egj^t (Port Said, Cairo) is smaller, the forewing
broader and more regularly rounded at the anal angle, lighter in the (J, the large dark brown spot absent, or
much reduced, the subraarginal band more sharply curved inwards. $ greyish yellow, suffused with broAvnish,
deviating still more strongly than the ^•, marginal area with irregularly diffuse wliitish j'ellow band, which
is much more conspicuous than the rust-coloured spots of the typical form. — The young larva is at first black
with two long tufts of hair on segment!, without any markings except a few very indistinct reddish dots, but
after each change of skin the markings become more prominent. When full-grown the larva is bluish ashy
grey with darker dorsal stripe edged with whitish and broadened on each segment in the shape of an escut-
cheon. On each side of this stripe on segments 4 to 11 two bright orange warts bearing brownish and black
hairs, the anterior warts larger than the posterior ones. Hairs of body dorsally short and black, laterally long,
yellow, being especially long on the lateral warts of the thoracical segments. The transverse swellings on seg-
ments 1 and 3 in their anterior half deep black, densely covered with reddish white bristles, and divided by a
light longitudinal streak. Stigmata white edged with black. Underside yellow Nvith broad black longitudinal
stripe which encloses a yellowish spot on segments 4 to 11. Larva from the autumn until May or June, on
species of Genista and Spartium, also on Pistachio and Tamarisk. Pupa glossy black, with reddish brown
hair, in a whitish or yellowish grey, long fusiform, rather dense and firm cocoon, attached to thin twigs. Moth
from January to September, in two broods.

alphcrakyi. J, alpherakyi Christ. (30 b). Closely allied to repnnda. as yet only known in the q. Forewing more

elongate and pointed than in repinda; light greyish brown with broad, deep dark brown, median band sharply
edged with white on both sides. Inner margin whitish yellow from the base to the inner edge of the band.
Hindwing dark red-brown with a small whitish yellow spot at the anal angle. Fringes of both wings white.
Head and thorax yellowish white, also on the underside, patagia reddish brown, abdomen also reddish brown
with white anal hairs. Persia (Shahrud). Larva pale reddish grey with long tufted lateral hair, especially on
the thoracical segments; from segment 4 with diffuse blackish dorsal and lateral stripe. The girdle-shaped
spot on segments 2 and 3 velvet}^ black, also hairy, divided in the middle, the anterior half on each side bright
reddish brown. On segments 4 to 11 respectively two white warts edged with blackish bearing longer hairs.
Underside reddish yellow, segments 4 to 11 with a dark brown double spot, and before it a yellowish spot or
streak. Larva full-grown in June, moth in July. Pupa and cocoon not described.

primi- T. primigenum Stgr. Only the $ known, perhaps the other sex of T. alpherakyi ( '. ). Head and thorax

genum. brownish white, patagia without light edge; body otherwise as in T. repanda. Forewing brown suffused with
violet, with small white basal dot, the dark discal spot and the white costal marginal spot absent. The outer
band very thin and obsolescent, only distinct in the anterior half, indicated by a dark smear at the distal mar-
gin; on the underside it is broader and of even width to beyond the middle of the wing. Hindwing lighter,
pale brownish, with a rather obsolescent whitish median band. Ferghana. Larva and pupa not described.

shcpiduiii. T. stupidum Stgr. (30 b). Allied to T. repanda. In the (^ the forewing somewhat narrower, the hind-

wing more pointed, more triangular, with almost rectangular anal angle and incurved outer margin. The white
basal .spot rather indistinct, the inner light transverse band somewhat more distinct than in repanda, the outer
one sharp and less curved, the dark brown median spot very sharply defined and on the posterior half of the
wing extending shghtly beyond the outer hue. Hindwing dirty greyish brown, with very indistinct, obsoles-
cent, lighter outer band. Body brownish grey, patagia dark brown, but on account of the darker colour of the
body less piominent than in repanda. ? very similar to that of repanda. larger and darker brown, but the hind-
wing much lighter, whitish, only a median band and the distal margin dark brown, the underside also lighter,
the outer white band of the forewing continuous or interrupted ; the wliite costal marginal spot much weaker.
Tiie body lighter, dirty white. Us.suri district (Vladivostock). also in India. Early stages not yet known.

acaciae. T. acaciae Klug (29 b). A very beautiful brightly coloured species, white to yellowish grey and whitish

grey in colour, the liindwing being lightest and unicolorous vnth the exception of the blackish anal angle, the
forewing with a tooth-hke projection formed of scales beyond the centre of the inner margin. Forewing with black
sickle-shaped discal spot and broad blackish grey-brown median band, being irregularly incurved, especially distal-
ly, and having a glossy white outer edge. Beyond it a bright ochreous submarginal band also irregular, only con-
tinuous in the costal lialf, where it is often very dark. Fringes between the veins blackish. Upper Egj^Dt. The
larva lives on Acacia. Egg white with dark brown spot at one pole and a broad band of brown spots in the
same half. Larva reddish brown, with dark brown head, lateral warts with long, tuft-like, grey hairs, these
being especially long on the thoracical segments. The girdle-shaped patches on segments 2 and 3 black with
hairs of the same colour. Segments 4 to 11 with dark brown median stripe, widened on each segment; also
each with two small bright red wards, wliich are only longer on the last segment. Pupa dark brown, in a wliit-
ish grey spindle-shaped cocoon attached to the food-plant. Egj'pt.

PiM. 30. VIII. 1911. BHIMA. By Di . K. Grunberg. 177

T. dorsalis Walk. (= castanoptera Moore, igniflua Moore, hyperantherae Moore, intensa Moore) (30 e). dorsalis.
Similar to repanda. Antennae light brown, head and thorax greyish white, patagia deep reddish brown, abdomen
reddish brown with grey segmental edges. Forewing very dark red-brown, the black discal spot distinct, the
white basal and costal marginal spot sharply defined; the white postdiscal band interrupted in the middle or
continuing sharply defined to the inner margin. Hindwing of ^ with greyish white anal spot, which in the $
continues to the costal margin as a broad indistinctly bounded median band. Fringes of both wings grejdsh
white. Distributed over the whole of IncUa to the Sunda Islands and the Phihppines, northward to Kashmii-
(Kangra).

T.hyrtacaCr. (= luscai^., buddha Lef., brahma Lef., plagiata Walk., bhira Moore) (29 a). Dark brown to kyrlaca.
reddish or rusty brown. Very variable in size. Forewing with four narrow, fairly straight, whitish bands, in the
rj an extended velvety black spot between the two middle ones, enclosing the sharply defined wliite discal spot
near the inner margin; i)i the $ this spot as well as the black one are absent, and the space between the inner
and outer bands is lighter, grey, so that between the two inner bands the darker ground-colour contrasts like
a transverse band. A submarginal dark wavy line is often very distinct. Southern Asia to the Himalayas, also
in China. — Larva dark green \nth pale brownish lateral tufts of hair. On segment 2 a red dorsal line beliind
a short dense tuft of hair. Segments 3 to 10 with oval dark brown velvety spots, each of which bears four
blue warts with long hairs.

We add some Indian forms which extend nearly to the boundary of the Palearctic Begion, but ai-e not as yet
known from Palearctic territory.

T. siva Lef. (= pallidum Walk., ganesa Lef., venustum Walk., albicans Walk.). Body light yellowish «iva.
grey to greyish white, patagia light reddish brown, likewise the forewing, which only in the ^ is more greyish
with a yellowish brown basal spot and reddish brown median one; the tM'o M'liite bands sharply defined in
the ^, iia the $ the median one only distinct at the costal and inner margins, and of the outer one onlj^ the costal
marginal portion and a sharp spot between veins 4 and 5 developed. Hindwing of (^ and $ gre3dsh white
with brownish marginal area. Fringes of both wings brown, blackish brown at the anal angle of the liindwing.
India northward to the Himalayas. Larva light ochreous brown, the lateral warts bearing long tuft-hke yellow
hairs; the girdle-shaped spots on segments 2 and 3 large. Segments 4 to 9 with small black spots, 10 and 11
with pairs of larger warts.

T. recta Walk. Greyish brown, forewing with 4 straight, parallel, darker, transverse lines, two being recta,
subbasal and two postchscal, the outer one separated into spots. Submarginal line distinct, dark. Hindwing
unicolorous, without lighter band. Northern India.

24. Genus : Bliiiiia Moore.

Anteiu^ae in ^ with very long pectinations at the base, the branches quickly decreasing in length and
becoming gi-adually shorter to the apex, the hind row longer than the anterior one; the pectinations in the
$ shorter and of more even length. Palpi short, porrect, hardly extending beyond the frons. Eyes with thin
and short or with dense hair. Frons smooth, densely clothed M-ith porrect hair. Body densely hairy, $ with
thick broad anal tuft. Femora and tibiae covered with long dense hair, middle and hind tibiae with very short
end-spurs; tarsi smoothly scaled. Forewing long, elongate, triangidar, costal margin only slightly curved in the
outer half, apex pointed, distal margin but feebly convex, forming a distinct angle with the nearly straight
hind margin. Hindwing broad, with evenly convex distal margin, almost straight (S) or slightly convex ($)
costal margin and quite straight inner margin. Margin of both wings entire, fringes very short. In the forewing
vein 2 near the base, 3 beyond the middle of the cell. .5 directly behind 4 from the lower angle and 6 and 7
with short stalks from the upper angle of the cell, 8 from the fairly long stalk of 9 and 10; 2 to 8 into the
margin, 9 into the apex. In the hindwing vein 2 beyond the middle of the cell, 3 close to lower angle of cell,
4 and 5 originate together from this angle or are shortly stalked ; vein 8 first strongly curved costad near the base,
then united with 7 for a shorter or longer distance, forming a rather large rhomboid or more spindle-shaped basal
cell, from winch two indistinctly branching accessory veins originate. Cell of both veins closed, discocellular vein
cur\-edinthe forewing, quite straight in the hindwing. with the posterior portion directed distad. The wings are
rather thijily scaled or even transparent, the forewing bearing, beside a white discal spot, five narrow whitish dentate
bands, a subbasal pair parallel and close together and a postdiscal pair also close together, and one submarginal
band. — Larva and pupa are not sufficiently described morphologically, but the larva has distinct warts
liearing tuft-like hair, and a black tufted spot on segments 2 and 3. — The genus is absent from Europe
and the MediteiTanean districts. We know two East-Asiatic species, which appear to be restrictetl to the
Amur country, as well as a South-Asiatic one, which occurs northward as far as Kashmir.

B. eximia Oberth. (29 d). Body of (^ very dark brown, forewing blackish brown, sUghtly transparent vxiinia.
in tlie middle, with dark veins, white discal spot and five narrow white dentate hues, a parallel subbasal pair
and a postchscal pair, and a submarginal line, the latter broken up and bounded by blackish spots at its inner edge.
Hindwing ochreous with black-brown margin and larger black inner marginal spot. 5 larger and lighter, body
dark grejdsh brown, abdomen with dense whitish grey silky anal wool, wings dull brownish grey. Markings

11 23

17.S

SUANA; ARGUDA. By T)i . K. Gbunberg.

idiola.

undutosa.

concolur.

or forewing as in the ^. Hiii(l\\ing with broad diffuse dark median band. Amur and Ussuri districts. The
egg hibernates. Larvae on Ostrya and Quereus mongolica, gregarious until the last moult, Avhen they disperse.
Pupation in the middle of August. Moth in the middle of September, single (^(^ were still observed as late as the
middle of October, when the first snow had already fallen. The ?$ only live for a short time, and soon after
emerging copulate for about two hours. The eggs are densely covered with anal wool. The moths are easy to breed.

B. idiota Gmes. (:29 d). Similar to eximia, somewhat slenderer. ^ deep blackish brown; wings
densely scaled, forewing with small round whitish grey chscal spot, marginal portion of both wangs grejash
yellow, in the hindwing the light colour extended basad in wedge-shape. The $ is dull brownish grey with
pale yellowish grey markings, body also uniformly brownish grey, anal wool greyish yelloM', not glossy. Amur
and Ussuri districts. — Larva dark grey, irregularly variegated with black and reddish, and with reddish grey
dorsal stripe. The short dorsal hair yellow and black, .sparse, the long lateral tufted hair yellow, much inter-
mixed with black on the thorax. The girdle-shaped spots on segments 2 and 3 velvety black with hair of the
same colour. On the posterior portion of the remaining segments two elongate black spots. Underside with
reddish yellow and grey markings and broad black median stripe. Larvae full grown in the late autumn, grega-
rious on the trunks of various deciduous trees, especially Prunus padus and Populus balsamifera, close together
in large clusters. The hairs of the larvae easily come off when touched, remain in the skin and caiise violent
irritation. In contradistinction to eximia the species is difficult to breed. The pupa hibernates. Moth in June.

B. undulosa Walk. Very dark brown, almost blackish brown, hindwing and abdomen of $ somewhat
lighter, anal tuft light brown. Frons of (^ with ocln-eous or greyish yellow hair. Forewing with sharp linear
white discal spot, and five distinct white transverse lines as in eximia and idiota, the median one very strongly
bentate. Hindwing with broad, darker, proximally diffuse, postmedian band, whose outer edge is more prominent
decause bounded with a hghter colour. The species occurs only at the boundary of our region, being distributed
from the Himalayas throughout India to the Sunda Islands. The Himalayan form from Kashmir (Kangi-a)
is strongly variegated with grey in the $, and has the anal tuft white. This predominantly Indian species is
more specially dealt with in Vol. X.

25. Geims: SSiiana Walk.

Closely allied to Taragama Moore. Antennae of o fi'S in that genus with very long pectinations at the
base, which become considerably shorter at the apex, in the $ only dentate. Palpi long, porrect, extending
considerably beyond the frons, the tip slightly curved downwards. Abdomen of (J very long, extending by at
least half its length beyond the hindwing, ending in a long thin hairy point, in the $ also considerably longer
than the hindwing. Tibiae without end-spurs. Forewing narrow, with very pointed apex, especially in the
(J, hindwing of c? triangular, costal, distal and inner margins rather straight and forming distinct angles %\ith
one another, hindwing of $ broadly rounded. Venation and other characters as in Taragama.

S. concolor Walk. (= bimaculata Walk., ampla Walk., cervina Moore) (29 c). (^ reddish brown to
very dcejj dark brown with a reddish tinge ; very dark specimens have a violet gloss on body and forewing. Fore-
wing with more or less distinct yellowish brown subbasal spot, silvery wliite shai'p chscal spot, and five some-
what diffuse narrow blackish dentate bands, viz., two subbasal ones, one discal and two postdiscal ones. ? usu-
ally- lighter than the o , reddish brown to light greyish brown, sometimes also dark 1)rown. forewing often strongly
suffused with grey, when the dark bands become more conspicuous. Hindwing and abdomen iisually pale greyish
brown, as is also a broad band on the forewing between the discal and first postdiscal transverse Lines. The
wliite discal spot is often of considerable size in the $, but may also be altogether ab.sent both in q and 9- Distri-
huteil thrt)ughout India, Ceylon, the Sunda Islands, to the Philippines, and northward to the Himalayas and Kash-
mir. The species shows an exceptionally strong sexual dimorpliism; the wings of the $ are at least twice if not
three times the length of those of the f^. While the^J is at most 55 mm. in expanse, the $ may reach 155 mm.
— Larva light brown, grey or greeJiish grey, with irregular black striae. Lateral warts bearing tufts of brown
hair, the strongly developed girdle-shaped spots on segments 2 and 3 densely clothed with black hair. Seg-
ment 11 with a rather high hump bearing black hair. Pupa dark brown with lighter incisions, in a yellowish
grey cocoon. Not rare, the qO especially trecpiently coming to the lamp at night.

26. Genus : Arg;ii«la Moore.

Antennae of ,^ with dense and long pectinations, the branches only gradually becoming shorter towards the
tip; in the 9 ^vith short branches. Palpi strongly porrect with long end-segment, the scahng rendering them
broad and shovel-like. Eyes densely hairy. Body covered with thick woolly hair, abdomen only shghtly extend-
ing beyond the anal angle of the hindwing. Forewing broad, triangular, with pointed apex, costal margin only
convex in the outer half, distal margin straight or angulate, almost at right angles with the straight inner mar-
gin. Hindwing broadly rounded. In the forewing vein 2 near the base, 3 from the middle of the cell, 4
and 5 close together from the lower angle, 6 and 7 on a short stalk from the upper angle of the cell, 8
shortly before it, 9 and 10 also on a short stalk. In the hindwing vein 2 from the middle of the cell, 3 shortly
before the lower angle of cell, from which originate 4 and 5 close together or stalked, 8 close to the base
anastomosing with 7 in a point or united with it by a short transverse vein, basal cell small and narrow, acces-

List of the Palearctic Lasiocampidae.

179

sory veins usually indistinct. Cell of both wings closed. Margin slightly wavy or entire. Femora and tibiae
with lon<T dense hair, middle and hind tibiae with very short end-spurs, tarsi smoothly scaled. Distributed
over the Indian and Australian countries.

A. flavovittata Moore (29 d). Yellowish brown. Margin of forewing produced into a point at vein iS. jlavovitiala.
Forewing with blackish discal spot and a small blackish subbasal and discal band, the former with a narrow
whitish edge on the inside and the latter on the outside, also with a submarginal row of wliitish arcs edged with
dark, the row being shifted a short distaiace distad below vein 4. Hindwing with grey median band which is
only distinct in the costal half. Margin of l)oth wings wavy, fringes dark brown. Kashmir; also in North India
and tlie Himalayas.

Appendix aiitl Corrections.

Mnlacosoma castrensis L., angustata foim. nov. (24 c). A form from Anterior Asia closely allied io nrxjustala.
kirghisica, whith the same conspicuously light forewing in the ^, and the light band on the forewing in the
9 being also broadly edged with yellow; but well characterised by the narrow baird of the forewing, which is
strongly constricted in the $.

Malacosoma franconica Esp., pallida form. nov. (24 d). A very light pale greyish brown ?-forra entirely pallida.
without the red ground-colour of the typical ? of franconica. — obscura form. nov. (24 d), another '^-iorm , "l>^"ira.
deep blackish brown in colour. This and the preceding form occur in Southern France.

Malacosoma alpicola Sfgr., cinnamomea form. nov. (24 e), a $-form from the Issyk-kul distinguished chniaino-
from the ? of alpicola by the bright cinnamon tint of the ground-colour. ""*"

Alphalbetical List

of the forms of Palearctic Lasiocampidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is also figured at the place quoted.

eonstantina Chondr. (Aiiriv.) Oberih. Bull. Soo. Kiit. Fr. 189S,

p. -zso.

contracta Las. Tuft,

\'

124.

aeaciae Tar. King. .Syiub. Phys. Tab. 6. *
aoaiitiiphvlli Er. Christ Hor. Ent. Ross. 1
aegyptiaca Tar. Bamj-H. Iris 19, p. 130.
aestiva Gastr. Jaen. Ins.-Borse 11, p. 38.
albescens Poec. Heyne, Soc. Entom. 13, p. 105.
albiffutta Aig. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. (i, p.
albdiiiariilata Cosm. Brem. Lep. Ost-vSib. p. 42. *
albiiniarginata Poec. Heyne. Soc. Entoiu. 13, p. 105.
al«crieiisis Dipl. Bak. Ent. jMonth. :\lag. 21, p. 242.
alicc Epicn. John, Entomolog. 42, p. 175. *
aliiilolia Gastr. O. .Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 250.
alplu-rakyi Tar. Chrisi. Rom. M6m. L6p. 2, i)
:ilpic(.la Jtal. Sfgr. Stett. Ztg. 48, p. 97.
alpiiia Las. Frey, Lep. Schweiz. p. 97.
alpina Poec. Frey, Lep. Schweiz. p. 95.
aliaica Las. Griinb. Seitz, Macrol. 2, ]). 157.
aiiibiifiia Epicn. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (Ill), ji.
annularis ^lal. Geoffr. Ent. Paris 2, p. 202.
ai'borea Epicn. Blocker. Rev. Russ. Ent. S, p
arbusciilae Er. Frr. Neue Beytr. Taf. 590, p.
aiiae 'I'rich. Hbn. Sammlg. Eur. Schmett. BomI
askoldensis Cosm. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 5, p. 38.
atriiu'iva Cosm. Griinb. Seitz, Macrol. 2. p. 104.
aiirivillli Chondr. Piing. Iris 15, p. 143. *
aiitiininalis Gastr. .Jaen. Ins.-Borse 11, \>. 38.

basipiincta Las. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 3, p. 55.
berclineiisis Cosm. Heyne. Soc. Ent. 14, ]). 3.
bilasciata :Slal. Tntt. Brit. Lep. 2, p. 533.
hisfasciada Dendr. Griinb. Seitz, Macrol. 2, p. 1"
bicvivenis Od. Bull. Cist. Entom. 3, j). 119.
bninnea La.s. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 5t).
bninnea Mai. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 2, p. 532.
brniinea-niarginata Las. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 3, p. 5
bninnca-obsoleta Las. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 50.
bninnca-seniivirgata Las. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p.
biiiiinea-virgata La.s. Tult, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 57.
biil'o Dendr. Led. Wien. ETit. Mon. 5, p. 153. *
biirdigalensis Las. Gerh. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 2()

1119.

Brit. Lep. 3, p. 10.
crataeffi Trich L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 502.
ciirvata Las. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 55.

128.

202.

123.

. 120.
179. *

1905,

57.

p. 127.

oalberlae Poec. Ragu.s. Nat. Sicil. 8, p. 223. *

callunae Las. Palm. Zoolog. 1847. p. 105().

canensis Poec. Mill. Cat. raison ]). 393.

eastiliana Trich. Spul. Schmett. Eur. 1, p. 114.

castrensis Mai. L. Syst. Nat. (X). i). 500.

catalauniea Las. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. (i9.

catax Er. L. Syst. Nat. (X) App., p. 822.

eerridifolia Gastr. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. (i, [>. 35.

cervina Las. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 11.

eervina Mai. Ttdt, Brit. Lep. 2, p. 548.

cinerea Dendr. Griinb. Seitz, IMacrol. 2, p. 172.*

codes Las. Hbn. Sammlg. Eur. Schmett. 3. *

('(incdidr Las. Christ. Iris 6, p. 88.

coucolor Suana Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Hr. .Mus. 0, p. 140^

couflueus Mai. Selys-L. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1, p. 50.

dalntatina Gastr. Gerh. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 26, ]>
dalmatina Las. Gerh. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 26, p. 128.
datini Las. Mab. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 42.
davidis Las. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 265.
decolorata Las. King. Symb. Phys. Tab. 20. *
digranima INlacr. Meade-W. Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud.

p. 390. *
diniinuta Cosni. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 162.
dolosa Dendr. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, ]>. 16.
dorsalis Tar. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. JIus. 35, [). 1947.

eyersnianni Las. Ev. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 3, p. 542. *
excellens Dendr. Bull. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (I) 20. p. is I.
excelsa Dendr. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III). !>. 124.
exiniia Bhima Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 5, p. 36. *
externotasciata Dendr. Griinb. Seitz, Alacrol. p. 172.
extrenia Cosm. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 162.

tagitolia Gastr. Spul. Schmett. Eur. p. 123.

faseiana Chondr. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 258.

taseiatella Dendr. Men. Bull. Ac. Petersb. 17, p. 218.

teniinalis Cosm. Griinb. Seitz, JIacrol. 2, p. 174.

teminieolorata Las. Niep. Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 21. p. Iti7.

Eemorata I'aral. Min. Bull. Ac. Petersb. 17, p. 218.

tenestrata Las. Gerh. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 26, p. 128.

tentoni Dendr. Butt. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 17.

ferniglnea Macr. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 128.

flava Gastr. Schultz, Soc. Entom. IS, p. 185.

Hava Las. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 10.

flaveola Dendr. Mot.'ich. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 29, ]>. 192.

flavescens Mai. Griuih. Seitz, Macrol. 2, p. 150. *

flavescens Poec. Spul. Schmett. Eur. 1, p. 114.

flavovittata Arg. Moore, Lep. Atkins, p. 79.

Jraeta :Malac. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 2, p. 548.

franconica Mai. E,'<p. Schmett. Abbild. *

treyeri Trich. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 2, p. 488.

glasunoTi Eppicn. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 29, j). 293.
grandls Las. Rnhir. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1891. S. B. p. SO.
grisea Epicn. ~TuH, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 189.
grisea Las. Griinb. Seitz, Macrol. 2, p. 160. *
grisea Macr. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 128.
grisescens Dendr. Ebl. Berge Schm. (IX), p. 129.
grisescens Gastr. Spul. Schmett. Eur. p. 123.
giiilleniotii Las. Trimoul. Cat. Li^p. Gironde p. 27.

henckei Er. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 40, p. 318.
hilleri Mai. Standfs. Stett. Zg. 45, p. 194.
hoegei (Jastr. Heuiirk. Stett. Zg. 34, p. 244.
byrcana Chondr. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II). p. 07.

180

List of the Palearctic Lasiocampidae.

hyrtacii Tar. Cr. Pap. Kxot. III.*

idiota Bhima, Graes. Berl. Ent. Zt.scbr. 32. p. VM.
iliril'iilin Kpicn. L. Syst. Nat. (I), i). 497.
ilicis Tiiih. Ramb. Cat. Aiidal. p. 3f>2. *
iii('<iiii|ili-la Gastr. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, ]). 2(14.
inspersa Kr. Sigr. llor. Ent. Boss. 14, p. 35().
iiilcniicdia Cosiii. Ttitt. Brit. Lep. 3, p. I(i2.
intciinedia Ei)i(n. Rbl. Berge, Schiu. (IX). p. I2(>.
iiitdiiKMlia ~S\i\\. TuU, Brit. \m\>. 2, p. .532.
iiiversa Co.sm. Car. Iris 8, ]). 113.

japoiiica Kpicn. Leech, Proc. Zool. Sue. T.oiul. l.SSS. p. (')2.S.

josiia Las. .sVyr. Iris 8, p. 2i»l). *

jiisartliiiia Las. Criinh. Seitz, .Macrol. 2, p. !.">!). *

kir!,'liisica Mai. .SV;//-. Stott. Zg. 40. p. 318.
k(irl»i Mair. (IrOnb. Ent. Rundsch. 28, ]>. 6.

laeta Cosni. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. >his. (i. p. Itlii.

lancstris Kr. L. Syst. Nat. (X). p. 4i)9.

la|i|H.iiica Las. Fiiiha: Stctt. Zg. 41. p. 123.

laricis Dciulr. T.scldr. Soc. Entom. IS. p. 89.

latovir^'ala La.s. TuU, Brit. [>ep. 3, \\. .").">.

lohiiliiia Scion, /i'.sp. Eur. Schniett. Al>l)il(l. 3. *

loiiK't'spiiiata Chunilr. Auriv. Iris 7, p. 130.

liiti l)ii>l. U. Scluuett. Em-. 3, p. 291.

Iiini^cra .Sclcn. Ehj). Eur. Schiuett. Abbihl. 3. *

liitca Mai. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 13, p. 29. *

lutcscens Cosiii. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 162.

lutescpiis Epicn. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 189.

lydiac Poec. Krulik. Soc. Entom. 23, p. 49.

ina<-iili[<>ra .\lal. Kolisk. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 58, p. 28.
maculosa Las. Rijhfr. \'crh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 41, p. 86.
Miajiir (iastr. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 204.
iiiari,nnata La.s. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 55, 56.
niarDccana Las. .S7r/r. Iris 7, p. 265.
Miaiirltaiiica Las. Styr. Iris 4. p. 262.
riicdicau'iiiis Las. Rkh. Rhein. Magaz. 1, p. 363.
nii-i'idioiialis Gastr. Hormuz. Veh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 47,

p. 3:11.
iiicridloiialis Ga-str. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 204.
inoi'idionalis Las. Tutt, Ent. Record 13, p. 113.
inontana Dcndr. Stgr. Cat. Schmett. Eur. (II), p. 70.

nana Las. Siijr. Stett. Zg. 48, p. 99.

ncitu-ciia Kr. Fisch.-Wald. Entom. Ross. 2, p. 250. *

ncusliia Mai. /,. Svst. Nat. (X). p. .500.

Mohilis Lch. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 0, p. 1456.

ol)li<|uata Cliil.
ohscura Dcndr
(iliscura
obscura
nbsoleta
ohsiileta Mai.
obsdiela Nad.
ocliracca Las.
odiracea Alal.
olivacea l^as.

Klu,j, Svmb. Phvs Taf. 20. *
Slyr. Cat. Pal. I^i). (Ill), p. 124.
Dcndr. Grunb. Seitz, :Macrol. 2, p. 172. *
(iastr. Ifruack. Stett. Zg. 34, p. 244.
Las. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 3, p. 10.
Brit. Lep. 2, p. 532.
Symb. Phys. Taf. 20. *
Brit. Lep. 3, p. 56.
Brit. Lep. 2, ]). 548.
Brit. Lep. 3, p. 87.

KIlKI,

Tiiit.
Tutt,
Tutt,

palaestinonsis Las. SIgr. Iris 7, p. 203.
pallida Epicn. '/')(//, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 189.
pallida <iastr, Spul. Schmett. Eur. 1, p. 122.
pallida Las. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 3, p. 10.
pallida Macr. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 128.
pallida Mai. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 2, p. 532.
pallida 'I'ri.h. TuU, Brit. Lep. 2, p. 486.
pallidiiMi Tar. Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus.
paiKirniitaiia .Mai. Turati, Natiu-. Sicil. 21, ]>.
paradoxa Las. h'ring.i, Soc. Entom. 20, p. 89.
parallela Mai. Stqr.' Stett. Zg. 48, p. 98.
pardalis Estig. Walk. Cat. Lej). Het. Br. Mus.
paslrana Cbondr. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 2, p.
philippsi lOr. Rartel, Iris 17, p. 10.
piiii Dcndr. A. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 498.
populi I'occ. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 502.
popiiliVdlia Gastr. Esp. Eiu'. Schmett. Al)liild.
pnlalc.ria Cosm. L. Syst. Nat. (XII). p. 813.
priniiu'cnuni Tar. Stijr. Stett. Zg. 4S, p. lon.
proxiuia Chil. SIgr. Iris 7, p. 268. *
proxiiiiu Cosm. i'utt. lirit. Ixij). 3, p. 162.

6,
SI.

1450.

6, p.
144.*

1453.

pniiii Od. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 498.

priinoidcs Od. S'tgr. Cat. Eur. Schmett. (II), i . 69.

punctata Dendr. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. (i, p. 1418.

purpiiraseens Gastr. Tutt, Biit. Lep. 3, p. 205.

piirpurascens Las. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 56.

pygniaea Macr. Reuler, Act. Soc. Fenn. 9, p. 28.

pyri Mai. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 199.

querclfolia Gastr. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 497.
quercus Las. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abbild. 7. )>. .35. *

ratainae Las. H.-Schdjf Syst. Schmett. liur. 6. p. 51.*

recta Tar. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 6. p. IKil.

reiuota Dondr. Walk. Cat. I^ep. Het. Br. Mus. 0. p. 1 139.

repaDda Tar. Hbn. Kur. Schmett. Bond). *

rimieola Er. Hbn. Eur. Schmett. Bomb. p. 142. *

roboris La, . Schrank, Fauna Boic. p. 'Ilo.

rosacea Od. Schultz. Soc. E^tom. 18, p. 185.

rubi Macr. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 498.

nieokbeili Er. (.'mcs. Berl. Entom. Ztochr. 37, p. :!01.

riifa Las. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 12.

rufa Marc. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 128.

rufa Mai. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 2, p. 549.

rufescens Epicn. 2'utt, Brit. Lep. 3, ]>. 189.

rufescens Las. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 56.

rufescens Mai. TuH, Brit. Lep. 2, p. 548.

russiea Las. Grunb. Seitz, Macrol. 2, p. 157. *

salicifolia Gastr. Slgr. Iris 5, p. 352.

sapiens Las. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 260.

segregatus Dcndr. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1) 20. p. 1S2.

seniiiuarg:inata Las. 7'utt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 55.

senecta Er. Graes. Berl. Ent. Ztschr. 32, p. 126.

serrula La.s. Gucn. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) 6. p. 454. *

sibirica Gastr. Krulik. Rev. Ent. Russ. 9, p. 111.

sibiricus Houdr. Tschtr. Rev. Ent. Russ. 8, p. 1.

sicula Las. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Aur. (I), p. 30.

sinica Epicn. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. ji. 25, p. 465.

Siva Tar. Lef. Zoolog. Journ. 3, p. 210.

sordida Chil. Ersch. Fedtsch. Reise, p. 36. *

spartii Las. Hl»i. Eur. Schmett. p. 143. *

spectabilis Dendr. BuU. Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 2n. p. ISI.

standfussi Gastr. Jaen. Ins.-Borse 16, p. 328.

staudingeri Las. Raker, Ent. Month. Mag. 21, p. 242.

Stupidum Tar. Stgr. Rom. Mi^m. Ldp. 3, p. 210. *

subalpina lias. Agass. Mitt. Schweiz. ent. G. 10, p. 248.

suberifolia Epicn. Dup. Hist. Lt^p. 4, p. 79.

subfasciata Chondr. Klug, Symb. Phys. Taf. 20. *

subpiirpurea Metan. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 18.

siiffusa Gastr. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 3, p. 205.

suJfiisa Las. Tutt, Brit. Lip. 3, p. 12.

sulphurea Cosm. Auriv. Iris 7, p. 164.

superans Dendr. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (4) 20, p 481.

taraxaooides Mal. ReU. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1851. v- "O--
tenuata Las. Fuchif, Stett. Zg. 41, p. 122.
terreni Las. H.-Schaff. Svst. Eur. Schmett. *
testacea :\Ial. Mntsrh. tt d'Ent. 9, p. 32.
tremiilifulia Kpicn. Hbn. Sammlg. Eur. Sclimctt. *
trifolii Las. Esp. I-lur. Schmett. Abbild. 3. *

ulmlfolia Gastr. Heudck. Stett. Zg. 34, p. 244.

undata Nad. Klug. Symb. Phys. Taf. 20. *

undulata Las. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 265.

undulosa Bhima Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. :\Ius. (>, p. 1177.

iinieolor Dendr. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 5, p. 38.

unicolor Epicn. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 189.

unicolur Alal. Aign. Rovart. Lap. 13, p. 69.

unicolor Alal. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 2, p. 533.

unicolor-griseseens Dendr. Griinb. Seitz, Alacrolcp. 2. p. 172.

iinilinea Las. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 3, p. 12.

vandalicia CUiondr. .1////. Icon. Lep. 2, p. 93. *
vaucheri Las. Rlach. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1905. \<. 52.
veneta Mal. Stundfs. Stett. Zg. 45, p. 193.
viburnl Liis. Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 48, p
virgata Epicn. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 189.
virgata Las. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3. p. 56.
virgata Alal. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 2, p. 533.
visiuiou Trab. Lej. Zool. .lourn. 3, p. 203.
vulgaris Mal. Rkh. Rhein. Magaz. 1, p. 308.

zouata Dendi'. Rutl. Trans. Knt. Sue. Lond. IXS], p. 17.

103.

LEMONITD^. By Dr. K. GRtTNBERG. ISl

8. Family: LemoniidaB.

The genui? Lemonia, formerly placed with the Lusiommpiddc, and in 1895 still iinited^with the Eupte-
rotids (Strieluiopterygids) hy Auri\illif.s, is now regarded as the type of a distinct small family. It is distri-
buted from Europe to Central Asia, and occurrs also in the Mediterranean countries, replacing as it were the
Eupterotids and true Bombycids, which are absent. Among the characteristics of the family we call attention
above all to the venation, in which Lemonia, how'ever, closely resembles the Eupterotids, e. g., in vein 5 origin-
ating closely before the middle of the discocellular vein and in veins 6 to 10 being on a common stalk. On
the other hand, in the Eupterotids the cell is not longitudinally divided by a vein-like fold running from the
bend of the discocellular vein basad, or this cell-vein is only indicated. The position of vein 8 in the forewing is
also very characteristic in Lemonia. The feeble, primitive, development of the frenulum also deserves mention.
The structure of the legs with their minutely serrate and exceptionally strong claws is highly peculiar, being
most conspicuous in the short, strong and stout fore legs, and probably unique among Lepidoptera. The absence
of the cocoon is an important although more bionomical character, it is nevertheless the consequence of a
morphological peculiarity of the larva, tlie absence of silk-glands. The piipae lie uncovered in the ground, a very
curious circumstance for Lepidoptera which in their morphological structure and whole appearance undoubtedly
belong to the Bombyces. The stout cylindrical larvae, which are almost without warts and are clothed with
short hair, as well as certain external characters of the pupa (dorsal swelling, and structure of end of abdomen)
are, moreover, additional pecuUarities which, together with the characters mentioned above, render it evident
that the genus represents an isolated and rather ])iimitive type, and sufficiently justify the erection of a separate
family for its reception.

1. Genus. I^eiuoiiia Hbn.

Antennae in the o with long dense pectinations, in the? with short ones, the braiiches being longest in the
middle and becoming rapidly much shorter towards the apex. Palpi short, porrect, scarcely extending beyond
the frons, clothed with long dense hair below, especially in the (^. Eyes naked. Frons smooth, clothed with
comparatively short hair, thorax and abdomen covered with long and dense hair. Forewing triangular, with
rather pointed apex, costal margin almost straight, only slightly convex before the apex, distal margin evenly
convex, joining the slightly bent inner margin in a broad curve. Hindwing broad, with almost straight costal
margin and regularly convex distal edge. The distal margin of both wings entire. Forewing with 12 veins: vein
2 from about the middle of the cell, 3 and 4 separate, from the lower angle of the cell, 5 from the discocellular
vein, originating somewhat nearer the upper than the lower angle 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 on a common stalk from
the upper angle of the cell, or 6 almost directly from the apex of the cell; 11 close before the apex of the cell,
12 strong, placed close to the anterior margin of the cell; 2 to 8 into the distal margin, 9 into the costal
margin. Hindwing with 8 veins: 2 from the middle of the cell. 3 and 4 far apart, from the loMer angle of the
cell, 5 from the discocellular vein near its anterior end, 6 and 7 from a point or on a very short stalk from the
upper angle of the cell ; 8 strongly curved near the base, then almost straight to close before the apex of the wing,
connected Math the anterior margin of the cell by a very short transverse vein or united with 7 for a short
distance beyond the cell; 1 b to 6 into the distal margin, 7 into the apex. Cell closed in both wings and divided
by a thin longitudinal vein, which originates from the sharp angle of the lower portion of the cross-vein. Fore
legs very short, stout and strongly built, femur as long as tibia and tarsus together, stout and somewhat com-
pressed, carinate above, flat below, tibia and tarsus about equally long, claws exceptiomially large and stout, al-
most as long as the tarsus, minutely denticulate below. Middle and hind legs moderately long, of normal shape,
the claws likewise rather stout, but not nearly so much as in the fore legs. Mddle tibiae with two spurs, hind tibiae
with two or four. — The globular eggs bear a dark dot at one rather flattened pole, and also a dark median ring (du-
mi). The larvae are stout and cylindrical, with rather sparse stiff hair. Warts very feebly developed, segments 2 to 1 1
with four dorsal warts placed in pairs and three still less developed lateral warts. The warts bear rather longer
and stiffer hairs. The colour of the body is uniformly dark, the markings consisting of velvety black trans-
verse bands interrupted in the middle. The larvae pupate in the ground without a cocoon. The rather glossy
pupa is covered with minute dots on the abdominal segments. The anal end is strongly chitinised, flattened
dorso-ventrally and ends in two spiniform points, and also bears two small bristles on each side. At the base
of the abdomen a transverse swelling divided in the centre. The moths are on the wing in the summer and autumn. .

L. taraxaci Esp. (30 a). Head and thorax bright yellow, back of abdomen black, lateral margins and apex (ara.raci.
the colour of the thorax. Wings uniformly ochreous in the S, lighter in the $, grejash yellow; forewing with
small black discal spot. Central Europe, southward to Southern Italy, eastward to Southern Russia. — ab. $
strigata Rbl.. from Zara, has a dark grey postdiscal transverse stripe on the forewing. which is indistinctly con- sirir/ata.
tinned on the hindwing. — terranea Roths., from Le Lautaret in the High Alps of Savoy (2000 to 2300 m.). as lerranea.

182 LEMONIA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

yet only known in the ^ sex, is probably an Alpine form ; it is distinguished by the darker brownish coloured
wings, but lighter specimens also occur in which only the marginal portion is darker. — Larva yellowash brown
on the upper side, laterally and ventrally blackish brown. Segments 2 to 11 each with two velvety dorsal
stripes, the anterior one very broad, the posterior one narrower, both broadly interrupted in the middle. Hairs
and warts yellowsh brown like the upperside. April to the beginning of June, on sunny meadows and railway
embankments, on Taraxacum, Hieracium, etc. ; also feeds by day in the sunshine. Pupa rather slender and
glossy, reddish brown.

(htwi. L. dumi L. (= dumeti L.) (30 a). Body clothed \\'ith a mixture of clay-coloured and black hairs. Wings

blackish brown, hghter in the $, with a sharp clay-coloured mechan band broader on the forewing, and fringes
of the same colour; on the forewing a large yellow discal spot. Distributed throughout Central Europe with the
exception of England, northward to Sweden and Finland, eastward through Hungary to vSouthern Russia and
Turkey. — Egg with dark median band and dark dot at one flattened pole. Larva blackish brown slightly tinged
with violet, clothed with yellowish brown hair. Segments 4 to 10 with two velvety transverse black bands
broadly interrupted in the middle, the posterior one broader, the anterior one narrower and anteriorly edged
with yellow; on segment 3 only the posterior band is developed, on 11 only the anterior one. Between these
two broader bands there is a thiid, very narrow and more lateral one. From May to August on meadows, on various
low-growing plants. Taraxacum, Hieracium, etc. The pupa rather frequently hibernates more than once. In
order t(j induce the larvae to pupate it is advisable to put some clumps of earth, not too dry, into the cages,
in which they make cylindrical cells for the pupae (BRETSCHisrEiDER). The moths appear in the late autumn;
the ,j^ are on the wing on sunny days in October, on clearings in the woods, especially liigh pine woods, their
flight being wild; they are difficult to catch, as one easily looses sight of them.

vallanUni. L. vallatitlni Oherth. (29 f). Uniformly clay-coloured, with continuous cUffuse blackish median band on

both wings, forewing with sharp black discal spot. Algeria.

sacrosancia. L. sacrosaticta Pting. Allied to vnlhintini Oherth., ground-colour pale gre>ash yellow, the dark band

rather obsolescent on the upperside, being only indicated as a slight shadow on the hindwing, but more distinct
beneath. Forewing with small sharp discal black spot, which is absent beneath, and with narrow dark marginal
band. Palestine.

ballkiiti. L. ballioni Chr. Allied to balcanica H.-Schdff., the antennae with longer and stouter pectinations,

forewing somewhat more pointed. Body and wings dull ochreous. Forewing with dark brown round discal
spot, median band brownish, slightly curved, diffuse and abbreviated before the inner margin, with a white
potitica. outer edge. Hindwing without band. Caucasus, Armenia. — In the Armenian form, pontica Auriv. (29 f ), the
median band is present on both wings, being particularly sharp on the forewing and dark brown. — The species
varies greatly in the development of the basal and discal spot.

hfilrruiirfi. L. balcatiica H.-Svhdjj. (= bremeri Koll.) (30 a). Body and wings uniformly greyish brown, darker

in the J, ratlier pale in the $. Forewing with large dark brown discal spot edged with whitish, absent on
the underside; both wings with narrow curved whitish median band and a marginal one of the same colour.
According to Herrich-SchXffer the $ is darker than the q. Bidgaria, Armenia. — Egg grey, with two
white rings and a dark dot at one pole. Larva velvety black with yellowish brown hair and broad violet-grey
incisions, more greyish brown laterally. At the posterior edges of the segments sometimes two orange-yellow
spots. In the autumn and probably also in the winter on chicory.

/"'"''■ L. pauli Shjr. (30 b). Also regarded as a variety of ballioni Chr. Varying in ground-colour from dirty

ochreous suffused with blackish grey to dark brown-gi-ey, the dark brown curved band beyond the middle
of the wing distinct on both wings, in dark specimens obsolescent, with lighter outer edge. Both wings also
with dark marginal line. The blackish discal spot in the forewing small, in a light cloud. In the outer half, espe-
cially in the forewing, the veins are whitish, somewhat recalling phiJopdlus Donz. Palestine.

/"'"• L. pia Pilng. Also allied to balcanica. Ground-colour brown, both wings with a white band, which

is sharply marked and runs almost .straight across the forewing, but in the hindwing is slightly curved, ending
before the inner margin. Forewing with small sharp discal spot, in a more or less distinct light cloud. The discal
spot is absent on the underside. Palestine, Dead Sea, where it was caught in the autxnnn.
phihijinhi.'^. L. philopalus DoHz. (30 a). A species holding quite an isolated position in the genus on account of its

peculiar markings; ground-colour blackish brown, with which — excepting a broad costal marginal stripe in the
forewing — all the veins contrast as sharp wliitish j'ellow lines which are widened at the margin to form a narrow
marginal line of the same colour. Fringes also light. At the apex of tJie cell of the forewing a small dark discal
spot surrounded by light scaling and diffuse light central dot. Hindwing, with the exception of the mar-
ginal portion, paler than the forewing. Southern Andalusia and Algeria.

sardana- S. sardanapalus Stqr. (30 a). Somewhat smaller than dumi, to wliicli it is comparatively most closely

/'" "•*■ aliicii. Head and thorax olive, alxldincii l)lack and like the tliorax clothed with long grey hair. Forewing dark

Alphabetical List of the Palearetie Leiiioniidae. 183

brown or somewhat lighter, hindwing black, both with sharp white W-shaped median band, especially broad
on the hindwing; from the inner side of this band on the forewing before and beyond the cell a narrow prolonga-
tion extends to near the costal margin. Basal portion of the costal margin of the forewing and a subbasal spot
reaching to the inner margin, as well as the fringes of both wings likewise white. On the underside the forewing
is almost entirely white from the base to the band, with large blackish discal spot. Ferghana and Turkestan
(Samarkand). — Larva dirty grey, with two rather large whitish triangular dorsal spots on each segment
from 2 to 10, as well as smaller spots anteriorly on segments 4 to 8; among the white spots are black
ones, and below them Uiterally small black streaks. Warts dirty orange with sparse long black hairs, small
orange-coloured dots on the black dorsal spot. The larvae are very common where they occur. The moths
are on the wing at the end of September and in October, i. e. like the European species at a season unfavourable
for collecting, which may explain their rarity in collections as compared with their abundance in Nature.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearetie Lemoniidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that tlie form is figured at the place quoted.

Iialraiiica Lem. H.-ScMff. Syst. Schiiiett. Eur. II. [i. 109. sacrosancta Lem. Pi'mg. Iris 14, p. 144.

Iialliiiiii Lem. Chrisi. Hor. Ent. Ross. 22, p. 310. sardaiiapahis Lem. Star. Stett. Ztg. 1887, p. 99.

diiiiii Lem. L. Faun. Suec. p. 293. striplta Lem. Khl. Berge's Schmett.-B. (IX), p. 131.

paiili Lem. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 267 *. taraxaci Lem. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. *.

philopalus Lem. Donz. Ann. Son. Ent. Fr. 1842, [). 198 *. terraiiea Lem. Roths. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hi.st. (8) 3. 1009, p. 7.

pia Lem. Piing. Iris 14, p. 143 *. vallanttni Lem. Oherth. Et. d'Ent. 13, p. 28 "

poutiea Lem. Auriv. Iris 7, p. 188.

PiM.H.IX.mi. GAMSA; Al'HA. Hy Dr. K. Gkinhkiu;. 185

9. Family: Eupterotida.

'I'lii- f«w species of Eupterotid/ie which must be dealt with among the Palearctic I>;pi(Joptera are trop-
icjil, with t)ic cxccptioii of two, and belong to the Indian fauna. No representative of this almost exclusively
tropical family is found in Hurope or Western Asia, or in the entire Mediterranean area. It is therefore un-
necessary to draw attention to more than the most important characters. The Eupterotids, alwo known as Htrich-
iiopterygids, Phialids, or Janifls, are a large but well defined family, in structure and faeies resembling the
Saturnids and Hombycids. They were formerly united with the Lafswmmjridat:, for instance by Hkkki<;h-
ScHAFrKR. The family containB forms of considerable size, some of them being hardly inferior in expanse
to the large tropical Saturnids. The smallest species are at least of medium size. The antennae of tlie ^5 al-
ways with very long dense pectinations, those of tfie U often only with short f>nes. Palpi at most of medium
lejigth, slightly upturned and densely hairy. Tongue small or absent. Ah regardis venation the position of
vein 5 is characteristic, this vein originating on both wings in the middle or even close Uj the upper end of the
cross-vein. In the forewing vein I is simple at the base or forms a rounded fork. V'eins d to 9 usually on a
common stalk, 10 as a rule absent. In the hindwing vein 8 is free from the base, or connected with the an-
terior margin of the cell by a short transverse vein. The frenulum is absent or in rare cases feebly develoj>ed,
at most somewhat more strongly in certain $$. Hind tibiae with two or four spurs. — The larvae are as yet
not well known. They are cylindrical, bearing tufted hair, the dorsal tufts especiallj' being ver}' long. Warts
ojily slightly developed. In faeies the larvae resemble those of the Lasiocampifis and Arctiid*. Pupation
takes place in a dense cocoon as in the Saturnids.

All tlw; genera of Kapterotidttf. treated as Palearctic, as well as all the species except two, aj<- typical
epresentatives of the Indian fauna, and only concern us here becaiisc thr-y occur at the bou)id;ii\- of our Pey^Jon.

1. Genus: Cjiaiiisa Walk.

Palpi upturned to the centre of the frons, and densely scaled. Forewing broad, costal margin evenly and
slightly convex, apex pointed, rectangular in the ,^, somewhat produced in the ^4, <listal margin slightly convex,
inner margin feebly convex, hindwing elongate but broad, apical and anal angles distinct, distal margin mod-
erately curved, as in the forewing entire and with long fringes. In the forewing veins 3 and 4 rather wi<iely
apart, 5 before the middle of the discocellular vein. 6 from the upper angle of the cell, 7, 8 and 9 stalked. In
the hindwing veins 6 and 7 from the upper angle of the cell or stalked. I^egs densely hairy, median tibiae
with two long spurs, liind tibiae with four. — The genus occurs in Southern Asia, one species, however, also
being found in the Palearctic districts of the Himalayas.

G. postica Walk. (29 e). Head dark brown, body brownish grey. Wings lighter gn-y with brownish pos'tco.
markings and similar fringes. In the forewing a small black di.scal spot, two subbasal and tlu-ee discal wavy
brown curved lines, as well as a sharp black-brown double band running from the apex to the inner margin
and being only divided by a narrow grey wavy line. Hindwing with three discal wavy transverse bands and
a somewhat sharper simple submarginal line, beliind which is a row of black-brown dots. On the underside,
instead of the transverse band of the forewing and the submarginal line of the hindwing there is a further wavy
curved hne. In the Palearctic Region found in Kashmir (Kangra, Kulu), also flistributed throughout Anterior
India and Ceylon, everywhere abundant.

2. Genus: .iplia Walk.

Palpi upturned to the centre of the frons, broadly scaled. Antennae very regularly pectinate, ends
of the pectinations in a straight line from the base to the apex. Forewing broad, apex pointed, rectangular
and slightly prolonged, distal margin moderately curved, forming a distinct angle with the nearly entireh-
straight hind margin. Hindwing almost circular. In the forewing vein? 3 and 4 close together from the lower
angle of the cell, 6 from the upper angle, 7, 8 and 9 stalked. 10 usually absent. In the hindwing veins 3 and 4
as in'the forewing, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 connected with the anterior margin of the cell by a very short transverse
vein close to the base; vein 5 from the middle of the discocellular vein in both wings. Legs den-sely hairy,
middle and hind tibiae with moderately long spurs. The genus is distributed from Japan to Southern Asia,
and represented in the Palearctic Region by two Japanese species. All the species are of medium size and
have on both wings a sharp oblique band with Ught edges.

A. tychoona Bull. (29 e, f). A species varying greatly in the ground-colour. The lightest specimens iyctioona.
are almost entirely yellow, Avith even a greenish tinge, the dark ones brownish red to ohve. The most common
form is brownish with a slight greyish tinge. On the forewing the sharp blackish oblique band distally edged
with yellow runs from the apex to the middle of the inner margin, on the hindwing straight across the middle;
forewing with two subbasal and two discal dentate bands, widened to form spots at the inner margin and inter-
rupted before the middle, beside a small black discal dot ; in the marginal area two blackish wavy Hnes. Hind-

II 24

186 APONA; EUl'TKKOTE. Hv Dr. K. Orinbkrg.

wing uitli a subbasal bund only slightly indicated and two I'ows of alternate black spots in the marginal area.
Underside of body bright yellowish red, that of the wings yellow- with widely extended reddish and blackish
broMii markings. Japan.

lif/dliiKiiii. A. hyalinata Bull. (30 b). A remarkably small specie.s even for this genus, expanding only 30 mm.

Forewing uniforndy dark brown with black discal spot and several blackish transverse bands, before the apex
a smaller and a larger vitreous spot. Costal and inner marginal areas of hindwing bright yellow, the rest darker,
tiie oblique transverse stripes black. Japan. The ^ of this species flies by day and on the wing strongly re-
sembles an Orgyia. Like the latter it is not easy to catch. Butler places the species with Prismosticta and
describes it as a Bombycid, to which family it forms a transition. The figured specimen, like the type, came
from Nikko. The species is recorded from Kiusliiu as well as the Main Island; it does not appear to be common.

3. Genus: Apoiia Walk.

Antennae of ,^ with extraordinarily long and dense pectinations, in the $ with shorter ones. Palpi
upturned to half the height of the frons, with very long hair on the underside. Forewing broad with sharp
rectangular apex, distal margin moderately curved, very slightly concave below the apex; inner margin quite
straight ; hindwing witli rather sharp apical and anal angles ; distal margin of both wings slightly wavy. In
the forewing vein 6 from the upper angle of the cell, 7, 8 and 9 stalked, 10 absent; in the hindwing 6 and 7
from the upper angle of the cell, 8 touching the cell at a point close beyond the base; cUscocellular vein of
both wings broken below vein 5. The genus comprises rather large species and is on the whole South- Asiatic,
but a special form occurs in Cliina.

caschmiren- A. caschmlrensls Koll. (29 e). Greyish brown, basal half of both wings whitish grey to the postdiscal

*'■*• band. Both wings with a discal and a postdiscal narrow dark band, the latter very shai-ji on the forewing.

with a wliite inner edge and a broad dark shadowy outer one ending in a deeply sinuous wavy line. In the

liindwing a similar but less distinct submarginal transverse shadow. Forewing also with a small dark discal

spot. In the North-Western Himalayas and Northern India.

iinintlariiia. A. niandarjna Leech. Closely albed to caschmirensis, varyijig in ground-colour from ashy grey and

light greyish brown to dark brown. Central and West China.

4. Genus: Huptcrote Hhn.

A typical Oriental genus fairly rich in species, which are on the whole of very considerable size,, some
being very large. Antennae of ^ with long pectinations, of $ with short ones. Palpi moderately large, por-
rect and slightly upturned, with long and dense hair beneath. Hair on the thorax long, that on the abdomen
shorter. Forewing broad, triangular, costal margin rather strongly cvu'ved only towards the apex; the latter
slightly rounded, distal margin only very sUghtly curved, forming a distinct angle with the inner margin. Hind-
wing also broad, apical and anal angles rounded biit distinct, distal margin moderately curved. In the fore-
wing vein 5 very near the anterior end of the discocellular vein, 6 from the upper angle of the cell or on a short
stalk with 7, 8 and 9; 10 absent. In the hindwing vein 5 as in the forewing, 6 and 7 together from the upper
angle of the cell or on a short stalk, 8 from the base of the cell, free from its origin. Femora and tibiae with
fairly long hair, middle and end spurs small, not projecting from the hair. The predominant colours are yellow,
broMii and grey. The markings consist of dark transverse bands, wliich continue at the same breadth over
both wiiigs, consisting of a number of parallel wavy lines, a postdiscal, double or single, not wavy luie is generally
the most distinct, and a deep dentate submarginal line, in wliich frecjuently large black spots are placed. In
these markings they resemble certain Saturnids, for instance the genus Antheraea. Distributed over the whole
of Southern Asia and the Sunda Islands to the Philippines. Only one Chinese species is purely Palearctic. The
two commonest Indian species, which are at the same time among the largest species of the genus, E. fabia Cr.
and vndata Blanch., occur in the Himalayas as far as the most Southern boundary of the Palearctic Region,
and must therefore be mentioned here. They are, moreover, so closely allied with one another that there is
hardly justification for keeping them separate as species if not for the sake of convenience.
/"'"■"• C. fabia Cr. (29 f). A large species, up to 130 mm. in expanse. ^ bright ochreous yellow or chrome-

yellow, $ with the same ground-colour or of a more brownish or reddish shade, also in the markings. Very
variable in pattern, the wavy band and submarginal dentate line often very obsolescent, between the latter
and the postdiscal band oi the forewing usually a few larger black spots, close behind the postdiscal band of
linth wings a row of mostly distinct black dots on the veins. On the other hand, the markings, especially in the
, . may be very extended and prominent. Throughout India and Ceylon, northward to the Himalayas. —
Larva deep dark brown with hairs of the same colour, the dorsal tufts consisting of short and long hairs, the
lateral and veiitro-lateral ones only of short hairs. On each side three longitudinal rows of tiny white dots
extending the whole body. Segments 5 to 11 with two dorsal rows of reddish warts. Anal legs flesh-colour.
Pupa blackish brown \\\\\\ light abdominal incisions, in a dirty greyish brown cocoon densely intermixed with
the hairs of the larvae.

BRACHYPTERA; SANGATISSA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 187

C. undata Blanch. Very closely allied to fabia, but darker on the whole, ground-colour light to dark undaUi.
brown or also of a reddish or even yellowish shade. In the markings, in which it also agrees with fabia, the
species is just as variable as in colour, and therefore has occasioned many synonyms. It occurs more in North
India, and goes as far as Further India (Burma). On account of the great variability of the species several
forms from the boundary between the Palearctic and Oriental Regions may be distinguished : f raterna Moore fratema.
(30 d), from Kashmir and Northern India, is a form of a uniform and distinct reddish, almost light wine-red
shade, with the markings rather feebly developed; the postdiseal band double. — In griseipentlis Moore, a more griseipcn-
greyish brown form also occurring in Northern India, there are distinct dark spots between the postdiseal and *"■''•
submarginal bands, which are absent in fraterrm. — assimilis Moore, a grey-broA\ai form from the North-Western assivnlis.
Himalayas, also has black submarginal spots, but those below the apex of the wing are shaded with whitish
grey. — dissimilis Moore, likewise from the North-Western Himalayas (Dehra Dhoon), has a broad dark purple- dissimUis.
brown postchscal band with larger black spots beyond it on a brownish yellow ground. — In sinuata Moore, xinuata.
from the Himalayas, a reddish brown form similar to fratema in colour, the space beween the double postdiseal
band and the particularly sharp black submarginal dentate band is somewhat lighter and also bears black spots,
the last but one in cellule 2 of the forewing being particularly large and deep in colour. — affinis Moore, a dark nffhiin.
yellowish brown form from Northern India, has the markings fairly well developed; the postdiseal band is
particularly prominent, the black spots being also well developed.

E. chinensis Leech. Antennae, head and fore legs dark brown. Wings of i^ hght yellow, darker in the $, cMnensis.
with chocolate-brown markings : a few spots at the costal margin and at the apex of the forewing, two faintly
indicated postmedian lines, which however only extend from the costal margin to vein 6, as well as a rather
indistinct submarginal dentate band, before which there are two black spots near the inner margin. Hindwing
with indistinct submarginal band before wliich near the costal and inner margins are dark spots. In the $
the dark markings at the costal margin and apex of the forewing as well as the submarginal baud are absent.
On the underside the dark costal marginal markings are more extended than above. China. The only known
purely Palearctic species.

5. Genus: Braeliyptera Feld.

Distinguished from Eupterote, with which Hamp.son unites it, by the more elongate, less triangular,
forewing; the costal margin is only shghtly curved before the apex, the apex itself sharply rectangular, the
distal margin also not strongly curved and forming a distinct angle with the inner margin. Hindwing similar
to t\\a,i oi Eupterote. — This genus also is almost exclusively Oriental, the only known Palearctic species inhabitat-
ing Japan. The species are of medium size.

Br. aequalis FeM. (30 b). Body and wings brownish yellow, both wings with a black cUscal spot and a aequaUs.
dark double straight postdiseal oblique band running from the apex of the forewing to the abdominal margin
of the hindwing. Forewing, moreover, with two somewhat diffuse dark broken subbasal bands and a likewise
diffuse discal dentate band. Hindwing with a deeply indented submarginal band, at the tips of the teeth of
which there are small blackish spots. Japan.

6. (leniis : ^aiig'atissa Moore.

Antennae of (J vnth very long pectinations, of the $ with short ones. Palpi moderately large, shghtly
upturned, clothed with dense long hair. Forewing elongate with pointed apex, distal and inner margins continuous
in a broad curve. Hindwing with nearly straight costal and inner margins, as well as moderately curved distal
margin. In the forewing veins 3 and 4 close together at the apex of the cell, 5 near the upper end of the chsco-
cellular vein, 6, 7, 8 and 9 stalked. In the hindwing vein 5 as in the forewing, 6 and 7 stalked. Only one spe-
cies of this genus is known, being distributed throughout India and Ceylon.

S. subcurvifera Walk. (29 e). Antennae and body pale yellowdsh brown, wings hkewise, but with ansubcurvifcni.
extended wliitish tone in the middle; forewing with three reddish black-brown longitudinal bands converging
at the apex, the outer one close to the distal margin, hindwing with a postdiseal and a marginal band of the
same colour. All bands interrupted at the veins. Extends northward to the North-Western Himalayas, where
the species enters the Palearctic Region in Kashmir.

188

Alpliabetical List of the Palearctic Eupterotidae.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic forms of Eupterotidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is also fibred at the place cited.

acqiinli'i Brach. Feld. Novara, Lep. 4 *.

ussiinilis Eiipt. Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. I.ond. 1884, p. 363.

ciischiiiircnsis Apona KoU. Hiigels Kasdim. 4, p. 472. *

cliinoiisis Eiipt. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 274.

(li-viiiiilis Eupt. Moore, IVans. Ent. Soc. Ix)nd. 1884, p. 368.

Iiihia Eupt. Cr. Pap. Exot. III. *

(rnteriiii Kupt. Moore. Proc. Znol. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 406.

g;rls('il)onnls Kupt. Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 362.
hyaliiiata Apha Bull. Cist. Entom. Ill, p. 12.^.
iiiandarina Apona Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. l,si)8, p. 2(50.
poslica Gan. Walk. Cat. Lep. Ilet. Br, JIus. 5. p. 1190.
subcnrvifera Sang. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 375.
Ulldata Eupt. Blanch. .Tacquein. Voy. Ind. Ins. p. 23 *.
lychooiia Apha Bull. Ent. ^Month. Mas. 14, p. 207.

BOMBYX. By Dr. K. GRfNBERG. 189

10. Family: Bombycidae.

The typical representative of this small family, which is confined to the tropics and subtropics, is the
well-known silk-moth Bomhyx mori. All Bombycids are only of medium size, with densely hairy body and
short broad wings. The forewings have an often very deep sinus in the upper half of the outer margin, which,
in conjunction with the strongly convex distal portion of the costal margin, gives the apex a strongly sickle-
shaped appearance. In the venation the Bombycids resemble the Eupterotids and Saturnids. Vein 5 of both
wings originates in the middle of the discocellular vein, 6 to 10, or 7 to 10 are stalked; three inner margiiuil
veins present in both wings. Vein 8 in the hindwing connected with the cell by a transverse vein or touching
it in a point. The distal margin of the wings is usually distinctly dentate at the ends of the veins. Antennae
of both sexes with long pectinations, the branches only becoming shorter towards the tip. Palpi mostly small
and inconspicuous, or even altogether absent. Tongue also absent. Larvae elongate-cylindrical, clothed with
only very short hair, so that at first sight they appear naked. Thorax enlarged at segments 2 and 3, on segments
3, 5 and 8 there is a hump, on 11a small horn. Pupation takes place in a dense oval cocoon, from which the
raw silk is obtained in the silk-moth.

As in the Eupterotids, no indigenous representative^ of the Bombycids is found in Europe or in the
entire Mechterranean district. The silk-moth too is only introduced from Southern Asia, being a domesticated
species. However, the family is represented by a few species in Eastern Asia. The systematic position of Da-
lailama bifurca Stgr. (30 b), described from Tibet, is still somewhat doubtful.

1. Genus: ISoiub^'X Hbn.

Antennae of (^ and $ with long pectinations. Palpi short, a mere remnant. Eyes naked. Frons smoothly
hairy. Body evenly hairy, abdomen conical in the cj, very broad, stout and clumsy in the $. Wings broad,
forewing triangular, costal margin first straight, only strongly curved before the apex, below the rounded but
projecting apex the distal margin is sinuate to vein 4, more deeply in the (J, more shallowly in the 5, the hind
portion of the margin straight, slightly dentate at vein 2, inner margin nearly straight; hindwing broad, distal
margin strongly curved and slightly dentate at the ends of the veins, anal angle also projecting. In the fore-
wing vein 2 from the middle of the cell, 4 from the lower angle of the cell, 5 from the discocellular vein just
below the middle, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 on a common stalk from the upper angle of the ceU, 6 close to the base of
the stalk, 7 and 8 as branches of equal length from the apex, and 11 close before the apex of the cell. In the hind-
wing vein 2 from the middle of the cell, 3 and 4 close together from the lower angle of the cell, 5 from the
middle of the discocellular vein, 6 and 7 on a short stalk from the upper angle of the cell, 8 free from the base,
connected by an oblique transverse vein with the anterior margin of the cell. Cell of both Avings closed. Disco-
cellular veins slightly concave. — Larva cylindrical, with very short sparse hair, only slightly longer in the
region of the anal legs ; segment 1 short and narrow, 2 and 3 broad and strongly dome-shaped, the whole anterior
end appearing stouter and somewhat swollen. Segments 3, 5 and 8 each with two small prominences, and
11 with a short horn.

B. mori L. (= sinensis, croesi, fortunatus, textor, arracanensis all of Moore and Hutt., jjlana Walk.) mori.
(35 a). Mulberry Silk Moth. Body and wings whitish grey, pectinations of anteimae brown. Wings with distinct
or indistinct, sometimes even C£uite obsolescent brown markings, forewing with a lunule on the discocellular
vein, two parallel strongly curved antemedian transverse lines and an almost straight postmedian one, which
is generally the most sharply defined and accompanied by a dark shadow on the outer side ; also with a narrow
submarginal lunate line. Hindwing with a very constant longitudinally ovate spot in the middle of the iimer
margin and two parallel curved transverse lines, the space between them usually somewhat darker. — Larva
wliitisir'or yellowish grey to brownish grey, the dark shade being occasioned by indistinct, diffuse and always
undefined brownish or reddish spots. The incisions sometimes also dark. Humps on segments 3, 5 and 8 brown.
On segment 2 two black-brown spots connected by a wliite transverse hne and with white posterior edges,
in each of which stand two hght red spots at the ends of the white transverse Une. The larvae feed on the leaves
of the white mulberry (Morus alba), but wdll also take Scorzonera. The circular and rather flat eggs are first
dark yeUow, later grey; they hibernate. The pupa is hght brown, the cocoon greyish white or yellow, var3dng
from light sulphur-yellow with a greyish tinge to dark lemon-yellow, in the $ regularly oval, in the (J slightly
constricted in the middle, having nearly the shape of a sand-glass. By giving special food to the larvae cocoons
may be obtained which are distinctly green or red. Originally inhabiting India, the silk-moth was very early
imported into China and later into Europe, where it is now bred for industrial purposes, especially in Northern
Italy and Southern France. In the course of time a large number of varieties have been obtained, which are,
however, only domestic races, the result of artificial breecUng, and of no systematic value; we figure a gi-ey
form in both sexes on plate 35 as Bomhyx mori ah., this being known in the trade as fa. hrunnea Bang-Hnns

190 THEOPHILA; ANDRACA; OBERTHUERIA; IVIIt^STILIA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

i. I. These races differ one from another in the size or in the length of life of the larvae, the number of changes
of skin (3 to 4), size and colour of the cocoon. A few races have two broods yearly. l)\it normally there is only one.

2. Genus: Tlieopliila Moore.

Closely aUied to Bombyx. Antennae and body as in that genus. Palpi absent. Shape of wing similar
to Bombyx, with the same deep round sinus below the apex of the forewing, which is strongly convex at the
costal margin, but the distal margin sometimes somewhat wavy. Vein 5 of both ^\^ngs originates before the
middle of the discocellular vein, this straight in both wings, vertical in the forewing and directed obliquely
distad and anad in the hindwing so that the lower angle of the cell is acute. Venation otherwise as in Bombyx.
mandarimi. Th. mandarina Moore (35 e). Body and wings with olive-brown ground-colour, forewing somewhat

lighter, more suffused with grey, in the arrangement of the markings resembling Bombyx mori, but the dark
bands rather diffuse. Apex and anterior half of distal margin occupied by a deep black brown spot wliich
is only divided from the narrow submarginal Hne by a narrow light grey interspace. Hindwing above uniformly
brown, only at the inner margin with a black-brown spot sharply edged with white, beneath with two prominent
curved median lines. Forewing with broad scales branched like down, giving the wing a particularly soft
fii.fraUi. a])pearance. Eastern China, Corea and Japan. — fuscata Motsch., from Japan, appears to be only a dark
form of mandarina according to the description.

3. (Jeims: Audraea Walk.

Branches of antennae much shortened towards the apex. Palpi small, porrect. Forewing with sharp
produced apex,'distal margin slightly concave in its costal half, and angulate at vein 4. Inner margin of hind-
wing deeply concave. In the forewing veins 3 and 4 from the lower angle of the cell, and 6 from the upper,
7, 8, 9 and 10 stalked. In the hindwing veins 6 and 7 from the upper angle of the cell, 8 connected with the
cell by a short transverse vein near the base. Besides a South-Asiatic species only one other is known, said to
be from Japan.
(jradllt. A. gracilis Bull. Forewing reddish brown with sharp black discal spot and three blackish dentate bands :

a feubbasal, (hscal and a submarginal one. Hindwing brownish yellow at the costal margin, reddish near the
inner margin, with a small dark discal spot. Body above reddish brown, beneath bright Hght golden brown.
Is said to occur in Japan; but the newer catalogues do not mention it in tliis genus as coming from there, so
that its occurrence in the Palearctic Region requires confirmation.

4. Genus: Obertliiieria Stgr.

Antennae only strongly serrate in the apical third. Palpi relatively large, extending slightly beyond
the frons, somewhat upturned and pointed. Distal margin of forewing with a pointed tooth at vein 4, the
distal margin of hindwing also strongly projecting at vein 3 and slightly wavy at the other veins. In the fore-
wing vein 10 is absent, in the hindwing vein 8 touches the cell at a point clo.se beyond the base; veins other-
wise essentially as in Bombyx. Onlj- one species of this genus as yet known. Amurland and Japan.
caeca. 0. caeca Oberth. (35 e). Brownish yellow, forewing with black discal spot and three irregular black

transverse hands: one subbasal, anotiier discal and a third submarginal; the two last also traverse the whole
breadth of the hindwdng. In the forewijig, moreover, an elongate brown marginal spot. Ussuri district. The
ruiilans. Japanese form, which we name ab. rutilans ab. nov., is dull brownish red, the body dull, the wings slightly glossy;
the dark markings are less distinct than in the continental form and the extended marginal spot of the fore-
wing is less distinct. The underside is light rust-coloured with sharp black discal dot and equally sharp discal
and submarginal band. Japan.

5. Genus: Miistilia Walk.

Antennae with long pectinations only in the basal half, the distal half with quite short teeth. Tongue
short but fairly broad. Frons smoothly hairy. Forewing with elongate sickle-shaped apex, distal margin
deeply concave, entire and merging into the almost straight hind margin in a broad curve. Hindwing broad
but also rather elongate, costal and anal angles rounded, but distinct, distal margin entire, projecting most
strongly at vein 3. Vein 2 of forewing from the middle of the cell, 3 and 4 widely separated, 5 in front of the
middle of the discocellular vein, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 stalked, 6 close below and 11 close before the upper angle of
the cell, 8, 9, 10 and 11 running close along the costal margin. In the hindwing veins 2 to 5 as in the forewing,
6 and 7 close together from the iipper angle of the cell, 8 connected with the cell by a short transverse vein
near the base. Discocellular vein of forewing with sharp angle below the middle, in the hindwing with
rectangular bend before the centre. The genus belongs to the Oriental Region and occurs especially in Northern
India. Only one species concerns us here.
falcipennis. M. falcipennis Walk. (29 e). Frons and collar bright golden brown, vertex, dorsum of thorax and base

RONDOTIA; OCJNIORA. \',y Dr. K. Grunberg. ]!)|

of abdomen wliitish, hind margin of thorax indicated by a dark brown transverse band. Abdomen brown.
Ground-colour of forewing reddish brown, but numerous white hair-scales lend it a grey tinge; a
blackish discal spot at the a])ex of the cell; a subbasal, a discal and a submarginal transverse line, dark brown
and sharply broken in the costal half, the outer one uniting with a black streak coming from the apex. Between
the streak and the distal margin an extended dark brown spot reaching the apex of vein 2. Hindwing brownish
yellow with dark brown continuous postdiscal line, inner marginal area browni slightly tinged Math grey, a dark
brown spot in the middle of the inner margin. Underside of body and wings bright golden brown, both wings
with a sharp discal spot ajul sharp sulmiarginal line. Widely cUstributed in the Himalayas, and extending in
the Nortli-West into the Palearctic Region.

6. Genus: lloiKlofia Moore.

Antemiae with moderately long pectinations; palpi small, inconspicuous. Wings broad, apical half
of costal margin strongly curved, distal margin strongly concave below the pointed apex, angulate at vein 4,
then straight, chstinctly separated from the hkewise straight inner margin. Hindwing with straight costal
and inner margins, distal margin moderately curved, slightly dentate at the veins, somewhat more so at vein 4,
concave between veins 2 and 1 b. In the forewing veins 3 and 4 from the lower angle of the cell, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
and 11 on a common stalk from the upper angle; in the hindwing veins 3 and 4 from the hind angle, 6 and
7 stalked. Two of the three brown species of the genus are East- Asiatic, the third occurring in Southern Asia.

R. tnenciana Moore (30 b). Quite uniformly vivid deep yellow, the edges of the wings with a more mcndana.
brownish tinge. Forewing with sharp black discal streak, and two likewise distinct narrow lunate lines tra-
versing the whole wing, a subbasal and a postcUscal one. Hindwing with narrow discal streak and two black
innermarginal spots, the distal margin blackened at the anal angle ; this is not the case in ab. lurida Fixs. Central lurida.
and Eastern China, Corea.

R. lineata Leech. Yellowish white, markings of forewing resembling those of tnenciana. At the apex Kneaia.
an extended black spot bounded by the postdiscal hne on the inner side and reaching to below vein 4 along
the distal margin. Hindwing with black postdiscal lunate line beginning at the outer black innermarginal
spot and ending before the costal margin. Nearer the base a second innermarginal spot. West China.

7. Genus : Ociiiera Walk.

Rather small species with broad entire wings whose margins are only slightly dentate at the veins.
Palpi short, being mere inconspicuous remnants. Forewing triangular, with broadly rounded or slightly pointed
apex. Costal margin quite straight to near the apex, distal margin only slightly convex, inner margin straight.
In the forewing vein 5 from the slightly angulate middle of the discocellular vein. 6 from the upper angle of
the cell, 7, 8, 9 and 10 stalked; in the hindwing 3 and 4 from a point or on a short stalk from the lower angle
of the cell, 5 from the centre of the strongly oblique discocellular vein, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 free from the base.

0. signifera Walk. (= lactea Hutt.) (35 f). White, wings thinly scaled, and strongly irridescent, vnth. signifcra.
black, often strongly reduced, markings. Both wings with dark postmedian lunate hne, forewing with a few
black costal marginal spots and one or two discal ones, hindwing with three very constant inner marginal spots,
as well as beneath with a black discal spot. Southern Asia, from the North- West Himalayas to the Sunda
Islands. — Larva brown with a hump on segments 2, 4 and 7 as well as a horn on 10.

0. apicalis Walk. (= signata Walk., moorei Hutt.. lida Moore) (30 f). Similar to signifera, with wliite apicalis.
ground-colour, but suffused with greyish brown, the postmedian lunate Unes more distinct, there being also
diffuse submarginal spots of the same colour. Costal marginal and discal spots of forewing usually indistinct,
but the inner marginal spots of liindwing sharp. From China throughout Southern Asia to Java. — Larva
similar to that of signifera, but with short hair, on segment 2 a short tuft of hair, before it a black spot. Ac-
cording to A. Seitz the moth when at rest affects a very curious position; viz., it rests on the surface of a leaf
with the head leaning on the leaf and the abdomen curved upwards; the wings are at the same time spread
out laterally so that the insect looks more like a small white feather than a moth.

0. varians Walk. (= velata Walk.) (30 f). Considerably smaller than the two preceding species, varying varians.
from light brown, sometimes with a gre_\ish or whitish tinge, to rather dark reddish brown. Forewing with two
antemedian and two postmedian minutely dentate parallel lunulate lines, beside the dark discal spot; a dark
spot at the anterior half of the distal margin. Hindwing unicolorous with three dark brown innermarginal
spots edged with white. Distributed from China and Formosa throughout Southern Asia to the Sunda Islands

192 DALAILAMA. By Dr. K. GRfNBERG.

and Philipj)ines. — Larva slender, brown, with dark spots and a row of black lateral spots. A liump on the
thoracieal segments and on segments 2 and 5 of the abdomen, the horn on 11 long and slender. Pujia in a
very loose, pale, oval cocoon with a silky gloss.

8. Geiui.>^ : l>alailaiiia 'S'

Antennae pectinate to beyond the middle, serrate towards the apex. Palpi very small, inconspicuous.
Forewing elongate-triangular, Math pointed and rather produced apex, distal margin only slightly curved, not
sinuate, forming a distinct angle with the nearly straight inner margin. Hindwing broad, apical and anal angles
distinct, distal and inner margins straight. In the forewing vein 4 from the lower angle of the cell, 3 close be-
fore it, 5 from the middle angle of the discocellular vein, 6 from the upper angle of the cell, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (pre-
sumably!) stalked. In the hindwing vein 6 and the stalk of 7 and 8 (according to Staudinger) from the an-
terior angle of the cell. Middle and hind tibiae with short end-spurs. A very peculiar genus whose position
among the true Bomhycidae is somewhat doubtful, the scheme of markings also not well agreeing with the present
family. The genus requires careful re-examination. As yet only one Central Asiatic species known.

hifiircu. D. bifurca Stgr. (30 Ij). Ground-colour brownish to violet-grey, both wings having a black discal spot

edged Mith white and a postmedian dark brown transverse band; this is bounded on the outside by a wlute
transverse band forked in the costal half, its outer and more distinct branch running into the apex of the wing.
Apex and distal marginal area occupied by an extended dark brown marginal spot reaching on the forewing
to vein 3, in the hindwing occupying the whole marginal area. Forewing also with a dark brown subbasal
band broken in its costal half. Tibet.

Ali>h.abetical List

of the Palearctic forms of Bomhycidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is also figured at the place quoted.

apicalis ()c. Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. 6, p. 130. ' inandariua Theoph. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872,

liiliirca Dal. Stqr. Iris 8, p. 303 *. p. 576 *.

cat'ca Ob. Obcrth. i<'A. d'Ent. 5, p. 40*. nionriane Rond. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 15, p. 110.

lalcilipuuis -Must. Wcdk. fat. Lep. Het. B. M. 32, p. 581. iiierl Bomb. L. Syst. Nat. 1758, (I), p. 499.

tusi-ata Theoph. Motscli. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 39, p. 1!)7. signifcra Of. TT'oM-. Journ. Linn. Soc. Ijond. 6, p. 130.

u^rai-ilis And. Butl. Cist. Ent. 3, p. 125. variaiis Oc. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 5, p. 1153.

lineata Bond. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 272.

Pitbi. 5. X. I'.ni.

ENDROMIS; MIRINA. By Dr. A. Skitz. 193

11. Family: Endromididae.

This family really only contains one Palearctic moth, Endromis versicolora, which is undoubtedly
allied to the Saturnids and Bombycids. The position which Statjdinger and Rebel assign to it in their cata-
logue between the Lasiocampids and the genus Lemonia is not well chosen, but these authors place at the
end of the Lasiocampids the strongly aberrant genus Bhima (= Pyrosis), as we have done also in order
to avoid unnecessary changes, and so a kind of bridge is actually formed by this genus, which approaches
the Bomljycids. Kirby places Endromis between Theophila, a genus allied to Bomhyx niori, and Brahrnaea,
in which he was not far from right, as is evident from the caterpillar of Endromis; but he interpolates bet-
Ween these two neighbours numerous American genera which might better be put elsewhere, and thus the
connection is lost. Endromis has no near relative in America, but if one would prefer to place it with American
genera, the best position would be between Felder's Hygrochroa and the Ceratocampidae, which latter corres-
pond to a certain extent to the Old World Brafmiaea, as will be shown under tliis genus. However, Hampson
deals with Endromis in a very different manner, placing it with the Lasiocampids, which he regards as a branch
of the phylogenetic tree far removed from the Saturnid branch.

We place into this family also a species of moths which stands ratlier isolated if one takes it from
its present certainly incorrect position, viz., Mirina christophi Stgr. It has nothing to do with the Saturnids
and cannot possibly remain there. It is also not closely allied to Brahrnaea. But we do not intend here to found
a new classification, or to criticise existing schemes. It therefore suffices to say that Mirirm is not a Saturnid,
stands somewhat isolated and is most closely i-elated to that group of Bombyces which comprises the Endro-
mididae, the Bombycidae and the Lasiocampid genus Bhima ( = Pyrosis), which is closely related to the Bombyces.

Resembling the Bombycids in the shape of the wings and in facies. The wings with produced, somewhat
falcate apex; the liindwing with very moderately convex outer margin. The venation agrees very nearly with
that of the neighbouring families Drepanidae and Bombycidae. On the forewing vein 5 originates closer to 4
than 6, on the hindwing 8 is curved and approaches 7. The frenulum is absent as in Brahrnaea. and Bom-
bycidae. When full-grown the larva is naked, green, smooth, with a hump on segment 11, and lateral oblique
stripes, so that it bears a (superficial) resemblance to the larva of Sphingidae; when young the caterpillar
has thorns, which are moveable in Mirina. Tliis similarity to the Sphingidae, however, is only due to conver-
gent development; the green smooth appearance is protective colouring; the oblique stripes imitate the
veins of leaves and run in a contrary direction to those of most larvae of Sphingidae. The moths are on the
wing in the early spring, the pupa often lies for years before developing.

1. Geiiu.s: £ii(lrouiis O.

Moths clothed with dense long hair, and having thinly scaled checkered wmgs. Tongue obsolescent;
palpi short, liidden in the wool of the head. Antennae bipectinate, the branches long in the (^. Legs strong,
clothed with woolly hair. Forewing pointed, with strongly curved distal margin. Larva green with a pyramid-
like hump oia the penultimate segment; it is full-grown in June, and pupates in a parchment-like cocoon.

E. versicolora L. (= versicolor L., versicoloria Hfngl.) (35 d). Anteianae black; collar white, suffused versicolora.
with blackish; wings checkered with brown, grotmd-colour of the hindwing oclireous in the (J, whitish in the $.
Sometimes the spots of the forewing are suffused with reddish in the ?; in specimens from the high North
the ground-colour is dulled and the entire colouring darker; this is lapponica Ban. Egg oval, rose red. Larva lapponica.
when young black and bri,stly, later green, dorsally lightest, with minute white transverse wrinkles. The three
anterior segments with lateral lines, the others with white oblique stripes edged with green. But while the oblique
stripes of the Sphingidae run from posteriorly above to anteriorly below, they are here directed from anteriorly
above to posteriorly below. The larva lives from May to July on Birch, Alder, Hazel, Hornbeam, and other
shrubs, more on bushes and suckers than on the liigher branches. It pupates on or in the ground, in a parchment-
like cocoon. Pupa black with bristly curved cremaster. Like most of the early spring-moths it often hiber-
nates twice or several times, the moth appearing in Central Europe in the second half of March or in April. The
cJ leaves the cocoon m the morning and until 10. 30 remains with the wings folded close to the body on
tree-trunks and branches, seldom on old halms of grass. Then it takes to the wing, the flight being rapid and
buzzing. The $ flies at night. The species is widely distributed, being absent from scarcely any large ai-ea, and
in certain years not rare. Central and Northern Europe, northward to Lapland, southward to Northern Italy,
and from France to Eastern Siberia. As in some other species the moth flies considerably later in Amurland
than in Central Europe, in May.

2. Genus: ^liriiia Stgr.

Statjdinger described the only species of this genus as rather isolated, and placed it with the Saturnids,
next to the Endromididae. It is, however, certamly. less closely allied with the former than with the latter family,

II 25

194 MIRINA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

so that we leave it with Endromis, in order to avoid a radical change in its position, which is outside the scope
of this work, while at the same time we emphasize that Mirina cannot naturally be united with any of the
families adopted in classification. According to Staudinger there is also no close affinity to exotic genera.
The moth is moderately small, strongly hairy, tliinly scaled, the antennae bipectijaate, with rather long pecti-
nations in (J and $; head and thorax with woolly hair, patagia with stronger hairs at the edge, legs strong,
abdomen in the (^ somewhat stumpy posteriorly, in the $ moderately stout. Wings with entire margins, fore-
wLng without produced apex and without curved outer margin, ground-colour light with dark median spot.
The larva black when yoimg, with moveable thorns, later on green; the pupa hibernates, producing the moth
in the spring. One East-Asiatic species.

christopM. M. chrlstophi »S/(/r. (35d). Moth almost alike in both sexes, wliitish with grey and golden-brown markings.

At once recognisable by tlie large dark distally concave cell-spot on tlie forewing, below which there is a gre\ash
yellow cloud, and behind which is a tiny black dot. Larva when young black with a dentate brown longi-
tudinal lateral mark; the tentacles on the anterior segments nearly attain the length of the body and are
slightly curved at the tip; when the larva is at rest reposing curved in a half-circle on the surface of a
leaf, the thorns are lying forward flat on the body, but are at once raised when the insect is disturbed, the
larva throwing the forepart of its body wildly from side to side. Later on the darker colour disappears, the
larva becoming green; at tliis stage it remains concealed in daytime among the foliage. When disturbed
long bluish green processes appear laterally above the legs on segments 5 to 9, similar to the fleshy fork
of the larvae of Papilio (Gr.4ESEr). Larva from June onward on Lonicera, moth in the spring. In the Ussuri
district, Amurland, not rare, as Graeser collected 160 pupae in one year.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic forms of Endromididae with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is also figui'ed at tlie place cited.

christophi AI. Sigr. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 312.
lappnnioa j;. Bau, Stett. Zg. 1S77, p 152.
Tersicolora E. L. Syst. Nat. (X) p. 499.

DREPANID^; EUCHERA. By Dr. E. Strand. 195

12. Family: Drepanidae.

Usually small broad-winged moths, resembling Geometers. Antennae short, as a rule not half .so long
as the forewing, usually bipectinate in both sexes (but the pectinations of the $ much shorter). Head
broad, smoothly sealed. Eyes naked. Palpi of true Drepanidae (Drepaninae) short or even absent, sparsely
scaled. Tongue short or absent. Body slender. Wings broad, when at rest folded in roof-shape. Fore^^^ng
usually with falcate produced apex, vein 1 b forked at the base, 1 c absent, 3 subcostal veins or only two
stalked, but in the latter case an areola present; 5 originates nearer to 4 than to 6. Cell closed. In the hind-
wing vein 8 approaches vein 7 in the middle, and sometimes (Cilix, Deroca, etc.) anastomoses with it. Only
one or two dorsal veins and usually the frenulum present. Discocellular vein angulate.

Egg rounded, oval. Larva slender, covered with single slender hairs; fourteen feet (Spropedes), the anal
claspers being modified to a .single anal pointed process, rarely with 16 feet (10 propedes, Eucherinae) ; the
anterior segments often with fleshy excrescences in pairs, the head indented at the vertex, sometimes with
two points. On deciduous trees, and pupating between leaves spun together. Pupa a mummy, slender, hard,
often with a bloom, hibernating in a thin silky cocoon. Usually two broods, in the North only one.

According to prevalent opinions the Thyrididae must be considered as being among the families
related with the Drepanids the one which comes nearest to them. It is indeed very difficult to give any
differences which hold good in all cases. — In the Drepanids vein 1 a of the hindwing is as a rule entirely
absent or very short, while in the Thyridids it reaches the anal angle. That is the rule ; but there are Drepa-
nids, e. g. Leucodrepana idaeoides (and also other Leucodrepaiia^.) and Cilix, in which 1 a is present and
reaches the anal angle or almost. The Drepanids are best distinguished from the Thyridids by the presence of
three stalked subcostal veins or two such and an areole, as the Thyridids never have an areole and at most
two (sometimes not even one!) stalked subcostal vein. Moreover, the facies, especially in the markings of the
Thyridids, is so characteristic that they can in most cases be recognised by that alone. The larvae are differ-
ent, those of the Thyridids being ,,Microlepidoptera", and those of the Drepanids ,,Macrolepidoptera", the
relationship of the two groups being thei'efore actually not v^ery close. Many Drepanids resemble Geometers,
but the families are distinguished inter alia by vein 5 originating in the middle of the discocellular or nearer
6 than 4 in the Geometers, while in the Drepanids it originates nearer 4 than 6. However, there are transi-
tional forms which will perhaps have to be placed into the other family when the larvae have become
known (e. g., Macrocilix).

I propose dividing the Drepanidae into two subfamilies, Eucherinae and Drepaninae.

1. Subfamily: Eucherinae .s«6/rtm. nov.

Vein 1 a of the forewing anastoniost>s with 1 b in the middle and terminates without reaching the inner margin
or anal angle (recalling the Paxjilionids). Palpi long, stout, upright. Vein la of hindwing present and fairly long.
Vein 5 of forewing nearly in the middle between 4 and 6. — The presence of 10 propedes in the larvae, which have there-
fore 10 feet, is especially important.

Only one genus (perhaps Mimozethes also belongs here).

1. Genus: Eueliera Hbn.

The largest Drepanids of our area belong to tliis genus. Usually broad-winged moths with grey
or whitish markings, already distinguished by their colour from the mostly uniformly browniish and yellowish
smaller forms. The antennae are characteristically stout and laminate. Palpi upturned. Middle tibiae with
one pair of spurs, hind tibiae with two. Veins 1 a and 1 b of forewing forming a fork as in the other Dre-
panidae, but in contradistinction to the other genera a short branch directed backward and outward originates
at this fork and terminates in the wing before reaching the margin. Discocellular of both wings only slightl}'
angulate. Vein 5 of forewing rather far from the angle of the cell, 6 slightly below the upper angle. The moths
rest like the Geometers on the underside of large leaves in daji:ime, and are flushed by beating or caught
at the lamp in the evening.

E. substigmaria Hbn. (23 f) has black head, wliite thorax and brownish white abdomen. There is a straight subslig-
line from the apex of the forewing to the middle of the hind margin of tiie iiindwing, dividing both wings into """'"'•
an outer whitish and an inner darker area; in the latter the somewhat lighter basal area and a light post-
raedian band in the costal half of the wing are distinguishable as well as a large whitish discocellular spot;
in the marginal area a few small, darker, often sharply defined, spots, especially at the anal angle. Hind-
wing with large rounded deep black discocellular spot. 68 to 82 mm. — Larva black with lighter ringed

*) In our work the Thyridids, of which only 20 forms art; known U-nm the Palearctic Region, are placed next to
the Sesiidae, which also bear a close affinity to the Microlepidoptera.

196 MIMOZETHES: MACROCILIX. By Dr. E. Strand.

head and anal segment, a sublateral white line and rows of white and yellow transverse bars at the sides;
10 pedes spurii. Widely distributed in India, also in Kashmir; and in Northern Cliina.

capilata. E. capitata Walk. (23 f), from China. Japan and Corea, is said to be a very variable species. Ground-

colour white, head, paljji and antennae black, abdomen grey with white hind margins to the segments and
with white apex. Wings with very broad grey median band diffuse in the middle of the eo-stal area of the fore^ving,
widened in the middle of the hindwing and almost interinipted anteriorly; and with another grey distal band
strongly narrowed especially in the middle, and on the forewing strongly widened costally ; a row of blackish
submarginal spots indistinctly connected with each other; discocellular spot of forewing white; the forewing
bears two indistinct dentate dark bands in the basal area. $ 60 to 70 mm. — Most easily distinguished
from substigmaria by the absence of a deep black discocellular spot on the upperside of the hindwing, wliile
below there is an obsolescent blackish discocellular spot on both wings (in substigmaria this is deep black
and sharply defined).

orciferaria. E. orciferaria Wcilk. (= ociferaria nut.) (48 a), from Northern China, is brownish black, lighter beneath,

wings distally w ith three dentate purplish grey lines close together, a similar inner line being indicated, other-
wise the wings bear irregu.lar and indistinct darker krorations and are grey in the outer third of the under-
side. Forew'ing more elongate and more falcate at the apex tlian in substigmaria. and the margin more oblique,
while the hindwing is distally more rounded than in the latter species. 5 72 mm.

fracii- E. fractifasciata Leech (48 a), from Western China, is wliite, forewmg with dark spot and band in the

fasctata. basal area, internipted median band enclosing a white spot in the costal area and represented in the liind-

marginal area by two round .spots, and with a dark marginal area as Avell as darker wavy luies. Hiudwing

with interrupted dark submarginal band and a row of dark spots in the marginal area. J 80, $ 90 mm.

dkiyaria. E. dictyaria Swinh., from Kangra in Kashmir, is pure white above and below, forewing without any

transverse markings, biit with a discal spot below shining tlu'ough, and hindwing with large black similar
spot, both wings with shaii)ly marked round black submarginal spots. Vertex black. $ 66 to 67 mm.

fabiolaria. E. fabiolaria Oberth. (23 f), from Tibet, is perhaps not a Drepanid at all, but a Geometrid. Wings

milky wiiite with grey-brown spots indefinitely bounded and not regularly arranged, which in the forewing
above are especially prominent in the basal area, the middle of the costal area, and as a submarginal
band broadly interrupted in the middle, wliile in the hindwing there are in the mnermarginal half a median
and a submarginal band dark, besides a dull dark submargmal transverse spot in the middle of the marginal
area. Body yellowish, abdomen with black spots. 51 mm.

2. Subfamily: Drepaninae subfam. nov.

Vein 1 a of forewing forked with lb, not ending free. Palpi small or even absent: vein 1 a of hiudwing may be
present or alisent; vein 5 of forewing on the whole di.stinctly below the centre between 4 and 6. Larvae with 14 feet (8
propedes). Falls into two groups.

A. Proboscis and frenulum present (genera 2 to 10).

2. Genus: JfliiiioxetlieM Warr.

The species for which tliis genus was afterwards erected was origiiially described by Waeren as a
doubtful Euchera, while Leech had described it a few months earlier as an Epiplemid. — ■ The genus seems
to differ from Euchera in the following particulars: costa of forewing strongly curved at the base, then straight,
hindwing broadly rovuided at both angles. Palpi porrect. Veiji 5 of forewing from the middle of the discocel-
lular, antennae shortly unipectinate. Unknown to me.

argenttline- M. argentilinearia Leech (= nana Warr.) (48a). Forewing bronze-brown, \vith hght mauve-grey, sharply

aria, angulate transverse lines, two near the base, two at one-tliird, a fifth beyond the centre and two further lines

submarginal; fringes purple with white tips. Hindwing more puiple, with 6 or 7 light wavy lines which

do not reach the costal margin and the outer one of which is denticulate, a light marginal band with

darker spots. Both sexes 32 mm. — Japan.

3. Genus: ]fIafiM»eilix Butl.

Medium-sized, predominantly Avhite moths with very small palpi, rounded apex of forewing and angul-
ate discocellular ; veins 7, 8 and 9 stalked, 6 originating below the upper angle of the cell ; antennae of <J
with long pectinations, of $ with short ones (in ,1/. wysticata). Areole present or not. — SwaxHOE has erected
a new genus Sewa for orbiferatn.

*) Euchera agues BiiiL, in Ann. JNlag. Nat. Hist. {'>) 1, ]>. 411, fiom .T.ipan, is a Geometrid.

MACRAUZATA; AUZATA. By Dr. E. Strand. 197

M. mysticata Walk. (23 f) is white, back of thorax and abdomen reddish yellow; wings semitransparent, mysticcUa.
forcwing A\-ith a soniewliat irregular golden-brown postmedian transverse band, which encloses white stripes,
and with a dark submarginal interiiipted band. Hiaidwing with similar markings, but tlie submedian band is
prolonged basad at the inner margin and less so distad, being distally marked posteriorly with silvery scales
and black spots; at the anal angle a yellow smear spotted with black. 42 mm. — Kashmir, also in Sikkim.

M. maia Leech (23 f). from Corea and Kiushiu, has white wings; the forewing with a large pear-shaped ™«w.
lead-grey transverse spot shortly beyond the centre, which reaches the inner margin but not the distal one;
the hind^\ang rust-reddish and silvery greyish along the inner margin and in. a large irregular spot in the
anal area. Body whitish, thorax and abdomen reddish gi'ey above. 48 mm.

M. orbiferata Walk. (= insignata Moore) (23 g). White; antennae ochreous; foreAving with three trans- orhiferaia.
verse dark stripes or bands, the postmedian one being broadest, intemipted before the middle and enclosing a
white stripe in the middle of the hinder half, \\-hile the submarginal one is separated into spots; costal margm
with 5 spots. Hindwing uitli postmedian band, interrupted costally, widened behind and pencilled with white,
and with a yellow smear striped and spotted with a darker colour at the anal angle. Underside white with
four dark spots. Forewing below in the marginal area with black K- shaped mark. 27 mm. — Western China,
also widely distributed in India, Borneo, Java; the form from Java {cillcoides Snell.) is perhaps a different
species.

4. Genus: Macrauzata Butl.

The forewing bears large vitreous spots and the apex is prolonged, recurved and rather pointed; dis-
cocellular of botli wings sharply angulate; in the forewing vein 6 originates at the upper angle of the cell,
wliile 7, 8, 9 and 10 are stalked and originate shortly before the anterior angle of the cell. Palpi very
small. Antennae of $ with short pectinations, of ^ with longer ones. Middle and hind tibiae with very short
end-spurs.

M. fenestraria Moore (23 f ) is yellowish white, on the forewing with a large rounded vitreous spot rather femstraria.
angulate posteriorly and interrupted by the yellowish veins, a reddish yellow double oblique stripe runs trans-
versely across the wing at the proximal edge of the glassy spot, and a similar stripe surrounds the vitreous
spot anteriorly and distally. Hindwing similar, but the hyaline spot smaller and more ii'regular, almost divid-
ed into 6 spots. 45 to 66 mm. Japan; Kangra in Kashmir; also elsewhere in India.

5. Genus: Auzata Walk.

Forewing with pomted apex, distal margin angulate at vein 3; the hindwing is also and even more
distinctly angled at the same place. Vein 6 of the forewing originates slightly below the upper angle of the
cell, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are stalked and originate at the upper angle. Antennae somewhat thickened and flat-
ened. Palpi small and upturned. The moths are on the wing at night, by day they are beaten from overhanging
branches of trees, from which the jar brings them dowii fluttering to the ground.

A. semipavonaria Walk. (23 g) is white. Forewing with two indistinct brownish 3^ellow or darker semipa-
anteraedian lines, two similar postmedian lines which traverse a pointed pear-shaped or nearly comma-shaped vonaria.
spot, which posteriorly at the commencement of its narrower portion encloses a deep black spot with a silvery
blue centre; also with a similar marginal and a submarginal line partly separated into spots. Hhidwing
with three similar pairs of lines, the marginal one of which is darker than those of the forewing; the comma-
shaped spot absent or only mdicated. (J 42, $ 50 mm. — ■ Kashmir, also distributed elsewhere m India.

A. superba Bull. (23 g) is likewise wliite; forewing at the costal margin with darker base and two superba.
dark spots, a dark innermarginal spot and 6 to 8 greyish spots in tlie marginal area, as well as a pear-shaped
spot between the innermarginal area and vein 5, similar to that of the preceding species; this spot is olive-
greyish yellow, and encloses three white lines dotted with black. Hindwing with a postmedian olive-greyish
double oblique band, an interrupted row of submarguial spots of the same colour and similar spots at the inner
margin of the basal area. 34 mm. — Japan (Yokohama, Yesso).

A. chinensis Leech (48 a), from Western Chma, resembles superba, but both wings have a double light chlnemis.
brown antemedian line and a similar interrupted submarginal line; hindwing with brown spot. Fringes of
both wings checkered with light brown and white. ^ 38, $ 48 mm.

A. minuta Leech, wliich inhabits Central and Western China, is white; forewing with dark discocellular mbnda.
spot and outside it a dark line which is angulate near the costal margin, but curved posteriorly ; in this bend is
a dark spot traversed by the white veins ; moreover, a dark submarginial band interrupted anteriorly. Hindwing
with double median Ime, a submargmal band and two small spots, all dark. The dark fringes white at the veins.
c? 25, $ 28 to 30 mm.

ins CALLIOILIX: TELDENIA: LEUCODREPANA. By Dr. E. Strand.

6. Geinis: €allieilix Butl.

Shape and venation as in Auzata, but the antennae pectinate and ending in a point ; palpi tliinner,
upright anci longer than in Auzata. The genus stands between Auzata and Mncrocilix (according to Butler).
Unknown to me in nature.

dbraxata. C. abraxata BvtI.. from Japan, resembles a,r\ Abraxas. Silvery white with greyish brown marginal spots

and submarginal band (more or less separated into spots); forewing ^\'ith a large and irregular median area,
greyish brown in the costal portion, but golden brown beyond the subcostal vein, with pearly grey veins and
with a light sinuous transverse line proximally: also three greyish brown .spots in the basal area. Hindwing
with a large transverse band from the middle of the inner margin almost to the costa, interrupted anteriorly,
as well as with four pearly white discal spots between the submedian and radial veins. Below the markings
are more confluent and the costal area is golden brownish. Head black, thorax whitish abdomen yellowish.
nguldoe. Up to 44 mm. — nguldoe Obertfi. (-3g), from China, is larger, with broader and heavier markings; the four
white discal spots of the hindwing seem to be absent, two white, lighter, transverse liaes are present in the brown
median area of the forewing: the abdomen seems to be grey above with a lighter median belt, and whitish below.

7. Genus: Teldoiiia Moore.

Forewing with a long areole formed by veins 8 and 9 anastomosing, 6, 7 and 10 originate fron: the
areole. Apex rather pointed. Antennae with long pectinations in the rj, ciliate in tlie $. End-spur present
on the middle and hind tibiae. Pal])i long and slender, upturned. — Larva (probably of the Indian vestigiatn
Butl.) is distinguished by a long pouited process on segment 11 directed backward, and a smaller one,
stylet-like, on segment 3, as well as dorsal humps on segments 1 and 11.

sericea. T. sericea Leech (48 a), from Western China, is silky white, forewing with four dark wavy transverse

lines, the two outer ones of which are submarginal and close together. Hindwing with thi'ee similar lines. 20
to 30 mm. The species superficially resembles a pale-marked specimen of Deilinia pusaria. L.

inconspicua. T. inconspicua Leech (48 a) is silky white, with strongly undulate transverse dark lines, which are

most distinct in the marginal area of the wing. Underside white, costal area brownish. 32 mm. — Western China.

8. Genus: JjeiicMxIrepaiia Hamps.

Forewing with slightly pointed apex and strongly oblique distal margm; areole present, being formed
by 8, 9 and 10 anastomosing; 7 from the apex of the areole, 11 from the cell. Antennae of both sexes widened
and flattened. iVIiddle tibia with one, hind tibia with two pau's of spurs. Palpi porrect. — In L. idaeoides Hamps.,
according to the figure in Hampson, Fauna of Brit. India, Moths. I, p. 333, vein 1 a of the hindwing seems
to be present and very long, about reaching the anal angle. This character, which might even render it doubt-
ful whether Leucodrepana is a Drepanid or a Thyridid, particularly distinguishes Leucodrepana from the follow-
ing genera. But I do not know whether this character is common to all the species placed under Leucodre-
pana, as they are unfortunately all unknown to me in nataire; in Hampson's diagnosis of the genus nothing
is said about this. But as vein 1 a is develojied as described above in L. idaeoides, the genotype, this character
is to be regarded as essential for the genus, and if there should be species under Leucodrepana which do not
possess this character, they must be separated as a special genus (Leucodrepanilla nom. nov.).

idaeoides. L. idaeoides Hamps. (48 a). Piu-e white, an indistinct brown subbasal line in the forewing, both wings

with two obliipie antemedian wavy lines and two postmedian similar ones, which are angulate near the costal
margin of the forewing, but curved near the inner margin of the hindwing. Also a submarginal wavy line and
a straight marginal one. 33 mm. — Western China, Sikkim.

sacra. L. sacra BhU. (48 b). White. Both wing with sharply marked black discocellular spot. Forewing

with ochroous transverse lines, the inner one of which is angulate, the outer slightly zigzag; hindwing with
only one wavy discal line. Underside without lines. Body creamy yellow. Pectinations of antennae ochreous.
35 mm. — Japan, Corea, Central and Western China.

virgo. L. vifgo Butl. (48 b) is silvery white with minute black marginal dots at the veins and a small

brown discocellular spot. Antennae light ochreous. Underside pearl-colo\u-ed, legs slightly yellowish. 33 mm.
— Yokohama.

nivea. L. nivea Hamps. (48 b) is distinguished from idaeoides by the less glossy white colouring. Forewing

without subbasal line; the first pair of lines more oblique, in the outer marginal area three wavy equidistant
lines. 31 mm. — Western Cliina, Sikkim.

DREPANA. By Dr. E. .Strand. 199

L. thibetaria Pouj. Silky white, forewiug with 5 narrow straight subparallel dark oblique lines from thiheturia.
the inner margin nearly to the costal margin, the four proximal ones arranged in pairs, the three outer ones
directed towards the apex or at least to its immediate neighbourhood. The lines (perhaps only 4) are continued
on the hindwing, where they also do not reach the costal margin antl are slightly curved. 29 mm. Centi'al and
Western China.

L. quinquelineata Leech (48 b), from Japan, is white; forewing with 4 wavy ochreous transverse gwingj^e-
lines, the third and fourth of which are most strongly wavy, the sidjmarginal line indicated by ochreous dots. "'*"«'•
Hindwing with three ochreous wavy transverse lines, the second and third of which seem to continue the tliird
and fourth of the forewing. Beneath white, forewing darker in the costal area. 30 mm.

L. lineata Leech (48 b) is silky white; forewing with 4 dark almost parallel and nearly straight lines, lineata.
hindwing with 4 dark curved parallel ones; fringes yellowish. Underside silvery white, basal area of forewing
brownish. 38 mm. West Cluna.

9. Genus: Drcpaiia Schrank.

Forewing with more or less sickle-shaped apex. Palpi weak, upturned. Hindwing with veins 7 and 8
separate. In the forewing veins 6 and 11 originate from the cell or from the areole. Antennae of ^ bipectinate
to the apex or almost simple in the last third. Hind tibiae with end-spurs and sometimes with middle ones.
The wings folded flat when at rest. On the back of segment 1 of the larva there are usually short fleshy
projections. The ^,^ of many species fly by day, their flight being irregular and pendulating. They are wary
and at the approach of an enemy fly up mto the air. They rest in bushes and branches of trees, from which
they can be beaten.

A. European species *).

D. falcataria L. (= falcula Schiff.) (23 g). Forewing brownish yellow, sometimes rather pale, with falcaturia.
grey zigzag transverse Imes not appearing in the costal area of the hindwing. Discocellular spot of fore-
wing grey, round, traversed by black, two dots above it and somewhat further basad; from the apex of the
wing to two-thirds of the hindwing a brownish red transverse stripe. Length of forewing 18 to 20 mm., ex-
panse 38 mm. Central and Northern Europe, up to 66" N. Latitude, Italy, Southern Russia, Bithynia, Siberia,
in May and August, in the North in June and July. — A ^ before me from the former collection of Maassen
(now in the Berlin Museum), unfortunately without locality (from Aachen ?), is darker than usual above, with
very indistinct and small discocellular spot, also scarcely divided by darker lines; on the underside of both
wings the two transverse lines are twice as broad as usual, and also wider apart one from the other, the
proximal one crossing the apex of the cell and running through the posterior one of the two discocellular spots,
while in the typical form it is often quite distinctly separate from the spot, respectively from the cell. The
zigzag line in the marginal area of the hindwing beneath is diffuse. I name this form. ab. crassistrigaria ab. crassistri-
nov. — Larva with pairs of thorn-like projections on segments 2 and 3 of thorax and 2 of abdomen: green 'J"^^^-
(venter, sides and legs), or yellowish with brownish red dorsal .spots from segment 4 on^vard and with
single longer hairs; segments 2 to 5 with fleshy processes, of which those on segment 4 are smaller. Head
yellow with two brownish red transverse bands. 25 to 30 mm. long. On Birch and Alder, in June and Sep-
tember. Puj^a with short cremaster and 2 head-cases, yellowish brown with black-brown wing-cases and short
bristles. It is easy to collect numbers of the moths by jarring the trees in young plantations of Birch and Adler.

D. curvatula Borkh. (23 h) (= harpagula Hbn., acuta Butl.) is in light specimens similar to the preced- curvaUda.
ing species, but is usually a good deal darker; forewing only with two black central spots, the red-brown trans-
verse line from the apex of the wing is distinctly continued on the hindwing; colouring usually violet-brown.
Markmgs and shape of wing as in falcataria, but the underside much deeper and more evenly ochreous. Length of
forewing 15 to 17 mm. May and August. North and Central Europe, to Central Scandinavia and Southern Fmland.
Absent in England, but occurs in Japan, Corea, Ussuri district, Amur. — The species has been crossed with the
previous one: rebeli Stand f. (23 h) (= falcataria $ x curvatula ,^) and approximatula Apatz (= falcataria ^ x rcbeli.
curvatula ?) ; these two forms are most like curvatula. S and 9 of rebeli emerged from the chrysalis at the same "J^^J^i^'''
time, copulated, and normal-looking eggs were laid, but the larvae died soon after emerging or already in the egg.
The sexes of approximatula emerged at very different times, the i^ J appeared soon after the larvae had pupated
in a rolled-up leaf edge, while the ^-larvae spun the curved edge of the leaf together well, gnawed off the case
thus formed so that it feel to the ground, closed up the opening still present and hibernated as pupae. — Larva
green with short sparse black-brown hair, brown-black and short fleshy projections in pairs on segments 2 to 4,
head with brown and white markings ; 25 to 30 mm long. Lives on Alder and Oak, June and September.

*) some of which also occur in Asia.

200 DREPANA. By Dr. E. Strand.

The larvae partly or entii-ely spin together the leaves on which they rest, then eat so much of the leaf as to
leave just enough of the shelter for concealing them, and then form another case. Pupa brown, wing-
cases blackish ; distinguished from that of falcataria by the two head-cases being pointed and curved outward.

japonibut. — • Japanese specimens are larger (expanse up to 45 mm) and also frequently lighter in colour: f. japonibia/o///;.
jwv. (23 h); such specimens are before me from Nikko (Mus. Berol. and coll. Seitz), and Leech (1898) mentions
similar ones from Hakodate and Oiwake. But other Japanese specimens are scarcely distmguishable from
European ones.

harpagula. D. harpagula Esp. (= sicula Hbn.) (23 h). Dark fawn-brown, .suffused witli violet-red; foreM'ing in the

centre with three connected grey round spots, the outer one of which is spotted with yellow; tlie forewhig has

a very deep sinus below the apex. All wings with two dark dentate transverse lines; from the apex of the

forewing a zigzag stripe edged with blackish and running along the margin to the inner angle. Expanse 39 mm.

Central Kurope, Livonia, Southern Sweden, Northern Italy, Amiu\ probably as a rule only m one generation,

in June, but sometimes also in August. — Larva yellow, on segment 3 with a brown fleshy appendage divided

at the tip, the sides, and first three segments also dorsally, marked with violet-brown; vertex produced into

two jioints; anal process long, reddish brown. 25 to 30 mm long. On Birch, Lime and Oak until September.

Pupa brown, dusted with ^\'hitish.

lacertinaria. D. lacertinaria L. (= lacertula Schiff.) (23 h). Forewing witli sinuous margin and less conspicuously

produced apex than in the preceding species, leather-yellow pencilled with brown, with two nearly straight

dark transverse lines and a black median spot between. Hmdwing much paler yellowish, unicolorous. 39 mm.

North and Central Europe, to 65" N. Lat., Italy, Amur, Ural, Eastern Siberia. Two broods, in May and July

acsliva. to August, in the North only in June and Jidy. — The summer form, aestiva Rbl., is larger and paler, forewing

sdncula. to 20 mm long (in the main form at most 18 mm). — scincula Hhti. {— dimidiata Tengstr.), from the high

conjuncta. North, has the forewmg strongly dusted with grey. — conjuncta Bbl. has the two transverse lines only in the

innermarginal portion of the forewing; they are confluejit below the centre. — Eggs elongate-ovate, yellow,

glossy, later grey or red, are laid m rows, and the larvae emerge after 10 days. Larva reddish, spotted with

brown, with reddish head and larger wart-like projections on segments 2, 3 and 11; on Alder and Birch,

in June and September. 28 mm long. Pupa light brown, strongly dusted with white, in a loose sulphur-yellow

cocoon.

binaria. D. binaria Hfn. (23 h, i). Ochreous reddish, suffused ^\■ith violet-grey, especially on the forewing. The

latter with only sliglitly produced apex, and two blackish grey spots below the costal margin in the middle

between two yellow transverse lines, which are also continued on the hindwing, the latter becoming lighter

towards the costal margin. 36 mm. Central Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, Kurdistan, in two broods. May and

■uncinula. September, rare. — uncinula BorM. (= uncula i/6«.) (23i), from Southern Evn-ope and Mauretania, is usually

larger (forewmg to 21, in the mam form 17 mm), paler, suffused with pale greyish violet, and with larger

central spot in the forewing. In Portugal, m three broods, in April, June and August, now and again also in

umhratula. Southern Central Europe. — umbratuIa*S'<grf., from Northern Italy, is much darker chestnut. — There is a $from
Elberfeld before me from the former coll. IVLvassen which is like the lightest uncinulit in coloiu-, but beyond the
apex of the forewing there is scarcely a trace of darker colour and the specimen is much smaller; length of

lilipidaria. forewing only 13 or 14 mm. I call this form ab. liliputaria form. nov. — From the south of the Province
of Oran in Algeria there is a (^before me from coll. Bang-Haas which is most closely allied to uncinuhi, but is
at once distinguishable in that the hindwing is of exactly the same greyish violet colour as the forewing.
Costal margin of forewing bright yellow. Fringes of forewing for the most part dark, those of the hindwmg some-
what lighter. The distal one of the transverse lines of both wings is recognisable, the proximal one very slightly
oranaria. indicated. Length of forewing 15 mm. This form, perhaps a local variety, may receive the name oranaria form,
nov. (23 i). — Egg oval, greenish white, later on carmine, with longitudinal grooves and a transverse band.
Larva 30 mm long, greenish, laterally violet grey or greenish brown, with saddle-shaped yellow spot dorsally
on segments 6 to 9 edged with brown and narrowed anteriorly and behind, segment 3 with a fleshy process in-
cised at the apex; at both sides of this a row of white dots. E.specially on Oak, also on bushes of Beech and
Alder; in June and August. The larva of unicula is almost uniformly green, and lives on Quercus ilex.

cuUraria. D. cultraria F. (= sicula Esp., unguicula Hbn.) (23 i). Apex of forewing distinctly produced. Bright

oc^hreous, forewing with grey median band with light edges, which is also continued on the lighter hindwing,
where it is narrower; on the forewuig the band bears an obsolescent grey median dot. 32 to 34 mm. Central
Europe, Denmark, Southern Sweden, Northern Italy, Bithjaiia, Dalmatia, abundant in Beech woods, May
aestiva. and August. — aestiva Spr. (= minor Fvch-s) (23 i), the summer brood, is somewhat smaller (length of fore-
wing 10 to 11 instead of 15 mm), darker, with two more distuict median dots on the forewing. — Larva 30 mm
long, light brown with darker median line, whitish lunulate lateral stripe and lighter dorsal saddle-shaped spot.
The ])rotuberance on segment 3 is small, only divided at the tip. Head light brown. On Beech, in June
and August. Pupaglossy brown, and lies (v. aes/wa) 10 to 12 days. The (J cJ fly in the sunshine, especially in the
afternoon, but are wary and not easy to catch on account of their oscillating flight, as they go into the air
when approached. In many years very abundant, in others more singly.

Pahi. 15. X. 1011. DREPANA. By Dr. E. Strand. 201

B. Asiatic species.

D. crocea Leech (2:5b). Yellow; forewing slightly suffused with reddish, with a subbasal, a central crocea.
and a .■^ubniarginal line purple-brown, the last separated into dots, of which those in cellules 4 and 5 and
sometimes 6 are enlarged to form two deep black, shaii^ly marked spots with lighter edges. Discocellular
spot small, white, with a narrow dark edge, in the hindwing double. The hindwing with but slight markings,
the submarginal line only consisting of dots. Apex of wings strongly curved. 43 to 50 mm. — Japan, China.

D. rubromarginata Leech (48 b), from West China, has yellow forewing with reddish brown marginal ruhro-
area (between the inner margin and vein 6), an antemedian, a postmedian and a submarginal transverse line """'i"""'«-
blackish, two blackish spots in the cell, and two at the end of the same, the reddish marginal band with a
wavy transverse line of the ground-colour. Hindwing lighter, with traces of transverse markings, and a black
spot between veins 2 and 3 as well as between 3 and 4. 33 mm. On the wing in June and July.

D. grisearipennis }iom. nov. (= grisearia Leech nee St.gr.) (48 c), also from West China, has whitish- grisea-
hyaline forewing suffused with brownish, with darker basal spot, antemedian, postmedian and median dark '"^P*'*"**-
bands as well as an elongate black spot on the upper discocellular and two nearly round similar ones on the
lower discocellular. Hindwing whitish, with five dark transverse lines and bands, and two dark spots at the
apex of the cell. 40 mm. Flies in June or July.

D. manleyi Leech (48 b) is Japanese (Yokohama) and has light ochreous brown forewing with two manhyi.
transverse lines, a black spot in the cell and i^urple-brown apex; hindwing pale straw-colour, with four brown
lines. Underside also pale straw-colour, with brownish apex and on the forewing with brownish post-
median and submarginal lines. 20 to 33 mm.

D. acuminata Leech (48 b). (^ similar to D. falcataria. Light reddish brown; forewing with two dark acumitiaia.
brown discal transverse lines, the first of which runs first to the median vein, then to the inner margin, while
the second runs from the costal margin towards the distal margin, but then curves inwards and runs obliquely
to the inner margin; there are also a dark submarginal line and two small black discal dots. Hindwing
with two dark brown median lines, the first curved, the other straight, as well as with a dark brown wavy
submarginal line. Underside whitish, in the marginal area of the forewing brownish, both wings with black
discocellular dot and two dark transverse lines, one of which is submarginal. 39 mm. In July. — Central
China.

D. hyalina Moore (48 b). Dirty white, semitransparent. Forewing with two darker wavy antemedian hyalina.
lines and two similar postmedian ones; the distal one of the latter is widened towards the inner margin;
further, a submarginal and a marginal row of indistinct dots. Hindwing with an antemedian, two postmedian
and a submarginal indistinct wavy dark line. 43 mm. — Kashmir, West China.

D. japonica Moore (30 f). Upper side whitish grey; both wings with two narrow yellow brown-edged japonica.
oblique transverse bands, the distal one of which runs from shortly before the apex of the wing to shortly
before the middle of the inner margin, the proximal one from the middle of the costa to one-third of the inner
margin ; foi'ewing ochreous at the apex and at the costal margin, with very small brown discocelhxlar streak.
Costal margin of forewing with two dark spots between the transverse lines. In the marginal area of the same
wing sometimes a row of 8 or less black dots (ab. punctifera ab. nov.). Beneath both wings bear a discocel- punctifera.
lular dot as well as the distal one of the transverse lines of the upperside. Prothorax, and apex and base
of abdomen ochreous; underside light ochi'eous brown. 28 to 38 mm. — Japan (Kiushiu).

D. vira Moore (30 f). Violet-grey, but abdomen and hindwing yellow. Forewing with an antemedian vira.
reddish brown line originating at a dark costal spot, a similar postmedian spot, a white spot at the upper
angle and two at the lower angle of the cell, and a reddish brown submarginal line. On the hindwing the two
transverse lines are only present in the abdominal area. Underside yellow. 30 mm. — • West China, Sikkim.

D, scabiosa BiM. (30 f). Upper side brownish or pearly grey; forewing with orange costa, a dark grey scabwsa.
submarginal streak, greyish brown fringes and an indistinct discal oblique mark formed of small greyish white
spots; hindwing with discocellular mark formed of three similar small spots and two or tluee not easily
visible parallel discal greyish lines. Collar golden oi-ange. 32 mm. — Japan, Corea, Amur, Central China.
Larvae full-grown in August, on Quercus mongolica, where they rest on the upper side of a leaf the edges of
which are slightly drawn together by single threads. Pupa hibernates. Moth from the beginning of June
to the end of July. — The figure of this species in 111. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. II, pi. 25, fig. 9, is not good.

D. flavilinea Leech (48 b). $ smoky grey, suffused with violet, basal line of forewing yellowish and flavilinea.
indistuict, median line yellow, originating at the yellowish apex, and near the latter merging together with the
likewise yellowish submarginal line ; these lines are all continued transversely over the hindwing ; apex of fore-
wing produced and obliquely pointed; a small white discal spot present. Underside light ochreous brown.
Discal area of both wings greyish and transversely crossed by a faint line; forewing with a small white discal
spot; 32 mm. In July. — Central China.

II 26

202

DREPANA. By Dr. E. Strand.

parvula. D. parvula Leech (= muscula Stgr.) (48 d). Forewing mouse-grey, with three oblique dark transverse

lines not reaching the costal margin, at the apex of the cell two round white spots and at the apex of the wing
a comma shaped, slightly curved, longituduial streak. Hindwing like the forewing, but slightly lighter in the
basal area, with small obsolete median spot. (J 25 mm. — Amur, North and Central China.
fenestrala. D. fenestrata Leech (48 b). Forewing greyish brown suffused with violet, with two blackish antemedian

lines and an oblique double line from the apex to the liind margin, a small vitreous spot in the centre and
8 similar ones at the apex of the cell. Hindwing in the basal area like the forewing, in the distal area rusty
red, with a double median line. 26 to 30 mm. — Western China; in May.
palleolus. D. palleolus Motsch. Colouring and size as in D. lacertinarin, but without central transverse bands.

Ground-colour pale yellowish, forewing above Avith dark transverse bands in the marginal area, hindwing
Avith abbreviated dark transverse band in dorsal area. Below the wings are unicolorous. Legs brownish yellow.
Eyes black. ,,Exp. al. 11. 1" (accordmg to Motschoulsky). — Japan, on the Main Island and Hokkaido.
argenieola. D. argetlteola Moore (30 f). Head reddish yellow, body otherwise light brow^lish yellow, wings about

the same in colour. Forewing with traces of an antemedian Ime, a large dark discocellular spot, a brown double
line from close to the apex to the inner margin beyond the centre, and a row of dark submarginal dots; silvery
blue scales here and there. Hindwing with a straight median transverse double luie not reaching the costal
bracteata. margin, a row of postmedian dark dots, and silvery scales along the line and at the margin. — bracteata Hamps.,
from Ci'yion, probably occurring elsewhere as an aberration, is much darker, the discocellular spot of the fore-
wing is separated into 3 spots and tliere are more silvery scales. — In the Berlin Museum there are (^(^ from
Japan (Yokohama and Nikko) which, beside the nearly whitish yellow colour of their wangs, are distinguished
simpH- by the entire absence of the discocellular spot (ab. simplificaria ab. nov.). — patrana Moore (30 f), which seems
ficaria. ^^ occur at Darjeeling as a local variety (there are specimens from the former coll. Atkinson before me),
is darker on the forewing and in the dorsal area of the hindwing than the main form (unfortunately I have no
specimens for comparison from the typical locality of the latter, Java), being sometimes nearly luiiformly
brown, but the yellow transverse band and black discocellular spot contrast with the ground; beneath with
a dark transverse line on both wings. (J 32 to 38 mm. Tliis form probably occurs as an aberration together
with the main form. (J 30 to 45, $ 50 mm. — ■ Widely distributed in India, also in Java, and likewise in Japan,
Central and West China. On the wing in July and August. — D. biocularis Moore, placed here by Hampson
as a synonym, the type of which is before me, is doubtless a distinct species.
grisearia. D. grisearia Stgr. (nee Leech) (48 d). Yellowish grey with two darker transverse lines on both wings,

not quite reaching the costal margin, on the forewing the one begins somewhat beyond one-thu-d of the inner
margin and runs to nearly the middle of the costal margin, the other is very slightly curved and extends
from about four-fiths of the inner margin to shortly before the apex of the wing. The lines of the hindwing
are parallel and end far below the costal margin. 23 mm. — Amur. Flies at the begriming of Jime.
innotata. D. innotata Hamps. Head, thorax and abdomen white. Wings hyaline, with a few scattered white

scales and entirely without markings. $ 36 mm. — Kulu (Kashmir).
bidens. D. bidens Leech (48 c). Margin of the pui-])le-black forewing deeply concave below the apex and less

deeply so before the inner margin, with a brownish edge, and a line and a cloud of the ground-colour and
a broad whitish band. Hindwing lighter than forewing and without whitish submargmal band. Underside
light ochreous brown with dark grey discal area. 30 mm. — On the wing in July, in Central China.
Tujahui. D.( ? ?) rufulus Motsch. Size of D. lacertinaria, but narrower. Reddish brown-yellow; forewing above

and below distally with a light band-like marking; hindwing above and below pale reddish at the base; legs
red with brownish yellow tarsi. Eyes black. ,,Ex]3. al. 121; i" (according to Motschoulsky). — Whether a
species of Drepnna or even a Drepanid ?
undulifera. D. undulifera Hamps., from Tibet, the c^" of which is known from Yatung, is whitish, entirely suffused

with light rust-colour. Head dark rusty yellow. Forewing above and beyond the centre with rusty yellow
zigzag lines, which are sharply angulate below the costa, then oblique; dark spots at the angle of the cell. Hind-
wing with slight traces of yellow; beyond the middle a narrow line from the submedian fold to the inner margin.
32 mm.
specularia. D. specularia Walk. (30 f). Reddish brown, forewing with traces of two antemedian and two postme-

dian wavy lines, a light spot in the cell and two below the base of vein 2, a large light subbyaline smear in
and around the apex of the cell, the veins traversing the smear dark. A similar semihyaline smear in the hind-
wing, as well as traces of two antemedian, two postmedian and a submarginal wavy line. 46 mm. — It is at
least doubtful whether this species belongs to the Palearctic Region. Swinhoe certainly records the type
as fi-oni „North-India" in his Catalogue (1892), but Walker himself writes „North-Hindustan", and other authors
(Butler, Moore, Cotes and Swinhoe) say Darjeeling, or (Hampson) Sikkim.

muscutaria. D. muscularia Walk. (30 f). ^ dark purple-grey, vertex reddish yellow. Forewing with reddish yellow

costa, antemedian, postmedian and submarginal dark wavy lines, the posterior half of the marginal area occu-

SPICA; DEROCA; PHALACRA. By Dr. E. Strand. 203

pied by a large wine-red smear. Hindwing similar, but the whole marginal area wine-red. 42 mm. ■ — ■ Habitat
as in the preceding species.

D. violacea Bull. (48 d). ,^ light purple-grey. Forewing with reddish yellow costa, both wings with violacea.
traces of an antemedian line and an oblique sharply marked reddish yellow postmedian luie, which is con-
tinued through the centre of the hindwing. 38 mm. — Kashmir.

D. lilacina Moore. (48 d). Closely allied to japonicn, but the forewing longer, the colour, which varies Hlacina.
from silver-grey to light straw-yellow, not quite the same, and the brown transverse Imes narrower and edged
with deeper yellow. On the costal margin an antemedian and two postmedian dark transverse spots; before
the proximal one of these spots the fu'st transverse line runs almost vertically to the inner margin, while the se-
cond begins at the costal margin between the apex of the wing and the distal one of the three spots; both
lines are contmued on the hindwing. Forewing with dark submarginal dots. 33 to 41 mm. Sikkim, Kashmir,
in September. — simillima Moore differs in that the sharply marked transverse lines are absent, the spots similHma.
being also absent or only indicated. Forewong with small brown discocellular bar. Costal area of forewing
whitish. Antennae and face golden brown. (^ 38, $ 43 mm. Kashmir.

10. Genus: Spiea Swinh.

Forewing with an areole, at the apex of which the short-stalked, or at least strongly approximated,
veins 8 and 9 originate, while 7 and 10 are thrown off near the apex of the areole. Middle tibia with one pair,
hind tibia with two pairs of spurs. Pectinations of antenna of (^ short and close together. Segments 1 and
2 of palpi densely scaled. — Only one species of this genus in our area:

S. parallelangula Alph. (48 c). Forewing bright light yellow, suffused with brownish at the costal parallel-
margin, with a violet tinge ; three slightly brownish parallel transverse lines, one subbasal, one antemedian """" ""
and one submedian, which are elbowed almost at right angles in the centre with the point directed marginad;
at the apex of the wing a similar oblique streak. Hindwing lighter, more greyish white, and without markings.
$ 36 mm. — West China; Amdo district. On the wing in June and July.

B. Proboscis present. Frenulum absent.
(Genera 11 and 12).

11. Genus: l>eroea Walk.

Differs in the following particulars from PJialacra, which is otherwise the only genus of tliis group
characterised by the presence of the proboscis and absence of the frenulum: Antennae of (J with long pecti-
nations, of $ with short ones, wings hyaline or subhyaline, forewing with rounded apex, vein 6 originating
from the areole, likewise veins 7 — 11, in the hindwing 8 anastomoses with 7 for a considerable distance.

D. hyalina Walk. (48 c). Body black with sparse white hair. Wings hyaline, with slight traces of two hyalina.
postmedian and one submarginal wavy line, the forewing also with two similar antemedian ones; margmal
spots and line indicated. 34 to 44 mm. India, also North-Western Himalayas, Central and Western China.
In Sikkim a small, less completely hyaline, form occurs, which may at least be separated as a variety (sub- subhyalina.
hyalina var. nov.).

D. inconclusa Walk. (= maculata Moore). Differs from hyalina in the more distinct and more spot- incondusa.
like markings and the white hair onthewmgs; at the costal margin three dark spots, a large double discocellu-
lar spot present, in the marginal area two rows of partially confluent spots, the hindwing with traces of two
postmedian transver.se bands and 6 distinct marginal spots. ^ 33, $ 36 to 43 mm. Widely distributed in
India, also in Kashmir. — phasma Bull. (48 c), from Japan, has darker and more sharply marked .spots, the inner- pluisma.
margin of the forewing, which bears two spots in the main form, is without spots, and the hindwing bears
markings only at the margua, viz. very small spots. — Leech records the species also from Western China,
but does not say whether his specimens belong to the main form or the variety.

12. Genus : Plialaera Walk.

Differs from the preceding genus in the following characteristics : Antennae of (^ serrata, of $ widened
and flattened, forewing with prolonged sharp apex, vein 6 originating from below the angle of the cell, but
7 — -10 from the areole; hindwing nearly rectangular at vein 6. Habitus more like that of the Thvridids.

P. vidhisara Walk. (= metagonaria Walk.) (30 f). Greyish brown with a reddish tinge and a few black vidhisara.
scales here and there, as well as marginal and submarginal black dots. Indications of transverse lines on both
wings. Fringes divided by black. (J 28, $ 38 mm. Larva spindle-shaped with broad head, bristly and spinose.

204 CILIX; ORETA. By Dr. E. Strand.

green with a red dorsal band edged with j^ellow, and with two red lines. Pupa purple-brown with white pubes-
cence. — Widely distributed in India, also in West China.

C. Proboscis and frenulum absent or obsolescent.

(Genera 13 to 15).

13. Genus: Cilix Leach.

Apex of forewing not sickle-shai)ed; on the hindwing veins 7 and S anastomose .so as to form an elongate
basal cell, the two end-branches behig on a long common stalk. On the forewing 6 and 7 originate from the angle
of the cell, 8, 9 and 10 are stalked. Frenulum vestigial. Antennae of $ with short bipectinations to the apex,
of the 9 with strongly reduced pectinations. Hind tibiae with middle and end spurs. At rest the wings folded
in steep roof-shape. — Larva like that of Drepana.

glmicaki. C. glaucata Scop. (= spinula Schiff.) (48 d). White, thorax posteriorly blackish brown. Forewing

with grey median band widened posteriorly, which does not reach the costal margin and is posteriorly inter-
mixed with violet-grey and lead-grey. Some of the veins are silvery white in the median band. On the inner
side the median band is bounded by faint olive-brown. Before the margin a row of small triangular grey spots.
Margin of hindwmg darkened with grey. 24 to 27 mm. South and Central Europe, also in Southern Sweden;
further in North Africa, Asia Minor, Syria, Armenia, Kashmir, the Himalayas, China, Amur, Ussuri, North
America. April and May, July and August; in the South apparently in tljree broods. The specimens from
the Himalayas differ in that the palpi are absent, the hind tibia has only one pair of spurs, and vein 7 of the
forewing is curved upwards, entirely or almost entirely anastomosing with 8, 9 and 10; this form, perhaps
depali)ala better regarded as a distinct species, I name depalpata subsp. nov. — asiatica Bang-H. (48 d), from Asia Minor,
asmtica. has the forewing almost uniformly white, with only a small triangular brown spot in the median area at the
inner margin. There is a specimen like this before me from Ain Draham in Tunis from coll. Seitz. — Larva
reddish brown with two pointed protuberances on segment 2 as well as 3, the posterior ones being larger
and white in colour at the tip; segments 11 and 12 each with two very small similar projections. On the anal
segment a sharp point and in front of it a small wart. Head with two small elevations. The median seg-
ments sometimes bear a light spot with a darker spot dorsally. 18 mm long. On Blackthorn, Plum and Haw-
thorn. June, August and September. Pupa light brown with bluish wing-cases, in a cocoon between leaves.

14. Genus: Oreta Walk.

Distinguished from the preceding genus by the forewing being produced at the apex, the sickle-shaped
tip, however, being roimded; vein 6 originates at the apex of the cell, 7 and 8 are stalked, likewise 9, 10
and 11, 9 anastomoses with 7 and 8, thereby forming an areole. Legs clothed with long hair. The antennae
may be serrate in both sexes, or bipectinate in the ^.

externa. 0. extensa Walk. (22 i). Yellow, head and legs red. Wings more or less suffused with reddish brown,

the yellow ground-colour iisually predominates in the basal area of both wings and in the marginal area (with
the exception of tlie apex of the hindwing). Both wings with white discocellular stripe, and sprinkled with
dark dots. Forewing with yellow oblique line from the apex ((J) or shortly before the apex (?) to the inner
margin, a dark spot at the anal angle and sometimes a small similar one at the apex. Occurs throughout

suffusa. India, likewise in Java, according to Swinhoe (1892) also in Japan. — suffusa Walk. (22 i), described from
Ceylon, is a darker, more brownish form; the yellow ground-colour is almost entirely confined to the basal
area and oblique line. ,^ 38 to 43, '^ 40 to 54 mm. — The larva, in Java, lives on a species of Ixora, in April
and May; according to Moore's figure (1859), which is not good, it appears to be light with darker oblique
smears, the ,,tail" with black and pale rings.

oUusa. 0. obtusa Walk. (22 i). ,^: Forewing with a narrow reddish brown band from directly below the apex

of the wing to the middle of the inner margin, the line being slightly convex proximally and separating an
inner or anterior brown portion from an outer or posterior yellow one. Both wings with pure white discocellular
stripe. Forewing with two black costal marginal spots. Head and legs scarlet. In the ? the yellow colour
is suffused with greyish brown, and the proximal area of the wing is not darker, or only slightly so, than the
distal area; the oblique line of the forewing is less curved. (J 40, ? 48 mm. India, also iii Kashmir. — Accord-

vafama. ing to MooRE (1865) and W.\rren (1899) vatama Moore is a distinct species, which is said to be distinguished
by the curved oblique line of the forewuig (according to Warren this is straight in obtusa) and the sharply
marked difference between the light and dark portions of the underside of the wing (in obtusa nearly uniformly
lirownish red); moreover, the antennae of obtusa and vatama are said to differ (but Warren mentions at the
same time that the tj'pe of obtusa has no antennae). As obtusa was erected for a $ and vatama for a (J alone
and the specimens of vatama known to me are all (J (J and those of obtusa $9 1 am mclined to agree with
obliquilinea. Hampson in regarding the two forms as sexes of one species. — According to Warren obliquilinea Hamps.

HYPS0MADIU8. By Dr. E. Strand. 205

(from the Punjab, Sikkim, Silhet) are nothing more than smaller and less distinctly marked specimens of obtusa;
if that is the case the form probably also occurs aberratively fm'ther north.

0. pulchripes Butt. (22 i). Light brown with a slight yellowish and violet gloss, markings similar to those pulchripes.
of the two preceding species, but more indistinct, the hindwing appearing almost unicolorous and the oblique
line of the forewing ending in the apex of the wmg {(^) or shortly before it (9); only the forewing with
a white discocellular stripe, this being placed in a darker smear. — calceolaria Butl. (22 i) is a more common calceolaria.
form, in which the larger distal portion of the hindwing and, with the exception of a marginal Imnd, that part
of the forewing which is outside the oblique line are bright yellow in colour, but irrorated with black dots;
in the anal angle of the forewing a small black spot. — loochooana Swinh. Allied to calceolaria, but the margin loochooana.
of the forewing less curved in the middle, colouring duller, margin near the anal angle with two black spots,
hindwing brown at the apex and with darker dots only in the middle. 38 mm. Linchotes. ^ 27, $ 32 to

37 mm. — Amur, Ussuri, West China, Japan; June, August. Larvae in June on Viburnum. They are marbled
with grey, brown and reddish, and are said to have the shape of the larva of Drepana (species ?), Irat ,,are much
larger"; they are found singly on the iipper side of leaves and are said in order to pupate to roll a part of the
leaf together so as to form a tube closed at both ends by a white web (Graeser).

0. auripes Bufl. (48 c), from Japan and China, is closely allied to the following species, but the grey auripes.
transverse lines of the forewing are far apart from one another, frmges and margin of hindwing light rust-
red, body pale whitish brown, metathorax and abdomen suffused with rose red. Wings beneath light ochreous,
irrorated with lilac grey, and bearing a curved discal line of the same colour on the forewing. $ 44 to 46 mm.

0. calJda Bull. (22 i), from Japan, differs from pulchripes at first glance in the dull brown colouring, calida.
the more falcate apex and the more strongly curved margin of the forewing. Both wings with two black transverse
lines, the outer one of which on the forewing is elbowed in an acute or right angle close below the costal margin;
at the apex of the cell of the forewing a large black spot, but no distinct discocellular spot. Underside spotted
with reddish grey, and bearing a grey discal stripe, which is angled near the costal margin. ^ 42, $ 51 mm.

0. turpis Butl. (30 c) is also Japanese and seems to be rare. Brown with a light greyish gloss; forewmg turpis.
with submedian straight lighter transverse stripe, and with the usual oblique stripe, which extends from the apex
to the apical third of the inner margin and is straight except anteriorly. Hindwing with dark marginal band
and minute black rows of dots. J 32 mm.

15. CJenus: HypKoiiiadiiis Butl.

Its author compares this genus with Drepana; it is more robust, the head scarcely visible from above,
palpi excessively short; antennae compressed, the segments emarginate; shoulders broad and in a straight
line with the costal margin of the forewing; the latter triangular, prolonged at the apex, margin slightly concave;
hmdwing almost triangular, costal margin straight, inner margin slightly concave, with projecting anal angle,
distal margin convex ; legs clothed with very long hair to the tips of the tarsi. Nothing is said about venation,
tongue and frenulum. However, the tongue and frenulum are absent, which is presumably of greater inportance
than the differences pointed out by Butler. Vein 5 of forewing touches 4 at the base, discocellular strongly
elbowed in the middle, 6 and 7 from the anterior angle of the cell, 7 runs parallel with and quite close to 8
to shortly (about 3 mm) before the apex of the wing, where 7 curves backward, so as to run into the distal margin
distinctly below the apex of the wing, while 8 terminates nearly at the apex or close before it; at the
same spot where 7 separates from 8 these two veins are connected by a transverse bar, whereby a very elongate
areole is formed, while at the same point 9 branches off and runs into the costal margin; 10 is thrown off
from 8 a little more basally and also ends in the costal margin. Veins 8 and 11 originate together from the cell
slightly proximally of the upper angle. In the hindwing 4 and 5 originate together from the lower angle
of the cell, 6, 7 and 8 nearly as in Drepana, but the discocellular less oblique.

H. insignis Butl. (22 g). Wings silvery grey, with two transverse lines of which the sometimes indistinct insignl>s.
inner one of the forewmg and the outer one of the hindwing are dentate-sinuate and browaiish yellow like
the inner one of the hindwing, while the outer line of the forewing, which extends from immediately before
the apex to the middle of the inner margin, is dark z'ed as well as straight. Below, the wings glossy rose-colour,
with numerous grey indistinct markings; forewing with an indistinct transverse line extending to the apex.

38 to 47 mm. — Yokohama. Only one specimen before me from coll. Seitz.

206

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Drepanidae.

Alphabetical List

of the Indo-Australian Drepanidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is figured at the phice quoted.

aestiva Drep. Spr. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1899. p. 83.

aestiva Drei>. Bbl. Berge-Rebel, 8chmetterling.sl)iich p. 137.

ahraxata Callic. Bull. Cist. Ent. Ill, j). 124.

aeuiiiinata Drep. Leech, Entomologist 23, \>. 113.

approximattila Drep. Apai:, Bull. S. Ent. Prance 1833, p. 56.

uriroiitoohi Drej*. Moore, Lep. East Ind. Comp. p. 369.

areentiliiioarhi Mimoz. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ((>) 19,

p. 183.
asiatica Oil. Banq-Haas. Iris 20, p. 70.
aiiripps Or. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 3.55.

binarhi Drep. Hufn. Berl. Mag. IV. p. 516.

bidens Drep. Leech, Plntomol. 23, p. 113.

bractcata Droji. Hamps. 111. Het. Br. Mus. 9, p. 68.

calceolaria Or. BiUL Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 478.

calida Or. ButL Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, ]». 477.

capitata Eueh. Walk. Oat. 24, p. 1121.

cliiiieiisis Auz. L^eech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 362.

cilicoidi'S Macroe. Snell. TijcLs. v. Ent. 32, p. 9 *.

conjiincta Drej). KbL Berge-Rebel, Schmetterlingsbuoh p. 137.

crassislrigaria Drep. Strand, Seitz, JMacrole]). 2, p. 199.

crocoa Dro)). Leech, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 649 *.

Wlltraria Drep. F. Syst. Ent. p. 621.

ciirvatula Drep. Borkh. Nat. Schm. Ill, p. 460.

depalpata Oil. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep., 2, p. 204.
didyaria Euch. Swinh. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 3, p. 111.

cxtciisa Or. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. V, p. 1166.

fabiohirhi Kuch. Oberth. itt. d'Ent. X, p. 35 *.

[alcataria Drep. i. Fauna Suec, p. 323.

tciicslra Drep. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 368.

fcncstraria Macrauz. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, ji. 639.

I'lavilinca Drep. Leech, Entoniologtst 23, p. 113.

fractifasciata Euch. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 360.

(jlaucuta Oil. Scop. Ent. Oarn. p. 221.

griscarhi Drep. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, j). 365.
^riscarhi Dr<^p. Stijr. Roman. Mem. VI, p. 335 *.
griscarlpcniiis Drej). Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 201.

harpa!;ula Drep. Esp. Schmett. Abb. Ill, p. 373 *.
hyalina Der. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. IV, p. 823.
Iiyalina Drep. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 401.

idaeoides Leuc. Hamps. Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths T, p. 333 *.
incdiichisa Der. IFo/A. Oat. Lep. Het. Br. :Mus. VII. p. 1727.
iiiciinspiciia Tekl. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 363.
iniiolaia Drep. Hamps. Fauna British India, ^Moths I, p. 335.
iiisi^nis Hypsom. BiUl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 478.
japonica Drep. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, ji. 94.

laccrtinaria Drep. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 519.
lihvciua Drei). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 401.
lilipiitaria Drep. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, j). 200.
liiivata Leuc. I^ccch, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 364.

loochooana Or. Sivinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 591.

niaia Macroe. Leech, Proci Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 647 *.
luanleyi Drep. L.ecch, Trans. Ent. Soc. I^ond. 1898, p. 366.
minuta Auz. Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 362.
iiiiisciilarhl Drep. Walk. Oat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, ]). 1554.
mysticata JIacroc. IFaMt. Oat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1617.

nguldoe Callic. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 18, p. 22 *.

nivea Leuc Hamps. Fauna Brit. Ind., Mollis I, p. 333.

obliquilinea Or. Hamps. Fauna Brit. India, Moths I, ji. 349.
obtusa Or. Walk. Oat. Lej). Het. Br. Mus. V. p. IKiT.
oranaria Drej). Strand, Seitz, IMacrolei). 2, p. 200 *.
orbiferata Macroe TI'aM-. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 24, p. 1126.
orciferarhi Euch. Walk. f!at. Lep. Het. Br. ^Mus. 20, p. 56.

palle(dus Drop. Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 39, \). 193.

parallclans:iila Spica Alph. Iris 6, p. 346.

parviila Drej). Leech, Entomologist 23, p. 112.

patrana Drep. Moore. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 816.

phasnia Der. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) I, p. 442.

pulchripes Or. BidL Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 477.

punctifera Drep. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 201.

quinquclincata Leuc. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,
p. 364.

rebeli Drep. Siandfs. Zool. Stud. 1898, p. 69 *.
rubroniarjrinata Drep. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,

]). 365.
ruhilus Drep. Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1866, 39 1, p. 192.

sacra Leuc. Bail. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) I, p. 404.
scabiosa Drep. Ball. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 478.
scincula Drep. Hbn. Saiulg., Bomb. 50 *.

sempavonaria Auz. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1620.
sericca Teld. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 363.
siniilliina Dre)). Moure, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 402.
simplificaria Drep. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 202.
speciilaria Drep. Walk. Oat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1553.
subhyalina Der. Strand, Seitz, jMacrolep. 2, p. 203.
substi^niana Euch. Hbn. Zutr. 3, p. 29 *.
suftiisa Or. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. V, p. 1167.
siiperba Auz. Butl. 111. Typ. Lep. Het. II, p. 52 *.

thlbetaria Leuc. Poui. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 311 *.
turpis Or. ButL Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 477.

unibratula Dre]). Stijr. Oat. (Ill), p. 129.

unduliteraDrep.//a»ips..lourn. Bomb. Soc. Nat. Hist. 13, p. 228.
.uncinula Drep. Borkh. Nat. Schm. Ill, p. 461.

vatama Or. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 816.
vidhisara Phal. Ifw/A-. Oat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 21, p. 319.
violacea Drep. ButL III. Typ. Lep. Het. VII, p. 42 *.
vira Drep. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865. j). 817.
Virgo Leuc. Butl., Aiiii. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) I, p. 404.

PTERODECTA; SCHISTOMITRA. By Dr. E. Strand. 207

12. Family: Callidulidte.

Only a very few species of this otlierwise purely Indo-Australian family, comprising about 30 spe-
cies in 3 genera, are found in the extreme South-East of the Palearctic Region. They are all small moths
of black brown ground-colour, with orange yellow band on the forewing; only exceptionally the yellow colour
also appears as a broad band on the huidwing or entirely replaces the dark ground-colour, being rarely absent.

The venation is distinguished by tlie middle discocellular being absent on both wings or only faintly
indicated on the forewing, so that the cells of the Callidulidae are open, as is the case in some Saturnids.
It must be left undecided whether the absence of the cross-vein in these small moths is a sign of the per-
fection of then- power of flight as in the Apaturids and many Saturnids; however, their agility on the wing
is very marked for such small insects.

Head small, with rather broad frons, eyes naked, ocelli absent; palpi sometimes much enlarged, usually
of median length, second segment long, hairy, third usually bare, sometimes also prolonged; antennae of median
length, setiform, sometimes almost imperceptibly incrassate in the last third. Thorax slender, almost like
that of a butterfly; likewise the abdomen, which is only slightly stouter in the $ than in the ^. Fore and
middle tibiae scaled, the latter with long end-spiirs, hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs. Forewing broad, very
variable in shape, sometimes pointed, sometimes with rounded or truncate apex. Hindwing oval, often angulate
in the middle. Frenulum small [Callidula., Pterodecta) or entirely absent (Cleosiris).

Nothing is known to me of the early stages. The moths briskly fly about by day in the sunshine
in open places in the woods and at road-sides, and like to suck the dew off the grass with their strong pro-
boscis; they also drink at damp places on roads. When settled they keep their wings half spread, nearly as in
Ckrysophanus; when asleep they close them like a butterfly. They are nearly all not rare, and some species
I found in considerable numbers together. Their principal home is the Malay Archipelago, especially the larger
tSunda Islands and New-Guinea; distributed northward to Amurland and Japan, eastward to the Philippines
and Moluccas, and southward to Northern Australia.

The family has twice been monographed by A. Pagenstecher. Systematically the Geometer-like Ura-
niids are closely allied to it, but for technical reasons this family will be dealt with later.

1. Genus: I*tero<lecta Bull.

This genus contains larger species. It is at once recognisable by the truncate apex of the forewing, whose
apical edge is slightly concave. The antennae are curved somewhat in lyi'e-shape and slightly stouter towards
the apex ; the palpi are the longest among the Callidulids, especially in consequence of segment 2 being slightly
prolonged and segment 3, which is scaled like the others, very strongly so. Hindwing slightly angulate at
the upper median vein. Forewing with yellowish red luniform band; underside with colouring and markings
of a small diy leaf. Distributed from the Eastern Himalayas to Japan.

P. felderi Br em. (= gloriosa Butl.) (22 f). Above dark brown, forewing with yellowish red hmiform felderi.
discal band, from the middle of which a tooth extends to below the middle of the cell. All the characteristics
claimed for the Japanese form (gloriosa Butl.) are also found in continental specimens, the luniform band varying
greatly m width and intensity of colouring; the wliite-centred dots in the middle of the disc on the under-
side may be absent, present or increased in number, etc. Not rare, in North- and Central-China, at I-chang,
Chang- Yang, in Amurland and m Japan. The moths are on the wing in the spring in the sunshine, and their
flight recalls that of certain sjjecies of Theda.

P. anchora Butl. (22 f). Similar to the preceding species and perhaps only a western form of it. The anchora.
discal band of the forewing much narrower, more pointed at both ends, lighter (more yellow) in colour, the prox-
imal tooth continued as a light orange spot, which extends below the lower edge of the cell and sometimes
into the cell. — In Kashmir (Kulu, Dharmsala), but also in the Indian Himalayas.

2. Genus: Slichistoiiiitra Butl.

The only known species of this genus was described as a Chalcosid and placed near Chatamla. But
Chntumla is also no Chalcosid and was only placed in that subfamily of Zygaenidae on account of the super-
ficial, doubtless mimetic, resemblance of certain Chatamla (e. g. tricolor Butl.) to certain Chalcosids [Psa-
phis euschemoides, cf. vol. 10, pi. f d). Pryer still placed it among the Chalcosids, between Elcysmu (cf. this
vol. pi. 3 a) and Pidorus (2 c), but already expressed the opinion that this is not its proper place, suggesting
that Schistomitra belongs to the Geometrids. Only lately has it been classified among the Callidulidae, but
it is doubtful whether it will retain this position. Pagenstecher does not mention it in his two monographs
of this family. Leech correctly places it near Pterodecta.

208 SCHISTOMITRA. By Dr. E. Strand.

Head small; palpi small; antennae stout, slightly dentate on the inner side; thorax stouter than in the
preceding genus; legs stout and short; thorax woolly, abdomen stout, velvety, not reaching the anal angle.
Forewing very broad. Costal margin short and straight, outer margin curved, iiuaer margin straight, almost
as long as the costal margm ; all the veins separate, costal vein ending at two-thirds of the costal margin subcostal
branches 1 and 2 thrown off some distance before the apex of the cell, 3 and 4 on a long stalk, 5 and
upper radial on a short stalk from the upper angle of the cell; lower radial branch considerably nearer the
ui)per than the lower angle of the cell; discocellular slightly curved; median branches widely separate at their
origin. Hindwing pear-shaped, broad, with rather long costal margin: costal vein long; subcostal giving off
two branches from the apex of the cell ; the radial vein originates considerably above the middle of the disco-
cellular, which is oblique and slightly curved; median branches distant from each other at their origin, the
submedian reaches the anal angle. — Known only from Japan.

ftineralis. S. funeralis Bnfl. (48 g). Of medium size; thorax black with yellow collar; wings black; forcM-ing

with ivory yellow basal stripe below the costa, a broad curved band whose inner edge is deeply indented and
wavy at the apex of the cell, and also with a broad discal band consistmg of 8 elongate spots separated
by the veins, the upper ones of which are rather long and linear, the fourth being short and quadrangular.
On the hindwing the basal part of the costal margin is also creamy yellow; a broad band widened costally
above the apex of the cell fills up nearly the whole basal half of the wmg, which, like the forewing, bears
a discal band separated by the veins into 8 spots. Abdomen with four orange bands. On the underside the tho-
rax is clothed with white hair laterally, and the abdomen orange with four longitudinal rows of black spots.
— As yet only known from Honto, from Fujisan and Nikko. The moth seems to be very local.

Alphabetical List

of the forms of Palearctic Callidulidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
*) signifies that the species is also figured at the place cited.

anchora Pter. Pagenst. Jahrb. Ver. Naturk. 40, p. 238.

feldori Pter. Bretn. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 38 *.

funeralis Schist. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 4.

Fubi. ''i. X. 1911. SATURNIID.E. — General Subject. By Dr. K. Jordan. 209

13. Family: Saturniidae.

Although there are many forms among the Saturnids Avliich differ greatly in facies as well as in stmcture,
yet the family is sharply defined. The differences from allied families, such as Brahmaeidae, Bombt/cidae, Eiipte-
rotidae, etc., however, refer to venation only, as all the other characters which are generally mentioned as being
characteristic of the Saturnids s. lat. apply only to some of the species which belong here.

Forewing with two to four subcostal veins, the two lower ones of which are on a common stalk; the
second radial of both wings always in or before the middle of the apex of the cell ; costal of hindwing free from
the base, neither connected with the cell by an oblique bar, nor anastomosed with it for a short distance, nor
curved down to near the apex of the cell; first submedian vein, freimlum and retinaculum absent; tongue
always weak, without function.

The two halves of the tongue are separated, with irregular long fringes, and often altogether absent. Palpi
long and obliquely erect, or quite small and hidden in the wool of the head and forelegs, with all mtergradations,
often united at the base, without basal spot of modified hairs. Antennae also very diversely developed, usually
without scales, or the shaft sparsely covered with long scales which easily fall off, in some Neotropical genera
however (Lonomia, Draconopteris) densely scaled to the apex; the pectinations always without scales, in most
species first curved upwards, then sideways and downwards, but in the afore-mentioned American species
obliquely dowii-turned from their bases nearly as ua the Eupterotids and Lymantriids. Most species have
quadripectinate antennae in the (J, each segment of which (often with the exception of the distal ones) bears
a proximal and a distal pair of branches. Similar antennae are very rarely found outside this family (e. g.,
among the Sphingidae in Cressonia and Monarda, and in the Eupterotids m Gangarides). In many cases the
distal branches of every segment are entirely absent; the distal and proximal pectinations are also never quite
alike. In the typical Saturnid antennae, whether bi- or quadripectinate, the thin and rather long sense-hairs
are situated on the distal side of the basal process and on the proximal side of the apical one, the upper and
lower hairs being directed respectively up- and downward. In the $ the antennae are quadri- or bipectinate
or dentate or simple, the teeth beuag shorter than in the ^ in all cases, and we may here mention the remark-
able fact that in many species with exceptionally strongly plumose cJ-antenna the ^-antenna has on the
contrary smaller pectinations or teeth than in allied species with smaller (^-antenna. Both sexes frequently
bear conical sensory organs at the apical edges of the segments, and often also on the pectinations, the cones
being in this family much more numerous than in others (sense-cones).

The ocelli are always absent. The head is always retracted and small in proportion to the thorax and ab-
domen. The abdomen is more woolly in those species that spin a cocoon than in the forms which pupate in the
ground without a cocoon; in the latter species the long scales ai'e often hard and almost spiniform.

The tibiae are always without spines. The spur at the inner side of the foretibia (epiphysis) often extends
nearly to the tip of the tibia, in other forms it is more or less reduced and sometimes entirely absent ; it is more
strongly developed in the ,^ than in the $. The spurs of the middle and hind tibiae are short and claw-
shaped in t3rpical Saturnids, their bare apical portion usually being finely dentate like the claws of the tarsi;
in many forms, however, the spurs of the tibiae are long, and a large number of species have a second pair,
or a single short spur representing this second pair (present in most Heterocera), on the limd tibia beside
the always present end-pair. The tarsi are never very densely spinose, and have generally no spmes at all
on the upper side; the short fourth segment of the fore tarsus of the $ is prolonged on both sides and here
bears a short stout spine ; the sole of segment 5 of this tarsus is in the 9 often only clothed with short hair.
The pulvillus is present and usually large, but is sometimes absent (e. g. in Hemileuca). The paronychium
has only one lobe on each side and is entirely obsolete in some genera (e. g., in Hemileuca, Eudia).

The shape of the wings is extraordinarily variable. Among Othorene, Adelocephala, and other Cerato-
cam/jf rtaet he Sphingid-facies prevails; in many species of this subfamily of the Saturnids, especially in the $$,
the hhidwing has a similar shape as in Lasiocampidae. Long-tailed species occur in different groups of the family,
and sickle-shaped f orewings also occur independantly of each other in not closely allied genera. The discocellular
eye-spots, which in no other family are as abinidantly developed as in the Saturnids, are only preseiit in certain
groups and absent in the larger number of species. The difference ui the development of the venation is very
interesting, especially the reduction of the subcostal branches of the forewing from four to two, the various
stages of development being found m allied genera. We here mention incidentally that the subcostal branches
which morphologically correspond to branches 4 and 5 are always present, reduction taking place in subcostals
1 to 3. In some text-books the lower branch is erroneously described as being subcostals 4 and 5 fused together.

II 27

210 AGTIAS. By Dr. K. Jordan.

At tlie base of the forewmg above there is a short, more or less curved, spur, which has erroneously
been called ,. cocoon-cutter." As Ch.\pmax has proved, it is a support for the moth in emerging from the co-
coon. The latter is .softened by a liquid given off by the moth from the mouth so as to facilitate emerging. The
spur is best developsd in Australian species, and very much reduced in the Saturnids which do not spin a cocoon.

The larvae of Saturnids are adapted in the most different directions, and do not present a single character
which apphes to all the species. The tA^jical forms bear 6 rows of thorny warts wlxich are. however,
even in these forms often partly or entirely absent m the last stages. The dorsal warts of the thorax and segment
1 1 frequently remain when the others are obsolescent, and are sometimes developed to large defensive horns
(Eades, Citheronia, Arsenura, etc.). Poisonous hairs are widely distributed in tliis family, especially among
the smaller American forms. In many species the two dorsal warts of segment 1 1 are united to form one
high wart or a process resembling the horn of the Sphingidae. Accordmg to whether these two warts are joined
or separated, the Saturnids have been divided into two groups, but this is an artificial classification, quite
closely allied species showing this difference (e. g., Cricula trifenestrata and C. andrei).

Only a portion of the Saturnids has the faculty of spmnmg a cocoon. Nearly all the African and
a large proportion of the American Saturnids pupate in the ground without a cocoon, like nearly all Sphingidae,
but not one of the Palearctic and ludo-Australian species has lost the faculty of spinning. The cocoons are often
different in the different species or genera, but often also vary geographicalh- and individually. The pupae
enclosed in cocoons, as might be expected, exhibit characters which are absent in those buried in the ground,
while the latter again have special adaptions. In all pupae, in accordance with the slight development of the
buccal organs of the moth, the sheaths of the mouth-parts are short, so that the wing-cases always touch one
another. Many of the pupae having cocoons are suspended in the latter by means of hooked bristles of the
cremaster and sometimes on a special transverse wall. In many species however the pupa lies loose in the co-
coon. The bristles of the cremaster are then usually also present, but have more or less lost their hooked shape.
In the pupae buried in the ground the cremaster is often long and thin.

With very fe>v exceptions the moths are nocturnal and many do not fly before midnight.

Among the Saturnids there are several species which approach Bonibyx mori in economic importance.
The production of Saturnid silk is quite considerable in Asia, and large quantities of raw silk and cocoons
are exported to Etirope for the manufacture of silk goods. Three A7itheraeae especially are domesticated for the
production of silk: In India it is Anthernea inijlitta, from which Tussore silk is obtain°d, in Chhia A. pernyi,
and in Japan A. yamamai, both of which live on Oak, and which it has been attempted to breed on a large
scale in Europe, with moderate results.

The family is predominantly tropical, the number of Palearctic species being insignificant as compared
with the abundance of species which inhabit tropical America or Africa. But our Region has some character-
istic t3q)es. Saturnia, Eudia and Aglia do not extend beyond the Palearctic Region. Neoris, Caligula, Rhodinia.
etc., are genera which either only occur on Palearctic territory, or have at most reached the mountains of North-
ern India. Other more widely distributed genera have their home in the Himalayan countries, which are
Palearctic for the most part, and the neighbouring districts of China, as e. g. Actias and Loepa. The American
Saturnid fauna is connected with the Asiatic one by Actias and Saturnia, which in America are represented by
allied forms, whose range has become extended southward.

1. Genus: Acfias Leach.

Palpi short, of the same colour as the fore tibiae, and therefore contrastuig with the frons. Antenna
of J long-quadripectinate, with the exception of the last six to eight segments, which have only one process
on each side, this being moreover much shortened: the processes become distinctly shorter from the middle
segments both basad as well as apicad; in the 9 also quadripectinate, but the teeth much shorter than in the ^.
Head, prothorax and legs not rough, the abdomen and base of wings, however, rough and woolly. Spur of fore
tibia scaled; hind tibia with one pair of spurs, tarsi with fairly numerous spines, sole of fifth fore tarsal seg-
ment not scaled in $. Cill of both wings closed, cross-vein incurved: forewing with four stibcostal branches
on a common stalk, the first branching off far more distally than the fourth, the second quite short, the tliird
distinctly downcurved, ending in the outer margin, the lower median proximally to the middle of the cell;
hindM'ing produced into a tail. M'hich is supported by three veins (the lower radial and the two median branch-
es), cell slender, subcostal near the base, the first radial about in the middle of the cell, more proximal than
the two median branches, which are near together. — ■ Larva at first reddish, in the later stages green, with
swollen segments, hair thin, long and rather sparse, six rows of low warts clothed with spuies and a very long
central hair and u.sually also a few shorter hairs, segment 11 with 5 warts, the dorsal one of which is central
and higher than the others, segment 12 with four warts. Cocoon brown, dense, .sptin in one or several leaves

AGTIAS. By Dr. K. Jordan. 211

of the food-plant and fastened to thin twigs. Silk of inferior quality. Pupa with hooked bristles at the anal
end, by which it is attached to the cocoon.

A number of species of the Old and New Worlds, which have been distributed over several genera.
In China there occur more species than anywhere else.

The geiaus extends eastward to the Moluccas.

A. dubernardi Oberth. (J: Wings narrow and long, yellowish green, distal margin of both wings broadly duhernardi.
pink, discocellular spot of forewing connected with the costal margin. West Chma. Tse-ku. — • Sonthonnax
describes a $ from Leou-fang, which he places here with some doubt. It is perhaps the $ of sinensis. Its wings
have some red only on the tail, and the hindwing bears an ocellus, but the discocellular spot of the forewing
is united with the costal margin as in the ^J.

A. felicis Oberth. (34 a). (J: Pale green; forewing narrow, with strongly rounded apex and outer margin, felicis.
fringes yellow, ocellus small, a wavy line parallel with the margin between this and ocellus. Hindwing likewise
narrow, the ocellus much nearer the outer margin than in selene. — West China: Siao-lu, in coll. Oberthur.

A. sinensis W<dk. (33 b). ^■. Pale yellow; forewing sharply pointed, outer margin evenly concave. Both sinensis.
wings with a wavy line basally of the middle and between the ocellus and the margin a second very deeply
waved line widened into dots ot the veins, ocellus in both wings with reddish lunule, and on the forewing connected
with the costal margin, tail long, thin, almost straight. The markings more reddish below than above. — Northern
China ; North-Eastern Assam. Only a few specimens are known of this and the preceding species ; the follow,
ing species, however, are common, sinensis is here figured in colours for the first time.

A. artemis. A short-tailed species in which the tail is so curved outward that its hind margin is strongly
angulate in the $ and less so in the (^; by tliis character the species can easily be distinguished from specimens
of the following which are otherwise very similar. The discal line of both wings is, moreover, wavy above and
below; when the line is absent above it is at least indicated by dots on the veins. The genitalia confirm the
opinion that these differences are specific. Larva on various deciduous trees. Moth in June and July. Hibernates
as pupa. Amurland and Japan. Three subspecies. — artemis Brem. (33 b), from Amurland and Askold, probably aiiemis.
also occurs in Oorea. The discal line is nearly always absent above and is generally only indicated beneath by
dots on the veins. In the Tring Museum there is a gynandromoi^phous specimen ($ on the right side, ^ on
the left), ab. caeca Sfgr. are specimens without ocelli; tliis name has been omitted in Staudinger- Rebel's caeca.
Catalogue. — In aliena Butl. (33 a), which is known to us from Yezzo and the Main Island of Japan, the aliena.
discal line is usually distmct, but specimens also occur in which scarcely a trace is present even on the under-
side. — xenia subsp. nov. is found on the Liu-kiu Island Okinawa, and therefore really occurs outside the Pale- .i-e?iia.
arctic boundary ; but as that is the most southern point of the species, the form may be described here for the
sake of completeness. Forewing traversed by an oblique line at the origin of the lower median branch, this line
being absent in the two other forms; discal line distmct on both wings, especially strongly developed above;
on the underside of the hindwing a brown marginal line, fringes yellow. In one specimen the wine-red colour
of the costal margin, collar and legs is replaced by pale yellow; ab. flavicollis ab. nov. flavivoUis.

A. selene. The tail of (^ and 9 longer than in A. artemis, and directed more backward, its hind edge scfene.
therefore less curved. The discal line not regularly undulate, and often accompanied by a second Ime. Egg
brown, densely dotted, reticulate in transmitted light. Larva first red, then green, the warts of the green stages
reddish orange with the exception of four dorsal warts on the meso- and metathorax, which are larger than
the others and green with a black ring; the warts on segments 11 and 12 also remain green. On various deci-
duous trees, in India especially on Coriaria nipalensis, Andromeda ovalifolia. Hibiscus, SaUx babylonica,
Wild Cherry, Walnut, etc. The moths appear already in the spring and are found throughout the summer.
From Japan and the Amur to Ceylon and Borneo, and m most places not common. — gnoma Butl. (= dul- gnoma.
cinea Butl., mandschurica Stgr. pt.) (33 c). A small form. Ocelli and tail without red; the black arc of the ocellus
thin, separated by a pale yeUow lunule from the transparent discocellular bar. Tail of o about as long
as the wing is broad at the level of the ocellus, in the $ shorter by at least one-tliird. On the Main Island
of Japan, common from April to October. • — ■ mandschurica Stgr. is a link between gnoma and ningpoana. The mandschu-
name was originally based on a medley of specimens from Amurland and Cliina, and ningpoana was not at "'^"'
all referred to m the description. If mandschurica. is valid at all, it may be restricted to specimens from the Amur
and Ussuri districts. Ocelli and tail usually without any distinct red colour (in a ^ from Raddefka before me
the ocellus has a very distinct red lunule), tail of both sexes longer than in gnoma, outer margin of hindwing
less convex from the apex to the base of the tail, the black lunule of the ocellus stronger. — ningpoana ningpoana.
Fldr. (= mandschurica Stgr. pt., selene [Hbn.] Leech pt.) (33 b). Larger on an average than the two precediiig
forms, very much like true selene, but always distinguishable from it by the absence of the red colour from

212 ORAKLLSIA; SAMIA. By Dr. K. Jordan.

the tail. From Peking and Shantung to Central and Eastern China and Formosa. — In Southern Cliina and in
Hainan selene Hbn. occurs; West-Chinese specimens also have the tail partly red, and must be placed with
selene. In North-Western India selene does not reach the Palearctic Region.
Hybrids of Actias:
mortoni. hyl)r. mOftoni Tntt = lima ,$ X selene $.

2. Genus: CiiraollKia Grote.

Closely allied to Actias. Antennae of ^ with longer pectinations, only the three or four last segments with
only one process on each side, the distal segments below not prolonged at the apex either in the (^ or the $, the
apical branches of each segment short, the proximal ones on the middle segments about as long as a segment,
the bristles at the tips of the pectinations and the sense-cones at the apical edges of the segments numerous.
Frons and underside of thorax more rough-haired than in Actias. Spur of fore tibia shorter and slenderer, in the
$ not half so long as the tibia; fifth segment of fore tarsus of $ densely scaled also below, short. Forewing
with three subcostal branches and sometimes with the indication of a fourth, the penultimate one termin-
ating at the costal margin slightly before the apex, as it not down-curved at its apex as in Actias; the upper
median slightly more distant from the base than the stalk of the subcostals, in the hindwmg the upper median
and the third radial branches close together, the cross-vein straight, placed in the centre of the round ocellus,
the upper angle of the cell of the hindwing obtuse. — Larva Avith six rows of small warts, on segment 11 as in
Actias the two dorsal warts fused together to form one larger median wart; upperlip short, broadly excised;
antennae short. Cocoon moderately dense, semitransparent and soft. Cremaster of pupa coarsely wrinkled,
obtuse, covered with numerous hooked bristles, by means of which the pupa is attached to the cocoon. A
species confined to Spam, characteristically modified and representing a side -branch of Actias. Its distri-
bution recalls the Cicindelid Tetracha euphratica, which is in Europe also only found in Spain, but again in the
East in Anterior Asia.
isahcllac. G. isabellae Gmells (33 c). Body reddish brown, head and thorax with yellow markings, abdomen

ringed with yellowish grey. Wings green, veins reddish brown, ocellus reddish distally, red and grey proximally,
surrounded by a black ring. — Larva first greenish black with light stripes; when full-grown light green, a broad
dorsal stripe i-eddish brown, accompanied on each side by a light line, the reddish brown colour continues laterad
and forms a girdle becoming wider below on each segment (with the exception of the thorax) and being inter-
rupted by two light oblique streaks, between which lies the stigma; large black transverse patches on the thorax.
Cocoon reddish brown. On Pinus maritima, also feeds on other conifers in captivity. Sierra de Guadarrama,
north and east of Madrid, most common near Bronchales. Piipa hibernates, cocoon on the ground. A de-
tailed description of the larva is given by Chapman in Ent. Record 1902, p. 12(5.

3. Genus: Naiiiia Hbn.

Tongue present, in the $ hidden between the palpi, in the ^ distinct but functionless. Pectinations
of antenna of $ not much shorter than in the ^J, the cilia directed down and forewards, the basal and apical
branches of each segment almost equally long, with the exception of the last eight or nine segments, on
\vliich the apical branches are absent or quite short. Abdomen with many tufts of short wool arranged in rows.
Spur of fore tibia almost reaching the end of the tibia, last segment of fore tarsus of the $ not scaled beneath,
middle and hind tibiae with apical spurs. Both wings with narrow central lunule, the tran.sparent portion of
which is curved and linear; cell of both wings open; forewing with three subcostal veins, the first branch from
the cell, more rarely from the stalk of the two others, the second curved downwards at the apex of the wing
so that it ends in the outer margin, the upper median vem nearer the base than is the stalk of the subcostal.
— Larvae powdered with white ; with six rows of fleshy thorns, which bear sparse bristles, the dorsal processes
longer than the lateral ones in the earlier stages, later on the difference smaller. Cocoon long, pointed at both
ends, usually wrapped up in a large or several small leaves. Pupa without bristles at the anal end. Two species,
one of which is confined to India, while the other occurs from Japan to India and eastward to the Sula Islands,
and is also acclimatised in several localities m Europe and North America.

S. cynthia. Abdomen with rows of small white woolly tufts. Grund-colour of body and wings varying from
clay-colour to olive-brown, the anterior portion (towards the costa) of the lunule transparent, tliinly scaled with
white, the posterior portion clay-colour; a white discal line traverse both wings, with a black inner and a more
or less reddish outer edge, in the basal area of the wings a distally black-edged white line wliicli is so strongly broken
on the forewing that the anterior portion is parallel with the median branches and the posterior part with the costal
margin. Underside almost as above, but without a line m the basal half. $ like the ^J, only with shorter and broader
wings. Larva at first yellowish, then vv'hite or greenish or bluish green, with black dots; the dorsal processes
in the later stages about as long as the distance between two dorsal processes of the same segment ; the processes
of the differeiat segments almost equal, bluish. Poljrphagous, chief food-plants: Ailanthus, Ilex, etc.; prefers
Syringa in Europe, but also takes Prunus, Pirus, Juglans, Laburnum, and other plants. The cocoon consists

RHODINIA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 213

of an outer layer of loose silk and an iinier dense web. The silk, from which a very tough cloth is made, cannot
be reeled, but is carded and then spun. It is coarse and not valuable for export. — True cynthia Drury is cynthia.
confined to the Malayan districts. — On Palearctic territory two forms are found: pryeri Bntl. (3.3 a) inhabits pryeri.
Japan. The proximal band of the forewing more or less convex posteriorly, without long teeth on the me-
dian veins, the discal band twice deeply incurved, only faintly reddish *) outside the white line, at least the
red line is never sharply defined: on the hindwing the discal band is deeply incurved below the halfmoon. The
cocoon is grey or yellowish white. The larva (tscho-san) are found especially on Ilex rotunda, Ailanthus glan-
dulosa and Phellodendron amurense. — The specimens from North and Central China, walkeri Fldr., are dis- walkeri.
tinguished from pryeri by the discal band of both wings having a shai-per outer edge, aiid by the long median
teeth of the proximal band of the forewing. This form goes northward to Manchuria and Corea, and is much
kept domesticated for the sake of its silk, e. g. in the provinces of Shantung and Che-kiang. This form was
introduced into Europe m 1845 and has been domesticated in France with some success. — In the Northern
districts the species has only one brood, in the Southern countries several broods in a year. The second
.species of the genus, S. lunula Walk., is likewise easy to breed, and crosses between it and S. cynthia are also
known.

4. Genus: MtluullnUt Stgr.

Outer side of tibiae and tarsi rough-haired, spur of fore tibia in the o long with obtuse apex, in the ?
much shorter and thinner with pointed apex; segments of tarsi with apical spines, which are numerous in
fugax; pulvillus large. Antennae characteristic: the shaft higher than it is broad, ventrally with a sharp median
carina which has no minute hairs; in the (J the apex of the segments (with the exception of the proximal
ones) produced, all the segments long-quadripectinate, the branches of the median segments as long as four
segments, those of the distal segments gradually becoming shorter, all with long apical bristles; in the 9 also
quadripectinate, but the distal processes of the median segments at most as long as one segment, and the proxi-
mal ones not longer than two. Venation also peculiar: cell of both wings open, but usually indications of
the cross-vein present, ocelli represented by an oval, lunular or triangular vitreous spot wliich has a narrow
white and then a brown edge; forewing with four subcostal branches, 1 and 2 branching off far distally from
3, radials 1 and 2 stalked; in the hindwing the subcostal as well as the lower median originating distally
to the middle of the cell, the latter more distal than the first. — Larva almost naked, granulose. the six warts
of the prothorax separated, but the two dorsal ones close together, the dorsal warts of the metathorax the
largest, segment 11 with one dorsal wart instead of 2. Cocoon egg-shaped, but truncate at the upper end, and
attached to a leaf or slender twig on one side so that the cocoon appears stalked at one corner (pitcher-
like), dense, without outer loose silk. Pupa attached by the hooked bristles, which are placed close together,
to a loosely woven transverse wall, which stands close to the apex of the cocoon. The full-grown larva as well
as the pupa makes a loud cliii-ping noise when disturbed. Distributed from the Himalayas to Amurland and Japan.

R. fugax. Vitreous spot round, ovate, or proximally almost straight and with a rounded outer edge.
Sexes very different. (J almost uniformly reddish brown with brownish black markings, or the ground-
colour partly light yellow, apex of forewing strongly produced, the outer margin deeply concave, all hnes irre-
gular. $ light yellow with brown lines, the distal one of which is placed near the ocellus and only slightly den-
tate. Larva on Phellodendron. Cocoon green. The species has been frequently bred in Europe during the
last years. Japan and Amurland. The moth in the autumn. — \ug&\Bittl. (34 c). The cJ more or less yellow iugax.
or light reddish brown above in the basal half of both wings. $ with very sparse brown dusting above and
below. Japan, especially on the Main Island. — diana Oberth. (34 c). (J more unicolorous and darker than fu- diana.
gax. $ with denser brown dusting above in the costal marginal half of the forewing and between the discal
lines of both wings, and below from the base to the yellow marginal area, than in the preceding form. Amur,
Ussuri, Suifun, Vladivostock, Askold.

R. jankowski Oberth. (34 d). Much paler than the preceding species and more thinly scaled. The sexes jankowski.
almost alike. The vitreous spot proximally concave, lunular. Outer margin of forewing nearly straight also m
the ^. Body, base of wings and marguaal area of forewing yellow, through both wiiigs a non-dentate pale
line with an outer and inner dark brown edge ; rest of upper side blackish brown, median area slightly shaded
with reddish brown. Larva first grey, then green, with a row of small blue lateral spots. Cocoon brown.
On Phellodendron. — Amurland, in the same districts as R. fugax diana: the moth in the autumn.

R. davidi Oberth. (34 d). Vitreous spot very narrow and long, with yellow edges. Body and wings davidi.
clay-colour, the margin of both wings light yellow, before the margin a zigzag line, the teeth of which are truncate
as in the allied species, proximally to this line, which is very thick on the hindwing, on the forewmg a row
of clay-coloured spots on a yellow ground, and on the hindwing a narrow yellow band. — West China, only in a
few collections.

*) too red in our figure.

214 LOEPA: SALASSA. By Dr. K. Jordax.

o. (ienus; JLoopa Moore.

Palpi not visible from above, but distinct in a lateral view, as they have the dark colour of the fore
tibiae and therefore contrast with the frons. Antennae of o quadripectinate, of $ bipectinate. The spur of
fore tibia long, not scaled, obtuse. Forcwuig with rounded apex, and four subcostal branches; upper radial
from the cell, cross-vein curved, placed about in the middle of the ocellus, lower median much more proximal
than the stalk of the subcostals. Hindwing with distinct though Aveak short iruiermarginal vein (which is
absent in the allied genera).

The species ai'e very similar in markings and colouring. Yellow, sometimes partly brownish red,
the collar and the costal margin of the forewLng brown; ocellus more or less deep rust-brown, larger on the
forewing than on the hindwing and below smaller and much less distinct than above. Forewmg above with
a proximal irregular line, which is sometimes double, and a deeply waved discal line dentate on the veins, further
distally there are two parallel lines near together, before the margin a white line or a row of white arcs and
below the apex a black spot. The markmgs of the hindwing very similar, but the proximal line more zigzag,
and the black subapical spot absent. Paler beneath than above, the markings less distinct. $ like the q, but
with shorter and b:oader wmgs. — Larva known of only one species (sikkima Moore). Clothed with rather
sparse thin hairs, six rows of warts bearing spines and a long central hair, segments 4 to 10 with a wliite spot
behind the stigma, a smaller spot on segment 11; when half and quite full-grown reddish brown shaded with
blackish, warts red. A younger .specimen before me almost entirely red; head and pronotum blackish. The
youngest stages are said to be black with red warts. Cocoon dense, longitudinal, pointed at both ends. Food-
plants: Cissus and Leea. It would be a task well worth undertaking to breed from the eggs the two common
Indian species L. kaiinka and sikkima. China. India, Malay Archipelago.

oberthuri. L. oberthuri Leech (= dogninia So7itfi., dognini Soyith., oberthiiri Leech) (32 d). The first subcostal

branch of the forewing branches off from the cell. Forewmg above suffused with brownish red from the base
to the discal double line, and from the hind margin to the ocellus ; ocelli incurved. — Central China, August. In
North-Eastern Assam and Tonkin there occurs a species of a similar colour.

damiirlis. L. damartis spec. nov. (34 d). A small and very pale species. Light straw-yellow; the proximal line of

the forewing red, simple, the black subapical spot ovate, above and below it a red streak; hindwing below
without a red spot at the apex. The four subcostal branches of the forewing on a common stalk, the first
originatin.g more distally than the last. ^ and $ almost alike, the forewuig of the ^ much shoi-ter and rouiader
than ui the other species. Most closely allied to \.\\eli\daa,n miranda Moore. — Central and Western China, in the
late summer.

kiiiiiil:a. L. katinka Westw. Venation similar to that of damartis. Upperside chrome-yellow; proximal line of

forewing double, the black apical spot of the forewing oblique, rounded distally, without a red streak below it;
hindwing below with small red spot at the apex. Ocelli with inner black ring or halfring. — ■ West, Central
and South-Eastern China, North India; common in the summer, in China especially in July.

The common Indo-Malayan L. sikkima Moore is not known to me from the Palearctic Region.

6. Genus : Nalassa Moore.

Palpi distinctly projecting in a side-view. Antenna of ,^ quadripectinate with the exception of the
last one or two segments, the shaft as well as the branches with some spiniform bristles. The segments of the
antenna of $ on each side with a short process, which is at most as long as two segments, these processes longer
in the distal half of the antennae than in the proximal half, shaft and process with numerous spiniform bristles.
Tibiae and tarsi smoothly hairy and scaled, not rough. Spur of fore tibia long; middle tibia with one pair
of spurs, hind tibia with two pairs (which is seldom the case in the Saturnids). Tarsal segments with only one
pair of spines at the apex on the middle and hind legs, and in the $ also as in most genera with a pair at the
apex of the fourth segment of the fore tarsus. Forewing pointed, with a vitreous .spot which is more or less
edged with black, but not developed to a real ocellus; with three of four subcostal branches, the first always
from the cell, the second short and near the apex of the wing, often absent, the third terminating in the apex
of the wing or close below it in the outer margin, first radial from the cell ; transverse vein in both wings angulate
or curved, placed at the proximal side of the vitreous spot, foi-ming an acute angle with the second radial in the
forewing. Hindwing only above with a ringed ocellus. — Larva not described. The cocoon consists of leaves
and bits of wood spun together. Northern India and China. Seven species are known as yet.

thespi.t. S. thespis Leech (34b). S rusty red; forewuig with a black Ime in the basal fourth, which, in contra-

distinction to S. lola Westw., is not edged with greyish white, vitreous spot triangular, on the disc a blackish
line, in which stands a row of small vitreous spots, more distally a broad blackish band. Hindwing before
and beyond the cejitre respectively with a black band, the bands united anteriorly to form a regular curve

ANTHER.EA. By Dr. K. Jordak. 215

open behind and enclosing the ocellus; the latter with greenish yellow ring, which has a reddish tinge post-
eriorly and does not touch the outer black band. Beneath, both wings almost alike in. colour and markings, with-
out ocelli, only with a vitreous spot, a blackish discal line edged with white is sharply developed. $ yellowish
olive with much larger vitreous spots than in the ^. — Only known to me from Central China (I-chang) and the
Province of Fo-kien, probably of wider distribution in China.

S. olivacea Obeiih. (34 d). Not known to me in Nature. Apex of forewing not produced. Thorax and oUvacea.
wing brownish yellow with a greenish tinge; on both wings a proximal and a discal black band, the first
having an outer and the latter an inner white edge, outside the discal line a broad pale ochreous band dentate
distally, vitreous spot of forewing large, ovate; ocellus of hindwing black, with large rounded transparent
pupil. — Ta-tsien-lu, West China.

S. royi Elwes. Both sexes of the forewing with a large round or oval vitreous spot. ^ blackish chest- rorji.
nut, antenna and coUar more yellowish. 9 to the greater extent oUve-yellow, thorax chestnut, anteriorly
pale yellow. Hindwing of ^ and $ grey from the costal margin to the limd margin of the cell, ocellus black
with white ring. — In the Himalayas, where the species occurs both on Indian and Palearctic territory.

7. Genus : Aiitlier^ea Hhn.

Palpi and frons with rather short scaling, not rough and woolly, end-segment of palpi distinctly marked.
Antenna of (^ quadripectinate, the pi-ocesses very long, with the exception of the seven to ten last segments,
whose branches are so short that the apex of the antenna has the appearance of being simple; the distal branches
are altogether absent on the last 6 to 8 segments. In the $ also cjuadripectinate, but the distal branches
of each segment always short and on the last 8 to 10 segments only vestigial; in the (J and $ the apical edge
of the distal segments (about 10) produced below. Tibiae and tarsi laterally with rather long hair-like scales,
rough, the spur of fore tibia not scaled, long and broad in the ,^, much shorter and slenderer in the 9; tarsi
with very few spines; fifth segment of fore tarsus of $ scaled in the middle of the sole, but the narrow scales
easily fall off. Forewing with three subcostals, the first (morphologically the second branch) originates from
the cell, or from the stalk of 3 and 4, or directly outside the fork, m single specimens the rest of the real first
subcostal (SC) is indicated as a small branch thrown off from 8C-, 8C^ always absent, the branches forming
the fork being SC* and SC^, SC* always distinctly bent down at the the tip, therefore ending in the outer mar-
gin, not in the apex, the stalk of the subcostal fork originates at the same level as the upper median, lower
median from the middle of the cell, upper and lower radials separate, cross-vein present; costal vein of hmd-
wing always terminating in the apex or outer margin, not in the costal margin, subcostal at the same level
as the lower median or more proximal. Basal spur or forewing very well developed. — Larva sparsely
hairy, with six rows of warts bearing thorns and a few long hairs widened at the apex; above the stigmata a
longitudinal line; upper lip with deep narrow incision; antenna long. Pupa short and broad, without distmctly
marked cremaster, loose in the cocoon, not attached by the cremaster; the bristles at the anal end not hooked
as in Actias, and not united in two bundles as in Caligula and allied genera. Cocoon very dense, covered with
a loose web and usually wrapped in a few leaves of the food-plant, ovate, attached to a small twig with one
end by means of a short or long stalk. A purely local Asiatic genus, extending from North- West India to the
Moluccas and northward to Japan and Amurland. The Saturnids most important for the silk industry belong
to this genus; especially three species are domesticated: yamnmai from Japan, pernyi from Chma and mylitta
from India. The silk of mylitta is an important article of commerce, and is known by its Indian name Tussore
(Tussah, Tusser, Tussur). About a dozen and a half species are known, three of which inhabit the Palearctic
region.

A. harti Moore. A very peculiar species only known to me from the specimens in the British Museum, harii.
and one specimen in the Museum of the Silk Laboratory at Lyon. Dark brown, fringes bright yellow, ocellus
almost alike on both wings, surrounded by a narrow black ring, outer half yellow, inner half brownish red,
transparent pupil round, large. First subcostal branch of forewing from the stalk of the fork. Larva green,
with a golden spot at the base of most dorsal warts. Cocoon yellowish white, fastened to a branch by a long
stalk. On Oak. The species is semi-domesticated, and is said to have two broads a year. Niwohwang, Manchu-
ria. — In reports on the production of silk in China A. pernyi is mentioned as a moth common near Niw-
chwang ; perhaps some of the specimens may be harti. It is often very difficult to discover to which species
the reports of the consuls and the observations of missionaries refer. The species of Antheraea are so similar
that they are constantly mistaken for one another — even an entomologist like Staudixgek was quite in the
dark about the differences between pernyi, yamamai and mylitta*) — . and on the other hand in silk literature
the moths and cocoons bred on different plants are often known under different names so that, from an entomo-
logical point of view, it is often impossible to do anything with the records of occurrence of a moth.

*) ff. Staudingeb, in Romanoff, M6m. L6p. VI, p. 328 (1892), and Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 265.

216

ANTHERtEA. Bv Dr. K. Jordan.

hazina.

calida.

inorosa.

fcnloni.

scrgesius.

A. yamamai Guer. (34 b). The shaft as well as the lateral processes of the antennae of the (^ longer
than in A. pernyi and ^4. mylitta, the segments not blackish at the base in J and $. First subcostal branch
of forewing alwaj's branching off from the cell, the subcostal of hindwing further from the base than the lower
median. The genitalia of the (^ are particularly characterised by the long bristles (about 8) on the upper pro-
cess of the valve only being moderately thickened, and segments 8 and 9 not being strongly chitinized dorsally
and not prolonged to form a distally widened process. The outer margin of the forewing distinctly wavy, espe-
cially in the ^ ; the median band of the forewing is always close to the base of the upper median branch. The
black ring of the ocellus of the hindwing is anteriorly widened to form an elongate spot into which the yellow
colour of the ocellus does not penetrate. The blackish submarginal spots of the underside are longer and farther
away from the margin than in A. pernyi and form a more or less contiguous lunate line, at least on the fore-
wuig. The ground-colour is very variable. We distinguish five principal tvpes, which are connected by all
yamainai. transitions and not local, and were regarded as species by Butler: f. yamamai Gmr. is light yellow in the ^
with moderate brownish red suffusion ; the 9 paler yellow, brownish red distally to the black and white discal
line. In f. hazina Bull, the yellow ground-colour is almost entirely covered with brownish red. f. calida Bull.
is uniformly reddish brown, f. morosa Butl. (34 a) is the darkest form, uniformly dark brovvn. f. fentoni Bull.
(34 b), on the other hand, is a more or less grey form. Finally we mention as ab. sergestus Wtstw. the $ de-
scribed by Westwood as a species; it stands between f. hazina and f. fentoni in colour and has exceptionally
much red in the ocelli of both wings. — Larva in the first stages pale yellow with black stripes ; when full-grown
greenish yellow, the warts yellow with black spines, glossy silvery spots laterally. On Oak; can also be bred
on Chestnut. Cocoon greenish yellow or yellowish green, not rough, without a distinct stalk. The silk of Japan-
ese cocoons is easily reeled and is very tough ; it is difficult to dye with ordinary methods and is usually worked
in with the mulberry silk. A. yamamai is confined to Japan, but during the last 40 years attempts have been
made in various countries to acclimatise the moth, so that in collections specimens are met with labelled
China, Csylon, Northern India, Spain, etc. — The history of the introduction of the moth into Europe is
quite romantic. It was interdicted in Japan under penalty of death to export living eggs, pupae or moths. In
1860 the French consul Duchesne de Bellecourt managed to obtain secretly a larger number of eggs and to
send them to France, where they arrived in February. Several larvae pupated and one moth (a 9) was obtained,
so that Guerin-Meneville could describe and figure the egg, larva, cocoon and $. Shortly afterwards, in
1863 a Dutch doctor stationed in Japan, Pompe van Meedervoort, shortly before leaving for Eurojie obtained
eggs of yamamai hidden in a cane from one of his pupils who was particularly attached to him, and brought
them safely to Belgium. The species was successfully bred from these eggs. Since then the moth has been
introduced in various districts of Europe (Spain, France, Italy, etc.) for the production of silk. But the silk
of the cocoons bred in Europe is inferior in quality, and the yield is of no importance for the silk industry.

pcrinjl. A. pernyi Guer. (= constans Stgr., confuci Moore) (34 d). Antennae of cJ with shorter pectinations than

in ytniuunai, the segments of ^ and ? black at the bases. The first subcostal branch of the forewing does not
origiiiate from the cell, but is stalked with the other subcostals, usually branching off beyond, or close before,
the fork formed by the two other subcostals ; cell of both wings slenderer than in yamamai, subcostal of hindwing
at the same level as the lower median vein, and therefore more proximal ihsiW my amaynai. Segments 8 and 9
of abdomen more strongly chitinized dorsally in the J, forming a process projecting anadand being strongly broad-
ened at the apex, the bristles of the clasper thicker than in yamamai. Colour less variable than in that species,
ground-colour yellowish grey to reddish brown, in the ^ usually less bright than in the $. The glassy pupil of
the ocellus of both wings round, usually circular, the black ring narrow, on the hindwing only slightly widened
anteriorly, on the widened part filled in by the yellow or yellowish brown of the ocellus. The lines and outer
margin of the wings even, the discal line rarely slightly wavy. The blackish submarginal spots of underside
short, separate, further away from the margin than in yamamai. — Egg brown, without the spots and black
dots of yamamai. Young larva black, the warts with white hairs; later on green, the upper warts orange, the
most ventral ones blue, all clothed with black hairs widened at the tip, above the stigmata a longitudinal
line, in the last stages silvery spots stand beside some of the warts; numerous white short lanceolate hairs
are distributed over the sides and back. On Oaks, easy to breed and much more robust than yamamai; also
takes Chesnut, Carpinus and other deciduous trees. Cocoon with short stalk, wrapped in leaves by means of
rough silk. — The species is distributed from the Amur to Southern China, and in India is represented by
royli Moore. The silk exported from China (Chinese Tussore) is largely obtained from this species.

A. pernyi has two broods in the year, and hibernates as pupa; the summer cocoons contain twice as
much silk as the winter ones, but the silk is coarser and darker than the spring silk and is especially used for
export to Europe. Development from the egg to the moth takes on an average from six to seven weeks. The
moth (in nature) is said to be found from the spring (May) till the late summer. The result of its introduction
into Europe has not been so successful as was expected; but the species is still being kept domesticated in
different places in Spain, France and on the Balearic Islands.

]',ihl. :':,. X. mil. CALIGULA. By l)v. K. Jordan. iM7

Staudinger, in 1892 was quite uncertain about yamamni and pernyi and suggested the name var. constans
for the "moths bred in Europe and called Pernyi'\ which "vary very inconsiderably" and are "always light
ochreous brownish". As Staudinger did not know from where these moths originally came, and as his des-
cription applies just as well to pernyi as to roylei, the name constant is best treated as a synonym of pernyi.

Hybrids of the Palearctic Antheraea.

hybr. moorei Tutt = roylei ^ x pernyi $. moorei.

hybr. kirbyi Tutt = pernyi ,^ x roylei $. kirhyi.

hybr. yaminitdi ^^ x pernyi^, and pernyi (^ x yam<imai ^ are also known; the first subcostal branch
is thrown off either from the cell or directly after it.

8. Genus: C^ali$i;illa Moore.

Tongue absent. Palpi very small, not visible from above, united at the base, hairy and coloured like
the frons. Antennae of o quadripectinate to the apex, the branches of a segment almost equally long, with
the exception of the last 7 or 8, whose distal branches gradually become shorter, the branches of the middle
segments as long as 5 or 6 segments; in the $ bipectinate, but the distal branches also represented by more
or less distinct teeth, the branches of the median segments as long as one or two segments ; shaft in ^J and $
below clothed with fine hairs and short bristles, wdthout the central naked stripe of Neoris, etc. Call of fore-
wing very strongly narrowed basally, the median vein being incurved, half as long as the wing, broader than
the cell of hindwing, three subcostal branches, the first well developed, the common stalk branching off from
the cell at almost the same level as the upper median; cross-vein incurved in both wings, almost in the
middle of the rather large ocellus. Spur of fore tibia of ^ and $ long and slender ; hairs and scales of tarsi smooth.
— Larvae, as far as known, with 6 rows of very low warts, which bear single long hairs, the warts of the
two dorsal rows in the first stages considerably larger than the lateral ones, which are very small; the
whole body moderately densely hairy, the dorsal hairs widened in spear-shape towards the tip and almost all
of equal length. Cocoon reticulate, brown. Pupa strongly granulate-rugate; cremaster truncate-emarginate,
the angles widened laterally, each with a bunch of short stiff bristles in a groove.

The species occur in the Himalayan countries and Eastern Palearctic Asia.

C. thibeta consists of two geographical forms. Yellowish grey, tinged with reddish; the antemedian
and discal lines tinged with brownish red, ocellus with black pupil, between ocellus and the broad submarginal
band of the hindwing three deeply wavy lines. More grey below than above, the ocellus of both wings nearly
alike, with small black pupil. — In true thibeta Westiv. (34a), from the North-Western Himalayas (Kumaon), thibeta.
the discal shadowy band of the upper side of the forewing is so curved that it nearly forms a right angle with
the costal margin ; both wings more uniformly ochreous and reddish than in the Indian extensa Butl. from
Sikkim and Assam, the forewing more stumpy, and the underside less grey. Larva on Pieris ovalifolia, like
the cocoon and the pupa not yet described. The moth in the autumn.

C. boisduvali. Thorax above brownish wine-red, sometimes more yellowish, more rarely blackish red,
abdomen paler. Forewing with antemedian and discal line, which are close together from the cell to the hind
margin, being sometimes united on the submedian fold; the discal line double and waved from the ocellus
to the black apical dot ; the area enclosed by the two lil^es grey, moi'e or less reddish and continued at the
costal margin and in the cell to the base ; collar of the same colour, a band running from the apex to the hind
margin and strongly widened behind brown and festooned distally, another of the same colour on the hind-
wing; ocelli of both wings almost alike, brownish red with black outer ring, small black pupil, brownish grey
ring and thin white lunule. Underside paler, more unicolorous: the median area not contrasting, the wavy
double line almost parallel with the outer margin, on the forewing the brownish band outside it not much
broadened behind ; a reddish or brownish shadowy line runs through both wings, standing outside the ocellus
on the forewing and traversing the ocellus on the hindwing. Larva green, above and below with a black brown
lougitudiiTal stripe, the warts of both dorsal rows reddish yellow, full-grown without stripes (always?). On
v^arious deciduous trees. Cocoon reticulate. The moth in the autumn. From Lake Baikal to Japan in three
geographical forms. — boisduvali Ersch., from Kiachta, Urga and the Kentei Mts., southward of Lake Baikal, hoisduvali.
The median area of the upper side of the forewing whitish grey, the space between the ocellus and discal band
and the submarginal line on both wings also very light, strongly prominent; the upper side almost entirely
without a yellowish or reddish brown shade. Underside with much whitish grey, especially at the proximal
and distal sides of the ocelli, the wavy lines rather conspicuous on account of the light ground-colour, and the
submarginal line almost purely white. — faliax subsp. nov. (= jonasi Stgr. pt., boisduvali auct. pt.) (30d as fallax.
boisduvali). Upper- and underside of cJ with reddish brown tinge, especially on the upperside of the hindwing,
both sides much less grey than in the preceding form, the lines above as well as below less prominent. The $
paler than the t^, more yellowish brown, especially at the margin. Distributed from Vladivostok, Askold, Us-

II 28

218 DICTYOPLOCA. By Dr. K. Jordan.

joiiasi. suri to tlie Amur. — jonasi Butl. (32 b. d). Much more unieolorous and darker than the preceding forms;
forewing longer, all thf> lines much less distinct, the submarginal line of both wings only white or whitish behind;
the ocelli smaller and more transverse. Japan, on the ]Main Island in September. Two nearly full-grown larvae
before me have no longitudinal stripe above or below.

C. litldia. Wings grey, sometimes with a reddish tinge. Forewing above with a lieav^v oblique almost
straight black subl)asal line, which is proximally more or less distinctly bordered with red. at the ocellus a
usuallv indistinct zigzag line, which is followed by two parallel festooned lines, the outer one of which is re-
presented bj' a black dot at the costal margin, between them and the margin two quite feebly festooned lines,
in between which there are usually distinct light spots on the veins; hindwing longer anteriorly than in bois-
duvali, the subcostal veui farther from the base, the outer ring of the ocellus partly or entirely red, between
base and ocellus an almost straight dark line, distally of the ocellus an indistinct zigzag line and in the marginal
area four lines, the two inner ones of which are much less dentate than the corresponding lines of the forewing.

Ihtdia. The $ similar to the cj. Larva and pupa not known. Himalayas. — lindia Moore (= hockingi Moore) (32 b).
The ocellus of both wings with black excentric pupil, which is bounded by a white discocellular bar proximally.

bo)iita. The light submarginal spots small and diffuse. North- West India and Kashmir, June and July. — bonita
subsp. nov. Much more brightly coloured, the colours more strongly contrasting than in lindia, on the upper
side the grey-white submarginal spots of the forewing almost as sharp as in hieti, but smaller, the black pupil
of the ocellus smaller on the forewing and absent on the hindwing; on the underside the red colour of the
ocelli more extended and on the hindwmg the ocelli without black pupil, the markings in the marginal area
of both wings brighter. Yatung, Tibet, two pairs in the British Museum.

bieli. C. bieti Oberth. (32 a). Forewing above and below grey with large black basal spot, and between ocellus

and outer margin festooned parallel lines which are produced into long teeth on the proximal side; ocellus
of hindwing without black pupil. — Western China.

anna. C. anna Moore, which is known to me from North India and Southern China, perhaps also occurs on

Palearctic territory; it is distinguished from bieti particularly by thp yellow colour of the submarginal spots,
the black pupil of the ocellus of the hindwing and the longer wings.

According to Obebthtjr, Boisduval received a specimen of C. grotei Moore from Eversjl\nk with
the locality Turkmenia. As the species is otherwise only known from North India it is probably a case of con-
fusion of localities.

9. Genus: 1>iet^'0|»loi«a gren. nov.

Forewing with only two subcostal branches. The distal segments of the antennae below more jjroduced
at the apex than in Ca%?t?a, and with more distinct sensory cones, the pectinations of (J shorter, the apical ones
on the middle segments of the $ short but distinct. Larva at first black, with 6 rows of warts clothed with black
bristles, in the following stages greenish yellow below, black above, clothed with long white hairs, then more
or less completely white with blue spots at the stigmata, small black dots, and short transverse streaks
laterally. Cocoon with much larger meshefe than in Caligula. Pupa very rugate, apex of abdomen almost trun-
cate in a straight line, forming a shai-p edge, on each side with a bundle of short bristles in a groove. The co-
coons are used for the manufacture of silk, but both the quantity and quality are negligible. Himalayas to Japan.

japonica. D. japonica Bidl. (= regina Stgr.) (32 c). Ground-colour varying, yellowish grey, brownish yellow,

or almost olive; the markings on the contrary faii'ly constant, Forewing above in the basal fourth with a
reddish or brownish transverse line which bounds a large basal spot, and with a second rather diffuse line beyond
the middle which touches the ocellus at the outer side or stands slightly distant from it; the area bounded
by the two lines slightly lighter than the rest of the wing; ocellus oblique. Hindwing usually redder than the
forewing, with much larger and more sharply defined ocellus. Below more imicolorous than above; the ocellus

castanea. on the forewing with black pupil, on the hindwing blind. Pale .specimens are f. castanea Sirinh. Larva on Jug-
lans, Castanea, Camphora, in captivity takes Oak, Hawthorn, Willow, etc. The three first stages of the larva
almost alike; in the fourth and fifth stages the black colour confined to the sides, the warts of the thorax with
a few black bristles between the greenish white hairs. Meshes of cocoon large. Japan (Main Island and
Kiushiu), Amurland, North China; the moth in the autumn (September and October), common. The silkglands
of the caterpillar are sometimes employed for the manufacture of fisliing lines.

Simla. D. Simla Westw. (35 a). Larger than japonica; the costal margin of forewing grey to the base, and the

thorax anteriorly of the same grey colour, posteriorly on the thorax a white transv^erse band which is absent in
japonica. Ground-colour less variable, but hi some specimens much darker than in others; the brown median
band of the forewing traverses the ocellus or touches it on the inner side, being rarely outside the ocellus as
in japonica. Larva from the third stage already to a great extent yellowish white, full-grown with little black
laterally, dorsally a bluish white stripe, on which are pale greenish blue hairs (Watson). Meshes of the cocoon

NEORIS;.PERISOMENA. By Dr. K. Joedan. 21&

not so large as in japonica. On Salix babylonica, also on Wild Pear and Apple, and Walnut. The moth in the
autumn, common in North and North- Western India, reaches the Palearctic Region in Kashmir (Swinhoe).

10. Genus: Jfooris Moore.

Tongue absent, palpi small, united at the base, of the same colour as and long-haired like the frons.
Antennae slightly chitinised, pale, the branches thin ; in the (^ quadripectinate to the apex, the branches of
each segment about equally long, only the distal ones of the last three or four segments shortened, the median
branches about as long as five segments, the shaft ventrally with broad naked stripe, no sensory cones at the
apex of segments, or now and then a small central apical cone. In the $ the shaft of the antenna as in the (J,
all segments qiuidripectinate, the proximal branches of the median segments twice as long as the distal ones
and as long as 2^4 — 3 segments, the distal branches of the last six segments quite short or only just indicated.
Cell of forewing slender, shaped almost exactly like that of the hindwing, median vein not so strongly incurved
proximally as in Caligula and Perisomena, three subcostal branches, the common stalk of which is more prox-
imal than usual and branches off almost at the same level as the lower median branch, stalk of the two upper
radials longer than the cell is broad ; cross-vein of both wings regularly incurved, traversing the proximal part
of the large round ocellus. Spur of fore tibia short, not scaled, in tlie i^ one-eighth as long as the tibia, in the
$ quite a small lobe. Tarsi spiny below, segment 5 of fore tarsus of $with naked sole; paronychium short, pul-
villus pale and small. Like Saturnia in facies. — Larva with similar hair to that of P. caeciqena, according
to Statjdinger entirely without warts, not known to me in nature. Cocoon transparent, thin, irregularly reti-
culate, meshes small. Pupa with very stumpy rounded cremaster, which, on each side in a rounded groove,
bears a tuft of short curved, sharp, stiff bristles.

The four forms belonging here represent each other geographically, and agree so closely that they
are undoubtedly only forms of one species.

N. huttoni. Varies from brownish grey to dark ochreous. Collar grey. Wings with a simple blackish
antemedian line, which has a slight proximal light edge, between it and the base a large grey wedge-shaped
spot in the cell of the forewing. On the disc a dark double line which, on both wings, is accompanied outside
by a light line and is strongly festooned on the forewing; median area of forewing dusted with blackish, ocel-
lus sometimes smaller on the forewing than on the hindwing, edged with black, especially on the hindwing, in-
side the same a white curved transverse streak which is not central but is shifted basad. On the underside the
ocellus of the forewing is more sharply defined and larger than that of the hindwing. All the forms are Pale-
arctic, one entering the Indian Region in North- West India. Larva on Sjjiraea and according to Hutton on
Pirus. — huttoni Moore (31 d), from North- West India, is the most unicolorous subspecies ; dark ochreous, the huttoni.
lines less distinctly prominent than in the other forms, the black edge of the ocellus of forewing very narrow
and almost obsolete distally. Mussoorie. — stolizkana Fldr. (= shahdulla Moore, shahidula Moore, stolizkai sfo&Aana.
Moore) (31 c). More greyish, the light discal line nearly white, the black edge of the ocelli mere distinct, and
the outer black discal line heavier than in huttoni. Ladak and Yarkand, at an altitude of more than 12 000 ft.
— galerope Pilng. (32 a) is very like huftofii, but duller in colour, more reddish brown, the black lines more galerope.
distinct, on the underside the white discal line faint or absent, the outer black discal line however usually sharply
defined. Budschnurd, Atrek River, Northern Persia. — schencki Stgr. (= schenki Stgr.) (32 a). The most schencki.
prominently marked form; bases of abdominal segments blackish; the black edge of the ocelli broader, and
the antemedian and discal lines very distinct, disc shaded with grey. Beneath the white outer line sharply
defined. Saisan, Alexander Mts. and Ferghana.

11. Genus: Perisomena Walk.

Tongue aborted. Palpi very short, united at the base, just as long-haired as the frons, with which they
do not contrast. Antennae pale with thin lateral branches, in the ^ each segment with 4 processes of about
equal length, in the $ with two, those of the central segments as long as five segments in the (J, scarcely as long
as one and a half segments in the $; the cilia of the (J are directed up and down. Wings semitransparent,
the scales small and deeply slit; forewing with two subcostal branches, the common stalk of which branches
off at almost exactly the same level as the upper median branch, sometimes a third subcostal branch is indic-
ated, the two upper radial branches stalked, the first rarely branching off from the cross-vein; cell of both
wings closed; the cross-vein almost quite straight, in the centre of the small round ocellus; cell of forewing
narrower basally than in Neoris, the costa.1 of hindwing into the costal margin, subcostal nearly straight except
for the distinctly downcurved apex, ending in the apical angle. Spur of fore tibia not scaled, obtuse, in the ^
about one-third the length of the tibia, in the 9 reduced to a short lobe hidden beneath the scaling. Tarsi with
spines, especially at the apices of the segments, sole of segment 5 of fore tarsus with a spot of small scales. Larva
clothed with numerous thin hairs, some of which are as long as a segment; each segment with six small warts,
the dorsal warts larger than the lateral ones, all clothed with very long thin hairs; the dorsal and subdorsal

^20 SATURNIA. By Dr. K. Jordan.

warts bear numerous short spines in addition. Cocoon double: it consists of an outer net witli wide meshes
and a denser inner one with smaller meshes. — One species, which is closely allied to Neoris.

caecigenii. P. caecigena Kupido (32 b). (J yellow, at the costal margin of forewing, and usually also distally of

the discal line uf both wings, pale wine-colour, sometimes nearly the entire wings with the exception of the
outer margin suffused with wine-reddish; before the centre an irregular line, on the disc a regularly festooned
line; ocellus small, somewhat larger on the forewing than on the hindwing. $ like the ,^, but the pale wine-red
colour much more extended, sometimes nearlj' the whole moth of this colour, often the wings yellow from the
base to the discal luae. Egg glossy, flat, and marbled with white and brown, several deposited together. Larva
on Oak; first bluish grey, then green, more rarely reddish, the hairs white, the small warts yellow, below the
stigmata a raised longitudinal line. Cocoon dark brown, pear-shaped. Pupa light brown, cremaster truncate,
sharp, with a tuft of short stiff curved bristles on each side, the whole body with sparse minute hair, the penul-
timate segment much less rugate than the others. Moth in September and October; flies ac night. Hibernates
as egg. Distributed from Carhithia and Istria through Daimatia, the Northern Balkan- States to Asia Minor and
Armenia, also in Southern Hungary (Orsova).

12. Genus: ^iaiiiriiia Schrank.

Tongue absent. Palpi verj^ small, completely hidden in the wool of the frons and fore legs. Antemiae
of (5* quadripectinate to the apex, the pectinations long, becoming gradually shorter distally, the apical ones
of each segment only distinctly shorter than the proximal ones of the same segment on the distal segments;
in the $ also quadripectinate, but the apical processes of each segment shorter than the segment, often reduced
to pointed teeth; the shaft of both sexes ventrally with a broad median stripe which is less hairy than the
sides, but still bears numerous small hairs, the distal segments more or less distinctly produced below at the
apex. Spur (epiphysis) of fore tibia of cj long, of $ quite short and rounded apically. Tarsi smoothly scaled,
with numerous obliquely directed spines. Paronychium and pulvillus well developed. Forewing with three
subcostal branches, the first quite short, subapical, the second not downciu'ved at the apex, the stalk of the
subcostals branches off at almost the same level as the upper median branch, cell closed, cross-vein incurved;
costal vein of huadwing into the apex, not into the costal margin, subcostal distally of the middle of the cell ;
ocellus ringed, almost identical on both sides and both mngs. — Larva with six rows of warts bearing spines
and bristles, the bristles in the later stages club-shaped. Prothorax and segment 12 with only four warts
(apart from the small warts above the legs), the dorsal warts on segment 11 nearly as far apart as on the other
segments. Cocoon elongate-ovate, grey to dark brown, the opening at the thin end closed by a double weir,
the outer weir longer than the inner one. Pupa clumsy, abdomen not dowiicurved; cremaster obtuse, faintly
but distinctly bipartite, its bristles slightly curved, sparse in the median depression, more numerous laterally
and forming a loose bundle on each side at the apex. Moth in the spring. Purely Palearctic, from Armenia
and Persia to Portugal and North Africa. — Hermaphrodites are comparatively frequent in this and the next
genus but one.

pyri. S. pyri Schiff. (= pavonia major L., junonia Shair) (31 b). Black-brown, collar white, segments of

abdomen edged with grey at least above. Median and costal areas of forewing grey, a large basal mark brownish
black; on both wings a proximal line, a double discal zigzag line and a submarginal line not reaching the apex
and having a broad white or huffish white outer edge, black, the space between the submarginal line and double
discal line on both wings at least twice as broad as the light margin and more or less brownish black.
Ocellus with black excentric pupil surrounded by a huffish brown or yellow circle, at the proximal side of which
there are a white and a dark red lunule, the outer ring of the ocellus black. Beneath more extended grey
than above. Larva on kernel and stone fruit, also on Ash, Blackthorn, etc. When yomig black with yellow
warts; later on yellowish green, the warts blue or (more rarely) reddish, with club-shaped hairs and spines.
Cocoon grey to dark browii. From Southern Portugal — I found the moth near Monchique — and Oranto South
Grermany, and eastward through Southern Europe to Persia and Armenia. Hibernates as pupa. Moth in May,
comes to the lamp. Distinctly characterised local races are not knowni. On the whole West European spe-
cimens are less extended grey than Eastern ones, and the black discal band on the hindwing is usually less
developed at the apex. Conspicuous individual aberrations are not common. The grey colour is sometimes
very much extended and in other specimens almost entirely suppressed; sometimes there is a very distinct
red tone on both wings, rarety the reddish markings are replaced by yellow ones; the lines are now and again
partly obsolete, and the ocellus may be distorted. The following deviations from the normal have received
abafii. names, ab. abafii Bord., light specimens in which the grey is replaced by milky white. In ab. invittata Schnltz
the double discal line is absent on both wings. The colour of the apical area of the forewing is yellowish instead
fuJvesceris. of reddish in ab. fulvescens SchuUz and the basal area brownish yellow. Al). subdiaphana Schultz are very thinly
^pluma. ^^^^^^^ specimens. — For hybrids cf. the genus Eudia.

ERIOGYNA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 221

S. atlantica Luc. (= raarocana Aiist.) (31 b). Forewing narrower, the outer margin more concave, ailantica.
especially in the cJ; the di.scal double line of both wings much more deeply wavy above and below, the ocellus
with yellow ring; forewing beside the costal subapical spot with a second smaller spot in front of the lower
subcostal; below the subbasal line of the forewing is narrower than in pyri and stands somewhat distally
of the origin of the lower median. Larva black in the first stage, then green with black warts, and later with
yellow ones. Cocoon smaller than in pyri, paler. In the Tring-Museum there is a pair of marocana Aust. ex
coll. AusTAtTT which is labelled "tyiie". They are not different from ordinary specimens from Alger; these
marocana came from Tlemcen. ab. matheri Vail., which is not known to me in nature, was based on a single mafheri.
small dark specimen in which the grey is almost suppressed and the median area reddish; Djidjelli, Eastern
Algeria. — The Truig- Museum has a pair of numxAa Aust. (ex coll. Atj.stact, labelled "type") which is con- numula.
siderably different from atlantica. This form stands between pyri and atlantica; but the characters of atlantica
predominate. Larger and more broad-winged than all our 19 atlantica; the yellow ring of the ocellus brownish
yellow, much less bright than in atlantica, the discal lines less deeply wavy, the red apical spots small in the (^,
obsolete in the $. Nemours, Oran. According to Atjstattt and others pyri also occurs there; atlantica also is
found in Oran. I am therefore inclined to think that numida, is a hybrid. — S. atlantica- is now often bred in
the town of Algiers, and is sometimes found there at the electric street-lamps. Distributed from Oran to Tunisia.

13. Genus: £ri4>g,-yiia gen.

nov.

Distinguished from Saturnia especially by the forewing having only two subcostal branches, and the ab-
domen of the $ being thickened at the apex and densely clothed with anal wool, with which the eggs are
covered. The last 10 segments of the antennae are produced ventrally at the apex, but have no distinct
sensory cones. Stalk of the two upper radial branches of the forewing short; costal vein of hindwing strongly
approaching the subcostal distally, sometimes united with it for a short distance, terminating in the costal
margin (as in E. pavonia). Pupa with irregular belt of spines at the cremaster (as in S. pyri); weirs of ori-
fice of cocoon similar to Saturnia. — Only one East- Asiatic species.

E. pyretorum. White or greyish white; head and thorax, with the exception of the collar, and the bases
of the abdominal tergites black; anal wool of 9 black or grey. Wings wliite; on the forewing a large basal
spot, a non-interrupted transverse band outside it, a double, deeply zigzag, discal line and a submarginal
line with a white outer edge brownish black, the outer portion of the disc or the entire wing dusted with
blackish, two red spots at the apex. Hindwing with a band before the centre and two festooned lines on the
disc; distally of them a band with a white distal edge as on the forewing. Ocellus much larger on the forewing
than on the hindwing, black with a thin transparent stripe, narrow yellow ring and greyish blue semicircle.
Beneath nearly as above, the forewing darker on the whole. ? like the (J, \\dth broader wings. Larvae especially
on Liquidambar formosana and the Camphor-tree; striped blue and yellow. Cocoon ovate, hard and dense,
browai or grey, attached to a branch on one side, sometimes several spun together. The silk is silvery or brown-
ish grey, coarse and extraordinarily tough. Considerable quantities are obtained (the total being estimated
at 30 000 kilos of cocoons). But the species is more important in other directions, fishing Imes being made
of the silk-glands of the larvae. These lines are much sought after on account of their toughness. The production
is said to exceed 7000 kilos of line. The collecting of the larvae is a monopoly for which a rent is paid
to the government. E. pyretorum occurs from the Amur to Hainan, Tonkin and North India. In Hainan the
species is only found in the mountainous interior. According to Consular reports, in South-Eastern China
it is especially found in the province of Kwangtung, where it occurs chiefly on the Si-chiao-shan (= Mount
Si-chiao). The moth appears early in the year, in Tonkin already in January. — pyretorum Westw. (31 a), from pyretor
Amurland and North China, often has the ocellus of the hindwing reduced to a dot. The white subbasal
band of the forewing is as broad (or nearly) as the black band placed at its distal side, and is also distinct in the
cell; the white cellular area at the inside of the ocellus is broader transversely to the cell than in the direc-
tion of the veins, the white submarginal band of both wings about as broad as the brown marginal band;
median area of hindwing wliite. Anal wool of $ brownish black. — cognata subsp. nov. (31 a). The white cogtmta.
median area of forewing of J and $ strongly reduced, the hindwing less pure white than in the preceding
subspecies; the underside dusted with blackish, especially on the forewing. Kiang-si, East China, probably
also in the mountains of the neighbouring provinces of the Yang-tse-kiang district. Our specimens from April
and May, probably bred. — luctifera subsp. nov. (31 a), from W^estern China (Omi-shan). The darkest local luctifera.
form, with reddish tinge, especially on the hindwing of (J. The black colour of body deeper and more extended,
the white median area of both wings of ^ almost entirely superseded by black-brown dusting; in the (J and $
the white marginal band narrower than the blackish brown margin ; at the ajiex of the hind^\'ing on the underside
a faint reddish spot. Anal wool of $ grey.

mil.

222

EUDIA. Bv I)r. K. Jordan.

14. Genus: Wliulin gen. nov.*)

Like Saturnia; but the shaft of the antennae with broad Ijare ventral stripe which bears no hairs
and only an occasional bristle, the distal segments beneath not produced at the tip; in the ^ the branches
of the antennae longer than in Saturnia. Fore tibia in both sexes without a spur, paronychium also absent,
the pulvillus very small and pale, claws slender and less curved than in Saturnia. The costal vein of hindwing
runs into the costal margin, and the subcostal into the apex. Larva without club-shaped hairs. Outer weir
of cocoon less dense and only as long as the inner (pavonia) or very imperfectly developed (spini). Abdomen
of pupa downcurved, more strongly wrmkled than in Saturnia, especially near the stigmata, the cremaster
blade-like, flattened, rounded when seen from above, on the blunt edge two irregular transverse rows of slightly
curved long spines, and on the dorsal sicle a number of shorter ones. — Name-tj'pie: jmvoma L.

A reduced edition of Saturnia, more specialised in the characters mentioned than S. pyri and atlantica,
i. e. being younger in this respect. The anterior subcostal bi'anch sometimes verj- much reduced, but rarely
entirely absent. The genus is purely Palearctie.

»pini.

fiisca.

continita.

microph-

thalmica.

obsoleUt.

ohlltescetts.

sitbhyalitui.

cephalariae.

E. spini. Sexes very much alike. Ground-colour wliitish grey. Abdomen ringed with grey above,
beneath entirely black, brown or partly grey; mesothorax posteriorly with a whitish grey transverse band.
J.,ines of forewing similar to those of S. pyri, but their position different, especially the double discal line more
curved and less deeply wavy, on both ^vings more sharply defined above and below, nearly parallel with
the outer margin, which is rounded; the space between these lines and the antemedian line is always narrow-
er at the hindmargin of the forewing than the greyish black outer band ; the latter denticulate at the veins. Lai'va
black, when young with steely blue warts ; full-grown also black (spini) or for the most part green (cephalariae), with
yellow warts; hairs grey. Cocoon broader than in pavonia, the outer weir only indicated. Pupa more strongly
curved than in pavonia, the bristles on the cremaster on the whole stronger. From Austria to the Altai. —
spini ScJiiff. (= pavonia media Esp.) (31 b, c). Larva black in all stages. As a rule the antemedian line of
the forewing has a distinct if slight reddish tinge proximally, and the median area between the ocellus and
hindmargin more or less greyish white. The tooth before the apex of the claspers of the ^ is short and weak.
Russian specimens are on the whole darker than those from Austria-Hungary, the red at the apex of the fore-
wing is also often more strongly developed. Conspicuous aberrations from the average are rare. The entire
marginal area and the median area from the ocellus to ths hind margin are deep black-brown in ab. fusca
Schultz. Ill ab. continua Schulfz th? ocellus touches the Avavy line. Th° ocelli are more or less reduced in ab.
microphthalmica Schultz, and quite absent in ab. obsoleta Tittt; in ab. oblltescens Schultz on the other hand
there is only an inclination towards obsolescence. Weakly scaled spscimens are ab. subhyalina Schultz. The
area of distribution of E. spini spini embraces Austria-Hungaiy (north as far as Moravia and Galicia),
Bulgaria and Southern Russia. Whether the Asiatic specimens (Asia Minor, Southern Cuacasia) belong to tliis
or the next form is not known to me; they are probably intermediate. — cephalariae Eom. One pair of this
form is before me from Kasikoparan in Armenia (M. Korb) which agrees rather well with the figures given
by Romanoff. The differences from a series of European spini are very small and not nearly as constant
as might be expected from the conspicuously differently coloured caterpillar. The whitish grey of the median
area is strongly reduced and the wavy line on both wings is united before the hindmargin with the antemedian
line, which has no trace of red. The red apical spot of the forewing and the grej'-blue lunule of the ocelli are
more strongly developed than in most spini. The distal ventral tooth of the clasper of the (^ is longer and
broader than in true spi7ii and more strongly chitinised. Larva when full-grown similar to that of pavonia; green
with black segmental incisions and small black transverse lines; the orange-coloured warts stand in black
spots. On Cephalaria procera. Russian Armenia, Kasikoparan, 7000 feet.

E. pavonia. Sexes different in colour. Forewing above brown with a reddish tinge, below like the
upper side of hindwing for the most part pale yellow; ocellus of forewing in a greyish white area. 9 very
like the preceding species; mesothorax (as also in the c^) posteriorly without a greyish white band, the
pectinations of the antennae shorter, the basal area of the forewing and the wide line outside it more
or less strongly angulate on the median vein, this line and the wavy double line further apart at the hind margin,
as the wavy line is less oblique than in spini, and the red spot below the apex of the forewing larger. Egg
whitish, deposited in clusters in ri*ng-shape on t\vigs. Larva first black inclusive of the warts, then black
with orange markings, and finally bright green \vdth very variable black markings and yellow or red warts;
sometimes the full-growTi larva is quite green, and rarely the last two stages are black. On Heather, Willow, Rose,
Sloe, Bilberry, etc., from May to August. Cocoon pear-shaped, brown, the inner and outer weirs of tiie orifice
equally long. Pupa curved. The moth at the end of April and May. The d' sometimes flies by day. Distri-
pavonia. buted from Portugal to Amurland, but not knowni from Corsica, Sardinia and North Africa. — pavonia

*) Dia = Hebe, daughter of Saturnia (a by-iiamo of Hera).

AGLIA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 223

L. pt. (= carpini Schiff., pavoniella Scop., pavnanculus Betz.) (31 a), from Central and Nortliern Europe east-
ward to Amurland. J: hindwing above orange, forewing below deep chrome-yellow. $: red subapical spot
of the forewing below not reaching the upper radial, the light submarginal band proximally bounded by a
more or less distinct blackish line. The following aberrations from the normal, some only very slightly
different, have received names. In ab. makropis Schultz the ocelli are elongate, nearly twice as large as in makropis.
normal specimens; in ab. reducta Schultz they are reduced, about half as large as usual, and in ab. obso- reducia.
leta Tutt they are absent. In ab. flavomaculata Schultz the apictd spot of the forewing is yellow instead of red. oJ'*'°'<*'-
Very dark specimens are ab. infumata Newnh. In ab. deflexa Schultz the ocellus touches the wavy line lata.
on both wings. In ab. defasciata Schultz. which was erected on a $, the wavy line and antemedian line are infumata.
absent, and in ab. edentata Schultz (erroneously published by the author as identata and indentata) the double '^lf^^^,i^
line is not dentate ; the latter form especially in the mountains and in the north, mostly from pupae which have edentata.
hibernated twice. ,^,^ in which the broad submarginal band of the forewing is yellowish instead of brown
are ab. ochraceo-fasciata Schultz. In o-ab. decorata Schultz the hindwing bears whitish submarginal lunules ochraceo-
with reddish outer edges, and is pale yellow in (^-ab. lutescens Tutt. In (J-ab. fasciata Tutt the transverse /"^"iata.
lines of the forewing are merged together from the ocellus backward to form a red band. $$ Avith the wings lutescens.
suffused with reddish are $-ab. rosacea Newnh. (= erythrina Schultz); in $ ab. angustata Schultz the brown fasciata.
band outside the wavy line is only half as wide as usual, and in $-ab. conversa Schultz the transverse lines ^°^"'^
of the hindwing meet at the abdominal edge. — alpina Frr. is a small, thinly scaled alpine form. Described conversa.'
from the Valais. — meridionalis Cnlb. (= ligurica Weism.), from Italy, is larger; the red apical spot reaches al-pina.
to the upper radial also beneath. The upperside of forewing is slightly more yellowish in the ^ and both nieridiona-
wings of the $ are on the whole more reddish than in Central-European species. Specimens from the Riviera
are best placed with this form. The name ligurica was used by Weismann for larvae from the environs of
Cxenoa, which moulted once oftener than German larvae and were all entirely green in the last stage, ab.
steffanellii Rostagno are specimens of meridionalis. sieffanellii.

Hybrids of the species of Saturnia and Eudia. The hybrids with pyri are distinguished by a spur
on the fore tibia, which is absent on those crosses which are only dciived from spini and pavonia.

A. Hybrids with pyri.

hybr. major 0., probably = spini ^ x p^jri $. In colour similar to spini; apex of forewing with major.
two red curved spots.

hybr. media Stgr.. according to Rebel probably = pyri ,^ x pavonia $. Forewing without red apical media.
spot, ocellus in a dark patch.

hybr. daubi Standf. = pavonia ^ x pyri $. Approaches pavonia in colour; light grey specimens, which daubl.
occur in this hybrid in both sexes, are hybr. ab. emiliae Standf.

hybr. standfussi Wisk. = {pavonia (J x pyri $) (J x pavonia $ is similar to pavonia. standfusai.

hybr. risi Standf. = {pavonia S x VV"'' ?) c? ^ Vy'i ? resembles a small pyri. risi.

hybr. schlumbergeri Standf. = {pavonia ^ x spini $) (J x pyri $ stands between spini and pyri in schlum-
colouring and marking, nearer spini. hergeri.

hybr. complexa Tutt = {pavonia (^ x pyri 9) c? x pavonia $) cj x pavonia $ resembles a large pavonia. complexa.

B. Hybrids of spini and pavonia.

hybr. hybrida O. = spini ^ x pavonia $. Similar to spini, but with larger red apical sj^ot. hyi>rida.

hybr. bornenianni Standf. = pavonia ^ x spini $. Nearer to pavonia; ^ and $ different in (colour, bomemanni.

hybr. dixey Tutt = {pavonia ^ x spini $) cJ x spini 9 is very similar to spini. dixey.

hybr. schaufussi = {pavonia ^ x spini 9) (? x pavonia 9 is similar to pavonia, but the o approaches scliaujussi.
the $ in colour.

hybr. casparii Frings = {spini (^ x pavonia 9) c? x pavonia 9 is similar to pavonia, but slightly recalls casparli.
spini.

15. Genus: A$*-lia O.

Tongue quite aborted; palpi in the (^ distinctly prominent, colouretl like the frons, but more smoothly
hairy, segments 1 and 3 short, 2 long, 3 strongly narrowed basally and the scaling at the apex of 2 forming
a sort of cavity ; in the 9 much shorter, the scaling rougher. Shaft of antennae with ventral middle keel pro-
duced apically on each segment, sense-cones seem to be entu-ely absent; all the segments of o with 4 jjrocesses,
the distal ones of each segment being distinctly shorter and slenderer than the proximal ones and standing so
close to and above the proximal processes of the following segments that in a dorsal view they look like a single

224

AGLIA. Bv Dr. K. Jord.^x.

process, the proximal ones with several strong bristles at the apex; in the $ there is only a single triangular
tooth present, which bears at the apex a strong bristle (seldom 2) which is about as long as the segment, upper
side of shaft very slightly convex, clothed with dispersed long scales, similar scales also below, wliich how-
ver easily drop off. Thorax woolly. Spur of fore tibia clothed with hairlike scales, slender, in the (J about
half as long as the tibia, in the $ shorter. Hind tibia with a short spur basally of the apical pair, hidden
in the scaling and usually not noticed. Forcwing pointed, three subcostal branches, the first branching off
from the cell, the second going into the apex, radial 1 originating close to the subcostal stalk, by which Aglia
is distinguished from all other Palearctic Saturnids, radial 2 distant from 1, cross-vein directed obliqueh'
backward between the second and third radials, slightly angled, second median branch far beyond the centre;
costal margin and costal vein of hindwing almost straight, the latter ending in the apex, subcostal near the
first radial, somewhat more proximal than the second median branch, all near the apex of the cell, the cell
(as also in the forewing) somewhat club-shaped and only with apical and subapical vem-branches ; one inner
marginal vein. — Young larvae with two dorsal rows of warts, which are long and thorn-like on the pro- and
mesothorax, on segment 11 only one such horn, anal segment with a median thorn at the tip: laterally and
dorsally numerous granules bearing small hairs; in the later stages the warts completely obsolescent, but the
segments swollen at the corresponding places. Cremaster of pupa sharp transversely, with curved bristles.
Cocoon loose, between leaves and moss or below the surface. One purely Palearctic species.

tati.

ferenigra.
melaina.

weismanni.

cupreola.

Cerberus.

subcaeca.

caecata.

ferecaeca.

uniformis.

decaeru-

leaia.

oblongo-

maculata.

flexilis.

conflucns.

decolor.

roseotincta.

quadrangu-

laris.

amurensis.

japomca,

A. tau. (J ochreous, with black discal line which is about parallel to the margin; ocellus black dusted
with blue, with white T-shaped pupil, on the forewing smaller below than above, and on the hindwang below
only the T-spot present. Beneath an apical spot on both wings and the basal area of hindwing grey, a brown
median band diffuse distally and vertical to the abdominal edge. $ paler than the ^. Larva green %vith
light lateral stripes directed obliquely up- and backward, below the stigmata a light longitudinal Ime with a
reddish edge, the line widened on segment i to form a black-centred spot. On deciduous trees, especially
Beech, Oak, Birch, etc. Pupa hibernates. Moth from March to June according to the locality, in the North
later than in the South; the (^^ fly by day and are very restless, the ?? remain on tree-trunks and on the
ground. In the Central and Southern districts of Northern Europe, eastward to Japan; not in England and
the Mediterranean countries. — tau L. (35 a. b). 3" bright yellow, 9 pale yellow, upperside without distinct
grey apical mark. From the west coast of France to Transbaicalia. Varies considerably. The interesting
forms which more or less follow Mexdel's law are: f. ferenigra Th. Mieg (= lugens Standf., feranigra Kirby)
(35a, b); wings black with the exception of the median area; f. melaina Gross (= melaena Spul.), entirely
black (^) and black-brown (?). withoiit yellow, but beneath the apical spot of both wings and the basal half
of the hindwing light brown. The cross between melainu ^ x ferenigra '^ is f. weismanni <S7«?ifZ/. (= weissmanni
Schultz, Oberth.), which, especially beneath, is still blacker than melmnu. The offspring of the cross tau ^
X melaina $ are f. cupreola Werner, the ,^(J of which are somewhat paler than melaina, while the $$ are copper-
red in colour. The following individual aberrations are of lesser interest. Specimens in which the hindwing
is black from the margin to the ocellus are ab. cerberus Schultz; ab. subcaeca Strand, ocellus without A\hite
pupil; ab. caecata Schultz, ocellus normal in the forewing, diffuse in the hindwing; in ab. ferecaeca Oberth. the
ocelli are reduced to black dots, the black discal line well developed. In ab. uniformis Oberth. the black
of the ocelli is absent, the white pupil is jjresent. the discal line absent. The blue of the ocelli is absent
in ab. decaeruleata Schultz. In ab. oblongomaculata Schultz the ocelli are oblong. In ab. flexilis Schultz the
black discal line of the hindwing is connected with the anterior edge of the ocellus by a curved stripe.
In ab. confluens Schultz the black surrounding the ocellus of the hindwing merges together with the black
discal line. Especially pale coloureil specimens are ab. decolor Schultz. The $ is sometimes partly rose-red;
ab. roseotincta Schultz. In ab. quadrangularis Schultz the white spot on the underside of the hindwing is square.
Some specimens in which only one side is abnormal have likewise received names. One wing without ocellus
(ab. privata Schultz) ; one forewing with small black spot having a white centre and placed in front of the
ocellus (ab. locuples Schultz). ^i. loc. amurensis nov. The three specimens before me (^^) from Amurland resemble
f. ferenigra. The forewing is broader, somewhat less produced at the apex; from the base to the ocellus,
at the hind margin and outside the discal line more or less denseh' scaled with black, the costal mai-gin how-
ever much less black than the basal area, moreover the yellow colour in the marginal area remaining distinct
The hindwing either entirely black with traces of the yellow ground-colour or only more or less densely
dusted with black; the marginal area, apart from the broadening of the black line, does not contrast with the
disc. On the underside the basal area of the forewing and the hind margin deeper black than in f. ferenigra,
but the costal margin remains yellow, the basal area also yellow with black dusting. The hindwing in the darkest
specimen almost as in f. ferenigra, in the lightest one scarcely darker than in ordinary tau. Specimens which
are not distinguishable from European tow also occur in Amurland. — japonica Leech (35 a). In both sexes
the ocellus of the forewing smaller and that of the hiiadwing larger than in tau, q more reddish brown-yellow

Publ 11). XT. 1911.

List of the Paloarctic Saturniidae.

225

than in tmc, with very distinct grey apical spot on both wings. Forewing with distinct brown transverse
line before the middle, weak brown line at the outer side of the ocellus. Discal Ime but slightly developed on
the hindwing much nearer the ocellus than in tau. ? much darker and duller buff, outer half of fore^ving 'and
apex of hindwing more densely sprinkled with black. Antemedian line of forewing more distinct, and discal
line thinner than in tau, the latter line nearer the ocellus on the hmdwing. While in tau the pectinations
of the antenna bear a long bristle at the tip and a short one on the underside, in japonica only the apical
bristle is present, winch however is often accompanied by a second long bristle. North Island of Japan, May
and June. — homora subsp. nov. The only specimen in coll. Oberthur, a ?, was figured in Lepidopt. Comp. ho
and doubtfully placed with jajmnica.. According to the figure the specimen differs from japonica in the ground-
colour being still darker bro\TO, in the almost obsolescent ocellus of the upper side of the forewing and the smaller
ocellus of the hindwing. which is much further from the discal line. Moreover, the discal line of the upperside
of both wmgs m Jiomora has a very distinct whitish grey outer edge, and the grey apical spot of the underside
of the forewing reaches to the first radial branch, wliile m japonica and tau it is bounded by the lower sub-
costal branch. West China.

mora.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic Saturniidae ^vith a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the foiiu is also figured at the place quoted.

iibani Sat. Bord. Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 20, p. 83.
aliona Ait. Buil. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 355
alpiiia Eud. Favre, ilitteil. Schw. 10, p. 36 (1897).
aniurensis Agl. Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 224.
angustata Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitsclir. Stuttg. 23, p.
arteiuis Act. Brem. Bull. Acad. P^tersb. 3, p. 566.
atlantica Sat. Luc. Expl. Alg^r. L^p., p. 375. *

37.

bifti Cal. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 11, p. 31.*

hoisduvali Cal. Ev. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3, p. S3. *

bonita Cal. Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 218.

borneinauni Eud. Siandfs. Hofm., Macrolep. 1891, p. 61. ♦

caeca Act. Sigr. Rom. 'Slim. L6p. 6, p. 332.
caecata Agl. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 1905, p. 115.
caecigena Per. Kup. Neuentdeckt. Naohtpfau. p. 1. *
calida Anth. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. 1881, p. 14.
casparii Eud. Frinr/s, Soc. Ent. 21, p. 25.
castanea Diet. Swinh. Cat. Het. Mus. Ox. p. 249.
fcphalariae Eud. Christ. Rom. M^m. L(5p. 2, p. 14. *
Cerberus Agl. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 1905, p. 115.
cognata Er. Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 221. *
complexa Eud. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 299 (1902).
contluens Agl. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 1905, p. 115.
contlgua Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 36.
conversa Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 37.
cupreola Agl. Werner, Soc. Ent. 17, p. 129 (1902).
cynthia Sam. Drury, 111. Exot. Ent. II. *

daniartls Loep. Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 211. *
daubi Eud. Siandfs. Ent. Zeitschr. Guben ]8f»2, p. 9.
davidl Rhod. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 11, p. 31. *
decaeruleata Agl. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 1905, p. 115.
decolor Agl. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 1905, p. 115.
decorata Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 37.
defasciata Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 37.
detlexa Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 37.
diaiia Rhod. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) 4. p. 48.
dixevi Eud. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 299 (1910).
dube'rnardi Act. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 130 (1897). *

edentata Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 37.

fallax Cal. Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 217.
fasciata Eud. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 315.
felieis Act. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 20, fig. 161. *
fentoni Anth. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 13.
I'ei'ccoeca Agl. Oberth. Lepid. comp. 1909, p. 71.
fereuigra Agl. Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 1884, p. 437.
I'lavicoUls Act. Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 211.
flavomaciilata Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 36.
flexilis Agl. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 1905, p. 115.

II

fugax Rhod. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 479.
fulTescens Sat. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 36.
fusca Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 36.

galerope Neor. Piing. Iris 13, p. 116. *

gnoma Act. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 480.

harti Anth. Moore, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) 9, p. 450.
hazina Anth. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 13.
hockingi Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 402 (1888).
homora Agl. Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 225.
huttoni Neor. Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 321.
hybrida Eud. O. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 9.

infumata Eud. Neicnh. Ent. Rec. 2, p. 198, 1891.
invittata Sat. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 36.
isabellae Gra. Graells, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 601.
jankowskii Rhod. Oberth. Bidl. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) 1, p. 47.
japonica Agl. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 632.
japonica Diet. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 479.
jonasi Cal. Buil. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 479.

katinka Loep. Westiv. Cab. Orient. Ent., p. 25. *
klrbyi Anth. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 293 (1902).

lindia Cal. Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 423 (1865). *
luctifera Er. Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 221. *
lutesceus Eud. Tuit, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 314 (1902).

j major Eud. O. Schmett. Eur. 4, p. 192.

' raakropis Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 38.

matheri Sat. Vail. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1898, p. 220.

maudschiirica Act. Stgr. Rom. Mem. Lep. 0, p. 331.

media Eud. Stgr. Cat. pal. Lep. (II), p. 70.

raelaina Agl. Gross, Iris 10, p. 396.
I meridionalis Evid. CaTb. Iris I, p. 155.

mlcrophthalmica Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 36.

moorei Anth. Tutt, Brit. Lep. p. 294 (1902).

morosa Anth. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 14.

mortoni Act. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 292 (1902).

ningpoana Act. Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 34.
numida Sat. Aust. Le Natural. 1883, p. 359.

oberthuri Ix)ep. Leech, Entom. 23, p. 49.
obUtescens Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 36.
oblongoniaciilata Agl. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 1905,p. 115.
obsoleta Eud. Tuit, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 316 (1902).
ochraceofasciata Eud. Schultz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 37.
olivacea Sal. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 13, p. 44. *

pavonia Eud. L. Syst. Nat. (ed. X) p. 496.

29

226

List of the Palearctic Saturniidae.

pernyi Anth. Guer. Rev. Zool. 1855, p. 6. •
pryei-i Satn. Bull. Proc. Zool. Soc. IjonA. 1S7S, ]>. 388.
pvroloriiiii Er. WckUc. Cab. Oiiint. Krit., !>. 19.*
pjri Sat. Schifi. Syst. Verz. Wieii, ji. 1!>.

qiiadran^ularis Agl. Schulk, Ent. Zeitschi'. Ciubeii, I'JOJ, ii. 115.

rediK-la Eud. Schullz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23, p. 38.
risi End. Standfs. Ilandb. pal. Gro?s-Schiuett. (ed. II), p. 58. *
rosaooa Eud. Newnh. Ent. Kec. 2, p. 198 (1891).
rosootinrta Agl. SchuUz, Ent. Zeitschr. (}ul)en 1995, p. 115.
roji .«al. Elw. Proc. Zool. Soc. ]A)nd. 1887, j). 117.

schaulussi Eud. Siandfs. Zool. Stud. *

vchoncki Neor. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1881, p. 406.

si'hluiubergeri Eud. Siandfs. Zool. Stud. *

selenc Act. Hhit. Smlg. Bxot. Schinett. 1. *

scrgei5tus Anth. Weshv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. U3. *

Simla Diet. Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent., p. 41. *

sinensis Act. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. 6, p. 1264.

spliii Eud. Schiff. Svst. Verz. Wien, v- i^-

staiidfussi Eud. Wisk. Iris 9, p. 237.

stefanellii Eud. i?«.s/. Hull. Soc. Zool. Hal. 1901, p.

stoliczknna Neor. Fcld. Novara. Le]). *

subeoeca Agl. Strand, Arch. ^lath. Nat. 25, p. 9.

siibdiaphana Sat. Schtdiz, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23,

subhyalina Eud. SchuUs, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 23,

122.

p. 31).
p. 3<i.

tau Agl. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 497.

thespis Sat. Leech, Enlomol. 23, p. 112.

tbibeta Col. Wcstir. Pioc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1853. p. Kili.

uniloriuis Agl. Oberlk. l/>\nd. compar. 1909, i>. 72.

walkeri Sam. Feld. Wien. Ent. ^lon. 6, p. 34.
weisnianni Agl. Siandfs. Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 1908,

xeuia Act. .lord. Scitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 211.

yainaiuai Anth. Gtier. Rev. Zool. (2) 13, |). 135. *

p. 42.

BRAHjVLEA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 227

15. Family: Brahmaeidse.

This group comprises about one and a half to two dozen of highly peculiar but very similar species.
All are large and rather clumsy moths, with markings so characteristic that they at once catch the eye even
in large and mixed collections. The wing is divided into an outer half traversed by ten parallel wavy lines,
which on the hindwing directly touches an often uniformly dark basal area, but on the forewing borders on a
band which is sometimes modified at the inner margin to form an ocellus-like disc. The basal area of the fore-
wing again contauis a number of those peculiar parallel lines, which renders the scheme of markings so confus-
sing, and the biological significance of which we do not yet understand. And as if even Nature could not carry out
so complicated a pattern in all its details, we very often find among the Brahmaeidae unsymmetrical specimens
in which one side bears sometimes one stripe more than the other, sometimes has the dots differently placed.
Among a considerable number of otherwise very well developed B. japonica before me there is not one specimen
the two sides of which agree in every detail.

The position of Brahmaea in classification has only changed in that it was sometimes placed among
the Saturniids, sometimes among the Bombycids. The larvae, as far as they are known, when full-grown resemble
huge larvae of silk-moths, but differ greatly from the latter in the early stages, which shows that there is no
close relationship. It will be absolutely necessary to keep the genus Brahmaea separate as a distinct family,
and it is very note^vorthy that a similar phenomenon exists in America, a very homogeneus family in many
respects resembling Brahmaea also standing alone nearly without transitions and playing the same part in the
fauna of the New World as Brahmaea in the Old World. These are the Ceratocampids, the largest species of
which is produced from that grotesque and strange catei-pillar with its curved horns on the thorax which we
figure on the cover of each part of this work in a defensive attitude and which perhaps those who are not fami-
liar with the American fauna may have considered a product of the imagination *).

The Brahmaeids are confined to the Old World and are so distributed that three species occur in the
Palearctic Region, but not in Europe, just as many forms are Indian, and the same number belong to the Ethi-
opian fauna. They do not go far north and inhabit mountainous countries, have only one brood in the tem-
perate zone, and as larvae are fairly polyphagous. The larvae grow slowly and pupate in the ground without
a cocoon; the moths fly at night, and rest by day on tree-trunks and branches, where, with their wings in
steep roof-shape and folded close together, they resemble fruits or pieces of bark. The moths are rather rarely
seen, but the larvae are common wherever they occur, and lately large quantities of material for breeding have
been imported.

The characters of the family are those of the smgle genus Brahmaea.

1. Genus : BraliiuaeaM^'^^A;.

Large brown moths with very characteristic markings. Head rather small, frons moderately broad,
eyes large, palpi short, obliquely porrect, not reaching the frons, tongue short and functionless ; antennae of
both sexes bipectinate with rather short branches. Thoi'ax broad and stout, strongly convex, with long thin
hair. Legs of medium length and strong, moderately hairy, middle tibia with one, hind tibia with two pairs
of spurs. Abdomen conical, smoothly and densely hairy. Both wings rounded, with entire edge, obtuse, with
evenly curved margins, more hairy than scaled, esj^ecially in the basal area. Veins strong, the basal portion
of the subcostal beneath takes the shape of a strong ridge ; between it and the median vein a deep longitudinal
groove. Frenulum absent. Gall of both wings closed, discocellular of forewing slightly angled, that of the hind-
wing more strongly so. Cells short, that of the hindwing very short, with a fold. The larvae, when young,
with long horns decreasing in length when the larva grows older, otherwise naked, soft, long and not strong;
on deciduous trees.

B. certhia F. (= undidata Brem. d: Grey, petiveri BiUl.) (35 c). Nut-brown to earth-brown, the median certhia.
band of forewing strongly constricted between the median branches, in the band itself few or no dots and rings.
The light central line which on the hindwing separates the black basal portion from the wavj' marginal area,
is in its costal portion strongly wavy and then proximally convexly produced; in Amurland, North and Central
China. — carpenter! Butl. is the often somewhat smaller form from Corea, which is not shai^ply separated. — carpentcri.
Menetries figures a unicolorous specimen as lunulata Brem. d- Grey, such as may occur everj'Avhere among
typical specimens. Especially the median band of the forewing is not light at the inner side, but edged by pale
nut-brown waves and is therefore less prominent. — ledereri Rogenh. (35 c) is the considerably smaller form kdereri.
from Cilicia, in which the median band of the forewing is considerably constricted even above the lower median
branch, being sometimes interrupted, and in which this band contrasts sharply and darkly on account of the
bright whitish waves before and beyond it. The entire colouring of ledereri is usually also lighter. — Larva

*) We must, however, add that this caterpillar rests always with the lja<!k. downward, i. e. hangs on a branch, being
represented on the cover in an upright jiosition only for artistic reasons.

228

BRAHM^A. By Dr. A. Seitz.

grey to blackish, when young with* two" horns rolled up at the ends on segment 2 and two similar ones
on 3; the remaining segments only have small knobs, the anal segment bears an also very strongly curved
horn resembling that of the Sphingidae. When full-grown the larva is smooth, segments 2 and 3 swollen, on
the anal segment a stumpy immp. Markings and colour very variable, frequently confined to a few small black
streaks or bright-coloured spiracular dots. According to Statjdinger the larvae of the East -Asiatic form are
much more brightly marked and coloured than the almost uniformly dark larvae of ledereri of Asia Minor. Ac-
cording to KoRB the larvae often live in companies of from 20 to 30 specimens and prefer rather sunny sterile
localities; until July or August on Privet, Syringa, Ash, Phillyrea and other trees; when disturbed they emit
a cracking or crackling noise. They pupate without a cocoon in or on the ground beneath stones; pupa
blackish, very strongly glossy, clumsy, stumpy at both ends, deeply incised between the segments, rounded at
the abdominal end, the cremaster a short point. The moth appears in June in Eastern Asia.

chrisiophi. B. christophi Stgr. (35 b). Larger, clumsier, often also darker, but otherwise very like the preceding

and perhaps only a form of it. The wavy lines of the upper side of the hindwing less sharp towards the margin,
where they are sometimes even almost obsolete, the median line of the hindwing less curved in its costal por-
tion, and less convex towards the base, the basal ar^", intensely and deeply black, especially on the underside.
— The larva lighter, almost whitish, with thin black markings, and bright red dots dorsally on segment 3, aud
red stigmata; shape and first instars as in the preceding. But while the larva of ledereri lives gregariously in
sunny spots that of christophi is found singly in shady woods in damp spots (Korb). Until July on Asli. Pujja
with two black knob-like warts on the thorax; very glossy, black; beneath moss, stones, etc. Moth in April and
May. From Lenkoran in the Caucasus.

japonica. B. japotiica Butl. (= mniszechii Feld.) (35 c). Smaller than the preceding, more grey and often tinged

with greenish. The median band of the forewing is strongly widened in the costal area; lighter and ornamented
with small rings. These are nearly always asymmetrical; Leech did not find one symmetrical individual among
15 in Pryer's collection and the same applies to four specimens collected by me. The original of our figure
also has on the right forewing (not reproduced) much fewer rings than on the wing figured. The median band
also varies rather strongly in its innermarginal portion. Now it is more now less constricted on the lower median
vein; but nearly always it forms an ocellus-like disc-patch. The species also varies considerably in the whole
nigrans. scheme of colouring, and nigratis Bull., unknown to me in nature, is probably only a dark specimen, japonica
is also closely allied to the Indian conchifera Butl. and is onlj' a Xorthcni form of wallichii Gniy (= spectabilis
Hope), which we figure in Vol. 10, its ground-colour shading into greyish green and that of rufescens Butl. into
reddish. These latter are Indian forms, which perhaps vary slightly according to locality, but belong to one
species. But if Leech places ivallichii with certhia, he is in error. — jajmnica is not rare near Yokohama; occus
also in other localities on Honto, and is also found at Hokkaido.

Ali)lial)etical List

of the Palearctic Brahmaeidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the species in also figured in the ijlace eitcd.

earppnteri Br. Biiil. Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) 11, i^. lit.
(■orlhia Br. 7^. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 412.
rhristophi Br. SU/r. Kom. Mf'm. L(ip. 2, p. Ki. *
japouiea Br. Bnil. Ent. Month. Mag. 10, p. 5(!.

ledereri Br. Rqhfr. Verh. zool.-hot. Ges. Wien 23, p. 574.
lunulata Br. Brem.&Grey. Motsrh. Et. d'Ent. 1, p. 01.
nigrans Br. Hull. Ent. Month. IMag. 17, p. 110.

SPHINGID^. By Dr. K. Jordan. 229

16. Family: Sphingidae.

The scientific name of this family is derived from the habit of the larvae of many species of affecting
a Sphinx-like attitude when being disturbed. The designation "Sphinx" was first used by Reaumur in 1736,
who applied it to the Privet-Hawk, and it was adopted by Linnaeus as a suitable generic name. However,
in his genus Sphinx Linnaeus united the true Sj^hingidae with forms which do not belong here, e. g. the Zy-
gaenids and Aegeriids, and only in quite recent times has one abandoned the old idea that there is a close con-
nection between Linnaeus's true and false Sphingidae ("Sphinges legitimae, Sphinges adscitae"). In reality
there is indeed no close relationship between the Sphingids and the "adscitae" (the Zygaenids, etc.), but the
Hawkmoths have their natural place in a group of families to which the Notodontids, Bombycids, Saturnids,
etc., belong. In this group the Sphingids are always distinguishable by the venation, and their general ap-
pearance is also so characteristic that only a few species were placed in other families by their first describer (e. g."
the African species Polyptychus mutata Walk., and the Australian Hopliocnema brachycera Lower). However,
the facies is deceptive, and formerly many Notodontids were placed with the Hawkmoths on account of their
narrow wings and long conical body. The early stages of the Sphingids usually also have a characteristic shape,
especially the horn of segment 11 so seldom appears in other forms that Moore was led to describe a small
broad- winged Bombycid as a Sphingid on account of the tailed larva, in which family it still stands in Kirby's
Catalogue (Sorocaba anomala).

In consequence of an often very far-reaching modification and reduction of organs many species
differ considerably from the generally known Sphingid type, as represented for instance by Herse convolvuli
or Celeiio evphorbiae, be it as larva, pupa or moth ; but the following characters are common to all species of
Hawkmoths.

Ocelli and areole abocnt. Abdomen of (^ laterally on segment 2 above the sternite with a groove from
which a tuft of hair can be extended (scent-organ). Fore tibia with spur on the inner side. Subcostal 1, 2 and
3 of forewing from the cell, 2 and 3 being on a long stalk, 2 often slightly developed and frequently entirely
absent, 3 terminating in the costal margin shortly before the apex, subcostals 4 and 5 also stalked, the stalk
about half as long as the two branches of the fork, radial 1 from the upper angle of the cell or shortly stalked
with the subcostal branches 4 and 5. radial 2 (= vein 5) close before the middle of the apex of the cell, never
before the middle and never near the lower angle of the cell; submedian 1 absent, 2 and 3 united, forming
a fork at the base; upper angle of cell always more distal than the lower. In the hindwing the costal and sub-
costal separate from the base, but connected with one another about the middle by an oblique vein (subcostal 1),
the costal also closely approaches the subcostal distally of the apex of the cell, subcostal and radial 1 close
together or on a stalk, radial 2 (= vein 5) near centre of apex of cell, submedian 1 absent, 2 and 3 present.

The family is distributed over the entire globe with the exception of the extreme northern and southern
districts, and most richly developed in the Tropics. We now know about 850 species (not counting the geo-
graphical forms, which are reckoned as species by some authors), and of these scarcely 30 have been found
in Europe, 23 in Central Europe and 17 in England, among which there are even several species which are only
occasional visiters. This small number of species indigenous in our countries is such an insignificant fraction
of the whole family that it does not give us a true picture of the development of the Sphingids.

The smallest species is found in Madagascar, {Sjphingonaepiopsis obscurus Mob., body 12, forewing
10 mm. long), and the largest in America (Cocytius antaeus, body 80 and forewing 90 mm long). We find also
iji the development of the different organs the same contrast as these two genera show in size, if the entire fa-
mily is taken into consideration, as a short survey of the variation of the organs will show.

The tongue is usually longer than the body, and in Cocytius antaeiis atta,ms a length of 250 mm. and
in Xanthopan morgani (Africa) 225 mm., measurements not reached by any other insect. On the other hand,
we also meet with a large number of species the tongue of which is more or less strongly reduced and functionless,
and in which it is sometimes only represented by very short lobes. In some species it is hairy, in others naked.
The labial palpi are large in typical forms and lie close to the head; segment 2 is broad and 3 quite small;
but there are also very much reduced, much lengthened and divergent palpi, and some with hornlike naked
third segment. The antennae, generally described as prismatic, have this shape in many species, especially
in the (J; in such antennae the sides of each segment are concave, and around this groove there is a wreath
of long thin hairs united in tufts (cilia). The upper edge of the groove is produced into a tooth or a more or less
long process in many (JcJ, rarely in $$ (pectinate antennae, e. g. in Ceridia); or the anterior and posterior
margins may be produced into a long process each, so that we have cpiadripectinate antennae (Cressonia, Monar-
da). In most species the antennae are filiform or setiform; in a great many others, however, distinctly or
even strongly clavate, and as a rule they end in a hook. In all S3 with the exception of Rhopalopsyche they
bear the afore-mentioned long cilia, which also occur in many $9. Jjut are here shortened. Head and thorax
often bear a high crest, sometimes double. Very characteristic of the Sphingidae are the spines of the abdomen.

230 SPHINGIDAE. By Dr. K. Jordan.

which are only obsolete in a few species. These spines are found at the apical edge of the segments, and in
Pholus and Pachylia, for instance, where they are very strongly developed, they form a single row; in most
species they are placed in several rows, and in many specialised forms the under scales of the luiderside of the
abdomen are also nearly all modified into slight spines; they are often absent on the underside, where they
are always less strongly developed than above. Similar structures are rarely found elsewhere among Lepido-
ptera. These spines may have originated in conjunction ^vith the pupation in the ground.

As regards the legs it is worthy of note that there are frequently spines on the tibiae, these being
especially often found in those species which we must consider as specialised on account of the development
of the mouth-parts, wings, tarsi and clothing of body. The fore tibia is often produced into a thorn. The hind
tibia bears one or two pairs of spurs. At the base of the middle and hind tarsi the spines of one row are
often prolonged into long bristles, forming a sort of comb ("'basal comb"). In the claw-segment the pulvillus
is well developed or reduced or entirely absent, and the same holds good for the paronychium. The fore coxa
in the ^ often has a scent-organ, which sometimes attains a considerable size.

An elongate forcAvuig with entire margin is t_\-pical for the family, but many specialised forms deviate
from this tj-pe and have dentate, lohate or broadened wing.s, which latter, when the insect is at rest, are not
held in roof-shape, but spread out and so placed one above the other that the hindwmg protrudes from below
the costal margin of the forewing. Sometimes the costal margin is also upturned.

The larva occurs in two chief t^-jjes, the cylindrical tj'pe and the tyjie which is strongly narrowed
anteriorly from segment 4. The cylindrical larva is often denseh- granulose, and sometimes these granules
are enlarged to form pointed humps; there are even larvae which on each segment have a belt of branched
long spines {Lophostethm). The head which is pointed above, and which among the European Sphingids is char-
acteristic of Smerinthus and allied genera, is also found among the species allied to Proto puree; there are also
many genera allied to Smerinthus which have round-headed larvae. Often the larva is round-headed in one
stage and has a pointed head in the other stages. In the cylindrical larvae oblique lateral bands are the pre-
dominant markings, wliile in the pig-head larvae ocelli prevail. The horn on segment 11 is longer m the early
instars than later, and as a rule is also present at first in those species in which it is replaced in the full-
grown larva by a small round disc. In many young larvae the horn is as long as the body and directed forward
(e. g. in Psenelc'iphinx) and forms a tail moveable at will.

Pupation takes place in or on the ground. But in South America there are species which spin uj) on the
trunks of the food-tree ; it may be recalled incidentall_y that the larvae of Mimas tiliae sometimes also pupate in the
crevices of the tree on which they have been feeding. Three incisions in the abdomen of the pupa are not fused,
so that segments 5 and 6 are moveable. The tongue-case varies greatly in development. Sometimes it does
not reach the wing-cases, in most species it extends to their apex, and sometimes beyond it ; in many species
there would not be enough room for the development of a long tongue in .such a sheath running straight from the
head to the abdomen. In these cases the base of the sheath is widened, either forming a keel-like enlargement
of the head (Nephele, Hippotion, Theretra, etc.), or projectmg as a free nose (Sphinx and allied genera, also Rhyn-
cholabn among the Chaeroeampinae). The nose is rarely rolled up in a close spiral in several coils (Coeytius an-
taeus), sometimes it is curved and its apex directed forward (Herse), or its apex is turned thoracad (several
Protoparce), or the nose lies along the breast (e. g. in Sjihinx).

Tlie eggs of the Sphitigidae are round, somewhat flattened, more rarely slightly pear-shaped. They
are usually light green, and the structure of the shell is only visible when greatly magnified. As far as known
either tlie pupa or the moth hibernates, never the larva. In many species which in the temperate zone as a
rule have only one brood, a number of specimens emerge in the same year which represent an incomplete se-
cond brood. On the other hand, some pupae hibernate twice or even three times, which prevents breeding
in and the total destniction of the species in one locality by unfavourable weather.

As to the distribution of the Sphingidae, about 320 species are known from the Western Hemisphere,
and 530 from the Eastern, about 120 being confined to the Northern Temperate Zone (the Nearctic and
Palearctic Regions), while another 70 species occur both in the temperate and tropical districts. 56 species
may be considered purely Palearctic, and rather more than 60 exclusively Nearctic. In the Tropics the species
are so distributed that the Neotropical, Ethiopian and Oriental Regions each contain about the same number
of species. However, so many species are not as j^et knowii from Africa as from Indo-Australia and Central
and South America, but in Africa, to judge from the large number of uniques, there are certainly many more
species yet to be discovered than in the other regions, so that the difference will be effaced. In any case, there
is not such a great difference between the tropical regions as between the latter and the temperate zones.

There is only one cosmopolitan species, Celerio lineata; but even this is separated into three well-defin-
ed subspecies (one American, one Australian and one African-Asiatic-European). On the other hand, the

AOHEKONTIA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 231

Eastern and Western Hemispheres liave several genera in common, two being cosmopolitan (CeJerio and Herse)
and five Palearctic-Xearctic (Ha^morrhagia, Sphinx, Smermlhus, Sphecodina, Proserpinu^); among the latter
Sphinx goes as far as the South of the Neotropical Region. Of the Old World Sphingids the highly specialised genera
Haemorrhagia, Cephonodes and Sataspes certainly belong to an American branch which in Central and South
America contains a large number of more generalised forms, with which those three single Old World genera
of this branch are connected by transitional forms. The genus Macroglo-ssiitn. however, similar in many
respects, is a specialised branch of an Old-World stock confined to the Ea.stem Hemisphere, near the base of
which stand Nephele and Acosmeryx. On the other hand, Smerinthti-s, Amorpha and allied genera of the Pa-
iearctic aiid Xearctic Regions are specialised forms of tropical Asiatic origin, and there are no Sphingids in
Tropical America with wliich these genera have a closer connection. The comparatively large number of Sphin-
gidae in the temperate zone in the Pacific area of the Palearctic Region is explained by the absence of a barrier
between tropical Indo-China and our Region, in consequence of which many really tropical species are distri-
buted far northward, and also by the large extent of the Eastern Palearctic district.

As the eggs are usually deposited singly or only in pairs on the same plant, one does not generally
meet with large companies of larvae. But in particularly favourable years pinnstri and ocellata may be so
abundant that they become noxious. Among the tropical forms it is particularly Pseudosphinx fetrio and
Erinnyis ello which often occur in such masses as to defoliate the tree completely.

The 103 species occurring on Palearctic territory, or met with as occasional visitors, are distributed among
43 genera, which altogether contain 370 species.

We divide the Sphingidae into two groups:

I. Sphingidae asemanophorae: Fir.st segnient of paljii on the inner side \vithout liasal spot of small modified hair.-;.
— - Altliough the palpi are often very large in this group, the basal spot is alsways absent, while in the second grouj) it is always
present even on reduced palpi. The subfamilies Jc7iero«<i)H«c and J (/i?*H/icinae Vjelonging here are very closely allied instructure.

II. Sphingidae semanophorae: First segment of palpi on the inner side with basal spot of small modified hairs. — The
subfamilies belonging here are Se»iinae, Philampelinae and Chaerocanipinae.

A. Subfamily: Acherontiinae *).

This and the following subfamily (A)nbidicinae) are not separated by any one single character occurring in every one of
the numerous species. In both subfamiUes there are many forms so strongly reduced as to lose the structures peculiar to the
Acherontiinae or Ambrdicinae. But the connection of such species with the less specialised genera of this or that particular sub-
family is so ob^^ous that in scarcely any species is there any doubt as to. whether it should be placed into the one or the other
subfamily.

The end-segment of the antennae is long and slender in the Acheronliinae, except in the peculiar small tribe Sphin-
yidicae and the reduced South African Oligoijrapha. The apex of tlie forewing is always pointed, but never produced in sickle-
shape, also never truncate or sinuate: the outer margin Ls at most slightly wax-y, never dentate, lobate or angulate. The fienulum
is always present. Hind tibia always with two pairs of spurs \vith the exception of the genus Thamnoecha, which only contains
one reduced species. Forewing neither above nor below with bright red or yellow ground-colour.

a) Tribe: Acherontiicae.

Second i)alpal segment concave on the inner side, and this cavity covered with a roof of scales. — Only a few
genera belong here.

1. Genus: Acheroiitia O.

A genus highly specialised in many respects, containing three Old-World species. They all bear a death-
head mark on the upper side of the thorax, which mark is not so well developed in any other Hawkmoth, but
is indicated in many species of Acherontiinae, e. g. in the African Coelonia fvlvinotata and Xanthopan
morgani, and the American Protoparce rustica.

The tongue is shorter than the thorax, stout and hairy; a similar tongue is not found anpvhere else
among the Sphingidae. and this peculiarity of development leads to the supposition that it has to fulfil a par-
ticular function. Probably this consists of the ability of the moth to pierce the lid of the honey cells of wild
and domesticated bees, on account in the strength of its tongue. The palpi do not touch each other and the
base of the tongue is therefore visible between them; this also occurs in other Sphingids (e. g. the genus Ce-
chenena, which belongs to a different subfamily). The antemiae are stout, and considerably shorter than
the forewing is broad; in the ^ only slightly slenderer towards the base. Body stout, with woolly scaling. Hind
tibia with two pairs of spurs; middle and hind tarsi strongly compressed, without ventral brush of long brist-

*) As regards the nomenclature it Ls necessary to state that for the subfamilies, genera, etc.. only such names are re-
garded as coniing under the law of priority wliich were accompanied by a description, and that for the subfamily and tribe
the first name conforming to this rule was retained even when the generic name has become a synonym. Hereby on the one
hand the frequent change of the names of the fanuUes and subfamilies Ls avoided, and on the other hand the groundless
erection of new famiUes and genera prevented.

232 AOHERONTIA. By T)r. K. Jordan.

les at the base; the (rue pulvillus is absent, and the paronychium reduced to form a short stumpy lobe on each
side. Subcostal 4 of forewing downcurved distally, therefore terminating in the outer margin; the upper
scales of the forewing broad, ^vith many teeth, those of the hindwing longer and partly piliform. Clasper of
the (^ on the outer side Avith a patch of large multidentate friction-scales; harpe short, with two teeth.
— Egg greenish or slightly bluish. Larva at first whitish, in the later stages usually green, but also often yellow
or greyish brown; from segment 4 onward with oblique stripes, which, especially in light specimens, are edged
with yellow and blue and standout sharply, but on the other hand are les sconspicuous in brown specimens. The
colour of the larva depends often on its food. Horn of yoimg larva straight and about half as long as the
body, later on much shorter, roughly granulose, and curved in S-shape. Pupa smooth without prominent
tongue-case, in the ground m a moderately hard cell. Food-plants: particularly Solanaceae, but also many
other families. The moth, when disturbed, emits a rather loud sound (also the moth in the pupa) which recalls
the stridulation-.sounds of other insects; it is not produced by friction, but by the ejection of air through
the tongue. This chirping noise is known also of some other species of Sphingidae aseTnanophorae, e. g. Coelonin
fulvinotata, Pseudoclanis postica, Langia zenzeroides.

The three species are essentially tropical, but all extend beyond the southern boundary of the Pale-
arctic Region, two of them (atropos and styx) being found far to the North. The moths are good fliers and wander
far from their homes. They come to the light and also visit flowers, and in their localities are as a rule abun-
dant. In markings tlieyare very much alike, and as the African-European "Death-Head moth" is so well known
we confine ourseh^es to the description of the differences of the three species. With the exception of the
tongue, Acherontia is very closely allied to the African genus Coelonia in all stages.

lachesis. A. lachesis F. (= morta Hbn., satanas Bdv., lethe Westw., circe Moore) (36 a). Hindwing with large

black basal area, which is absent in the other two species. Antemiae longer than in atropos, and in the $ distinctly
slenderer than in the $ of that species. Hai-pe of 5* with two parallel hook-shaped teeth. The larva initil
the last change of skin green, with black markings, more rarely brown, the three anterior segments yellow
without markings; the dark, yellow edged, lateral oblique stripes continued in a bluish colour until they meet
dorsally. Pupa bright dark reddish broAvai. — Distributed from India to the Moluccas and known northward to
Northern dliina. Quite as variable as atropos.

atropos. A. atropos L. (= solani Oken, sculda Kirhij, atropus Strains, tfc Schuck.) (36 b). Hindwmg without

black basal area. Underside of abdomen with black transverse bands at the bases of the segments. Antennae
shorter than in the other species, especially in the $. Tibiae also somewhat shorter, the middle tibia shorter
than the first segment of the tarsus; fore tarsus exteriorly with numei'ous spines, which form more than one
row on segments 2 and 3. The species is distributed over the entire Ethiopian Region, and in the Palearctic
Region goes westward as far as the Azores, northward to the Shetlands and Lofotes, and eastward to Northern
Persia and Transcaucasia. In the northern districts it is only a chance visitor, appearing almost annually in the
summer, without establishing itself. In North and Central Europe also atropos has not yet settled perma-
nently. The moths appearing in the autumn are usually unfertile, this being also the case in many other
moths which normally only emerge after hibernation, atropos has only become common in Europe since the
introduction of the potato. The larva is sometimes iiifested by Tachinids, but seems to be still avoided by
European Ichneumonids. Specimens from Tropical and Southern Africa, Madagascar, etc., do not differ
from European ones. In a migratory species like this the breaking up into local races is impossible. But
the moth varies considerably individually, and the following names have been introduced for specimens
obsolela. differing from the average. In ab. obsoleta Tutt the death-head mark is more or less completely absent. The
imperfecta, black median band of the hinchving is absent in ab. imperfecta Tutt, in ab. conjuncta Tutt, however, it is
'^"cxtew! ^° much widened that it is confluent with the submarginal band. In ab. extensa Tutt the latter band is ex-
/toyescois. tended to the margin. In ab. flavescens TitM the ground-colour of the himh\ing is pale yellow. In ab. variegata
variegaia. Tutt the black dusting of the fore^^ing is nearly confined to two bands which correspond to the bands of tlie
hindwmg, while the rest, like the dorsal stripe of the abdomen, is more or less whitish. Specimens which differ
v'mjata. from ordinary ones especially in the more distinct whitish lines of the forewing are ab. virgata Tutt. In
euffusa. ab. suffusa Tutt the Mdngs and body are irrorated with dark, so that the markings appear suffused, and the
intermedia, yellow colour of the hindwing and abdominal spots is suppressed to a great extent, ab. intermedia TuU
are specimens with distinct whitish transverse markings on the forewng, which are not, however, visible
charon. to the hind margin as in virgata. In ab. charon Closs the black discal band of the hindwing is anteriorly
forked in consequence of the development of yellow spots in the band. — Larva similar to that of lachesis; also
very variable both in the brown and green forms ; the former usually Avith less markings, in the latter the first
three segments usually bright yellow. Pupa very dark brown.

A. styx. The death-head mark narrower in front than in the preceding species and laterally less dark.
The abdomen ventrally bears a median row of black spots instead of transverse bands. The antennae are longer
and slenderer than in atropos. The foretarsus has fewer spines exteriorly than in atropos and lachesis. The
hind tibia is as long as segments 1 to 3 of the hind tarsus, while in atropos it only equals segments 1 and 2

P„hl. 5. XII. 1911. HERSE. By Dr. K. Jordan. 233

in length. The forewhig is more evenly nicarked than in the other species. The harpe of ,^ with two short
processes, the lower one of which, instead of being directed straight backward, stands nearly vertically
on the surface of the valve, and is upturned at the apex. The larva of styx varies just as strongly as those
of the other species, which it strongly resembles, apart from its smaller size. From Japan to Ceylon and
eastward to the Moluccas, two subspecies. — In styx Westw. (= medusa Moore pt.) the forewing bears sty.i:.
longitudinal rust-brown stripes, and distally of the white discal lines an undefined large patch of the
same colour. Ceylon to North India, and from there southward to Tenasserim. — The rust-brown colour
of the afore-mentioned markings is only indicated or entirely absent in crathis R.d; J. (= medusa Moore cralhis.
pt.) (36 a). Japan and China, also known from Malacca to Ceram and Kisser. Its variability corresponds to
that of atropos; specimens differing from the average have not yet received names.

2. Genus : Herse Oken.

Some of the 5 species which belong here are usually found in manuals under Protoparce. The genotype
of Protoparce Burrti. (1856), however, is rustica and is not closely allied to ronvolvuli.

Tongue longer than the body and graduallj^ pointed at the apex. The cavity on the inner side of the
second palpal segment deep and covered with large scales. Antennae in the q of nearly equal thickness from
the base to the recurved apical hook, in the $ club-shaped, in both sexes with white scaling above. Tarsi
slender, not compressed as in Acherontia; middle and hind tarsi with basal brush on the underside of seg-
ment 1. Pulvillus very small, jiaronychium with one lobe at each side. Clasper of q on the outer side with
a patch of multidentate friction-scales; harpe as in Acherontia, short and divided into two teeth at the apex.
— Egg small; horn of larva almost smooth, simply curved, its apex not upcurved as in Acherontia; beside
the usual oblique stripes of this group the larva bears a subdorsal stripe reaching from the pronotum to the
horn; larva dichromatic nearly as in Acherontia, green, or brown to nearly black. Pupa distinguished by the
sheath of the proboscis being curved spirally towards the head. The moths are good fliers and sometimes travel
long distances. The distribution-area of two of the species is consequently very large, cingulnta F. being found
throughout the Western Hemisphere with the exception of the extreme north, and convolvuli occurring from
the Atlantic Islands to New Zealand, neither species having any even fairly constant local form anywhere.
Neither lofty mountains nor wide straits are unsurmountable obstacles for these moths. The other three species
inhabit the Papuan district and only one of them (luctifera) goes Avestward to Celebes.

H. convolvuli L. (= orientalis Biitl.) (36 a). As in the other species of this genus the forewing of the convolvuli.
(J is much more strongly marked above and darker than in the $, in which sex it is almost uniformly grey. Abdomen
with red transverse spots laterally. Hindwing grey with black transverse bands. The variable larva on Convol-
vulaceae ; subdorsal lines and lateral stripes yellow. The pupa hibernates. The moth very common in the tropics of
Africa and Indo- Australia ; in districts with a long dry season the specimens are as a rule small and pale. European
examples are usually larger than tropical ones. In the summer the Convolvulus Hawkmoth goes far north and is found
at dusk sucking at flowers, among which it jiarticularly frequents the species of Phlox and Tobacco so rich in
honey. In the Southern districts of the Palearctic Region it is met with during nearly the whole warm season
of the year, in Central Europe in the late spring and more often again late in the summer. In Northern
Central Europe, just like atropos, it is not permanently acclimatised. The (^-ab. alicea Neuhurger is very alicea.
dark, the abdomen not grey but golden brown, the lateral spots being red-gold without white edges. It is per-
haps advisable to use this name for all specimen of both sexes having yellow abdominal spots instead of red
ones. Small and fairly uniformly coloured specimens are ab. pseudoconvolvuli iS'c/^aw/. (= batatae Christ.); pseiido-
they are especially common in tropical regions. Specimens which are larger than 120 mm. Tutt calls ab. convolvuli.
major and those measuring less at than 75 mm. ab. minor. Moreover, he divides the specimens known to
himfroniEuropp, Asia and Africa into 8 groups, the names of which we mention here for the sake of complete-
ness. Unfortunately Tutt does not mention to which sex he is referring, and some of the names evidently
only refer to cJ(J and others only to 99. ab. nnicolor Tutt, forewing uniformly grey, without distinct trans-
verse bands (9?); ab. grisea Tutt similar, but darker grey; ab. intermedia Tutt, forewing pale grey as in
unicolor, with darker transverse lines; ab. fuscosignata Tutt, forewing dark grey with distinct brow^l median
area; ab. virgata Tutt, forewing dark grey, the median area much darker than the rest of the wing; ab. varie- virgata.
gata Tutt. forewing Avith dark central and marginal areas contrasting with the whitish basal and discal areas;
ab. suffusa Tutt, forewing dark, the grey markings confined to the neighbourhood of the proximal and discal .suffu.<ia.
wavy lines; ab. obscura Tutt, the darkest form, the light markings of the forewing almost entirely obsolete, dbscura.
Of these eight names the first three are best placed with convolvuli, and variegata united with virgata.

2. Tribe: Sphingicae.

Second jialpal segment not concave on the inner side and .scaled in a normal way, at mo.st with a bare stripe. —
Only two of the 120 known species occur in Europe, and 8 altogether on Palearctic territory.

II 30

234 MEGAXOTOX; PSILOGRAMMA. By Dr. K. Jordan.

3. Genus: Mej^i^aiiotoii Walk.

A pun-lv Oriental gemi.s comprisintr four s])ecies, two of which oecur in our area. Large ; tongue very long,
longer than the body. Antennae long and slender, terminating with a long thin hook. Palpi large, segment
2 nearly as broad as it is long, when seen from above with a broad end-surface. Legs long, tibiae without spines,
but with long spurs, the longer apical spur of the hind tibia about three-quarters the length of the tibia; middle
and hind tarsi with long basal bristles, hind tarsus more than twice as long as the anterior edge of the cell of
the hindwing; fore tarsus witliout prolonged bristles. Pulvillus and paronychium present, the latter having
two lobes on each side. The claspcr of the o has a patch of friction-sc-ales on the outer side. Larva and pupa
known of only one species {nyclip/innes): the former with S-shaped curved granulose horn (similar to that
of Acherontia); metathorax with conical median hump. Tongue-case of pupa free, curved, but not curved
frontad spirally as in Herse.

analis. M. analis Feld. (36 c). Upperside of body and forewing grey, the hindwing and dark markings of fore-

wing and abdomen walnut-brown, underside of body and first segment of palpi greyish white, wings pale
walnut-brown with grey base. Forewing above with distinct white discocellular dot lying in the anterior broad
portion of the antemedian transverse band, between the lower radial and upper median branches a longitudinal
streak, which is connected with that band and distally reaches to an elliptical submarginal spot; between the
cell and margin four transverse lines, the first two of which are more or less confluent, the third one slightly
developed, the fourth widened anteriorly and here connected with the broad apical oblique stripe. Hindwing
with whitish grey markings before the hind margin and at the anal angle. The anal tergite of the cJ divided
into two long slender processes, while the sternite is prolonged into a single long slender process ; harpe broaden-
ed and rounded at the apex; sheath of duct with pointed apical process which is directed frontad and lies
on the sheath. — Shanghai; X^orthern India; rather rare.

scribae. M. scribae Aust. Smaller than analis, to which scribae is allied in structure, especially of the genitalia;

thorax anteriorly not darkened; the two brown lateral stripes of the abdomen so broad that the greyish white
spots lying between them are smaller than in analis and more or less separated one from the other; underside
of body and first palpal segment almost pure white. Forewing above without white discocellular .spot,
markings otherwise very like fhose of analis, but blackei, and between the third radial and lower median branches
there are two very broad longitudinal streaks wliich are only separated by the first median branch and, as in
analis, join distally an elongate submarginal spot; apex marked nearly as in analis; anal angle of both wings
less produced than in analis, the outer margin more convex. Hindwing somewhat more blackish than in analis,
the grey markings reduced. Underside of both wings brow^nish grey, without the walnut-bi'own tint of analis.
As in analis the two processes of the anal tergite of (J long, slender and widely separated in contradistinction
to Psilogramma menephron, in which they lie close together, Paronychium with two lobes on each side, Japan
and Corea; two (^.^^ in the Tring Muscnun, one $ in coll, Austaut, a second $, from Corea, Alpheraky has
figured in Rom. Mem, Lep. IX, plate 13 and placed with Psilogramma menephron increta Walk.

4. Genus: Psiloj^^raiiiiiia R.d; J.

Very like the preceding genus, but the second palpal segment has on the inner side a longitudinal
bare strijie, which is not present in any other genus. The antennae are shorter and have a proportionately
shorter liook. The paronychium consists of only one lobe on each side. The clasper of the o has a patch of
modified entire friction-scales on the outer side, and the harpe is only indicated. — Larva dichromatic, a green
form with white oblique lateral stripes, and a dark one with broad brown longitudinal stripe dorsally and
large brown spots beneath and at the sides; head minutely granulose, thoracical segments each with a trans-
verse row of small conical humps; horn roughly granulose, almost straight, slightly upcurved; anal segment
also roughly granulose, with brown edges; stigmata dark red. On Anona, Ligustrum, Spathodea, etc. Pupa
in the ground, dark red-brown dusted with bluish grey; tongue-case long, free, curved, but not spiral, with
the end directed thoracad, — Two species, one of which goes north to Japan in the east of the Palearctic region.

P. menephron. This species is very variable in the tropical districts of its area of distribution and has
received numerous names. It resembles Meganoton scribae, but the discal streaks of the forewing and the
increta. apical arcs are thinner. From Japan to Gaylon and eastward to Xew Caledonia ; abundant every^vhere. — increta
Walk. (3()b) is pale grey; the markings of the forewing are thin. Japan, Liu-Kiu Islands, Corea and Xorth
rtienephron. and East China, Varies comparatively little. — menephron Cr. The specimens from Central and Western
China on the whole agree with Indian ones, and like these are very variable in ground-colour and in the thick-
ness of the transverse lines and longitudinal streaks. Very light specimens occur which can scarcely be distin-
guished from increta, and dark ones which are connected with the light ones by transitions. These tropical forms,
which are so different in appearance, will be more fully dealt with in Vol, X.

SPHINX. By Dr. K. Jordan. 235

5. Genus: Sphinx L.

In our Revision of the Sphingidae (1903) we have dealt with this genus under the name of Hy-
loicus Hbn. According to more recent suggestions of the Ooniinittee on Nomenclature of the International
Zoological Congresses it is advisable to select by tautonomy the tjqie of genera whose tj^pe had not been fixed
by the author. In our case Linnaeus only mentions the name Sphinx in the literature quoted by him under ligustri
and according to the above principle thi.s species would be the genotype. As hereby the name Smerinthus,
which has been in use for so long, will be saved for ocellata, the new principle advocated by the Committee
will be welcomed by many, although it is antagonistic to the law of absolute priority.

The 30 species which we place into this genus are distinguished before all the other Sphingicae by the
fact that at least the fore tibiae are spined and the pulvillus is at the same time absent, while the abdomen
bears grey-white, red or very slightly yellowish lateral spots, the pupa has a free tongue-case lying on the
breast, and the head of the larva is rounded in all stages. Sheath of duct of (J with apical process. — Larva
not dichromatic as in Acheroniia and Herse; the horn simply curved, pointed; the head sometimes narrowed
above, but never pyramidal as in Lapara (the first stage of which, however, also has a round head). The
five Palearctic species probably all have one brood only and hibernate as pupa in a cell in the ground or in
moss. The other 25 species belong to the American fauna. The geims, which is derived from the large and
purely American genus Protoparce, is absent in the Indo-Australian and Ethiopian Regions. The five Palearctic
species are closely allied to certain North American forms. These species oi Sphinx, therefore, occupy a similar
position in the Old World fauna to that of the Old World genera Cephonodes and Sataspes and the Palearctic
species of Haemorrhagia, which are also .specialised branches of an American stock. It is not advisable generi-
cally to separate ligustri and pinastri (Rebel, Tutt, Staudinger), as such a proceeding would entail the
erection of quite a number of genera for the other 28 species. But on the other hand there is no justification
for placing these two European species with convolvuli (Spuler), as consequently nearly all the other Acheron-
tiinae would have to be placed in the same genus, which would render a classification according to relationship
illusory.

S. ligustri. Abdomen with red lateral spots, hindwing also red with two black transverse bands and a
short oblic^ue subbasal one. Harpe of (J broad, undivided. Two local forms: — constricta ButJ. (= amurensis comiricla.
Oberth., spiraeae [Esp.] Graes.) (36 c). A small form on an average, in which the black bands of the hindwing
are more or less confluent and the red colour of the hindwing and abdomen is pale. North China, Amurland
and Japan, June and the beginning of July, rather rare in collections; larva on Spiraea. — ligustri L. (36c). ligustri.
With rare exceptions the abdominal spots and the ground-colour of the hindwing are bright rose-red, also the
median black band of the hindwing is usually separated from the outer band. We have not found structural
differences between ligustri and constricta. Western Europe to Asia Minor and Central Asia. The following
names of aberrations must be mentioned, ab. spiraeae Esp., small, pale, subbasal band of hindwing absent; spiraeae.
larva found on Spiraea chamaedrifolia. In ab. albescens Tutt the red colour of the hindwing and abdomen albescens.
is nearly white, while these portions are pale lemon-yellow in ab. lutescens Tutt. ab. obscura Tuft are much lidcscens.
blackened specimens. In ab. rosacea Rebel the costal area of the forewing is bright rose-red. In ab. brunnea "g^^!^^*^
Tutt the usually pale costal area of the forewing and the ground-colour of the hindwing are dusted with brown, bnmnea.
Besides these forms Tutt names some intermediate forms (ab. pallida, ab. subpallida, ab. incerta, ab. typica,
ah. intermedia). The moth common in most localities from the end of April to July, in the Southern districts
again in the autumn (early specimens, not second brood); in the East much rarer than in Central and Western
Europe. In the whole Palearctic Region northward to Scotland and Scandinavia ; the records from the Azores,
Canaries and North Africa require confirmation; not recorded from Greece. In the evening at flowers and
the light. — Egg light green. Larva green, horn dark, in the first stages half as long as the body, and as in
the allied species forked, later on simply curved downwards; 7 oblique stripes laterally, an eighth indicated,
all purple and white, but varying slightly in the shade of colour. On Ligustrum, Spiraea, Fraxinus, Syringa,
Viburnum, etc. Pupa in a cell in the ground, tongue close to the thorax, up to 8 mm. long; cremaster with
two small points at the apex and two before it.

S. pinastri. Grey, patagia with black stripe, abdomen with light grey lateral spots edged with black.
On the forewing two transverse bands converging behind, a few black discal longitudinal streaks and an
obliqift? apical streak black: hindwing almost uniformly grey. Fringes of both wings chequered with white.
Antennae distally distinctly widened. Spines of tibiae small and not numerous ; spurs of hind tibia long. Harpe
of ^ bipartite. Vaginal orifice of $ central, not proximal as in ligustri, before the orifice a lobate process,
which it absent in ligustri. Single specimens have been found in the United States and described as saniptri
Streck. ; they do not differ from European examples and have probably been accidentally imported. Butler
also described a specimen as asiaticiLS with the locality Scinde, which also does not differ from pinastri and
was probably erroneously labelled as coming from Scinde (India). On the other hand, in a collection of Ja-

236 SPHINX. By Dr. K. Jordan.

panese Lepidoptera bought l)y us in Loudon wt- found a o "f ^'i'^ specie.s which differs considerably from
vwrio. all other q j : morio R. db J. (3fi d). Snudl, the light abdominal spots reduced, upper side of thorax, of ab-
domen and wings as well as tlie pal])i darker than in typical pinashi ; the subcostal and upper radial of hind-
wing on a quite short stalk. The upper process of harpe flat, not rolled up cylindrically as in typical pinastri,
the apical process of the .sheath of the duct pointed and almost hooked. A J from Japan, without definite
pinastri. locality. — pinastri L. (36 d). The white and black abdominal spots as a rule sharply prominent. Middle of
thorax and abdomen grey, the latter with a thin black median line. The forewing bears two transverse bands,
discal longitudinal streaks and an apical streak. But the markings and general colouring vary considerably.
fasciaUi. In ab. fasciata Lampa tlie two bands of the forewing are broad, separated, and the longitudinal streaks are ab-
typica- sent. In ab. typica-virgata Tutt (= albicans Aust.) the ground-colour is light grey to greyish white, the longi-
"^'^'^ te' t"'^i"'',l streaks are present and the two bands merged together to form a single one. ab. virgata Tutt
brunnea. differs from it in the absence of the longitudinal streaks. In ab. brunnea Spul. the ground-colour of the body
fulvjinosa. and wings is deep brown, but the light lateral spots of the abdomen remain Avell developed, ab. fuliginosa
Lamb, like brunnea, abdomen without white spots, the middle discal longitudinal stripe of the forewing encloses
an elongate spot of the ground-colour in the centre. Uniformly brown specimens almost without markings
unicolor. are ab. unicolor Tiilt (.'?6b). Grey specimens without bands on the forewing, but with dark central spot
gr'wea-me- are ab. grisea-medioputicta Tutt. Beside these Tutt also named two intermediate forms (ab. grisea-transversa
diopuncta. g^j^^ g^^, grisea-distincta Tutt). — Egg 2 mm long, light green, deposited on the needles of the food-plant singly
or in small clusters. Young larva pale green, with dark head, the following stages green (more rarely i)ro\vii),
\^■ith brown and red, sometimes yellow, longitudinal stripes, without oblique bands; sides of head, the horn
and anal segment granulose. From June until the autumn, sometimes occurs in rather large numbers so that
the species is placed among the insects injurious to forests, but it is never found in such masses as, for
instance, Lymantria momtcha. Pupa in moss or in the ground near the tree-trunk; less glossy than that of
Zt(/iiA'<r», and more wrinkled; tongue-case short, as in /igrMs^rj'lying on the breast. Sometimes hibernates twice.
The moth from the spring into the summer, by day on the trunks of firs, usually only one or a few yards above
the ground, at dusk it begins to fly and to visit flowers, especially frequenting Lonicera and Saponaria.

S. caligineus, from Japan and China, is usually (but erroneously) regarded as an Eastern form of pi-
nastri. Smaller than pinastri, uniformly grey, abdomen with dark grey lateral spots, forewing with an often
absent line across the apex of the cell. Tibia? with fewer spines than in pinastri, the longer of the two apical
spurs of the hind tibiae less than half as long as the first segment of the tarsus, while this spur of pinastri is at least
equal to two-thirds the length of this segment. The two apical processes of the harpe of ^ shorter than in pinastri.
calujinem. The anal sternite not completely divided as in pinastri. Earlier stages not known, Japan and China. — cali-
gineus Butl. (— caliginosus Kirby, err. iyyt.) (36 d). Dark grey; patagia with dark edge. Longitudinal stripe
on disc of forewing distinct, Japan, on the North, Main and South Islands, in July and August, common.
s'micw. — sinicus R. d> ./. Paler grey, more like pinastri. The dark edge of the patagia and the longitudinal stripe
of forewing slight, or the latter entirely absent. Scaling of antennae white, subcostal and upper radial of hind-
wing on a shorter stalk than in typical caligineus. The genitalia also distinctly different from those of the Japa-
nese subspecies. China: Shanghai and Zoce,

ohcrlhucri. S. oberthueri R. <£■ J. (36 d). Lateral spots of abdomen white, narrow. Wings much narrower than

in the preceding sjM'cies; the fringes as in pinastri with very distinct white spots. Otherwise not essentially
different in markings and colour from pinastri and caligineus. Tibia almost without spines, spurs short, the
longer apical spur of the hind tibia only one-third as long as the first segment of the tarsus. Harpe of (J with
two short apical processes, which are separated by a round sinus, the upper process with one or more teeth, the
lower one thinner, almost conical and slightly curved. Only ,^(^ known, — Tse-kou, West China, in coll, Charles
Oberthur and the Tring Museum.

crassistrir/a. S. crassistriga R. d' J. (42 f). Edge of patagia broadly black, abdomen with black dorsal line and

black lateral spots. Forewing grey brown, with black-brown markings, viz., two transverse lines which cross
the apex of the cell and extend to the hind margin of the wing, several faint discal lines which, although running
from the costal to the hind margin, are only distinct posteriorly, on the disc three longitudinal stripes, the
upper one of which is short and faint, the second long and broad, and the third somewhat shorter and also
broad. Fringes of both wings spotted with white. Hindwing dark brown. Only one $ known, from Japan,
probably from the Main Island; ex. coll. Leech, in the British Museum. The vaginal orifice proximal as in
ligustri. The specimen resembles the species of Kentrochrysalis and also recalls Psilogramma menephron incretu.

C. Tribe: Sphingulicae.

In contraili.slimtion to the |)i'i"(oiliiig forms flie end-segiuc-nt of the antennae in th(^ followintc ijenera of Acherotiliinae
is always short. The tongue at most attains lialf (lie length of the body, antl is often weak and funitionles.s. The s|Mnes of the
abdomen are always \vi;ak and are iLsuall\- entirely absent on the underside, I'lipa without free tongue-case; larva granulose.
— We here unite a nvunber of reduced forms which a.s larva, i)U})a and moth in many respects resenible the following sub-
family. The si)ecies ari' all iVsiatic or Australian.

*) The collection also contained the afore-mentioned (iJ. ISO) two Jliyanotun scribuc.

DOLBINA; DOLBINOPSIS; KENTROCHRYSALIS. By Dr. K. Jordan. 237

6. Genus: I>oll>iiia Stgr.

Tliorax stouter than in the following genera; the abdomen above more strongly spinose and beneath
furnished with weak spines. The antennae stout, gradually pointed distally, also in the $ with lateral grooves
and prolonged cilia. Fore and mid tibiae without spines, spurs short, hind tibia with 2 pairs, fore tibia with-
out apical thorn, pulvillus present, paronychiuin with two pairs of lobes on each side. — Larva and pupa (of
exacta) according to Graeser so like those of ocellata that they can hardly be distinguished.

One Indian and two Palearctic species are known as yet. They are very similar in markings and colour-
ing, but are easily distinguished by their structure. Upperside of body and wings greyish black, often greenish ;
abdomen with a dorsal row of black streak-spots and black lateral spots; underside of body lighter. Forewing
above variegated with white, two parallel proximal lines and several discal ones dentate and black ; a discocel-
lular dot white, hindwing almost uniformly greyish black, lighter at the anal angle. Sexes similar.

D. tancrei Stgr. (36 e). Abdomen beneath with large black spots in the middle of the segments. — tamrei.
Amurland and Japan; some of the specimens before me were caught in June and August.

D. exacta Stgr. (= tancrei Stgr. pt., inexacta Fixs. nee Walk.) (36 e). Abdomen beneath with small exacta.
black central spots. Larva found by Graeser on Syringa and Fraxinus. Two broods annually; the moth in
the spring and from August onward. — Amurland, Japan, Corea and Central China, more abundant than the
preceding species.

The third species, D. inexacta Walk., occurs in North India, and in the North- West extends close to the
Palearctic Region. It is larger than exacta and tancrei, and has veiy large black spots on the underside of the
abdomen.

7. Genus: l>4»ll»iiio|>KiK ^.rf^ J-

A reduced off-shoot from Dolhina. Palpi still smaller, fore tibia with naked end-thorn; pulvillus
absent, paronychium just indicated; fore and middle tibiae without spines; hind tibia with two pairs of very
short spurs; subcostal and upper radial of hindwing separate. — One .species.

D. grisea Hamps. Markings and colour almost entirely as m the species of Dolbina, from which grisea grisea.
is easily distinguished by the apical thorn of the fore tibia. Only a few ^^ known. ■ — Kulu, North-West
India (British Museum).

H. Genus: Keiitroelir^'salis Stgr.

Thorax slenderer than in Dolba, conical. Tongue quite short and weak, with long cilia at the inner
edge of each half . Palpi small, especially in the $, the joint between segments 1 and 2 visible (bare). Antennae
long, in ^ and 9 with prolonged cilia, which are however much shorter in the $ than in the (^, the seg-
ments slightly widened laterally. Tibiae without spines; spurs short, hind tibiae with two pairs; pulvillus
and paronychium present. — Larva granulose as in Smerinthus, with conical head. Pupa with a few high and
sharp humps on the underside. — A purely Palearctic genus with three species.

K. streckeri Stgr. (= davidis Oberth.) (36 e). Head, thorax and forewing grey, abdomen and hindwing streckeri.
more brown, thorax above striped with black, abdomen with black dorsal line of spots and black lateral spots.
Forewing with a proximal and a discal pair of brown-black dentate transverse lines, a white discocellular dot,
black longitudinal discal stripes, which are sometimes absent, and a black oblique apical line. Hindwing
uniformly brown, paler towards the base and at the hind margin. Fringes of both wings chequered with black
and white. Anal sternite of (S s^ort and broad, slightly emarginate, harpe with broad bipartite process directed
dorsad and long narrow horizontal apical process. Larva on Fraxinus and Ligustrum, fairly common, e. g.
near Vladivostok, according to Graeser similar to that of «S'. ocellata. The very peculiar pupa is able to
crawl forward fairly fast with the help of the pointed abdominal processes by moving the abdomen quickly from
side to side (Graeser). Amurland.

K. consimilis R. d- J. (36 e). In shape and markings similar to .streckeri, the inner transverse lines consitnilis.
of the forewing more strongly developed and ending posteriorly in a blackish smear which is prolonged basad ;
the outer transverse lines are less distinctly dentate than in streckeri. In structure, however, consimilis is more
closely allied to the following species. Anal sternite of (J deeply cleft; harpe longer than the clasper, dorsally
with several short processes, apically with two. — Japan, on the Main Island, in August, and certainly also in
the spring from hibernated pupae.

K. sieversi .-l/^j/^eV. (37a). Larger than the preceding species. The large black spot which is found sieversi.
on the upperside of the antennae of those species is only slightly indicated in sieversi. Body and forewing above

238 SPHINGULUS; AKBESIA; OXYAMBULYX. By Dr. K. Jordan.

darker; the forewing broader, with hirger white discocellular dot and broader apical oblique line. Palpi smoothly
.scaled, not rough-haired. Harpe very broad, reaching nearly to the dorsal edge of the cla.sper, with several
short dorsal processes and two apical ones, the lower one of which is longer than in consimiliti. — Amurland
and Corea, rare. The $ not described and perhaps not yet in collections.

9. Genus: S|>liiii$;-iiliis Stgr.

A reduced off-shoot oi Kentrochrysalis. Forewing more rounded. Palpi smaller ; paronychium atrophi-
ed. Hind tibia with two pairs of very small spurs. — One species.

nuts. S. mus Stgr. (37 a). Uniformly grey, with very slight markings. — Anuirland (Ussuri, Suifun. etc.),

in June; the early stages not yet described.

2. Subfamily: Ambulicitiae.

Lik(: tlio Achcronii iliac alway.s witliout l)asal spot on the iiinof side of the fu'st palpal .segment, iliddle and hind
tarsi always without basal comb of jtrolonged bristles, this comb being present in most AcheronUinae. Tongue never
longer than the body, as a rule short, weak and fimctionless. Antennae never incrassate towards the ajiex, often dentate
'^ or even pectinate; end-segment short, except in the four genera Coiiipsoyene, 0.ryambiily.r, Protambulyx and Cypa, of which

only Oxyamhulyx is represented on Palearctic territory. Spines of abdomen always weak, and nearly always absent on the
underside, only a few of the least reduced forms Uke Oxyamlulyx, Protamhidyx and allied genera have a small nundjer of sjiines
beneath. In the more generalised forms the forewing is slender, produced at the apex, truncate or emarginate. The outer margin
is often dentate, lobate, angulate or deeply sinuate below the apex, the longitudinal stripes so often occurring on the disc be-
tween the radial and median branches in the AcheronUinae are never present.

The larvae are granulose, sometimes even furnished \vith such long spines as to render them similar to the larvae of
Sdiiirniidac {fMijlio.sk'lhii.<i. short siunes in Rhadinopasn). The hea<l is usually narrowed above, but many forms have a round
head, and in some spcnies it is round in the first stage and then conical. There are also genera (e. g. Clani.'i) in which it is first
l)()inted and later on roimd. The ini])a never has a free tongue-case: the latter never reaches to the end of the wing-cases
exce|)t in Compsoycna panopus and perhajis a few allied species. About 150 species are known. As many of them stand
rather ist)lated, we are justified in assuming that a large number of the tropical species have not yet been discovered. It is very
noteworthy that in South America only very few species of this subfamily occm', wlule North America and the Palearctic Begion
as well a-s the tropics of Africa and Asia are rich in species. The moths fly at night; onlj' a few forms visit flowers.

10. Genus: Akbesia R.d; J.

Tongue extending to beyond the middle of the abdomen. Palpi short, not porrect. At the upper
edge of the eye pendant scales (eye-brow). Antennae of cj with long seriate cilia, in the $ simply cylindrical
without lateral grooves and without prolonged cilia; end-segment of both sexes short. Head with a transverse
tuft between the anteiniae. Tibiae without spines, but fore tibia with long end-thorn; hind tibia with two
pairs of spurs, pulvillus small, paronychium present, but the two ventral lobes of the latter only indicated.
Apex of forewing pointed, outer margin slightly wavy, and somewhat convex; subcostal and upper radial
of hindwing stalked, radial 2 from the middle of the cell. Clasper o' cj without friction-scales on the outer
side.

One species, which is most closely allied to Batocnema from Africa and Madagascar (coquereli, africanus).

davidi. A. davidi Ohcrth. (37 b). A magnificently coloured species. Green, forewing above with light transverse

band before the middle and brownish shadowy discal band. Upperside of liindwing with the exception of
the margin brownisii yellow like a large basal spot on the underside of the forewing. — Akbes in Asia Minor,
not rare. The early stages are not yet described.

11. Genus: Oxyaiubulyx R. d- J.

Tongue extending at least to the middle of the abdomen. Palpi large, porrect in a dorsal view, their
apical surface at almost the same level as the frons. Transversely between the antennae a sharp crest formed
by the scaling. End-segment of antennae long, smoothly scaled above ; antenna of $ with the indication of pro-
longed cilia, without the lateral grooves of the (^-antenna. Abdomen above densely spinose at the edges of the
segments, below with few spines, these standing at the edges of the posterior segments ; before the apex in the
(J on each side a pointed tuft of scales. Tibiae without spines; fore tibia without apical thorn, hind tibia
with two pairs of spurs, the outer spur of each pair much shorter than the inner one; at the base of the middle
and hind tibiae a white spot. Pulvillus present, paronychium with two lobes on each side. Forewing with
pointed apex. The $ on the whole darker than the (J. — Larva Avith conical head and long horn. Very
little is known about the early stages and habits of the moths. Many of the species are very similar, but can
always be distinguished by the genitalia and certain constant differences in the markings. The genus is Asiatic-
Australian and occurs from Japan to Ceylon and the Andamans, and eastward to Queensland and the Solomon

OLANIS; LEUCOPHLEBIA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 239

Islands. Three species occur in tlie Palearctic Region, but several others extend to the Southern boundary'
of our Region in North- West India.

C. schauffelbergeri Brem. <£• Grey (= trilineata Roths.) (37 a). Abdomen of ,^ and ? without dorsal schmiffel-
line, but segment S of q with olive median spot. Forewing with two blackish green rounded spots in the basal f'en/eri.
area, one at the costal margin and the other below the cell, the costal one being the larger; the antemedian
double line and the dentate discal lines distinct, the submarginal line posteriorly quite near the margin. The
eight abdominal sternite of ,^ is slightly rounded in the middle of the margin, not produced into a process;
the harpe ends in an almost straight thin process, which lies along the ventral edge of the clasper, the upper
edge of the harpe formed of a dentate ridge wliich is highest distally and whose apex is downcurved. Vaginal
orifice of 9 large, before it a triangular central lobe. — Japan (Main and South Islands), North China, certainly
also distribued further north- and southwards.

C. ochracea Butl. (37a). Clayish yellow; ^ and $ without dorsal line, ^ with dorsal spot on segment 8. ochracea.
The costal one of the two spots in the basal area of the forewing is much smaller than that below the cell,
the antemedian double line of the cell less oblique than in schauffelbergeri and the inner discal line farther
from the cell. The distal process of the harpe of S much shorter and broader than in schauffelbergeri and the
upper edge of the harpe bears a large tooth proximally, the apical process of the sheath of duct of ,^ is denti-
culate in schauffelbergeri, non-dentate and pointed in ochracea. Before the vaginal orifice of the $ a high trans-
verse ridge which is deeply incised in the middle. — Distributed from Japan to North India, not rare.

C. japonica Roths. (37 b). Distinguished from all other species of this genus by the broad subbasal japonica.
transverse band on the upper side of the forewing. — Kiu-Shiu and Corea, only a few specimens known.

12. Genus: Claiiis Hbn.

Easily distinguished from Oxyambulyx by the spinose tibiae and short end-segment of antennae. The
tongue is strongly developed, but at most extends to the base of the abdomen. Forewing entire, with pointed
apex. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs; pulvillus. paronychium and frenulum present. Abdomen above
with very numerous spines at the edges and many small weak spines below the scaling on the dorsal surface
of the segments. — Larva granulose, with oblique stripes; head in the first stages conical, later on rounded
and large; only known of one species.

Seven species ; distributed from Japan to Ceylon and the Nicobars and eastward to Timor. The mot lis
easil}' fade, and freshly caught specimens are much more reddish brown than old ones.

C. bilineata Walk. (37 c). Forewing beneath with black longitudinal smear below the cell. Upperside bilineata.
of middle and hind tibiae white. Hind margin of forewing of (^ as long as the outer margin, in the 9 Icnger.
Ground-colour reddish brown, shaded with grey; forewhig with two ante- and three postmedian transverse
lines; at the apex of the cell a pale streak which bounds a large pale costal area; genitalia of both sexes very
different from those of all the other species. — Japan and Corea to North India; the most common species
of Glanis of these districts.

C. undulosa Moore (37 b). Usually larger than bilineata, darker, the black markings more sharply mululoaa.
developed, the wings more elongate, the black basal area of the hindwing larger. Upper side of middle tibiae
black, not white as in bilineata; spurs of tibiae longer. The anal tergite of ,^ incised in the middle of the apex
and the two halves thus formed are downcurved. The eight abdominal tergite of the $, which is deeply incised
and long in bilineata, is very short in nndulosa. and bears but a very shallow sinus. — Distributed from North
China to North India.

In North-West India a third .sjiecies, deucalion Walk., extends to near the Palearctic boundary.

13. Genus: lieucoplilobin Westw.

A genus distinguished by its peculiar colouring. All the species more or less pink; forewing with pale
yellow stripe from the base to the apex.

Tongue short and weak. Antennae with short end- segment ; in the ,^ the lateral grooves deep and the
segments produced above it into short round teeth or even long pectinations; in the $ the antenna slightly pris-
matic, almost entirely without prolonged cilia at the sides. Tibiae spinose; hind tibia with two pairs of spurs,
the longer apical one of which is about one-third as long as the first segment of the tarsus ; pulvillus and paro-
nychium present, but the lobes of the latter reduced. Forewing entire, with the apex pointed but not jJroduced,
outer margin convex, hind angle very strongly rounded, not produced even in the hindwing. — Larva granulose,
on each side with two white longitudinal stripes, the upper one of which is broad and the lower indistinct.
According to Boisdu\ul on sugar-cane. — Africa and India, distributed northward to North China. So far
five species are known.

240 POLYPTYCHUS; MARUMBA. By Dr. K. Jokdax.

lineaia. L. lineata Westw. (37 c). The apex of the palpi and the frons blackish; the maize-coloured longitudinal

stripe of the forewing narrow. Larva green, head white, horn and legs pink. — From North China (Shan-
tung) to Ceylon and eastward to the Philippines and Celebes.

ernittens. L. emittens Walk. (= bicolor Bull., damascena Bull.). Frons and apical surface of palpi not blackish,

but of the same red colour as the occiput and the pronotum. The maize-coloured stripe of forewing broader
than in lineatn. — Widely distributed in India, extending into the Palearctic Region in the North-West.

14. Genus: Polyptyeliiis Hhn.

The species belonging here are so very numerous in Africa and show such considerable differences that
later it will probably be necessary to divide up the genus. In the Asiatic (nomenclatorially typical) Poly-
ptychus the tongue is yellow, very weak and so short that when unrolled it does not reach to the tip of the fore
coxae. The antennae of ^ and $ with lateral grooves and prolonged cilia. Tibiae spinose, hind tibia with
two pairs of spurs which do not bear spines; pulvillus and paronychium present. Forewing with strongly den-
tate outer margLn. Inner margin distally deeply incurved, so that the hind angle projects backwards. Abdomen
above with very numerous weak spines on the surface below the scales and stronger spines at the edges. — Larva
green, with two greenish yellow dorsal longitudinal stripes, whitish oblique lateral stripes and conical head. Pupa
glossy, cremaster fairly smooth, with two points.

The two Indian species extend into the Palearctic Region.

P. trih'neatus. Varies from blackish brown to yellowish grey, and is shaded with violet grey. Forewing
with a straight dark transverse line in the basal fourth, followed by a rather irregular line, on the disc two lines
which raw about parallel with the outer margin, the imier one straight, the outer one curved outwards below
the middle. Hindwing above with faint discal line and at the anal angle a bluish grey spot. Beneath paler
than above, both wings with one or two distinct discal lines. Genitalia complicated and unique, varying strongly
Irilineatus. geographically. For larva cf. above. Known from Ceylon to China, the Philippines and Celebes. — trilineatus
Moore. The inner discal line of the forewing touches the lower angle of the cell and is therefore much more
proximal than in the other subspecies; the outer line correspondingly shifted proximad; between the two lines
no dentate line. Beneath the proximal discal line is absent. North-West India, at the boundary of the Pale-
undatus. arctic Region, only one specimens (9) known. ^ — undatus R. <& J. (= dentatus IFf/7^., nee CV.) (37 c). Proximal
discal line of forewing distant from the cell. Both wings beneath with two transverse lines between the cell
and the margin. Between the claspers of the ^ and firmly united with their bases there is a single long process
like a fish-tail. The eighth abdominal tergite of 9 has a large pointed conical hump on each side, and behind the
vaginal orifice there is a very large almost straighthly truncate chitinous sclerite. North India and Burma.
chincnsis. This form is figured here, because we have only one imperfect specimen of the following race. — chinensis
R. <& J. A '^ from China collected by natives; the wdngs are cut straight with a pair of scizzors, probably
because the margins were torn. Somewhat greyer than utidatus; upperside of middle and hind tibiae lighter.
The eighth abdominal tergite bears a large chitinous sclerite which projects from the scaling and is deeply
incised in the middle. The postvaginal sclerite is not truncate as in undatus, but broadly and deeply sinuate
in the middle.

(letit(ili(.-<. P, dentatus C'r. (= timesius Stall, modesta F., denticulatus Hears.). Ashy grey, the two discal lines

of the forewing parallel, the outer one not excurved below the centre, between them a distinct dentate line. The
sole-shaped clasper of the ^ bears a bipartite harpe; the lower process of the latter very long, thin, horizontal,
not as in P. trilineatus fused with the corresponding process of the other clasper. The eighth abdominal ter-
gite of 9 at the margin twice sinuate, therefore tripartite. Vaginal sclerite also quite different from that
of P. trilineatus; the orifice postmedian; beyond it a small triangular sclerite; the vaginal sclerite incrassate
before the orifice and the edge of the orifice raised and smooth. — Larva on Cordia; not described; for
the pupa cf. above in the generic description. — From Ceylon to Calcutta and Kurachi, and in China. The
single specimen from Tse-kou which 1 saw in coll. Ch.\rles Oberthue differs somewhat from Indian specimens.

15. Genus: Hariiiiiba Moore.

Differs from Polyptychus particularly by the absence of the proximal pair of spurs on the hind tibia.

Tongue always very weak, the two halves quite separate and reduced to small lobes. Antennae in both
sexes with prolonged cilia; end-segment short. Abdomen above without broad scales, denselj' clothed with
thin spines. Tibiae spinose; tarsi stout, the spines of one row of the underside more or less erect in comb-shape.

PHbUshe:! r,. XII. mt. MARUMBA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 241

Distal edge of forewiug dentate, apex of hindwing rounded; valve of <^ separated by a distal incision into a
dorsal and a ventral lobe as in Polypfi/chus trilineatus.

The species, although differing in the tone of colour, have nearly the same markings. Forewing with a
number of usually thin transverse lines of which the 3 or 4 antemedian ones converge posteriorly; in front of
the hind angle a dark double spot at whose proximal and costal sides the distal transverse lines foi'm a deep
curve; hindwing almost unicolorous, with a double or a simple spot at the anal angle.

Asia and Europe, eastward to the Moluccas. 15 species.

M. gaschkewitschi. Hindwing above red, likewise the proximal area of the forewing beneath. The
granulated caterpillar yellowish green, with 7 thin white oblique lateral stripes, between which there are red
spots; horn lang and straight. On Prunus, Pirus, Crataegus. Japan, Amurland and China. The moth in May,
June and July. Comes to the light, as do the other species. — carstanjeni Stgr. (37 d). A small and pale form, cansUinjeni.
which has often a yellowish tint: fringes sharply spotted. Amurland, not rare: Ussuri, Vladivostok, Blago-
veshtchensk, etc. — gaschkewitschi Brem. <l- Grey (37 d). Forewing more or less shaded with grey; hindwing (jaachke-
light red, with a grey spot in front of the anal angle; fringes very distinctly spotted with white. North China : "'*'"*''''^*
Peking, Shantung. — complacens Walk. A dark form with indistinct fringe spots; underside of the body and complacens.
hindwing more extended red than in the preceding subspecies. East, Central and West China. — eche- echephroti.
phron Bdv. (=roseip8nnis Bull., heynei Aust., maasseni Stgr.) (37 e). Similar to complacens, but less extended
red beneath and the fringes usually more distinctly spotted. Japan: on the North, Central and South Islands.

— The various sidjspecies are slightly different in the vaginal sclerite of the $$.

M. cristata Bull. (42 e). Dark brown. Body with a sharply defined blackish median line; forewing cristata.
evenly coloured, the lines simple ; forewing with a whitish discocellular dot ; hindwing with a simple anal spot
instead of a double one. — West China and North India.

M, dyras. The commonest species in India; distributed as far as Java and the Philippines. Pale
brown; median line of body thin and not prominent; forewing above with paler and darker tints, not so
evenly brown as in cristata, the external line double, the inner one of this pair being thinner than the outer one;
the triangular marginal area bounded by this line darker brown on the underside. The species is somewhat
variable and has received numerous names. — On Palearctic territory (North- West India) dyras Walk. (= si- dyras.
nensis Butl.) (42 e, misprinted dryas) occurs, in which the triangular marginal area of the forewing beneath is
darker than in the Malayan javanica Bwtl. Larva green, later on bluish green, covered with white pointed
granules; on the sides 6 oblique bands; head conical; horn rough with granules, straight. On Sterculariaceae.

M. maacki Brem. (37 e). Easily recognised by the pale yellow colour of the costal and distal marghis maacki.
of the upperside of the hindwing. The double anal spot of the hindwing large. Larva on Tilia cordata, green.
Moth in June and July ; early .specimens in the autumn. — Amurland: Chabarofka, Vladivostok, Ussuri, etc.

M. jankowskii Oberth. (37 e). Similar to maacki, but the costal and distal margins of the hindwing jankowskii.
of the same dark colour as the disc. Larva green, more rarely cinnamon, with red lateral oblique stripes which
are interrupted at the incisions and at the posterior side of each of which there is a row of pale granules ; head
almost smooth in front. On Tilia cordata; found rather commonly by Graeser at Vladivostok in August. —
Amurland and Manchuria: Askold, Vladivostok, Ussuri, etc.

M. sperchius. Resembling dyras in the tint of colour, but on the upperside of the forewing the outer
line of the submarginal double line weak and the inner one well expressed, the two lines being inversely devel-
oped as compared with dyras ; moreover, the marginal area of the forewing beneath is not deeper brown than
the rest of the wing. Antennae thicker than in dyras. Larva green, with oblique lateral lines of pale granules;
head granulose. On Castanea. Japan to North India, Liu-Kiu Islands. The moth from June to August.

— sperchius Men. (= piceipennis Butl., michaelis Oberth.) (38 a). Dark clay-colour, sometimes paler. Japan, sperchius.
Amurland, Manchuria, Liu-Kiu Islands; common in Japan. — albicans Butl. is a whitish race from North- albicans.
West India, which extends there probably into the Palearctic Region. — A third subspecies (gigas Butl.)
occurs in the mountains of Assam.

M. quercus Schiff. (3S a). Palpi small also in the (J. Antennae similar to those of M. sperchius, being quercus.
thick and long. Pale ochreous. the hindwing above more deeply coloured than the forewing. Similar in structure
to sperchiics, which quercus undoubtedly represents in Europe, although Tutt placed the two insects into two
different genera. In ab. brunnescens Rebel the forewing is light brown instead of ochreous. Egg oval, green, brunnescens.
Larva green, with yellowish granules : from segment 3 to 1 1 seven alternately broader and narrower yellowish
oblique lateral stripes; horn bluish; head tapering above, divided into 2 obtuse points, light green, edged
with yellow. On shrubs and young trees of oak. Pupa rugate, frontal tubercles distinct; cremaster rough, with
two points. The moth from May until August; comes to the light. — Distributed from Lower Austria to Malaga
(Rambuk) and eastward to Transcaucasia and Mesopotamia. Formerly also recorded from Bavaria, but the
specimens found were perhaps escaped from breeding cages.

n 31

242 LANGIA; CLANIDOPSIS; PARUM; MIMAS. By Dr. K. Jordax.

16. Genus: Ijaii;;^ia Moore.

A large long-winged species. Tongue weak and short, reaching to tlie apex of the fore coxae. Palpi
small, just visible in a dorsal view, almost the same size in J and $, with long hairs on the side. End-segment
of antennae very short. The head, pro- and mesonotum and the apex of the abdomen smoothly scaled, the
body otherwise rough; abdomen without spines, which is very rare in tliis fanuly. Tibiae likewise without
spines, spurs long, with long naked points, hind tibia with two jiairs; tarsi short, the spines of one of the rows
erect in comb-shape; pulvillus present, paronychium with only one lobe on each side. Distal margin of fore-
wing dentate as in Marnmhn; the cross-vein of the hindwing with a spur projecting into tlie cell. Frenulum
present. Larva covered with pointed white granules, from the pronotum to the horn on each side a subdorsal
row of larger granules which are placed on a white line ; head a very high cone, frons not granulose ; horn very
short. On Apricot and Wild Cherry. Pupa short and thick, rounded at both ends, without cremaster: tongue-
case longer tlian sheath of midleg, dorsum rather densely and venter sparsely granulated. The larva produces
a hissing sound, whereas the moths chirps when irritated. Elwe.s found the larva in July and Dudgeon the
moth in April.

L. zenzeroides. Grey; forewing with black and whitish lines which run from the hind maigin more or
less in the direction of the apex. The rough scaling and the mixture of grey, white, brown antl black thits recalls
Cossus. — zenzeroides Moore does not occur on Palearctic territory ; it is known to us from the whole of North
naicai. India, from Simla to Assam, and from Yunnan. — nawai R. d> J. (38 b), of which we have 2 $$ from Lake
Biwa on Hondo (Japan), is more extended white in the cell and on the disc of the forewing, the discal lines
are more interrupted and the anal lines of the hindwing are shorter.

17. Genus: C'laiiidopKi!^ R. d- ./.

In colour similar to Clunis; smaller. Tongue very short and weak: tibiae without spines, pulvillus and
paronychium absent; hind tibia with 2 pail's of spurs, which are shorter than in Clunis. Frenulum present.
Abdomen above with verj^ numerous spines at the edges of the segments, the underscales of the tergites partly
narrow and spine-like, partly broad. — Larva not described, foiuid on Poplar. — One species.

exusia. 0. exusta Bull, {'.il e). Reddish brown, similar to Clunis in markings; forewing beneath without black

smear below the cell. Mid and hind tibiae grey above. The sole-shaped valve of the (^ as in Clanis without
modified scales on the outer surface; on the inner surface the process covered with setiferous granules, and
found at the base of the valve in all species of Clanis, is absent ; penis-sheath weakly chitinised and, as
in Clanis, without armature. — North- West India, reaching Palearctic territor\- in Southern Kashmir.

18. Genus: Pariim R. A J.

Forewing entire as in the previous genus, with the apex very obtusely rounded or truncate. The spines
of the abdomen numerous, but very weakly chitinised. End-segment of antennae short, the distal segment
higher than long; cilia distinctly prolonged also at the sides of the $-antenna. Tongue short and weak. Tibiae
without spines, spurs very short, hind tibia with one or two pairs, in the latter case the proximal pair con-
cealed in the scaling and sometimes only developed on one tibia; pulvillus and paronychium present, the lobes of
the latter short. Frenulum and retinaculum well developed (jx)rphi/ria) or reduced {colliyata). Subcostal
and radial 1 of hindwing separate or on a very short stalk. Valve of ^ sole-shaped, without patch of modified
scales on the outer surface. — Early stages not known. — Two Asiatic species.

cotliyala. P. colh'gata Walk. {= hieti Obertfi.) {SS h). Greyish green : body without distinct markings. Forewing

with a basal baud and a sidjbasal one which are united at the costal margin, both being grey; discocellular
dot white ; at the apex a dark green halfmoon, from which a dark streak runs into the cell ; before the margin
an evenly curved light band, which reaches the margin below the apex. Hindwing blackish with green distal
margin and a short black anal band. Underside of forewing blackish grey proximally. distally however nearly
as above; hindwing brownish grey, a median band and the distal margin green, a discal longitudinal streak
black. — Japan (Kiushiu), and distributed from Shantung to Hongkong and West China. This species is parti-
cularly interesting on account of the variability of the frenulum and the spurs of the hind tibiae.

19. Genus: Miuias Hbn.

This purely Palearctic genus belongs into the relationshi)) of Rolyptychu.s. Ci/jxi and Sinerinthulus,
to which it is much more nearly allied than to the genera Snierinthus and Amorpha, with which tiliae is
usually united in one genus Smerinthus.

Antenna of ^ prismatical, with lateral grooves whose upper edge is somewhat produced laterad, the
cilia placed around the groove long; in the $ the antenna almost cylindrical, without lateral grooves and
without distinctly prolonged cilia; end-segment short in ^ and $. Tongue short and weak. Palpi with

CALLAMBULYX. By Dr. K. Jordan. 243

rough scaling and hair, mucli smaller in the $ than in the cJ, the joint between segments 1 and 2 covered
by the scaling, not being visible from outside as a naked spot. Tlie spines of the abdomen restricted to the
edges of the segments, not numerous, feebly chitinised, partly modified to scales, no spines on the surface
of the segments, the underscales large. Tibiae with spmes; fore tibia without apical thorn, the spur long, al-
most extending to the apex of the tibia: hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs; pulvillus and paronychium as well
as the frenulum present. Forewing with lobate distal margin, recalling Cypa; the discocellulars of the hind-
wing not or only feebly incurved, and radial 2 (vein 5) in front of the centre of the cell. — Larva anteriorly
tapering, finely granulose, the granules enlarged at the oblique side-stripes; head strongly narrowing above,
only laterally with some granules. On deciduous trees. Pupa without gloss, densely rugate; tongue-case longer
than the cases of antennae and legs, therefore reaching to the wing-cases; cremaster rough with coarse granules.
Pupation in the ground near the tree-trunk, sometimes in the crevices of the bark. — One species, which
is found from West Europe to Japan.

M. tiliae. Varies from greenish grey to dark brown. Forewing above -with a broad dark green or brown
median band, the marginal area being shaded with the same colour distally of a pale discal line; hindwing
with an ill-defined dark discal band, which terminates with a dark transverse spot at the anal angle. Egg
green, deposited singly on the leaves of Lime, Alder, Birch, Elm, Oak and other deciduous trees, on which
the larva feeds. The latter green, above yellowish or brownish, with 7 yellow oblique side-stripes anteriorly
bounded with red; head smaller than in ;S'. ocellata and A. populi; horn long, granulose, bluish or green; anal
tergite with a large brown or reddish median spot, and two large and several small tubercles; sometimes
the side-stripes not well developed, there being occasionally also black lateral spots with pale centre; the red
stripes sometimes separated into spots. The tongue-case of the pupa longer than in Smerinthus and Amorpha.
The pupa is now and again found several yards above the ground in the deep crevices of old trees on which
the larva has been feeding. The moths from April till July, early specimens sometimes in the autumn; in
daytime the moth rests on tree-ti-unks and fences and bears in this position a remarkably close similarity to a
withering or not yet fully developed leaf. — tiliae L. (38 c) occurs from England, Southern Scandinavia and tUiae.
Northern Russia to the Mediterranean and eastward to Western Siberia and Transcaucasia; not known from
North Africa, Ireland and Scotland. As the moth varies considerably, it has received an enormous number
of aberrational names. The name-typical form, according to Linnaeus's description in Fauna Suecica
and M u s. L u d. U 1 r., has the median band interrupted. According to Tutt (Brit. Lep. III. p. 404, foot-
note) the type is described as ,,fasciatis", from which he concludes that Linnaeus's original specimen had
a complete band. The description m S y s t. Nat. (ed. 10), however, says: ,,griseo fasciatis", which cannot
possibly refer to the dark band. The following aberrations have been based on differences in the develop-
ment of the band: — ab. transversa Tutt*), band of forewing not interrupted; ab. tiliae vera (38c), band transversa.
broad, narrowly interrupt ?d: ab. bipuncta Clark, both parts of the interrupted band more or less reduced; ab. blpimcfa.
costipuncta Clark, the costal spot large, the posterior spot absent: ab. centripuncta Clark (= ulmi Bartel) coslipmida.
(38 c), the anterior portion of the band reduced to a small spot which is distant from the costal margin, the inner- <'^'"P""^'°-
marginal spot absent: ab. marginepuncta Tittt. the anterior spot absent, the posterior one present; ab. obsoleta margine-
Clark (= immaculata Bartel, exstuicta Stgr.) (38 c), entirely without band; ab. pechmanni Hartm.. the dark ^'^"^^'"^;
green colour occupies almost the whole forewing, hindwing reddish yellow. According to the tone of colour pechmanni.
the following additional forms have been distinguished: ab. brunnea Bartel (= brunnescens Stgr.. tilioides hnmnca.
Holle) (38c), ground-colour red-brown, without green; ab. lutescens Tutt, ground-colour yellow: ab. pallida
Tutt, ground-colour grey, without green; ab. virescens Tutt, ground-colour entirely green; ab. suffusa Clark, .^uf/a.-ia.
forewing grey -green, hindwing almost black. The above described modifications in the band being repeated
in the specimens which differ in tlie ground-colour, Tutt employed double names (ab. brunnea-costipuncta, etc.).
— christophi Stgr. (38 d), from Amurland and Japan, differs so little from tiliae in structure that I consider christophi.
its claim to specific rank not to be justified. The tibial spurs are a trifle shorter than in tiliae, and the anal
segment of the ^ a very little narrower. The colour is always dark, never green, and the shadowy band of
the hindwing stands somewhat nearer the margin. The brown median band varies in a sunilar way as in tiliae.
A specimen which corresponds to ab. centripuncta of tiliae has been named ab. alni by Bartel. Larva on Alnus. ahil.
whitisli green, so similar to that of tiliae that we cannot find any difference between inflated specimens of the
two subspecies.

20. Genus: Callaiiibiil.y.v /?. d- J.

Tlie species of this genus have been described as Amhuly.r and Snieriuthus; but they are a well defined
group which differs in many points from the similarly coloured species of Smerinthus and from Compsogene
and 0.vyambuly.v which have a similar wing-shape (and were formerly placed under Ambulyx). — End-seg-
ment of antenna? short, not long filiform as in Compsogene and 0.vyambulyx; lateral grooves of antenna
deep in the ,S and the cilia long, both less developed in the $. Tibia? without spines, fore tibia without
apical thorn; spur of fore tibia only reaching to the middle; spurs of mid and hind tibiae short, the latter with
2 pairs, the inner apical spur being half as long again as the tibia is broad; pulvillus and paronychium present,

*) TaTT calls the different specimens belonging here paUida-transvcrsa, hrunnea-iransversa, etc.

244 SMERINTHUS. By Br. K. Jordax.

the latter with 2 lobes. Forewing entire. Valve of (J without patch of modified scales on the outer surface.
— Early stages, as far as known, similar to those of S. ocelluta. — Distributed from Japan and Amurland to
North India and eastward to Java and Borneo. The delicately green and red moths are among the finest
Sphingidae. 4 species, of which 1 is Palearctic. while a second occurs in North-West India near the southern
boundary of our Region. Presumably some of the species of the Himalayas will yet be discovered in China.

latarinmi. 0. tatarinovi Brem. d- G-rey (38 b). Green, the posterior part of the patagia and the sides of the

metanotum pale; abdomen with dark median line, the apex of the cell of the forewing crossed by a pale line
which runs along the lower median towards the hind angle; at the apex of the wing an oblique line. Hindwing
and basal area of forewing red. Larva on Elm, green, with 7 red-edged white oblique side-stripes: head narrow-
evers- ing above. The moth appears in a green form and a brown one; the latter is ab. everstnanni Eversm.
manm. (= \)T\xm\en Stgr.). which was originally described from Kiachta, but also occurs in Japan. — Japan, Amurland.
Transbaicalia, North China; May until July.

21. Genus : Knieriiitliiis Lafr.

For the iise of the names Smerinthus and Sphinx cf. p. 235.

A still further modified branch of the preceding genus, with which Smerinthv.s has the general colour-
ing and scheme of markings in common and from which the species belonging here chiefly differ in the ab-
sence of the proximal pair of hindtibial spurs and the retinaculum and in the reduction of the frenulum. The
segments of the antenna of the o are distinctly widened above the side-grooves, being even strongly pectinate
in one of the American species {junuiicensis = geminatus). The abdomen has above no broad scales, but only
narrow, generally pointed, spiniform scales. Pulvillus and paronychium present. The tibiae are not spinose,
but the fore tibia is produced into an apical thorn in some species. Distal margin of forewing dentate. The
valve of the o without patch of friction-scales on the upperside; the harpe simple, not divided; the penis-
sheath with one or two teeth directed sideways. — Larva very slightly tapering frontad, with conical head,
with the exception of the first stage; anal tergite without larger tubercles. Pupa glossj^; tongue-case not
extending to the wing-cases. • — The genus is confined to the northern temperate districts of both Hemispheres,
reaching in Africa southward to the Sahara, in Asia to Kandahar (Southern Afghanistan) and the Yang-tse-
kiang, and in America to Mexico. The 6 species, some of which consist of several geographical races, have
been dispersed during the last 40 years over the genera Smerinthus Latr., Eusmerinthus Grote, Copismerinthus
Grote, Daddia Tutt, Bellia Tutt, and Nicholsonia Tutt. In this classification Nicholsonia has been erected
for a geographical race of cerisyi, which presumably was only possible because Tutt did not attempt to char-
acterise his genera.

Three of the species [kindermanni, ocellata, and cerisyi) are distinguished by the fore tibia ending in a
thorn, which is absent from the other three {planus, caecus and jamnicensis.) But as planus, apart from this
thorn, is very close to ocellata, the two species presumabl}- having been originally the western and the eastern
subspecies of one species, it would be erroneous in the present case to regard the presence of the thorn as being
of generic value.

S. kindermanni. Fore tibia with apical thorn. Antenna of o distinctly dentate. The pulvillus smaller

than in ocellata. Hindwing without complete ocellus, which is replaced by 2 or 3 black transverse bars which

lander- are edged with grey or yellowish. From Asia Minor to Eastern Turkestan and Southern Afghanistan. — kinder-

"""""• manni Led. (38 d) is the most western form, in which the dark markings of the forewing are reddish brown.

this subspecies being more brightly coloured than the following ones. Taurus in Cilicia to Transcaucasia, ori-

orhala. ginally described from Kurdestan. — orbata Gr.-Grsh. Paler than the preceding. Init the markings of the

oImoIcIk. forewing still very distinct. Transcaspia, Turkestan and North Afghanistan. — obsoleta .S7^r. Above and beneath

paler than the lightest orbata, the pale transverse lines of the forewing purer whitish, the dark lines partly

rather indistinct or diffuse; the anal spot of the hindwing less sharply defined. East Turkestan, Chitral and

Kandahar. Larva on Salix, green witli yellow side-stripes; horn blue with green tip.

caecus. S. caecus Men. (38 d). Fore tibia without thorn. Antennae as in kindermanni. The reddish brown

antemedian transverse band of the forewing moderately curved, not sharply angulate as in kindermanni, ocellata
and plamis. The blue ring in the anal spot of the hindwing incomplete, consisting of two separate spots. Larva
not described, ,, similar to the ore?/r//a-larva"; on Salix. Amur district: from Transbaicalia toAskold and North
China, not known from Japan; the moth in May and June.

S. ocellata. Fore tibia with thorn. The blue ring in the ocellus of the hindwing complete. Larva
on Salix, also frequently on fruit-trees, especially Apple, more rarely on Poplar and other deciduous trees.
The young larva light green, with feeble pale oblique stripes and on the thorax a pale subdorsal longitudinal
line, head round, horn red. Later the stripes more prominent and the head conical; horn usually blue; the
sides of the body often with red spots. Pupa stouter than in Mimas tiliae, differing from it in the shorter
tongue-case, which does not reach the wing-cases; distinguished from the pupa of Amorpha populi particu-

AMORPHA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 245

larly by the much stronger gloss; it hibernates (sometimes twice), but single early specimens appear already
in the autumn. The moth emerges from the chrysalis early in the morning and flies late at night, usually after
midnight; end of April till Jul3^ in Central Europe most plentiful in June. — ocellata L. (= salicis Hhn.) oceUata.
is the European form, distributed from Ireland and Scotland (wiiere it is rare) to the Mediterranean sea and
eastward to Transcaucasia, Western Siberia and Asia Minor. The individual variability is not very considerable.
In ab. rosea Bartel the ground-colour of the fore wing yellowish brown, and the hindwing more extended and msw/.
brighter rosy; ab. pallida Tutt has the ground of the forewing pale grey, the hindwing only being red distally; paUidti.
wheres in ab. albescens Tutt the ground of both wings is white. The ocellus is normal in these forms, but alhenrenx.
replaced by a black (triangular) spot in ab. caeca Tutt. Besides these individual aberrations we have to mention raeca.
ab. cinerascens Stgr. which was based by its author on a small <^ from Naryn (between the rivers Volga and dnerascens.
Ural) and with some doubt considered a local form or rather a desert-form. As the specimens from the Caucasus
and Ural Mts. are normal, the type of cinerascens is presumably on abnormal individual. It is pale, the mark-
ings of the forewing are less distinct, and the ocellus of the hindwing is for the greater part filled up by the
blue ring. — atlanticus Aitst. (38 e) is a large race from North Africa. Early specimens (i. e. those which emerge nthmticus.
the same 3'ear) are somewhat paler than spring specimens; these are ab. aestivalis Aust. Algeria and Morocco; aestivalis.
will probably also be found in Tunis.

S. planus Walk. {= argus Men.) (38 e). Markings and colouring as in ocellata, but the ocellus on the iilfuius.
whole larger. Fore tibia w i t h o u t end-thorn, which characteristic has been overlooked by all the authors
who have written about the relation of ocellata. to planus. Antennae distinctly thicker than in specimens of
ocellata of the same size. Larva more often on Populus than Salix, pale green with white or yellowish oblique
stripes. The moth in July and August. — From Transbaicalia to Japan and southward to the Yang-tse-kiang.

22. Genus: Aiiiorplia Kirhy.

Differs from Smerinthus especially in the broad hindwing, which is sinuate between the subcostal and
costal veins and produced into a lobe at the subcostal and upper radial. The fore tibia has no apical thorn.
The antenna of the ^ is less distinctly dentate as in the c^ of 8. ocellata. Frenulum and retinaculum are
entirely (or nearly) atrophied. Hindwing without ocellus; anal angle strongly rounded. Harpe of (^ bipartite
at the apex. — Larva as in Smerinthus, but without distinct longitudinal lines on the thorax. Pupa without
gloss. — Only in the Palearctic Region.

A. populi. Grey to pale red-brown; hindwing with a large rust-brown patch which covers the base
and the greater portion of the hindmarginal area; in the outer half of both wings two parallel lines composed
of dark lunules; forewing, moreover, with light discocellular spot and in the proximal half with 2 nearly straight
transverse lines, the median area bounded by lines 2 and 3 being anteriorly wider than behind and darkened
as a rule. Egg somewhat more globose than in S. ocellata, pale green. The young caterpillar with a green horn
in contradistinction to S. ocellata. The full-fed larva usually yellowish green, sometimes yellow or green; the
oblique stripes yellowish, rarely absent: the horn green. On Populus and Salix, more rarely on other deciduous
trees (Fraxinus, Betula. etc.). Pupation mostly on the ground; pupa without gloss, somewhat stouter than
that of 8. ocellata. The moth usually emerges at night and flies at dusk. Time of appearance May to July;
often a second brood is found, a portion of the caterpillars of which feed still in the autumn when the leaves are
already falling, but in spite of the frost frequently are full-fed and pupate. The moths emerge from these latter
pupae the next spring. The specimens which emerge in the summer are on the whole more yellowish than the
spring examples and their wings are less lobate. The species is found throughout the western portion of the
Palearctic Region, with the exception of the higher North, and extends eastward to the Altai. — austauti 8tgr. imsiaiiti.
(= poiipillieri Bellier) (38 a) is the North-African form, which is especially distinguished from the two other
local races by its larger size. The antennae are somewhat more prismatical and the two apical lobes of the harpe
(cJ) slightly more pointed than in populi. Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. This subspecies varies in a similar
way as European populi. In ab. staudingeri Aust. (= flava Bartel) the ground-colour is dull j'ellowish grey, .•i/iiiidiinjcri.
and the lines are much feebler than in the normal form; such specimens occur among the summer brood. A
second form of the same brood is ab. mirabilis Aust., which has the markings well developed, but the wings mirabilis.
and body (with the exception of the whitish antennae) of a reddish tone. Among the spring-specimens also occur red-
ish grey examples, which are ab. incarnata Aust. — populi L. (38 e). As the ground-colour varies from whitish incanuilu.
grey to red-brown and deep slate-grey and the markings are sometimes more sometimes less developed, the Pop"''-
moth moreover being abundant, the insect has received a host of aberrational names. Gillmee *) divides
the specimens into 5 groups according to the ground-colour, separating in each group again several forms accord-
ing to the development of the markings. If the insect is studied still more minutely and especially if the indi-
vidual deviations in the w'ing-contour and in neuration are also taken into account, the number of forms can
be increased indefinitely; those recognised by Gillmer differ as follows: ab. grisea Gillm., dark grey, often grisea.

with a feeble rosy tint, without bands on the forewing, rust-patch paler than usual; ab. grisea-diluta Gillm., yrisea-

diliita.
*] Arch. Ver. Freunde Naturg. ile<;kleub. 58, p. 70 ff. (1904); .iahib. Xass. Ver. Naturk. 59, p. 159 (190(5).

24fi PHYLLOSPHINOIA. By Dr. K. Jordan.

roseotincta. bands of forewing distinct but diffuse; ab. roseotincta Renter, markings and rust-patch well developed, ground-
suffiisa. colour with a strong reddish tone: ab. suffusa Ttitl., ground-colour very dark grey, without reddish tone or
popuU. this faint, markings and rust-patch sliarply developed ; ab. populi L.. pal grey or ashy grey, median and
cinerea- marginal areas darker, bands and rust-patch strongly marked; ab. cinerea-diluta Gilhn. (= borkhauseni
dihita. j^fjYfgj partim), as above, but the bands diffuse, indistinct, rust-patcli usually duller; ab. tremulae Borkh., as
nnllkhi- above, but without bands, rust-patch duller than usual, ab. pallida-fasciata G'?"//m., whitish grey, pale, median
jasciata. and disto-marginal areas frequently shaded with reddish yellow, markings strong; ab. pallida Tutt *), as
''hli"^' before, but markings indistinct, diffuse, rust-patch usually duller; ab. subflava Gilhn., as before, without
ferruginea- bands, ru.st-patch duller, ab. ferruginea-fasciata (Tillm., greyish brown to red-brown, median area darker, rust-
fasciata. patch and bands distinct; ab. rufescens Sely.s, as before, bands more diffuse, rust-j)atch duller: ab. ferruginea
ff'rrua^nea ^''''"•- without bands, ab. fuchsi Bdvtel, reddish yellow to foxy red, median area darker, bands darker; ab.
juchni. rufa-diluta Gilhn., ground-colour as before, bands diffuse; ab. rufa Gilhn., as before, but without bands. —
ni/ri-diliila. nf<\^[^ classification will only acquire a deeper interest, when the inheritance of each character has been exam-
ined by careful breeding exiieriments. We may presume that one or the other form follows the Jlendelian
law, or more cautiously expressed (as each of the above forms has a number of characteristics), it is probable
that in species so variable one or the other characteristic is transmitted in accordance with Mendel's law. —
popuU'ti. populeti Bien. (39 a). A large Western Asiatic race, which is distributed from South-Eastern Russia to the
Altai and the Pamir, and also somewhat differs from populi in the genitalia. The yellowish specimens with a
populeio- red tone are ;jo/»//p^" rew, whereas the grey examples b?long to ab. populetorum Stgr.

'■"'"• A. amurensis. Probably originally the Pacific-Palearctic race of A. pupuli. Found from Russia to the

Pacific Ocean and Western China, not yet known from" Japan. Smaller than A. populi, with narrower wings,
without a light discocellular spot on the forewing and without rust-patch on the hindwing. The haq)e of the
J broader than in populi. The egg is described as yellowish with a grey tint. TREiTSfHKE's description of the
caterpillar is erroneous, as already suggested by Boisduval. The larva is so similar to that of populi as to be
easily confounded with it. The moths, which are on the wing from May until July according to the locality,
fly often like popnii above the water, into which they dip like swallows. It is known from certain exotic
Sphingids. especially Pachylia, Hemeroplanes, Perigonia, etc., that they behave in a similar way and often
drink considerable quantities of water. However, the congue of Amorpha is so strongly reduced that it is
hardly like ly that the insects can drink. We mention incidentally that in the case of those Exotics only the
uiiiuren.'^U. (^(^ have the habit of drinking water (which holds likewise good with butterflies). — amurensis Stgr. (= tre-
mulae Fisch.-Waldh.)(^9 a,). We cannot find any difference between specimens from Russia and Amurland. Bred
specimens are more glossy than those which have been at large, amurensis varies in the ground-colour in a
rosacea, similar way as^. populi, and we presume that the yellowish and reddish specimens (ab. rosacea iSV-r/r.) are mostly
early ones which emerged m the autumn of the same years. Finlan 1, North and Central Russia to Vladivostok. —
.■iinira. sinica K. <fc J. Three ,^(^ in coll. Cil\rles Oberthur, one being transferred to the Tring-Museum. Very dark blackish
grey : wings broader than in the previous forms, esp:-cially the hindwing. whose distal margin is less produced at
thecostal and subco.stal, being much more evenly rounded from the subcostal vein to the anal angle; colouring like-
wise more uniform, it being particularly noteworthy that the veins are hardly palerthan ground. West Ciiina.

2;{. Genus; Pli^'llo!4|>liiii$;'in Swinh.

Similar in shape to Amorphn, but the forewing much more elongate. Second segment of palpi smoothly
scaled. Abdomen with long upper- und underscales, and only bearing spines at the edges, the spines moreover
t)eing but very feebly chitinised. Tibiae spinose; hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs; paronychium on each side
with one lobe only. Frenulum indicated. — Larva with dispersed granules, the lateral granules larger, with
a red ring at their bases ; 7 oblique light side-stripes, which are frequently edged with red in front ; head strongly
tapering above, on each side of the frons a blackish stripe, vertex bifid; horii black above, otherwise red, with
large dispersed granules ; anal tergite with single pointed granules. Pupa very peculiar; without gloss, most
similar to that of Cressonia juglandis (North America); tongue-case not reaching the wing-cases; the granules
of the wing-ca.ses pointed; abdomen beneath flattened and densely beset with small granules, the granules
of the upperside pointed; on abdominal segments 4, 5 and 6 a subapical belt of pointed tubercles, which
are very small on the ventral surface; cremaster broad, flat, truncate with the corners produced into a tooth.
Foodplant: Juglans mandschurica. The moth in June and July. Larva and pupa, when irritated, produce
rather loud whistling sounds, and the pupa, like that of Kentrochrysalis streckeri, can crawl rather fast with
the help of the pointed tubercles. Occurs from Japan and Amurland southward to North India ; Only 1 species.

P. dissimilis. Ground-colour greyish brown or reddish brown, the markings darker. Forewing with
a large irregularly triangular median area which extends from the costal margin, where it is broadest, to near
the lower median vein, being dark brown or almost black proximally and posteriorly and more or less completely
bounded by a pale tint; disto-marginal area likewise dark, produced basad between the two median veins
as far as the dark median area, bounded at the apex by a violet-grey lunule. Hindwing with feeble transverse

•) salicis seu palusiris HoUe is doubtless best placed with? as a synonym of pallida, as. ba.s been done by Rebkl.

HAEMORRHAGIA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 247

bands. Penis-sheath without the numerous spines of AmorpJm; liarpe obtuse, somewhat curved upward, armed
with sharp spines at the apex. In front of tlie vaginal orifice of the 9 a wrinkk'd triangular lobe. Two sub-
species on Palearctic territory. — dissimilis Brcin. (39 b). Uj^perside without a pmk tone; on the underside dissinilUfi.
a submarginal band on the forewing and a central line on the hinchving strongly developed and almost white,
very feebly violet. Japan and Amurland. — sinensis subsp. nov. Somewhat larger than the previous form, sinensis.
the light portions of the upperside with a pink tone, and the grey markings of the underside reddish violet.
Somewhat approaches the North Indian perundul(ins Swinh. Shantung and Central China.
Now I'dIIows tlu^ .second group of Subraiuilies (el', p. 231):

Sphingidae semanophorae.

Fifst .segment of pal])i on the inner .surl'aee with a. palili of nu)(lit'ie<l hairs at tlie l)a.se, "lia-sal patch". \ tew forms who.se
paljii are strongly reduced have only traces of the l)asal patcli ((iurelca, Othmtoskla), while in many other species the i)atch
oi^cupies the whole mner surface of the segment as far a.s it is not covered with scales. — The tongue is never atro[ihie(l, but
also never so strongly developed as in many Acheroniunac, always reaching at least to the middle of the abdomen. The hind
tibia has 2 i)airs of spurs, the proximal jiair liaving disa|ii>eareil («ily in one of tlie si)ecies liiiown {^fi^■^)Sllhh^J• pmiiiliim)- Tlie
frenulum and retinaculuju are never absent.

C. Subfamily: Sesiinae.

The anal segment of the cJ is deeply divided, and frequently the right and left sides are mdike, sometuiics the one
si<le being atrojjhied exc^ept for a very small remnant (cf. Haeiiiorrhania)- The abdominal sternite 7 of the ? is often armed
with spines at the apical margin: in the forms with a small and unarmed seventh sternite the mesonotum bears a high crest
or the palpi are widened in angle-shape laterally.

The valve of the J sometimes liears modified scales on the outer surface (friction-scales), but these are nevei' large,
as is so often the case in the following sulifamily, and never lie flat on the valve as in the previous subfamilies. The larva
as a rule is cylindrical, and the |)upa never has a projecting cariniform tongue-case, the anterior end of the pupa lieing always
round. The great similarity of some genera of this subfamily with Miicroylossuni, which belongs to the following .subfamily,
is due to convergent development, as is also the agreement in outline and markings of Pseiidosphinx ietrio with the genu.s
I'mtvparce and of Xijrcri/.f hijposttcia with Ainpli/pterii.'i {— Aiiibulyx pi.). Some species have a lobate distal margin like Smc-
rinthus.

The subfamily is almost exclusively American. In the Old World there are only 3 genera which belong here, and these
are moreover very specialised. One of these S genera (Hacinorrkayia = Hcmaris pt.) is purely holarctic, i. e. occurs only inNorth
America and the Palearctic Region, while the two others {Cephonodes, Sahmpcs) are troiiical. Only one species of these genera,
('. hylan, which is widely dtstributed in Asia, also occurs on the African Continent: several species are restricted to Madagascar
a.iul neighljouring islands, whereas a number of others inhabit the Indo- Australian countries.

To this subfamily belong the well-kwown species Pseudo.<iphin.r lelrio, I'achyJki ficus, Erinnyis alopc and elU>, et(\, which
are the commonest hawk-moths in tropical America; Mrio often appears in such numbers that the large bright-ringed larva
completely denudes whole trees. — We apply the name Seski F. (1775) to an American genus {lantaliis, lilaii, etc.). — In the
generalised forms the antennae are long and slender, and on the contrary strongly club-shaped in the s|>ecialised day-flying genera.

24. Genus: lIaeiiiorrliaj"'ia &Vo/e.

As Dalman based his name Hemaris on the same European species for which Scoi'oli, 4U years earlier,
had proposed the name Macroglossum, which Dalman suppressed, we place Hemaris as a synonym of Macro-
glossum and employ the above generic name for fuciformis and allied species.

Antennae very strongly clubbed, thin at the base, abruptly narrowed at the apex into a recurved
slender hook, end-segment long and more or less cylindrical, bearing a number of bristles at the tip. The lateral
hair-scales of the frons hang down on to the eye. Abdomen with large fan-tail; the spines at the margins of
the segments above and below strongly developed, flat, rendering the abdomen very smooth in an anal direction;
the spines arranged in several rows, those of the first row rounded and broader than long; abdominal sternite
7 of $ (last external one) with the whole apical margin spinose. Fore tibia with a few spines at the apex; mid
coxa posteriorly triangularly widened, the tip of the dilated part sharply pointed and somewhat directed away
from the body; hind coxa similarly but obtusely widened; the coxae are similarly developed in Macroglossum.
The pulvillus sometimes absent, in other species reduced, in others again well developed. The anal tergite of
the (^ is deeply divided and slightly asymmetrical; the anal sternite either has 2 long processes or the right
process is wanting; right and left claspers and harpes different, the left harpe always vestigial only, while the
right one is often produced into a clavate process. Vaginal orifice shifted towards the left side. Forewing entire,
with transparent areas or a sharply defined marginal band, tips of subcostals 3 and 4 united; subcostal and
radial 1 of hindwihg on a short Stalk or from a point, cell short, about twice as long as broad, radial 3 and median
1 always separate. — Egg almost globular. Larva cylindrical, feebly tapering anteriorly, with numerous pale
dots each bearing a hair; pronotum and horn very distinctly granulose. Pupa black or dorsally brownish; head
obtuse with 2 papillae; abdomen long; cremaster flattened, with 2 points, laterally bearing setiferous grainiles;
tongue-case not cariniform. Pupation on the ground. In the warmer districts 2 broods, the second often in-
complete, sometimes the pupae hibernate twice. The spring specimens differ frequently so much from the
summer ones that they have been considered different species. On the whole the marginal band of the summer
specimens is more strongly dentate than in the spring examples, the latter moreover being often smaller than
their offspring which emerge in the summer. Moths in daytime in the sunshine, visiting flowers. Of the 15
known species 10 are Palearctic, one is found on the Moluccas and the other 4 are Nearctic. In the Tropics
of the New World the genus is represented by the less specialised genus Sesia (type: tantalus), and in those

248 HAEMORRHAGIA. By Dr. K. Jordan.

of tlicOlrl World rcplacod by Sataspes and Cephoiiodes, only one species of Haetnorrhagia occuiTing in the Tropics
(venalii on the Moluccas).

H. tityus. The marginal hand of hoth wings narrow; cell of forewing without a streak of scales; hind
tibia with black apex; abdomen with black belt, behind wliich the dorsum is yellow. Left clasper of ^ not
spatulate as in fuciformis, right harpe with a clavate process. Egg light green. Larva bluish green, with a light
subdorsal line at which there is a red spot on each segment; horn brownish red. almost straight. On Scabious,
also on Lonicera, Galium, Lychnis, etc. Distributed from Western P^urope to Algeria and Tibet, not occurring
lilyus. in the higher latitudes. — tityus L. (= bombyliformis Esp. nee L., musca Retz., fuciformis Poda nee L., sca-
biosae ZelL, knautiae Zell.) (40 a). Varies but little and has not yet received aberrational names. The black
abdominal belt distinct. Found from Ireland to the Kuku-nor, and from Lapland and Scotland to Algeria.
alaidna. — alaiana B. d- J. (40 a), described from a pair from the Alai Mts., is possibly a distinct species. The black
abdominal belt is less distinct in consequence of a yellow admixture, the fan-tail being almost entirely black;
forewing with obvious, rather heavy, discocellular bar, and broader marginal band.

H. radians. This sjjecies replaces tityus in the Pacific district of the Palearctic Region. Thorax, base
and hind margin of the hindwing above as well as the base of both wings beneath chrome-yellow. Genitalia
mandtiriiKi. almost entirely as in tityus. Two individual forms: f. mandarina Bull. (= brunneobasalis Stgr.) (40 a), marginal
nidiaiht. band of forewing non-dentate, f. radians Walk. (40 a), marginal band more or less dentate. The two forms
occur at the same time, but f. riulians ))rol)ably is more frequent in the summer than in the spring, while pre-
sumably the reverse is time of f. mandarina. — Japan (Main and South Islands, Liu-Kiu), Corea, and from
Amurland to the Yang-tse-kiang.

H. fuciformis. Marginal band of forewing broad, measuring at least 2mm in width behind; cell
with a sc^aled longitudinal line; discocellular bar heavy. Both claspers of the ^ spatulate, the right harjje with
conical process, not a clavate one. Larva with curved horn,; no red spots at the subdorsal line; chiefly on
lucijoriiiis. (Jrtlium and Lonicera. Distributed from Western Europe to Algeria, Japan and North- West India. — fuci-
formis L. (= variegata AIL, bombyliformis 0. n?c L., lonicerae Zell., caprifolii Zell., robusta Gr.-Grsh.) (40 b).
Iwi/iici. The anterior abdominal sternites black. The belt of the abdomen usually reddish, more rarely black (ab. heynei
mile.<!i- Bariel). The marginal band as a rule non-dentate, but distinctly dentate in ab. milesiformis Tr. (summer speci-
formii. mens?). From Lapland to Algeria, and from Portugal to Cjntral Asia; in Ireland and Scotland very rare and
ganssuemU. presumably only as an occasional visitor. — ganssuensis Gr.-Grsh. (40 b). Abdomen beneath not black anteriorly,
affinix. but everywhere grey. Amdo, Sinin.— af finis />'/•(//(. The marginal band of the wings darker than in fuciformis;
the discocellular band of the forewing thinner, f. affinis Brem. (= sieboldi Orzn, whitelyi Butl.) (40 b), marginal
mnlinia. band non-dentate ; sides of thorax paler than the middle of the back. f. confinis Stgr. (40 c), marginal band
(illrnKiiii. dentate; sides of thorax pale^ f. alternata Butl. (40 c), larger than the two previous forms, the whole upperside
of the body deeper yellow, underside of abdomen sparsely grey, the posterior sternites reddish with light median
line ; marginal band strongly dentate ; apparently the predominont form in the summer, affinis is found from
Northern Japan and Amurland to Central China; the f. confinis is only known to me from Amurland.

beresowskii. H. beresowskii Alpher. (40 b) resembles the following species, of which it is possibly the West-Chinese

representative. The marginal l>and of the hindwing, however, is broader, its diameter being equal to the distance
of two vein-tips from one another. Genitalia slightly diffei'ent. — In West China, in June and July.

H. staudingeri. Base of abdomen black; sides of thorax light; cell of forewing without longitudinal
streak: marginal band with short teeth or entire. Base of both wings black on upperside; abdominal border
of hindwing with a vitreous streak. Anal tergite of (J longer than in fuciformis, titytis and beresowskii; right
uitunia. harpe with a long clavate process. Amurland and China. — ottonis R.d- J. (= affinis Stgr. nee Brem.) (40 c).
staudingeri. Thorax with pale lateral stripe; hind tibia yellowish gi'ey with black apex. Amurland. — staudingeri Leech
(40 d). Side-stripe of thorax less distinct; basal half of abdomen deep black, and therefore strongly contrasting
with the posterior segment; hind tibia black with the exception of the base, Chang- Yang, Central China, ob-
tained in July.

saundersi. H. saundersi Walk. (= curtisi Bdv.) (40c). Resembles C.hylas and picus in the colouring of the body; it

is, however, &Haemorrha.gia. Abdomen with a brownish red dorsal belt occupying segment 5 and more or less dis-
tinctly encroaching on 4; segment 6 frequently with a brownish red median spot; abdomen beneath brownish
red, with grey scalmg in the centre of the segments. Marginal band on both wings very thin, with the exception
of the apex of the forewing. — Kashmir and North- West India, from June to August, eastward to Cochinchina.

croalica. H. croatica Esp. (= sesia Hbn.) (40 e). As the wings have no vitreous patches, many authors even

nowadays still place this species near Macroglossum stellatarum instead of near H. fuciformis and tityios.

Puhl. :,.XII. fJiL CEPHONODES; SATASPES; DEILEPHILA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 249

Genitalia very similar to those of tityus. Piilvilhis strongly developed. Thorax and forewing olive-green; mar-
ginal band of forewing reddish brown; hindwing brownish red, without marginal band. Abdomen with a brown-
red belt and a black fan-tail. Larva ou Scabious, more rarely on Asperula and Cephalaria, end of June,
July and again in the autumn. Ground-colour very variable, ranging from whitish yellow to bluish green
and from pale red to dark red; a broad lateral stripe white; horn reddish 3'ellow; dark patches between the
prologs. Pupa red-brown. The moth in May, Jmie and August. Distributed from Croatia through South-
East Europe to Asia Minor and Transcaucasia.

H. rubra Hamps. (40 e). Red-brown; forewing with vitreous spots, which are rather variable and more rubra.
or less dusted with red-brown. Hindwing without transparent area. Tlie pulvillu.5, in contradistinction to croa-
tica, is very small. The genitals of the cJ resembling those of croatica and tityus, but the process of the right
harpe is longer. — Only known from Kashmir.

H. dentata Slqr. (42 f). Very rare in collections. Third abdominal segment only yellowi.sh white at dcntata.
the sides. Fan-tail red mixed with black. Forewing olive-green, with a straight tran.sparent band. The vitreous
spot of the hindwing small, the base of the wing green. The genitalia are nearest to those of fuciformis. —
Syria: Aintab (north of Antiochia).

H. ducalis Sfgr. (= tamiri Gr.-Grsh.) (40 d). Differs from dentata above all in the j^ellowish white on ducalis.
the third abdominal segment being complete above, in the absence of the pulvillus and in the structure of the
genitalia. — Transcaucasia and North Afghanistan eastwards to the Pamirs and Transalai ; probably more widely
distributed in Central Asia.

25. Genus: €V']»ii4»iio<lvs Hbn.

An essentially tropical genus, in which the cell of the hindwing is even much shorter than in Hae-
morrhagia and in which the subcostal and first radial are always stalked like the third radial and first median.
Pupa blackish red-brown, rounded at the anterior end, with feeble frontal tubercles, cremaster long-conical
and almost smooth.

As in the species of Haemorrhagia with vitreous wings these are covered with scaHng also m Cephonodes
when the moth emerges from the chrysalis.

C. hylas L. (40 d). Fore tibia without apical thorn. Underside of thorax white or slightly yellowish, hylas.
Upperside of the body green, abdomen with red belt. — - Distributed from West Africa to Queensland, and
from India to Japan; very plentiful. Larva exceedingly variable. As the species will be dealt with more fully
in Vol. X, we mention in this place only that the Indo-Palearctic form is C. hylas hylas L. Flies in daytime.

26. Genus : KataKpes Moore.

An imitation of Xylocopa, a genus of Bumblebees. Antennae in ^ not club-shaped, in ? distally feebly
swollen. Cell of hindwing more than twice as long as broad. Wings scaled. Otherwise similar to Haemorrhagia.
Genitalia of <3 very peculiar on account of the atrophy of the anal sternite, the reduction of the valves
and the strong development of the harpes. Early stages not known. — Indo-Malayan, one species occur-
uig northward to China.

S. infernalis Westw. (40e). Thorax yellow above. In the cJ the posterior abdominal segments beneath infernalis.
likewise yellow. Abdomen above with or without yellow belt. — From Shanghai, Central and West China south-
ward to Burma and North India; in Chma in June and Juli. in the south already from March. Fhes by day.

D. Subfamily: Philampelinae.

The anal segment of the o" not divided longitudinally, always syuinietrical. The abdominal sternite 7 of the ? mem-
branous at the apex, never bearing spines. ;Mesonotum never with a high i-i-ost, and the palpi never widened laterally in
angle-shape.

The species of this subfamily often exliibit a striking resemblanee to forms of other subfamilies. Dahira recalls Oj;y-
(iinhuli/.r: Deidamia, Temnora, etc., Smerinthus-. Macroglossum resembles Sesia, Hacmorrhaijia and Perigonia; and DeUephila,
Chromis and Ampelophaga recall Chaerocampinae: etc.

The generalised genera of the Old World fronx which most of the genera of the Eastern Hemisphere can be derived
without difficvUty are Nephele. which is represented in abundance in tropical Africa, and DeUephila, which is predominantly
Oriental. The former branch terminates with Macroglossum a,nd Rlioj>alopsyche and comprises many species which resemble
the Sesiinae, and the second branch, which is smaller, ends with Berulami and Darapsa, and contains forms which incline to-
wards the Chaerocampinae.

27. Genus: Deilepliila Lasf.

Eyes large, without pendant eye-lashes. Palpi large and obtuse, smoothly scaled. Antennae slightly
clubbed in ?, setiform in S, terminal segment long and thin. Tibiae without spines, mid tarsus with basal

II 32

250 AMPELOPHAGA; BERUTANA. By Dr. K. Jordan.

comb. Inner and outer spurs of tibiae very different in length, the long apical spur of the hind tibia longer than
tarsal segment 2. Wings entire, apex of forewing pointed, radial 2 of hind wing before the middle of the cell.
Abdomen above green at the base. Valve of ^ with (less than 10) large, erect, modified scales on the outer surface.
— Larva anteriorly tapering, with a pale lateral stripe from the head to the horn; thorax with an ocellus
on each side; horn long in the first stages and straight or its tip curved upward, later simply curved downward
and short. Pupa brownish clay-colour, with a row of black spots along each side ; cremaster ending in two points.
Of the 7 known species 1 extends into the Palearctic Region. The species resemble each other in
pattern .
}ierii. D. nerii L. (39 c). An African species which is very abundant in troj)ical Africa, is found eastwards

as far as North- East India, and every year in Jvuie and Jidy wanders far northward in Europe. Light
green, shatled with dark green, Forewing with a pale-bordered basal dot, a light area before the middle
narrowing behind, lunning along the hind margin to the base and being usually (but not always) of a reddish
tint, distall}' of tliis ai'ea a dark green band which is anteriorly widened somewhat in hatchet-shape and on the
distal side bounded by a light line extending from the costal margin to radial 3. Hindwing only green at the
distal margin. — Egg as large as that of Sphinx ligustri. Young larva green; full-fed with yellow thoracical
segments, more rarely altogether yellowish or browni.sh, from segment 4 on each side a light stripe which
ends at the horn. Ocellus large, transversely constricted. On Nerium, also Vlnca. The moth in Southern
Europe in May and June and again in August, sometimes a third generation in the autumn; in the tropics
all the year round. The specimens of the spring-brood of Southern Europe have a slightly different tint than
the summer specimens.

The other species belong exclusively to the Indo-Australian fauna.

28. Genus: Auipoloplia^a Brem. a> Grey.

Antennae filiform, slender, distally very gradually tapering, with a very short end-segment . Eyes without
pendant lashes. The spines of the abdomen very numerous and but weakly chitinised. Wings entire, apex
of forewing pointed, costal margin of hindwing not widened. Spin's of tibiae very unequal in length, the longer
ones more than half the length of the first tarsal segment, which is but little shorter than the tibia. Abdomen
with sharply defiiied pale dorsal line. — Larva strongly tapering in front, with small head. — Pacific
Palearctic and Indo-Malayan, CUosely allied genera occur in North America,

A. rubiginosa. Reddish brown, more or less shaded Avith grey, Forewing with darker transverse bands
and lines, an oblique apical line continued in zigzag shape to the hind margin. Larva on Vitis, Ampelopsis,
and Convolvulus, with a jiale stripe wliieh runs from the horn frontad, lateral oblique bands being connected

rubiginosa. with it. Japan to North India. — rubiginosa Brem. cfc Grey (= romanovi Stgr., ienobu Holl.). (39 d). The
dark bands of the forewing well developed. The apex of the antenna with greyish yellow scaling. Distal
margin of hindwing rusty red. Some of the bred sj)ecimens are very pale, Japan and Amurland to Hongkong
fasciosa. and West ('hina, throughout the summer, presumably in .several broods, — fasciosa Moure (39 d). The apex
of the antenna dorsally on the frontal side with black sealing. Upperside of body and wings duller greyish
brown, bands of forewing more or less obsolete, fringes of hindwing almost white. From Southern Kashmir to
Assam,
khasiana. A. khasiana Roths. Median line of body duller than in rubiginosa, the body laterally and beneath

nuich deeper red tiian in the preceding species, ujiperside likewise deeper in colour, the spaces between the
bands of the forewing prominently whitish grey, tlie dentate discal line of rvbiginv.sri replaced by a non-dentate
band. — North India; in the British Museum also a $ from Mupin (West CUiiiia) which is somewhat paler beneath.

29, Genus: Ifieriiluiia B. & J.*)

A reduced derivation from Ampelophagn. Head with distinct tuft between the antennae. At the upper
edge of the eye pendant scales (eye-lashes), Pulvillus small (of normal size in Ampelophaga), paronychium
with only one lobe on each side. The long apical spur of the mid and hind tibiae less than half the length of the
first tarsal segment. Distal margin of wings slightly dentate; subcostal and radial 1 of hindwing on a short
stalk, — Larva anteriorly strongly tapering, on each side with a longitudinal line and oblique stripes; on
Vitis. Pupa with blackish spots. — Only 1 species.

B. kotschyi. Pale reddish brown shaded with grey; forewing with darker transverse lines and a discal
syriaca. band, which are all but moderately obvious. Syria to Persia. — syriaca Led. (39 e). The markings of the fore-
wing distinct. Ground-colour sometimes paler, sometimes deeper. The q paler than the ?, Syria and Pale-

kotschyi. stme, not rare in the neighbourhood of Beyrut at the end of July and in August. — kotschyi Koll. (= mardina
Stgr.). Larger than the previous form. Mesopotamia and Southern Persia (Shiraz).

*) In Tutt. Bril. Leii. vol. IV. p. 57 (U)OI), tlio fdllowintr fodt-iioto incurs: ,, ticnus - r/a)-nirt, ty))e si/rhirii. FUir'ma,
typo jupnnica. Lilhui, type hi.icrta {silhetcnsis). Arleii.'i misht woll .stand a.s the type of Penjesa, and oUleidandkic of .V ,(//<)-
yhanes". — Such name,-; without description as Clarino. Fiorina and I.Uiiia aie a most superfluous ballast and should alway.s
be rejected.

ACOSMERYX; RETHERA; GURELCA; 8PH1NG0NAEPI0PSIS. By Dr. K. Jordan. 251

;{(). Genus: Aeosinorj'x Bdv.

Antennae slender, setiform, gradually pointed, with a very long, thin end-segment clothed with rough
scaling. Palpi large, roiuided. Eye without lashes. Inner spurs of tibiae double the length of the outer ones.
Mid tarsus with a basal comb composed of very long bristles. Apex of forewing always sinuate. Valve of ^
with several rows of large scales on the outer surface. — Larva ta})ering anteriorly, with small head and pointed
horn curved downward; from head to horn a pale lateral line, which is less distinct on the anterior segments.
Pupa with 2 frontal tubercles, the tongue-case somewhat enlarged. — Distributed from India to Australia,
and northward through China to Japan. 7 species.

A. naga Moore (= metanaga Bull.) (.39 c). Easily recognised by the large grey subapical area of the naga.
forewing being posteriorly sharply bounded by a band which runs from the costa to the centre of the distal margin.
— Distributed from the northern island of Japan to North India, but not yet known from Amurland .^811^
China. As the Japanese specimens do not differ from Indian ones, we may conclude that the species occurs
also in the interjacent countries. The motli has been found in Japan in July.

A. castanea R. d- J. (39 e). Chestnut-brown; the underside of the abdomen rust colour. Markings caskmca.
less distinct than in n<tga\ discal band of forewing widened on the outer side before the middle, its proximal
edge rather strongly cvirved. Hindwing less grey than in the nearest allied species. On the underside the disc
of both wings reddish brown. — Known from Japan and Central China; June, August.

31. Genus: Retliera R. & J.*)

Eyes with moderate lashes. Antennae clubshaped, abruptly tapering to form a short hook, end-seg-
ment short, not long and filiform. Spur of fore tibia extending beyond the tip of the tibia; the long apical
spur of the hind tibia less than half as long as the first tarsal segments, which is about as long as the tibia. Pul-
villus and paronychium absent. Wings entire; subcostal and radial 1 of hindwing on a stalk. Friction-scales
of valve of 3' truncate and rather small. — Early stages not known. — 1 species.

R. komarovi Christ. (= stipularis Sunnh.) (39 b). Differs from all the Palearctic Sphingidae in the komarovi.
light transverse band of the green forewing, and in the hindwing being yellow with a black submarginal line.
Under surface a beautiful pale rosy red. — Known from Asia Minor to Afghanistan and Transcaspia; May
to July; rare.

32. Genus: Ciurelca Kirby.

Head with two tufts which are united behind. Antennae short, filiform, not clubbed, strongly pris-
matical in (J, cylindrical in $; end-segment short. Palpi porrect, terminal surface triangular; the basal spot
not developed; the scales at the apex of segment 1 erect in fan-shape. Eyes covered above by long pendant
lashes. The spines of the abdomen long, weakly chitinised ; fan-tail triangular in (J, truncate in $. All the tibiae
spinose; spurs of mid tibia of nearly eciual length. Distal margin of forewing irregularly dentate; costal margin
of hindwing incurved, the costal vein in consequence curved down to near the subcostal. Valve of ^ without
enlarged scales. — Larva anteriorly tapering, with a longitudinal Hne and oblique stripes. Tongue-case of pupa
cariniform. — 2 species, which both enter our territory in the Pacific districts. The moths occur from the
spring to the autumn.

G. hyas Walk. (= geometricum Moore, macroglossoides Walk.) (40 g). The distal marginal band of inja.'^.
the hindwing is of even width throughout. Harpe of o spatulate, curved upwards; apical process of penis
directed obliquely distad. — Indo-Malayan, reaches in North-West India the Palearctic boundary and is also
known from Southern C'hina and Forniosa, presumably occurring at least as far as the Yang-tse-kiang valley.

G. masuriensis. The distal marginal band of the hindwing is strongly narrowed backwards. Harpe
of 3 with a basal ]5rocess, but without apical one; apical process of penis long, curved frontad and lying flat
on the penis. From North-West India to Japan. — masuriensis Bufl. (= himachala Bull., erebina Bull). Distal Hia.su-
marginal band of hindwing broad. Forewing dark. From Southern Kashmir to Burma. — sangaica Bull. ^Jfj"^^-;„
(40 g). Forewing paler, distal marginal band of hindwing more strongly narrowed posteriorly. .Japan, Corea,
China and Formosa.

33. Genus: K|>liiii;;'4»iiae|>io|>*<)is Wallengr. **)

Very closely related to Gurelca. Palpi rough, segment 1 with apical fan as in Gurelca. Antennae dentate
or pectinate in <J, simple and club-shaped in ?; end-segment short. Eye-lashes present. Head with high
tuft. Tibiae spinose; mid tarsus with basal comb. Distal margin of forewing dentate or lobate; radial 3 and
median 1 originating close together, as in Gurelca. Costal margin of hindwing almost straight; lower angle

*) Synonym: Bor.shoiiiia Ai<si. (1905). **) Synonym: Pterodunta Aust. (1905).

252 SPHECODINA; PROSERPIJTUS; MACROGLOSSUM. By Dr. K. Jordan.

of cell less pointed than in Gurelca, in some species the 2 median branches thro\rn off close together. — Larva
anteriorlv hardly at all tapering. — So far 2 Palearctic, 1 Indo-Malayau and 3 Ethiopian species are known,
which are all very small.

i/ori/oi). S. gorgon Esp. (= gorgoniades Hbn.) (40 g). Body and wings grey; abdomen with 3 white dots

on eacli side: hindwing brownish. Antemaa of o with short teeth. Larva white or greenish, with 6 pale longi-
tudinal stripes partly edged with red. On Galium. The moths from i\Iay until July and again the end of July
and in August. — Southern Russia to the Altai and southward to the Cilician Taurus.
kuldjacmix. S. kuldjaensis Graes. (40 g). Larger; hindwing orange-yellow with darker distal margin. Harpe of

cJ obviously different from that of gorgon. — Kuldja, Tian-shan and neighbouring districts.

34. Gpnus : Kpliooodiiia Blanch.

Antennae setiform in both sexes, not club-shaj)ed. end-segment short. Eye-lashes strongly developed.
Abdomen broad, flattened, with lateral tufts of scales, at the apex in q a tripartite fan. in V a simple
conical tuft; the spines of the abdomen above and beneath strong, even the basal sternite bearing some weak
spines. Mid tarsus without basal comb. — Larva cylindrical, when young with horn, which is replaced later
on by a polished button. Pupa strongly rounded anteriorly, the tongue-case not cariniform. — 2"Jspecies,
one occurring in the Atlantic district of North America, the other in the Pacific district of the Palearctic
Region.
caudatti. S. caudata Brem. d- Grey (39 e). Forewing without teeth, the margin moderately incurved in front

and behind. Body and forewing dark broAvai with black markings, hindwing yellow with blackish distal marginal
band, which is widest at the anal angle. — Larva blackish, on each side two rows of large pale reddish brown
patches, niarkings on the upperside of the thorax and the upper surface of the last two segments of the same
colour. On Vitis. — Amurland and North and East China. During the last years bread in some numbers in
Shantung by the missionary L. Klapheck.

35. Genus: I*roj*er|>iiiiis ^ftw.

Antennae club-shaped in (^ and 9, abniptly narrowed to an apical hook, end-segment at least three
times as long as broad. Eyes with strong lashes. The .spines of the abdomen feebly chitinised; the anal tuft
truncate, at the sides of the abdomen short tufts of scales. Tibiae spinose, fore tibia with apical thorn and a
lateral row of long spines. Mid tarsus without basal comb. Inner and outer tibial spurs different in length. —
Larva with a pale subdorsal stripe and lateral oblique bands, the latter directed from above anteriorly to below
posteriorly, not as in Sphinx ligustri from below anteriorly to above posteriorly. The same direction of the
oblique bands is met with in Pholus. Head minutely hairy, small; horn short or in the later stages replaced
by a polished button. Pupa slender and glossy, with 2 frontal tubercles; tongue-case not cariniform; meso-
notum with an interrupted transverse carina; cremaster long and thin, terminating in two points. The larva
wanders about long distances before pupating. In breeding the species the larva must be kept in a cool place
when in this stage, the propensity of wandering being thereby abated, and the pupa has to be kept dry.— One
European and 4 North American species.

P. proserpina. Pale green; forewing with irregular distal margin and a dark green median band, which

encloses a light-edged dark green di.scocellular bar. Hindwing yellow with black distal marginal band. The

small egg green. The young larva dull green with pale longitudinal lines; later on usually brown with black

markings; the horn replaced by a black-centred brownish yellow disc; June to August, on Epilobium, Lythrum,

and Oenothera, when young rests on the upperside of the leaves and later keeps well concealed. Found from

Central Germany to Buchara and southward to Portugal and the Mediterranean; not yet known from North

pmwrpuia. Africa. — proserpina Pallas (= oenotherae Schiff., schiffermilleri FnessL, oenotheroides Btitl.) (40 g). The

amnuala. European form, which is known as occurring as far east as the Caucasus. In ab. attenuata SchuUz the median

grisea. band of the forewing is only half as broad as in normal specimens; in ab. grisea Rebel the forewing is grey in-

iirunnea. stead of green; and in ab. brunnea Geesf it is pale leather-colour with a reddish ochreous median band. — ja-

inpetu.i. petus Gr.-Grsh. Larger, sligiitly paler, the distal marginal band of the hindwing beneath narrower. Buchara;

Ferghana. Probably not constantly different; I have only seen one $.

36. Genus : MaerogioKsuiii Scop.

Tongue longer than in the previous genera. Eye with distinct pendant lashes. Palpi broad, the pointed
tip porrect, terminal surface triangular. Head broad, without distinct tuft. Antennae club-shaped in ^ and $,
abru])tly tapering to a short hook, end-segment slender, long and almost filiform in some species, shorter in
others. Thorax and abdomen broad, flattened, the abdomen in ^ and $ with lateral tufts and moveable fan-
tail; the spines of the abdomen as in Haemorrhngia very strongly chitinised, placed in several rows, tho.se of
the first row rounded and broader than long, with the exception of the proximal segment; sternite 7 is not as

MACROGLOSSUM. By Dr. K. Jordan. 2.5.3

in Haemorrhagia (false Hemaris) a truncate plate witli spines at the edge, but is triangular with the apex mem-
branous and non-spinose. Mid coxa as in Haemorrhagia posteriorly produced into a sharp tooth which partly
covers the hind leg. Mid and hind tibiae above with long hair-scales, therefore appearing broad ; spurs of tibiae
different in length, the shorter spur of the mid tibia with a comb of stiff bristles or spines; mid tarsus with
basal comb; pulvillus present, paronychium with 2 lobes on each side; the first hindtarsal segment laterally
compressed so as to fit close to the body, its outer surface bearing many spines all directed backwards. The
sjjines of the abdomen and tarsi, as well as the tooth of the mid coxa render the body smooth and slippery.
Distal margins of wings never dentate or lobate, apex of foi-ewing always pointed, but never falcate, subcostals
3 and 4 not joined distally as is the case in Haemorrhagia; subcostal and radial 1 of hindwing originating se-
pa^atel3^ radial 3 and median 1 likewise never stalked. — Larva anteriorly tapering, longitudinally striped,
with small head ; horn granulose, long hi the early stages, later on shorter. Pupa anteriorly compressed, tongue-
case cariniform ; cremaster very diversely developed, being thin and conical in some species, broad and flattened
with dentate margins in others, etc. — The genus contains nearly 70 species, which are all confined to the
Eastern Hemisphere. One species is found on the African continent south of the Sahara, 5 occur on Madagascar
and neighbouring islands, one in Europe, all the others in Asia resp. the Indo-Australian Region. The moths
fly in daytime and have several broods in the warmer districts. Many are so similar to one another in colour
and markings that they can only be distinguished on very close examination. When describing new species
it is absolutely necessary to give the structure of the genitalia, as even good coloured figures are not always
sufficient for the recognition of the species.

M. stellatarum L. (40 f). Body and forewing grey; hindwing rusty yellow with darker base and red- .siaia-
brown distal margin. The tone of the colour and the markings vary in all districts, and we have not found any ^'■«"'-
fairly constant distinctions between the specimens from such widely separated countries as Western Europe,
Japan and North-West India. Egg greenish white, smooth, longer than thick. Larva on Rubiaceae, green
or reddish, with minute white granules, a subdorsal and a subventral stripe; spiracles dark; horn bluish. Cre-
master of pupa slender, conical. The moth hibernates. Everywhere in Europe and Northern and Central Asia
(with the exception of the higher North), southward to the Sahara and Anterior India; presumably wanders
like so many widely distributed species of Sphingidae which are not split up into geographical races, ab.
fasciata Bebel has a broad black transverse median band on the forewing. In ab. subnubila SchuUz the hindwing, fascinia.
and sometimes also the abdomen, is blackish brown. xuhnubihi.

M. bombylans Bdv. (= walkeri Butl.) (40 f). Blackish olive shaded with grey. The lateral tuft of ab- homhi/ifDis.
dominal segment 3, the base of 6 and the underside of the thorax white. Abdominal margin of the hindwing
and some lateral spots on the abdomen yellow. — Known from Japan to North India, abundant; not yet re-
corded from Amurland.

M. pyrrhosticta Bufl. (= catapyrrha Butl.) (40 f). Upperside of body and forewing grey-brown, ah- in/rrhimiir/,!.
domen with yellow lateral spots. Forewing with a transverse band before the middle, somewhat widened behind,
a discal double line which is excurved anteriorly and incurved below the middle, and a submarginal spot below
the apex : these markings black-brown. Hindwing yellow, the base and a broad distal marginal band black-
brown. Underside of both wing rusty red. Larva greenish white, anterior segment green; a dorsal median
and on each side a subdorsal white line edged with green. — Distributed from Japan to North-India and Lom-
bok: very abundant.

M. troglodytus Bdv. Smaller than pyrrhosticta, the forewing more strongly marked with slaty grey. imi/hxh/fuK.
otherwise almost exactly like pyrrhosticta in colour and markings. Harpe of 3* bifid in both species, the upper
lobe obtuse and dentate in troglodytus, acuminate and at its upper margin non-dentate in pyrrhosticta; the
apical process of the penis-sheath obtuse in the former and pointed in the latter. — Indo Malayan, northward
distributed to China; likewise common.

M. fringilla Bdv. (40 e). A sharply marked median stripe on head and thorax and a triangular patch fringUla.
on the patagia blackish; underside of body dark ru.sty brown, the palpi, middle of breast and a median spot
on the proximal abdominal segment almost pure white. Forewing above with a well-marked blackish submedian
band which is widened at the hind margin in the direction of the base, the second discal line heavy, distally
widened to form a spot below radial L Proximal edge of the distal marginal band of the hindwing convex. — •
Occurs from China to South India and eastward to the Moluccas.

M. saga Butl. (= kiushiuensis Moths.) (40 f). About as large as stellatarum,. Colouring similar to that .mf/a.
of pyrrhosticta. Head and thorax with dark median line; abdomen on each side with 2 distinct yellow spots,
on underside without median spots. The grey median band of the forewing and the grey costal spot contrast
sharply with the dark portions of the wing, and this subapical spot is extended to the apex on account of
the brown-red subapical costal spot being shaded with grey. The yellow discal band of the hindwing is rather
too broad in our figure, being in the specimens hardly .so broad at radial 2 as the marginal band. Harpe of J
short, obtusely conical, not divided. — Japan, China and North India.

There occur presumably more species of Macroglossum in the Palearctic districts of China than are
known to us from there.

254 RHOPALOPSYCHE; CELERIO. By Dr. K. JoRnAN.

37. Genus : lSlio|>alops,v<*lie Butl.

The only genus of Sphingidae in wliicli the antennae of both sexes are without ciha. Apart from this
characteristic the genus agrees with Macroglo.s.^iuti, but the antennae are yet more strongly club-shaped than in
any species of that genus, being also thinner towards the base and here scaled alh-ound. — India and China,
southward to Ceylon.

nyrterii. R. nycteris Koll. (= volucris Walk.) (40 f). The lateral spots of the abdomen and the median band

of the hindwing {)ale yellow. Markings nearly as M. pyrrhonlkta. but the ground of the forewing more grey
in tint. — Burma to Kashmir and West China; the moths from the spring until the autumn.

E. Subfamily: Chaerocanipinae *).

The small setiferous process situated at each side of the ro.;truiu coiu'eaied by the |iali)i and prohalily honiologous
to the mandibles, is divided only in this subfamily into an apical and a basal portion, the former bearing short or no hairs
and the latter long bristles. The inner surface of segment 2 of the palpus is naked for the greater part. The end-segment
of the antenna is likewise charakteristic; it is always elongate, almost without scales and bears in every species several ((i
or more) bristles at the tip and sometimes some additional ones on the side. The antennae are never dentate. The tiliiae
are never spinose, and the hind tibia has always two i)airs of si)urs. The paronychium has always 4 lobes, the pulvillus
on the contrary being sometimes reduced to a small triangular lobe. The abdomen is always pointed- conical an<l
bears a simple anal brush, in front of which the (Jo have a short tuft on each .side.

Nearly 160 species are known, of which 11 occur in Europe, 23 being recorded from the whole l'iilear<tic Region.

38. Genus: Ve\*fr\n Oken.

This name is older than Oioerocampa Dup., Phryxus Hhn. and Thaumas Hbn.

The antermae distally incrassate in both sexes, especially strongly clavate in the ?. Palpi smoothly
scaled, without erect hairs, concealing the base of the tongue; the scaling at the apex of segment 1 on the
inner surface not arranged as a regular border, but more or less roiigh, segment 2 without apical tuft. Abdomen
conically pointed, the dorsal spines strong, usually arranged in .*} rows. Anterior tarsus always with some en-
larged spines on the outer side; the inner apical spur of the hind tibia more than twice as long as the outer
one, being about half the length ot the tibia; mid and hind tarsi with a feebly developed basal comb. Forewing
entire, with pointed apex; subcostal and radial 1 of hindwing separate or from a point or very .shortly stalked,
radial 3 nearer to radial 2 than to median 1. Genitalia almost the same in the various .species, at any rate the
differences though constant are so minute that crossing between specimens of different species is not rendered
difficult by them. The modified scales on the outer surface of the valve of the <S are numerous and usually
small; the harpe with a siniple process tapering distally. Vaginal .sclerite of ? obtusely triangular, without
special characteristics, orifice large, placed in the median line. — Larva cylindrical, only slightly tapering an-
teriorly, with .subdorsal line and a row of ocelli, which latter are sometimes partly vestigial only. Tongue-case
of pupa not enlarged in keel-.shape; abdomen without sharply pointed granules; cremaster terminating in 2
points. — The genus is distributed over the whole globe as far as it is suitable for Sphingidae. 14 species are
known.

The simplification of the genitalia is presumably one of the reasons wliy hybridisation occurs .so fre-
quently. The species can be divided into two groups according to the development of the pulvillus placed in
between the tarsal claws:

1. Ptdvillus only vestigial as a small triangular lobe: c n phnrbiae, centralasiae, zygophylli, vespertilio,
hippophaes ;

2. Pulvillus developed : gallii, nicaea, lineata.

C. euphorbiae. Abdomen at each side with 2, sometimes 3 black s])ot (on segments 2 and 3. resp. 2,
3 and 4); scaling of antenna white. Forewing greyish yellow, the markings brownish olive, consisting of a
large basal s])ot reaching to the costal margin and being posteriorly sharply defined, a large spot at the
middle of the costa and a small one at %, further a band widening hindward and running from the apex to
the hind margin. Hindwing ro.sy red, the basal area and a submarginal band black, a spot at the abdominal
margin white. Variable. Egg pale green, small. Larva very variable; black before the first ecdysis. then green,
later on the ground-colour varying from yellow to black ; in the black specimens there are, in contradistinction
to the larva of gallii, usually numerous pale dots dispersed over the whole body; dorsal line red or grey;
on each side a complete row of ocelli, below which there is generally a row of smaller ocelli. On Euphorbia.
Pupa brownish yellow. One brood, in warm years and in the South two, of which the second is incomplete in
Central Europe. The moths according to the district from the spring till July and often again late in the
summer or in the autumn; comes to the light. Occurs from France to the Canaries and eastward across North
tithymali. Africa and Europe to North-West India and North China, in numerous geographical races. — tithymali Bdv.

*) cf. foot-note p. 231.

CELERIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 255

(41 I)). Wings above dusted with brown, costal margin of forewing broadly brown. Patagia with white upper
edge. Body and wings beneath dai'ker (brownish) than in the following forms, abdominal segments edged
with white beneath. Larva with only one row of eye-spots. Madeira and Teneriffe. — dahli Geyer (41 a). Abdomen dahli.
with 3 instead of 2 black spots on each side. Larva densely dotted with grey, with 2 rows of rather small ocelli.
Corsica and Sardinia. Darkened specimens are ab. praenubila Schuliz; in ab. lutescens Oherth. the discal praermbila.
band of the hindwing is yellow instead of red. — mauretanica Styr. (41 b) is usually paler than European spa- '"'"••*"«(*•.
cimens and never very much shaded with red ; the patagia have usually a white upper border, which however is tunica.
frequently absent, especially in the $; the costal margin of the forewing is dark, and the veins traversing the
dark oblique band are at least partly pale. Larva with one row of ocelli. North and Central Algeria ;
on Tithymalus. The markings vary in a similar way in European specimens. In ab. maura Oberth. the muura.
median area of tlie hindw'ing is dusted with black. — \n the South of Algeria, in the desert, occurs the smaller
and paler deserticola Bartel (42 c), in which the brown discal band of the forewing is traversed by more ilcsrrtUola.
or less extended pale vein-stripes. The upper margin of the patagia always white. In ab. flaveola Oberth. florcola.
the median band of the hindwing is pale yellow. Larva green, with one row of ocelli; on Euphorbia. — euphor- eiiplmrli'uif.
biae L. (= esulae Hufn.) (41a). Upper margin of patagia and dorsal edges of abdominal segments as a rule
not white. Costal margin of forewing above only brown in exceptional cases; the median patch separated
from the costal border. Larva with 2 rows of ocelli, between which the ground bears light dots. Throughout
Europe, from the Mediterranean to the South of England and Southern Sweden, and from Portugal to the Cau-
casus ; however, in England euphorbiae has been found only a few times and can hardly be regarded as a species
of the British fauna. Both the moths and caterpillars are very variable, and frequently the majority of the
examples from a certain district is of a rather uniform type. The species is evidently on the way in Europe
to split up into a number of geographical races. The following forms have received names: ab. suffusa mijjit.sd.
Tutt, the greyish yellow portions of the forewing dusted with blackish; ab. cuspidata Rebel, forewing nor- oiapklaUi.
mal, the black band of the hindwing sharply dentate; ab. nigrescens R. dh J. {= esulae Bdv. nee Hufn.), fore- nigre.^cen.f.
wing darkened with the exception of a pale oblique band, which is narrow in extreme specimens; ab.
restricta R. <& J. (= cyparissiae Schultz), forewing brownish olive, the pale median area separated into small rcstricta.
spots or almost entirely suppressed; ab. mediofasciata Mayer differs from ordinary specimens particularly in mediofas-
a dark band-like median stripe which runs from the costal to the hind margin of the forewing; ab. bilinea '"'."'
Schultz has, besides, a second shadowy line; in ab. brunnescens<S'c/tv«7/2the median area of the hindwing is brown- hninncuccm.
ish red, and in ab. lafitolei Th.-Mieg (41 c) yellow; the black submedian band of the hindwing is absent lajitolei.
from at), helioscopiae Selys (41 c); specimens in which the band is more or less indicated are more frequent; licHoscopiac.
in ab. rubescens Garb, the forewing is rosy, and in ab. paralias Nick. (41 b) sharply marked and likewise red; rubescens.
ab. gaentzenbergi (S/r/gr. (41b) is a very red form which is especially frequent in the Mediterranean countries and I'^g^flg^-
in which the light lateral stripe on head and thorax is reddish. A peculiar form is ab. viverina Denso, from Vivero 'hrryi.
in North- Western Spain (Galicia); the costal spots and the basal patch are united together, and the jjatagia rivennu.
have usually a white upper margin. — conspicua R. <&• J. (41 c). A large pale form which recalls small spe- conspicua.
cimens of nicnea: costal spot of forewing isolated, strongly marked, the distal margin as pale as the median
area. Underside of body and wings reddish white, much paler than in euphorbiae verus. Larva with few or no
pale dots, with 2 rows of ocelli. Syria and Asia Minor. — robertsi Butl. ( = peplidis Christ.). Patagia with ruhcrlni.
a white upper edge; costal margin of forewing dark, but this border not quite so broad as in tiihymali.
Underside with little red, yellowish grey, dusted with black. From Transcaspia to Kandahar in Afghanistan.
Larva with 2 rows of ocelli. — nervosa R. A J. Patagia with white upper edge; abdomen with 2 black nenma.
spots on each side. Costal margin of forewing yellowish olive from the base to the apex, the hind margin of
this border blackish at the base, the dark oblique band traversed by light veins, distal margin pale. Under-
side of the wings irrorated with brown, disc reddish, cell of forewing brown with a blackish spot. North- West
India (Sabathu and Simla), presumably also in Southern Kashmir. — costata Nordm. (41 d). Patagia with costata.
white upper margin ; abdomen sometimes with a small dark brown lateral spot on segment 4 (recalling dahli) ;
costal margin of forewing broadly yellowish olive-brown, the light median area reduced to a narrow band whose
outer edge is almost straight, in the cell a short pale streak, the dark discal band traversed by pale veins.
Transbaicalia, as well as on the Amur and in Shantung. This subspecies was represented for long in collec-
tions by but a few specimens; lately the missionary L. Klapheck has bred it in some numbers.

C. centralasiae. Above and beneath paler than euphorbiae ; the edges of the abdominal segments beneath
hardly paler than the ground. The dark oblique band of the forewing distally less sharply defined. First
segment of fore tarsiis shorter than in euphorbiae, with fewer and longer spines. Larva only \\-ith one row of
ocelli and without distinct dorsal line. Asia Minor, Transcaspia, North Afghanistan. ^ siehei Piingeler (41 c). skhei.
The median costal spot of the forewing reduced or almost obsolete. In the Cilician Taurus. — centralasiae Stgr. central'
(41 c). The median spot of the forewing distinct; sometimes both wings with a reddish tone. Samarkand, "*""'■
Namangan. Osh, Askhabad, North Afghanistan.

C. gallii. Pulvillus well developed. Scaling of antennae dark, being onl}- pale at the apex. Body and

256 CELERIO. By Dr. K. Jordan.

lorcwiiif; not rosy, the lattt-r darker than in euphorbine, with a broad costal border and rather narrow pale oblique
band ruimuig from the apex to the hind margin; discal band of liindwing red, in front and behind white.
Larva very similar to that of euphorbiae, green in the first instar, later often brown ; the pale dots always sparse ;
tlie ocellus situated at the base of the form always oval. On Galium, Epilobiuni, etc. The name of the food-
plant from which the moth derives its name was formerly frequently spelt Gallium, which explains the 11 in the
yallii. name of the species. Distributed over nearly the entire northern temperate zone. — gallii Rott. (=galii Schiff.)
(41 d) is the Palearctic subspecies, which differs from the American form, intermedin Kirbij. in the greater re-
duction of the red colouring on the hiudwing. From the Atlantic ocean to Japan and the Himalayas, in the
spring and again in the summer; in some years abundant, in others sparse; found up to 13 000 ft. in the Hima-
jjalliJd. lavas. Tnab. pallida Tuft the oblicpie band of the forewing is whitish, in ab. incompleta Tiitt the posterior half of
imompMa. (jjjg jj^nd is olive: the black submarginal band of the hindwing is thin in ab. stricta Tutt and enlarged to the
Uita. distal margin in ab. lata Tutt; the dark portions of the forewing are greyish and the red colour is absent from
yrisca. the discal band of the hindwing in ab. grisea Tutt.

C. nicaea. Similar to ('. euphorbine. but tiie pulvillus is well developed, the first foretarsal segment
bears no prolonged spines, the legs are almost as pale beneath as above, the margins of the abdominal seg-
ments are beneath hardly paler than the ground, the proximal edge of the dark band of the forewing reaches
the hind margin of the wing at a more distal point, and the anal spot of the hindwing has a reddish tone.
Larva on Euphorbia ; green when young, on each side with 2 rows of black-edged yellow spots ; later usually
grey, the spots red or deep yellow, often broken up and the black borders confluent; head pale, marked with
black; horn black. Moth in the spring and late in the summer. Mediterranean countries. Anterior Asia to
iiiaiid. North-West India. — tlicaea Pruri. (= cyparissiae Hbn.) (41 a). The distal margin of the forewing darker
than the median area, the latter more or less irrorated with dark specks. Spain, Southern France, Italy,
vrlmaca. eastward to Transcaspia. Specimens from the Crimea with black specks are ab. crimaea Bang-H. — castis-
castiKsima. sjmg Aust. On the whole paler, and the median area of the forewing purer in colour, ab. carnea Aust. has

('(IVili'd* c i

liiiln/n(s. 'i I'eddish tint. ^Morocco and Algeria. — lathyrus Walk. (41 d) is a small form from North-West India with
dark dusting, the dark oblique band of the forewing moreover being broader than in the previous forms.
Occurs presumably also in Kashmir.
~U'J"i'l'!ill'i- C. zygophylH O. (41 d). Antennae with white scaling. Pulvillus vestigial. Similar to gallii; the light

oblique stripe of the forewing much narrower, the wing itself also being narrower. Discal band of hindwing
red, with a white spot at the abdominal margin. Wings beneath without red. Larva variable, greyi.sh green
to brown or greenish black, above with 3 lines, without ocelli, but the subdorsal line sometimes widened on
each segment so as to form a spot, or separated into spots. On Zygophyllum. — Known from Southern Russia
to North Afghanistan and eastward to the Lob-Nor. The moth in the sprmg and autumn, the second brood
probably inconiplete.
vcspertiiw. C. vespertilio Esp. (41 e). Body and forewing brownish grey or blue-grey; abdomen with 3 black spots

at each side. Forewing only with traces of markings; hindwing red, black at the base and before the distal
margin. Pulvillus obsolete. Egg pale green, deposited in pairs (as is probably also the case in gallii). Larva
without a horn in all stages, ground-colour and markings variable in the later stages, usually brownish grey,
on each side a row of large red spots edged with black. On Epilobium, on dvy ground with detritus, in day-
time under stones. The moth in the spring, in the higher mountains as late as July, a second (incomplete)
brood in August and September. Distribution from the South of France to Southern Germany and east-
.■idliiioimi. ward to the Caucasus and Armenia, not known from the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa, ab. saltnonea
flara. Oberth. has but little red on the median area of the hindwing, and in ab. flava Blach. this area is yellow. In
iininna. ab. mun'na AuM. the forewing has no markings at all, and the median area of the hindwing is densely dusted
with grey.

C. hippophaes. Patagia without white upper margin. Abdominal segments not edged with white;
on each side of abdomen '1 black spots. The dark olive costal border of the forcM-ing not sharply defined but
gradually shading off; the dark median spot small and elongate, or even altogether obsolete; the proximal
edge of the dark olive oblique band nearly straight. Hindwing red, the base and a submarginal band black.
Larva with a thin horn, without round ocelli, but with })ale subdorsal line, at the base of the horn an elon-
gate spot: below the spiracles a conspicuous broad white longitudinal stripe. On Hippophae; it has a jiredi-
lection for sunning itself on the highest twigs. From Spain northward to Southern Germany and eastward
hippophaes. to the Issyk-kul. The moth in the s})ring and sometimes again in the autumn. — hippophaes iS'.s/^. (41 e). LTpper-
side of body and forewing dark olive: the median spot of the forewing distinct. Spain to the Caucasus; not
bienerti. known from North Africa. — bienerti Stgr. (41 e). Much paler, greyish yellow, beneath almost yellowish white;
median spot of the forewing above at the most vestigial. From Transcaspia to the Lob-Nor and North Persia.
liiieatii. C. lineata. Abdomen above spotted with white, bearuig black and white spots at the sides. Fore-

Ming with a narrow light oblique band, the veins pale from the cell to the olive distal margin. Hindwing
with a broad red median band which ends with a large white spot at the abdominal margin ; submargmal band
and base black. Pulvillus present. Egg small, light green. Larva variable, with a complete row of round
ocelli, which are traversed by a subdorsal line and sometimes are obsolete, on the back a median line

PHhi. -i>. I. wi,^. PERGESA. By Dr. K. Jordan. 257

(usually red) and below the stigmata a white line; head and upperside of horn reddish. Sometimes the
larva for the greater part black. Pupa elongate, with 2 distinct frontal tubercles, the proboscis-sheath some-
what enlarged at the base. Food-plants: Galium, Linaria, Vitis, Antirrhinum, Rumex, etc. Distributed over
the whole of America, Africa, a large portion of Asia and Australia. It is worthy of note that the species does
not occur on the Malay Archipelago. — livornica Esp. (= koechlini Fuessly) (41 e). Patagia without a livornica.
white median streak; abdomen only with 2 large black spots on each side, the other black spots being
small. Antenna with brown .scaling, the apex white. Arrives every year in Europe from North Africa
and sometimes wanders as far as England and Southern Sweden. Tlie species is very common in its native
countries, and has doubtless several broods in tropical Africa. This subspecies, which is really an African one,
occurs eastward as far as China and Anterior India. — The Australian form of lineata is livornicoides Luc. ( =
australasiae Tutt), whereas true lineata inliabits the whole of America.

39. Gemis: l*ergesa Walk.

Palpi rough with long hairs at the sides, the scaling on the inner surface as in Celerio. Eye-lashes much
more distinct than in Celerio. Antenna of $ less clubbed than in the preceding genus, of ^ nearly filiform. The
spines on the abdomen more numerous and less strongly chitinised than in Celerio. Pulvilhis always present. —
Larva not cylindrical as in Celerio, but swollen at the 4th segment and conspicuously tapering from this segment
forward ; ground-colour green or dark brown ; on each side of segments 4 and 5 an ocellus ; horn short or almost
entirely obsolete. On Galium, Epilobium, Fuchsia, Viti.s, etc. Pupa without gloss, tongue-case carinate at the
base; abdominal segments 5, 6 and 7 above and at the sides with a basal transverse row of acute granules;
cremaster broad and flattened at the base, ending in a long and slender process which is indented at the tip. —
Throughout the Palearctic Region with the exception of the higher North, also in North India, but not repre-
.sented either in Africa south of the Sahara or in America or Indo-Australia.

P. elpenor. Wings entire, fringes without spots. Abdomen yellowish green, a dorsal middle stripe
and the underside green, a basal lateral spot black. Forewing like the body, a broad marginal band and two
oblique bands red, the proximal band being abbreviated costally. Hindwing proximally black and distally red.
Fringes red on the forewing and white on the hindwing. Egg pale green. Larva green or blackish bro^ai, longi-
tudinally pencilled M-ith blackish ; ocelli with reniform centre which is open beneath ; horn longer than in por-
cellits, blackish brown. Pupation on the ground in a coarse web. Pupa three times as long as broad, greyish
brown, dotted with black, wing-cases darker. The moth in Europe in I\Iay and June, early specimens again
in the antumn; in the warmer districts of the Pacific district of the Palearctic Region a regular second brood
appears to occur from JuH onward. — elpenor L. (= viti.s Oken, porcus Retz., elenor Midi.) (42 a). Distributed elpenor.
from Scotland to tlie Pyrenees and east^'ard to the Amur and Korea, the eastern specimens being scarcely
distinguishable from the next subspecies (leivisi). In ab. pallida Tutf the ground-colour of the forewing is dull pallida.
and the red bands are dull purple or violet, while the distal margin of the hindwing is pale; whereas in ab.
virgata Tuft the red colour of the hindwing i.-^ restricted to a band which is situated beyond the centre of the virgata.
wing. ab. unicolor TiM has no red bands on the greenish yellow forewing; this extreme form is rare. In ab. unicolor.
clara Tutt the red colour is brighter and more extended than in normal specimens, ab. hades Rebel ([Esper, hades.
PI. 27] = vautrini Aust.) is based on the very remarkable .specimen figured by Espkr, which has the appearance
as if it had become discoloured after death; entirely .^moky brown, the posterior portion of the thorax and the
apex of the abdomen red, the remainder of the upperside of the abdomen yellow, ab. daubi Niepelf. is almost daubi.
entirely brown without red; forewing with 2 darker bands, marginal area silvery grey. In ab. obsoleta Tutt vbsoleta.
the small white discocellular spot of the forewing is absent. — lewisi Bull, is the very bright red, and e.specially lewisi.
beneath extended red, form \\hicli inhabits Japan and China. — A further subspecies is macromera Butl.
from Assam.

P. rivularis Bdv. (= fraterna Butl.) (42a). The red portions of the body and wings are shaded with rivularis.
brownish yellow, the red colour being but little distinct. This moth is perhaps also only a geographical race of
elpenor. Known from Sikkim to Chitral and southward found at Karachi.

P. porcellus. Fringes spotted Mith brown. Abdomen without black spot at the base. Thorax red.
\vithout pale border to the pronotum. Costal margin of the hindwing beneath as well as the costal and distal
margins of the forewing above red; hindwing above blackish at the base, greenish j'ellow in the centre and red
at the distal margin. Larva similar to that of e^pewor, the ocelh round, not reniform, the horn only indicated.
Pupa longer than in elpenor, the frontal tubercles acute; abdominal segments 5, 6 and 7 with a basal row of
pointed granules, the row dorsally somewhat curved for\^ard and the granules dorsally less numerous and less
elevate than laterally. Tliroughout the western Palearctic Region eastward as far as Transcaucasia, not in
the high North. — porcellus L. (= ? bombyliformis L.) (42 a). Rather variable. In ab. clara Tutt the red por- porcellus.
tions are carmine, and the markings of the hindwing are sharply defined, ab. scotica Tutt like clara, the trans- '''"''f-
verse hnes very distinct and the median area and distal marginal band of the hindwing somewhat darkened,
ab. hibernica Tutt, erected for specimens from the West of Ireland, does not appear to be confined to Ireland; tiihcmica.

II 33

258 HIPPOTION; THERETRA. By Dr. K. Jordan.

the costal and distal margins of the foreM'iiig more greyish retl. and the distal marginal hand of the hindwing

siij/iisa. very narrow and red. Specimens in which the hindwing is strongly shaded with black are ab. suffusa Tutl. In

lutcficcits. ab. lutescens Cock, the red colour is replaced by yellow. In ab. indistincta Tutt the normally red portions are

indisUncUi. reddish grey, and the marginal band of the hindwing is diffuse and has only traces of red. Finally, in ab. gal-

ija ana. ^^^^ iJiUmer the foreuing is extended greenish yellow without red costal spots and transverse band and witliont

colossus, dark brown transverse lines. — colossus Bang-H. (42 b) is larger than porcellus; the forewing is less bright

red at the costal margin, but is more extended bright red before the hind margin. Algeria. In Mus. Tring from

Batiia and Les Glacieres de Blida, at the latter place collected by us at the lamp early in June.

siulliis. p. suellus ;S/^r. (42 b). Pronotum with a grey edge. Thorax with distinct grey lateral streak. Abdomen

M'ith a yellow lateral spot at the apex of segments 5 and 6. Neither the body nor the wings Mith Ijright red

colour. Fringes spotted with brown. Forewing with a brown discal band which tapers behind; distal margin

of hindwing brown, without red. Costal margin of hindwing beneath grey, irrorated with brown. — Asia Minor

and Transcaucasia : occurs in the latter district together M'ith porcellus.

askoldcnsis. p. askoldensls Olierfh. (= cingidatum Bull.) (42 a). Larger, thorax with a niore obvious greyish white

lateral streak, which is distinct also on the head and prothorax; collar edged \vith grey; abdominal segments

Avith light-coloiu'ed mangins. Distal margin in both wings distinctly dentate. Neither above nor below bright

red colouration. — Amurland and Japan. Originally described as a Sinerinthiis on account of the dentate wings.

40. Genus: IIi|>|>4»fi4»ii Hbn.

Palpi smoothly scaled on the outside, without the erect hair of Pergesa; on the inside the sealing at
the apex of segment 1 regularly arranged to form an even border, segment 2 not bearing an apical tuft of scales.
Antenna in J not clubbed, in V with distinct chib. — Larva anteriorly strongly tapering, segment 4 being swol-
len. Tongue-case of pupa compressed, cariniform. — The 20 species of this genus occur in Africa and Indo-
Australia. one of them entering the Palearctic Region. Many of the Indian species will doubtless be discovered
in Palearctic territory, especially in China, although they have not yet been met with in our Region as far as
we know.
osiris. H. osiris Dalin. is a tropical Africa! species which is said to have been found in Spain. It resembles

celerio, but is larger, the stripes of the wings are much brighter and the abdomen bears on each side a black
basal spot. For more cf. the African section of this work, vol. 14.

celerio. H. celefio L. (= tisiphone L., inquilinus Harris, ocys Hhi., albolineata Montr.) (42 b). Distributed

over the Mhole Eastern Hemisphere with the exception of the North. A migrant which wanders northward
every year and hence is met with in many districts where it is not indigenous. We have not found any fairly
constant geographical races. Abdomen with short oblique lateral sih^er-streaks and a light median line. Fore-
wing with oblique stripes which run from the apex to the hind margin, a narrow pale discal band ends at the
apex and is hardly noticeably widened posteriorly. Hindwing red from the base to the anal angle, the costal
area and a submarginal line black, a broad discal band pale red and divided by tlie dark veins. Larva green or
brown, a large ocellus on segment 4, a small one on 5; a pale subdorsal line more distinct in front and
behind than on the central segments. On Vitis and Rubiaceae. Pupa glossy ; tongue-case large, cariniform ;
cremaster long-conical, dentate; spiracles black. The moth appears in Europe in the autmnn, but is on the
pnllifla. wing in the tropics almost throughout the year. Tutt gives the following names: ab. pallida, groinid pale terra-
brunnea. cotta; ab. brunnea, ground deep brown; ab. unicolor, the pale median band of the forewing is so much darkened
imicolor. ^^ ,j„j |j, contrast with the rest of the ground. A further aberration has been described as ab. augustei Trimoid.,
entirely black, markings normal.

41. Genus: Tlioretra Hbn.

Palpi smoothly scaled, segment 1 at the apex with a cavity bounded by the scaling, the joint visible
in it (sensory organ ?); on the inside the scaling at the apex of segment 1 is regular as in Hip pot ion, but seg-
ment 2 bears at the apex a tuft of scales directed inward which is absent in all the previous genera. — Larvae and
pupae as in Hippolion. apart from the differences presented by each species. — 3(t species are known, which
are all confined to the Old World, the majority inhabiting the Indo-Austrahan Region. The species found on
Palearctic territory are with one exception (yapoMica), Indian species whose area of distribution extends north-
M'ard to TurkeJ^ China or Japan.

Hes,s)(.s. T. nessus Drury (42 c). One of the largest species, which is easily recognised by the broad golden lateral

stripe of the abdomen. — Distributed from Japan to Ceylon and eastward to New Caledonia, without being
split up into subspecies. Somewhat variable individually, especially in size. The blackish brown or green larva
has a light-coloured subdorsal stripe which nnis from the head to the horn and below v\-hich there are pale oblique
bands that have the same direction as in the larva of .S';j/w'« .v iigustri. OnDioscorea and Berringtonia. The moth
is very common.

RHAGASTfS. By Dr. K. Jordan. 269

T. boisduvali Bugn. {= cretica Bdv. pt., punctivenata Bull.) (42 d). Greyish yellow; head and thorax boi<<(.hwali.
with a light stripe on each side ; abdomen with 5 weak longitudinal lines, of which the median one is very indi-
stinct. The cavity at the apex of the first segment of the palpus sharply bounded and large. Forewing with
6 dark lines, of which the one running into the apex is usually accentuated on the veins by distinct dots. Hind-
wing black, distally paler, at the anal angle a greyish yellow patch which is continued costad as a short feebly
marked band. — An Indo-Malayan species which extends eastward to Lombok and Borneo and westward to
Ceylon, North India, Asia Minor, Crete and Turkey; doubtless a migrant which occasionally reaches South-
East Europe, where no specimens have been obtained for a long time. Fairly common in its native countries,
but much rarer than the following species.

T. clotho. Similar to the preceding species. Abdomen without lines. Forewing with a thick line which cIoUm.
ends at the apex of the wing. — The Indo-Malayan subspecies clotho Drurij (42 d) occurs from Ceylon to Japan
and e^istward as far as Timor, Celebes and the Philippines. The larva is green or brown and bears a large ocellus
on segnient 4 and a small and blind one on 5 — 10. On Cissus.

T. alecto. Reddish grey-brown, or brown-red. Head and thorax with a pale lateral stripe, abdomen
with a black basal patch at each side. Hindwing red, the base black, the distal margin brown. Varies indivi-
dually in the development of the lines on the forewing and abdonien ; the line running into the tip of the fore-
wing always distinct. Larva with 7 ocelli, of which the 5 posterior ones are smaller and often almost obsolete;
horn short and thick in the last instar. On Vitis, Psychotria, etc. Distributed from Crete to the Key Islands. —
cretica Bdv. (42 e). Pale brown, hindwing less bright red than in the next subspecies. This pale form occurs cretica.
in Syria, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, North Persia and Turkestan, and has also been recorded from Crete (whence
the type-specimen came). — alecto L. (42 f) is deep brown, with a very distinct red tone: hindwing bright red. aledo.
In Afghanistan on Palearctic territory, elsewhere found in India, on Formosa and the Malayan Islands as far
as Key and Celebes.

T. suffusa Walk., which is similar, bears broad stripes on the forewing and occurs northward as far
as China, but does appear to have reached the valley of the Yang-tse-kiang.

T. japonica Orza (42 b). Olive-grey. Patagia with a ferruginous median line. Abdomen yellowish at japonica.
the sides, with a pale dorsal double line. Head and thorax with pale lateral stripe. The cavity at the apex of
the first segment of the palpus not very sharply bounded, the scaling around it being somewhat uneven. Fore-
wing striped, a thick double line commences at the costal margin close to the apex and runs to ^ of the hind
margin, where the line curves basad; at the outer side of this line a pale stripe, which is especially light-coloured
behind. Hindwing black costally, pale grey at the abdominal margin; from the anal angle costad extends a
diffuse pale band. Larva green or browai; on segment 3 a small white lateral dot, on 4 a white ocellus with
black border and brown pupil, on 5 a similar but smaller ocellus, and on 6 a blind round white spot,
from 5 or 6 to the horn a pale stripe, below which there are oblique shadowy bands. On Cissus. The nioths
from the spring until the autumn. .The spring-specimens, which are on the whole smaller and paler than the
summer-specimens, may be kept separate as f. vern. suifuna Stgr. (42 e). — The species is known to us from fuifunn.
Japan. Amurland, Corea, and China as far south as the Yang-tse-kiang, being a truly Palearctic insect.

T. oldenlandiae F. (42 b), with a white double median line on the abdomen, and T. silhetensis Walk., ohlenlan-
with a simple, sharply marked, white abdominal median line, are widely distributed in the Oriental Region y^f',, .•
and presumably will also be discovered on Palearctic territorj'.

42. Genus: Rlia$;;asti!« R. <fc J.

In all the 12 species of this genus the palpi are so much apart that the base of the tongue is visible.
The first segment of the palpus bears the same cavity at the apex as in Theretra; segment 2 is at the apex
at least as broad as segment I and bears on the inside an apical tuft of scales. Larva as in Theretra. — 2
species are Palearctic, the other 10 Indian resp. Indo-Malayan. The genus does not extend eastward beyond
Borneo and Java.

R. mongoliana Bull. (42 f). The smallest species. The cavity at the apex of the first palpal segment mo)i;ioHa>ia
is almost concealed by the scaling, being much less distinct than in the other species of the genus. Head and
thorax with distinct greyish white lateral stripe; on each side of the mesonotum a patch composed of reddish
brown and yellow scales; abdomen without stripe at the sides. Forewing sinuate below the apex, with a batnvn
apical spot and another brown spot in front of the hind angle ; on the disc 4 rows of dots or lines ; the submar-
ginal area sometimes partially greyish yellow. Hindwing blackish brown, with a feebly marked pale band.
Larva with 1 ocellus, which is placed on segment 4. Observed on Balsamina. — Japan, Amurland and Corea
southward to the Yang-tse-kiang, common.

R. Jordan! Oberth. Much larger than the preceding species ; the distal margin of the forewing hardly at jordani.
all incurved below the apex; head and thorax without obvious light lateral stripe; abdomen in contradistinction
•to auriferu Bull, without yellow lateral stripe. Hindwing with a broad greyish yellow submarginal band which

2fiO

CECHENENA. By Dr. K. Jordan. — Hybrids of Sphingidae. By I)r. P. Denso.

is shaded with black costally. Underside with a reddish tint ; costal margin of forewing light to the base, not
olive-brown like the cell; in the centre a brownish black transverse zigzag line: the olive-brown distal marginal
border produced basad in front of the middle, but this pointed projection does not reach the dark basal area. —
One pair from Siao-Lu in Western China, in coll. Charles Oberthtjr.

43. Gomis: I'eelieiieiia R. <£• J.

Differs from tlie preceding genus in the second segment of the palpus bearing very short scales and
therefore appearing much narrower than the first in a lateral view; moreover, the apical tuft on the inside of
segment 2 is small. — 6 species, which are all Oriental and of which 1 is met with in our Region.

C. minor Butl. (= striata Roths.) (42 e). Greenish olive-brown, often yellowish ferruginous in places;
body with weak i)ut visible stripes. Thorax in contradistinction to lineosn Walk, without pale median stripe.
Forewing with 6 distinct lines and a submarginal indistinct one. and a black discocellular dot. Hindwing black,
the distal margin olivaceous, proximally to it a yellowish grey band which vanishes anteriorly. — Kno\\n
from Japan to North India, not yet recorded from Corea and Anuuland.

Appendix.

ll^bi*i<ls of* ^i|»liiiij;-i<lao.

In nature hybrids between Sphingidae occur as a rule not very frequently, but nevertlieless a fair
number have been found at large either as larvae or as moths. Since a large number of the most diverse
hybrids have been bred in captivity, especially during the last few years, the moths caught in the wild
state have been examined more carefully and a systematic search for the caterpillars has been carried out
in districts which appeared to promise most succe.ss. It is essential for the occurrence of hybrids in nature
that two or more species fly at the same time on an area of very small extent. If under such circum-
stances the one species — A — appears rather earlier than another — B — , hybridisation takes place more easily,
at least as regards the species of Celerio and Pergesa, whose (J (J usually emerge from the chrysalis before the ??,
so that under normal conditions there are still virgin ?? of A when the first o,^ of B appear. There is thus
a greater chance for the latter of meeting $$ of A than of B, which favours the possibility of a crossing taking
place between B-cJ and A-?. This seems to occur, e. g., with Celerio hybr. epilobii Bdv., which is the product
of a cross Celerio vespertilio Esp. o X Celerio evphorbiae evphorbiae L. $. C. vespertilio emerges in nature
one or two weeks earlier than euphorbiae, and in both species the o o appear first, hybr. epilobii, it may be added,
has more frequently been found in nature than any other Sphingid hybrid. The inverse cross, hybr. densoi,
which is the hybrid A o X B ?, does not appear to have been observed with certainty in the wild state. Its
greater rarity is easily understood from the above explanation.

In order to obtain hybrids in captivity it is advisable to proceed as folloM's: A sufficiently abundant
number of healthy pupae has to be obtained, preferably wild ones. These chrysalisses have to be kept during
the winter under conditions which approach as closely as possible the natural surroundings; in the spring,
however, the various species must be treated differently. It is essential that the species which one wishes to
cross emerge at the same time. In order to obtain this result it is not advisable to force the species which nor-
mallj' emerge late, but to retard the early species by lowering the temperature to a moderate extent. For
there is this danger in forcing that, though the moth emerge, their organs of reproduction are not yet fully
developed,^so that copulation would be without result. It is recommendable to entice by their own $9 the
wild 3,3 required for the cross. The moths ai'e placed in large cages, the Jo and $i of the same species being
kept apart in different cages. In these cages one should put every day fresh flowers such as are attractive for
Sphingidae (in the case of species of Celerio and Pergesa, being unnecessary with species of the Smerinthus-
group), such as Echium, Salvia, Silene, Lonicera, etc. One can even artificially improve the flowers by putting

TTybrids of S])hingiclae. Bj^ Dr. P. Denso. 261

a drop of honey and water into them. — If many species are kept in the cages, it is necessary to watch person-
ally whether pairing takes place and to protect by some mean.s or other a pair found in copula against being
disturbed by the other specimens. Next day the hybridised + is best sleeved on to the live food-plant of the
caterpillar of its own species. The bag should not be too large, as otherwise it would be unnecessarily difficult
to collect the eggs, which it is advisable to do, as in many cases the young larvae feed on the food-plant of
the paternal species. When the larvae have emerged from the eggs, they should be put on to a growing plant
and the conditions of life be rendered, if possible, more favourable than in the wild state. The greatest pos-
sible care should be taken of the specimens, so as to detect at once the appearance of infectious diseases of the
organs of digestion and to take early means of preventing the disease, so frequent among hybrid caterpillars,
from spreading. Very often the hybrid larvae suffer from a feeble constitution. This is especially laoticeable
in the full-fed caterpillars, which are often unable to pupate and frequently do not even make preparations
for the pupal stage. There are of course no means of altering that, the breeder of hybrids must be prepared
that he will possibly not get a single chrysalis from hundreds of large and apparently strong larvae. This
weakness of the constitution is accentuated in the larvae of secundary hybrids. It is advantageous to accelerate
the feeding up as much as possible, by raising the temperature if necessary, and by a constant supply of fresh
and healthy food. The treatment of the pupae does not require any special remarks. In the case of Celerio
and Pergesa hybrids the moths have a tendency of emerging early, and if they go tlirough the winter they are
to be treated like the chrysalisses of the parent species.

Some remarks about the pairing may be added. Although it sometimes appears as if warm sultry nights
are particularly favourable for hybridisation, cross-pairing also occurs in cold starry nights. The ol)servations,
however, are still insufficient for drawing conclusions as to the influence of the meteorological conditions. It
easily suggested itself to do away with the external conditions as well as the perhaps purely individual internal
stimulants which cause the moth to copidate, and to try artificial impregnation. However, no success has
been attained. Artificial parthenogenesis did not occur, and artificial fertilisation with sperm of the same
or other species had no result whatever.

Premary and secondary hybrids as well as crosses between races are so far known of the genera, Mimas,
Smerinthus, Calasymbolus and Amorpha on the one hand and Celerio and Pergesa on the other. It is easy to
understand that hybrids occur rarely in a natural state, by far the greater number of the hybiids known being
obtained in captivity. It is often very difficult in the case of wild hybrids to establish the parent species with
certainty, the necessary corroboration being often only obtainable by exjieriment with captive specimens. On
the whole the hybrid exhibits a diffuse mixture of the characteristics of the parents, inclining rather more
towards the phylogenetically older parent species. However, some cases are known in which the characteristics
of the parents were not fused, but appeared side by side lite the stones in a mosaic. Frequently the paternal
side predominates, but striking anomalies have being observed in this respect, especially among secondary
hybrids. As regards the caterpillars, they also exhibit a fusion of paternal and maternal characteristics, but
the most noteworthy phenomenon observed at them is ,, anticipation", that is to say, that the larvae of hybrids
reach certain stages in their ontogeny earlier than the larvae of the parent species.

The old rule that the larvae feed on the food-plant of the maternal species has been proved incorrect
by a great number of observations, which again renders it difficult to establish the parent species of a hybrid
found as larva at large. Another opinion formerly likewise held generally that the wild hybrids are sterile also
requires modification. Fertility is indeed very often strongly reduced, particularly in the ?¥, but nowadays
quite a nuniber of secondary and tertiary hj'brids are Icnown, which prove that fertility does obtain. However,
the generative organs atrophy more and more in the successive generations, even in the case of crosses between races.

1. Hybrids of tlie (Jeiieni 31iiujis, Smeriiitlius, Caljisyniholiis aiul Aiiiorplia.

A. Primary Hybrids.

M. hybr. leoniae Standj. (Mimas liliae tiliae L. J x Smerinthus ocellafa ocellata L. f) (43 e). This hybrid Ironiae.
hastlie elegant shape of tiliae, which it resembles closely in fades. It also bears like tiliae on the forewing a conical
spot beginning broadly in the middle of the costal margin, gradually narrowing, slightly curving towards the
distal margin and gradually disappearing towards the hind margin. Between the conical spot and the distal
margin there is a diffuse undulate line extending from the costal to the hind margin nearly parallel to the distal
margin. From ocellnta the hybrid has particularly the dark thoracical stripe and the black rounded anal patch
of the hindwiiig, this patch bearing often a bluish grey arc at its upper edge. Between this anal spot and the

262 Hybrids of Spliingidae. By Dr. P. Dexso.

base the wing has frequently a dull red tone. The ground-colour varies from grejdsh green or greyish brown
to brownish red. Only obtained in captivity.

neopalae- S. hybr. neopalaearctica Stand f. (43 e) {Smerinfhn,s ocellata oceUatn L. ^ x Calasymholus excaecata

arctica. j^f^f^ ^ g^^^ ^,j Grouud-colour bright red-brown. Has received from exmecata the dorsal line, the undulate
distal margin of the forewing and the peculiar deep sinus at the distal portion of the costal margin of the hind-
wing. The sharp definition of the markings of the forewing above and hindwing beneath is derived from
ocellata. The ocellus of the hindwing is a combination of the excaecata and ocellata ocelli, but inclines sometimes
more towards the one species, sometimes to the other. Only obtained in captivity.

operosa. S. hybr. operosa Standf. {Smerinthus ocellata ocellata L.^ x Ainorpha popidi austauti Stgr. $). Ground-

colour varying from light yellowish grey through darker grey tints to brown-red. In the general character
of the pattern the hybrid is nearer to austauti, but reversions to popuU popidi also are known. Distal margin
distinctly undulate, on thorax a broad median spot as in ocellata. Median band rather narrow; ocellus of hind-
wing distinct but strongly reduced. Expanse 72 to 93 mm. Only obtained in captivity.

hybridu.i. j^ S. hybr. hybridus StepJi. (Smerinthu.s ocellata ocellata L. ^ x Ainorpha popidi popidi L. $). The general

scheme of markings as in populi, but tlie marginal teeth of the forewing shorter than in populi. The ocellus
of the hindwing very variable, consisting usually of a large, more or less deep black spot which gradually fades
away into the ground-colour, and bears a black centre of very variable size. The brown basal patch of populi
is indicated by a light brown tone. The thoracical spot of ocellata is present, but less distinct. Known in the
wild state, and often bred in captivity.

oherthitcri. S. hybr. obefthuefl 7^/^/ (43d) (Smei'inthtis ocellata atlanticus Aiist. (^ x Amor plm populi austauti Stgr . $).

In facies so similar to the inverse hybrid tnetis as to be easily mistaken for it, the scheme of markings being
almost identical, except that it is usually more pronounced in metis, the subbasal undulate line of the forewing
especially being more obvious in metis. The markings of the hindwing are more diffuse in oherthueri, the ocellus
being more variable, the basal area less strongly red, and the blackish colouring around the ocellus less pro-
minent. The forewing of oberthueri is more elongate, the apical portion of the costal margin more rounded, and
the dentition of the distal margin less strong than in metis. The specimens of oberthueri have on the whole a
greater expanse than hybr. 7netis. Hitherto only obtained in captivity.

jringsi. S. hybr. fringsi Standf. (43e) {Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus Aust. ^ x Amorpha populi populi L. $).

Resembles more populi than atlanticus. It has retained from populi the broad wings which are distinctly undulate
at the distal margins, and in the main also the general colouration and the scheme of markings. From atlan-
ticus it has the often only very feebly marked ocellus of the hindwing. which is densely bluish grey in a dark
field, and the reddish shade in the basal area of the forewing beneath, which is present in most specimens.
Some examples show also a slight darkening on the thorax. Only obtained in captivity.

intcrlaunu.'i. C. hybr. interfaunus Neumog. {Calasymbolus astylus Drury (^ x Smerintlius ocellata ocellata L. $). Differs

from ocellata in tlie distal margin of the forewing not being sinuate. The discal spot is only slightly indicated,
and the transverse lines are but feebly undulate. The ocellus of the hindwing smaller than in ocellata. Colour
of the forewing intermediate between the tints of astylus and ocellata. On the thorax a broad brown longitudinal
line as in astylus. Only obtained in captivity.

varians. A. hybr. varians Standf. (43d) (AmorpJm populi austauti Stgr. ,^ x Smerinthus ocellata ocellata L. $).

There are no constant differences from hybr. operosa, but varians is still more variable and on an average larger.
Moreover, the forewing has in most examples a broader median band. Expanse 81 to 98 mm. Only obtained
in captivity.

metis. A. hybr. metis Awst. (43 e) {Amorpha populi auMauti Stgr. (J x Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus Aust. ?).

Ground colour usually reddish grey, scheme of markings as in austauti. As already mentioned under hybr.
oberthueri, the markings of metis are on the whole more prominent, particularly the first proximal undulate
line of the forewing is much better marked. The distal margins are more deeply sinuous. Specimens w4iich

deleia. resemble populi austauti in the less reddish colour and the paler markings are deleta Aust.

roUischildi. A. hybr. rothschildi Standf. {Amorpha populi populi L. ^ x Smerinthus ocellata ocellata L. $). Very

closely resembling populi, the ocellus of the hindwing absent, but there is a dark tone at the anal angle. In

the shape of the wing and in their dentition there is a slight resemblance to ocellata. the thorax also showing

a feeble darkening derived from ocellata. Only two sexually atypical ^'o obtained in captivity by .Standfus.s.

inversa. — The specimen recorded by Tutt as hybr. inversa was only a slightly aberrant populi.

Hybrids of Sphingidae. By Dr. P. Den so. 263

A. liyl)r. carelica Denso (Aniorphu poindi jjopuli L. (^ or 9 >' Amorpha rwivrensis nmurenms Stgr. $ or J), carelica.
Only one .specimen known, captured at large. Expanse 79 mm. Shape of wings as in populi, dentition of the
margins less prominent. The markings of the upperside diffuse (similarly as in amurensis). The ground-colour
of the forewing brown, grey towards the base; the grey stripe which runs from the costal to the hind margin
is nearly quite straight as in amurensis, not being undulate as in populi. The hindwing has the same brown
ground-colour as the forewing and bears a red-brown basal patch, which is much smaller than in populi and
essentially larger than the minute traces of the spot which are very rarely met with in amurensis. The under-
side as in amurensis; there are no distinct markings, but at the apex and hind angle only some diffuse small
spots which are paler than the ground.

B. Crosses between Races.

1. Between Smerinlhus ocellata ocellata L. and Sineriidhus uceUula atlanticus Aust.

S. f. (hybr.) charlotta Dannenberg (Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus Aust. o X Smerinthus ocellata ocellata ihitrlniid.
L. ?). In facies nearer to atlanticus, which it also approaches in size. General colouration of the forewing a dull
yellowish grey. The grey colour of the costal nuirgin of the hindwing rather pale, all the red tones somewhat
duller than in ocellata. The markings of the forewing stronger than in atlanticus, but more diffuse than in ocel-
lata. The ocellus large and broad, margined with black. The thoracical patch halfway between those of oce//a/a
and atlanticus. Obtained in captivity.

S. f. (hybr.) gertrudis Dannenberg (Smerinthus ocellata ocellata L. <S X Smerinthus ocellata atlanticus iierlnulis.
Aust. 9). Approaches atlanticus like charlotta, but less closely. Markings stronger than in charlotta, costal mar-
gin of the hindwing darker, the red tone stronger. Forewing more pointed. Underside of wings darker than in
charlotta. Expanse larger in gertrudis. Obtained in captivity. Specimens obtained from pupae kept cool and
hibernating are, both in this hybrid and charlotta, especially large and dark.

2. Between Amorpha populi austauti Stgr. and Amorpha populi populi L.

(All obtained only in captivity.)
A. f. (hybr.) darwiniana Standf. (Amorpha populi austauti Stgr. <S X Amorpha populi populi L. ?). daririniana.

A. f. (hybr.) langi Standf. (Amorpha populi populi L. (^ X Amorpha populi austauti Stgr. $). Both laniji.
crosses combine the characteristics of their parents, both however incline towards populi. Above all they have
retained the great variability oi populi in the general tint of colouration. The moderately deep indentations
of the distal margins of the wmgs and the large size are inlierited from austauti.

A. f. (hybr.) densoi Standf. (Amorpha populi populi L. $ X Amorpha populi f. (hybr.) darwiniana f/c».so(.
Standf.). Extreniely variable. Distal margins of wings varying from being feebly undulate to being sharply
dentate. Markings sharply defined or diffuse. Ground-colour light grey to dark grey. Shape of wings usually
approaching that of popitH. Generative organs reduced to a greater or lesser extent. Expaiise: cJ 73 to 92 mm,
9 82 to 96 mm.

A. f. (hybr.) populiformis Standf. (Amorpha populi populi L. ,S X Amorpha populi f. (hybr.) langi popuU-
Standf. ?). The specimens which emerge before hibernation are different from those which leave the chrysalis /<"■""■'''•
after hibernation. The former have no teeth to the distal margins and feebly developed markings, the ground-
colour about midway between that of light grey populi and yellowish whitish grey austauti gen. aest.
staudingeri. The specimens appearing after hibernation of tlie pupa approach populi in the stronger dentition
of the distal margins, sharper markings and the usually slaty grey ground-colour. Generative organs sometimes
strongly atrophied. Expanse: (J 74 to 85 mm, $ 81 to 90 mm.

A. f. (hybr.) austautio'ides Standf. (Amorpha populi austauti Stgr. <S X Amorpha populi f. (hybr.) ausiauti-
darwiniana Standf. ?). Dentition of distal margins of wings feeble, but nxore distinct than in austauti. The "'-'''"'■
markings strongly reduced in extent and but feebly expressed. The ground-colour exceedingly variable, the
light grey to reddish tones of the summer-brood staudingeri of austauti and its f. mirabilis, as well as the
dark grey and dark reddish tints of populi occurring. On the whole this cross much approaches the forms
of austauti. Generative glands atrophied. Expanse: cj 85 to 87 mm, ? 86 to 107 mm.

A. f. (hybr.) roepkei Standf. (Amorpha populi f. (hybr.) langi Standf. <? X Amorpha populi i. (hybr.) rocijicei.
langi Standf. ?). Strongly reduced. Distal margins usually obviously dentate. Markings feebly expressed.
Ground-colour usually grey, sometimes reddish. Generative glands anomalous to deformed. Expanse: <S 76
to 79 mm, ? 77 to 87 mm.

A. f. (hybr.) turatii Standf. (Amorpha populi f. (hybr.) da.runniana Standf. S x Amorpha liopuli f. tHmlii.
(hybr.) darwiniana Standf. $). Extremely variable. Distal margins feebly undulate to excessively sharply
dentate, sometimes produced into sharp points; markings always weakly developed, particularly so in the

264 Hybrids of Spliingidae. By Dr. P. Den so.

])al(' grey sjx'cirnons. Ground-colour very variable, usually light white-grey, but soinetiine.s slaty grey. One
specimen bright coppery red. In the whitish grey examples the red-brown l)asal patch of the hindwing is visibly
reduced. Generative glands strongly atrophied. Expan.se: ^ <>7 to 82 mm, 9 67 to 82 mm.

C. Secondary Hybrids.

(All <iiily obtained in captivity).

datihi. S. hyltr. daub! Stand f. {Smerinthu.s ocellata ocellutd L. £ x Amorpha populi i. (hybr.) langi Standf. $).

Two obviously different series were bred from two pairings. The first series contained, besides two gynandro-
morphic examples, only ,^^ ex])anding 68 to 84 mm ; distal margins strongly dentate, undulate lines very strongly
marked; the blue ocellus of the hindwiiag and the thoracic median spot are strongly obsolescent; the ground-
colour is lighter or darker slaty grey. The second series contains only normal-sized (J (J of 79 to 89 mm expanse;
the dentition of the distal margins indistinct, midulate lines but little sharp or diffuse, ocellus of the hindwing
large but dull; on the middle of the thorax a distinct darkening; the ground-colour a peculiar bluish grey.

pkil'iiipsl. A. hybr. philippsi Standf. {Amorpha populi f. (hybr.) dnriciniana Standf. ^ x Smerinthus ocellata

ocellata L. $). Only (J^J of 74 to 91 mm expanse were obtained. Ground-colour dark blackishgrey with a slight
violet tint. Distal margins u.sually obviously sinuous, the undulate lines sharj^ly defined and distinct; tlje
black anal patch of the hindwing is exceptionally large and very deeply coloured, the blue ocellus placed in it very
variable in size. The dark thoracic spot usually strongly developed.

emiliae. S. hyhi'. emlliae Standf. {Smerinthus ocellata ocellata L. (^ x Amorpfia. populi f. (hybr.) darwiniana

Standf. '+). Two j^ of 74 and 77 mm expanse. Very narrow-winged, delicate moths, with only slight indi-
cations of oceUata-mp,rkmg>i. Distal margins of wings undulate-dentate; the blue ocellus of the hindwing only
feehly indicated and diffuse; the thoracical spot entirely absent; undulate lines not sharply defined; ground-
colour sonu'what |)aler than in noi-nial ikijihU.

II. Hybrids of tlu' noiicra ('('lorio niul Pcriiosa.

A. Crosses between races of the Celerio euphorbiae group.

waltcri. C. f. (Ii_\l)r.) walteri I'nrati {Celerio euphorbiae dahli Hbn.-G. ,^ /, Celerio euphorbiae eupliorbiae L. $).

The motli entirely resembles in facies a pale dahli, having inherited from dahli particularly the following cha-
racteristics : above <dl the 3 pairs of very distinct lateral abdominal black spots, which are present in all specimens,
further the prominent white border of the patagia, and the feeble white dorsal line. Also the strongly white-
scaled veins are a dahli-c\\a,ra,ctev, though they occur also not very rarely among euphorbiae. Further, the shape of the
basal costal s{)ot of the forewing is derived from dahli, as well as the small, linear spot, which is more directed
towards the centre of the wing and is exceedingly rare in euphorbiae. Some traces of the atavistic line *) are visible.
From euphorbiae are derived especially the shape of the two spots near the base and middle of the costal margin
and the broad pale median area. The underside of the wings closely resembles that of dahli. Only obtained
in captivity.

wagmri. C. f. (In'hr.) wagiierl Denso {Celerio euphorbiae mauretanica Stgr. (J x Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae

L. $). This cross strongly recalls mauretanica. The costal margin is very broadly olive-green, much more broadly
so than in f. (hybr.) waUeri, the distal costal spot being completely absorbed by this border and the median
costal sj)ot confluent with it. 'Ilie small spot near the basal patch is distinctly marked. The distal edge of the
oblique band is not so dentate as in euphorbiae, but is shaped more nearly as in mauretanica. The red of the hind-
whig, too, is of the same tint as in mauretanica. The black basal area of the hindwing as well as the black sub-
marginal band are particularly strongly developed. The underside of the wings with a feeble yellowish pink
tint, without markings. — Only obtained in captivity.

giesekinffi. C. f. (hybr.) ghsek'mgi Turati {Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae L. i^ x Celerio euphorbiae dahli Hbn.-G. $).

This cross, the inverse of f. (hybr.) walteri, distinctly inclines towards euphorbiae, although it also po.ssesses
fZa/iK-characteristics, but in a lesser degree than ivalteri. The olive-green colour of the costal margin of the
forewing is almost as in ivalteri, but the distal costal spot more nearly resembles that of dahli. The small
accessory spot near the base, an inheritance from dahli, is feebly marked. The patagia are not bordered with
white; the dorsal line is not present, and the third pair of abdominal spots, which is so characteristic of dahli

*) III pure species, but more frequentlj- in Hybrids, there occurs often an atavistic line which is most strongly
marked at the distal costal spot placed at Vj and runs from there to the hindmargin, being nearly parallel with the prox-
imal margin -of the obUque band.

Pnbl. 20. IV. 1913. HYBRIDS OF SPHINGID/E. By Dr. P. Denso. 265

and walteri, is but very slightly indicated. Hardly any traces of the atavistic line *) preserved. — Only ob-
tained in captivity.

C. f. (hybr.) turatii Denso (Celerio euphoribiae euphorbiae L. ^ x Celerio euphorbiae mauritanica Stgr. $). turatii.
This might easily be mistaken for an only slightly aberrant eupJiorbiae from a southern district, were its descent
from f. turatii not established with certainty by the copulation in captivity. The costal margin of the fore-
wing is only slightly suffused with olive-green, so that the middle and outer costal spots are distinctly pro-
minent. The colour of the very broad central and marginal areas is yellowish pink. The oblique line, the
first two-thirds of wliich are very narrow, becomes broad at the hind margm. — Only obtained in captivity.

B. Primary Hybrids.

C. hybr. kindervateri A'ysefa (43 a) (Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae L. (^ x Celerio galliigallii Bott.'^). Costal kinderva-
margm broadly olive-green as in gallii, but the small basal accessory spot which in gallii is especially strongly '«''*•
marked is separated from the costal border and is well developed. The central costal spot is as m gallii,
the outer one obsolete. The shape of the olive-green oblique band — which m gallii is very broad at the
hind margin and projects far basad, and also is always strongly concave in its second third, then curving
off convexly to the hind margin — more nearly approaches that of euphorbiae, the concavity being absent.
The atavistic marginal line running from the apex to the hind angle, which is nearly always present in gallii
but rarely in euphorbiae, is distinct. Hindwing with strongly black base and broad black submarginal band,
disc of the same deeji red as in euphorbiae , only slightly lighter from the costal margin. Head, thorax and ab-
domen olive-green, the dorsal luie only slightly indicated, the last abdominal segments also only faintly edg-
ed with white. Antennae slightly tinged with olive-green and with a white tij). Underside of wings very like
gallii, but slightly suffused with yellow-red. Tarsi with a very small pulvillus. ■ — Larva very variable, rarely
with 2 rows of lateral spots, the upper row often reddish. — Obtained in captivity, also found in nature.

C. hybr. epilobii B(h. (Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae L. ^ x Celerio vespertilio Esp. $). Hybr. epi- epilohii.
lobii and the inverse hybrid densoi resemble each other very closely, so that if one has no exact information as
to the parentage of a specimen, one might be doubtful to which of the two forms it belongs. But in compar-
ing a large number of the moths the characteristic differences are quite distinctly recognizable. They are as
follows: In epilobii the ground-colour is less dusted with grey atoms, the markings, easily recognized as being
those of euphorbiae, are fairly distinctly coloured dull olive-green. The hindwing bears a well-developed
anal spot. The black submarginal line also well-defined and varying in size and position. Specimens of epi-
lobii suffused with red are also found, corresponding to the red forms of euphorbiae; they are named ab. ru- rubella.
bella Kysela. A rare form with greyish black instead of olive-green markmg.s and light grey gi'ound-colour
may be called ab. nigrescens ab. nov. ■ — Larva excedingly variable, with one or two rows of lateral spots. Horn niyrcscens.
short. — Obtained in captivity. Found in nature near Grenoble, Geneva, S. Tyrol, Hiiningen in Alsace, Vienna.

C. hybr. euphaes Denso (43 a) (Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae L. i^ x Celerio hippopluies hippophaes euphaes.
Esp.) $ (hybr. pauli ]\Iory [ ? ]). Specimens obtained from a copula euphorbiae (J x hippophaes ? in captivity pauli.
differ from hybr. pauli Mory in many respects. The moth which Mory believed to be hybr. euphorbiae x
hippophaes and described as hybr. pauli was obtained from a ^vild larva found in the Valais on Hippophae
rhamnoides. The hybrids obtained in captivity from the copula euphorbiae (^ x hippophaes $ have a narrow
dark olive-green costal margin. The basal costal spot, which is more rounded, a.s in euphorbiae, and not pointed
as it is in hippophaes, is also dark olive. The lower black basal spot placed below it is very small. The middle
costal spot, an indistinct smear in hippophaes, is definitely bounded, and the black spot at the cross-vein, very
sharply marked in hippophaes, is also distinctly j^resent. The outer costal spot is only slightly indicated.
The median area is broad, yellowish brown. The oblique band is convex taken as a whole, and never curves
distinctly towards the hind margin as in euphorbiae, its distal edge being sharply defined and dentate. The
black basal spot of the hindwing is separate from the submarginal band and smaller than in hippophaes, where
it is united along the costal margin with the black submarginal band, the latter having a diffuse inner edge.
The oblique band has a sharply defined proximal edge, pauli is distinguished by a much broader costal mar-
gui on the forewing, by the basal spot not being round but angular as in hippophaes, by the absence of the
dot at the cross-vein and by bearing a very distinct middle costal spot. Moreover, the median area is
very light, whitish grey. The oblique band runs as in euphorbiae, is sharply defined distally and the veins
traversing it are dusted with white. As to the hindwing, in pauli the basal spot and submarginal band are
united, and the latter has an mdistinct edge. It should also be mentioned that the larva of euphorbiae (J

*) Of. foot-uote p. 264.

II 34

266 HYBRIDS OF SPHINGID^. By Dr. P. Denso.

X hippophais $ bears a striking resemblance to that of euphorbiae and feeds on Euphorbia, Avhile of the only
known larva of pauli we know that it was found on Hippophae rhamnoides.

harmuthi. C. hybr. harmuthi Kordesch (43 a) (Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae L. ^ x Pergesa elpenor elpenor L. $).

(Postal border broad and dark olive-green , merging into red apically. The oblique band, which has usually
a very distinctly convex inner edge in elpenor, is distinctly concave in its second tliird owing to being very broad
at the hind margin. The light olive-green elpetior-Mne is very broad, dark olive-green, and somewhat diffuse
distall3^ This line runs parallel with the proximal edge of the oblique band and corresponds to the atavistic
line of the species of Celerio, which line begins at the outer costal spot and runs to the hind margin of the fore-
wing almost parallel with the inner edge of the oblicpie band. The area between it and the oblique band which
in elpenor is mauve-pink is light pink. The lower black basal spot is only faintly indicated, distally of it there
is a deep red patch reaching as far as the faintly indicated median costal spot. The black discocellular
dot is usually present. The hiiidwing is pink, with a very broad black base and an olive-green diffuse mar-
ginal band. The anal spot, which is bright white in euphorbiae, and not present in elpenor, is slightl}' indicated and
light pink, the marginal band is light pink, thorax and abdomen dark olive-green, the patagia are slightly mar-
gined with a reddish tint. The underside of the wings reddish, pA the costal margin in the second third near
the apex a light olive-greei; spot, from which two parallel blackish green lines run to the hind margin, there
being two corresponding olive-green lines on the hindwing. In ab. griseofasciata Kysela the patch proximal to
the oblique band of the forewing, usually pink, is grey and mueli broader. Tlie hindwing bears a strongly
marked black marginal band. ■ — As yet apparently only obtained in captivity.

galiphor- Q. hybr. galiphorbiae Denso (43 a, c) (Celerio gallii gallii Rott. ^ x Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae L. $).

■ Compared with the inverse cross hyhv. kindervateri, galiphorbiae inclines more towards gallii. The basal accessory
spot is closely united with the broad olive-green costal margui. The olive-green oblique band bears the con-
cavity tjfpical of gallii, but in a lesser degree. The lower black basal spot is more strongly developed than
in kindervateri. The hindwing is more yellowish red, which gets darker towards the anal angle. The yellowish
underside of the wings is very like that of gallii. The white dorsal line is nearly always distinctly present. The
philewphor- pulvillus is small. The moth named lnd>r. phileuphorbia by Mutzel and considered to be hybr. gallii x
***"■ euphorbiae is distinguished from galipJiorbiae especially by the very characteristic oblique line; with respect
to its course it stands between gallii and galiphorbiae. The pulvillus is large, as in gallii. The white dorsal
line is absent. ■ — The larvae of phileuphorbiae were remarkably like those of gallii, but fed on Euphorbia. The
larvae of galiphorbiae are so like those of euphorbiae that they might be mistaken for them; phileuphorbiae
seems to be a secondary hybrid. The moths of galiphorbiae, only four being as yet known, are distinguished
by their unusual size. Their pupae lie over for years and only emerge if some specially strong factor comes
into play. The full-grown larva often only bears one row of lateral spots, the upper row being usually more
reddish than in euphorbiae, and on the whole more closely resembles the larva of gallii. ■ — Often obtanied in
captivity, occurrence in nature doubtful; philetiphorbiae was found in nature.

galitanica. C. hybr. galitanica Denso (Celerio gallii gallii Rett. ^ x Celerio euphorbiae mauretanica Stgr. $). Distinguished

from hybr. galiphorbiae by the light straw-coloured ground-colour being more broadly extended apicad at the
costal margin, the olive-green oblique band is also very steep before the hind margin and is deeply concave
in its last third. The red colour of the hindwing stronger, the black submarginal band is narrower and
more irregular, the marginal area broader. Antennae lighter. Full-grown larva very light in colour on account
of the very large striated spots. Subdorsal spots peach-red, the second row, when present, only consists of
small spots. Pupa similar to that of gallii. — Only bred in captivity.
carolae. f, ijybr. carolae Kysela (4:1 b) (Celerio gallii gallii Rott. ^ x Celerio vespertilio Esp. ?). According

to the original description this hybrid has the same scheme of markmgs as gallii, but somewhat diffuse and dark
greyish olive on a grey ground. Tiie hindwing has a black basal area corresponding to that of gallii and a
uniformly red band, which is bounded by a grey submarginal band. Tlie anal spot is distinct, white. The
antennae resemble those of gallii. The greyish olive- abdomen bears two black-white lateral spots, the seg-
mental incision are edged with white, and there is an only faintly indicated dorsal line. Larva black-
brown, without subdorsal line, spots pale pink, small white striated spots. Horn short. On the whole it
resembles the larva of gallii. — As yet only obtained in captivity.
kramlingeri. c. hybr. kramlingeri Pernold (C. vespertilio Esp. ^ x C. gallii gallii Rott. ?). Forewing extraordinarily

dark, but the sfn/Zu'-markings distinctly recognisable. The oblique band not projecting as far basad at the
hind margin as in gallii. Hindwing with carmuie median band, which is more uniformly coloured than in gallii,
being usually only very slightly lighter at the costal margui. Antennae white or brownish black with white
apex. Thorax and abdomen blackish olive-grey. Dorsal line not present. Underside of wings recalling
gallii, very variable.

gschuand- C. hybr. gschwandneri Kordesch (43b) (Celerio gallii gallii Rott. <^ x Pergesa elpenor elpenoi- L. 9).

neri. Qq^^^} margin very broadly suffused with olive-green. At the apex a yellowish pink lighter patch. The

lower black basal spot small. The basal area, which is light pink in harmuthi, is smaller, grey. The ata-

HYBRIDS OF SPHINGID^. By Dr. P. Denso. 267

vistic line, running from the outer costal spot to the hind margin almost pai'allel with the oblique band, is
strongly developed, the area between it and the oblique band is 3'ellowish pink and strongly narrowed in its
hindmarginal portion on account of the olive-green oblique band projecting towards the base at the hind
margin. The inner edge of the oblique band shows distinctly the concavity derived from gallii. The mar-
ghial area greyish lilac, often with traces of the Ime from apex to hind margin. The black discocellular
spot is present. The hindwing bears a broad black base and a yellowish pink band almost imperceptibly lighter
at the anal angle. The submarginal band is greyish black, diffuse, on the inner side often slightly edged with
olive; being so broad, the dull pink marginal area is very narrow. Thorax olive-green with reddish hair
on the patagia. Antennae nearly white, very faintly suffused with olive. Abdomen olive-green, with one
pair of black lateral spots. Segmental incisions laterally bearing a few hairs, pink and yellow in colour.
The underside of the wings is a perfect mixture of gallii and elpenor, but the black hairs on the basal area
of the forewing, derived from elpenor, are very strongly developed. — As yet only obtained in captivity.

C. hybr. densoi MuscJmmp (43 b) {Celerio vespertilio Esp. ^ x Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae L. $). densoi.
Compared with euphorbiae, hybr. densoi is conspicuous in that the ground-colour of the forewing is verv strongly
dusted with grey, so that on the whole it presents a darker appearance than liybr. epilobii. The dark grey
oblique band runs almost as in euphorbiae, the costal spots are also distinct, but the outer one is usually much
less developed than in epilobii. The atavistic line rumiing from the outer costal spot to the hhid margin al-
most parallel to the oblique band appears in nearly every specimen as an indistinctly bounded black-brown
stripe. The marginal area is of the same dark colour as the median area, the latter being much more rarely
lighter at the inner edge of the oblique band than in epilobii. The red colour of the hindwing is more like
that of vespertilio, the black submarginal band is broad and stands close to the outer margm. In very rare cases
the third pair of black abdominal lateral spots derived from vespertilio is present. Specimens with reddish ground-
colour, such as also occur in epilobii, may be named f. rubescens form. nov. It is known that specimens of den- rubescens.
sot occur with a salmon-coloured band on the hhidwing, having the same colour as Celerio vespertilio t.
salmoneaOberth. We may unite these also under the name f. salmonea form. nov. Very rare specimens with chrome- i;atmonea.
yellow band on the hindwing have been named f . reisleitneri by Kysela. Larva usually with two rows of sub- reisleiineri.
dorsal spots, the upper ones reddish. Horn very short. — Often obtained in captivity. Its occurence in
nature is not yet established beyond doubt.

C. hybr. vespophaes Denso (Celerio vespertilio Esp. (^ x Celerio hippophaes hippophaes Esp. $). Mar- vespophaes.
kings very like those of hippophaes, but the costal margin much broader and darker, at the median area
very gradually merging into a lighter colour, which colour is only slightly marked. Oblique band less distinct
than in hippophaes, general colouring more grey, much darker than in vespertilioides. — Found in nature. —
Larvae obtained in captivity closely resemble vespertilio in ground-colour. The subdorsal spots of the anterior
segments are absent, the others small, pink, those of the caudal segment best developed. On the anterior
segments there are traces of the subdorsal lines. Horn short, straight.

C. hybr. vespelpenor Denso (Celerio vespettilio Esp. ^ x Pergesa elpenor elpenor L. $). In this remark- vespelpenor.
able moth we meet with the same scheme of markings which is found in all hybrids derived from elpenor,
but the markings are naturally very indistinct. The broad costal border, the atavistic Ime, running from
the outer costal spot to the hind margin almost parallel to the inner edge of the oblique band, and the oblique
band are dark greyish green-olive in colour, the basal, median and marginal areas show slight traces of pink
scalmg. The hindwing has a very broad black base, upon which follows the dull pink transverse band, with a
slightly suffused submarginal band gradually disappearing anally and not leaving any room for a marginal area.
Head, thorax and abdomen also dull green olive, at the edges of the patagia sparse reddish hairs. Only one
pair of black lateral abdominal spots. Underside similar to that of vespertilio, but with a pair of dark olive-
green transverse lines derived from elpenor.

C. hybr. hippophorbiae Denso (43 d) (Celerio hippophaes hippophaes Esp. ^ x Celerio euphorbiae hippophor-
euphorbiae L. $). Costal border less broad than in hippophaes and also more greenish. Basal spot not project- ''**'^*
ing so far as in hippophaes, and without the jioint of the latter. Lower basal spot smaller than in hippophaes,
but larger than in the inverse hybrid. Central costal spot in the form of a smear as in hippophaes, but more
strongly developed. The black dot at the discocellular vein is distinctly present, but the outer costal spot is
entirely absent. The yellowisli grey median area is lighter and yellowish pink along the inner edge of the ob-
lique band, as is often the case in hippophaes. The oblique band runs as m hippophaes, but is steeper in front
of the hind margin. Its distal edge is diffuse as in hippophaes. On the hmdwing the large black basal
spot is united at the costal margin with the diffuse-edged broad submarginal line. The transverse band is
bright red, the marginal band, however, is light pink. The underside of the wings is like that of hippo-
phaes, but it is of a deeper red, and the marginal areas of the wings are not grey, but reddish lilac. —
Larva usually with two rows of lateral spots, the lower spots being very small, and with a red dorsal line and
reddish yellow stigmatical one. — Only obtained in captivity.

268 HYBRIDS OF SPHINGID.^. By Dr. P. Dexso.

vesperlilioi- C. hybr. vespertilio'ides Bdv. (43 b) (Celerio hippophaes hippophaes Esp. ^ x Celerio vespertilio

^^^- Esp. $). In facies very similar to hybr. vespophaes, but the median area more extended pale, the costal border
narrower, and the entire colouring somewhat lighter. The oblique band is more distinct than in vespo-
phaes. The atavistic line running from the posterior costal spot to hind margin almost parallel with the inner
edge of the obliciue band appears to be present in some specimens. The discocellular dot is present and beside
it there are traces of the smear-like middle costal spot derived from hippophaes. ■ — The ground-colour of the
larva is apparently lighter and of a more greenish tone than in vespophaes; there is a distinct line at the stig-
mata which is white and light red. Food-plant: Epilobium. — Whether this hybrid ought not perhaps more
amelia. correctly to be called ameUa Feisth., can only be decided by breeding in captivity, which has yet not been carried
out sucessfully.

gillmerl. C. hybr. gillmeri Rebel (43b) {Celerio lineata livornica i^. o or $ x Celerio zygophyJU 0. $ or (J). Costal

margin of forewing broadly brown. The small black discocellular spot is placed m a light yellowish brown patch.
The median band is, like that of livornica, reduced to a narrow light yellowish brown band pointed at the
apex and broader posteriorly at the hind margin near the base. The brown oblique band is slightly curved
proximally and reaches hmd margin between middle and base. Its outer edge is not dentate, but nearly
straight as in livornica. The veins are partly pale, especially within the oblique band. The hmdwing have
a broad black basal area, a pronouncedly red median band which bears a distinct white patch near anal angle,
and a broad black submarginal band which is distally bordered by a slightly red marginal area. The thorax
and head are prominently white-hairy at the sides, and the patagia bear a broad white border. There are 2
pairs of black and white abdominal spots, and the edges of the segments are slightly white. The underside
is feebly yellowish pink, being more brownish at the costal margin of the forewing and the distal margins
of both wings, bearing here small but thick striae. The basal area of the forewing has a trace of black
hair, and the dark cloud which corresponds to the middle costal patch of the upperside is distinctly marked.
— One specimen caught at light at Posen.

dijotamca. P. hybr. elpotailica Denso (Pergeso elpenor elpenor L. (^ x Celerio euphorhiae mauretanica Stgr. $).

Very closely resembling hj-br. pernoldi, the differences being exactly those which might have been expected.
Colour of forewing red and olive-green, differing from pernoldi in the costal margin having a broader olive-green
border and in the olive-green oblique band being more basal at the hind margin. The different colours con-
trast more than in pernoldi. The black discocellular dot is usually present. The hindwing has a very large
black basal area, then follows a bright red transverse band M'hich is white towards anal angle and is distally
bordered by a black-green submarginal band less strongly developed than in pernoldi. The very narrow marginal
area is red. The underside of the wings is much paler red than in pernoldi, the pair of olive-green transverse
lines much weaker, and the black hair extending from the base of the forewing outward has disappeared. — •
Larva verj'^ similar to that of pernoldi, but the subdorsal line is usually indicated by slight reddish tint. — •
Obtained in captivity.

pernoldi. P. hybr. pernoldi Jacobs (43 c) {Pergesa elpenor elpenor L.<^ x Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae L. $). This hybid

veiy closely resembles the inverse cross, hybr. harnndhi, but inclines more towards elpenor. That is especially
noticeable in the position of the oblique band, which is less close to the base at the hind margin and therefore
appears more straight. The atavistic line which runs from the apex to hind margin is almost exactly parallel
with the oblique band, the outer costal spot is no longer distinct in the dark border of the costal margui. —
The larva is very variable, being mostly dark blackish brown, with smaller or larger yellow subdorsal spots.
A slight red dorsal line is usually present, as well as the small yellow pencillmg derived from euphorbiae . The
horn is feebly curved. The colour of the venter is usually paler than the ground-colour. — Obtamed in captiv-
ity, but apparently also occurs in nature.

clpogallii. P. hybr. elpogallit Castek {Pergesa elpenor elpenor L. $ x Celerio gallii gallii Rott. $). Accordmg to the

origmal description this hybrid resembhs elpenor in markings and gallii in colouring. The red colour of elpenor
is represented only by a very slight suffusion. The oblique band projects very far basad, so that only a narrow
space remains between it and the atavistic line which runs from the apex nearly parallel with the proximal edge
of the band. The hindwing has a broad black submarginal band, the marginal area being very narrow. The
transverse band is uniformly reddish, but pale at the anal angle. Markings of underside as in elpenor, but the
colour more yellowish. — Larva varying from light grey through olive-green to black. Thoracical segments
but little swollen, subdorsal spots pale yellow, irregular in .shape, best developed on the anterior segments,
but sometimes partly or even entirely absent. Horn larger than in elpenor, usually red with black tip. • — So
far only obtained in captivity.

f/ilhji. P. hybr. gillyi Kysela (43 c) {Pergesa elpenor elpenor L. ^ x Celerio vespertilio Esp. 9). According to

the description given by the author the gnmnd-colour of the forewing is greyish olive-green; the oblique band,
which is somewhat darker, resembles that of elpenor and is bordered with dark greyish olive. The costal margin

HYBRIDS OF SPHINGID^. By Dr. P. Dexso. 269

grey-green as far as the small dark smear (presumably homologous to the outer costal spot) situated et-''/4, then
reddish grey to the apex. The white discocellular dot of elpenor is here grey or absent. The two red stripes
of elpenor (presumably the median projection of the basal area and the space between the oblique band and
the atavistic line running parallel with its inner edge) are here greyish violet, the marginal area is lilac grey,
being violet towards the fringe. The hindwing is dark rose-red with a tinge of lilac. The basal patch black
as in elpenor, the marginal band dark grey and rather far from the margin terminating before reaching the
light rose-red anal spot. The antennae are red beneath, whitish above. The red stripe between the patagia
characteristic of elpenor is but feebly marked. The red dorsal line absent or vestigial and diffuse. One pair of
black side-spots is present. — ■ The larva is said to differ but slightly from that of elpenor; the moons in
the ocelli are described as being orange-yellow instead of whitish grey, and the head, anal tergite and claspers
as reddish. The horn is straight and very short. — Only obtained in captivity.

P. hybr. irene Dense [Pergesa elpenor elpenor L. (^ x Celerio hippophaes hippophaes Esp. $). Costal Irene.
margin broadly olive-green, lilac pink at apex. The atavistic line running from the apex to the hind margin
almost parallel with the proximal edge of the oblique band olive-green and distinct. The black discocellular
dot always present. The olive-gi'een oblique band is apically incurved, a character derived from hippophaes,
and extends nearer to the base at the hind margin than in pernoldi. Basal, central and marginal areas lilac
pink. The hindwing has a broad black basal area, upon which follows the bright red median band, whose anal
portion has a slight pink tone. The submarginal band is very diffuse, blackish olive-green, united at the
costal margin with the basal patch and posteriorly gradually fades away. The underside of the wings is red,
the forewing bearing a black basal smear, and the two parallel lines derived from elpenor are indistinct. — The
full-grown larva is green or black-brown, with paler subdorsal line, distinct yellowish green subdorsal spots
on the segment which bears the horn, and feebly marked small ring-spots on the thoracical segments in the
place where the ocelli of the elpenor-l&vva, are found. The thoracical segments are slightly swollen, but much
less so than in elpenor. — Only obtained in cajDtivity.

P. hybr. luciani Denso (43 c) [Pergesa elpenor elpenor L. ,^ x Pergesa porcellus L. $). Costal margin luciani.
olive-green variegated with red, apically red. The atavistic line running from the apex to the hind margin
almost parallel with the inner edge of the oblique band, and the middle costal spot dark olive-green. Marginal
band olive-green, its apex distinctly curved towards the costal margin. Basal, central and marginal areas dull
pink. Hindwing with a broad black basal patch and very broad reddish grey marginal band, between which there is
only a narrow yellowish red transverse band. Abdomen with one pair of greyish black lateral spots. — The
full-fed larva greyish brown, with light ocelli. Horn short. — Found in nature and also obtained in captivity.

P. hybr. standfussi Bartel (43 c) (Pergesa porcellus L. ,^ x Pergesa elpenor elpenor L. 9)- On the whole standfussi.
more brightly coloured than hybr. luciani; the oblique band very rarely curving towards costa and then very
indistinctly. The atavistic line from apex to hind margin reaches the latter Jiearer the base. Hindwing more
deep pink, marginal band much less developed than in luciani. The underside of the wings is red, with broad
black basal area on the forewing. Scheme of markings more resembling that of porcellus. Abdomen without
side-spots. — Larva darker than that of luciani. The ocelli with dull diffiise pupil. — Found in nature and also
obtained in captivity.

C. Secondary Hybrids.

C. hybr. sec. ord. pernoidiana Aust. (Celerio hybr. epilobii Bdv. ^J x Celerio euphorbiae euphorbiae L. $). pernoldiana.
Resembles euphorbiae so closely that a specimen found in nature would hardly be recognised as a hybrid; but
the caterjaillar might perhaps reveal itself as a cross on account of its characteristics. The costal margin is
usually somewhat darker than in euphorbiae, the outer costal spot is only slightly indicated or absent. The
atavistic line running from the apex to the middle of the hind margin appears to be rarely marked, while
the line which runs to the hind angle parallel with the distal margin is frequently visible. The olive-green coloiir
of the markings is somewhat duller than in e(/;j/(o/6«'ae, but the ground-colour of the same tone as in that sjjecies.
The hindwing also does not offer any noteworthj^ distinction. The underside is uniformly pale red, much lighter
in tone than in euphorbiae, and bears scarcely any traces of markings. — Only obtained in captivity.

C. hybr. sec. ord. eugeni Mory (Celerio hybr. epilobii Bsd. S x Celerio vespertilio Esp. $). This hybrid eugeni.
occurs in 3 forms according to Mory, which represent intermediate stages between vespertilio and hybr. epilobii.
The description of the principal form is as follows: Forewing light grey, laterally of the oblique band darker
grey, the band as in hybr. epilobii. A narrow dark grey costal border. Basal and central costal spots dark grey,
outer one absent. Hindwing; the red colour of the oblique band as in vespertilio, spot at anal angle very pale,
almost white, marginal band distant from margin. The underside of the wings is a lighter or darker reddish
tone, with the base of the forewing grey. At the cross-vein a dark grey spot, which corresponds to the middle costal
spot of the upperside. A second form, of which only one specimen was obtained, has all the grey colour of the
prmcipal form replaced by olive-green. The third form has the forewing uniformly grey, being very similar to

270 HYBRIDS OF SPHINGID.E. By Dr. P. Den so.

vespertilio, but the forewing is darker grey. ■ — There occur among the main form of hybr. eugeni also specimens
rubescens. suffused with red, which we unite here as f. rubescens /. w. ■ — ■ The larvae are extraordinarily variable; they
were found at Hueningen on Epilobium dodonaei Villars (= rosmarinifolium Hoclist.) and stand on the whole
in between the catei-pillars of hj'br. epilobii and vesj)ertiUo. The horn is very small or absent. — Only obtained
in nature.
burkhardti. C. hj'br. tert. ord. burkhardti Monj (Celerio hybr. sec. ord. eugeni Morij ^ < Celerio vespertilio Esp. 5).

Exceedingly close to vespertilio, only distinguished from it by the atavistic line which runs from the apex to
the hind margin parallel with the inner edge of the oblique band, as well as the central and outer costal spots
being distinct. Moreover the base of the forewing is paler grey, and the distal dentate border of the oblique
band contrasts distinctly with the paler marginal area. The black submarginal band of the hindwing is fartiier
away from the margin. The underside of the wings as in vespertilio. — The larvae, which were found on Epilo-
bium dodonaei Villars (= rosmarinifolium Hochst.), closeh' resemble those of vespertilio p.ccording to Mory,
but recall euphorbine in some characters. They have no horn, but bear a small tubercle instead. — Only found
in nature.
johni. C. hybr. johni Denso (Celerio f. wagneri Dense .^ x Celerio gnllii gallii Bolt. 9). This hybrid is remarkably

different from the very closelj' related hybr. kindervateri. First of all, the moths are on the whole much paler
above as well as beneath. The light olive-green costal border is narrower, and the central and outer costal spots
are distinct; the apex of the costal margin is light lilac grey. The central area is broader than m kindervateri
and much lighter yellowish brown. The obliciue band extends more basad at the hind margin and is very irre-
gularly dentate or imdulate at both the inner and outer edges. Especially noteworthy is a yellowish brown
light cloud appearing in most specimens in the lower portion of the band. The distal margin is lilac grey like
the apex of the forewing (almost the same colour as in livornica). The hindwing, too, is very different from
that of kindervateri. The red colour is much paler, usually shading into yellowish pink at the costal margin,
and is usually variegated with olive-green distalty along the submarginal band. The white anal spot is brilliant
white and almost exactly circular. The black submarginal band is very irregular in shape, usually small black
streaks or spots project from it into the red band. The marginal area is yellowish pink, and the veins are
thinly black within it in all the known (10) specimens. The abdomen has usually only a feeble dorsal line, and
the white segmental incisions are less prominent than in kiridervateri. The underside is generally yellowish,
rarely bearing a pink flush. — Larva very similar to that of galiphorbiae, but the second subdorsal row of spots
is usually absent or but slightly indicated. There are now and again feeble traces of the subdorsal line.

jullieni. C. hybr. (sec. tert. ord. ?) Jullieni Z)eMso. This highly interesting moth is presumably the product of a

cross between gallii and vespertilio. It differs but little from vespertilio. The ground-colour is more black-brown,
the proximal edge of the oblique band is very distinctly marked, likewise the middle costal spot. The transver.se
band of the hindwing is pale pink inclining a little towards yellow, the anal spot circular, paler. The submar-
ginal band blackish grey, diffuse, farther away from the margm than in vespertilio; margmal area dull pink.
Underside as in vespertilio. The abdomen bears only two pairs of black side-spots, the usually white-coloured
hair on the sides is here yellowish. Pulvillus distinct. — The larva, which was found in the Valais in the same
place as larvae of vespertilio, was black with many small red dots, brigiit red subdorsal spots, no dorsal line,
and a very short horn, which was half black half red.

walkingi. C. hybr. walkingi Turati [C. f. (hybr.) giesekingi Titrati (^ xC. f. (hybr.) ivalteri Turati $). Costal margin

of forewing darker than in euphorbiae, some of the veins pale in the oblique band. The atavistic line in the
marginal area of the forewing usually distinct. Underside of wings red. Thorax without white border to the
patagia. Dorsal line sometimes indicated. The third pair of the black and white abdominal spots always pre-
sent, but sometimes very weak.

ffrossei. C. hybr. grossei Denso (C. hybr. galiphorbiae Denso (^ xC. euphorbiae euphorbiae L. $). Strongly recalls

euphorbiae, but the costal border to the forewing is darker, the costal spots resemble the scheme of markings
of gallii. On the hindwing the red band is slightly paler at the anal margin. Antennae partly pure white, partly
light olive.

helenae. C. hybr. helenae Grosse {C. hybr. galiphorbiae Denso ^ x C. gallii gallii Rott. $). Differs from gallii,

which it closely resembles, in the shape of the oblique band, which extends much less basad, and in the broader
marginal area of the hindwing. Antennae of ,^^ greyish olive with white apex, those of $$ pure white.

kindergallii. C. hybr. kindergallii Grosse {C. hybr. kindervateri Kysela ^ x C. gallii gallii Rott. ?). Forewing very

much like that of gallii in markuig and colouring; hindwing more similar to tliat of euphorbiae.

Mppoides. C. hybr. hippoides Z)emso (C.hippophaes hippophaes Esp. o x C. hybr. hippophorbiae Denso $). Similar

to a very T^ale hippophaes, but the basal costal spot of the forewing is not produced into a pointed projection;
moreover, the middle costal .spot, which is a mere smear in hippophaes, is more strongly developed.

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Sphingidae.

271

Alphabetical List

if the Palearctic Sphingidae witli a reference to the origuial descriptions.
*) signifies that the species is figured at the i)laee quoted.

aestivalis Smer. Aust. le Natural. 12, yi. 191.

affinis Haem. Brcm. Bull. Ac. Petersb. 3, p. 475.

alaiana Haeni. li. tf- J. Rev. Sphing. p. 451.

albescens Smer. Tutl, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 420.

albescens Sphinx, Tnti, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 299.

albicans Mar. Biifl. Proo. Zool. Soc. Ijon.i. 1875, p. 254.

alecto Ther. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 492.

alicea Herse, Ncub. Zeitschr. Entom. 4, p. 297.

aini Jlin. Barfel Riihl, :Macrolep. 2, p. 150.

alternata Haem. Bull. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 14, p. 366.

anieUa ( x ) Fchlh. Bull. Set. Nat. 2, 1827, p. 162.

araiirensis Am. SIgr. Rom. 5t<^m. L^p. 6, p. 232.

aoalis Jleg. Fclrl. Novara Lep. *

aseoldensis Perg. Obcrih. Diagn. L6p. Askold, p. 5.

atlanticus Smer. Ausi. Le Natural. 12, p. 190.

atropos Ach. L. Syst. Nat. X, p. 490.

attenuata Pros. SchuUz, Entomol. Zeitschr. Guben 17, \<. 74.

aiigustei Hipp. Trhnoid. Act. So(^ Linn. Bord. 1859, p. 24.

aiistauti Am. Stgr. Pet. Nouv. 2, p. 190.

austautioides ( ;< ) Slndfu. Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 263.

beresowskii llaem. Alphi'r. Rom. Mem. Lep. 9, p. 120. *

bienerti Cel. SIgr. S'tett. Zg. 35, p. 91.

blUnea Cel. Schiill.::. Entom. Zeitschr. 17, p. 73.

hilineata Clanis, ITa/A-. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1857.

bipunctata Mini. Clark, Ent. Rec. 1, p. 328. *

boisduvali Ther. Bugnlon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 115.

bonibvlans Macr. Bdv. Spec. G(5n. L^p. Het. 1, p. 334.

brunnea Hipp. Tiiff. Brit. Lep. 4, p. 119.

briinnea Mim. Barlel, Riihl. Macrolep. 2, p. 149.

brunnea Pros. Geesi, Zeitschr. f. Entomol. 1903, p. 311.

brunnea Sphinx, Spul. Schmett. Europ., p. 87.

brunnea Sphinx, Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4. p. 299.

brunnescens Cel. SchuUz, Entom. Zeitsclir. Guben 17, p. 73.

brunnescens Mar. Rebel. Bei-ge's Schmett. -Buch, p. 89.

burckhardti ( x ) Monj, Mitt. Scliweiz. Ent. Ges. 10 (8) p. 349.

caeca Smer. Tuff, Brit. Lep. 3. p. 426.

caecus Smer. Men. Ennum. Corp. Mas. Petr. I^ep. 2, p. 135. *

caligineus Sphinx, Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 393.

carelica (x) Denso, Bull. Soc. L6p. G(§n. I (4) p. 296.

carnea Cel. Aust. Le Natural. 11, p. 232.

carolae ( x ) Kysela Mitt. Ent. Ver. Polyxena Wien II (1) p. 2.

carstanjeni Mar. SUjr. Rom. M(5ni. L(^p. 3, p. 159. *

castanea Ac. R . i(- J. Rev. Sphing. p. 531.

castissinia Cel. Aust. Le Natural. 5, p. 360.

caudata Sphec. Brem. d- Grey, Motsch. fit. Ent. 1, p. 62.

celerio Hipp. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 491.

centralasiae Cel. SIgr. Stett. E. Z. 1887 p. 64.

centripuncta Mim. Clark, Entom. Rec. 1, p. 328. *

charlotte ( x ) Dannenb. Zeitschr. Ins. Biol. 7 p. 190.

Charon Ach. Class, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1910, p. 224. *

christophl Mim. Stgr. Rom. Mem. Lep. 3, p. 162. *

clnerascens Smer. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 40, p. 316.

Clara Perg. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 92.

clothe Ther. Drurt/, Illustr. Exot. Ins. 2, p. 48. *

colligata Parum, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 8, p. 238.

colossus Perg. Bang.-H. Iris 1906, p. 129.

complacens Slar. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 31, p. 40.

confinls Haem. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (Ill), p. 105.

conjuncta Ach. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 400.

consiiuilis Kentz. B. it J. Rev. Sphing. p. 164.

conspicua Cel. B. <f- J. Rev. Sighing, p. 720.

constricta Sphinx, Butl. Cist. Ent. Ill, p. 113.

convolvuli Herse, L. Syst. Nat. (X) p. 490.

costata Cel. Nordm. Bull. Mosc. 24 (2), p. 444. *

eostipuncta Mim. Clark, Entom. Rec. 1, p. 328. *

crassistriga Sphinx, R. & J. Rev. Sphing. p. 144.

crathis Ach. R. <('■ J. Rev. Sphmg. p. 23.

eretica Ther. Bdv. Ann. Soc. Linn. Par. 1827, p. 118. *

criraaea Cel. Bang-H. Iris 1906. p. 129.

cristata Mar. Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 153.

croatica Haem. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 2, p. 33. *

cuspidata Cel. Rebel, Verb. zool. bot. Ges. Wien 58, p. 270.

dahli Cel. Hbn.-G. Sndg. Eur. Schmett. Sphing. *

darwiuiana ( x ) Stndjs. Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 263.

daubi Perg. Niep. Entom. Zeitschr. Guben 1908, p. 209.

daubi ( X) Stndfs. Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 264.

davidi Akb. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1884, p. 12.

deleta (x) Aust. Le Natural. 15, p. 231.

densoi ( x ) Miischamp, Ent. Rec. 18, p. 237.

dentata Haem. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 48, p. 67.

dentatus Pol. Cr. Pap. Exot. 11, p. 42. *

deserticola Cel. Bart. Riihl, Macrolep. 2, p. 79.

dissiniilis Phyll. Brem. Bull. Ac. Peter.sb. 3, p. 475.

ducalis Haem. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 48, p. 66.

dyras Mar. Walk. Cut. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 8, p. 250.

echephron Mar. Bdv. Spec. Gi§n. L^j). H(5t. 1, p. 2L
elpenor Perg. L. Faun. Suec. p. 88.
elpotauica (x) Denso, Ent. Zeitsclir. Frankf. 1911 i
ciniliae ( x ) Stndfs. Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 284.
cmittens Leuc. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 35, p
epilobii ( x ) Bdr. Icon. Hist. Chen. Sphing. *
eugeni ( x ) Mory, Mitth. Schvveiz. Ent. Ges. 10, p.
euphaes (x) Denso, Ent. Zeitschr. Frankf. 1911. Nr.
euphorbiae Cel. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 492.
eversmanni Coll. Evcrsm. Bull. Mosc. 1854, p. 182. *
exacta DolbLna, Stgr. Rom. M^m. Lt^p. 3, p. 155.
extensa Ach. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 400.
exusta Clanid. Bull. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p.

. 171.

1858.

336. *
26.

225.

fasciata Macr. Rebel, Berge's Schuiett.-Buch (IX), p. 90.

fasciata Sphinx, Lampa. Ent. Tijdskr. 0, p. 26.

fasciosa Amp. Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 391.

ferruffinea Am. Gillin. Arch. Vcr. IMecklenb. 58, p. 69.

flava Cel. Blacli. Bull., Soc. Ent. Fr. 1905, p. 52.

flavcola Cel. Oberth. Et. Leji. Comji. 1, p. 26.

flavescens Ach. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 400.

fringilla Macr. Bdv. Spec. G^ti. L^p. H(4t. 1, p. 354. *

tringsl (X) Stndis. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1901, p. 87.

tuchsi Am. Bartel, Riihl, Ma(Uolep. 2, i>. 193.

hiciformis Haem. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 493.

fuliginosa Sphinx, Lamb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 51, p. 9.

galbana Perg. Gillm. Entomol. Jahrb. 19, \i. MO.
galiphorbiae ( x ) Denso, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 21 p. 136.
galitanica ( x ) Denso, Int. Ent. Zeitschr. Gub. 5 p. 258.
gaUii Cel. Roll. Naturt. 7, p. 107.

ganssnensis Haem. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 25, p. 401.
gaschkewitschi Blar. Brfm. <(> Crre!/, Motsch. Et. Eat. 1, p. 62.
gertrudls (x) Dannenb. Zeitschr. Ins. Biol. 6 p. 27.
giesekingi (x) Tur. Natural. Sicil. 21. (Estr.) p. 77.
glllnieri (x) Rebel, Berge's Schmett.-Buch (IX) p. 96.
gillyi ( X ) Kysela, Mitt. Ent. Ver. Polyxena Wien, 2 p. 2.
gorgon Sphingon. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Suppl. 2, p. 49. *
grentzenhergi Cel. Stgr. Entom. Nachr. 11, p. 10.
grisea Am. Gillm. Arch. Ver. Meckl. 58, j). 69.
grisea Cel. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 172.

grisea Dolbinops. Hamps. Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths 1, p. lO-I.
grisea Pros. Rebel, Berge's Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 98.
grisea-iuediopuncta Sphinx, Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 299.
grossei ( x ) Denso, Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 270.
gschwandneri ( x) Kordesch, Mitt. Ent. Ver. Polyxena Wien,
2 p. 41.

hades Perg. Rebel, Berge's Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 98.
hannuthi ( x ) Kordesch, Mitt. Ent. Ver. Polyxena Wien, 2 p. 4.
helenae ( x ) Grossc, Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 270.
helioscopiae Cel. Selys, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1856, p. 110.
heynei Haem. Bartel, Entom. Nachr. 24, p. 337.
hibernica Perg. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 92.
hippoides ( x ) Denso, Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 270.
hippophaes Cel. £'sp. Schmett. Eur. Abb. 2, Suppl. (2), p. 6. *
hippophorblae ( x ) Denso, Ent. Zeitschr. Frankf. 25 Nr. 26.
hyas Gur. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 8, p. 107.
hvbridus ( x ) Steph. Ijst. Brit. Anim. Br. Mus. 5, p. 26.
hylas Ceph. X. Mant. Plant, p. 539.

272

AlplialR'tical List ut the Palearctic .Splimgidac.

imperfecta Ach. TuH, Brit. Lep. 4, i). 100.
incarnata Am. Avsl. Le Natural. 2, p. 2.37.
incoinpleta Ccl. Tuli, Biit. Lep. 4, p. 171.
iiicrcta l'.sil. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 31, p. 36.
iiifernalis Sat. Westw. Cab. Or. Entom. p. 61. *
iiiterfaumis Neunif/. Entom. News, 5, p. 326.
inttTiiiedia Ach. TuH, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 400.
irciip (X) Demo, Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 22 p. 109.

jaiikowskii Mar. Oberth. i^t. d'Ent. 5, p. 20. *
japeliis Pros. Gr.-Grsh. Rom. M^m. L<^p. 4, p. ."jII'.
japoiiica Ox. Roihsch. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 87.
japonica Ther. Orza. I^p. Japon, p. 36.
johiii ( X ) Denso, Ent. Zeitschr. Prankf. 25 p. 184.
jordani Rhag. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1904, p. 14.
jullieni (x) Denso, Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 270.

kliasiaiia Amp. Roihsch. Novit. Zoolog. 2, p. 482.
kiii(ler!;allii { x ) 6Vos.sf, Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 270.
kinderiiianni Smor. Led. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wieu 2, ]). 22.
kindervatcri ( x ) Kys. Mitt. Ent. Ver. Polyxena, Wien 2 p. 37.
koinarovi Reth. Chrixt. Rom. M^m. Ldp. 2, p. 169. *
kotschyi Ber. Koll. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Nat. CI. 1, p. 53.
kranilinsreri ( x ) I'crmild, Ent. Zeitschr. Frankf. 25 p. 203.
kuldjaensis Sphingon. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 37, p. 299.

lachesis Ach. F. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 434.

hifitolei Cel. Th.-Mieg. le Natural. 11, p. 181.

laiiffi (X) Sliidis. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 1907 p 252.

hita Gel. Tiilt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 171.

lathyrus Cel. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 8, i). 172.

leoniae (x) Sfndfs. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1901, p. 86.

lewisi Perg. Bull. I^p. Japon, p. 36.

ligustri Sphinx, L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 490.

lineafa Leuc. Wesiw. Cab. Or. Ent. p. 46. *

livorniea Cel. Esp. Eur. Sdunett. Abb. 2, j). ss *

liiciani (x) Denso, Bull. L(^p. Qfineve 1 (2) p. 95.

lutcscens Cel. Oberth. Et. I>6p. Comp. 1, p. 26. *

lutescens Porg. Cock. Entomologist 20, p. 152.

lutesceiis Sphinx, Ttdt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 299.

maiicki :\rar. Brctii. Bull. Ak. St. Petersb. 3, p. 474.

iniindarina Haeni. Hull. Pioc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 239. *

niarsiiiopuneta .Mim. Tuft, Brit. l^ep. 3, p. 403.

inasiiriensis Gur. Butt. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 244. *

niaura Ccl. Oberth. Et. I..ep. Comp. 1, p. 2(5.

Miaiirotaiiica Cel. St;jr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), ]>. 3(5.

nii'iiephron Psil. Cr. Pap. Exot. Til, p. 164. *

metis (x) Ausf. I^e Natural. 15, p. 230.

niillesifurmis Ilaem. Tr. Ochs. Schmett. Eur. 10 (1), p. 125.

minor Cech. Bull. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 219.

mirabilis Am. Aust. Le Natural. 8, p. 359.

mon^oliaiia Rhag. Butt. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 622.

morio Sphinx, R. it .7. Rev. Sphing. p. 147.

mus Sphing. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L^p. 3, p. 156.

nasa Ac. Moore, Cat. Lep. E. J. C. Mus. 1, p. 271.

nawai Lang. R. d J. Rev. Sphing. p. 292.

ucopalaearctica ( x ) Stndfs. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 1907

ji. 250.
iierii D.nl. L. Syst. Nat. (X). p. 490.
nervosa Cel. R. & J. Rev. Lep. Sphing. 1, p. 721.
iiessus Ther. Drury, IlliLstr. Exot. Ins. 2, p. 46. *
iiioaea Ccl. Prun. Lep. Pedem. (1798), p. 86.
nicrescens ( •: ) Denso, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 265.
nigreseens Cel. R. i( J. Rev. Sphing. p. 720.
uyi'tcris Rhop. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir 4 (2), p. 458. *

oberthueri Sphinx, R. d: J. Rev. Sphing. p. 149. *

oberthneri (x) Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 39^?.

obscura Herse, Tutt. Brit. Lep. 4, p. 335.

obscura Sphinx, Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 299.

obsoleta Ach. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 400.

obsoleta Mdm. Clark, Entom. Rec. ], p. 328.*

obsoleta Perg. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 64.

obsoleta Smer. Stgr. Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Lep. Pal. (Ill), p. 100.

ocellata Sn\er. L. Svst. Nat. (X), p. 489.

ochracea Ox. Bull. Cist. Entom. 3, p. 113.

oldenlandiae Ther. F. Svst. Entom. p. 542.

operosa ( x ) Standfs. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 1907 p. 246.

orbata Smer. Gr.-Grsh. Bom. Mi^m. L6p. 4, p. 512.

osiris Hipp. Dahn. Anal. Entom. 1823, p. 48.

ottonis Haem. B. d- J. Rev. Sphing. p. 457.

pallida Cel. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, 204.

pallida Hipp. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 119.

pallida Perg. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 64.

pallida Smer. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 427.

pallida-fasciata Am. Gillm. Arch. Ver. Mecklenb. 58 p. 69.

paralias Cel. Nick. Bohm. Tag. p. 22. *

pauli ( X ) Mory, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 10, p. 350. *

pechnianni MiSm. Hartm. Mitth. Miinch. Ent. Ver. 3, p. 35. *

pernoldi ( - ) Jacobs, Iris 18 p. 321.

pernoldiana (x) Aust. Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 21 p. 178.

phileuphurbiae (x) Denso, VViegm. Arch. Naturw. 8 p. 171.

philippsi ( X ) Stndfs. Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 264.

pinastri Sphinx, L. Syst. Nat. X, p. 492.

planus Smer. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 8, p. 254.

populeti Am. Bien. Reise Pers. p. 33.

populetorum Am. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 48, p. 65.

populi Am. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 489.

populitormis ( x ) Stndfs. Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 263.

porccllus Perg. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 492.

prosorpina Pros. Pall. Spic. Zool. 9, p. 26. *

pseudoconvolvuli Herse, Schauf. Nunq. otios. p. 15.

pyrrhosticta Maer. Bull. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 242.*

quercus Mar. Schiff. Wien, Verz. p. 41.

radians Haem. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 8, i). 84.
reisleitneri ( x ) Kys. Mitt. Ent. Ver. Polyxena Wien 3. p. 15.
restricta Cel. R. d J. Rev. Lep. Sphing. p. 720. *
rivularis Perg. Bdv. Spec. Gen. H6t. 1, p. 280.
robertsi Cel. Bull. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 111.*
roepkei ( x) Stndfs. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 11. p. 251.
rosacea Am. Stgr. Rom. Mem. Lep. 6, p. 232.
rosacea Sphinx, Rebel, Berge's Schmett.-Buch (IX) p. 61.
rosea Smer. Bartel, Riihl, Macrolep. 2, p. 176.
roseotincta Am. Rent. Act. Soc. Fenn. 9 (6), p. 20.
rothschildi ( ) Stndfs. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 11 p. 218.
rubella ( :■; ) Kys. Mitt. Ent. Ver. Polyxena Wien, 3 p. 17.
rubesceus Cel. Garb. Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wien, p. 917.
rubescens ( x ) Denso, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 267.
rubescens ( x ) Denso, Seitz, IMacrolep. 2, p. 270.
rubiginosa Amp. Brp(». (f(?rf !/, Schmett. Nordl. China, p. 11.
rubra Haem. Humps. Faima Br. Ind. Moths. 1, p. 120.
rufa Am. Gillm. Ai'ch. Ver. Mecklenb. 58, p. 69.
rufescens Am. Selys, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1, p. 42.

sasa Macr. Bull. Ent. Month. Mag. 1878 (14), p. 206.

salmonea ( ;; ) Denso, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 267.

san^raica Gur. Bull. Proc. Zool. vSoc. Lond. 1875, p. 621.

saundersi Haem. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 8, p. 83.

schauttelberseri Ox. Breni. d Grey, Motsch. Et. ¥a\\. 1. p. 62.

scotica Perg. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 92.

scribae Meg. Aust. Entomol. Zeitschr. 1910, 24. *

siehei Cel. Pueng. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 47, p. 235. *

sieversi Kentr. Alphi'r. Rom. M^m. L^p. 9, p. 161. *

silhetensis Ther. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 8, p. 113.

sinicus Sphinx, R. d- J. Rev. Sphing. p. 149. *

sinensis Phyll. Jord. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 217.

sinica Am. R. d J. Rev. Sphing, p. 337.

sperchius Mar. Men. Enum. Corp. Mus. Petr. Lep. 2, p. 137. *

spiraeae Sphinx, Esp. Eur. Sclimett. Abb. II Suppl. p. 21. *

standfussi ( X ) Barf. Riihl, Macrolep. 2, p. 122.

staudingeri Am. Aust. Le Natural. 2, p. 85.

staudingeri Haem. Leech, Entomolog. 33, p. 31.

stellataruni Macr. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 803.

streckeri Kentr. Stgr. Entom. Nachr. 6 p. 252.

stricta Cel. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 171.

Styx Ach. Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. p. 88. *

subflava Am. Gillm. Arch. Ver. Mecklenb. 58, \>. 09.

subnubila Macr. Schultz, Entomol. Zeitschr. Guben 17, p. 71.

suellus Perg. Stgr. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 298.

suffusa Ach. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 403.

suftusa Am. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 3, p. 469.

suffusa Cel. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 4, p. 204.

suffusa Herse, Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 335.

suffusa M(^m. Clark, Entom. Rec. 1. p. 328. *

suffusa Perg. Tutt. Brit. Lep. 4, p. 93.

suituna Ther. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 6, p. 228. *

syriaca Ber. Led. Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien 5, p. 195. *

tancrei Dolbina, Stgr. Rom. M^m. L6p. 3, p. 155. *
tatarinovi Call. Brem. d- Grey, Motsch. li^t. Ent. 1, )i. 62.
tibiae M(5m. L. Svst. Nat. (X), p. 489.
tithvniali Cel. Bdv. Icon. Hist. Lep. 2, p. 30. *
tityus Haem. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 493.
transversa Mim. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 3, p. 404.

Puhl SO. ir. 1919.

Alphabetical List of tlip Palearctie Sphingidae.

273

tremiilae Am. BkJi. Rhein. Magaz. 1, p. 649.
trilineatus Pol. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, ]>. 390.
troglodytus Macr. Bdv. Spec. G(5n. Li^p. H6t. 1, p. 344.
turiitii ( X ) Denso, Erit. Zeitschr. Fiankf. 25 Nr. 23.
turatii ( x) Stndfs. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 11 p. 254.

undatus Pol. R. <(• J. Rev. Sphins;. p. 238.

iindiilosa Clanls, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 387.

unicolor Hipp. Tuff, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 120.

uiiioolor Perff. Tidi, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 64.

unicolor Sphinx, Tuft, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 278.

varians (x) Stndfs. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 11 p. 246.

variegata Ach. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 403.

vespelpenor ( x) Denso, Ent. Zeitschr. Frankf. 25 p. 184.

vespertilio Ccl. 7?.<tp. Schmett. Eur. Abbild. 2, p. 178, *
vespei'lilioides (x) Bdv. Ann. Soc. Linn. Par. 6, \>. 111.
vespopliaes ( x ) Denso, Seitz, Macrolep. 2 p. 267.
vira:ata Ach. Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 403.
virerata Herse, Tutt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 335.
virg:ata Perg. Tutt, Brit. I^ep. 4, p. 64.
virgata Sphinx, Tittt, Brit. Lep. 4, p. 277.
viverin Cel. Denso, Entom. Zeitschr. 22, ]). 104.

wagneri ( x ) Denso, Ent. Zeitschr. Frankf. 25 Nr. 23.
walkingi ( x ) Tur. Natural. Sicil. 21 p. 76.
walteri (x) Tur. Natural. Sicil. 21 p. 76.

zygophylli Cel. O. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 226.

II

35

ACROPTERIS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 275

16. Family: Uraniidae.

Under the name of Uraniidae a number of very heterogeneous moths are united which, for more than
one reason, must be considered as being some of the strangest of Lepidoptera. One groiip contains the most
brilliant species of all the Lepidoptera of the globe; magnificent majestic forms with golden or bronze or
brass gloss and the hindwing bearing long and delicate tails. The tired traveller crossing the hot Llanos of South
America and entering the dense shade of the valleys of the mountains, where foaming brooks have gnawed a bed
into the rocks, is enchanted by the crowds of marvellous Urania which rest on foam-bespattered walls of rock
with the wmgs spread out flat so that the metallic ornamentation of the wings glimmers in the sunshine. They
resemble the Swallowtails not only in facies, but also in their mode of flight, and their habits, and their beauty,
craving thirst and preference for day-light renders them superficially so similar to the Papilios that the. Uranias
might be regarded as the representatives of that family among the Moths.

As a matter of course, all the similarities between Papilio and the genera Urania and Chrysiridia are
only the result of convergent development and have nothing whatever to do with so-called "Mimicry". For
that reason it is not possible to select a Papilio to which e. g. Urania leilus or fulgens bears a more special
resemblance. Mimetic similarity occurs, however, in one instance in the genus Alcidis; but in this case the
Uranid is the model which is imitated by a Swallowtail, P. laglaizei or alcidinus (cf. vol. 9, pi. 38 c). There
is indeed no necessity whatever for mimetic modification in the glossy golden Uranids. A moment's observa-
tion of their habits convinces one at once that these moths are almost absolutely protected against insectiv-
orous birds, whatever it may be that renders them immune; observe e. g. the East African C/ert/s. croesus when
it flies in the morning sun around the flowering Magnolia-trees entirely unmolested and challenging attack as
it were, or the species of Urania which flutter about before the eyes of the Tyrannid-birds which are seen wait-
ing for prey on every bush, or settle on the fissured rock of the mountain-valleys over which the water drizzles.

This group of glorious moths, however, is not represented m the Palearctic Region. The dark col-
oured genus Nyctaletnon approaches Palearctic territory with one species, N. patroclus; it is still rather abun-
dant at Silhet in the Himalayas, but does not appear to reach Kashmir in the North-West, as far as that coun-
try belongs to the Palearctic Region. In farther India the species is very abundant in places, but already
in Southern China, at Hongkong, it was obtained by me surprisingly rarely, and does not appear to go much
north of that place. I did not meet with it at Shanghai, and it does not apparently reach Palearctic territory
in Western Chma, although one might expect stray specimens of such an excellent flier and wanderer to
occur in the Yang-tse valley.

A further group, entirely dissimilar to the above forms, are the Microniiime, rather small and dull
white moth of a pronounced Geometrid facies. They strongly recall Ourapteryx, have pointed forewings like
these and their hindwings have often a short tail, this tooth frequently bearing the same peculiar markmgs
which are found on the wing-projection of Ourapteryx. Only of this group representatives are found on
Palearctic territory, namely 3 forms, which evidently are accpiisitions from the neighbouring Indian countries.
But as they extend to Amurland or the interior of China it is necessary to describe them here.

The third and last group, which has only very distant affinities with the previous groups, especially
with the fii-st, and might better be treated as a separate family, has likewise the facies of Geometers, the species
being formerly considered to belong to the Loopers. The larvae with their 16 feet, and some minute differ-
ences in structure m the moths were the reasons for separating them from the Geometers and placing them
into the present family, already very heterogeneous without them. They are mostly small species, but some
genera contain also larger forms. The entire group has received the name of Epipkmime, the name bemg
derived from the principal genus, which contains almost exclusively very small forms. During the last
decade a very large number of species of Epiplema have been described as new.

As the first subfamily (Uraniinae) is not represented in the Palearctic Region, we commence with
the second:

b. Subfamily: Microniinae.

1. Genus: Acropteris Hbn.

Small, very slender and delicate moths with the frons relatively broad, the antennae filiform, the
palpi short and upturned, the legs long and strong, the tibial spurs long, and the abdomen slender, not
projectmg beyond the hindwing. Forewmg with the apex somewhat produced, the costal margin strongly
curved and the anal angle sharply marked and almost rectangular; the margm of the hindwing slightly and
very obtusely elbowed at the upper median vein. The colour is silky white, the wings above with thui golden-
brown longitudinal, oblique or transverse lines, the underside usually without stripes, shaded with grey. The
moths rest by day in thickets; they are usually very abundant, only being rarer at the boundary of their
area of distribution.

276 mCRONIA; PSEUDOMICRONIA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

ipMaia. A. iphiata Guen. (= pontiata Guen., convexaria Walk.) (22 f). From the strong^ pointed golden broM'n

apex of the form a white oblique band runs to the centre of the hind margin, gradually widening and being
continued over the hindwing, where it becomes broken up and dull in consequence of an admixture of grey.
Similar but narrower bands run parallel with it on the hindwing and are found on the forewuag at costal and
distal margins. — From Amurland and Japan, distributed southward throughout Eastern and large tracts
of Southern Asia, being verj^ come in some places in India; rarer and often local in the Palearctic Region. The
moths rest in the brush-woods on the underside of leaves, holding the wmgs spread out as do Geometers, and
are flushed by beating bushes at the road-sides and pendant branches of trees. This species is remarkably
similar to certain Geometridae and Leucodrepana idaeoides (cf. pi. 48 a), from which it is not distinguishable
on the wing.
Ihibetaria. A. thibetaria Pouj. (48 f). This form, described by the author as a Micronia, comes close to the pre-

vious, but the stripes running from the apex and across the disc are only represented by thin brownish grey
Imes which correspond to the edges of the stripes. • — Described from 2 q^ from Mupin (Chmcse Province of
Sze-chuen) ; the author does not state that the species really occurs in Tibet, but he apparently considers Mupin
to be a place in Tibet. ■ — I have not seen the species.

2. Genus: JHeroiiia Guen.

This genus, so charateristic of all the Indian forest districts, is only represented in our territory by
one species, which is found at the southern boundary. The species extends to our Region only on the Conti-
nent; although still common on Formosa, it does not extend to the main islands of Japan. The statements
as to the number of species in this genus are very different according to whether one considers all the insular forms of
the South-Asiatic Archipelago as one smgle species, or as numerous separate species. The genus is cliaracteris-
ed by the palpi being thin, rather long andporrect, the frons flat, the antennae flattened and in the centre
slightly incrassate, the legs long and delicate, with the hind femora slightly thickened. Hind tibia with pairs
of mid- and end-spurs. Wmgs large, delicate, the forewing pointed with the distal margin cjuite straight, veins
2 and 3 on a very short stalk, 6 and 7 from angle of cell, 8, 9 and 10 stalked. Hindwing angulate at vem 4
(upper median) ; the distal margin almost quite straight from this angle to the pomted apex on the one side
and to the anal angle on the other. The moths repose on the underside of leaves holding the wmgs spread
out like Geometers.
aculeaia. M. aculeata Guen. (= gannata Guen., sondaicata Guen.) (48 f). This tv^^ical species of the genus is milky

white, the wings being minutelj' pencilled with golden brown; from the costal margin of the forewing to the
abdominal margin of the hindwing run 3 parallel grey shado\vy stripes; in front of the tail of the hindwing a
black spot, near which there are some black dots at the distal margm. Underside plumbeous grey in (^, white
in $, withovit markmgs. — In India, on the Sunda Islands, throughout Southern Chma, on Hainan, Formosa,
etc., very common; it is hardly possible to M'alk through brush-wood late in the season (July to November)
without flushing some specimens. — Indian examples have the wings rather longer and more pointed than
my Chinese ones; the latter, moreover, are very minutely pencilled.

3. Genus: PKOudoiiiioroiiia Moore.

The species of this genus come very close to Micronia and have the same Geometrid facies, strongly
recalling Ourapteryx, from which they are at once distinguished by the larvae having 16 feet. The colour of
the few forms which belong here is white with dull grey or light bronze-brown transverse stripes across both
wmgs; the wings are exceedingly delicate.

Head small, frons broad. Eyes small, black. Palpi short but strong, porrect. Antennae flattened,
not visibty mcrassate at the apex. Body delicate. Mid tibia with 1 pair, hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs. Ab-
domen very short, in $ hardly reaching the middle of the abdominal margin of the hindwing. Wmgs shaped
almost as in Strophidia, particularly in the Indian species, M'hereas the tooth of the hindwing is shorter in the
Palearctic species. The genus differs from the very similar Micronia m the lower and middle median vems
of the forewing coming from a point in the (J and separating at once, while they are stalked, though rather shortly,
in Micronia. The moths are usually abundant : they rest in daytime on the underside of the leaves of young
trees; they easUy fly away, but settle again exactty like most Geometridae at a distance of 10 — 20 metres in
a similar place, and are therefore easily caught.
archilis. P. archilis Oherth. (= soror AlpTi.) (48 f). White, the wings in the costal area with luimerous transverse

stripes, of which many extend to the hind margm. The transverse stripes of the hindwing particularly distuict
in the basal and distal-margmal areas; in the central area 1 or 2 grey arcuate shadows. Easily distmguished
from the verj^ similar Indian P. coehM Moore, which is the same in size, and the Geylonese fraterna by the much
shorter and less strongly spotted tooth of the hindwing. The figure given by Oberthur, which has the ground-
colour pinkish grey, is apparently quite erroneous, for it does not agree with the description, in which the upper-
side is called "white" and the underside "entirely white". Occurs in Sze-chuen and extends northward to Kan-
su, where it has been found in September. OBERTHtJR gives Tibet as patria, but adds "Ta-tsien-lu", which is not
situated in Tibet but in Western China, being separated from the very distant Tibetan frontier by the Siin-lmg.

NOSSA; OBERTHUERIA; PSYOHOSTROPHIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 277

c. Subfamily: Epipleminae.

4. Genus: ]?foKSSa Kirby.

Rather large white moths, somewhat resembling in facies large Abraxas or Nyctemeridae. Head broad,
but short and depressed; frons very broad. Eyes small. Palpi short. Proboscis present. Antennae very short,
bipectinate. In the ^ the apex of the forewing a little produced, that of the hindwing very strongly so, pro-
jecting far beyond the hind angle of the forewing. About half a dozen forms are known, which are all more
or less white and black. They are distributed over India and China to Amurland, but are absent from Japan.

N. nelcinna Moore (= nelcynna Leech) (48 e). White, rather thinly scaled; dull black submarginal nelchma.
and discal bands across both wings. Head and thorax black, the latter sometimes with red or yellow collar,
the abdomen orange. From Kashmir. ■ — chinensis Leech has the dark scaling much more strongly developed; chimnsis.
and the hindwing of the (J has a yellow tone; the bright collar is absent. West China, where, however, transi-
tions to nelcinna also appear to occur, as Elwes states that he cannot find a difference between the two forms,
while Alpheraky regards the difference as considerable. In July, -leechi Elwes is a form with the wings so much leecM.
darkened that the insect is rendered superficially similar to the Pierid Delias patrua (cf. vol. I, pi. 19 c) or sub-
nubilu (ibidem), which fly in the same locality. As this melanotic colouring ■ — which is the result of the increase
of the black markings and corresponding reduction of the light ground-colour to slight traces of it — appears
to be constant according to Leech, we are perhaps dealing with a distinct species.

N. palaearctica Stgr. (=nelc3mna Stgr.) (48e). Similar to the previous species, but much more ex- palaearclica.
tended white, the dark scaling being for the greater part restricted to a marginal lunate line and a discal chain
of spots, which latter is sometimes obsolescent on the hindwing. — Amurland; found in June, flying in the
sunshine like a butterfly (Graeser) ; an imitation of 3Ietaporia largeteaui, with which it flies together; apparent-
ly rare.

5. Genus: Obertliueria Leech.

These magnificent moths, the first of which was discovered by the Abbe David and described byOsER-
THTJR (but as a Geometer!), connect to a certain extent the genera Nossa and Psychostrophia, and presumably
fly by day like these two genera. The facies of the moths is hardly Geometrid, only the broad white wings recall-
ing Abraxas; but vein 5 of the hindwing is distinct, only appearing weaker because it is not so black as the
other veins, especially the median and submedian veins.

Head small; frons narrow and depressed. Eyes as in Psychostrophia relatively large. Palpi short, por-
rect, hairy. Antermae rather thick, with thin and very short fascicles of cilia. Thorax almost circular. Ab-
domen slender, not reaching anal angle of hindwing. Wings very broad, the widening commencing soon beyond
the base so that the cell is enormously dilated and the radials originate far apart ; veins 6 and 7, as well as 8
and 9 stalked. Hindwing with 2 veins in cell, vein 5 exactly from the middle of the discocellular. Colouring
of the wings white with bright margins. Nothing is known of the habits. — ■ Type 0. davidi.

0. davidi Oberth. (48 e). Body yellow, with blackish grey markings, abdomen with dark belts. Wings davidi.
snowy white, with thin deep black veuis. Costal margin of forewing orange-yellow, irregularly spotted with
black, distal margin broadly black with orange-yellow bands in the black border. — The moth is still rare in
collections, but is presumably very abundant in its native country. West China and East Tibet.

0. erebina Oberth. (48 e). Described from a ^ from Ta-tsien-lu. Almost like the previous, but the orange erebina.
colour restricted to the basal area of the forewing, being almost completely absent from the costal and distal
marginal area.

0. flavomarginaria Leech (48 e), in contradistinction to erebina, has the orange bands in the black flavomargi-
wing-border so strongly developed that they extend without interruption from the costa to the hind margua, '»<"■"'•
even enclosing a chain of black spots. ■ — Wa-shan in West-China.

0. nigromacularia Leech (48 f). Size and facies of a medium sized Abraxas ; both wings white, with nigrotuacu-
small spots at the costal margin, larger ones at the distal margin, and very large ones on the disc, all dark; ^ana.
thorax and costal area of forewing with an orange-yellow tint. — ■ Chang- Yang in Central-China. The moth
somewhat resembles in colour and markings the East Asiatic Abraxas placida Butl.

6. Genus: I*sj'cliostroi»hia Butl.
This small genus is restricted to East Asia. It contains moderately small bright-coloured species, which

278 EPIPLEMA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

have sometimes been placed with theGeometridae, sometimes with the Arctiidae. The Palearctic species have
a striking character in common in the fringes of all the wings bearing pale patches.

nymphir P. nymphidiaria Oberth. (48 f). The basal two-thirds of both wings white, the distal third black with

diaria. ^j, interrupted chain of white spots; costal margin of forewing broadly black with a triangular tooth at the
apex of cell. — Sze-chuen, West-China. Does not appear to be abundant. According to Oberthur, who de-
scribed it as an Abraxas, the species is an imitation of the butterfly St iboges nymphidium (cf. Macrolepidoptera
of the World vol. I, pi. 89 d, and vol IX, pi. 139 b).

picaria. P. pic&ria Leech (48 f). Like nymphidiaria black and white, but the forewing with the hind part black

to the submedian vein. The white disc of the hindwing is traversed by an oblique black band from the costa
to the centre of the hind margin. In the $ the white colouring i-ather more extended than in the (J. — From
Central China: Chang- Yang and I-chang.

melanargia. P. melanargia Bull. (48 f). Black, a triangular basal spot, an oblique discal band and 3 spots in the

distal-marginal area of tlic forewing straw -yellow ; moreover, the hindwing yellow with the exception of a costal

hemime- stripe and an elbowed .spotted marginal band. In ab. hemimelaena ab. nov. (48 h), which occurs among ordinary

laetw. gpecdmens, but is rarer, the yellow colour is so much reduced that the greater part of the hindwing is black,

the yellow being restricted to a transverse half band and 3 isolated small anal spots. There occur intermediates

between these two forms, which I caught in the same district. The submarginal spots of the forewing are not

rarely joined together by yellow lines, or are confluent, which gives the insect a very variegated appearance;

catenifer. this form I call ab. catenifer ab. nov. — The species is extraordinarily variable; among a number of specimens

caught by me in the same places at Hiogo and Yokohama hardly two are alike. I did not discover

the larva inspite of diligent search, probably because at that time I thought the larva to be a looper. The

moth is abundant late in the summer, even in the gardens of the towns, on field-paths and mountain-slopes.

It flies by day and superficially resembles on the wing certain forms of Parasemia plantaginis (cf. pi. 16 f),

but its flight is much slower.

7. Genus: Epipleiua H.-Schdff.

This genus, better known under the name of Erosin, contains a large number of highly peculiar small
moths and is distributed over all the continents with the only exception of Europe.

Head small. Eyes large. Proboscis present. Palpi of medium length, obliquely upturned. Thorax
strong. Abdomen not reaching the anal angle of hmdwmg. The M'ings sometimes with peculiar lobes ; there is
nearly always a tooth at the apex of the upper median vein of the hindwing and a second below the apex, the
margin being sinuous between them. In the forewing vein 5 originates from upper cell-angle, 6 and 7 are stalked
together, likewise 8 and 9. At rest the fore- and hindwings are held separated, the former being some-
times curiously folded and extended. Otherwise the habits resemble those of small Geometers, e. g.
AcidaUa; like these the Epiplema rest on tree-trunks or smooth walls, fly at night, and in daytime when flushed
only take to the wing for short distances. — • The larvae are stout, with sparse hair; 16 feet. ■ — Most species
are not rare where they occur. As a large proportion of the species which touch Palearctic territory is Indian,
some of the species here mentioned will be figured in the Indian volume (vol. X) of this work.

himala. E. himala Butl. White; fore^raig with 3 transverse line which converge at the hind -margin; hindwing

with orange-yellow smear and black spot in the centre of the distal margin. True himalu occurs in the Himalayas ;
whether it is also found on Palearctic territory is not known to me.- — -But in the Palearctic district of Inner
China, in Sze-chuen, occur smaller and paler specimens in which the spot of the hindwing is lighter yellow and
evanescens. smaller, the transverse Imes of the forewing being obsolescent or quite absent; this is evanescens Alph. (= auro-
guttata Pouj.) (48 i). At the Honton River and the Fu-hian-ho, in August; also at Mupin in Sze-chuen.

exornata. E. exornata Ev. (= exornataria H.-Schdff., rapha Butl.) (48i). White, in the distal area variegated

with brown and bearing dark markings; distantly resembles ^-1cvV/«?m» decorataBorkh . in size and facies. In East
hicaudata. Asia, from Kiaclita to Amurland and Japan. In June and July. — The form from Kashmir, bicaudata Moore,
has the markmgs in the outer area soniewhat narrower; this form is also known from Ningpo and I-chang.

mibifascia- E. nubifasclarla Butl. Similar to the previous species; creamy white, the basal half with a dull blackish

""• tone. Forewing beyond centre with a brown band with blackish edges, distally to the band a large irregular
blackish grey cloud occupying the whole marginal area with the exception of the apex and bearing at its outer
edge a slightly curved black transverse spot. Hindwing with blackish markings in the basal area, median band
and dark cloud as on the forewing; discal dot black, elongate. — Described from a single q from Chang- Yang,
obtained in August.

erasaria. E. erasaria Christ. (48 k). The forewing of this species is light coloured and almost without markmgs,

only the area near the hind angle and a place near the larger smus of the distal margm situated below the apex

EPIPLEIVLA.. By Dr. A. Seitz. 279

are variegated with dark scaling. Cannot be confounded with any other species on account of the characteristic
markings and wing-shape. Araurhind ; in July. — schidacina Bittl. (48 i). Silvery grey above with the costa of schidadna.
the forewing irrorated with dark specks; on the disc of the forewmg a sickle-shaped line which posteriorly tra-
verses a black patch which contains two plumbeous spots ; distal margin narrowly golden brown, edge itself
black ^^ath a silver-line, before the edge a row of black dots. Hindwing golden brown, minutely pencilled, most
densely so m a subbasal transverse band which does not cross the lower part of the cell; on the disc a trico-
lorous band (black, yellowish brown and broMTi), upon which follows a plumbeous one which is dilated below
the third median vein. Underside pale brown, with dark irroration. China, Japan (main island and Hokkaido).

E. instabilata Walk. (=insolita Walk., conchiferata J/oore). This species has an enormously wide distri- instabilata.
bution, but is essentially Indian, and therefore the figure will be given in the Indian volume X. Thorax and
base of abdomen white, head, collar and rest of abdomen brown. Forewing brown, marked with black and
pencilled, the hind marginal area whitish with dull brown markings; at the lower angle of cell a white spot;
before the distal margin some small black spots. On the hindwing, on the contrary, the costal area is white,
while the anal half is brown with black markings. • — Distributed from China over large tracts of Anterior and
Farther India to Ceylon, the Sula Islands, Flores and the Solomons. Abundant.

E. plagifera Bull. (48 i). White, basal part of costal area shaded with grey; in the centre of the wing plagifera.
a dark transverse band, which is edged and pencilled with black which is interrupted by the median branches.
At cell-apex a large round black spot which bears at its outer side near the costa a small rust spot ; before
the distal margin a grey transverse spot, bearing distally 4 small round black spots of unequal size; margin
with blackish spots. The hindwing is traversed by angulate tricolorous bands, the colours being in basi-
distal order black, white, brownish yellow; near the base 2 small black spots, 2 larger ones close beyond the
apex of cell; below the cell a plumbeous streak from base to distal margin, widening distally; marginal line
brownish, proximally edged with black between the small tails. Underside of hindwing brownish, with black
central spot and black-spotted margin. ■ — One of the smaller species. China and Japan (Yokohama).

E. illotata Christ. Near erasaria, similar in colour, but smaller, only measuring 17 mm, and the wings illotata.
not so strongly excised. — Amurland, found together with erosaria hi JuW.

E. moza Butl. (48 i). Light brown; darker markings at the outer margin below the apex, at the hind moza.
margin near the outer angle, at the costa between central and marginal areas of forewing. On the hindwing
dentate lunate lines traverse the disc. — Japan, on the main island and Kiushiu. The specimen figured is excep-
tionally pale.

E. monataria Leech. Similar to moza, colouring and markings almost the same, but the angle m the moncUaria.
middle of the distal margin of the forewing more pointed and at hind angle a distinct lobe ; the two points at the
distal margin of the hindwing longer and broader. — Mupm in West China, in July.

E. cretacea Bull. (48 i). Chalky white, with a silky gloss; across both wings a brownish, angulate trans- creiacea.
verse band borderedMiffusely on both sides with blackish scaling and bemg externally prominent only at
the costa. Beyond this transverse band a brownish stripe, which is especially distinct on the hindwing; base
of forewing shaded with brown, near the base a small dark angulate band, before the distal margin irregular
small dark spots. Hindwing with dark transverse band in tlie basal area and two small spots at the apex of
cell; a dark marginal line between the tails and a dull small ocellus above the lower tail. Underside dirty brown.
■ — Japan, main island and Kiushiu.

E. Styx Butl. (4Si). Dull sooty brown. Forewing with pale postmedian band which is distally bounded siyx.
by a velvety black dentate band ; beyond the latter a plumbeous band ; basal and distal marginal areas sparsely
irrorated with grey ; centre of costa spotted with white ; disc of forewing traversed by a row of black dots ; mar-
ginal line pale. On the hindwing a pale angulate band which is edged with black and plumbeous; only the lower
tail is well-developed, above it a dark spot. Underside with silky gloss, sooty black; the hindwing sometimes
pale in the basal area. — Japan, on the main island and Hokkaido.

E. azela Butl. (48 i). This species is similar in colouring to a small Cidaria. Both wings proximally azela.
dark, distal margmal area whitish; pale-coloured along hind margin of forewing and at base of hindwing. —
Japan.

E. columbaris Butl. (48 i). Uniformly grejash brown, in shape resembling certam Macaria. Both wings columbaris.
slightly incurved below the apex, proximally and distally to middle traversed by minute dark atoms arranged
in arcuate rows. ■ — Kashmir.

E. ruptaria Moore. White; before and beyond the centre indistinct ochreous bands; spots are placed niptaria.
at the base of the costa, towards the apex and one at the hind angle ; between veins 4 and 5 a dark submarginal

280

Alphabetical List of th^ Palearctic Uraniidae

spot; below the apex ochreous pencilling, which occasionally merges together to form a spot. Hindwing with
indistinct yellow bands. ■ — Kashmir; extending eastward to Calcutta.

mabillaria. E. mabillaria Pouj. (48 i). From Mupin, 26 mm. Wings long, white; forewing with obtuse, rounded,

angle in the centre of the distal margin ; hindwing not distinctly dentate at the margin, excepting the median
vein, which bears a small pointed tail. On the hindwing an irregularly undulate pale line; the subbasal line
indicated by dots, of which one is placed on the costa, a second in the centre, a third on the median vein
and the last on the submedian vein. Body white. Antennae with short pectinations. — This species stands
here certainly in the wrong place and will again be referred to in its correct place among the Geometrid genus
Palaeomystis in vol. 4. p. 12.

Ali)liall)etical List

of the Palearctic forms of Uraniidae with reference to the original descriptions.
*) signifies that the form is figured in the place cited.

aniileata Micr. Ouen. Phal. II, p. 26. *

archiUs Pseudom. Oherth. t.t. d'Ent. 15, p. 24. *

azela Ep. Bull. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 403.

bicaudata Ep. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 643. *

catonifer Psych. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 278.
chinensis Nossa, Leech, Entomologist, 23, p. 83.
columbaris Ep. Bull. 111. Typ. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 82. *
cretacea Ep. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 414.

davidi Oborth. Oberth. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. CCXXIX.

erasaria Ep. Christ. Bull. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 70.
erebina Oberth. Oberth. fit. Lep. Comp. 5 (1), p. 317.*
evanesceiis Ep. Alph. Rom. M6m. L^p. 9, p. 139.
esornata Ep. Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1837, p. 65.

flaTomarginaria Oberth. Leech,
p. 188. *

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19,

heininielaena Psvch. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 278. *
hiniahi Ep. B\itl'. Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) 6, p. 22L

illotata Ep. Christ. Bull. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 69.

instabilata Ep. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. Suppl. 35, p. 1646.
iphiata Acropt. Guen. Phal. II, p. 29.

leechi Nossa Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890, p. 381.

mabillaria Ep. Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 64, p. 311.*
melanargia Psych. Bull. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 401.
monataria Ep. T^eech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19, p. ).85.
moza Ep. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 402.

nelcinna Nossa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 577. *
nigromacularia Oberth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19,

p. 189. *
nublfasciaria Ep. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (0) 19, p. 186.
nyniphidiaria Psych. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 18, p. 34. *

palaearctica Nossa, Sigr. Rom. M^m. L6p. 3, p. 192. *
picaria Psych. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 19, p. 189. *
plagitera Ep. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 414.

ruptaria Ep. Moore, Lep. Atkins, p. 259.

schidacina Ep. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 415.
Styx Ep. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 416.

thibetaria Acropt. Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 64, p. 31 1 .*

Publ. 30. IV. 1913. NOTODONTID^. Introduction. By Dr. A. Seitz. 281^'

17. Family: Notodontidae.

The name of the moths which belong here is derived from the lobe-like hindmarginal prominence which
is found in many species, and in the specimen at rest projects like a tooth above the back. The family,
which contains some 700 species, occurs throughout the tropics and the temperate zones, and is even re-
presented m some districts of the Arctic Region. The group is not remarkable for the size of the species;
for even the largest Notodonts, which are found in South America, are far inferior in expanse to the giants
among the Sphingidae (Cocytius mitaetis), the Satuniids (Attacus atlas), the Noctuids (Thy.sania agriiypina)
and, of course, the largest butterflies, and even the largest Cossidae and Hepialidae.

The development of large forms is not a characteristic of the family, but the occurrence of strange ones.
As regards the moths, adaption to the surroundings has often modified the insect to such an extent that
the individuals are hardly recognisable as being insects. E. g., if two Pferostoma palpina rest in copula on a
small piece of Poplar bark, only an eye specially accustomed to this phenomenon is able to distinguish the
pair as such; and whoever collects in foreign countries species with which he is not yet familiar will some-
times be obliged to place the specimen into the hand in order to find out if he has to do with an insect or
some dead object. The moth of Phalera hucephala at rest resembles so closely a piece of a broken off twig
that one only perceives a specimen in its protective position if one already knows the species and bears its
picture well impressed in one's memory.

But adaptation has even more strongly modified the larvae than the moths, the larvae being often
provided with means of frightening an enemy. The facies of many species is so transformed as to conceal
comijletely the fact that they are caterpillars, and in some genera all gradations in the transformation of the
shape of the larvae can be observed. The caterpillar may be quite smooth (Ptero.stoma), or slightly hump-
ed on segment 11 (Pheosia), or bear here short points {Lophopteryx); there may be knobs on segment 5
(Pygaera) or lateral swellings (Spatalia) or a long process (Notodonta) or a divided appendage {{Hoplitis).
The anal end may terminate in a soft fork {Uropyia) or two pointed tails (Gerwra), or bear two long clubs
(Stauropus) or a large hump {Hoplitis}. The back of the larvae may be serrate {Nerice, Stauropus), hump-
ed (Dicranura) or provided with processes inclining forward (Schizura). Some species have a large head which
has no special modifications and is rendered strange only by being held bent back in a peculiar way (Phalera,
Lophopteryx), or by being retracted into a sort of hood; in others again the head is surrounded by a kiiid of
bonnet, or some nuchal horn-like antlers project above it (Heterocampa). The anal tails sometimes are hardly
indicated (Heterocampa), or feebly elevate (Schizura), or jjrolonged and mobile but directed downward at rest
(Exaereta), or only strongly prolonged in the young larva (Macrurocampa), or are present in all stages and
contain a reversible filament (Dicranura). These terrifying organs serve diverse purposes. The Notodontidae
are not protected by inherent qualities, but are in all the stages a welcome prey to the enemies. For that
reason are the moths so effectively concealed by their adaptive garb and try the larvae to frighten the enemy
by their strange shapes, bluffing him by assuming peculiar attitudes in which the processes and humps be-
come very prominent. There are all variations from the simple Sphinx-like attitude (Lophopteryx) to the pro-
nounced agressive position of a Dicranura larva. Young caterpillars of Datana perspicua only slightly raise
the head, older ones hold, like the Phalera larvae, the whole anterior portion of the body erect and also lift
up the tail; larvae of Notodonta and Hoplitis assume a regular zigzag position, and those of Stauropus raise
both ends and, moreover, threaten with their long legs. The threatening attitude is often s\i])plemented
by active defence. The larvae of Hoplitis bite resolutely and, as may be experienced when removing the
eggs of Tachina by an operation, can impart a sharp pinch. Beneath the head of the Dicranura-la.Tva.e there
is a transverse slit, similar to that of the caterpillars of Cossus, from which they squirt out for defense for a
distance of more than 20 cm a liquid which occasions a burning sensation in the eyes.

Bright colours are of as little value for an unprotected insect as large size, and are therefore entirely
absent from the Notodonts. According to their resting-place among leaves, on tree-trunk.s, halms, etc.,
the moths are green (Rosema), or of the brown colour of dead leaves (Lophopteryx), or ■ — ■ as is mostly the
case — adapted to the tree-trunks (Exaereta, Stauropus, Hoplitis, etc.). The discovery of a freshly emerged
Cerura bicusjns closely applied to the bark of a Birch is a master-task even for the ej'es of the best-trained col-
lector. Numerous species select the foot of trees as resting-place or sit in the grass, and resemble broken
off bits of twigs or chips of wood, e. g. Pferostoma, Phalera and Datana. Among the caterpillars the green
protective colouring of the twig or leaf on which they feed is much in evidence (Pterostoma, Pheosia), or they
have the brown tint of the branchlet on which they rest (Spatalia). In certain species dichromatism occurs,
some specimens being adapted to the green, leaf and others of the same species or even same brood to the
brown twig (Pheosia tremula). In other cases the colour can be changed at will for defensive purposes;
the larva of Dicranura vinula, for instance, when molested not only shows the two well-known bright purple-

II 36

282 NOTODONTID^. Introduction. By Dr. A. Seitz.

red tail-filaments, but is also able when excited to intensify the red colouring around the head, and, when
calming down, to weaken the red tint agaiii so much that it does not interfere with the green protective colour-
ing, a larva resting among leaves not being easy to find in spite of its odd shape.

The role which the Prominents play in a fauna differs, of course, to a certain extent in the various re-
gions and countries, but is on the whole almost the same, every^vhere, as compared with other families. An
uinisually large number of genera is distributed over several continents, and certain types of Notodontids
are always met with and everyTvhere encountered almost daily. Whether one goes for a walk at Sydney in
Southern Australia or at Rio de Janeiro, in Japan or in Ceylon, in Lapland or Morocco, in New York, Vienna
or San Francisco, an examination of suitable shrubs will ever3rvvhere reveal without any difficulty jiuss-cater-
pillars which differ but little in fades from the larvae of our Dicranura and Cerura. A larva like that of our
Bufftip {Phahra), i. e. a hairy black caterpillar with light-yellow reticulation and which rests on a twig with
the fore and hind parts of the body raised, is found in Japan {Phalera dssimilis) and Turkestan, in the Hi-
malayas and on the Moluccas, in semitropical Florida {Datana modesta) and in wintery Canada [Datana per-
spimui), in the eternal spring of California and the sweltering heat of Morocco.

The Notodontids are pre-eminently tree-insects. Their resemblance to pieces of bark, small splint-
ers of wood and broken-off tips of twigs already indicates that their food-plants must be looked for among
the deciduous trees. I do not know of any Prominent which feeds on conifers, the genus Thaumetopoea
being eliminated from the family; on the other hand, several genera (Ceira, Anticyra) are so well adapted to
bamboo that there remains little doubt about their feeding on these Monocotyledons.

As regards the kind of landscape in wliich we may expect a large number of Notodonts, open country
interrupted by rows or groups of trees is decidedly the most favoured. The edges of woods and broad roads
crossing forests are known as suitable places for collecting Prominents, while the dark and damp interior
of young forests is frequented only by very few species. The plains are more favoured than mountains, and
in the entirely flat lowlands of eastern Europe and Northern Asia there occur not only numerous species, but
many of them are found in great abundance of mdividuals. The Notodontids are on the whole common Lepi-
doptera; very few of them are actual rarities, and it is quite erroneous to consider as very rare in Nature
the great number of Prominents which, like Pyg. timon and Drym. vittata, are rarely seen in collections.
Experienced collectors have assured me that by cuttiiag down likely young oaks in certain localities, on every
bush without exception at least one larva oi Stauropus fagi may be found, and that caterpillars as well as moths
as a rule are beyond reach of eye and hand. At Hongkong I observed bushes entirely denuded of foliage
by larvae of Stauropus, and the hungry caterpillars were seen running about far and wide in search of food.
Dozens of cocoons of Hoplitis milhauseri can often be gathered in avenues of oak in the crevices of the bark
if one has learnt to recognise the cocoon, which resembles a small hump of the bark itself. From experience
at home I was accustomed to consider Dicrarmra erminea as not plentiful until I found the wooden cocoons in
coxintless numbers one beside or on top of the other at the willows along a road near Shanghai, entirely fresh
moths just emerged of D. e. meiiciann sitting on some of the cocoons. In 1904 the Poplars at Lambessa in
Algeria were so much denuded by Dicran. delavoiei that not a single leaf remained and the trunks ap-
peared dotted with green from the larvae which crawled about and covered the grass and ground for a con-
siderable distance. The decimation by the Bufftip, Phalera bucephala, of the limes in the avenues of towns
is a very familiar experience, and it is likewise well-known how quickly Pygaera appears where a Poplar or
Willow is planted in a sheltered place.

The Prominents are on the whole sluggish insects. One can jmt a pin through a Stauro pus-moth
at rest without in the least disturbing it. A Dicranura thrown into the air will fall down to the ground like
a piece of wood, and this may be repeated several times before the moth will issue to fly. I once put branches
on which freshly emerged Dicr. vinula were resting into a full water-trough; though half a yard below the
surface they kept clmgmg to the branch without awakening from their lethargic state, until want of breath
induced them after some minutes slowly to crawl upwards out of the water. Moths of Phalera and Datana when
handled keep the wings close to the body and can be rolled along the sandy ground without being induced
to move. Specimens of Pterostoma and Lophopteryx fall to the ground when touched, remain lying on their
side, and have even been observed to be attacked by ants in this state carried away some distance before show-
ing any sign of life. And the caterpillar behaves just like the moth; being mostly soft and flabby they
are slow and hesitating in their movements except when attacking.

The caterpillars of many species are gregarious when young, while others are found singly. Young
Phalera bucephala larvae cover the underside of leaves, one specimen Ijing close to the other, and even when
full-grown they do not disperse far on account of their inherent sluggishness. The eggs of Dicr. vinula are
usually laid in pairs on leaves, and those of some Cerura quite singly. It is very remarkable how consistently
year after year some species are met witli in certain localities cc even on certain individual trees, while the
neighbourmg trees which offer apparently exactly the same conditions of life are avoided. I found, for in-
stance, for several years two trees of a group of Asps entirely denuded of leaves twice a year by the caterpillars

NOTODONTID.E. Introduction. By Dr. A. Settz. 283

of Pygaera anastomosis, whereas on the otlier trees of the group only single specimens were observed and these
were evidently accidentally dispersed.

Owing to their preference for the higher trees in woods and avenues the Notodontidae are not inju-
rious to agriculture and also not actually dangerous to forests. Real defoliation has been observed by me only
in the case of Lime, Willow and Poplar, trees which all suffer extraordinarily little from the lo.ss of the foliage.
The Notodonts do not occur in such numbers that they can defoliate forests or whole nurseries, although we
may meet with them very frequently in nature. As in the case of the distribution of the family, which will again
be considered later on, also the yearly number of individuals is uncommonly constant, which accounts for the
special role which the Prominents play in the fauna. It is quite surprising how constant is the abundance
or rarity of the Notodontidae year after year in the various localities. Such an enormous difference in the
abundance of specimens as is sometimes observed in certam other Lepidoptera, as e. g. in Dendrolimus pini,
Lymantria dispar etc., which disappear sometimes for years and then again occur in incredibly large num-
bers, is entirely unknown among the Notodontids.

When we said above that most of our European Prominents are common species, either actually being
found in numbers or appearing less frequently in collections because their home is difficult to reach, we
did not mean to maintain that there are no great rarities here and there among them, species which either
are on the verge of extinction or whose centre of distribution has not yet been discovered. I mention Py-
gaera timon, for instance, which is still very rare in collections, further Rhegmatophikt alpina, whicli has a very
small area of distribution, being restricted to the neighbourhood of Digne, and Cerura verbasci, which has
nowadays almost disappeared from the dealers' lists. The strikingly marked Uropyia meticulodina from
Eastern Asia is almost exclusively obtained by breeding, and the robust Nadata cristata, which has the facies
of a Lasiocamp, is a rare catch at the lamp.

Most of the Notodonts have two broods in the temperate countries. The genera Cerura, Pheosia,
Notodonta, Pygaera, Pterostoma, Lophopteryx, and Drymonia, some of which contain a considerable number of
species, usually appear in the early spring and again late in the summer. A number of other genera have a so-call-
ed incomplete summer brood, e. g. Stauropus fagi, some of whose offspring appear as moths in the autumn of
the same year, while the greater porportion of the pupae hibernate.

In a very small number of other genera the duration of the pupal stage does not appear to be'ever
shortened, or only exceptionally so, as for instance in most Phalera. Seasonal dimorphism has not been
observed in the double-brooded species, with the exception of Pygaera ajncalis, whose spring and summer
broods have been proved by Betjtenmuller to show a noteworthy difference.

The Notodonts are rather constant not only in the succeeding broods but also in the different districts.
Only in certain areas of America did Packard believe to have observed local variation with a tendency
towards melanism, but the did not consider the occurrence of the phenomenon established on suffficient evi-
dence. In the Palearctic Region a darkening of the ground-colour is sometimes observed m the North
(Dicr. phantofna), sometimes in the South (Dicr. delavoiei), and m other cases also in the East {Hoplitis
umhrosa, Gluphisia amurensis). But the variation is on the whole so insignificant that the family must be
considered one of the most constant.

The geographical distribution is very uniform. In the local faunae of Central Europe almost every-
where about 30 species of Prominents may be considered as indigenous, and in the whole Palearctic Region about
200 forms have been observed. In Northern Africa occur about 80 forms. South America, India and Africa
have each 100 — 200 forms. The Australian Continent is decidedly poor, hardly a dozen species having been
found; but some of these are very large, and the number will certainly increase as the exploration of Au-
stralia, especially the tropical northern districts, proceeds.

The variety exhibited in the facies of the Notodontidae is to some extent repeated in the details of the
structure of their bodies and wings, so that we can give but few'morphological characters which apply to the
entire family. Moreover, an exact delimitation of the family is still wanting.

Head large, anteriorly quadrangular, covered with dense woolly hair, frons broad, between the antennae
sometimes a crest of hair, and above the base of the antenna short tufts; capsule of head without groove
for the reception of the shaft of the antenna at rest; occiput very short behind eyes and antennae. An-
tenna usually of normal length (about ^o the costa); always pectinate in (J, sometimes to the tip, sometimes
to two-thirds, the branches in some forms (Datana) long and characteristic in shape, or spread out [Birda plu-
mosa). Maxillae well-developed, the proboscis functionless, only said to be large in Tarsolepis, in the other
Notodonts obsolescent. Palpi sometimes short, sometimes long, strongly hairy, sometimes abnormally long
(Pterostoma). Thorax robust, broader than long, the prothorax very short, mesothorax transverse, meta-
thorax above very narrow. The forewing narrow, elongate, with the costal margin straight or slightly con-
vex, and the distal margin very oblique, usually entire, rarely dentate; the hind margin bears very commonly
a tooth-like jirojection which is densely covered with hair-scales ; the subcostal 5-branched, remaining close
to the costal margin to the apex; the cell usually long and narrow, gradually increasing in width, middle me-
dian branch (vein 5) nearer to the upper than the lower angle. The hindwing rather small, ovate, as a
rule far surpassed in length by the abdomen; costal edge straight, apex more rounded than is usually the case

284

TARSOLEPIS; DUDUSA. By Dr. K. C4rtjnberg.

in the Noctuids, the distal margin evenly rounded; the hindwing as a rule much paler than the forewing, but
the anal angle, on which lies the dorsal tooth of the forewing when the wings are folded in rest-position, has
mostly the same colour and stile of marking as the forewing. Legs rather short and strong, the tibiae usually
strongly hairy and in this case the anterior ones stretched forward when at rest ; hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs,
fore tibia often with 1 pair. — Egg seniiglobular, very flat. Larva in first stage with very large head, later
on the facies often strongly modified and some structures abnormally enlarged, this being the case sometimes
with the tails, sometimes with the posterior segments, or dorsal humps, or the thoracical legs. Pupa ob-
tuse, rather strongly chitinised, some naked and without protection in the ground, others enclosed in a protec-
tive cover of leaves drawn together, or in a cocoon made of paperlike silk or even of bark gnawed into bits
and formed into a hard wooden shell.

As mentioned above, the family of Notodontidae has not yet been sharply defined. Formerly considered
as one of the most generalised families, the Proniinents nowadays more and more come to be regarded as a recent
grup strongly complicated by adaptations, and showmg affuaities to the Saturnids and especially the Sphingids.

1. Genus: Tarsolepis Butl.

This genus contains 3 species, which are among the largest known Indian Notodonts. The largest
species, T. fulgurifera Walk., occurs in North India, a second species is found on the Sunda Islands, and the
third is widely distributed, also occurring over a large area of the Palearctic Region. In the (J the antenna is
simple, or pectinate to beyond centre, base with dense tuft of scales, the apical portion setiform like the
entire antenna of the $. Palpi upturned to nearly to centre of frons, segments 1 and 2 broad with scaling,
end-segment short, cylindrical, thin, distinctly marked. Proboscis strong. Eyes naked. Abdomen long
and slender, with dense anal tuft of remarkably large long-stalked scales. Forewing long, with sharp apex;
distal margin very oblique, dentate, but otherwise straight, hind angle well marked, the hind margin rather
short and slightly curved; veins 6 and 7 of forewing togetherfrom the anterior cell-angle, 8, 9 and 10 on a long
stalk, which is touched by 8 in a point so that a long areole is formed, 8 terminating in the apex. Hindwing
relatively short and broad, costal and distal margms moderately curved, the latter less dentate than on the
forewing; veins 6 and 7 as in forewing; cell of both wings devided by a longitudinal vein-like incrassa-
tion. Middle tibia with 2, hind tibia with 4 spurs, middle and hind tibiae with a long brush of hair, hind femur
with a long tuft of hair near the apex.

The genus is Palearctic and Oriental, and comprises only a few species of considerable size, whose
facies is remarkably like that of the Sphingidae.

T. sommeri Hbn. (= remicauda Butl.) (48 h). A large conspicuous species expanding up to 85 mm.
Antenna of (^ pectinate. Ground-colour of the wings dark brown, darkest and velvety in the centre of the
forewing, more yellowish grey at the margins, especially at the costal margin; above vein 1 of forewing a large,
sharply defined, triangular or wedge-shaped silver-spot and another between veins 3 and 4. Underside rather
uniformly yellowish brown irrorated with dark scales, on forewing a small black discal spot, on hindwing a
large one, both wings with a narrow dark median band. — From North India to the Sunda Islands (Borneo),
over South China to the Philipj^ines, being very plentiful on the latter group of islands. In the Paleactic
Region in Japan, not rare on the main island and Kiushiu.

2. Genus: I>ii<liisa Walk.

Nearly related to Tarsolepis Butl., with which it agrees in size, structure of the antennae, the long
body, the anal tuft of scales, and the shape of the wings. The thorax bears a high median crest of scales.
The venation of the forewing differs from that of Tarsolepis in the stalk of 8 and 9 anastomosing with 7 be-
yond the origin of 10. The hind femur has no subapical tuft of long hairs. ■ — This genus also is Palearc-
tic, one species occurring as far as Nortli China. Only 2 species are known, and curiously enough the spe-
cies on which Walker based the genus became first known from North (!hina, provided the locality is correct.

sphingi- D. sphingifortnis Moore (44 a, erroneously called nobilis). Thorax pale brownish grey, with 2 black

formis. dots in the centre, which are sometimes indistinct, and on each side one near the base of the forewing; the erect
crest of scales black-brown. Abdomen black-brown, with pale median line and pale lateral spots, anal brush
black-brown. Forewing with pale greyish brown ground, traversed in the centre by a whitish lunulate double
line curved twice ; at the costal margin some black-brown spots, before the distal margin and at the hind mar-
gin with black-brown streaks; along the distal margin 3 Imes composed of pale separate lunules. Hmdwing
dark grey-brown to black-brown, with ill-defined dark discal spot and two paler lunate lines along the distal
margin, the anal area pale and usually rather extended. — North India as far as the southern Palearctic
boundary; also in China (Pekin).

noMMs. D. nobilis Walk. Body similar to that of sphingiformis, thorax also with sharp black dots, but the

anal brush contains, besides the black scales, numerous long pale reddish brown hairs. Basal area of forewing

DAMATA; OERURA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 285

dark brown, only the extreme base white, with 3 black dots; at the costal margiii a large white spot which
is continued to the hind margin by 2 lunate lines and traversed by an oblique band running from the costal
margin to the hind angle ; along the distal margin lines of pale arcs as in sphingiformis. Hindwing black,
paler at the hind margin, along the distal margin almost black pale-edged lunules. — ■ Sunda Islands. We
mention the species here because Walker described it form "North China". The record, however, appears
to be erroneous and the species not to be Palearctic at all.

3. Genus: Daiiiala Walk.

Antennae iucJ with very long branches to three-fourths, the apical portion simple, in $ shortly pectin-
ated to the same point. Palpi moderately large, obliquely upturned and very densely scaled. Eyes naked.
Body densely scaled, especially the thorax; abdomen extending for nearly half its length beyond the anal angle
of the hindwing. Forewing strongly elongate and narrow, apex rounded, distal margin strongly oblique form-
ing a very obtuse but distinct angle with the hind margiii. Hindwing broad, the anal angle somewhat
lobate. Nein 5 of forewing thrown off close below the upper angle of cell or even from vein 6, the latter stalk-
ed with 7, 8 and 9, vein 10 connected beyond 6 with the stalk of 7, 8, 9, forming an areole. In hindwing
vein 5 like^vise close to upper cell-angle, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 free.

D. longipennis Walk. (44 a). Antennae and body deep black brown, patagia white with dark brown longipennis.
edge. Wings white; forewing densely dusted with single black scales, in basal as well as apical halves with a
costal and a hindmarginal black dot one below the other, the basal dots especially large, being only slightly
seperated or even confluent; the distal costal dot drawn out into a point and continued by a lunate line, which
sometimes reaches the hindmarginal dot; marginal .spots well developed, a number of still smaller dots along
the costal edge. On the hindwing the anal angle blackish, the distal margin in (^ narrowly, in $ broadly edged
with black-brown, frmges with white dots. — In North India, especially Kashmir; the specimen figured came
from the Kulu district.

4. Genus: V ovnr^a Schrank.

Antennae pectinated in both sexes to the tip, the branches long in (J, short in $. Palpi porrect, short,
only slightly extending beyond frons, above with soft hair, below bristly. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked
ocelli absent. Frons, thorax and base of antennae densely hairy, also the abdomen densely covered with woolly
hair, elongate, but obtuse, considerably extending beyond the anal angle of the hindwing. Forewing elongate,
narrow, obtusely triangular, costal margin quite straight close to the apex; the latter slightly rounded, distal
margin strongly obtuse, slightly curved, forming an obtuse angle with the hind margin. Hindwing almost
semicircular, with the costal margin slightly curved. In forewing veins 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 on a stalk from upper
cell-angle, or 10 from cell, 10 anastomosing with stalk of 7, 8, 9, forming a small areole. In hindwing veins
6 and 7 on a very long stalk. Hind tibia with short end-spurs only.

The scheme of wing-markings is very uniform in the various species, apart from slight modifications,
only verbasci from Southern France and Northern Spain deviating more strongly. The forewing bears a black
basal dot and a transverse row of 4 or 5 subbasal ones, further, across the cell and the whole width of the
wing a more or less broad, continuous, constricted or interrupted, grey to greyish black band, which is usually
sharply bordered with black or yellow ; beyond the black discal dot there are 2 transverse dentate lines wliich
run across the whole wing,. the outer one bemg accompanied by a subapical band, which is coloured like the
transverse band and as a rule reaches from the costal margin to vein 4. Both wings bear sharp black marginal
dots, and the hindwing has, besides the black discal spot, a blackish and often obsolescent submarginal band,
which is however sometimes absent.

Eggs flat, lentil-shaped. Larva, generally known as puss, almost naked, only bearing short and dispersed
hair; broadest in front, with 14 legs. Head retractile into the thorax, at the apex of segment 1 two lateral
tubercles which are either short and blunt or rather long and pointed, at the hind margin of segment 2 a broad
obtuse median projection; anal claspers modified into two long filamentous processes directed backwards, from
which two thin red threads serving as organs of defense can be projected. The larva when molested assumes
a threatening attitude, retracting the head very strongly, somewhat raising the thorax, which has become
broadened, and projecting the filaments from the likewise raised tails. They feed on deciduous trees, especially
Poplar, Birch and Willow. Pupa short, broad and compact, with rounded anal end; in an extraordinary strong
and hard cocoon, which consists of a trough-like cavity gnawed into the trunk or branch of a tree and vaulted
over by a roof made of the chips cemented together by a secretion from the mouth, the cocoon therefore appear-
ing externally as an usually rather flat hump closely appressed to the trunk or branch. Distributed in the
Palearctic Region and North America.

C, verbasci i^. (44 b). White, thorax beneath with black-blue markings, abdomen with narrow blackish i'cr6a.sci.
belts. Forewing glossy white with black-blue markings, viz., a series of 6 costal dots, a prediscal band com-

286 CERURA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

mencing at the second clot and upon which follow 4: black transverse spots in cellule 1 b, a subapical band extend-
ing from the costal margin to vein -t, a small discal spot followed by two narrow transverse stripes, and some
innermarginal dots ; the black dots at the tips of the veins are larger posteriorly. There are also some orange-
yellow spots present, viz., at the costal margin between the last costal dot and the subapical band, at the margin
close to the anal angle, and two smaller ones in cellule 1 b at the inner margin of the transverse band. Hind-
wing white. Southern France and North-Eastern Spain. — Larva similar to that of C. bicuspis, the red-brown
dorsal marking not interrupted laterally, two white-centred black lateral spots on abdominal segments 2 and 7.
June and autumn on species of Salix. ■ — The name of the species is a misnomer, being derived from a plant
on which the larva does not feed. During recent years the species has become much rarer in collections than
formerly. It is doubtless a local insect in contradistinction to most of its congeners.

aeruginosa. C. aeruginosa CAri'si. (44 b). Antennae rust-yellow with dark brown branches ; body likeAvise yellowish,

with black markings. Forewing light ochreous with promment black basal dot; the median transverse band
almost of even width, being only slightly constricted, its outer edge without sinus, but with some small teeth
in front of the hind margin, the edges distuictly darker, black; within the band a thin black transverse line
instead of subbasal dots; the subapical band narrow, continued from vein 5 as a dentate line; marginal dots
sharply marked. Hindwing with dark discal spot, ill-defined median shadow, and sharp black marginal spots.
— Sarepta. Issyk-kul. Larva until autumn (Sept.) on Willow (Salix stipularis), very similar to the larva of
C. furcula. Pupa in a hard cocoon on the bark of Willows. Moth in June.

intercalaris. C. intercalaris Gr.-Grsh. Allied to aeruginosa Christ. Antennae black; head, prothorax and forewing

light yellowish grey; the transverse band narrow, proximally sinuate, distally almost straight, narrowly edged
with oclu-eous; the other wing-markings but very slightly indicated, the discal spot absent. Abdomen and
hindwing paler than the forewing, whitish. — North-East China (Tientsm).

bicuspis. C. bicuspis Borkh. (=ioxi\c\x\&Fisch.-Waldh.) (44b). The black transverse band of the forewing very

prominent and cpiite unicolorous, without lighter shade, deeply constricted before centre, its margins hardly
darker, with slight yellow borders; the subapical band likewise deep in colour, marginal dots large and sharply
defined. The black belts of the abdomen sharp, only narrowly interrupted. In Central Europe, from the Carpa-
thians, Eastern Alps and the northern districts of Switzerland to Sweden and Finland, also in England, but
not in Holland, everywhere rare, in April-May and again in August. Eastwards to Moscow and Kasan. —
infumaia. The East-Siberian form, infumata Stgr., from the Ussuri district, has the wings strongly darkened by smoke-
colour, the black markings, however, remaining prominent, by which character it is easily distinguished from
lanigera, which occurs together with infumata. Its larva does not differ from European specimens and feeds
transiens. like these on Birch. — The East-Russian form transiens Kridik., described from the district of Viatka, is a
japonica. transition from true bicuspis to the East-Siberian infumata. — Japanese specimens, japonica form. nov. (44 c),
are similar to transiens, differing from infumata likewise in their paler colouring, but represent perhaps a distinct
species. — Larva yellowish green, with red dots; the triangular red-brown thoracical spot has whitish edges
and is separated from the similarly coloured dorsal stripe of the abdomen; this stripe is narrow on segment
1, where it commences, widened to the spiracles on segment 4, then narrowed, and again widened at the apex
of the abdomen, ending in a small black spot; anal filaments with broad red-brown rings. July to September,
especially on Birch, more rarely on Aspen and Alder. — This species comes undoubtedly very close to the North-
American borealis Bdv.

lanigera. C. lanigera Butl. (44 b as lonigera). Closely allied the dark East -Asiatic infumata, a form of bicuspis; but

the forewing, especially its centre, still somewhat darker in tint, the bands therefore being less prominent ; the
transverse band strongly constricted, as in bicuspis, but not in all the sj^ecimens according to Leech. Amur-
land, Corea and Japan, rather abundant throughout Amurland. Larva very similar to that of bifida, feeding
like this on Aspen until the autumn, more rarely on AVillow and never on Birch. The pupa sometimes hibernates
pulvigera. twice. — In Armenia (Lagodechi) occurs pulvigera Stgr.. which its author places as a variety of this species;
the upperside of the wings is dusted with deeper black, the median band is a little broader and distally excised,
and the underside is of a lighter tint.

furcula. C. furcula Clerck (= bicuspis Bdv., fuscinula Dup., occidentalis Lintn., salicis Lenn.) (44c). The blackish

grey median band is sharply edged with black, its distal sinus usually extends only to the apex of the cell; beyond
the middle 3 parallel dentate lines. Almost throughout Europe, northward to Lapland, southward to Central
Ital}' and Portugal, eastward found in northern Asia Minor, Amurland, Northern China, and Corea; occurs also
in North America. In Central-Europa usually 2 broods, the first in May and June, the second in August. — •

horcalis. In borealis Borkh. (^^c), from Lapland and Northern Russia, thorax and wings are blackish smoke-colour; spe-
sangaica. cimens from Amurland also are somewhat darker than those from Central and Southern Europe. — sangaica
Moore, which inhabits North and Central China, is distinguished by its narrower median band. — Egg black.
The larva at first blackish, later stages yellowish green clotted with red, a large patch on the thorax and con-
tinuous with it dorsal spots on abdominal segments 1 — 8 dark red-brown; the spot on segment 4 largest, extend-
ing sidewaj's to the stigmata. Head of the same colour as the spots. Anal filaments with red-brown rhigs.

DICRANURA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 287

July and September — Oktober, especially on Sallow, but also on Aspen, Birch, and Beech. Pupa in a brown
cocoon, yellowish brown with greenish wing-cases; frequently hibernates twice.

C. bifida Hhn. (= furcula Esj)., hermelina Kirhy, latifascia Curt., ajatar Schilde) (44 c). Differs from bifida.
its nearest ally, furcula. apart from the somewhat larger size, in the much broader and sharper black edges to
the median band, which bears an evenly incurved shallow smus on the distal side to below vein 2; of the exterior
dentate lines usually only 2 are well developed. Likewise throughout Europe, northward to Lapland, south-
ward to Portugal, Northern Spain, Central Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, Armenia to Persia, Altai. ■ — As in the
case of furcula, a northern resp. Scandinavian-Laponian race is distinguished by its dark smoky ground-colour,
saltensis Schoyen. — In Southern France and Spam the species is likewise represented by a special race, urocera saltemis.
Bdv., in which the markings are leas developed, or some even entirely obsolete, especially in the marginal area. ^^°''^^-
— fuscinuki Steph., arcuata Steph., integra Steph. and latifascia Curt., which were described from England, are
hardly different from true bifida. — Egg black. Larva similar to that of furcula, with similar dark red-brown
dorsal spots; first stage blackish, later ones yellowish green with sparse red lateral dots; the large triangular
thoracical patch divided by a narrow pale median line and irregularly variegated with light spots, as well as
edged with reddish yellow. The dorsal abdominal spots extend to the anal segment. End of July to September
on species of Populus, especial Aspen. Pupa pale brown, in a dark brown cocoon. Moth early in June.

C. interrupta Christ. (44 c). Ground-colour paler than in bifida, no yellow markmgs; the median band interrupta.
of (^ usually interrupted, in $ at least strongly constricted, the posterior portion of the band always very narrow.
Distributed in the eastern Mediterranean districts, Sarepta, Caucasus, throughout AsiaMuior, Persia, Kurdistan,
Syria, and also in Tunisia. Together with the ordinary form occurs a variety with the band rather broader, but
likewise strongly constricted, pttriAJph., being recognized as belonging to iw^en'Mjato especially by the absence of peiri.
yellow markings. — Larva pale bluish green, with whitish dorsum ; thoracical patch and dorsal stripe dark
brown and continuous. August and September on Populus nigra.

C. ludoviciae Piing. Closely allied to interrupta; head, thorax and forewing whitish yellow, the median ludovicae.
band rather narrow, widened at the costal and hind margins, dusted with blackish grey and edged with a darker
colour; discal spot and the two proximal dentate lines only feebly indicated, the outer dentate line and the
marginal dots prominent. Hindwing pure white, with vestigial marginal dots. — Chinese Turkestan. Possibly
a local race of interrupta.

C. syra Gr.-Grsh. Allied to interrupta Christ, and intercallaris Gr.-Grsh. Forewing pale reddish grey, syra.
lighter (yellowish grey) at the costal and distal margins; transverse band narrow, grey, several times inter-
rupted, edged with black and yellow; the long subapical spot coloured and bordered like the band; the other
markings scarcely indicated. Hindwing white, with black discal spot and diffuse blackish submarginal band,
which is sometimes absent. Antenna white, with black pectinations, body white, thorax grey in the centre,
with 3 yellow streaks. Syria.

5. Genus: Dicraiiiira Bdv.

This genus is very close to Cerura, but the species it contauis are larger and more robust. Antennae
pectinated to the tip, the branches very long in ^J, short in $; palpus small, porrect, and densely hairy, the
whole body, especially the thorax and the legs, also densely woolly. In the forewing veins 6- — 9 stalked together
forming an areole with 10, vein 5 close to upper angle of cell. The ground-coloiir of the body and wings is
white or grey, the thorax and abdomen bearing black dots and spots ; the basal area of the forewing is similarly
marked as in Cerura, bearing a broad blackish transverse band accompanied by dots; the outer half of the
wing has a very large number of deeply zigzag transverse parallel lines. ^ — Eggs hemispherical, dark red-brown,
the flat under surface encircled by a white ring. The larvae resemble those of Cerura, only being larger and the
dorsal tubercle always being placed on the third thoracical segment. Pupa and cocoon as in Cerura. When
irritated the larva retracts the head into the thorax, raises the fore and aft parts and remains motionless in
this threatening altitude, the long thin red tail-threads being projected and the gland.s situated on tlie.se threads
emitting a nauseous scent. At the same time a strongly corrosive secretion exudes from two glands which open
at the head. ■ — Distributed from Europe to Japan, China and the Himalayas, southward into the Sahara as far
as Poplars and Willows occur. The species has but one brood in the northern districts, only very occasionally
some specimens appear in the autumn, which however do not produce a second brood as is the case with all
Cerura. At the southern boundary, in southern Algeria, the larvae pupate already in June, but remain in the
pupal stage until the next spring.

D. ertninea Esp. (44 d), Ermine. Middle segments of abdomen above black with white median stripe, erminea.
the last two segments white with black longitudinal stripes. Ground-colour of wings white or pale whitish grey,
with the usual black basal dots, zigzag bands and black veins. In Central Europe with the exception of Den-

288 DICRANURA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

mark, Holland and England, rare evei'3'Tvhere, extending northward to Livonia, southward to Central Italy,
Candida, eastward to Eastern Russia and theBukovina; also inAmurland and Japan. — A lighter-coloured form, Candida
Stgr., has been separated; its wings are almost pure white with feeble markings and pale veins; first described
■from the Ussuri district, but also known from Europe. The larva of this form feeds on Aspen in Amurland. —
menciana. meiiciana Moore, which appears to occur only in China, has on the contrary the markings more prominent and
the ground darker, violet-grey. Specimens from Japan agree in all essentials with Chinese ones. — Larva at
first blackish, full-grown pale green with dark red-brown dorsal marking, which has a violet tmt and is edged
with white, the marking being similar to that found in Cerura; the large triangular thoracical patch, in front of
which there is a black dot at e.ach side, narrows to the tubercle and is continuous with the dorsal abdominal stripe,
the latter widening on segment 4 to the spiracles, then strongly narrowing and again somewhat widenuig poste-
riorly; on segment 4 a white transverse stripe narrowly edged with red extends from the red jiatch to the legs.
Stigmata bordered with black. June to September, on Salix and Populus.

przetvalskii. D. przewalskii Alph. (44 d). Ground-colour pure white. Forewing with very sparse remnants of the

black markings, most distinct being the discal spot m both wings. Thorax with the usual black dots, abdomen
entirely white. The antenna of (J exceedingly strongly pectinate, more strongly so than in D.vinukt. ■ — Central
Asia: Issyk-kul, Tian-shan, East Turkestan (Kashgar).

vinula. D. vinula L. Occurring throughout the Palearctic Region and varying much in colour. The ground-

colour fluctuates between a very light greyish white and an almost uniform black. Thorax lighter or darker
grey, with the usual black dots; abdomen blackish grey with the edges of the segments more or less broadly
white. The forewing bears a grey transverse band beyond the black basal dots, a distinct discal spot and on
the outer half two transverse lines which are exceedingly deeply zigzag ; black streaks extend from the marginal
dots. In the hindwing the marginal dots and discal spot are sometimes absent. Throughout Europe (in the
north as far as Lapland), North Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, Central-Asia, Siberia to Amurland and Japan. True
vinula (44f), from Europe, has the ground light greyish white to grey, the markings of the forewing sharply

mhutx. defined and the marginal dots of the hindwing usually distinct. — A very similar form is minax Hbn. (44 e)
with the subbasal band of the forewing more prominent and the marginal dots of the hindwing absent. Our
estonica. figure is taken from a specimen with the markings especially dark and sharp. — estonica Huene is remarkable
for its exceptionally sparse scaling, only the basal third of the forewing to beyond the grey band being normal
in scaling and markings; the outer two-thirds and the hindwing are very thinly scaled and without markings.
The form was first described from Esthonia and Ingermanland, but occurs also in Western Europe, being already

arctica. recorded l)y Borkhausen. — arctica ZelL, which occurs in Northern Scandinavia and Lapland, is strongly
darkened, the ground-colour being blackish grey and the base of the forewing and the space between the zigzag
lines light; markings still distinct, and the darkened abdomen still bears some light-coloured hair. It is a transi-
phanloma. tion to phatitonia Z)a7m.(44f), which is found in Lapland and has the wings and the upperside of the abdomen
delavoiei. usually uniformly black. — The form from North-West Africa, delavoiei Gaschet (44 f, g), is likewise darker
than true vinula, the forewing being imiformly smoky grey, but bearing sharp markings, and the hindwing dark
brown- grey. It is found in May in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, and extends as far south into the Sahara
as the food-plants occur. It is remarkable that the eggs are deposited in a different way as in vinula according
to K. DiETZE ( Jugenheini), not being laid singly or in pairs, but in clusters of about 20 on the tnuik or the
leaf. The larva, too, is somewhat different from that of innula, and is so abundant in some years in North Africa
intermedia, that many Poplars are entirely defoliated by it. — intermedia Teich., from the Ararat and Kurdistan, which
was described as a distinct species and is still insufficiently known, is probably also a form of vimtla; it is larger
than ordinary specimens of this species, and the zigzag lines are more prominent and more pointed. — In Amur-
felina. land, Corea and Japan, the species is represented by a somewhat different form, felina Britl. (= askolda Oherth.)
(44 e), which is distinguished by the black-edged patagia, very dark brown veins, white ground to both wings
and especially deeply dentate postdiscal lines of the forewing. Discal spot and marginal dots of hindwing sharply
marked. — Larva similar to that of D. erminea, at first glossy black, then bright green, with the same dark
red-brown dorsal marking as in erminea, but the dilatation and the white transverse stripe on segment 4 are
not present. The tail-threads are longer than in erminea. Shortly before pupation the larva becomes dark
red to violet ; it turns into a chrysalis in about 3 weeks after spinning up, the pupa, which hibernates, being
dark brown. June to September on various species of Populus and Salix. The young caterpillar usually rests
on the middle of the leaf, which it covers with a fine web for a foothold. Many of the young larvae are de-
stroyed by carniverous Rhynchota, particularly species of Nabis, which attack them when they walk to the
edge of the leaf to eat. The caterpillar is also very frequently infested by Tachinids. When intending to pupate
the caterpillar walks down the tree-trunk, usually between 6 and 8 a. m., and makes the wooden cocoon
1 — 2 y.y metres above the ground. Full-fed larvae which are collected found on such occasions as well a
the pupae are hardly ever infested with parasites, as the Tachinid larvae cannot break through the cocoon

PuJ)l 20. III. 1912. STAUROPUS. By Dr. K. GrItnberg. 289

and therefore would perish, which has indeed been observed in exceptional cases. The pupa very rarely lies
over and can also hardly be forced, pupae kept in a warm place during the winter giving the moth scarcely
earlier than wild pupae.

D. hinialayana Moore (49 c). A form from Dharmsala near the Palearctic boundary. It is vevyhimalayana.
close to the purely Palearctic vimila, also recalling the form menciana of erminea by its wing-markings. The
ground-colour of the wings is rather darker than in the East-Asiatic felirm, the grey subbasal band being very
distinct and the two postdiscal zigzag lines jd laced even nearer together than in vinula. The larva feeds on Salix.

6. Genus : ^taiiropiis Gej-m.

Antennae variable, either in (^ very strongly pectinate for % and in $ simple, only bearing short brist-
les beneath, or pectinate in both sexes (viridescen.s), or in ^ with short fascicles of bristles and in $ simple.
Palpi porrect, only a little projecting beyond frons, with bristly hair and reduced end-segment. Proboscis
vestigial. Eyes naked; ocelli absent. Body densely covered with woolly hair, especially the thorax, legs and
apex of abdomen; abdominal segments 1 — 5 with a dorsal brush of hair each. Hind tibia only with 2 apical
spurs. Forewing very elongate, with rather acute apex, the distal margin being strongly oblique and merging
into the hind margin in a wide even curve; areole absent, vein 5 from the centre of the discocellulars,
6 from the upper angle of cell together with the stalk of 7, 8, 9, 10. Hindwing broad, evenly rounded; vein 5
as in forewmg, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 free or connected with cell at middle of same by a short bar.

The ground-colour of the wings is always dull greyish browii to grey, sometimes gi'eenish or in places
reddish; the markings consist of light transverse dentate Imes and rows of spots. The narrow hair-like scales
which are found everywhere among the broader scales, in connection with the indefinite ground-colour, give
the moths a remarkably soft and delicate appearance.

The larvae of this genus have several peculiar and quite exceptional characteristics which render them
exceedingly strange. Head rather high and narrow. Meso- and metathoracical legs very strongly prolonged,
thin, rod-like. Abdominal segments 1 — 5 with two tubercles each, which are most strongly developed on seg-
ments 1 — ^3, ending here in a short sharp point. The last 2 segments strongly widened, quite flat beneath,
the sharp edge of the widened sides armed with short pointed teeth. Anal claspers modified into two long,
thin, pointed processes. Head and body covered with very short but rather dense hair. The larvae rest with
the anterior and posterior ends raised, the long thoracical legs being crossed one over the other. Pupa in a
pale loose cocoon between leaves, black-brown, strongly glossy, the apex of abdomen ending in a point bearing
2 small bristles.

The European fauna contains only one species, which is distributed to East Siberia and Japan; from
Japan and China 5 species are known, which apparently are confined to East Asia, 2 others from Central Asia.
On the other hand a whole series of species occur in India, some of which extend in the Himalayas into the
most southern districts of the Palearctic Region.

S. fagi L. (44g), Lobster Moth. Wings grey-brown; forewing with light grey base and black basal dot, fa^i-
a pale" dentate band at the border of the light basal area and another in the centre, before the margin a row
of dark submarginal dots which are edged with white proximally; hind margin usually red-brown. Hindwing
with some light spots in the centre of the costal margin. Antennae red-brown, head and thorax grey-brown
to mouse-grey, abdomen lighter. Underside of forewing light grey-brown, of hindwing and abdomen light
greyish yellow. Throughout Europe with the exception of the most southern districts, occurring as far as Por-
tugal, Central Italy and Bulgaria, and nothward to Sweden and Livonia; Russia (Ural), Armenia, Amurland,
Japan. Together with the typical form occurs in Europe a form with the forewing darkened and sharply
marked; this is ab. obscura Rebel. — The Japanese form, persimilis Butl. (44 g), is somewhat smaller than true obseura.
fagi, with more uniformly red-brown colouring and less obvious light basal area of the forewing. — Larva P^«''»" **■
yellowish brown to dark brown, with black longitudinal lines on the 3 anterior paii's of tubercles, the lines of
the second and third pairs being continued as oblique lateral stripes to the stigmata. On abdominal segments
1 and 2 a black spot below the stigmata, on 3 to 6 a narrow black lateral line situated just above the spir-
acles. June to autumn on Beech, Oak, Lime, Hazel, Walnut. In captivity it is necessary always to provide
fresh food for the larvae and also to give them water to drink. The larvae are quarrelsome and mordaceous, and
collectors have been warned not to keep a number together as they wound each other. This, though denied
by some, has lately been proved to be true in the case of faulty treatment. It is very difficult to feed up
larvae collected wdien very young, moulting being especially perilous for the larvae on account of their irregular
shape. Pupa glossy black-brown, in a light pale grey cocoon which is placed between leaves. Early larvae give
the moths already in June or August, while from those pupating at the end of July or later the moths appear
in May or June of the following year. The moths come to the light ; they rest in day-time closely appressed
to tree trunks, the strongly woolly fore legs being held stretched forward as in Dasychira pudibunda.

II 37

290 CNETHODONTA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

basalis. S. basalis Moore (= taczanowskii Obertli.) (44 g), from China (Shanghai) and Japan, is considerably

smaller than fagi; the forewing is comparatively broader, the light basal area extends across the first trans-
verse band to the median band. — • Specimens of this species from Japan have less sharp markings and a uni-

niphonica. form and pale brown ground-colour. There is a distinct red tone in the median band. We call this form ni-
phonica w. ab. (44 g).
comahts. S. comatus Leech. Forewing white, base and hind margm brownish grey with black markings, beyond

cell a brownish grey spot between costal margin and vem 5. Hind^\ing white, with brown-grey submarginal
band, which becomes narrow and indistinct below vein 3; the hindmarginal half suffused with blackish and
bearing white hair. — West China (Omei-Shan).

berberisae. S. berberisae Moore (49 a) is really an Oriental form, occurrmg at the boundary of our region in the

Himalayas (Dharmsala) to the south of Kashmir. Ground-colour very dark brown; the markings similar to
those of fagi, sharply expressed, black, edged with white proximally. The larva feeds on Berberisa in July and
August.
viridescens. S. viridescens Walk. A large species for this genus, the $ having an expanse of up to 100 mm. Body

grey-brown, collar and patagia, hind edge of thorax and apex of abdomen green. Forewing grey-green with
2 subbasal, 2 prediscal, and 3 postdiscal black-brown lines of arcs, as well as 1 submarginal one; in $ the median
area of the forewing between the pre- and postdiscal lines as well as the base brownish. Hindwing grey-brown
with lighter costal margin.- — Widely distributed in the Oriental Region, and extending northward to China. The
species being an essentially Indian insect, it will be figured in vol. X.

bideniatus. S. bidentatus Wileman. Head and thorax white-grej% collar and patagia edged with black-brown.

Forewing with the same light ground-colour; the entire median area from the hind margin foreward occupied
by a large dark brown spot which is shallowly excised before the hind margin, so that it bears here two pointed
projections; the central portion of the hind margin below the patch white; on the outer half of the wing a
postdiscal white ta-ansverse band and a submarginal one, between which there is a dark costal spot; along the
margm a blackish line of arcs, the fringes spotted with blackish at the veins. Hindwing and abdomen grey-
brown, the former with a paler median band and whitish fringes with dark spots. — Japan (Hondo).

nigrilinea. S. (?) iligrilinea Leech. Head and collar blackish, patagia grej^; hind margin of thorax and the ab-

domen grey-brown. Forewing greyish, sparsely dusted with black scales; a narrow black streak runs from
the hind margin obliquely to the apex of the cell and thence to the distal margin. Hindwing grey-brown.
— Central China (Chang- Yang).
tama. S. lama Oberth. (48 g). Forewing and thorax ashy grey, irrorated with dispersed black scales, the

anterior portion being lighter; below the cell an elongate black basal sjjot reaching to the prediscal band, which
is composed of isolated black spots; postdiscal band broad, composed of continuous black spots; before the
margin a black transverse line. Hindwing grey-brown, the costal margin with blackish apical spot. — Siao-
lu, at the Chinese-Tibetan frontier.
picieti. s. picteti Oberth. (48 g). A rather large species, recalling fagi by its scheme of markings. The large

basal patch of the forewing reaches to the prediscal band and is bright grey-green ; in front of the black discal
spot some black dots in the cell, the postdiscal dentate band as well as its pale edges indistinct ; the row of black
submarginal spots as in fagi, but without light proximal border. Hindwuig lighter grey-brown, the basal
half of the costal area green. — Siao-lu.

7. Genus: Cnetliodoiita Stgr.

Allied to Sfaiiropus. Antennae of both sexes pectinate to the tip, the pectinations long in J, short in
$. Palpi longer than in Stauropus, distinctly projectmg beyond the frons, being slightly upturned. Tongue
vestigial. Eye naked. Legs clothed with dense woolly hair, nearly as in Stauropus, hind tibia with terminal
spurs. Abdomen with apical tuft, which is short in $. Forewing relatively broad, the costal margin slightly
curved in distal half, distal margin not very strongly oblique, likewise slightly curved, hind angle obtuse.
Hindwing broad, with the hind margin almost straight. In forewing veins 3 and 4 close together from lower
angle of cell, 7, 8, 9 and 10 stalked, without areole. In hindwing veins 3 and 4 together from lower cell-angle,
which is pointed and much produced, 5 from befoi'e the centre of the discocellulars, 6 and 7 on a long stalk,
8 touching centre of cell in a point. — The geims appears to be restricted to Eastern Asia, whence 4 species
are kno^sii.
griaescens. c. grisescens Stgr. (= acronycta Oberth. ?) (45 b). Head and thorax' grey; abdomen grey-brown.

Forewing light grey-white, dusted everywhere with black-brown scales, a prediscal transverse line and a postdiscal
one, as well as a discal spot and a row of submarginal spots likewise black-bro^\ni ; the dark scales of which the
lines and spots are composed are semi-erect. Hindwing grey-brown with the costal margua paler. — Amur-
land and Japan.
pryeri. C. pryeri Leech. Forewing grey-white, irrorated with dark scaling; an interrupted subbasal band

blackish, a prediscal line and a postdiscal one dark, beyond the latter an irregular dark macular band. Hind-
wing grey-brown with paler apex, — Japan,

EXAERETA; FENTONIA. By Dr. K. GRraBEEG. 291

C. cyanea Leech (45 a). Head and thorax grey, abdomen grey-brown. Forewing dark reddish brown, cyanea.
with a brownish suffusion in cj, a more greenish suffusion in $, a curved postdiscal band indistinct. HLnd-
wing light grey-brown with darker margin. — Japan.

C. pustulifera Oberth. (48g). Uniformly yellowish grey, abdomen with blackish lateral spots. On pmMifera.
the wings a numberof white, partly black-edged, tufts of scales, which indicate an indistinct prediscal line and a
postdiscal one, and are arranged in a row before the distal margin; at the apex of the cell a similar white
spot; fringes spotted with black. ■ — ■ Ta-tsien-lu.

8. Genus: Exsereta Hbn.

Antennae in cj with long pectinations to %, the rest bemg thin, filiform, like the entire antenna of $.
Palpi short, with long bristly hair. Proboscis moderately long. Eyes naked; ocelli present biit small. Fore-
wing very long and narrow, its costal margin quite straight to close to apex, distal margin first steep, then
strongly oblique, forming a very obtuse angle with the hind margin; vein 5 from the centre of the discocellulars,
6 close to upper cell-angle, from which the stalk of 7, 8, 9 is thrown off, 10 free from cell, forming an areole
with the stalk of 7, 8, 9. Hindwing likewise rather elongate, nearly semicircular, with the distal margin
somewhat undulate; vein 5 very feebly developed, 6 and 7 on a short stalk. Thorax and abdomen smoothly
hairy, legs with very long dense woolly hair; hind tibia with mid- and end-spurs. — • Larva long cylindrical,
with short minute hair, 14 legs, on abdominal segments 1 and 8 a small conical tubercle; head mcised at
vertex; anal legs modified into 2 long, divergent, rod-like processes which are widened in button-shape at the
tip. Pupa with 2 divergent anal brushes of hair; in the ground in a hard cell. — The only species is:

E. ulmj Schiff. (= cassinia Esp.) (46 d). Head and thorax grey, abdomen pale grey-brown. Fore- ulmi.
wing grey, with darker spots, especially obvious being an oblique transverse spot at apex of cell commencing
at costal margin, a postdiscal row of white-edged black vein-dots and a similar row of dots between the veins
close to the margua. Hmdwing whitish, with brownish margin and brown veins. • — South Germany from
Southern Baden eastward. Northern Switzerland, Southern Tyrol, Lower Austria, Croatia, Dalmatia, Hungary,
Roumania and Southern Russia; southward to Corsica and Central Italy; also Armenia and Amurland. In
Central Europe only in some places ; the moth very rare as compared with the fairly abundant caterpillar. The
latter yellowish green to brownish or reddish, densely variegated with small light yellow spots which bear a
short hair each ; on the back a blackish longitudinal line composed of single bars extending across the segmen-
tal incisions. June and July. Pupa at the foot of the food-tree, black-brown, hibernating. Moth in April
and May. The larvae are best collected by beating, as they jump off when one knocks against the branch,
wriggle about on the ground and then hurry towards the trunk of the tree. They sometimes defoliate the trees,
the larvae coming down like rain when the trees are beaten, as in the case of Phalera bucephaki on young limes.
The larva feeds only on Elm, is full-fed in July and makes in the ground a roundish cell, from which the moth
emerges in the following April. As the caterpillar is very difficult to feed up in captivity, it is advisable to
take only full grown ones which show already by the dulness of the originally yellowish colour that they are
close before pupation (Aeno Wagnee).

9. Genus: ITeutouia Butl.

Antennae in (J either pectinate to the apex or the distal half only shortly dentate, in $ setiform. Palpi
upturned to the centre of frons, with a short pointed end-segment. Proboscis present. Eyes naked. Ab-
domen elongate, its apical third extending beyond hindwing. Hair on femora and tibiae very long, dense
and woolly; mid tibia with apical spurs, hind tibia with median and apical ones. Forewing elongate, with
produced apex, distal margin strongly oblique, almost the same in length as hind margin, hind angle very ob-
tuse; hindwing broad; vems 3 and 4 of forewing widely separate, 6, 7 and 8 stalked, 9 from 10, anastomosmg
with 8, forming a long areole. In hindwing 6 and 7 on a short or long stalk. • — The genus is essentially In-
dian, most of the species occurring in Anterior India. It is represented in the Palearctic Region by 4 East-
Asiatic species, of which 2 have only lately been described.

F. OCypete Butl. (= laevis Bull.) (45 b). Body grey brown, variegated with white hairs on head and ocypete.
thorax, which are thereby rendered lighter in colour. Forewing grey-brown, in the typical form prommently
pale brown in the cell and in the basal portion of the hmdmarginal area, with black streaks and transverse
lines : along the median a black streak, a pair of parallel blackish lines before the middle and another pair beyond
the middle, the former rather diffuse, dentate, the latter well defined, strongly excurved below the cell; a sub-
marginal dentate line diffuse, and a dark marginal line distmct. Hindwing light grey-brown, darker at the
anal angle. Amurland, Corea and Japan; also at Simla (North India). — The Japanese specimens evidently

292

H0PL1TI8. Bv Dr. K. Grunberg.

japonica. belong to a special form, which we call japonica form. nov. (45 b). The markmgs are somewhat less prominent,
tho black streak on the median vein is absent, likewise the light brown colouring, which is replaced by a band-
like light grey median area reachhig from first double line to the apex of the cell.

sordida. F. sordida Wilenum. Forewing brownish grey with a slight reddish tint, the outer area of the forewing

darker brown; prediscal band directed obliquely back-and outward, being black in its costal half and accom-
panied by 2 black dots at the costal margin; the postdiscal dentate band double, blackish, slightly incurved
below the middle; along the distal margin a dark line of arcs commencing at the costal margin with a prominent
black spot; at the outer half of the costal margin a row of black dots. Hindwing dark brown, the fringes paler.
— Japan (Hondo).

nihonica. F. nihotiica Wileman. Thorax and forewuig whitish grey, irrorated with numerous black scales;

besides the usual two transverse bands there is a rather prominent blackish subbasal dentate band; prediscal
band double, sharply defined and dentate, running obliquely back- and outward; the anterior half of the space
between it and the subbasal band darkened; postdiscal band likewise prominent, irregularly dentate, excurved
below the cell; between it and the apex a dark costal spot edged with black proximally and distally; along
the distal margin a line of blackish arcs; discal spot sharply defmed, black. Hindwing dark brown, with pale
fringes. — Japan (Hondo).

concentrica. F. coticetitrica Oberth. (48 h). Somewhat resembling F. ocypete in the scheme of markings; ground-

colour uniformly dark grey-brown, forewing without the yellowish longitudinal stripe, being slightly lighter
only below the cell; beyond the centre a sharply marked black semicircular transverse band upon which follows,
parallel with it, a whitish band, which does not quite reach the costal margin; beyond this band a row of black
vein-dots; before the black band an indistinct, deeply dentate, discal band composed of 2 blackish parallel
lines. Hindwing uniformly grey-brown. — Ta-tsien-lu.

10. Genus: Hoplitii^ Hbn. (= Hybocampa Lerf.).

Antennae pectinate to 2 3 in both sexes, very long in the (^ with the branches rather abruptly decreasing,
shorter m the $ with the branches gradually decreasing, the apical portion serrate. Palpi very short, scarcely
reaching beyond the frons. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked; ocelli absent. Forewing very elongate in (J,
nearly as in Exaereta, but the costal margin rather more strongly curved and the distal margin more evenly
and more strongly oblique; in $ the forewing essentially broader; vein 6 from centre of discocellulars, 6 together
with the stalk of 7, 8, 9 from the upper cell-angle, 10 free, areole absent. Hindwmg broad, rounded-triangu-
lar, veins 6 and 7 on a long stalk. Hair on thorax and abdomen smooth, on legs long, dense and woolly; hind
tibia only with end-spurs. — Larva almost naked, only clothed with very short, thin, but rather dense
hair, with 14 feet, the head large, flat, incised above and having a rounded-rectangular outline.
Thoracical segment 1 with 2 short obtuse lateral tubercles, abdominal segments 1^ — 6 each with a dorsal pro-
cess ending in a sharp point, which is directed anad, the anterior process of considerable length, with forked
tip, the following ones decreasing in size, on segment 8 a large vertical dorsal process with sharp point, as well
as 2 small lateral ones with the point directed backwards; the anal feet replaced by 2 very short points. Pupa
short and stout, the anal end broadly rounded, vertex with a short pointed tubercle which is employed in
opening the cocoon. The latter oval, flat, of the grey colouring of the tree-trunk to which it is fastened. —
Only 1 species is known of this genus.

mUhauseri. H. milhauseri F. (= terrifica ScMff.) (45 a). Body grey-brown in S, paler grey in ?, patagia light

grey with blackish dorsal edges. Forewing whitish grey, the distal half brownish, the veins being black for the
greater part, in the centre an irregular brownish yellow transverse band, which is especially distinct in 5; at
the hind margm 2 large blackish spots, of which the outer one is continued along the transverse band; a si-
milar spot before the middle of the costal margm. Hindwing brownish, whitish in the basal area, and blackish
in front of the anal angle. Distributed in Central and Southern Europe, but everyAvhere rare, not found in
England; Spain, Dalmatia, countries around the Black Sea, Amurland, West China and Japan. Also in
North Africa, where A. Seitz found the larva on cork-oak; this larva differs from European ones in the tips
umbrosa. of the processes being lemon-yellow instead of red. — In the East-Asiatic form, umbrosa Stgr. (45 a), the
whole outer half of the lorewing is strongly darkened to the costal margin. Japanese specimens also are dark-
er than European ones. — Egg pale brownish, with violet ring below pole. Larva pale yellowish green, mi-
nutely dotted with red, abdomuial segments 3 —7 with whitish red lateral markings and red tubercles. When
at rest the apex of the abdomen is held erect. June to August on Oak, also on Elm, Poplar and Birch. Pupa
dark brown. The flat cocoons, which are very difficult to perceive, are less hard than in Cerura and Di-
cranura ; the cocoons are only easily found if they bear a hole, which is said to be made by a woodpecker
having eaten the chrysalis; in many instances, however, the hole means simply the exit of the moth. The

UROPYIA; URODONTA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 293

latter emerges in May or June, comes to the lamp, and rests by day about 1—2 yards above the ground on
the trunks of old Oaks.

11. Genus: XJropjJa Stgr.

Antenna in ^ with rather long pectinations to beyond middle, the apical third shortly serrate, in $ the
antenna setiform with very short teeth. Palpi small and thin. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked. Hair
dense and erect on irons and vertex, dense and velvety on middle of thoi'ax. Abdomen 5/3 longer than hindwing.
Femora and tibiae densely hairy, hind tibia only with short end-spurs. Forewing elongate, with the apex
pointed, the strongly oblique distal margin dentate and as long as the hind margin, with which it forms an ob-
tuse angle. Hindwing broadly rounded. In the forewing vems 3 and 4 rather widely separate, 6 together
with stalk of 7, 8, 9 and 10 from upper angle of cell or shortly stalked with them, 10 from the stalk proximal
to 7 and connected by a short bar with the stalk of 8, 9 at the point where 8 branches off, a small areole being
formed beyond the cell, 8 terminating in the apex of wing. In the hindwing veins 6 and 7 on a long stalk, 8
free. — Larva with oval head, which is deeply incised above in heart-shape, the incision being much deeper
than in Hoplitis, the body increasing in size to segment 9, the last 2 segments again thinner, on segment 1 1
a wart-like tubercle; anal fork similar to that of Dicranura, but much shorter. — This genus contains only
1 East- Asiatic species.

U. meticulodina Oberfh. (45 a). An exceptionally beautiful species, with a bright grey-brown ground- meiicuh-
colour and characteristic markings. Body grey-brown, the head being somewhat reddish and the centre of *""•
the thorax very pronounced dark brown. Forewing grey-brown, with a number of narrow transverse stripes
which have pale outer edges, a longitudinal band from base to distal margin dark brown like the back of the
thorax, commencing at the base wdth a nearly black hindmarginal spot, being strongly widened in the centre
and occupying the entire marginal area from the hind angle to the costal margin. Hindwing and the whole
underside uniformly grey-brown. Ussuri district and Japan. — Larva green, head and thorax red-brown,
segment 3 laterally green, the brown colour dorsally continued backward and dilated on segments 6 and 7 side-
wards to the stigmata, segments 8 and 9 with narrow brown dorsal spots, 10 and 11 with a large rhomboidal dor-
sal patch in which there are 2^ — 3 small green spots laterally of the tubercle; anal fork red-brown; segments
9 — 11 brown ventrally with a light-coloured median line. July and August, on Juglans mandschurica. The
pupa hibernates. The moth appears to be rather rare, the larva less so.

12. Genus: Uroilonta Stgr.

Antennae pectinate to ^/i, the branches short in $, longer in (J, basal segment with a long projecting
brush of hair. Paljji moderately large, not reaching beyond the frons. Proboscis present. ' — The genus has been
separated on account of its characteristic antenna from Notodonta, to which it is otherwise closely allied.
The larva (of Urod. nlbimacula) likewise resembles those of the species of Notodonta ; it is cylindrical and bears
on the terminal segment a small conical tubercle whose tip is divided into 2 slight small warts. — ■ The genus
is restricted to Eastern Asia, and only a few specimens have been obtained of the 4 known species.

U. albimacula Stgr. (46 c). Forewing violet-grey to black-grey, with a sharply marked white sjjot at albimacula.
the apex of cell extending from hind margin forward; 2 subbasal and 2 postmedian parallel transverse lines
black, in between them several incomplete black transverse lines and black spots, in front of the centre of the
hind margin a whitish spot, which is usually only distmct in ?; before the paler terminal area a rather obsoles-
cent, only costally sharply defined, slightly dentate white submarginal band. Hindwing brownish grey with
paler median band and black anal patch interrupted by several light-coloured lines. The larva (described from
a badly preserved specimen) is pale green with a darker or yellowish dorsal stripe and a short reddish double
line on the posterior half of the conical terminal tubercle. — Southern Ussuri district (Vladivostok).

U. viridimixta Brem. (= lichen Oberth.) (46 c, as lichen). Forewing grey, strongly variegated with, viridimixia.
green, some markings black, at the cell-end a large white spot. Anal angle of the hindwing likewise green. —
Amurland and Ussuri (Askold, Suifun, Chabarovsk). The moth found early in June at Oak. Also in Japan.

U. branicki Oberth. (46 c). Forewing brownish grey, an intensely black spot in the centre of cell and branicki.
another at the cell-end, between them a black transverse line which runs from the costal margin to the median
vein; a row of black postdiscal spots and another of submarginal ones, midway between the rows a single black
spot; moreover, some black dots at the costal and huid margins. Hindwing grey-brown with darker anal angle.
Both wings with blackish fringe-spots. ■ — Askold, Suifun, Japan.

U. arcuata Alph. (49a). Forewing ash-grey, with sharply marked luniform, light-edged, discocellular arciiata.
spot and several black undulate transverse lines, of which a prediscal one and a postdiscal one are most sharply devel-

294 GANGARID0PSI8; LOPHOCOSMA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

oped; before the margin a dark curved spot extending from the apex to vein 4 and being proximally edged
with pale grey, especially so in $. Hind wing pale grey-brown with darker distal margin and anal angle. Both
wings with blackish fringe-spots. — Southern Ussuri district and Japan.

13. Genus: Cnuiig'aridopsis gen.

nov.

The type-species of this genus has only lately been described by Wileman as Gangarides citrina, from
Japan. However, the insect has nothing in common Avith Gangarides apart from a very superficial and not
at all striking similarity in markings and colouring.

Antennae of both sexes with long pectinations, which are only slightly shorter in 9 than in (^ and decrease
in length only close to the apex; basal segment with a short dense brush of hair. Palpi rather large, obliquely
u])turnod to the height of the frons, end-segment short. Proboscis feebly developed. Eyes hairy. Thorax woolly,
with a high, pointed crest of scaling, which is vertical in front. Abdomen smooth-hairy, extending hardly y^
beyond the anal angle of the hindwing. Legs with long woolly hair, mid tibia with end-spurs, hind tibia with
strong middle and apical spurs. Forewing rather broad, costal margin slight, convex at the base, then almost
straight to the apex, the latter pointed, distal margm moderately steep, curved and strongly undulate, gra-
dually curving into the slightly convex smooth hind margin; veins 6, 7, 8, 9 on a stalk from the upper
angle of cell, 10 from cell, at point of origin of 7 anastomosing with the stalk of 8, 9, a long narrow areole being
formed, in the $ before me the fork of 8, 9 so close to the costal margin that it has entirely disappeared
in the right wing. Hindwing broadly and evenly rounded; veins 6 and 7 stalked.

The high thoracical crest alone, quite apart from the different wing-contour, is sufficient to distinguish
the present genus from Gangarides. It does not bear any very close affinity to any other Palearctic Notodontid
and is perhaps best placed near Lophocos ma, from which it essentially differs, however, interalia in the struc-
ture of the antennae.

The only known species is

cilrhia. G. citrina Wileman (48 h). Head and thorax brownish vermilion, the abdomen more light grey-brown.

The brush of hair at the base of the antenna white. Forewing vermilion for the greater part with a slight rust-
coloured suffusion, costal margin and a more or less extended area beyond apex of cell light grey-brown; a small
white basal dot and 2 larger subbasal dots one above the other at the hind margin of the cell and on vein 1
white, above the anterior dot a small white dash at the anterior margin of the cell; from the costal margin before
the apex to the hind margin a nearly straight, narrow, red line which is edged with greyish white on the outer
side; an indistinct red subbasal transverse line runs across the white subbasal spots; discal spot likewise some-
what darker than the ground. Hindwing pale grey-brown with a red suffusion. • — Japan.

14. (icmis: JLophoeosuia Stgr.

Antennae of (^ pectinate with the branches gradually decreasing in length to apex, of $ stout setiform ;
basal segment with a short brush of hair. Palpi upturned to the centre of frons, with a short, truncate end-
segment. Proboscis very thin and short. Eyes with short but dense hair. Thorax with an exceptionally large
high crest of scaling, which is vertical in front. Abdomen extending I/a beyond anal angle of hindwing. Forewing
elongate, the apex slightly rounded, the distal margin moderately oblique and slightly curved, the hind margm
almost straight. Hindwing nearly semicircular. Distal margin of both wings slightly undulate. In forewing
veins 7, 8, 9 stalked, together witli 6 from upper angle of cell, 10 from cell, at point of origin of 7 anastomos-
ing for some distance with the stalk of 8, 9, forming an elongate areole. In hindwing veins 3 and 4 from lower
angle of cell, 6 and 7 on a long stalk, 8 free. Hair of femora and tibiae very long and dense; mid tibia with
short apical spurs, hind tibia with middle and apical ones. - — Only 1 East-Asiatic species is known of this
genus.

airiplaga. L. atriplaga Stgr. (46 c). Head, collar and the very high median crest deep dark brown, thorax grey,

abdomen grey-brown. Wings grey-brown; forewing light grey along costal margin, with a large, intensely
black discal spot which extends to the costal margin and is continned to the hind margin as an indistinct black
line; near the base 2 smaller black costal spots, at each of which commences an incomplete blackish dentate
line; beyond the discal spot a row of black vein-spots distally edged with white, the row beginning with a costal
spot, between this row and the distal margin a diffuse whitish submarginal dentate band. Larva on Corylus
and Ostrya. — Amurland, southern Ussuri district (Vladivostok, Askold), Japan, often not rare.

NERICE; GLUPHISIA; DRYMONIA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 295

15. Genus: Xerice Walk.

Antenna of cJ with moderately long pectinations, these but little shorter in $ or the antenna of $ seti-
form. Palpi porrect, reaching above head, with short end-segment. Proboscis vestigial. Thorax with a high
crest of scales. Abdomen long cylindrical, extending % beyond the anal angle of hindwing. Legs rather slender,
hind tibia with mid- and end-spurs. Forewing long, but rather broad, the costal margin almost straight, apex
slightly rounded, distal margin moderately oblique and curved. Hindwing broadly rounded. — The genus
was based by Walker on a North-American species. Since then 3 species have become known from East Asia,
all of which agree with one another in an essential characteristic in the marking, a dark longitudinal stripe on
the forewing edged with a light tone on the hind side *).

N. davidi Oberth. (= bidentata Leech nee Walk.) (45b). Forewing dark brown-grey, the distal portion davidi.
of the costal area light silver-grey traversed by 2 abbreviated blackisli transverse bands ; the dark ground deepest
on the posterior half of the wing, here sharply contrasting with a white longitudinal stripe which runs from the
base to the distal margin, the stripe bearing a black spot before and beyond the middle; hind margin again
dark. Hindwing grey-brown. — North China, Ussuri district and Japan.

N. bipartita Bull. (45b, as partita). Similar to davidi, somewhat darker, the forewing divided into 2 biparlita.
equal halves, the costal half dark, its boundary quite straight; in the broad white longitudinal stripe a rectangu-
lar red-brown central spot; in the white costal spot only one dark transverse band. — upina Alph. (45 b), from upitia.
North Chma, has a somewhat darker ground, the costal half of the forewing is bounded by an intensely black
longitudinal stripe with which the red-brown median spot is merged together; the white colour of the hind-
marginal half is reduced to a border of the black longitudinal stripe. — Japan (typical form). North China,
Tibet (Amdo).

N. leechi Stgr. (45 c). Crest on thorax light red-brown, patagia ashy grey. The whole hindmarginal leecM.
area of the forewing whitish, only traversed by a narrow blackish transverse band ; the dark ground of the costal
area has a posterior sharply defined boundary which bears close before the centre a small triangular projection;
in this costal area a slightly dentate, narrow, black half band beyond the middle. Hindwing grey-brown. ^
Southern Amurland.

16. Genus: Cvliiphisia Bdv.

Antennae pectinate to the apex in both sexes, the branches long in <^, short in ?. Palpi short, obliquely
downturned. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked, ocelli present. Hair on thorax and legs dense and long, on ab-
domen short. Hind tibia with end-spurs only. Forewing rather broad, with the distal margin moderately
curved, hind angle not sharply defined; no areole; vena 6 together with stalk of 7, 8, 9, 10 from upper angle
of cell. Veins 6 and 7 of hindwing on a very long stalk, the free portions of these veins only about half as
long as the stalk. — Larva naked, only bearing very few minute hairs, smooth, without tubercles, with 16 feet.
Pupa short and stout, with round anal end, flattened dorso-ventrally.— In Europe this genus is only represent-
ed by a single species, which occurs nearly throughout the Palearctic Region. A second species has only lately
been described from Japan; several species in America.

G. crenata Esp. (= crenosa Hbn.) (46 d). Ashy grey. Forewing with a blackish transverse band before crenata.
and another beyond the centre, the former almost straight, the latter dentate and distally pale-edged; the
area between the two bands often darkend in the ?; a submarginal dentate band proximally light-edged. Cen-
tral Europe, sporadical and rare, occurring as far as Southern Scandinavia and North Italy, Bukovina, South
Russia. April, May. — The East-Asiatic form, from the Amur and Ussuri districts, which we call amurensis amurensis.
Stgr. i. I. (46 d), is darker, blackish grey, with the light edges to the postdiscal and submarginal bands sharper.
— Larva bright green, with yellow glossy head, two dorsal longitudinal lines whitish, between them a vivid
dark red spot on thoracical segments 2 and 3 and on abdominal segments 3 to 9. June and again in the autumn
on species of Poplar, lives and pupates between leaves spun together. Pupa black-brown, feebly glossy.

G. japonica Wileman. Body dark brown. Forewing grey-brown M'ith light discal spot; subbasal band japonica.
as well as a pre- and postdiscal one sharply marked, blackish, edged with light grey, dentate or undulate; a
pale submarginal suffusion. Hindwing rather lighter than the forewing, with a pale double median band. —
Japan (Yezzo).

17. Genus: Dryiuoiiia Hbn.

Antennae of (J with rather long pectinations to the apex, of $ simple, setiform, only bearing short brist-
les on the underside. Palpi short, hardly reaching above the hair of the frons. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked;

*) In connection with this genus we figure a species of Nociuidae which Leech had placed with the Notodonts as
Edema niviUnea. Tliis species, however, is identical wilh Obeethuek's Dichugyris jankoicskii, which is separated by Stau-
BiNGER und Rebel as Stenoloba. The insect is dealt with vol. 3, p. 273 of this work and its J figured, 1. c, plate 51, 1.

296 DRYMONIA. Bj^ Dr. K. Grunberg.

ocelli absent. Forewing rather broad, the distal margin oblique, moderately curved, united in a curve with
the hind marghi, the latter straight, usually smooth and without a tooth of scales, or this tooth only feebly
developed; vein 6 together with the stalk of 7, 8, 9, 10 from the upper cell-angle oi; 6 from the stalk of 7 — 10;
usually no areole. Hindwing broad, distal and abdominal margins evenly rounded; veins 6 and 7 on a very
long stalk. Hair long on thorax and legs, short on abdomen. Hind tibia with mid- and end-spurs. ■ — Larva
elongate cylindrical, similar to Noctuid larvae, naked, bearing onlj' dispersed, single, miniite hairs, smooth
and without tubercles, as far as known green with coloured lateral stripe; 16 feet; two broods. Pupation on or
in the ground. Pupa with spinose anal end. — ^ A relatively large number of species of Drymonia are known from,
the Palearctic Region, the greater proportion, however, being restricted to East Asia, no less than 8 occurring
in Japan. The scheme of markings of all the species is characterised bj^ the presence of a pale or dark, simple
or double precliscal dentate band and a similar postdiscal one.
vUlata. D. vittata Stgr. (= streckfussi Honr.) (45 f ). Light brownish grey. Forewmg with a distinct hindmar-

ginal tooth of black scales and a sharp black longitudinal band m the posterior half, commencing at the base,
running parallel with the hind margin and being forked before the distal margin; veins black in the distal mar-
ginal area. Both wmgs with diffuse black fringe-spots. Underside whitish grey. — Carniolia (Wippach), end
of Ma3% Southern Asia Minor (Taurus). Hitherto only a few specimens known, the species being one of the
rarest Lepidoptera of Europe. Early stages still unknown.
lineaia. D. lineata Oberth. (45 d). Thorax ashy grey, collar and patagia with black edges, abdomen brown-

grey. Forewing with broad obtuse tooth at hind margin, dark ashy grey, with 2 parallel black oblique bands
before the middle, sharp black discal spot which is continued as a blackish band, a black postdiscal band which
forms an angle of 90" at vein 4 and is strongly curved posteriorly, the anterior portion being surrounded by
a broad whitish shade; a diffuse submarginal band sharply dentate. Hindwing whitish grej'. — Southern Ussuri
district and Japan.
querna. D. querna F. (45 e). Body and forewing dark grey-brown, the latter with a slight reddish violet tone

and shar|jly marked white lunule at apex of cell; before and again after the centre a black transveree line, the
proximal one straight and only in front of hind margin curved outwai'd, the distal one dentate with white edge, from
which extend short black vein-streaks towards the margin; a light submarginal line undulate. Hind\\-ing white
in (J, of a brownish tint in $. Sporadical in Central Europe; Portiigal, North Italy, Dalmatia. Absent from
England. — Larva green, with numerous minute whitish spots and approximated whitish subdorsal lines; on
a level with the black-margined spiracles a red-edged longitudinal stripe which is interrupted at the segmental
incisions; head greenish. May- June and August-October on Oak-bushes. Pupa black, in the ground in a cell
lined with silk.
nigra- D. tiigrotamosa Christ. (49 d). Light grey-brown, forewing with 2 sharp black transverse dentate lines,

ramosa. j^^p prediscal one being vertical and the postdiscal one white-edged on the outer side and anteriorly broadly
excised on the inner side; in between the bands a large white spot in front of the hind margin; dark spots at the
extremities of the veins. Hindwing white in ^ with brownish distal margin, entirely brownish in $. ■ — Southern
Transcaspia (Tekke, Nuchur).
manleyi. D. matileyi Leech (45 d). Forewing whitish grey, with numerous dispersed bro^ni scales and a dark

chocolate transverse band before as well as beyond the centre, the proximal band the broader one, vertical
and intense in colour, the postdiscal one narrow, dentate and strongly excurved beyond the cell; a large dark
hindmarginal spot between base and first band. Hindwing grey-brown with narrow dark median band. —
Japan; at Yokohama in September and October not rare at the light, presumably also early in summer.

irimacula. D. trimacula Esp. (= dodonaea Frr.) (45 f, as dodonaea). Forewing whitish grey, with 2 black basal

dots, a broad transverse band which is constricted in the middle and proximally edged with blackish scaling,
and a distal dark dentate band which is broad at the costal margin, tapers to the hind margin and forms an
intensely black-brown angle-mark on vehi 2; distal margin with sharp dark brown spots. Hindwing grej'-
albida. brown. The scheme of markings of the forewing somewhat recalls Cerum. ab. albida Mebel belongs to true tri-
trmcula; the whole median area of the forewing is uniformly white apart from the two bands. ^ — In the southern

dodonaea. districts predominates a uniformly darker coloured and usually somewhat smaller form, dodonaea Hhn. (45 d,
as trimacula), ground-colour blackish grey-brown, only the outer half of the median area forming a white band,
which is traversed by a blackish Ime accompanying the outer dark band. The extreme of this form is represent-
fusca. ed by ab. fusca Bebel, in which the forewing is uniformly black-grey without markings. — Central Europe
eastward to Moscow, the Carjjathian and the Transsylvanian Mts., North and Central Italy, Greece, Arme-
nia, Eastern Asia, Ussuri district and Japan. — The form which represents the species in Eastern Asia, the

dodonides. southern Ussuri district and Japan, dodonides Stgr. (45 e), likewise differs from dodonaea in the uniformly
darker colouring; moreover, the outer transverse band and the proximal edge of the inner one are essentially
more deeply dentate. — Egg pale greenish, minutely punctured. Larva glossy light groen, with 2 dorsal whitish
longitudinal lines and a yellow stripe on a level with the spiracles, the stripe often spotted M'ith red in full-fed
specimens. June — August, on Oak and Birch, during the day concealed in the crevices of the bark. Pupa
black-brown, with 4 small hooks at the anal end; in a silk-lined cell in the ground. — In Southern Ger-

Fubl. 20. IV. 1913. PHEOSIA. By Dr. K. Grunbekg. 297

many and further south the species has two broods, the larva being full-grown in June and October; moths
from hibernated pupae are met with very early in the year, of ten already the end of April and in May, the second
brood being on the wing in August. Abundant in most districts ; larvae most frequent on old Oaks.

D. chaonia Hhn. (= ruficornis Auriv.) (45 e). Thorax greyish brown to light grey, abdomen light chaonia.
brown. Forewing dark grey-brown, the dark pre-andpostdiscal zigzag bands as in querna, but closer together,
particularly at the hind margin, edged with white on the proximal and distal sides respectively; the median
area between the transverse bands paler grey, bearing a sharp black luniform discal spot ; in the margmal area
a whitish undulate line, which is frequently obsolete. Hindwing light grey-brown. In the southern districts,
from southern Central Europe soutliAvard, a uniformly darker form predommates, grisea Turati (45e), m which grisea.
the median area of the forewing is also darkened. Another form, which we call ab.lunulaaft.now. (45e), is inter- lunida.
mediate between grisea and true chaonia; the whitish colour is restricted to the outer half of the median area
beyond the cell and usually interrupted in the centre into a costal and a hindmarginal patch. This aberration
likewise belongs to the southern districts. — Europe, northward to Denmark and Livonia, southward to South-
ern Italy and Sicily, Dalmatia, Southern Russia, Asia Muior, Armenia; also in Japan. Egg green. Laiwa
pale green, with 4 equidistant chrome-yellow longitudiiial lines, of which the 2 dorsal ones are sometimes whitish,
the lateral ones on a level with the black-edged spiracles. May to July on Oak, when at rest always on the
underside of the leaf along the midrib. Pupa black-bro^\^l, with lighter segmental incisions; in the ground in
a cell lined with silk. Moth in April and May, in the South again in August. Even more abundant than the
preceding species.

D. delia Leech (45 d). Forewing grey with a brownish tone, the median area silvery grey, only the delia.
costal margm being darker; a subbasal, a pre- and a postdiscal black double band, the first sharply broken
in the centre, the second straight, directed obliquely back- and outwards, the third strongly undulate; at the
margin a black lunate line. Hindwing olive-brown. — Japan.

D. circumscripta Bull. Ground-colour of forewing white, densely dusted with brown and grey scales; circum-
basal third pale green, distally bounded by a white proximally black-edged undulate line and interrupted by a ^'^^P^-
white band which extends from the costal to the hmd margin and is traversed by a red-brown line ; discal spot
white; beyond the cell a large olive-green patch, which reaches to the costal margin, extends to apex in the
shape of a very irregular streak and bears in its outer half two black dentate lines enclosmg 5 white dart-spots;
the outer one of these two lines forms the proximal edge of the apical streak; in the marginal area a strongly
curved white submarginal band, the margin itself somewhat darkened. Hindwing greyish brown, with a paler
median stripe. • — Japan.

D. permagna B^^tl. Forewing slate-grey, semitransi^arent ; the base, hind margin and a discal dentate pernmgna.
band sap-green ; the usual pre- and postdiscal bands slightly darker than the ground and only feebly developed,
each accentuated by a yellow spot at the hind margin ; on the green discal band likewise 2 yellow spots ; disco-
cellular vein black, beyond the cell a white costal spot, a larger one at the apex; margin dark browai spotted
with yellow. Hindwing greyish brown, with a slightly curved M'hitish median band which ends at the anal
angle in a large sulphur-yellow spot which is edged with black proximally as well as distally, at the outer black
edge a small patch of blue scales. — Japan.

D. eximia s-pec. nov. (45 d). Exceptionally bright-coloured and large for this genus. Ground-colour eximia.
of forewing white, somewhat toned do^vn by dispersed black scales ; a large blackish bro^vn basal patch does
not quite reach the base and extends a little beyond the white prediscal band; the postdiscal band, which is
less promment, is contiguous with a large dark subapical patch which occupies the whole costal area to near
apex; the dark discal spot distmct; near the margin a black lunate line. Hindwing dark greyish brown. — ■
Japan.

D. tnandschurica Oherth. (49 b). Thorax and forewing bluish grey. Forewing with a whitish basal spot, mayidschw
the prediscal band indicated by a whitish spot at the costal and hind margins, the postdiscal band also only "''''■
represented by some pale spots; fringe light-spotted. Hmdwing yellowish grey. — Manchuria (Sidemi).

18. Genus: Pheosia Hhn.

Antennae pectinated to the apex, the branches rather long in ^, short in $, the basal segment of ^
with a tuft of hair. Palpi very short. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked; ocelli absent. Forewmg long and narrow,
apex rather pointed, distal margin strongly oblique, forming an obtuse angle with the hind margin, the latter
curved, bearing a tooth of scales in the centre, vein 6 from upper angle of cell together with stalk of 7, 8, 9, 10;
no areole. Hindwing broad, the anal angle slightly prominent, veins 6 and 7 on a long stalk. Thorax with long
and dense, but smooth hair, the legs likewise long-hairy, the hair on abdomen shorter. Hmd tibia with mid-
and end-spurs. — Larvae elongate-cylindrical, smooth and as glossy as porcelain, bearing only dispersed minute

II 38

298 HUPODONTA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

hairs ; 1 6 feet ; on abdominal segment 8 a broad pyramidal tubercle which ends in a short point ; head broad
and flat. Pupa in the ground in a silk-lined cell, slender, cylindrical, with a short bifid fork at the anal end.
• — The genus is holarctic and extends southward to India and California. The area of distribution of the two
species found in Europe reaches to East Asia, two other species being found in Central Asia, while a fifth
from the southern Himalayas connects the Palearctic and Indian faunas.

tremula. P. tremula 67. (= dictaea Esp.) (45 f). Head and thorax grey or predomhaantly browii, abdomen

greyish brown. Fore«'ing whitish, brownish at the margms, beyond the middle of the costal margin 2 black
longitudinal smears, which often merge together in the shape of a band, a black longitudinal line in front of
the hind margin from the base to the distal margin; below vein 1 a long white wedge-spot extending to the
distal margm, its distal end being filled in with a dark colour; apical portions of veins 2- — 4 white. Hmdwing
whitish, blackish along anal angle, within this black colour a narrow white marginal line. ■ — Throughout Central
Europe, northward to the Baltic provinces of Russia, southward to Northern Spain, Central Italy, Southern
Russia, Armenia; also in Amurland. Egg moderately convex, miniitely punctate, light green or yellowish green.
The larva m two colour- varieties : either glossy light green with whitish dorsum, red-browii transverse bar on the
tubercle, orange-yellow longitudinal line below the spiracles and red stigma-spots, or uniformly brown-red. In
both varieties the stigmata are black witli white border. June to October on species of Pojiulus and Salix,
also on Birch. Pupa dark brown, in the ground in a hard cell Imed with silk. Moth plentiful everywhere, in
May and July — August. In the North only one brood.

dictaeoides. P. dictaeoides Esp. ( ? = gnoma F.) (45 f). Very similar to tremula, usually somewhat smaller, the

white wedge-spot below vein 1 of the forewing shorter and entirely white, without dark scaling in it. Anal
angle of liindwing brownish without white marginal line. In the Higher Alps occurs a dark form of this species,
leonia. ab. leonis<S'<«'c7(., which is scarcely distinguishable from theArctic formfrigidaZe^i. (45f)fromLapland, in which
frigida. ^}^p wedge-spot of the forewing is grey instead of white. — Throughout Central Europe, northward to Lapland,
southward to Southern France, Northern Italy, Croatia, and the Bukovina; East Asia (Amurland). Egg at
first whitish green, becoming gradually darker, being finally grey like poppy-seeds. Larva dark brown-red or
bright light green, glossy, with blackish transverse bar on the tubercle and broad orange-yellow lateral line,
at the upper edge of which the white-edged black stigmata are placed; on the underside a similar yellow longi-
tudinal stripe. July to September on Birch. Pupa dark brown. Moth in 2 broods, May — June and again in
August. In the North only one brood.

fasciata. P. fasciata Moore (49 a). Body predominantly grey. Forewing whitish grey, more or less extended

brownish, with dark brown longitudinal stripes below the outer half of the distal margin and below the cell, the
huid margin also being dark brown; fringes of both wings with dark spots. Hindwing whitish, with dark
brown anal angle and narrow brown edge. — Kashmir (Dharmsala), and North India. Larva light green, with
a dorsal row of red spots, which are largest on segments 7 — 11 and sometimes merge together to form a red-
brown stripe from segment 4; this segment with dorsal tubercle; head striped with dark red; legs light red.

buddhista. P. buddhista Pilng. (49 c). Thorax grey, with dark transverse band, abdomen greyish brown. Fore-

wing as in tremula, but somewhat broader, the light (yellow) basal spot situated below the sharply white-edged
black longitudinal stripe broader, the projection of dark scales of the hind margin larger; the black longitudinal
smear below costal margin interrupted in the centre and from its proximal end an obsolescent, feebly dentate,
dark line runs to the hind margin; beyond this line to the apex the wing is paler in colour, the distal margin
being darker. Hindwing greyish brown, the anal angle darkened and proximally bounded by a pale tint. —
Tibet (Amdo).

tephro- P. tephroxantha Pilng. (49 b). Closely related with P. buddhista. Forewing yellowish grey, lighter

xanltia. ijgyond the postdiscal band, some black costal dots before the apex; the hind margin with a pale edge from

the base to the tooth of dark scales, the distal marginal area bounded by black. Hindwing yellomsh white,

with darkened hind margin. — Turkestan (Kuku-Nor).

juUieni. P. jullietii Oherth. (49 d). Very close to tephroxantha (= $ of it ?). Thorax and forewing ashy grey,

abdomen brownish, antenna light ochreous brown. Forewing dusted with black scales, without distuict pre-
discal band, a black basal longitudinal streak posteriorly edged with white; postdiscal band black, sharply
dentate, beyond the middle a long black subapical spot interrupted by some white costal dots; margmal line
black. Hindwing pale brownish grey, edged with black at the anal angle. —East Turkestan: provmce of Semire-
chinsk.

19. Genus: IIii|>4»«l4>iita Butl.

Its nearest relatives are Pheosia Hhn. and Notodonta 0. ; the forewing broader and without tooth of
scales at the hind margin. Pectinations of (J-antenna essentially longer. — Oriental Region and East Asia.

MICROPHALERA; NOTODONTA. By Dr. K. Grtoberg. 299

H. pulcherrima Moore, a species from Southern Asia whose name-typical form has not yet been recorded
from Palearctie territory. — On the other hand, corticalis Butl. (45g) inhabits the southern Ussuri district and coriicalis.
Japan. It differs from pulcherrima, apart from its lesser size, in the paler colour of the body and the much
paler forewmg with much less prominent markings; only the blackish brown, distally pale-edged, submargmal
band and the black line beyond it are usually sharply expressed. In Japan occurs a second form of this species,
which we call stigmatica ab. nov. (45 g); the forewing is strongly darkened, the ground-colour being almost uni- stigmatica.
formly grey-brown, the dark-edged white discal spot being very prominent; also the submarginal line is less
well-developed as is usually the case in corticalis.

20. Genus: Microplialera Butl.

Antenna of (J serrate and plumose, tuft-like. Palpi scarcely extending beyond the hair of the frons,
densely hairy. Proboscis feebly developed. Eyes naked; ocelli absent. Thorax with a vestigial, short and
obtuse crest between the patagia; abdomen with a strong tuft of hair on the basal segment. Legs with long
and dense hair, hind tibia with long mid- and end-spurs. Forewing elongate, with pointed apex, distal margin
strongly oblique, little convex, hind angle sharply marked ; hmd margui slightly curved in proximal half, without
distinct tooth of scales ; veins 6 —9 stalked, the stalk thrown off from upper angle of cell, 10 anastomosing with
stalk of 7, 8, 9 and forming a long areole. Hmdwing broad, evenly rounded, vems 6 and 7 on a short stalk.

M. atrovittata Brem,. (= insignis Butl, Notod. toddii Holl.) (45 f). Body and hindwing dark greyish atroviltaia.
brown, thorax with black transverse band. Forewing with a grey-brown ground, partly more greenish grey,
particularly at the costal and hind margins (rather too light in our figure); an intensely black longitudinal
streak below the cell from the base to the distal margin; pre- and postdiseal dentate black bands broken in
centre and only distinct anteriorly, the postdiseal one distally with pale edge; in the marginal area a black
streak between veins 4 and 5, at the margin wedge-shaped black spots on the veins. — Ussuri district and Japan,

M. grisea Butl. Forewing white, light brownish in places, irrorated with black scales; in the median grisea.
area there are 4 blackish lines placed in pairs and commencing at the costal margin, the two central ones being
band-like, irregularly dentate, and approximated below the cell; in the cell a black longitudinal streak, beyond
the cell 4 similar streaks in zigzag; distal margm spotted with black. Hindwing dirty white, with a moderately
broad pale brown border. — Southern Ussuri district and Japan.

M. alboaccentuata Oberth. (48 f). Ground-colour of wings dark grey-brown; forewing with a black aZ6o-
longitudinal streak in the cell and two sharply marked long black submarginal spots, which might be considered "^'^centuaia.
a submarginal band interrupted m the centre; a conspicuous, sharp, white angle-spot beyond the middle of the
hind margin close to the posterior submarginal spot; along the distal margin black internervular spots, at the
costal margua the beginning of a postdiseal dentate band, which terminates at the hind margin with the white
spot mentioned ; at the apex of the cell a black transverse bar with a narrow pale border. Hindwing uniformly
grey-brown. — Ta-tsien-lu.

21. Genus: IWotodoiita 0.

Antennae pectinated to the tip in the cj, the branches moderately long and strongly decreasing in length
in the apical tliird, in $ only serrate ; basal segment of (^ with a tuft of hair. Palpi short., not reachmg beyond
the hair of the frons. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes hairy; ocelli absent. Hair of body and tibial spurs as in Pheosia,
thorax without crest of scales. Forewing somewhat less elongate and broader than in Pheosia, the apex a little
more rounded, distal margm strongly oblique, forming an obtuse angle with the hind margin, the latter with
a strong tooth of scales; neuration as in Pheosia, no areole. Outline and venation of hindwing likewise as in
Pheosia.. ■ — Larvae smooth and almost without hair, with 16 feet; with the exception of N. anceps, whose larva
has no hump, they bear (as far as they are known) on segments 2 to 4 a process strongly directed backwards
and a more pyramidal one on abdominal segment 8. At rest they keep the head- and tail-ends raised, like
the larva of Stauropus; but .A^. anceps is an exception also m this respect. The caterpillars feed on deciduous
trees, pupating on or in the ground. Pupa rather stout, the tail-end with 2 points or rounded.

The Palearctie fauna contains 22 species; 6 of them are found in Europe, all occurrmg also in Eastern
Asia, with the exception of N. tiefi, which so far is only known from the Ural. The species of Notodonta exhibit
a rather great variety in markmgs, but in most species, as in Drymonia, we find distmct pre- and postdiseal
dentate bands.

N. drotnedarius L. (= zebra Don., perfusca Hau-.) (46 a, 56 d). Forewing pale brownish grey to dark drome-
grey-brown, with light-edged dark brown pre- and postdiseal dentate bands, the dark discal spot likewise pale- Darius.

300 NOTODONTA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

edged; marginal area more or less distinctly rust -brown around a dark longitudinal streak, the rather broad
submarginal band also bright rust-brown. Hindwing grey-brown or predominantly grey. In specimens whose
ground-colour is faded on account of age or is not properly developed, the bright markings are very prominent,
as in our figure on PI. 46 a. On the other hand, quite fresh specimens are almost uniformly black-brown, being
so dark that the markings are hardly visible. .Such a si^ecimen is represented on PI. 56 d. — Central Europe,
northward to Esthonia and Livonia, southward to Catalonia and Northern Italy ; Armenia ; according to Graeser
also in Amurland. ■ — Larva yellowish green or brovtai-red, in both cases with a dark red-bro%vn dorsal stripe
from head to abdominal segment 4; segments 1 — 4 of abdomen each with a large dark red-brown tubercle; an
interrupted dark longitudinal marking laterally above the legs. July — August on Willow, Birch, Hazel and
Alder. Pupa black-brown, in a cell in the ground. Moth May^ — June and Julj^- — August. Some of the pupae
of the summer-brood hibernate. In the Baltic provinces only one brood.
ziczac. N. ziczac L. (45 g). Basal half of forewing light yellowish brown, the central costal area white-grey

in between at dark transverse Ime and the large arcuate black discal spot, beyond the discal spot a broad dark
cloud distally bounded by a pale dentate line; in the marginal area a slightly undulate dark submarginal line
(listally pale-edged and curving basad below costal margin in the shape of a black longitudinal stripe; margmal
line and hind margin black. Hindwing paler or darker greyish brown. The black markings of the forewing
sometimes dark brown, but never paler. Central and Northern Europe, southward to Spain, Corsica, Central
Italy, northern parts of Asia Minor. Accordmg to Gr.\eser also in Amurland. — A pale form with the ground-
pallida. colour of the forewing ochreous instead of brown has been obtained in Central Asia: pallida subsp. iwv. (45 g).
— Egg green. Larva pale red to violet, with a strong tubercle on abdominal segments 2 and 3 and a dark dorsal
line commencing at the head as in N. dromedarms; both the tubercle and the dorsal stripe are edged with
white; dark specimens moreover, have white spots and oblique stripes on the back, as well as a white side-
line on a level with the spiracles, the Ime being especially distinct on the thorax; head narrow and high,
rather deeply ijicised at the vertex. June — -July and August — October, on Popuuls and Salix. Pupa dark
brown, with two anal points, in a hard cocoon in or on the ground. Moth in 2 broods, April — May and
July — August. In the North only one brood.
jankowskii. N. jankowskii Oberth. (46 a). Similar to iV^. dromedarius, but larger. The ground-colour of the forewing

is a lighter grey, the two dentate bands are less prominent, the red-brown markings are pronounced red and
more sharply developed, especially the discal spot; the tooth of scales at the hind margin blackish grey. An-
tenna of ,^ only with short cilia. ■ — Amurland and Ussuri district. Moth end of July.

dembowskii. N. dembovvskll Oberth. (45 g). Likewise allied to N. dromedarius, somewhat larger, forewing light

brownish grey, the hind margin pale yellow between the two dentate bands, a similar light spot at the costal
margin beyond the outer transverse band; discal spot sharply defined, black with whitish border; basal area
at hind margin and the subma,rginal band reddish.' — -Ussuri district, Askold, Amurland, Japan. Moth early
in July, larva on Birch.
graeseri. N. graescr! <S7gr)-. (46 a). Distinguished by the ,^ -antenna being only shortly pectinated and the strongly

uicurved basal portion of the hind margin of the forewing. This wing grey with yellow basal spot bounded
by a dark double line; the prediscal band double and very promment, thepostdiscal one simple; discal spot small
and not standing out much; at the commencement of the submarguial band a dark costal spot. Hindwing
whitish, browaiish at anal margin, with a strongly abbreviated dark submarginal band.— Ussuri district; Japan.

aliena. N. aliena Stgv: (46 a). Closely related to N. graeseri; the .^-antenna as in that species, the hind margin

of the forewing still more strongly incurved; the basal dentate band of the forewing distinct, the prediscal one
strongly curved outward beyond the cell, closely approachmg the postdiscal band; the light-bordered dark
discal spot distinct; the entire basal area, as far as the prediscal band, with the exception of the costal margin,
is occupied by a reddish yellow patch which bears broad dark brown longitudmal clouds. Hindwing with a
broad dark band. ■ — Ussuri district; Japan.

amoldi. N. arnoldi Oberth. Nearly allied to N. graeseri and aliena, especially to the former. Ground-colour of

forewing reddish grey-brown, the costal area more grey, the basal patch reddish, the basal and prediscal dentate
bands, the discal spot, and the postdiscal and submarginal bands red-brown, the submarginal band placed as
in graeseri and likewise pale-edged on the distal side; a dark .subapical spot at the last third of costal margin.
Hindwing yellowish brown, with a sharply defined blackish transverse band and black marginal line. • — Man-
churia.

anceps. N. aticeps Goeze (= trepida Esp., tremula Hhi. nee CI.) (46b). Attaining a considerable size, particu-

larly in the $. Forewmg greenish grey, usually lighter (whitish grey) in the anterior half of the discal area and
at the submarginal band, with a basal, pre- and postdiscal black dentate band, which are sometimes rather
obsolescent; the light-edged dark discal spot prominent; the submarginal band composed of dark brown dashes
and spots. Hindwing whitish grey or browaiish grey. — In Europe from the North to Spain, Corsica, Central
Italy, Southern Russia; also in Armenia, and (according to Graeser) in Amurland. Egg greenish white.
Larva stout, cylindical, smooth and without tubercles, yellowish green, with 4 dorsal sulphur-yellow longitu-
dinal lines, the lateral ones being separated into spots; moreover, with yellow, posteriorly red-bordered oblique

NOTODONTA. By Dr. K. GBtJNBERG. 301

stripes on the abdominal segments extending from the stigmata forward and upward; on thoracical segments
1 and 2 a red-bordered yellow longitudinal stripe which runs to the mandibles forming a kind of bridle, to which
the larva ows its German name of „Golden Mouth". June — September, on Oak. Pupa deep black-brown,
with obtuse anal end, in the ground in a cell slightly lined with silk. Moth the end of April until June, in
one brood only. Everywhere, not rare.

N. monetaria Oberth. (46 b). Similar to N. anceps in size and markmgs, but the ground-colour darker, monetaria.
more brownish grey. The dentate bands, especially the postdiscal one, often rather weak; the median costal
area rather extended whitish grey; the dark discal spot sometimes entirely absent, but even in this ease its
light border distinct. Hindwing greyish brown, with a narrow discal dentate band on a whitish ground,
also the anterior marginal area whitish. The <^-antenna with short teeth and bearing penicillate cilia. —
Amurland and Ussuri district; Japan.

N. oberthueri Stgr. (46 b). Similar to N. monetaria, smaller, the (^-antenna likewise dentate and oberthueri.
bearing penicillate cilia. Forewing with a smaller tooth of scales, brownish grey, the median area between
pre- and postdiscal bands entirely or for the greater part of a lighter tone; the submarginal band, composed of
blackish spots, is sometimes quite obsolete. Hindwing similarly marked as in N. monetaria, but the margin
somewliat more strongly dentate. — Ussuri district.

N. phoebe Sieb. (= tritophus Schiff.) (45 h). Ground-colour of forewing yellowish grey-brown, the phoebe.
basal area to near the prediscal band as well as the outer half between cell and costal margin extended black-
browai, the median costal area light grey; discal spot light brown with a whitish border; the submarginal undu-
late line dark brown, the distal edge and the fringe black-brown. Hindwing whitish or slightly brownish, blackish
at the anal angle. — Throughout Central Europe, northward to Southern Sweden, Livonia, and Northern
Russia, southward to Southern France, Northern Italy, Bukovina; Armenia. Egg moderately convex, whitish
green. Larva dirty white-grey, greenish or brown-red, similar to that of N. ziczac, with tubercles on abdominal
segments 1 — 5, the first tubercle and the last being but small, while the other three are large, curved back-
ward and dark brown-red; on segment 8 a conical hump. June — July and September, on Poplar, Birch and
more rarely Salix. Pupa glossy dark brown, with several small hooks at the tail-end, in a cell in the ground.

N. moltrechti Oberth. (49 b). Forewing dark reddish grey-brown, the costal margin grey to beyond moUrechti.
middle; at the base a large black spot bordered by a black arcuate line; the postdiscal band only indicated
by a row of short black vein-streaks; a pale spot in the cell. Hindwing pale brownish grey, with black margin-
al line and a slight trace of a dark transverse band in the costal half. — Manchuria.

N. tritophus Esp. (nee Schiff.; = torva Hbn.) (46 a). Forewing evenly dusted with dark brown and tritophus.
yellowish scales, which gives the wings a greenish grey ajipearance; pre- and "postdiscal dentate bands rather
prominent or somewhat obsolescent, pale-edged on the proximal and distal sides respectively ; discal spot black-
brown, with yellowish border, submarginal line diffuse; fringe with dark spots. Hindwing pale grey-brown, the
anal angle darkened. Two darker, but rare, forms are known of this species, ab. fuegei Bartel with black ab- fuegei.
domen and blackish forewing bearing white transverses tripes (so far only known from Saxony), and ab. melaena melaenia.
Spul. which bears on the likewise blackish forewing only very feeble traces of dentate bands, but has a pale
undulate band in the marginal area. Oberthur has lately figured a uniformly dark grey-brown form from
Manchuria, unifortnis Oberth., in which the prediscal band is entirely absent and the postdiscal one weak and uniformis.
diffuse, the discal spot has a whitish border, and there is a light-edged dark submarginal line. Hindwing paler,
more grey, with whitish median band. — Central Europe, as far as Sweden and Northern Russia, southward
to Central Italy, Bukovina; also Amurland and Ussuri district, as well as Japan. The larva very closely re-
sembles that oiN. ziczac and is easily confounded with it. There are scarcely any apparent differences hi colour
and markings, but the colouring appears on the whole to be a little deeper in tone. The tubercle on abdominal
segments 2 and 3 are somewhat shorter and obtuser. June — July and August^September on Poplar and
Birch. Pupation in the ground beneath fallen-off leaves. Moths in May — June and August ; far less abun-
dant than most other species of Notodonta.

N. tiefi Bartel (45 h). Allied to N. phoebe Sieb. The ground-colour a pale yellowish grey, the very tiefi.
dark colouring in the basal area and beyond the cell less extended, the postdiscal dentate band distally pro-
minently edged with white followed by a row of dark spots; discal spot yellowish bromi with a whitish border.
Hmdwing white, anal angle darkened. — Southern Ural (Orenburg); also Finland. Moth in June and July.
According to OberthItr only an albinotic form of N. phoebe. However, an albinotic form is known of tiefi
itself, which we call ab. obsoleta ab.nov., and which bears only traces of the dark markmgs on the forewing. obsoleta.

N. basistriga Moore (49 a). Forewing yellowish grey, median and marginal areas palest, pre- and basistriga.
postdiscal dentate bands prominent, blackish brown, the basal area as far as the prediscal band and the area
beyond the postdiscal one darkened ; a distinct dark oblique subbasal band ; discal spot pronounced blackish
brown ; the dark submarginal band separated into single spots ; along the distal margin another row of blackish
spots. Hindwmg whitish grey, darker, i. e. brownish, in the $. — Dharmsala in the Western Himalayas.

302 SEMIDONTA; ALLODONTA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

gigantea. N. gigantea Bull. (46 b). Besides the large size and the broad forewiiig easily recognized by the dark

ground-colour and the large yellow costal spot on the forewing. This wing blackish grey or more bro^vnish,
with a yellow subbasal band and a large yellow spot in the middle of the costa extending beyond the apex
of cell; beyond the middle a whitish costal spot. — Japan.

grummi. N. (?) gTummi Christ. (-i^c). Forewing grey, without tooth of scales at the hind margin, with a blackish

dentate band close beyond apex of cell and a postdiscal transverse row of black vein-dots ; fringe likewise with
black dots. Hindwing whitish, the anal margin blackish. ■ — Transcaucasia (Ordubad). Only the $ known. It
is doubtful if the species belongs to Notodonta.

cinerea. N. cinerea Butl. Represents in Japan the Oriental N. moorei Hamps., which is figured in vol. X. Fore-

wing and thorax ashy grey, discal spot as well as the other markings pure white. • — Japan.

trachitso. N. trachitso Obertk. (49 a). Size as in N. tritophus. Forewing brownish grey with a slightly slaty tone,

the markings dark red-browai or chocolate, viz., the prediscal band diffuse, the postdiscal one and the rather
broad submarginal band sharply defined, discal spot very dark brown with light edge. Hindwing grey, the
marginal half lighter, yellowish, with a dark submargmal band. — Tibet; Japan.

pira. N. (?) pira Druce. Head and thorax grey-brown, adomen pale grey. Forewing dark greyish brown,

beyond the centre with a pale grey transverse band which is divided near apex of wing by a dark brown spot;
marginal line black, fringe dark brown. Hindwing dull whitish, apex and distal edge darkened. — Central
China (Hunan).

lativiiia. N. lativitta Wileman. This and the nest species, which are unknown to us, have only lately been de-

scribed. Body greyish brown, collar andpatagia with blackish edges. Forewing light grey-brown, variegated
with whitish scaling, a broad reddish yellow longitudinal stripe on the jjosterior half; subbasal, pre- and post-
discal dentate bands dark brown, especially pronounced at the costal margin; near the margin a row of dark
broAvn submarginal spots placed in a broad whitish stripe which commences at the apex; discal spot brown with
whitish border, above it a black-brown costal spot; marginal line dark brown. Hindwing whitish, inner margin
brownish to near apex, anal margin yellowish. — Japan (Hondo).

basilinea. N. basllinea Wileman. Like the preceding insect only lately described. Body and forewing dark greyish

brown; subbasal and prediscal dentate bands black, distinct only in the anterior half, edged with yellowish
brown on the distal and proximal sides respectively; postdiscal band more distinct, black, running in a curve
to the tooth of scales of the hind margin, and edged with a yellowish tone on the outer side; the distal area of
the wing extended yellowish brown, traversed by the black veins; the veins are also blackish in the basal half;
discal spot dark, with yellowish border; fringe with blackish spots at the vein-tips. Hindwmg light grey-
brown, dark at the apex, traversed by a whitish dentate band, marginal line and marginal spots dark brown,
anal margin likewise darkened. — Japan (Hondo).

22. Genus: ^ieiiiidoiita Stgr.

Closely related with Notodonta and the following genus Allodonta ; differs from the former in the thorax
bearing an erect crest of scales, and in the markings of the wings, and is distinguished from Allodonta by the
(J-antenna being long-pectinated, the branches very gradually decreasing in size to the tip.

biloha. S. biloba Oherth. (45 d). Body greyish brown. Forewing dark brown from the base to the dentate

postdiscal band, the hindmarginal area occupied by a long yellowish grey spot which is bordered with light
grey and distally divided into 2 lobes; discal spot blackish; outer area of wing whitish grey, beyond the post-
discal line a row of black vein-dots, near the margin a dark band. Hindwing greyish brown, with a slightly
paler median band. — Southern Ussuri district.

Hcheni- S. lichetiicolor Oherth. (48 h). Essentially larger than S. biloba; forewing dark grey-brown, the basal

CO or. g^pgg^ darkest, the distal marginal area lighter, the disc extended whitish grey, particularly at the costal margin,

at apex of cell a large spot, the postdiscal band composed of a double, black, lunate line, which does not quite

reach to the hind margin and is distally sharply edged with white; the tooth of scales at the hind margin large

and broad. Hindwing light greyish brown, margin dark brown, anal angle somewhat blackish. ■ — Ta-tsien-lu.

23. Genus: Allodonta Stgr.

Antenna of ^ pectinate to beyond centre [hucodera), or bearing fasciculate cilia to the centre and
having the apical half setiform (plebeja). Palpi upturned to the middle of the frons, with short end-segment.
Thorax with a high erect crest of scales. Hind tibia with two pairs of strongly developed spurs.

Only two species are so far known, both from East Asia. The genus is easily distinguished from the
closely allied genus Notodonta by the conspicuous thoracical crest, from Semidonta by the structure of the ^-
antenna.

SPATALIA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 303

A. plebeja Oberth. (= tristis Stgr.) (46 c). Forewing dark brown, with yellowish clouds in places, espe- plebeja.
cially at the apex of cell around the blackish discal spot ; in and below the cell as well as in the marginal area
between the veins black wedge-shaped longitudmal streaks; the veuis likewise blackish towards the margin.
■ — Amur land and Ussuri district.

A. leucodera Stgr. (= elongata Oberth.) (46 b). Vertex and collar greyish white, thoracical crest and leucodera.
patagia as well as the abdomen greyish brown; costal area of forewing very dark brown to blackish from the
base to beyond centre, the rest of the costal margin occupied to the apex by a light yellowish grey patch wiiich
extends to near the cell; the hindmarginal portion of the wing moreover broadly greyish yellow with some
blackish markings; the distal margin dark brown, this colour extending to the lower angle of cell; from base
of vein 2 to hind margin a curved black double Ime ; in the anterior half the marginal area between the veins
long blackish wedge-shaped spots, which are especially prominent in the light costal patch. — Ussuri district;
Japan.

24. Genus: ^ipatalia Hbn.

Antenna of c^ pectuiated to the apex, simple m $, at the base a rather large brush of hair. Palpi
densely hairy, little extending above frons. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked; ocelli absent. Thorax with
large erect crest of hair in centre, abdomen with lateral brushes of hair and in (^ with a forked anal tuft. Legs
densely woolly; hind tibia with mid- and end-spurs. Forewing proportionately short and broad, triangular,
costal margin straight to near apex, the latter rather acute, the distal margin as long as the hind margin
and denticulate, hind margin before the centre with a projection, which bears a large tooth of scales, in the
distal half more or less deeply incurved and provided with a second tooth of scales at the hind angle ; vein 6
together with the stalk of 7, 8, 9 from upper cell-angle or on a short stalk, 10 anastomosing close beyond its
origin with 7, 8, 9, thus forming a small areole. Hindwing broad, evenly rounded, veins 6 and 7 on a short
stalk. — Larva slender, smooth and naked, with 16 feet, on abdominal segment 1 a strong transverse swell-
ing which bears a transverse row of 4 small tubercles, on abdominal segment 8 likewise 2 obtuse tubercles.
Pupa in a slight web, anal end with a few small hooks.

The genus is distributed over the whole Palearctic and Oriental Regions, but is represented in Europe
by one species only, whereas six species are known from East Asia and Japan. The species of Spatalia are among
the prettiest representatives of the family on account of their bright silvery spots on the forewing and the like-
wise bright tone of the ground-colour.

S. argentina Schiff. (46 e). Yellowish grey, frequently with a decided greenish tone, variegated with argentina.
darker, more olivaceous, patches, particularly in the basal half and at the distal margin; along the costal mar-
gin some dark spots; below the cell a triangular silver-spot edged with rust-yellow and accompanied by 2
small spots, a fourth silver-spot on vein 1, tooth of scales at hind margm and patagia bright rusty; vein-ends
dotted with black. Hindwing with a similar ground-colour as forewing. ■ — In Central Europe sporadical
and rare, absent from the western districts, commoner in the South-East; in northern South Europe from
Catalonia over Northern Italy, Dalmatia, Bukovuia to Turkey; also m the countries around the Black Sea
and in Southern Asia Minor. First brood in Central Europe from April to June; the second brood, which
appears in August, is pallidior Hormuz. (46 e), being smaller and paler, with an ochreous to reddish yellow pallidior.
tone. • — Egg lentiform, whitish, with sharp lateral margin. Larva brownish red, slightly glossy, the tubercles
blackish, below the stigmata a row of yellow .spots. June — -August on Oak. It is easily obtained by beating
the lower branches of high oak-trees, but is also found on shrubs and suckers. Pupa blackish brown, in a de-
licate web under moss.

S. doerriesi Graes. (= plusiotis Stgr. pt. nee Oberth.) (46 e). Similar to S. argentina, but larger and darker, doerriesi.
Forewing dark greyish brown, olive-brown or paler, yellowish brown, the hindmarginal area around the silver-
spots, the tooth of scales and the patagia bright rust-brown; the central costal portion somewhat paler than
the ground, yellowish grey, moreover a yellowish grey spot near the distal margin between veins 5 and 6, which
spot is the commencement of a diffuse dentate band that reaches to vein 2 and has a dark outer edge ; the silver-
spots similar to those of argentina, but extended over a larger area, the large central spot also bi'oader, moreover
2 small spots on the bases of veins 2 and 3. Hindwmg dark greyish brown. — Ussuri district; Japan. Moth
early in June. Larva probably on Oak, as the pupa has been found under shrubs of Oak.

S. plusiotis Oberth. (46 e). Closely allied to doerriesi, forewing somewhat more pointed, the hind plicsiotis.
margin deeply incurved beyond the very promment tooth of scaling; ground-colour dark brown , the lighter
places bright ochreous brown; the silver-spots less extended, separated into smaller spots; at the apex of cell
a large dark grey, not silvery, discal spot; in the distal marginal area two transverse rows of blackish spots,
the inner spots elongate. Hindwing yellowish brown. ■ — Ussuri district, Corea, Japan. Larva on Oak, very
rare.

S. dives Oberth. (46 f). Thorax dark brown with a slight violet tone, at its hind margin 2 small promi- dives.

304 LEUCODONTA; 0CHR0STIG]\L4. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

nent white spot ; abdomen gre^nsh brown, apex and anal tuft dark brown. Forewing dark reddish brown
with black basal dot, discoccllular vein black, beyond the cell a blackish shadow obliquely extending to the
costal margin, a narrow black dentate line before the distal margin ; the silver-spots with a slight golden gloss
and somewhat variable in size and position, the 3 largest spots in an oblique transverse row from the cell to
the limd margin beyond the blackish broAvn tooth of scales. Hindwing light greyish brown to yellowish grey.
■ — Ussuri district; Japan. Larva on Oak.

argenlifera. S. argentifera Walk. (46 f). Forewing pale brown, darkened before the apex, in the centre of the distal

margin and especially between cell and huid margin; along the hind edge of cell a long silver-stripe reaching
to the lower cell-angle and beyond it between veins 3 and 4 an additional small streak, which is sometimes
broken up into several dots. Hindwing dark greyish brown. — The species is South-Asiatic, but occurs north-
ward to Kashmir.
ornata. S. ornata Oberth. (46 f). Forewing broader than in the other species, dark reddish or violet brown,

with narrow but deep excision at hind margin beyond tooth of scales; costal margin light grey to near apex,
a white longitudmal smear between discoccllular vein and distal margin ; on the disc several blackish transverse
lines, before the margin a less distinct submarginal Ime; at lower angle of cell a silver-spot. Hind^ving paler
or darker greyish brown. — Ussuri district; Japan.

macrodonUt. S. Hiacrodonta Bull. (= Rosama m.). Forewing variegated with grey and reddish brown, costal mar-

gin light grey to near apex, interrupted above apex of cell by a dark brown spot and posteriorly edged with
dark brown; below apex a yellow longitudmal stripe which reaches to the distal margm; basal and central por-
tions of hind marginal area golden yellow, densely dusted with bright dark red scales and bearing spots of
this colour in the middle and distally; a row of dark brown submarginal spots which bear reddish arcs on the
proximal side; the large tooth of scales at the hind margin reddish. Hindwing pale greyish broMTi. — Northern
China; Japan.
cinnamo- S. cinnamomea Leech (= Rosama c.) (46d). Forewing dull cinnamon, with a darker shadow extend-

mea. j^g from the apex to tiie central, discal spot and pre- and postdiscal and submarginal lines blackish. Hind-
wing dark greyish brown. A small species, which recalls ornata Oberth. by its broad wings, but the hind mar-
gm is only shallowly incurved and the tooth of scales is much less prominent. — Japan.

25. Genus: Ijeiieo«1oiita Stgr.

Antennae in (J serrate to the tip, the teeth with long fascicles of cilia, in $ simple, setiform, with very
short cilia. Palpi short, little extending beyond frons. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked; no ocelli. Thorax
and legs with loose woolly hair; hair of abdomen shorter. Forewing broad, similar to that of Spatalia, but
the costal margin slightly and evenly curved, the apex rather more rounded, the distal and hind margins straight,
tlic latter with a broad tooth of scales before the middle; veins 6, 7, 8, 9 stalked from upper cell-angle, 10
from cell, anastomosing with stalk of 7, 8, 9 and forming a long narrow areole. Hind^ving broad, evenly
rounded, veins 6 and 7 on a very long stalk, the free ends only about half the legth of the stalk or still shorter.
Hind tibia with mid- and end-spurs. — Larva smooth, very sparsely and dispersedly hairy, with 16 feet and
without tubercles. Pupa slender, cylindrical, with rounded anal end.
The only known species is

bicoloria. L. bicolofia Schiff. (= bicolora F., tormentoria Goeze) (46 f). Pure white, the forewing with a trans-

verse row of bright ochreous, proximally black-edged spots, commencing at the anterior margin of the cell
and becoming much wider towards the hind margin; in the distal half a transverse row of blackish spots, of which
only tlie last one is prominent, standing in a broad yellow patch before the hind margin. Collar white or yellow.
Central and Eastern Europe in mountainous districts, on the whole sporadic, and rare in many places, north-
ward to the Baltic provinces and Finland, eastward to the Ural and the Carpathians; Amur and Ussuri di-
albida. stricts, Japan. ■ — The species occurs in two light forms in Eastern Asia and Russia, albida Bdv., whose fore-

unicolora. wing is almost without markings, and unicolora J/e'?i., which is entirely white excepting a few black scales in
the forewing. The former occurs in Northern Europe as far as Finland, and the latter is found in the Baltic
provinces and is the predominant form in Eastern Asia. — Egg slightly convex, glossy, white, yellowish or green-
ish. Larva glossy, 3'^ellowish green, with some darker yellow dorsal longitudinal lines and a similar stripe
below the intensely black stigmata; legs and anal claspers ringed with black. July^ — ^August on Birch. Pupa
black-brown, in a white cocoon on the ground between f alien-off beaves.

26. Genus: Oohrostiguia Hbn.

Antenna of ^ pectinate to the tip, of 9 very feebly serrate and ciliate. Palpi short. Proboscis vesti-
gial. Eyes naked; ocelli small. Thorax with a broad erect tuft of hair between the patagia. Abdomen with
short smooth hair, legs with long woolly hair. Hind tibia with mid- and end-spurs. Forewing similar to
that of Leucodonta, but the costal margin straighter, the apex rather more pointed, the hind margin in the

PuM. 30. IV. 1912. ODONTOSIA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 305

the hind margin witli a small central projection on which is placed a broad tooth of scales, the outer half
very feebly incurved; veins 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked from anterior cell-angle, 6 a short distance below it, no areole.
Hindwing broad and evenly rounded, veins 6 and 7 on a short stalk. — Larva^e slender, smooth, without hairs
and tubercles, the body somewhat flattened. Pupa in a thin cocoon, armed with short points at the anal end.

0. velitaris Hufn. (= austera ScJiiff., bifascia,ta Vill., bifascia Walk.) (45c). Thorax grey, with black- veiilaris.
l)rown transverse band, patagia edged with black-brown, abdomen pale brown. Forewing light grey-brown,
with a slight reddish \nolet tint, a sharply marked prediscal curved double band, postdiscal double band less
sharp, slightly dentate and filled in with white; at the apex a dark-edged light grey spot ; discal spot somewhat
lighter than the ground of the wdng. Hind^ving with a feebly marked narrow light median band. — Central Eu-
rope (not in England), sporadic and rare, southward to Central Italy, eastward to Galicia and Hungary, Bithynia
and Armenia. Egg semiglobular, whitish. Larva glossy yellowish green, with 4 yellow dorsal longitudinal
lines composed of spots, and a broad, white, above brightly red-margined lateral stripe on a level with the
stigmata, which have blackish borders. July — September. On Oak and Poplar, especially on the lowest leaves
of low bushes. Pupa red-brown, in a loose web in the ground.

0. melagona Borkh. (?= obliterata Esp., deleta Brahm) (45 c). Similar to 0. velitaria, the forewing melagona.
\\hitisli grey in the basal and distal marginal areas, the postdiscal band more strongly dentate, the discal spot
whitish, before the apex a dark triangular costal spot. — Central Europe; the northern boundary runs from
Belgium through Central Germany and Austria to the Bukovina; a sporadic species. Larva similar to that of
velitaris, glossy green, with 4 yellowish white dorsal lines and a white side-stripe which edged with red above.
Juty — September, on the lower branches of Oak and Beech. Pupa dark bro\\Ti. Moth in June — -July and
August — September, but the second brood does not occur regularly.

0. ussuriensis Piing. (49b) is a recently discovered form which is provisionally placed here; the msuriensis.
description kindly sent us by Herr PIingeler is printed below *).

0. japonica Wilenmn. Head and collar blackish, thorax grey, with blackish intermixture. Forewing iaponica.
brownish grey, with dark brown suffusion and yellowish browia ba,se,'near which are some diffuse blackish
subbasal spots; the double prediscal band black, the postdiscal band white edged with black at both sides;
before the apex a dark costal spot which encloses 2 smaller black spots; discal spot indistinct. Hindwing dark
greyish brown, with diffuse paler median line. — ■ Japan.

27. Genus: Odoiitoi^ia Hbn.

Antenna of (^ wdth reiher long pectinations, or only serrate with long dense cilia, in the 9 simple, seti-
form. Palpi very short. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked, ocelli absent. Thorax with dense woolly hair and
scales. Legs with long wool. Abdomen more short-hairy. Hind tibia ^vith mid- and end-spurs. Forewing thinly
scaled, broad, with almost straight costal margin, pointed apex, rather strongly oblique dentate outer margin,
which projects a little more at vein 4; hind margin with a strong tooth of scales before the middle; veins 6,
7, 8, 9 stalked together from the upper cell-angle, 10 anastomosing with stalk of 7, 8, 9 in a point and form-
ing a rather large areole. Hindwing broad, the distal margin likewise dentate and forming a distinct angle
with the abdominal margin ; veins 6 and 7 on a very long stalk. — ■ Larva slender, with sparse dispersed hair,
16 feet, without tubercles, only abdominal segment 8 bearing a very low dome-shaped swelling. Pupa in a
loose cocoon in the ground, stout, v^dth obtuse anal end.

0. carmelita Esj). (= capucina Hbn.) (46 g). Antenna of ^ only dentate and ciliate. Thorax dark carmelita.
brown, with the hind margin of the patagia grey. Abdomen light brown. Fore^^^ng dark brown u-ith a reddish
tone, the anterior half darkest, the j^osterior and outer areas strongly suffused with whitish grey; tooth of scales
at hind margin black-brown ; costal margin at one-third and again at two-thirds with a white spot as indication
of vestigial transverse bands, the proximal spot small and often diffuse; of the transverse band usually only

*) 0. ussuriensis Piing. Expanse, <J 36 mm, length of forewing 16 mm; ? larger. Somewhat smaller than melagona
Borkh., similar in build, hut without tooth of scales; ground-colour of forewing pvirer and more glossy grey, basal area much
narrower, bounded by a scarcely dentate black lino, median area washed with grey-brown, especially in its anterior portion
as far as the long, hmiform, black cell-.>:itreak : outer median line doulile, very obsolescent, costal subapical spot similar to
that of melagona, grey-brown with 2 black transverse bars, marginal line composed of flat black lialfmoons. Hmdwing lighter
grey, in the ? with the marginal area slightly tlarkened. Underside of forewing purer grey, that of liindwing much ligliter,
particularly in the o, whitish with tlie arcuate Imc more distal. Thorax light grey, with dark jjosterior border, prothorax
and patagia with dark edges. Antenna of o similar to that of melagona, but the apical portion naked, ^-antenna with shorter
pectinations, otherwise as in cJ, very different from the shortly serrate antenna of melagona $. We place the species only pro-
visionally into Uclirosiignia. — Vssuri district, an apparently bred pah' from il. Kokb. R. PiJxGELEK.

II 39

306 LOPHONTOSIA; LOPHOPTERYX. By Dr. K. GRiJNBERO.

the outer one indicated, being represented by black vein-spots which bear each a white dot ; along the distal
margin dark arcs filled in with white. Hindwing somewhat lighter than the fore\\ing, with darkened anal angle
and a narrow diffuse whitish median band. Central Europe, sporadic and rare, as for as Southern Scandinavia,
southward to North-East Spain and Northern Italy, eastward to Southern Russia and the eastern parts of the
Canjathian Mts. ; is absent from Lower Austria and South-East Europe. — In Norway the species is represented
nordlan- bj^ a somewhat different form, nordlandica Strand (described from Saltdalen in Nordland); it is smaller, and
diea. j^j^g ground-colour is more grey, without the reddish rust torte; the transverse bands and the costal spots are
very distinct, especially the latter are prominently black and white. — Egg I)luish white, minutely dotted with
fuscous. Larva yellowish green, on the back with numerous low prominences which are more yellow and arranged
on the whole in 4 longitudinal rows, the spiracles intensely black, each bearing a dark vivid red spot; the stig-
mata of the anterior and posterior segments, moreover, connected by a whitish longitudinal streak, which
is absent from the median segments. June — August, on the top-branches of Birches. Pupa black-brown,
in a cell in the ground slightly lined with silk. Moth April — May.

sieversi. 0. sieversi Men. (46 g). Differs from airmelitu, apart from the long pectinations of the i^-antenna,

in the forewing being lighter and more evenly suffused with white-grey, the median area between the two whitish
transverse bands dark brownish grey and strongly narrowed towards hind margin ending at the blackish brown
tooth of scales. — Only known from the eastern parts of Central Europe, Silesia, Galicia, Moravia, and distributed
over South and Central Russia to Livonia. Also in East Asia (Amur and Ussuri districts). Egg milky white
with brown pole. Larva similar to that of 0. carmelita, yellowish green, instead of the prominences with 4 con-
tinuous yellow dorsal longitudinal stripes. The black stigmata connected with one another by a yellowish red
stripe. In May on Birch, grows fast and already pupates the end of the same month. Pupa dark brown, in a
rather dense cocoon on the ground. The moth appears the next spring. Lately the species has frequently been
bred from the egg, and it has thereby been observed that the larva thrives best when fed only with quite freshly
developed, young, leaves. But even then rearing from the egg is often unsuccessful.

28i Genus: lioplioiitosia Stgr.

Nearest to Odontosia and the following genus Lophopteryx, differing from both in the more strongly
developed palpi, which distinctly reach above the frons, and the very smoothly scaled thorax. The ^J-antenna
has rather long pectinations, but these are shorter than in Odontosia sieversi. Very characteristic is the anal
marking on the hindwing. — The genus comprises only one East-Asiatic species.

cuculus. L- cuculus Stgr. (46 d, 49 b). Forewing dirty brownish or grey, the pre- and postdiscal bands black,

strongly dentate, the area between them dark grey, the tooth of scales black. Hindwing brownish grey, with
a black bar before the anal angle interrupted by 2 white spots. — Southern Ussuri district (Sidemi); Japan.
The figure 46 d represents on unusually grey specimen; more frequent are brownish grey or brown specimens,
like 49 b.

29. Genus : l^opliopteryx Steph.

Allied to Odontosia. Antennae serrate in (J with long cilia, in ? the teeth very faintly indicated. Palpi
somewhat projecting beyond the hair of the frons. Proboscis present. Eyes slightly hairy, ocelli absent. Thorax
with a broad, higli erect crest of scales. Legs with long and dense wool. Abdomen with short hair, in ^ with
some lateral tufts before apex. Hind tibia with mid- and end-spurs. Forewing somewhat broader than in Orfo??7o-
sia, with sharper apex and more strongly dentate margin, but the tooth at vein 4 absent; hind margin somewhat
surved, with a broad jjoiiited tooth of scales ; venation as in Odontosia, but the stalk of vein 6 is very short,
and stalk of 6 and 7 in the liindwing is also essentially shorter. — Larva cylindrical, with 16 feet, naked, only
clothed Avith single long hairs or sparse tufts, on segment 8 of abdomen a single or double tubercle. When at
rest the fore and hind parts are raised. Pupa with or without spines at the anal end.

camelina. L. canielina L. {'I = capucina L.) (46 g). Thorax and forewing reddish grey, the ground lighter or

darker, the two transverse bands narrow, black and very sharply dentate, strongly approximated at the tooth
of scales of the hind margin; beyond the postdiscal band a whitish submarginal band, often but feebly indicated.
Hindwing paler, yellowish brown or greyish brown, with black anal spot traversed by a transverse whitish
line, and with a slightly indicated pale postdiscal band. Distributed from Northern Spain and Central Italy through-

giraffina. out Europe, northward to Scotland and Scandinavia, eastward tlu'oughout Siberia to Corea and Japan. — giraffina
Hbn. is a dark form with the ground-colour of the forewing red-brown to blackish ; it occurs throughout the dis-
tribution-area of camelinn, being rare in the West, but commoner in Japan. — Egg strongly globose, whitish.
Larva at first green with glossy black head and numerous deep black dots which bear long hairs. Fullfed
greenish to pale brown-red; on abdominal segment 8 two dark red pointed tubercles. Stigmata black, behind
each a red spot. May — ^September on various deciduous trees, particularly Birch and Limxe, at first gregarious.
At rest the head is raised in Spliinx-shape. Pupa dark red-brown, the pointed anal end with several thin spines;

LOPHOPTERYX. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 307

at the foot of trees in a cell in the ground. Moth in 2 broods in the South, April- — May and July — ^August; from
Central Germany northward one brood only, April to June. One of the commonest Prominents.

L. saturata Walk. (40 h). A North Indian species closely related to camelina, and lately also found satumla.
in Japan. Forewing dark red brown with a grey tone and shai-p black pre- and postdiscal bands. Hindwing
greyish brown, the black anal spot bounded by a sharp whitish transverse line. — In the southern Ussuri-district
the species is represented by a special form, hoegei Graes., which differs from the closely allied camelina and hoeyei.
gimffina int he colouring being darker, more brown-grey, and in the black markings being more sharply devel-
oped; moreover, the outer edge ef the median band is less sharply dentate, more straight, the lobe of scales
at the hind margin paler than the ground. Larva (according to Graeser) pale yellow, glossy like lack, with
single small hairs and glossy black head; .segment 1 swollen and above reddish yellow, 2 — 11 with sven thick
black longitudinal lines, 1 1 with a prominence which bears two obtuse brick-red tubercles. Laterally a sulphur-
yellow longitudinal stripe from head to anus, the body black below this stripe, a yellow longitudinal stripe on
the underside. Thoracic legs yellow with black claws, abdominal legs black with narrow yellow rings. In 2
broods, gregarioiis on Acer.

L. cucuUa Esp. (= cucuUina Schiff.) (46 h). Forewing pale brown, the costal area extended pale cuculla.
yellowish (collar and vertex of the same colour), distal margin white from near the apex to the hind angle;
inner transverse band indicated only at the costal and hind margins, the outer one rather more distal in posi-
tion than in camelina, distinctly double and very sharply dentate; veins likewise black in the outer half; lobe
of scales at the hind margin blackish grey. Hindwing greyish brown, the black anal spot divided by a pale
line. — In Central Europe, widely distributed, but everywhere much rarer than camelina. Absent from Hol-
land,extends eastward to Croatia, southward to Central Italy and Sicily. Also in theUssuri-district. Egg moderately
convex, whitish green. Larva light green to yellow or reddish, with a globose prominence on abdominal seg-
ments 2^6, the firstone bearingtwo wart-like tubercles, segment 8 with a long conical forked process. Spirac-
les with black edges. Head with two dark red-brown longitudinal stripes. June — August on Maple, rarely
on Hazel. Pupa dark red-brown, with the anal end obtuse, broadly rounded. Moth from May to early August.

L. ladislai Oberth. (46 h). Clo.selly allied to cuculla, but larger, the markings similar but much more ladislai.
prominent. The ground of the forewing somewhat darker, especially on the hindmarginal half, the bands in-
tensely black and more sharply dentate ; the white marginal area essentially the same. Head and collar pure
white, like a spot at the base of the forewing. — • Amurland and Ussuri-district; Japan. The moth is on the
wing in June and July in East Asia.

L. admirabilis Stgr. (40 h). Body and forewing red-brown, the lobe of scales at the hind margin divided, admira-
Of the 3 bands of the forewing only the outer one is well-developed, being a black-edged whitish continuous '''*•
dentate band, the inner and the middle bands consist merely of separate spots; at the apex of cell a large lunate
black discal spot; before the margin a whitish submarginal line from which extend black-edged rays on the
veins to the margin. Hindwing brownish grey, with a diffuse darker band; at the anal angle only the margin
is darkened. There is no cre.st of scales on the thorax. — ■ Southern Ussuri-district (island of Askold); Japan.

L. mirabilior Obertlt. Very similar to the preceding, but distinguished by strongly undulate distal mirahilior.
margin of the forewing and the more prominent markings. The white pre- and postdiscal bands are strongly
developed and shai-ply dentate, in front of the whitish-bordered yellowish brown discal spot there is in the
cell another similar spot also with white border. 'Hindwing yellowish brown with blackish median band. — ■
Ta-tsien-lu, Sze-chuan, West China.

L. velutina Oberth. (46 h). Likewise restricted to East Asia, with the markings quite different. Head, velutina.
thorax and forewing reddish grey, the forewing with a dark brown longitudinal stripe extending from the base
of the costal margin to distal margin and bearing in its centre an intensely black longitudinal line; the pre-
and postdiscal black dentate bands only distinct in the hinder half. Hindwing and abdomen dark grey-brown,
the anal angle only very restrictedly and very feebly darkened. — ■ Amurland and Ussuri-district; Japan.

L. sinensis Moore. Forewing dark brown with slight black spots and pre- and postdiscal dentate bands ; sinensis.
from the lobe of scales at the hind margin proceeds a pale grey oblique stripe, and the veins bear light spots
in their outer halves. Hindwing with blackish anal j)atch interrupted by grey colouring. — • Shanghai.

L. pryeri Butl. Only known from Japan, where it does not appear to be rare. Similar to Odon. sieversi, pryeri.
but the forewing shorter and sometimes of a dark brown ground-colour; lobe of scales at hind margin larger;
the black markings and the discal spot more prominent. — At Yokohama the commonest Notodont.

L. umbrosa Leech. Forewing reddish brown, shaded with dark brown and blackish, with postdiscal umbrosa.
dentate band; at the apex of cell a pale spot. Hindwing dark brown. — West China, in July.

308 RHEGI\L\TOPHILA; PTEROAU; PTEROSTOilA. By Dr. K. GRtJNBERG.

30. Genus: ltlio$>'iiiat4»|>liiln Standfs.

Nearest to Lophopteryx, with which it agrees in the contour of the wings and their rest-position. Eyes
strongly hain% ocelli absent. Antennae of both sexes pectinate to the apex, the branches much shorter in the
$ than in the ^. The crest of scales on the thorax is less sharply caruiiform than in Lophopteryx, more woolly
and hairy than scaled. The lobe of scales at the hind margin of the forewing absent. Forewing without areole,
veins 6 and 7 separate, from the cell. Hind tibia Avith four spurs.

nlpina. R- alpina Bell. (47 g). ForeAAing bluish grey, ^viXh. dark basal spots from hind margin forming a kind

of transverse band; pre- and postdiscal dentate bands whitish with black borders, the postdiscal one rather
far distal and parallel with the margin. HindAWng light brownish grey, Avith white postdiscal dentate band,
the outer area between it and the margin darkened. — In eastern South France (Digne), in 2 broods. May
and August — September. Egg semiglobular, at first uniformly dark green, later on violet withwhite polar spot
and white ring. Larva flattened and blue-green on underside, broadest in centre, somewhat tapering in front
and behind, the dorsum grey, underside coloured, with a more or less prominent reddish tone and irregular
longitudinal rows of whitish dots and streaks; segments 3 — 12 with 2 longitudinal rows of dark brown spots,
which are largest on 5 and 12. Spiracles white with black edges, placed in a dark stripe running from the head
to the anus. The tubercles are arranged in 3 longitudinal rows, but on segments 2 — 5 in 4 rows, and bear light
brown tufts of hair. On Poplar and some large-leaved species of Salix ; they feed at night and are concealed
in da\i:ime in narrow fissures in the bark. Pupation in a weak cell some fingers' width beneath the surface.
Pupa very hard, glossy dark brown, as in Lophopteryx, slightly conical with obtuse anal end.

31. Genus: Pferoma Stgr.

Antenna of (^ with long pectinations. Palpi short and thin. Thorax without distinct crest (perhaps
worn off in the only known specimen?), on the metathorax a short tuft of woolly hair. Abdomen smooth-
hairy, with very short tuft of hair. Forewing similar to that oi Lophopteryx in contour, with undulate distal margin
and at hind margin two widely separated lobes of scales. — • The markings of the only known species, from Central
Asia, completely deviates from the type found in the allied genera Spatalia and Lophopteryx.

eugenia. P. eugenia Stgr. (46 f — copied from Staudixger's figure in the Iris; as this figure is hardly recognis-

able, we bring another, from nature, on pi. 49 b). Forewing grey reddish brown, with a fawzi brown longi-
tudinal stripe in the basal half along the costal margin and another in front of the hind margm; the area bet-
ween these stripes occupied by a broad whitish streak from the base to beyond the cell; in the distal-marginal
area 2 further large whitish spots edged with fawn-brown ; pre- and postdiscal bands only represented by an inter-
rupted, feebly dentate double line with a wliite line in between; the two lobes of scales black-brown. Hindwiiig
blackish grey, with whitish fringes and a strongly obsolescent pale median stripe. — ^ Chinese Mongolia (Uliassutai).

32. Genus: Pterostonia Germ.

Antennae pectinate to the tip. the branches long in (^, short in ?. Palpi strongly prolonged, far pro-
jecting, as long as the thorax, and clothed with long hairs and scales iji dorso-ventral direction, therefore appear-
ing strongly compressed, with lanceolate end-segment. Eyes naked, ocelli absent. Proboscis feebly developed.
Thorax with long hair and scaling, and with a pointed erect crest of scales in the centre. Legs with long woolly
hair; hind tibia Avith mid- and end-.spurs. Abdomen with longer hair onh^ on the back, othei-wise smooth-hairy,
in ^ with long anal hair. Forewing very elongate, costal margin almost straight, apex very shai^p, distal margin
strongly oblique, evenly convex, and dentate, hind margin with a strong lobe of scales in the centre, beyond
it a shallow rounded sinus, and near the outer angle a second, smaller, lobe of scales; veins 6 and 7 separately
from upper cell-angle, 8, 9, 10 on a long stalk, the stalk anastomosing more or less distinctly with 7 in a
point, a long and narrow areole being formed. Hindwing semicircular, the apex rather pointed and the distal
margin slightly undulate; veins 6 and 7 stalked. — Larva naked, Noctuid-like, moderately flat and relatively
broad, with 16 feet, and 4 rows of granules commencing on the second thoracical segment, the tubercles of the
two lateral rows smaller than those of the middle rows, there being an additional similar row on each side on a
level Avith the spiracles. At rest the head is held horizontally forward, the frons being directed upwards. Pupa
cylindrical, Avith spinose anal end; in a cell in the ground lined A\'ith silk.

pa'.pina. P. palpina L. (47 a). The specimens of the first brood larger, predominantly grey-broAA'n, those of

the second brood smaller, light straw-colour. The transverse bands of the forcAving only indicated by black
vein-dots, the postdiscal band more complete than the other, being marked by double dots separated by Avhite
and placed in a shghtly darkened shadoAvy band ; all the veins more or less extended black ; the proximal lobe
of scales of the hind margin for the greater part black. HindAA'ing of the same ground-colour as the forcAvdng,
AA'ith lighter median band. — Distributed throughout Europe Avith the exception of Greece; in North- West
. Africa, northern Asia Mnor, and also in Amurland. Two broods in Central Europe, April— May and July—

PTILOPHORA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 309

August, from the Baltic provinces of Russia northward only one brood, May — June. — The fomi from Lap-
land, lapponica Teich, is uniformly dark grey-brown, the light median band of the hindwing absent. — A like- lapponica.
wise dark form is known from the Black Sea and Southern Siberia (Hi), being presumably more Mddely distri-
buted in Central Asia; this is pontica^S'l/r., in which the light band of the hindwing is scarcely indicated. — Egg poniica.
strongly globose, whitish green with darker sjiot at the pole. Larva light bluish green, with 6 rows of raised
white dots, 4 being dorsal and 2 lateral. Above the spiracles a white longitudinal stripe which is anteriorly
tliinly edged with fuscous, at the prothoracical stigma a red streak. May to October on Poplar, Oak, Lime
and Salix. Pupa dark red-brown. The moth is very common and usually settles on the bark of Poplars or
Willows on such spots where the light wood appears through the damaged bark, the moth having the same
colour as such light spots. The pencilling of the wings, which are held in steep roof-shape, render the specimen
exactly similar to a splinter of wood, of which the palpi represent the split end, the resemblance being especially
striking in a pair in copula.

P. grisea Brem. (= ab. brunnea Graes.) (47a; doubtful, if belonging to grisea'l). This species de- grisea.
scribed from theUssuri is not yet sufficiently known. G-raeser evidently confounded it with sinica, Moore while
Leech placed it as a synonym to palpina L. According to the description the insect differs from palpina as
well as from the certainly closely allied sinica in the light rust-brown hind margin and the light ochreous
lobe of scales of the forewing, from palpina, moreover, in being much larger, agreeing with sinica in size and
according to the figure also in the great width of the tooth of scales. The ground-colour is grey-brown ; the
hindwing bears a light transverse band. — Whether the larva described by Graeser as that of grisea belongs
to this species or to sinica remains also doubtful.

P. sinica Moore (= gigantina Stgr.) (47 a, b). Larger than palpina, varying like this in the ground- sinica.
colour from light straw-colour to dark grey-brown ; mostly easily recognized by the large tooth of scales at the
hind margin of the forewing. A less reliable difference is the presence of a third (subbasal) transverse band,
as this band is by no means always developed and, moreover, occasionally also occurs in jialpina; unreliable
is further the light colouring of the lobe of scales, for this tooth is sometimes as dark as in palpina. The above-
mentioned red-brown colouring of the hind margin of the forewing in grisea is for the present the only difference
known between that species and sinica. — At the same localities a light form and a dark one occur, which
differ in the ^^ particularly in the hindwing of the dark form being deep black-brown. It is not improbable
that these forms are seasonal. As the name sinica Moore refers to the light form, gigantina Stgr. might be saved
for the dark brood, as the author describes the hindwing as being usually dark blackish grey. — The larva is very
different from that of palpina, yellowish green, with a broad light yellow lateral stripe. It feeds according to
Graeser on Maackia amurensis, not on Poplar, and L. KLAPHECK,who bred the species several times, confirms
this remarkable occurrence on a kind of tree widely different from the Saliceae. — Distributed and not rare
in Amurland, Northern China, southward to Shanghai, especially near Tsingtau, Pekin and in Jen-chou-fu;
said to occur also in Japan.

33. Genus: Ptilopliora Steph.

Antennae in ^ with remarkably long branches, in $ thin, setiform, with short teeth and bundles of
short cilia. Palpi short, completely concealed in the hair. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked; no ocelli. Head,
thorax and legs with very long wool, hair of abdomen shorter. Legs rather weak; hind tibia with short end-
spurs. Wings thinly scaled, transparent; forewing elongate, costal margin quite straight in ^, slight convex
in $, distal margui strongly oblique, evenly rounded, hind margin shallowly incurved in (J, with smooth edge
in $, the wing therefore appearmg somewhat broader in $, before the middle with a broad tooth formed by
the marginal hairs, which are especially long in ths (^; vein 6 from upper cell-angle, 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked toge-
ther, 10 immediately beyond cell. Hindwing rounded-triangular, veins 6 and 7 on a very long stalk. — Larva
slender, naked, Noctuid-like, without any tubercles; 16 feet.

P. plumigera E-<p. (47 g). Body and forewing light brownish red, the latter with a postdiscal whitish plumirjera.
dentate band, variegated with grey in the ^J. Hindwhig paler grey, with a slight reddish suffusion. Central
Europe, common in some jalaces, northward to Southern Scandinavia, southward to Northern Italy, tlu'oughout
Northern Asia, and in Japan on the main island as well as in the Hokaido. On the wing only in the antumn,
October — -December, in exceptional cases, when a strong frost set in very early, not found before February.
— Egg strongly globose, the pole flattened, dark brown with light rmgs; deposited on buds, and hibernates.
Larva light yellowish green or pale yellowish, with darker dorsal line edged with white; at the sides two white
lines, of which the lower one is placed on a level with the stigmata. Until July on Acer campestris, much
more rarely an other deciduous trees (Fagus silvatica, Prunus); usually common where the food-plant is abun-
dant, so that young trees are often badly decimated. Pupa dark brown, with black spots, the anal end pointed ;
in a silk-lined cell in the ground.

P. kashgara Moore. Body greyish brown, abdomen brown with black apex, segments 1 — -3 with kashgara.

310 HIMEROPTERYX; PHALERODONTA ; NADATA. By Dr. K. Grunbeeg.

blackish tuft of hair. Forewing dark greyish brown, with siibbasal, pre- and postdiscal dentate black-brown
bands; fringes black-brown, spotted with grey. Hindwing greyish brown. — East Turkestan (Yangihissar).

34. Genus : Himeroptorj'x Stgr.

(J-antenna with long pectinations, which are shorter towards the apex; $ not known. Palpi obliquely
upturned, long-hairy, extending beyond the hair of the frons only with the short end-segment. Proboscis vesti-
gial. Eyes naked; ocelli absent. Thorax and legs with very long dense woolly hair, abdomen with shorter smooth
hair. Hind tibia with long mid- and end-spurs. Forewing relatively very broad, triangular, apex rather sharj),
distal margin steep, slightly undulate, hind margin with a broad pointed tooth of scales in centre; veins 6, 7,
8, 9 stalked, 6 close beyond cell, 10 from the cell, anastomosing with the stalk of 7, 8, 9 and thus formmg
a narrow triangular areole. Hindwing broad, rounded, veins 6 and 7 stalked.

The remarkably broad forewing with their steep distal margin at once recall Geomctridae, especially
Himera and Crocallis. Staudinger, who considered the genus a connecting link between the Notodontids and
Geometrids, has already drawn attention to this similarity and expressed this view in the name chosen for the
genus. So far a single species has been found in East Siberia and only a few specimens obtained, the species
having hitherto remained one of the greatest rarities.

miraculosa. H. miraculosa Stgr. (47 c). Thorax dark brown, abdomen yellow-brown. Forewing yellowish grey

or yellowish brown, with a broad dark red-brown median band not correctly represented in the figure which
commences at the lobes of scales in the centre of the hind margin, is anteriorly devidsd by a large rectangu-
lar pale discal spot and does not reach the costal margin ; basally to this band a subbasal similarly coloured
band which is only distinct at the hind margin; distally 2 transverse rows of similarly coloured spots, of which
the outer row placed close to the di.stal margin is strongh* obsolescent. Hindwing agreeing with the forewing
in the ground-colour, without markings. — ■ Amurland (Raddefka): lately also sent from the Su-chan, east of
Vladivostok. Also found in Japan.

35. Genus: PliaIero<l4»iila Stgr.

Antennae slightly dentate and ciliate in (^, setiform in $. Palpi of ^ distinctly projecting beyond frons,
segment 2 long-hairy, 3 porrect and smoothh^ scaled; shorter in $. Proboscis feebly developed. Thorax with
long and dense woolly hair, abdomen of $ with a long and very densely woolly anal tuft, which is less dense
in (5". Forewing rather broad, costal margin straight to near apex, the latter rounded, distal margin moderately
strongly oblique and very slightly undulate, hind margin somewhat excised at the bass, with a broad but very
short lobe of scales.

iombycina. P. bombyclna Oberth. (4:7 c). Body light greyish yellow. Forewing with slight brownish tint, quite

straight prediscal transverse line and strongly curved postdiscal one, both dark brown, the latter continued
over the light grey-yellow hindwing as dark arcuate Ime. Ussuri-district. — GR.\ESERhas described the early stages.
The egg hibernates. The larvae feed exclusively on Oak, being gregarious luatil pupation, but without a com-
mon web. They also resemble Phalera bucephala in facies. They are black, with rather large glossy black head
bear single stiff hairs and on each segment some cherry-red spots. They rest with raised fore and hind parts,
also as the larvae of Ph.hucephah. Pupation at the foot of the trees in a hard, leathery cocoon loose silk-threads
intermixed with lumps of soil forming together with the cocoon a large clod. The cocoon itself, however, is
disproportionately small as compared with the larva. Pupae June — July, the moths in the same autumn,
early in October.

36. Genus : ETatlata Walk.

Antennae in .^ pectinate to two-thirds, the rest dentate, in ? simple, setiform. Palpi obliquely upturned
to half the frons, densely and smoothly scaled, the short .?itump-liko end-segment distinctly marked. Eyes
naked. Thorax with long and dense, but smooth hair, and with a high, erec't, laterally compressed crest of scales.
Legs with long dense hair, abdomen also rather long-hairy. Hind tibiae with rather short but strong mid- and
end-spurs. Forewing elongate, but relatively broad, costal margin rather strongly convex in distal half, distal
margin moderately oblique and undulate, more strongly angulate at veins 6 and 4, but less projecting at vein 5,
so that there is a broad sinus between veins 6 and 4; hind margin usually with a moderately large lobe of
scales in the centre; vein 6 together with the stalk of 7, 8, 9 from upper cell-angle, 10 from cell, anastomosing
with 8, 9 beyond 7 and forming a large areole. Hindwing broad, rounded, veins 6 and 7 stalked. — The genus
occur.^ also in North America besides Japan, East Asia and the Himalaj^as.

cristata. N. cristata Butl. (47 b). Head, collar and hairs of legs whitish grey. Thorax light greyish brown

with a slight reddish tone and also strongly intermixed with white. Abdomen and hindwing light ochreous
brown. Forewing ochreous to grey-brown, the central area between the bands always more or less distinctly

GANGARIDES; PHALERA. By Dr. K. Grunbeeg. 311

shaded with grey; 3 diffuse narrow dark brown transverse bands, prediscal, discal and postdiscal, the two first
converging behind and meeting each other at the hindmarginal tooth, the third parallel with the central one ;
close before the apex of cell two rounded yellow spots; fringes whits between the veins. — ^East Asia, Southern
Amurland, North China, Japan. The larva smooth and glossy, whitish green, with large globular head and
yellow lateral oblique stripes. In the antumn on Oak. The moth in June and July, rare in most places.

N. splendida Oherth. (47 c). Smaller than cristata, forewing with the margin more evenly undulate, splendida.
and without lobe of .scales at the hind margin; only 2 transverse lines, which meet in the centre of the hind
margin. Head, collar and costal edge of forewing whitish. The ground-colour of the forewing grey-brown,
the hind margin broadly ochreous yellow; at the proximal side of the large yellow discal spot 2 small dark
brown ones. Hindwing dark brown, with the fringes ochreous yellow. — Ussuri district; China.

N. niveiceps Walk. A form from the boundary between the Palcarctic and Oriental Regions. Head niveiceps
and tliorax light brown, very strongly mixed with white, especially vertex and collar. Abdomen bright ochreous
brown. Forewing liglit grey-brown, with a brown diffuse discal spot and likewise indistinct dark postdiscal
band. Easily distinguished from the closely allied East-Asiatic cristata by the essentially deeper marginal sinus
between veins 6 and 4 in the forewing. — ■ North- Western Himalayas (North Hindostan).

37. Genus: C«aiig;ari<le»i Moore.

This genus has until lately been united with the Eupterotidae, but undoubtedly belongs to the Notodon-
tidae. Like the preceding genera it is essentially Oriental and reaches only the boundary of the Palearctie Re-
gion. Only one .species is known.

Antennae of cJ and $ with very long pectinations, the branches however becommg suddenly small
shortly before the apex. Palpi obliquely upturned almost to the height of the vertex, broad with scaling, end-seg-
ment small. Proboscis small. Ej^es naked. Tibiae with long and very dense crests of hair. Forewing broad,
apex produced and sharp, distal margin rather straight, distinctly undulate, hind margin almost straight. In
the forewing vein 5 from the centre of the discocellulars, 6 a.nd 7 from the upper angle of cell, 8, 9 and 10
on a long stalk which ana.stomoses with 7 in a point, a long areole being formed. In the hindwing vein 5 as in
forewing, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 connected with middle of cell by a very short and indistinct transverse vein.

P. roseus Walk. (= dharma Moore, vittipalpis Walk.) (29 c). Antennae light brown. Palpi grey, with rosetis.
dark brown uppersicle. The ground-colour of the body and wings a rather bright cinnabar red whicli is quite
pure in tint in the centre of the thorax, on the abdomen and hindwing, while the patagia and forewing have
a golden brown to light greyish brown colouring. Forewing with white-edged black discal dot and 4 blackish
transverse lines, the first subbasal angulate, second before and third beyond apex of cell, and the fourth from
the apex obliquely to the hind margin; this last line accompanied on its proximal side by a narrow white border,
which is widened to a small but prominent spot close to the hind margin. Underside pale yellowish grey-brown,
reddish only in the centre of the forewing and at the abdominal margin of the hmdwmg, both wings with black
discal dot, which is bordered with white in the hindwing. — Anterior India and Sunda Islands, occurs in Kashmir
on Palearctie territory and extends in the eastern Himalayas to the frontier of Tibet.

38. Genus: I*lialera /^6w.

Antennae shortly serrate in (^ with long fascicles of cilia, in $ simply setiform. Palpi hardly reaching
beyond the hair of the frons. Proboscis feebly developed. Eyes naked. Thorax with dense hair and scalmg,
with a broad crest-like transverse elevate scaling in front of the hind margin. Abdomen, which is clothed witli
dense smooth hair, very long in proportion to the exceptionally short and broad thorax, which appears espe-
cially clumsy because the head is retracted into the thorax. Legs with long dense hair; hind tibia with mid-
and end-spurs. Forewing rather broad, triangular, broader m $ than in ^, apex and liind angle rounded, hind
margin smooth. Veins 6, 7, 8, 9 stalked, 10 from cell, anastomosing for a short distance with the stalk of
7, 8, 9 or beyond 7 with 8, 9, a long areole being formed. Hindwing broad and evenly rounded, veins 3
and 4 together from lower angle of cell or on a short stalk, 6 and 7 on a somewhat longer stalk. — Larva elong-
ate-cylindrical, with 16 feet and without tubercles; hair rather dense, soft and long. Gregarious but without
web en various deciduous trees; the young larvae eat holes into the leaves. They disperse before pupation.
Pupa without cocoon in the ground, glossy, coarsely punctuated and grooved, with 2 strong points at the anal end.

The typical representative of the genus in the Palearctie Region is Ph. bucephaki, the well-known Buff-tip,
which is common everywhere. The very characteristic style of marking of this moth is repeated in its essentials
in the other three Palearctie species and also represented at least by the more or less distinct apical patch of
the forewing in the exceptionnally large species which occur in India. When at rest the wings are so closely
wrapped round the cylindrical body that the thorax and the buff patch simulate the ends of a broken off piece
of a twig and the silvery grey forewing its bark. Freshly emerged specimens have a slight musk scent.

312 PHALERA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

bucephala. P. bucephala L. (47 fl), Buff-tip. Head, collar and centre of thorax bro^mish yellow, patagia greyish

white witli a black-brown double basal edge, on the transverse crest 2 black-brown transverse lines, hind margui
greyish white. Abdomen yellowish grey to yellowish brown. Forewing greyish brown, broadly w^hite at the
base and along the hind margin, with prediscal dark brown and black double band; at the apex a large oval
yellow patch reaching down to vein 4, proximally bordered by a dark red-browii semicircle, and traversed
below the apex by a broad dentate dull ochreous submarginal spot; the black postdiscal band semicircular
in the costal half, parallel with the dark border of the apical patch, and then dentate, accompanied on
the outer side by a dark brown line; discal spot whitish; the scaling with a strong silkj^ gloss, excepting the
apical patch. Hindwing whitish grey, with a very slight indication of a dark median band. On the underside
both wings have a prominent black-brown discal band, forewing moreover ^vith a black-browia marginal line.
Throughout Europe with the exception of the Arctic Region and Greece; also in North-East Africa, Asia IMinor,
Siberia to East Asia. In Central Europe abundant everywhere in May and June, a second brood in July and
August appears regularly only in the South. — ■ In Norway and Southern Sweden, also in England occurs a
ienebrata. dark form, tenebrata Strand, in which the white colouring of the forcM'ing is more or less strongly reduced, par-
demaculata. ticularly in the median area, while the hindwing is paler or darker grey. In ab. demaculata Strand (47 d) the
hncephalina. pale discal spot of the forewing moreover is absent. — bucephalina Stgr., which represents the species in Western
Morocco, is also characterised by a darker colouring of the ground. In addition, the discal spot is more promi-
nent and the apical patcli larger, in which characters this form approaches the next species, bucephaloides. —^
inhilijens. In the East-Asiatic infulgens Graes. (47 d), which is common in the Amur and Ussuri districts, the whole fore-
wing is uniformly whitish grey without gloss, the anterior half being hardly darker than the hind margin; the
hindwing is somewhat narrower. — ■ Egg strongly, convex green with darker top and paler base. Larva orange-
yellow, with glossy black head and yellowish grey hair, as well as black longitudinal stripes interrupted bet-
ween the segments, 5 stripes dorsally and 2 laterally, between the latter pair the black spiracles are placed.
Underside black with broad yellow median stripe, abdominal legs black outside and yellow inside. June to
October, on Salix, Poplar, Birch, Lime and Oak. Pupa glossy black-brown, sometimes hibernating twice.

bucephala- P. bucephaloides O. (47 d). Differs from the very similar bucephala in the more uniform distribution

ides, gf (^i,p silver}^ scaling on the forewing, the lai"ge yellow prominent discal spot and the larger and somewhat lighter
apical patch. Moreover, the dark discal band is absent on the underside. Southern France, Lower Austria,
Galicia, Hungary to Dalmatia, Balkan countries. Southern Russia and Syria. — ■ Egg milky white with grey
base and grey pole. Larva reddish yellow, the intersegmental incisions conspicuously reddish, the whole body
densely covered with white dots which are very promment, especially on the black longitudinal stripes, which
are thereby rendered rather indistinct. Stigmata black, bordered with white, from each stigma a short white
stripe extends forvvard. Underside pale; abdominal legs black on outside. On abdominal segment 8 a dome-
shaped protuberance, on the anal segment a glossy black spot which encloses 2 small pale tubercles. August
and September, on Oak. Pupa dull black-brown with rough surface. Moth in June and July.

assimilis. P. assimilis Brern. <fc Grey (= ning-poana Feld., staudingeri Alph., fuscescens Butl.) (47 e). The

third of species resembling bucephala, inhabits East Asia. Forewing rather evenly silver-grey, only slightly
darkened at the costal margin, near the base with a black band which is absent from the two allied species;
the yellow apical patch not extending along the distal margin, but distally reduced from close below apex,
therefore not oval but huiiform; discal spot only slightly indicated. Hindwing dark grey-brown. — ■ Amur-
land, China (Tsingtau), Corea and Japan, in many localities rare.

alpherakyi. P. alpherakyi Leech. Allied to P. assimilis. Forewing brownish grey, with several dark dentate bands,

of which the subbasal one is distinctest; apical patch yellow, proximally with white border and encircled by
the postdiscal double band; discal spot white with black centre. Hindwing dark brown, with diffuse pale trans-
verse band. — Pu-tsu-fong.

flavescens. P. flavescens Brem. <k Grey (= andreas Oherth.) (47 c). Head and thorax pale greyish yellow, ab-

domen j'cUowish brown, in (^ with a grey spot on the last segment. Forewing pale greyish yellow, with several
indistinct brownish transverse dentate bands, near base below cell a circular grey spot distally bordered by a
black halfmoon; below the somewhat lighter apex commences a broad grey marginal band extending to the
hind margin and bordered on the proximal side with black lunules bearing a dark red proximal line. Hind-
wing with a broad dark brown submarginal band. Ussuri district, Corea, Japan, China. — Larva (according
to Gr.\ESEr) in the Ussuri district in August — September on varions deciduous trees, especially Birch ; similar
in shape to the larva of bucephala, gregarious like this until dispersing tor pupation, and with the some charac-
teristic rest-attitude. Uniformly dull black, with the incisions somewhat reddish, clothed with rather dense
and soft yellow hair; on each side two very thin yellowish longitudinal lines, between which the velvety black
spiracles are placed. Underside black, with thin j'ellow median line, a slight reddish tint between each pair
of legs. The pupa hibernates.

Puhl. 31. V. 1912. PYGAERA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 313

P. sangana Moore (47 c). Vertex greyish white, body dark brown, patagia and intersegmental inci- sangana.
sions of abdomen grey. Forewing dark grey-brown, more or less suffused with yellowish grey, the black pre-
and postdiscal bands rather sharp, marginal band nearly as in fhvescens, but much less prominent on the dark
ground ; discal spot and a round light spot before apex of cell indistmct ; the apical patch also often indistinct
and hardly contrasting with the ground-colour. Hindwing dark brown. — It is one of the large species charac-
teristic of the Indian fauna. Its true home is India, the species being found only in the boundary districts of
the Palearctic Region and extending northward to Shantung; it is not abundant.

P. sigmata Butl. (47 e, as signata). Forewing grejdsh white, dusted with numerous black-brown scales; sigmala.
prediscal band indistinct; discal spot composed of erect black scales; close beyond cell 3 irregular dentate black-
brown transverse lines, and along the distal margin a row of black 22-shaped markings. Hindwing dark brown.
— ■ Japan, West China; common.

39. Genus: I*ygaera 0. {Jchthyaia. Hh7i).

Head small, strongly retracted. Antennae pectinate to the apex, the branches long in (^, short in ?.
Palpi rather large, porrect, extending above frons, densely hairy. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes hairy, ocelli absent.
Thorax densely hairy, with raised median crest; abdomen slender, pointed m J with forked anal tuft. Legs
densely hairy, especially the forelegs, which bear in most species very dense woolly hair down to the tarsi. Hind
tibia with mid- and end-spurs. Forewing broad, the apex slightly anguliform or rounded, distal margin more
or less strongly convex, sometimes excised below apex, hind angle rounded; vein 6 from upper angle of cell
or shortly stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10; no areole. Hindwing broadly rounded, veins 6 and 7 on a short stalk,
5 but slightly developed. — The eggs are semiglobular, moderately convex or lentil-shaped, irregularly
ribbed and reticulated. Larvae cylindrical, with rather dense and moderately long hair, on abdominal segments
1 and 8 with diversely developed, sometimes transverse tubercle or protuberance, in addition small warts and
tubercles which may be present from thoracical segment 2 backwards on the dorsum as well as sides, and some-
times are enlarged to processes on the thorax. The larvae feed on Salix and Poplar, and there are usually 2
broods in the temperate districts. Pupation in a loose cocoon between the leaves of the food-plant, more rarely
on the ground. The pupae have a strong gloss; the anal end of the larger number of species is produced into
a long thin process which bears several small hooks.

The species of Pygaera incline to hybridisation. The closely allied and easily procurable species, such
as curtula, pigra and anachoreta are therefore favourite objects, like the species of Celerio among the SpMngidae,
for experiments in cross-breeding. The best-known hybrids obtained are the followmg : Pyg. hybr. fritna Tutt
{curtula ^ X pigra $), hybr. inversa Tutt {pigra ^ x curtula 9), hybr. difficilis Tutt {anachoreta ,^ x curtula $),
hybr. raeschkei Standfs. {curtula (J x anachoreta $). Moreover, the resulting product of a recrossing of these
hybrids with the parent species have also been described. Lately the Pygaera-\vyhviAs, have been used for invest-
igating the Mendelian law of heredity.

P. timon Hhn. (47 f ). Greyish brown, with whitish or reddish tinted pre- and postdiscal and sub- timon.
marginal bands, the two outer ones commencing with a iii'ominent white costal spot; before the first band a
red-brown or black-brown transverse band which is centrally enlarged to a triangular spot proximally narrowly
edged with white. Hindwing greyish brown, with feebly marked light median band. — Occurs especially in Russia
but is very rare even there, single specimens occasionally obtained in Finland, East Prussia, Moravia and Upper
Hungary. Also in East Asia, Amur and Ussuri districts and Japan. Egg glossy light green. Larva from
June to August on Aspen, always singly, dark ashy grey, with short ashy grey hair, on the raised abdominal
segment 1 four and on the following segments two small red wart-like tubercles. Abdominal legs dark greyish
green. Pupa dark brown, with obtuse anal end, on the ground or between leaves in a loose whitish web. The
larvae are easy to rear, accepting also Black Poplar as food.

P. timonides Brem. (= timoniorum Brem., latipennis Butl.) (47 f). Easily recognised by the distal thnonides.
margin of the forewing being excised below apex and projecting between veins 5 and 4. Dark brownish grey;
forewing with a rather large triangular blackish spot whose base rests on the costa, while the tip extends to
near the hmd margin; pre- and postdiscal and submarginal lines blackish, diffuse. — East Asiat Amur and
Ussuri districts. North China, Japan.

P. denticulata Oberth. (56 d). Larger than the previous, forewing longer, its outer margin more strongly dentindata.
dentate, with an especially large tooth in the centre; ground-colour grey, forewing with similar markmgs as in
timonides, but the darker costal triangle only reaches to the centre of the wing instead of to the hind margin.
Hindwing with darker anal area, otherwise without markings. • — • Sze-chuen.

II 40

314 PYGAERA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

aieversi. P. sieversi St^r. (47 f $). An exceptionally small species. Forevving of $ yellowish brown, somewhat

darker at apex and hind margin, narrower and longer in the (^, reddish brown or light chestnut; 3 light trans-
verse bands bordered by a dark double line, subbasal, pre- and postdiscal, the middle band being divided in
its hinder half; postdiscal band in ^ only a simple narrow blackish dentate line; a row of dark submarginal
dots, in ^ distinct only at the apex; discal spot small, dark. Hindwing blackish grey-brown, with yellowish
brown anal angle. — Ussuri district;.

troglodyta. P« troglodyta Graes. (47 f). Nearly related to P. sieversi. Forewing light reddish brown, in places

darker with greyish brown violet tone; transverse bands as in sieversi, especially the central one, but the sub-
basal band absent. Hindwing blackish grey with light reddish brown anal angle. — ■ Ussuri district, Corea,
Japan.

anastomosis. P. anastomosis L. (47 f). Body and wings of a grey-brown ground-colour, vertex and centre of thorax

deep black-brown, velvety. Forewing extended rust-brown below the apex, with 3 narrow dark-edged trans-
verse bands, the subbasal one interrupted at the hind edge of the cell and its posterior portion somewhat shifted
distad, the pre- and postdiscal bands approximated at hind margin and connected below cell by means of a
dark, oblique, posteriorly sharply defined spot; discal spot circular, crossed by the light-coloured discocellular
vein. Europe, from Scandinavia to Southern France and Northern Italy, eastward over Central Asia to East
Siberia, Corea, China and Japan. Absent from England and northern Scandmavia. Widely distributed in
Central Europe, in 2 broods, April — ^June and July— August, in the North only 1 brood. May — June, in the
South possibly 3. Along with the ordinary form throughout the whole area occur singly dark brown or blackisli
/r(s<fs."_specimens, tristis Stgr., in which particularly the hindwing is deep black-grey. — On the other hand, orientalis
orientalia. Pixs., described from Corea, but also distributed over Eastern Siberia, is lighter than true anastomosis, the
forewing especially being greyer; the oblique spot connecting the two outer bands is a mere shadow, and the
dark median spot of the thorax is edged with a thin white line. — • Larva red-brown, with black dorsal spots
accompanied on each side by a yellow longitudinal line, with brownish hair. The hump on abdominal segment
1 is black, bears black hair and 4 round dome-shaped tubercles, 2 in front larger, and 2 behind smaller; the
hump on segment 8 is similar but somewhat smaller. On thoracical segments 2 and 3 and on the abdomen
from segment 2 there are 2 small yellow warts in the black dorsal spots and a small red tubercle on each side
in the yellow stripe, the tubercles on the thorax enlarged to small processes. Stigmata black, on abdominal
segment 1 a small black tubercle below the spiracle. Head black, with bi'ownish hair. May- — ^June and July —
September, on species of Salix and Populus, when young between leaves fastened together, later stages free.
Pupa strongly glossy, head and thorax black, wing-cases and abdomen red-brown, the latter produced into
a long point bearing several small hooks at the tip, with which the pupa is fastened in the loose grey web.

curtida. P. curtula L. (= anachoreta Esp.) (47 f). Light brownish gre}"-, vertex and centre of thorax very

dark brown. Forswing with a large red-brown apical patch, which is proximally bounded by the shaqjly devel-
oped white postdiscal line and posteriorly by vein 3; subbasal and prediscal bands as well as the posterior
half of the postdiscal band likewise white, but less sharp; in the brown apical patch a blackish submarginal
line composed of single spots. In the specimens of the summer-brood the hindmarginal area of the forewing
as well as the hindwing are usually paler, often almost white. South-European examples also are light-coloured,
yellowish white, the apical blotch of the forewing brownish yellow. North Europe to Southern France and
Northern Italy, Corsica, Bukovina, Bulgaria, Armenia to East Siberia. In Central Europe everywhere plentiful,

webbiana. in 2 broods, April- — -May and July — August. A dark form occurs also in this species, ab. webbiana Rebel, corres-
ponding to ab. tristis of P. anastomosis; forewing blackish grey, traversed by 3 white transverse stripes. - — ■

caneacens. Further, a likewise pale East-Siberian form, canescens Graes., which is pale yellowish grey to whitish, similar
to the light specimens of the summer-brood. — ■ Egg glossy dark green, with dark pole. Larva grey, with minute
dark red-brown irroration, which renders the ground-colour reddish grej', and with thin dark dorsal line and
grey hair; the hump on segments 1 and 8 of abdomen low, blackish; from thoracical segment 2 on each side
3 feeble orange-yellow warts in a transverse row; stigmata black. May — -June and August — September, on
Salix and Poplar. Pupa as in P. anastomosis, in a grey web.

curtidoides. P. curtuloides Ersch. (47 f ). Very close to P. curtula, which it replaces in Amurland. Groinid-colour

somewhat darker than in curtula, uniformly reddish bro'mi, the dark apical patch on the forewing likewise
more even, the prominent white band which forms its proximal border produced into along pointed tooth. — In
Amurland, plentiful. The larva on Aspen. — ■ It is not certain if the North-American albosigma belongs here.

anachoreta. P. anachoreta F. (= curtula Esp., fulgurita Walk.) (47 g). Ground-colour dark brownish grey, more

ashy grej', vertex and centre of thorax black-brown. The dark brown apical spot of the forewing extends basad
beyond the postdiscal band to the apex of cell, the white band within it sharply contrasting and dentate; the

PYGOPTERYX; ANTICYRA. By Dr. K. Grunberg. 315

other bands indistinct. In the apical patch a row of small blackish submarginal spots, the row continued below
vein 3 by larger and more prominent spots. From North Europe, with the exception of the higher latitudes,
to Northern Italy and Northern Spain, Southern Russia, Armenia, East Asia, China, Japan, India. In Central
Europe everywhere, but rarer than curtida and anastomosis, likewise in 2 broods, April — -May and July — -August;
in the North one brood. May — ^June. ^ Also in this species a paler variety has been separated: pallida Walk., pallUla.
which extends from Central and East Asia into the Oriental Region. — Egg lentiform, brown-grey with
brown transverse band. Larva reddish grey, with grey yellow hair, dark dorsal line and large, interrupted
black dorsolateral spots. The tubercle on abdominal segment 1 moderately liigh, that on segment 8 smaller,
brown-red bordered with black, the former accompanied by a prominent white spot. The small orange-red
lateral warts weak as in P. curtula, with which the larva agrees in habits. Pupa rather slender, glossy
black-browni, with the segmental incisions of the abdomen red-brown, the apex as in P. anastomosis. Cocoon
loose, brownish grey, between leaves.

P. pjgra Hufn. (= reclusa F.) (56d). Smaller than P. anachoreta, with the ground-colour darker; pigra.
the forewing strongly suffused with whitish grey to violet grey, particularly in the centre and at the distal
margin; the 3 bands are represented by 3 prominent white lines. Subbasal and prediscal bands approach
each other costally and are united at the hind margin. A red-brown spot between postdiscal band and apex
of wing. Throughout Europe (excepting the Polar Region) to Portugal and Central Italy, South-Eastern
Europe, South Russia, Armenia, Central and East Asia. In Central Europe rarer than anachoreta and the
other species ; likewise in 2 broods. — Also of this species a lighter variety and a darker one occur: obscurior Stgr., obscuHor.
with the ground-colour very deep dark brown, is found in Central and East Asia; and ferruginea Stgr., with feiruginea.
the ground bright rust-brown, has been described from southern Asia Minor. — Egg semiglobular, flesh-
colour. Larva ashy grey to blackish grey, or with a greenish tint, hair grey-yellow, the hump on segments 1
and 8 of abdomen flat, black; 2 longitudinal rows of yellow lateral small warts in dark spots, also a ventro-la-
teral, yellow, interrupted double stripe, in which the black spiracles are placed. On Salix and Aspen. Pupa
glossy red-brown with dark wing-cases, otherwise as in P. anastomosis, etc., in a whitish grey web.

P. modesta Stgr. (= moderata Graes., Rhegmatophila akulini Oherth.) (47 f). Forewing pale ashy morf^sto.
grey, dusted with blackish scales, without apical patch; subbasal and prediscal bands not very distinct, the
white postdiscal band, however, sharp, dentate, edged with black, distally accompanied at the costal margin
by an obsolescent brown macular stripe. Hindwing dirty wiiite, sparsely irrorated with black scales at the
distal margin. — ■ The species bears some resemblance to ab. pallida of P. anachoreta, but is easily distinguished
by the absence of the apical spot. Central Asia (Ferghana and Issyk-kul, Alexander Mts.).

40. Genus: Pj^gopter.yx Stgr.

Antennae serrate in (J with short cilia, simple and setiform in $. Palpi rather long, distinctly extending
above the frons. Proboscis strongly developed. Thorax with smooth hair, only the hair at the posterior corner
of the patagia somewhat rough, semierect. Abdomen with short smooth hair, with long anal brush in ^. Femora
and tibiae with long hair; hind tibia with strong mid- and end-spurs. Forewing rather broad, with pointed
apex and undulate distal margin which projects strongest ui the centre. Hindwing broadly rounded, vem
5 weak, a mere fold.

The only species is P. s\xa.\a. Stgr. (47 g), which recalls Pygaera by the wing-markings. Dull reddish siwitja.
brown; forewing darker at the base and distal margin, centre of costal margin lighter, reddish grey; with 3
straight light transverse bands in the usual position, and a light submarginal line. Hindwing light reddish
brown, with a strongly obsolescent narrow dark median band. — Ussuri district (Vladivostok, Sidem-).

41. Genus: Aiitie^ra Walk.

Antennae plumose to % in (^, the branches densely hairy on two sides, in ? thick setiform. Palpi porrect,
not reaching above frons. Proboscis feebly developed. Eyes naked. Thorax as in Phalera relatively very short.
Abdomen elongate, extendmg by Y^ beyond the anal angle of hindwing. Femora and tibiae with dense and
long hair; hind tibia with mid- and end-spurs. Forewing broad, triangular, distal margin steep, hind angle
rounded; veins 6, 7, 8, 9 stalked together, 10 from cell, touching stalk of 8, 9 in a point or connected with
it by a bar, a long areole being formed. Hindwing broad and evenly rounded, veins 6 and 7 stalked. — Distri-
buted throughout the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions.

A. combusta Walk. (47 e). The species varies somewhat in colouring; but the markings are surprisingly combusta.
constant considering its wide distribution. It reminds one of the European species of Phalera, particularly in
the colouring of the thorax. The straw-coloured forewing are traversed in the costal area by dark grey-brown
longitudinal stripes, mostly parallel with the veins, the whole distal marginal area is strongly darkened, this
brown colouring extends below the cell to the base ; at the distal edge a double row of black, proximally a pale-

316 PYDNA; NORRACA. By Dr. K. Grunberg.

edged angle-spots. Hindwing dark brown with pale basal area. — • Throughout China to Tsingtau and Pckin
and singly in Southern Jajjan. The only Oriental representative of the genus, occurring all over India from the
Himalayas to the Sunda Islands and the Philijjpines, being also widely distributed in Africa. Larva bluish
green, with black head, hair long, especially dense and rather long on the abdomen. Pupa short and stout, with
a tuft of bristles at the anal end.

42. Genus: I»j«liia Walk.' (Bireta, Walk., Ceira Walk.)

Antennae of cj plumose, the branches moderately long, somewhat extraordinary long, in other cases
but short; in 5 with short pectinations or simply setiform. Palpi obliquely upturned to a level with the vertex,
in one group of species shorter, the end-segment acute, porrect. Proboscis rather weak. Eyes naked. Thorax
with long hair, particularly the patagia. Abdomen rather long, especially slender and tapering in cJ. Legs
long and strong; femora and tibiae with crests of long hair; hind tibia with very strong mid- and end-spurs,
the end-spurs of ths midtibia also very strong. Forewing broad, particularly broad at the base in consequence
of the costal and hind margins being strongly convex at the base, the wing appearing quadrangular; distal
margin steep and only slightly convex, liind margin quite straight beyond the basal convexity; veins 6, 7,
8, 9 on a stalk from the upper angle of cell, 6 very close to cell, 10 from cell, anastomosing with stalk of 8, 9 or
of 7, 8, 9, the areole being consequently either remarkably long and narrow or shorter. Hindwing very
broad, strongly rounded, with the costal margin almost straight; veins 6 and 7 stalked. — The genus is rather
rich in species and occurs throughout the Oriental Region, extending in East Asia to China and Japan. But
most species are tropical. Colouring and markings are liable to very much. The East Asiatic species are all
closely related to one another.
pallida. "*• pallida Butl. (= notata Sicinh.) (56 e). Ground-colour of thorax and wings pale yellowish grey,

the forewing with a broad but diffuse brown longitudinal stripe in the costal half sharply bounded by the hind
margin of the cell, and with a large brown hindmarginal spot; beyond the centre a curved double row of dark
brown dots from costal to hind margin, likewise before the distal margin a row of black-brown dots between
the veins; some additional dots at the base and before the middle. The bro\vni markings as well as the rows
of dots are sometimes cjuite obsolescent (cf. figure), especially in $, only the marginal dots remain distinct, at
least in the centre of the distal margin. Hindwing brownish with the exception of the costal margin, some-
times entirely pale. Abdomen light grey-brown. — ■ North India to China and Japan.
straminea. P. straminea Jfoore (47g, as pallida). Forewing entirely pale or rather bright straw-yellow to brown-

ish yellow; a brown stripe from the apex to the middle of the hind margm, more or less continuous or broken
up into irregular spots, and strongly dilated below the cell; this stripe traversed by a postdiscal double row
of bi'own spots arranged as in P. pallida; at the distal margin a row of brown dots between the veins, at the
apex of cell a brown spot and before it a vestigial prediscal row of spots. Also in this species the markings
are liable to being quite diffuse or disappearing almost entirely excepting traces of the outer postdiscal row of
dots and the marginal dots. Hindwing pale yellowish grey. Body of the colour of the forewing. — Japan. If
a larger series of Japanese specimens be examined, some aberrations might be distinguished in this very
variable species, although the forms do not appear to be sharply defined.
plumoaa. P. pluitiosa Leech (49 a). Somewhat resembling the two previous species in colouring and marking.

The (J-antenna with excessively long branches. Forewing pale straw-colour, with a brown shadow from the
apex to the hind margin ; the postdiscal and marginal rows of dots as in weakly marked specimens of P. straminea.
Hindwing silky white with a slight yellowish tint. — Japan.
southerlandi. P- southerlandl Holl. Antennae very strongly pectinated. Forewing light straw-yellow; from the

base below cell a curved brown band extends upwards to the apex. Hindwing somewhat darker than fore-
wing. — Japan.
insignis. P. insigtiis Leech. According to the description closely related to pnlli'la Butl. Forewing pale yellow

basal, median and outer areas brownish, 2 black basal dots, a prediscal transver.se row of black spots, behind
the dark discal spot an undulate double line spotted with black on the veins, at the distal margin a row of
black dots between the veins, the tips of the veins also brown. Hindwing dark brown with exception of the
costal margin. — • Japan.
irugalis. P. frugalis Leech. Forewing pale brownish, with blackish basal spots; in the cell a brown longitudinal

stripe which enclo.ses in its dilated apex the dark discal spots; a brown longitudinal stripe extends from the
apex of wing to below cell, being continued from there to the hind margin by two curved lines; the two post-
discalrows of spots and the marginal interneural dots are sharply developed in this species also. Hindwing pale
brownish. — West China.

43. Genus: ^orraca Moore.

Antennae serrate in ^, with fascicles of fine cilia, in $ smooth, setiform. Palpi of (^ vertically upturned,
reached to the height of vertex, more obliquely upturned in $ and somewhat shorter. Proboscis moderate.

GAZALINA; GELASTOCERA. By Dr. K. Grunbeeg. 317

Eyes naked. Thorax with smooth hair. Abdomen of (J slender and very long, almost extending for one half
beyond anal angle of hindwing, ending in a tuft of hair prolonged to a point ; in $ stouter, with tuf fc of hair. Femora
and tibiae with dense long hair, especially the fore tibia of (J very densely hairy, appearing broadly spindle-
shaped. Hind tibiae with mid- and end-spurs. Forewing long and very narrow, costal margin almost straight,
hind margin dilated at the base into a broad triangular lobe, apex slightly rounded in (^, produced into a
point in $ ; distal margin strongly receding, not separated from hind margin ; vein 6 free from upper angle of
cell, close before it 7, 8, 9 on a common stalk, 10 from cell, immediately beyond base of 7 anastomosing
for a longer distance with 8, 9, a short narrow areole being formed. Hindwmg rounded-triangular, costal
margin almost straight, veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 running close along cell for a considerable distance.

The genus appears to be restricted to South and East Asia; for it seems to me doubtful that the two
species described from Africa as Norraca belong here. The genotjrpe, N. longipennis Moore, described from
Malacca (Pulo Penang) has remained the only species known from Southern Asia; it occurs also in China. A
second species described from East China is presumably identical with it.

N. longipennis Moore (47 g ?, erroneously named straminea). (= ? retrofusca Joann.). Wings T^aXe longipennis.
yellowish brown, with a grey tone and in places, especially in $, with a reddish flush. ^ with an elongate, dif-
fuse, whitish spot before apex of cell. Behind the centre a slightly curved row of 8 thin black dots on veins
1 — 8 parallel with the margin, beyond it two blackish stripes likewise parallel with margin, very indistinct
and composed of single short streaks. South Asia, Ceylon and Malacca, China. N. retrofusca Joann. from Kiang-
Nan. — Dr. Sbitz communicates the following observations: The moth rests with the wings close wrapped
round the body, the insect thus resembling to some extent a cigar, and holds on to the stalks of bamboo only
with the forelegs, the other legs being held close to the body. In this position the msect pendulates in the
wind, being so similar in appearance to a yellow blade of bamboo that one recoguises it as an insect only if
one touches it. When the bamboo is beaten over an umbrella, the specimen falls down with the wings closed
and rolls about in the umbrella. The species flies late at night, the ^J^J coming to the lamp. It may be con-
cluded from the special adaptation of the moth to bamboo that this is the food-plant of the caterpillar.

44. Genus: Ciiazaliua Walk.

Antennae in ^ with moderately long pectinations to the tip, in $ only dentate. Palpi remarkably small,
short, stumpy. Proboscis vestigial. Eyes naked. Thorax with very long hair. Abdomen rather long-hairy,
at least in cj, in 9 with a remarkably strong club-shaped anal tuft composed of hairs and scales. Forewing
broad, triangular, costal margin almost straight, distal margin moderately oblique and slightly curved, forming
a distinct angle with the hind margin; veins 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked together, 6 close to cell, the fork 8,9 exceed-
ingly short, close to costal margin, 10 originating between 6 and 7; no areole. Hindwing broad, rounded,
Femora and tibiae long-hairy; hind tibiae with very short end-spurs. Himalayas and North India.

Gazalina has hitherto been united with the Lymantriidae, to which the genus bears an evident resem-
blance in facies. The woolly body, the thick anal tuft of the $ and the white colouring of the wings appear
to point to a relationship with the Lymantriids, quite apart from the reduced palpi and the absence of the
proboscis. However, a glance at the neuration proves that the genus is not allied to the Lymantriids, but
must be placed with the Notodonts.

P. apsara Moore (= nervosa i^eW.) (48d). Thorax and wings white, the latter with a silky gloss, antennae, apsara.
frons, legs and abdomen black-brown, the thick club-shaped anal tiift of $ bright glossy golden; veins in the
distal half of forewing black. North- Western Himalayas and North India. — In the North-Indian venosata Walk, venosala.
the entire veins of the forewing and those of the hindwing at least in the costal half blackish.

P. chrysolopha Koll. (= antica Walk., chordigera Feld.) (48 e, d). Differs from apsara in the markings chrysolopha.
of the forewing, which bears, besides the black veins, 3 black transverse lines, one basal, the second prediscal
and the third discal, the last running in the direction of the discocellular vein. Abdomen of (J more extended
yellowish at the incision than in aspara. — ■ Kashmir, North-Western Himalayas to Sikkim.

45. Genus: Oelastoeera Butt.

The affinities of this genus are still entirely unknown. One Japanese species has been described. An-
tenna of cJ with long pectinations to ^s, the rest only with very short cilia. Palpi slightly extending above
frons. Abdomen very slender.

G. exusta Butt. (= Microleon rubicundula Wilem.) (46 h). Head and thorax reddish, antennae brown, e.r:usla.
abdomen whitish. Forewing red-brown, with broad median band which is widened at hind margin, distal
marginal area dirty yellowish brown. Hindwmg whitish, with the distal margin slightly brownish. Japan
(Hakodate). — Lately the species has been placed by H.impson as congeneric with Earias ochroleucatia Slgr.
into the Noctuid-group Acontianae.

318

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Notodontidae.

Alpliabctical List

of the Palearctic forms of Notodontidae with references to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the species is figured at the place cited.

adiiiirabilis Loph. Stgr. Rom. Alem. L6p. 3, p. 224. *

aerueinosa Cer. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 9, p. 4. *

ulbida Drym. Rebel, Berge's Sclmiett.-Buch (IX), p. 104.

ulbidn Leuc. Bdv. Icon. Hist. Lap. *

albiinaciihi Urod. Stgr. Rom. M^m. Liip. 3, p. 217. *

alboaccentuata Micr. Oberfh. fit. Li^p. Comp. 5 (1), p. 336. *

aliena Not. Stgr. Bom. Mfei. L(§p. 6, p. 352. *

alplierakvi Phal. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 229.

alpina Bheg. Bell. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 18S0, p. 367. *

amurensis Gluph. Oriittb. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 295. *

anai'horeta Pyg. F. Mant. Ins. p. 120.

anastomosis Pyg. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 506.

anceps Not. Ooeze, Entom. Beytr. 3, (3.) p. 207.

apsara Ga/,. Moore, Lap. JIus. E. I.,C. p. 3tl.

aretioa Dicr. Zett. Ins. Lapp. p. 922.

arcuata Urod. Alph. Bom. M^m. L6p. 9, p. 154. *

argeutifera Spat. Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. 6, p. 140.

argentina Spat. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 62.

arnoldl Not. Oberth. tt. Lap. Comp. 5 (1), p. 322. *

assinillis Plial. Brem. i( Clrey, Motsch. fit. 1, p. 64.

alriplaga Ijophoc. Stgr. Rom. M6m. Lep. 3, p. 220. *

atrovittata Micr. Brem. Bull. Akad. Imp. P^tersb. 2, p. 483.

basalis Staur. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 90.
basllinca Not. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 292. *
basistriga Not. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 400.
berberisae Staur. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 400.
bicoloria Lauc. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 49.
bicuspis Cer. Borkh. Nat. Eur. Schmett. 3, p. 380.
bidentatus Staur. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, \t. 287.*
bifida Cer. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. 38. *
biloba Sem. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 5, p. 63. *
bipartita Ner. Bull. Cist. Entomol. 3, p. 119.
bonibycina Phalorod. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 5, p. 63. *
boreaiis Cer. Boh. Pors. Syst. Swar. Nattf. p. 161.
branicki Urod. Oberfh. fit. d'Ent. 5, p. 60. *
bucephala Phal. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 508.
biioephalina Phal. Stgr. Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Pal. Lop. (Ill), p. 111.
biioepbaloides Phal. O. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 238.
buddbista Phe. Piing. Iris 12, p. 289. *

canidina lioph. X. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 507.
Candida Dicr. Stgr. Rom. Mtoa. L6p. 6, p. 340.
canescens Pyg. Graes. Berlin. Ent. Zeitsclir. 1892, p. 303.
carnicllta Odont. Es^p. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 3 (Cont.), p. 65. *
cbaoiiia Drym. Hb7i. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Bomb. *
chrysolopha Gaz. Koll. Htigels Kaschm. 4, p. 470.
cinerea Not. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 353.
c-innanioniea Spat. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 637. *
circTinisoripta Drym. Butl. Cistul. Entom. 3, p. 125.
citrina Gangaridops.TF?7e»i.Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 283.*
comatus Staur. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 306.
conibusta Antic. Walk. Cat. Lep. Hat. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1092.
concentrica Pent. Oberth. fit. L(5p. Comp. 5 (1), p. 336. *
corticalis Hup. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 475.
crenata Ghiph. Esp. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 3, p. 245. *
cristata Nad. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 480.
cucuUa Loph. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 3, p. 364. *
cuculus Loph. Stgr. Rom. M6m. Liip. 3, p. 226. ■*
curtula Pyg. X. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 503.
curtuloide's Pyg. Ersch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 4, p. 193.
cyanea Cncth. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 642. *

davidi Ner. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 6, p. 17. *

delavoiei Dicr. Gasch. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) 6, p. 522.

delia Drym. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 640. *

dcinaculata Phal. Strand, Ark. math. nat. Krist. 25 (9), p. 8. '

dembowskii Not. Oberfh. Diagn. d'Esp. Nouv. p. 12.

denlivjulata Pyg. Oberth. fit. L6p. Comp. V (1), p. 336. *

dictacoides Phe. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 3, Cont. p. 27. *

divos Spat. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 10, p. 15. •*

dodonaea Dr>nn. Him. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Bomb. *

dodunldes Drym. Stgr. Rom. M^m. Lep. 3, p. 220.

doorricsi Spat. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 32, p. 141. 1

droinedarius Not. X. Syst. Nat. (XII), p. 827. !

eriuinea Dicr. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 3, p. 101). *
estonica Dicr. Huene, Stett. Zg. 66, p. 225.
eugenia Pterom. Sf/fr. Iris 8. *

e.xiinia Drym. Griinb. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 297. *
exusta Gel. Bull. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 476.

tagi Staur. X. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 508.

fasciata Pha. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 401.

felina Dicr. Buff. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 474.

terruglnea Pyg. .Stgr. Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Pal. Lep. (Ill), p. 112.

flavescens Phal. Brem. d- Grey, Motsch. fit. 1, p. 31.

frigida Phe. Zett. Ins. Lapp. p. 923.

frugalls Pydn. Leech, Trans. Ent. So-. Lond. 1898, p. 302.

fuegei Not. Barf. Entom. Nachr. 26, p. 337.

furciila Cer. CI. Icones, Tat. 9. *

fiisca Drym. Rebel. Berge's Schmett. -Buch (IX), p. 104.

fuscinula Car. Steph. III. Brit. Ent. Haust. 2, p. 18. *

gigantea Not. Butl. Ann. .Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 474.
giratfiiia Loph. Hbn. Smlg. Elar. Schmett. Bomb. *
graeseri Not. Stgr. Rom. Mf^m. Lep. 6, p. 351. *
grisea Drym. Ttirati, Natural. Sicil. 20, p. 22. *
grisea Micr. Butl. Cistul. Entom. 3, p. 120.
grisea Ptar. Brem. Lep. Ost.-Sibir. p. 45. *
grisescens Cneth. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 3, p. 214. *
grunimi Not. Christ. Rom. M6m. L^p. 2, p. 21. *

himalayana Dicr. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 400.
ho?gei Loph. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 143.

infulgens Phal. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 146.
infumata Cer. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 6, p. 338.
insignis Pydn. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 301.
intercalaris Car. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Petersb. 4 (1899). p. 470.
intermedia Dicr. Teich, Stett. Zg. 1896, p. 27.
interrupta Cer. Christ. Stett. Zg. 28, p. 233.

jankowski Not. Oberth. Diagn. d'Esp. Nouv. p. 11.
japonica Cer. Griinb. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 286. *
japoniea Pent. Griinb. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 292. *
japonica Gluph. TFiZe/H. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 285.*
japonica Ochr. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 280. *
jullieni Pha. Oberth. fit. Lf^p. Comp. 5 (1), p. 322. *

kashgara Ptil. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 231.

ladishii Loph. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 5, p. 66. *

lama Staur. Oberth. fit. L(ip. Comp. 5 (1), p. 322. *

lanigera Cer. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. HLst. (4) 20, p. 474.

lappoiiiea Pter. Teich, Stett. Zg. 1881, p. 188.

lativitta Not. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud. 1911, p. 292. *

leeohi Ner. Stgr. Rom. M<Jm. L6p. 6, p. 348. *

leucodera All. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 6, p. 357.

leonis Phe. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 45, p. 139. *

lichenicolor Sem. Oberth. fit. Lep. Comp. 5 (1), p. 330. *

lineata Drym. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 5, p. 61. *

longipenuis Dam. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1044.

longippnnis Norr. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 440.

ludovicae Cer. Piing. IrLs 14, p. 180. *

lunula Drym. Griinb. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 297. *

macrodonta Spat. Butl. Cistul. Entomol. 3, p. 127.
maudschurica Drym. Oberth. fit. L6p. Compar. 5 (1), p. 323. *
nianleyi Drym. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 639. *
melaena Not. Spul. Hofm. Snhmett. Eur. p. 97.
melagona Ochr. B ,rkh. Eur. Schmett. 3, p. 423.
menciana Dicr. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 89.
meticulodlna Urop. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 10, p. 16. *
milhauspri Hopl. F. Syst. Eat. p. 577.
minax Dicr. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Bomb. *
mirabilior Loph. Oberth. fit. L^p. Comp. 5 (1), p. 324. *
miraculosa Himer. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 3, p. 228. "■
modesta Pyg. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1889, p. 25.
moUrechti Not. Oberth. fit. L6p. Comp. 5 (1), p. 322. *
monetaria Not. Oberfh. Diagn. d'Esp. Nouv. p. 12.

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Notodontidae.

31 9

nigrilinea Staur. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 18i»9, p. 216.
iii(>:rorHinosa Dryui. Christ. Iris 6, p. 89.

niphoniea Fent. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1911, p. 286 *
niphonica Staur. Griinh. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 290. *
niveieeps Nad. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 554.
nobilis Dud. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 447.
nordlandica Odont. Stra7td,Schr. naturf.Ges. Danzig 1907 p. 285.

iiberthiiri Not. Stgr. Rom. Mem. L(5p. 6, p. 354. *

obscura Staur. Rebel. Berge's Schmett.-Buch (IX) p. 102.

obscurior Pyg. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 102.

obsoleta Not. Griinb. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 299. *

oeypete Pent. Brem. Bull. Akad. Imp. Petersb. 1861, p. 481.

orientalis Pvg. Fixs. Rom. M6na. L^p. 3, p. 350.

ornata Spat. Oberih. i.t. d'Ent. 10, p. 15. *

pallida Not. Griinh. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 299. *

pallida Pydn. Bntl. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 473.

pallida Pyg. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1077.

palpina Pter. L. Pami. Suec. p. 305.

penua^na Drym. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 20.

persimllis Staur. Butl, Ann. Mag, Nat. HLst. (5) 4, p. 353.

peiri Cer. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 37. *

phantonia Dicr. Dalm. Anal. Entom. (1823), p. 92.

phoebe Not. Sieb. Scriba's Beytr. 1, p. 18. *

picteti Staur. Oberth. Et. L4p. Comp. 5 (1), p. 322. *

pigra Pyg. Hufn. Berlin. Magaz. 2, p. 426.

pit'beja AH. Oberih. fit. d'Ent. 5, p. 65. *

pliiinigera Ptil. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 3, p. 254. *

plumosa Pydn. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 620. *

plU!«iotis Spat. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 5, p. 65. *

poiitiea Pter. Stgr. Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Pal. Lep. (Ill), p. 111.

pryerl Loph. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 355.

przewalskii Dicr. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 38. *

pulrigera Cer. Stgr. Stgr. if Rbl., Cat. Pal. Lep. (3), p. 105.

pustulifera Cneth. Oberth. fit. L<5p. Comp. 5 (1), p. 323. *

querna Drym. F. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 122.

roseus Gang. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 513.

saltensis Cer. Schoy. Entom. Tidskr. Stockh. 1881, p. 120. *
sangaica Cer. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 90.
sangana Phal. Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. 2, p. 433.
saturata Lopb. Wa'k. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 415.
sieversi Odont. 3Ien. Motsch. Et. 5, p. 44.
sieversi Pyg. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 6, p. 370. ■"

sigmata Phal. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 473.
sinensis Loph. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 91.
sinica Pter. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 91.
sommeri Tars. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. *
sordida Fent. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 286.
southerlandi Pydn. Holl. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16, p. 73.
sphingiformisDud. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 577.*
splendida Nad. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 5, p. 65. *
stigmatica Hup. Griinb. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 299. *
straminea Pydn. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 91.
suava Pyg. Stgr. Rom. M(^m. L6p. 3, p. 230. *
syra Cer. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Petersb. 4 (1899), p. 471.

tenebrata Phal. Strand, Ark. math. nat. Krist. 25 (9) p. 8.

tephroxantha Phe. Piing. Iris 13, p. 116. *

tiefi Not. Bart. Iris 15, p. 196.

tinion Pyg. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Bomb. *

tinionides Pyg. Brem. Bull. Akad. Imp. Petersb. 3, p. 482.

trachitso Not. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 18, p. 21. *

transiens Cer. Krulik. Rev. Russ. d'Ent. 9, p. 302.

treniula Phe. CI. Icones, Taf. 9. *

trimacula Dryna. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 3, p. 242. *

tristis Pvg. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 102.

tritophus Not. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 3, p. 299. *

troglodyta Pyg. Graes. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. 1800, p. 72.

ulmi Exaer. Schiff. Wien. Verzeichn. p. 66.

umbrosa Hopl. Stgr. Bom. M6m. L6p. 6, p. 343.

unibrosa Loph. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 313.

unicolor Leuc. Men. Motsch. fit. 6, p. 24.

unitormis Not. Oberth. fit. L^p. Comp. 5 (1), p. 323. *

upina Ner. Alph. Rom. M6na. L^p. 6, p. 17. "■

urocera Cer. Bdv. Gen. Ind. M6th. p. 84.

ussuriensis Ochr. Piing. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 303. *

velitaris Ochr. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 3, p. 374.

velutina Loph. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 5, p. 64. *

venosata Gaz. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 398.

verbascl Cer. F. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 441.

vinula Dicr. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 499.

viridescens Staur. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 6, p. 1504.

viridlmixta Urod. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 52. *

yittata Drym. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 262.

webbiana Pyg. Behel, Berge's Schmett.-Buch (IX) p. 111.

ziczac Not. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 504.

LITHOCHARIS; SARONAGA. By W. Warren. 321

puM. J. VI. 19V.'. 18. Family: CymatophoridaB.

The one characteristic bj^ which, as a Family, the Cymatophoridae are differentiated from all others
is found in the neui'ation of the hindwings of the imago; vein 7 rises towards the end of cell and approximates
to vein 8, which is curved down towards it, sometimes so closely as to appear to anastomose, herein resem-
bling the neuration of the Pyralidina. Inter se the genera vary little in neuration ; vein 6 of forewing in some
cases rises from upper angle of cell, in others is stalked with 7, S; sometimes an areole is formed by the
anastomosis of 8 and 9. As far as our present knowledge goes the family is divisible into 3 groups which have
no very close connection with one another. In the first, which includes the well known species of Habrosyne
and Thyatira, the larvae feed, when young, exposed on species of Rubus, afterwards concealing themselves among
the herbage; in the second, containing among others the genera Polyploca and Palimpsestis, thej^ pass their
lives within the protection of spun or rolled together leaves of trees, such as poplar, birch, oak, and alder;
of dull coloration, the dorsal surface often darker than the ventral, somewhat flabby of consistence, smooth
and flattened, with large glolxise head, resting by day when not feeding curled up head to tail; on the contrary
the larvae of the first group have, as in Thyatira, the dorsum humped on segments 6 — 10, the third seg-
ment with a bifid projection, particoloured, with lateral stripes, and resting rigid, with the front and hind
segments raised; while in Habrosyne they are cylindrical, smooth, yellow brown in colour, with white lateral
spots on one or more segments; in the third group the larvae are at present unknown, though those of
one genus, Epicimelia, are reasonably suspected of being attached to Astragalus. All alike have but one
generation in the year, the larvae feeding up in summer and autumn, and appearing as imagos in the follo\ving
spring or summer. Pupation takes place in a spun cocoon among leaves on the surface of the ground. The ima-
gos are smoothly and finely scaled; in the fii-st group of gay appearance, adorned with bright lines and
blotches; in the second comparatively dull, traversed by dark lines and bands; and in the third pink, with
a metallic or yellow stigma.

1. Genus: liithocliaris gen. nov.

Tongue present ; frons smooth ; palpi upturned, rather short, the second segment broad, thickly scaled,
the third short, smoother; antennae of ^ smooth, flattened, lamellate; thorax stiffly scaled; abdomen smoothly
scaled; pectus rather woolly; tibiae smooth; forewing elongate, more than twice as long as wide; costa strongly
shouldered at base, then nearly straight; apex subacute; termen smooth, curving very obliquely below middle
into the inner margin without forming an angle; hindwing broadly triangular; both wings finely and smoothly
scaled; discocellular of forewing inangled; vein 5 from the angle; vein 6 stalked with 7, 8; vein 3 from
before end of cell; in hindwing veins 3, 4 from lower end of cell, 5 from near middle of discocellular. Type
L. albihasis Hmps. from India.

L. maxima Leech (49 h). Forewing grey brown tinged with violet; base narrowty white edged externally maxima.
with yellow; a narrow oblique white dash at apex; orbicular and reniform stigmata represented by small
tufts of raised whitish scales; traces of inner and double outer dark vertical lines, the teeth marked by dark
dashes on veins ; subterminal line obscurely paler, denticulate ; hindwing pale ochreous grey, with darker
grey outer band and broad terminal border. Jaj^an. Distinguished from the Indian form by the absence of
any pale costal streak.

2. Genus: Siaroiiag'a Moore.

Tongue well-developed; frons smooth; palpi porrect, the second segment thickly scaled, the third
quite short and smooth; the antennae of ^ lamellate; head and thorax thickly and stiffly scaled; abdomen
smooth, without dorsal crests, with a rough mantlet below of contiguous lateral tufts; pectus, femora, and
tibiae woolly; forewing narrow and elongate; costa nearly straight; apex prominent; termen cm-ved, more
obliquely below middle; hindwing broad, triangular; termen rounded and slightly sinuous, the anal angle
truncate; forewing with discocellular vertical, vein 5 from below its centre; vein 6 stalked Avith 7, 8; 9,
10 stalked; 8 anastomosing with 9 to form an areole; hindwing with vein 5 from close above 4. Type
S. albicosfa Moore.

S. consimilis spec. nov. (= albicosta Leech part nee Moore) (49 f). Forewing dark brown crossed by consimilia.
darker waved lines below the median vein and up to vein fi beyond cell; the costal area whitish, tinged in cell
and above with rosy, and along costa with yellowish green ; the stigmata white with deep brown outlines ; the
orbicular round with small red brown spot below centre; the reniform vertical and oblong, the lower part filled
in with dark brown, the upper divided into 3 or 4 spots by transverse lines ; the reniform folloAved by an irre-
gular white patch traversed by a brown crenulate line; beyond this are three deep brovai dentate outer Imes,

II 41

322

HABR08YNE. By W. Wakeen.

separated by paler spaces; subterrainal line whitish, wavy, preceded and followed by deep brown dentate shades;
a short blac'k dash from apex ; terminal line brown, lunulate ; fringe pale chequered with brown ; hindwing dark
olive browii, with deeper curved outer line and broad terminal border; fringe white; luiderside dull grey
with dark outer band and broad terminal border on both wings; apex of forewing with a pale blotch; head
dark brown; tegulae black tipped with white; patagia olive grey, darker at base; thorax and abdomen grey;
palpi white, the second segment marked above with brown. Expanse of wings: 50 mm. Distinguished from
albicosfa Moore by its smaller size, more unifonn bro\\Ti coloration, and rosj' tinge along costal streak, as well
as by the different stigmata. Described from 1 (J and 2 $$ from Japan, in the Tring Museum.

trifolhim. S. trifolium Alph. This species is said to resemble ocularis L. in markings generally, but the costal

area is whitish tinged with rosy, as in albicosfata Brem., to which it is also allied by its narrower wings; charac-
terised in particular by a large greenish trefoil-shaped stigma in cell, touching both imier and outer lines. De-
scribed from a single $ from Sidemi, bred from an unknoAm larva.

mirabilis. S. mirabilis Bflr. (55 m). Forewing pale olive bro'WTi below median vein and obliquely upwards to apex;

cell and costal area chalk white ; the costal edge at middle dark bro\\ai ; a black spot followed by a white one
close to base on sxibmedian fold; inner line double, oblique from costa to median vein at middle of cell, black
brown filled in with orange, oblique inwards below middle and indistinct; outer line similar, oblique inwards
from costa before apex to end of cell, where it is deflexed, inwardly curved below middle and hardly marked;
siibterminal line Mavy. grey, obliqvie and straight from apex to anal angle, outwai'dly foUoAved by grey spots;
a fine lunulate dark terminal line; fringe grey; faint traces of white stigmata, shown by dark spots at their
lower ends; hindwing whitish, grey-tinged along termen, more broadly towards apex; fringe white. Found
in Japan only, Yokohama and Gifu.

conimifera. S. conimifera spec. nov. (= albicosta Leech (part) nee Moore). Forewing with the lower half uniformly

deeper bro\\'n than in S. albicosta Moore; the cell and subcostal area rosy, toM'ards costa white tinged with yello-
wish green; stigmata redbroAvn with dark outlines, the orbicular containing 4, and the reniform .3, sulphur
coloiired spots, sejiarated by a long hornshajied niark curving in below the orbicular, the reniform followed
by some irregular sulphm'-tinted creimlations ; the denticulations of the dark line more acute, above middle
alternating with white ; hindwing darker, olive fuscous, the terminal border deeper ; underside dull whitish tinged
with grey; the veins dark; a broad fuscous terminal border in forewing, narrower and subterminal in hind-
wing ; the termen and fringe whitish ; an angulated praeapical mark and the costa itself before apex white ;
head deep brown; tegulae black brown with their tips white; patagia brown with their base narrowly white;
thorax and abdomen fuscous brown ; palpi above dark broMni, below Avhite finely speckled with browii. Expanse
of wings: 40 — 52 mm. 1 ^ (type), 2 $$ frona Sabathu, in the Punjab, N. India; the specimen mentioned
by Leech from Wa-ssu-kow, W. China (Tr. E. S. 1900, p. 15) and referred by him to albicosta Moore, belongs
to this form, as those from Japan to consimilis; both species have narrower forewings than albicosta Moore.

(dbicosiaia. S. albicostata i?re?w. (55 m). Forewing dull ohve brownish from inner margin to median vein and beyond

cell to vein (i; in cell and above mixed with whitish, piu-e white along middle of costa; a double broken
oblique subbasal line; inner line oblique, black, outbent on both folds, inangled on the median vein and vein 1,
preceded by an olive broAvn shade, which above median is narrowed and blackish ; outer line double, the inner
arm darker, angled outwards on vein 4, indented on both folds; subterminal line waved, pale gi'ey, preceded
by a dark band which is internally bordered by a lunulate dentate pale line, the teeth pointing inwards and
marked with black white-tipped dashes on the veins; a strong obliqixe black streak from apex; an interrupted
blackish terminal line; fringe grey; hindwing pale dirty grey, with darker terminal border and slight curved
outer shade ; extreme termen and fringe paler. Described from E. Siberia ; also recorded from Corea and W. China,
and from Japan.

3. Genus: Habros.yiie Hbn.

Tongue present; frons smooth; palpi obliquely porrect. the second segment thickly scaled, the third
short and smooth; antennae of ^ simple, somewhat flattened; femora and tibiae hairy in (J; the abdomen
with strong lateral tufts of hair; forewing triangular, the inner margin sinuous, with a small tuft of scales at
anal angle; veins 3 and 4 from lower angle, 5 from near above 4; 6 stalked with 7. 8; 9, 10 stalked,
1 1 free. Larva feeding exposed when young, afterwards under the shelter of united leaves, pupating in a slight
spun cocoon among leaves. Type H. derasa L.

derasa. H. derasa L. (49 d). Forewing with basal area olive green, the rest pearl grey tinged with ferruginous

yellow; a diffuse whitish patch along middle of costa, marked with 3 or 4 obliqiie dull ferruginous lines;
a short oblique streak of shining white raised scales across sxibmedian fold near base; projecting above median
vein, which is marked with white, to meet the oblique inner line which is white from '/* of costa to -/a of inner

THYATIRA. By W. Warren. 323

margin; a diffuse white subterminal streak, slightly curved from apex to anal angle, widening towards costa;
space between the lines tinged with ferruginous, the 4 costal lines reappearing, strongly zigzag, hi outer half
below vein 6; orbicular and reniform stigmata ferruginous outlined with pale, the reniform with the centre
pale; hindwing fuscous. Larva cinnamon brown, yellower at sides, with a lateral row of obscure dark stripes; a
white romid lateral spot on segment 4, sometimes repeated on 5 and 6; on bramble. Occurs throughout Europe
and in Western Asia.

H. intermedia Brem. Of the same size and shape as derasa, but in coloration and markings resembling intermedin,
scripta Gosse (49 d) from N. America, from which it is doubtfully distinct ; both are distinguished by the absence
of ferruginous coloration, and the presence of a white blotch in the angle between the subbasal and inner lines
above the white part of the median vein. Found in Amurland onh'.

H. derasoides Bllr. (= fraterna Moore) (55 m). Resembles derasa L. in colour, and in shape of wings; derasoides.
distinguished by the presence of the white blotcli in the angle above the white part of the median vein.
Butler's type was from Hakodate, Japan; fraterna Moore from Dharmsala in the Punjab.

H. indica Moore (55 n). Always larger and darker ferruginous than derasa; the tennen more oblique indica.
and the apex more prominent; the upper part of the median area below the white costal patch much darker,
extending thus to apex, the white subterminal stripe straighter, but om-ved into apex shortly before costa ; hind-
wing always darker fuscous. Moore described his Indian species from Sikkim, but the larger Japanese speci-
mens, generally referred to derasa. and those from Kashmir, are identical; the form pterographa Poiij. is merely pierogmpJia.
a darker, less ferruginous insect, found in W. China.

H. conscripta spec. nov. (55 n). As large and of the same shape as the last species, indica, but in color- comcripia.
ation agreeing v^hh intermedia Brem. and its American coiisin scripta Gosse, which it further resembles in hav-
ing the white triangular patch above median vein between the subbasal and inner lines. 1 $ Wa-ssu-kow,
1 (5* Ta-tsien-lu, (type) in Tring Mu.seum; also a short series in the British Museum Collection from Yatong, Tibet.

H. dieckmanni Graes. (49 d). Forewing a mixture of reddish violet, oUve brown, and yeUow brown; diectcmanni.
lines sinuous and wavy ; a sliai'jjly marked small white oblique streak near the base from median vein to vein 1 ;
a broad fascia across wing, limited on each side by fine wavy lines, broad at costa, but only occupying a third
of inner margin ; before it two fine brown wavy lines and a violet stripe, the last swelling out on costa into a large
violet blotch; near it at base a small brown spot; the large basal triangle uniform olive brown; beyond the fascia,
but clear only to vein 6, two or three wavy lines followed by a pale stripe; apical area filled with a black brown
shade containing on costa a violet wisp; the fascia itself yellow brown, greyer towards inner margin; stig-
mata plain, edged with reddish ; the reniform with a yellow or red centre ; costal streak violet red, inter-
rupted by grey bro^vn shadings and before the reniform by two black streaks ; terminal area purphsh red above
vein 1 ; a romidish blotch of olive brown at anal angle, traversed by an olive brown terminal hue ; terminal
lunules brown, edged by a violet line; hindwing dark grey; veins black at extremity before the yellow fringe.
Larva cinnamon bro^^Ti, yellower at sides; on each segment at sides a large romid pale yellow spot, reaching
higher up the dorsum on segments 2 and 3; some small yellowish dots above the feet ; head orange and brown ;
feeding on bramble. Amurland.

4. Genus: Tli^'atira Hbn.

Tongue present; frons smooth; palpi obliquely porrect, the first two segments thickly fringed with
hair, the third smooth ; antennae of ^ciliated; third segment of dorsum crested; forewings with vein 6 from
upper angle of cell; otherwise the nem-ation is the same as in Hahrosyne; ground colour of forewing dai'k,
ornamented with large roundish pale spots tinged with pink or brownish. Larva feeding, when young, ex-
posed; dorsum humped on segments G — 10; the third with a bifid projection; rests rigid, with the two ex-
tremities raised. Type T . hatis L.

T. batis L. (49 e). Forewing deep olive broMii, M'ith 5 rounded whitish blotches suffused, except at their batis.
margins, with peach blossom colour; the basal large, marked with one or two brownish spots; that at middle
of inner margin small, irregularly semicircular ; two at costa, beyond middle and at apex ; the fifth at anal angle,
with a small white terminal spot beyond its upper margin; two indistinct wavy dark outer lines; hindwing
fuscous; In the Punjab, along with the type form, occurs also the ab. cognata Moore (49 e); in this the pale
blotclies i:)resent usually a dull bliu-red appearance, while that on inner margin is wholly absent; the brown
ground colour is generally paler, so that the transverse dark lines are more in evidence, especially the outer
line, which is bordered with pale grey. In the ab. confluens Renter (= juncta Tutt) the apical and praeapical confluens.
blotches are coalescent. — Larva brown, second and third segments whitish, fifth with 3 black spots; a row of
obhque dark lateral stripes ; when young easily mistaken for a bird's dropphig ; feeds on common bramble. Througli-

324

THYATIRA. By W. Warren.

irimaculata.

slramineata

finvida.

ohlonga.

flavimargo.

conspi.cKa.

hedemanni.

violaceu

out Europe. North and Central Asia, to China and Japan; al.so occurs in N. India. The examples from China
and Japan are always larger than the European.

T. trimaculata Brem. (49 e). Forewing deep olive browai overlaid with dense black speckling; three
large white rounded blotches, their centres suffused with brownish pink; the largest occupying the base, a smaller
one at apex and anal angle; terminal pinkish white, brown-filled lunules along termen between the blotches;
fringe brown, pink at apex and anal angle; hindwing whitish, with grey cell-spot, sinuous outer line and diffuse
terminal border, the extreme termen and fringe whitish; head and collar black; tegulae white; patagia white
at base, then brownish. Amurland.

T. stramineata spec. nov. (= flavida Leech (part) nee Bth.) (55 n). Forewing olive grey with the wavy
lines blackish; an oblong whitish basal patch, rimning bluntly outwards above vein 1 across base of cell; a large
rounded white patch at apex; a smaller one at middle of costa and a flattened one at anal angle; inner line
bigeminate, outcurved at middle; outer line double, followed on costa by two short white strigae; stigmata
pale, with dark outlines; the orbicular dotlike, the reniform oblong, vertical; subterrainal line hnmlate-dentate,
the teeth white-tipped basewards; terminal black lunules filled in with paler; fringe ohve brown; hindwing
straw yellow, with broad blackish terminal border in apical half, becoming narrower and subterminal below;
the fringe and extreme termen straw colom-. A large and conspicuous insect ; the type from the Khasia Hills,
Assam; the specimen from Ichang, Central China, referred by Leech (Tr. E. S. 1900, p. 11) to flavida Btlr.
and now in the British Museum Collection, is identical.

T. flavida Btlr. Considerably smaller than stramineata and nmch duller, the hindwing suffused with
dull browniish grey. Described from a single (^ from Hakodate, Japan.

T. oblonga Pouj. (= flavida Leech (part) nee Btlr.). Forewing dark gre5dsh fuscous with wavy cross lines ;
basal patch small, projecting in middle somewhat in the shape of a duck's beak; a small white spot at middle
of costa beyond rise of outer line ; a large and a small white spot on imier margin, often united ; an oblique round-
ed white apical patch, and a small flattened anal patch ; the wavy dark transverse lines alternated with paler
spaces; the outer and subterminal lines edged with grey; terminal lunules dark with grey edges; fringe brown;
hindwing fuscous tinged with luteous. especially in the cj; a darker obscurely marked subterminal band. Found
in W. Cliina.

T. flavimargo I^eech. Forewing fuscous brown, traversed by several darker and paler wavy lines; a
purplish brown spot at base of wing, tliis colour extending also over the thorax; reniforna stigma outlined
with blackish; a round pinkish white spot above it, and a larger curved spot towards apex, outwardly edged
with black; on middle of inner margin a narrow erect whitish spot, and towards anal angle a round ochreous
one iuM-ardly edged with whitish; fringe brown beyond a sinuous black terminal line: hindwing fuliginous, the
termen bordered with orange yellow in the $ ; fringe orange jellow in both sexes ; luiderside of wings fuliginous
with yellow median bands and terminal borders. W. China: Omei-shan; Pu-tsu-fong; Chia-kou-ho.

T. conspicua Leech. Forewing pale fuscous brown, traversed by faint wavy lines; an irregularly shaped
white basal patch, marked with black spots and outlined Avith black; stigmata Avhite outlined with black: a large
white patch at middle of costa traversed by short dark lines; another towards apex preceded and followed
by black lines ; on the outer part of inner margin some smaller white spots with black outlines ; hindwing yellowish,
with a blackish subterminal band, outwardly diffuse; fringe yellowi.sh; two black spots at outer angle ; underside
yellowish with black median and terminal markings. Described from 2 (J<^ from Chia-kou-ho and Pu-tsu-fong,
West China.

T. hedemanni Christ. (49 d). Forewing greyish olive, darker in median area; basal patch dull whitish,
tinged below median vem with olive brown; the blotches before apex and at anal angle dull grey tinged
with pmk; before the apical blotch a deep olive costal triangle; outer line forming the limit of the blotches
and projecting outwards as a crenulate line between them ; subterminal line obscurely dentate lunulate ; reniform
sliL'iiiii obscure; hindwing pale olive fuscous. Transcaucasia.

T. violacea Fixs. (49 e). Forewing olive brown mixed in parts with bluish slate-colour; a large slate-
coloured basal blotch, shortly and narrowly projecting in middle, tinged with dark olive at costa and yellowish
olive below median, and containing a short oblique white dash from vein 1 to median vein; stigmata deep
olive brown, round, with white contiguous annuli; above the reniform two inwardly oblique short dark streaks
in the midst of a pale slate-coloured costal patch ; these streaks reappear beyond cell between veins 6 and 2
as two lunulate dark outer lines edged with a white line, this last alone continued to imier margm as the edge of
a slate coloured anal blotch, the inner half of which is olive yellow; the dark olive terminal area is interrupted
by a wide diffuse slate-coloured streak from apex ; subterminal line marked at its origin on costa by a white
curved striga; a black festooned terminal line followed by a row of narrow white terminal lunules filled up with
deep olive; fringe deep olive, rayed with white beyond veins; hindwing glossy slaty olive, with a faint paler
outer band; the fringe whitish. Described from Gorea, found also in West and Central China.

THYATIRA. By W. Warren. 325

T. mdllendorffi Fixs. (49 d). It seems to me that Pixsen was premature in sinking his species to auro- mdUendorffi
rina Btlr. The forewing is much less strongly coloured, the pale and dark shades being less contrasted; the basal
patch is smaller, with less rounded outline; the pale markings in the terminal area are straighter and more
linear, and vein 1 is marked with white; hindwing likewise not so dark. Aurorina is a Japanese species only;
mdllendorffi is from Corea.

T. aurorina Btlr. (49 e). Forewing olive tinged with purplish red in places ; a rounded pure olive blotch aurorina.
at base edged by a velvety black line curved from costa to submedian fold, then oblique to vein 1 and running
in basewards to inner margin; within the black limiting line the edge is yellow below costa, projecting yellow
streaks to base along costa and subcostal vein ; below subcostal white, projecting a white streak along median,
meeting a pearly white oblique dash from vein 1 ; in the purplish tinged central fascia are two black lines in-
wardly, plainest at each extremity; outer line treble, oblique inwards above subcostal in the pale costal blotch
above the stigmata, reappearing below vein 6 beyond cell as 3 and ultimately 5 waved lines interrupted at
submedian fold; followed at costa by an inwardly oblique shining yellow streak and below submedian fold by a
curved white black-edged line which forms externally the limit of a round olive blotch at anal angle, tinged
in its inner half with pui-plish; stigmata purple with pale annuli, the reniform with a pale linear centre; a purple
oblique shade from costa before apex containing a curved yellow streak; a pearly white curved space from
apex to above anal angle, followed by 4 purple blotches between veins 2 and 6; terminal lunules yellow
filled up with brown, preceded by a dentate dark line edged with white from vein 2 to 6; fringe brown, rayed
with yellow and white-tipped; hindwing olive fuscous; the fringe pink, white at tips. Japan.

The 5 following species have longer and narrower f o r e w i n g s.

T. apicalis Leech. Forewing pale olive grey; median area deeper, with a small pale costal patch beyond apicalis.
the origin of outer line; basal patch whiter, small, rounded, with dull brown clouds below median vein and
vein 1 ; a pale creamy white blotch at apex, inwardly bounded by the dentate submarginal line, which runs
obliquely and forms also tlie boundary of the anal patch, which is larger and nearly filled with brown; a row of
pale dark -edged terminal lunules ; fringe olive grey ; hindwing pale olive grey ; basal half limited by a darker curved
line, followed by paler, which again becomes darker towards termen. Near aurorina, but S7naller and more
delicate; described from a single J from Nitou, W. China.

T. tenuis Hmps. Forewing fuscous; the basal area greyish, bounded by an obliquely sinuous line; an tenuis.
ill-defined siiuious grey line from lower angle of cell to inner margin; an irregidar grey subterminal line met
by an oblique dark mark from apex; orbicular and reniform stigmata small, gi^ey, edged with black;. hindwing
grey. Described from a $ only from Yatong, Tibet.

T. ornata Leech (49 n). Forewing olivaceous bi'own; stigmata with black outlines; an oblong white omala.
streak from base of costa, thicker at base, to the dark inner line, irregularly deflexed at end and forming the
inner margin of that line; the upper and lower edges of the blotch diffusely dark olive; outer line blackish,
elbowed below costa, then nearly straight and slightly oblique to inner margin, bordered by a diffuse white space;
subterminal line wavy, whitish tinged with pink, expanding towards apex; a whitish pink-tinged costal space
above reniform stigma; a row of black pale-edged terminal lunules; fringe olive chequered with white; hind-
wing fuscous, with a faint cbisky median line. Allied to T. opalescens Alph., which also occurs in Western China.

T. opalescens Alph. (49 n). Forewing pale olive brown with a slight slate coloiired tmge; a white opalescens.
somewhat flattened semicircular streak from base, its ends resting on the submedian fold, the upper and lower
edges diffusely dark olive; submarginal line broad and white, ciuwing inwards from apex to vein 6, along
wliich it is shortly outbent, thence oblique, parallel to termen, to vein 2, along which it is deflected mwards,
then again oblique to vein 1, where it is recurved to inner margin; stigmata of the ground colour ,»with darJv
outlines; beyoiid the reniform a whitish costal patch, before which a very obscure dark outer line rises, sloping
outwards to vein 6, then outcmwed to the elbow in wubniarginal line; the space within the elbow at anal
angle white tinged with brownish; fringe brown chequered with white; hindwing greyish white. Ta-tsien-Iu,
Western China. The last two species are closely allied to the Indian species undulans Hmps.

T. pryeri Btlr. Forewing dull grey brown; an oblong whitish blotch from base above submedian fold, pryeri.
containing one or two black dots at base, and between the median vein and the fold tinged with bro%\aiish,
touching at its extremity a second oblong blotch along costa, bounded by the dark outer line; costal area
at base deep olive brown ; a long obli(£ue apical whitish blotch, preceded on costa by a deep olive brown blotch ;
subterminal line dentate, pale, preceded by a dark shade; anal blotch dull brick red; terminal lunules brick
red edged with black; fringe brick red, rayed with dark; hindwing fuscous; fringe rufous. Jaj^an.

326 GAURENA; PALIMPSESTIS. By W. Warren.

5. Genus: ^jraiirciia Walk.

Tongue present; frons smooth, but like the vertex clothed with rough hairs; palpi obliquely porrect,
the second segjuent densely hairy beneath, the third smooth, moderately long, depressed; antennae flattened,
lamellate, with close fitting clavate teeth, broader in the J"; tegulae and patagia long-haired, the hairs of the
latter tipped with scales, forming a kind of crest; metathorax, basal, and third segments of dorsum crested;
pectus and femora woolly; forewing olive with pale golden yellow bands and blotches; vein 6 stalked with 7, 8;
vein 5 in both wings from a little below the middle of discocellular. Type G. florens Walk. Mainly an Indian
genus, but occurring also in China and Japan.

florem. G. florens Walk. (49 e). Forewing dark olive, with a yellow green undertone, which shows chiefly

in, bej'ond, and below cell; a pale golden yellow curved band 7iear base, projecting outwards between vein 1
and the subcostal, on both of which it is angled inwards; outer band restricted to patches on costa and inner
margin, interrupted between veins 6 and 2; the central space contains two groups, each of three wavy dark
lines, which on vein 2 in part, and along vein 1 are marked by alternate pale yellow and dark strigae, the
lower half of submedian interval and the inner margin below vein 1 being pale goldeii yellow; a smaller yellowish
white apical blotch, with 4 white dots on the veins below it; a double pale golden yellow patch at termen be-
tween vein,s 2 and 4; a white dot near base in submedian fold, another in place of the orbicular stigma,
and a large yellowish white, somewhat glossy, round spot on discocelhilar ; a row of Avhite olive-edged terminal
lunules; fringe yellowish olive mottled with whitish and deeper olive; hindwing olive fuscous, slightly bronzy;
fringe paler, beyond a dull row of pale terminal lunules. The species is recorded by Leech from W. China; in
Sikkim, whence it was in the first instance described, it is very common.

florescem. G. florescens Walk. (56 a). Forewing olive brown, more imiformly dark than G. floren-'^: all the veins

spotted with pale yellow in places between the dark lines; the subbasal band reduced to two roundish yellowish
white blotches, one at base of costa, the other in submedian interval; the outer band reduced to a similar blotch
below costa and another above vein 1 before anal angle ; the apical blotch formed of two coalescing round
blotches; the reniform another similar blotch; the white spot near base of submedian fold, and the orbicular
spot larger; the subterminal row of spots more numerous and prominent; all the larger blotches, as well as
the smaller terminal blotch between veins 2 and 4, clouded with sulphur yellow; the white marginal lunules
stronger; the fringe darker, more regularly mottled with olive yellow; hindwing olive fuscous. Found at Pu-
tsu-fong. W. China; like florens, common in Sikkim, N. India.

gemelki. G. gemella Leech (56 a). Differs from florescens in the ground colour being deep bro«ni, and all the

blotches white, that representing the orbicular stigma larger. W. China only.

sinuatd. G. sinuata spec. nov. (= aurofasciata Leech nee Hvips.) (56 a). Intermediate between florens Walk.

and aurofasciata Hmps., resembling the latter in having the pale marginal blotches conjoined by pale bands,
but the outer band instead of being straight and vertical is sinuous, oblique outwards from costa, where it is
not swollen into a triangle, to vein 5, then oblique inwards, edged internally by a regularly lunulate dentate
line to the pale anal blotch ; the apical pale blotch smaller, not reaching apex ; the yellow terminal hnuiles complete ;
reniform mark large and shining as in aurofasciata, preceded by a small orbicular yellow dot, asin//oreM.s, whichis
quite absent in aurofasciata ; the olive brown ground colour not so deep, so that the lines are less obscure; hind-
wing pale olive fuscous. West China: Ta-tsicn-lu, Pu-tsu-fong; several examples in the Tring Museum; also
one from Hainan.

grisescem. G. grisescens Oherth. (49 e). Resembles florens in markings, but the olive green tinge becomes grey and

silvery; the outer pale band is curved from costa to iimer margin; thoi-ax blacki.sh; underside dark fuscous
to subterminal line. Recorded from Ta-tsien-lu, W. China.

argenii- G. argetitisparsa Hmps. Forewing grey dusted with black; a black-edged white spot at base below

sparsa. jj^edj.^jj vein; a white antemedian band edged by irregularly waved black lines; a waved outer line followed
by a diffuse white band which forks to apex; orbicular stigma small, white, with black margins; reniform large
and round, with a black edged white band running from it to inner margin, internally dentate ; a few scattered
submarginal white specks ; an irregular patch at anal angle; a marginal series of white lunules; hindwing fuscous,
with traces towards inner margin of outer and subterminal lines. Found in Yatong, Tibet.

6. Genus: ]*alii]i|».sesii»4 Hbn.

Tongue present; frons smooth; antennae thick, lamellate; palpi obliquely porrect, the second segment
hairy, third short; abdomen smooth; eyes glabrous; forewing with vein 5 from middle of discocellular; vein 6
stalked with 7, 8; 9, 10 stalked; 8 and 9 anastomosing to form the areole; in hindwing vein 5 from above

PALIMPSESTIS. By W. Warren. 327

lower end of discocellular. Larva living concealed between united leaves; head large, rounded; body smooth,
flabby. Type P. ocularis L.

P. fluctuosa Hhn. (49 h). Porcwing pale brownish tinged grey; a broad dark fuscous cential band /i«c<uosa.
including the median and outer lines, limited on both sides by a wliitc conversely black-edged hue; subterminal
line whitish, waved, preceded on costa by an oblique dark streak; hindwing grey, with paler outer line. Larva
yellowish white; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines fuscous; head reddish ochreous with some brown spots;
feeding between united leaves of birch. A local species, rare in Britain; found in Scandinavia, and N. Russia;
also in South and South East Russia.

P. duplaris L. (= bipuncta Bkh., bicolor Esp., undosa Hhn.) (49 h). Differs from fluctuosa in the duplaris.
band being less conspicuous, paler at centre, and with darker lines towards the edges; the white limiting lines
less prominent; instead of the dark streak before subterminal line at costa a dark oblique streak from apex;
on the discocellular are placed two black spots one at each end. Larva dull dirty grey, darker, more fuscous,
on dorsum; dorsal line dark; subdorsal broad, olive green; lateral line finely yellowish; the dots black; head
red brown; feeding between united leaves of alder and birch. Occurs throughout North and Central Europe,
in N. Italy, Russia, and the Altai Mts., W. Siberia. In the al>. argentea Tutt the ground colour is silvery white, argeniea.
the luies very distinct; N. England, and Ireland; in ab. obscura Tult, from Scotland, the forewing is unicolorous obscura.
leaden grey with the base and the subterminal line faintly paler; like the latter, but powdery grey without
any brown admixture, is a form from the Swiss Alps and the Pyrenees, ab. pulverosa ab. nov. (56a), the basal pulverosa.
area and subterminal line alone showing pale from the dull grey ground colour.

P. or F. (= flavicornis Auriv.) 49 f). Forewing pale to dark grey, tinged with fuscous; lines blackish; or.
the subbasal double; the inner and outer bigeminate, diverging towards costa, sometimes obscured and almost
hidden by tho dark suffusion; orbicular stigma small, pale, often obsolete; reniform 8-shaped, pale; subter-
minal line interrupted, formed of whitish, black-edged spots; au oblique black dash from apex; hindwing grey;
the ab. scotica Tutt, from Scotland and other northern localities, has the ground colour pale silvery grey; — • scotica.
terrosa Graes. from Amurland and Central Asia) (49 h) presents a uniformly dull brown appearance, with all the terrosa.
markings inconspicuous and the stigmata obsolete; flavistigniata Tutt fro.m Scotland has the stigmata filled flavistig-
in with yellow; in the ab. albingensis Warn. (49 f) the ground colour is blackish grey and the two stigmata con- '"^^■
spicuously white; in unimaculata Jwrii'. the orbicular stigma, often small and subobsolete, is entirely wanting; unimacu-
yet another aberration — discolor ab. nov. (56 a) has both wings dull brown grey, with the markings blurred, the lita.
stigmata usually plain ; 1 $, 3 (JcJ of this form stood in the Feldee Collection among the European examples, "'*^''"'-
but without exact locality. Larva greenish white, with dark dorsal and yellow spiracular lines; head reddish
ochreous; feeding between united leaves of poplar. Found in North and Central Europe, S. W. France, N.
Italy, S. E. Russia, and Armenia.

P. ocularis L. (= octoge,«ima Hbn., octogena Esp. (49 g). Forewing pale grey, with a rosy brown ocularis.
tinge when fresh ; subbasal line double, grey ; inner and outer lines double, the inner arm of each black, the
outei fuscous, towards costa parallel; a fine dark line before the inner and beyond the outer line; the former
marked with a blackish spot; stigmata white, the orbicular anmdar, the reniform 8-shaped; subterminal
line pale; an oblique black apical dash; hindwing grey, with pale outer fascia; — subsp. amurensis B. Haas amurensis.
(56 a) is smooth whitish grey, banded with darker grey; the lines limiting median area black and double, some-
times filled in with black; the hindwing with pale outer curved band; the forewing shows no trace of rosy or
brown coloration. Larva waxy white; the spiracles reddish; head yellowish with black spots; feeding be-
twe?n united leaves of aspen. Pupa in an open network cocoon among leaves. The imago is very shy, but
may be taken at sugar on the aspen trunks. Occurs throughout North and Central Europe, in Spain, France,
Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, Asia Minor, Armenia, Fergana, Dauria, N. E. Siberia, Amurland, Corea.

P. tancrei Graes. (49 g). Forewing ash grey; inner and outer lines black, concise; the inner nearer base tancrei.
on costa than in ocularis L., the oiiter nearer the termen; the median space is thus broader than in ocularis;
before inner line a dark grey band inwardly limited by a blackish line, and traversed by another line less conspi-
cuous ; beyond it a pale darker-edged line ; a similar line before outer line, rising from a whitish costal patch ;
reniform stigma whitish grey, with fine black outline; orbicular obsolete; a faint grey median shade; subter-
miiuxl line pale, obscure, wavy ; at anal angle a large roundish whitish grej^ patch ; the space between outer and
subterminal hnes darker; hindwing pale grey, with a pale curved outer hne. Amurland.

P. ornata Leech (^ 56 b, $ 49 g). Forewing greyish brown, especially at base and along costa; inner ornata.
band of central fascia formed by 4 dark wavy lines; its inner border curved and crenulate; the outer elbowed
at subcostal vein and indented above inner margin ; the central fascia above inner margin greyish white ; outer
line lunulate dentate, double, and angled outwards in middle, followed by a pale band limited externally by
a hmulate dentate line; subterminal line pale, dentate, curving from apex to anal angle; terminal lunules black;
tufts of raised black scales at base and on orbicular stigma; the reniform edged with white; hindwing fuscous,
darker terminally; the ab. unicolor Leech is darker and without any trace of central fascia, the only visible unieolor.
markings being the basal dash and submarginal band. Japan.

328 PALIMPSESTIS. By W. Warren.

renalis. P. renalis Moore. Foivwing pale lilac grey speckled with darker and tinged in places with pale brown-

ish- the basal and median areas towards costa whiter; an oblique black dash near base across siibniedian fold;
inner line black, shallowly lunulate dentate, sti'aight and oblique from 1/5 of costa to near middle of inner margin,
preceded by two or three lines filled up with yellow grey and then with brown forming a band; the basal area
limited by a dentate dark line angled outwards on median vein; outer line double, fine, dentate-lunulate, the
teeth pointing basewards, angled outwards on vein 4, the inner arm closely approaching the inner line at
inner margin, closely preceded by a parallel median line ; stigmata filled up with greyish yellow, the orbicular
oblong, the reniform dumb-bell-shaped, projecting below median vein; subterminal pale, dentate, obscurely
defined, except by two or three dentate black marks beyond it at middle; an oblique black streak from apex;
a series of conspicuous black spots between veins just before termen ; fringe pale grey; hindwing fuscous, the
fringe pale grey. Described from the Kangra Valley, Punjab.

orbicularin. P. Orbicularis Moore. Forewing dull cinereous speckled with blackish, most thickly in terminal area;

a hhickish spot at base on submedian fold ; inner line black, before Va, evenly outcurved, and insinuate on vein 1;
preceded by two indistinct dark parallel lines; the basal area limited by a thicker curved wavy line; outer
line black, concave outwards from costa to vein 4, on which it is bent, then oblique inwards to submedian
fold, and vertically sinuous to inner margin, followed immediately by a dark parallel line, and at a distan(;e
by a dark wavy line; subterminal line pale grey between blackish shades, met by a curved blackish streak
from apex ; a black terminal festoon ; fringe dark grey with thick middle line and bright pale basal line ; stig-
mata pale with black outlines; the orbicular large, rounded; the reniform narrow, inwardly oblique, with dark
linear centre; the orbicular is filled up with dull yellowish white, showing glossy m certam lights; hindwing
fuscous. The Kangra Valley, Punjab.

albidisca. P. albidisca Warr. {= albidisca Moore). Forewing greyish white with a greenish tinge; an oblique

white spot at base containing a black spot and followed by a black oblique shade; inner line black, sinuous,
excurved below costa and insinuate on submedian fold, preceded by a dark grey band traversed by three black
lines; three outer lines more obscure, but bluntly angled on vein 4; median fascia often white below middle;
orbicular and reniform stigmata linear, black, with a few pale scales; orbicular touching inner line,
reniform across the angle of outer line; subterminal line grey, sometimes white, waved between dark shades;
an oblique dark streak from apex, and a reddish brown cloud be,yond reniform stigma; a dentate Avavy median
line ; hindwing dull grey. Both types from the Punjab ; Berham Gully and the Kangra Valley respectively.

hrevis. P. brcvis Leech. Forewing grey broA\ai with a cupreous tinge; some silvery white spots at the base,

and some whitish marks towards apex dotted Avith black; stigmata with black outlines, lying in an obscure
dusky band, which is contracted below nriddle ; traces of several black transverse lines, which are plain only
towards costa; veins dotted with M'hite; hindwing fuscous grey, darker terminally. Described troni a single
(J from Ta-tsien-lu, W. China.

undosa. P. uiidosa Wilem. (56 a). Forewing grcA-ish white suffused Avith broAvnish except on the costal area;

a black subbasal line; inner band greyish brown, broad, traversed by a double curved black line, preceded
by a black wavy line indistinct towards costa, and followed by a double sinuous black hne; outer line black,
crenulate, slightly curved; subterminal line pale, Avith a broA\'nish spot on costa, and a short blackish dash
from it into apex; a linear black mark on discocellular; fringe grey tinged at base with broAvn; himhving pale
fuscous; the fringe paler. Described from a single $ from Hondo, Japan.

basalis. P. basalis Wilem. Forewing Avhitish grey, tinged with fuscous on outer third; basal area broAvnish,

towards costa darker, limited by a black obtusely angled line; some long black scales on median vein; stigmata
represented by tufts of white scales, the reniform Avith some black scales also at lower end; outer line black,
Avavy, excurved to vein 2, then straight to inner margin, plainest at costa, and folloA\^ed by a AvaA^y pale-edged
dusky line; subterminal line Avhitish, waved; fringe grey Avith darker tips; hindwing pale grey suffused Av-ith
fuscous, with an indistinct double blackish median line. Described from a single ? from Nikko, Japan.

(impliata. P. ampliata Btlr. (,49 g). ForcAving Avhitish grey dusted finely with darker; the basal and median

areas and a triangular space at apex usually of this pale ground colour; subbasal line angled, black; 4 black
crinlded A-ertical Hues filled in Avith broAviiish form an inner dark band; outer line double, lunulate dentate,
the teeth pointing baseAvards, more strongly indented on each fold, the outer arm folloAved by a shade line and
at a distance by a blackish line parallel; these lines also usually, either in whole or in part, filled upAvith dark-
er; siibmarginal line pale, wavy-dentate, folloAA'cd by a dark, sometimes Avell marked shade ; a black streak
oblique from apex, and curved lielow 6; reniform stigma oblong, subquadrate, Avhitish grey Avith black out-
line anil a fine central line always thickened at lower end; orbicular touching reniform, a small white

P,<hJ. 1. VI. 1012. PARAGNORIMA; PARAPSESTIS; POLYPLOCA. By W. Warren. 329

dot in a black ring; a black somewhat lunulate terminal line; fringe pale grey, rayed with black; hindwing
fuscous grey with outer line and a broad terminal border darker; in W. Cliina and the Ussm-i district a dark
form occurs — ^subsp. suiiusa suh.sj). nov. (56a) in which the whole forewing is clouded with dark grey; the type suffusa.
form is from Japan only; specimens from Corea and Amurland appear in a way intermediate, being generally
darker, but with a quite narrow paler median fascia, = subsp. angustimedia .subsp. nov. (56 b) ; these are smaller angusti-
than typical anipliata. '»''^^-

P. intensa Butl. (= octogesima ButJ. nee Hbn., angustata Stgr.) (56 b). Smaller than ampliata Btlr. intensa.
but similarly marked, except that the outer of the four lines forming the inner band is obliquely curved out-
wards from costa instead of starting vertically; the two outer of the 4 lines running more wavy and oblique
throughout; also the orbicular stigma is larger, black-centred, and does not touch the reniform, which in its
loM'-er lobe is marked with a round black spot ; Butle r's type from Japan ; Staudinge r's angustata from Amurland.

7. Genus: 1*arag;iioriiiia gen. nov.

Differs from all the allied genera of the Family in the antennae of the ^ being subserrate, with short
sessile fascicles of cilia, not smooth and lamellate; in the sliorter hairy palpi, with small, almost hidden, terminal
segment, and especially in the presence of an areole in the forewing, vein 9 anastomosing with the stalk of 7, 8;
vein 6 rises from angle of cell and is not stalked with 7, 8. Type P. fuscescens Hmps. from India.

P. brunnea Leech. Forewing light fuscous brown, the basal area greyer; subbasal hne broadly black, brumiea.
emitting a jM'ojection outwards below the median vein; four other lines black and waved; the first curved,
the second nearly straight, the intervening space brown; third line double, fourth excurved towards middle,
the intervening space likewise brown, subterminal line dusky, waved, followed on costa by a triangrdar brown-
ish grey patch, edged externally with black; stigmata iiidistinct, the reniform with its inner edge black;
hindwing fuscous. Described from a single $ taken at Pu-tsu-fong, W. China. The species so closely resembles
fuscescens Hmps. that it may safely be referred to Paragnorima.

8. Genus: Parapsestis gen. nov.

Differs from Palimpsestis Hbn. in vein 6 of forewing rising from upper end of cell instead of being stalked
with 7, 8; antennae in both sexes lamellate; except for this it agrees entirely with Paragnorima Warr. Type
P. argenteopicta Oberth.

P. argenteopicta Oberth. (49 g). Forewing pale shining grey more or less dusted with darker and tra- argentco-
versed by wavy dark lines ; three white spots at base of wing, often obscured, surrounded by dark scaling ; three P'cta.
dark lines, the outermost angled outwards in submedian fold, and filled in with dark grey, form the inner band,
which is preceded by a pale dark-edged line; outer band formed of 3 or 4 obscurely marked lunulate dentate
lines, outcurved between vein 6 and the submedian fold, filled in with dark only at costa; the teeth of these
lines form dark dashes on veins alternating with pale ones; subterminal line white interrupted into spots, pre-
ceded by blackish wedge shaped marks and followed by a dark shade ; an obscure dark streak from apex ; ter-
minal line thick, lunulate; fringe grey mottled with darker; stigmata rarely plain, grey with darker outlines;
the orbicular round, the reniform oblong; hindwing dingy grey, with a paler outer band and narrow terminal
space beyond the siibterminal line; in the ab. plumbea Butl. (56 b) the forewing is suffused with dark leaden plumbea.
grey, obscuring the markings generally, but the 3 white spots at base, those forming the subterminal line, and
the white dots on the veins stand out conspicuous. The paler forms are tj^ical, from Amurland; Japanese
examples are generally darker, culminating in the suffused aberration plumbea.

9. Genus: Polj'ploca Hbn.

Differs from Palimpsestis Hbn. in the eyes being haiiy; the third segment of dorsum with a crest. Larva
living concealed between united leaves of trees. Type P. flavicornis L.

P. diluta F. (= bipiuicta Dup.) (49 h). Forewing whitish grey or lilac grey or dark grey; a short black diluta.
dash on siibmed'an fold near base; the base itself diffusely darker; inner band brown, formed of three lines,
the inner two dark grey and diffuse, the outer concise and black, outwardly elbowed on each fold, inwardly
angled on vein 1 ; outer line double, inwardly dentate, incurved from costa to vein 4, then vertical and undu-
lated, followed by a diffuse brown shade edged with a dentate broM'n line, followed again after a pale space by
another dark dentate line ; subterminal pale followed by a darker shade and met by a black obhque mark from apex ;
a line of black marginal lunules ; reniform stigma narrow, grey with a black edge, bearing a small white spot
at its lower end ; hindwing pale grey with darker outer band marked by dark streaks on the veins, and a broad

II 42

330 POLYPLOCA. By W. Warren.

darker terminal border; in the darker grey examples the narrow pale median area becomes as dark as the bands,
hlimedia. which are not filled in with brown, forming a broad dark median fascia edged by pale lines, = ab. latimedia
nubilata. ab. nov. (56 b); these grey forms are all from Herculesbad, Hungary; in the ab. nubilata Tutt from the
North of England the usual bands and the base are dark chocolate bro\vii. Occurs iia South and Central Europe,
in Belgium, Denmark, Britain, N. Germany, Italy; and in Pontus, Asia Minor. Larva pale yellowish, greyer at
the sides; dorsal line grey; spiracular pale yellow; tubercles black; head fuscous; feeding between united leaves
of oak.

flavicortiis. P. flavicornis L. (= cinerea Atiriv.) (49 h). Forewing greenish grey densely black scaled; costa in

median area broadly pale; the subbasal and double inner lines obliquely curved outwards, indented on sub-
median fold, the subbasal followed by a pale space, the two inner blacker with a grey line between them; outer
line black, indented on each fold, and elbowed outwards at vein 4, followed closely by a hght and at a distance
by a dark grey dentate line ; subterminal line pale grey followed by a blackish waved line and meeting a black
oblique streak from apex; orbicular stigma large and roundish, whitish or greenish white, or yellowish white,
sometimes coalescing with the smaller whitish reniform; hindwing didl grey with a brownish fuscous ter-
galbatius. minal border and pure white fringe; a darker outer line is sometimes marked; ab. galbanus TuU (56 c), from
the South of England, has the ground colour pale green, with the markings not so prominent, the stigmata
scolica. whitish; in ab. scotica Tutt, from Scotland and? E. Siberia, (56c) the ground colour is dark grey with the
I inmarchica. casta, at middle and the stigmata pale; in finmarchica Schoyen (56 c) from Lapland and Norway, the whole
wing is blackish and the hindwing dark grey. North and Central Europe, N. Italy, S. E. Russia. Larv^a greenisli
grey below, darker, more grey brown, above; subdorsal and spiracular series of black spots; tubercles white;
head reddish bro\ni; in rolled leaves of birch when young, afterwards between united leaves.

ridens. P. rldens F. (= erythrocephala Esp.) (49 i (J, 56 c $). Forewing very dark fuscous green on a whitish

ground ; the inner, outer, and subterminal lines greenish white ; the inner excurved above and below median and
preceded on costa by an irregiilar white patch ; outer line less distinct ; the subterminal strongly dentate ; the
stigmata whitish, often suffused and hidden; a grey median line sometimes evident; a deep lunulate terminal
line, tlio lunules filled with greenish white; fringe grey with greenish white tips, rayed throughout with black;
hindwing whitish clouded with grey; a broad greyish bro\\ii terminal border beyond a curved whitish outer
xanihoceros. band; the veins dark; in the form xanthoceros Hhn. (56 c) the extreme black scahng is absent and the white
interrupta. lines are replaced by brownish grey; this latter is the usual form in Britain; in interrupta Tutt (56 c) the ground
colour is paler grey throughout, and the central fascia is intei'nipted by a grey space across wing; in the ab.
concinna. coticinna ah. nov. (56 c) the basal area and the whole space beyond median fascia to termen is pale bluish green ;
the extreme base with some olive and fuscous scales; the median area olive fuscous, with the two lines and the
veins black, the stigmata marked with pale green scales; the subterminal line sagittate, interrupted on vein 5;
the terminal line lunulate, and the fringe white intersected by black wedge shaped marks beyond veins : hind-
wing white with termen narrowly grey; the example, a $, is of English origin, being low set, and evidently bred,
but without exact locahty. Occurs throughout Central Eiu-ope, in Britain, Northern France, Spain, Denmark,
and Livonia. Larva yellow ; dorsal and spiracular hnes green ; subdorsal green, but usually interrupted; lateral
and subspiracular series of small black spots; tubercles white; head orange ochreous; between spun together
leaves of oak.

ruficollis. P. ruficollis F. (49 i). Forewing dull greenish cinereous; inner band consisting of two diffuse dark

grey shades, preceded by an obliquelj' curved grey hne and followed by a fine black hne, this last vertical and
slightly outbent below costa ; outer line double, filled in with dark grey, excurved from vein 6 to 2, then vertical;
subterminal line very faint, slightly darker, meeting a fine oblique apical streak; terminal line black; fringe con-
colorous; reniform stigma of the ground colour with black outline, touching outer line; hindwing dull pale grey,
■with paler fringe and a rather large discal spot. The (J, which is rather larger than the 9. li^s the pale bands
before and after the median fascia tinged with rufous bro%vn, the vertex of head and the tegulae also bro^ni;
the antennae of the ^ have short clavate pectinations. Restricted to the South of Europe, France, Switzer-
land, Italy, Greece, Carniola, Austria and Hungary.

arctipentiis. P. arctipenilis Biitl (49 i). Forewing pale grey, dusted and banded with darker; basal area darker

grey, with a black spot at base of submedian fold ; inner band fornied of two black lines elbowed outwards on
each fold, preceded by a diffuse dark grey band separated from basal patch by a pale line ; outer line double,
the inner arm blacker, angled outwards on vein 4, and again less strongly at vein 1 ; a double dark grey line forming
a kind of band before the pale subterminal, which is externally bounded by a row of black lunules, met by an

NEMACEROTA; AXIA. By W. Warren. 331

oblique black streak from apex ; spots along termen black ; fringe grey ; a distinct angled median line ; a black
spot at lower end of discocellular marks the reniform stigma; sometimes a black dot indicates the orbicular;
hindwing whitish, with broad dark grey terminal border and traces of two outer lines ; fringe white ; an unmark-
ed form occurs — ab. innotata ah. nov. (56 d), in which the forewings are dull uniform cinereous, without UmAala.
black markings, the inner, outer, and subterminal lines being pale grey. Japan. When fresh the third dorsal
segment bears a strong black crest.

P. punctigera Butl. (56 d). Forewing dull cinereous with faint markings; inner line diffuse, dark grey, punciigera.
oblique, preceded by a pale shade; outer line obscure, double, angled outwards on vein 4, indicated only by
dark dashes on veins; subterminal very indistinct, pale edged outwardly with dark; a shght dark streak from
apex; orbicular stigma a round white spot in a black ring; reniform a small whitish lunule; hindwing rather
paler, with a dark outer line and broadish terminal border. Japan.

P. nigrofascicula Graes. Forewing dark cinereous, traversed by numerous obscure pale grey and dark nigmfasd-
fuscous lines; basal area rather paler; the inner band of central fascia containing 5 blackish lines; a similar but ''"''*•
less distinct outer band ; subterminal plainer, formed of small pale spots ; reniform stigma a black point ; orbi-
cular obsolete; an oblique black dash from apex; hindwing yellowish grey, darker terminally: dorsum with
a black crest on third segment. Amiu-land. Described from 2 $2 bred from overwintered pupae.

10. Genus: l^emacerota Hamps.

Tongue present ; frons smooth ; palpi porrect, the second segment well scaled, the third short and smooth,
shghtly deflexed; antennae of <^ pubescent, slender, of $ simple, filiform; face and vertex hairy; thorax stiffly
haired; abdomen smooth, without crests; pectus, femora, and tibiae woolly; forewing narrow and elongate,
the costa faintly curved throughout; apex blunt; termen curved; hindwing broadly triangular, truncate at
anal angle; forewing with cell half as long as wing; discocellular vertical, externally biconcave; vein 5 from the
tooth a little below middle; 6 short-stalked with 7, 8, which are on a long stem; 9, 10 stalked; 11 free; hindwing
with the discocellular vertical in upper half, then very oblique and fine, scarcely distinguishable ; vein 5 from the
angle. Type N. cinerea Warr.

N. umbrosa Wilem. Forewing dark fuscous grey in basal and terminal areas, pale brownish dusted with umbrosa.
darker in the median; a blackish dot on discocellular, followed by a transverse fuscous shade; inner line diffuse;
outer line marked with whitish at costa; subterminal line pale, rising from a whitish apical mark; hindwing
fuscous, with an indistinct paler median band. Yesso, Japan.

11. Genus : Axia Hbn.

Tongue well developed; frons smooth; palpi porrect, short, the second segment hairy below; antennae
of (J bipectinate to apex, of $ serrate; thorax and pectus woolly; abdomen smoothly scaled; forewing trian-
gular, rosy pink or purple, adorned with gold and silver patches and lines; cell broad; the discocellular oblique;
median vein strongly upturned at extremity, vein 3 appearing as its continuation, and vein 4 to rise above it ;
5 from or from above middle of discocellular; veins 7, 8 and 9, 10 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 9 'to form an
areole; hindwing with costal cm'ved and closely approximated to subcostal throughout, vein 7 from just before
end of cell, ciu'ved ujjwards shortly towards costal, vein 6 straight and obliquely depressed; 5 from centre
of discocellular. Type A. margarita Hhn.

A. margarita Hbn. Forewing pink; a silvery white streak from base along median vein and another margarHa.
along inner margin, the basal area between dull yellow; beyond cell a large triangular silvery blotch, with a
silvery dot obliquely beyond it, a browai oblique streak from costa joining outer hne, which towards inner margin
has a silvery edging ; terminal area dull yellow; fringe pink; hindwing and fringe yellowish white, the termen
sHghtly grey-dusted. Found sparingly in Spain, S. France, Italy, Istria, and Carniola. Still apparently a rare
insect.

A. olgae Stgr. Of the same size and coloration as margarita Hhn. Forewing rose red with olgae.
broad golden terminal band, a long oval golden yellow basal patch, and a smaller one of the same colour at
the end of cell; the basal patch lies between the median vein and vein 1 and reaches beyond I3 of inner margin;
the golden terminal border at its lower end is obUquely swollen to below the end of the cell, where it is separat-
ed from the small golden patch at end of cell only by the uncolom-ed median vein; in margarita this smaller
patch is silvery, and is followed by a short silvery stria; hindwing dirty white with the fringe rosy. Borjom,
Transcaucasia.

A. vaulogeri Stgr. (56 h). Considerably larger than margarita Hbn. Forewing violet red, becoming vaulogeri.
strongly darker beyond middle; at base of sub median interval a small triangular brown patch finely edged

332 EPICIMELIA. By W. Wabren. — DILOBA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

with silvery; the yellowish streak at base of costa obsolete; beneath the silvery oval patch at end of cell a
faint serpentine dark transverse line ; the golden terminal border almost obsolete, but instead the silvery streak
before it is much larger, swollen into a blotch below, and only narrowly edged with bronzy ; a black terminal
line before the violet red fringe. Algeria.

12. Genus: Epioiuielin Korh.

Tongue well developed ; frons smooth ; palpi short, the second segment rough haired, the third short
and stumpy ; antennae bipectinated in both sexes, shorter in $ than ^ ; thorax roughly haired ; abdomen smooth ;
forewing broadly triangular with a large pale stigma ; veins 9, 10 only stalked, 7 and 8 from end of cell, 6 slightly
below; but veins 8 and 9 do not anastomose, and there is no areole; the cell in both wings very broad, and
the median vein still more abruptly upturned at extremity, in the hindwing nearly at right angles. Type E.
theresiae Korh.

Ihcresiae. E- theresiae Korb (56 e). (J Forewing dull pink, a pale dull brassy yellow blotch at base, not reaching

above median vein, its oblique outer edge dif fiise and ending near middle of inner margin ; a thick diffuse dark
shade oblique from apex to ^1* of inner margin, interrupted in middle; at end of and beyond the cell a large
leaf-shaped creamcolovired blotch tinged with yellow, the stalk resting on the discocellular, the blade extending
towards termen along veins 3 and 4, at each of which it is bluntly toothed ; the whole of the central triangle
between basal patch and outer line deeper red ; fringe deep pink beyond a fine greenish terminal line ; hind-
wing pale yellow, broadly tinged with orange red along imier margin, and with a sUght broMiiish cloud at end
of vein 2; fringe deep pinli beyond a dull green terminal hue; the J has the forewing deeper coloured, with
the costal edge bright pink; the hindwing wholly orange fulvous. Anatolia. The larva is reasonably suspected
of feeding on an Astragalus.

13. Genus: Diloba Bdv.

This Genus which repeatedly has been thrown about between Bombycidae and Noctuidae, does not
with certainty belong here. After having for some time been referred to the Acronictinae and placed close
to Bryophila by Staudinger and Rebel, we do not find it among the Acronictinae in Hampson's new catalogue
which among all systems established so far most thoroughly considers the anatomical structure; very likely
it will be put back into the heterogeneous group of Bombyces. Its whole Habitus is bombycoid, the body heavy,
head large, frons heavily clothed with thick hair and adorned in middle by a crest of hair; pa,lpi strong and
porrect, antennae of ^ very long and strongly bipectinate, provided at base with two tufts of hair as in Noto-
dontidae ; thorax long, smoothly haired ; abdomen of $ very thick and heavy. Only one species known, restricted
to Europe where it is very common.

caeruleoce- D. caeruleocephala L. (491), the common 'Blue Head', resembles a species of Drymoea of the family

pliaJa. of Notodontidae. Forewing brownish-violet, mottled with grey. Orbicular and reniform stigmata unite to
form a greenish-white design resembling the figure 88 and joining a costal spot of pale grey. Hindwing grey,
paler in 9, marked near the base with a dark dash such as we find in the majority of Notodontidae. — ab.
separata, separata Schidtz which occurs together with the first described form, though rather scarce, has the stigmata
armena. in the forewing separate, the form armena Stgr. from Asia Minor the forewings uniform grey. — Egg semi-globu-
lar. Larva pale whitish-green, very thick, with bluish-green head, covered throughout with dark, minute tuber-
cles wiiich are provided with single, long bristles. It is found from early spring until June on various deciduous
trees, preferably on black-thorn and fruit trees. Pupa irroratedwith blue, pupal state lasts about three months,
the imago emerging in fall. The latter flies at night time, and is very common throughout Europe with the
exception of the Polar Region, but only locally and in certain years. The reports that in some regions it has
increased to such an extent as to cause considerable damage are certainly greatly exaggerated.

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Oymatophoridae.

a 33

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic Cyrnatophoridae with references to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is figured at the place quoted.

albicostata Sar. Brem. Lej]. Ost. Sibir. p. 47. *
albiiiarensis Pal. Warn. Entom. Zeitschr. Frankf. XXII.
aiiipliata Pal. BuU. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878 (1), p. IS.
ansfusliinedia Pal. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 329. *
apiralis Thv. Leech, Trans. Ent. See. Lond. 1900, p. 11.
arctipennis Pol. Bull. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878 (1), p. 198.
argeiitea Pal. Tidt, Entomolog. 1888, p. 47.
argenteopicta Parap. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1879, p. 13.
argentisparsa Gaur. Hamps. Fauna Br. India, Moths. 4, p. 462.
anneua Dil. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 76.
auroriiia Thy. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 171.

basalis Pal. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 282. *
hatis Thy. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 830.
brevis Pal. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 18.
brunnea Parag. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 18.

oaeruleocephala Dil. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 504.
('i)iiimlfera Sar. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 322.
concinna Pol. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 330. *
confluens Thy. Reut. Tidski-. Ent. 1890, p. 201. *
conseripta Habr. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 323. *
cuusiniilis Sar. Warr. Seitz, Blacrolep. 2, p. 321. *
conspicua Thy. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 12.

derasa Habr. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 851.

derasoides Habr. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878 (1), p. 77.

dieokmanni Habr. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 148.

diluta Pol. F. Mant. p. 165.

discolor Pal. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 327. *

duplaris Pal. L. Faun. Suec. p. 352.

finmarchica Pol. Schoy. Tidskr. Entom. 1881, p. 121. *

(lavicornis Pol. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 518.

Ilavida Thy. Butl. Cistul. Entom. 3, p. 131.

I'laviiuargo Thy. L.eech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 11.

tlavistiginata Pal. Tuti, Brit. Noct. 1, p. 7.

tlorens Gaur. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 620.

Horescens Gaur. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 620.

fllictuosa Pal. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Noct. *

galbaiius Pol. Tutt, Brit. Noct. 1, p. 6.

geinella Gaur. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 13.

grisescens Gaur. Oherth. Et. d'Ent. 18, p. 43. *

hedemanni Thy. Chrint. Rom. M^m. L6p. 2» p. 24. *

indica Habr. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 44.
innotata Pol. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 331. *
intensa Pal. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1881 (1), p. 234.
intermedia Habr. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 46.
interrupta Pol. Tutt, Brit. Noct. 1, p. 6.

latiinedia Pol. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 330. *

niargarita Ax. Hhn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Noct. *
niaxiina Lith. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 053. *
mlrabljls Sar. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1879 (2), \k 365.
inollendorfti Thy. Fixs. Rom. Mem. L^p. 3, p. 351. *

nigrofasciata Pol. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 152.
nubilata Pol. Tutt, Brit. Noct. 1, p. 5.

oblonga Thy. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. XLIX.

obscura Pal. Tutt, Brit. Noct. 1, p. 5.

ocularis Pal. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 837.

olga Ax. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 300.

opalescens Thy. Alph. Rom. M(5m. L(5p. 9, p. 135. *

or Pal. F. Mant. p. 165.

ornata Pal. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 653. *

ornata Thy. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 12.

plumbea Parap. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1879 (2), p. 357.
pryeri Thy. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 172.
pterographa Habr. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. CXXXV.
pulverosa Pal. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 327.
punctigera Pol. Butl. Cist. Entom. 3, p. 131

ridens Pol. F. Mant. p. 180.
ruficoUis Pol. F. Mant. p. 165.

scotica Pal. Tutt, Entomol. 1888, p. 46.

scotica Pol. Tutt, Brit. Noct. 1, p. 6.

scripta Habr. Gosse, Canad. Entomol. 1840, p. 249.

sinuata Gaur. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 326.

straniineata Thy. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 324. *

suffusa Pal. Warr. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 329. *

tancrei Pal. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 151.

tenuis Thy. Hamps. Fauna Br. India, Moths. 4, p. 462.

terrosa Pal. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 150,

theresiae Epic. Korb, Iris 12, p. 300. *

trifolluui Sar. Alph. Iris 8, p. 188.

triiuaculata Thy. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 47. *

umbrosa Nem. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 281.
undosa Pal. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 281. *
unicolor Pal. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 653. *
uniiuaculata Pal. Auriv. Nord. Fjar. p. 77.

vaulogeri Ax. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 291. *

violacea Thy. Fixs. Rom. M6m. L(5p. 3, p. 343. *

xanthoceros Pol. Hhn. >Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Noct. *

80MABRACHYS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 335

19. Family : Megalopygidae.

This curious family, which ranges over a great part ot tlie Globe, is throughout represented by very
pale forms, which are heavily clothed with hair and approach in facies partly the Limacodidae, partly the
Lasiocampidae. Most highly characteristic of this family is the presence in the larva of 14 instead of 10 pro-
logs, the 9th and 10th somites also being provided with abdominal suckers.

These peculiar larvae are capable of withdrawing the head completely within the first segments; they
live free upon the food-plant, and some species are provided with extremely poisonous hair. To this family
belongs e. g. the South American larva called "Susuranna", whose yellow hair, if brought in contact with the
human skin, certainly produces the most violent irritation I ever observed. In Brazil I had occasion to treat
a woman who while picking fruit had accidentally touched a caterpillar of Megalopyge orsilorJms (Jr. On my
arrival the inflammation had already spread from the hand to the arm and seized the upper half of the body,
and it took a fortnight for the high fever to go down and to enable her to leave the bed ; moreover, I was told
by the Indians — who, however, are greatly given to exaggeration — ■ tha;t if such an inflammation affected
the mucous membranes of the head of children, not infrequently death resulted.

In this extraordinarily violent action of the poisonous hair the Megalopygidae are rivalled by the Lima-
codidae, some species of which, as e. g. Nmern (Parasa) consocia from China or Sibine nesea from South America
are provided with stinging organs, and occasionally derive their names from those properties, viz., the Austral-
ian Doratifera vulnerans Lew.

Also the metamorphosis of the Megalopygidae is most peculiar, and strongly recalls the Limacodidae.
After ha\ang spun their very regular, egg-shaped cocoon, in which the species provided with long wavy hair
very artfully make use of these locks, giving the cocoon the appearance of a curly wig, there commences a sort
of ante-pupal state ; and in like manner as the larvae of our northern species of Lirmicodes pass the winter
in a shrivelled, dormant condition and only form the pupa proper about 4 weeks before the development of
the imago, the North African genus Somubrachys passes the hot and arid summer peculiar to the southern part
of the Palearctic Region in the same state, changing into the real pupa only when towards the end of summer
the first rains approach.

Another peculiarity is noticed in the manner in which the imago opens its artful prison. The North
American species Lagoa pyxidifera, "the boxmaker", opens its house so regularly and according to all the rules
of art, that the lid remains attached to a sort of hinge as in a beer-mug, and may be closed again at will,
in which case the cocoon appears quite intact. The same phenomenon was observed by Powell in the Palaearctic
Megalopygidae, in which peculiarity thej^ again resemble the Limacodidae. The other characteristics
of the only specifically Palearctic genus occurring within our region are given below. Here I only wish to
mention a curious orga,n first discovered by Jordan in the larvae of Somabrachys, consistmg of a rake-shaped
appendage attached to the anal extremity of the larva and provided with 4 teeth, which being ordinarily
hidden under the anal segment is used during the process of evacuation for removing the excrements.

1. Genus: liouiabrachys Kirby.

Comprising a number of rather small-sized, unicolorous forms; but the number of species is difficult
to determine. The ^^J, while externally resembling those of Chondrostega, are of wee.ker build, having occasionally
the abdomen atrophied. Antennae pectinate, frons covered with woolly hair, eyes hidden, the woolly thorax
heavier, legs delicate, abdomen very small. The forewing has the costa elongate, somewhat concave as in Chon-
drostega, apex produced but rounded, occasionally lobe-shaped, the inner margin straight ; the terminal border
presenting such a regular curve that the inner angle is represented by a perfectly regular arc. The course of
the subcostal diverges from the costal, rendering the cell very elongate, wedge-shaped; the upper and middle
discocellular run at a right angle to one another, the middle and lower ones at an obtuse angle ; the upper radial
is strongly curved. Hindwing oval, feebly angled at apex, terminal border uniformly rounded. Eggs elongate
egg-shajied, flattened at the poles; they are deposited in layers on twigs or blades of grass in such a manner
that they are arranged in longitudinal rows, the poles touching, the micropyle slightly elevated. Often one
finds a dozen or more of such rows side by side or on tojD of one another, thinnmg out in front and behind.
Larvae feed on herbaceous plants; they are not unlike those of Zygaenidae, from which they may be easily
told by the greater number of prolegs; they are thick, puffed-up, soft-skinned, provided with isolated, short,
soft hairs which produce an irritation upon the skin of sensitive persons. (Whereas I never personally suf-

336 SOMABRACHYS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

fered such bad effects, Powell reports being always subject to them). In June they reach their full size, after
which they weave an egg-shaped cocoon, in which they lie dormant for weeks, like the Limacodidae, in a shrivelled
and almost immovable condition; they enter the pupal state about 4 weeks before the emergence of the imago,
which takes place in fall. The pupa has the extremities enclosed within separate sheaths, as in the Limacodidae
(Pupa libera), and the skin is very delicate, for which reason they invariably che if taken out of the cocoon. The
,^(J flie in stubble-fields, chasing after the wingless $$ which in general resemble those of Orgyia antiqua, but
are more agile and able to run rather fast. The imago emerges mostly towards evening, and as the oo commence
flying very soon afterwards it is necessary to kill them as quickly as possible if one wishes to preserve the very
delicate wings. The oo come to the lamp; the different species look very much alike and can often only be told
apart by rearing the larva ; nearly all are a uniform mouse-grey or earthy-brown and in certain localities very com-
mon. The larva is during day-time concealed on the underside of the blossoms of Compositae or Umbelliferae.
Of tiie caterpillars which are gathered in a groM^a-up state, a high percentage is infested by Tachmae. All
the hitherto known species are found exclusively in North Africa. There are about 20 forms known, all more
or less looking alike. Presumably not all of these represent distinct species, but in a number of cases the
knowledge of the earlier stages has put their specific difference beyond doubt.

acgrota. S. aegfota King (50 d), distinguished from the allied species by the colouring being more grey than

earthy brown. Larva unknown. — Described from the neighbourhood of Alexandria in Egypt. Type in Berlin.

khigi. S. klugi Oherth. (50 d), in colour, size and shape of wings resembling aegrota Klug from Egj-pt, from

which, according to Oberthur's figure it differs in its more slender and .slim facies. The 5 has the hair not
yellowish brown as the other species of Somabrachys, but silvery grey. — From Western Algeria.

codeti. S. codeti Aiist. (50d), almost as robust as the preceding species, biit of smaller size and of a taint brown-

aJbinervis. ish yellow tinge. From Sebdou, Prov. of Oran, Algeria. - — ab. albinervis Oherth (50 d) differs from the mono-
tonously coloured codeti, in which the veins stand out very dark, principally in being faintly suffused with grey,
which leaves the veins quite pale, especially the subcostals and radials in the forewing of the q ; likewise from
nlrinervis. Sebdou. • — Another form having the veins black and very distinct (= atrinervis Oberth.), from Geryville, Prov.
of Oran, may also be mentioned here. • — ■ Larva pale greenish-yellow, adorned on the back by a broad, dark
purplish brown, sometimes violet-grey band which is divided by the paler dorsal line and edged with yellow.
Every segment is on the side marked by a large, chocolate-coloured spot surrounding the spiracles, which are
delicately ringed with yellow. Abdomen ventrally pale yellow. At the end of May it is full-grown, being found
on Helianthemum, Ephedra, Erodium, Bupleurum and other plants, often burrowing into the thalamus of the
blossoms. Pupa dirty yellow, dorsally with two fine grey lines. The imago belongs to the larger species of the
genus, and is by some authors united with aegrota, which, however, differs in having the ground-colour more grey.

arcanaria. S. arcanaria Mill. In size like codeti which it also closely resembles in other respects. Body very

robust, colouring dull grey-fuscous, with veins more or less dark. Eastern Algeria, Bone and the adjacent parts

capsiiana. of Tunisia. — • capsitana Chret. (50 d), from Southern Tunisia, our figure representing the cotj^ae from
Gafsa contained in the Puengeler collection, appears closely allied to the preceding form, from which it may
be distinguished by the thinner scaling, which renders the veins more prominent.

masiioa. S. ttiassiva Oberth. Verj^ much like the preceding species, but remarkable for the much more graceful

build of the q. — From Tunisia.

infiiscata. S, infuscata Klxg, described from Egypt, by Oberthur declared identical with a rather more slender

marovcana. form from Morocco which he names maroccana and characterizes as being more bro^^^l and more distinctly
veined than the other forms of Somabrachys. Whether these two forms should be united can only be decided
after we have more abundant material at our disposal.

adherbal. S. adherbal Oberth. is the smallest and most slender form of the entire genus so far known, having

the wings very thmly scaled, translucent and of pale colour, the antennae deeper yellow. Larva with a dark
grey dorsal band, which has a pale yellow outline and bears a number of jjale yellow tubercles ; the pale yellow
lateral band docs not extend above the upper part of the spiracles which are enclosed by deep 3'ellow rings.
Cocoon dark brownish-graj', very similar to that of S. manastabal; pupa smaller, but coloured like those of
the allied species. Imago emerges in August and September. — Geryville.

inanas'.abnL S. matiastabal Oberth. Resembling the preceding species in shape and size, but differing according to

OBERTHiJR's figure in the deeper colouring and denser scaling; with certahity probably only to be distinguished
in the larval stage, which has the dorsal tubercles less prominent and the dorsal stripe more greenish gray,
and lacks the yellow marginal lines, which lattar feature is only found in this species; the larger tubercles bril-
lant orange. — Found in the South of the Algerian Province of Oran.

Puhl 1. VI. WU.

SOMABRACHYS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

337

S. chretieni Oherth. (50 d). Considerably larger and robuster than the preceding species, more thinly chretieni.
scaled, duller in colour, which is a dirty pale brownish grey ; the veins contrast but very little. — In Western
Algeria, in the autumn.

S. mogadorensis Oherth. (50 d). Similar to the last, slenderer, the costal margin of the forewing more mogadoren-
concave, the thorax slender, but with a dense coat of bright yellowish brown hair. Both wings more yellowish ■^'*-
brown than in the preceding form, the hindwing paler, only being darker at the distal margin. — From West
Morocco.

S. khenchelae Oherth. (50 d). Both wings of the S more elongate, as large as in aegrota, but more khenchelac
evenly scaled, only the apical lobe distinctly darker. The entire colouring more dark grey, the veins slightly
paler. — Algeria, the largest known species.

S. kroumira Oherth. (50 d). One of the larger species, dirty earth-colour, with rather conspicuous fo-oumira.
darkening in the costal area of the forewing, often also in the cell. Appears to be exceedingly close to the
previous form. — • From West Algeria and Tunesia.

S. fumosa Oherth. Under this name Oberthur figures an obviously deep brown specimen which fumosa.
came from Geryville in West Algeria, like S. codeti atrinervis. The colouring is dull chocolate-brown.

S. holli Oherth. In colour and size similar to fumosa, deep brown, rather robust in build, but consi- holli.
derably smaller. — • "Hussein Dey" is given as habitat.

S. hiempsal Oherth. One of the smallest species, as small as holli, but much slenderer in body, hicmpsal.
with weak thorax and almost atrophied abdomen. The Avings are said to be more golden brown and the fringes
very long. The colouring is greyish ochreous, the body brown, suffused with yellow. — From Khenchela in
Algeria.

S. powelli Oherth. (50 d). Size and build as in the preceding, wings broad, abdomen vestigial; the wings vowelU.
not greyish brown, but dark grey, and the hair of the body yolk-colour. — From Western Algeria.

S. ragmata Chret. is a form from Tunisia ; entirely brown, or brown with a longitudinal yellowish band ragmaia.
from the base to the hind angle of the forewing, a basal streak along the median vein, some oval spots
before and behind the end of cell, and an elongate apical spot yellowish; costa darker brown, likewise the
veins somewhat more obviously dark; subterminal area with a more or less extended yellow suffusion. —
From Gafsa; larva found on Erodium.

Alpliabetical List

of the Palearctic Notodontidae with references to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is figured at the place cited.

aegrrota Som. KIkcj. Svnib. Phvs. pi. 20. *
adherbal Som. Oberth. Bt. L(5p. Comp. 5, p. 274. *
albinervis Som. Oberth. Et. L6p. Comp. 3, pi. 21. *
arrauaria Som. Mill. Rev. Eutomol. 3, p. 6. *
atrinervis Som, Oberlh. t.t. L^p. Comp. 5, p. 255. *

capsitana Som. Chret. I^e Natioral. 32, p. 78.
chretieni Som. Oberlh. Et. L^p. Comp. 4, pi. 36. *
codeti Som. Aust. iSt. L(5p. Comp. 3, pi. 21. *

fumosa Som. Oberth. Et. L.^p. Comp. 5, p. 299. *

hiempsal Som. Oberth. Et. L^p. Comp. 5, p. 297. *
holli Som. Oberth. &t. L<5p. Comp. 5, p. 298. *

infuscata Som. Klug, Symb. Pliys. pi. 20. *

khenchelae Som. Oberth. Et. L^p. Comp. 3, pi. 21. *
klugi Som. Oberth. Et. hip. Comp. 5, p. 297. *
kroumira Som. Oberth. i,t. L^p. Comp. 5, p. 300. *

manastabal Som. Oberth. t^t. L6p. Comp. 5, p. 278. *
marrocana Som. Oberth. Et. L^p. Comp. 5, p. 297. *
massiva Som. Oberth. Et. L^p. Comp. 5, p. 299. *
mogadorensis Som. Oberth. Et. L6p. Comp. 3, pi. 21.

powelli Som. Oberth. fit. L(5p. Comp. 3, pi. 21. *

ragmata Som. Chret. Le Natural. 32, p. 78. *

ir

43

LliMACODIDAE. By Dr. A. Seitz. 339

20. Family: Limacodidae.

This family, which contains about 400 species, is one of tlie most specialised groups of Moths. Stnic-
tuie, life-history and habits prove the family to be decidedly homogeneous. The round .shape met with
among the larvae, pupae and imagines is not found so generally and so uniformly developed m any other
family of Lepidoptera. The larva has nearly always an ovate contour; the cocoon is an almost geometrically
correct small egg; the fore- and hindwings of the moth are likewise in most cases ovate with the angles nearly
effaced.

As regards anatomical peculiarities a short description will be sufficient, as quite a number of exceed-
ingly conspicuous characteristics render it quite impossible to confuse Limacodids with members of other
families. The larva has, above all, the peculiarity that the venter instead of bearing single prolegs is modi-
fied into one broad adhesine sole (slug-larva). Whether the caterpillar is smooth or hairy, provided with
tubercles or tufts, warts or spines, it is always flattened beneath, the venter being whitish, soft, exceedingly
pliant, smooth, mmutely adjustable, the specimen fastenmg itself the leaf of the food-plant by pressing the
ventral margins down and raising the centre of the venter. Our small Cochlidion limacodes larvae sit on the
leaf of the food-plant like small green knobs or galls, being sometimes so well fastened that they can hardly
be moved with the finger. The head lies beneath the projecting thorax, into which it is retracted at rest, so that
is disappears in a dorsal aspect under the shield-like back, which renders it difficult to decide which is fore-
part and which anal end. Also the caterpillars which are not evenly elliptical in outline like our European
species, have the peculiar markings and ornamentation usually so arranged that fore and aft look the same.
The larva of Parasa consocia Walk., e. g., represents in dorsal aspect a regular oblong with rounded corners,
a pair of spiked clubs projecting anteriorly and an exactly similar pair posteriorly.

The larvae spin for pupation an entirely uniform cocoon like paper, which sometimes bears an ornamen-
tation reiulering it similar to a bird's egg. Pupation does not at once take place in the cocoon, but the larva
remains for weeks or even month in the state ofa sort of propupa, i. e. being soft, discoloured, contracted, and not
entirely unable to move, even rather mobile when molested. If the cocoon is injured during this period, the
larva is often able to spin up the hole, whicli proves that the faculty of spmning remains with the larva
for a while at this stage. Only in the preceding family, the Megalopygidae, a similar phenomenon obtains.

When the insect has at last turned into a chrysalis, this exhibits also a number of characteristics.
Although little different in shape from other pupae, except that it is very broad and obtuse at the anal end,
the sheaths of the antennae, wings and legs are not soldered to the body, but are free as in the pupa of a beetle,
such a pupa being called "pupa libera" in contradistinction to the "mummy pupa".

The moths are stout, with short abdomen, which does not or scarcely reach the anal angle of the hind-
wing. Wings rounded, often very brightly coloured, sometimes adorned with gold and silver spots, but usually
with simplified markings. The legs as a rule bear very uniformly long briish-like hair; the tarsi also being hairy,
the last segment with the claws being covered over and the tarsus having the appearance of ending with a
pencil of hair. Sometimes these tarsi, which recall the paws of a cat, are a counterpart to the abnormally
developed palpi, which project in the shape of pencil far beyond the head of the insect at rest.

Head broad; eyes large and globular; frons woolly; antenna of o usually pectinate proximally, apex
simple. Thorax globular, broad, smooth-hairy ; abdomen stout ; tibiae spinose and like the tarsi with strong
crests of hair. Wmgs very evenly oval, entire, with long fringes; costal vein separated from the costal edge,
midway between this and the subcostal; cell broad at the apex; discocellular usually strongly angulate;
a vein extends from it down the cell to near base and sometimes appears as a continuation of one of the
radials, beuag occasionally forked, the 2 branches joining the two radials; the submedian of the forewing is
forked at the base, which is evidence for two veins having become merged together. The position of the veins,
which are nearly all equidistant from one another, reminds one superficially of certain Neuroptera.

The fa,mily is distributed over all the continents; but Europe with its 2 species and Northern Asia
with 8 — 10 appear exceedmgly poor; North America has about 30 species, Japan about 15, and Amurland
about 9. One of the largest species, Natada velutini Koll. , described from Kashmir, reaches there Palearctic
territory; its expanse is sometimes more than 70 mm. Most other species are small or medium-sized; some,

340 SCOPELODES; HYPHOR^IA; MICROLEON. By Dr. A. Seitz.

like the European Heterogenea asella Schiff., liave the facies of Tortricidae and are very inconspicuous. From
the whole of the Palearctic Region nearly 50 forms are recorded.

Many larvae of Limacodids urticate, some very strongly so. The Australian Doratifera vulnerans has
received its name from this offensive chf,racter. The cocoon is so spun by the larvae that the head-piece comes off
as an even lid when the moth emerges, which characteristic brings the Limacodids in close connection with the
preceding family. The moths fly by day in the sun or at night, the flight being wild, undulating and wliizzing.

1. Genus: iScopelodes Westw.

The 10 species hitherto recorded of this Indo-Chinese genus are perhaps for the greater part forms
of a few species only. They are recognised by the abnormally long palpi, which project like two truncate
tufts from the head fonvard, being slightly divergent. Thorax and forewing as well as basal area of the hind
wing covered with a dense pelt of hair-scales; the hind legs terminate likewise in truncate paws. The antennae
are bipectinate to the centre in (J, then simple. Mid tibia without spurs. On the forewing the recurrent cell-
vein almost reaches the wing-base; discocellular so deeply angulate that the apex of cell is divided into two
lobes; of the subcostals veins 7, 8, 9 stalked together; from the lower submedian vein to the hind margin
numerous thin veins. — The larvae are thick, plump, clumsy, on the back two rows of tubercles shaped
like spiked clubs. The moths are rarely met with at rest by day, but are sometimes beaten from the branch-
es hanging over the roads, from which they whir down to the ground, where they remain for a while. All
the species occur in India, one being recorded from North China.

i-CTtosa. 0. venosa Walk. (= ursina But!., aurogrisea Moore, testacea Bull.) (30 d). This form has been recorded

from Japan; it is otherwise Indian, being distributed throughout Anterior India and extending probably
to Kashmir, thus crossing the Palearctic boundary in Central and East Asia. The various forms have been
based on differences in the wing-colour, which varies exceedingly, even in one and the same locality. The dark-
est form, with the forewing almost black-brown, is venosa; the Indian testacea is paler, more red-brown; still
lighter, sometimes sandy-yellow or dust-grey, is the South Indian (Ceylonese) aurogrisea Moore. The Kashmir

ursina. form is probably the dark brown ursina Bull. — Larva green, yellow beneath, on the back rows of setiferous
warts, segment 8 bears a red-white-blue transverse stripe, and 11 a black spot. The cocoon is ovate, brown,
with dark markings. The moths are much attracted by the lamp ; they were on many nights the only species
which came to the light after 10 o'clock, wildly circling round the lamp. They are very difficult to find by
day, as they rest in a peculiar position closely appressed to branches, resembling a rolled-up young leaf;
head and thorax are raised and the wings held close together posteriorly; the palpi are stretched forward
and resemble small leaf-stalks.

conlracta. S. contracta Walk. (50 b). Like the preceding very variable in size, but usually considerably smaller,

also more constantly grey-bro v\ai ; on the forewing cell and distally the interneural spaces darker. — • North
China, Japan (Hondo); allied forms also in India.

2. Genus : H^'plioriiia Hbn.

The only species of this genus has the prolonged palpi of Scopelodes, but they are different in structure.
While in the previous genus segment 2 is upturned in front of the face and 3 directed obliquely upwards,
provided with a tuft and longer than 2, in the present genus segment 2 is longer than 3, both have the
same direction, being horizontally porrect, and have no real apical pencil. In neuration Hyphorma is distinguished
by the forked cell-vein, and by the cell-apex not being bilobate, the discocellular being less deeply angulate.
— Tiie moths are not rare in India; W.A.LKER also gives North China as habitat. p,nd for that reason we
mention the species here; but the record is doubtful.

mhiax. H. minax Walk. (50 b). Body and head with reddish golden browai hair. Wings light umber-brown

with dark shadow from near apex to hind angle, and an oblique line from the costal end of the shadow to the
apex of cell. India. — We figure the species from the tvi^e in London, as North China was given as patria.
But I have not found the species there, and Leech does not mention it. Probably we have to do with a
mistake in labelling, as Walker has also recorded from "North China" other species which certamly come
from India, e. g. Dudusa nobilis Walk. a. o.

3. Genus: Mierolooii Butl.
The only species of this genus resembles our Cochl. limacodes in colour and markings, but the body

PHRIXOLEPIA; COCHLIDION. By Dr. A. Seitz. 341

is much more delicate, slenderer, the abdomen longer, the forewing broader, and, above all, the palpi longer
and upturned, although not approximately so long as in the two previous genera. — Only 1 species is known.

M. longipalpis Bull. (50 a). Usually smaller than our C. limacodes; the body almost as delicate as in lorxgipalpis.
a Geometer, the thorax narrow; the palpi porrect, projecting by more than the length of the head, pointed,
without apical tuft. Forewing yellowish browii at the base, apex and the centre of the hind margin, otlier-
wise shaded with violet-grey. The hindAving grey, with pale fringes. In facies similar to the somewhat larger
Phrixolepia sericea Biitl. from the same country. — • Corea and Japan (Satsuma, Hondo).

4. Genus : Phrixolepia Bull.

This genus is purely Palearetie, since invicta Walk, from Borneo certainly does not belong here. There
are hardly any structural differences from the next genus, only the forewing is more pointed, with slightly
curved distal margin; however, the wing-contour differs more in the two species of Phrixolepia than in no-
bilis and Cochl linvicodes. Both species are somewhat larger than the European limacodes and have a slight
metallic gloss. Staudinger, however, has already said that the separation of Phrixolepia from Cochlidion
is artificial.

P. sericea Bull. (= Lim. castaneus Oberth.) (49 k). Forewmg bright golden brown, traversed by a. sericea.
narrow white band which is proximally dark-bordered and behind cell elbowed at right angles. — Larva
probably on Juglans mandschurica, as Korb repeatedly found the species at rest at this tree. Its posture is sim-
ilar to that of Cochlidion limacodes, the forelegs being stretched forward, the wings folded together so that
the outer margins touch, and the ftbdomen raised. — ■ Distributed in East Asia; in Amurland on the Su-chan
and at Vladivostok, on Askold, andin Japan on Hondo and in the Hokkaido; in July, usually not rare.

P. nobilis Stgr. (49 k). This species, discovered by Christoph in Amurland, appears to be rare. Be- noMlis.
fore the marginal area of the forewing there is a dark shadowy band which is traversed throughout its length
by a paler Ime.

5. Genus : Coclllidloil Hbn. (Limacodes Latr.)

According to the extent adopted for this genus, it contains 5 to 20 species. Only a few forms
occur on Palearetie territory. Body and wings everj^where rounded, the forewing with a very long cell which is
divided at the apex into 2 lobes by the intracellular vein. $ much clumsier than the cJ. — Larva strongly
convex, short wood-louse shape, with but feebly raised subdorsal longitudinal carinae, without urticating hair,
with small concealed head. — ■ The (^J fly by day in the sun, the 9? mostly at night. They have only one
brood, one of the species being in temperate Europe one of the commonest moths.

C. limacodes Hufn. (= testudo Schiff., asella Esp., testudinana Hbn., avellana Kirby, sulphurea F., limacodes.
funalis Don.) (49k, 50 a). Very variable; the 3" usually chestnut-brown, more or less suffused with russet-
black (suffusa), sometimes irregularly spotted with yellow (maculata), the J uniformly yellow like the ? (och- suffusa.
racea), mostly with large yellow patch above centre of hind margin (limax Borkh.), or yellowish browii with '"««(?ato.
dark median band (bufo F.), according as one likes to define the forms and name them. In iliost specimens Umax^'
of the (J there are three spots on a dark brown ground, one in front of the hind angle, pnother before the ^i<fo.
apex and a third m the centre of the oblique median band. $ yellow to brown, the median band only indicated
by the brown borders, an oblique line usually runs from two-thirds of costal margin to the hind angle. — • Larva
scutiform, semiglobular, bright yellowish green, with a yellow subdorsal and lateral line, the ground between
them lighter. In the autumn on deciduous trees, especially high Oaks, on the underside of the large hard
leaves of the lowest branches, being difficult to obtain by beating, often falls off with the autumn-leaves in
October. It then spins a ro.sy red ovate cocoon, in which it remains in a contracted state until April, when it
turns into a chrysalis. The moth appears the end of May and can be beaten from deciduous trees. The (J (J
swarm by day in sunshine along the edges of woods, the flight being wild. In Europe from Scandinavia
and Livonia to the coasts of the Mediterranean, and from the west-coast to the Black Sea and Asia Minor. #

Abundant.

C. christophi G^caes. (49 a). Exactly marked like the $ of limacodes, hut on a bright reddish chestnut- christophi.
brown ground. The species, as the figure shows, is considerably slenderer and more delicate, the wings broader
in proportion to the slender body, with the costal margin more curved and the apex more pointed. In these
particulars christophi approaches in build the much smaller H. asella Schiff. — ■ On the Ussuri, in July; appar-
ently not common.

C. codeti Oberth. (50 a). As large as or larger than testudo, light red-brown to leather-yellow; the mark- eodeti.
ings differ from those of the externally similar limacodes in that usually only the proximal border-line of the
middle band is sharply marked. — Mauretania. Staudinger's diagnosis "major, dilutior" applies only to some
specimens.

342

HETEROGENEA; SUSICA; ALTHA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

angulaia. C. angulata Fixs. In facies similar to a large $ of limacodes, but the forewing Math very sharply

marked hind angle, and the border-lines of the median band only distinct in the posterior half. On account
of the wing-contour, a thoracical hump and crested abdomen the species has beeen placed in a special genus,
called Rhaynnosa in the text by Fix.sen, and Ratnesa on the plate, there being no definition and the name being
marked Avith ? As the species is unknown to me in nature, the form is placed here, being doubtless closely related
to Cochlidion.

6. Genus: Heterog-eiiea Knock.

Very small and inconspicuous moths, which are restricted to the northern hemisphere, being represented
in the Palearctic Region by three species and in North America by one. Usually slenderer and more delic-
ate than the species of Cochlidion; the antennae simple also in the cj, not serrate. The forewmg frequently
more acute, distally broader, with the distal margin much longer, the fringes long, the cell shorter. — The larvae
smaller, less convex, more variegated, but otherwise similar to those of the preceding genus. The moths have
but one brood. The ^J^J fly early in the summer by day in the sunshine; their flight, however, is not wild
and whirriiig, but slower and more straight on account of the slenderer body and broader wings, the moth
resembling on the wing a Tortrix. The}' do not occur anywhere so abundantly as the species of the previous
genus, being m many districts even very rare.

asella. H. asella Schiff. (= cruciata Knock., asellana Hbn.) (50 a). The smallest known Limacodid. Forewing

almost uniformly dark brown, the hindwing still somewhat darker, blackish, or both wings uniformly dark

nigra, brown (= ab. nigra Tutt); the fringes of both wings yellowish. — Larva dark green, with red-brown dorsum
marked with a yellow herringbone pattern; in the autumn on deciduous trees. The moth in June and July
usually not common, and also easily missed on account of its similarity to a Tortricid. I obtained the species
nearly always only when collecting Micros.

uncula. H. uncula Stgr. (49 k). Considerably larger, of a white ground-colour; the forewing with a split up

middle band, the hindwing shaded with grey, whitish basally. From the Amur, Northern China and Japan

fulgens. (Hondo and Hokkaido). — fulgens Leeck (50 a) apjaears to be only a light-coloured form of this species, in
which the middle band is reduced to sparse vestiges. Recorded from Gensan in Corea, and Ningpo ; in June
and July. — -Kokb obtained iincula several times at the lamp, and found the species by day at rest on Phello-
dendron and Juglans mandschurica.

dentaius. H. Aentatus Obeti/i. (iQ k). Very different from the preceding species and in spite of the simple antenna

of the cJ nearer to Cochlidion than to the other Heterogenea. Forewing less broad than in uncula and much less
pointed than in asella; more variegated, markings bright, with whitish curved stripes before the apex and hind
angle and dark oblique shadows before and in the centre. — ■ From June until the end of July, at distri-
buted from Vladivostok and Askold towards the South, on the peninsula of Sidemi. Not abundant.

7. Genus : Kii!>>iea Walk.

Relatively rather large moths, with thick thorax, very broad forewing and long fringes to the hind-
wing. Head broad; palpi porrect, segment 1 short, 2 long, 3 very small. Antenna pectinated in ^J to beyond
two-thirds. Forewing oval, with rounded apex; of the 5 subcostals 1 branches off close beyond middle of
cell, 2 before apex of cell, 3 — 5 on a common stalk from upper angle. — ■ The few species which belong here
are restricted to India, with the exception of one, which is also distributed in China.

■pallida. S. pallida Walk. (= Tadema sinensis Walk.) (49k). Dull yellowish earth-brown, coarsely scaled, mi-

nutely dotted, with the outer margin of the forewing rather strongly ventricose; from before the apex a thhi
line angulate near cell-end runs towards hind angle, which it does not reach ; from the same point an oblique
shadowy line extends to the hind margin, which it reaches at one-third; basally to this line the wing is darker,
^ particularly in the (J. — ■ Not rare in Japan, China and India, distributed from Yamato and Yokohama (Leech)

over Formosa, the greater part of China to Moulmein. The caterpillar on Pear (Pryee).

8. Genus: Altha Walk.

The rather small .species which belong here are Indian, only one extendmg farther north and reaching
Palearctic territory in Kashmir, where however it does not appear to be common. All the species are very
conspicuously coloured, being white or bearing a velvety patch which occupies nearly the whole forewing. These
small moths have a broad head, the c?-antenna bipectinated to two-thirds, the thorax broad and woolly,
and the abdomen stout. The forewing triangular, with the costal margin somewhat incurved and the apex
rectangidar; the discocellular obtusely angulate; the subcostal branch 2 and the stalk of 3 — 5 together
from upper angle of cell; the recurrent cell- vein which emanates from the cross-veiias about reaches to middle
of cell.

NATADA; THOSEA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 343

A. nivea Walk. (= Belgoraea subnolata Walk.) (50 a). Snowy white, 011 the forewmg indications of nivea.
thin transverse lines and greenish brown small spots in and below the cell. • — India, north-westwards to Kulu.

9. Genus : ]^ata<la Walk.

About 12 species are known of this genus, among which are the largest and heaviest forms of the whole
family. These latter are not unlike in facies to Scopelodes, but have, in contradistinction to them, very short
palpi, which only slightly project from under the hair of the frons. Antenna of ^ usually with very short pecti-
nations to the apex. Hind tibia with 2 pairs of spurs. The cell of the forewing broad and its apex two-point-
ed an account of the angulate cross-veuis; the wing itself rounded. — The genus is predominantly Indian,
and must not be confounded with the Notodont genus Nadata.

N. velutina Koll. (= rugosa Walk.)(50 a). The largest Limacodid, being somewhatlarger than the spe- velulina.
cies of Scopelodes and even surpasses in size the large American Sibine. The strongly rounded forewing
very dark red-brown, with a silky gloss m places where the scales are erect, these places having "the
appearance of ruffled seal-skin" (Hampson). The apical line from near apex to the hind margm near base
dark, pale-bordered on outer side and curved below costa. — Kashmir, throughout the Himalayas and
North India, one of the commonest Limacodids; m the spring until May and agam in August and Septem-
ber, from 1000 to 5000 ft.

N. nararia Moore (= cosmiana Swinh., suffusa Moore, fraterna Moore) (50a). Light brownish yellow, nararia.
The transverse line of the forewing separates the outer third from the basal two-thirds, the latter more reddish.
— From Kashmir to Southern India. In Ceylon occurs a race whose forewdng is suffused with a dark
tone and bears sometimes a dark cell-spot. — ■ Larva above greenish yellow, below pink; with a light yel-
low, sometimes reddish dorsal band M'hich is divided by a green stripe ; dorso-laterally and laterally rows of
green processes, the upper ones \\itli red tips, and the anterior and posterior ones longer than the others.
The cocoon ovate, purple-brown or yellowish brown, rather irregular according to the only figure published
of it.

N. conjuncta Walk. (= neutra Swinh., fimbriares Walk., cuprea Walk.) (50 b). Thorax and forewing conjuHcto.
dark red-brown, with a coppery or silky gloss ; forewing with short raised lines of scales ; at apex of cell a blackish
dot; a band constricted in centre, widened in front and behmd, coppery before the outer margm. Hindwing
light brown. — In the Himalayas, southward to Siam and extending northward, in Northern China, into
the Palearctic Region.

10. Genus: Thoi^ea Walk.

About a dozen moderately small moths are united under this name, which were formerly spread
over the genera Aphendala, Anzaba, Parasa, etc. Most of them are rather uniformly brown or grey, with bi-
pectinate antennae in the cJc? either to the apex or only beyond the centre. Head depressed, thorax robust,
abdomen stout, only a little reachmg beyond the anal angle. Forewing broad, with almost rectangular
apex, subcostals 3, 4, 5 stalked; the discocellular obtusely angulate, the apex of cell being divided into two
lobes, of which the lower one is longer on the hindwing. — The genus is distributed in China and India. The
larvae are known of several species.

T. transversata Walk. (50 b). This Kashmirian moth has on the forewing a dark greyish brown h&saX transversaUi.
area which is separated from the dirty light brown outer area of the wing by a whitish oblique band proximally
dark-bordered and outwardly diffuse; the marginal area is traversed by a dark, distally light-edged transverse
line. — In the Indian Himalayas (Dalhousie, Murree) an ochreous form occiirs, and in Soiithern India and on
Ceylon a mouse-grey race (= T. cava Walk.) — The larva green with yellow dorsal stripe, shorter small warts
dorso-laterally, and longer ones laterally; the spiracles with light borders. On deciduous trees. Kulu, in May
and August. The species occurs up to 4000 ft.

T. tripartita Moore. Very similar to the preceding species, but the basal area of the forewing dark MparlHa.
brown, and the line which separates it from the pale outer area is steeper; the submarginal line is more oblique
and curves towards the outer margm above the hind angle. — The larva green, like the preceding; with shorter
warts at the sides of the back and longer ones above the spiracles; on the back and at the sides rows of
blue spots. — Dharmsala, Kashmir, also distributed over a large portion of India.

T. fasciata Moore (49 k). Larger than the previous, dirty earth-brown; from the costa to the hind mar- fasdala.
gin 3 shadowy bands, whose position is shown in the figure. — • Kashmir; larva not known.

T. sinensis Walk. (= loesa 3Ioore) (50 e). Forewing w-ith produced apex, being slightly incurved below sinensis.
it, grey, with a strong ochreous tone in the basal area and beyond the oblique line, the latter running from
before two-thirds of the costa almost parallel with the distal margin to beyond the centre of the hmd margin.
The hindwing entirely ochreous, with the distal margin and the fringe grey. The forewing bears a black dot at

344 CANIA; mRESA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

the apex of the cell. The fore tibia of the (J has a vivid white spot at the tip. — Distributed from China over

a large portion of India to Java. The larva green or yellow, with prominent pale doi-sal line; at each side of

this line and at the sides of the body rows green processes 2 mm long with red tips. The cocoon ovate,

brown-grey.

sericea. T. sericea Bull. Butler has described two not very dissimilar moths under the same specific name,

the present species being named by him AspJiendala sericea, although there was already a Phrixolepia sericea

Bull., which has already given rise to confusion of various kind. This is the more easily understood, as his

genus Aphendala has no legs to stand upon, Hampsox having already united it, as well as the so-called

Anzabe, with Thosea. The moth described as "Aphendala sericea" is said to have ochreous forewing with

the transverse band crossing the posterior median area curved, not elbowed as in Phrixolepia. But it is doubtful

whether the species belongs to the Limacodidae. There are altogether no less than half a dozen Limacodidae

which bear the name of sericea, mostly with Butler as author, viz., a Scopelodes, a North Indian Cania,

a species from South America and one from ^Madagascar, in addition to the above. — The Japanese sericea

is said to occur on Hondo and in the Hokkaido. The species is not before me.

11. Genus: Caiiia Walk.

Near the preceding genus and Altha; apex of forewing strongly rounded, hmdwmg with very long fringes.
In the forewing subcostal 1 almost from middle of cell, 2 far before cell-apex, 3 and 4 stalked. — Only
a few species, nearly all from India.
hilinea. Q. bilinea Walk. (= sericea Walk., Miresa mollis Walk., Nyssia malaccana Walk., Aspidiotus bicarina-

tus Walk.) (.50 c). The moth varies very much in size as well as colouring. Sometimes lighter brown, someti-
mes dark, so variable that Walker placed the species into 4 different genera. Recognised by 2 parallel pale
oblique liiaes with dark proximal borders. The brown colour of the forewing either more reddish or more yellow-
ish or more grey; head and collar with a tone of yolk-colour. Hindwing ochreous, sometimes paler, someti-
mes duller or darker. — The moth occurs in China as well as ui Kashmir on Palearctic territory, and is probably
found throughout Southern Tibet, being moreover widely distributed in India.

12. Genus: Miresa Walk.

Palpi abnormally long in one of the species, in the others short, porrect, but so small that they do not
extend beyond the brush of the frons. Antenna of ^ long-bipectinate to two-thirds, short-bipectinate in apical
third. Apex of forewing rounded, but the wing nevertheless more triangular than the oval wing of Cania;
subcostal 1 before apex of cell, 2 at apex, 3, 4, 5 stalked; discocellular strongly angulate, the cell-vein
terminating between the two radials. In the forewing the cell is divided into 2 almost equal parts, in the hind-
wing into a smaller upper portion and a larger lower one. — The extent of the genus is very different accord-
ing to the views of the authors; it comprises noM'adays about 20 forms, Monema jlavescens Walk., which
deviates in its long palpi, being included in this number.
albipuncla. M. albipuncta H.-Schdff. (50 b). Forewmg uniformly red-brown, paler towards outer margin, before

apex of cell a glossy white discal dot which is traversed by an outwardly concave dark line; a second line
commences before the middle of the costa and runs to the hind margin, which it meets soon beyond the base.
Hindwing and abdomen pale yolk-colour. The Kashmirian form is rather small. The species is widely distri-
(juUifera. buted in India, but the Burmese form is considerably darker according to Hampsox. — guttifera Walk, is larg-
er, has a prominent, more distmctly double central dot on the forewing, and the transverse lines may be diffuse
or absent. — Larva green, dorso-laterally 2 rows of spiny warts and another row of shorter ones above the
spiracles. A brown spiracle-line, and a lateral one below which the ground-colour is paler.
inornata. M. inornata Walk. Very similar to the preceding, but duller red-brown. The white spot and the

dark median line are absent ; on the other hand, a dull indistinct submarginal line is developed. — In Japan,
China, Kashmir; also in the North of non-Palearctic India.

flavidorsalis. M. flavidorsalis Stgr. (49 k). Can hardly be united with the preceding species, as Staudixger suggested.

Recognised by the basal portion of the hind marginal area being bright yolk-colour, this area being bounded

fuicicostalis.hy a pale curved presubmarginal band. — fuscicostalis Fixs., which is a distinct species according to
Graeser, has the yellow colour extended over the whole fore\ring with the exception of the costal margin as
far as apex of cell. — Amurland, North and Central China, and Corea, in July, not rare m some places.
pMivitla. M. pallivitta Moore. This form, described from Shanghai, perhaps belongs to the very variable previous

species. I have not been able to find it at Shanghai and know it only from Moore's description. According to
this the forewing is light ashy grey, the hindwing greyish brown.
flavescens. M. flavescens Walk. (50 c). This common East Asiatic species belongs certainly not here, as is abun-

dantly proved by the abnormally developed palpi, which point to a genus near Hyphorma. The cocoon being

Puhl. 1. VI. 1912. TARASA. By Dr. A. Settz. 345

marked like a bird's egg points in the same direction. I do not know the cocoon of HypJwrma mhia x, but
have found cocoons of the closely allied genus 8copelodesvf\\\c\\ also show the peculiar markings like the veining
of wood. Therefore, the genus Monema must be considered valid, but the name has been rejected as preoc-
cupied. — The wing-contour issimilar to that of the other Miresa. Forewing yellow on the proximal half,
this colour gradually fading away into the brown outer area. A distinct central dot may be present on the
forewing and also a subbasal line, a median one and a submarginal one, from the costal end of the submar-
ginal line a thm oblique line sometimes run to the centre of the wing; but all the dark lines also may be
quite thin or indistinct. A specimen obtained by in Japan in July byme beating has especially prominent mar-
kings, the yellow colour contrasting more strongly withthe chestnut outer half, while my sijecimens from North
China are more uniform in colour and almost as dull in marking as the examples from Amurland. My Ja-
panese specimen is a captured one, while I bred the Chinese ones, and this might therefore explain the
difference. — ■ The larva is green with broad violet-brown dorsal stripe, and armed with setiferous warts; it
feeds on deciduous trees, particularly Elm, and rests on the underside of the leaves. Korb figures the larva,
the setiferous tubercles being distinct in the figure, long on the anterior and posterior segments, and
much shorter on the central ones. The dorsal stripe is irregular, being widened on the thoracical segments in
the shape of a shield. The caterpillar spins in the autumn a very pretty whitish cocoon, with markings like
a bird's egg consisting of minutely divided dark longitudinal splashes, the cocoon being thus rendered similar
to that of the Javanese Setora nitens. In this cocoon the larva remains till the next June without changing
into a pupa. The species is exceedingly numerous, the larvae occurring in abundance on all kinds of deciduous
trees, but full-fed larvae are often parasitised. The cocoons have lately been brought to Europe in cj^uantities,
but only a few give results, many dying because the unchanged larva appears to suffer much more from
transport than the pupa.

13. Genus: Parasa Moore (Neaera H.-Schdff.).

This is one of the most con.spicuous and beautiful genera among all the Heterocera. Their chief or-
nament is the magnificent apple-green colour of the forewing, which very effectively contrasts with the brown or
violet basal and marginal markings. The colour is protective and much more efficient than one might be
inclined to think on viewing a set specimen. When I was once occupied searching for larvae I examined witli
the eyes a young tree very carefully and at some length and noticed a copulating pair of Parasa consocia on
the underside of a leaf. In order to beat it down I knocked against the branch, with the result that more than
30 specimens fell down. Of this number of bright-coloured moths I had only jjerceived 2 with my eyes,
so effectively had they been concealed by their leaf-green colouring ! Some larvae of Parasa urticate considerably,
the poisonous hairs being situated on the anterior and two posterior tubercles. The sting is as painful as that
of a bee, and tlie pain lasted with me 3 — i hours. Herr L. Klaphek told me that he still felt the sting
the next day, so that tiie intensity of the effect appears to be different with different persons. In spite of this
excellent weapon the larva is sometimes parasitised, but is apparently avoided by reptiles and birds. It is green,
l)ut easily visible (in contradistion to the moth) on account of its queer, somewhat oblong, shape, and remains
evidently unmolested. I have seen the larvae of P. consocia leave the eggs, gradually di.sperse in clusters
over the tree and nearly all arrive at the pupal stage; very rarely a larva was missing, and at the end of the
season the trees attacked by them were denuded of the last leaf.

KiRBY already enumerated more than 50 species of Parasa in 1890, of which however many will be
treated as varieties as soon as the larvae have become known. But it is quite certain that a large number
of hitherto unknown species are in existence, Africa, which is so little explored as to its Heterocera, the interior
of Madagascar, the Indian Archipelago and, above all. Farther India being promising countries. Moreover,
many a fine moth so far known only as purely Indo-Australian will be added to the Palearctic fauna when the
boundary districts of our Region are better explored. In continental British India alone no less than 14 species
have been found, many of which may be expected to occur across the border on Palearctic territory. Parti-
cularly the exploration of Tibet promises a rich harvest. Of the continents only Europe, Australia and South
America are so far devoid of true Parasa; the genus is poorly represented in North America; in Africa south of
the Sahara the species are very numerous, but they are entirely absent from the districts north of the Sahara.

Head of medium size, Irons flat-truncate. Palpi short, porrect, segment 3 very small. Antenna of
^ serrate or in proximal half bipectinate. Thorax smooth-hairy. Abdomen woolly, rough-hairy, short and
stout, obtuse and strongly humped. The forewing variable in shape from being almost oval to obtusely triangul-
ar. The legs short, strong, densely hairy, the tarsi hairy, obtuse at tip. In the forewmg subcostals 1 and 2
near apex of cell, 3, 4, 5 stalked; the discocellular strongly angulate, the intracellular vein dividing the cell into
a larger upper portion and a smaller lower one. In the hindwing the lower portion of the cell is the larger one.

The larvae are scutiform, sometimes oblong on account of the presence of prolonged tubercles laterally
at the fore and hind ends; the poison hairs soft, sometimes restricted to those longer protective tubercles, some-
times evenly distributed over the dorsal and lateral warts, in the young larva more evenly dispersed and thinner,

II 44

346 ARCTIOBLEPSIS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

in the adult denser and more localised. The pupa in an ovate cocoon, which is frequently concealed on
the ground or under leaves. The moths fly at night, and rest by day on the underside of leaves, from which
they can be beaten.
consocia. P. consocia Walk. (= tesselata Moore, princeps Stgr., humeralis Sidnh.) (50 e). Thorax, head and

forewing apple-green, on thorax often a violet-brown line. Base of forewing with brown spot angulate on the
median vein; distal marghi pale yellow for a width of 2 mm.; abdomen and hindwing the same colour. Ex-
ceeduigly variable, the distal border now narrower, now broader, uniformly yellow, or dusted with brown,
or traversed by brown veins and a brown line in its centre, the proximal edge of the yellow marginal band
usually somewhat convex above the hmd angle, but sometimes almost even, or projecting proximad as a tooth
below costal margin. — ■ Larva adult yellowish green, with minute paler markings, on the back a sky-blue
black-spotted longitudinal band; the dorsolateral tubercles green, those placed above the spiracles with orange-
yellow tips, especially prominently yellow on the first thoracical segment. At the hind end 4 deep black spots,
2 almost contiguous on segment 12 and the other 2 more separate on 11. On deciduous trees, in South-East
Asia, full-fed in June and September, in the North presumably one brood only. The moth in July and Octo-
ber, abundant in the South of it area. Apparently distributed throughout China, northward to Amurland,
Corea and Japan.
pastoralis. P. pastoralis Butl. (50 c). This form appears to represent the preceding one in the western districts.

The yellow distal border more even and considerably broader; the brown basal spot extends to near the centre
of the wing and bears a yolk-yellow suffusion at the base. — ■ Kashmir and the Indian Himalayas. One of the
largest Indian species.

Icpida. P. lepida Cr. {— media Walk., graciosa Westw., latifascia Walk.). In tliis moth the broad distal border

is proximally quite straight, and the basal spot is marked only below the costal edge, not reaching the hind
margin. — Kashmir; widely distributed over British India and Ceylon to the Sunda Islands. The larva,
similar in shape to that of P. consocia, is differently coloured according to the food-plant; those feeding on
the coffee-plant almost uniformly light green, those on tea more yellowish green, with broad brown- violet
dorsal stripe. The yellow eggs are deposited in clusters.

hilaris. P. hilaris Westw. (= laeta Westw., hockingi Moore, mirza Swinh.) (50 c). Near to the previous, but the

violet outer border very broad, occupying the whole marginal area, its inner edge curved; the brown basal spot
vestigial. ■ — Kashmir, in India common throughout Southern India and Ceylon. T still found a specimen
in the Nilgiris at a considerable altitude, at Utacamund.

sinica. P. sitiica Moore (= hilarula Stgr.) (50 c). Very close to the preceding form, but with distinct basal

spot, angulate on the median vein, and (in (J) dark brown hindwing. — Larva light green, with numerous
yellow transparent granules on which small black spines are placed. These spines occasion a "burning
pain on the human skhi which is similar to the pain inflicted by nettles, but much more acute and often
lasting for days" (Gr.veser). Korb says on the contrary that the larvae are quite smooth, green, with violet
stripss. But as the setiferous tubercles are the places which bear the urticating hairs and Graeser describ-
es the effect of the urtication one of the two observers must have made a mistake. — In Amurland and Corea,
and in Japan on Hondo and in the Hokkaido, abundant in same places.
hilarata. P. hilarata Stgr. (= sinica Stgr.) (50 c). Very similar to the preceding form, but larger, the hind-

wing of the o palp yellow, slightly brownish at the outer margin, not mouse-grey as in the preceding moth.
— Tliis form might be considered a variety (seasonal 0 of the preceding species, if Graeser had not described
the larvae as being quite different. The caterpillar of hilarata is light green with blue marking on the
back (i. e. more similar to consocia). In the autumn on Oak, Birch, Sloe and other deciduous trees. The moth
in July, common, in Amurland, and on Hondo in Japan.
inexpeetata. P, inexpectata Stgr. At once distinguished from all the other green Palearctic Parasa by the very,

narrow brownish distal border of the otherwise entirely green forewing, the border being almost restricted
to the fringes. Only the Indian bicolor is similar in colouring, having the forewing entirely green. — In
Southern Asia Minor (Akbes).

14. Genus: Aretioblepsis Feld.
Head, thorax and shape of forewing recalling Scopelodes, but the palpi and antennae are absent in the
only known specimen on which Felder based this genus. Proboscis of medium length. Forewing elongate,
median cell about reaching to middle of costa, subcostal with 5 branches, 1 and 2 thrown off before apex
of cell, 3 and 4 on a long stalk banching off far beyond cell; discocellular strongly angulate; the first
median branch originating before the middle of forewing. Legs long and thin, clothed with smooth hair-
scales; hind tibia with 4 long spurs. Abdomen slender, extending little beyond the hindwing.

ruUda. A. rubida Feld. This moth, which is unknown to me in nature, is described by Felder from a very

imperfect specimen from the Ningpo Hills in Tse-king. Antennae and palpi wanting ; the author only says of
the moth that it is one-third smaller than Westwood's Scopelodes unicolor, according to which the expanse
would be about 30 — 40 mm; the wings are flesh-red, the forewing lighter, with black veins. As he adds
that the moth has the facies of a Lithosiid and recalls "5/zo«e" (cf. this vol. p. 61 [Chionaema], pi. II a— c),
it remains doubtful, if this species is correctly placed here. The species bears only some similarity to Sco-
pelodes of all the genera of this family. But the description of the legs does not give one the impression that
the similai-ity is real, since the legs of Scopelodes are very peculiar.

Alphabet ical List of the Palearctic Limacodidae.

347

AliJliJibetical List

of the Palearctic forms of Limacodidae with references to the original descriptions.
* signifies Uiat the species is figured at tlio place cited.

alltipiiiifla Mir. H. Schdj/. AuBoieur. Soliiiwtt. 1. *
aii!;iiliita Cochl. Fixs. Rom. Meiu. L6p. 3, p. 339.
aNolla lleter. Schijf. Wien. Vorz. p. 65.

longipalpis Micr. Bull. Cistul. Entom. 3, p. 121.

bilinea Can. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br.
buto Cochl. F. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 121.

Mws. 5, p. 1112.

cliristophi Cochl. Oraes. Berl. Knt. /eit.schr. 1S8S, p. 119.
codpti Cochl. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Eut. Pr. 1883, j). 18.
foiijuiu-ta Xat. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. IMus. 5, p. 1150.
consoi'ia I'ar. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32. ii. 181.
contracta Scop. Walk. t!at. Lep. Ilet. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1105.

dciltatus Heter. Oberth. Diat;ri. nouv. [i. 8.

t'asciata Thos. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1888, p. 103.
I'lavcsceus Mir. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1112.
flavidorsalis Mir. Stgr. Rom. M(5m. L^p. 3, p. 195. *
fiilgeiis Heter. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 609. *
[u.scicostalis Mir. Fixs. Rom. M6m. L6p. 3, p. 337. *

giittifera Mir. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1124.

hilarata Par. Sigr. Rom. M6m. L^p. 3, p. 198.
hilaris Par. Westw. Cabin. Orient. Ent. p. 50. *

iiicxpectata Par. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 293.

inoruata Mir. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1125.

lepida Par. Cr. Pap. Esot. 2. *

liiuacodes Cochl. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 3, p. 402.

limas Cochl. Borkh. Bur. Schmett. 3, p. 449.

maculata Cochl. Seitz, Macrolep.

341.

minax Hyph. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 493.

nararia Nat. Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. Mus. 2, p. 415.
Iiivea Alth. Walk. .Tourn. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 6, p. 173.
iiobilis Phrix. Stgr. Rom. Mi^m. L(5p. 3, p. 196. *

ochracea Coclil. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 341.

pallida Sus. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1113.
pallivitta Mir. Moore, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) 20, p. 93.
pastoralls Par. Ball. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 6, p. 63.

riibida Arct. Feld. Wien. Entom. Mon. 6, p. 33.

serioea Phrix. 6m/?. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. HCi.
sericwv Thos. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 595.
sinensis Thos. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1093.
sinica Par. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 93.
sufCiisa Coi-hl. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 341.

transversata Tlios. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. JIus. 32, p. 195.
tripartita Thos. Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 376.

uncula Heter. Stgr. Rom. M^m. L<5p. 3, p. 197. *
ursina Scop. Bull. 111. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 6, p. 3. *

velutina Nat. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir 4 (2), p. 473.
venosa Scop. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 5, p. 1105.

HETKKUGYNIS. By Dr. A. .Seitz. 340

21, Family: Heterogynidae.

We interpolate here a group of moths, or rather a single species, which does not well fit into any other
family. It is a peculiarly specialised in.sect which perhaps may best be considered a modification of the
Zygaenid-type. Kirby places the genus Heterogynis in between the Orgyia-WVe Lymantriids and the Psycliids,
while Statjdinger and Rebel bring it after the Arctiids, with which it has nothmg to do, and near the Zy-
gaenids, which is more correct. We place it in front of the Psycliids, because we are of opinion (cf. this
v^olume p. 351) that the Psycliids themselves are secondarily modified derivations from other families.

The ^1^ of .ffetefogrynis a small and unicolorous day-flying moths with thin scaling; the $$ are mag-
got-like, not being very different from the caterpillar. The patria is South- West Europe and the opposite
North-West Africa. The genus extends eastward to Istria and the Herzegovina, northward to Switzerland
and South- West Germany. It differs from all the Z ygaenidae in the complete reduction of the proboscis and
palpi, which cannot be used for feeding ; from the genus Zygaena, moreover, it is distinguished by the antenna
being long -pectinate. In facies there is some similarity with the Zygaenid genus Procris (= Ino, Atychia),
from which Heterogynis is probably derived. The venation is not constant and offers no evidence for the syste-
matic position of Heterogynis.

Genus: Heterogynis Ramh.

The (j*-sex small, grey, semitransparent moths similar in facies to a Zygaena, the wings more hairy
than scaled, the body slender, the antenna of (^ plumose-pectinate, the head small, without proboscis and al-
most obsolete palpi; the maggot-like $ with entirely atrophied mouth-parts, wings and abdominal legs, and
with mere vestiges of the thoracical legs as short obtuse stumps. — The larva strongly recalls those of
Somabrachys, but has only 4 pairs of abdominal legs besides the anal pair; short, plump, with swellings,
concealed head, and small warts bearmg small white bristles. They live exposed on various plants, especially
Papilionaceae such as Genista, Sarothamnus and Golutea and pupate in a dense but soft cocoon. The
(^(^ fly in the sunshine on open places, which are very restricted and dispersed and where also the caterpillars
are to be fovmd. The $$, like those of many Orgyia (e. g. 0. dubia), do not leave the cocoons, in wliich they
also deposit the eggs. It is here not the place to decide whether there are more than one distinct species.
According to the very intrinsic researches of Dr. Chapman, who has selected this group for special study, the
forms are very variable according to locality, which is observed either in the moths, or more particularly in the
caterijillar and in bionomic characteristics. They have but one brood, and, as far as the observations go,
show great resistance to cyanide of potassium, to wliich fact Herr R. Pungeler drew my attention, remark-
ing that Heterogynis agrees therein with the Zygaenidae.

H. paradoxa Hbn. nee Ramh. (=penella ^6w., pennella Dup., hispana Ramh., erotica GrasL, padella paradoxa.
Chenu) (50 f). ,^ in facies nearly like a Procris; wings semitransparent, dull russet grey, with long frmges,
the costal margin somewhat darker. $ maggot-like, stout and glossy, very voluminous as compared with
the slender (J, with the thoracical legs reduced to stumps. The flight of the ,^ somewhat recalls Phryganids.
The species has several times been described under different names, and a large number of forms have been
named which often differ hardly in anything else but locality and time of appearance. The most widely
distributed form is paradoxa Hbn., occurring in Southern France, Southern Germany (Vosges) and Switzer-
land to Northern Italy and Austria, Mjeing also found in Mauretania. — The liardlj^ different form from
Spain Chapman distinguishes as canalensis ; it is somewhat larger than true paradoxa, the wings being more canalcnsis.
as in ramburi Kirby and the fringes shorter; moreover, the two wings are not exactly alike in colour, the hmd-
wing being darker than the forewing. — The form from Southern Spain, affinis Ramh. (= affmiella Bruand) affinis.
is scarcely distinguishable from it. — ucedinis Chapm., from the neighbourhood of Ucedo, in Spain, differs ucedinis.
from the preceding form, apart from locality, particularly in the cocoon, which is pale, whitish, and about as
large as in ramburi, i. e. much larger than in true paradoxa.. — ■ ramburi Kirby (= paradoxa Ramh. nee Hbn.) ramburi.
(50 f) is considerably larger than true paradoxa, and more brown-grey instead of black-grey, and the maggot-
like $ is much thicker and heavier than the $ of true paradoxa. Iberian Peninsula. ■ — ■ piedrasitae Chapm., piedrasitae.
from the neighbourhood of Piedrasita in Spain, is hardly different as moth from the preceding form, but the

350 Alphabetical List of the Palearctie Heterogynidae.

bejarensis. fohniriiig of the larva is very variegated and more constant, while it is very variable in mwburi. — beja-
rensis Chapm. is very dull in colour, blackish with strongly black veins; the larva vivid black-green, with
candelariae. very strong dark markings; from Bejar in Spain. — candelariae Cfuijmi. is described as another race of mm-
buri, in which the S is smaller and paler and the larva is variegated with bright markings; above Candelaria
in Spain. The larva feeds more on Cytisus, while Chapman found that of bejarensis on Genista florida. This
form rather closely approaches piedrasitae, but flies a fortnight later (middle of July) than the other races near
ramburi. — The differences between these forms are on the whole very minute, which does not mean that
the opinions of Kirby, who distinguishes 3 species, and Staudinger, who has 2 in his Cat. of 1871, may
not be correct. Chapman was quite right in drawing attention to the fact that in smaller and almost scaleless
species the larva, the geographical distribution, time of appearance, food-plant, etc., are of greater weight
as distinguishing characteristics than in the case of normal groups of Lepidoptera, and we refer to the
genus Somabrachys (cf. p. 335), to whicli tlie same applies. In the two forms paradoxa Hbn. and ramburi Kirby
the larger size of the latter, the somewhat different wing-contour and the colour and size of the cocoon, which
is smaller and lemon-yellow in paradoxa and larger and orange-yellow in ramburi Kirby {jxiradoxa Ramb.) are
important distinctions. The food-plants are chiefly Cytisus, Genista, Sarothamnus and Blackberry, but the
young larvae do not begin to feed on the plants before they have eaten the renmants of the mother in the cocoon.
Most of the forms are abundant where they occur and can be obtamed hi large numbers on sunny days hi July,
but some forms are said to be scarcer. The ?$ partly leave the cocoon at the hour of copulation, but return
into it at night or after copulation.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctie forms of Heteroyynidue with references to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the speoies is figured at the place cited.

iiffiiiis not. Ramh. Ann. Soc. Ent. Pr. 1836, p. 580. 1 paradoxa Het. Hbn. Siulg. Eur. Schniett. 2.*

Iifjart'iisis Het. Chapm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 717. j piedrasitae Hot. Chapm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. 1902, p. 718.

eaiialensis Het. Chapm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. lOOi, p. 71. j ramburi Het. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. 1, p. 499.

i-andelariae Het. Chapm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 717. I ucedinis Het. Chapm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 102.

PSYCHID.E. — Introduction. By Dr. A. Seitz. 351

22. Family: Psychidae.

The family of case-moth.s comes clo.se to the Heferogynichie in the acquired adaptations, but not in its
anatomical structure and systematic affinities. Where its proper position in a scheme of classification should
be, is the less possible to say, as the family is not homogeneous and the characters on which the systematic
position has hitherto been based are for the most part taken from superficial adaptations to a life in cases
which have rendered originally differently organised moths similar. Some genera would certainly be best
referred to the Micros, if one does not go so far as to separate from the Macros the whole group as being
more or less closely related to the Micros, as is also the case with the Sesiidae, Thyrididae and others.

We follow also here the general use and place the Psychidae where they are found in the hand-books,
particularly in the excellent C^atalogues of W. F. Kirby and Staudinger-Rebel, namely in the neighbourhood
of the Limacodidae and Sesiidae, being separated from them only by small and relatively isolated groups
which had to be interpolated.

It follows from what we have just said that the characterisation of the family cannot very well be based
on the structure. But the species have many bionomic points in common, and it is also advisable from a prac-
tical view-point to base the arrangement on the external adaptations until a detailed anatomical examin-
ation enables us to place the various groups of Psychidae with those other families with which they are
phylogenetically related. Such families are perhaps the Megalopygidae, Limacodidae, Tineidae (resp. Talaeo-
poridae) and probably also the Lithosiidae, presumably also some others.

The Palearctic Psychidae are all small and incon.spicuously coloured moths, as are also most of the exotic
forms (of which, however, only an insignifant fraction is known). There are no really bright-coloured species
at all. The only vividly coloured Psychid is probably Metura elongata {Oiketicus saundersii) from Australia,
whose wings are russet black-brown and reticulate, while the head and thorax are very vivid orange-yellow,
the two colours contrasting strongly. Some Bolivian species have entirely vitreous wings, and even in the
largest forms the scheme of marking is the simplest imaginable.

The most striking characteristics of the family are the reduction of the 9$ and that the larvae live
in a protecting case. The exceedingly numerous eggs, of which many hundreds are laid by a $, are globular
and small, almost equalling coarse sand. They lie in the maternal case embedded in a kind of .spun wool
and remain undeveloped for months in some species. The young larvae resemble minute Staphylinid beetles.
As they are without abdominal legs, their thoracic legs are strongly developed instead, and the young larvae
when disperseing raise the abdomen, as do the Staphylinidae when irritated. The young caterpillar has a
flat, hard and horny head and the 3 thoracic segments strongly chitinised, the abdomen being soft. Soon
after leaving the maternal case it commences to bite off little bits from all kinds of objects and, by uniting
them, to build a very primitive protecting ca.se. I used to give the young larvae hits of cork, for which
they show a great preference and which they only discard at a later stage in favour of little pieces of
leaves, stalks, etc. The sti'ucture of the case is usually characteristic for each species. At large it is constructed
according to species of bits of leaves, twigs, stalks, moss, lichen, sand, small flints, small shells, etc. ; but in capti-
vity all kinds of artificial products are spun into the case, such as cloth, paper and even minute particles of metal.
Almost during the whole larval period the caterpillar is occupied with enlarging, repairing or renewing the case.
The larva is able to turn in the case freely, and can alter the case in every place as it thinks fit, biting a hole
into the case from inside in order to remove a piece of cover which is no longer suitable and to replace it by
another object. When rearing hundreds of caterpillars of the large Oiketicus geyeri, which I have done for
years, I changed sometimes the material mixed with the food-plants and thus obtained cases consisting some-
times more of cork, or particles of leather, sometimes more of bits of newspapers, etc. Sometimes the larvae
turned thieves, biting off particles from the cases of others and using them for themselves.

Whatever the characteristic of the case may be m a species, the individuals of this species hardly
differ among themselves in their building instinct. With a certain species some material for building may
be much preferred, oth?r material altogether rejected, but I was often astonished in noticing how uniform
were the cases of the specimens of a .species even if the individmals fed on quite different pltints. I sometimes

352 PSYCHID^. — Introduction. By Dr. A. Seitz.

removed Oiketicus-\a,rvae from their case, and inducing them to crawl into that of another caterpillar they at
once set to work to make it comfortable. When after 2 or 3 daj'.s I placed their o^^^l case before them, they
rejected it and remained in the new one.

The cases of the full-fed specimens are very diverse in shape. Some are simple tubes of sand, sometimes
wound spirally like a shell. The Australian Entometa ignobilis Walk, places parallel on the outside of its case
small bits of twigs, some of which stick out at the ends; and Herr Heylaert.s. of Breda, was so kind as to
send me cases of the African Eumeta moddermanni Heyl. which are similarly constructed. On the other hand,
the Australian Thyridopteryx huebneri Westw. makes cases which are covered with bits of leaves placed in
tile-shape one over the other, so that the silky house is entirely concealed. Oiketicus geyeri from Buenos Aires
and Montevideo fastens small t^vigs to its silky case, which are transverse, oblique and raised so that an ill-
defuied mass is formed. Metura elongata, from South Australia, on the contrary constructs regular long tubes
resembling a cigar in size and shape, on wliich bits of twigs inches long are placed parallel at rather regular
intervals. Herr Jose Steixbach sent me from Bolivia cases which were quite uniform, appearing as if made
of grey paper; they are conical pointed cases, almost mathematically exact, which hang on rocks. A species
very abundant on the fields at Biskra is Amicta quadningularis, of which I have found up to 20 cases on one
bush of a herb; this larva builds a very regular tetragonal case of pieces of stalk.s of exactly the same length,
which are placed together transversely in a square. Only in very rare instances all materials suitable for
covering the cocoon are rejected and — • e. g. bj^ the Australian Thyridopteryx herrichi — the cases made
purely of silk, the long-stalked balloons hanging on the trees like fruit.

Most Psychids are very voracious and not very particular as to their food. Some eat a variety of
different plants just as they happen to be handy, and even change from deciduous plants to Conifers. Often
dry brown leaves are preferred to the most succulent foliage, and some species appear to eat without distinction
any part of a plant from the flower to the almost wooden branch.

The larvae of the Psychids are very mobile and wander considerable distances. Although the cater-
pillar has only the thoracic legs to walk with — the rest of the body is without feet, thin-skinned and almost
as .soft as a maggot — ■ they walk fast. Young larvae run nearly as fast as a beetle and the older ones
are very adroit climbers. When molested they shrink back and retreat into the case, which they fasten with
silk by an exceedingly rapid movement, placing the case over themselves rather than really retreating into it.
If one molests them in the case, they use their mouth and fore legs with much power to close the aperture.
If thej' are attacked on the trees they go down to near the gi'ound with great rapidity on a silk-thread. In the
tree-shaded streets of Montevideo one notices everywhere in February the cases of Oiketicus as large as a thumb
hanging dowai from the branches on long threads, and it is there sport for the street-children to collect them
and to throw the.se innocent weapons at each other as do our boys in the winter with snowballs.

When the time for pupation approaches, the case is fastened with tough silk on a base at hand. Tlie
?-cases, which are distinguished in many species from the rj-cases by the more compact build, are usually
placed higher, more exposed and more easily accessible to the ^, the more slightly constructed Q-c&i^e is more
concealed among the vegetation and hence often nearer the ground, e. g. in Pachytelia minor. The ^ -moths
emerge at a regular hour and usually soon begin to fly, some at night, many by day. The more delicate species
flutter weakly from stalk to stalk, the large Oiketicus race wildly in great jumps over the fields and prairies.
iSometimes a gale surprises them, and after such a ""Pampeiro" which sweeps over the Llanos and Pampas
of South America the swamps and puddles are covered with the moths, where the gale has thrown them, in
company of masses of the ^ of Hypopta amhigua Hbn., which fall victims to the same force.

Those cJ(J which escape the not too rare enemies soon find the $? with the help of the organs of
scent. The $$ do not leave the case. While the o -pupae are pushed out of the posterior aperture of the case
for half their length, the moths escaping and the empty pupal shell remaining in the aperture of the case, the
$-larva does not turn round for pupation, the head of the chrysalis remaining directed towards the tightly closed
moutli of the case. When the $ is ready for emerging the anal part of the pupal case splits, whereby the genital aper-
ture of the ? becomes uncovered. The {J settles on the cocoon and pushes its abdomen into the case copula-
tion thus taking place. In order to enable the o to get a good foothold the $-case is provided in some species
with a special arrangement for that purpose, the above-mentioned projecting pieces of wood or leaves of some
cases, e. g. in Eumeta moddermanni and ignobilis, are said to serve that purpose.

In spite of the apparently very good cover the larvae of Psychidae are attacked by various kinds of
enemies. The Ichneumonidae know very well how to infest them, and many a carniverous enemy goes
for them in their cases. They are very mobile withiii the case and when much molested may be induced to
leave it altogether, but then the fat soft larvae are quite unprotected and play a poor role. I have often driven
such larvae from their covering, left them helpless on the ground for several hours, and then gave them their

Puhl. I. VI. i9ii. OECETICINAE. By Dr. E. Strand.

353

cases back; some bore the experiment well, but the majority died if leftexposedforsomelengthof time, and it was
evident that the large and almost full-fed Oiketicus were hardly or not at all able to spin quickly another case.

The moths, as is self-evident from their atrophied mouth-parts, do not feed at all and have therefore a
very short life. The ^^ soon die after copulation. The $$, which hardly lead the life of a Lepidopteron in
the ordinary sense, commence to oviposite soon after copulation. It appears that fertilisation is effected by
the sperm soaking into the lump of eggs of which the greater part of the ?-body consists rather than by impreg-
nating each egg singly. In some cases parthenogenesis has undoubtedly been established, the occurrence of
which is evident from the fact that the 3'^ do not occur evervwhere or not in every brood. But it has also
been suggested — though by no means proved ~ that parthenogenesis occasionally occurs also in other species
which normally are bisexual. The single experiment I made in this respect had negative results. In Buenos
Aires I collected 6 female cases each producing hundreds of larvae. About 100 $-cocoons obtained from them
I separated from thccJ-cocoons, but although they certainly contained 20 — 30000 eggs I did not get a single
larva. This appears to prove that parthenogenesis does not occur in some species or only as an exception.

About 200 Psychids are now known, of which Kirby enumerated in his Catalogue 193. The figure
does not give us a correct idea of the number actually existing. One does not frequently meet with these often
inconspicuous moths, as their time of appearance and the localities where they occur are often very restricted
and rearing of the larvae is difficult on account of the often slow growth. The great incompleteness of our
knowledge of the Psychidae is best proved by the fact that more species are known from Ceylon, where Psychi-
dae have been specially collected, than from the whole rest of British India. About 100 forms are known from
Europe, which is well-explored, and not even a dozen are described from the large Ethiopean Region. It fol-
lows that many Psychidae are known everywhere they have been well-collected and bred, and only in places
where this has been the case.

If a general survey of the distribution oi Psychidae shows us that these in.sects are exceptionally widely
distributed, occurring all over the globe from New Zealand to Ireland and from Cape Horn to Kamtschatka,
and are even represented on remote groups of islands, such as the Canaries, it is difficult at first sight to under-
stand how that is possible, considering the $9 are not only wing-less but also abutely without the faculty
of locomotion. How^^ver, the enigma explains itself if we consider the following facts.

First of all, the Psychidae are not monophyletic, i. e. are not branches of one and the same stem,
so that the forms existing to-day m Tasmania may very well be derived from quite a different branch of Lepi-
doptera than, e. g., the species inhabiting Sweden. Further the larva possesses quite exceptional means of
dispersal. Being protected by its case it wanders about and penetrates into every nook and corner where ve-
getation is to be found. The case is waterproof, so that the insects can even exist where the waves of the
sea reach them. At the rocks in Botany-Bay in Australia I found directly above the surging surface of the
sea finger-long cases of Psychids which were splashed with foam and water by each wave, and when I open-
ed them I found live and evidently healthy larvae. With this power of endurance it must be possible for
the larvae which come into the water with floating wood also to cross the seas and thus to reach by and by
new islands and continents. It is very likely that, as in our genus Apterona, there are also exotic forms
which become parthenogenetic perhaps under certain difficulties of existence, and in such instances the intro-
duction of a smgle $-case with the enormous number of eggs contained in the body of the $ would be suffi-
cient to establish the species successfully in a new country. Even a larva would be sufficient, as a branch
of a tree floating in the ocean would provide sufficient food in its bark and covering of lichens for many species
of Psychids — which are usually very pol_y[)hagous and also subsist on dead vegetable matter — • on a voyage
of weeks' or months' duration. During one of the frightful gales in which I was caught on the Pampas of
Uruguay in a place without any woods branches of trees fell to the ground which the wind had carried for
miles over the plains. On examining the branches in order to find out from the species of tree the place of
its origin, I discovered Psychid cases containmg young larvae. These little caterpillars were unharmed and at
once attacked the food. Moreover, no larvae known to me endure actual hunger so well as those of the Psy-
chids, be it that they can really exist for weeks without food and moisture, be it that the dry bits covering the
case prevent them from dying. Once I had collected on a desert herb in North Africa larvae of Amicta
quadrangukiris and had them so packed away in my luggage that I could only reach them and take care of
them after many days of absolute starvation. But they were none the worse for it and I reared them without
difficulty on the peal of apricots. As this power of resistance to adver.se circumstances is coupled moreover
with a certain indifference to temperature, the distribution over the whole globe is understandable.

a. Subfamily: Oeceticinae.

In the forewing veins 1 c and 1 b anastomose, the latter sending more than one branch to the hind
margin, 1 a and 1 b .separate at the base, then coincident. The cell of both wings divided by a longitudinal
vein forked at the end. Fore tibia usually with a long thorn.

II 45

354 AMATISSA; CLANIA; PSYCHINAE; ACANTHOPSYOHE. By Dr. E. Strand.

1. Genus: Auiatissa Walk.

Forewing with 12 veins, 1 b sending two spurs to hind margin, 4 and 5 short-stalked or from a point,
Sand 9 stalked, cell-vein forked, the lower branch of fork sending a .spur to median nervure; in the hindwing
6 absent, and 7 connected with 8 by a bar. Fore tibia unarmed, terminal segment of the tarsi long.

consoria. A. consorta Tempi. (= inornata Walk.) (56g). ^ dark brown, abdomen with yellow and brown markings.
Expanse 28 mm. Larva-case covered with minute fragments of vegetable matter, the free end strongly pointed.
. On the Aving in May — June in Japan (Yoshimo, Yamato, Hondo); also known from Ceylon and Borneo.

2. Genus: C'laiila Walk.

Antenna pectinated to tip, but tlie branches gradually decrease in length from the first third. Fore-
wing rather pointed, with oblique distal margin, veins 4 and 5 and again 8 and 9 stalked, all the 12
veins present; in the hindwing two branches from 8 to costal margin. Terminal segment of fore tarsus long.
Fore tibia with a long spine. The abdomen considerably projects beyond anal angle of hindwing.

pryeri C. pryeri Leech, from Shanghai, appears to me to be a doubtful species. The original description

consists of 4 lines, the species being compared with "Eumeta wardii from South India", which has not even
been published (sic!) (probably Eumein luyardii was meant). Accordhig to Hampson (1892) pryeri as well as
larjardii are synonyms of C'lania variegata Snell. from Celebes; but, to judge from the origmal descriptions,
the forms can hardly be identical. If the above-mentioned "Eumeta wardii'" was a laps. cal. for Eumeta
layardii, we may assume that pryeri is different from layardii. — The forewing of C. pryeri are said to be
broader than in "Eumeta wardii", the apex of the hmdwing less prominent, the colouring more uniformly dark
coppery brown than "in the other species of Eumeta'' (in layardii bears the forewing two rather distinct pale
longitudmal bands). Expanse 28.5 mm.

japonica. C. japotlica Heyl. rjdark brown, costal margin of forewing paler, fringes brown at their bases, yellow-

ish at their apices. Antenna with 36 segments. Lerva-case long, pear-shaped, covered with small twigs and
leaves. — Tokio.
minuscida. C. minuscula Biifl. (56 g). Smoky brown, with a rosy suffusion, veins of forewing blackisli ; body

darker than the wings. Expanse about 23 mm. — Yokohama; Central China.

b. Subfamily: Psychinae.

o with one pair of very short spurs to the hind tibia, hind leg shorter than the fore leg; in the fore-
wing veins 1 a and 1 b separate at the base, then anastomosing for a short distance, sending a single Ijraiuh
to the hind margin, and the other to the distal margin; in the hiiid\\ing vein 7 connected by a bar with 8.

3. (i(Mius: Aoaiitli4»|>s^'olio Hetjl.

(^ : forewing with II veins, liindwing with 7. In the forewing Ic terminates in the distal liranch
of 1 b, 8 and 9 stalked, 6 absent. In the hindwing 6 also absent, 7 connected witli 8 by a bar; 4 and 5
of both wings either stalked or separately from cell. Antenna bipectinated to the tip, the shaft as well as the
pectinations hairy beneath, the former scaled above, the latter not s('aled above and gradually decreasing in
length from middle to apex. Legs long and slender, femora with long hair, fore tibia armed with a very long
spine, hind tibia without spurs. $ vermiform, with projecting head, small dots as vestigial antennae, black
eye-spots and dilated anal segment. Mid and hind legs vestigial, mid leg with a claw-like bristle, nota of
thorax black and polished, anal segment with fleshy processes. — The larva (cf. A. atra) with narrow
head, the body broadest a.t segments 3 and 4, the intersegmental incisions distinct, anal segment with horny
plate, abdominal legs with distinct central impression, the thoracical legs short and strong, the third jiair
the largest.
atra. A, atra L. (= opacella H.-Schdff., furva Kirby nee Borkh, fenella Newm.) (55 a). ^: The wings semi-

transparent, blackish brown with darker veins, towards distal margin with upper scales. Abdomen with
moderately long hair. Antenna with 29 segments, 4.3 mm long, the first segment very long, the second
large and globular. $ 10 mm. long, 3 nma broad, white, vermiform, a small black chitinous dorsal plate on the
first abdominal segment; the hair at once wears off. Distributed throughout Europe from Finmark to the
Mediterranean, and from England to Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. On the wing end of April and May.
senex. — senex Stgr., from Bulgaria and Armenia, has the antennae thicker, the thorax and abdomen whiter and the
scaling thinner. Has later also been recorded from Roumania and Tiflis, and is perhaps a distinct species.
— The larva of the main form is dirty yellow, with blackisli dorsum; the thoracical plates spotted with deep
black and j^ellow. Annual or (according to obsei'vations in England) biennial, on Calluna, Vaccinium, Sali.x,
Gramineae, etc. The larva case dark in colour, moderately stout, not very regularly covered with sand and
vegetable fragments, up to 20 mm. long, in ^ with a silk-tube 5 mm. long.

(JHALIPEOTEN; PAGHYTHELIA. By Dr. E. Stkand, 355

A. zelleri Men. (= zelleriella Brd.) (55a). Differs from A. atra in its smaller size (length of forewing zellerl.
(1.5 Dim), shorter antenna, and shorter, rounder, more densely scaled wings; in atra the antenna is two-thirds
and in zdleri liardly lialf tlie length of the forewing. $ reddisli yellow, with polished blaek-brown head and
neck. — The larva very similar to that of atra, feeds on grasses; larva-case shorter and slenderer. Found in
Hungary, Croatia, Dalniatia, and perhaps France.

A. inquinata Led. (55 a), from Beirut in Syria, is dirty brown in the ^, the scaling of the wings inquinata.
somewhat denser and more greyish felty than in the two previous species. The hindwing is said to have 8
veins, 4 and 5 stalked, and the forewing as in true Aainthopsyche only 11 veins, of which 6 and 7 are stalked.
It is therefore not quite certain if the species belongs to the present genus. $ and larva-case not known.

A, nigriplaga Wilem. (56 g), from Japan, is closely allied to the Indian A. bipars Walk., but the veins nigriplaga.
are more distinct and the black marking in the basal area of the hindwing more extended, but more restricted
in the forewing. Expanse 18- — 28 mm. Said to occur also in China (Cherra) and India (Sikkim), and has perhaps
sometimes been confounded with A. hifcirs Walk.

A. himalayana Moore, from Kashmir, belongs to the subgenus Dasaratha Moore, in which vein 6 is himalayana.
present in the forewing and the cell-vein forked in both wings. <$ almost uniformly dark brown, head and tho-
rax darkest in tint. In the forewing veins 7, 8 and 9 stalked, 4 and 5 from the cell in both wings.
18 mm. — Dharmsala; only at the boundary of our Region.

4. Genus: Chalipcetoii gen. nov.

The author of the two species jjlaced them into Chalia Moore; but the tjqae of the new genus, C.
.■itaudinxjeri Heyl. differs very essentially from the genotype of Chalia, Ch. doubledayi Westw. : Fore\\ing with
only 11 veins, 4 and 5 from a point, the missmg vein being probably 7, and 8 and 9 stalked, the apex
of wing between these two; in Chalia the forewing has 12 veins, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 also stalked with 8 and
9, 8 terminating in the apex of the wing. Veins 1 b and 1 c anastomose as in Chalia, but send a branch to
the hind margin as in ^care</topS2/c/?e ; it must be left undecided if 1 b is forked at the base. The discocellular
of the forewing is divided by the single cell-vein into two even halves which have the same direction, while
in Chalia the anterior portion is longer and extends more distad. Hindwing with 7 veins (6 absent), none
of them stalked, 8 connected with cell by a long oblique bar and forked at the base; the cell-vem curved.
Differs further from Chalia in the pectinations of the (^'-antenna being very long, measuring more than one-
fourth the length of the shaft and only decrease in size from the apical third. Forewing elongate, with the
apex broadly rounded, and the hind and distal margins joined in ^n even curve, width at the broadest
point less than half the length; costal margin almost straight. Fore tibia with a very long spine. Abdomen
not reaching beyond hindwing.

Ch. staudingeri Heyl. (55 a). cj: Both wings greyish black, the hairs and scaling of the same colour, siaudmgcri.
costal and distal margins deeper black, fringes brownish. Antenna with 30 segments, the shaft yellow and the
pectinations brownish black. Legs strongly hairy, excepting the tarsi, which are naked, greyish yellow and above
spotted with brown. Expanse 19 mm. $ and larva not known. — ■ Russian Turkestan.

Ch. puengeleri Heyl. S- Black-brown, hair the same colour on head, but black on thorax and ab- puengeleri.
domen. Legs exteriorly black-brown, but with yellow hair interiorly. Antenna brown-yellow, with 20 segments.
Palpi blackish. Wings unicolorous, above black-brown, beneath brownish yellow with blackish veins. Veins
8 and 9 (according to Heylaerts counting 7 and 8) on a long staUc. Expanse 18 mm. Pupa of (J glossy
yellow; larva-case elongate, 15 mm. long, cylindrical, almost jjyriform, irregularly covex-ed lengthways with
fragments of wood and leaves. — ■ Nikko, Japan.

5. Genus: Paeli^thelia Westv.

,^: forewing with 11 veins, hindwing with 7. In forewing vein Ic absent or only vestigial, la
and 1 b forming a long fork in the basal third of the wing, 1 b sending a simple, very oblique branch
to the hind margin which it does not reach and is distinctly incurved in its distal half or almost angulate
in centre; 4 and 5 from a point or on a very short or even very narrowly separated, 6 absent, 7 distinctly
separate from 8 and terminating in the margin far below the apex of wing, 8 and 9 on a very short
stalk, 8 terminating in the wing-apex, 10 and 11 parallel from apical third of cell, 10 being but little
farther from 11 than from 9; cell symmetrical at apex, the cell- vein from the centre of the discocellular.
In the hindwing 4 and 5 on a short stalk, 6 absent, 7 connected with 8 by an oblique bar. Antenna not
long, bipectinated to the tip, but the distal branches short, shaft with 32 segments (villosella), scaled above,

35G (JANEPHOKA; AMICTA. By Dr. E. Stram).

pectinations not scaled. Legs of moderate lengths, with long hair. Fore tibia with long spine; hind tibia
unarmed. $ vermiform, very robust, with atrophied limbs, but eye-spots and small antennal tuberc-les
present. Thoracical segments with dark dorsal plates, abdominal segment 10 modified into a small ovi-
positor. Larva witli small, rounded, hairy head, the segments of anterior half of abdomen broadest, thoracical
plates hornj% with paler lines, anal segment chitinous. Larva-case irregularly covered with strong material,
the particles only being fastened to the central silky case with one end.

villosella. P. villosella 0. (= grandiella Bdv., viciella H6m., magniferella Bnl., hievacii Kirhy) {i>iyA). S blackish

to reddisli grey, tlie discocellular prominent as a black bar in both wings, fringes and costal margin darker
than the surface of the wings. Body with long hair. Expan.se 27^28 mm. The $ yellowish white with
brown dorsal plates to the thorax and a similar but smaller plate on first abdominal segment ; antenna with
2 segments; head with numerous thin bristles. The species is on the wing in June and July, being known
from Central Europe, Soutlieru Scandinavia and Finland, St. Petersbourg, Northern Italy, Southern France,

nJ</ricaHs. Dalmatia, Southern Russia, Asia Minor, Turkestan and Armenia. — nigricans Curt. (= nigrieantella Brd.),
from England, is. according to Bruaxd, always a little larger than continental specimens, and the di.scocellular
of the hinlwing is more vertical (mstead of being strongly oblique as in the name-tyi)ical form) and di-
vided by the cell-vein into two even halves which have exactly the same direction. The distinctness of this
lurkUa. form as a variety appears to be very doubtful. — hirtella Ev. (= casanella Brd.) is also a questionable form,
differing from true villosell'i according to Bruand in small details of the neuration, whereas according to Hey-

cinerella. LAERTS hirtella is based on large specimens which do not otherwise differ from villoselln. Kasan. — cinerella
Dup. is said to have the forewing a little narrower and the antenna shorter; the colouring is less brown and
more ashy grey than in the mam form, the neuration is also said to differ slightly. France. — All these
secondary form liave been mentioned by Ti^tt (1900), who however also says that the distinctions on which
they are based are but doubtfully established. — Larva dirty broM-nish with darker dorsum and black-brown
thoracical plates, which bear a whitish yellow median stripe and broad lateral ones of the same colour. It feeds
usually for 2 years on Calluna, Salix, Birch, Polygonum, Myrica and other plants. The j^-case is very roughly
covered with dry leaves and twigs, the V-case beas a very strong covering of stalks of grass and bits of twigs
placed longitudinally and being raised.

6. Genus: Caiiepliora Hbri.

J. Closely related to Pachythelia and united with it by most authors, but it differs at first glance
by the entire wings being rather densely scaled, while they are only partially scaled in Pachythelia and there-
fore semitransparent. Moreover, the wings are broader, the distal margui of the forewing is almost straight
and but slightly oblique, forming almost a right angle with the hind margin, whereas in Pnchythelia the
wings are more elongate, the distal margin of the forewing more oblique and convex, the hind angle being broadly
rounded. Fringes shorter. There are no essential differences in the neuration; 4 and 5 of forewing separate,
though close together, stalk of 8 and 9 as long as or a little shorter than the free branches, 10 much
farther away from 11 than from 9; in the hindwing 4 and 5 close together but separate. Legs and body
with the hair less long, the body less robust. The $ has distinct vestiges of eyes, antennae and legs, being
altogether less reduced than the ? of Pachythelia.

ttnivolor. C. unicolor Hiifn. (= graminella Schiff., paleiferella Brd.) (55 a). cJ sooty black, very large for a Pale-

arctic Psychid, exjjanse 20 mm, the distal half of the fringes whitish, hair of body blackish grey, beneath
considerably paler and with a silky gloss, antenna pale greyish. $ brownish white with dark thoracical plates
and a similar but smaller one on dorsum of first abdominal segment. — Larva yelloMish to grey-brown,
with dark anal plate and black head; the thoracical plates yellowish with black double stripes and a black
lateral stripe. The case of the J-larva bears a very long dirty white tube and is covered with dry leaves; the
$-case is for one half rough with raised dry bits of grass. The larva is annual and feeds on grass. — In Central
Europe with the exception of England, in Southern Scandinavia, northern districts of South Europe, Armenia,
Ussuri districts; however, it is doubtful whether it occurs in Eastern Asia together with the next species.

asiaika. C. asiatica Stgr. (55 a) is smaller (19 — ^23 mm) and less deep black than unicolor, the forewing semitrans-

parent greyisli black, palest distally; the fringes somewhat paler, especially beneath. — The larva-cases are
said to be very different from those of unicolor, bearing a less abundant covering, and strongly to resemble
the cases of Acanthopsyche atra. — Central Asia, China (Fu-chou), Japan.

7. Genus : Amlcta Heijl.

cj: Antenna as in Pachythelia bipectinate to the tip, the shaft non-scaled. Venation as iji Pachy-
thelia, but veiii Ic of forewhig, if at all present, runs free into the distal margin, and the stalk of 8, 9 is
very short, at least much shorter than the free ends of these veins. Wings sparsely clothed with scale-

AMICTA. H;y Dr. E. Strand. 357

liair and therefore semitraiispareiit, the distal margin of the forewing oblique, the innd angle broadly rounded.
Legs shaggy, fore tibia with spine, hind tibia without spurs. $ and larva very similar to those of Ganephora
and Pachythelin.

A. quadrangularis I'hriNl. is large (expanse 24 — 28 mm): the wings whitish, sem transparent, more .[uadramju-
or less dusted witli grey, with the costal margin darker. Fringes of both wings blackish. Hair of body long, '"*■*«•
dense and white. Abdomen extending far beyond the anal angle, black, the hair being partly white. Forewing
elongate, with rounded apex. $ naked, black, only woolly at the anus, this wool being white, length 14- — 18 mm.
The ca.se 35 — 40 mm long, composed of almost parallel, transversely placed bits of stalks which are so regularly
arranged in a quadrangular shape that the four corners are almost mathematically exact right angles. Each
side measures about 8 — 9 mm in width, the c?-case tapering but little, the $-case considerably more. On the
inside the case is lined with white silk, and the four cornes split open when the ^ emerges. The dirty yellow-
ish white larva is 30 mm long, feeds on Alhagi, Artemisia, and Peganum, and bears markings and is colou-
red on the posterior segments as well as the anterior ones. Pupa of c? dark brown, of 9 slightly. paler. The
species inhabits steppes, flies in August and September, and is recorded from Egypt and Algeria. The Egyptian
form (= murina Klug) however, is perhaps constantly different from the main form. The Berlin Museum
contahis a number of larval cases labelled as follows: everywhere near Biskra on small thornbushes, chiefly
Zizyphus lotis, in February. Other cases from the same place bear the remark: ,,The Psychid cocoons are
constructed of stalks of Pithyranthus scoparia C. D., Thymelaea microphylla C. D., Antirrhinum ramosissi-
muni C. D., etc." (G. Schweinfurth). — Staxjdinger has described from Ordubad in South-Eastern Trans-
caucasia as nigrescens (55 a) a form with blackish, seraitransparent wings and black abdomen. — ■ From nii/rcsixns.
Palestina a pale whitish grey form, albescens Stgr. (55 b), has been recorded, in which only the costal margin albescens.
of the forewing remains dark; size larger, expanse 32 mm. — murina King. Only 1 specimen before me, miirma.
Klug's type; as far as can be judged from this old example (which, however, is rather well preserved), murina
differs from the original description of "Psyche quadrangiilaris Christ." in the following points: The body
is not black, but pale brownish; the scaling at thfe costal margin of both wings brown, not black, the fore-
wing less elongate resp. its distal margin much less oblique, the wing therefore appearing broader at the
apex; also the hindwing broadly rounded at the apex and broader than the forewmg. The wmgs are also
broader at the apex with less oblic(ue distal marghi than in Hyalina alhida Esp., whereas quadrangularis
differs from alhida inter alia in the "more elongate wings". The hair of the whole body is dirty yellowish
white, only being somewhat darker in the face. The fringes brown grey on the forewing and brownish yellow
on the hindwing. Veins without darker scaling. The anterior portion of the body, also apart from the hair,
is almost twice the width of the abdomen, which latter extends but little beyond the hindwing. Veins 4 and 5
of forewing on a long.stalk, but the stalk shorter than the free ends. Moreover, the legs are not black. Expanse
27 mm., length of forewing 12 — ^13 mm, length of antenna 7 mm.

A. cabrerai Rebel (55 b), from the Canaries, is sooty brown in the ^■, the antenna reach to one-third cahrcrai.
of the costal margin and have about 25 distinct segments, the branches being strong and, towards their
apices, incrassate. Body and legs covered with smooky brown woolly hair. The spurs of the hind tibia are
small. The abdomen does not extend beyond the anal angle of hindwing. The fringes have a feeble reddish
broWn flush. Length of forewing 5.8 — 7.2 mm. — Larva in the spring on Euphorbia. The cases on Tamarix
canariensis, in facies like those of quadrangularis, up to 12 mm long and 3 mm broad. The pupa of the
(J G mm long. Moth in August^ — September.

A. sera Wish. (55 b) (= heylaertsi Mill.). The (J resembles hitea, but is smaller and darker, with scm.
more rounded wings and slenderer antenna. Length of forewing 10^ — ^11 mm. $ clothed with a whitish
wool. — In the mountains of Central Italy and Sicily, in August. — The larva biennial, until July; head and
nuchal plate brown with black punctures, the dorsal plates of meso- and metathorax divided by a light me-
dian stripe and laterally spotted with yellow. The larva-case is 25 mm long, brown, irregularly covered with
bits of leaves and stalks.

A. tedaldii Heyl. (55 b). (^ yellowish smoky brown, densely hairy, abdomen not extending beyond anal ledaldii.
angle of hindwing. Forewing densely scaled, elongate, 11 mm long. Hindwing shorter and more rounded.
— The larva-case elongate, tapering towards the apex, covered with leaves and shells. 9 riot described.
Both sexes emerged (Algerian .specimens) the end of August (according to Oberthur). This form, which
is perhaps not specifically distinct from sera, is recorded from Sicily, Algeria, and Syria.

A. lutea Stgr. (55 b). ,^ uniformly yellowish grey. The pectinations of the antenna gradually decrease lutea.
in length. Abdomen strongly pointed. Length of forewing II — 12 mm. July — ^August. Italy and Sicily,
Greece, Western Asia, and Algeria. Larva 20 mm long, dirty yellow, head and thoracical plate light yellow
with black markings. The larva-case as in febretta, but the stalks of grass are irregularly arranged. — armena armena.
Heyl., from Armenia, is darker, but has whitish pseudopalpi and stronger antenna; the tibial claw reaches
to the middle of the first tarsal segment, while it is not longer than the tibia in true luiea as well as in
shahkuhensis. — shahkuhensis Heyl. is still darker than armena, and also stronger in build; the branches of shahkuhen-
the antenna much longer, the hair of the body long, the fringes brownish. In North-Eastern Persia. ■"*■

;{58

HYALINA. Bv Dr. E. Strand.

fcbrelta.

(itljijJUHC-

lella.

cckslcini.

A. febretta Boyer (= vetulella Ranib., i magnella Bdv., ? maritiniella Brd.) (55 b) is tor the greater
part brownish to blackish in J; the bhxck colour most distinct in the basal half of the wings and on the
body. Antenna long, with light brownish pectinations. The hair of the body blackish to grey, the face being
light grey. AVings elongate, with pointed apex, the abdomen also pomted, far extending beyond the anal
angle. Fringes short, Avhite at the end of the wings. Leiigtli of forewing 10 — 11 mm. Flies in August in
Southern Europe (excepting Greece) and Asia Minor. ■ — albipunctella Mill, has a white central spot on the
forewing and occurs everywhere among the main form, whereas lambessa Heyl., from Algeria, is probably a
local race; the latter is less rol)ust than true febretta and has only 7 veins in the hindwing. — Larva with
black head and black thoracical plates with 2 — 3 yellowish white longitudhial stripes; biennial, feeding
until July on Grenista, etc. ? yellowish with dark head and reduced legs. The case is covered witli rather
thick stalks of grass arranged longitudinally and raised, the anterior end incrassate, the silky tube of the cr-
ease short.

A. ecksteini Led. (55 b). Distinguished from the preceding species inter alia by the obtuser apex of the
forewing; this wing semitransparent, with blackish scaling, dark transverse discocellular spot, and dark
fringes with brownish gloss. Body black with silky grey hair. The antenna with long pectinations almost
to the tip. Length of forewing 9 — 10 mm. $ with light brown head. — Larva dai-k, with the head and
thoracical plates black-brown, the latter with a median stripe and two lateral ones yellow. Case covered
with dry stalks of grass parallel and longitudinal and frequently very long. These stalks much closer together
in ? and reaching beyond the ends of the case, while m the (J-case the long apical tube is not covered. ■ — ■
Hungary, Bulgaria, Turcmenia; flies in" April. In the Berlm Museum a mounted $ from the former coll.
RosENHAUER labelled "Psyche ecksteini'' with the locality "Germania".

A. grummi Heyl., from Ferghana in Central Asia, has the forewing broadly rounded, semitransparent,
covered with brownish yellow scaling, the veins being brown and a marginal line dark. Body with long yellow-
ish white hair; abdomen thin and reaching far beyond anal angle. Legs brownish yellow, the hind fenuir
blackened. Antenna grey with darker pectinations, 34 segments. Expanse 17 — 18 mm. $ dirty yellow,
10 mm. long and I ^ — 3 mm broad. The $-pupa chestnut-brown. The case cylindrical, 25 mm long, covered
A\ith fragments of plants arranged longitudinally.

uralensis. A. uralensis Frr. (56 g), from the L^ral Mts. and Southern Russia, has in the ^ rounded, bluish grey

wings, the margui being darker and the fringes having a yellowish gloss. Abdomen short and slender,
and the antenna short. Hair of thorax long and whitish above and brownish beneath. Length of forewing
dcmism. 9 mm. ■ — demissa Led., from East Rumelia and Greece, is larger (length of forewing 10 mm), more brownish;
the forewing broader with more strongly curved costal margin. • — The case of demissa-^ is 22 mm long,
covered with fragments of wood and leaves and strongly broadened in the centre, while the cj-case is of more
even width, covered with sand and usually with a larger piece of a twig only at the anterior end.

jorduna. A. jordana Sfgr. (55 c), from Palestine, has darker and less transparent wings than ecksteini, being

bhickish grey with the costal margin of the forcAving narrowly black. Expanse 20 — 22 mm. Veins i and 5
stalked in fore- and hindwing. The long-pectinated antenna are longer than in ecksteini, and the eyes much lar-

i/riiiniiii.

ger. Hair of body long and brownish grey.

uherthueri.

A. oberthueri Heyl. ^ black-grey, densely hairy, head with silvery grey hair, antenna consisting of 38
segments. Thorax anteriorly yellow, posteriorly brownish grey, abdomen brown above, yellowish grey beneath ;
the rather short forewing almost smoke-colour, rounded at the end, with 12 veins. Distal margin of hind-
wing slightly concave in centre, the apex rounded, but the anal angle distinct. Expanse 17 mm. ^'-pupa
ochreous; case elongate, subcylindrical, covered with rather long, diverging stalks of grass arranged longi-
tudinally. — Oran and Sebdon.

8. (icims: H^'aliiia R(nnh.

J. Forewing subtriangular, with only 9 — 10 veins, hindwing with only 5. Antenna bipectinate to
the tip, the branches with long and dense cilia. Fore tibia without claw. Wings vitreous. Rather robust
moths. One moult before pupal stage (as in Scioptera and Oreopsyche). $ as in Amicta. — The covering
of the cases variable within the same species.

idhida. H. albida Esp. (= vitrella Hbn., albivitrella Brd.) (55 c). Body black, with wliite hair. Abdomen

extending beyond anal angle of hindwing. Wings vitreoiis, with the veins and a marginal line but little
darker. Forewing 8 — 10 mm long. ^ yellowish white. Flies in April and May in Southern and Central France

torquinu'lla. (heiovv. me from Lyons). — lorquiniella Brd. (= albidella Ramh., milleriella Boisd.) (55 d), from Spain and South-
Kastern France, is darker, and its case is not covered with moss as in albida., but with fragments of a spe-

plumosellu. cies of Ulex. - plumosella Brd. (55 c), from Spain, has the abdomen covered with blackish hair; flies the end
of March or early in April, and occurs likewise at Lyons (ex. in Mus. Berlin) and Besan9on. — Larva whitish,

OREOPSYfiHE. By Dr. E, Stranp. .-{oQ

thoracical plates yellowish white with dark stripes; on grasses until spring. The case of true albida covered
with fragments of moss, which remain green.

H. wockei Standf. (55 c). c? differs from that of the previous species in its lesser size, more robust wockei.
body and more rounded wings, which are only whitish at the base, being dark grey distally. Length of fore-
wing 8 mm. 9 above honey-brown, head and thorax light wax-yellow. — Larva with blackish thoracical
plates. Case very slender, asymmetrically covered witli fragments of wood. — Flies in April and May in Central
Italy (Rome, etc.).

H. lucasi Trautm. (55 c), from Algeria, differs from wockei in being somewhat smaller, the thorax lucaH.
without any white hair, the fringes somewhat longer, the bases of the wings more pronounced yellow,
the antenna longer (almost reaching to the discocellular), the pectinations somewhat longer and more densely
ciliated, the hair of the abdomen longer, and in the larva-case being covered with thin broad leaves of grass
and otherwise similar to that of Oreopsyche kahri Led.

H. malvinella Mill. (55 c). The forewing is only 6 — 7 mm long and differs, moreover, from that oi malvindla.

the two preceding species in being distally more rounded. Wings white, distal margins and frmges brownish

with the exception of the anal angle of the hindwing, which bears long white fringes. $ whitish yellow, brown

anteriorly. The J flies in the afternoon, January — March, in Andalusia. The case is covered with grains

of sand and bears single dry vegetable fragments; it is slender, 7 — 9 mm long, and found on low herbage

in Pine-woods. — abencerragella Mill., from Castilia, is still darker, being blackish. ahencerm-

tjella

9. Genus: Oroopsyclic Speier.

Very closely related to the last genus, but the wings more elongate, more abundantly scaled and dark
in colour. The larva-cases are very different in the different species.

0. vesubiella Mill. (55 c), from Southern France (questionably also from Switzerland), is a large vesubiella.
species, forewing 12 mm long, with the wings very elongate and smoky grey, and the antenna long and strongly
plumose. The abdomen is characterised by the long hair being parted, and extends only a little beyond
the anal angle of the hindwing (cf. O. biroi Rebel). 9 pale yellow, thickest in centre. ■ — Larva wine-red, head
white, thoracical segments white with black streaks. The case widened in middle, transversely covered
with grass-halms and outside them with a thin white web.

0. pyrenaella H.-Schdff. (= tabanella Brd.) (55 e), from the Pyrenees, resembles the previous species, pyrenaeUa.
but is smaller, the forewing measuring 8 mm in length; the entirely transparent and strongly glossy wings are
strongly romided, the costal margin and fringes of the forewing being black and its vems brown. Antenna
])rown-black; hair of body black or brown-black. $ not known. — Larva polvjjhagous ; on Juniperus
communis, Calluna vulgaris and particularly Vaccinium uliginosum and mj^rtillum. The cj-case is almost
cylindrical before pupation, later globular, and irregularly covered with small fragments of stalks. — albescens albescen.<i.
Oberth., from the Centi'al Pyrenees, is larger, the wings have a milky white tone and shorter fringes, which
are grey instead of black.

0. tabanivicinella Brd. (55 c) is larger (length of forewing 9 mm) witli the wings more pointed than in tabanivir-i-
■})i/re)i(ielln. The wings have a reddish brown tone and black fringes. The brown-black antenna is relatively "e^In.
short. Body with dark brown hair, but the hairs paler at the tips. • — Larva wax-yellow, with black-brown
head, the thoracical plates likewise black-brown, with yellow markings. It is polyjihagous, but feeds particu-
larly ou Cnrlinn ncuulis. is full-grown the end of September, but pupates only the next spring; on the wing
the end of May and in June. The case is 22 — 2J: mm long, cylindrical, slightly rounded-incrassate at both
ends, similar to that of pyrenaella, but covered with shorter and less raised vegetable fragments. — Southern
France.

0. biroi Rebel, from Croatia, is closely related to vesubiella, but the antenna and its pectinations are hiroi.
longer, the upper angle of the cell of the forewmg is less pointed and does not project so far beyond the
lower angle, its distance from the wing-apex equalling about one-third the length of the wing, while the
distance is only one-fourth the wing in vesubiella. Moreover, veins 6 and 7 (and 8) of the forewing branch
off separately, while they originate from a point in vemihiella. In the hindw ing the upper discocellular is verti-
cal to the costal margin, in vesubiella however directed obliquely forward and outward. Forewing 10 mm
long. On the wing at the end of June. — DiiievfiivomO.leschenaulti in its larger size and longer pectinations.

0. kahri Led. (55c). (J: Forewing with the distal margin strongly oblicpie and convex and about as kahri.
long as the hind margin; the hindwing narrower, evenly covered with blackish scaling; both wings somewhat
paler at the base. Head and body very shaggy black-brown, the frons with grey hair; the hair at the apex
of tlie abdomen projects in the shape of two divergent thick tufts directed backwards. Antenna very plumose,
with irregularly arranged, very strong pectinations. Length of forewing 7 — 8 nnn long. $ and larva not known.
— Case 12 mm long, irregularly covered lengthways with broad fragments of stalks. — Calabria and Sicily.

0. leschenaulti Stgr. (55 e). J clo.sely resembling O. kahri, but paler, more delicate, and less shaggy. UschenaulU.
The hyaline wings milky white with grey and rather short fringes. Body black, but the hair white. The

nigricans.

300 OREOPSYOHE. By Dr. E. Strand.

pectinations of the antenna shorter than in O. pyrenaella. Forewmg 9 mm long. ? amber-colour. The (J-case

12 14 mm long, tubuliform, slightly incrassate in the middle and sonwnvhat curved at the upper end; the $-

case 20—22 mm long, strongh' incrassate in the upper two-thirds, slightly curved and tapering at the lower
end. The case is always composed of agglutinised grains of soil and sand and bears a great resemblance
to the cases of Talaeoporia and Rebelia. Larva whitish yellow, with tlic head and thoracic plates blackish,
the latter marked with white. In the higher Pyrenees, in July. — nigricans Stgr. (55 d), from Central and
Northern Spain, has the wings and hair darker.

sili)hcJla. 0- silphella Mill. (55 d) comes close to leschenauUi, but the forewing is more elongate with more pdinted

apex, and both wings are much darker with more thickly scaled veins. Hair of body black. Forewing 8 mm.
long. 9 yellowish white with the head and thoracical plates darker. Larva on Dorycnium, whitish with
blackish head and thoracical plates, the latter with few markings. The case similar to that of leschenauUi,
but longer (o •** — -0 nim). often of a reddish colour, and strongly curved before the anal end. ■ — South-Eastern
France and Piedmont.

7mis:eUa. 0. muscella F. (55 d). Wings strongly glossy, hyaline, with the veins, margins and fringes darker.

The hair of the body long and black. The abdomen hardly extends beyond the anal angle of the hindwing.
None of the veins stalked, as is also the case in the previous species. Forewing 9 mm long. 5 brownish yellow,
with brovm dorsal plat' s, bent ath grey. Larva black-brown above, with the head and thoracical jjlates glossy
black, and with short hair; on grasses. The larva-case is widened in the middle, covered with dry stalks of
grass lengthwise, and usually fastened on the ground. Widely distriituted in Central Europe, also found m Ar-
sicheliella. menia. On the wing in May between 9 and 11 a. m. — sicheliella Bid. (55 d) is very close to niuscella and
probably not specifically distinct. The wings, however, are strongly darkened in the basal area; the fringes
black and prolonged towards the anal angle of the hindwing. The neuration of the forewing is said to agree
closely with that of niusceUa, and that of the hindwing with Hyiilina iilbifla. The expanse is stated in the
text to be 18.5 mm, but the figure measures at least 20 mm. • — Southern Italy.

fulminrlUi. 0. fulminella Mill. (55 d), from Castilia, is smaller than 0. muscella (forewing 8 mm long), and its

wings ;i,rc less glossy, more rounded and more brownish. On the wing in May. Larva whitish, with the head
and thoracical plates black, the latter with pale markings. The case is covered with fragments of leaves
touching one another and appearing to form a second tube. $ not known.
(jondehau- 0. gondebautella Mill. (55 d) differs from the last species inter alia in that the two veins between

tella. -^yiiici, iit>s the apex of the forewing are on a very short stalk, while they originate from a point in fnhninella;
moreover, the distal margin of the forewing is more convex and the apex more broadly rounded, and both
have a duller a))pearance, more greyish black, without prominently darker fringes. Is also very closely related
to O. plumijcrd O. Forewing 7 mm long. $ yellowish with black head and dark thoracical plates separated
at the joints by a pale colour; the body otherwise clothed with white wool. Larva incrassate in middle,
with black head, thoracic plates also black, separated at the joints by a pale colour. Feeds on grass and
hibernates. The case is 12 mm long, not very slender, covered with moss, rather irregularly and length-
ways. — ■ Central and South-Eastern France, Lyons (Mus. Berlin).
muiiitsleUii. 0. angustella H.-Schdff. (= atra Esp.. stomoxella Bdv., hirtclia Bnl.). ^ characterised by the long,

narrt)W, almost elliptical wings, the hindwing being much the shorter, and by t he abtlomen extending far beyond
the anal angle, and bemg clothed with long hair parted in brushes. The wings glossy, transparent, blackish
the veins not stalked. Forewing 1- — 8 mm long. The ? 14 mm long, reddish yellow with darker head
and white-haired posterior segments. Larva with head and thoracical plates blackish, the latter being dotted
with white. The case is covered lengthways with dead grass-stalks and bears a great resemblance to that
of Psi/rliidca bomhycellit Schiff. In Southern Germany, Austria and France. On the wing in June-July. —
Ucolorcllu. bicolorella Bdv. (55 d), from the Pyrenees and ( I) Central Italy, when emerging has j-ellow wings, which be-
come black later on with the exception of the basal area.
plumifera. 0. plumifera 0. (= atra nut. nee L.. hieracii Thnnh. [ ?]. muscella Dtip., bellierella Brd.) (55 d). ^

similar to the preceding species, but the wings without gloss and of even width, the abdomen does not
extend beyond the anal angle of the hindwing, veins 6 and 7 of the forewing (IIIl and 115) on a short
stalk. $ brownish vellow. with darker head. Larva brownish with black head; thoracical plates likewise
black, divided by a pale longitudinal stripe. In March on grass and Thymus. The case is 11- — 13 mm long,
covered with short dry vegetable fragments (of lichens, Hypnum, etc.), in dry sunny places. The moth emerges
according to the locality, even at the end of February, and is said to occur sometimes in large numbers at
higher altitudes, e. g. in the Pyrenees, being distributed in Southern Germany, Austria-Hungary, in the north-
ern districts of South Europe, Portugal (Mus. Berlin), Armenia and the Tarbagatai district; the record
valcs-iella. from Southern Sweden is probably erroneous. — valesiella Mill, is a somewhat paler form from the Alps.
mediiev- — mediterranea Led. (= massilialella Brd.) (55 d), from Southern France, Berner Oberland, Italy, Turkey
ranea. (Mus. Berlin), Caucasus and Mauretania, is larger, the forewing measuring 9- — 10 mm, but otherwise like plu-
mifera; the statement by Bruand that the antenna has shorter pectuiations does not appear to be correct.

ri

Publ. 1. VI. 1913. SCIOPTERA; PSYCHE. By Dr. E. Stkand. 361

10. Genus: Seioptera Bamb.

Here belong a few species which occur only in the high mountains and are distinguished by remarkably
long fringes resembling eye-lashes, the wing-membrane being dark-coloured. Otherwise closely agreeing with
the previous genus, whose species, however, differ from Scioptera in their more robust build of the body.

S. tenella Speyer (55 e). ^: Wings black-grey, almost hyaline, forewing strongly widened towards lenella.
apex, about subtriangular, with the apex however strongly rounded, the distal margin being oblique. The ab-
domen does not reach the anal angle of the broadly rounded, obtuse hindwing, and the antenna does not attain
to the centre of the forewing. Length of forewing 8 — 9 mm. $ dirty yellow, with polished black head and thoraci-
cal plates. Larva full-fed 17.5 mm long, 4 — 4.5 mm broad, with the head and thoracical plates black and' the
latter divided in the centre. The case is described as being slender, covered with fragments of leaves and
mica, fastened on rocks, and biennial. A case before me from coll. Seitz, however, is in the centre almost
half as broad as it is long (7 resp. 15 mm.), covered with short, small fragments of stalks mostly placed trans-
versely, but not very regularly arranged, all kept together by a very loose web. In the high South- Western
Alps and the mountains of Castile. Flies in July and August. ■ — zermattensis Frey is smaller, darker, and zermatlensis.
occurs at lower altitudes, particularly near Locarno at the Lago Maggiore, being on the wing already in April.

S. plumistrella Hbn. (= plumigerella Bdv.) (55 e) has brown-black, densely scaled, opaque, and plumistrella.
narrower wings and an exceptionally long-haired head. Forewing 8^ — 9 mm long. $ yellowish white with
dark head and thoracic plates. Larva brownish, with black head and brownish thoracical plates, the latter
mesially divided by a pale stripe. The case up to 17 mm long, covered with sand and sometimes posteriorly
with stalks of grass. — -Occurs in the higher Alps not below 2000 m and flies in July; in the Berlin Museum,
e. g., from Seis in the Southern Tyrol.

S. schiffermilleri Stgr. {= hirsutella Schiff.) (55 e). Recognised by the wings being more thinly scaled, scUffer-
particularly in the apical half, and further differing from the preceding insect in the more pointed forewing with '"«'«'"'•
a more oblique distal margin; the colouring more greyish, darkest in the basal areas of the wings. Size
considerable, the forewing being 11 — -12 mm long. The abdomen reaches the anal angle of the hindwing. $
whitish yellow, with honey-coloured head and thoracic plates. Larva wine-red, with the head and thoracic
plates dark brown, the latter bearing three yellow longitudinal lines. On thoracic segment 1 at each side a
semicircular yellow mark filled in with a dark colour. The case is 18- — -20 mm long, being covered in the ^
with fragments of leaves and ending in a long white tube, in the $ more ventricose and usually only covered
with short stalks of grass. — In the Austrian and Bavarian Alps (Allgau), in the southern Alps of Carin-
thia, questionably also in Switzerland. Flies in June during the morning.

11. Genus: Psjelie Schrank.

Distinguished from the preceding genus in facies at once by the short and apically very broad forewing,
the apex and hind angle being broadly rounded, and the distal margin convex and but slightly oblique. The
neuration variable; in the forewing 12 veins, 4 and 5 stalked as are also 8 and 9; hindwing with 8 veins,
7 connected with 8 by an oblic£ue bar, discocellular very oblique, a cell within cell. ?? very robust. The
case is very thick and covered with short dry stalks of grass and ribs of leaves all placed transversely.

Ps. viciella Schiff. (= siciella Hbn.) (55 e). ^ greyish brown, the body for the greater part clothed viciella.
with yellowish hair, margins of both wings darker, but the vems hardly so. Length of forewing 10 — -11 mm.
$ reddish yellow, thoracic plates and three small horny sclerites on anal segment darker. Larva olive, with the
head and thoracic plates black-brown, the latter bearing yellow markings ; biennial, e. g. on Vicia and Rham-
nus. Pupa of $ black, brownish at the ends. Casegrey, cylindrical, about 18 mm. long and 9 mm broad in centre.
Hungary, Belgium, Southern Sweden, Southern Russia, Bulgaria, questionably also in Asia Minor. — stetti- sieidnensis.
nensis Hering (= fasciculella H.-Schdff.) (55e) is smaller (forewing 9— 10 mm long), darker, the forewing less
rounded, hindwing always with veins 4 and 5 stalked. The case is only about 15 x 6 mm large. Occurs at
Stettin and said to be also found in the higher Alps of Carinthia. — detrita Led., from the Altai, has the deiriia.
pectinations of the antenna longer and darker, the body, too, being darker than in viciella. Only one but
indifferently preserved specimen known.

Ps. viadrina Stgr. (55e), from Silesia, South-Eastem Hungary and Roumania, is very close to Ps. viadnna.
viciella stettinensis, but still smaller (fore^ving 6 mm long) and darker, blackish, as is also the hair of the
body. 9 and larva as in viciella, but the case relatively smaller.

Ps. constancella Brd. (= milleriella Led.) (55 e) is characterised by the wings bemg rather narrower co«s«anceZ;a.
and the forewing more pointed than in Ps. viciella; colouring black-grey, with the hair of the abdomen deep
black, long and shaggy, and the veins, fringes and costal margin of foremng black. Forewmg 9—10 mm long.
Shaft of antenna whitish. Larva and case closely resemble those of the preceding insects, but the case is usually
covered externally with a loose web and has a much longer apical tube in the (J. — In the Pyrenees and
Central and Eastern France. In June.

II 46

362 EURUKUTTARUS; BARANDRA; STERRHOPTERYX; PHALACROPTERYX. By Dr. E. Stranb.

hircdii. Ps. turatii Slgr. (55 e), from Northern Italy, resembles the last species very closely, but the \ving.s

are glossy transparent black, tlie antenna longer and more pointed, the hair of the body more glossy grey.
Forewing 9 mm long. 9 and larva as in Ps. viciella, but the case longer, conical, and not so stout.

hampsoni. Ps. hampsoni B.-Baker, from Egj^jt, has the wings uniformly yelloAvish grey, the head being lighter

and the thorax darker than the ground-colour. The wings are contorted, with the costal margin excised. In the
fore^ving 1 a anastomoses with lb; 6 is present in both wings, but in the forewing does not originate from the
lower angle of the cell.

12. Genus: £iiriikuttarus Hamps.

Most easily distinguished from Psyche by the absence of vein 6 in both wdngs.

andrewsi. E* andrewsi WUem., from Jajjan (Hakodate, Yezo), is black {^), with brownish grey hair-scales, which

are longest and densest in the basal area. — Is said to be similar to E. pileata Hamps., but with the wings
more rounded.
nigra. E. nigra Hamps. (56 g), from Kulu in Kashmir, is uniformly deep black-brown; expanse 17 mm.

decenivena. E. decemvena Hamps. (56g), from Kashmir, is uniformly dark brown; expanse 17 mm. Differs from

nigra chiefly in vein 8 of the forewing being absent.

13. Genus: Baraucira Moore.

In the forewing veins 1 b does not anastomose with 1 c, 6 is absent, and 8 is stalked with 9. Vein 6
is absent also in the hindwing; 7 connected with 8 bj^ a transverse bar.

futnata. B. fumata Moore. Wings smooky grey or pale brown, body bro^ni, thorax black anteriorly and in the

centre, with two black spots posteriorly. Antenna pale bro\\ni with yellow shaft. Legs yellow. Expanse 22 mm.
— Kashmir (Dharmsala). As this species occurs in North India, we figure it in vol. X.

14. Genus: Sterrliopterjx Hbn.

The pectinations of the antemia "shorter, the forewing broader, but longer, with the distal margin
more oblique than in Psyche; the body slenderer; the ? more delicate in build; the thin case irregularly covered
with vegetable fragments.

hirsutella. S. Hirsutella Hbn. (= fusca Haw., calvella 0., nudella Dup.) (55 f). Wings pale brownish grey, semi-

transparent, being sparsely covered with hair-scales; forewing 9 — ^10 mm long and broadly rounded at the
apex. 9 yellowish white, with the head and thoracical plates glossy yellow. Larva poh-phagous, brownish,
with the head and thoracic plates darker, the latter being divided by a pale longitudinal line. The ease
C3'lindrical, about 15 mm long, 4.5 mm broad, slender, in the middle rather irregularly covered with bits
of bark and leaves, which are mostly placed somewhat obliquel}'. The $-case is shorter than that of the ^.
■ — Central Europe, England, South-Western Russia, Norway, Sweden, Fmland, Northern Italy, Roumania,
Amur and Ussuri districts; on the ^\■ing in June — -July, exceptionally until the middle of August.

slandfvssi. S. standfussi H.-Schdff. (55 f) is larger than the preceding species (fore-\^-ing 13mm long); the costal

margin of the forewing more convex, the wings more grey, and the hair of the abdomen paler. The case
is about 20 mm long and 8 mm broad centrally. The larva lives on Calluna, Vaccinium uliginosum and V
niyrtilhis, and closely resembles that of S. hirsutella. The cases also are similar, but that of standfussi is
nearly always almost one-thii-d larger, rather irregularly covered with smaller vegetable fragments, M-hich are
nearly all placed transversely but somewhat obliquely and are fastened by means of a loose web. Sometimes
some of these bits of plants are considerably longer than the others and far project from the case, some
being almost placed at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the case. — In the Alps and the Silesian
mountains, Harz mountams, Styria, and Actic Norway (Sydvaranger). Flies in June, at night.

15. Genus: Phalaeropter^x Hbn.

Forewing narrow, long, with oblique distal margin, pointed apex and 12 veins. Hindwing subtriangular,
with 8 veins and broadly rounded anal angle. Abdomen with tufted hair. Pectinations of antenna long, incras-
sate at their tips. The ?9 and the cases as in Psyche, but the cases outwardly covered with a web, also
being larger.

apiformis. Ph. apiforttiis Rossi (= fuscella Hbn.) (55 f) has brownish scaling on the wings, black body with red

hair, and pale yellow antenna and tarsi. The abdomen extends with four-fifths of its length beyond the anal
angle of the hindwing and terminates with a rather long and dense tuft of hair. Fo^e^\^ng 8 — 9 mm long.
9 whitish yellow, with dark brown head, slightly paler thoracic plates and yellowish brown anal wool. Larva

APTERONA. By Dr. E. Strand. 363

whitish, with the head and thoracic segments bearing black markings ; it hibernates and lives on grass and other
low herbage. The case is covered with debris of stalks and a dense external web. In Italy, Sicily, Corsica;
Bruand also mentions Southern France. Flies May — June. ■ — siculella Brd. (= melasoma Stgr.) (55 f) occurs siculella.
in Sicily together with the main form and is distinguished by the thorax and abdomen being black.

Ph. crassicornis Stgr. (55 f), from Greece, is smaller than the preceding species (forewing 7 mm long); crassicomis.
antenna and body deep black, pectinations very strong; wings shorter and scaled black-grey. The case as in
Ph. apiformis. $ and larva not known.

Ph. bruand! Led. (55 f). Closely related to Ph. apiformis, but slenderer, the wings strongly widened bruandi.
distally, the costal and hind margins of the forewing being almost the same in length and the hindwing hardly
longer than broad. Hair of body Moolly, but less shaggy than in ajnformis, the wool black-brown, more greyish
above. Forewing yellowish grey in the basal area, almost scaleless in the cell. Hindwing more evenly grey,
only darker at the margin. All the fringes black. The shell of the $-pupa black, light browTi at both ends.
Larva on dry grasses, 13 — 14 mm long and 2.5—3 mm broad. The case composed of stalks placed closely
together transversely and the whole surrounded with grey silk. Moth emerging the end of April and beginning
of May. — Syria, Beyrut (Mus. Berlin).

Ph. graslinella Bdv. (= atra i^rr., altribombycella Brd.) (55 f). Basal area yellowish in both Avings, grasUnella.
otherwise the whole insect blackish. The veins but little darker than the ground. Hair of abdomen long, shaggy,
parted, black. Forewing 9 —10 mm long. $ red-brown with yellowish head and thoracic plates; does not leave
the pupa-shell. Larva above blackish, the head and thoracic plates marked with yellow; biennial, on Calluna.
The case about 22 mm. long and 2 mm broad, pear-shaped, outwardly covered by a dense grey web ; slenderer in more
southern localities. Pupa of 9 black-brown, light brown at the ends. On the wing April —May. — Central Europe
with the exception of England, in Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Livonia, Southern Norway, and Sweden.

Ph. praecellens Stgr. (55 f) is a little smaller than the previous species (fore^^ang 9 mm long), the ■praecellens.
forewing relatively somewhat broader and in and around the cell with a sharply defined whitish yellow
patch. $ and larva hardly distinguishable from those of Ph. graslinella, but the case is more cylindrical and the
external web much less dense, being less dense in the (J-case than in the $-case. Feeds only on Ericu arbores-
cens. — Castilia (in Mus. Berlin a pair labelled ^ Graec. $ Castil. Stdgr.").

Ph. calberlae Heyl. is similar to the preceding species, but smaller, the wings being shorter and more calberlae.
rounded as well as paler. Expanse 17 mm. $ 11 mm long and 4 mm broad, yellow, the head and the 3 an-
terior segments polished, the two last with greyish yellow wool. Larva 20 mm long, black, head and thorax
marked with yellow. The case 25 mm long, cylindrical. The (J -pupa chestnut-brown, the 9-pupa black, red at
both ends. Food-plant probably Erica. Flies in April. — Pyrenees, Southern Tyrol.

16. Genus: Apteroiia Mill.

Small delicate moths with broad rounded wings clothed with hair-scales; forewing with 10, hindwing
with 7 veins. Aiitenna pectinate or serrate, and ciliate. Tibiae without spurs, or the hind tibia with short
end-spurs. The thin-skinned 9 has the head and abdomen curved ventrad and does not leave the case. The
latter resembling a shell, making 214 spiral coils and being covered with sand and soil. The larva, which is
curved in adaptation to the case, is greenish or yellowish, with black-brown head and light-marked black-
brown thoracical plates.

A. helicinella H.-Schdff. (= planorbis Sieb.) (55 f) occurs only in Sicily. The antenna pectmate, the helicinella.
wings smooky grey with darker distal margin, and the body very slender. Forewing 5—7 mm long. $ dirty
yellow, with whitish anal wool. The larva has a greyish green ground-colour and lives on Lotus, etc. The
case resembles that of A. helix, but is larger, broader and flatter.

A. gracilis Speyer (55 g) is larger and paler, more brownish, than the preceding insect. Forewing 8 mm gracilis.
long. — Andalusia and Arragonia; in June.

A. pusilla Speyer is much smaller than helicinella and has narrower, deep sooty black wings with longer pusiUa.
fringes. Antenna pectinate as in helicinella, the branches gradually decreasing in length towards the tip. Length
of forewing 6 mm. The delicate body is almost glabrous and entirely black. The (J-case is 6—7 mm longer than
in the other species of Apterona, more strongly curved, and only covered with loose earth. The 9-case is similar,
but larger, more ovate, with the spirals less distinct. The cases are found on the sunny side of cliffs, usually
partly concealed in crevices and holes. The larvae are biennial and live on Helianthemum, Satureia, Teucrium
and Thymus. Pupa brownish. The moth appears the end of June or beginning of August. — In the Pyrenees,
also recorded from Alger.

A. crenulella Brd. (= helicinella Ramb., helix Claus) (55 g). The ^ has dust-grey delicate wmgs with crenuUlla.

364 MAHASENA: PLAT EUM ETA ; STICHOBASIS. By Dr. E. Strand.

long fringes and serrate antenna, the teeth bearing relatively long and dense cilia. Forewing 6.5 mm long.
$ greyish j^cllow, ^v^th yellowish brown head and brownish thoracical plates; length 7 — 8 mm. The larva very
similar to that of A. heUcinelln, hibernates and occurs on herbage and fruit-trees. Development in June.
(J{J have been recorded from Southern France, Northern Italy, Southern Tyrol, and (questionably) Vienna; in the
Berlin Museum two specimens labelled Berlin (Fkomholz), also 2 <^tS from Southern Tyrol. — The partheno-
helix. genetic $-form helix Sieh. is distributed in Central and Southern Europe and Western Asia as far as Persia and
the Issyk-kul and extends northward to Livonia.

c. Subfamily: Chaliinae.

In the forewing veins 1 b anastomoses with 1 c, but does not send a branch to the hind margin. Hind
tibia without spurs, but the fore tibia (in the genus before me) with a very long spine. In the hindwing (cf.
Mahasena) all 8 veins present, 8 connected with cell by a transverse bar. Forewing with 12 veins. Cell-
vein forked at apex in both wings.

17. GeniLs: MaliaKoiia Moor

e.

Antenna very short, the pectinations gradually decreasing in length towards tip. Forewing elongate,
with oblique distal margin and short rounded apex. Hindwing much shorter and subtriangular. Abdomen
long, thin, far extending beyond the anal angle (by two-thirds in the .species before me).

hockim/i. M. hockitlgi Moore (55 b). Dark brown with a reddish tone. Underside and antenna somewhat

paler. Thorax and abdomen with blackish hair. Venis 4 and 5 of the hmdwing stalked; the cell- vein short
in both wings. Expanse 32 mm. — Kashmir (Kangra).

Appendix to the Chaliinae.

18. Gemis: ]*lat<Minieta Svtl.

It is only with some doubt that I place here this genus, which is unknown to me, the original descrip-
tion not mentioning several important points. — Wings short and broad. Abdomen extending by two-thirds
beyond the anal angle of hindwing. Antenna with short and broad pectination. Cell-vein in both wings simple
at apex and indistinct towards base. In the forewing veins 4 and 5 stalked, 6 very little nearer 7 than 4.5,
8 and 9 from a point or very shortly stalked, between them the apex of wing; all the 12 veins present.
In the liindAving 4 and 5 from a point, 6 nearer to 7 than to 4.5, 7 into the costal margin just in front of
apex, 7 and 8 from a point, but otherwise not connected; the two submedian veins united at the base, but
strongly divergent towards anal angle. In the forewing the discocellular straight in front of the cell-vein,
but directed obliquely forward and outward, while the corresponding portion in the hindwing is directed straight
towards costal margin, but slightly angulate in the middle, the point of the angle outwards. Wings probably
bearing upper scales.
mirea. P. aurea Butl., from Yokohama, is dark smoky brown; the wings copper-brown with a golden gloss,

which is stronger beneath than above; the costal margin of the hindwing above and the hind margin of the
forewing beneath silky grey. Expanse 25 — 26 mm.

d. Subfamily: Epichnopteryginae.

Differs from the Psychinae particularly in the following points: ^ \\ith two pairs of spurs to the hind
tibia (with the exception of Stichobasis) ; hind legs longer than fore legs ; in the forewing 1 a and 1 b distally
coincident, 9 usually absent; in the hindwing 7 not connected with 8 by a transverse bar^ 4 absent,
only 7 veins being present. Wings covered Avith hair-scales; the abdomen strongly protrusible. $ much
reduced, does not leave the case.

19. Genus : !§tie1iol»asis Kirhy.

Only one species belongs here, mIucIi is characterised by the elongate wings having no cell in cell and
only 10 veins into the margin, the antenna bearing long, irregularly arranged pectinations. The genus does
not well fit into the subfamily, as the hind tibia bears only one pair of spurs.

hdicinoides. S. helicinoides Heyl. resembles EpicJinopteryx pulla, has the forewing 6—6.5 mm long and flies in

April in mountainous districts of Greece.

REBELIA; EPICHNOPTERYX. By Dr. E. Stra^. 365

20. Genus : Kebelia Heyl.

The wings are clothed with hair-scales and elongate, and bear glossy fruiges; forewing with 11 free
marginal veins, of which 7 and 8 are usually forked. Fore tibia with a spur which is only half the length of the
tibia. Antenna pectinated to the tip, the teeth short and regularly arranged. The $ entirely reduced, clothed
with woolly hair. The larvae yellow with the head and thoracical plates black, the latter bearuig light stripes
in the centre and at the sides. The cases have the shape of a beet-root, being externally covered with sand.

R. sapho Mill. (56 g). In the S the forewing 10—11 mm long, brownish, the fringes having a silky sapho.
gloss. The 9 honey-yellow with grey hair. — Hungary, Istria, Croatia, Dalmatia, Northern Italy, questionably
also from Switzerland, in May — June. Larva and case resembling those of R. nudella, but are larger.

R. nocturnella Alph. (55g), from Southern Russia and Central Asia, differs in the cj from the preced- noctumella.
ing species in being smaller, having longer antennal branches, weaker scaling, and grejash yellow wings whose
fringes have a whitish gloss; the foreM'ing measuring only 8 mm.

R. karawankensis Hofn. (55 g), from Carinthia, is distinguished from R. plumella H.-Schdff. by the karawan-
more delicate and more elongate wings, whose surface and fringes have a silky loam-yellow gloss and whose ^^nsts.
distal margin appears much less convex. Flies in July. $ and early stages unknown.

R. surientella Brd. (= suriens Mill., 1 nigrolucidella Brd.) (55 g) is larger and more broad-winged si(rien<rffa.
than R. phnnella, the forewing particularly is strongly widened distally; light greyish brown, the fringes glossy
pale brownish. Forewing 9 mm long. - In Western Germany, the southern valleys of the Alps, Dalmatia
and Bosnia. $ and the early stages as in the allied species.

R. herrichiella Strand, nom. nov. (= plumella H.-Schdff. nee Schiff., Hbn.), with the forewing 6 — 8 mm herricMeUa.
long, is brown with bright brownish yellow glossy fringes; the forewing does not become wider distally as it
does in the preceding insect, and the pectinations of the antenna are shorter and less regularly arranged. $
pale yellow, with grey woolly hair. The case is usually dark and somewhat curved. — Southern Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Romania.

R. nudella 0. (55 g). <^: Wings grey with blackish costal and distal margins and pure white fringes nudella.
with silky gloss. Length 8 — 9 mm. Body black. $ reddish yellow, with yellowish grey wool. Larva on herbage,
hibernates. In Lower Austria, Carinthia, Hungary, Central France, Arragonia; flies in June. — vestalis vesialis.
Stgr. (= pectinella Hbn.) is smaller and entirely white. In Southern Russia, Eastern Hungary, Rumelia and
Soiithern France.

R. staudingerii/ej/L, from Sarepta, is much smaller than the previous species (forewing 4.5— 5 mm long), staudingeri.
and has bluish grey wings with glossy white fringes.

R. millieri Heyl. is somewhat larger than the last (forewing 6 mm long), more brownish, the wing millieri. ]
still more elongate, and the forewing with 8 marginal veins only. — In the southern foot-hills of the Ural Mts.

R. flavescens Heyl. (55 g), from the Ala Tau, has the forewing barely 5 mm long, yellow, apically suf- flavescens.
fused with orange, with whitish yellow fringes and 10 free veins; the hindwing is a little more greyish. —
kuldschaensis Heyl, from the Tianshan, is larger (expanse 11-13 mm instead of the 9.5 mm of the name- kuMschaen-
typical form); the colouring is yellow without orange suffusion; the hindwing darker, bluish grey.

21. Genus: Xlpioliiiopteryx Hbn.

The pectinations of the (J-antenna longer than in the previous genus, irregularly arranged and incrassate
at their tips. Fore tibia unarmed. Wings shorter, more rounded, the fringes usually without gloss; forewing
with 10 free marginal veins and a cell within the cell. Larva reddish brown with black head, and black-
brown thoracic plates divided by a yellow stripe. Case short, densely covered lengthwise with stalks of
grass. The (J(J fly by day.

E. hofmanni Heyl., from Sicily, with the forewing only 4.5 mm long, is blackish brown, and differs hofmanni.
from the commoner. E. -pulla inter alia in the long-hairy head and narrower wings. Flies in June.

E. flavociliella Mann, from Asia Mmor, is compared with E. pulla: not half its size, ground-colour flavociUella.
more blackish, fringes pale yellow and silky also beneath. Found the middle of April, on the %\-ing during the
morning.

E. tarnierella Brd. (= myrmidonella Brd.) (55 g) is the smallest species of the genus (forewing 3.5 mm iamierella.
long), brown with a greyish or yellowish suffusion and whitish yellow glossy fringes; the abdomen extends
beyond the anal angle of the hindwing. The $ 4 mm long, brown-yellow, with darker head and thoracic plates.
Larva wine-yellow, with black-brown head and thoracic plates, the latter divided by a paler thin line; on
Holcus mollis. The case cylindrical, but somewhat quadrangular. - Southern France, Holland; in May.

366 PSYCHIDEA. By Dr. E. Strand.

pulla. E. pulla Esp. (= plumella Schiff., plumistrea Haw., radiella Curt., pullella Brd., pulliparvella Brd., mar-

ginenigrclla Brd.) (55 g). ^ sooty black, with the fringes of the same colour, the head short-hairy, the body

shaggy, and the antennal pectinations long. Forewing 5 — 6 mm long. $ reddish yellow, with whitish anal

wool. Larva wine-red, with black head and thoracic plates, the latter bearing 5 yellow longitudinal lines ; on grasses.

Distributed in Central and Southern Europe, Livonia, at St. Petersbourg, Rouniania, Ionian Lslands, Western Asia

pontbrillan- and Amurland. — pontbrillantella Brd. (= mentonella Mill., montana Heyl., \ silesiaca Wocke) (55 g) is per-

lella. haps a distinct species. The forewing is more distinctly truncate and almost double the length (7 — 8 mm),

montaneUa. deep black. Occurs in France, Northern Italy, questionably also in Silesia and England. — montanella Heyl.,

sieboldi. from the Alps of Southern France, has the forewing 7 mm. long, with the apex less rounded. ^ — sieboldi Beuiti

( = heringi Hein., ? plumella 0., ? gruneriella Brd.) (55 h) has the wings shorter, less densely scaled and somewhat red-

voelkeri. dish in tone, and is recorded from the mountainous districts of Germany and France, as well as from the Alps. — voel-

keri T'rawYjn.hasmore broadly rounded wings with light yellow fringes, the thorax and abdomen being deej) black;

at Jena.

iuribulella. E. turibulella i^»c/(s (55 h), from Lombardy, is closely allied to £'. pulla, but the wings are more elongate,

the forewing is distally but little widened, more densely and coarsely scaled, purer and deeper black, with the

fringes unicolorous to their tips; the antenna with 18 — 19 long and very thick pectinations which are densely

ciliated and quickly decrease in length towards the tip. Flies in July.

ardua. E. ardua Mann (55 h), from the high Alps, Apennines and Caucasus, is smaller and shorter-winged

than E. pulla (forewing 4.5 mm long); the wings more thinly scaled and pale brownish grey. Larva and case
alpina. smaller than in pulla, but otherwise similar. — alpina Heyl., from the Swiss Alps, is larger (expanse 13 mm)
and differs in neuration.

retiella. E. retiella Xewtn. (= reticella Newm.) (55 h) has white wings with darker reticulation, the forewing

being only 4 mm long. The antenna w'ith long pectinations and 15 segments. Body with white hair. $ yellow
with dark head and paler segmental incisions. Larva j^ellowish, with black head and thoracic plates, the latter
bearing pale stripes; on grasses (Poa) and Artemisia. The case 6 — 10 ram long, fusiform and covered with
stalks of grass. — England, Holland.

undulella. E. undulella Fisch.-Bos. (55 h) differs from E. retiella in its larger size (forewing 5 mm long), narrower

grey transverse lines, which render the wing paler, and in the antenna consisting of 19 segments. 5 similar
to that of E. jmlla. Larva reddish, with black-brown head and thoracic plates, the latter adorned with 5 nar-
row yellow stripes. Hungary, Southern Russia. Barrett (1894) has seen a specimen which was probably
paveli. British. In April. — paveli Uhryk, from Hungary, is larger with the reticulation black instead of grey.

22. Genus: Psjcliitlea Bamb.

Wings clothed with hair-scales and broad scales, the forewing with 11 marginal veins and a cell
m the cell. Fore tibia with a spine which is over half the length of the tibia. Antenna bipectinate. The 5
less reduced than in the preceding genera, possessing antennae as well as legs, but remains in the case.

homhycella. P. bombycella Schiff. (55 h). The (J varies much in size (forewing 7 — 11 mm long); the wings broad

and ochreous, the forewing with blackish reticulation. $ brownish, with whitish anal wool. Larva blackish
brown, with black head and thoracic plates, the latter bearing 5 pale longitudinal stripes, and the other
segments pale lateral dots. The case is widened centrally and covered with pine-needles and fragments of stalks.

elongatella. Occurs in Central Europe (wdth the exception of England), in northern South Europe and Bithynia. — elonga-
tella Brd., from Italy and the river Doubs, is described by its author as a variety fo P. pectinella, and is said
to be distinguished by^ the still longer and a little darker wings, but probably belongs to bombycella. ■ —

rohindella. fotundella Brd., from Switzerland, South-Eastern France, and questionably also from Piedmont, has the wings
not i-eticulated.

veclinella. P. pectinella F. (= murinella Dnp.) (55 h) has browiiish grey wings which are not reticulated or only

at the distal margin, and are narrower than in the last insect, the forewing measuring S — 9 mm in length;
moreover, the pectinations of the antenna are shorter and the abdomen darker. Fringes j'-ellowish and glossy.
Also the $ smaller than in P. bombycella. Larva dark browni, wath black head and thoracic plates, which
latter bear a pale median line. The case is anteriorh' pointed in cone-shape, about 18 mm long and 3 mm
broad. Austria-Hungary, Eastern Prance, PjTenees, Southern Russia, Roumania. Armenia, questionably
pcrlucidena. also in Bithynia and Mauretania. — A paler form from Dalmatia is perlucidella Brd. (55 h).

proximo. P. proxima Led. (= ledereriella Brd.) (55 h), from the Altai and Apennines, is near P. bombycella'

but deep black-brow-n with yellowish glossy fringes. Forewing 9 — 10 mm long. Flies in June.

FUMEA. By Dr. E. Strand. 367

P. graecella Mill, closely resembles Epichnopteryx jmlla, but the fore tibia has a spine in typical graecella.
Psychidea, and the wings are rather more elongate. Forewing 8 mm long. — Greece, in May.

P. alpherakii Heyl. (= nocturnella Stgr., rouasti Alph.) (56 g). Yellowish grey, body black, but the alpheralcii.
hair grey. Antenna with 24 segments. Hindwing slightly transparent; all the fringes glossy white. Expanse
13^ — -15 mm. Forewing with 10 free veins. — Tarbagatai district and Tianshan.

P. raiblensis Mann has light grey, thinly scaled, elongate wings, the forewing bearing a darker reti- raiilensis.
culation. Fringes glossy light grey. Body dark, with light grey hair. Antenna short. Spine of fore tibia long.
Forewing 9 mm long, r— Carinthia, in June.

e. Subfamily: Fumeinae.

Distinguished from the preceding subfamilies in that the fore tibia always bears a spine ; a cell in the
cell is usually jsresent, the scaling of the wings consists for the greater part of broad scales ; forewing with
11 free marginal veins. The abdomen of the (^ not protrusible. The 9 has segmented antenna, legs and
protrusible ovipositor and always leaves the case ; the latter never covered with sand.

23. Genus: fiiiuea Steph.

The pectinations of the ^J -antenna commence already on the third segment, i. e. the first segment
of the shaft. The spine of the foretibia may be long or short. $ with non-divided dorsal plates on the ab-
dominal segments. Larva reddish yellow, with black-brown head, the thoracic plates also black-brown, marked
with yellow. Case cylindrical.

F. reticulatella 5r(i. (55i). Forewing 6 mm long, aenescent-brown, with paler reticulation; hinchring reii-ulaieUa.
browiiish grey, unicolorous. Antenna with long pectinations and brownish. $ brow-nish, with pale yellowish grey
anal wool. Larva on tree-lichens, smaller and with sharper markings than in F. crassiorella, the case with
less coarse covering than in that species. — Dalmatia, Southern France, and Bithynia.

F. glaphyrella Rebel, from Morea, has more elongate wings than F. reticulatella; forewing light grey glaphyrella.
to yellowish white, with blackish reticulation; hindwing whitish yellow-grey, with traces of black reticulation
before the distal margin. Fringes unicolorous. Head and thorax dark brownish grey, abdomen blackish grey
with single yellow hair-scales. Antenna short, bipectinate, the teeth strongly ciliate, clavate, tapering in the
last third of the antenna. Expanse 10.8 — 14 mm. Flies the end of May.

F. comitella Brd. (55 i). The wings pale luteous grey, the forewing with darker network (sometimes comitdla.
indistinct), 7 — 8 mm long. Antenna with short pectinations, pale yellowish grey. Hind tibia yellowish. 9
flesh-red, with lighter legs and yellowish white anal wool. Larva similar to that of F. casta, but paler. The case
with reddish covering studded with pine-needles and stalks. Flies in June in the mountains of France, South-
western Germany, in the Tyrol, Carinthia, Switzerland and Bukowina, questionably also in Armenia. — saxicolella saxicoleUa.
Brd. is a paler form, without dark reticulation, the ground grejdsh white, fringes and apex of forewing greyish
black; France.

F. norvegica Schoyen is close to F. crassiorella Brd., but more grey in tint; head with light grey hair; norvegica
antemia grey, with 20 — 22 segments; spur of foretibia moderately long, legs greyish yellow, fringes yellowish
white, glossy. Forewing with large cell in the cell, expanse 16^20 mm. The $ resembles crassiorella, but
is yellowish grey, head and thoracic plates brownish, the abdominal segments above with brown quadrangular
spot, anal wool white. Larva biennial, also similar to that of crassiorella, but the head black with paler
stripes, the thoracical segments with broad black stripes. Case short, cylindrical, the covering arranged length-
ways. Norway, Southern France (Alpes Mar itimes), Switzerland; also said to occur in Transcaucasia. —
In Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 39. 1910 (1912) p. 201—206 the species is fully dealt with by H. Bloecker.

F. subflavella ilf i7^. resembles F. comitella, but is pale yellowish grey; forewing not reticulated, 7 mm subflavellcu
long. Spine of fore tibia moderately long. Antenna with 24 segments. The wings are relatively a little
broader at the base than in crassiorella. ? as in comitella, likewise the larva, but the latter anteriorly brighter
yellow. Case irregularly covered with bitten-off pieces of stalks, fastened on old walls. Flies at the Riviera,
at Lucarno and Santa Maria Maggiore in June. — edwardsella TiUt has only 20 segments in the antenna and is edwardsella .
a very little smaller than subflavella ; from South-Eastern Fi'ance.

F, crassiorella Brd. (= affinis Reutti, 1 germanica Chapm., ? mitfordella Chapm.) (55 i). Forewing crassiorella.
vividly glossy aenescent-brown, 8 — 9 mm long; hindwing duller; both wings broad. Build strong, which is also
the case in the ?; this sex flesh-colour, with darker legs and yellowish grey anal wool. The larva, too, is more
robust than in the allied species, the head bearing prominent yellow markings. The case is covered with coarse

368 BACOTIA ; LUFFIA. By Dr. E. Strand.

stalks of grass and fragments of wood, which are raised behind; 12 — 14 mm long and relatively thick; found
on the sunny side of rocks and old wails. Flies the end of May and in June in South Europe and Southern
Central Europe, in England, Koumania, and questionably Livonia.
casta. F. casta Pall. (= nitidella Hbn., intermediella Brd., roboricolella Brd. (^) (55 i) is smaller (forewing

6 — -7 mm long) and more uniformlj^ aenescent-brown than the preceding species. $ reddish brown, above
darker, with luteous grey anal wool (white according to other autliors). Larva smaller and its black-brown
head -with less distinct markings than in the preceding insects; on herbage and deciduous trees. The case
also is smaller than in F. crassiorelh, 8- — 12 mm long, up to 3 mm broad, and covered with thinner stalks,
which are placed close together. — The commonest European species and probably distributed tliroughout
Europe, also in Asia Mmor and Algeria, questionably in Amurland and China.
rouasti. F. rouasti Heyl., from the Ala Tau, is said to have the wing-contour of Bacotin sepiutn, but to come

nearest to F. betulina in neuration. Antenna grey, the pectinations shorter than in hetulinn. Wings smoky
grey with white fringes. Forewing witii a long cell in the cell. Thorax and abdomen black, with the hair
grey. Legs grey. Expanse 12 — 14 mm.
betvdina. F. betulina (= roboricolella Brd. $, anicanella Brd., 1 salicolella Brd.) (55 i). Forewing narrower and

longer than in F. casta, more pointed at the apex, uniformly aenescent, with darker veins, 6^ — 7 mm long.
The pectinations of the antenna thinner, not scaled. Head, thorax and abdomen uniformly dark brown. A
dark discocellular smear visible on the forewing. $ brown-red, black at the sides, with snowy white anal wool.
Larva as in casta, but the head deep black and without markings. The case is covered with small fragments
of leaves and lichens, rarely with some stalks. The species resembles Bacotia sepium very much, but differs
inter alia in the presence of a cell in the cell, whereas B. sepium has an areole. ■ — In Central Europe,
England, Western Russia, Sweden, Roumania and Amurland.
eppinyella. F. eppingella Tutt (= anicanella Chapm., ?? salicolella Brd., H salicicolella aut.) (55 i). Under the

name of saUcoleUa Brd. (usually written salicicolella) a very doubtful species has been known which is said
to differ in the ^ from F. betulina in the somewhat larger size and whose $ is said to have brownish
grey anal wool. I have also arrived at the same result as Tutt, namely that this species of Bruand's can
scarcely be different from betulina, whereas the insect described by Tutt as F. eppingelh from England, but
also occurring in France, is probably a distinct species differing from betulina in the following points: Antenna
with 26 segments (in betulina 21), wings shorter, more rounded at the end, with the distal margin less oblique;
wings scarcely distinguishable from those of casta in contour and colouring. The case is said to be nearly as
broad as it is long and to be covered Math fragments of dry leaves which do not lie close together. Pupa smaller
than in betulina.

24. Genus: Baeotia Tutt.

The pectinations of the (J-antenna commence on the fourth segment, i. e. on the second of the shaft.
The spur of the fore tibia is short. 5 with divided dorsal plates on the abdominal segments. Larva dark,
blackish, with black-brown dorsal plates divided by a pale median line on the two first thoracic segments,
while the third segment only bears two small plates widely separated from one another. Case bell-shaped.
(Cf. the following genus for further characteristics.)
septum. B. sepium Speyer (= tabulella Guen.) (55 i) has very elongate and pointed wings which are aenescent-

brown, have a yellow sheen and bear sometimes light watermarks; a darker discocellular smear present;
forewing 6 — -7 mm long (cf. also Fumea betulina). $ dark brown, yellowish at tlie sides, with yellowish grey
anal wool; head brown, with large black eyes. Larva hibernates and feeds chiefly on the lichens of Gymno-
sperms. — In Central Europe, Western Russia and Roumania; flies in June and July.

25. Genus : liuffia Tuft.

Differs from the previous genus in that the first pair of pectinations, situated on the fourth antennal
segment, are very short, vein 1 c of the forewing is always distinct basally (vestigial in Bacotia), and in that
the cross-vein between veins 5 and 7 of the hindwing is straiglit (angulate in Bacotia). The $ sometimes
parthenogenetic. Larva on lichens of rocks.
lapidella. L. lapidella Goeze (= lapicidella Zell., lapicidella Guen., pectinella Dup., ? pinastrella Mill.). (^

dust grey, with pointed wings and long, irregularly arranged, antennal pectinations. Forewing indistinctly
reticulated, 4 — 4.5 mm long, with vestige of a darker discocellular smear. $ brownish, with yellowisli grey
aiial wool, antenna with 14 segments. Larva blackish grey, with blackish brown head and lighter plates on
the two first thoracic segments, wliile the third segment only bears two small brown lateral plates. The case
at first cap-shaped and 5 — 6 mm long, later on narrowed towards its upper end. — In Southern Spain,
Switzerland, France, England, Corsica, Italy, Dalmatia and the Canaries.
ferckaulleUa. L. ferchaultella Steph. appears to be the parthenogenetic $ of the preceding insect; it differs from the

$ of lapidella in its smaller size, darker colouring, more strongly curved claws and the 12-segmented antenna.
— England ( ?), France, Switzerland and questionably also Italy.
maggiella. L. maggiella Chapm., from theTessin, is distinguished from L. ferchaultella. only in that it is not parthen-

ogenetic. Antenna Avith 12 segments. ^ not known.

Publ 1. VI. 1913.

MOFFATIA. By Dr. E. Strand.

369

f . Subfamily : Moffatiinae suhfam. nov.

Hind tibia with 2 pairs of sjjurs, hind legs quite short, the fore legs on the contrary very long, with
long first tarsal segment, the tibia bearing a long spine. In the forewing la and lb separate at the base,
then coincident to the outer margin without sending a branch to the hind margin. In the hindwing 8 connect-
ed with 7 by a transverse bar, 7 free marginal veins, vein 6 being absent, while the forewing has 12 veins,
of which 4 is stalked with 5 and 8 with 9. Wings with hair-scales.

26. Genus: OTof'fatia Moore.

Characterised inter alia by the long prominent anal tufts directed straight sidewaj's ; the distance from
tip to tip of the tufts measured across the tip of the abdomen equals the length of the body; moreover, the bi-
pectinate antennae are unusually long, almost as long as the forewing. The latter rather pointed, with oblique
distal margin.

M. plumicauda Moore. Greyish black, the anal tufts black. Wings hyaline, very sparsely clothed with plumicanda.
small thin hair-scales, the margins broadly black, the veins also black. Expanse 24 mm.. Case fusiform, co-
vered with short fragments of dry grass-stalks. Flies in October and November from the morning till 4 p. m.
on sunny stony places. — North-West Himalayas: Upper Kunawar.

Alpliabetical List

of the Palearctic forms *of PsycMdae with references to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is figured at the place cited.

albeucerra^ella Hyal. Mill. Ic. Ill, p. 11. *
albescens Am. Sigr. Iris XII, p. 356.

albescens Oreops. Obcrth. ~E.i. d'Ent. VIII, p. 40.

alb'da Hval. Esp. Eur. Schmett., Abb. 2, p. 391. *

albipunctella Am. Mill. Ic. Ill, p. 210. *

alpherakii Psychidea, Heyl. C. E. Soe. Belg. 1883, p. 47.

alpina Epiclin. Heyl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1900, p. 189.

andrewsi Euruk. Wilem. Trans. Ent. vSoc. Sond. 1911, p. 347.

angusfella Oreops. H.-ScMff. Schmett. Eur. II. p. 22. *

apiforniis Plialacr. Rossi, Fn. Etrusc. II, p. 178. *

ardua Epichn. Mann, Verz. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 1807, p. 17.

armena Am. Heyl. Bom. Mfei. L^p. II, p. 178. *

asiatica Caneph. SU/r. Stett. Zeit. 1887, p. 94.

atra Acanth. L., Syst. Nat. (XII), p. 823.

aiirea Plat. Bull. Trans. Ent. Soc. Eond. 1881, p. 22. *

betiilina Fumea Zell. Iris 1839, p. 183.
bicolorella Oreops. Bdv. Gen. p. 80.
biroi Oreops. Rebel, Ann. Mus. Hung. 7, p. 344.
bombycella Psychidea Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 133.
bruandi Phalacr. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 1855, p.
198. *

cabrerai Am. Rebel, Ann. Naturh. Hofm. 9, p. 46.
calberlae Phalacr. Heyl. C. R. Soc. Belg. 1890, p. 131.
casta Fumea Pall. Nov. Acta Ac. Caes. Nat. Ill, p. 435. *
einerella Pachyt. Dup. Hist. Nat. L6p. IV, p. 61.
coniitella Fumea Bdv. Mon. Psych, p. 96. *
consorta Amat. Tempi. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. V (1847)

p. 40. *
constancella Ps. Brd. Mon. Psych, p. 39. *
crassieornis Phalacr. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. VII, p. 114. *
crassiorella Fumea Brd. M^m. Soc. Doubs III, p. 29.
crenulella Apt. Brd. Mon. Psych, p. 76. *

decemvena Euruk. Hamps. Fauna Br. India, Moths. I, p. 300.

demissa Am. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1863, p. 23. *

detrita Ps. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 363. *

ccksteini Am. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 1855, p. 755. *
ednardsella Fumea Tuif, Entom. Rec. 12, p. 43.
elongatella Psychidea Bdv. Mon. Psych, p. 77.

cppingella Fmnca Tiiit, Brit. Lep. II, p. 295.

febretta Am. Boyer, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1835, p. 107. *

ferchaiiltella Luffia Sieph. Zool. VIII. App. p. 109.

flavescens Reb. Heyl. Natural. 1879, p. 3.

flavociliclla Epichn. Mann, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1864, p. 177. *

fulminella Oreops. Mill. Ic. II, p. 127. *

funiata Barandra Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 396.

glaphvrella Fumea Rebel, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 297.

grondebautella Oreops. Mill. Ic. I, p. 286. *

graecella Psychidea Mill. Ic. II. p. 252. *

gracilis Apt. Speyer Stett. Zg. 1886, p. 335.

graslinella Phalacr. Bdv. Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1852, p. 22.

gnunnii Am. Heyl. C. B. Soc. Belg. 1887, p. 85.

liainpsoni Ps. Beih.-Bak. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 36.
hirsutella Sterrhopt. Hbn. Tin. f. 3. *
helicinella Apt. H.-ScMff. Eur. Schmett. 2, p. 21. *
helix Apt. Sieb. Parth. Schmett. Bien. p. 36. *
helicinoides Stichob. Heyl. C. B. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1879, p. 138.
herrichiella Reb. Strand, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 361.
himalavana Acanth. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888,

p. "397.
hirtella Pachyt. Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1843 III, p. 542.
hockingi Mahasena Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 397.
hofmanni Epichn. Heyl. Natural. 1879, p. 3.

in(|uinata Acanth. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1858, p. 142. *
japonica Clania Heyl. C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 28, p. XL.
jordaua Am. Stgr. Iris XII, p. 160.

kahri Oreops. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1857, p. 80.
karawankensis Reb. Hdfn. Soc. Entom. 13, p. 65.
kuldschaensis Reb. Heyl. C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1883, p. 48.

lambessa Am. Heyl. C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1889, p. 28.
lapidella Luffia Goeze, Beitr. Ill, 4, 168.
leschenaiilti Oreops. Slgr. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1860, p. 663.
lorqniniella Hyal. Brd. Mon. Psych. No. 25, p. 46. *
lucasi Hyalina Trautmann, Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 2, p. 316.
lutea Ani. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Boss. VII, p. 113.

II

47

370

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Psychidae.

inaggiella Luffia Chapni. Entom. Rec. 13, p. 80.

inalvinclla Hvalina Mill. Ic. 1, p. 30 *

iiicdiliTraiiea Oreops. Led. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 18oJ,

p. 113.
iiiilliorfi Rel). He2/?. Natural. 1879, p. 3.
ininiiseiila Clania Bull. Trans. Ent. Soe. Loud. 1881, p. 22.
inontnnclla Kiiidm. Heyl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1900, p. 189.
inuriiia Am. J<luy, Syinb. Phys. taf. 20. *
inusfolla Oreop.s. F. Mant. II, p. 132.

niera Kuiuk. Hamps. Fauna Br. India, Moths I, p. 299.
ni^raplaea Acanth. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911,

I). 347.
nierescens Am. Stgr. Iris XII, p. 356.
iiiuTicans Oreops. Sigr. Cat. (II), p. 163.
iiiirricans Pachj-t. Curl. Brit. Ent. V, p. (et A.) 213. *
iiocturolla Reb. Alph. Trudy Russk. Ent. VIII. p. 175.
norvejrifa Pumea Schoyen, Xyt Mag. f. Xaturvid. 1880, p. 303.
niidclla Heb. Ochs. Srhm. III. p. 173.

obcrllniori Am. Heyl. V. K. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1883, p. 93.

paveli E])iihn. Vhryk, Bovart. Lap. V, p. 8. *
piM-tinolla Psychidea F. Mant. II, p. 132.
pcrliii'idolla Psychidea Brd. Mon. Psych. ]). 77. *
proxiiiia Psvchidea Led. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853,

p. 386."*
phimicauda Moff. Moore. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. o9 (2), p. 261.
phiinifera Oreops. O. Eur. Schmett. Ill, p. 176.
pluniistrclla Sciopt. Hbn. Tin. f. 213. *
plunxisclla Hyal. Brd. Mon. Psych, p. 48.
pi>ntbrillaiitelia Epichn. Brd. Cat. du Daubs, p. 1.
piaecellens Phalacr. SUjr. Berb Ent. Zeitschr. 1870, p. 106.
prveri Clania Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 598.
puVngeleri Chalip. Heyl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 44 (1900), p. 190.
pulla Epichn. ESp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. *
pusilla Apt. Speycr, Stett. Zg. 1886, p. 335.
pjTcnaclla Oreops. H.-Schciff. Schmett. Eur. VI, p. 40.

qiiadrangiilaris Am. Christ. Hor. Ent. Boss. X, p. 32. *

raiblensis Psvchidea Mann, Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges, Wien. 1870.

p. 40.
relieiHafella Fumea Brd. Mon. Psych, p. 88. *
rctiella Kpichn. Xewm. Zool. V, p. 1863.
rotuiidella Psychidea Brd. Mon. Psych, p. 82.

rouasti Pumea Heyl. C. R. Soc. Belg. 1879, p. 140.

sapho Reb. Mill. Ic. II, p. 25. *

saxicolella Fumea Brd. Mon. Psych, p. 98. *

sehilferniilleri Sciopt. Stgr. Cat. (II), p. 64.

senex Acanth. SIgr. Cat. (II), p. 63.

sepiuin Bacotia Speyer, Iris 1846, p. 31.

sera Am. M'i.sA-. Entom. Nachr. 1880, p. 242.

shahkuhensis Am. Heyl. Rom. M^m. hip. II, p. 178. *

sirheliella Oreops. Brd. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1858, p. 464. *

siculella Phalacr. Brd. Mon. Psj^ch. p. 60. *

sieboldi Epichn. Reutti, Lep.-Fn. Baden, p. 48.

silphella Oreops. Mill. Ic. Ill, p. 204. *

Standfussi Sterrhoijt. H.-Schdff. Schmett. Eur. VI, p. 175.

staiidinKeri Reb. Heyl. Natural. 1879, p. 3.

staudiniferi Chalip. Heyl. C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1889, p. 56.

stettinensis I's. Her. Stett. Zg. 1846, p. 227.

SiibflaTella Fumea Mill. Cat. rais. Lep. Alp.-Jlar. p. 305.

surientella Reb. Brd. Aim. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1858, p. 465. *

tabaiiiTieinella Oreops. Brd. Mon. Psych, p. 43. *

tarnierella Ejiichn. Brd. Mon. Psvch. p. 79. *

tedaldli Am. Heyl. C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1882, p. 130.

tenella Sciopt. Speyer Stett. Zg. 1862, p. 212.

turatii Ps. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1877, p. 178.

turibulella Epichn. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 54, p. 53.

undulella Epichn. F. B. Abb. Schmett. -Kunde, p. 86. *
unieolor Caneph. Hufn. Berl. Mag. II. p. 418.
uraleiisis Am. Frr. N. Beitr. VI, p. 37. *

valesiella Oreops. Mill. Ic. II, p. 25. *
Testalis Reb. Stgr. Cat. (II). p. 65.
Tesubiella Oreops. Mill. Pet. Nouv. IV, p. 255.
Tiadrina I's. Stgr. Cat. (II), p. 62.
Tieiella Ps. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 133, 288. *
Tillosella Pachj't.O. Schm. Eur. Ill, p. 180.
Tolkeri Epichn. Trautmann, Entom. Zeits. (Guben)16, (1903)
p. 78—79.

wockei Hyal. St^indf. Ent. Nachr. 1882, p. 322.

zelleri Acanth. Mann, Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p.

756. *
zerniattensis Sciopt. Frey, Lep. Schweiz, p. 91.

THYRIS Bv Dr. A. Seitz. 371

24. Family: Thyrididae.

This small family, which is represented in the Palearctic Region by some 20 forms, would be better
placed with those Lepidoptera which are general^ called Micros. But as in the case of the Sesiidae, we
bring them in this volume, which contains the heterogeneous mass of '■Bombyces". They are in fact doubtless
nearest related with the Pyrals; but they exhibit also affinities to the Drepanidae. The family contains more
than 180 species of very varied facies, belonging to 26 genera, half of which are monotypical.

The distribution is almost universal, but the tropics and subtropics take the larger share. In the various
countries of Europe at most one form occurs, which, moreover, is sporadic, the Thyrididae not at all being
represented in many districts of this continent. They are generally not rare where they occur. Some are decided
day-fliers, others appear to be on the wing regardless of the time of day. I have observed, e. g., species
of Dysodia fly in the hot sunshine and also visit the lamp at night. Some species have almost the habits
of Geometridae, resting by day concealed on the underside of leaves and when flushed flying only a few yards
before disappearing again in the bushes. The larvae are only known of a few species. The larva of Thyris
is common in Central Europe and is remarkable for its bug-like scent.

Palpi nearly always thin, but different in length. Characteristic is the absence of the maxillary palpi.
Proboscis present, usually well-developed and used for sucking. The submedian of the forewing forked,
veins 4—8 from apex of cell, 2 — 11 from cell. The wings have frequently an excised or irregular distal mar-
gin and sometimes hyaline spots. Moreover, the costal margin of the forewing not rarely is ventricose or bears
bladder-like swellings. The antennae are nearly always simple, being rarely shortly pectinated. — The larvae,
as far as they are known, live inside the plants or make a protecting hood; they have 16 feet and bear sparse

hairs.

The family has been monographed several times, e. g. by A. Pagenstecher and G. H.a.mpsox.

1. Genus: Thyris Lasf.

This genus contains 5 very similar forms, which are confined to the temperate districts of the North-
ern Hemisphere. Characteristic is the open cell of both wings. The forewings have a curved distal margin
and pointed apex, the hindwings are excised below the apex. Across the disc of both wings small hyaline
spots. The body robust compared with the small wings, and the abdomen peculiar, appearing suddenly nar-
rowed beyond segment 5 with the apex pointed. The larvae are green, bearing sparse minute bristles; they
live in a case made of the leaves of the. food-plant and slightly smell like bugs. The moths have one brood
and fly in the sunshine, resting on flowers with the wings spread out, particularly on Umbellifers and Scabious.

T. fenestrella Scop. (= fenestrina Schiff., pyralidiformis Hhn.) (50 e). Dark brown, the wings with fenestrella.
blackish reticulation; fore- and hindwing similar in colour, dark brown; scaling of body with a coppery gloss.
The hyaline spots rather large, composed of smaller spots, or cordiform. Almost every^vhere in South and Central
Europe, but local; in Northern Europe only sporadical, in Holland, Livonia, also in Anterior and Central
Asia to Amurland. The green, sparsely hairy, larva on Clematis. Abundant in many localities. — nevadae nevadae.
Oberth. (50 e), from Eastern Spain, differs in its paler colouring and the strong reduction of the hyaline spots.
This form has been placed by Dyar as a variety with the (entirely different) North American T. htgubris Bdv. ;
the latter, however, is much larger, more robust, and deeper black. The South European specimens of fenestrella
appear to have always smaller vitreous spots than the Central European ones; at least, the hyaline spots
are smaller in the series obtained by me at Genoa than in the examples I have collected in Germany.

T. diaphana iS^^r. (= vitrinia H.-Schdff. nee Bdv.) (50 e) differs from the preceding sjjecies in the diaphanu.
colouring being golden brown instead of black-brown; the h3'aline spots are very small, sometimes disappearing
on the forewing, and forming on the hindwing a continous band. — Hitherto only knoAvn from Sicily.

T. usitata Bull. (50 e) is the East-Asiatic form, which comes very close to fenestrella. Specimens from itsUata.
Amurland are not essentially different from European ones according to Staudixger. On the whole the speci-
mens are somewhat smaller, with more pointed wmgs and smaller hyaline spots than in Europe. Certainly only
a local form of fenestrella. — Widely distributed in Eastern Asia, occurring in China, Japan, Amurland and
Corea.

372

HYPERTHYRIS; DYSODIA; GLANYGUS; HERDONIA; DIXOA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

aperla.

2. Genus : IIj'i>ertliyris Leech.

Larger and more robust than the previous forms, the body stouter, the abdomen not narrowing ab-
ruptly at segment 5 and not so pointed. Head broad; palpi hairy, upturned, segment 3 naked and acute.
Tibiae with lon» hair. Wings entire, of ordinary contour, the cell closed in tiie forewing, open in hindwing;
the distal margin of the latter somewhat curved, with obtuse apex. Both wings hyaline on the disc. ■ — One
Asiatic species, which occurs in India and China, crossing the Palearctic boundary in the East.

H. aperta Leech (50 e). Black, the collar edged with golden brown, the wings vitreous, with black border.
Forewing with a large, triangular, black patch in the middle of the costal margin. — Kiukiang in China.
Our figure is taken from the type in coll. Leech, London.

3. Genus; I>y>so(tia Clem.

This genus, better known under the later name of Varnia, comprises 7 species, of which 3 occur
in America, 3 in India and 1 in Africa. The species which crosses the Palearctic boiindary in Kashmir, is
very widely distributed and has been redescribed over and over again. The body of Dysodia is exceedingly
stout, and the very small head bears obliquely upcurved palpi of medium length. The cell is closed in boti'
wings ; the apex slightly produced, the outer margin feebly ventricose at the tips of the median veins ; the hind-
.ving bears a discal spot which is nearly or entirely without scaling. — The moths have a clumsy flight,
and fly by day in the sunshine clearings on in woods, but also come to the lamp at night.

D. ignita Walk. (= inaequalis Walk., rajah Bdv., siculoides Feld., fenestrata Moore) (50 e). The body
clothed with \evy smoth and glossy scaling, the thorax as well as the abdomen, purplish brown like the wings;
the latter minutely pencilled, the marginal area paler; in the disc of the hindwing a cordiform median spot,
which is thinly scaled or entirely hyaline; as the spot is alwaj's vitreous in strongly worn specimens, it appears
probable that it is scaled in freshly emerged individuals and that the scaling disappears when the specimen
ypsilokles. takes to the wing. Widely distributed in India, where also occurs the form ypsiloides Pagenst., characterised
by the paler ochreous colouring, feebler markings and the Y-shaped vitreous spot on the forewing. — The moths
are not rare in grassy places; their flight is very awkward, so that a specimen on the wing has, in consequence
of its unusually heavy body, almost the appearance of a beetle or a tree-bug.

ignita

hlackieri

4. Genus: Cwlanyciis Walk.

Allied to the preceding genus in the stout build and the vitreous spot on the hindwing, but differs in
the cell of the hindwing being open and the forewing having the apex broadly rounded and the distal margin
not incurved below the apex, but on the contrary excurved. — Only 3 species in Asia, two of ■i\hich, G. in-
solitus Walk, and tricolor Moore, occur in India, while the third is found in the East of the Palearctic Region.

G. blachieriOfter/^. (50 e), from Siao-lu, is only known to me from Oberthur's figure, of which we bring
a copy. Oberthur, who does not mention anything else about the nature of the insect, desires to make
the genus containing this species the tjrpe of a separate family, which he calls ''Glonycinae" . However, he
abstains from any description or characterisation of this family. As the Thyrididae are a somewhat hetero-
geneous family, about whose affinities opinions are very much divided, the proposition may be worth consi-
dering.

osacesalis.

5. Genus: Heiuloiiia Walk.

Two species form this genus, one being American and the other Asiatic. Bodj' stout, but not so thick
and short as in Dysodia. Palpi upturned, short. Forewing with the apex pointed and the distal margin
curved; hindwing with the outer margin evenly rounded. Cell closed in both wings, that of the hindwing
divided by cell- veins. — The facies of the moth recalls Geometers, while the long legs remind one of the Pyrals.

H. osacesalis Walk. (50 e). One of the larger species of the family. Whereas the markings are irregular
on the forewing, the hindwing is crossed by two whitish mother-of-pearl bands, which are separated from one
another by a red-brown band divided by a thin pale line; the base of the wing also bears minute dots of mother-
of-pearl. — India and China, as far as Central and North China, but not reaching to Amurland, also absent
from Japan.

6. Genus: m-Koa Hamps.

Based on a species from North- West India which just touches our Region in Kashmir. Palpi very
minute, hairy, upturned; body smooth, stout, but the abdomen more pointed than in the preceding genera.

STRIGLINA; HYPOLAMPRUS; RHODONEURA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 373

Wings entire, the forewing with pointed apex and hardly curved distal margin; both wmgs minutely pencil -
lated transversely, unicolorous, with the cell closed.

D. albatalis Swinh. (50 e). White, with a slight silvery or greasy gloss; wings dusted all over with aJbaialis.
minute grey or slightly golden brown atoms, which are united in places to form a thin network with minute
meshes. Facies, rest-position of wings and flight entirely as in Pyrals. — Anterior India, Poona, Kanara.
I found the species at the foot of the Nilgiri Hills, but did not meet with it in Ceylon. Appears to be rarer
in Palearctic Kashmir than in tropical India.

7. Gemis : ^Irig-liiia Ouen.

Distributed in 5 species over the countries of the tropical zone; the only Palearctic species extends
northward to Japan and Amurland. Moths rather small, with the head relatively large and the medium-
sized palpi upturned. Frons with tuft of hair. Antenna of cj slightly incrassate and flattened. The tibiae
with long hair. Forewing broad, with the apex pointed and somewhat produced, and the distal margin almost
straight. Cell closed in both wings.

S. scitaria Walk. (= ]pyrmia,ta. Walk., reticulata Walk., lineolaGwen., therm esioides*S'»teZ^., strigosa J/oore, seiiaria.

navigatorum Feld., superior Bull., vi;iis Moore, strigipennis Moore, cancellata Christ.) (50f). Strongly variable

in colouring, leather-yellow, rust-browai or yellowish grey, varying in appearance according to the density

of the minute dark pencilling with which the wings are covered. Constant is a thin double line running

obliquely across the wings from near the apex of the forewing to the middle of the abdominal margin of

the hindwing, and being exteriorly shaded with a dark tone. On the hindwing, at the point where the line

enters upon it, a thin line branches off which varies in distinctness and terminates at the outer margin, so

that two apical thirds are separated from the anal third of the wing-surface. Underside of for wing with a

white-centred median spot before the cell-apex. — Very widely distributed; from Amurland and Japan

over India and the Malay Archipelago to Australia, and also on various South-Sea islands, usually abundant.

Probably very lose to this species is Camadena polystacia Elw. Hamps. ((■ Dudg. collected during YoungHusband's
exp3dition to Tibet. But the species was apparently obtained before the expedition reached Palearctic territory; for that
reason we refer the species to the Indo -Australian part of this work (vol. X).

8. Genus: Hypolaiupi'iis Hamps.

Small and delicate moths with the facies of Pyrals, broad but short head, globular thorax, and pointed
conical abdomen. Palpi upturned, reaching beyond vertex ; the antenna of the o somewhat incrassate. Tibiae
smoothly scaled. The wings entire, the apex of the forewing rather pointed, the distal margin slightly curved;
the cell closed in both wings. — 14 species. are known; they are distributed from temperate Asia to Australia,
reaching the Palearctic Region in West China and in the Worth- Western Himalayas.

H. subrosealis LeecJi (50 f). This species is unknown to me; we therefore bring a figure of the type suhrosealis.
in coll. Leech in the Brit. Mus. and repeat Leech's original description : "Primaries ochreous, strongly suffused
with pink, and traversed by several faint narrow brownish wavy lines, one of which beyond the blackish
discal spot is sharply elbowed; costa rather paler, spotted with linear patches of brown. Secondaries pinkish
red tinged with ochreous, and sprinkled with numerous faint dots arranged in transverse lines. Fringes pale
brown, chequered with dark brown. Under surface pale ochreous, tinged with pink and dotted and lined
with brown. E.xpanse, 20 mm. An example of each sex taken by my native collector at Ningpo, in June,
1886".

H. striatialis^Sicm/i. (= intimalis il/ooj-e). In markings like a small -D. aZftatofo, but the colour uniformly s^ria^iaHs.
yellowish brown. The minute pencilling — which varies much individually — forms transverse lines and
sometimes a kind of median band. — Distributed throughout Anterior India to Kashmir, also in Ceylon;
often not rare. Size verj^ variable, but always inferior to that of D. albatalis and scarcely reaching that of
subrosealis.

9. Genus : Rhodonciira Guen.

Over a hundred species from all continents with the exception of Europe are placed into this genus.
The moths are mostly rather small, somewhat recalling Pyrals, and little variegated; the wings of the ordi-
nary type, i. e. the forewing triangular, broad, with acute apex, the hindwing relatively large, with evenly
rounded distal margin. Palpi upturned, segment 2 densely scaled, 3 short and naked. Tibiae smoothly scaled.
Veins 4 and 5 close together from near lower angle of cell, 6 — 10 from near upper angle; 3 and 4 of hind-
wing from near lower cell-angle, 6 and 7 from near upper angle. — Nothing is known of the early stages.

R. guttata C/tm<. (50 f). This species, described by CnRiSTOPHas a (SencopAoro, has the general scheme ^uflafe.
of marking as in Bupalus piniarius. The pale discal spots visible in the figure are a little transparent, but
not vitreous. The hind tibia is inci'assate. ab. lucidolina Pouj., from Tibet and the neighbouring districts lucidMna.
of West China, is smaller and darker; but also in Amurland occur specimens which are much darker

374

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic forms of Thyrididae.

than our figure. — Distributed from Tibet over West, Central and North China to theUssuri district and Corea;
feeding by day on Umbellifers.

.fiyrsusalis. R. myrsusalis Walk. (= elaralis Walk., idalialis Walk., cinereola Feld., scallula G-uen., pyraliata Moore,

lobata 3Ioo)e, zonula Swinh., radiata Pagenst.) (50 f). Brown, shaded with grey or yellowish to a varying degree,
so that the colouring and shading is very changeable, having sometimes even a pink tone. Both wings pencilled
with minute brown lines. At the cell-apex of the forewing usually some small hyaline spots which are iniited
to form a patch. - — One of the most widely distributed Lepidoptera, occurring throughout Southern Asia,
being often abundant, and also throughout the warmer districts of America and in Southern Africa.

exusla. R- exusta Butl. (50 f). Similar to B. -pallida (50 f), but the costal margin less pronounced white and

the forewing divided into a large darker basal area, and a narrower and paler marginal area, in which

ardens. latter the dark peneilluig is more distinct; from Japan, also in India, ab. ardens Bull. (50 f), which flies
together with true exusta, is red-brown instead of ochreous. ■ — Continental specimens differ a little from

erecta. exusta and are named ab. erecta by Leech.

pallida. R. pallida Butl. (== obliquistrigalis Warr.) (50 f). This small moth, which agrees in size and shape

with the preceding one, is at once recognised by the broad white costal stripe to the forewing and further
differs from R. exusta, together with which it has been placed into a genus "Microsca" , in the pale base of
the hindwing. — The type came from Yokohama: as the species is found in Sikkim and Assam, one may
assume that it also occurs in China.

nitens. R. nitens Butl. (= hamifera Moore, marginepunctalis Leech) (5(5 f) is close to the preceding species,

but the forewing is paler, more whitish olive or whitish brown, with a slight darker suffusion especially behind
the cell, with minute darker bars and lines. Diffuse darker bands before, in and beyond the middle, at or
just below apex a white pencillated spot. The hindwing with somewhat darker clouds, the proximal band
absent. — Widely distributed and variable; from Anterior India and Ceylon to the Solomon Islands in the
South and Japan in the North.

acaciusalis. R. acaciusalis Walk. (= minicula Guen., sordidula Ploiz, rosacea Pagenst.) If all the forms united

with it really belong to acaciusalis, the species is very variable. It strongly recalls in markings R. pallida
Butl., but is larger and its colouring usually paler, often almost white. The dark atoms, especially around the
centre of the forewing, are grouped together into chains of spots which run across the wing. Specimens from
Burma appear to have the pencilling very poor, while in Sikkimese examples the striation of the hindwing
strigatula. is especially abundant. - The Palearctic form, from China, strigatula Feld. (50 f), which we figure, differs
from Indian specimens ])articularly in the reduced brown marking on thorax and forewing and increased
pencilling.

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic forms of Thyridae with references to the origmal descriptions.
* signifies that the form is figured at the place cited.

acaciusalis Rhod. Walk. Cat. Lep. Hot. Brit. Mus. 19, i
albatalis Dix, Swinh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 188!), p.
aperta Hvperth. Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p.
ardens Khod. Bud. III. Typ. Lep. Het. Br. JIus. 3, p.
hiacliiori Dys. Oberth. tA. L(5p. Comp. i.
iliapliana Thyr. SUjr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (I), p. 19.
erecta Uliod. Leech, Entomologist 1889, p. 66. *
exusta Rhod. Buil. 111. Typ. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. .1, p
tenestrella Thyr. Scop. Entom. Cam. p. 217.
guttata Khod. Chriat. Bull. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 65.
gntta Dep. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 33, p. 825,

). 901.

422.

*

122.

*

. 71.

* 1

. 71.

*

liiridulina Rhod. Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Pr. 1894, p. 186.
myrsusalis Rhod. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 19. p. 892.
nevadae Thyr. Oberth. t'A. d'Ent. 8, p. 33.
nitens Rhod. Butl. Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. (5) 20, p. 116.
osacesalis Herd. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus^. 19, p. 964.
pallida Rhod. Butl. 111. Typ. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 3, p. 71. *
scitaria Strigl. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. JIus. 26, \k 1488.
striatalis Hypol. Swinh. Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 875.
subrosealis Hypol. Leech, Entomologist 1889, p. 66. *
usitata Thyr. Rom. M6m. L^p. 6, p. 244.

AEGERIIDAE. By M. Bartel. 375

25. Family: Aegeriidae (Sesiidae).

A well-defined family, whose species are related to the Cossids, their larvae having the same habito
as in that fanaily. The moths of the Aegeriidae resemble Hymenoptera and many species bear names refer-
ing to members of that order. The popular name of "Clearwing" sufficiently characterises this family,
by far the greater number of species having entirely vitreous hindwings and the forewings provided with
more or less large hyaline spots. The forewing bears as a rule 3 such vitreous patches, the wedge-spot
in the cell, the longitudinal area below the cell at the hind margin, and the distal vitreous
area in the proximal portion of the distal-marginal area. The hyaline patches are rarely rudimentary (in
Paranthrene, Dipsosphecia, Chamaesphecia a. o.), while in Sphecia and ^egfefw the forewings are almost entirely
vitreous or bear only sparse scaling which breaks off during flight. Microsphecia, however, has the forewing entirely
scaled. In a very few species also the hindwing is completely scaled (e.g., in 9of Z>. tancrei Pilng., and W. agdisti-
formis Stgr.), although not so densely as in other families. The forewing is exceedingly elongated and narrow,
being somewhat broader towards the distal margin; the margins are scaled, and usually also the cross-vein
bears a more or less broad or very narrow band. The hind margin is scarcely curved, the distal margin short
and oblique, the hind angle rounded. Areole absent. With 11 or 12 veins. Vein 1 a of the fore\ving close
to the hind margin or only marked as a chintinous fold, sometimes forked at the base; 2 — 11 from the cell, 5
sometimes absent ; 7 and 8, with the exception of Microsphecia, on a long stalk ; 1 b strongly reduced, 1 c
absent. Hindwing mostly with scaled margin, somewhat shorter but much broader than the forewing, the
abdominal margin short, the distal one oblique, and the anal angle rounded, with 3 submedian veins; the
thin inner submedian vein basally forked and usually forming a distinct loop, either the anterior or the
posterior branch reaching to the distal margin; lb almost always reaching to the distal margin or distally
vestigial, vein 5 absent, 7 and 8 coincident; frenulum always well-developed in both sexes. Antenna usually
gradually incrassate distally, ending in a short point bearing a brush of hairs; in some genera (Bembecia
Microsphecia) setiform. Eyes naked, ocelli large. Palpi well-developed, rough-scaled; maxillary pa Ipi aborted
Proboscis mostly distinct, but obsolescent in some genera or absent. Thorax robust. Abdomen in (^ with
7, in 5 with 6 segments, usually terminating with a tuft of hair. Legs strong and mostly long, with the tibia
strongly scaled or hairy, sometimes bearing some separated tufts of hair; mid tibia with end-spurs, hind tibia
with strong mid-and end-spurs; fore tibia much shorter than the femur, with long epiphysis.

Mo.st specie* very small to moderately small, one-brooded, and flying very briskly in the sunshine.
Only the species of Bembecia and Weismannia are night-fliers. TheAegeriids can be obtained towards even-
ing by sweeping the food-plants or flowers ; towards morning freshly emerged specimens are found sitting on
the stalks or stems of the food-plants.

The Aegeriids closely agree with the Cossidae in the larval habits and the mode of pupation. The
larvae only bear a few thin hairs, are bone-yellow or dirty white, with dark brown head and neck-plate,
and strong mouth-parts; they have 16 legs, the 10 abdominal ones bearing complete rings of claws. They
hibernate twice or only once and live in the interior of stems and branches of trees and shrubs, or in roots,
more rarely in the stalks of herbage. They pupate in a cocoon formed of fragments of gnawed wood or in the
end-portion of its tunnel. The pupae slender, with very diverse frontal processes, the abdomen bearing belts
of spikes; the anal end rounded or tnnicate and bearing a ring of 6 — 12 small hooks or spikes, with the
helf of which the pupae usually crawl half out of the cocoon shortly before the moth emerges. The cases of the
appendages of the pupa are separate from the body after the moth has emerged. Some species of Dipsosphecia
and Chamaesphecia make tubular webs at the root, in which the larva and piipa move up or down according
to the degree of moisture. The moths are excellent fliers and are comparatively rarely caught, as they very
closely resemble Hymenoptera on the wing; it is therefore advisable to hunt for the hibernated larvae or
chrysalisses and to search especially for those species whose life-history is still entirely unknown; the moth
is usually found resting on the food-plant or in its neighbourhood.

As regards the nomenclature of the family it is necessary to state that according to the current rules
of Nomenclature the name of Sesia F. \111 (t^-pe: the Sphingid tantalus) is no more available in this family
than Trochilium Scop. 1777 (a nomen nudum). Laspeyres enumerates in his "Sesiae Europae" in 1801 no less

376 AEGERIA. By M. Bartel.

than 21 species, of •which liowever 3 are only aberrations. He unites all the species {apiformis CI., tabani-
forniis Bott., spheciformis Gerning, hylaeiformis Lasp., etc.) as Sesia. Fabrictcs in 1804 was the first to erect
a new genus, Aegeria. in which he places ajnformis CI. as the first species, the name of the genus, moreover,
being taken from the food-plant of this well-known moth. Therefore, the type of Aegeria F. is apifortnis, and
the family must accordingly be named Aegeriidae from this oldest genus. In 1815 Oken employs the name
of Trochilium M'ith apiformis as type, that generic name therefore, is a synonym of Aegeria. In Hijbnek's
Verzeiclmiss 1822 the following genera are erected: 1. Sphecia Hbn. (tj^pe: crabroniformis Leirin), which we
keep here separate in spite of its close relationship with Aegeria; 2. Paranthrene Hbn. (type: asiliformis Rott.
V. rhingiaeformis Hb7i.). oi which Sciapteron Stgr. (t. Sciopternm) 1854 is a synonym; 3. Benibecia Hb)i . {type :
hylaeiformis Lasp.), which has always been correctly employed; 4. Synanthedon Hbn. (type: vespiformis L.);
5. Conopia Hbn. (type: stomoxyformis Hbn.), of which Thamnosphecia Spider is a synonym. The latter
two genera are here united mider the former name in order to avoid separating the natural group of tree-
and slu'ub-feeding species. In his dissertation de Sesiis agri Bei'olincnsis 1854 Staudixger created the generic
name Sciapteron, which however falls to Paranthrene, whereas now a new name, Microsphecia, must be pro-
posed for thieiformis Esp., myrmosaeformis H.-Schdff., and hoplisiformis Mann, which have hitherto been placed
in Paranthrene. Staudixger's "Bcitrag" in the Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1856 is a most excellent work for that time,
in which all the then known Palearctic species are dealt with and their synon^oiis fixed.. The nomenclature
of the genera is the same which he employed in his Catalogues of 1871 (ed. II) and 1901 (ed. III). Staudixger
has also later on published more new sjiecies of this family than any other author, and it is much to be regretted
that he has not again given a sun^ey of the group. Spuler, in his Schmetterlinge Europas 1910, separated
as Thamnosphecia the tree- and bush-feeding species of the genus "Sesia" as employed by Staitdixger, which
name, liowever, sinks as a spionjnn of Synanthedon Hbn. The species living in the roots of herbage have been
separated by Spuueb, to whom we are also indebted for a very careful examination of the veination of the
Aegeriidae, uito 2 groups: Chamaesphecia Spul. with distinct proboscis, and Dipsosphecia Spul. with aborted
proboscis. We have adopted both genera, and also Weismanjiia Spul. (type: agdistiformis Stgr.), which
has many peculiarities and is especially interesting as being a night-insect. It Avill at a future date also be
found necessarj' further to divide the genus Chamaesphecia, but this cannot very well be done before a know-
ledge of the habits of the larvae, which are quite unknown of many species, renders the natural grouping more
evident.

1. Gemis: Aegeria F. (1804).

Anteima half the length of the costal marghi or shorter, with an apical brush of hair, incrassate before
the tip, in o beneath Avith strong lamelliform teeth. Palpi strong, upturned, extending above the head, with
short, well-marked end-segment. Proboscis reduced, filiform in melanocephah; twice the length of the head.
Mid and hind tibiae with furry hair, longer in $, shorter in $. "Wings vitreous, \nih scaled margins. In the
forewing veins 7 and 8 on a long stalk (which is short in pimplaeformis); 3 and 4 of hindwing from lower
cell-angle, separate or on a short stalk ; cross-vein of hmdwing oblique. Body clumsy, abdomen only in q with a
short anal tuft. — Eggs elongate-globular. Larvae cylindrical with flat head; they hibernate t-\wce and
live in the stems of Populus and Salix; pupation in the bark or in the ground close to the tree-trunk, pupa
long. — In Europe only 2 species, one in Asia Minor, another in Central Asia. Type: Ae. apiformis CI.

apiformis. Ae. apiforiTiis CI. (51 a). Body black, abdomen rmged with yellow. Antennae black above, brown

beneath. Eyes above edged with white, with yellow towards underside. Occiput with yellow hair. Palpi
yellow, brownish at the apex. Collar black; anterior half of the patagia yellow. Breast black-blue, anterior
coxa brown-black; femora yellow, black on inside, tibiae and tarsi dirty brown, rust -brown inside. Wings
bordered with bro-\\n, most broadly so the outer third of the costal margin of the forewing. The latter with
black base, a yellow subbasal costal spot, and the cross-vein rather broadly scaled with brown. Before the
moth has been flying the wings, particularly the forewing, is covered with rust-brown scaling which easily
falls off. G>niandromorphic specimens have several times been obtained. Distributed with the food-plants
throughout Europe (with the exception of the higher North), Central Ural, Uralsk, Northern Caucasus, Armenia,
North- Western Asia Minor, Turkestan to the Altai, and also found in North America, where it has been intro-
sireei/ormis. duced with the food-plant. — The following aberrations are known: ab. sireciformis Esp.. darkened to rust-
brown, only with yello\\- hair on the head, yellow spots on the patagia and yellow underside of the tip of ab-
domen; the black incision with a more or less yellow tone: local, onl}^ in Southern Germany, Grisons. Austria,

lenebrinni- Hungary, Transsylvania and island of Zealand, ab. tenebrioniformis Esp. (50 m) is the rare form with black
fornns. abdomen (bearing sometimes a few yellow scales in place of the yjllow belts), velvety black legs, dark head

I'«/j/.j. Vl.iu/:'. AEGERTA. P,v M. ISahtei

377

and hlack-browii wiiig-niargius and veins; I'oiewing without, yellow basal spot; very rare and only known
from .Southern Germany, the Valais and Grisons, Vienna, Hungary and Transsylvania ; the upper part of
the patagia is yellow as in all the forms of the present species. A very peculiar form is ab. brunnea Caf- brannea.
li.fch (50 m), the wing-membrane being uniformly dark coffee-brown and the veins dark brown; only known
from the Lower Engadine, Ziii'ich and Halle, very rare. ab. caflischi iitandf. is a combination of brmmea caflischi.
and tenebrioniformis, the entire wing-menbranes being blackened and the black abdomen and femora bearing
still fewer traces of yellow than in ab. <e»e6riow«7ormts; exceedingly rare, only from the Grisons at an altitude
of about 7844 ft. — The egg is elliptical, dark red. Larva 4—5 cm long, convex, flat beneath, yellowish
white, bearing single small hairs, the dorsal vessel shining through as a dark stripe; spiracles edged with
brown; michal plate yellowish; head large, blackish brown. Biennial and lives until April^May between
the wood and the bark of all kinds of Poplar (especially on Populus nigra), but also on Salix. It prefers the
lower parts of the trunk and the larger roots, making under the bark tunnels which are several yards long and
often extend far below the surface of the ground ; sometimes large numbers in the same tree. The larva also
feeds in the roots of very young Populus tremula, the tree being sometimes killed by it. The presence of the
larva is easily recognised by the fragments of gnawed wood on the bark. It is full-fed already in the autumn
of the second year and makes an elongate-rounded cocoon intermixed with the gnawed off bits of wood, the
cocoon being usually found some centimeters below the ground, but occasionally up to 20 centimeter above
it; some larva spin up at a distance from the tree in an isolated cocoon of earth. The change into a chry-
salis, however, takes place the next spring, the pupa being long and dark red-brown with rounded anal
end which bears a ring of 10 — 12 short but strong spines; the abdominal segments have on the upperside
spines directed backwards. Emergence from the end of May until July, single specimens in August.

Ae. tiniur Gr.-Grsh. Head and palpi with yellow hair mixed with black hair between the eyes. Collar timur.
black. Thorax blackish, posteriorly mixed with yellow. Patagia black with 2 yellowish spots laterally and 4
underneath the collar. Abdomen black withjyellow belts. Legs yellow. Wings with the margins and veins
dark brown. Fringes black-brown in the ^, dark brown in the $, mixed with yellow in the anal portion. —
Buchara (Hissar Mts.).

Ae. melanocephala !>«/?«. (51 a). Antennae yellowish brown, in $ with rather long pectmation, thicker »«cZo/ioce-
towards apex and base than in the other German allied species, in ? very thin towards base and with a dark P''"'"-
suffusion before tip. Palpi black, only anteriorly yellow in the upper portion. No white bands in front
of the eyes, the latter edged with yellow towards underside. Thorax and abdomen blue-black. Patagia with
yellow border anteriorly and dorsally. On the metathorax a lateral yellow tuft. Segments 2 — 4 of abdo-
men anteriorly belted with yellow, 5 and 6 and in ^ also 7 posteriorly, anal tuft mixed with yellow. Breast
with yellow lateral spots. Legs orange-yellow, coxae and femora blacl?, the former with yellow dots, the fore
femur yellowish beneath. Fore and mid tibiae^^with black spots before apex. Forewing margined with brown,
more broadly so in $ than in ^, in the $ almost the entire apical area and a portion of the central area of
the forewing being scaled. Cross-vein rather broadly dark brown 'dusted with yellowish red. The larger proxi-
mal portion of the costal and hind margins yellowish red. Distal border of hindwing very narrow. On the
underside the borders and veins of both wings are yellow-scaled, and the cross-vein entirely yellowish red.
— Probably very widely distributed with the food-plant, but on account of being local and its habits
not yet known it has only been found in Germany, Bohemia, Lower Austria, Hungary, Northern Roumania,
Spain (Albarrazin), Norway (Christiania), Central Sweden, Finland and North- Western Russia; but is also
known from Sarepta, whence I lately received a fresh example. Larva bone-colour, with dark brown head,
red-yellow nuchal plate, and yellow anal tergite. It lives in the trunk and branches of Populus tremula, in
the first year between wood and bark (but also bores into the ends of dry branches), in the second year in long
tunnels deeper in the wood. Pupation without cocoon at the end of the tunnel behind a hard pad, which is
slightly spun on laterally. The larva usually selects for pupation injured parts of the tree or projections, or
bores into a dry branch to near the exterior thin bark. For that reason it is easily obtained by collecting dry
branches in the spring. It turns into a long, pale red-brown pupa the end of April or beginning of May.
The moth emerges from the middle of June to the middle of July, in the early hours of the morning.

Ae. pimplaeformis Oberih. (= maculiferum Stgr.). Well characterised by the abdomen being laterally pimplae-
somewhat compressed and its last 4 segments being dirty yellow and bearing a large round black dorsal f"''^"'^-
spot each. The 3 anterior segments are black-blue; the second and third laterally with thin yellow bands
which become broader towards underside. Venter black, only the last segment anteriorly yellow. Antennae
short, black, the apex with brownish suffusion beneath and the basal segment incrassate and yellow. Vertex
and frons browaiish grey. Palpi yellow, with black hair at the base. Thorax blue-black, with the collar
narrowly yellow. Patagia with yellow spots anteriorly. Underneath the patagia and the end of the thorax
there are 2 yellow tufts. Fore coxa extended yellow beneath; tibiae yellow or russet-red, with blackish tips;
tarsi brownish. Margins of wings, veins and fringes as in Ae. apiformis, but brownish grey or light russet.

II 48

378 SPHECIA. By M. Babtel.

Forewing with yellow dot at the costal margin; cross-vein somewliat curved and its scalmg narrower, nearly
as in S. crabroniformis. The fork of the upper radial very short. — Only 2 specimens known, from Trans-
caucasia (Thartum) and Northern Syria (Akbes).

2. Genus: ^ipliecia Hhn. (1822).

Distinguished from the preceding genus by the proboscis being well-developed and veins 3 and 4
of the hindwing stalked. End-segment of the palpi longer. The tibiae, particularly the posterior ones, thickened
by a long pelt of hair. The cross-vein of the hindwing less oblique in the North-Indian and Japanese species.
■ — Type: crabroniformis Lewin.

crabroiil- S. crabrotiiformis Leivin (51 a). Differs from Ae. apiforntis in the yellow collar, the black unspotted

formis. patagia, the whitish or dark hair of the occiput, the uniformly reddish yellow tibiae, the narrower wing-
borders, and the absence of the yellow costal spot at the base of the forewing. Antennae black. Palpi
edged with brown on the outside. — More local, and only plentiful and more distributed in Great Britain.
The area of distribution is restricted to the western half of Europe, comprising Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia,
Syria, Austria, Hiuigary, Belgium, Holland and Great Britain; a questionable record also from Piedmont,
The larva bone-colour, clothed with single short black hairs, especially on the sides. Head brown; stigmata
not edged with black. Biennial, in the roots and trunks of Sallow (Salix caprea), in the first year between
the bark and the wood, in the second year deeper in the wood. Pupation similar as in P. tabntii for mis without
cocoon in a dilated place at the end of the tunnel, the aperture being closed b}' a hard lid. Turns into
a light brown chrysalis in April or May. The moth emerges from the middle of June to early August.

przctcalskii. S, pfzewalskii Alph. Closely related to S. crabroniformis, the collar yellow as in that species but

broader, the patagia black inside with a yellow border posteriorly. Abdomen as in Ae. apiformis.
Legs as in S. crabroniformis, but the hind tibia with very long velvety black hair on inside. Wings similar
to those of (S. crabroniformis, but the forewing bears a yelloM' basal dot, which is paler and more sharply defined
than in Ae. apiformis; the cross-vein of the forewing is much more nearly vertical to the costal margin than in
S. crabroniformis. In the only known specimen from Corea a yellow tuft extends from the yello^\' collar over
the thorax. ■ — From the Ala-Tau, Tianshan, Kuldja district, and a somewhat different specimen from Corea,

/lavicoliis. S. flavicollis Hamps. Expanse 48 mm ($). Wings with the narrow borders and the veins yellowish

brown; costal margin and cross-vein of forewing orange. Antenna short, entirely black. Collar yellow. Meso-
and metanotum with 2 yellow stripes, the metathorax mixed with yellow. Abdomen yellow, segments 1 and 2
black, 3, 4 and 5 with black apical margins, which are broadest on o. Legs yellow; hind tibia with black
apical spot on the inside. — According to Hampson it belongs to the genus Sphecodoptera Hamps. Skardo,
Kashmir, 8000 ft.

coniaini- S. cotltaminata Biifl. (51 b). Wings transparent, the margins and veins black with a brown tone.

nafa. q^ ^^jjg forewing the costal and hindmarginal borders as well as the discocellular bar striped with red distally.
Cross-vein of hindwing widened in the anterior half by brown scaling. Body black. Frons glossy white. Palpi
yellow, with the terminal segment black. Antenna of ^ pectinated, above black, beneath red-yellow. Head
margined with yellow laterally and towards underside, Prothorax, a dot at the outer edge of the patagia
near the base of forewing, and a transverse spot on the metanotum are yellow. Segment 4 of abdomen
almost entirely yellow above, segments 1 and 2 as well as the three last ones bear minute yellow irrorations
at the hindmargins, Avhich are however but little distinct and do not give one the impression of yellow
belts. On the underside all the segments excepting the first have distinct yellow posterior margin. Anal tuft
mixed with brown. Legs black, mixed M'ith yellow; fore coxa yellow; fore tarsus yellowish brown on outside;
hind tibia orange on outside. Expanse 37 mm. ■ — Japan (Yokohama, Yezzo).

romanovi. S. romanovi Leech (51 a). Forewing transparent, brownish, covered with thick dark brown scaling

along the margins and the subdorsal vein. Hindwing transparent, outer half brownish, irrorated with some
rather darker scales. Fringes yellowish brown. In the $ the forewing more densely scaled. Antennae pectinated
in (J, simple in $, black with the ventral half reddish. Head and palpi light orange, with reddish markings.
Collar reddish. Thorax black, the anterior third brill^iant orange. Abdomen brownish orange, with 7 black
belts. Fore legs orange, marked with red, the other legs dark brown with orange and red markings. Expanse
46 mm, length of forewing 18 mm. ■ — Japan (Yokohama).

Thynchioi- S. rhytlcHioides Bull. (50m). The smallest species of the genus; the forewmg similar to those

"'^*- of S. crabroniformis, with very narrow brown margin; but the head and thorax entirely yellow, the latter

mixed with black only on the posterior portion of the mesonotum and on the metanotum. The 3 first abdominal

segments black with narrow yellow hind edges to 2 and 3, the 3 last segments golden yellow with the hind

MELITTIA; PARANTHRENE. By M. BartEI.. 379

margins black. Hind legs yellow, mixed with black on the tibia. ■ — Appears to be rare; not known to me
in nature. Only from Yokohama (Japan); the larva in Oak according to Pryer.

S. scribai spec. nov. (50 m). Herr Fritz Scriba has been so kind as to send me a $ of a large species scriha'i.
from Japan which I cannot identify with any of the known Japanese species and appears to be new. As
in crabroniformis the proboscis distinct and veins 3 and 4 of hindwing stalked; cross-vem of hindwing
remarkably straight in position; end-segment of palpi very long and pointed, wings verj^ long and narrow;
fore wing black at the base and orange beyond this patch, median band orange. Palpi and irons yellow;
prothorax black, with yellow spots beneath. Antenna brown, red-brown on outside. Inner margins of patagia
and hair-tufts of metathorax yellow. Abdomen denuded, apparently with yellow belts above on all the seg-
ments, segment 1 with very distinct yellow dorsal belt. On underside segment 2 with narrow belt, 4 with
broad one and 5 and 6 almost entirely yellow. Anal tuft yellow. Legs ochreous; femora, tibiae and upper
part of hind tarsi black on outside ; hind tibia (less so also middle one) conspicuously spotted with black befoi'e
the apex on the inside.

3. Genus: Jflelittia Walk. (1856).

Antemiae in (J with fasciculate cilia, in $ non-ciliate; they are very thm at the base, strongly dilated
before the tip and bear some small bristles at the apex. Palpi vertical and rather slender, the second segment
rather strongly hairy. Tibia and tarsus of hind leg with the exception of the last 2 or 3 tarsal segments
densely clothed with extraordinary long bushy hair, which probably aids the moths in keeping afloat in the
air when it sucks at flowers. The proboscis well-developed. Anal tuft feeble. Contour and venation of wings
nearly as in Paranthrene; in the hindwing vein 3 thrown off before apex of cell and 6 present. — Widely
distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropic Regions, South and West Africa, the Oriental Region as far as
Java and the Moluccas; only 3 species extend to Northern China, Japan and Kashmir and are to he consi-
dered forms of the boundary districts. • — • Type: satyrinijormis Hbn., from North America.

M. bombyliformis Cr. (= chalcidiformis F.) (51 a). Expanse 32 — 36 mm. Wings transparent, slightly hombyli-
yellowish brown at the base; fringes brown; longitudinal patch of forewing extending to the median band; /"'■'"is-,
the latter with a black vein-like projection into the cell; distal vitreous area composed of 5 partitions,
narrowing towards costa. Forewing slightly covered with brown and grey scales. Head brown, thorax yellow-
ish brown. The first two abdominal segments yellowish brown, the others black with narrow yellow hind
margins; venter yellowish white. Breast and palpi yellow and white. Hind leg black, the hind tibia and tar-
sus with very long bushy hair which is yellow and brown on outside. — Distributed throughout India and
Java, extends on Palearctic territory to Northern China and Japan (Yezzo, Nikko, Yokohama, Tsuruga, Sa-
tsuma: May^ — June).

M. kuluana Moore (51 a). Expanse 30 mm. The vitreous areas larger than in the other two species, kuluaim.
only a narrow outer border remaining. The median band likewise narrower, with shorter projection into
the cell. Hindwing without blue colouring at the abdommal margin. Head, thorax, collar and the first
2 abdominal segments olive-brown, the other segments black-brown, all segments above with narrow yellowish
hind edges. Breast and venter yellowish white. Hmd legs with long black bushy haii-, mixed with some yellow-
ish brown and yellow hairs on the outside of the tibia and tarsus. — Kulu, Kashmir.

M. eurytion Westw. (51 c). Expanse 24 — 30 mm. Black, the vitreous areas of the forewing similar eun/don.
to those of bombyliformis, and the middle band as in that species with a black vein-like projection in the cell.
The outer hyaline area strongly narrowing costally, consisting of 5 partitions, of which the uppermost is
very small and the lowest longest; the broad distal border with white scaling at the margin. Base and oviter
margin of hindwing black. Antenna yellow, above black in the first as well fs the last third, with some white
scales before the tip. Palpi whitish, clothed with blackish hair. Thorax olive-green; abdomen black-blue,
with distinct silvery white belts. The tibia and tarsus of the hind leg black, with very long hair, outwardly
with some brown hairs, the tibia \vith a whitish ring in the middle, and like the tarsi with some wliitish hairs
at the apex. — ■ Japan (Yezzo, Nikko, Yokohama, Tsuruga: June), North India, Moluccas, Java.

4. Genus: Paranthrene Hbn. (1822) (Sciapteron Stgr.).

Palpi with the end-segment short, as in Aegeria, the second segment, however, clothed with long erect
hair, especially in the (^. Proboscis a homy spiral. Antennae with small bristles at the tip, in o lamellate
and bearing 2 rows of fascicles of cilia, the last fifth not lamellate and without cilia. Body considerably
slenderer than in Aegeria and Sphecia; anal tuft present in both sexes, but much longer in (J than in $. Ti-
biae but sligh'^ly hairy, not thickened by pelty hair. Forewing somewhat truncate at the apex, narrower, and
usually very densely scaled with the exception of the base. In the vitreous hindwing veins 3 and 4 distinctly

380 PARANTHRENE. By M. Eartel.

separate from lower ci.ll-aiigle, 5 closer to 4 than to 6, cross-vein less oblique than in Aegeria and Sphecin.
— Type: tabaniformis Rott. v. rhingiaeformis Hbn. The fine West-Asiatic species which used to be placed
near tabaniformis differ so much morphologically that they will be dealt with under another genus.

tabani- P. tabaniformis Bolt. (51 b). Forewing brownish black, only the proximal parts of the cell and of

formis. ^jjg hindmarginal area vitreous; small yellow dots at the base near the outer edge of the patagia. Body
and antennae black; abdominal segments 2, 4 and 6, and in ^J also 7 with yellow hind edges. In a $
from Greece the vitreous basal streak of the forewing is entirely absent. Distributed throughout Central
and South Europe, northward to Finland and Lapland, southward to Sicily and Catalonia, eastward to the
Ural and beyond it as far as Amurland and Mongolia (here probably in modified form), south-eastward to Asia
Minor and Transcaucasia. — In the larger western portion of Southern Europe, and Ill\Tia. Algeria. Asia
rhingiae- Minor, Syria, Amurland, in Xorth-Western Mongolia and China the species is represented by the form rhingiae-
formis. formis Hbn. (51 b), which is distinguished by the forewing being covered with ochreous scaling and bearing
a distinct reddish median bar. and by the antennae being yellow in ^ and ochreous in $. Moreover, all the
abdominal segments bear yellow belts, and the patagia are spotted with j^ellow on inside. Prothorax with
distinct yellow spots; on the metathorax 4 small yellow spots. The spot on the patagia is very conspicuous,
and the anal tuft predominantly yellow, only being black in the centre. Legs entirely yellow. This form
almost has the appearance of a distinct species, but it is connected with the first-described form by tran-
sitions; for instance, in Central Europe also specimens of tabaniformis occur with completely yellow-belted
abdomen (Saxony, Berlin, etc.). — Prof . Seitz found at Shanghai two very small 9? of rhingiaeformis which
have narrow yellow belts, with the exception of segment 4, which is almost entirely yellow. I call this inte-
sangaica. resting form sangaica foim. nov. (50 g). — kungessana Alph. may also be regarded an advanced transitional
knmjcssana. form. The antennae in the ^ blackish brown, in the $ yellowish brown. Forewing dirty yellow. All the
abdominal segments with very narrow pale yellow, almost whitish edges. From Tashkent, the Ala-Tau, and
Kuldja district, presumably also in the Pamirs and the neighboring districts. — Larva yellowish white,
bearing single dark hairs, with dark dorsal line, and black-brown head and pronotal plate. Lives in swell-
ings of small stems and branches of Poplar, especially Populus nigra and tremula, also in the stronger
roots of young trees, in stumps of branches, and at the base of the trunk; but has also been bred from bushes
of crippled Salix. Hibernates twice and pupates in May without cocoon, simply lying in a tunnel beneath the bark
which is gnawed very thin; chrysalis yellowish brown. The moths emerge from the end of May until early
August. Herrtch-Schaffer caught the moth as late as September. The statement tluit the larva of
rhingiae joniiis had been found in Ehulum humile has not been corroborated.

vcspipennis. P- vesplpennis H.-Schdff. Almost half as large again as P. tabaniformis; blackish bi'own, with

small rusty-red median spot and small vitreous wedge-spot near the hind angle. Head and thorax brown
with pale yellow collar. Antennae reddish. Palpi yellow. Patagia with pale edges and a small pale spot
near the base of the forewing. Abdomen brown, segment 1 with 2 small yellow transverse lines, segments
2 and 3 yellow, the following margined with bright rust-colour. Metathorax with yellow arcuate spots. Anal
tuft brown, mixed with light hair-scales. Legs pale yellow, with yellow tibiae. — China.

feralc. P. ferale Leech (51 b). Forewing only transparent from the base to a little beyond centre, brown,

with dispersed orange scales and purplish reflections. Hindwing entirely vitreous, opalescent, with narrow-
dark border. Underside of both wings iridescent. Head black. Palpi anteriorly yellow. Collar yellow. Tho-
rax and abdomen black, the latter with a broad yellow belt on segment 4. Legs blackish ; hind tarsus yellow.
Larger than the two other Japanese species of the genus, and easily recognised by the broad yellow' belt
on the fourtii abdominal segment. Expanse 43 mm (,^). — Japan (Yezzo).

bicincta. P. bicificta Walk. (50k). Nearest to our tabaniformis; not known to me in nature. According to the

figure of the type the forewing is somewhat broader, brown, at the distal margin black, the thorax black
mixed with yellow, and the abdomen black bearing a narrow yellow belt on the second and fourth segments.
Hind tibia blackish, the tarsi yellowish. — Japan (Nagasaki, June; Tsuruga and Shimonoseki, July; Yoko-
hama).

regale. P. regale Butl. (51 b). Forewing black, streaked with copper-colour. Hindwing vitreous, with black

veins. Beneath the forewing for the greater part orange, and the veins and border of the hindwing also
orange. Body black; anterior portion of collar, the patagia, 2 longitudinal stripes on the thorax and 3 ab-
dominal belts (of which the first is the broadest, being broadly continuous on the ventral side) orange-yellow.
Breast and femora spotted w'ith orange. Legs black, ^^dorsallyon each side of the last abdominal segment with a
long black tuft of hair extending beyond the tip of the abdomen bj' one-third. — Japan (Yokohama; Satsuma,
May; Nagasaki, May and June; Shimonoseki, July); Kiukiang.

flammans. P. flatnmans Hamps. Expanse 3* 26, $ 31 mm. Forewing covered with orange and black scaling,

the veins black. Hindwing transparent, the veins orange and black, distal margin and fringes l)la(k. Palpi,

•BEMBECIA; SYNANTHEDON. By M. Bartel. ^hi

head and legs orange-yellow, with a few black scales. Antennae orange, in cj bipectinate. Collar and thorax
black, the former as well as the patagia and the nietanotum margined with yellow. Abdomen blue-black,
each segment with a pale yellow belt. Anal tuft black and orange. — Murree; not yet found on Palearctio
territory, only occurring near the boundary.

5. Genus: Bemlieeia Hbn. (1822).

Antennae short, pointed, without small bristles at the tip, in $ filiform, feebly notched, in ^J bi-
pectinate excepting the apex. Palpi small, clothed with long bristly hair, much stronger in ,^ than in $.
Eyes relatively small. Proboscis very short, horn;y. Tibiae with tufts of hair at the apices. Abdomen stout,
narrowed at base, incrassed apically, very robust in $, slenderer in (J ; segment 3 above in centre with a
conspicuous tuft of hair, a smaller one above on next segment. Anal tuft of both sexes short and broad, longer
in the cj. Forewing very narrow, veins 4 and 5 coincident, and 7 and 8 very long. Hindwing narrowed,
with the cross-vein unsealed and directed obliquely outwards; vein.s 3 and 4 on a long stalk, 1 a extending
to tiie distal margin. — The moths fly at night and rest with the wings lying flat on the body. The larva
is cylindrical, of even thickness, sparsely covered with minute hairs, and lives in Raspberry. — Type: B.
hylaeiforin /.y Las p.

B, hylaeiformis Lasp. (52 e). The extei'ior vitreous area of the forewing is sharply bounded distally. hylaeifor-
First and second segments of palpi black outwardly and at the tip. Segments 1, 2 and 3 of abdomen ""*■
with narrow anterior yellow belt and 3 also with posterior belt; posterior margins of segments 4, 5, 6 and
ill J also 7 almost with broad yellow belts of almost even width. Anal segment never ejitirely yellow.
Anal tuft for the greater part yellow, sometimes the black colour preponderating. In specimens from Amurland
the tuft is black with yellow centre, and in (^ sometimes altogether black. Fore coxa black, only yellow at the
base. Central and Northern Europe (with the exception of the Arcti: districts, also not known from England
and the Netherlands), northward to Saltdalen in Nordland, and Finland, southward to Portugal, Piedmont
and Dalmatia, Asia Minor and probably from Kasan over Siberia to Amurland, having already been recorded
from the last districts. The full-fed larva 25 — 30 mm long, whitish grey, bearing single small grey hairs, the
head brownish yellow, some spots on the pronotum yellow, as is also the anal tergite; thoracic legs yellowish,
jjrolegs with dark border. Hibernates once and lives until May or June in roots of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus),
more rarely in Blackberry; after hibernation it moves into last years stalks, which easily break off when ^
being shaken. Pupa brownish yellow, wath flat head-point, two rows of small hooks on each abdominal seg-
ment and 6 — 8 small spikes at the truncate anal end. Moths from June until August, usually after the middle
of July, rarely still early in September; flies at night.

B. pectinata Sfgr. (52 f). Differs from B. hylaeiformis in the outer vitreous area of the forewing pgc/jna^i.
not being sharplj^ bounded distally, the antennae having longer pectinations and a more pointed tip, and
the palpi being almost entirely yellow. Abdomen dark, segments 1 and 2 without yellow colouring and
this very slight, all the other segments with yellow hind edges, on 4, 6 and in ^ also 7 the yellow borders
usually remarkably broader than on the other segments. Anal segment entirely yellow in 9- Anal tuft
predominantly yellow in (J and entirely yellow in $. Anterior coxa almost entirely yellow. Femora black,
with the inner edge yellow. Tibiae and tarsi red-brown, mixed with black. — Kentei Mts. and Southern
Amurland, the end of July and early August.

B. fixseni Leech (52i). Forewing partly vitreous, densely covered with reddish brown scales along the fixscni.
veins to the apex of the cell. Apex and the broad outer border deep leather-brown. Hindwing vitreous, with
deep brown dark distal margin. Head black. Palpi yellow. Collar narrowly yellow. Antennae above blackish,
beneath reddish. Thorax with the inner edges of the patagia and a spot above and another below yellow.
Abdomen blackish, with 4 yellow transverse bands on the 4 last but one segments; anal segment entirely
yellow; anal tuft reddish orange. Legs yellow. Forewing marked with reddish orange. Underside of forewing
yellow along the veins and towards the apex. Hindwdng irrorated with yellow along the outer margin. Expanse
42 mm. — Japan (Nikko, Oiwake, June, July). Placed by Leech into Sphecia. but appears to agree better
with the species of Bembecia; not known to me in nature, perhaps only a synonym of pectinata Stgr.

B. odyneripennis Walk. (50 m) was described from Nova Scotia. Leech, however, records it also from odymri-
Japan (Hakodate, August), which may be due to a confusion witli some other similar species. The figure V""^"-
taken from the type renders a description unnecessary.

6. Genus: N.ynaiitliedoii Hbn. (Sesia aut. pr. p.) (1822).

Slender moths with well-developed proboscis. Antennae incrassate before the apex, bearing small
bristles at the tip, in $ notched and ciliated. Palpi slender, with short terminal segment, the basal segment
hairy beneath. Anal tuft strongly developed in both sexes. Forewing ahvays with 3 vitreous areas, of which
the longitudinal area reaches at the inner margin to the median band or beyond it. The wedge-spot in the
cell very large, and the outer vitreous patch consisting of several partitions. In the forewing veins 10 and 11

382 SYNANTHEDON. By M. Bartel.

are parallel with the costal margin, 1 a distinct, with a short loop at the base, 1 b atrophied. In the
vitreous hindwing the inner branch of the submedian vein is vestigial to the outer area, veins 3 and 4 on
a short stalk, cross-vein oblique. — Larvae cylindrical, usually the thoracic segments slightly incrassate;
bone-yellow, with single small hairs on warts; the head and pronotum brownish. They hibernate generally twice,
and live in trees and shrubs. The pupae are slender. — Type: vespiformis L.

acoliae- S. scoliaeformis Borkh. (51c). \V'ings with the margins and veins black; forewing with very broad

formis. deep black median spot which projects basad. Stigma of hindwing rather conspicuous endmg very thin post-
eriorlj'. Body black-blue. Palpi orange, black on outside. Frons with silvery white bands in front of tlie eyes.
Antennae extended whitish yelloAv before the apex. Patagia yellow at the inner margin. Abdomen with narrow
yellow belt on hind edge of segment 2 and a broad one on 4, the latter occupying the whole segment on the
UTulerside; the lateral margins of 1 — 4 with j'ellow scaling, 5 beneath partly whitish; hind margins of 5,
6 and in ,^ also 7 orange beneath. Anal tuft orange-yellow. Fore femur extended yellow on outside; mid
and hind tibiae with a broad black-blue ring before the apex. Distributed over the greater part of Central
and North Europe (with the exception of the higher North), from Western France to the Ural, southward
to Piedmont and Southern Russia (Malmish), northward to Lapland and Finland, but local and not often
met with, as the habits are but imperfectly known. Very rarely aberrant specimens have been obtained in
which the transparent spaces are coffee-brown. — Larva cylindrical, dirty white, the dorsal vessel shining
through red-brown, the pronotal jjlate yellowish brown and the head dark red; length 35 — 40 mm. It lives
mostly in the lower portions of old trunks of Birch (Betula) which have thick bark, and here it is found between
the wood and bark, being most frequent on damp ground. It hibernates twice, makes irregular tunnels and
changes in a dense brown, elongate-oval cocoon which is made of gnawed bits of bark and inwardly densely
lined with silk, the cocoon having a lid. Pupa yellowish brown, with thin head-point, and a belt of 6 — 8 spikes
at the rounded anal end. The moths in June and July.

mcsiae- S. mesiaeformis H.-Schdff. (52 a). Near spheciformis, but distinguished at once by the white bands

formis. g^j j-j^p eyes. The moth, moreover, is much slenderer, the colouring of the body and wings darker, more nearly
similar to that of scoliaeformis. Antennae extended yellowish white before the apex, rusty red below and on
inside. Palpi golden yellow, black above and on outside. Patagia with golden yellow inner margin: on each
side of metathorax a yellow tuft of hair. The yellow hind margins of abdominal segments 2 and 4 widened
into a spot at the sides, the belt of 2 laterally continued on to the first segment, segments 4 and 5 of (^
beneath entirely yellowish white; in the $ only segment 4 entirely yellow beneath. Anal tuft uniformly
blue-black, at most slightly mixed with yellow beneath in the middle. Tibiae and tarsi golden yellow, the latter
black-blue at the base and with a broad yellow ring near the apex. The o especially remarkable for the ab-
domen being strongly compressed laterally. — Banat, Herzegovina, Southern and South-Eastern Russia
and the adjacent districts of Siberia. The larva lives exactly like that of scoliaeformis in Alder (Alnus glutinosa)
according to M. Standfuss.

.spheci- S. spheciformis Gerning (51 c). Not so deep black as scoliaeformis. Median spot of forewing almost

inrmw. \,y one-half narrower and proximally not produced into a point. Abdominal segment 2 posteriorly with a
narrow yellow belt which is widened laterally into a spot continued on to segment 1; segment 4 beneath
with narrow yellowish white hind border which is widened laterally; incisions of segments 5 and 6 beneath
often with yellowish scales. Anal brush uniformly black-blue, beneath not or only slightly mixed with yellow.
Femora and tibiae black-blue; hind tibia beneath spotted with yellow; tarsi yellow. Distributed over Northern
and Central Europe, Northern Italy, Bosnia, Roumania, Southern Russia, Ural Mts. (where I found the
species on the wing by day in July 1908 in plantations of Alder), Siberia to Amurland. — The larva 30 — 34 mm
long, cylindrical, somewhat flattened on both sides, yellowish white, the dorsal vessel shining through brownish,
the head brown-red and the nuchal plate pale brown. It hibernates twice and lives in young and old trunks
and shoots of Alder, but also in the tree-stumps. The young larva bores first at the foot of the trunk not very
deep into the wood; later on it tunnels deeper towards the roots and then makes an upward tunnel in the
stem ending under the bark, where it changes after hibernation in April or May into a light yellow chrysalis.
The presence of the larva is easily recognised by the frass being thrown out and lookmg like tree-mould. The
moths emerge from the end of May until July.

ihserla. S. deserta Stgr. (51 c). Near spheciformis, but the distal vitreous area of the forewing narrower al^d the

median band convex proximally. Frons with white bands in front of the eyes. Hindwing with the cross-vein very
slightly incrassate only in the upper portion. Antennae only yellow before the tip in $, uniformly black in ^.
Only abdominal segment 4 above with narrow belt, which is whitish yellow in o and yellow in $; segments 1
and 2 laterally with whitish yellow dots, 2 above in $ with vestiges of a yellow belt; segment 4 beneath

SYNANTHEDON. By M. Bartel. 383

in ,^ like the following segments almost entirely yellowish white, in $ yellowish. Anal tuft slightly margined
with vellow. Fore coxa extended yellow on outside. Legs very pale only on the inner side, predominantly
black on outside; hind tibia very slightly mixed with a paler colour at the base and apex; tarsi with a strong
dark suffusion. ■ — Amurland (early July).

S. bicingulata Stgi . (51 d). Similar to spheciformis and niemueformis, but the forewing narrower, with bicingulaUi.
much narrower median band than in the former. Cross-vein of hindwing slightly incrassate by scaling only in
the upper portion. Antennae above uniformly black-blue, first segment beneath yellow. Frons golden
brown, with white bands in front of the eyes. Head with narrow yellow posterior margin. Palpi yellow,
with the outer half black. Patagia with yellow inner border. Segments 4 and 5 of abdomen above with
broad yellow- belts, which are widest at the sides, segment 1 laterally spotted with yellow, 2 with single yellow
scales at the hind margin, 4, 5, 6 and in ^ also 7 entirely yellow beneath, only the last segment bearing
some black in the centre. Anal tuft above yellow at the tip, beneath extended yellow. Legs black; fore
coxa with broad yellow suffusion on outside; hmd tibia yellow at the base and apex; tarsi nearly entirely yellow.
Legs of $ predominantly yellow. ■ — Amurland (late in July). In a $ before me from coll. PItngeler the longi-
tudinal and wedge-shaped patches of the forewing are slightly suffused with brown, and the hind margin of
the forewing is almost entirely scaled yellow.

S. hector But!. (51 d). Similar to spheciformis, but the antennae without white spot above, being heclor.
uniformly black, and the frons bearing white bands in front of the eyes. Hind margin of head yellow beneath
and at the sides. Thorax uniformly black-blue, without yellow stripes. Abdomen slightly striped with yellow
on the sides of segments 1 and 2, segments 4 and 5 above with very thin yellow belts. Anal brush black-
blue, slightly mixed with brown. On the underside .segments 4 and 5 occupied by two broad, golden yellow,
almost united stripes. Anterior coxa exteriorly yellow; hind tibia with a yellow ring in the middle and at the
apex; tarsi yellowish grey. Wings narrower and darker than in spheciformis, with black-blue margins. Cross-
vein of hindwing onty incrassate by scaling in the upper half. The costal margin of the forewing dark, only
the base being slightly pale in colour. — Japan (Yokohama, Oiwake).

S. tenuis Biitl. (51 c). Wings transparent, with the margins and veins black; beneath both wings Ifnuis.
with bronze-coloured costal margin. Body steel-blue. Collar and two thin abdominal belts silvery white.
Palpi, anterior side of coxae, sides of breast, basal segment of abdomen and a ventral band silvery white.
According to Butler allied to minellata Zell. — Japan (Yokohama, Oiwake).

S. unocingulata spec. nov. (51 d). Belongs to the relationship of bicingulata Stgr., bearing like that uno-
species white bands in front of the eyes. But the antennae are uniformly black-blue, and the uniformly black- <^"mdala.
blue abdomen only bears a broad yellow belt at the apex of segment 4, which is continued across the under-
side. Palpi black, whitish on inside. Head beneath edged with white. Forewing with narrow black borders;
median band one-half narrower than in spheciformis, the distal area also is narrower than in the latter species.
Hindwing with very thin dark border; cross-vein slightly incrassate anteriorly. Legs black-blue, tarsi mixed
with yellow; hind tibia with a yellow ring in middle and at apex. Anal tiift laterally slightly mixed with
yellow. Expanse 24 mm. (1 9)- — Japan.

S. sodalis Pilng. (50g). Herr R. Pxjngeler has kindly lent the type for figuring and sent the following sodalis.
description: "Expanse 24 mm. Similar to spheciformis Gem., but abdomen with a whitish belt on segment 4
instead of on segment 2, and dirty yellow underside. Antenna more strongfy ciliate and without yellow,
likewise the palpi and legs dark. — North Tibet: Kuku-Nor, 1 ^ (RtrcKBEiL)". Type in coll. Ptjngeler.

S. andrenaeformis Lasp. (51 d). This is the first species of a group of small forms whose larvae live andrenac-
likewise in trees and shrubs. S. andrenaeformis is especially distinguished from the following allied species lormis.
by the absence of the white bands in front of the eyes, by the patagia not being edged with yellow at the
dorsal margin, and the abdomen being ringed with yellow only on segments 2 and 4. Anal brush of c^ orange-
yellow in the middle and at the tip, in 9 only strongly mixed with yellow at the apex. Abdominal segments
1 and 2 spotted with yellow on the sides. Abdomen of the ^ distinguished from that of the allied species
by being strongly compressed laterally; it bears a very long anal tuft and the segments 4 — 6 and the
dorsum of 7 are glossy silvery w hite : in 9 only the edge of segment 4 is broadly and that of 5 narrowly white
or yellowish, 6 sometimes posteriorly also with vestiges of yellow colouring. Rarely are also in 9 segments
4 and 5 entirely silvery white. Palpi whitish or yellowish, black on outside. Distal area of forewing wath
a reddish sheen. In ( ? ab.) monedulaeformis Bdv., from Andalusia, the abdominal belts are paler yellow-, imnedulae-
the anal brush also being yellowish white. — From Great Britain, Belgium, Austria-Hungary, Bosnia, Carinthia, formts.
Switzerland, South-Eastern Russia and the adjacent districts of Asia, of Eastern Russia and Asia IMinor.
The larva lives in the small stems of Snowball (Viburnum lantana, rarely in V. opulus) according to Roth-
schild (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906 p. 471). At the place quoted the habits, caterpillar and chrysalis
are described in great detail. The larva bores a straight tunnel in the centre of the stems or branches of
the food-plant, and pupates without cocoon at the end of the tunnel, which almost stands at a right angle
to the central tunnel. The moths emerge from the middle of May until July.

■.m SYNANTHEDON. By M. Bartei,.

nifibasalis. S. rufibasalis Bartei. Much smaller than aiidrenaeformis and like this without white band in front of

the eyes. Palpi with bushy hair, yellow, exteriorly black. Body black-blue; hind edges of abdominal seg-
ments 2 and 4 narrowly yellow above. Anal tuft only beneath with yellowish middle stripe and feebly
mixed with yellowash at the tip. Legs yellow, tibiae blackish; hind tibia only blackish at the base and apex.
Antenna uniformly black. Particularly distinguished by the extended red-yellow colouring of the base of
tlie forewing, which colour is also spread over the hind margin. Discal spot edged with vermilion exteriorly
(on the underside also proximallj'). Costal and distal margins of forewing brown-black, with a golden
sheen; marginal cells minutely golden yellow. Underside of wings almost entirely golden yellow on the scal-
ed parts; costal margin of hindwing beneath orange-yellow, likewise the base. — Upper Engadine (Pontresina,
July 16. 1905, 1 (J caught by me). Larva presumably in Salix.
aitrivillii. S. aurivilHi Lampa. Nearly allied to rufibasalis and like this without white bands in front of the

eyes. Palpi black above and partlj^ also outwardly. Anal tuft uniformly black-brown above and below. Fe-
mora and tibiae black with metallic gloss; only the tarsi and the tip of the hind tibia yellow. Easily recognised
by the anal tuft and the legs. The abdomen, moreover, is said not to bear 2 j'ellow dorsal belts; but the
statement cannot be verified, as the tj'pe is somewhat worn. These notes on the species were kindly sent me
by Prof. AuRmLLirs, after I had been able to satisfy myself about the specific distinctness from poluris
of the tjqjc in the Stockholm Museum. • — Lapland.

flaiiveiilris. S. flaviventris Stgr. (51 d). Similar to cephiforrnis and tipuliformis, but the hind margin of the head

not yellow, and the thorax uniformly dark, without yellow edges to the patagia. Abdominal segments 4 — 6
entirely yellow beneath. Anal brush of $ striped with yellow at the sides. Antenna pale beneath. Median
band of forewing rather broad, very oblique. Outer vitreous patch very narrow, oblique, its first partition
extending farther distad; marginal area above only with a very feeble red tint. — Probably distributed over
the whole of the North German plains, but hitherto only found in Mecklenburg (Friedland, Neustrelitz),
Pommerania (mouth of River Peene), environs of Hamburg and Kiel, in Silesia (Kohlfurt), at St. Petersbourg
and in the province of Oblonetz. The larva lives in the branches of a Salix with rough leaves (pre.siimably
Salix caprea), in or not far above slight swellings which recall the Saperda-gall on Populus tremula. It is
usually found in branches about the thickness of a pencil or a little thicker, especially in shrubs growing on
moors: but it has also been met with on wet meadow's and even in bushes which grew on a sandy soil. The
best time for sarching is April, wlien the shrubs are still without leaves. Pupation in June, the head of the
pupa directed downwards. The moths emerge in June and July.

lipulijormis. S. tipuliformis A. (= spuleri Fuchs) (51 d). The best known and most widely distributed species

of the genus. Head with j^ellow posterior margin. Patagia dorsally edged with yellow^ Abdominal segments 2,
4, 6 and in (^ also 7 with yellow belt on upperside; beneath segment 4 with yellow hind margin, while 5 and
(i bear only some yellow admixture. Metathorax without yellow transverse spot. Anal brush uniformly
black, at most in q beneath very slightly mixed with yellow in the middle. The outer vitreous area with
straight proximal edge; marginal cells filled in with red. Very rarely specimens are obtained in Avhich the
wing-membrane is browni; also examples with the anal brush yellow at the sides have been found. — ■ Distri-
l)uted throughout Europe together with the food-plant, nortliward to Lapland and Finland, but apparently
not yet recorded from the Iberian Peninsula, eastward to Amasia, Cis- and Transcaucasia, Uralsk district
and Siberia. Introduced with the food-plant into North-America and New Zealand. Larva slender, 20 — 30 mm
long, whitish, with very thin small hairs. Dorsal line dark; head and thoracical legs brown; pronotal plate
divided by a light brown line. It hibernates only once and lives chiefly in the branches of various species of
Kibes (R. nigrum, rubrum, gros.sularia. alpina) feeding on the pith; more rarely in young shoots of Hazel
(Corylus). in branches of Juniper and Evonynius europaeus: sometimes destructive in gardens among currants.
Pupation usually in May or June, rarely already in April, the pupa being brownish y 'llo»v. The moths appear
over a long period, emerging from May until early September. ■ — The larvae feeding in Juniper are the
xpulerl. cause of goitre-like swellings on the branches; the moths bred from them are larger. The form spuleri Fuchs
based on specimens obtained from Juniper does not show any difference from ordinary tipuliformis according
to an examination of the type.

cephiformis. S. cephiformis O. (51 d). Larger than tipuliformis 0. and easily distinguished from it by the yellow

hair of the metathorax and by the anal brush. The latter is black in r^, mixed with yellow medianly at the
apex, in 9 bright yellow, this colour more extended above than beneath, the tuft only being black at the
base and sides. The marginal cells of the forewing very feebly suffused with yellow on the dark border. At the
base of the forewing a yellow dot near the outer edge of the patagia, the spot, however, being sometimes
invisible. Rarely occur $$ with the anal tuft black above instead of golden yellow. Distributed throughout
Southern, Central and Eastern Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Rou-
mania, Greece, Kuban district, Transcaucasia. Pontus and Hvrcania. The larva is bone-white, biennial,
and lives in the swellings and cancerous growths caused by the attack of the fungus Aecidium elatinum
on the trunks, twigs and larger branches of Abies alba, Picea excelsa and Larix europaea, and betrays itself
by the frass. Usually a number occur in the same swelling; as many as 67 moths have been bred from a
moderately large growth. The green sw^ellings are best collected in April and May; the moths emerge

Publ. I. VI. i'.,i-. SYNANTHEDON. By M. Bartel. . 385

])i<jduee I'roin the cud of May until early August ; larvae collected one year old and bred in captivity very much
dwarfed moths.

S. conopiformis Eap. (51 d). Similar to tipuliformis, but the cells witliin the dark outer border of the conopijor-
forewing filled in Avith brilliant reddish brown or coppery read above and below; this coppery colouring spread '"^*-
over the outer half of tiie hind margin. Discal spot relatively narrower, concave on distal side. Palpi brighter,
orange-yellow. Metathorax with a yellow transverse spot. Differs from cephiformis in the absence of the yellow
spot on the patagia near the base of the forewing and in the anal tuft being uniformly black-blue in both sexes.
Fore coxa more orange-yellow on outside, in the other two species mentioned more yellow. Always larger and
more robust than <ip«7«7o;v/iJA\ — Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Austria- Hungary, Dalmatia, Northern
and Central Italy, Sicily, Southern Russia, South-Eastern Russia and the adjacent districts of Asia, Trans-
caucasia and North Persia. Larva wliitish, cyUndrical, flattened towards both ends, sparsely clothed with
short erect small hairs. Dorsal vessel sliining through dark. Stigmata black; below them a diffuse yellowish
longitudinal stripe. Pronotal plate light brown; head brown, anteriorly black. Biennial, under the bark of
old diseased or dead Oak, where the bark is split or in cancerous swellings, making many ciu'ved or irregularly
shaped tunnels, wliich are very large as compared with those of other species. The larva has also been found
in Lower Austria in the stem of the Mistletoe (Viscum album) near the base of the plant. Pupation from May
until early July in an ovate cocoon made of gnawed wood. The moths emerge from June to August, rarely
still in September, in favourable years already in May.

S. vespiformis L. (= asiliformis Rott.) (51 e). Median band of foreT;\ing bounded by red-lead colour on vespiformis.
outside, but usually entirely of this colour, wliich extends distad along the costal margin; marginal border
rather narrow above, black-brown, in $ brownish. At the base of the forewing a yellow spot. Head black,
with white bands in front of the eyes, and yellow collar. Patagia ^lith yellow inner edge. Abdomen above with
j^ellow belts on segments 2, 4, 6 and in o also 7; 5 not rarely with an additional feeble yellow belt. On the
underside .segments 4 and 6, in (J also 7, posteriorly edged with yellow. Anal brush black-blue in (J, beneath
yellow medianly at the apex and at the sides; in ? broader and above golden yellow with a small black line
in the centre at the base, beneath black with only the tip yellow. On the metathorax a yellow spot. Femora
and tibiae yellow; the mid and hind tibiae with broad black subapical ring. — • From Southern Sweden, Fin-
land, St. Petersbourg, and England throughout Central and South Europe, North-Western Africa, Kuban
district, Transcaucasia, and Asia ACnor. — Specimens in which the forewing is entirely bordered with red, apart
from the veins in the distal marginal border, are ab. rufimarginata»S'p(</., Rheingau (Bornich). — ab. mellinifor- rufimarrji-
mis Li.$p. is a questionable smaller form with pale golden-yellow colouring of the distal border to the forewing ""'"; .,
and without yellow inner edges to the patagia; moreover, the discal spot of the forewing is predominantly black, ^j^.
with thin golden yellow border on the outside; femora and tibiae black-blue, the latter yellow at the base and
on the outside; tarsi yellow, black at the apex; from Saxony, Lower Austria, Southern France and Spain, May
and June. — codeti Oberth. (= puigi Oherth.) (51 e) is a very small form from Algeria. A $ before me from codeti.
PhilippeviUe (May 6. 1906) is slenderer than Central European specimens, with the antenna relatively very
tliin. The outer vitreous patch much more irregularly convex outwardly. Costal margin scaled dark brown,
with feeble yellow intermixture. Collar dark. Metathorax with very strong yellow tuft. The yellow belt of
the fourth abdominal segment very strongly widened at the sides, segments 4 — ^6 entirely yellow on underside.
Anal brush dirty yellow, black above at the base, apex and .sides; beneath black, medianly mixed with yellow
at the apex. Legs dirty yellow, femora ringed with black. — Larva 20 — ^30 mm long, bone-colour, strongly
transparent bluish grey, especially on the back, minutely dotted with black and clothed with tliin hairs. Head
dark brown, anteriorly bordered with black. Pronotal plate and anal tergite brownish yellow, the former darker,
pencilled with brown. Thoracical legs light brown; prolegs beneath ringed with brown. It is annual and lives
in the stems of Oak between the bark and wood, often numerous in stumps, but also in rough swellings and
cancerous growths of old trunks. Hibernates in a slight web, which it usually leaves in April in order to made
a harder cocoon from particles of wood deep in the crevices of the bark. Singly also found under the bark of
Chestnut (Castanea sativa). in Walnut and Beech (Fagus silvatica); at Malaga also observed in Tamarisk
(Tamarindus). Pupa yellowish brown, with a spike on the head and 2 rows of spikes on each abdominal seg-
ment ; anal end truncate, with a belt of 6 — S small spikes. The moths emerges from April to September, usually
from June until early August.

S. niyopaeformis So/'M. (51e). Forewing with the margins and veins black and the vitreous areas large; myopae-
outer area with a slight brown-red sheen. Antennae uniformly black. Above eyes a white stripe. Palpi of o black /'"■>«w-
exteriorly, white on inside, in 9 entirely black. Abdomen with a red belt on segment 4, which is open beneath
in the 5; in (J underside of segments 4 — 6 (often also 7) occupied by a silvery white stripe. Anal brush black-
blue, in ^ beneath yellowish in the middle. Legs black -blue; tarsi of ^ beneath dirty yellow, of $ brownish.
Throughout Central and Northern Europe (northward to Christiania) with, the exception of the Polar countries,
also found in the Pyrenees, Northern Italy, Dalmatia, Roumania, Bulgaria, Greece, Southern Russia, Kuban

II 49

38G * SYNANTHEDON. By M. Hartei,.

district, Transcaucasia and Northern Asia Minor. In Greece occurs a form in which the outer area of the fore-
gmeca. wing is golden yellow and the abdominal segments 2 and 3 are more or less dusted with red : graeca Stgr. A larger
derjans. S^'^rian form, elegans Led. (50 g), which has also been found in Egyjit and Spain, is distinguished by the ^dng
borders being broader and their scahng darker, particularly the outer border of the forewing broader and the
scaling on the cross-vein of the hindwing stronger; the larva of tliis form in Egypt also in Apple-trees. — ■ Larva
18 — ^24 mm long, light wax-yellow or whitish grey, with a reddish suffusion; the dorsal vessel shining through
reddish, the sides bearing single thin dark small hairs. Stigmata black. Head and pronotal plate dark brown-
red. Lives under the bark, more rarely in branches, particularly in Apple (Pirns mains), more rarely Pear (P. com-
munis). Mountain Ash (P. aucuparia). Cherry (Prunus ccrasus), Plum (Prunus domestica). Apricot (P. ai-meniaca),
and also in Hawthorn (Crataegus), chiefly in sickly trees in cancerous places, between the bark and wood. It
is an annual, and throws out but little or no frass; pupation from the end of April until the end of June in
a slight cocoon made of gnawed bark; the clu-ysalis long and brownish yellow. The moths appear from the
end of May until the end of August.

. iiralensis. S. uralensis Bartel (52 b). Similar to myopaeformis, but without the white bands in front of the e^-es

and a narrower median spot on the forewing; the costal margin of the forewing yellowish beneath. Antennae
uniformly black. Palpi black, yellowish on inside. Abdominal segment 4 red above and beneath; the last 3
segments likewise red beneath, the colour decreasing in intensity posteriorly. Anal tuft ((J) black, laterally at the
ape.x mixed with with red-yellow, beneath red-yellow. Legs black, tibiae and tarsi with broad yellow rings.
Distinguishable from culiciformis, apart from the cUfferent palpi, by the abdomen, anal tuft and the absence
of red scaling at the base of the forewing. — ■ Uralsk, middle of July, 2 ^,^.

lalischmsis. S. talischensis Bartel. Expanse 21 mm, length of forewing 10 mm (J). Of the size of S. culiciformis,

but somewhat more broad-winged and of stouter build. Forewing with the borders and veins deep black, without
red colouring at the base. The median spot almost twice as broad as in culiciformis, and proximally somewhat
oblique. The outer vitreous patch very large, the upper partition not sliifted basad as in culiciformis, the outer
edge of the vitreous patch therefore being straight. The marginal area, broader, entirely black, without the
coppery sheen of culiciformis. The fringes of both wings also darker than in that species, likewise the narrow
border of the hindwing and the much stronger central lunule. On the underside of the wings the scaled parts
black, only the costal margin of the forewing and the very thin costal margin of the hindwing are slightly yellow.
It is noteworthy that the outer margin is dark in this species and the colouring of the costal margins not inclines
towards red. Body black. Palpi red, black on outside. Antenna (broken in type) somewhat stronger than in
S. culiciformis, with rather longer cilia, above slightly lighter before the tip. Abdomen with the red belt much
narrower and not dilated at the sides; moreover, the red lateral streak is absent from the anterior segments.
Legs black, only the tarsi irrorated with dirty yellow; hind tarsi with a but very slightly prominent yellowish
ring at the base. Breast with red lateral spot. Anal tuft very long, particularly laterally. S. talischensis is
avery peculiar species. It agrees neither with culiciformis, from wliich it differs in the absence of the red colouring
at the base of the forewing, in the broad median spot of the same wing, the antennae bearing a white spot
before the apex, etc., nor with the other species with red belt and red-spotted breast. The red palpi with black
stripe and the white-spotted antenna distinguish the species easily from S. luctuosa and duplex. The former
character at once separates the species from S. myopaeformis and pipiziformis Led.; the very narrow simple
abdominal belt and uniformly black anal tuft are good characters distinguishing it from S. typhiaeformis and
cruentata. It is separated from S. uralensis by the red palpi, the broad median spot of the forewing, the uni-
formly black anal tuft, etc. S. myopaeformis, luctuosa, typhiaeformis, cruentata and pipiziformis, moreover,
have white spots in front of the eyes. — • Transcaucasia (Lenkoran, June 30. 1897, on Alder, collected by Korb).
Type in coll. Bohatsch, Vienna.

luctuosa. S. luctuosa Led. Allied to myopaeformis, but the blue black borders of the forewing very broad, and

the vitreous patches consequently very small. Outer vitreous area strongly reduced, rounded, composed of 3
partitions only; transverse band of forewing twice as broad as in myopaeformis. Hindwing always \vith an
extraordinarily broad outer border and on the cross-vein with a thick spot of even width. Palpi steel-blue. The
red belt of abdominal segment 4 does not reach so far on to the ventral side as in myopaeformis. and segment
0 is always dark beneath in the ^. Anal tuft and legs steel-blue; tarsi with light-colom-ed rings in the (^. — •
North- Western Asia Minor (Brussa), Smyrna, Cyprus, and Syria, in June; questionably also at Constantinople.

rluplcr. S. duplex Stgr. Similar to luctuosa and like that species with the black borders of the forewing broad

and tlie vitreous patches small; the longitudinal vitreous patch absent and the wedge-spot strongly reduced.
Oater \atreous area only containing 3 partitions. Outer area with some pale scales. Distal margin of hindwing
not broader than in myopaeformis, but the bar of scales on the cross-vein broader. Body black' Palpi with
long and rough hair. Abdomen above with the entire segment 4 and the greater jjortion of 6 yellowish red.
Beneath only a few red scales in the dark gromid at the apex of segment 4 or at the sides of 5. Anal tuft

SYNANTHEDON. By M. Bartel. 387

and legs black; fore tibia reddish yellow on inside; tarsi mixed with light scahng; tibiae of liind leg with con-
spicuous red hair excepting a short basal portion. — Samarkand (9).

S. albanica Rebel. Near luctuosa and duplex Stgr. ; but the abdomen stout and above and beneath entirely albaniai.
uniform black-green. Antennae black, with long cilia, brownish on inside. Palpi uniformljr black-green, the
middle segment with long bushy hair. Anterior margin of eyes yellowish wliite. Legs uniformly black-green.
Longitudinal vitreous spot of the black-brown forewing extending to the broad median band, outer vitreous
patch oval, traversed by 3 veins; other^vise no light scaling on the forewing. Fringes paler. Cross-vein of hind-
wing without scahng, the other veins and the distal margin brown-black, Ukewise all the wing-margins on the
underside. Expanse 19.5 mm. ■ — ■ Albania (Kisbarda near Valona, early June).

S. typhiaeformis i?o?'M. (52a). The forewing with blue-black margins, the distal border having a red- lyphiae-
brown tone. Cross-vein of hind wing slightly incrassate. Body black-blue. White bands in front of the eyes. /"'''"'*'■
Palpi black above and at the sides, reddish yellow beneath. Antennae white above before the apex. Abdomen
above with a narrow red-yellow liindmarginal belt on segment 2 and a broader one on 4, on underside a similar
but whitish belt on segments 4 and 5. Anal brush black-blue, in (^ whitish beneath in the centre; in $ uniformly
black-blue. Legs black-blue; tarsi blackish above, whitish yellow or grey beneath. Abdomen of (J strongly
compressed laterally. — Rather sporadic and rare; only known from South Germany (Augsburg, ? Frankfort
o. M.), Lower Austria, Dalmatia, Northern and Central Italy (southward to Naples and Taranto) and France
(northward to Paris). The larva lives in the branches of Apple-trees, particularly in the lowest branches. Moth
in June.

S. cruentata Mann (52 a). Differs from typhiaeformis particularly in that the abdomen bears red scales, crneniata.
wliich however do not form sharply defined belts; segments 1 — 4 above almo.st entirely red, 1 and 2 bearing
black scales in the centre, almost condensed to spots. However, the red scaling varies somewhat in extent,
sometimes only segments 1 and 2 having red spots above, while the other segments bear only sparse red scales.
The sides of segments 1, 2 and 4 are striped with red. Venter uniformly black. Anal tuft slightly pale yellow
beneath in the middle. Palpi blue-black, rusty yellow beneath on segments 1 and 2. Antennae a beautiful
yellowish white before the tip. Distal margin of forewing black-brown, with a reddish tint; the median spot
rather broad, black. Legs black; tarsi mixed with yellow. — Sicily (May, June). Larva in Apple-trees.

S. pipiziformis Led. (52 b). Antenna likewise with a white spot before the apex, but the palpi white pipizifor-
baneath and black above. The lateral edges of all the abdominal segments, and segment 4 above, a narrower '"^'•
dorsal border to the tail, as well as a thin median line in the tail on the underside orange-red or pale golden
yellow. Eyes with pale golden yellow border. Legs steel-blue; tibiae yellowish white on the inside at base and
apex and along the whole outside, tarsi likewise yellowish white. The $ is more compact and stouter, with the
median band and outer border of the forewing broader, and the outer vitreous patch smaller and more rounded.
Anal brush black above and below. — Syria (Beyrut, in the spring) and Southern Taurus.

S. culiciformis L. (51 e). Costal and hind margins of forewing above red beyond the base. Palpi ved-ciclieiformis.
yellow, black on outside. Antennae uniformly black. Frons with white bands at the eyes. Segment 4 of ab-
domen with a red belt which is of equal width above and below, segments 1 and 2 with red-yellow lateral stripe.
Legs black-blue; tibiae yellow on inside, tarsi also yellow. Breast with a large red-yellow lateral spot. Anal
tuft black, often with whitish hair at the very tip. In rare cases the wings are luteous on the upperside. The
following aberrations have received names, a) ab. biannulata Bartel, with an additional red belt above on seg- biannulata.
ment 2. b) ab. triannulata SpuL, with a further red belt above on segment 5; forms similar to biannulata also iriannulaia.
known from the Kuku-Nor and L^ssuri (coll. Punoeler). c) ab. flavocingulata Spul., with all the red coloui'ing flavocin-
replaced by yellow, which is especially conspicuous on segment 4; tliis form commoner locally in England. S"'"'"-
d) ab. thynniformis Zell. has likewise a yellow belt on segment 4, but also the other segments have yellow thynni-
hind margins, the collar and upperside of the antennae being also yellow, the distal area of the forewing bearing /""'"'«•
yellow streaks and the anal tuft being luteous with steal-blue streaks ; only known from Silesia, Mark Branden-
burg, and Darmstadt. — S. culiciformis is distributed with the Birch all over Europe, extending northward to
Alten, Nordland, Lapmark, Finland, southward to Sjiain, Piedmont, Croatia, Dalmatia, Servia, Bulgaria,
Roumania, South Russia, Transcaucasia, and reaching from the Ural and Volga districts over Siberia to the
Kentei Mts. and Northern China. Larva whitish grey or wliitish yellow, with yellowish brown pronotum and
light brown head. It feeds in the trunks and stumps of Birch under the bark, but also in younger shoots,
more rarely in the wood of Alder, but also in the branches and suckers of young Aldertrees. It changes after
hibernating once into an ochreous pupa in April or May. The elongate cocoon is somewhat impressed in the
centre; it is not granular as in the other species, but covered on outside with thin long particles of wood, such
particles also being found in the tunnel between cocoon and orifice. The moths from May to July.

S. stomoxyformis Hbn. (51 e). Considerably larger than culiciformis. Forewing not red at the h&sa, stomoxy-

formis.

388 SYNANTHEBON. By M. Bartel.

with a largo outer vitreous area divided into 5 spots. The cross-vein of the hindwing considerably more incras-
sate. No white borders to the eyes. Palpi black-blue. Patagia red inwardly. Abdominal segment 4 entirely
red above, the sides of 5, 6 and in o also 7 are spotted with red; beneath the last 3 (in ,^ 4) segments red.
Anal tuft of (J with lateral yellowish stripes. Breast without red spot near base of wings. Legs blue-black, tarsi
yellowish. Distributed over the greater part of Central Europe, North Italy, South France, Spain, Portugal,
East Ruinelia, Volga and Ural districts, Transcaucasia and Asia Minor. — In the latter country, in Syria and
amasina. North Persia it is represented by the form amasina Stgr., in which the proximal vitreous spots are reduced,
the outer vitreous area consists of only 3 spots and the dark scaling on the cross-vein of the hindwing is broader.
Moreover, the belt of the abdomen is orange-red above, dirty yellow beneath, similarly coloured atoms being
present on segments 5 and 6 on underside. More rarely is the belt the same colour all round, spreading over the
underside of segments 5 and 6. — Larva in Medlar (Mespilus germanica); moth from May to the end of July.

velox. S. velox Fixs. (51 e). Differs from sto)noxyformis in the narrower median band of the forewing, in the

cross-vein of the liindwing only being scaled in the upper half, the band of the forewing being scaled golden
yellow beneath, the palpi wliite-hairy with the first segment entirely white, the second blackish on the upper
portion of the outer side, and the third entirely black. Further, the eyes are bordered with white anteriorly;
segments 4 and 5 of abdomen are red; the anal brush shorter, red mixed with blackish; legs with green sheen,
the rings on the tibiae and tarsi as well as the spurs white. Expanse 26 mm. — Corea (Pung-Ting, middle of
August).
polaris, S. polaris Stgr. Abdomen uniformlj' black without coloured belt. The outer vitreous patch of the fore-

wing traversed by 4 veins, being higher than broad. Distal border of hindwing narrow, black. Palpi black,
yellowish red on inside and beneath. Antennae blue-black, exteriorly and anteriorly with a very slight yellow
suffusion. The last abdominal segment beneath and the anal tuft on the sides with long yellowish red hair.
Breast with some red scales on the sides. Tibiae yellow on inside; tarsi almost entirely yellow. Costal margin,
median band and outer border of forewing brownish black, hind margin entirely reddish; above the outer vitre-
ous patch a red streak and on the outer border reddish scales. Cross-vein of hindwing anteriorly much tlucker
than in culiciformis. On the under surface the costal margins of both wings extended yellow-red, the outer
area of forewing with 6 yellow-red small wedge-streaks, and the veins of hindwing suffused with yellow-red. —
Hitherto only found in Central Norway (Dovrefjeld), Lapland (Lule), Kuusamo andPohjois-Pohjanmaa (Fin-
land) and in theKenteiMts. ; but probably distributed over the whole of Northern Europe and Asia. The larva
is said to feed in Dwarf Birch (Betula nana).

iormUac- S. formisaeformis Esp. (51 f). Median band of forewing black, wdth a tliin brown-red outer border.

formis. Xhe whole outer area a beautiful brown-red, costal and hind margins dusted with brown-red. Antennae black.
Frons with wliite bands before the eyes. Palpi red, black on outside. Abdominal segment 4 above entirely
red, 5 partly so; beneath, segments 4 and 5 entirely and 6 partly red. Anal brush with whitish stripes on sides
in ?; in o yellowish, the apex of the lateral portion yellowish beneath mixed with yellowish. Breast without
coloured spot. Legs black, tarsi yellowish, mid tibia with one and hind tibia with two whitish yellow rings. ■ —
Distributed throughout Europe (excepting the Polar countries), Central Ural, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Siberia
to Amurland. Specimens from the Lena district (Ytyk-haja, July 5) have the distal border of the forewing
blackish. Larva wliitish yellow, on the abdomen with feeble longitudinal line shining through, on the last seg-
ment two wart-hke tubercles each of which hears a small hair, and on each side with 3 rows of tliin short hairs
placed on granules. Head red-brown, pronotum paler, the former with bristly hair. The outer margin of the
mandibles forms a portion of a circle, the inner margin bearing before the apex 3 triangular teeth of equal size.
On the anal legs a brownish spot. Lives until May in the low stumps of cut-down bushes of Salix, especially
in the stumps of osiers cut the year before, up to 2 feet above the ground, and also in the stems and branches
entirely dwarfed bushes of Salix. Hibernates once and turns in April or May in the tunnel into a yellowish
brown pupa. The moth from May until August, chiefly in June. The larva, according to Gross and Sorhagen,
Nalso lives in the goiter-like swellings of the younger trees and branches of Sallow (Salix caprea) in sunny loca-
lities; but it is has not been ascertained if the abnormal growths are due to the larvae.

serica. S. serica Alph. (50 g). Distinguished from formicaeformis by the uniformly coppery red median band

of the forewing. Distal border narrower than in the previous species. Fourth segment of abdomen entirely cop-
pery red, third segment with slight red scahng. Yellow colouring of liind tibia stronger and brighter. — Kuldja
district, end of May, 1 ,^ at Kunges, 4000 ft. 1 ^ and 1 $ from Uralsk (June) agree well with the original
description, only the red belt occupies ventrally segments 4 and 5; these specimens are smaller, 17 — 18 mm,
and conspicuously red at the base of the forewing.

nihonica. S. nihotiica spec. nov. (50 g). Herr Fr. Scbiba has kindly sent me for description a cJ and a $ which has

a different facies from the other known species of this genus and are doubtless closely related to the Indian
genus Ichneumonoptera Hamps. However, vein 2 of the forewing is not absent in them, but approaches 3
very clos?ly. Palpi with the end-segment long and pointed. Antenna of o "«ith short cilia. Hind tibia of $
rather strongly hairy. Anal tuft very long, in S very strongly pointed and folded together. Veins 7 and 8

DTPSOSPHECIA. By M. Bartel. 389

forewing on a long stalk, 3 and 4 of hindwing on a short one. The species represents perhaps a separate genus
which would be best placed near Synnnthedon. Proboscis a very long spiral. Vitreous areas of fore^-ing very
large, outer vitreous patch consisting of 5 spots; median band of forewing very narrow, yellow on distal
side. Eyes with broad white anterior borders. Frons, vertex, inner edges of patagia, metathorax, hind mar-
gins of all the abdominal segments, anal tuft of ,^ and the legs yellow. Palpi also yellow, on outside thinly black.
Antennae black, beneath ochreous, in $ above before tip with a yellow spot. Anal tuft of (^ black, beneath
yellow at apex, and sides with thin yellow stripes. Tibiae ringed with black. The abdomen of the ^ is character-
istic, being ventricose beneath, strongly compressed laterally and very strongly pointed. — Japan.

7. Genus: l>i]>.s4»spliccia Spul. (1910).

Spuler was quite justified in erecting a new genus for the species allied to ichneumoniforrnis. He
bases it particularly on the strongly atrophied or soft proboscis, whose reduction, according to Pungeler,
doubtless indicates that the organs of digestion also are modified. A peculiarity of the species of this genus
is the colouring of the median band of the forewing, tliis band being mostly bordered or spotted with red on
the outer side, while the wing itself is sometimes orange-red, being entirely dark only in a few $$; and it is
further characteristic that tlie known larvae live in the roots of Papilionaceae, and that Central Asia is espe-
cially rich in bright-coloured species, so that many interesting discoveries may be expected from that region.
The bright belts of the abdomen are nearly all continued over the underside. Veins 10 and 1 1 of the forewing
approximate towards costal margin, but are not previously coincident. — Type: D. ichneumoniforrnis F.

D. palariformis Led. (51 f). The sexes very different; the abdom_en of $ conspicuously narrowing pa7ari/or-
posteriorly ; veins 3 and 4 of hindwing not stalked. Forewing of ,^ with dark margins, very oblique dark median ""^■
band and distinct vitreous i^atches, of which the longitudinal one does not quite reach to the median band.
Fringes of both wings glossy grey-white. Cross-vein of hindwing broadly covered with dark scaling for its en-
tire length. Antenna black, exceedingly strongly serrate and very strongly ciliate. Palpi with bushy hair,
pale yellow, black on outside, end-segment long and pointed, yellow. Eyes with white anterior borders. Body
black, thorax anteriorly and at the sides with rather long grey hair, posteriorly with some yellow hairs. Ab-
domen with a thin pale j'ellow belt on segment 2, broader ones on 4, 6 and 7 ; on underside 4 with thin yellow
border and 5 — 7 with yellow .spots laterally. Anal tuft black, beneath yellow in the centre. Breast without
coloured spot below the wing-base. Femora black, tibiae and tarsi pale yellow, the former with black rings. The $
stouter, with the abdomen larger and very pointed. The forewing the colour of red lead, the costal and distal
borders broad and black-brown; median band with broad proximal border and tliin cUstal one of the colour of
red lead. No vitreous patches, or only the wedge-spot and the outer vitreous patch indicated by the scaling
being thinner, shining through. Hindwing as in ^, but the veins scaled red and the inner margin extended
red-yellow; cross-vein as in (J broadly covered with dark scaling, but with thin red border. Underside of wings
red lead colour with the exception of the dark outer borders, the cross-vein of the hindwing and a thin bar on
the cross-vein of the forewing. Palpi with very long reddish yellow hair, only the base being rather strongly
black-hairy. Antennae without cilia, relatively short and thick. Frons and collar whitish. A large yellow spot
on the patagia near the base of the forewing (only vestigial in (J). Thorax uniformly black. Abdomen with
broad yellow belts on segments 2, 4, 6. Breast uniformly black. Femora and tibiae orange. — Asia Minor
(Amasia, June), Anatolia (Konia), Taurus, Syria (Damascus), Malatia, Mesopotamia. — A larger and more
red form from Malatia has been separated as ab. rubrescens Stgr. rubrescens.

D. diocttriiformis Eom. A doubtful pecies, only one specimen known, from Southern Transcaucasia, dwctirii-
Expanse 15 mm ($). The facies is that of pnlnriformis, of which it ispos.sibly only a variety. The forewing,
however, with little orange-red colouring, rather broad black margins and median band, the latter agreeing
with that of palariformis. Fringes of both wings dark brown. Underside of wings with little orange colouring.
Body blue-black; frons j^e'llowish wliite. Antennae short and rather stout. Second segment of palpi ochreous,
tliird also ochreous, with a little black on inside. Abdomen with 3 light yellow belts and black anal brush. Legs
black, tibiae dirty yellow in the centre. — Differs from palariformis, of which it is probably only an aberrant $
or, according to PIjngelee, a mere synonym, in the very broad black distal area of the forewing, the very broad
distal border of the liindwing and the red base of this wing (the inner margin being dark), the much reduced
red lead colour on the forewing, and the dark legs.

iormis.

D. dispar Stgr. (52 a). The sexes of this pecular species are very different in colour and markings; it diapar.
represents probably another genus, the very late appearance of the moth pointing in that direction. In the S
the forewing is vitreous, partly covered with small dark scales, the costal margin being broadly black and
the veins blackish; liind margin pale yellowish; at the apex of the cell a narrow black band; costal margin

390 DIPSOSPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

distally narrowly bordered with yellow. Antennae black, relatively much longer than in Par. tabaniformis,
with short pectinations. Vertex black, mixed with yellowish towards miderside. Frons glossy silver-grey.
Palpi with very long hair, pale yellowish grey, blackish on outside. Thorax and abdomen black, the former
with some light colouring. Abdomen with rough hair, segments 4, 5 and 6 with distinct yellow belts and seg-
ments 2, 3 and 7 posteriorly mixed with yellow; the yellow belts more obsolescent beneath. Anal tuft black,
with shghtly pale admixture. Legs dirty yellowish grey, mixed with blackish. The smaller $ is entirely dif-
ferent from the cj, being almost completely black. Forewing deep black, entirely opaque. Hindwing likewise
black, but the scaling rather tlunner on the disc. All other parts of the body deep black, only the frons is glossy
silver-grey in front of the eyes. Palpi not so rough-hairy as in ^, above and on inside pale greyish yellow. ■ —
South Algeria (Biskra) and Tunisia (Gafsa). The species has been bred in October from larvae which were
found in April in the roots of a Papilionaceous plant.

barbara. D. barbara spec. nov. Expanse 12 mm. Although I have before me only a single defective ,^, I de-

scribe it as a new species, because the characters present are sufficient to distinguish the insect from all the
other species. This cj is stout and robust in build, black, with the antenna dentate and strongly ciliate, the
palpi yellow and very slender, with the third segment quite unusually long and pointed, the frons dusted with
yellowish scales, the vertex bearing long grey hair, and the hind margin of the head being yellow. Patagia
with a white spot near the wing-base and apparenth^ yellow imier border. On the metathorax a whitish tuft
of hair. Abdomen with the margins of segments 2, 4, 5 and 6 narrowly white, the belts not bsing closed on
underside, being here represented by lateral spots. Anal tuft black, beneath yellow centrally at the apex.
Legs black, with yellow rings; hind tibia with yellowish middle spot. The forewing have large vitreous patches,
the longitudinal patch being very long and the outer one consisting of 5 spots of which the 3 central ones almost
reach to the distal margin and bear yellowish scales distally, while the other two spots are somewhat short.
The broad median band is black, bearing a yellow sj^ot distally. The longitudinal patch is edged with yellow
posteriorly. The dark scaling of the margins slightly dusted with yellow. Hindwing with narrow brown border
and black base; cross-vein broadened anteriorly, thin like a hair posteriorly. Proboscis atropliied. ■ — In spite
of the belts not being closed on the underside this robust and dark species is best placed among the allies of
ichneumoniformis. It cannot be confounded with any other species. Algeria (Teniet-el-Had. M. Korb). Type

in coll. PUNGELER.

hymenn- D. hymenopteriforitiis Bell. (.52 b). The sexes very different. ^ somewhat recalling uroceriformis,

plerlformis. (jyj clumsier. Forewing brown-bla^k, dusted with yellow atoms, the outer border golden yellow with a tliin
dark brown marginal line. Median band broad, dark brown, with a thin orange yellow outer border. Vitreous
areas distinct, the two proximal ones small, the outer one broader than high, composed of 3 spots. Cross-vein
of hindwing slightly incrassate anteriorly. Antenna black, extended j^ellowish before the tip, brown beneath.
Palpi white on inside, with rough black hair on outside. Eyes anteriorly bordered with white. Hind
margin of head yellowish. Thorax with dense yellow hair at the sides. Patagia with a white spot near the base
of the forewing. Abdomen covered with yellow atoms; the segments 2, 4, and 6 with thin wliite liind borders,
of which the second is continuous beneath and here very broad, while the following segments are spotted with
white laterally. Anal brush black, with whitish stripes at the sides and in the centre: beneath entirely yellow-
isch in the middle. Anterior coxa white, blackish on inside. Legs golden brown, ringed with white and black.
In the $ the forewing entirely dark brown, without pale soaUng. The proximal vitreous areas absent, the outer
one very small, rounded, composed of 3 small spots. Hindwing with the dark brown border much broader than
in (J. On the underside of the forewing the median spot has a thin yellow outer edge, otherwise the wing dark.
Antenna dark brown, somewhat paler beneath. Frons white. Palpi yellowish, with black margin. Patagia with
yellowish inner border; some yellow hairs on the metathorax. Segments 2, 4 and 6 of the black-brown abdomen
with white hind borders, the belt of segment 2 not c^uite complete on underside, 4 and 6 spotted with white
laterall}^ on the underside. Anal tuft quite dark. Anterior coxa yellowish wliite. Legs black, femora with
yellow streaks. — Sicily (July, at exceedingly arid localities), Algeria (neighborhood of Alger) and Tunisia.

parihica. D. parthica Led. Recalls hymenopteriformis by the great difference in the Sexes. Forewing of S with

brown costal border and black median band, the latter cUstally spotted with orange-red; hind margin pale orange.
Vitreous areas distinct; outer one large, traversed by 5 veins, pale golden yellow. Underside pale golden yellow
with the exception of the black median band. Body black. Collar and lower part of palpi white-grey, the latter
with black hair on outside. Antenna black, with long cilia. In front of the eyes a small white spot. Patagia
with white inner edge. Abdomen bordered with yellowish white on both sides of segments 2, 4, 6 and 7, the
belt of segment 4 the broadest. Anal tuft black, centrally yellowish above and beneath. Coxae yellow; femora
and base and apex of tibiae black; hind tibia with yellowish rings. Differs from the (J of hymenopteriformis in
the large outer vitreous patch, the black median band of the underside, the laterally not light-coloured anal tuft
and the yellow coxae. The $, hke the $ of hymenopteriformis. has the forewing almost entirely covered with
brown-black scales, the vitreous wedge-spot being a mere vestige and the outer patch indicated onl}' by thinner

DIPSOSPHEOIA. By M. Bartei.. 391

scaling. Head and palpi witli yellow hair. Abdomen blue-black, segment 4 -with a narrow yellow hind margin
above and beneath, 6 only above. Anal tuft and tibiae entirely black. D. hymenopteriformis-'^ has on the second
segment a distinct white hind edge which, like the other belts, is not continuous on underside. ■ — D. parthica
lias only been found in Southern Transcaucasia.

D. himmighoffeni Styr. (51 f). Much smaller and darker than uroceriformis, the longitudinal vitreous himmuj-
spot always wanting in both sexes, being replaced by yellow scaling; the hind margin is dark brown with a ^"G""^-
very thin upj^er border; median band predominantly dark brown, with narrow yellow outer border; the outer
vitreous patch filled up with yellow, the 2 — 3 small vitreous partitions being but slightly visible. The distal
margin of the hindwing broad at apex and gradually becoming thin towards anal angle, being brown above and
dusted with yellow beneath. Antenna of ,3 dark, that of $ sometimes with a slight whitish spot; underside of
antennae likewise black, which does not occur in uroceriformis. Head and palpi orange in $, the frons white ;
in ^ black, posteriorly with whitish edge, the palpi bushy and black, with dirty whitish inner side. Thorax vnih.
yellow median line, inner edges of patagia also yellow. Abdomen with strong yellow bands on upperside with
the exception of the first segment, beneath nearly as in uroceriformis. Anterior coxa blackish in <^ mixed with
whitish; in $ entirely yellowish white. Tarsi usually uniformly dark. ■ — Catalonia, Prov. Teruel, Aragonia,
Basses Alpes, Genoa, from June to August.

D. sirphiformis Luc. (51 f ). Likewise neai'ly allied to uroceriformis, but the outer vitreous patch entirely xirphifor-
filled up with yellow scahng or, in (^, only the proximal portions indicated. Median band narrowly black with ""*•
a broader yellow outer border. Outer marginal area golden yellow, bounded by dark brown distally. Hind
margin yellow. Head and palpi as in uroceriformis. Antennae black, beneath brown-black excepting the apex,
on outer side brownish or whitish, but without hght-coloured spot on the upperside before the apex. Abdomen
with yellow belts on all the segments with the exception of segments 1 and 3; the belts on 4, 6 and in S also 7 .
broadest; the belt on 2 sometimes absent in S. On the underside the last 3, in (J 4 segments with broad
yellow belts. Anal tuft yellow in cj, black at the sides and beneath at the base; in $ black, above orange-
yellow in centre. Fore coxa black, yellow on outside; femora and tibiae yellow, the mid and hind tibiae with
broad black apical ring. — ■ Algeria, in June.

D. uroceriformis Tr. (51 f). Forewing narrower in (J than in $, the median spot orange with slight urocerl-
brown proximal border. Outer vitreous patch composed of 3^4 spots, of which the lower one is usually vesti- /°'''"^-
gial. Antenna of (J not rusty yellow on outside, uniformly black above, at most with a few golden yellow scales;
in $ with a white, not yellow, spot before the apex, sometimes almost the whole upperside dusted with wliite.
Abdomen with yellow belts on all the segments with the exception of the first, the anterior belt and the 3 or 4
posterior ones are not interrupted on the underside, the belts of segments 2, 4 and 6 are broader above than
in ichneumoniformis, and the i^-abdomen is slenderer than in that species. The j^ellow shoulder-spot of the
patagia very distinct. In the smaller ab. mamertina ZelL, from Messina is Sicily, the median spot of the fore- rnamertina.
wing has more black and less red-yellow, the hind margin of the forewing is brown with but little golden yellow
dusting, and the belts are absent from segments 3 and 5. — armoricana Oberth., from Brittany (Ille-et-Vilaine) amoricana.
and Western France, is larger, with the yellow colouring of the forewing more extended, the mechan spot more
yellow than orange and in $ entirely yellow without dark proximal border. Head very strongly shaded with
yellow. The wliite spot on the antenna of the $ very large and conspicuous, pure white. — True uroceriformis
occurs in the Southern Tyrol, at Vienna, Prague, in Hungary, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily, Granada, Prov. Teruel,
Aragonia, Catalonia, Southern France, Corfu, Greece, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor and Syria, from June to
August, rarely already in May. Larva in the roots of Dorycnium herbaceum (according to Pech). J. de Joannis
observed the eggs being deposited on Ulex.

I D. rondoui Siepi. Expanse 16 mm. According to the author it comes near uroceriformis, from which rondoui.
it is distinguished by the abdomen being entirely blue-black above and by the anal tuft totally black with some
ochreous hairs in the centre. The femora and tibiae are brownish, the tarsi ochreous with brownish tip. Fore-
wing ochreous, the borders and median band brown-black, the latter not reaching to the hind margin. The
wedge-spot and outer vitreous patch present, the latter curved and divided by brown-black veins. Hindwing
with a small excision at the apex of vein 7 and fine brown border; spot on cross-vein rather strong, blue-
black. Head and antenna brown, the latter pale beneath, the apex black-brown, anteriorly with whitish sheen.
Proboscis Ught brown, length not known to the author. Basal and median segments of palpi abundantly clothed
with brown scaling. Thorax brownish. — Described from a single specimen found early in June in the valley
of Passe-Lemps (13 km from Marseilles) on flowers of Valeriana. On account of the ( I distinctly) developed
proboscis the species should be placed into Chamaesphecia.

D. astragali Joann. Expanse ,^ 24, ? 26 mm. Closely related to uroceriformis Tr., but the forewing of astragali.
the (J narrower, black to vein 9, in ? black to vein 8. Outer margin yellow, hind margin yellow in ^ and gol-
den yellow in $. Cross-vein black, with broad outer border and narrower proximal one orange-red. Longitu-

392 DIPSOSPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

dinal vitreovis mark not reacliing to the cross-vein, still shorter in $. Outer vitreous patch consisting ot 4 spots.
Hindwing transparent, the cross-vein scaled black anteriorly, the veins black with the exception of 5 and 1 b,
which are more or less scaled yellow. Fringes black, but whitish at inner margin of hindwing. On the under-
side the borders are yellow with the exception of the portion above the median spot of the forewing, and dusted
with black in $. Frons yellow. Antennae in J black, in 9 orange excepting the last two-fifths. Hind margin of
head yellow. Collar black; thorax also black, with yellow posterior border; margins of patagia yellow for their
whole length in ^, particularly anteriorly in $. Abdomen above with broad j-^ellow belts on segments 2, 4, 6
and 7, with narrower ones on 3 and 5; in $ with broad belts on 2, 4 and 6, and yellow transverse spots on 3
and 5. On the ventral side segments 2 and 3 have feebly yellow edges in ^, and are quite black in $, while the
other segments bear broad yellow belts excepting the first. Anal brush yellow in (^, above black at the sides;
in $ above yellow with the exception of the base, the side-tufts and under surface black, the latter sometimes
with some yellow hairs at the apex. Fore tibia yellow dusted with black, fore tarsi yellow; mid and hind tibiae
yellow, with the base and ap3x black, tarsi yellow, not ringed. — • Apparently nearer to ichneumonifortnis, but
easily distinguished from it by the the median spot of the forewing being bordered with orange proximally and
by the arrangement of the yellow abdominal belts. Larva in the roots of Astragalus raonspessulanus; moth
in July. Southern France (Bonde, dept. Vancluse) and neighbourhood of Barcelona (Montserrat).

hhneumoni- D. ichneumonlfomiis F. (= vespiformis Esp., systrophaeformis Hbn., ophioniformis Hbn., statuiformis

formis. p^.j.^ f^-i £j rpj^g jj^y^^ widely distributed species of the group. All the segments of the black abdomen with
the exception of the first with a yellow belt, the belts on 4 and 6 being broadest. Outer vitreous patch of fore-
wing larger in ^ than in $, consisting of 3—5 partitions. Longitudinal Avindow always present, shorter in $
than in J*, almost reaching to the median band in 3*. This band brown, distally orange. Hind margin orange.
Antennae in ^ distally suffused with j-ellowish brown, in $ entirely yellowish brown. Differs from iiroceriformis
in the vitreous longitudinal patch of the forewing being present in 9 and much longer than in uroceriformis
in (J, in the antennae being distally suffused with yellow in ^J and entirely yellowish brown in $ (the 9-antenna
of uroceriformis only bears a white spot before the apex), in the more robast build of the body and the differ-
ent markings of the abdomen. Distributed throughout Europe with the exception of the Polar countries, occur-
ing also in Mauretania, Armenia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Kasan, Uralsk, Western and Central Siberia
to the Altai. SrAUDixGER described a 9-form with black abdomen from North-Western Asia Elinor (Brussa):
lugubrii. ab. — 9 lugulr'S- — ^illustris ^e&e/ is very bright-coloured, especially in the 9, and mostly larger, and occurs in
illustris. M33opotamia and Konia; the antenna of the 9 is very vivid ochreous, and the abdomen bears belts of the same
width on all the segments excepting the first. — ^The larva is bone-colour, thinly hairy, with black-marked head;
length 20 mm. It hibernates only once, is usually full-fed the end of May and lives in the roots of Papilio-
naceae, e. g. Ononis spinosa, AnthylHs vulneraria, Dorycnium, Lathj'rus pratensis, Lotus. Centaurea, Medicago,
Hippoerepis, Mehlotus, but not in Genista tinctoria. Makes a kind of hose close along the main root and pro-
vides it with a lid, pupation taking place in this hose. The moths emerge from May until August.

romanovi. D. romanovi Bartel. Expanse 27 mm ( j'). Differs from ichneumoniformis in the basal half of the costal

margin of the forewing being orange, the hind margin entirely orange, the median band uniformly orange and
in the absence of scaling in the cells of the outer area, the outer vitreous patch extending to the distal margin.
Moreover, the hindwing has hardly a trace of a dark border. Head entirely yellow; the antenna yellow with
black apex. Abdomen blue-black, with segments 1 and 3 entirely dark and 4 entirely yellow, the other segments
bearing much broader yellow hind edges than in ichneumoniformis. Anal tuft yellow. — Only 1 o known; from
Southern Transcaucasia (Kasikoparan, June).

megillae- D. megiliaeformis Hbn. (51 f). Distinguished from ichnem)W7iiformis, apart from the outlines of body

ormis. g^j^j.^ wings, by the absence of yellow belts above on abdominal segments 3 and 5, b}^ the uniformly blue-black
upperside of the antennae of ^ and 9, the very small oi'ange spot in the outer portion of the median band of
the forewing and the different anal tuft. This brush is yellow above in the centre in o, black laterally and
at the base, with 2 broad orange-red longitudinal stripes; black in 9j slightly mixed with orange in the cen-
tre, with a thin orange-yellow lateral stripe beneath. On the ventral side of the abdomen only the belt of seg-
ment 4 is distinctly continuous, wliile none of the others are very distinctly united. Palpi in o J'ellow, with
long erect black hair on the outside of segments 1 and 2, in 9 orange-yellow with lighter yellow sides. — The
(J is very rare (only 1 ^ bred among 30—40 99). Li Saxony, Bavaria, at Wiesbaden, in Eastern Switzerland,
Moravia, Lower Austria, Hungary, Southern France, Greece, Eastern-Central and South-Eastern Russia and
the adjacent districts of Western Asia, Altai district and in the provinces of Jenisseisk and Irkutsk, from the
end of June until the end of August. The larva lives exclusively in the roots of Genista tinctoria in sunny stations.
it constructs as a continuation of the cocoon a rather long hose, much longer than in iclmeiimoniformis, in which
species it is not often present.

lomttiae- D. lomatiaeformis Led. Larger than ichneumoniformis, of almost the same facies. Particularly

jortms.

Pxihl 1. VIII. vm. DIPSOSPHECIA. By M. Bartel. 893

characterised by t lie whitish grey woolly hair wluch covers head and thorax. Forewing broader and more strongly
rounded than in ichneunioniformis, with a small pale yellow spot at the base. Costal margin greyish brown,
hind margin yellowish brown. The longitudinal patch almost reaches to the median band, wliich is broad, proxi-
mally greyish brown, distally l)uffish orange. The outer vitreous patch is very large and consists of 6 spots;
tlierefore the grey scaling at the outer margin and apex much reduced, the outer-marginal border almost being
absent. Palpi pale yellow, first and second segments exteriorly with long black bristles, third segment smoothly
scaled. Antennae black, brown beneath at the base, in ^ very strongly ciliated. Prothorax glossy steel-blue,
otherwise of a peculiar wiiite-grey colour, clothed with woolly hair. Patagia posteriorly with yellow hair.
Abdomen blue-black, with a dirty yellow belt on each segment excepting the fii'st, the belts on segments 2, 4 and
6 broadest, that on 3 only represented by a trace of yellow, all the belts narrower beneath. Anal tuft yellow,
with 2 narrow black stripes. Femora blue-black and grey, with woolly hair; tibiae huffish yellow, black at base
and apex; tarsi yellow. — Only known from Mesopotamia (Diarbekr) and Pontus (Amasia).

D. rothschildi spec. nov. (50 g). A very robust species, with the abdomen strongly cylindrical and pointed. rothschUdi.
Body and palpi with deep velvety black hair, the latter with strong hair on the outer side and extending
above head by one-half. Frons variegated with whitish scales; anterior borders of eyes silvery wliite. Anten-
nae uniformly black, with a brush of black bristles at the tip. Abdomen and anal tuft deep black, segment 2
above with a thin and shortened golden yellow belt, a broad one on 4. Legs black, only the hind tibia
above with a broad orange-yellow median ring, which is narrow beneath, beyond the ring deep velvety black.
Spurs very long. Proboscis absent. Breast without lateral coloured spot. Forewing smoky brown, the median
spot a little darker and bearing distally a small orange spot ; liind margin black ; longitudinal and wedge spots
entirely covered with yellowish brown scaling; outer vitreous patch consisting of 4 long spots separated
by broad brown vein-streaks and extending into the loose brown scaling of the outer border. Marginal line of
both wings thin, smoke-brown. Base of hindwing black, the veins with brown scaling, the cross-vein only in-
crassate in the anterior half. ■ — This strange species is characterised by the deep black body, the two yellow
abdominal belts, the broad orange ring of the hind tibia and the peculiar forewing with its long and not sharply
defined outer vitreous patch, and stands quite isolated aniong the other species. One $ from Amasia, in my
collection. Named after the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, London.

D. senilis Gr.-Grah. Likewise nearest to megillaeformis and ceifurmis. The antennae long, very strong and senilis.
above quite black, in (J with very thick and long teeth; in $ thinner and incrassate before the tip. Palpi,
head and thorax clothed in (J with unusually long hair, which is black on the outside of the palpi, yellow on their
inside, and grey on the other parts; $ without this long hair, with the head and palpi bright ochreous. Thorax
and abdomen blue-black, the latter with 3 bright yellow belts, complete on underside, and narrower and whit-
ish in (J. Anal brush of ^ black in the middle, rusty red at the sides, and straw-yellow beneath; the brush
of $ entirely black. Legs pale yellow with black joints, the hair longer in (J than in $; in $ the legs more
ochreous with brown joints. Costal margin and median band of foremng black, the band distally bordered
with yellow in (^ and orange in $. Hind margin scaled orange. Distal area orange, in ,^ yellow, the marginal
line thin and black. Base of hindwing orange in $, black in ^. — Easily distinguished by the peculiar
(J-antenna, the long grey hair on head and thorax oi^, the sexually different anal tuft, etc. Transalai, at an
altitude of 11500 ft., and Hindukush (Beik Pass, July 8).

D. auricaudata spec. nov. Expanse 20 mm (^). Still slenderer than uroceriformis, with very narroyv atiricaudata.
forewing, whose hind margin is pale yellow. Median band black, outwardly yellow: costal and distal borders
brown; vitreous patches very large, longitudinal one almost extending to the median band, outer vitreous patch
broader than high, consisting of 5 spots (first spot and last one-half the length of the others), with pale yellow
scaling distally, the colouring not being sharply bounded. Hindwing wth the distal border narro,w and dark,
the veins yellow at the base, and the cross-vein also yellow and not incrassate. Body black. Antenna entirely
black, dentate, with moderately strong ciliation. Palpi yellow, striped with black on outside, first and se-
cond segments with shaggy hair. Frons yellow. Anterior borders of eyes and liind edge of head whitish. Patagia
with yellow shoulder-spot. Abdomen with slight yellow belts on segments 2, 5 and 6, and with broader
ones on 4 and 7, the belts continuous across underside, the belts broadest on segment 4 and rather
less complete on 2 and 7. Anal brush golden yellow, above in the centre and beneath at the sides of the
central tuft with tliin black stripes. Legs black; tibiae and tarsi yellow, ringed with black. Proboscis atrophied.
— ■ Easily distinguished from all the allied species by the slender build of the body, the very narrow forewing.
with the hind margin light yellow and the large outer vitreous patch almost reaching to the outer margin,
the uniformly black' antenna and dark thorax, the peculiar anal brush and by the black anterior femur. Hi
district, one ^ in coll. Ptjngeler.

D. roseiventris s/^ec. wov. Expanse 23mm(tJ). Similar to foe?m, but slenderer, the abdomen longer and roseivenWs.
more pointed, and, moreover, easily recognised by the uniformly reddish yellow ventral surface. Antenna
with strong and dense cilia yellow on underside at the base and distally, otherwise black. Palpi yellowish white,

II 50

394

DIPSOSPHECIA. By M. Baetel.

first and second segments striped with black on outside. Frons dark, anterior margins of eyes whitish, likewise
the hind margin of the head. Thorax black, clothed with yellowish hair; tip of patagia and the rather large
shoulder-spot yellow. Abdomen black, with a narrow yellow belt on segment 2 and a broad one on 4, 6 and
7. Anal tuft black, mixed with yellowish, the base laterally striped with yellow, beneath reddish yellow. Legs
yellowish, ringed with black; the black femora of mid and hind legs beneath (outwards) margined witli red.
Forewing black, dusted with yellow, outer area with whitish spots. Median band dark, not bounded with
yellow. Longitudinal patch well-developed, wedge-spot short as in ^ of loewii, but whitish, as is also the outer
vitreous patch, which consists of 3 spots, and bears in front and behind the vestige of an additional spot.
Base of hindwing black, the black outer border extending to the base; fringes of liind margin reddish white;
cross-vein as in loewii incrassate anteriorly. ■ — Ili district, 1 (J. Similar to pudorina Stgr., but considerably
less red, wnth atrophied proboscis, prominent wlute shoulder-spots, and distinctly dark-ringed liind tibia.

ceiformis. D. celformis Stgr. As in megillaeformis the upperside of the antennae entirely black and the abdomen

bearing yellow dorsal belts on segment 2, 4, 6 and in $ also 7. But the anal brush is entirely black above in
(J, and yellow in the centre on underside; in 9 above and beneath golden yellow in the centre and black
at the sides ; on underside segments 4 is in cJ almost entirely yellow, 7 for the greater part, and 6 bears traces
of yellow; in $ segment 4 almost entirely yellow and 6 has traces of yellow. Distal border of forewing broader
pale yellow outwardly; hind margin of forewing entirely scaled with yellowish red in $, yellow in ^. Palpi of
cJ black, the second segment long-hairy and end-segment yellow; in $ yellow, only black at the base. Head
black in ^, -with long whitish hair on vertex; entirely yellow in $, mixed with some black hairs at the hind
margin. Thorax without yellow margins to the patagia, in (J strongly mixed with whitish hair, in $ with
slight wiiite shoulder-spot near the base of the costal margin of forewing. ■ — ■ Central Asia (Osh, end of August ;
Lepsa, middle of June; Saissan in the Tarbagatai, July).

lasicera. D. lasicera Hamps. Proboscis absent ; palpi with the 2nd joint fringed with very long hair in front and

reaching above vertex of head, the 3rd joint long; antennae of male with fascicles of very long hair. Head
and thorax black, with some white hair; palpi ochreous, with some black hair and scales, white behind; frons
wlxite ; legs mostly white, with some ochreous hair and black scales ; abdomen black, with ochreous and white
segmental bands except on 1st segment, the band on 3rd segment slight, the ventral surface with the
bands broad, the anal tuft ochreous with subdorsal black streaks. Forewing with the costal area black-brown,
with ochreous streak on costa to beyond middle and slight streaks in the interspaces ; the median nervure and
veins 4, 5 black-brown; the inner area ochreous wliite; the cell and a slight streak below it before middle and
streaks beyond it above veins 3 to 6 hyahne; discoidal spot black- brown with ochreous outer edge; a terminal
black-brown line with ochreous suffusion on its inner side, cilia pale brown. Hindwing hyaline with some black
at base, the veins and margins black; cilia pale brown, yellowish white towards tornus. (Copied from Hampson).
— From Tibet (Gyantze).

tancrei. D.taticrei Piing. (52b). A peculiar species which can hardly be compared with any of the others. Expanse

25 mm ($). Both wings opaque, being entirely covered with orange-yellow scales, only the narrow distal
border being smoky brown and the fringes smoke-grey. The base of both wings, and the costal margin and
median band of the forewing are black, the mechan band being bordered with orange-yellow on outside. The
most distal portion of the wedge-shaped area and the whole outer vitreous patch covered by shghtly pale
scaUng. Frons and palpi orange-yellow; the latter with long brown hair on segments 1 and 2, the basal segment
with some dark hairs. Body and antennae blue-black, the latter beneath with the basal segment yellow. Pa-
tagia wth thin brownish inner edge and without pale shoulder-spot. On each side of metathorax a brown
tuft of hair. Abdominal segments 2, 4 and 6 bearing a narrow belt each, the two posterior belts being conti-
nuous beneath. Anal tuft entirely black or with a thin orange median stripe above. Breast without coloured
spot near bases of wings. Legs black; tibiae orange, tarsi yellow, the tibiae with brown base. ■ — Central Asia
(Altyn-Tag). In aberrant ?$ the yellow scaling is less dense and more brownish, and the veins are blackish,
contrasting with the ground. In the 3* the golden yellow scaling is absent according toPuNGELER, the forewing
only being yellowish at the hind margin and at the outer side of the black median spot. Palpi dark, only the
middle segment yellowish above. Antenna distinctly ciliate, long; vertex, thorax and abdomen clothed with
long grey hair; the abdomen with yellowish wiiite belts on segments 4, 6 and 7. Anal tuft dark, beneath
extended yellowish wiiite in the centre. Legs yellowish, with dark spots.

polyzona. D. polyzona Piing. (50 h). We figure here a new species of which Herr E. Pungeler has been so kind

as to send me the following diagnosis: "Expanse 25 mm. Similar to viguraea Piing., larger, more elongate,
wedge-patch without dark streak, longitudinal patch only scaled in the outer portion, outer patch 5-partite,
patagia yellow, abdomen with 6 yellow belts in c? and 5 in $, the middle one covering the whole segment,
proboscis atrophied. Antenna of q densely and strongly ciliate, middle segment of palpi dark with the hair
much stronger than in the $, the sexes otherwise differing but Uttle. — Trancaspia, Merv, 1 $, Central Asia,
Ilidistrict, 2 ^^, 1 $". Type in coll. Pungeler.
viguraea, D. viguraea Piing. (50 h). Like the preceding lent to us for publication by Herr R. Pungeler, who

sent the following diagnosis: "Expanse 21 mm. $: outline and structure of the body as in the $ of ichneumoni-

BIPSOSPHEGIA. By M. Bartel. 395

for mis F., t'orewing golden yellow instead of red, wedge-spot divided by a dark vein, longitudinal area entirely
filled up with yellow, outer patch smaller, hindwing with the basal area and hind margin dusted with golden
yellow. Body greenish blaok, antenna dark, frons wlutish yellow, palpi, vertex and hind tibia golden yellow,
abdomen with paler yellow belts on segments 2, 4 and 6, on underside with the hind edges of segments 4 — 6
yellow, anal brush dark, beneath golden yellow at the sides. Proboscis atrophied. The ^ which doubtless be-
longs here has the forewing much less yellow, with the longitudinal patch only partly scaled, the frons wliitish,
the head otherwise black, palpi very strongly hairy, antenna distinctly notched and ciliate, abdomen with al-
most white median belt, there being also traces of the other two belts in one of the (^^. Anal brush laterally
orange. — ■ East Turkestan, Aksu (capital of the ancient empire of the Uigures), 2 $$, 2 (J(J (Ruckbeil)".
Type in coll. Pungeler.

D. sareptana spec. nov. (50 i). Expanse 27.5 mm (1 $). Related to wagneri, but the margins and base sareptana.
of the forewing greenish black, the hind margin and distal area orange, the median spot black with broad orange
outer border. The longitudinal patch shorter, the outer vitreous patch 5-partite, the first spot being very
short. Base of hindwing orange, likewise the veins in the proximal area; cross-vein less incrassate anteriorly
and orange posteriorly. Head and thorax greenish black. Palpi orange, black on outside, antenna entirely
black. Abdomen black, with a brown tone; on segments 2, 4 and 6 yellow belts, of which the middle one is
the broadest and ventrally continuous. Anal brush dark. Legs black-blue, the hind tibia entirely orange, the
fore and mid tibiae orange with black basal and apical rings. Proboscis atrophied. — From Sarepta (July).
Type in coll. Pungblek.

D. wagneri Piing. (50 h, i). Also in this case Herr R. Pijngeler kindly lent the type and provided us wagneri.
with the following diagnosis : "Expanse 26 mm. $: Forewing with 3 well-developed vitreous patches, blackish,
the median spot with a very thin golden red outer border, longitudinal patch partly scaled golden red,
outer patch 5-partite, golden red distally, bases of both wings golden red. Body stout, greenish black, mthout
markings, abdomen above brownish, without belts, antenna brownish in the lower portion, hind tibia golden
red, proboscis atrophied. Central Asia, Hi district, 2 $$ (Rtjckbeil); a tliird has black hind tibia and the red
at the bases of the wings vestigial. A ^ caught at the same time probably belongs here; it has the bases of the
wings not red, the longitudinal patch golden red, the outer patch 3-partite, broadly bordered with golden
yellow, the abdomen with a sharply marked continuous yellowish white belt on segment 4 and a slight, open,
wliitish belt on segments 2 and 6, hind tibia and the tarsi red, palpi reddish, with black hair, antenna distinctly
ciliate". Type in coll. Ptjngeler.

D. alaica Pilng. (50 h). Like the preceding sent by Herr Pungeler with the following description: alaica.
"Expanse 24 mm. ?: Forewing completely scaled, red-lead colour, distal and costal margins and a long
triangle contiguous with the median spot black. Hindwing with the basal area strongly dusted with red and the
median spot covered with red scaling. Body not so stout as in wagneri and bohatschi, colouring as in the latter,
abdomen on segment 2 with a weak belt open beneath and on 4 a sharply marked closed belt, anal brush red
on the sides, mid and hind tibiae red, proboscis atrophied. (J: very similar to bohatschi- (^ , wedge-spot longer,
divided by a black vein, outer patch 3-partite, abdomen as in $ with 2 whitish belts, differs from tvagneri-^
on the narrower distal marginal border, the absence of a terminal belt, the belt of segment 4 not being
continuous beneath, and in the tarsi and palpi black. — • Central Asia, Alai Mts., 2 (J$, 1905 (M. Korb)". Type

in coll. PiJNGELER.

D. bohatschi Pilng. (50 i). Slenderer and more elongate than chrysidiformis, with similar, anteriorly bohatschi.
somewhat incrassate antennae, the palpi black, with the end-segment considerably longer and the hair rougher
and longer, the frons only in $ slightly pale between the antennae, and the thorax uniformly black-blue.
Proboscis atrophied. Abdomen blue-black, in ^J slenderer and longer than in chrysidiformis, on segment 4 with
a sharply marked yellowish wliite belt which is very narrow beneath in (^ ; in $ the belt not continuous beneath.
Anal tuft black, red-yellow at the sides, in (J also red-yellow beneath in the centre. Legs not so strongly hairy
as in chrysidiformis, entirely black in $, only bearing indistinct red belts on the hind tibia, in (J mid and hind
tibiae extended yellowish red; base and costal margin of forewing blue-black, the costal border broader than in
chrysidiformis, likewise the median band, which bears a small red-yellow spot on outside. Hind margin red-
yellow, longitudinal patch absent, wedge-spot very short, almost absent in $. Outer vitreous patch higher
than broad, 4-partite in c?, 3-partite in $, distally merging into the yellow-red colouring of the outer area,
upon wliich follows a bro^mi-black outer band. Veins of liindwing with reddish scaling at the base, median
area dark, shghtly pointed posteriorly. Marginal band brown-black, sharply defined. Fringes smoky brown.
The $ is clumsier, with the red colouring more reduced, a broad black hindmarginal area and entirely black
veins on the hindwing, the palpi less hairy and the abdomen stouter. Differs from wagneri-'^ in the darker
forewing, the almost obsolete vitreous spots, the black basi-abdominal margin of the hindwing, etc. The <?
is distinguished from wagneri-^, which is smaller, by the longer and thicker antemia, very short wedge-spot on
the forewing, narrower belt on segment 4, absence of light belts on segments 2 and 6, and by the entirety
black palpi and tarsi. — Sarafshan district (Sary-ob, July 6).

D. vidua Stgr. Related to azonos Led. and like this entirely black. The outer vitreous patch of the fore- vidiui.
wing only indicated by the black scaling being thinner. Hindwing with the black outer border unusually

390 DIPSOSPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

broad. Body entirely black, only the apical portion of the inside of the fore tibia yellowish. — Samarkand.

tristisi D. tristis Stgr. Differs from azonos Led. (52 d) in that the outer vitreous patch of the forewing is

almost square; it is transsected by 3 black veins as in azoyios. The scaled parts of the forewing irrorated
with small yellowish scales. Middle segment of palpi with rather long hair and above with a yellowish stripe.
Body likewise entirely black. Cross-vein of laindwing not scaled posteriorly and much less incrassate anteriorly
than in anthraciformis and vidua. — North-Western Chinese Mongolia (Uljassutai).

" jakuta. D- jakuta Herz. Glossy blue-black with a feebly yellomsh sheen on the last abdominal segment;

anal tuft yellow beneath. Palpi yellow, with long black hair on the middle segment. On the black forewing
hind margin and cellule la scaled red-yellow; the wedge-spot short, outer vitreous patch 4-partite, median
spot outwardly with orange spot, a band before the outer margin likewise orange, beneath with a more gol-
den sheen. Hindwing with narrow black distal border, very thin orange-yellow scaled cross-vein, and vein 1 b
suffused with a brownish tint. On underside the costal and liiud margins of the forewing dusted with glossy
golden scaling, as are also the hind margin and veins of the hindwing. Antenna slightly dentate and strongly
ciiiate. Femora blue-black, the lower half of the tibiae orange-yellow, with yellowish spurs; tarsi yellow. Thorax
and breast black. Easily distinguished from the antirely black species by the distally orange-bordered median
spot of the forewing, the yellow palpi, and the red-yellow hind and distal borders of the forewing. — Lena
district (Ytak-haja, July, 1 <J).

xantho- D- xanthosticta Hamps. Expanse 18 mm {(^). Fore\ving black, with a hyaline wedge-patch in the

siicta. cell edged with yellow, and a yellow patch beyond the cell, the veins crossing it black. Hindwing hyaline, the
base and costa slightly yellow; the veins, outer margins and fringes black. Palpi dark above, j^ellow below;
frons black and surrounded by yellow. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen black, the abdomen with a yellow-
dorsal patch on first segment and a yellow sublateral line. Legs black, with some yellow on femora and tibiae.
— The species is unknown tome and cannot be placed with certainty from the original description; it agrees
perhaps best with the entirely black species, such as vidua, tristis, etc. Kashmir.

gruneri. D. gfuneri Stgr. (52 a). Forewing black, with a small red dot beyond the cross-vein, but without red

spot at the base and without red hindmarginal streak. Abdomen blue-black, with a short yellow dorsal
belt on posterior portion of segment 2; segment 4 above entirely yellow with the exception of a narrow
anterior margin. Anal tuft laterally mixed with yellow. The legs bear a brush of bristly hair at the apices of
the tibiae. — Amasia and Northern Persia.

lurcmena.' ^' turcmena spec. nov. (50 i). Expanse 30 mm ($). Forewing very long as compared with the body,

the colour of red lead, with black base, narrow black costal border (slightly widened in centre) and broad brown
outer area. Median spot broad, black, densely covered with red scales, longitudinal patch absent, wedge-spot
large, outer vitreous patch slightly indicated by the scaling being thinner, the median band therefore joining
the outer area. Hindwing with the border dark brown and anteriorly somewhat broadened, black base, and
strongly incrassate, posteriorly pointed, dark cross-vein. Underside of wings darker, the orange colouring
duller. Head covered with ochreous hair; the frons dark, and the palpus ochreous with black base. Hind
edge of head ochreous; antenna red-yellow, above black before the tip. Collar black-blue. Mesothorax worn,
the patagia apparently entirely red-lead-colour with yellow shoulder-spot. Metathorax and the stout abdomen
black-blue, glossy aeneseent green; anal segment above golden yellow. Fore coxa orange, femora blue-black,
tibiae red-yellow with blue-black rings at base and apex, tarsi dull yellow, the liind tarsi lighter yellow. Pro-
boscis aborted. — Easily distinguished from all the allied species by the light antenna, ochreous palpi, ochreous
hair of the head, blue-black abdomen with yellow doraum of last segment, red-dusted black median spot of the
forewing, and the only slightly indicated outer vitreous patch. Transcaspia (Aschabad), 1 $. Type in coll.

PUNGELEB.

Now foUow.s a .second group of species which have tlie abortion of tlie proboscis in comiiKin with the Dipsospheda,
Inil differ essentially from that genus m both sexes having completely staled foiewing.

lengyrie- D. tengyraeformis H.-Schdff. (51 c). Forewing vermilion (duller red in r^), with the base and a small

formis. spot at the apex of cell black, the colouring beyond this spot gradually shading into black, so that the distal
marginal area is extended black, only being dusted with a few red scales. Hindwing vitreous, with the outer
border narrow^ black, only being somewhat broader at the apex, the veins dark, the spot on the cross-vein
black. Underside of wings dark, only slightly suffused with a reddish tone at the base of the forering. Body
entirely blue-black. Antennae brownish excepting the black apex; above black, in the $ with a reddish suf-
fusion. Palpi with long and erect hair, either entirely black (in Mesopotamian specimens) or mixed with 3rellow
hair. Anal tuft abov^e yellow in the centre, in $ uniformly black. Legs likewise deep black, only the fore
tibia %vith small yellow tufts of hair on inside at the apex. — Only known from North-Eastern and Central
Asia Minor, Taurus Mts. and Mesopotamia; end of June.

fervida. D. fervida Led. (61 c). Forewing predominantly vermilion, more j^ellow-red in the outer area; base

CHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel. 397

black. Hinclwing with the base, borders and veins red. Fringes of both wings smoke-grej'. Antenna longer

and thinner ($) than in tabaniformis, yellow-red, with black scaling before the apex. Head and vertex oehreous,

collar, patagia and nie.sothorax orange, but the tip of the patagia and the metathorax blue-black. Segments

4, 5 and 6 of the blue-black abdomen entirely yellow on upperside, beneath only the liind margins yellow. Anal

tuft black, yellow above in the centre and at the sides. Legs black, with broad yellow rings, fore coxa oehreous.

C'yprus and Amasia, probably widely distributed in Asia Minor, but rare. Varies very much in the extent of

the vermilion colour on the wings and body. The following forms have received names: In v. subfervida Stgr. subfervida.

the abdomen is entirely black beneath, but bears above 4 — 6 yellow belts as in the name-typical form. From the

Eastern Taurus and Mesopotamia. — • transcaucaslca Stgr. has the abdominal segment 2 only yellow above in transcau-

the posterior half, while segment 4 is entirely yellow on both sides. Moreover, the costal margin of the forewing casica.

and the distal margins of both wings black, this colour altogether more extended at the veins and on the

patagia. From Southern Transcaucasia (Kasikoparan). — In the form pontica Stgr., from Amasia, the fourth ponlica.

abdominal segment is almost entirely yellow above and bears only a yellow hind margin beneath, the rest

of the abdomen beiiig black. Anal brush extended yellow in the centre. ■ — ■ Only $$ have hitherto been found

of all tiiese forms. Time of appearance: end of May — ■ middle of July.

D. splendida Stgr. Forewing deep red, with the narrow outer margin and distal portion of costal mar- splendida.
gin black; veins suffused with black distally. Hindwing with red veins, and red spot on the cross-vein. Antenna
of (J slightly serrate, glossy blue-black like the rest of the (3*-body. In the $ the head, thorax and anteiina more
or less suffused with red, the antenna rarely almost entirely black in the $. Palpi black in the $, often mixed
with yellow. Abdomen glossy ^black-blue as in <J, likewise the legs. Tarsi now and again with yellowish rings.
— Eastern Taurus (Hadjin).

D. stiziformis H.-Schdff. (52 a). Forewing blue-black, with a small red spot near the base on the pa- stiziformis.
tagia; the inner portion of the liind margin and a rather large spot beyond the centre on the cross- vein red.
Hindwing hyaUne, with narrow black margin. Body blue-black ; anal tuft only yellow in $ at the tip on the sides.
The abdominal .segments 4, 5, 6 and in o also 7 yellow above. Legs black. Only from Amasia (middle of
June), the Taurus Mts., Mesopotamia and Northern Persia, very rare. — melasoma Stgr. is a form with the mdasoma.
hindwing almost entii-ely darkened with black atoms, and the abdomen uniformly black. Transcaucasia and
Northern Persia. — The o.of the first-described form most probably has the hindwing always darkened, in
which case the only distinction of melasoma would be the uniformly black abdomen ; but perhaps the difference
between tnelasomn and stiziformis is only sexual.

8. Genus: diamae^^pliecia Spul. (1910).

Differs from Syninthedon according to Spuler in that the veins 10 and 11 of the fore\ving converge
towards the margin, usually being conincident in the last third; vein 1 is a chitinous vein in the basal area
and for the rest a mere fold in the wing-membrane. On the hyaline liindwing the inner branch of the submedian
vanishes suddenly a short distance from its origin; veins 3 and 4 on a short stalk. The proboscis strongly
developed in the species examined. The vitreous patches are only absent in exceptional instances, the longitu-
dinal patch never reaches quite to the discal spot and is sometimes completely obsolete, especially in the $$,
in wliich also the wedge-spot is sometimes very short. — The larvae hve in the roots (more rarely the stalks)
of herbage, particularly Euphorbiaceae and Rumex. Unfortunately the life-history of many species is still
entirely unknown, and it is therefore not yet possible to arrange the heterogeneous contents of the genus in
natural groups and subgroups. — Type: empiformis Esp.

Ch. doryliformis 0. (51 k, 1). The hind margin of the head, inner edges of the patagia, and the mid and doryli-
hind tibiae and tarsi yellow in (J, red in $. Anal tuft of ? predominantly red, that of (J yellow in the centre forrrns.
and at the sides. Antennae onlj^ more or less extended black at the base and before the apex, otherwise brownish
in $, with white spot in centre in c?- Patagia with wliite shoulder-spot near the base of the forewing. Tliis
wing with the hind margin'and transverse band black-brown ; the latter dusted with red scales. In $ the forewing
more rounded, the outer vitreous patch somewhat narrower, and composed of 5 spots as in cJ. Median spot
of forewing beneath orange distally, red in ?. Underside of abdomen dusted with yellow in ($, with red in $.
Breast with a light lateral spot near the wing-bases. In Andalusia, Granada, Portugal, Algeria and Morocco.
— The smaller form teriolensis Stgr., of which a single (J has been found at Bozen the end of June, has the teriolensis.
hind margin of the forewing brownish and the black median band provided on the outer side with a small
orange spot, which is smaller than and not so bright red as in euglossaeformis. Veins yellow in the brown outer
area. Antenna black, slightly suffused wdth yellow outwardly. Otherwise similar to euglossaeformis, only
the hind tibia not so densely hairy. — The larva lives in the roots of Sorrel (Rumex). Moths from May to July,
locally common; they fly frequently about the foot-plant, at whose seeds rest the much rarer $$, but they also
fly about the flowers of thistles.

398 CHA1\LA.ESPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

icteropiis. Ch. icteropus Zell. (50 i). ^ considerably slenderer than in doryliformis, on the forewing with black

median spot which does not bear a small red spot distally or is at most dusted with some ochreous scales.
Hind margin orange-yellow, outer area reddish brown; the longitudinal patch and the outer vitreous patch
narrower. Anteruia uniformly blue-black above, whitish outwardly. Palpi yellow, the two first segments bear-
ing black hair on the outer side. Shoulder-spot of the patagia very small. Abdomen deep black, with the hind
margins of segments 2, 4 and 7 whitish, and transverse belts on these segments as well as on 5 yellow, the
belt of 4 being the broadest. Anal tuft similar to that of doryliformis. Anterior coxa black, margined with
yellow on the outer side; tibiae and tarsi yellow, those of the mid and hind legs with an obsolescent blackish
ring at the base and apex. Breast with a small yellow side-spot beneath the wing-bases. The $ is very
different, as is the case in euglossaeformis ; it is darker brown than the latter and also differs in the base and
costal margin of the fore\ving being bright vermilion, the antenna entii'ely dark, the vertex ochreous, the
brown and narrower belts of the black-blue abdomen, the anal tuft beneath entirely dark, the femora black-
blue, the tibiae bright orange-yellow and at the apex spotted with black, tarsi dark, underside of abdomen
unicolor. black-blue. Only from Sicily in June. The $-ab. unicolor Rngusa has a dark abdomen without light-
coloured belts, but, as Zeiler has already mentioned, 2 or even 3 abdominal belts may be present. — The
larva lives in the roots of Rumex, particularly in R. lunaria.

euglossae- Ch. euglossaeformis Luc. (51 1). Mostly smaller, and the (J slenderer, than in doryliformis, the $ darker,

/ormis. Median band of the forewing vriih a vermilion spot on outside, its proximal edge also vermilU on ; the costal
margin black-brown. Longitudinal patch of $ just vestigial, wedge-spot shorter; outer vitreous patch narrower
than in doryliformis, especially much narrowed in the $, the first spot as well as the last one sometimes absent.
Base of hindwing yellow in (J, red in $, the fringes of the abdominal margin of the liindwing likewise yellow in
(J and reddish in $. In the $ the palpi and the inner margins of the patagia orange; shoulder-spot of the
patagia absent in $, distinct in cJ, yellow. Antenna of ^ blue-black, outwardly yellowish, with a yellowish
spot above before the tip. Palpi yellow, first and second segment with black hair on outside. Vertex and frons
mixed with yellow hair; laind edge of head and the broad inner margins of patagia also yellow. Abdomen blue-
black, with a more or less distinct row of golden yellow dorsal spots, ^ with the hind edges of segments 2,
4 and 7 above yellow and further down white; on the sides of the last 4 segments small yellowish spots which
extend somewhat on to the underside. Anal brush similar to that of doryliformis, a tliin median mark in the
centre on upper side reddish yellow. In the $ the abdomen blue-black, with yellowish and whitish belts on
segments 2, 4 and 6, and yellow spot on the side of 5, similarly as in (J, the anal tuft vermiHon above,
and sometimes may laterally striped with red on the underside. Legs in <J almost entirely yellow; the mid
and hind tibiae \\ath bushy hair and at the base a blackish ring. In the $ the legs black-blue, the anterior
coxa margined with orange on the outer side, the fore femur yellow inside, and the mid and hind tibiae with
conspicuous vermilion hair; tarsi blackish. ■ — Algeria, in May and June; in Oran already the end of March.

ceriae- Ch. ceriaefomiis Luc. (50k). Only the $ is before me; it differs from euglossaeformis in that the

formis. body and all the appendages are uniformly black blue, only a few hairs at the tip of the patagia, the centre of
the anal tuft above, and the mid and hind tibiae, with the exception of a basal and apical ring, vermilion;
no coloured spot on breast. The base of the forewing, its hind margin as far as the median band and a spot
in the outer part of this band vermilion. Discocellular spot and base of the hindwing black, likewise the fringes
of the liind margin. Underside of wings nearly as in euglossaeformis Luc. — ■ A ^ which may belong here is
similar to euglossaeformis Luc, but like the $ h3,s no yellow lateral spot on the breast, and the vertex and hind
margin of the head are slightly yellowish. The yellow colouring at the inner margins of the patagia, in the
anal brush (in the centre, at the sides, beneath prodominant) and at the inside of the mid and liind tibiae is
light yellow. The femora dark, the tibiae with blackish basal spot, the mid tibia also bearing a distinct apical
spot. The tarsi blackish. Antenna of (^ with a white spot before the apex, outwardly dirty white. — Algeria
(Alger, Lambessa, Biskra), May-June.

miniani- Ch. mlnianiformis Frr. (recte miniacea) (511). Most easily distinguished from chrysidifortnis by the

formis. median spot of the forewing being narrowly edged with vermilion proximally and distally. The brown-black
colouring of the outer area of the forewing proximally shading into vermilion. Base of liindwing not black,
but yellow in (J and orange in $. Palpi yellow in (J, with black hair on outside, in ? entirely orange. Pa-
tagia with pale inner border and yellow shoulder-spot. Abdominal segments 2, 4, 6 and in tS also 7 Avith
wiiitish or yellowish posterior edges. Anal tuft of ^J above entirely black or with a tliin red median streak, not
red at the sides ; in $ above in the centre with 2 narrower red stripes. Tibiae vermiUon, the mid and hind tibiae
distally spotted or striped with black-blue, the tarsi of the $ with dark scaling. The outer vitreous patch is
sometimes entirely absent, being filled up b}' red scaling. Balkan Peninsula, Southern Dalmatia, Asia Minor,
Taurus, Cyprus, Transcaucasia, and Northern Persia (Astrabad), May to July; at Smyrna already observed
pepsiformis. the middle of April. — The smaller ab. pepsiformis Led. is paler, the red colouring pale, yellowish, reduced.
destiluta. From East Rumeha, Turkey and Bithynia. The ab. destituta Stgr. (50 i), from the Taurus, has hardly any
vermilion scaling on the forewing, the distal marginal area being entirely dark and the middle of the anal
brush yellowish; the yellow colouring how'ever reduced. Only 2 ^^.

CHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartbl. 399

Ch. chrysidiforniis Esj). (52 d). Forewing vermilion, the costal margin and the distal marginal line chrysidi-
black; median spot black, with rather broad vermilion outer border. Antenna above black-blue; palpi black- iormis.
blue with the end-segment yellowish. Frons mixed \nth yellow. Thorax black-blue, only wath a yellowish
shoulder-spot and slight yellomsh or reddish hair on the metathorax. Abdomen blue-black, segments 4, 6 and
in (J also 7 with whitish or yellowish posterior margins. Anal tuft of ^ red in the centre and striped with
red at the sides; in $ above red, black at the .sides and beneath. Anterior coxa black, yellowish and whitish
on outside. Tibiae and tarsi predominantly vermilion. — A $ in coll. Ragusa, Palermo, has hardly a trace
of the vitreous patches, the forewing therefore are scaled red above and beneath with the exception of the mar-
gins; the median spot is black above and entirely red beneath. — The following aberrations have received
names: ab. gallica Bartel has the antennae above pale yellow or whitish, only the apex being black, ah. galHca.
chalcocnemis Stgr., from Southern France, Albarracin, Southern Andalusia and Portugal, occurs in both sexes, chalco-
and has the fore\\'ing predominantly dark, the antennae black, the legs aenescent, and the abdomen either cnemis.
with a wliite hind margin to segment 4 or uniformly black-blue. ab.-9 nigripes le Cerf has the tarsi of all nigripes.
the legs black-blue, otherwise like the type-form. In ab. obturata le Cerf the outer vitreous patch of the forewing ohturata.
is entirely absent, the whole area between the dark outer border and the black median spot occupied by ver-
milion scaling, below by orange scaling; more common among the ^q than $$. In ab. joannisi le Cerf the ab- joannisi.
domen bears only a white belt on segment 4; everywhere among the type-form. ab. chalcocnemis-infusca clialcncne-
le Cerf. from Corsica, is like ab. chalcocnemis, but differs in the outer vitreous patch being absent and replaced mis-injusca.
by scaling dusted with red. — In Central and South- Western Germany, Southern England, Belgium, France,
T.ower Austria, Southern Hungary, Istria, Dalmatia, Italy, Portugal, Spain; the ab. chalcocnemis only in
Southern France and Iberia. The larva is yellowish wliite, ^\dth the dorsal vessel shining through, the head
and pronotal plate brown; lines in the stalks and rliizomes of Sorrel (Rumex acetosa and crispus), Artemisia
campestris and Helychrysum, causing the plants affected to wither and preventing them from flowering. Moth
from May to July, rests drowsily on flowers of Composites, Calendula and Rubus, and only swarms about the
flowers in bright sunshine; emerges at the lowest portion of the stem.

Ch. lecerfi Oberth. According to Oberthtjk similar in fades to large specimens of chrysidiformis, of lecerfi.
slender shape, with the head, thorax, abdomen and legs entirely black. Forewing with the costal margin
and outer border black, the latter being tinged with red at the 4-partite vitreous patch. Median spot black,
edged with red on outside. The submedian space and the hind margin have a red tone. Fringes of both
wings black. Very characteristic is the very slender abdomen. — ■ Vernet-les-Bains (East Pyrenees), in the
spring, 1 <J.

Ch. turanica Ersch. has the costal and cUstal borders of the forewing and the median spot black, the turanica.
spot not being edged with red. Hind margin and proximal portion of the distal area vermilion. Base of hind-
wing vermilion. Palpi black. Hind margin of head wliitisli. Abdomen blue-black, with yellow dorsal belt on
segment 4. Anal brush wliitish yellow in the centre. Hind tibia orange. ■ — Turkestan, May, and Pamir, se-
cond half of July, 9000 ft. Not known to me in nature.

Ch. zimmermanni Led. (52 d). Forewing red-yellow, the costal margin and median band aenescent zimmer-
green, the latter indistinctly bordered with red-yellow. Outer vitreous patch consisting of 3 long spots; mar- n^«nm.
ginal line tliin and brown. Patagia with a yellowish shoulder-spot. Palpi, vertex, inner margins of the patagia -
and a thin median line on the thorax reddish yellow, partly golden yellow. Proboscis feebly developed. Abdomen
aeneous green, with yellowish dorsal belts on segments 2, 4, 6 and in cj also 7; on underside uniformly yellow
in (^, with yellowish belts on segments 4 and 6 in $. Anal tuft above red-yellow in centre and black at the sides
mixed with yellow hairs; beneath predominantly red-yellow in (J, almost completely black in $. Breast with
large yellow lateral spot near the wing-bases. Anterior coxa aeneous, yellow on outside; fore tibia yellow, the
other tibiae red-yellow; tarsi yellow, in $ blackish brown. Antennae black-blue, yellow outwardly. ■ — Speci-
mens from the Achal-Tekke district (Nuchur) have the red on the forewing paler and the longitudinal stripe of
the thorax purer white. — Widely distributed in Northern Persia, in June.

Ch. chrysoneura Pilng. (50 i). "Expanse 16 mm. Near zimmermanni, much smaller. Forewing golden^cftryso-
yellow, distal border, costal margin and median spot black, longitudinal patch entirely covered with golden-"^"™*
yellow scaling, wedge-spot short, outer patch tripartite; margin of hindwing narrowly dark, proximally bounded
with yellow golden, veins and median spot golden yellow. Body slender, greenish black, palpi yellow with the
middle segment short-hairy, hair on vertex and edges of patagia yellow, antennae dark, with rather short cilia in
(J, hind leg yellow golden and black, abdomen in ^ with 4, in $ with 3 whitish, anteriorly yellowish belts,
on underside dvisted with yellow, anal brush narrow, dark, beneath golden yellow. ■ — Central Asia, Hi district,
1 (J, 2 9$ (RiJCKBEiL)". The above description was kindly sent me by Pungeler.

Ch. oryssiformis H.-Schdff. (52 d). Forewing vermihon, with the costal and distal margins narrowly oryssi-
black and the median spot broad and black. The wedge-spot in the cell divided by a red vein ; the outer vitreous f"'^^-
patch traversed by one or two red veins. Hindwing with narrow brown-black margin, the spot of scales on

400 CHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

cross- vein black, broad and of even width; veins red. Body black, with a steel-green sheen. Antennae black.
Patagia, abdominal segments 4 — 6 above and beneath and the anal tuft entirely vermilion, segments 4 — 6
being thinly edged with black above. Anal tuft with a few steel-blue hairs at the sides. Mid and hind tibiae
vermilion, the latter black at the base. Sometimes the legs are entirely l)lack, only the tibiae being extended red
in the middle. The last three abdominal segments sometimes only with red hind margins variegated with
white scales. — Corsica, Sicily, in May.
seitzi. Ch. seitzi Piing. (= suprema Oberth.) (51 1). Related to oryssijormis H.-Schdff., as in the latter the fore-

wing vermilion, with the costal edge narrowly black, often only extending to the centre, and the outer
margin broader and deep black, there being no vitreous spots. Median spot black, similar to that of oryssi-
formis. Hindwdng with cross-vein similarly incrassate by black scaling, the veins black, sometimes predominantly
red. and broader brown-black distal margin wliich is especially broad at the apex. Fringes darker greyish
black. While the underside of the forewing is vermilion in oryssiformis like the upperside, it is darkened with
smoke-brown in seilzi, only rarely being paler than above. Head black, theeyes brown, the antennae short, in J with
short cilia, the palpi elongate and black. Thorax and abdomen blue-black, patagia and anal half of the under-
side of the abdomen entirely red. The abdomen bears usually a red dorsal belt on segment 4, the anal brush
being black; or the last 3 (in ^ 4) segments as well as the anal brush quite red; in the $ the abdomen is
rarelj' quite black aboA^e with the anal brush red only in the centre. Legs blue-black, the tibiae frequently entirely
or partly red. In an aberrant (^ the red of the forewing above and of the abdomen beneath is stronglj^
darkened. — Algeria (Lambessa, May to early July). Rests on Tithymalus atlanticus, in whose roots pre-
sumably the larva lives.
lahayei. Ch. lahayei Oherlh. (51 1). In facies similar to chrysidiformis, but most nearly related to seitzi and foeni-

formis. The forewing with the costal margin and median spot black and the hind margin and distal area red.
The wedge-spot and the outer vitreous patch well developed. Hindwing with rather large black median spot
and, like the forewing, with black marginal band and black fringes. On the underside of the forewing the red
colouring replaced by brown-red. Body and antennae black. Patagia red, likewise the last 3 abdominal segments,
of which each is black anteriorly. Anal brush red, with some black hairs at the sides. On the ventral side the
posterior half red. Legs black, the tibiae red in the centre. Algeria (Ain Sefra, April; Biskra). ■ — Le Cerf
gives the following description of the J (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1911 p. 243): Palpi black like the frons, eyes and
thorax; prothorax wdth a small vermilion spot on each side; patagia with vermilion inner border; the last 4
segments of the abdomen beiieath vermilion. Legs as in the 9 with black tibial spurs. — The oryssiformis-^
differs from lahayei-^ as follows: forewing entirely vermihon without vitreous spots, the last 4 abdominal
segments red above, the palpi with traces of rusty red, tip of antenna indistinctly wliite, spurs of tibiae blacldsh,
and lastly the anal brush with small red bristles laterally.
foeniformis. Ch. foetiiformis H.-Schdff. (50 k, 62 e). $: Forewing according to Herrich-Schaffer without vitreous

spots, red, with broad black costal border which is dilated triangularly posteriorly occupying the entire cell,
so that the black median spot is not separated. Distal margin with black border. Hindwing with the veins
broadly scaled with black-brown, the median spot broad and black and the distal border rather broad and brown.
Fore^ving beneath black with some small red spots in the distal area; iiindwing darker than above. Body
black-blue. Head beneath with some red scales. Patagia inwardly with red hair. Abdominal segment 4 poste-
riorly with a thin red belt, the thin hind edge itself being whitish; segments 4 and 6 margined with red at the
sides; on underside the last 3 or 4 segments entirely vermilion. Anal brush red with black sides, or entirely
red. Legs black; mid and hind tibiae red on outer side. A $ in coll. Philipps (Cologne) (50 k) perhaps belongs
here; the vitreous spots of the forewing are vestigial; the wedge-spot is short and divided by a dark line
and the outer vitreous patch composed of 3 very narrow spots. Black costal margin of forewing of uniform
width, as is also the distinctly prominent median spot. — The ^ (50 k) which presumably also belongs to
this species is entirely different ; it is before me from coll. Ragttsa. The costal margin is broadly black, broader
than in chrysidiformis; median spot broad, black (without a red border on outside). The wedge-spot well devel-
oped and traversed by a red vein; the outer vitreous patch small, divided by 2 red veins. Marginal band
of forewing and especially of the hindwing narrower; median spot of the latter thinner. On the underside the
outer area of the forewing almost entirely red. Anal tuft black, above and beneath vermilion in the centre.
— Sicily (Rucazzo, Pedogni, Monticelli, Noco, Ficuzza), in June.
margiana. Ch. margiana PttM^r. (50 k). "Expanse 22 mm. 'Near foeniformis H.-Schdff. Forewing narrow, entirely

scaled, golden red, distal margin, costal margin with the exception of the basal third, and the median spot black,
hindwing with the median spot dark, broad and of even width, and the veins partly reddish. Body slender,
elongate, greenish black, palpi yellowish, hair of the middle segment long but not dense, likewise the ciha of
the dark and thin antenna, hind tibia with broad whitish belt, abdomen with 4 whitish belts wliich are open
beneath, anal tuft narrow, dark, beneath yellowish white. — Transcaspia, Merv (Antiochia Margiana of the
ancients), 3 (5'cJ". • Type in coll. POngeler, who was kind enough to send me the above description.

'^I^wl' ^^' *^'^*'*^''''^ormis //6w. (52e). Thesmallestof the red-winged species: expanse 15— 17 mm. Wings vermihon,

with the base black and the narrow costal border green-black. Median .spot black, with red border on each side.
A\ edge-spot vestigial ; outer vitreous patch only consisting of 3 small sjjots. IMstal border relatively broader, not deep

formis.

Fubl. 1. VIII. 1912. CHAMAESPHEOIA. By M. Bartel. 401

but brown-black and inwardly not so sharply defined. Cross-vein of hindwing more thinly scaled, posteriorly
very fine. Palpi white, in $ the end-segment dark, and in (J the hair black on the outer surface. Vertex
with yellowish hair-crest. Patagia without light shoulder-spot. Thorax and abdomen black, with aeneous green
sheen, without pale belts. Anal tuft in (J red in centre, in $ red above and black beneath. Anterior coxa of
1^ blue-black, of $ glossy white; legs black, mid and hind tibiae with extended vermilion hair in the centre;
tarsi of J yellowish. The black median band very rarely entirely scaled red; in rare aberrations ths red
replaced by silvery white. Lower Austria, Hungary. Dalmatia, Piedmont, Sicily, Roumania, Balkan Pen-
insula, Crete, Southern Russia, Kasan, Volga-Ural district, Transcaucasia, Northern Asia Minor, Syria and Tau-
rus; from May until August. — In ab. expleta Stgr., from Crete, Macedonia, Brussa, Angora, Taurus, Meso- explela.
potamia and Syria, the outer vitreous patch of the forewing is entirely and densely covered with red scaling,
the brown-black distal margin broader, and the vertex without yellowish hair-crest.

Ch. schmidtiiformis Frr. (recte schmidtii) (52 e). Always considerably larger than chalcidiformis, but schmidiii-
with the green-black costal margin much narrower and the distal marginal band brown-black, narrower, and /"'■"*'*•
sharply defined on both sides. Cross-vein of hmdwmg much more broadly scaled black. Vertex with light
yellow hair. Abdommal segment 4 above with a narrow white hind margin, which is sometimes absent.
Fore coxa entirely white in both sexes; tarsi aeneous. Palpi of ^ usually more white, black on outside. The
outer vitreous patch is frequently covered by dense vermilion scalmg ; it is very rare in this species that the ver-
milion colour is replaced by silvery white or pale yellow; there are 2 exceptionally pale yellow $9 in coll.
PUNGELER received from Konia together with normal ones. Croatia, South Hxnigary. Dalmatia, Sicily, Bulgaria,
East Roumelia, Turkey, Northern and Central Asia Mhior, Armenia. — In the paler ab. albotarsata Rebel, albotarsata.
from Sicily, Central Asia Minor (Konia) and Armenia, the dark costal border to the forewing has almost dis-
appeared, and the tarsi of all the legs are whitish yellow. — Rebel believes the food-plant to be Salvia ver-
ticillata. Moth in June.

Ch. elampiformis H.-Schuff. (52 e). An exceedingly slender species, with the body entirely glossy green- elampi-
black, the costal margin of the forewLng of the same coloiu' and somewhat widened in the centre; median band /"">"«•
and hind margin of the forewing entirely red. Outer margin brown-grey, proximally red, not sharply defined.
Fringes brown-grey. Cross-vein of hindwing not strongly scaled and like the other veins thinly smoke-brown.
Palpi and ventral edge of head red ; vertex and hind margin of head yellow. Thorax with some red hair poste-
riorly at the sides. Anal tuft red with black sides. Lsgs aeneous, tarsi yellowish ; hind and mid tibiae extended
vermilion in the middle. Wedge-spot of forewing small ; outer vitreous patch not very promment, composed of
3 — 4 very small spots with whitish scaling. — Brussa, Amasia, Ordubat in Southern Transcaucasia, Shahrud
and Astrabad in Northern Persia, and Hadjin in Mesopotamia, in June on Rumex.

Ch. masariformis 0. (51 g). Median spot of forewing not edged with orange on outside as m ichneumoni- masurifor-
formis and allies, at most with a very slight yellowish border. Antennae black, finely yellow outwardly '"^'•
before tlie apex, with very short cilia in (^. Palpi orange-yellow, on outside (in (J) and at the apex usually
blackish, at the base often whitish. Hind edge of head orange. Patagia with broad orange inner borders, thorax
without median stripe, on metathorax two orange tufts of hair; shoulder-.spot near base of forewmg orange.
Segments 2, 4, 6 and in tj also 7 of abdomen with broad deep orange belts which occupy almost the entire
segments. Segments 3 and 5 above usually with an obsolescent stripe in the centre. On the sides of the seg-
ments, with the exception of 1 and 3, there is an orange-yellow stripe. On the underside segment 2 entirely
whitish or orange-yellow, while segments 4 — 6 and in ^ also 7 have broad orange posterior margins. Anal
segment above at the base and in $ also beneath always black. Anal tuft of $ orange, black at the sides
and beneath, being frequently mixed with orange beneath in the centre; in ^ with 2 narrow orange-yellow
lateral tufts separated from one another, slightly mixed with blackish at the apex, beneath whitish in the centre.
Fore coxa of $ orange-yellow, of c? white or yellow with dark edge on inside. Tibiae and tarsi orange; the
former with very thick scaling, more or less black at the base, and with a sharply defined broad black-blue
subapical ring; tarsi with dark dusting on upperside. The vitreous spots of the forewing are more or less
dusted with yellow, especially in the 9; longitudinal patch of (^ distmctly reaching beyond middle, in 9 vesti-
gial; outer hyaline patch broader in (J than m 9> composed of 3 — 5 spots, of which the first and last are usually
filled in with orange. The distal area, which varies much in extent, bears more or less distinct orange-yellow
streaks. Marginal band of hindwing narrow, brown; cross-vein pointed posteriorly, rather strongly scaled an-
teriorly. This pointed discocellular bar distinguishes the species easily from annellata and its forms, in which
the scaled discocellular bar of the hindwing is of even width ; moreover, in annellata the streaks in the outer
area of the forewmg are never so distinct and bright, the colourmg of the belts and tibiae is never deep
orange, and the antenna of the ^J is much more strongly notched and ciliated; thorrx of aw«e//«<rt with median
stripe, and the yellow belts on abdominal segments 2, 4 and 6 much narrower. — The form odynerifortnis odynerijor-
H.-Schdff., from Greece and Crete, differs in the more yellow colouring, tiie iiyalme spots of the forewing being ""*•
dusted with yellow, the frmges distally edged with yellow, and the abdomen bearuig on segment 5 a broad
additional yellow belt. — Ch. masariformis is distributed from South-Eastern Germany, Switzerland, the TjtoI,
Moravia, Lower Austria to Hungary, Dalmatia, Central and Southern Italy, East Roumelia, Turkey, Greece,
Southern and Eastern Russia, Asia Minor, l Syria, Central Asia (Kuldja). The larva lives m the roots of

II 51

402 OHAMAESPHKCIA. By M. Bartel.

Verbasc-um ; pupation in tlii' ground; emergence from the middle of May to the middle of July.

allanlijor- Ch. allatitiformis Ev. (51 g). Very close to masariformis and perhaps only a local form of it. The me-

'"^^ dian band of the forewing essentially narrower, the longitudinal patch longer, particularly in the $; the outer
hvaline patch moreover larger in both sexes and its first spot and last one not filled in with yellow. Outer
marginal area very narrow m (J, broader in $, always with a row of yellow streaks. Palpi white, suffused
with yellow on the outside. Veins of the hindwing with yellow scaling. Abdomen with additional yellow
belt on segment 3 (a trace of a belt also on 5); on underside segment 2 entirely white, the last 3 (in
(J 4) segments also white, bearuag at most some orange scales posteriorly; segment 3 always with a white spot
beneath (in masariformis always dark). Anal brush of $ not black above at the sides. Tibiae orange, the
subapical black ring not so broad as m masariformis; fore coxa silvery white, with blackish margin in J. —
In the steppes of the Volga and Ural districts, the North-Western Caucasus, Transcaucasia, and the neighbor-
ing districts of Asia; from the end of May until July, flies frequently about the flowers of Achillea.

loewH. Ch. loewii Zell. (51 g). Nearest to masariformis; the colouring of the light parts never orange, but

golden yellow, the antennae yellow on the outside throughout their length, in (J serrate, with longer cilia. On
the dark bro\\ai forewing the longitudinal patch is vestigial in the ^ and absent in the $; outer hyaluie patch
smaller, composed of 3 — 5 small spots edged with yellow, as is also the wedge-spot; marginal area very
dark, broader in $ than in ^, with small yellow streaks, which are sometimes missing in the $; some-
times the outer vitreous patch is almost extended to the outer margin in the i^. Palpi yellow, whitish at the
base, in ^ the middle segment with black hair on the outside and the end-segment with black tip. Of the
yellow belts of the abdomen the one on segment 4 is the broadest ; segments 2 and 3 in c? and 3 in $ have
often slight yellow stripes above; segment 2 beneath almost entirely yellow, 4 — 7 in ^ with j^ellow belts
(sometimes entirely yellow); in ? the last 3 segments with yellow belts beneath, of which the one on segment 4
is the broadest. Anal tuft black in 9. above in the centre with 2 yellow longitudinal streaks; m ^ yellow,
with 2 broad black lateral tufts. Fore coxa white, mixed with black in (J. Tibiae yellow, with black subapical
ring on the mid and hind tibiae; these rings sometimes almost disappear entirely. Tarsi yellow, dusted witli
dark scaling. Very small specimens of this species without other distmctions have been separated as ab. loewii

viinor. minor Stgr. — From Syria, the Taurus, Asia Mutor, and Southern Transcaucasia (Kasikoparan); from May
until Jidy.
moreaui. Ch, inoreaui le Cerf. Of the same size as loewii, but more robust and the wings more rounded. Head

black, frons white anteriorly, vertex with fine whitish bristles. Palpi yellowish white, with a black exterior line.
Antennae long, very thin, with very short cilia, black on inside, outwardly whitish at the apex. Thorax black, with
a large yellowish white shoulder-spot and on each side a large spot variegated with Avhitish hair. Patagia and
metathorax entirely covered with white -yellow hair. Abdomen black, segment 2 beneath and half of it above
pale yellow, segments 3 and 5 with some small pale yellow scales, 4, 6 and 7 above entirely light yellow ;
on 4 and 7 the yellow colour deci'eases dowai wards, but reaches the ventral side. Anal brush very short, com-
posed of 2 central pale yellow tufts and 2 small yellow lateral ones. Coxae and femora bronze-black, margmed
with pure yellow, the femora black at the base ; tibiae yellow, base and a ring black ; tarsi pure yellow. Forewing
bronze-green, strongly variegated with yellow scales, the 3 hyahne patches well-developed, particularly
the outer one, which is composed of 5 spots and extends to the outer margin, the distal border therefore
very narrow. Hindwing hyaline, veins and a narrow border coloured as on forewing. Fringes of both
wings grey, interrupted with yellowish at the base of the hindwing; on underside small yellowish scales cover
the discocellular bar and hind margin. Expanse 23 mm. — Amasia. Differs from loewii in the larger size of
the vitreous patches, the reduced anal tuft, the thin antennae and the pale tone of the yellow colouring.

pechi. Ch. pechi Stgr. (51 g). Nearest to loewii, distinguished by the longer cilia of the (^'-antenna. The fore-

wing has a rounded outer vitreous patch which consists of 3 spots in $ and of 5 in c? ; outer area rather
broad, with 4 — 6 small obsolescent yellowish streaks. Vertex and frons black in ^ slightly variegated with
yellow, yellow in $. Palpi also yellow, with black hair on the outside. Antennae suffused with yellow on
outside, otherwise black above, m (J slightly serrate, with rather long cilia. Abdomen of $ with yellow belts
above and beneath on segments 2, 4, 5 and 6, the belts broadest on segments 4 and 2, narrowest on 5. In
(J complete belts usually only on segments 4 and 7, the belts much narrower and more indistinct on the
other segments, on underside segments 2 and 4 — 7 entirely yellow. Anal brush in ^ centrally yellow, beneath
orange, with the sides black; in $ black, at most mixed with yellow at the extreme tip. Fore coxa blackish,
whitish on outside; tibiae and tarsi yellow, the former with a subapical black ring, tarsi with blackish suffu-
sion. — From Algeria in June (Sebdou, Oran; Lambessa).
■proximata. Ch. proximata (S^^grr. (52 b). Forewing of J with a very large outer vitreous patch leaving only a very

narrow distal border, which is not dusted with yellow; in the $ the outer border broad and like the median
band without yellowish dusting. On underside the outer border likewise without yellow spots. Antennae
almost entirely yellowish broM'n, only the apex being black ; the Q-antenna somewhat thicker, more serrate
and with longer cilia than in masariformis. The yellow colouring of all the other parts of the uisect pale lemon-
yellow, nearly as in loewii. Palpi, legs and abdomen nearly as in loeivii and masariformis; the yellow belts on seg-
ments 4 and (5 of abdomen broadest, the belt on segment 2 distiiict, those on the other segments much

GHAMAESPHEOIA. By M. Bartel. 40S

weaker and sometimes almost absent. Easily distinguished from loewii by the distal marginal area of the fore-
wmg not bearmg yellow scaling above and beneath, and the antennae being yellowish brown. Pontus and
Taurus, middle of June to middle of July. — The form fallax Stgr. differs in the terminal area of the forewing iallax.
beuig broad and golden yellow traversed by the feebly black vems, the costal and hind margins of the forewing,
as well as the vems of the hmdwing being suffused with gold yellow. The golden yellow colouring is even
stronger on the underside. Antennae entii'ely brownish yellow (without black apex). The yellow belts of ab-
dominal segments 4 and 6 considerably broader. From Syria (Beyrut), and questionably also from Northern Persia.

Ch. doryceraeformis Led. (51 g). Forewmg golden yellow at the costal, hind and distal margms, with dorycerac-
the exception of the dark median band. Longitudinal patch distinct in (J, absent in $; outer hyaline patch /o""*-«-
4-partite, but the first spot usually entirely covered with yellow scales. Marginal line narrow, dark brown.
Transverse band of forewing beneath black, its outer half yellow, sometimes the band entirely black. Face
whitish, eyes bordered with white. Palpi whitish yellow, the basal segment white. Collar yellow. Antennae
blue-black, entirely golden yellow on outside, with short cilia in (J. Thorax with yellow median stripe and yellow-
inner edges to the patagia; shoulder-.spot distmctly yellow. Abdomen bright golden yellow, with sharply defined
black belts which are continuous on underside, and are broader in the $. Anal tuft golden yellow, in (^ the
extreme lateral angles mixed with black ; in $ with deep black lateral stripe. Anterior coxa whitish yellow ; femora
yellow striped with black; tibiae and tarsi golden yellow, the former with mdistinct blackish subajiical ring.

— North-Eastern Asia Minor, and Mesopotamia, end of June and early July. Distinguished from the allied
species by the golden yellow forewing bearing a black median band, the median stripe of the thorax, the golden
yellow abdomen with black belts, and the nearly entirely golden yellow anal brush.

Ch. regula Stgr. (52 b). Always much smaller than doryceraeformis and not golden yellow on the regula.
forewing, but dull brownish yellow. Longitudmal patch of ^J only vestigial. Median band not deep black, but
suffused with brownish yellow. Outer vitreous patch longer than high, consisting of 3 or 4 small .spots.
Cross-vein of hindwing not so much incrassate as in the previous species, but its scaling rather narrow, nearly
as in empiformis. Colouring brownish ; frons and palpi yellowish white, sometimes almost white, or light brownish
yellow. Abdomen uniformly brown-yellow, with obsolescent dark belts, which are not so deep black and sharply
defined as in doryceraeformis. Venter light brown or brownish yellow, sometimes dirty white-yellow in ^ (as
is sometimes also the case on upperside). Anal tuft laterally with a few blackish hair. Fore coxa browni.sh
white or pale brownish yellow; legs light brownish; tibiae with vestiges of dark rings. — Mesopotamia
(Mardin, end of June, early Jvily).

Ch. leucoparea Led. Slender, with narrow wings. Expanse 15 — 16 mm.*^ Costal margin, transverse leueopnrea.
band and hind margm of forewing brown, the hind margin dusted with golden yellow, and the median band
slightly edged with golden yellow on outside. Distal area gold-colour, brownish towards the margin. The
wedge-.spot small, the outer hyalme patch rounded, only traversed by 2 brownish veins. The distal border
of the hindwing narrow and brown, and the cross-vein anteriorly mcrassate. Forewmg beneath almost entirely
covered with yellow on the scaled portions. Body blue-black; frons, antennae and palpi pale golden yellow, the
palpi blackish on outside. Eyes anteriorly bordered with glossy yellowish white. Patagia with pale golden
yellow or whitish mner border. On the metathorax at each side a yellowish tuft of hair. Abdominal segments
2, 4, 6 and in ^ also 7 with golden yellow belts, which are broader beneath and continuous. Anal tuft black
in $, only edged with yellow at the sides, in S the centre and sides narrowly yellow. Legs golden yellow,
with mmute black spots. — Allied to loewii, but smaller and slenderer, and differing also in the outer area of
the forewing being golden, the median band exteriorly edged with yellow, the hind margin yellow, and in the ab-
dominal belts and anal tuft being different. — Northern Persia (Astrabad and Shahrud).

Ch. aurifera Rom. The scaled portions of the forewmg dusted with golden yellow, the median^band aurifera.
deep brown-black, wedge-shaped, margmed on outside with yellow or copper-brown or violett. The longitu-
dinal patch absent in both sexes; outer hyalme patch present, but small. Base and veins m the central and
distal areas of the hindwing scaled yellow. Head golden yellow. The antennae black, dusted with yellow
scales and in (J bearing short dark grey cilia; the basal segment very short, incrassate, yellow beneath. Base
of palpi light yellow shading into golden yellow, end-segment dirty yellow and middle one densely scaled. Pro-
boscis thin, dark brown. Thorax blue-black; collar, patagia, and a median dorsal stripe yellow. Abdomen
golden yellow, the edges of the segments greenish or bluish with a silvery sheen. Anal tuft orange, changmg
into black at the sides. Venter yellow. Legs glossy pale yellow; the tibiae densely covered with hair-scales.

— Easily distinguished from the allied species by the absence of the longituduial hyalme patch on the fore-
wing, the golden yellow patagia, the broad golden yellow belt on each abdominal segment, the nearly entirely
orange anal brush, yellow venter and the uniformly yellow tibiae. — Southern Transcaucasia (Kasikoparan ,
end of June).

Ch. annellata Zell. (51g). Smaller than masarijormis; expanse 13 — 20 mm. The colourmg not so annellala.
deep orange-yellow, the cross-vein of the hindwing with its scaling of even width, not tapermg posteriorly,
the outer border of the forewing without yellow streaks or these not so bright and never orange-yellow, the
thorax with a yellow median stripe and on the patagia a pure white shoulder-spot. The antennae bear golden

404

OHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

yellow scaling on outside, and are in (J much more strongly notched and ciliated. The belts on^abdominal
segments 2, 4, 6 and in cJ also 7 not so very broad and not orange-yellow as in masariformis, but more whitish
yellow. Legs white-yellow, tibiae with a broad subapieal black ring. Abdomen usually with the yellowish
white belts on segments 3 and 5 weaker. Anal brush mo.stly black, with two narrow streaks in the centre, be-
neath yellow in the middle. Very variable in size and colour and in the extent of the light colouring. In Greece

ledereri. and Asia Minor (and elsewhere as aberration) occurs the from ledereri nom. nov. (= ceriaeformis Led.), which

is smaller and darker, and bears a white belt on segments 4 and 6 of the abdomen. On the other hand, ab.

oxybeli- oxybeliformis H.-Schdff. (51 g), from Hungary, East Roumelia, Morea, Sarepta, Transcaucasia, Amasia and

formis. other places, is larger and more yellow, the distal border of the forewing being spotted with yellow and the
abdomen banded with yellow above, the belts bemg distinct beneath on all the segments. — Southern Ba-
varia, Lower Austria, Carinthia, Galicia, Transsylvania, Hungary, Toscana, Southern France, Roumania,
East Roumelia, Turkey, Greece, Southern Russia (Taganrog and Kuban district), Transcaucasia, Bithynia,
Pontus and Taurus, middle of May to end of July; the ab. oxybeliformis observed in Morea at 2470 ft as late
as early September. The larva lives in the roots of Ballota nigra.

pudorina.

Ch.

pudorina Styr. Forewing blackish, suffused with vermilion, with small vermilion spots in the
distal area. Palpi and patagia predominantly reddish. Thorax and abdomen above black, strongly mixed
with reddish, the abdomen entirely reddish beneath, segments 4, 6 and in ^ also 7 with reddish dorsal belts.
Legs predominantly vermilion. Anal brush black above mixed with reddish hair, reddish beneath. Moreover,
the antenna has rather long cilia and bears at the tip a rather long bristle. Otherwise distinguished from
mnsariformis and allied Asiatic species by the red colouring. — Only 1 ^ from Saissan in the Tarbagatai.

bibioni- Ch. bibioniformls Esp. (51 i). Larger than armelhfa, expanse 19 — 23 mm, the colouring lighter.

formis. 'p)jg forewing always with small whitish or yellowish streaks in the distal area. The outer vitreous patch
larger, broader than high and 5-partite, the first .spot and the last one being scaled with white. Longitudinal patch
very distinct in ^, vestigial in $. Distal border of hindwing narrow, cross-vein incrassate by scalhig through-
out, but posteriorly tapering. Fringes smoke-grey, whitish distally with the exception of the apex of the fore-
wing. where they are always dark. Antennae suffused with yelloM- outwardly, with short cilia in ^, without
spiniform processes; basal segment yellow or white beneath. Palpi white, the end-segment, in (^ also the middle
one, strea"ked with black. Frons with metallic gloss and before the eyes 2 snowy white bands. Vertex blue-
black, irrorated with yellow. Hind margin of head yellow above, white beneath. Dorsum of thorax Avith 3
whitish stripes, which are sometimes yellowish. Shoulder-spot of patagia white. The tufts of hair on the
mctanotum white. Abdomen usually with a dorsal line of whitish or yellowish spots, irrorated with yellow
or whitish scales, and bearing white belts on segments 2, 4, 6 and traces of belts on 3, 5 and in ^ also 7. On
the underside segment 2 entirely white, the following ones either entirely white or with more or less distinc*^
\\hitish hind edges, of which that of the fourth segment is broadest. Anal tuft of ^ whitish or yellowish hi
the centre, striped with whitish or yellowish laterally at the base, beneath whitish or yellowish. In $ stronger
and broader, similar to that of the ^, but with two broad divergent dorsal stripes in the centre. Fore coxa
glossy white. Tibiae whitish, the anterior one blackish on outside, the mid and hind ones rough-hairy, with
a broad black ring at base and apex. Tarsi yellowish white, usually dark above and on outside. ■ — boisduvalii
novi. nov. (= mysiniformis Bdv.), from Andalusia, according to Boisduval is darker, with the belts and the
borders of the forewing broader, the abdomen devoid of a dorsal row of spots, and the coxae bordered with
black on outside. — Ch. bibionifonnis occurs in Central Germany (once found at the Kjrffhauser), Lower Au-
stria, Hungary, Gouv. Pleskau, Roumania, East Roumelia, Turkey, Asia Minor, Southern Russia, Volga
and LTral districts and the neighbouring countries of Asia, as well as Transcaucasia. According to Tomala
the larva is dirty yellowish white, with blackish legs. Head densely hairy at the .sides, less so on the frons;
mandible stout, chestnut, with the base and tip deep black, the upperlip red-brown laterally, dirty white
in the centre, and the clipeus transparent red-brown with dark brown sides and sharp white boundary line.
Behind the head a small triangular sclerite; pronotal plate brownish. Dorsal vessel shining through, at each
side a setiferous wart on every segment, above the spiracles 4 or 5 smaller and larger warts, two
of which bear one bristle each. Some of the larvae hibernate twice in the roots of Tithymalus gerardiana;
they tunnel at first downward, finally ascending to the top of the root and lining the end of the tunnel with
silk; there occur also tubes made of wood-mould and sand, closed at the end and running above the ground,
hi which the pupa moves up or dowai accorduig to the degree of moisture. Emergence of the moths from the
middle of May until the end of August, mostly in July.

Ch. monspeliensis /S^grr. (52c). Larger and darker thunhibioni formis. with a large longitudinal patch in o
and a vestigial one in $. Outer vitreous patch smaller, rounded; distal wing-area with dull yellow streaks. Cross-
vein of hindwing broadly scaled throughout. Palpi orange or whitish, striped with black on the outside, the
end-segment being blackish. Vertex ochreous. Patagia with yellow inner margin and yellowish shoulder-
spot. Antennae black, yellow on outside, basal segment rust-yellow beneath. Frons dark. Eyes anteriorly
with glossy whitish borders. Abdomen dusted with yellow, segments 2, 4, 6 and in (J also 7 posteriorly with
shariily defined yellow belts. On the ventral surface in the ^ posteriorly rather distinctly continous yellow

boisduvalii

monspelien-
sis.

CHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel. 405

belts; in $ a large triangular yellow spot on segments 2, 4 and 5. Aiial tuft yellow, black at the sides. An-
terior coxa ochreous or whitish ; mid and hind tibiae ochreous, with a broad black rmg at the base and apex. —
Southern France, Spain and questionably also Algeria; in May and June.

Ch. staudingeri Failla (50 1). C'lumsier in build than anrieUata with broader forewing, and easily slaudingeri.
distinguished by tiic belts on the underside of the abdomen not being so distinctly continuous. Larger than
alysoniformis. Forewing with a light spot at the base and two very small hyaline patches; wedge-spot vestigial,
anteriorly bordered with pale yellow; outer hyaline patch tripartite. The small markings in the outer area
very obsolescent. Cross-vein of hindwing strongly incrassate throughout. The eyes with white anterior border. An-
tennae black, yellowish on outside, first segment light yellow beneath. Palpi white, with a brownish suffusion on
outside. Occiput with conspicuous yellowish brown tuft of hair. Median stripe of thorax vestigial; inner
margins of patagia yellow. Abdomen black, with 3 golden yellow belts which are bordered posteriorly with
glossy white and situated on segments 2, 4 and 6. Anal tuft black, yellow above in the centre. On the under-
side segment 1 whitish, the hind margin distinctly yellow on segment 4 a'nd slightly yellow on the last
two segments. Anterior coxa glossy white. Legs black; fore tibia streaked with yellow, mid and hind tibiae
■ with whitish rings at the base and apex; tarsi dusted with yellowish scales. The species is further characterised
by the costal edge being yellow in the last third in front of the outer vitreous patch. — Sicily (Miliuni, Fi-
cuzza, in June).

Ch. haberhaueri Stgr. (51 k). Larger than alysoniformis and as in tiiat species without yellow shoulder- haherhaueri.
spot on the patagia. Forewing with 3 vitreous patches, of which the longitudinal one is short, in ^ some-
times vestigial only; the wedge-spot larger than in alysoniformis. Outer area black, only in exceptional cases
with a few yellow scales close to the margin; also the median band and the costal and hind margins without
light scaling, only the costal margin bearing a light-coloured edge towards apex. The cross-vein of the hind-
wing rather strongly scaled. Antenna of cJ very slightly notched, with very short cilia, blue-black, only
the outside yellowish towards apex. Hind margin of head broadly orange, palpi white, onty slightly black-
ish outwardly at the apex. Thorax with 5 yellow stripes, metanotum with yellow tufts of hair. The
abdomen black, with the hind margins of segments 2, 4 and 6 yellowish white, in $ often these segments en-
tirely yellow ; small yellow dorsal spots are present, but usually indistinct . Anal brush of (^ with thui whitish stripes
in the middle, the median lobe laterally with yellowish stripes on underside. In the $ with 2 broader, diver-
gent, more lateral yellowish smears, entirely dark on underside. The venter black, with segment 2 entirely
whitish yellow and segments 4 — 6 bearing yellowish lateral spots. Fore coxa snowy white. Tibiae white and
black; femora and tarsi dark. ■ — Taurus.

Ch. alysoniformis H.-Schdff. (51 k). Distinguished particularly by its small size (expanse 13 — 18 mm), alysonifor-
the very small vitreous spots, of which the longitudinal one is absent in both sexes and the wedge-spot very ""«•
short. Outer vitreous patch rounded, tripartite, the first spot bemg sometimes covered with scalmg. Costal
margin not pale-edged before the apex; outer area dark, with 2 — 4 small yellow spots in the cellules. The cross-
vein of the hindwing widened anteriorly, pointed behind. Scalmg on outer surface of antennae ochreous. Palpi
yellow, whitish at the base, with brown apical segment. Hind margin of head red-yellow. Thorax with 3
yellow stripes, of which the median one reaches only to the centre. Abdomen black, with a steel-blue gloss,
Mdthout a dorsal line of pale spots, the hind borders of segments 2, 4 and 6 narrowly pale yellow, the borders
widening laterally and the first two being continuous beneath, segment 5 with a yellowish lateral spot. Anal brush
black, in ^ on each side with a thin yellow or white longitudinae streak, which is only indicated in $. Fore
coxa whitish; tibiae and tarsi steel-blue, the tibiae only in $ thinly yellow on outside and with some yellowish
hairs in the middle and at the apex. Easily distinguished from haberhaueri by the absence of the longitu-
dinal hyaline spot, the very small size of the other vitreous spots, the costal margm not being pale-edged before
the apex, the yellow streaks in the dark outer area, the yellow abdominal belt of segment 4 being complete
on underside, the absence of a dorsal line of spots, and the dark anal brush not being yellow m the middle;
differs from staudingeri in the absence of the light shoulder-spot on the patagia. — Bavarian Palatinate (Speyer),
Hungary, Dalmatia. East Roumelia, Greece, Western Asia Minor (Brussa) and Pontus.

Ch. empiformis Esp. (51g, h). Exceedingly variable in size; the commonest species of the genus, empiformis.
Forewing blue-black, dusted with yellow, with yellow streaks in the distal area. Palpi predominantly yellow.
Occiput orange. Antennae black, suffused with yellow on outside. Thorax with a thm yellow median stripe
and broad yellow inner borders to the patagia. Frons without white borders to the eyes. No shoulder-spot
on the patagia. Segments 2, 4 and 6 above with yellow belts, behind which the hind edges are narrowly glossy
white; the other segments above more or less irrorated with yellow; dorsal line of yellow spots indistinct.
The ventral surface almost entirely dusted with yellow. Anal tuft very variable in colouring, being either
black with yellow stripes, or sometimes predominantly yellowish orange. Legs yellow, the tibiae with black
basal and apical rings; tarsi with blackish dusting. Cross- vein of hindwing tapering to a fme point behind.
— A larger and darker form, from Transcaucasia and Morea, is schizoceriformis KoL, in which the line of dorsal scMzoeeri-
spots is more distinct in the ^, the vitreous spots are smaller, often covered with yellow scaling, particularly formts.
m the $, and the hind tibia is more orange than yellow. — Likewise darker, especially in $, is hungarica To- lumgarica.
mala (51 h); it is more greenish black, with the wing-margms slightly dusted with yellow, usually less distinct

406

CHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

floricola.

asialiforniis.

yellow stripes in the outer area, dull yellow colouring of the palpi, and very dark abdomen, particularly in
the $, the abdomen bearing beneath no or few yellow scales and in (J above a more distinct row of dorsal
spots. The larva of this form was found onl}' in Tithj'malus lucida on sunny river banks which were not swampy;
it makes a tunnel of mould and soil down into the damp portion of the ground, and moves in it up and
down (as does also the pupa) according to the degree of dampness. — Ch. empiformis is distributed almost
throughout Central and South Europe, the Ural district, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Siberia (Lepsa and Kuldja
district); questionably also in Algeria. The egg is flat lent if orm, red-brown, with very hard shell; deposited
singly at the stem of the food-plant close to the ground, being only slightly glued on. The larva is bone-
yellow, with bi"oad, swollen thoracical segments, and sparsely clothed with grey hairs. Head yellowish brown,
with darker frontal triangle, nuchal plate yellowish; fullgrown 18 to 21 mm in length. Hibernates once and
lives until April or May, very rarely until July, in the larger rhizomes of Tithymalus cyparissias, esula and
other species, in sunny places. According to Asmus also in EpUobium angustifoHum. Pupates in the top
of the rhizome in a cell lined, with- fine silk ; pupa slender, golden yellow, with six — 8 light muiute bristles on
the stumpy anal end. Moth from the end of May to August, single specimens observed in September; flies
round Artemisia and Tithymalus and can be canght on the food-plant at night:

Ch. floricola Oherth. (51 h). According to Oberthtjr differs from empiformis in the reddish base of
the huidwing, the black fringes which are not lighter distally, but are white at the hmdmargin of the hind-
wing, the black head with white palpi havmg a black outer edge, and m a white tuft of hair on the metathorax.
Abdomen black on both sides, bronze-coloured, with a short whitish central stripe and a white spot laterally
on segment 2. Anal tuft and legs black; hind tibia with yellowish ring in the middle; tarsi yellowish. — Al-
geria (Sebdou, middle of July).

Ch. astatiformis//.-<S'cM//. (51h). The sexes very different, the (3* usually larger than the J, and much
.slenderer than that of empiformis. Forewing brownish black dusted with yellow; outer area of q pale yellow,
crossed by dark brown veins and bounded with dark colouring on both sides, in the darker $ with two to
four small light yellow spots close to the margin, or entirely dark. Cross-vein of hindwing in both sexes more
broadly scaled posteriorly than in empiformis. Palpi of q .yellowish with whitish base, sometimes blackish
on the outside ; in the $ yellowish, or whitish and yellowish on the distal part, at most verj^ slightly blackish on the
outside right at the tip. Thorax with the patagia broadly edged with yellow, and narrow yellow median line
in the c?, which is fainter and often obsolete in the ?. Frons dusted with yellow. Abdomen of o ver\^ slender,
strongly dusted with yellow, m the 9 almost black with patches of j'ellow scales in the centre. Segments 2,
4 and 6 bear narrow yellowish white belts posteriorly in the (J and broad white ones in the $; segment 7
yellow in the o. Anal tuft black, in the ^ striped with golden yellow m the middle and laterally, and en-
tirely yellow below ; in the $ above with two divergmg yellowish median stripes, and yellowish below m the middle.
Venter of ^ entirely yellow, with white spots on the lateral edge, in the $ predominantly dark, with whitish
lateral spots, those of segments 4 and 6 being most prominent. Legs predominantly yellow, tibiae with blackish
rings at the base and apex, which however, are, often entii-ely obsolete in the (^. — From Ratisbon, Bohemia,
Lower Austria, Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Dalmatia, Roumania, Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, Southern Russia,
Gouv. Kasan, Volga and Ural districts, and neighbouring Asiatic countries, Transcaucasia, Asia Mmor,
Tobolsk, Lepsa (Southern Siberia), Hi district, Altai to Chinese Turkestan (Aksu, here in aberrational speci-
mens), from May to August. The larva lives in the roots of Euphorbia.

Ch. stelidlformis Frr. (51 i). Antennae black, yellow on the outside, in the 9 with a brown spot
above before the apex. Abdomen with dorsal luie of yellowish spots and white htndmargin to segment 4,
w Inch is strongly broadened into a spot laterally. Segment 2 with white lateral spots, the others mostly with
whitish spots at the lateral edges. Anal tuft black, with yellowish lateral stripe, m the ^ yellowish below in
the centre, rarely also variegated with yellow hairs above. Hind tibia black, with yellowish stripe
below ; tarsi black at base. The outer vitreous area of the brownish black forewing consists of five
spots, the three middle ones of which project distally. Median line of thorax is only faintly devel-
ideropus. oped and sometimes absent. In ab. (et v.) icteropus H. Schdff. (52 c) the wmgs and the abdomen
are strongly dusted Avith yellow, and the anal tuft is predominantly yellow. From Fiume, Dalmatia, Southern
and Eastern Russia, South Western Siberia, transitional forms also in Hungary; in the last localitj' occur
also typical specimens of icteropus. — Ch. stelidiformis is distributed in Piedmont, Dalmatia, Carniola, Ca-
rmthia, Croatia, Hungary, Moravia, Roumania, Southern Russia, North Cavicasus, Transcaucasia, Asia I\Ii-
nor, to Lepsa ui the Siberian province Semirjetshensk, and the Kuldsha district. Accordmg to Tojl\la
the egg is flattened, 0.3 x 0.35 mm, A^th the broader surfaces somewhat impressed, a small groove on the
iipper side; dark chocolate brown, with minute diagonally placed depressions, the raised edges of which have
a golden gloss. It is deposited singly or in clusters of up to twelve on the stalk of the food plant. The larva
emerges after a fortnight and according to Gartiser is first white with pale brown head, having a dark forked
line and similar mouth-parts ; nuchal plate brownish with two rust-browii .stripes. Dorsal vessel rust -brown,
shining through, on either side of it a groove on each segment. Stigmata in depressions. Thoracical legs with
strong coxae, rusty brown at the apex. In the sprmg the full-grown larva is stout, the head darker fox-brown
with minute hairs; anal plate narrow, without gloss and also hairy. Above the white lateral edge there are

strlidifor
mis

CHA:\rAE8PHECIA. By .AI. Barrel. 407

three warts in a triangle, wath a hair on each. Lives until April or May in the roots of Tithymalus epithi-
nioides, in sunny places, especially if stone-covered, fullgrow^l in the stout rhizome, close beneath the rmd
of which is also the silk-lined pupal cell. Pupa golden browii, head with short sharp edge ; the hodj with belts of
sharp erect points, and the cremaster surrounded by four pairs of dark sharply pointed cones. The moth emerges
from the end of May to July.

Ch. guriensis Emich. (52c). Larger and slenderer than empiformis, forewing with blue black edges, gurknsis.
the costal margin being dusted with yellowish white, and the outer margin bearing five 3-ellowish dot-like smears.
Vitreous spots rather large ; the longitudinal spot extends to the transverse band in the c^ ; in the $ it is narrow
and scaled with yellowish white; outer vitreous patch traversed by two to four yellow veins. Fringes smoky
grey, yellowish white at the hind margin of the hmdwing. Body blue-black, antemiae dusted with yellowish
white. Palpi yellowish white, strongly black-hairy on the outer side. Frons and collar yellowish red. Inner
edges of patagia yellowish white. Segments 4 and 6 (in the ^ also 7) of abdomen ^vith yellowish white edge.
Anal tuft black, yellow below in the middle. Legs black ; hind tibia with a yellowish white ring. Tarsi yellow-
ish white. Near stelidiformis , from which it is easily distinguished by the abdominal belts not being broaden-
ed into spots laterally, and by segments 4 and 6 (in the o also ") having a whitish edge. — Transcaucasia
(Prov. Guria. July).

Ch. osmiaeformis H.-Schdff. (52 d). Considerably smaller than stelidiformis, 12 to 19 mm in ex- osmiaefor-
panse, and more brown in colour. The whitish posterior edge of segment 4 only very slightly broader in the ""*•
centre and laterallj', not forming triangular spots. Anal tuft j'ellowish broT\ii. variegated with lighter hairs,
without distinct basal stripes laterally; below in the centre variegated with yellowish. Tibiae brown,
hind tibia in the middle yellow or whitish. Longitudinal area of forewing only indicated in the ^ ; wedge-shaped
spot verj- small. Outer vitreous area always much higher than it is broad, consisting of four or five small spots,
narrower in the $. Cross-vein of hindwing strongly and evenly incrassate, pointed posteriorly. The very
broad median band of the fore^-ing deep black, ^vithout brown dusting. Antennae bro^ni, golden yellow on
the outside, in the J almost entireh' cinnamon-yellow. Palpi of ^ white clothed with black hair on the outer
side of the middle and basal segments, in the $ yellow, only blackish at the apex of the middle segment and on the
end-segment. — From Sicily, Central and Southern Italy and questionably also from Dalmatia. in May and June.

Ch. mutilata Stgr. Similar to stelidiformis but smaller (expanse 19 to 20 mm), hind margin of the fourth mutilala.
abdominal segment orange. Anal tuft black, right at the base with short orange stripes on both sides towards
apex: below only orange at the tip. Tibiae bluish black, orange-yellow in the basal half, tarsi dirty
whitish yellow. Forewing brownish black, slightly dusted with yellow. Longitudinal patch absent {^): wedge-
spot .short, as m alysoniformis: outer vitreous area small, consisting of three transparent spots and thinly
covered with yellowish scales: the small spots above and below the patch filled in \\ith yellow scales. Outer
border of hmdwing broader than in stelidiformis; cross-vein strongly incrassate anteriorly as in that species,
but quite thin posteriorly, iliddle segment of palpi clothed with conspicuous long blackish grey hair: end-
segment quite slender and very much longer than in stelidiformis. — From Samarkand, middle to end of July.

Ch. mentis Leech (51 i). According to Leech related to stelidiformis Frr., but distinguished by the montis.
different abdominal belt.s. Expanse 25 mm (o). Fore^\-ing with a deep black border, transparent wedge-spot
and oval outer vitreous patch consisting of five spots. Median spot broad, black. The transparent liindMuig
has a black margin, which is broader towards the apex and narrower towards the anal angle. Body black.
Abdomen ringed with yellow towards the middle and at the end. Head, thorax, legs, antemia and under.side
black. L'nderside of wings dusted -n-ith j'ellow along the costal and hind margins. — Japan (Oiwake, June).

Ch. ramburii Stgr. (52 c). Abdomen uniformly smoky brown, with white posterior edges in the ^ only ramburii.
on segments 2. 4. 6 and 7. in the S on segments 2. 4 and 6. the middle one of which is not broadened into
spots laterallv. The white hind edges of segments 2, 6 and 7 are sometimes entirely absent in the o ■ some-
times the latter has more or less distinct white rings on all the segments. Anal tuft of ,3 yellowish above in
the centre and very slightly laterally, entirely yellowish below, in the 2 entirely dark. Segment 4 of 2 some-
times with a few whitish scales posteriorly on the ventral side. Fore coxa dark, with narrow white outer edges.
Tibiae of middle and hind legs dirty white with dark rings; tarsi smoky bro'mi. Outer vitreous area oblong, con-
sisting of five small transparent spots, the uppermost and lowest of which are never filled in with yellow.
Longitudinal spot always absent in the 2. Median band and outer area narrower than in colpiformis. the outer
area with four or five obsolescent yellowish streaks at the outer margin. Antennae clothed ^vith yellow scales
throughout their length on the outside. Palpi dirty white, in the ,S with a black edge below on the outer side.
Frons glossy brownish black, with a few yellowish scales in front of the e\es. On the whole .slenderer than
colpiformis. Expanse 16 to 23 mm. — From Andalusia (on loamy fields, from the middle to the end of June),
Castile (Cuenca. July).

Ch. agnes Oherth. (51 i). Allied to ramburii, brown dusted with golden yellow. Abdomen above with agries.
white posterior edges to segments 2, 4 and 6, only the middle one of which is however always distinct, broad-
ened into spots laterally and divided by a small yello^nish spot in the middle, while the other white edges
are usually worn away. Anal tuft of o 'with narrow yellowish stripes laterally towards apex and variegat-
ed with yellowish below in the centre, in the 2 brown variegated with a lighter colour above laterally and
below in the centre. Fore coxa of o dark, often with a narrow white edge below, in the 2 entirely white.
Hind tibia brown, with a broad yellowish ring in the centre. Tarsi yellowish or bro\^Tiish. Longitudinal patch

408 CHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

of c? vestigial, that of ? absent. Outer vitreous area consisting of five spots, the uppermost and lowest
of which are sometimes clothed with yellow scales in the 9. the transparent spot is very considerably narrower
in the $ than in (J. Median band very broad, deep brown; the dull yellow streaks of the outer area are very
obsolescent above, more distinct below. Apex of forewing with a white edge, very distinct in the q. Antennae
golden yellow on the outer side, in the $ brownish yellow also above, sometimes entirely yellowish brown.
Palpi, similar to those of ramhwii, whitish m the $ vnih. yellowish or darker end-segment and upper part of
middle segment. Frons either entirely dark (^) or with j^ellowish or whitish scales belore the eyes, which have
almost the appearance of bands. Shoulder-spot of patagia di.stinctly yellow. A conspicuous feature is also
the base of the hindwing, which is broadly brownish black (not reddish as in floricola Oberth.) and the
hind-marginal fringes of which are lighter (sometimes conspicuously so, almost white, in the 3*), while usually
the fringes are brown with the tips golden yellow. Perhaps this species is sj'nonymous with floricola Oberth.;
this cannot be decided with certainty from the inexact descriptions of the two species. — Algeria (Sebdou,
beginnmg of May, Lambessa and Batna, July).

dolerifonnis. Ch. dolerlformis H.-Schnff. (501). Especially distinguished by the orange-yellow hind and middle

tibiae being clotiieil with thick tufts of hair and bearing a broad blackish brown belt before the apex. Median
band of forewing very broad, outer vitreous area broader than it is high, distally mergmg into the yellowish cells
of the outer area, marginal line dark brown. Cross-vein of hindwing very densely scaled anteriorly and tajjer-
ing to a sharp point posteriorly. Frons whitish, with distinct white borders to the eyes. Palpi yellow, basal
segment and lower half of the middle segment whitish. Antennae of both sexes black above, rusty yellow
below. Thorax with narrow yellow median line and broad yellow inner edges of the patagia. Abdomen black,
denselj' dusted with yellow, with obsolescent yellow dorsal spots, with whitish rings above posteriorh' on seg-
ments 4 and 6 (in the $ also on 2), below usually dark with segment 2 j'-ellowish white. Anal tuft black,
variegated witli yellow. Tarsi yellow. — From Dalmatia (Spalato), Macedonia, Corfu, Greece and Turke3\

colpiformis. Ch. colpiformis Stgr. (52 c). The hair on the tibiae is not so abundant and rough as in doleriformis,

about as in a large stelidiformis, the tibiae being whitish or brownish, with darker ring before the apex; tarsi
brown. Larger and slenderer than doleriformis, the vitreous patches larger and not covered with scales; longi-
tudinal patcii always present in Q and 9, rather long in the q. Longituduial streaks in the outer area whitish,
the borders brownish black. Antenna of cj more strongly ciliate, especially at the base, on the outside (below)
golden yellow in both sexes. Palpi white, rarely yellowish white, with longer hair than in doleriformis, in which
the}' are also never darker on tlie outside towards the apex. Patagia with whitish shoulder-spot. Abdomen
l)rown Avith vivid white posterior edges on segments 2, 4, 6 and m the $ also 5, and yellowish white, usually
indistinct, dorsal luie of spots. Venter dark, segment 2 often bearing yelloM- spots laterally or in the middle.
Anal tuft with two narrow whitish streaks ui the middle, and narrow whitish edges laterally, j'ellowish below
m the middle; brown in the ?, variegated with whitish. — From Lower Austria (Vienna), South Eastern
Hungary' (Jassenova), Southern France, Dalmatia, Greece, near Uralsk, in the Pontus (Amasia), Xorth-
Western Asia Minor (Brussa), Konia and Algeria, from June to August, in steppe-districts.
cinjusa. Ch. cirgisa spec. nov. (50 k). At Uralsk I found, together with colpiformis Stgr., a very well preserved

$ of a well marked new species which is most closely allied to colpiformis and is distinguished from it by the
following characters: It is larger (expanse 26 mm), and still more deeply chocolate brown than umbrifera,
not variegated with yellow. Abdomen with distinct yellow dorsal line of spots and narrow white posterior
edge to segments 2 and 4; that of the latter is somewhat broader, and broadened into spots laterally. Venter
uniformly chocolate brown. Anal tuft striated with yellow in the middle; the projecting outer lobes with yellow-
ish edges on the outside and below. The legs are vniiformly chocolate brown with the exception of the fore
coxae, which have aM'hite outer edge; ontythe tibiae bear a small white spot beneath; above they are uniformly
dark, the hmd tibia rather densely hairy, but not so tufted as in doleriformis. Palpi white, the end-segment
brownish. Antenna brown, suffused with yellow, with black tip. On the forewing. which is edged with choco-
late, there are only four whitish dots quite close to the margin. The longitudinal patch is quite short, the outer
vitreous patch higher than it is broad, and consistmg of five very distmct non-scaled spots, the upper one of
which projects outward. The outer vitreous area is quite straight on both sides, rectangular, which is never the
case ui colpiformis. The broad median spot projecting rather pointedly Inward. Fringes smoke brown, those
of the huid edge of the huidwing dark chocolate, not light as in colpiformis. The cross-vein of the hind-
wuig much more broadly scaled with chocolate and not so acutely pointed. This $ is also considerably slen-
derer than that of colpiformis. — From L^ralsk (4th July 1!)U7), t^-pe in my collection. In a $ from Sarepta
the antenna, palpi, fore coxa, bands and tufts of hair on thorax, dorsal line of spots and ring of hind tibia
are white.

ntnhrifera. Ch. umbrifera Stgr. (52 c). Distmguished from all the species by the margin of the hmdwmg bemg

remarkably broadly scaled, and connected with the large square median spot at the cross- vein by means of
cells 2 and 3 being also scaled. On the forewing the longitudinal patch is absent, the wedge-spot, is obsoles-
cent, and the outer vitreous area small and oval, consisting of three or four spots. Antennae of (J very stout,
strongly ciliate. They are browni with the exception of the black apex and only in the o bear a Mhite spot
before the tip. Ahdomon with a white posterior edge to segment 4, which is not broader laterally. Anal tuft laterally

Puhl. 10. VIII. 1913. CHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel. 409

whitish at the base and below iii the centre; mid and limd tibiae broadly suffused with white in the middle,
otherwise brown. • — Only from Corfu.

Ch. lanipes Led. Resembling doleriformis in the tibiae being clothed with thick furry hair; the tibiae lanipea.
are, however, not orange yellow but white, and bear a blackish ring at base and apex. Tarsi brownish with
lighter rings. Forewing blackish brown, and, with the exception of the median band, du.sted with whitish
speckles. Outer area with four or five small whitish spots. Outer vitreous area traversed by four veins, the
upper and lower ones of which touch the ground-colour. The dense scaling of the cross-vein of the hindwing
only extends to vein 5. Antennae blackish brown, in the ^ stout and with rather long cilia. Thorax clothed
with whitish grey hair, with light inner edges to the patagia; abdomen dull blackish brown, segments 2, 4
and 6 edged wit4i white posteriorly; the other segments with narrow obsolescent yellowish brown hind edges.
Anal tuft blackish brown, whitish below and at the sides. Distinguishable from colpiformis by the hmd tibia
being clothed with furry hair, by the yellowish brown edges of segments 3, 5 and 7 and the anal tuft having
no light stripes in the middle. According to Rebel allied to bibioniformis, but differing especially m the hind
tarsus being much less spiny, and ua the habs of the hind tibia more tufted. — From Eastern Roumelia
(m the higher ranges of the Balkan Mts.).

Ch. pernix Leech (51 k). Forewing reddish brown, lighter and semitransparent towards the dise pernix.
and at the base; outer vitreous area not present. Hmdwmg transparent with the outer margm and fringes
dark. Head black, palpi and collar light yellow. Antennae with reddish apex. Thorax and abdomen black,
the latter with two narrow light yellow belts near the anal tuft and two broader belts, one of these towards
the centre, the other at the base of the abdomen. Anal tuft apically variegated with white. Legs black with
slight pale markings. Underside of forewing lighter than the upper. — Japan (Shimonoseki, July; Oiwake,
June). Leech placed the species into the genus Bembecia Hbn.

Ch. leucopsiformis Esp. (51 k). With a conspicuous yellowish dorsal line of spots and with a white leucopsi-
posterior edge otily to the fourth segment. Patagia broadly yellowish on the inner side; a narrow median /<""'"*«•
thoracical line present. Frons dark, without white borders to the eyes. Palpi white with darker end-segment.
Antennae blackish broAvn, yellowish on the outer side, in the ^ strongly dentate and ciliate. The white hind
margin of segment 4 somewhat broader laterally and extending on to the edges of the other segments. Ventral
side also with an indistinct yellow line of spots. Anal tuft of cJ narrowly striped wdth yellow in the middle
and at the sides, median tuft whitish below laterally; that of the $ black-brown slightly variegated with whit-
ish, with two whitish lateral stripes below. Fore coxae white, dark on the inner side, legs brownish black,
tibiae of the last two pairs white on the outside. Wedge-shaped patch vestigial in the $, longitudinal patch
only present m the (J ; outer vitreous area consisting of three small spots, more rarely of five, onethird broader
than it is high. Outer area usually with yellowish white, rather conspicuous streaks. The $ is much darker
than the ^. From Germany, Neuchatel, Aargau (Switzerland), the Tyrol, Bohemia, Lower Austria, Hungary,
Galicia, Bulgaria, Roumania and Tuscany; always very local and rather rare. — Larva cylmdrical with the
thoracical segments rather swollen, ivory white, with a dark dorsal vessel shming through and minute hair.s
on the small dark warts. Head reddish browm with small lighter bristles; nuchal plate light brown. The teeth
at the inner side of the mandibles rounded and standing nearer the apex. Annual, hibernates when young
and lives until the end of July or beginnmg of September in the roots of a Euphorbiaceae (Tithymalus cypa-
rissias), only on sandy soil, makes a sUk-lmed tubular tunnel of wood-mould along the root and up to the
surface of the earth; it pupates in this tunnel or in the top of the root, the pupa being yellowish brown and
lying very near the surface of the ground. The moth flies at the end of August and in September, the species
bemg the latest of those mhabiting Central Europe; often obtained mth the sweeping net off Euphorbiaceae
in the evening.

Ch. crassicornis spec. nov. (50 m). While leucopsiformis appears from the end of August to Septem- cra^sicomis.
ber, I found a closely allied species at Uralsk from the begmning to the end of July 1907 which differs from
it in the following particulars: Outer area of forewing longer, consisting of 3 spots; cross- vein of hindwing
more densely scaled. Antennae of ^ with decidedly longer cilia, lighter brown above, m the $ yellowish brown
with a tuft of whitish bristles at the apex ; those of the (J are longer in comparison with those of leucopsiformis,
extending beyond the median band. Palpi similar to those of leucopsiformis, but the hair shaggy in the ^,
and in the $ thicker than in the 9 of the preceding species. The colour of the scaled patches and of the body
is lighter brown; the abdomen especially is strongly variegated with whitish and yellowish specks; it bears
a vestigial white hind edge on segment 6 and similar traces on other segments. Anal tuft quite light yello^vish
below m the centre. Anterior coxae entirely aenescent, or also white on the outer side. The wedge-shaped
patch of the forewing is longer iu the 9 than ui the leucopsiformis 9- The outer area always ■with distinl
whitish yellow streaks. Usually another small vestigial transparent spot above the outer vitreous patch.

Ch. armeniaca Bartel (50 1). An exceedingly slender species, with very narrow, long and pointed armeniaca.
forewuig, resembling leucopsiformis Esp. m the light dorsal line of spots, but not related to it. Its proper
place in classification is near triannuliformisFrr., this bemg indicated especially by the white anterior borders
to the eyes, the shape of the anal tuft, and the antennae, which are dark on the outside, etc. The differences

n 52

no GHAilAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

between it and the species mentioned are noted in the following description: Expanse: 17 mm (^J). Wings
exceedmgly narrow, forewing rumiing into a point, with brown margins and the vems densely covered with yellow-
isli scales. The vitreous patches are much smaller than in trianriuliformis, the longituduial patch is quite
vestigial, the wedge-sliaped spot verry short, extending only a short way beyond the edge of the basal area.
Outer vitreous area only slightly lighter, reduced to three small spots, because the yellow scaling of the outer
area covers part of the vitreous cells. The transparent patches of the forewmg are also densely covered mth
whitish scales, so that they do not appear so transparent as ui triannuliformis. The median spot appears
shorter, the costal margmal area beyond it more widely scaled. A small marginal stripe of both wings is brown ;
fringes broM-nish grey. Cross-vein of hmdwing only slightly scaled in its upper half. The hmdwing also appears
relatively narrower and longer, not so much rounded, especially the outer margm is more oblique and the anal
angle appears almost angulate. On the underside of the wings the veins and the scaled parts are clothed with
golden yellow scales, only the median sjjot and the costal margmal area beyond it are dark brown. Palpi si-
milar to those of triannuliformis m shape, whitish yellow dusted with golden yellow, end-segment brownish
on the outside, antennae with a small golden yellow spot below at the base, with fine cilia ((J). Frons with
a golden gloss, anterior borders of eyes a glossy silvery white. Vertex with yellowish hau', as is also the posterior
edge of the head. Patagia with a broad golden yellow inner edge; a long transverse spot (tuft of hair) of the
same colour on the metathorax. Abdomen densely clothed with golden yellow scales (especially segment 1
almost entirely golden yellow), so that the dorsal line of spots is not especially promment. The white belts
also are not much m evidence, they are present on segments 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, but are usually covered by the
golden yellow scaling; they extend to the ventral side, but do not meet below. The fu-st four segments are
striped with golden yellow beneath, otherwise the underside is dark. The anal tuft is almost slenderer than
in triannuliformis; it is predominantly golden yellow, only the long narrow lateral lobes are dark, but have
a golden edge laterally. Breast entirely golden. Legs brown, with a golden gloss. Fore coxae with golden
yellow spots at the end. Tibiae with golden yellow rings, these being broadest on the the hmd tibia. —
Russian Armenia (Kulp, June 30th 1901). Type m my collection. *

Irianmdi- Ch. triannuliforttiis i*"/';-. (51 h). Frons with white bands before the eyes. Antenna of (J strongly

forniia. pijiate, that of the $ with a white spot before the apex ; not suffused with golden yellow on the outside in
cither sex. Abdomen with very distinct dorsalline of spots. Facies very narrow, especially m the [J; segments
2, 4 and 6 with white posterior edges. Anal tuft black, median lobe of cj broadly yellowish below at the
apex, and faintly so at the base above, sometimes entirely yellow on both sides; lateral lobes very long and
divergent, black with a narrow yellow basal line on the outside. In the $ it is sliglitly variegated with yellow
in the centre above and below, but sometimes predominantly yellow and only variegated with black. Fore
coxa yellow or white with a black inner edge. Outer vitreous area of forewing higher than it is broad, consisting
of five small spots ; longitudinal area of (^ long and narrow, of $ short but never obsolete. Scaling of tranvserse
veui of hindwmg broad, but very pomted posteriorly. Palpi yellow, m the (J black on the outer side. Thorax
with narrow yellow median luie and broad yellow inner edges to the patagia. From North, Eastern and Central
Germany, the Baltic provuices, Gouv. Pleskau, South-Eastern France, and from Austro-Hungary through
Dalmatia and the whole of South-Eastern Europe to Northern and Central Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, also
from Western and South Russia, the Volga district, Orenburg and Transcaucasia. — Egg elongate-rotundate,
rather flattened on both sides, black with a bronze-like green gloss. Larva at first greasy white with abundant
hairs and honey-coloiu'ed head. After five weeks the retracted cordiform head becomes rust-browii, the nuchal
plate brownish white, shaped like a truncate hood, with two diverguig impressions. In the autumn the larva is slen-
der, dirty white, tinged with brown, with a white contrasting lateral line; the dorsal vessel, which shines through,
is interrupted by the white edges of the segments. Lives at first ui the lower part of the tap-root of Rumex
acetosella, and then, gnawing away the tissues of the root, makes a spiral-shaped silk-Uned tunnel upwards
under the bark. In the spring one finds it in the upper part of the tap-root, before pupatmg it descends a
little way, and makes a tubular silk-lmed tunnel, an inch or an inch and a half long, ascending to the surface
of the ground, its end beuig rounded. Pupa slender, brownish yellow, with short beak-shaped apex of the
head, which is brown like the belts of spines on the abdominal segments and the edge of the wing-cases; the
latter reach to segment 7 and the leg-cases to segment 8 inclusively. Anal portion with several sharj), lunular
tubercles with brown edges, at the top of each of w-hich is a bristle. The moth appears from the middle of
Jiine to the beginning of August, in the south already from the beginnmg of May.

mannii. Ch. mantiii Led. (51 h). Stouter than triannuliformis, also usually smaller, especially the $. Outer

vitreous area very small, consisting of 4 or 5 spots which are almost linear in the $, lowest and highest spot
usually filled in with yellow. Cross-vein of hindwing relatively more densely scaled, pointed posteriorly. An-
tennae black above. Dorsal line of spots of abdomen yellow in the ^, orange m the $. Segments 2, 4, 6,
and in the $ also 7 with light posterior edges. Anal tuft of ^ black, median lobe above with a narrow yel-
low longitudinal stripe on both sides, below golden yellow, in the 9 the anal tuft quite black, sometimes with
a few golden 5'^ellow hairs laterally. Each segment laterally bears a small light yellow spot in the 3* and a golden
yellow one in the $; below the abdomen in dark. Legs stouter and the tibiae much more densely hairy than

CHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel. 411

in triannuliformis. Tibiae golden yellow with broad blue-black rLiig at the base and apex. Tarsi blackish or
yellowish. The wings are much shorter, more broadly and strongly rounded than in triannuliformis. — From
European Turkey and Bithynia, in June. The egg is elongate, brown, in shape and colouring resemblmg
the cocoon of Las. quercus.

Ch. muscaeformis Vieic (51 i). Antennae of (^ with spiniform processes at least on some segments, muscnc-
not suffused with golden yellow on the outside in either sex, in the 9 with a white spot before the apex. Outer vi- /"""'•'•
treous area of forewmg usually longer than it is high, with the exception of the short anterior spot, consisting
of 4 or 5 spots. Longitudijial patch of $ usually scaled. Frons with white bands before the eyes. Abdomen
with dorsal line of spots, edges of segments 2, 4 and 6 whitish and m the cj the edge of 7 yellowish. Anal
tuft black, in the ^ with narrow yellow lateral line, and yellowish below in the centre; in the $ predommantly
yellow, especially below. Outer area of forewmg indistmctly striped with yellowish white. Thorax with yellow-
ish median streak. From Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia, Austro-Hungary, Dalmatia, Roumania, Pied-
mont, France, Belgium, Great Britam, Denmark, the whole of Russia (with the exception of the extreme north),
eastward to Kasan, the Kuban district, Transcaucasia, and perhaps also North-Eastern Asia Minor. In
Western France (Vannes) the species is represented by var. OCCidentalis Joannis, the scaled parts of the wings occidenMit.
and body are so strongly variegated with yellow that the dark ground-colour, which is more brown than black,
is little in evidence; streaks in the outer area of the forewing more numerous, larger, and always distinctly
present. Antennae suffused with whitish on the outer side. Dorsal line of spots of abdomen always distinct.
Anal tuft of (J striped with yellow in the centre also, ui the $ more strongly variegated with yellow, someti-
mes entirely yellow. — Larva yellowish, with single small hairs, a dark dorsal vessel shining through, brownisli
muchal and anal plates, and reddish brown head, with a darker triangle on the frons, the mandibles bearing
rounded teeth. Fullgrown 19 to 20 mm ha lenght; annual, until the middle of May in sandy places in the older
plants of Armeria vulgaris, pupation taking place m the top of the root. Accordmg to Asmus, in Russia also
close to the root m the stems of Calluna vulgaris, where it is fullgrown already at the end of September. Pupa
yellowish brown, wuag-cases lighter, with rather prolonged leg-cases. It is easy to recognise the presence
of the larva by the yellow and dry look of the plants. The moth appears from June till August.

Ch. leucomelaena Z. (51 i). As m muscaeformis the outer area of the forewmg very large and con- leucowe-
sisting of 5 spots; but only segments 4 and 6 of the abdomen narrowly edged with white. Anal tuft of ^ taena.
blackish blue above, with narrow yellowish white lateral stripes, yellow below in the middle; in the $ en-
tu-ely blackish brown, rarely slightly variegated with whitish yellow hairs. Thorax without yellow median
Ime. Outer area of forewing with whitish or pale yellow scales, which are less numerous in the $. Abdomen
of c? with indistinct small dorsal spots. Slenderer than muscaeformis, and distinguished from it by the pure
white colour of the palpi and fore coxae, and by the abdomen and outer vitreous area. — From Aargau,
Carniola, Hungary, Dalmatia, Central Italy and Sicily, Andalusia, Greece, Roumelia, Turkey, Northern
Asia Mmor and Algeria, m June and July. Larva in the roots of Tithymalus cjnparissias.

Ch. Corsica Stgr. (54 i). Distinguished from muscaeformis by the very broad bands and edges of Corsica.
the forewing, on account of which the vitreous patches are much reduced, the outer rounded vitreous patch
always only consisthag of three small spots, which moreover are sometimes partly scaled with yellow, the larger
white spot on the antennae of the $, the often absent white abdominal belts, and the predominantly dark
anal tuft, which in the (J is variegated with yellow hau-s laterally and usually also in the middle, the hau-s
not however reachmg to the apex. Fore coxa from snow-white to straw-colour, m the S always with brown
inner margm, which colour sometimes predominates. From Corsica, Central Italy, Sardinia and Sicily, South-
ern, Western and Eastern France, Spain (Murcia) and Portugal, from the end of May to July. —At Vannes in
Western France the form venetensis Joannis (51 i) occurs which is only distmguished by the lighter, more venetens\s.
smoke-grey, ground-colour, the more distinct rays of the outer area of the forewmg and by the anal tuft
bemg more strongly variegated with a lighter colour (also in the $). The larva is found at Vannes m the roots
of Rumex acetosella.

Ch. mysiniformis Ramb. (51 k). Closely allied to affinis Stgr. Expanse 15 to 21 mm (^, ?). Wmgs mysinifor-
with black-brown edges dusted with a light scalmg. Forewing with a small wedge-shaped patch and rather »*^'-
short longitudmal area, which latter is, however, only present in the $, being altogether absent in the $.
The outer vitreous patch is longer than it is high, and consists of three small spots, below which there is usually
another small transparent dot. In a large ^ "^ the possession of R. Pungeler a small transparent spot is m-
dicated also in front of the patch. Median band rather broadly brownish black, strongly dusted with yellow
scales, which are however very loose and easily fall off during flight. Costal margin with a narrow white edge
before the apex. The outer area filled in between the veuas with whitish or yellowish streaks, which are usually
distinct. Marginal line black. Fringes of both wings smoky brown, and whitish at the abdomhial margin
of the hindwing. The latter with very broad cross-vein becoming more pointed posteriorly; sometimes this
broadening only extends slightly below vein 5 ; marginal band fau-ly evenly brownish black, marginal line black.
Underside lighter, with whitish borders, otherwise similar to the upperside. The veins of the hindwing are
usually covered with light scales. Palpi white, the upper half dirty grey to blackish on the outside, with very

412

CHAMAESPHECIA. By M. Bartel.

pointed blackish end-segment. Head black with white bands before the eyes, edged with white below and
laterally and yellowish posteriorly. Frons brass-colour, variegated with white to a great extent. Vertex
black. Antennae black above, yellowish below; in the ^ clothed with very short fasciculated cilia, slightly
serrate' in the $ neither serrate nor ciliate, at most with a few hair-scales. Thorax smoky brown, with narrow
light median stripe, which is however usually absent. Patagia %vith ia distinct whitish inner edge, and very
broad white stripes on the outside (at the breast). White tufts of hdir around the metanotum. Breast brownish
black with white spots. Fore coxa white with a black inner edge. Fore and middle femora blackish, white
below; hind femur white for the greater part. Fore tibia dark, white beneath; middle and hind tibiae white,
with dark spots before the apex, hind tibiae with black stripes on the inside. Tarsi smoke-brown more or less
dusted with a light colour. Abdomen very like that of bibioniformis Esp. (with which the species cannot, ho-
wever, be compared on account of the white abdominal belts not joining below); it is brown-black, and, as in
the afore-mentioned species, bears a very distinct dorsal line of spots, which only becomes indistinct in worn
specimens, and shai-p white hmd edges to segments 2, 4 and 6. By this dorsal luie of white spots the species
is easily distinguished from affinis Stgr. Anal tuft of ^ very slender, consistuig of two long lateral lobes and
a short median tuft, but the farmer usually lie close together and are very closely compressed laterally; it
is narrowly striped with white laterally at the base (in the upper half); median tuft to a great extent varie-
gated with white, more rarel}' almost entirely white. Anal tuft of $ short, almost entirely dark, on the under-
side scarcely variegated with whitish. In a large $ in the possession of Herr Pungeler the anal tuft is distinguish-
ed by having a more or less distinct longitudinal stripe laterally above and below, and also is yellow below
at the apex. The venter is usually dark, only rarely there are traces of small light median spots. The lateral
edge of the abdomen is more or less distinctly striated with whitish; a prolongation upward of the central belt
is always especially distinct. — The species is rather variable, besides size particularly in the purity and extent
of the white colour. Ch. mysiniformis can only be compared v,-i\.h affinis St^r.; it is distinguished from it by
the shorter longitudinal patch of the (J, the smaller outer vitreous area, the more whitish and always lighter
colour of the cells of the outer area, by the antennae beuag yellow beneath, but especially by the sharp whitish
dorsal line of spots, and the anal tuft of the ^ being usually strongly compressed laterally, etc. Andalusia,
Granada (on the inflorescences of Euphorbiaceae, etc.), Malaga, Sierra Nevada, Lanjaron, Castile (Cuenca),
Algeria (Lambessa), the end of June and in July.

affinis. Ch. affifiis Stgr. (51 k). Very variable in size. Distinguished from the alUed species by the segments

of the antennae having no spiniform processes in the ^ and being unicolorous without spots in the $. Back
only with two yellow stripes at the inner edges of the patagia, without median streak. Abdomen not dusted
with yellow, m $ segments 4 and 6 and in the (J also 7 and partly 2 with narrow white posterior edges. ^J with
distinct yellow dorsal line of spots, $ without it. Anal tuft dark, in the (J Avith whitish hairs in the centre and
laterally, which are however sometimes absent; in the $ variegated with white only above, especially la-
terally. Fore coxa white, black on the inner side. Tibiae white in the middle and at the end, on the outer
side entirely clothed with white hair for two-thirds of their length. The outer vitreous area always broader
than it is high, not rounded, as in Corsica, consisting of three small spots. ■ — -In theRheingau, South Germany,
Alsatia, Switzerland, South Tyrol, Lower Austria, Hungary, Dalmatia, Piedmont, Southern France, Spain,
Corfu, Greece (Morea), Roumania, Turkey, Transcaucasia and Northern Asia Mmor. The larva lives in the
stalk and root of Helianthemum vulgare, on which the moth may also be found on sunny slopes from May
to the end of June.

albivenius. Ch. albiventus Led. (52 c). Antennae black, in ^ strongly dentate and with spiniform processes.

Frons with a metallic' gloss, with few yellow scales below. Abdomen of ^ very slender and compressed laterally,
quite snow-white below. Segment 4 with a broad white hind margin, segment 6 with a narrow one. A yellowish
dorsal line of spots. Cross-vem of hindwing as narrow as a hair posteriorly. Back with three pale yellow stripes.
The outer vitreous area traversed by three veins, about one-third as broad again as it is high. The two inner
vitreous areas present. Palpi snow-white with black end-segment. Anal tuft long and thin, black, with narrow
yellow lateral stripe. Fore coxa white ; tibiae white, black at the base and at the apex. — From North Western
Asia Minor (Brussa) and Mesopotamia; according to Baker also m Mauretania (aerifrons '^.).

aerifrons. Ch. aerifrons Z. (51 k). Frons with a metallic gloss, without white bands to the eyes. Palpi pure

white below. Thorax with yellow inner edges to the patagia. Antennae blackish blue, in the cJ without spmi-
form processes. Abdomen with a white posterior edge on segments 4 and 6 (in the J also 7). Anal tuft black, in the
(J whitish above and below in the centre. Fore coxa aeneous or whitish, mid and hind tibiae aeneous, with-
out hair. Outer vitreous area rounded, consisting of three pots above or below it usually one or two small
vestigial transparent spots. Cross-vem of hindwing entirely scaled, somewhat stouter anteriorly. — In the form
sardoa. sardoa Stgr. the antennae are golden yellow on the outer side, and on segment 2 there is an additional white
posterior edge. Fore coxa below entu'ely aeneous. — From ? Dalmatia, Hungary, Sardmia, Central Italj ,
Sicily, Southern France, Spam, Algeria, Tunis and Syria, during the last ten days of May and throughout
June.

mauruaia. Ch. maurusia P'iing. (50 mm). „Expanse 17 mm. Near aeriformis Z., outer vitreous area 5-partite,

WEISMANNIA; TINTHIA. By M. Bartel. 413

very narrow; cross- vein of hindwing more broadly scaled; pat agia not edged with^ yellow; abdomen with
three white belts which are open beneath as in leucomelaena Z., from which maurusia'js distinguished by the
narrowness of the outer vitreous area, the shorter wings and the dark frons. — Algeria, Teniet-el-Had, 1 $,
1904 (M. Korb)." Tj^e in coll. Pungeler. The above description has been kindly sent to me by Herr PtJN-

GELER.

Ch. azonos Led. (52 d). Entirely black, with uniformly black palpi. Only the edges of the eyes, azonos.
the collar, anal tuft below in the centre, and the middle part of the tibiae are pale yellow. Forewing with
distinct outer vitreous area, which is round and traversed by three veins. Hindwing with narrow black outer
margin. Abdomen uniformly black. Beyrut, Syria, in May. — The specimen found by Christoph at Ordubad
m Southern Armenia probably belongs to this species and not to Ch. anthraciformis.

Ch. anthraciformis Ramb. (52 d). Distinguished from azonos by the outer vitreous patch of the fore- anthrad-
wing only consisting of three small spots, and t"he body being everywhere entirely black without any lighter formis.
parts. — In Corsica and Sardinia, in May. Larva probably in the roots of Tithymalus myrsinites.

Ch. fenusaeformis Led. (51 k). Antenna of ^ neither dentate nor cOiate, strongly club-shaped, icnnmc-
in both sexes uniformly blue-black above. Hindwing produced at vein 1 b, and therefore conspicuously tri- i<^nns.
angular. Its outer margin straight, its cross-vem as narrow as a hair throughout its length. Forewing very
elongate and narrow, with the wedge-spot vestigial or absent and a very low outer vitreous area consisting
of two transparent spots; very rarely there is another minute vitreous spot. Frons with small white spots before
the eyes. Patagia with light shoulder-spot. Abdomen with yellowish or whitish belts on segments 2, 4 and 6,
which are entire ventrally. Anal tuft black, with narrow yellowish stripes laterally, in the $ also yellow below
at the base. — From Crete, Bithynia, Smyrna, the Cilician Taurus and Mesopotamia in May and June, flying
around Rumex.

9. Genus: l%>ismaiiuia Sful. (1910).

The only species of the genus occurs in the steppes and is of a remarkably slender build, the abdomen
exceedingly slender and thin as in no other species, with a long fan-shaped anal tuft, the legs very long and
thm, only the hind tibia at apex with rough hau-, which is sparse. Antennae very thm, with well-developed
club and tuft of hair at the apex. Tongue slightly developed, soft. Palpi smoothly scaled, very thua and slen-
der. Wings broader towards the margin, especially the hindwing, the transparent patches covered with whitish
scales, not so strongly on the hindwing. Venation as in the preceding genus, but veins 10 and 11 of the fore-
wing farther apart at their origin and merged together in their last quarter. On the hindwmg the costal mar-
ginal vem is farther away from the next vein, 3 and 4 are on a short stalk, the submedian veins similar to
those of Chamaesphecia.

W. agdistiformis Stgr. (51 i). Vitreous patches of wing densely clothed with whitish scales, and agdisiifor-
those of the golden brown forewmg small; the outer one only crossed by one or two veins, the longitudinal '«'«•
spot not mdicated. Hmdwing very broad, with wide diffuse golden brown border and brown, evenly broadly
scaled cross-vein. Antenna comparatively short, slightly ciliate. Thorax with median stripe; patagia with
broad whitish mner edges. Abdomen exceedmgly thin, with mdistmct whitish rmgs, golden brown, with
golden yellow anal tuft, which is whitish laterally and below. The cells of the outer area of the forewing with
two or three whitish yellow streaks, which are rather prominent. The unknown ? is possibly short-winged. —
From Sarepta and Uralsk; I caught it from midnight onward at the lamp from the middle to the end of
June in the steppes of Uralsk. Larva probably in the roots of Artemisia or grasses of the steppes.

10. Genus: Tiiitliia Walk. (1864).

Antennae thin, and serrate m both sexes, scarcely widened at the apex. Palpi slight, erect. Legs
with slight tufts of hair at the joints. Wmgs very narrow, the forewing with the venation similar to that of
Synanthedon Hhn. On the hindwmg veins 3 and 4 orighaate from a pomt before the apex of the cell, 6 and 7
from the upper cell-angle, cross-vem almost straight. — Type: T. varipes Walk, from Celebes.

T. editha Bull. (52 f). Forewmg chocolate; an interrupted longitudmal line stands at the apex oi ediOia.
the cell, and two or three discal spots are transparently white, with brown veins and edges. Hind margin yellow-
ish. Body bro\vn; abdomen with lateral basal stripe. Legs golden, with black bands. Beneath the margins
of the wings as well as the entire venter are golden m colour. Expanse: 22 mm. — Japan (Yokohama).

T. constricta Bull. (52 f). Forewing deep black with transparent whitish wedge-shaped spot and coiistrida.
square outer patch. Hmdwing transparent, whitish, with black margin and veins. Fringes bro^vn. Forewing
below with golden costal margin. Body deep black; abdomen with two slight golden yellow median belts,
the middle of the anal tuft also being golden yellow. Venter with silvery bands. Thorax with silvery spots;
legs striped with golden yellow. Palpi whitish. Antenna of (J pectinate. Expanse: 18 mm. — Japan (Yoko-
hama, Nagasaki, in June).

414 MICROSPHECIA. By M. Baetel.

11. Genus : OTicrospheeia nom. nov. (Paranthrene avt.).

Antennae setiform, pointed, without tuft of hair at the apex, with short cilia in the J and scarcely
any in the $. Tongue obsolescent. Frons very broad, eyes small, palpi compressed, clothed with sparse
bristly hairs; end-segment short and pouited. Abdomen of cj slender, of $ stout, in both sexes with anal
tuft, which is pointed in the (^. Tibiae and first segment of middle and hind tarsi with erect tufts of hair
in the middle and at the apex, the former with very long thin spurs. Forewing very narrow, broader distally,
entirely scaled; veins 7 and 8 not stalked, 2 mdicated as a chitinous fold, 1 almost entirely obsolete. Hind-
wing transparent, gradually covered with dark scales to the margin, with narrow straight transverse vein,
veins 3 and 4 originating rather far apart, 4 from the lower angle of the cell, 2 close before 3, 5 and 7 strongly
divergent; vein 1 c quite obsolete. Very small species, flymg in the noonday sun and belonging more especially
to the Mediterranean countries; only tineiformis Esp., the genot5rpe, which occurs in Hungary and Central
Asia, extends somewhat more north of their true area of distribution.

tineiformis. M. tineifortnis Esp. (52 f). Posterior edge of head yellow, forewing yellowish brown, outer area

of forewing and hmdwing dusted with yellowish. Shoulder-spot of the patagia yellowish. Segment 1 of ab-
domen with yellowish lateral spots. Hind tibia and tarsus whitish in the middle, black at the apex, tibiae
with yellowish tufts of hair, which are most conspicuous on the posterior pair. From Hungary, Dalmatia
and Southern France throughout the whole of Southern Europe, also in Algeria and Southern Transcaucasia.
— In Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Taurus, Central Asia, Algeria, Hungary, Transcaucasia and on the Balkan

hrosiformis. Peninsula also occurs the form brosiforniis//6«. (52 f), of which the outer area of the forewing bears three
elongate small golden yellow spots, the abdominal segments 1 and 2 spotted with pale yellow laterally and
segment 1 above entirely whitish with the exception of the hind margin. — Larva according to Rouast in
the stalks of Echiuni vulgare and violaceum. in very dry sterile localities. Moth from April to the end of Au-
gust, but usually in June and July.

hoplisifor- M. hoplisiforttlis Mann (52 f). Also with pale yellow collar and uniformly yellowish brown forewing,

mis. yrons yellow, metathorax with yellow tufts of hair. The anterior half of the third segment and the three last
segments of the abdomen are yellow above, the third also yellow below, but this colour paler and more ex-
tended than above. Tarsi of fore and middle legs yellow. The yellow abdominal belts are more distinctly
yellow than in ab. cingulata of myrmosaeformis, together with which hoplisiformis flies at Brussa. — Only
from Bithynia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia, in July.

myrtnosae- M. myrmosaeformis H.-ScMff. (52 f). Larger, forewing uniformly broMTiish black, with a steely

formis. j-^j^j^ sheen. Head, thorax and abdomen entirely blackish blue, without light scales; only the posterior edges
of the eyes, the basal and central segments and the inner portion of the palpi are inconspicuously scaled with
dirty white. Tongue rather stout, rolled up. Thorax with small light spots. Legs blackish blue, fore tibiae
golden yellow on the inner side, hind tibia entirely so, with blackish blue apical ring. — From Eastern Rou-
melia, Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor and Northern Mesopotamia, from May till the middle of June, rare. In
cimiulata. the form cingulata Stgr., from Greece (middle of May to the end of June in the Parnassus), also occurring as
aberration, the abdomen is yellow in the anterior portion of segments 3, 5, 6 and usually also 7, and the tarsus
of the hind leg is variegated with yellow and black. The hindwing is not so transparent as in hoplisiformis.

Alpliabetical List of the Palearctic Aegeriidae.

415

Alphabetical List

of the Palearctic forms of Aegeriidae with reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies tliat the form is figured at tlie place quoted.

aerifrons Cham. Z. Isis 1847, p. 415.

afflnis Cham. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 17, p. 278.

agdistiforniis Weisiu. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 54.

ag:nes Cham. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 13, p. 26. *

alaica Dips. Piing. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 395. *

albanica Syn. Rebel, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien HO, p. 5. *

albiventris Cham. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2, p. 82.

albotarsata Cham. Rebel, Stgr.-Reb. Cat. Lep.Pal. (Ill), p. 406.

allantiformis Cham. Ev. Faun. Volg.-Ural, p. 103.

alysonlforiuis Cham. H.-Schaff. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 73. *

aiiiasina Syn. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 17, p. 298.

andrenaeformis Syn. Laap. Ses. Em-op. p. 20. *

annellata Cham. Z. Isis 1847, p. 415.

anthraciforniis Cham. Ramb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1, p. 266. *

apiformis Aeg. CI. Icon. Insect, rar. *

armeniaca Cham. Battel, Soc. Entomol. 20, p. 170.

ariuorieana Dips. Oberth. L^p. Conip. 3. *

asilltormis S>ti. Roll. Naturf. 7, p. 108.

auricaudata Dips. Barlel. Seitz, -Macrolep. 2, p. 393.

astatiforniis Cham. H.-Schaff. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 70. *

astraa:ali Dips. Joann. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. 183.

aurifera Cham. Rom. M6m. Lep. 2, p. 116. *

auriviUii Syn. Lampa, Ent. Tidskr. Stockh. 1883, p. 127. *

azonos Cham. Led., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 5, p. 194. *

barbara Dips. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 390.
biaiinulata Sjm. Bartel, Pal. GroBschm. 2, p. 317.
bibioniforniis Cham. Esp. Eur. vSchmett. Abb. II (Cont.),

p. 30. *
bicincta Par. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. Suppl. I, p. 12.
bicingulata Syn. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 3, p. 165. *
bohatschi Dips. Piing. Iris 17, p. 268.
boisdiiralii Cham. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 404.
bombyliformis Mel. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 241. *
brosiformls Micr. Hbyi. Snilg. Eur. Schmett. Sphing. *
brunnea Aeg. Cafl. Iris 2, p. 268.

catlischi Aeg. Strnidfs., Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 8, p. 369.
ceiforinis Dips. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 42, p. 395.
cephiformis Syn. O. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 129.
ceriaetorniis Cham. Luc. Espl. Alg^r. Ins. hep. p. 369. *
ceriaeformis Cham. Led., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2, p. 85.'
chalcidiforiuis Cham. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Sphing.

n. T. p. 90. *
chalcitormis Mel. F. Ent. Syst. 3 (1) p. 382.
chalcocneinis Cham. Sigr., Stett. Zg. 17 p. 323.
chalcocnemis-infusca Cham, le Cerf, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909,

p. 119.
ehrysldlformis Cham. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 2, p. 210. *
chrysoneura Cham. Piing. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 399. *
cingulata Micr Stgr. Hor. Ent. Boss. 7, p. 99.
cirgisa Cham. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 408. *
codetl Syn. Oberth. El. d'Ent. 6, p. 67. *
colpiformis Cham. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 17, p. 267.
conopiformis Syn. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 2, p. 213. *
constricta Tmth. Bull. 111. Typ. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 61. *
containinata Sph. Bull. 111. Tvp. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 59. *
Corsica Cham. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 17, p. 274.
crabronifonnis Sph. Lew. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 3,

p. 1. *
crassicornis Cham. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 409. *
cruentata Syn. Mann, Wien. Ent. Mon. 3, p. 91. *
ciilicitormis Syn. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 493.

deserta Syn. Stgr. Rom. M^m. Lep. 3, p. 166. *

destituta Cham. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 253.

dloctriiformis Dips. Rom. M(?m. L6p. 1, p. 74. *

dlspar Disp. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 243.

doleriformis Cham. H.-Schdif. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 69.

doryceraetormis Cham. ied.Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2, p. 87.

doryliforniis Cham. O. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 141.

duplex Syn. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 50, p. 21.

editha Tinth. Bull 111. Typ. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 61. *

elampiformls Cham. H.-Schaff. Schmett. Eur. 6 p. 49. *
elegans Sjti. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 150.-*
empiformis Cham. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 2, p. 215. *
euglossaeformis Cham. Luc. Expl. Algt^r. Lep. p. 368. *
eiirytioii Mel. Westtv. Cabin. Orient. Entom. ]). 62. *
expleta Cham. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 310.

{allax Cham. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 245.

fenusaetormis Cham. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.Wien 2, p. 84.
ferale Par. Leech, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 591. *
fervida Dips. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. GeS. Wien 5, p. 182. *
fixseni Bemb. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. I.x)nd. 1888, p. 591. *
flammans Par. Hamps. Faim. Ind. Moths, 1, p. 191.
flayicollis Sph. Hamps. Faun. Ind. Moths 1, p. 190.
flaviventris Syn. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 44, p. 177.
flavocingulata Syn. Spul. Schmett. Europ. 3, p. 311.
florieola Cham. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 6, p. 67. *
foeniformis Cham. H.-Schdff. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 65. *
formicaeformis Sjn. Esp. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 216. *

gallica Cham. Bartel, Pal. Macrolep. 2, p. 317.
graeca Sjm. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 7, p. 91.
gruneri Dips. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 17, p. 197.
guriensis Cham. Emich, Hor. Ent. Boss. 9, p. 41. *

haberhaueri Cham. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 308.
hector Syn. Bull. 111. Typ. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 60 *.
himmighoffeni Dips. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 51.
hopllsiformls Micr. Mann, Wien. Ent. Mon. 8, p. 176.
hungarica Cham. Tomala, Jahresber. Wien. Ent. Ver. 1903,

p. 13.
hylaeiforrais Bemb. Lasp. Ses. Em'op. p. 14.
hymenopteriforniis Dips. Bell. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 3, p. 681. *

icteropus Cham. H.-Schdff. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 47. *

icteropus Cham. Z. Isis 1847, p. 403.

ichneumouiformis Dips. F. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 100.

illustris Dips. Rebel, Stgr.-Rebel. Cat. Lep. Pal. (Ill), p. 403.

jakuta Dips. Hers, Finsk. Veteusk. Soc. Forh. 45, Nr. 15. *
joannisi Cham, le Cerf, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. 118. *

kiiluana Mel. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 392.
kungessana Par. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 20.

lahayei Cham. Oberth. Et. d'Ent. 12, p. 28.
lanipes Cham. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1863, p. 20. *
lasicera Dips. Hamps. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1906, p. 495. »
lecerfi Cliam. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. 186.
ledereri Cham. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 403.
leucomelaena Cham. Z. Isis 1847, p. 410.
leucoparea Cham. Led. Hor. Ent. Ross. 8, p. 13. *
leucopsiformis Cham. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 2 (Cout.),

p. 25. *
loewii Cliam. Z. Isis 1847, p. 14.
loewli-minor Stgr. Stett. Zg. 17, p. 214.

lomatiaeforniis Dips. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2, p. 89.
luctuosa Syn. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2, p. 82.
lugubris Dips. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 40.

maculiferum Aeg. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 290.
mamertina Dips. Z. Isis 1847, p. 404.
mannli Cham. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2, p. 88.
margiana Cham. Pung. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 400. *
masaritormis Cham. O. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 173.
inaurusia Cham. Piing. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 412. *
megillaeformis Dips. Hbti. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Sphing. *
melanooephala Aeg. Dalm. Fors. Sistem. Uppst. Sver. Fjar. ,

p. 217.
melasoma Dips. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 39.
melliniCoriiiis Syn. Laap. Ses. Europ. p. 19. *
mesiaeformis Syn. H.-Schdff. Schmett. Em. 2, p. 65. *
minianiformis Cham. Frr. Neue Beytr. 5, p. 35. *
monedulaeformis Syn. Bdv. Gen. Ind. M6th. p. 43.

416

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Aegeriidae.

monspeliensis Cham. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 17, p. 223.

montis Cham. Leech. Proc. Zool. Soc. I^nd. 1888, i>. 592. *

moreaui (Tiaiu. le Cerf., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1911, p. 334.

inusoaerormis Chain. View. Tab. Verz. Brandenb. 1, p. 18.

mutilala Cham. S'lgr. Stett. Zg. 17, p. 67.

inyopaerorinis Syn. Borkh. Nat. Eur. Schmett. 2, p. 169.

iiiyriiiosaeformls Micr. H.-Schaif. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 59.

iiiysiiiiforniis Cham. Bdv. Gen. Ind. M(5th. p. 42.

inysiniroriuls Cham. Ramb. Cat. Andal. p. 151.

nihonica Syn. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 388. *
nigripes Cham, le Cerf, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. 118. *

oMiirata Cham, le Cerf, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. 118. *
oecidentalis Chani. Joann., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1908, p. 758.
(idyncriformis Cham. H.-Schdff. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 68. *
odyncripciinis Benib. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 8, p. 42.
ophionifurmis Dips. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Sphing. *
oryssiformis Cham. H.-Schdff. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 66. *
o»iniiaeforinis Cham. H.-Schdff. Schmett. Eur. *
(I xybelif ormis Cham. H.-Schdff. Schniett. Eur. •

palarirormis Dips. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 2, p. Ml. *
parthica Dips. Led. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 13, p. 27.
pechi Cham. Styr. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. 31, p. 30.
pcciinata Bemb. Stgr. Rom. M^m. L6p. 3, p. 167. *
pepsitormis Cham. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 2, p. 69.
pernix Gliam. f^eech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 188S, p. 592. *
piiiiplaeforinis Aeg. Oberth. Rev. Mag. Zool. 1872, p. 480. *
pipiziformis Syn. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 5, p. 195. *
polaris Syn. SUjr. Stett. Zg. 38, p. 175.
pulyzona-Dips. Piing. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 394. *
pontica Dips. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 241.
proximata Chani. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 244.
przewalskii Sph. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, i). 18. *
pudorina Cham. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 42, p. 39{i.
puigi Syn. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 6, p. 67. *

rainhurii Cham. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 53.

regale Par. Biitl 111. Typ. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 2, p. 60. *

regiila Cham. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 246.

rhynchioides Sph. Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 589.

rhingiaeforiuis Par. Hbn. Beitrage, 2, p. 89. *

roinanovi Dips. Bartel, Pal. Macrolep. 2, p. 354.

roinanovi Sph. Leecfi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 591. *

rondoui Dips. Siepi, Feuille Jeunes Natur. 39, p. 462.

roseiventris Dips. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 393. •

ruthschildi Dips. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 393. *

riibrescens Dips. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 31, p. 20.

ruHbasalis Syn. Bartel, Ent. Zeitschr. 19, p. 190.

ruCimarginata Syn. Spul. Schmett. Eur. Ill, p. 310.

sangaica Par. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 380. *
sardoa Cham. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 17, p. 28.
sareptana Dips. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 395. *
schizocerlformis Cham. Kolen. Melet. Entom. p. 92. *
schuiidtiifonuls Cham. Frr. Neue Beytr. 2, p. 140. *

scoliaeformis Syn. Borkh. Nat. Europ. Schmett. 2, p. 173. *
scribal Sph. Bartel,' Beiii., Macrolep. 2, p. 379. •
seitzi Cham. Piing. ' Soc. Entomol. 20, p. 129.
senilis Dips. Gr.-Orsh. Rom. M6m. Lep. 4, p. 515. *
serica Syn. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 7, p. 21. *
sireciforinis Aeg. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 2, p. 208. *
sirphiformis Dips. Luc. Explor. Alg6r. L^p. p. 367. *
sodalis Syn. I^ung. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 383. *
spheciforiuis Syn. Gem. Prankf. Beitr. 1 (2), p. 33. *
splendida Dips. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 242.
spuleri Syn. Fuchs, Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1908, p. 34.
statuiformis Dips. Frr. Neue Beytr. IV. *
staudinsreri Cham. Failla, Nat. Sicil. 10, p. 28. *
stelidiCormis Cham. Frr. Neue Beytr. 2, p. 141. *
stiziformis Dips. H.-Schdff. Sclimett. Eur. 6, p. 17. *
stonioxyforniis Syn. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Sphing. *
subtervida Dips. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 241.

suprema Cham. Olierth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1907, p. 331.
systrophaeformls Dips. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Sphing. *

tabaniformis Par. Rott. Naturforsch. 7, p. 110.

talischensis Syn. Bartel, Soc. Entomol. 20, p. 169.

tancrei Dips. Piing. Iris 17, p. 269.

tenebrioniformis Aeg. Eap. Europ. Schmett. Abb. 2, p. 209. *

tengyrael'omiis Dips. H.-Schdff. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 47. *

tenuis Syn. Butl. 111. Typ. Lep. Het. Brit. M\is. 2, p. 60. *

teriolensis Cliam. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 251.

thynniforiuis Syn. Z. Isis 1840, p. 142.

tiiiiur Aeg. Gr -Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 27, p. 385.

tineitormis Micr. Eap. Eur. Schmett. Abb. 2 (Cont.), p. 9. *

tipuliformis Syn. CI. Icon. Insect, rar. I. *

transcaucasica Dips. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 242.

triannulata Syn. Spul. Schmett. Eur. Ill, p. 311.

trianuuliformis Cham. Frr. Neue Beytr. Schmett. 5, p. 35. *

tristis Dips. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 349.

turanica Cham. Ersch. Fedtschenko's Reis. Lep. p. 26. *

turcmena Dips. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 396. *

typhiaeformisSyn. Borkh. Naturg. Europ. Schmett. 2, p. 174.*

umbrifera Cham. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 7, p. 96. *
unlcolor Cham. Bagusa, Natural. Sicil. 17, p. 114.
unocinguhita Syn. Bartel, Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 383. *
uralensis Syn. Bartel, Soc. Entomol. 20, p. 169. *
uroceriformis Dips. Tr. Schmett. Eur. 10 (1), p. 121.

velox Syn. Fixs. Roni. M6m. L6p. 3, p. 323. *
venetensis Cham. Joann. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1908, p. 758.
vespitormis Dips. Esp. Europ. Schmett. Abb. 2, p. 129. *
vespifonnis Syn. L. Faun. Suec. 2, p. 289.
vespipennis Par. H.-Schdff. AuBereurop. Schmett. *
vidua Dips. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 50, p. 22.
•yiguraea Dips. Piing. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 392. *

wagneri Dips. Piing. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 395. *

santhosticta Dips. Harnps. Faun. Ind. Moths 1, p. 197.

zimiuermanni Cham. Led. Hor. Ent. Ross. 8, p. 13. *

PiM. 1. Vin.1913. -COSSIDAE. By Dr. A. Seitz. 417

25. Family: Cossidae.

The „wood-borers" are a faiiiy natural group of moths, about whose various species on the whole very
little is known. The family has no very obvious affinities with any of the Bombycids, and the characters which
they have in common with the Hepialids, near which family ths Cossidae are generally placed, prove at first
glance to be mere secondary adaptations, which are no evidence of blood-relationship between the two families.
Altogether more than two hundred species are known, which are fairly evenly distributed, one group (Mye-
lohius), although containing gigantic forms, having been proved to be hardly separable from the Pyralids.
But even the true Cossids appear to be closely related to the Microlepidoptera, viz. to the Tortricidae, although
they may not be directly derived from them. Conspicuous characters are: first, the totally obsolete mouth-
parts, the reduction sometimes leading almost to the disappearance of the tongue and palpi ; secondly, very
primitive venation, this being so regular that scarcely any part of the wing remains unsupported, even the
inner-marginal vein of the forewing and an unusually strong intracellular vein being forked again ; and, thirdly
that m most genera that portion of the forewing which bears most of the pressure during flight is strengthened
by the subcostal veins anastomosing. The frequent anastomosis of vems renders the wings remarkably stiff
and hard, so that a specimen of Cossus emerging need not, like most Lepidoptera, bring its wings into a hanging-
down position for development, but, resting on the horizontal ground, it holds its wings upright, in which
position they expand completely, as observed by Frings in Cossus cossus. The rather long thorax is also
very primitive, its thnd segment not being closely fused with the mesothorax, so that the bases of forewing
and hindwing are rather far apart, and the wings would easily be dislocated if they were not supported, beside
the very strong frenulum, by an uiner-marginal lobe of the forewing and often a costal lobe of the hmdwing,
which lobes help to keep the wings in their natural position. This arrangement reminds us of the connection
of the wings in Hepialids which originate so far apart that a whole network of supporting and cross-veins
is needed at the hind margm of the forewing and the costal margin of the hindwing to prevent the hindwing
from slipping over the forewmg, a danger of which one becomes aware when setting Hepialidae.

The head is only moderately large and m the (JcJ also consists almost entirely of the very large eyes,
which closely approach each other on the underside of the head even though they do not exclusively form
the head, as e. g. in the Hepialid genus Oenetus, where they almost touch, as in dragon-flies, only leaving
a very narrow interspace. The antennae are very variable, being strongly developed in some Australian species,
and in certain Zeuzera almost as much reduced as those of the Hepialidae. Tongue always atrophied, being
at most a short thread quite useless for the purpose of taking food, but the palpi are very variously developed,
bemg quite different in evidently closely allied species and of just as little taxonomic value in this group as
the antennae. The body is always strong in comparison with the stiff hard wings, sometimes scarcely larger
than that of a Psychid, sometimes of gigantic proportions. Thorax very stout, with a hard shell, mesothorax
with short hair, prothorax and metathorax usually with longer and often tufted hair. Legs of medium length,
very strong, with reduced tibial spurs, but sharp, large tarsal claws. — Larvae smooth, glossy, with minute
warts and strong short bristles, flat head, strong mandibles, rings of hooks on the abdominal .legs and remark-
ably strong muscles. The contraction of several thousand bundles of transversely striped fibres of muscles
(which someone has taken the pains of counting in Cossus cossus) enable the larva to use great strength, which
is a necessity for a larva feedmg inside wood. They can pinch severely with their mandibles, and also defend
themselves by squirting out an acrid liquid from a slit below the head. They bore enormous tunnels in the
wood, and the very coarse frass becomes rotten, resembling wood-mould, and often has a characteristic odour
which betrays the larva to the collector. The pupa has only loosely connected limb-sheaths, and bears strong
rmgs of hooks on the abdomen, with which it pushes its way out of the cocoon. The moths usually fly very
late at night and many are strongly attracted by light. The development of the larger species takes two years. All
the moths become greasy so easily that it is advisable to empty the abdomen and to stuff it with cotton-wool.
Moreover, black insect-pins should always be used, as otherwise verdigris develops to such an extent as to
burst the thorax.

New Cossids are described nearly every year, so that the number of species is sure to increase consi-
derably still, and even in the Palearctic Region we cannot regard the list as complete. Many species are rare;
really common are only the ^eMzera, especinWy Zeuzera py7-in a, large numbers of M'hich often flutter around the
lamps in America and Africa, and the very similar coffee-borer, Z. coffeae, which often does great damage
in plantations. The species known up to the present are so distributed that the Palearctic and American Regions
contain each about 50 to 60; the Indo-Australian region has rather more, forms, and Africa as yet slightly
fewer, but this will probably be altered when larger collections of Heterocera come from Africa.

II 53

418 DUOMITUS; COSSUS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

1. Genus: ]>iioiiiitiis Butl.

This genus, consisting of about two dozen species, some of them gigantic, is distributed over all parts
of the globe excepting Europe. They are certainly not only the largest but also the most typical representa-
tives of the C'ossid family; true wood-borers, with naked larvae resembling those of beetles. The caterpillars
have enormous pincer-like mandibles, avoid the light, are long lived, massive in the dimensions of their body,
and primitive in structure. Their exoskeleton is soft and elastic, as long as the sheltering walls of the tunnels
in the wood protect the larva from external injuries, but becomes hard, a kind of armour, as soon as the insect
emerges into the open air.

Head comparatively small; frons narrow, less than half as broad as the large and very prominent
naked eyes. The palpi very small, horizontal, only the small cap-like end-segment projecting above the eyes.
Tongue entirely absent as in nearly all Cossids. Vertex with shaggy broad tuft of hair, which is, however,
only present in fresh specimens. Thorax robust, downy hair broadened into scales at the ends on the pro-
thorax and patagia and on the basal segment of the abdomen. Antenna of 2 simple, bipectinate in the ^J, with very
long teeth in the basal half, apical half filiform. Legs of medium length, stout, without distinct spurs, but with
strong apical claws, with which the insects can scratch as energetically as many beetles. Wings thick, coriaceous,
in the (J resembling those of the Sphingids in shape, in the 9 moderately broad with curved hind margin; wood
colour, with light patches recalling lichens and markings resembling the grain of wood. Abdomen of (J slender,
of $ heavy with the ovipositor capable of being extended 1 cm, back of abdomen clothed with felty hair.

Among all the Continents Australia mth its primitive Lepidoptera has the largest number of species
of Duomitus, the gigantic D. Uturahis Don. and its allies being especially striking. The larvae live in the trunks
of the great forest-trees, especially in the juicy species of Ficus, and often do a great deal of damage m timber.
The moths rest by day, with the wuigs folded close to the body; the prothoracical tufts, crest-like in the
live insect, and the anteriorh' truncate tuft on the frons. imitate a splmter of wood, the similarity being often
heightened by the white colour of the thorax resembling the end-surface. The moths fly late at night, and are
strongly attracted by light. Such a heavy moth dashing against the closed window of a block-cabin is apt
to startle the inhabitants, and specimens rushing about a room produce a rattling sound with their wings.

The moths become rarer at the boundaries of their areas of distribution, and it is very difficult to tell
how many species enter the Palearctic Region. Three species probably extend across the southern boundary,
but only one species has as yet been caught on Palearctic territory.

lettconotus. D. leuconotus Walk. (= persona le Guill.) (53 a). At once recognized by the white hairs broadened

to small scales at the end. which clothe the thorax and back of the base of the abdomen. The wings are grey
with dark marbling, and with variable white spots at the hind and outer margins and apex. Distributed from
Kashmir over the whole Indian Empire to Ceylon, abundant nearly everywhere. ■ — Larva when half-grown
flesh-coloured, yellow anteriorly and posteriorly, with black spots behind the head. It bores in large numbers
in the trunks of Cassia nodosa, making tunnels up to 2 cm in diameter, and according to Skellixg over 30 were
found in the trunks of quite young trees. Pupa dark chestnut, almost black, with orange segmental incisions,
stigmata black edged with orange. In a cell of wood at the end of the tunnel. After 1 V^ to 2 months the pupa
pushes forward, and the moth emerges, which seems to fly particiilarly in March and September. The small
yellowsh brown eggs are deposited in clusters on the trunks, especially in crevices; the larva takes 2 years
to develop. The natives collect the insects on the tree-trunks as well as at the light, the insect coming to the
street lamps in the towns.

The double prothoracical tuft completely covers and hides the head of a fresh specimen at rest, but
is often absent in worn $?. The natives call this insect French moth, a name whose derivation is unknown
to me; perhaps it refers to the colour French grey ( ?). The ^ varies considerably in size, and I sometimes
caught specimens Avhich were smaller than Herse convolvuli.

2. Genii.s : Coi-isiis F.

Still more widely distributed than the jireceding genus, as one species also extends over nearly the
whole of Europe, and even to the North of Scandinavia. The chief points of difference from the preceding
genus are its stout build, broader wings, the tibial spurs, which are present althoiigh slight, and especially
the antennae, which are uniformly serrate ($) or pectinate ((J) to the apex, while the antennae of the (J^J of
both Zeuzera and Duomitus have long pectinations in the basal half, but are naked and setiform distally.
It is as well to pomt out here that the antennae of Cossus have also been said to be the principal distinguish-
ing character between that genus and the following //o?cocer!<s, whose antennae ((3*) are only flat shafts without
real teeth or pectinations. But until the more mumte anatomical structure of these antennae has been examin-
ed, one cannot really speak of a generic distinction, as gradual differences in the pectmations of antennae

COSSUS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 419

in closely allied forms, and even in individuals of the same species are not at all impossible. The absence
of woods, the ubiquity of the foodplant, the uniformity of the locality may considerably assist the function
of the antennae as an organ of search, and thus organs which were originally complicated may become simplified.
We are therefore loth to keep Cossus and Holcocerus separate, and only do so in order to avoid anything in
our essentially practical work which would disturb the previous arrangements in collections and literature,
and render the work more difficult to use.

C. cossus L. (53c), the well-known Goat-moth. Forewing dark brownish grey, more or less clouded cossus.
and suffused with a lighter tone all over, striated and grained with black. Central European specimens are
lighter grey, more suffused with brown, and with the collar pale yellow. It is not clear from Linne's de-
scription whether he had such a Central European specimen or whether perhaps one of the darker and less
watered form occurring in Scandinavia and Lapland was before him, which we figure sm stygianixs Stick. (53 c). stygianus.
It is very probable on account of the silky yellowish grey collar and from the fact that Linxe has described
very many European moths from Swedish specimens. If this could be proved, it would be advisable to name
the Scandinavian form C. cossus L., and the Central European one C. cossus ligniperda F., for Fabeicius's
description certainly refers to a specimen of the Central European form, which is typical and abundant especially
in Holstem and Denmark. However, all transitions to the ordinary form of cosstis of Germany are found from the
North-East to the South of Scandinavia, so that it would be madvisable to separate the Northern form. — The
same applies to the Algerian form, which is very common in North Africa wherever there are poplars and wil-
lows and has even been observed in South Africa (introduced?). Our figure of a cossus-^ (52c) represents
this form, which is distinctly different from the Central European form. Wmgs much more mottled with
lead-grey, the black striation continuous, especially conspicuous before the marginal area is a broad straight
black line not broken up as in European specimens runnmg from the costa towards the hind-angle; collar of
9 nearly always silvery grey, only in a few specimens slightly shot with yellow ; the lamellae of the ^J -antenna
much longer, costa of forewing straighter, etc. In spite of these differences the insect should not be given
a name, for among the very large number of specimens before me there is also a $ which hardly differs from
European specimens, and which I should undoubtedly have considered as European had not I myself caught
it at Batna among about a dozen tj^ical North African specimens. — In its distribution from East to West
more constant varieties of cossus appear. Of the South Russian form, uralicus subsj). nov. (= volgensis Bartel uralicus.
i. I.) (53c) *) I have before me specimens bred by Bartel at Uralsk. The shape of the wings is already dif-
ferent, being much less pointed in the ^ than in European specimens, and especially African ones; they are
uniformly brown in colour. — In the South of Eastern Europe the form balcanicus Led. (53 b) occurs, which halcanicus-
scarcely merits a separate name, being almost exactly like the Swedish Cossus cossus, particularly in size and
shape, but the colour is uniformly light grey instead of dark grey. ■ — "Very little different from the last
named form is a form from E. Central Asia, M'hich is before me from the Lob-nor from Bartel's collection
and very similar specimens of which are also m Pungeler's collection at Aachen. A conspicuous dark shadow
in the basal area of the hmdwmg is characteristic. Perhaps the name mongolicus£'rsc/(. (53d) may be saved mongolicus
for this form, for Staitdikger and Rebel in their catalogue already point out that this name is erroneously
placed under Holcocerus. — Li the case of an Armenian specimen, named araraticus Teich, the author remarks araralicus.
that the yellow colour of the collar is entirely superseded by the brown ground-colour ; but the moth appears
to be otherwise undoubtedly a cossus with a few Eastern and Southern characters. — The forms hyrcanus hyrcanus.
Christ., funkei Rob. and fereidun Gr.-Qrsh. are unknown to me. In the last-named, described from Northern funkei.
Persia, the prothorax and abdomen are said to be whitish, forewing white striated with blackish towards the fereidun.
margin; the striae form four black bands: one basal, one submarginal and two median converging ones, the
space between these two last dusted with blackish. Hmdwing sooty black-brown near the base, lighter at the
margin. Anal area clothed with yellowish white hair. Belong perhaps to the aries-groinp. — hyrcanus Christ.
The S is described as being greyish white, basal half darker, brown, a stripe interrupted in the middle and
the striae dark brown, frmges broad, chequered with a dark colour, then- basal half ochreous brown. Hmd-
wing grey. Length of forewing 20 mm. Described from a (J caught at Sharud in May. It is not said in the
diagnosis with which form this species is related, and no figure is given, so that it is impossible even to de-
termme to which genus the species belongs. — The egg of cossus is comparatively small, hard, rough, yellow
at fh-st, brownish later ; it is deposited with the aid of the long ovipositer in crevices of deciduous trees, especially
willows and poplar. Larva flesh-colour with black head and brown back, and with very large strong man-
dibles. It lives ui wood-mould from July to September, hibernates while rather small, and during the next
year bores further tunnels, gnawing the wood mto coarse splinters. The juice of the wood, of which there
is very little, is their nourishment, and then- frass is therefore surprisingly small and irregular in shape. When
almost fullgrown it hibernates for the second time and in May pupates ia a cocoon made of wood-spUnters pasted
together. Pupa dark brown with loam-yellow abdomen shaded with reddish brown; 2 short excrescences
on the head; limb-cases very loose. Abdominal segments sharply defmed, with belts of spikes. Moth m June

*) I alter Bartel's i. 1. name, because there would be two volgensis, if Holcocerus and Cossus should be united, of
which one had to be altered as soon as the local form would be raised to the rank of a species.

420 GOSSUS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

and beginning of July. As the larva gnaws its way through cardboard and wood, it should be kept in tins
or glass jars which are closed by wire-gauze; the larvae cannot climb up the sides of the glass, but can very
cleverly constioict a ladder of silk. As the catei-pillars require a large amount of moisture, it is advisable to
put mto the glass an apjjle as well as the wood and sawdust. As regards the wood to be given we have a
large range of species from which to chose. Willows and poplar are most favoured by them, but in some places
I also foiuid very old oaks riddled with holes, A^ith nimibers of pupal shells protruding from the holes. Frings
found the larva in a Japanese Paulownia, and birches are also often attacked. The larva is al.so frequently
injurious to apple and ash. Sometimes, moreover, the pupa-shells are found projecting from holes in conifers,
in which case we must assume that the lai-va did not feed in this tree but bored into it for pupation, as they
often leave the original tree for that purpose. A tree mhabited by cossus has a characteristic odour which
renders it easy to detect the presence of the borer.

ierehra. C. terebra F. (53 d). Similar to the preceding, especially to the forms from Western Asia and the

Balkan Peninsula, but the han of the thorax and abdomen more shaggy, the collar also grey, not silky, wings
more minutely striated, the fore wing darker m the basal half, lighter in the outer half, more uniform in colour,
not watered, the hmdwing uniformly light grey. Distinguished e.specially by the (^-antenna, which has much
longer pectinations than any form of cossus, and by the abdomen which is uniformly gre3' without bands above.
— In Eastern and Southern Germany, but only as an advanced post and quite singly (the localities Uerdiiigen,
Berlm, etc , are probably erroneous), more abundant in the Tyrol, at the Danube, in Russia, at the Volga,
from Finland to Switzerland and from Digne ( i) to Eastern Siberia, very sporadical and locally rare. Larva
dirty light grey with a brown head and brownish yellow nuchal plate, full-gro^\T^ in IMay, in Populus tremula,
also m other species of poplar. Pupa dark bro^vTl, abdomen yellowish brown ventrally; three tubercles on the
head.
colossus. C. colossus Stgr., from the Tianshan, is at once distinguishable by its enormous size; even the ^

is considerabl}- larger than the $ of cossus and rivals specimens of the ^ of the gigantic Duomitus leuconotus,
which it also resembles in the type of colouring, especially the light coloured margin of the forewing. But
it is at once distmguished from Duomitus by the regularly pectinate antennae, Duomitus having antennae
similar to those of our Zeuzera, which ai'c plumose proximally and naked, setiform, distally. 5^|

bohatschi. C. bohatschi Piing. (53 b). Considerably smaller than the preceding forms. Externally resembles

Holcocerus consobrinus, but was placed with Cossus on account of the longer lamellae of the antennae. Upper-
side grey, almost entirely unicolorous, striated as in C. coss^i^, collar of the same colour as the thorax, but
with light edges. ■ — From Issyk-kul and Hi. The $ is considerably larger than the (J.

stertzi. C. stertzi Piing. (53 b). This species differs from all other Cosstis in the sand-coloured ground-colour

M'ith only slight traces of markmgs. Among other sand-coloured Cossids \\hioh Ikno\\' onh* Holcocerus sericetis
and difjicilis are of the same size; these are, however, sprinkled with bright brown; Cossus intractatus,
which is dusted with grey and, as Herr Pcngeler suggests, is fomided on a worn specimen of Hypopta
turcomanicM; Dyspessa bipunctaki, which is also sand-coloiu", is usually smaller. — From the steppes of
Anterior Asia: Merv.

tapinus. C. tapinus Piing. (53 a). Like the preceding in size, the wings broad from the base, the apex of the

forewing less obtuse, inner angle roimded; mouse-grey, slightly watered with a lighter shade, beyond the
centre a few darker and more prominent irregular transverse striae. Collar like the thorax in colour; the latter
and the conspicuously long abdomen clothed with dense shaggy hair, and thereby easily distmguished from
the smaller modestus. ■ — From Merv and Askhabad. Our figure is taken from the tj'pein coll. Pungeler, which
was kindly placed at our disposal.
modesius. C. modestus Stgr. (53 a). Still smaller than the preceding, and therefore the smallest Cossus, as

long as this genus is kept separate from the next one. Li colour and markings almost exactly like tapinus, with
the scales smaller, the abdomen not flat, but more conical, more pointed, with the hair more appressed. —
From the Tianshan and Hi district.

acronyc- C. acronyctoides Moore (52 h). Undoubtedly closely allied to the preceding species and probably

ioides. only the Indian representative of one of them; markmgs veiy like those of a small terebra, but also almost
exactly similar to those of various Holcocerus, e. g. vicarius and consobrinus. The lamellae of the (j'-antemia
strong, the species being regarded as a tvne Cossus on account of this; but the character probably only means
that it uihabits wooded covmtry and not the steppes. It Ls distributed in Anterior India; Palearctic spemuiens
are somewhat lighter grey than Indian ones from the NUgiris and were separated as a distinct species under
cashmiren- the name of cashmirensis Moore. Ganjan, Cashmir.

aries. C. aries Piing. (53 b). More strongly divergent from the type of Cossus than any other species. White

with broATO smears and mmute but sharp striae on the forewing, hindwuig bro^^^lisll grey with the base light.
The chief characteristic is the broad antenna with very long pectinations, similar ones occurring only mC. co-
lossus. The tj^pe (from with our figure was taken) in coll. Pungeler came from Jerusalem; but the species
seems to be wideh' distributed. A very large o now before me is from Tmiis, and one with rather dark markings
from Biskra in Algeria. All three specimens are different on the miderside, the Syrian one being blackish grey with

HOLCOGERUS. By Dr. A. Sbitz. 421

lighter wing-base, tlie Tunisian one witli strong dark markings and the Mauretanian one with scarcely anv
markings. When more material of this rare moth is available, one may perhaps be able to separate distinct
local forms. A separate genus would then have to be erected, as in the case of Holcoceriis, on account
of the strongly divergent antennae.

C. saharae Lite, is placed into Cossus by the author with a ? As sufficient morphological characters saharae.
are not mentioned, nor any reference made to any other species, it is impossible to picture the moth or to
say whether it really belongs to this genus. The msect is described as whitish grey above dusted wth grey
ui places, with two brownish greyish green bands, one of which is near the margin. Fringes intermixed with
greyish brown. Forewing below lighter, bands distmct, placed as above. Hmdwing above and below whitish
grey with lighter frmges. Thorax grej^sh brown, abdomen grey, palpi setiform, grey, antemiae dentate. —
Oasis of Kebeli (Tunis), m May. 27 mm.

C. mauretanica Luc. Also unknown to me. Forewuig elongate, with small yellow and dark brownish maure-
spots. A curved band runs to the apex. Between veins 1, 2 and 3 a distinct brown patch dentate in the centre, ianica.
The reddish yellow spots near the thorax and margins. Underside whitish. Hindwing above whitish dusted
with grey. Thora-x yellowish red, abdomen long, grej-ish. Palpi short, white, porrect, tibiae white; antemiae
stout, browii. 29 mm. • — One $, October m the Oasis of Kebeli, Tunis.

3. Genus: Holcocerus Stgr.

This almost purely Central Asiatic genus, only tMo or three forms of which enter European Russia,
is m every respect an artificial group. Several of its forms (about thirty) are quite certainly here ha the wrong
place. The species represent all transitions from the Cossus-type inhabitmg tree trunks to those livmg m herbs
m the steppes and the desert forms of the genus Paropta. The genus was essentially based on elifferences in
the antemiae which, as the name mdicates, appear prolonged, extended ribbon-like, without lamellae on the
underside. But the antennae, which in the other families often are of great value in classification, are very
variable in the Cossids. In some they are plumose in the ^ (Duomitus), with lamellae (Cossus), anel m others
again quite simple (Holcocerus). The lamellae may vary in a genus, bemg quite short (modestus), or of medium
length (balcanicus), or very long (terebra, aries), They even vary in specimens of one species, being much
longer in the c^ of the African Cossw5 cossus than in that of C. cossus stygianus-o; and they are not even quite
the same in $$ of Cossus cossus from the same locality. In one species of Holcocerus — H. pulverulentus Piing.
— they are produced into abnormally long ribbons, so that this moth cannot really be placed in any of
the present genera. If an organ varies even individually ui a group it is scarcely of any use in characterising
a genus, and we shoulel be obliged to arrange species among the C'ossids according to the antennae in an order
which would otherwise appear quite unnatural. As was already said with reference to Cossus, the shape of
the antennae of the Cossids is probably an adaptation dependmg on whether the food-plants grow close to-
gether or far apart, whether the moth inhabits steppes or forests, and whether a prolonged search for the $
is more or less dangerous for the (^. Very little appears to be known of the habits of the Holcocerus; Herr
PtJNGELEE, who has described several species, informs me concerning some species which inhabit the steppes
that the $$ were often found by "mothing" on the steppes, where they rest on stalks at night.

H. vicarius Walk. (53el, only the $), has entirely the facies of a Cossus, was also described bj^ Walk- mmrius.
ER as belonging to that genus without reference to the antennae, and like most Holcocerus should not be
generically separated. Distuiguished by the inner half of the forewing being sharply separated from the hghter
outer half; the mottling and striation as in Cossus cossus. On the underside also the dark basal part of the whig
contrasts with the lighter striated outer half. — Described from Shanghai, but occurring throughout Northern
China, in Tsmg-tau, Aniurland and Japan; appears to be rare, northern specimens somewhat smaller than
those from Shanghai and Japan, were lately named tsingtauica Bang-Haas (53 d, as vicarius (J). isinglauica.

H. consobrinus Piing. (53 b). Undoubtedly allied to the preceding, a transition between it and the cwisobrinus.
followmg species. The darker basal area only distmct on the forewing and uidividually very different on account
of the variability of the ground-colour, often only recognisable on the underside. On the whole considerably
smaller than the preceding msect, but the abdomen of the ^ long and cyluidrical as in that species, not flat
with long-hauy sieles as in arenicola. — In Central Asia, perhaps only the Western form of the preceding; from
Ili, Kuldsha, Kissil-Jart.

H. arenicola Stgr. (53 d). Very closely related to the preceding, but the forewuig almost uniformly arenicola.
grey, the striae more minute and delicate; abdomen flatter, clothed with dense long soft hair in specimens
which are not spoiled by the pressure of the paper. The species of Holcocerus most frec[uently sent home and
together with volgensis the only one entering Europe; in the steppes of Southern Russia and Western Asia,
extending to Turkestan. As in consobrinus, the ground-colour varies considerably in tint; a very light
.specimen with the hmdwing almost white was sent to me by Herr Bartel as ab. albida (53 e). Northern speci- albiaa.

422 HOLCOCERUS. By Dr. A. Seitz.

mens from the Ussuri and other quite similar ones which I obtained tlirough Klaphek from Jenchou-fu, are
hisularis. smaller and darker and described as insularis Stgr. (53 e), forming a direct transition to consohrinus.

drangiani- H. drangianicus Gr.-Grsch. Closely alUed to arenicola, but differing in size (37 mm) as well as co-

cks, lourmg and markings. Fore^ving above dirty white marbled with black and with a network of striae, slightly
darker in the middle, hhidwing dirty white with darker fringes. — From Seistan.

ussiiriensis. H. ussuriensis Graes. Also closely allied to arenicola, but somewhat slenderer, forewing more elongate,

its hind edge less emarginate before the hind angle. Colour dark smoky grey, forewing lighter in the marginal
area, the reticulation more minute than m the otherwise very similar arenicoh and Cossus terebra. A light
spot at the apex of the cell. Hindwing still darker, somewhat lighter in the cell, fringes with dark dividing
line. — Described from a (J from the Ussuri.

putridus. H. putridus Christ. (53 b). Similar in size to insularis, but the wings broader, the outer margin

less rounded, the hindwing larger, with longer frmges. Markings coarser than in arenicola, the colouring
as dark as m insularis. — From Turan. Was described as a Holcocerus by Christoph, but placed in Cossus
by Staudinger-Rebel in spite of the fact that the figure of the ^ in Romanoff's "Memoires" does not permit
of any doubt as to the structure of the antennae, a proof of the artificiality of the separation oiCossiis and
Holcocerus.

mucosus. H. mucosus Christ. , not imlike putridus, but rather larger , forewing more dirty grey , all

veins in the basal area prominently white and the median branches connected by a white transverse bar;
there is also a white transverse bar rmmmg from the submedian to the hindmarginal vein. On the whole rather
like Hyp. caestrum. — Askhabad, Nuchur, in June.

mus. H. mus Gr.-Grsh. Thorax clothed with grey hair, abdomen light mouse-grey, greater part of forewing

above dirty white, densely dusted with mouse-grey and yellowish towards the outer margin, two but slightly
distinct abbreviated oblique bands. Hindwmg light mouse-grey, darker basally; all frmges chequered with
white and mouse-grey. — Described from $$, which measure 30 to 32 mm. From the Persian province Makran.
Altogether six forms of Cossus have been described from Persia. But as each is described without reference
to the others, as no morphological distinctions are mentioned, and, moreover, the authors had only one or
two specimens, it is impossible to say anything definite about these forms, it bemg doubtful whether (accord-
ing to the generic separation still holding good to-day) they really belong to Holcocerus.

praedarua. H. praeclarus Pilng. (53 e). From Tura. A larger and light species with ashy grey forewing and

dull whitish hindwing. It is clo.sely allied to the followhig, pulverulentvs, but instead of the small streaks between
the veins it has a submargmal line runnmg parallel with the outer margin; the frmges of both wdngs distmctly
chequered. But above all the antennae are not very long and whip-like as m piilverulentus, the abdomen
of the cj is flatter and the anal tuft narrower. ■ — From the steppes of Anterior Asia, from Merv. We figure
the type from coll. Pungeler.

' pulveru- H. pulverulentus Pilng. (53 e). The differences are already mentioned under the preceding species;

kntus. they consist especially in the very long pointed antennae and the comma-shaped spots between the veins, which
are not always so distinct as in the figure. Underside dull white, in some specimens entirely without markings,
in others with checks along the costa of the forewing. — Like the preceding from Merv.

campicola. H. campicola Ev. (53 e). Size and shape of pulverulentus, but the entire colouring dull greyish brown

instead of light grey. The forewing somewhat broader at the apex, its outer margin, especially the hind angle,
more rounded, the antennae moderately long. The stripes between the vehis nearly as in pidverulentus, but
difficult to recognise on account of the darker ground-colour, or may disappear entirely in the ground-colour.

— Steppes of Central Asia, Turkestan.

volgensis. H. volgensis Christ. (53 e). Very like the preceding, and of the same earth-browii colour; markings

and striation more distinct; especially in the marginal area there is a line consisting of small dark striae;
chequeruig of friiiges darker, as is also the costa on the underside of the forewhig. Appears to be met with more
frequentely only near Sarepta, whence our specimens also came. — The only Holcocerus found in Europe,
excepting arenicola.

inspersua. H. inspersus Christ. (53 f). A small insect from Turkestan, resembling Cossus tapinus m facies, es-

pecially in the long abdomen. The forewing is a delicate silvery grey, slightly variegated with yellowish
grey, and bears a few light dots, and often a somewhat larger one at the apex of the cell ; hmdwuig almost
pure white; the long fringes of the forewing chequered with bright brown. Antenna of ^ comparatively long.

— From Merv.

moUia. H. mollis Christ. (53 f). This species and the two following occur m Turkestan; they are true inhabi-

tants of the steppes, and are most often foimd by collectors "mothing" at night or hunting for beetles or cater-
pillars on the tufts of grass of the steppes. Like the preceding, mollis is grey, forewing along the costa, me-

HOLCOCERUS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 423

dian and submedian veins traversed by white longitudmal lines, the two upper ones anastomosing at the apex
of the cell. Antennae very long, as in the preceding. Fringes chequered, abdomen much stouter.

H. gracilis Christ. (53 f). The smallest species of the genus; forewing with transverse lines, a dark gracilis.
patch beyond the cell, ground-colour whitish grey variegated with greyish brown. Hindwing uniformly brown-
ish grey. Fringes long, traversed by the dark vems. The antennae are two-thirds the length of the costa.

H. lucifer Gr.-Grsh. Stout, forewing more stumpy at the apex and hind angle, grey marbled with ludfer.
a darker colour, with black transverse stripes and striae. Hindwing darker, light brownish grey, striae dark
brown. — Described from a cj of 30 mm. from the Sinin Mountains. The species is not known to me, and
the author's description is applicable to quite a number of forms.

H. strioliger Alph. (53 f). Much stouter, larger and heavier than the preceding forms. Forewing slrioliger.
whitish with a darker cloud in the disc, which usually encloses a prominent light cell-spot. The entire wing
with shai^p bright bro\\ni transverse striae, some of the latter merging together to form chains; hindwing
du'ty brownish grey, lighter below the middle of the costa, traversed by the dark vems. Head and collar
yellowish or whitish. — From Central Asia.

H. nobilis Stgr. (53 f). This species conies near to the preceding one \n facies and size, but instead nobilis.
of the dark striae the forewing bears numerous golden brown dots and shadowy smears, which are merged
together to form indistinct oblique bands and central smears interrupted by the whitish veins. From Tur-
kestan. — difficilis Stgr. (53 f), from Kushk, is a sti'ongly divergent, usually smaller, form with very spar.se difficilis.
golden brown dots, m which the smears of the forewmg are suffused witli pale ochreous and the hindwing
with pale yellowish brown.

H. zarudnyi Gh\-Grsh. Very closely allied to the preceding, but the abdomen is white with dark zarudnyi.
brown rmgs. Forewmg more white, the shadowy dots arranged differently, not mei'ging together. Abdomen
almost white, without submarginal dot. 38 to 46 mm. — Persia, Provmce of Bampur.

H. sericeus Gr.-Grsh. (53 g). Comes from the Pamir; one of the forms most often reaching us. Size sericeus.
as in the preceding; ground-colour white, the light oclu-eous colour distributed over the forewing in the
shape of irregularly arranged minute dots, striae and specks; head and thorax of the same delicate yellow.
Abdomen and hmdwing dull white.

H. tancrei Pilng. (53 f). Wmgs white, with narrow golden brown veins. Beyond the cell between tancrei.
the vehas there are 5 or 6 elongate ovate drop-shaped spots arranged as a cham ; apex and fringes of forewing
dotted with bright brown. Our figure of this magnificent and characteristic form is taken from the tjrpe
from Merv in coll. Pungeler, which was very kmdly placed at our disposal.

H. gloriosus Er.sch. (53g). Body and wmgs silvery white; forewing with ochreous dots in the cell, gloriosus.
between and above the median branches and at the distal portion of the costa, where they may merge to-
gether to form a pattern. — From Turkestan.

^^^T^ H. faroulti Oberth. (52 i). Very like gloriosus and may be considered as the North African represent- farouUi.
ative of that species; white, the dots more dark brown than golden brown, and some of them arranged so-
mewhat differently from those of the Asiatic gloriosus. — • Only found a few years ago.

H. laudabilis Stgr. (53 g) is a very similar form from the Dead Sea, perhaps also a .subspecies of glo- laudabilis.
riosus, smaller and with the ground-colour purer white than in that species. The bright yellow spots are lighter,
smaller and somewhat more sparse, but before the apex they merge together to form a narrow oblique band. So-
metimes they are all so pale and indistinct that a glimmer of them can be seen only in a certain light. Hmdwing
as in the preceding forms pure white.

H. holosericeus Stgr. (53 g), from Ferghana (Turkestan), is quite white, both wmgs with a hv'ighi holosericew.
silky gloss, vertex and anterior side of thorax slightly tinged with yellowish.

H. sacarum Gr.-Grsh (53 g). This species and the following one, which probably do not belong to aacanim.
this genus, are much smaller than theprecedmg forms and are more like mme Dysjyessa. H. sacarum is greyish
sandy yellow with lighter spots beyond the centre and an obsolescent yellowish submargmal band.

H. powelli Oberth. (52 h) is, next to gracilis, the smallest species of the genus; dull loam-grey, den- powelH.
sely striated with dark brown in such a manner that the striae beyond the centre are grouped to form a dark-
er spot and those in the marginal area a submarginal band. Length of forewing scarcely 10 mm. — Al-
geria, Tunis.

A small number of forms belonging to this genus still remain which \iere mostly described by Aitstaui', but which
are not known to me in nature We therefore append the names and localities. They are persicus Ausf., stru/afus Aiis(..
mnrmoratus Aust., iranicus Aust. They are either from'Persia (?) or from Turkestan. In Staudingeb-Rkbei.'s Catalogue
they are all marked with a query. The other Persian or Turanian forms have evidently not been before the author. In
answer to our inquiries the latter informed us that the types had been handed over to a dealer; it would therefore per-
haps be best to suppress the forms, but for the sake of completeness we give their descriptions in the appendix.

424 COSSULINTJS; HYPOPTA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

4. Genus: Cossiiliuiii^ Kirby.

This genus represents a distinct transition from the Cossid-like moths to Hypopta. The insect appears
very stout on account of the unusually stout thorax and broad head. The stout and rather short abdomen,
which, like the thorax, is clothed with dense thick fluffy hair, harmonises with the short forewing with its
long fringes and rather smooth distal margin. The antennae are only moderately stout, but have the pecti-
nations well developed though short. Only one species is known, from Asia Minor and Armenia, which gives
one the impression of an albinotic Hypopta.

argentalus. C. argCfltatus Stgr. (53 h). Size like that of Hypopta thrips. Body and wmgs silvery white, legs also

white, antemiac 3'ellowisli brown. Forewing with a few small scales merging together in the centre of the
wing to form a diffuse cloud; near the base of the fo^e^ving small yellowish brown scales. Hindwing very
sHghtly tinged with grey, with narrow dark veins. — The species seems very rare ; the figured specimen is
from Konia.

5. Genus: Hypopta Sbn.

Very robust, with stout thorax, and with the abdomen of medium length m the ^ and long in the ?,
produced into a projecting ovipositor. Head broad, eyes large, palpi short, stout, horizontally porrect, an-
tennae very variable, bipectinate or lamellate in the (J, likewise so or simple in the $; in many species the
lamellae are developed to such an extraordmary degree that when the (J is on the wing the stout porrect
antennae are distinctly visible, e. g., m H. ambigua Hbn. The hind legs are very strongly developed, and
the tibiae clothed with long shaggy hair, with two pairs of spurs. Wmgs less stout than in Cossus, very broad
with curved, only slightly oblique, outer margm and almost effaced hind angle. Forewing without areole. One-
half of about two dozen forms inhabits the Palearctic Region, the other America, ilany species occasionally
appear in huge swarms and cover the panes of the lantern like swarming bees. In spite of this the life-history
of only one species is known.

ffirips. H. thrips Hbn. (= fuchsianus Ev., kindermanni Frr.) (53 h). Sandy broAvn; forewing mmutely

striated, beyond the centre of the wing above the hind margin an ocellus-like broA\Ti mark with a hght border.
— In South Russia, Siberia and Armenia; once observed in Transsylvania (introduced?); the <? swarms
after sunset in the summer on fields studded with Artemisia.

inra.

hircoma- H. turcomatlica Christ. (53 h). In size and shape similar to thrips, forewing browaiish yellow strongly

variegated witli grey. The browia disc with white border in the middle of the forewing is absent, there being
only slight markmgs m its place; similar markuigs are arranged as a chain extending doA\iiwards from the
inlractatiis. apex, intractatus Stgr., originally described as a Cossus, seems to have been founded on a famtly marked
or worn specimen of this species. — Turkestan.

zoroastres. H. zoroastres Gr.-Gfrsh., closely allied to the preceding, but the antennae longer, almost as in thrips,

bipectinate, white with small yellowish teeth. Forewmg above white, marbled with yellowish, with dark
basal band and costal area and an apical row of confluent dots. (J 27 to 34 mm. — Province of Makran,
Persia.
caeslrum. H. caestruitl Hbn. (53 g). Size as in the preceding; the brown spot beyond the centre of the fore-

wing indistuictly bounded and continued by small smear-spots to the costa; forewing from there nearly
to the base pure white with slightly bluish silky gloss, which is sometimes faintly greenish, occasionally slightly

deserta. changed in pathological specimens (ab. teredo Bdv.). The form deserta Fisch.-Wald. is much lighter, with

fewer markings. In Southern Europe and Western and Northern Asia; South France, Austria, and Italy,

caucaaicum. Hungary, the Balkan Peninsula, Syria, Armenia; in vineyards and kitchen gardens. — In the form cau-

radola. casicutTI Gr.-Grsh. (Tiflis) the marginal area of the hindwing also is whitish, while in radota Homberg (53 g),
from the French Riviera (Cannes), the whole forewing is darkened to slate-blue. — Egg elongate-ovate, brown
with lighter reticulation. Larva cylindrical, wiry, white with a browiiish head, very much recallmg that
of Aegeria apijormis; m the roots of Asparagus, makes tubular cocoons of earth; pupates soon after hiberna-
tion, is said to be mjurious to the Asparagus near Constantuiople ; pupa yellowish bro^vn, with small dorsal
hooks. The moth emerges m July. When on the wing the insect makes a distinct humming noise.

sihirica. H. sibirica Alph. (52 h). Considerably larger than caestrum and one of the most beautiful Cossids.

The costal marginal area of the forewing is a magnificent silvery white as far as the marginal area ; below and
beyond the cell there is fine golden brown dusting. — North-East Siberia.

herzi. H. herzi Alph. (52 h). The same size as the preceding, but the colour of the wmgs more dark greyish

b^D^^^^, less mtermixed with yellowish brown; light smear-spots in the costal area beyond the cell, below
the cell and before the hind angle, — Turkestan: Samarkand.

vaulogeri. ' " H. vaulogeri Stgr. ( 52 h). Very closely allied to the preceding, smaller and much lighter, especially the thorax

Publ. 20. Vlll. 1912. PAROPTA; CATOPTA ; DYSPESSA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 425

and abdomen ; head almost white ; markings recalling those of herzi, only being sharper, the cell itself whitish in a
dull light greyish-brown ground, hindwing dirty white with broM'n veins. — Algeria.

H. reibelli Oberth. (53 h). Much smaller than the preceding forms, like a small Dyspessa. Thorax reibelU.
and forewing light loam-yellow, costa, fringes, and an elongate spot in the median area of the latter ivory
white, as is also the huidwuig. — Mauretania.

6. Genus: Paropta Stgr.

Closely allied to Catopta, but the head, thorax and abdomen clothed with shorter smooth hair, antennae
with shorter pectinations, palpi not distinctly projectmg. Fringes of wmgs narrower, almost as short as in
Cossiis cossus, shajje of wings also resembling that species. Antenna of $ with very short pectinations, the ab-
domen pointed. The species are also otherwise similar to small species of Cossus; only three species known,
from the eastern corner of the Mediterranean.

P. henleyi Rothsch. ( = niloticus Joa?m., pharaonis Stgr.) (55 1). Almost exactly like a Cossus cossus henleyi.
in muiiature, but ligliter grey, the striation of the forewmg not so sharp, but merged together to form dark lines
often slightly broken as in C. cossus, and in exactly the same place (at two-thirds). At the apex of the cell of the
forewing a small dark transverse spot in a scarcely lighter patch. Hindwing dirty browiiish grey. Our figure is
very exact. — From Cairo, rare. Larva in Acacia nilotica.

P. Johannes Stgr. (55 1). In the figure of the tjrpe (in Iris 12, plate 5 fig. 14) the shape of this Paropta Johannes.
is absolutely erroneous. Our figiu-e is quite exact, but among the specimens before us there are some with lighter,
nearly pure whitish grey hindwing. Above all, our figure shows much better the broad head and abundant hair
on thorax and dorsum of abdomen. Scarcely larger than henleyi; the black markings of the forewing, however,
more distinct, sharper, more profuse. The fringes not quite so narrow, more distinctly chequered. — Palestine.

P. paradoxus H.-ScJidff. (55 m). Larger, more clumsy, with broader wings, darker than the preceding paradoxus.
species. The forewing not sharply striated, but irregularly chequered. Antenna of $ with short pectinations.
Hindwing uniformly dirty grey. ■ — Distributed from Asia Minor over Syria to Egypt, but usually rare. Larva
in Ficus.

7. Genus: Catopta Stgr. (1899) (= Newelskoia Gr. Grsk, 1899).

Rather robust, with broad head and stout thorax. Palpi small and thin, but distinct. Antennae
pectmate to the apex. Tibiae clothed with long hair, abdomen also with long and thick hau-. Forewmg broad,
with very steep distal margm, so that the apex nearly forms a right angle, grejdsh brown with black striation,
pale water marks and white spots. Above, in and below the cell dark patches of erect scales. — Only one spe-
cies known, discovered m Amurland by Gr-^eser.

C. albonubilus Graes. (= albimacula Stgr.) (551). Larger than most Hypopta, dark greyish brown inter- alhonuhUus.
mixed with silvery grey, and striated with black. At the apex of the cell a large indistinctly bounded cloud
wliite. Below the middle of the cell a black drop-shaped pad of upright scales, which is placed like a button
on the wing. Similar chams of erect scales along various black striae. — Widely distributed and apparently
not rare, from Issyk-kul and Tianshan through the desert of Gobi and Mongolia to Amurland.

8. Genus: Dyspessa Hhn. (= Endagria Bdv.)

This genus consists of 20 to 30 forms, some of them very closely allied, specimens of which are very
rarely met with by collectors. Here and there a ^ comes to the lamp at night, or occasionally when searching for
caterpillars with a lantern, one finds a $. The life-history of scarcely any species is completely known. The
larva of ulula, which lives m onions and naturally has a peculiar strong scent, hibernates twice and the moth is
on the wing at the beginnhag of the summer. I have illustrated the genus by 17 figures on plates 52 and 53,
but in spite of that it will not always be easy to name the species. A large percentage of Dyspessa found in col-
lections is greasy, worn, and altogether in a hopelessly dilapidated state. Only the kmdness of distinguished
collectors like Messrs. Bartel, Pungeler, Bang-Haas, etc., who placed theu- collections at my disposal, enabled
me to obtain a sufficient number of well- preserved specimens as models for the plates. The same also applies
to the followmg genus, Stygia.

The Dyspessa have a short, broad head, medium-sized eyes, distmctly porrect palpi, bipectinate antennae,
broad thorax with the collar usually projecting laterally and sometimes encircling the neck like a Stuart collar,
slender abdomen, which has a woolly apex in the S and ends in the $ m a projectmg ovipositor. Hind tibia
with two pau's of spurs. Forewing small, triangular, pointed, the costa sometimes slightly concave, the fringes

n 54

426 DYSPESSA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

broad, anal angle rounded; hindwing oval, usually grey ^^ith dark veins. Veins 6 and 7 stalked. The larva
elongate-cylindrical, slightly stouter posteriorly, with a smooth head.

uMa. D. ulula Borkh. (= pantherina Hbn., hepialica Borkh., hepialina Hbn.) (52 k). Extremely variable,

.so that not one of the nme specimens I have is like another" (Ochsekheimer). Greyish brown, the wings
dull ivory yellow intermixed with greyish brown, so that either the one or the other of the two colours predomi-
nates. A considerable number of specimens from Austria, Italy, etc., has a cUstinctly visible oblique band on
the forewing, before and beyond which there are greyish, not very dark shadows, and dark greyish brown hind-
wing lighter in the anal area; I have therefore chosen a similar specimen for the figure. But among these
there are specimens in which the light and dark places form a kind of chess-board, and also examples in which
the dark shadows are strongly reduced. The species is widely distributed, occurrmg m South-Germany (south-
ward from about Kreuznach and Darmstadt), then in Austria, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, S. Russia, Anterior

marmoraia. Asia to the Altai. — The larger marmorata Bamb., from Southern Spain, which is quite regularly spotted,

infuscala. is now, perhaps correctly, regarded as a distinct species. • — infuscata Stgr., almost entirely vuiiformly greyish

brown with sparse white markings, is probably also rightly considered as a separate species ;o it is smaller tha

algeriensis. the preceding and occurs from Hungary to the Black Sea. — algeriensfS Bamb. (52 i), scarcely half as large
as marmorata, similar in colour to the precedmg, light dust-grey with lighter wing- ells, from Mauretania,
is probably also a distinct species. — All these closely allied forms live especially on sandy soil, and are locally
not rare. The larva is rather like a young one of Cossus cossus, is flesh-coloured, darker red ch)rsally, with
brown head and thoracical plate. In the bulbs of Allium ; the pupa is said to have been found m a wooden ce41
near Darmstadt. Moth in May and June.

aculeata. D. aculeata Turati (52 i). The figure is a very good reproduction of the cotype which was kindly lent

to us. It is closely allied to iilula, but the basal area of the forcAving is almost without spots, the postmedian
oblique band reducetl, thorax and abdomen ivory yellow, and the hmdwing of ^^ also ivory yellow (uistead of
earth-brown) with dark vems. — From Sicily.

palUdaia. D. pallidata Stgr. (52 k). The original of our figure, which was lent from the STAUDiNGER-collection

by Herr Bakg-Haas, has a bright silky gloss, especially in the lighter parts of the forewing. It is not very
different from infuscata Stgr. and fusculn Stgr., and is considered by Pungeler to be a distinct species especially
on account of the shorter pectinations of the (J-antenna and the non-chequered fringes, and by Rebel to be a
form of ulula.

kahylaria. D. kabylaria Bang-H. (52 k). In size and shape very like the preceding, but the pectinations of the

antenna very much stronger, even more so than in ulula; ground-colour grey, not whitish as in pallidata, fore-
wing with dark markings, but the interior of the cell quite white, and a stripe between the costal and sub-
costal bright silvery white; hindwing grey. — Described from a number of specimens from Gafsa m Tunis;
also caught by A. Andres at the lamp in the Mareotis-desert (Egypt).

luscula. D. fuscula Stgr. (52 k). Between pallidata and ulula algeriensis and perhaps not specifically different

from ulula, as may also be the case with the two previous forms. Darker and still less marked than pallidata,
more sandy brown, not so grey as algeriensis. — From Eastern Algeria.

rmilia. D. emiUa Stgr. (52 k). Various forms with very different markings are m the market under this name.

The true emilia is rather closely allied to typical ulula, but the median shadow is more regular, not so dark ; the
marginal area purer, the hindwing of the (^ more imiformly brown. • — From the Black Sea.

salicicola. D. salicicola Ev. (52 k). From the same locality as the precedmg, which it resembles exactly m shape

The forewing is glossy silvery white, only « ith mmute browii spots at the apex of the cell and above the middle
of the hind margua, and the basal half of the frmges chequered with brown.

alpherakyi. D. alpherakyi Christ. Slightly recalling emilia in shape and scheme of markings, but larger, forewmg

of cj more (>longate, body and forewing ivory white, slightly dusted with brown, with brown discocellular spot,
which continues almost to the centre of the hind margm as a greenish brown shadow. The hmdwuig of ^
dark greyish brown, with broad whitish fringes. — From Armenia.

hipunclaia. D. bipunctata Stgr. (= colon Christ.) (551). Very easily recognisable, usually considerably larger than

the preceding and than the small specimen figured. Entirely ivory-yellow. The forewing has one black dot above
the middle of the hmd margin and one or two at the apex of the cell. — Asia Mhior, Armenia, Palestine.

laceriuta. D. lacertula Stgr. (52 k). Almost as large as the preceding, but dirty dark greyish brown in colour.

In the cell there is nearly always a distinct lighter wedge-shaped spot on a slightly darker ground, and around
the cell there is a larger or smaller number of small light spots. Hindwing with lighter base. Fringes of both
wings chequered. — From Ferghana and Tianshan. Staudingeb obtained this species together with and from
the same locality as agilis.

aijilis. D. agilis Christ. (55 k). Very closely allied to the precedmg, but cUstuaguished by the antenna of the

STYGIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 427

$ being pectinated instead of serrate. Altogether lighter, more brownish, discocellular of forewmg deep black,
fringes not so deeply chequered. From Turkestan. — magna Stgr. i. I. (52 k) is distinctly larger, with broader magna.
wings, more dusty grey.

D. bucharana Bang-H. (55k) differs but little from agilis, only being somewhat larger, with the mark- huclmrana.
ings more prominent.

D. clathrata Christ. (55 k) differs very little from the form tristis, but there is an additional small light cMhraiu.
spot beyond and below the light wedge-shaped cell-patch of the forewing. Also from Turkestan. The fringes of
this species are narrower and less distmctly chequered. — tristis Bang-H. is considerably smaller, and so IruUs.
coloured and marked that it might be called a form oi lacertula. — The last thi'ee forms are Central- Asiatic
and partly more abundant than agilis.

D. nigritula Stgr. was described from a damaged (J from Trans-Alai. 22 mm (the size of a moderate nigriiula.
ulula). Wmgs semitrausparent, black, forewmg with very obsolescent light white markmgs. At the apex a small
spot, below it another, and some white markmgs extending from the outer and costal margms. Underside lighter,
darker towards the margin. Hmdwing semitransparent with blackish veins and margm ; tips of fringes whitish.

D. minima Bang-H. i. I. (52 k). Herr Bang-Haas has sent me under this name some specimens which are minima.
apparently a dwarfed form of the lacertula-agilis group. They are at once recognisable by their much reduced
size, which scarcely equals that of uhiki algeriensis. Moreover, the forewing is luiiformly dusty grey, the markings,
of which the light wedge of the cell and the shadowy spot above the middle of the inter-margin can be distinguish-
ed, are obsolescent; hmdwmg with light basal area. — The locality is given as ,,Dehibat".

D. argaeensis Rebel, from Erdchias-Dagh, caught in July. Unknown to me ui nature. Very like certam anjaeensis.
specimens of the variable ulula-infuscata $, but according to Rebel the antennae are shorter and the abdomen
is blackish brown. Also resembles the Algerian fusculn Stgr. (52 k), but is distinguished from this by the dark
brown abdomen and by the forewing beiiag entirely without markings.

D. taurica Rebel has been described as a doubtfully distinct species, and is said to be very like argae- (aurica.
ensis. Wings and abdomen as in the preceding, but the thorax bright brown with 2 light stripes. — From
the Bulghar-Dagh. Unknowni to me.

D. monticola Gr.-Grsh. (52 i). A large species. Forewing, as shown by the figure, bearing white spot on a monticola.
smoky greyish brown ground at the costa and middle of hind margin, and with a dark halo around the white
discocellular spot. Hindwing dark greyish brown, lighter before the hind margin ; fringes chequered. The thorax
with white hairs m front and behind. — From Ferghana.

D. cossoides Gmes. (52 i). I figure the t^qse ex coll. Pungeler. Grae.ser's description was evidently cossoides.
written without reference to the other forms of Dyspessa and therefore scarcely mentions the chfferences. Con-
sidering the great variability of the species of Dyspessa (cf . figures of ulula typica and algeriensis, plate 52 k
and i) I think the important points are the large size, the uniform dull greyish brown colour, the very in-
tricate markings which are much broken up and show hardly any regular pattern, and the abdomen of the larger
9, which is remarkably long and has a very long ovipositor. — From Issyk-kul.

D. asema Pwrigr. (52 i). Our figure, taken from the type, is very exact. The species is characterised above osema.

all by the dark markings being composed of coarse grauis on the whitish ground-colour, which is only visible in
small and scattered patches, and giving the forewing of the insect the appearance of being sprinkled with sand.
As suggested by the author, the whitish clouds are perhaps the result of the scalmg havuig become worn during
flight, being more or less covered over by dark scales in fresh specimens. — From Askhabad and Turkestan.

D. jordana Stgr. (55 1). This form already stands apart m the genus, m which the Staudinger and Rebel jorduna.
catalogue places it, and like asema inclines towards the preceding group. On the whole, jordana strongly resem-
bles asema. Abdomen and hindwmg almost the same in colour but more lightly shaded ; forewing more uniformly
dull ivory, with the markmgs as m the figure, which however does not show the peculiar silvery gloss extendmg
over the forewing and the almost white thorax. Syria. — The western form, from Mauretania, is .somewhat
more strongly shaded, and has sharper markings; this is suavis Stgr. — A similar form also occurs in Egypt, siuivis.
which was caught at the lamp by A. Andres in the Mareotis desert.

9. Genus: Stygia Latr.

Mostly small moths with the facies of Dyspessa or often much smaller, almost resemblmg small Psychi-
dae. Antemiae very variable, sometimes with long pectmations even in the $; palpi strong, frons shaggy.
Thorax and abdomen with long hair, but the hair usually rubbed off in the very restricted number of specimens
found of some species in collections. Abdomen of $ long and pointed, tapering into the projecting ovipositor, in
the iS withsligtht (bu often injured) anal tuft Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs. Wings entirely or for half

428 ZEUZERA. By Dr. A. Seitz.

tlieir extent seniitransparent, or witli semitraii«j)areiit patches; forewiiig usually with rounded apex, hindwmg
small. The moths are rarely obtained, and even the largest collections contain series only of S. australis, the
typical form.

australis. S. australis Led. (= terebellum Hbn., leucomeJas 0.) (55 k). Thorax and forewing brown, more or

less yellowish. Forewing with blackish markings abdomen and hmdwing black; the former with brownish
yellow dorsal stripe which is transsected by thin, dark, segmental bands; hindwing with semitransparent silvery
rosina. white rhomboidal discal spot. In Spain and at the Riviera, not common. — The form rosina Stgr., from the
Spanish province of Murcia, has tlie forewmg dark brown instead of yellowish brown, and the white discal
spot of the hindwing is smaller. — Larva in the roots of Echium, flat, ivory-white, with thin bristly hair, head
and nuchal plate blackish. The moth at Midsummer, resting in Echium-bushes towards evening, but not suekmg,
as it has no toiigue; very local.

ledereri. S. ledereri Slyr. (= Dicida persa Strand, ? stygiella Bdv.) (55k). Usually smaller than australis

(although very small specimens of this also occur), and with very characteristic colouring and markmg. The
wings are very transparent, forewing dusted with yellowish red at the base and costa, margins of hindwing
blackish. — From the Black Sea, Asia Minor and Persia.

colchica. S. colchica H.-ScMff. (= amasina H.-Schdff.) (55 k). Almost exactly like a small ledereri, with which

it is doubtless very closely allied, if it is not only a variety of it. Huidwmg somewhat lighter and more evenly
transparent. Has about the appearance of a Psychid. It is very doubtful whether colchica is a distmct
species. It was described from single specimens which differed distmctly from one another. — From the
South Russian steppes, Black Sea.

dercetis. S. dercetis Gr.-Grsh. Very like colchica (55 k), perhaps only based on a fresher specimen, and there-

fore the yellow colour at the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and costal and inner margin of forewmg more distmct.
— From Moabia.

ahngcri. S. ahngeri Ch.-Grsh. Like dercetis, but the antennae with longer pectinations, black; head, thorax and

the basal segment of the abdomen above yellowish, with blackish hairs. Forewing semitransparent, sooty grey,
occasionally with yellowish scales at the base. — Transcaspia.

acihiops. S. aethiops Stgr. Very Uke colchica (55 k), but still smaller. Forewing shot with brownish. Distinguished

from colchica and tricolor by the costal vein of the hindwing not being forked in both sexes, while it is forked
in the other species. — Discovered at Namangan by Haberhauee; Marghelan.

tricolor. S. tricolor Led. (55 k). ,^ scarcely larger than colchica, and the $ also still smaller than that of ledereri.

The form is mtermediate between the two species. Sooty black-browai, lighter in the costal area, more so
in cJ than in ?. Thorax and base of wings very slightly dusted with orange yellow. — Fairly widely distributed
and, apart from australis, the form most frequently foimd in collections. Southern Russia, Asia Minor and Sy-
ria.
psychidion. S. psycliidiotl Stgr. Larger, almost like a small australis in expanse, body and wings smoke-grey,

or the prothorax clothed with somewhat lighter hair. — From the Taygetus Mts., in Asia Miiior, discovered
by Krueper; the author says that this insect is perhaps a form of Dyspessa ulula, to whose variety algeriensis
it would come nearest. Unknown to me in nature.

psyche. S. psyche Gr.-Grsh. Antennae stout and long, and bipectinate in contradistinction to the preceding.

Body stout, black, thorax grey, legs black, tibiae yellow on inside; hindwing transparent with a slight milky
gloss, only rarely with yellowish scales at the costal or hind margins as in ledereri or tricolor, but with the veins
and fringes yellowish. 7.5 mm. — From the steppes of the Kisil-Kum.

10. Genus: Zeuzcra Latr.

An economically important genus distinguished from most others by the often very conspicuous
colouring. Genume protective colourmg, otherwise quite common among the Cossids, is found here only in
exceptional cases, and even then only to a slight degree. On the other hand, bright golden or glossy metallic
blue markiiags and spots occur frequently. Many Zouzerids, e. g. the form auroguttata from W. Africa belonging
to the genus Chalcidica, and hypophinoe from Ceram, bemg among the most beautiful moths. The very bright
colours, such as a white ground spotted with steel-blue, ai-e evidently warning colours, for it has been observed
that when, for instance, various moths were given to hens, they would not touch L. pyrina, while they swallow-
ed the others greedily.

The Zeuzeras are very easily distinguished by the elongate body, which has an almost cylindrical thorax
and m the $ a very long abdomen, and by the very short antennae, which are very slender, but have long
pectinations in the basal part in the ^. Eyes large ; palpi and tongue atrophied ; legs strong, long, with sharp
claws, especially the fore leg with stout femora and tibiae; wings ordinary m shape the edges of fore-and hind-

PHRAGMATAECIA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 429

wiiig, which touch, not particularly ventricose; costal margui of forewmg curved forward (ventrally) iii a pecu-
liar way to the origm of the subcostal. Most conspicuous characters are the great length of that part of
the thorax which extends beyond the base of the forewing forward, and the strongly convex frons. The larva,
as far as is known, is very poljrphagous, living in all kmds of trees, and does not confine itself to the trunk but
also attacks branches and roots. It is slightly flattened, with swollen first thoracical segment and large head
with strong mandibles. It takes two years to develop.

Z, pyrina (aesculi L., hijjpocastani Poda, hilaris Fourcr., octoimnctata Bdv., decipiens Kirbtj) (52g). pyrina.
White, tibiae and abdomen, numerous blue spots on the forewing, fewer and smaller ones on the hindwmg, six
drop-shaped spots on the thorax metallic dark blue. In the (J, which is sometimes only half the size of the $,
the abdomen is clothed with white hair. One of the most widely distributed moths of the world, occurrmg in
Europe and North Asia, as far as India, m Africa going far into the Sahara, and in Eastern North America.
Egg reddish brown, cyhndrical, flattened at the poles. Larva light yellow, with numerous black dots, blackish
brown nuchal plate edged with yellow, and black head with yellow markmgs. In numerous deciduous trees,
especially fruit-trees, horse-chestnut and maple. Pupa light brown, a horn-like process on the head. Pupation
usually takes place at the beginning of May of the second year in or near the roots. The moth appears in June
and July, at Biskra ui Algeria sometimes hi April or the beginning of May, probably elsewhere also at other
times. The moths begin to swarm soon after sunset, and numbers of ^^ are often found at lamps as early
as 10 o'clock. This is especially the case m North America and Africa, where the species is much more abundant
than in Europe. The moths usually dash agamst the large arc-lamps in concert-gardens, at railway-stations, etc.,
and then fall down, often lying on their backs with closed wings for some considerable time. The $? usually
fly later and come to the lamp less often. The species is more abundant m some years than m others, often
being quite rare in Europe for decades and then occurrmg m exceptional abundance. The moths vary greatly
in the size and number of the spots. In the ^ the spots before and around the apex of the cell of the forewing
are especially variable, often merging together to form blue horseshoe-marks. In specimens from South Algeria
the fu-st and second pairs of thoracical spots are mostly so merged together as to form a steel-blue arc.

Z. multistrigata Moore (52 g). Similar to the dangerous "coffee-borer", Z. coffeae, the white borer mullisiri-
of the coloniests, and often mistaken for it. Larger than Z. pyrina, thorax and abdomen so densely clothed with ^""'
white hau- that the dark markings almost disappear. On the wings the dark dots are usually denser, but the
anal part of the hmdwtng is devoid of them, and m the (J projects in lobe-shape. — Common in coffee-planta-
tions, and observed throughout the year. Kashmii-, in the Indian Himalayas, distributed as far as Sikkim, and
in the Naga Hills.

Z. nubila Stgr. (= stryx Gr.-Grsh.) (52 g). Usually smaller, duller white than the preceding, thorax nubila.
with two black streaks divergmg posteriorly. In the c? the wmgs are not spotted with blue, but dusted with
greyish brown m such a manner as to leave a white spot below the cell of the forewing. ■ — Turkestan (Kashgar).

Z. regia Stgr. (52 g). Much more clumsily built than the precedmg. Almost like a Cossus in coloiu-, regia.
and like that moth with dark striation. The costa of the fore^\'ing broadly dark brown, below it a light longitu-
dinal stripe sparsely and minutely dotted rrnis from the base into the apex. — From Asia Minor, rare.

Z. ariana Gr.-Grsh. This was described from a defective $, the species is not before me. Head and arinna.
thorax ochreous above, brick-red below. Forewing similar, marbled with brown striae and transverse Imes above,
and with a band of the same colour in the median area. Hindwing paler. — Discovered near Samarkand by
Werigin.

11. Genus: niragiuataeeia Neum.

The reed-borers are medium-sized and rather unicolorous moths with very long abdomen, always ui the
9 and sometimes in the (J, which they are able to move in worm-like curves over the head and wings; on account
of the abdomen, the body attains a length greater than the expanse of the wmgs, this being the case to the
same degree in very few Lepidoptera. The colouring is usually uniformly dull yellow, like dry cane, the wings as
a rule without markings. The very elongate larvae live in reeds, below or just above the surface of the water,
and also pupate there, after gnawing a hole for emerging.

Head small, without palpi and tongue; frons with rough hair, not so strongly convex as in Zevzera.
Antennae thin and short, in the ^ with long, sometimes plumose, pectinations to the middle. Thorax very long;
legs short, without spurs. Abdomen very long. Wings elongate, the forewmg not increasuig much m breadth,
ventricose at the hmd margin, with the hind-marguial vein forked at the base. The veins of the forewmg very
straight, with areole and intracellular vein. Hindwmg elongate-ovate with distinct anal angle, but with the apical
angle effaced.

P. castaneae Hbn. (= arundinis Hbn., innotata Walk., sacharum Moore) (54h). Body and forewing castancao.
light dirty brownish white, wings with slight dark dusting hi places, hmdwing lighter, in the ^ very slightly
tinged with sand-brown. Throughout the whole of Northern and Central Europe, over Northern Asia through
Turkestan and China to Japan; also occurring in many locahties of India to Ceylon, and m large districts of
Africa to Madagascar, and therefore one of the most widely distributed moths of the world. Larva elongate,
ivory, with two dull obsolescent dorsal lines interrupted here and there. Pupa very elongate and mobile, with

430

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Cossida«.

belts of hooks on the abdomen and a hook-like process on the head. The moth appears ui June and rests closely
appressed agamst the reed, so that it can hardly be distinguished except when it settles on a green stalk, as
it sometimes does, in which case it is visible from a long distance. When the insect is at rest the abdomen protrud-
es far from the clo.selj^ folded wings. In boggy districts, also at rivers, but not everywhere, and absent from
large districts. The body of the moth is best emptied before the insect is set, as it otherwise gets greasy very easily.
Certamly black pins should be used to avoid the development of verdigris which would ultimately burst the
thorax. Small specimens, minor Moore {= pygmaea Graes., minima Hamps.), occur especially hi Eastern Asia,
but also in Europe ; these are very pale m colour, almost like territa, and without dark specks on the forewmg.
— Inversely, also more densely dusted and smaller specimens are known from the Ussuri, with dull grey
and somewhat narrower forewings. Perhaps the next msect belongs here.

furia.

territa.

P. furia Gr.-Grsh. Shape and size of castaneae; but fore^\•mg dusted with dark ashy grey nearlj' to the
outer margins, so that a narrow edge of the latter is ivory. — From the Pamir.

P. territa Stgr. (54 h). Like the preceding, but the forewing a clearer ivory or light straw-yellow, not

dusted with grey; forewing narrower at the base, hmdwing more elongate, with the anal angle effaced. —

At the Black Sea and ui Turkestan. According to a verbal communication of Herrn M. Bartel also m South

Russia near Saratow and at the salt sea of Indcrsk. A smaller, slenderer, and somewhat lighter form of this

Iramcas- insect also occurs, which I caught in June at Shanghai, resting on blades of grass ; this is transcaspica Gr.-Grsh
pica.

oboroicskii. P. roborowsltii Alph. (52 i). Size and shape as in territa, but the forewing darker, more ochreous, although

not so much so as in our rather too golden yellow figure. Huidwmg white, brownish white at the anal margui.

— From the desert of Gobi in Eastern Asia.

reticulata. P. reticulata Piliuf. (52 h). We give an exact figure of the type, which Herr Pungeler was good enough

to lend me for the jjurpose. Size, colour and markings are just as in our figure, also the peculiarities of the shape,
in which the species differs iTomothev Phragmntaecia, viz. the develoj^ed palpi, the much stouter thorax, the
broad foi'ewing recalling Cossus, the much larger, not elongate hindwmg and the shorter abdomen. The hairs
are also more rough, \Aoolly, not so smooth as in other Phragmataecia. The head is more hidden beneath the
much shorter prothorax. In the hindwuig the submedian and the hmd-marginal veins are more strong]}' curved.
From Merv. — This insect unites generic characters of the most different Cossid-genera, and should be separated
as a distinct genus, if it does not belong to the Indian genus of Argyrophleps Hamps.

Alphnbotical List

of the Palearctic forms of Cossidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is figured at the place quoted.

avrunyctoides Coss. Moore Prou. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879.

p. 111. *
aculeata Dy,sp. Tim/ii, Natural. Sicil. 1909, p. 121.*
aethiops Styg. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 91.
a^ilis Dysp. Clirist. Rom. M(^m. L6p. 1, p. 113. *
ahntreri Styg. Gr.-Grsh. Abu. Mu.s. P(St. VII, p. 203.
albida Hole. Seilz, iSIaciolep. 2, p. 421. *
alboniibilus Cat. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zcit.schr. 1888, p. 119.
al^eriensis Dysp. Ramh. Cat. Aiulahis. p. 331.
alpherakyi Dy.sp. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 2, p. 3. *
araraticus Coss. Telcli, Stett. Zg. 1896, p. 28.
areiiicdla Hole. Styr. Stett. Zg. 40, p. 317.
ar^ai^eiisis Dy.sp. Hrhrl, Ann. Wien. Hofmus. 20, p. 205.
argentatiis Cossulinus, Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 90.
aries Coss. Piing. Iiis 15, p. 145. *
aseina Dysp. Pilng. Iris 12, p. 288. *
australis Styg. Latr. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 21, p. 2(52.

balcanicus Coss. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 7, p. 22. *
bohatschi Coss. PUyig. Soe. Entom. 13, p. 57.
bucharana Dysp. Bang-H. Iris 24, p. 51.

cacstruin Hyp. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Sehmett. Bomb. *
raiupicola Hole. Ev. Bull. Mose. 1854 (III), p. 181.
castaiioae Phr. Hbn. Beytr. Sehmett. 2. *
caucasicum Hyp. Gr.-Gr»h. Ann. Mus. Petersb. 1902, p. 202.
clathrata Dysp. C/tm/. Rom. M6ni. L6p. 1, p. 114. »
ROlohica Styg. H.-Sctiaff. Em-. Sehmett. H. *

colossus Coss. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 48, p. SO.
consobrinus Hole. Piing. Soc. Entom. 13, ]t. 57.
cossoides Dysp. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitsehr. 1892, p. 300.
cossus Coss. L. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 504.

dercetis Styg. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Petersb. 4, p. 409.
deserta Hyp. Fiscli.-Wald. Nouv. M(Sm. Mose. 1832, p. 358.
drangiaiiicus Hole. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Petersb. 1902, p. 201.

einilia Dysp. Ev. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 317.

faroulti Hole. Oberth. tt. L^p. Comp. V. *

tereiduii Coss. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 29, p. 291.

funkei Coss. Rob. Entom. Nachr. 22, p. 3.

luria Phr. Gr.-Grsli. Rom. M6m. L6p. 4, p. 542. *

tuscula Dysp. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 283. *

gloriosus Hole. Ersch. Fedtseh. Reise Turk. Lep. p. 35. ■
gracilis Hole. Christ. Rom. M^m. L6p. 3, p. 59. *

henleyi Par. Roths. Nov. Zool. 1905, p. 23. *

herzi Hyp. Alph. Iris 6, p. 346.

holospriceus Hole. Stgr. Rom. M6m. Up. 1, p. 149. *

hyroanus Coss. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 22, p. 309.

iiifuscata Dysp. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 284.

Inspersus Hole. Clirist. Stett. Ent. Zg. 1887, p. 103.

insularis Hole. Stgr. Rom. M6m. L6p. 6, p. 292.

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Cossidae.

431

Johannes Par. Slgr. Iris 12, p. 354. *
jordana Dysp. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 272. *

kabylaria Dysp. Bang-H. Iris 19, p. 143.

lacertiila Dysp. Stgr. Stett. Z^. 1887, p. 92.

laudabilis Hole. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 159.

ledereri Stvg. Stgr. Cat. Eur. Lep. (II), p. CI.

leuconotus Duoiu. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 1537.

lucifer Hole. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Eiit. Ross. 25, p. 463.

magna Dysp. Stgr. Seitz, Macrol(5p. 2, p. 427. *
niariuorata Dysp. Ranib. Cat. Andalus, p. 332. *
mauretauica Coss. Luc. Bull. Soc. Ent. Pr. 1907, p. 343.
minima Dysp. Seit:, Macrolep. 2,p. 427. *
minor Phr. Moore, Lep. Atkins., p. 87.
modestus Coss. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 88.
mollis Hole. Christ. Rom. M6m. L(^p. 3, p. 58.
mongolicus Coss. Ersch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 33. *
montieola Dysp. Gr.-Grsh. Rom. Mem. L^p. 4, p. 544. *
mucosus Hole. Christ. Rom. M6m. L^p. 1, p. 111. *
multistrigata Zeuz. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 327.
mus Hole. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Petersb. 1902, p. 198.

nigritula Dysp. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 93.
nobilis Hole. Alph. Rom. M6m. Lep. 1, p. 139. *
nubila Zeuz. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 341.

pallidata Dysp. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 284.
paradoxus Par. H.-Schdfj. Sohmett. Eur. 6, p. 39.
powelli Hole. Oberth. ]St. L4p. Comp. V. *
praeclarus Hole. Piing. Soc. Ent. 13, p. 58.
psyche Styg. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 27, p. 386.
psychidion* Styg. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 7, p. 112.
pulverulentus Hole. Piing. Soc. Entom. 13, p. 57.
piitridus Hole. Christ. Bom. M(5m. L6p. 3, p. 57. *
pyrina Zeuz. L. Faun. Suae. p. 306.

regia Zeuz. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 253. *
reticulata Phr. Piing. Iris 13, p. 115. *
reibelli Hyp. Oherth. "kt. d'Ent. 1, p. 40. *
roborowskii Phr. Alph. Bom. M6m. L^p. 9, p. 235. *
rosina Styg. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 257.

sacarum Hole. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Petersb. 1902, p. 199.
saharae Coss. Luc. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1907, p. 197.
salicicola Dysp. Christ. Bull. Moscou III (1848), p. HI.
sericeus Hole. Gr.-Grsh. Rom. M^m. Li^jj. 4, p. 541. *
sibirica Hyp. Alph. Iris 8, p. 185.
stertzi Coss. Pung. Iris 12, p. 288. *
strioliger Hole. Gr.-Grsh. Iris 6, p. 346.
stygianus Coss. Stick. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.
suaris Dysp. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 355. *

tancrei Hole. Pting. Soc. Entom. 13, p. 58.
tapinus Coss. Piing. Soc. Entomol. 13, p. 57.
taurica Dysp. Rebel, Ann. Wien. Hofmus. 20, p. 205.
terebra Coss. P. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 116.
territa Phr. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 341.
thrips Hyp. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Bomb. *
transcaspica Phr. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. Ent. Ross. 29, p. 292.
tricolor Styg. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1858, p. 143. *
tristis Dysp. Bang-H. i. 1. Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 427.
turcomanica Hyp. Christ. Iris 6, p. 88.

ulula Dysp. Bkh. Nat. Eur. Schmett. 3, p. 142.
ussuricnsis Hole. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1892, p. 213.

raulogeri Hyp. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 155. *

viearius Hole. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 32, p.

Tolgensis Hole. Christ. Iris 6, p. 88.

584.

! zarudnyi Hole. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Petersb. 1902, p. 200.
I zoroastres Hyp. Gr.-Grsh. Ann. Mus. Petersb. 1902, p. 202.

P,M. t. VIII. 1913. HEPIALUS. By R. Pfitzxer. 433

26. Family: Hepialitlae.

The Hepialids are a subdivision of the Micropterygina, which represent the oldest type of Lepido-
ptera now existing. Together with the Micro pterygidae they form the group " Jugatae" which Comstock (Ithaca,
U. S. A.) places in contradistinction to the "Frenatae". This type is distinguished from all other families of
Lepidoptera, the Frenatae, which possess a frenulum, by the lobe (jugum) which extends from the base of the
forewing to the costa of the hindwing over the gap between the two wings so characteristic of the Hepialids.
In the "Jugatae" which is the oldest still existing group of Lepidoptera the phylogenetic derivation of the Le-
pidoptera from the Trichoptera (Phryganids, caddis-flies) is distinctly recognisable, for not only is their body
hairy, but there are hairs on the membrane of the wing, which is never the case in the Frenatae. Moreover,
it has been shown by Quail's publications with their interesting illustrations that the structure of the wing-
scales of the Hepialidae is absolutely unique in that it illustrates the modification of hairs into scales. The
venation presents further points for comparison. The oldest of all forms of Micropterygidae, Palaemicra mlco-
phanes from New Zealand, equal m antiquity to the Moa, Kiwi and other forms of life of that country, is in its
structure so closely allied to the genus Rhyacophila of the Trichoptera that it might almost be considered a link
between the two orders of insects. The following characteristics especially betray the great age of the Hepiahd
type, which according to Packard goes back to the Jurassic Epoch. The most striking distinctions of the well-
known mimistakable imago, apart from the remarkably long abdomen, the long narrow and rotmded wings
and the "gap" already mentioned, are the antemiae which usually are ver^^ short and scarcely visible, and the
reduced or obsolete mouth-parts, in contradistinction to which the shaggy legs are strongly developed. The
long slender larvae have 16 legs and are naked, with a glossy head and hairy warts, livmg miderground on
roots or inside trees. The pupae also present a primitive type: they are elongate, mobile, with free hmbs, spines
on the abdominal segments (the piipa is the more rigid and has the less number of mobile joints the higher
the species stands in the phylogenetic development of the Lepidoptera).

In the habits of the imagmes there is also much that is peculiar to this family. The Hepiahds are on the
wing at dusk, the flight of the (J being often of that well-known pendulating kind which can be observed in
many other orders of insects, e. g. the Ephemerids. The $? go in search of the ^(^, and then fly along over the
grass to drop their eggs. Apart from the short time of activity at dusk, scarcelj' lasting haK an hour, the He-
pialids are extremely lazy and cannot be induced to fly by any means. Many species also come to the lamp.
The distribution of the Hepialids is very general, extendmg as far as the Ai'ctic regions and up to the snow-line
of the mountains. They prefer mountains to plains, and damp locahties to dry ones. In Europe the most interesting
forms of Hepialids are found m the British Isles. It seems as though the known species, of which there are scar-
cely more than 200, are the remains of a former magnificent Hepialid or Micropterygid fauna, Avhich, together
with the bizarre dragons among the Saurians and relatively just as gigantic, inhabited the mist-laden moors
and gloomy fern-woods of a prehistoric epoch. Zelotypia stacii, an imposmg species (expanse up to 24 cm)
and the South American Phassus gigantetis look like relics from former times. According to Meyeick the centre
of distribution of the family is to be found in the Indo- Australian region, especially New Guinea. Who knows
whether we may not one day be surprised by a new gigantic form of Hepialidae from the unknoMTi interior
of this island, whence we have already received the largest known forms of Ornithoptera and Saturniidae.

From the Palearctic, and especially the European, Hepialids we only get a slight idea of the size
and beauty of this highly interesting family. The number of species is small. In Europe proper there are nine
or ten forms, while the same number of species occurs alone in New Zealand and three or four times as many
in Australia. The latter continent probably contauas more Hepialids than the entire Palearctic Region even
with its new extended boundaries.

The followmg Hepialid genera occur m the Palearctic Region: HepialusF., Palpifer Hamps., Hepialiscus
Hamps., Gorgopis Hhn., Phassus Walk.

1. Genus: Hepialiis F.

Head and thorax clothed with woolly hau\ Antennae shorter than thorax; eyes naked, no ocelli; palpi
minute; no tongue, but two round knobs uistead. Both wings with 12 veins and a cellule m cell between vems 4

II 55

434 HEPIALUS. By R. Pfitzner.

and 5. The fact that the hindwing also has two or three branches originating from tlie anterior median
vein and running into the costal margin is characteristic. Legs short and shaggy, without spurs. Wings elongate-
ovate, with obtusely rouiaded hind angle. The markings of the forewmg, the well-knowai Hepialid triangle,
usually consist of two stripes or rows of spots meeting at right angles in the centre of the hind margm. Larva
underground at roots, pupates in a cocoon. Pupa elongate, with spines. The moths fly at dusk and when at
rest fold their wings m steep roof-shape pressed close to the body. They are predominantly moiuitain-insects.
The Palearctie forms are small to medium- sized ; the Australian species, which are united under the generic
term Charagia, are among the largest Hepialids, their magnificent colouring being unique. ThecJ(j' with their
green-blue iridescence and the green and red 9$ with their silver-spots compare favourably with the most beau-
tiful species of Lepidoptera.

humuK. H. humuli L. (54 b, c). q silvery white, $ forewing yellow, more or less marked with red. Hindwing

gre}' edged with reddish. Underside grey in both sexes. Like all Hepialids very variable in size and colouring,
especially the ^li. There are innumerable transition from $$ entirely without markmgs to those in which not
only the forewing is more red than yellow but the hindwing also is suffused with red over more than half its
area. In the form hethlandicus (cf. below-) the markings of the ?$ are obsolescent brown instead of red. A
particularly large form occurs locally in the Alps [grandis nom. nov., near Zermatt). Caradja describes a very
azuga. beautifiil form from Roumania, aztlga (54c): $ very large (up to 73 mm). Forewing brighter yellow, with iii-
ft€/Wandici(». creased brick-red markings, hhidwing and underside much darker. — hethlandicus Stgr. ( = thulen.sis Cro<cA)
(54 c), from the Shetlands, is often considered the phylogenetic type, because the ^(^ have the same markings
as the 9$, being onlj' smaller and paler. Among some specimens on plate 54 the typical S of hethlandicus
(fig. 2 row c) is erroneously marked $, while a Scotch specimen (fig. 1) is reproduced as a (^ of hethlandicus.
grandis. — On luxuriant meadows in the Higher Alps the imusually large form occurs which we call grandis form. nov.
(54 b, c). ■ — Transitions from humtdi to hethlandicus (54 c as hethlajidicus (J) are common m Northern Scot-
land. — The distribution-area of the species comprises North and Central Europe with the exception of the
Arctic region, the Southern boundary being formed by the Alps and Carpathians. Caucasus, Armenia, Siberia.
The species is found particularly on Alpine meadows, whert it is abundant in June and July; more singly in
the plains. On the wdng after sunset and again before sunrise. The peculiar pendulating flight of the glossy
white cJ strikes even the general public, and has caused the name ghost-moth to be given to the insect in England ,
where humuli is common. Some uitercsting observations about the habits of the moth have lately been published
by ScHKEiDER (Posen). The moths, which emei'ge after 5 o'clock, fly in the evening for about 20 minutes
until 9 o'clock at the lat«st ; the ^ usually pendulating a yard above the ground, the fertilized $ higher, they
copulate often very quickly after circling round each other. Like hecta, humuli has a peculiar scent; fresh
specimens smell like wild carrot. Larva up to 38 mm in length, light yellow with browii head and pronotal
plate, sharply defined segments, when young a transparent brown; legs whitish. At the roots of grass, sorrel,
hops, where the}^ are sometimes noxious. Pupa elongate, of uniform width, a protuberance at the head, small
leg and wmg-cases, abdominal segments with distinct tubercles aiad small teeth m pairs ventrally; nut-brown,
in a loose cocoon. Egg first yellowish white, then grejash blue to blue-black; in clusters of as many as 300.

nebulosus. H. nebulosus Alph. (= luteus Crr.-Grsh., varians Stgr.) (52 g). As STAUDrNGER's name indicates an ex-

tremely variable species. Forewmg du-ty grey-browii with gi-eyish white markings, liindwing blackish grey

armorica- with greyish yellow fringes checkered with a dark colour. Western China (Amdo). — arnioricanus Oberth.
«"*■ caught by OberthtJr at Rennes (hence the name armorica, the old name for Britanny) is similar to nebulosus.
As the species has not otherwise been observed in Europe it is perhaps only a case of a pupa being intro-
duced accidentally from Tibet, davidi Pouj., from Mupin, is a closely allied species. Very similar to nebulosus
is also the next species:

viirifihii;.<!. H. variabilis Brem. (54 h), from Ammiand, is distinguished from nebtdosus by a shorter basal stripe

endmg in a whitish spot, behind which there is sometimes a dark dot. The band with its vestigial light colour
does not quite reach the outer margm, before it rather far away a darker transverse line. — We add as the
last of the nebulos%is group :

varius. H. varius Stgr. This species has often been treated as a synonym of the preceding species, but it is

probably distinct, as it occurs in the same localities as fariaii'//.? (LLssuri, Askold). Markings brighter, contrast-
ing crudely, a long white halfband before the outer margm, ui the $ more extended but duller. According
to its facies this species forms a transition to the following velleda-groxiTp, to which belong fusconebulosa with
its varieties, carna with ^tralensis, pyrenaicus with alticola, and custillamis.

jusconebu- H. fusconebulosa Degeer (= velleda Hbn., mappa Dom.) (54 d). One of the most variable species,

losa. usually brown hi various shades, with greyish white markings, these bemg sometimes so extended that the
whole specimen appears grey, and sometimes quite obsolete. Very beautiful reddish brown to rust-coloiired
specimens come from Ireland (Belfast), but I have also received similar ones from Upper Bavaria and West-
phalia (Bochum), while the specimer>s from Western Scotland and the Islands (Arran) are remarkable for their
galHcus. size and the sharpness of their markings. The uniformly brown specimens without markings are named galli-
CUS Led. (54 d). This was probablj' origmally the form of the oceanic climate and is most beautifully developed

HEPIALUS. By R. Pfitzneb. 435

m Ireland and Western France, but is also widely distributed elsewhere as an aberration (Alps, Lapland; a
Hepialid from the Caucasus measuring 70 mm, from the collection of the Grand Duke Nicholas, which was
imfortimately lost, was said to belong here). — A new local variety closely alied to gallicus is aemilianus Con- aemiUanus.
stantini, from Upper Italy (Montegibbio, Fiumalbo, Prov. Modena), wliere it flies in September. It is distmguish-
ed from gallicus by the uniform and more yellow colourmg and the uncheckered fringes. — ascoldensis Stgr., aacoldensis
from the Ussuri district and Askold, is smaller, darker, with the half obsolescent markings only distinctly vi-
sible at the inner margin. — Widely distributed through the Northern districts of the area as far as the
Pyrenees and Piedmontese Alps in the South. The moths are generally found in the moiuitains already
m June, but a specimen was caught in September at Sheffield. Unlike humuli, hecta and other species, fusco-
nehulosa is a very shy species with a rapid flight, found at the edges of woods and on meadows. Larva long,
rather stout, with strongly developed mouth-parts; head reddish brown to dark red, body creamy white or pale
green, pronotal plate yellowish brown, spots of the same colour on the anterior segments. A dark dorsal Hne
shining through. When young, more grey in colour. Lives underground m the rhizome of Pteris aquilina, mak-
ing a cavity for itself in the mterior of the plant. Biennial, t^^ice hibernating in the ground as larva, and in
May makmg a thui cocoon. The pupa is slender, stumpy posteriorly, reddish brown, sharply mcised, with
rows of small hooks and a projection on segment 12; the moth emerges m about four weeks. The pupa
bursts the cocoon before emergence, and forces a way out.

H. carna .Ssp. (= jodussa .H6n., socordis i^rr., uredo i^)T.,) (54 e). Closely allied to the preceding species, cama.
but probably distmct. Grey with lighter and usually sharper markmgs, often transparent. Inhabits the moun-
tains of Central Europe (Alps, Carpathians) and in Hungary also the plains. — uralensis Gr.-Ghsh. is probably uralensis.
a form of carna; local varieties of this are distributed throughout Siberia as far as the Arctic zone (Vercho-
jansk). In this form the antennae are chestnut-brown; thorax greyish brown; abdomen and legs brown. Fore-
wing above browii, with irregular white spots, like a carna with obsolescent markings; hindwing brown. Ural
Mts. between 61" and 64". Vilui River (Maack), Olenek (Czekanovski), Irkutsk (Iltshirski-Saram, 1900 m).

H. pyrenaicus Donz. (54 e). 3* greyish brown with ochreous and light markings, hiadwing with pro- pyrenaicus.
minently white fringes. The 9 of this species and of its local varieties are distinguished by aborted wings and
greatly enlarged abdomen, especially in the dark var. alticola Oberfh. (54 e, f). Eastern Pyrenees, var. alticola alticola.
on the highest peaks. Rare, found beneath stones. — var. castillanus Oberth. (54 f) was discovered in the Sierra rastiUanm.
de Guadarrama. Only the (J known, smaller than pyrenaicus, lighter, forewing with whitish markmgs, hind-
wing bro\vn; underside uniformly bro^vn, fringes checkered. Caught m June 1880 near La Granja in Old Castile.

H. sylvinus L. (= hamma Hbn., fltna Esp., crux F., faima Schr.) (54 g). A new group begms with th-s sylvinus.
well-known species, to which group beside the subspecies of sylvimis, belong amasinus and probably nnbifer (sub-
genus Cihyra Walk.). The facies of sylvinus with the tj^pical scheme of markmgs of the Hepialids may be assumed
to be generally known. The colour of the ^ varies from loam-yellow to vermilion and chestnut-bro«ai, that
of the $ from ash}' grey to reddish brown in all shades. Caradja mentions a wonderful dark chocolate aber-
ration from the Transsylvanian Alps. The size also varies considerably. I have a pair from Sprottau, the ^
measuring 23 mm m expanse, $ 47. The size and colouring depend largely on the climatic conditions, the small-
est and palest specimens occurring especially m the South (ab. pallidus Horm., in Bukovma and Roumania, palUdus.
Caradja). — Of laetus Stgr. two forms should be distinguished : true laetus Stgr. is the largest known form of laetm.
sylvinus, ^'ith intense colouring and sharjj markmgs; it occurs in Southern Russia; the other form, smaller,
paler, but also sharply marked, occurs m the adjommg Asiatic districts (Uralsk, Caucasus, Armenia, Turkestan).
— Widely distributed through North and Central Europe to Dalmatia and Central Asia. The moths appear in
August and September and fly at sunset, zigzaggmg over damja meadows. Emergmg towards evening they
settle until sunset on trees m avenues, where they are always easily collected. Larva ivory white with deepH
incised segments and folds. Head and dorsal plate orange-brown, mouth-parts black, stigmata bro%vn. When
young light flesh-colour with dark dorsal line shining through. Lives in the roots of sorrel, bracken, Echium,
etc., which it hollows out to a considerable extent, so that the plant withers. Each larva lives iia a se-
parate plant; the tunnel is spiral, the opening closed up. Pupa glossy brown, spiui up in a tunnel like the
larva; leaves the cocoon before emerging.

H. amasinus H.-Schdff. (54 e). Is distinguished from sylvinus especially by the course of the three amasintis.
bands of the forewing, which are on the whole parallel, and the broad checkered frmges. — Asia Minor (Pontus)
and Southern Europe to Istria (Pola), where it occurs in September. Local and rare.

H. nubifer Led. (53 h). (^ similar to sylvinus in body, legs, antenna and shape of wings, most like the nuinfer.
grey form ; distinguished from sylvinus by the shape of the median area, which is more as in cartia. Forewing
dull grey, with wood-brown spots and bands edged with dull yellow. Four small spots at the costal margin,
another small one touches the second obliquely, a wedge-shaped one stands rather close to the base and

436 HEPIALUS. By R. Pfitznee.

touches the hiiid margm ; a broader iiregular band runs below the fourth spot, a nan-ovver slightly curved one near
themargm. Fringes yellowish browia checkered with dull grey. Hindwing brownish grey with slight mdications of
two lighter bands m the outer third of the costal margin; fringes; uniformly yellowish brown. Underside uni-
formly grey-broMii, only the anterior edges of the wings with indications of the markings of the upper side.
Compared with the cJ the $ is enormously large (almost as large ashumuli), but my specimen is so worn
that no description can be made from it (after Ledeeek). Size of o "^8 mm. — Patria : Altai.

ganna. H. ganna Hbn. (= arcticus Bdv.) (54 f). Like its relatives (macilentus Ev., hyperboreus Moschl., labror-

doriensis Pack., mattheu'i, wcgrto.f^«.«M, etc.) this species is a Imk of a circumpolar chain inhabiting the Northern
countries of Europe, Asia, North America (subgenus Phymatopus Wallgr.). They all have the forewuig more or
less reddish brown, rather like that of the Arctiidae on account of the glossy white bands and macular markings.
In ganna the bro^ai colour is darkest, more yellowish browni, the spots are often isolated, the hindwing reddish
black-brown. — ganna inhabits Northern Europe (Sweden, Russia) to East Prussia, and Eastern Siberia;
also the mountains of Central Europe (Alps) from 2500 m upwards. The moths are on the wing in July and
August at dawTi. In day-time hidden beneath stones.

macilenius. H. maciletitus Ev. (64 f). Very closely allied to the preceding species, but larger, lighter (reddish brown),

the silvery white markings more extended, on the hindwing the marginal area considerably broader and suf-

gerdci. fused with red. Eastern Siberia, Mongolia (Urga). The aberration gerda Stgr., from Dauria (Apple Mts.), is so

to speak the gallicus form of macilentus, as its spots are more or less obsolescent, ■while the ground-colour is more

ochreous brown, gerda thus forming a transition to ganna.

tupulinus. H. lupulinus L. (54 g). Forewing dark yellowish brown ((J) to grey brown (f^), with white triangle; hind-

dactcus. wing brown. — dacicus (Jarctd. is the local form from Northern Roumania (Comanesti, Grumacesti). It is
iiniformly dark grey, more or less without markuigs. It occurs aberratively also outside Roumania, e. g. in Dal-
senex. matia, Caucasus and even England. Much more frequent is the inverse aberration (ab. senex i. 1.) in the British
Isles; here the whitish grey or chalky white markings of the upper side are so extended and diffuse that they
occupy the entire surface of the wing ^vith the exception of the margins. — Widely distributed but local, Eng-
land, Germany, Sweden, Livonia, Italy, Dalmatia, Roumania. Appears m May and June; sometimes a second
brood in September. As regards the habits, we know that the (JcJ fly before sunset for a very short time, but
very wildly; but Caradja also saw them swarm by day (11a. m.) lookmg for the $9? which rest on the
underside of leaves. Larva stout, whitish, semitransparent, head and nuchal plate glossy browii; stigmata
black, the raised .spots yellowish bro\vn, each with a short black bristle. Poljrphagous on roots m fields, meadows,
and gardens (in England as far as the surburbs of London, not rare). The lar^^a is sometimes mfested by a para-
sitic fungus (Cordyceps entomorrhiza Deits); this is also the case among other Hepialid larvae, for
instance in New Zealand, where the fungus grows very long, its tip appearing above the ground. Pupa cylmdri-
cal, uniformly .stout, with short projecting antennae-cases and short wing-cases, very mobile, five abdommal
segments bearing spines; glossy reddish brown or ochreous browii. In a long narrow cocoon in the ground.
Before emergmg the pupa leaves the cocoon and comes to the surface.

hecla. H. hecta L. (= jodutta Esp., nemorosa Esp.) (54 g). ^ light brick-red to dark chestnut, with silver or

sometimes golden stripes; in rare cases in Northern English and Scotch specimens rows of golden dots at the

flina. apex of the hindwing, pale brown, with lighter markings. The darkest forms are called ab. Ilina H.-Schdff.
(54 h). Northern Europe and Siberia to Japan. The commonest Hepialid, usually found on heaths. The moth
appears at the end of June; the ^^ look like large red flies pendulating over the bracken in the last rays of
the setting sun; the $$ usually rest on the underside of leaves. Freshly caught o^J emit a curious odour,
like fir-cones; it is at once noticeable on opening the collecting box containing a few specimens. The scent-
organ is .situated in the tibiae of the hind leg; it consists of glandular cells in consequence of which the tibia
is swollen in club-shape. Larva slender, cylindrical, more pointed at the head and tail, body very regularly
jointed, each segment being divided into four rings. Pale brown, head darker, segments 2 to 4 somewhat
transparent, on each ring two black spots clothed with hair. Stigmata black. Changes but slightly. Extraordi-
narily averse to light ; when the hairs are touched very sensitive and wild. In the autumn, preferably in the roots
of Pteris aquilina. Pupa slender, uniformly stout, head and thorax slightly outlined, abdominal segments
with rows of small hooks. Dark brown, the silver spots shining through the short wing-cases. In a loose
cocoon covered with earth, wliich the pupa leaves before the moth emerges.

mlocoase- H. mlocossewitschi Rom. (54h). Forewing ochreous, a slightly curved stripe at the base, a triangular

witscht. median spot, a branched band before the outer margin, a small apical spot and a marginal stripe brown,
hindw ing brownish yellow. — In South- Western Caucasus, found near the estate of the Grand Duke Nicholas
Michailovitch by the forester Mlocossevitch and named after him.

PALPIFER; HEPIALISCUS; GORGOPIS; PHASSUS. By R. Pfitzneb. 437

2. Genus: Palpifer Hamps.

As already indicated by the name, distinguished by the relatively strongly developed palpi. Antennae
shorter than the very hairy thorax. Wings narrower, the hind angle of the forewing more produced, not so
obhquely and evenly rounded as in Hepialns. A small North Indian genus, one species of which reaches the Pale-
arctic Region.

P. sexnotatus Moore {= murinus Moore, taprobanus Moore) (54 e). Forewing black, lighter in the hind- sexnotatus.
marginal half; six yellowish dots. Hindwing black with yellow basal area, fringes yellow in the median portion
of the outer margin. Found in Kashmir and near Darjiling. Several other species inhabit Assam (Khasia Hills),
among them the smallest known Hepialid (P. minutus). — We give the name ronin form. nov. (53 h) to a Jap- ronin.
anese form A\hich is at once distinguished from sexnotatus by the hindwing being uniformly brown, not orange-
yellow (ronin = restless person).

3. Genus: Hepialiseiis Hamps.

Palpi absent. Antennae short, filiform. Forewing with veins 1 a and 1 c short and slender; a cross-
vein between 1 b and 1 c and the median vein; both wmgs with veins 8, 9 and 10 stalked, and two small
veins in the cell, which are curved downwards, touching the centre of the median vein. Legs short, hairy,
tibiae without spurs. Distinguished from Hepialus by vein 8 in the latter genus originating in both wings
from the cell. Larvae in roots of grass, etc.

H. nepalensis Walk. (= mdica Walk., pauperatus Walk., marcidus Walk.) (54 d). Head, thorax and ab- nepalensis.
domen greyish or reddish brown. Forewing greyish or ochreous brown, with four indistinct series of small dark
specks or small ring-spots on indistinct pale oblique bands; a submargmal series of specks or ring-spots on pale
spots. Hindwing pale fuscous. In the form indicus (= marcidus) black blotches are developed in, beyond and
below the cell of the forewing. Expanse (J 44, $ 56 mm. — Simla; Kulu; Nepal; Sikkim (Hampsok)-

H. algeriensis Joann. (53 h). Expanse 26 mm. Forewing greyish brown, with 9 black and rather irre- algeriensis.
gular transverse lines, irregularly bordered with white scales from the costal to the hind margin (lines 2 to 7)
and outer margin (lines 8 and 9), especially at the end of lines 2, 3 and 4 at the costa and line 6 at the
hind margin. Outer margin with six white dots between the afore-mentioned lines and dots bordered by a
few yellow scales. Hindwing greyish brown with white marginal dots between the veins. Head reddish, thorax
and abdomen above greyish brown, below yellowish. Antennae strongly ribbed. — St. Charles near Philippe-
ville, Algeria (according to de Joaotstis). Probably distributed over the greater part of North Africa. As Abbe
DE JOANNIS once told me, the species is variable. He mentions reddish and yellowish specimens. On Plate 52 h
one of these forms is figured in which there is some ivory colour along the costal margin of the forewing and
transversely over the abdomen; this is ab. bicolor ab. nov., from the mountainous interior of Tunisia. Similar bicolor.
is ab. joannisi Luc. }oa7inis>.

4. Genus: Cirorgopis Hbn.

Antennae longer than the thorax; strongly pectinate in the <J, by which Gorgopis is at once distinguish-
ed from all other Palearctic Hepialid genera. Forewing evenly rounded at the hmd angle, both wings with
broad fringes. Body shaggy. The species of Gorgopis are usually insignificant, and inhabit especially South
and East Africa. Only one species occurs on Palearctic territory.

G. niphonica Butt. "Primaries above olive-brown, shot with rose-colour towards the outer margin; niphonica.
the subbasal area darkest, marked with two unequal white dots placed obliquely; a spot closing the cell, an
irregular discal series doubled above the median vein and a marginal series deep olivaceous; secondaries
greyish brown, shot with rose-colour; thorax olivaceous; abdomen greyish brown; under surface bronzy
olivaceous, tinted with rose-colour. Expanse of wings 34 mm." — Japan.

5. Genus: Pliassiis Walk.

An exceedingly well characterized genus, distinguishable at the first glance from all other Hepialid
genera. Antennae very short and slender, palpi scarcely visible, tongue absent. Abdomen very long. Wings
broad, forewing of cj produced in sickle-shape into a sharp point, with golden or silver stigmata. Of medium
size or larger, exotic species up to gigantic size. The facies of Phassus, marbled with brow^l and grey in many
shades, recalls more than that of other Hepialids the descent of the family from the Phryganids. Its numerous
species inhabit tropical America and Asia, and extend into the Palearctic Region. The larva live in tree-trunks,
the spines of the pupa are strongest in the region of the abdominal legs.

438

PHASSUS. By R. Pfitzner.

signifer. P. signifCf Walk. (= chalybeatus Moore, sinensis Moore, undulifer Walk.) (54a). ^■. Head, thorax

and abdomen, as well as the ground-colour of the forewing yellowish, flesh-coloured or light greyish brown,
median area nut-brown to olive-brown, with silvery stigmata proximally and distally. This triangle and the
discal stripe merged together with it bear a number of indistinct ring-spots at vein 2 in the posterior area.
Hindwing usually reddish brown or flesh-coloured. $ darker, forewing with larger costal spots. Hindwing
shot with yellowish brown and with a dark spot at the apex. In a specimens from Burma the ground-colour
of the forewing is pale brownish yellow, without the light spots in the cell, and the hindwing ochreous brown.
^ 100, ? 154 mm, very variable in size and colour. — signifer is widely distributed. East India, Sunda
herzi. Islands, China; near Shanghai it enters Palearctic territory. The smaller, darker herzi Fixs. {54 a) with
sinensis, dull markings, from Corea, often bears two small silver dots at the apex, sinensis Moore, from Central China,
might also be considered a variety; dull brown, the inner stigma of forewing obsolescent, hindwing reddish
brown.
excrescens. P. excrescens Bull. (= aemulus Bull.). ($: Forewing above pale pink brown, reticulated with grey

and spar.sely irrorated with black, margin with black spots, basal half with the exception of the costal and
hind areas occupied by a large triangular yellowish brown spot, the lower edge of which is bordered with white ;
an indistinct yellowish brown discal band; hindwing grey, with brown costal and outer margins, a black
subapical costal spot. Body brown. Underside glossy browTi; costa of forewing dirty white with blackish
spots. $ larger, more deeply coloured. Expanse 60 to 90 mm. — Japan; also in the Amur district.

camphorae. P. camphorae Sasake is a closely allied species from Japan. 'Larva lives in Cinnamomum camphorae.

shamyl. P. shamyl CAm<. {54a). Both wings produced into points, being especially sharp m the (^. Forewing dark

brown to ochreous, markings flesh-coloured, the silver stigmata sometimes more golden. Hindwing greyish
brown, more or less broadly suffused with red in the apical portion and at the margin. Underside brownish,
both wings edged with red. Size very variable, my smallest ^ measures 53, my largest 9 88 mm. — In the
Western Caucasus, not rare, but local, e. g. at Maicop, Kuban district. Life-history and habits very like
those of H. hecta. Very interesting and important observations on this point have been published bj' Messrs.
Deege>-er and Chatschattjr Schaposchxikow. P. shamyl also possesses a scent-organ to attract the $.
The so-called scent-area is situated at the posterior surface of the tibia of the hind leg and is densely clothed
with scent-scales, which attain to 5 or 6 mm in length. They contain a cavity into which flows the secretion
of the scent-glands situated in the tibia. We may assume that the $? are sexually excited by the scent. The
moths are on the wing immediately after sunset at the edges of woods. First the ^^ appear, flying at most
for a quarter of an hour (pendulating), then the 9$, which fly somewhat longer and more steadily. SS and
99 fly together for a short time, then the 9 settles, copulation follows, and the o then falls backward. When
it hangs thus on the 9 the two together resemble a rolled-up dry leaf. The fertilized 9 lays up to 2000 eggs.
The (JcJ are very excited sexually, often three of four precipitate themselves on to one 9- This is also the
case in hecta; I once found five ^^ m my net when catching a 9- The peculiar thick hair on the underside
of the forewing (costal and hind margins and partly median area, hindwing basal half) is also remarkable.
shamyl shares this peculiarity with other species which have pointed wings, e. g. the gigantic Zel. stacii from
Australia and Leto venus from South Africa, which is according to Schaposchnikow a means of rendering
the flight noiseless.

reyius. P. regius l^tyr. (54 b). The series closes with this most beautiful of all Palearctic Hepialids, which

has a right^to its name, being clad in purple and gold. Size up to 67 mm, forewing brownish grej', spots edged
with white and partly covered with gold. Hindwing smoky grey, the basal area as well as the upper three
or four segments of the abdomen more or less shot with carmine. The ^ is apparently characterised by the
more golden ornamentation of the forewing and the 9 by the more beautiful red of the hindwing. A (^ in
ray collection, caught at Sining (Tibet) at the beginning of July, has the forewing very strongly gilt, but the
hindwing almost white, only bearing red hair at the hind margin and slight red markings at the costal margin,
especially in the apical region; the red suffusion on the abdomen, on the otlier hand, extends to the thorax
(which is normally yellowish grey). P. regius is still rare in collections, for it inhabits the most distant parts
of Tibet (Amdo). It was first found in 1892 to 93 between Lob Nor and Kuku Nor by the collector E. RticK-

roseus. BEiL and was described by Dr. Statjdinger. Oberthur gives the name roseus to a form in which the forewing
• is pale and scarcely metallic, but the hindwing uniformly rose-red; it occurs at the Tibetan frontier of China.

•) Cf. Duft organ
description and figure.

/'. shamyl von Dr. P. Deegener in the Zeitschrift fiir Wiss. Zoologie LXXVIII, 2; exact

Alphabetical List of the Palearctic Hepialidae.

439

Alphabetic.ll List

of the forms of Palearctic Hepialidae with a reference to the original descriptions.
* signifies that the form is figured at the place quoted.

al^eriensis Hep. Joann. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1903. p. 223.
alticola Hep. Oherth. Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. 1881, p. 527.
aniasiniis Hep. H.-Schdff. (Hepialid. 7) 6, p. 39.
armoricaims Hep. Oherth. Et. Lep. Comp. 3, p. 411. *
ascoldeiisis Hep. Stgr. Rom. M^m. L6p. 3. p. 193. *
azuga Hep. Car., Iris 8, p. 83 (1895).

cainphorae Phass. Sasake, Tokyo Nip. Kcm<h. p. SI (1908).
carna Hep. Esp. Eur. Schmett. Abbild. IV. *
castillaiius Hep. Oberth. fit. d'Ent. 7, p. 13. *

dacicus Hep. Carad. Soc. Entom. 8, p. 41.

excrescens Phass. Butt. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 20, p. 482.

flina Hep. Geyer, Exir. Schmett. Bomb. *
[usconebulosa Hep. Degeer, M^m. 8, p. 548. *

gallicus Hep. Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1852, p. 106.

ganna Hep. Hbn. Smlg. Eur. Schmett. Bomb. *

gerda Hep. Stgr. Iris 10. p. 328.

grandis Hep. Pfitzn. in Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 434. *

hecta Hep. L. Syst. Nat. (I) App. p. 822.
herzi Phass. Fixs. Rom. Mem. L^p. 3, p. 335. *
hethlandica Hep. Stgr. Cat. Schmett. Pol. (II), p. 60.
huinuli Hep. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 508.

laetus Hep. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1877, p. 177.

lupuliuus Hep. L. Syst. Nat. (I), p. 508.

maeilentus Hep. Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1851, p. 626.
mlooossewitschi Hep. Rom. M6m. L6p. 1. p. 91.

uebuiosus Hep. Alph. Rom. Mem. Lep. 5, p. 85.
nepalensis Phass. IFa/A'. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 1557.
niphonica Gorg. Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 4. 1879, p. 357.
nubifer Hep. Led. Veih. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 362. *

pallidus Hep. Hormn:. Ent. Nachr. 1894, p 7.

pyrenaicus Hep. Donz. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1838, p. 429. *

regiiis Phass. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 301. *

roiiin Palp. Pfitzn. in Seitz, Macrolep. 2, p. 437. *

roseus Phass. Oherth.

schaiuyl Phass. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 22, p. 309.
sexuotatus Palp. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 413.
signifer Phass. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 1568.
Sinensis Phass. Moore, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4). 20. p. 94 (1877).
sylvinus Hep. L. Faun. Suec. p. 306.

uraleusis Hep. Or.-GrsJi. Ann. Mus. P6tersb. 4, p. 469.

Tariabilis Hep. Brem. Bull. Akad. Petrop. 3, p. 478.
Tarius Hep. Stgr. Rom. M6m. Lep. 3, p. 194. *

Puhl. 7. XL ini2. 441

Errata and Addenda toYol. 2.

Beside tlie Addenda inserted at their respective places (pages 31, 108, 179 and 270) the following correc-
tions are necessary, most of which were occasioned by publications issued during or after the issue of our
descriptions.

p. 7. 1. 23 from bottom: efface the reference (1 d) behind chloronohi.

p. 10. add to Eterusia:

E. culoti Oherth. (56 k). A species which is Indian in fades and only approaches the Palearctic boundary, culoti.

E. lacreuzei Oherth. (56 i). Also from China; may best be placed between stiblutea Walk, and rajah lacreuzei.
Moore.

E. moerens Oherth. (56 i). A small form; forewing brown, hindwing dull ochreous with dark ouiev moerens.
margin. — From Tse-ku.

7a Genus : Psaphix

P. refousi Oherth. (56 i). A mimic of Danaids, and would perhaps be more naturally placed with Cad- refouai.
phises (cf. Vol. 10, Plate 5 e). Figure copied from OBERTHtJR. — China.

Rhodopsona. On Plate 77 fig. 696 (Et. Lep. Comp. V (1)) OsERTHtJR figures a pale, more yellowish
red $ of Ph. costata Walk. (2 c), from the Western boundary of Tibet, wliich he names jordani. — In a second jordani.
specimen, from Siao-lu, the arc-shaped stripe is vermilion, and the collar not red, but like the rest of the
thorax, dark brown.

P. 17. 1. 18 from top behind fusca read (3g) for (3 h).

P. 17. 1. 20 from top behind syfanicum read (3 h) for 3 i).

P. 18. To Zygaena.
In the introduction to the genus Zygaena I drew attention to the fact that yellow specimens of
most red Zygaena have been caught as exceptions, as have also specimens with five spots belongmg to six-spot-
ted species and vice versa; moreover, that the abdomen may be without belts in species where the latter is
usually present, and, inversely, may occasionally be belted where normally it is black. We considered
this statement sufficient and did not think it necessary to give names to all those regularly recurring aberrations
in cases where they had not already received names. In the meantime quite a number of these exceptional
forms have been provided with names, as follows:

Z. purpuralis lutescens Ttitt. Wings light ochreous, the forewing with a dark margin. — ■ marginata hdesccm.
(= polygalae Esp.) is the name given by Burgbff to specimens of purpwalis with dark-edged forewing. — marginaUt.
In dilata Burg, the median spot is broadened; in the form confluens the five spots of the forewing merge to- dilata.
gether to form three; about the same being the case in pluto 0. (= pythia Hhn.)\ in grisescens the collar grisescens.
and patagia as well as the dark portion of the forewing are variegated with whitish scales. In Bubgeff's paper
in Entom. Zeitschr. vol. 20, no. 22, under "6. forma grisescens" it should read "collari (not alls) scapulisque
albidis". — Beside the red-belted form which I have mentioned under the name of "cingulata< Burgeff (p. 19).
a form also occurs with red anal claspers, which was caught in Bohemia, and which Burgeff calls rubrianata. rubnanata.
— graeca Dziurz. is founded on small specimens from the Parnassus and Velucci Mts. ; the bluish black ground- graeca.
colour of its 9$ shows an inclination to become whitish; otherwise scarcely different. — The yellow form
of smirnowi has been named flava Dziurz. jlava.

Z. brizae. "Seitz" must be put as the author of cingulata, as ab. cingulata "DziurzjTisky" is a nomen
nudum, respectively a nomen in lit. — brizae with red anal claspers is rubrianata Burg. — Specimens in which rubrianata.
all the spots are merged together are named confluens by Dzixjbzynsky (Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 1908). confluens.

Z. zuleima. DzroRZYNSKY has given the name "forma confluens" to an aberration of this species also, conflitens.

To scabiosae. — On plate 56 h we figure the very much blackened form hoffmanni.

P. 20. Z. favonia. — ab. powelli Oherth. is the form with the spots yellow instead of red. powelli.

P. 20. 1. 16 from below, behind staudingeri read (4 g) for (4 f).
P. 21. DzniRZYNSKY gives the name ab. sexmacula to specimens of Z. wagneri with six spots. sexmacula.

U 66

442 Errata and Addenda to Vol. 2.

iitrarnaUi. P. 21. Z. trifolU. — In incarnata Turati the spots of the hindwmg are flesh-red. — ab. semilutes-

semilulea- ^.g^g Higgs. is the name proposed for specimens with orange-coloured base to the hindvving; from England.

extrema. — I'l extrema Tutt (= marginata Burgeff) all the spots of the forewmg are merged together and so extended
that only a narrow dark stripe remain at the distal and hind margins. — The six-spotted form of this species

sexmacu- is sexmaculata Oberth., and an aberration of this form with confluent spots = ab. sexmaculata confluens Oberth.

lata, 'pi.jg darker form with blackened hindwing = ab. nigricans Oberth.
nigrumis.

P. 21. 1. 6 from below. Insert author's name "Speyer" behind citrina.

Z. lonicerae Schev. A number of aberrations additional to those mentioned on page 21 have receiveil

semilutei- names: ab. semilutescens Hewett, from England, with orange-yellow base of hindwing. — The entire hind-

cens. winor is orange yellow in ab. lutescens Hewett; founded on a single specimen from England. — ab. latomar-

llltcSCBYlS o c »/ c ± o

lalomanji- gJia^a Tutt has the margin of the hindwing particularly broad. — ab. cuneata Tutt has the costal marginal

nafa. spot produced in wedge-shape. — In ab. centripuncta Tutt the middle pair of spots ia connected. — Ober-

cuneata.^ THUR restricts the name syracusiae to Sicilian specimens, and names the Maurctanian form of trifolii australis.

puncla. — Another form deviating from the type but very slightly lie calls duponcheliana, and olbiana Oberth. are

tmslralis. larger, more robust, deeper coloured specimens from Hyeres in South France.
duponcheli-
ana. Oberthur also gives the name ab. incendium to an aberration of Z. lonicerae in which all the red spots
incendium. "^ ^'''' forewing are merged together to form[^a large patch.

curnea. P- 22. — Z. angelicae 0. — Dziurzynsky erects the form carnea form. nov. for flesh-coloured speci-

cingulata. mens, and cingulata for belted examples.

nigrala. L. stoechodis Borkh. — nigrata Dziurz. are specimens with the liindwing entirely black or with only

oherthueri. traces of red. — Specimens with six spots = oberthueri Dziurz. — Dziurzynsky give the name rubra

rubra, jq specimens resembling hadjina, but with larger carmine not brick-red spots on the forewing; they are said to

t^iepii. be from Spain and Southern France. — Specimens of the form dvbia with yellow spots are ab. siepii

Oberth.

cynarae. To Z. cynarae add the forms ab. confluens Burgeff and ab. rubrianata Burgeff with confluent

confluens. j^po^g and red anal cla.spers respectively.
rithnanata. '■ x r- ^

ivnjuncta. To Z. anthyllidis Bdv. belongs also the form conjuncta Dziurz. with confluent spots. — On the other

hand ab. flava Oberth. is not the yellow form of anthyllidis (as I copied from Statjdinger-Rebel), but be-
longs to Z. exulans.

Z. filipendulae L. — P. 22. line 3 from bottom read Robson for Hobson. — The following forms
intermedia, also belong here: ab. intermedia Tm/^ red tinged with yellowish brown ; ab. aurantia Tw<<, orange-red; ab. mi-
"miniata "'*** "^"''' ^^''^ilion. — grisescens Oberth. Forewing greyish blue, hindwing pale pink; from England, lato-
(jriaescem. confluens Kelecz and others. — Oberthur (Et. Lep. Comp. I, p. 564) also tabulates the foUowhig forms:

1. syriaca Oberth. (forma 6-maculata)

(forma 6-maculata confluens) = ramburi H.-Schdff.
(forma 5-maculata maculata)

2. ramburi Led.

3. gurda Led. (= messina H.-Schdff.)

4. rosa Oberth.

P. 22 behind Z. cynarae read (5 b, c) for (5b).

Line 2 from bottom behind chrysanthemi read (5 f) for (5 e).

P. 23. Z. transalpina Esp. Specimens in which .spot 6 is absent above, but not entirely so

■italica. beneath, arc ab. italica Dziurz. — taurica Dziurz. has brick-red spots. — ab. flava Dziurz., the lemon yellow

form, comes from Preth (Austria). — ab. sexmacula Dziurz. like sorrentina, but with six spots. — ab. alpina

aJpi^na. ^'^'^'- more carmine. — ab. centralis Oberth.. the two outer spots merge together to form a heart. — In al».

centralis, occidentalis Oberth. all the red colour is brownish, in vigei Oberth. it is orange. — pallidior Oberth. is founded on

small specimens from Dompierre-sur-mer, in which the entire forewing is tinged with reddish yellow ; only

tuurii-a.
sexmacula

occidentalis.

viijet.
pallidior. the outer margin is narrowly blackish blue. — rosea Oberth. is pale rose-red. — ab. provincialis Oberth.

rosea, is wine-red, very small and with very small spots. France in September; probably a starved brood in which the

scmicingu- ^"oths develop in the autumn instead of the larvae hibernating. — semicingulata Oberth. has a red abdominal

lata. belt.

erocea. P. 23. Z. dorycnii 0. has an orange to ochreous form, = ab. crocea SchuUz.

P. 23. Z. ephialtes L. The typical form is described as follows: Forewing with six red spots,

hind^\'ing with one white one; abdomen with red belt. As ephialtes Schev. differs from the typical form, the

scheveni. former is named Z. scheveni by Oberthur and is characterised as follows: forewmg with six spots, the two

cfiperi. basal ones of which are red, the four distal ones white with red centre. — esperi Oberth. similar but without red

Errata and Addenda to Vol. 2. 443

centre in the white spots. — sophiae Favre like the preceding, the white spots of the forewing with or without
pupils; hindwing with two white spots instead of one. — falcatae Bdv. is not like ephialtes L., but like me-
dusa Pall. — ab. wullschlegeli Oherlh. is an entirely black aberration without spots; from the Vallais. — wullsohle-
Oberthltr pronounces the motii described by me as icterica (plate 6 A) to bedifferent from the typical icterica ^ '
and names it adalberti. — ab. pallens Oherlh. Spots of hindwing and of base of forewing red, the other spots adcdberti.
of the forewing white. — pallida Oherlh. similar, the white spots of the forewing tinged with red. pollens.

P. 24 1. 7 from top for princi read prinzi.

I. 10 from toji behind alhamanlhae read (6 b) for (6 c).

Z. exiikms Hochenw. The name confluens Dziurz. must give place to the older one of striata Tiitt, striata.
but ab. confluens Strand remains as name of the corresponding aberration of vanadis. — pulchra TuU, confluens.
thorax and forewing dusted with yellow in places, this giving the moth a variegated appearance. — ab. V'<icnra-
pallida Tull are faintly marked specimens, ab. minor Tult smaller examples. — • ab. clara TuU has a greenish pnllida.
grey ground-colour and a distinct dark margin to the hindwing. minor.

L. 18 from bottom, behind vanadis read (6 c).

P. 25. Z. meliloti Esp. — ab. confluens TuU, all five spots of the forewing merged together. — confluens.
While the name stentzii only applies to belted specimens of the t5rpical form, belted specimens of dahurica
are known as ab. dacica Car. dacica.

Z. laphria Frr., according to recent statements by Burgeff, is a distinct and well characterised laphria.
form and not identical with ledereri.

Z. oxytropis Bdv. — Specimens in which the spots of the forewing merge together in pairs are con- conjuncta.
juncta Sjnd.

Z. lavandulae Esp. — A very peculiar moth which probably belongs here has been found by Roth-
schild and Jordan ui Algeria; like la,vandula€, but without the red spot of the hindwing and with the an-
tennae almost as long as the forewing; it is theryi Joann. llieri/i.

P. 26. 1. 3 from top, behind consohrina read (6g) for (6 f).

A yellow form of rhadamanlhus is also known now, this is ab. flava Oherlh., found in Spain. — In the flova.
form guenei Oherlh. the ground-colour of the forewing is somewhat lighter grey; from Digne. ouenei.

Z. mitisi. We give a figure on plate 56 h.

Z. cuvieri Bdv. Specimens are known from the Lebanon with the forewing entirely red, only the apex
being black. This is ab. totarubra Dziurz. inianibra.

Behind tamara rubra for Bang-H. read Rebel.

Z. camhysea; specimens, with red belts are ab. cingulata Dziurz. dngulata.

Z. cacuminum; specimens without red belts are ab. nigra Dziurz. ni(/ra.

P. 27. According to Dr. Burgeff the form ignifera Korh has nothing to do with laeta, but is allied
to the African algira.

Z. lydia Slgr. — cremonae Stgr. is an i. 1. name, the author's name therefore is "Seitz".

Z. achilleae Esp. — To ab. flava Sptjler add ab. fulva, in which the yellow spots are slightly dusted fulva.
with reddish. — ab. blachieri are specimens (mostly $$) in which the spots of the forewing are smaller blachieri.
and spot 3 is entirely absent.

Z. armena Ev. — Dzidrzynsky gives the name alpina to alpine specimens which are more hairy, alpina.
have darker ground-colour and very slight edges to the spots of the forewing.

P. 28. Z. scovilzi. ab. alba Dziurz. are specimens in which the white edges of the spots are very aWa.
much broader, nearly as in the form amoena of carniolica. — in confluens Z)zmrz. the red spots are confluent, confluens.

L. 8 from top; behind kavrigini read (7g) for (7 f, g).

Z. olivieri Bdv. — In confluens Dziurz. the spots are confluent. confluens.

Z. ganymedes H.-Schdff. — In algarvensis Dziurz. which, however, flies among typical specimens in algarvensis.
Asia Minor and not in Portugal, the spots of the forewing are white; in confluens Dziurz. they are con- confluens.
fluent.

Oberthur gives the name ab. foulquieri to yellow specimens of hilaris, and confluens to those with foulquieri.
confluent spots, while Dziurzynsky names another form ononidis. confluens.

P. 28. 1. 1 from bottom behind "form" add: "likewise ab. pallida, which Oberthur figures as the pallidu.
yellow form".

444 Errata and Addenda to Vol. 2.

P. 29. 1. 30 from top, behind jmista read (8 1, c) for (8 b).
P. 29. Specimens of fausia with ahno.st entirely white submarginal spot on the forewing are al).
dupuyi. dupuyi Oberth. — Inversely, in melusina Oberth. the white colour is entirely absent in the forewing and there
mehtsina. \^ Q^Ay a little yellow tint in the red. — Small specimens are called pygmaeoides Black.

venusta. To carniolica Scop. — al). venusta Schultz is a very beautiful variety," bright red in colour with a

drasiichi. broad yellow belt. — In drastichi Hirschke spot 3 of the forewing is reduced to a light dot or is entirely

tricolor, absent. — tricolor Oberth. is a transition to arnoena in which the dark ground-colour is superseded b}^ white.

vangeli. — vangeli Aign. is an aberration in which the spots of the forewing have no white edge, while the .abdomen

bears a red belt. —

P. 30. To carniolica ab. amoena. As the specimens figured on plate 8 e, f are really only tran-
sitions to arnoena Stgr. we give another figure, of a more tj'pical .specimen, on plate 56 h. — To orana
powelli. add powelli Oberth., an African form, closely allied to the form albicans of occitanica. — In lahayi Oberth. the
latuiyi. white of the forewing is nearly^or quite absent. — Oberthur also distinguishes a form dupuyi of carniolica,
upiiyt. jjjjyjjjg ^jjg outer spot of the forewing wliite; from Digne. — In cam. bicolor Oberth. the middle spots are
confluent and the light edges of the spots absent, also from Digne in South France, which is a locality
much frequented by collectors. A. Seitz.

P. 35. Epicopeidae.

K. GRtJNBERG (Deutsche Entom. Zeitschr. 1908) has compared the various characters of the Epicopeidae
with those of the other groups of_Heterocera, and thence has drawn the conclusion that the Epicopeidae should
be placed between the Saturniids and the Uraniids.
•

Subgenus Epicopiopsis GrUnb.

Dr. K. Grunberg also proposes to separate the northern species E. mencia Moore and E. hainesi Holt.
from the genus Epicopeia and to place them in a new genus, Epicopiopsis, which is characterised as follows :
Spurs of middle and hind tibiae slighter than in Epicopeia; stripes of scales between the veins entirely ab.sent;
while in Epicopeia the fifth subcostal of the forewing originates very close to the stalk of branches 2, 3 and 4,
rather far from the upper radial, in Epicopiopsis subcostal 5 closely approaches the upper radial [mencia) or
is even stalked with it (hainesi); lastly, the hindwmg of Epicopiopsis is really tailed, while in Epicopeia it is
only more or less lobed m tail-shape. Dr. Grunberg admits, however, that these characters are variable and
therefore only of relative value, they are most strongly developed in hainesi and less prominent in mencia, so
that the latter species is more or less hitermediate. I am therefore of the opinion that this group of .species
should only be considered a subgeniis.

P. 36. I. 18 from top, behind caroli add (10 b).

A. Janet.

P. 38. To Syntotnis phegea L. A form with the vitreous white spots larger and more numerous
fenestraia. is described by Ramme as fenestrata (Inter. Entom. Zeitschr. Guben 5, p. 103 (1911)). — In ab. seminigra
seminuira. gp^i there are spots on the hindwing, but not on the forewing.

iricingulaia. P. 39. To Syntotnis antiochera Led. — tricingulata C'nl. probably belongs to antiochena, the last

3 abdominal segments bear yellowish white belts; described from Beyrut.

L. 11 from top for cocandina read cocandica.

minuta. To Syntomis caspia Stgr. — minuta Bang-H., from Transcaspia, is allied to caspia Stgr., but is smaller, and

instead of the small white spot at the base of the forewing has a rather large rhombiform patch with sharp corners.

P. 39. 1. 4 from bottom add (9 f) behind tnasoni.
niffricauda. To Sytomis germanta Feld. Myake gives the name ab. nigricauda to Japanese specimens with the

apex of the abdomen black (Annot. Zool. Jap. 1907, p. 161).
Insert here:

jankowskii. Syntomis jankowskii Rothsch. From I-chang, resembles j)axa (9g), but the wings are more rounded.

Frons blackish brown and patagia golden yellow (in paxa the inverse is the case). The yellow abdominal
belt on the basal segment surrounds the latter entirely, not only dorsally; vitreous spots lighter and clearer.

Oi S.alicia Bull., which is figured in Vol. 14 of the Macrolepidoptera, a variety occurs on Palearctic

mogadoren- territory which is called mogadorensis Blach. The markings of the forewmg of this species recall a large-

***• spotted phegea; the entire basal half of the huidwing is hyaline white. Segments 1, 3, 4 and 5 of the

abdomen are coppery red, the remainder metallic blackish blue. Discovered by Vaucher, it was caught in a

locality which is nearer marakesh than magador.

Errata and Addenda to Vol. 2. 445

S. leechi Rothsch. Like acrospila Feld. (9h), but the ground-colour lighter, more brown than black, leechi,
the yellow abdominal rings are broader, the vitreous spots tinged with yellow, the interspace above the sub-
median vein quite transparent yellow, only interrupted by a narrow transverse bar. — From the Wa-shan in
Western China.

S. melanocera Hamps., from North China, not known to me. Recognisable by the entirely black mdanocera.
antennae.

S. perixanthia Hamps. On page 39 we mentioned two localities for this species, Western China and Formosa.
Rothschild has recently differentiated two forms; he retains the name ;jejj.iT/H<AiV/. for the smaller form from
Formosa and names the considerably larger one from Western China sinensis. Our figure (9f) belongs to the nUiensis.
latter.

P. 41.

2'^ Genus: Kressa Walk.

This genus is to be placed between Cery.v and Dysauxes, and contauis forty forms, all of which inhabit
the Indo-Australian and Ethiopian Regions. Only one species extends on to Palearctic territory.

Eressa multigutta Walk. (= blanchardi Pouj.). This Syntomid, figured on plate 9 h, hihabits South muHvjnUa.
Tibet. It is at once distinguished from all other Palearctic Syntomids by the yellow abdominal belts being
interrupted by black dorsal spots. The home of this species is Further India rather than the Palearctic
Region.

To Dysauxes punctata. — ochrea Mill, has the spots of the forewing yellow instead of whitish, orhrea.
— • — juncta Hafn. has confluent spots. juncia.

— — kashmiriensis Rothsch. is larger, with broader wings; the light spots of the forewing and kashmiri-
the band of the hindwing are more extended than in true punctata. Goorais- Valley. i'mis.

P. 44. behind cuculatella read (10 c) for (10 b).

P. 45. behind scripta read (10 d) for (10 c).

P. 49. 1. 24 from bottom Poecilonola read Poecinola.

To Psilopepla margaritacea. For the figure of this essentially Indian species cf. Vol. 10, pi. 10, IS k.

P. 58. 1. 1 1 from top. For celipoda read celidopa.
To Lyclene rubricosa Moore. For the figure of this almost exclusively Indian species and of the foi'm
ochracea cf. Vol. 10, pi. 17 i.

P. 60, 1. 14 from bottom, for ab. fumosa read ab. brunnea.

To Chionaema. For the numerous Indian species of this genus cf. Vol. 10, ph. 16 and 17.

P. 69. To Lithosia nigripars Walk., cf. figure. Vol. 10, pi. 15 1.

To Lith. vagesa Moore. The form innotata of this species is figured Vol. 10. pi. 14 k.

P. 71. Eligma narcissus. As the result of recent investigations this genus is now placed among
the Noctuidae in the subfamily Eutelianae. It is therefore again dealt with in Vol. 3, p. 291.

P. 72. Coscinia striata xanthoptera Oberth. While discussing this form recently, Oberthur men-
tioned an aberration in which the collar is absent; the specimen is a $.

P. 72,1. 13 from top. Behind intermedia read (13 f) for (13 b).
Coscina cribraria. 0 be rthIjr proposes a number of new names for forms of this species, among them .
inquinata and nevadensis for cotow-forms. A form resembling typical cribraria, but in which there are only nevadensis.
shadowy stripes between the veins, is named anglica. — In vernetensis the forewing in the ^ is suffused witli nnglica.
grey, in the $ it is white with faint spots. — rondoui resembles rippertii, but has stronger black spots. — ^rondouf'^'
In leucomelas, from Cantares, the ground-colour is darker at the outer margin and lighter towards the base. ieucomcla.i.

— canigulensis looks like a small rippertii. aimgulen.^is.

P. 73. Utetheisa thyter is not considered as a form of pulchella by Rothschild in Vol. 10. The black
spots of the forewing are mostly absent. — In semisignuta Spul. they are confined to the outer portion
of the forewing. — According to OBERTiriTR a new form must now be added in which the small black spots
in the median area of the forewing are absent.

P. 75. Kerala macroptera Oberth. When dealing with this moth we pomted out that it would be
better placed with the Noctuids near the Cymbidae, but described it in the present volume in order to avoid
clashmg with Staudingbr's Catalogue. In the meantime Hampson has put the insect in the place suggested,
and we therefore describe it again among theNoctuids, and give a figure taken from nature (vol. 3, pi. 52 u.)

— The same also applies to Pseudosterrha oranaria Luc.

446 Errata and Addenda to Vol. 2.

P. 78. Cleiis maculosa. — We placed reticukita Christ, as a synonym of dahnrica Bdv., but Ober-
THiJR considers this form different from dachurica Bdv. on account of its weaker markings. — A colour-aber-
confluens. ration in which two spots are confluent is named ab. confluens, a very faintly spotted specimen from Dignc
pauciniacu- all. paucimaculata, etc.

lata.

poioelli. P. 79. To Trichosoma Oberthur add powelli. We give the figure on plate 56 k, which represents

a (^. The $ has a very narrow lanceolate forewing, which is, however, similar in colouring and markings to that
of the (J, its hindwing is atrophied; from Algeria.

P. 80. Eucharia casta Esp. For the numerous variations of this species Oberthur proposes quite

fere-imma- a number of additional names, ab. fere-imniaculata has only a few small black dots in the disc of the fore-

culaia. wing. The form is founded on a i^; a $ almost agreeing with this (^ received the name wullschlegeli. — ab.

■ _g,j rosea is a J tinged with red. — In irregularis the median band of the forewing consists of transverse spots.

rosea. — In ab. obscura the white of the ground-colour is dulled. — A 9 with yellow hindwing, to which Oscar

irregulans. Sf;jjuLTZ already gave the name ab. lutea, Oberthur now calls ab. flavescens. — ab. amoena is a very

flavescens. pretty form with rosy whitish outer margin of the forewing.

amoena.

pudica. To Euprepria pudica. A form of this species dusted with grey is described by Oberthi^r as ab.

jlave.'icens. fumosa, and a similar one with yellow instead of white ground-colour of the forewing as ab. flavescens.

Behind Eupr. rivvki7-is Men., pudica Esp. and oertzeni Led. read (16 d) for (16 c).

P. 83. Micrarctia postflavida Hnmps. This beautiful moth also occurs in North India. We bring
a figure of it in Vol. 10, plate 19, taken from the specimen in the British Museum.

P. 85. Spikirctia melanostigma . Insert (56 h) behind the name.

P. 86. Spikirctia pseudolutea Rothsch., from Japan, comes nearest to Sp. stigmata Moore. As the name
implies, it resembles luhricipeda (= lutea Hufn.); it is light lemon-yellow, before the middle of the wing there
is a curved line of small blackish brown spots from the subcostal to the middle of the inner margin. At
veins 4, 5 and 6 pairs of dark striae, also on both sides of vein 7. Hindwing with a spot in the cell and at
vein 5, and a row of spots from vein 3 to the anal angle. The species is more fully described by Roth-
schild in Vol. 10, and figured in Vol. 10, plate 19 b.

qiicrcil. Spil. quercii Oberth. is best placed behind comma; it is similar to this species, but the costal and hind-

marginal spots are longer; from the hind-marginal streak an oblique row of spots extends to the apex.
— From Siao-lu.

giaTtelli. Spil. gianelli Oberth. On plate 56 i we give a copy from Oberthltr's figure of this recently described

species.

L. 11 from bottom. Behind bifasciata insert (15 c, d) for (15 d).

vvilis. Spil. vialis Oberth., from Ta-tsien-lu, recently described, resembles jlaveola (15 d), but is less strongly

marked.

aurocostaia. Spil. aurocostata Oberth. (56 i) also comes from Ta-tsien-lu.

nehallenici. P. 87. Spil. nehaWctiia Oberth. Resembles lewesi Bull. (15 e), Ijut the linear spot in the cell is re-

duced to traces along the median vein. — Ta-tsien-lu.

rostagnoi. Spil. rostagnoi Oberth. agrees with midtiguttataWalk., but the forewing is creamy white: from Siao-lu,

Chang-ku. Also compare figures in Vol. 10, plate 22 a, and the text by W. Rothschild.

P. 88. Spil. melanosoma Humps.; insert (15 h) for (15 g),
anopurwiata. Alphaea anopunctata Oberth., like fulvohirta Walk. (15 h), but the dark reticulations duller and the

thorax white with faint black spots. From Tse-ku in Yunnan ; can scarcely be included among the Palearctics.

P. 91. Areas galaetina and trigonalis; cf. figures in Vol. 1(», plate 25 c.

puella. P. 89. A. puella Bang-Haas. We give a figure on plate 56 g. The species is allied to A. unifasria.

P. 95. Hypophoraia seitzi Bang-Haas. The original was kindly lent to us for the figure, a good one,
which we give on pi. 56 g.

Erruta :<nd Addonda to Vol. 2. 447

P. 97. To Preparctia. — This genus now contains throe species instead of two. The third species,
hannyngtoni Humps, is figured in Vol. 10, on plate 19 a; it is not Palearctic.

P. 98. To Arctia dido Wagn. — The egg globular, yellow, becoming grey before the larva emerges.
The latter has been described and figured by Lucas and Joannis: when full-grown it is about 4 or 5 cm long,
dark brown with black head and dense black tufts of hair. The hairs are rather short behind the head, becoming
gradually longer dorsally until on the four last abdominal segments they are as long as in the larva of our
A. cajn. From June until the following spring, when it pupates, the chrysalis being black brown.
Arctia caja orientalis Moore; cf. figure in Vol. 10, plate 24 i.

P. 100, 1. 10 from top: after A. hebe insert the plate-reference (18 d).

P. 101, 1. 32 from top. Behind insubrica insert as plate-reference (18 d, as bithynica).
According to later communications from Herr Baetel C'allim. philippsi is certainly a distinct species.
IMoreover, it is in facies more like a dominnla than a quadripunctaria, but the light spots of the blackish green
forewing are quite different in shape. The type is in the collection of Herr Philipps in Cologne.

P. 102. Estigmene turatii Oberth. is said to be like principalis, but to have the hindwing al- iuralH.
most entirely black, with very few light spots. — From Siao-lu.

P. 117, line 21 from bottom: delete (22c) behind confinis.

P. 122. 1. 19 from bottom; behind japonibia read (19 i ^, 22 e $) and not (19 i (^, 21 c $).

P. 123 behind heterogyna and alba for (22 c) read (22 e).

P. 124, I. 5 from top. — According to Bang-Haas the white form (albida), from Karagaitan, is
quite distinct from true cretacea.

P. 126, 1. 21 from bottom, behind biseparata read (22 g) for (22 f). — Behind albofascia delete
(22 e), but leave (20 c).

P. 132. To O. flavipalpata add that, accordmg to Bang-Haas, a darker form occurs in Egypt.

P. 136. A form with very strongly contrastmg colouring, dark olive green forewing and bright
yellow hindwing has been sent to me by Herr Bang-H^vas. It belongs to the very variable Euproctis nipho-
vis; we figure it on plate 56.

P. 137, 1. 1 from bottom, behind E. argentata delete (23 b).

P. 144. A very large form of TJiaumatopoea from South Eastern Europe, the largest Palearc-
tic form of the family, is figured on plate 23 c and e; it was sent to me by Herr Baxg-Haas, named extrema. extrema.

P. 152. To Trichiura crataegi L. K <^ from Sajan, sent to me by Herr Bang-Haas is very differ-
ent from European specimens in colour, being dark bluish green (not yellowish brown). Assuming this to be
the case in all specimens from that locality, I name the form scythartim subsp. nov. scyiliarwn.

Mai. franconia panormitana Turati, read (24 e) for (24 f).

P. 153. Trich. ilicis Ramb., for (24 c) read (24 i).

P. 154. 1. 23 from top read Bartel for Bertol. A. Seitz.

P. 156. Lasiocampa quercus L. — Dormal, in Rev. mens. Soc. ent., Namur, vol. 10, 1910, p. 2,
describes a small form from Namur as ab. pusilla. The only distinguishing character, a considerable difference pusilla.
in size, scarcely justifies a special name. — The name ab.-^ femini-colorata Niepelt (Intern. Entom.
Zeitschr. Guben, 5 (1911) page 186) must be sunk, as it has afterwards been discovered that the specimens
were artificially discoloured.

P. 157. Behind altaica insert reference (25 c).

P. 159. Lasiocampa serrula Guen. ab. seileri Stertz (Iris, vol. 26, 1912, p. 27, pi. 3, fg. 3 to 5). Outer seUeri.
half of forewing yellowish white to the margin, slightly dusted with grey close to the fringes; basal area of
wing light grey or more rarely bright light brown. Hindwing also lighter in accordance with the colour of the
forewing, as in L. davidis. According to Stertz the species varies considerably, especially in the ^ sex, from
bright light grey or greyish blue to dirty leather-yellow.

P. 160. Lasiocampa davidis Stgr. ab. schuizi Stertz (Iris vol. 26, 1912, p. 27, plate 3, fig. 1 and 2). .schuhi.
Colour of both wings pure yellowish white with obsolete or entirely obsolescent bands; the small white discal
spot absent. — Accordmg to Stertz (I.e.) L. davidis is very variable, changing from predominantly yellow-
ish white to yellow and brownish pink. According to the same author as well as according to a communi-
cation in lit. of Herr Paulus, Secretary to the German Consulate at Jerusalem, the (J and $ figures on plate
26 a described as palaestinensis represent L. davidis, while the figure marked davidis (plate 25 f ), represents

448 Errata and Addenda to Vol. 2.

L. cjrandis ab. sa'piens. — The figure of L. jostta (plate 26 a), represents L. serrula palaestinevsis, also ai'cord-
ing to Stertz and Paulus. — The references behmd josua should therefore be deleted, and (25 f) and (26 a)
be inserted behind sapiens and davidis respectively. — L decolorata King: In Iris, vol. 26, 1912, p. 28, Stertz
de.scribes the figure on plate 26 a as being rather inexact and says that specimens of L. decoloraki from
Palestine are cream-coloured or pale yellow. Herr Paulus expressed a similar opinion. But the figure is taken
from the type in the Kgl. Museum, Berlin, and this actually has the dirty yellowish grey colouring which
is very well reproduced in our figure. The type comes from Egypt. It is possible that the .'species is some-
what lighter in colour in Palestine.

ulfacaria. P. 161. Macrothylacia rubi var. alfacaria Bibbe (Iris, vol. 23, 1910, supplement II, p. 225). (^

more yellowish than the typical form, with the bands of the forewmg broader and somewhat straighter, hind-
wing unicolorous; $ likewise brownish yellow but entirely without bands. Andalusia. According to Ribbe
heyeri. (j. c.) digramma, described from Morocco, also occurs in Andalusia. — M. riibi ab. beyeri Linstow (Internat.
entom. Zeitschr. vol. 4, 1911, p. 290), a bred melanotic $. Body and wings greyish black, the two transverse
stripes and the veins of the wings very slightly lighter and hardly discernible. Ground-colour of forewing
slightly lighter outside the inner transverse stripe.

pallida. M. rubi L. ab. ^sAWAz Thierry -Mieg {Aim. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 54, 1910, p. 386), proposed for fig. 7,

plate 94 in Milliere's Iconographie. The specimen figured came from Austria.
Behind korbi insert reference (26 b).

To p. 162. For Diplura Ramb., which as a genus is already twice preoccupied, in.sert the name Di-
plurJella proposed by Strand (Soc. Ent. vol. 25, 1910, p. 14).

ubcrlhueri. P. 163. Chilena oberthueri Lucas (Bull. Ent. Soc. France, 1910, p. 71). Upper side of forewing

white, the narrow grey band extending from the apex to the hind margin excurved between veins 3 and 5.
Hindwing grey, clothed with white hair at the base. Underside like the upper, the band of the forewing
somewhat paler. Antennae yellow, palpi white. Tibiae clothed with white hair above and reddish yellow below.
Evidently closely allied to Ch. obliquata Klug from Egypt. — Tunis. Only the ^ known.

decolor. To p. 164. Cosmotriche potatoria L. ab. decolor Thierry-Mieg (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 54, 1910,

p. 386), proposed for fig. 8, plate 94 in Millieres Iconographie. The specimen figured there came from Austria.

P. 164. Behind feminalis insert reference (26 f).

P. 165. A very peculiar form of Selenophora lobulina has been sent to me by Herr Bang-Haas
as commg from the Ussuri. The dark median band is edged on both sides by chalky white curved lines consisting
of small lunules, and the marginal area is suffused with light grey and transversed lengthways by a dark shadowy
line. One ^ is before me. A. Seitz.

P. 167. On plate 49 b we give a figure of Epicnaptera alice taken from a specimen kindly lent
by Herr Bang-Haas.

To Epicnaptera suberifolia Dup. — Ribbe (Iris, vol. 23, 1910, Supplement II, p. 226) mentions that
ruheacem. two forms occur in Ajadalusia, one grey and the other reddish grey; the latter form he names ab. rubescens.

P. 171. Dendrolimus pini L. — In Iris vol. 22, 1909, p. 14 Marschner describes an aberrant,
evidently melanistic, $ without giving it a name. The forewing is blackish brown, the white discal spot
in the imier tran.sverse band is absent, the band itself indistinct. In the marginal area the dark brown
veins stand out distinctly from the blackish brown ground-colour. Marginal line and fringes darkened. Hind-
wing dark reddish brown, nearly as in montana, likewise the entire underside.

P. 175. 1. 16 from top read P. plagifera (30 e) for (30 d). K. Grunberg.

P. 179. 1. 3 from top, after flavovittata read (29 c) for (29 d).

P. 189. 1. 20 from bottom, after mori read (35 e) for (35 a).

P. 191, 1. 18 from top after menciana delete (30b) and insert (30c) after lurida.
After apicalis and varians read (35 f ) for (30 f ).

P. 199 1. 1 from top: Behind thibetaria insert (48 f), for Leucodrepana thibetaria Pouj. is identical
with Aeropteris thibetaria, a motli which, on account of uisufficient characterisation on the part of its author,
was placed sometimes with the Drepanids, sometimes with the Uranids.

P. 201. Behind Drepana acuminata delete reference (48 b).

P. 207. For 12. Family read 13. Family.

Errata and Addenda to Vol. 2. 449

P. 209. For "13. Family." read "14. Family".

P. 214. 1. 26 from top, behind damartis spec. nov. for (34 d) read (32 d).

P. 218. I. 12 from bottom, behind castanea Swirih. put reference (32 c).
Behind sitnla omit reference (35 a).

P. 229. The family " Sphingidae" should have received no number, as it does not belong to the "Bom"
byces" proper. It forms the second division of Heterocera.

P. 245. 1. 17 from bottom, behind austauti read (39 a) for (38 a).

P. 245. 1. 13 from bottom, behind staudingeri read (39 b).

P. 260. 1. 10 from top behind minor read (42 d) for (42 c).
P. 276. Acropteris thibetaria cf. remarks on page 199.

P. 277. The name Oberthueria is preoccupied as a generic name (cf. p. 190) and we therefore propose
the name Methystria nom. nov. (with reference to the undulating flight) for the species united under that name.

P. 278. Behind hemimelaena read reference (48 f) for 48 h).
Behind erasaria read (48 i), not (48 k).

P. 287. 1. 11 from top, behind fuscinula read reference (44 d).
1. 3 from bottom, behind erminea read (44 d, e) for (44 d).

P. 288. 1. 5 from top, behind menciana read (44 d e) for (44 e).

P. 298. 1. 13 from bottom, behind tephroxnntha read (49 c) for (49 b).
1. 9 from bottom, behind jtiUieni read (49 c) for (49 d).

P. 299. 1. 25 from bottom, behind alboaccentuatcL read (48 h) for (48 f). A. Seitz.

P. 306. Lophopteryx camelina ab. pallida Gilhn.. (Arch. Naturg. Giistrow, vol. 64, 1910, p. 36). pallida.
Only distinguished from the tj^iical form by the lighter colour. Germany. — • Lambillion (Rev. Mens. Soc.
ent. Namur, 1911, p. 45) lately described a light form from Belgium under the same name, with lighter fore-
wing and strongly obliterated markings. Evidently the two forms are identical.

P. 312. Pkalera bucephala Esp. var. tenebricosa Steriz (Iris, vol. 26, 1912, p. 26, pi. 2, fig. 5). fenefencosa.
Forewing uniformly dark mercury grey, the black postdiscal band less dentate than in the typical form, the lunule
more I'ounded. The white discal spot entirely absent. St. Petersburg. K. Grunberg

P. 317. To Gelastocera. — As this genus is now placed with the Noctuids among the Acontianae,
we give a detailed description in Vol. 3, p. 299, and exact figures from nature in Vol. 3, plate 52 1.

P. 331. The reference (56 h) to be omitted behind Axia vaulogeri and placed after A. olga.

P. 332. Behind Diloba caeruleocepJiala read (49 i) for (49 1).

P. 336. Behmd Somabrachys klugi omit reference (50 d).
Behind Somabrachys atrinervis read reference (50 d). Somabrachys unicolor is also figured (50 d) (copy
from Oberthur).

P. 337. Behind kroumira omit (50 d).

P. 341. 1. 9 from bottom, behind christophi read (50 a) for (49 a).

P. 345. Miresa flavescens. On plate 50 c the long palpi are accidentally not figured, because in the
original they were turned down.

P. 354. Behind Clania minuscula Bull, omit the reference (56 g).

P. 362. Behind Eurukuttarus decemvena Hamps. omit reference (56 g).

II 57

450 Errata and Addenda to the Cossidae. By Dr. W. Rothschild.

P. 373. 1. 16 from bottom read H. striatalis for striatialis. A. Seitz.

P. 418 and f f . Errata and Addenda to the Cossidae. By Dr. W. Rothschild.

Cossus balcanicus ist not a slightly different form of C. cossus, but a distinct species. It is distinguished
by the very pouited forewing, fainter transverse striae, and especially by the black transverse stripe in the outer
area, which, instead of being oblique and reaching nearly to vein 1 above the tornus, is parallel with the outer
margin, miich narrower, and only reaches from vein 7 to just beyond vein 4. The species occurs together whit
forms of Cossus cossiis.

Cossus iranicus Aust. resembles Holcocerus arenicola Stgr. We give Attstatjt's description as a foot-note *).

Cossus mongoiicus Ersch. is not a local form of Cossus cossus, but a quite distinct species of Holcocerus.

Holcocerus inspersus Christ, and Dyspessa asema Piingl. are so closely allied that in my opinion they
decidedly belong to the same genus.

Holcocerus strigatus Aust. is closely allied to nohilis, but is whiter and much more faintly marked
1 have a second specimen, identical with the type, from Kushke (Afghanistan) **).

Holcocerus marmoratus ^4?/*/. is also allied to nohilis, but has much sharper markmgs and larger spots.
Beside the tyjie I have a series from Dortkuju near Merv. **).

Holcocerus persicus ^«5<. is allied to holosericeus, but is different, having a cream-coloured forewing
and light grey hindwing. Beside the type I have a number of examples from Afghanistan ***).

Holcocerus sericeus Gr. Grsh. The o figured has nothing to do «ith sericeus. True sericeus has a
creamy greyish white forewing with three or four small brownish spots between veins 3 and 4. The form
figured is without a name, and I propose to call it strigillata (description cf. p. 452).

Paropta 1-nigrutn Baker is entirely different from paradoxa H.-Schdff. The same species, and
henleyi Roths, and niloticus Joann. are true Cossus and have no connection with Paropta. The latter genus
therefore consists of only three species, P. paradoxa H. Schdff., P. Johannes Stgr. and my new confusa (see
p. 452).

*) "The new species I am deseribing to-day is the 8th of the genus, and was recently sent to nie by Herr Arthur
SpF.YER as coming from Setti-kech in Persia, whore a few sjiecimens of it were caught. Co.s.sw.s iranicus (this is the name Ijjropose
for this novelty, is of tlie size of a /erefera o, l)iit is more closely allied to orou'co/o, although its wmgs are comparatively broa<ler and
more rouiuled and its build stouter than in that species. Its forewing is light ashy grey in colour with mhiute brown reticula-
tions, the followhig markings being more prominent: (1) a black cvirved premarginal line connecting the two opposite edges.
(2) a second submed Ian curved line which, towards the mner margin, is lost in the reticulations and from which four rays ex-
tend towards the outer margin, crossing the premarginal line mentioned above. Hindwing uniformly grey without distinct
reticidations. The fringes like those of the forewing broadly interrupted with brown. T'nterside whitish, with numerous small
brown spots and a few sharper marking.s, whicli are very well reproduced in my figure, and wliich are not found in any other
species of Co.s.si/.s. I add that the collar and iiatagia are edged witii light grey, that the lower parts of the thorax is bounded
by a white s]Jot, and tliat the abdomen of thi.s new species bears darker incisions on an ashy grey ground corresi>onding to
the abdominal segments. This rare and remarkable Cossus, of which I only posses one ?, is very different in shape and ap-
pearance from all its congeners.

**) Holcocerus marmoratus Ausiaut sp. nov. and Holcocerus strigatus At(slaut sp. nov. Among the Holcocerus sent
to me by Iferr S!>p;yer three specimens deserve special attention on account of their jjeculiar cliaracters. One of them was sent
to me as mont'tcota, without an author's name, and the others bear the same name Init with a query. In fact, these three months
are not at all alike, and it appears inopportune to me to unite them as one form. The specimen bearing the label nionficola is
pure but didl white, i. e. without a pearly sheen, the costa of the forewing is uniformly white and on the disc the spots
indicating the markings are pale brown. The hindwing is white, at the anal angle suffused with dirty grey. The entu-e under-
side of the moth is uniformly white excepting tlie disc of the forewing, which is suffused with greyLsh.

The second specimen is a form very different from the preceding. The hindwing is brown with entirely white fringes,
and the markings of the forewing are characteristic, differing entirely in size and .sha])c from those of monticola. Moreover, these
markhigs also appear in a paler shade on the underside. I name thLs type marmoratus, and believe that it is specifically
different from )no)iticola, for the two specunens in cjuestion are both V V, so tliat the difference is not sexual, and, as they
come from the same locality, they cannot be local varieties of the same species.

As for the insect received under the name of strigatus, which name I propose to retain, it is also peculiar in appearance.
The entire upper- and underside of the hindwing is dull yellowish white, and the centre of the forewing bears a row of five brown
horizontal parallel lines which give an entirely different appearance from the analogous markings of inoyiticola and nntniiordlii.s.
The s])ecimen before me is a o, but it cannot be regarded as being the ,^ of the jjrevious forms on account of its charac-
teristics, or as a local form on account of the reasons mentioned above. 1 must add that all these curious Holcocerus were
discovered at Baira-male (Persia) in a region as yet little explored, where doubtless many interesting discoveries will yet be
made.

***) Holrooerus persicus .iu.'it. nov. spec? Together with the preceding I recently received from my correspondent
several specimens of a species of Holcocerus, a genus of small Cossids confined to Central Asia and resembling the European
Hypopta. Among these moths there were two qq of the rare and magnificent Hole, gloriosus Ersch., remarkable for its white

pearly gloss also several (JcJ of a probably new species which at first glance seems to be identical with Holcoc.

holosericea from Turkestan; but on closer examiiuition it becomes evident that this Cossid is more stoutly Ijuilt, larger than the
other species of the genus, and that its hindwing is uniformly dirty grey, not so pure white as is characteristic of typical speci-
mens of holosericea. The underside of the forewing of the specimens in question is moreover suffused with the same grey in
the centre, and the costa bears tliree small brown spots above towards the apex, which however do not seem to be at all constant.
I name this form persicus, but refrain from expressing an opinion as to whether it is a distinct species or only a geographical
race of H. holosericea. (Austaut).

Errata and Addenda to the Cossidae. By Dr. W. Rothschild. 451

Cossus 1-nigrum is distinguished from henleyi by the more pointed wings, light yellowish grey ground-
colour and sharper and more separate black ti'ansverse lines and striae. A special difference is the black longi-
tudinal spot on vein 1, forming the lower part of the L-mark from which the species derives its name.

Cossus niloticus Joann. is not the same as henleyi; it is much larger, more yellowish brown, with the
inaikings more separate, narrower and more diffuse.

Length of forewing of henleyi ^ 18 mm $ 20 mm
,, ,, ,, ,, niloticus ^ 22 mm $ 26 mm

Expanse of henleyi ^ 38 mm $ 46 mm

,, „ niloticus cJ 48 mm $ 58 mm.

I>jspessa.

D. emilia Stgr. Here has been omitted: — kurdistana Bang-Haas. Larger and with the ground-co-
lour almost white. Djenbekin (Kurdistan).

To D. clathrata: — pallida .w6.s/7. wow., much lighter with the ground-colour almost white. Samarkand.

albosignata subsp. nov. Similar to tristis Bang-Haas, but the dark markings of the middle of the upper
side of the forewing replaced by white. Transcaspia.

suavis Stgr. is so different from jordana that it must be regarded as a distinct species.

Dyspessa ( Cossus) saharae Lucas is a large, more ashy grey aberration of suavis.

To genus Zeuzera : — stryx Gr.-Grsh. is not identical with nubiki Stgr. ; it is a well characterised Trans-
caspian local race, and must stand as — stryx Gr.-Grsh. Distinguished by the greater expanse and much darker
colour of all the dark markings. Ground-colour ashy grey. — speyeri Austaut is a second local race which is
much lighter than nubila; light patches whitish grey, dark portions restricted ashy grey. Persia.

Pliragiuataiceia.

P. furia Gr.-Grsh. is a well characterised species not in any way allied to castaneae. Both wings
strongly truncate, blackish brown with yellow edges, and much broader than in castaneae.

P. territa Stgr. This species is divided mto two easily distinguishable local races, but must stand
as albida Ersch., the two forms differing as follows: albida Ersch. Ivory white without any dots. ab. trans-
caspica, much smaller, dwarfish. Transcaspia, Central Asia and Shanghai. — territa Stgr. Ivory to creamy-
yellow, with the dark dusting usually fine; Asia Minor (Amasia).

P. roborowskyi is pure ivory white, n o t sandy yellow.

C. cossus chinensis subsp. nov. More uniformly greyish brown, less strongly striated. The black wavy
lines not so broad. Collar and patagia uniformly milky white. Tsing-tau. — armeniaca subsp. nov. The largest
form of Cossus. Much lighter, forewing suffused with whitish grey; head, collar and thorax whitish grey; abdo-
men light greyish brown. Hindwing strongly marked with dark grey striae. $, length of forewing 48 mm, ex-
panse 108 mm.

C. funkei Rob. This species is at once distinguished from C. cossus by the uniformly light brownish
grey abdomen, the narrow white edge of the patagia, and on the forewing by the subbasal and subterminal
dark grey bands and the large central dark grey spots. — Taurus.

C. striolatus spec. nov. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen whitish grey. Forewing greyish white,
entirely streaked with brownish grey, the striae mergmg together to form spots in the centre of the wing. A
narrow curved grey line towards the outer margin. Hindwing white. Expanse 44 mm, length of forewing 20 mm.

C. sareptensis spec. nov. A small species resembling Holcocerus; yellowish wood-brown. Forewing
covered with blackish transverse striae; a straight dark band from the apex of the wing to vein 2. Length of
forewmg 16 mm. — Sarepta.

C. nigrosignatus spec. nov. Similar to tapinus Piing.. but darker, with yellowish brown, not brownish
white hindwing. The striae at the apex of the cell are much closer together, broader, blacker, extending to vein 1 ;
the outer line is curved and not wavy. Length of forewing 20 mm. Akbes (Syria).

C. divisa spec. nov. Head, thorax and abdomen light yellowish brownish grey, collar and patagia sandy
yellow. The basal two thirds of the forewmg are blackish brown with whitish costal spot, and the basal third
below the median vein reddish grey brown. Outer third yellowish grey-brown with dark striae and brown
costal spots. Hindwing brownish grey. Length of forewing 21 mm. — Panangan (Turkey).

Holcocerus.

H. nigrescens spec nov. Apparently the largest Palearctic species. $: head and thorax yellowish grey

452 Errata and Addenda to the Cossidae. By Dr. W. Rothschild.

browTi, patagia and sides of thorax edged with black. Abdomen black ; basal segment and last two segments
mouse-grey. Forewing sooty brownish-grey, apical third wood browai; the entire forewmg bearing many large
and small black transverse striae, more indistinct in the darker portion. One fifth away from the outer margin
a black transverse band. Hindwing blackish browai-grey with darker cloudy transverse striae. Antennae very
long, black. Length of forewing 37 mm, expanse 82 mm. — Karagaitan.

H. dilutior spec. nov. ^ similar to consohrinus , but the ground-colour reddish sandy yellowish and in
the basal two-thirds all coarser markings are absent, so that this part of thewmg appears to be only covered with
narrow transverse striae; the outer cruciform transverse Imes are less strongly developed and not distinctly
cross-shaped. Antennae much longer and thinner than in consohrinus, extending beyond the middle of the
costal margin. Length of forewing 27 mm. Kyssyl.

H. murinus spec. nov. ^ pure yellowish mouse-grey; forewing with indistinct brownish grey dots at
the outer margin and at the costa; before the outer margin a shght mdistinct brownish transverse luie, m the
centre of the wing a few dark grey smears between the veins. ? lighter grey, marginal spots darker, more
strongly developed, the transverse luie before the outer margin shaq>ly dark brown, extending from the apex
to vem 3, the smears in the middle of the wing developed to form a more or less sharp brown transverse band.
Length of forewing 24 mm. — Syr Daria.

H. musculus spec. nov. (J$ mouse-grey; thorax covered with black scales. Forewing densely suffused
with black scales and transverse striae. Length of forewing 15 mm. — S>t Daria.

H. puengeleri spec. nov. ,^. Similar to difficilis, upperside pure white with brownish yellow markings, a
median band composed of spots placed close together, costal and outer marginal spots brownish yellow. The
forewing is dusted with small brownish yellow elongate dots. Hindwing pure white with yellowish margmal
dots. In the $ the markings are much larger and more strongly developed, and more yellowish grey-brown.
Length of forewing of J 15 mm, of $ 17 mm. — Transcaspia.

Hypopta.

H. tekkensis Alph. Greyish brown, forewing of (J with chequered outer margin, a white spot beyond
the cell, a large white spot on vein 1 and a white band between veins 2 and 6. The $ has the forewing
uniformly greyish brown with chequered outer margin and a few dispersed small whitish dots. Length of fore-
wing 17 mm. — Transcaspia.

H. sunibannus ^4//)/;. Similar to tekkensis, but with much more strongly developed white markings,
so that the grey colour of the wmgs is reduced to three partially connected broad transverse bands. Length
of forewing of (^ 15 mm, $ 19 mm. — Transcaspia.

I*ar«>pta.

P. confusa spec nov. $. Distinguished from Johannes at first glance by the brownish grey, not white,
hindwing. and by the dark markings of the forewing consistmg not of transverse striae, and reticulate black
lines of dense straight transverse rows of small dark dots. Length of forewing 24 mm. — Below Sary-mat
(iScrafshan).

D^'spessa.

D. albina spec. nov. $: Similar to aculeala Turati, but smaller. Pure milky white. Length of forewing
15 mm. — Baldshuan (Turkestan).

D. curta spec. nov. Distinguishable by the short stumpy shape, as well by the extraordinarily stout
body and convex rounded outer margin of the forewing. Ashy gi'ey; a dark grey, oblique transverse band run-
ijig inward from before the apex to the origin of vein 2; a broad whitish grey band at the inner side of this band.
Rows of dark grey spots at the costal and outer margins. Length of forewing 17 mm. — Prov. Kuliab (Af-
ghanistan).

D. affinis spec. nov. Similar to knbylarin Bang-Hnns, but on the foreM'ing almost the entire median cell,
a large smear on vein 2 and a large spot with brown median streak on vein 1 are white. — Karagaitan.

List

453

of the new species and varieties described in vol. 2.

Page

abdoniinata (Eupr. chrysorrhoea) Strand 135

affinis (Dysp.) Roths 452

alaica (Dipsosphecia) Piing 395

albida (Hole, arenicola) Seitz 421

albina (Dysp.) Rotlis 452

albosignata (Dysp. clathrata) Rolhs 451

altaica (Las. quercus) Griinb.) 157

altaica (Par. plantaginLs ) Seitz 81

amurensis (Gluph. crenata) Grunb 295

aiiiureiisis (Pliragm. fuliginosa) Seitz 79

an^ii!«tata (Mai. castrensis) Griinb 179

an^ustiinedia (Palimps. ampliata) Il'arr 329

ann^niaca (Coss. cossus) Roths. 451

assimilis (Illiberis) Jord 15

atrinerra (Cosm. potatoria) Griinb 164

auraiitiaca (Arct. thibetica) Seitz 98

auricaiidata (Dipsosphecia) Bartel 393

aiistaiitioides (Amorpha) Standfs 263

baiighaasi (Lith. pallifrons) Seitz 68

barbara (Dipsosphecia) Bartel 390

basiatra (Eupr. latifascia) Strand 137

bifascia (Dendr. segregata) Griinb 172

bipunctigera (Eupr. flava) Strand 136

biseparata (Num. disparilis) Strand 126

boisduralii (Cham, bibiontformis) Bartel 404

bonita (Oalig. liadia) Jord 218

biikoTiiia (Org. antiqua) Strand 117

campaniae (Zyg. stoechadis) Seitz 22

carol] (Epicopeia) Janet 36

catenifer (Psych, melanargia) Seitz 278

chiiiensis (Coss. cossus) Roths 451

chjnensis (Erasm. pulchella) Jord 12

choka (Eupr. conspersa) Strand 136

chrysoneura (Chamaesphecia) Piing 399

cinerea (Dendr. segregatus) Griinb 172

cinnamomea (Mai. alpicola) Griinb 179

cognata (Eriog. pyretorum) Jord 221

commifera (Saronaga) Warr 322

concinna (Polypi, ridens) Warr 330

concolor (Mai. neustria) Griinb 151

confiisa (Par.) Rot]is 452

conscripta (Habrosyne) Warr 323

consimilis (Saronaga) Warr 321

crassicornis (Chamaesphecia) Bartel 409

cremonae (Zygaena) Seitz 27

curta(Dysp.) Roths 452

damartis (Loepa) Jord 214

daiibi (Amorpha) Standfs 264

darwiniana (Amorpha) Standfs 263

depalpata (Cil. glaucata) Strand 204

deundulata (Alb. korbi) Strand 133

diluta (Agal. eronioides) Jord 13

dilutior (Hole.) Roths 451

discolor (Palimps. or) Warr 327

divsa ( Coss.) Roths 451

einiliae (Amorpha) Standfs 264

exigua (Zyg. algira) Seitz 29

eximia (Drymonia) Griinb 297

extcrnofasciata (Dendr. pinl) Griinb 172

I'aKO

extrema (Thaumietopoea) Seitz 447

faliax (Calig. boisduvali) Jord 217

flavescens (Mai. neustria) Griinb 151

flayicollls (Act. artemis) Jord 211

gigantea (Top. jonasi) Strand 134

graeca (Procris) Jord 9

graiidis (Hep. humuli) Pfitzn 434

grisea (Lasiocampa) Griinb 160

grisearipennis (Drepana) Strand 201

grossei (Celerio) Denso 270

hainifera (Procris) Jord S

hebe (Zygaena) Seitz 28

hector (Procris) Jord 8

heininielaena (Psych, melanargia) Seitz 278

herrichiella (Stichobasis) Strand 365

hippoides (Celerio) Denso 270

homora (Aglia tau) Jord 225

hoinogena (As. nubifascia) Seitz 59

innotata (Polypi, arctipennis) Warr 331

insignipennis (Thaum. pityocampa) Strand 144

insularuin (Par. plantaginis) Seitz 81

iris (Lym. obsoleta) Stratid 130

isolatella (Org. dubia) Strand 119

japonibia (Drep. curvatula) Strand 200

japonibia (Laelia) Strand 122

japonica (Cer. bicuspis) Griinb 286^

japonica (Pent, ocypete) Griinb 292

jugurthina (Las. trifolii) Griinb 159

jullieni (Celerio) Denso 270

kangrana (Das. dalbergiae) Strand 115

kashmirica (Eupr. cervina) Strand 137

lanceolata (Phauda) Jord 5

latimedia (Polypi, diluta) Warr 330

ledereri (Cham, annellata) Bartel 404

leechl (Pidorus) Jord 11

leucoides (Aroaflavicollis) Strand 121

liliputaria (Drep. binaria) Strand 200

Uinbifera (Pant, sinica) Strand 125

luetifera (Eriog. pyretorum) Jord 221

lunula (Drym. chaonia) Griinb 297

magna (Call, quadripunctaria) Seitz 101

magna (Dysp. agilis) Seitz 427

magna (Zyg. erythrus) Seitz 18

malatiana (Zyg. fraxini) Seitz 28

margiana (Chamaesphecia) Piing 400

maurusia (Chamaesphecia) Piing 412

melaleuca (Clelea) Jord 17

melaniodes (Port, melania) Strand 134

meridionalis (Ocn. baetica) Seitz 76

minima (Dyspessa) Seitz 427

minor (Zyg. carniolica) Seitz 30

murinus (Hole.) Roths 451

musculus (Hole.) Roths 451

nigrescens (Hole.) Roths 4.jl

nigrinus (Histia rhodope) Jord 13

nigrosignatus (Cass.) Roths '51

451

Misprints on the plates.

Page

nihonica (Synanthedon) Bariel 388

niphonica (Staur. basalis) Griinb 290

obliterella (Org. dubia) Strand 110

obscura (Dendr. pini) Griinb 172

obscura (Mai. franconica) Griinb 179

obsolota (Not. tiefi) Grunb 301

oranaria (Drep. binaria) Strand 200

pallida (Dysp.) clathrata BolhD. 451

pallida (Mai. franconica) Griinb 179

pallida (Not. ziczac) Griinb 300

paiiilrica (Das. selenophora) Strand 120

pauripuncta (Lael. coenosa) Strand 122

pliilippsi (Amorpha) SUtndfs 264

piilyzona (Diijsosphecia) Piing 394

populiformis (Amorpha) Standfs 263

prolctaria (Das. fascelina) Strand 112

pulchrior (Arct. thibetica) Seitz 98

piilvtTosa (Paliinps. duplaris) Warr 327

puiK'tella (Eupr. chrysorrhoea) Strand 135

piien^eleri (Hole) Roths 452

qiiadriniaculata (Port, similis) Strand 134

roiiin (Palp, sexnotatus) Pfitzn 437

rosearia (Micr. glaphyra) Se'itz 83

roseiventris (Dipsosphecia) Bartcl 393

rothsohildi (Dipsosphecia) Bartel 393

rutundata (lUiberis) Jord 15

nibescens (Celerio) Dcnso 270

rubra (Zyg. tamara) Seitz 26 i

russica (Las. quercus) Griinb 157

nitilans (Oberth. caeca) Griinb 190

sangaica (Par. tabanif ormis ) Bartel 380

sareptana (Dipsosphecia) Bartel 395

sarepteiisis (Coss.) Roths 451

scribai (Sphecia) Bartel 379

Page

scytharum (Malac.) Seitz 447

seitzi (Euproctis) Strand 159

seitzi (Las. trifolii) Griinb 159

simplificaria (Drep. argenteola) Strand 202

sinensis (Phyllosph. dissimilLs) Jord 247

sinuata (Gaurena) Warr 326

sodalis (Synanthedon) Piing 383

stigmatica (Hup. pulcherrima) Griinb 299

stramineata (Thyatira) Warr *. . 324

strieillata (Hole) Roths 4.52

striolatus (Coss.) Roths. 453

suffusa (Palimps. ampliata) Warr 329

tekkensis (Hyp.) Roths.

152

tenuella (Ut. pulchella) Seitz 73

totinigra (Spil. lubricipeda) Seitz 85

totirubra (Zyg. camiolica) Seitz 30

transversa (lUiberis) Jord 16

trimaculata (Port, similis) Strand 134

tristis (Micr. glaphyra) Seitz 83

tsingtaiiica ( Gastropacha) Griinb 169

tsingtauica (Porthesia) Strand 135

turcmena (Dipsosphecia) Bartel 396

umbripennis (Org. dubia) Strand . . .
unicolor-grisescens (Dendr. pini) Griinb.
unocingulata (Synanthedon) Bartel . .

uralica (Coss. cossus) Seitz

ussuriensis (Ochrostigma) Piing. . .

yespelpenor (Celerio) Denso
viguraea (Dipsosphecia) Piing.

wagneri (Dipsosphecia) Piing.
wladiwostokensis (Lym. dispar)

Strand

xenia (Act. artemis) Jord.

yatonga (Das. flavimacula) Strand

119
172
383
419
305

267
394

395
127

211

161

Misprints on the plates of Vol. 2.

I'l.

la

lb

Ih

2 a

2c

3d

4h

5f

6a

6b

6b

7e

7f

8i

9e

9f

11 a

11 b

11 c

11 d

11 i

11 i

11 1

12 k
12 1
15 a
15 a
15 a

15 £

16 k

18 e

19 c

20 f

21 e
22!

road: siniea

for pryeri

„ denibowskii

„ dembrowskyi

,, volgeasis

„ volgersis

„ leptalina

,, leptatitm

,, euchromioides

,, euchromoides

,, maerens

„ moerens

,, contamineoides

„ contatninoides

„ manni

„ mannii

,. aeaous

„ icterica

„ icterica

„ aeacus

prinzi

to separata add :

„ aurantiaca

transit us

road: erschoffi o

for karateyini q

,, mm or

,, minima

„ cyssea

„ cypsea

,, rubrozonata

,, leucoma

,, acerba

„ acerea

„ torrens

„ torreus

,, venata

„ veneta

,, carnipicta

„ carneipicta

,, irrorella

„ irrovella

„ nickerli o

,, nickerlid

„ brunnea

,. fumida

„ albeola

„ lacteola

„ flavociliata

„ flaviciiiata

„ ferghana

„ fergana

,, lubricipeda

„ lupricipeda

,, totinigra

,, unicolor

„ paucipuncta

„ paucipundata

„ ferghana

„ fergana

,, insubrica

,, bithynica

,, thyellina ?

„ thyellina q

„ iris

,, obsoleta

„ niphonis ?

,, squamosa

„ lelderi

„ gloriosa

PI.
23 b

23 i

24 a

25 f

26 a
26 a
26 a
26 d
26 e
26 g

31 d

32 a
35 f
37 c
42 e
44 a

44 b
42 f, I

45 b
45 d

45 e

46 b

46 c

47 e
47 g
47 g

47 g

48 d
48 i
48 i
48 1
50 d
50 d
56 n

read: varians

for

oranana

longespinata

sapiens

palaestinensis

davidis (J

davidis ?

undata

obliquata

albimaculata

fallax

galerope

signifera

undatus

dyras

spliiugiCorniis

lanigera

dolavoiei

bipartita

dodonaea

trimacula

anceps

Tiridiniixta

signiata

sua V a

straminea

longipennis

chrysolopha

erasaria

schidaoina

columbaris

mogadorensis

infuscata

strammeata

pus ilia

oranula

longispinata

davidis

josua

palaestinensis (J

palaestinensis 9

undulata

obliguaia

albunacula

boisduvali

galeropa

sigiiifer

trilineatus

dryas

nobilis

lonigera

delavaii

partita

trimacula

dodonaea

trepida

lichen

signata

suavis

pallida

straminca

antica

erosaria

schildacina

columbaria

mogadorum

infasciata

straminea

166

Index.

The number immediately behind the name refers to the page. The names with a capital initial are those
of genera, the names*in italics are synonyms or have been incidentally mentioned.

PI.
abafii Bord. Sat. 220
abdominalLs Moore Eupr. 137
abdominalis Moore Spila. 86
abdominata Strand Eupr. 135
abencerragella Mill. Hyal. 359
aberrans Bull. Milt. 55 . . . 11 d
abietis ScMff. Das. 113 .. . 19 g
aboleta Stgr. L>-m. 129 ... 21 a
Abraxas 198, 277
abraxata Butt. Gallic. 198
acaciae King Tar. 176 ... 29 b
acaci\isalLs Walk. Rhodou. 371
acanthophylli Christ. Erlog. 154 21 h
Aoanthopsyche Hcyl. 354
acerba Leech Stigmatoph. 51 11 a
Acherontia 233, 235
Acherontia O. 231
Acherontiicae 231
Acherontiinae 231

achilleae Esp. Zyg. 27 ... 7 c
achilleae Zyg. 44
achilleoides Wagn. Zyg. 21
Acidalm 278
Acontianae 317
Acosineryx Bdv. 25
Acosmeryx 231
Aeronictinae 232

acronycta Oberth. Das. 114 . 19 e
aeronycia Oberth. Staur. 290
Acronyctidae 49

acronyctoides Moore Coss. 420 52 h
Acropteris Hbn. 275
acrospila Feld. Synt. 40 . . . 9h
aorospila .S5^lt. 445
actea Sivinh. Sjiit. 40
Actias Leach 210

aculeata Guen. Micron. 276 . 48 f
aculeata Trt. Dysp. 426 .. . 52 i
acuminata Leech Drep. 201, 448
acuta Bull Drep. 199
acutula Piing. Roes. 46 . . . 10 c
adalberti Oberth. Zyg. 443 . . 6 a
adaucta Bull. Lith. 65
adelina Stgr. Cliion. 61 ... 12 a
Adeloeephala 209

adherbal Oberth. Somabrachys 336
adita Moore Chion. 62 ... 12 b
admu-abilis .S'tgr. Lophopt. 307 46 h
aeacus Esp. Zyg. 24 .... 6 b
aecacus Hbn. Zyg. 24

aedea L. Eter. "lO 2 c

Ae?eria P. 376
Aegeriidae 375

aegerioides Walk. Art. 14 . . 3 c
aegrota Bull. Lith. 65 ... 12 h
aegrota Klug Somabrachys 336 50 d
aegyptiaca Bang-H. Tar. 176 29 b
aegyptiaca Snell. Cel. 48 . . 10 g
aemilianus Const. Hep. 435

PI.

aemilii Favre Zyg. 24

aemuhis Bull. Phass. 438

aequalis Feld. Brach. 187 . . 30 b

aerea Gr.-Grsh. Procris 9

aerifrons Z. Cham. 412 ... 51 k

aeruginosa Christ. Cer. 286 . 44 b

aerugida Hbn. Cel. 47

aesculi L. Zeuz. 429

aestiva Jaen. Gastr. 169

aestiva Rebel Drep. 200

aestiva Spr. Drep. 200 ... 23 i

aestivalis Aiist. Smei. 245

aethiops Stgr. Styg. 428

atfineola Brem. Lithos. 67 . . 12 k

affiniella Bruand Heterogynis 349

affinis Brem. Haem. 248 . . 40 b

affinU Stgr. Haem. 248

affinis Moore Eupt. 187

affinis Reutti Fum. 367

affinis Ramb. Heterogynis 349

affinis Stgr. Chamaesph. 411

affinis Stgr. Cham. 412 . . . 51 k

afghana Moore Zyg. 31 . . . 8 f

africaniis Bat. 326

Agalope 35

Agalope Walk. 13

agassizi Schultz Petic. 96

agdLstiforniLS Stgr. Weism. 413 51 i

agdistiformis Stgr. Weism. 375

agilLs Christ. Dysp. 426 .. . 55 k

Afflaope Latr. 6

AgUa O. 223

Aglia 210

agnes Oberth. Cham. 407 . . 51 i

aqrippina Thysania 281

Agrisius Walk. 62

agylla Walk. 64

Agylla 63

ahngeri Gr.-Grsh. Styg. 428

ajatar Schilde Cer. 287

Akbesia R. J. 238

akulini Oberth. Rhegmat. 315

alaica Pilng. Dips. 395 . . . 50 h, i

alaiana R. J. Haem. 248 40 a

alba Arct. 124

alba Brem. Ai'ct. 123 ... . 22 e

alba Moore Chion. 61 ... . 12 a

alba Dziurz. Zyg. 443

alba Moore Lith. 67

albanica Rebel Syiianthedon 387

Albarracina Stgr. 133

albarracina Stgr. Zyg. 30

albatalis Swinti. Dix. 373 . . 50 e

albeola Hbn.-G. Cose. 72

albeola Hbn. Lithos. 67 . . . 12 k

albescens Heyne Poec. 153

albescens Oberth. Oreops. 359

albescens Stgr. Amicta 357 . 55 b

albescens Stgr. Paid. 57

albescens Tutt Smer. 245

albescens Tutt Sphinx 235

PI.
albicans Aiist. Sphinx 236
albicans Bull. Mar. 241
albicans Fuchs Arct. 100
albicans Stgr. Zyg. 30 ... 8 k
albicatwi Walk. Tarag. 177
albicans Zyg. 444
albicosta Hamps. Pel. 70
albicosta Leech Sar. 321, 322
albicosta Moore Saron. 322
albicosta Rog. Lithosia 69 . . 13 c
albicostata Brem. Sar. 322 . 55 m
albifascia Const. Ocn. 76
albifinis Walk. Agyll. 64 . . 12 f
albida Bartel Hoc. 421 ... 53 e
albida Bdv. Leucold. 304
albida Esp. Hyal. 357
albida Esp. Hyal. 358 . . . 55 c
albida Hyalma 360
albida Rebel Drym. 296
albidella Ramb. Hyal. 358
albidisca Moore Palimps. 328
albidisca Warr. Palimp 328 . 49 i
albimaGula Stgr. Catopta 425
albmiacula Stgr. Urod. 293 . 46 c
albinervis Oberth. Somabr. 336 50 d
albingensis TFarn. Palimp. 327 49 f
albipuncta H.-Schdff. Uh: 344 50 b
albipunctella Mill Amicta 358
albiventrls Led. Cham. 412 . 52 o
albivitrella Brd. Hyal. 358
alboaccentuata 06er</i. Microph.

299 18 h

albodentata Brem. Das. 112
albodentata Moore Eupr. 137
albofascia Leech Lym. 126 20 c, 22 o
albofascia Leech Lym. 126
albafascia Leech AJ-t. 15 . . . 3 g
albolineata Montr. Hipp. 258
alboUmata Moore Lym. 130
albomacula Leech Clel. 17 . . 3 h
albomaculata Brem. Cosm. 164 26 g
albomarginata Heyne Poec. 153
albonubilus Graes. Catopta 425 55 1
albosericea Moore Stiginatoijh. 50
albotarsata Rebel Cham. 401
athula Roes. 48

albula Schiff. Roes. 45 ... 10 c
albulao Kilian Paras. 81
albulaVis Hbn. Roes. 45
album Brem. Spilos. 88 . . . 15 h
alcinous Pap. 35

alecto L. Ther. 259 42 f

alfacaria Ribhe Macroth. 448
algarbiensis Christ. Zyg. 26 . 6 h
algarvensis Dziurz Zyg. 443
algeriensLs Baker Dipl. 162 . 26 d
algeriensis Joan. Hepialisc. 437 53 h
algeriensis Ramb. Dysp. 426 . 52 i
algira Dup. Zyg. 29 .... 8 a
algira Zyg. 25, 44
alglrica H. Luc. Org. 119

456

INDEX.

pj.

49 b

23 a

46 a

51 g

Si

27 e

22 b
56 g

30 b
2f

24 e
17 g

25 b
21 f

12 g
17 e

11 c

16 f
40 c

52e, f

alice Epicn. 448

alice John Epicn. 167 ....

alicea Neuburger Herse 233

alicia Biitl. S'^^lt. 444

aliena Bull. Act. 211 . . . •

aliena Stgr. Not. 300 ....

allantiforniLs Ev. Cham. 402 .

allardi Oberth. Zvg. 30 . . .

AUodonta Sfgr. 302

ahii Bartel Mimas 243

alnifolia O. Gastr. 168 ...

Aloa Walk. 89

alpestris Z. Endr. 60

Alphaea Walk. 88

Alpluiea 446

alijherakii Gr.-Grsh. Dasorg.

120

alpherakii Heyl. Psychid. 367
alpherakii Slgr. Arct. 98
alpherakyi Christ. Dysp. 426
alpherakid Christ. Tar. 176
alpheraki Leech Chalcosia 12
alpherakyi Leech Phal. 312
alpicola !^tgr. Malacos. 152
alpiiia Bell. Rhegm. 308 . .
alpiiia Dziurz. Zyg. 442, 443
alpiiia Frcy Las. 157 ....
alpina Frey Poec. 153 . . .
alpina Frr. Eudia 223
alpina Heyl. Epichn. 366
al|)ina Hamps. Chrys. 65 . .
alpina Quois. Hyplior. 95 . .
alpina Rhegm. 283
altaica Grihthg. Las. 157
altaica Led. Parasicc. 53 . .
altaica Seitz Parasem. 81 . .
alternata Bull. Haem. 248
Altha Walk. 342
alticola Oberth. Hep. 435 . .
amabilis Bottcher Micr. 84
alysoniformis H.-Schdff. Cham.

405

amabilis Christ. Ocn. 133 . .
amanda Stgr. Onerog. 133
amasina H.-Schdff. Procris 7
ama.Hna H.-Schdff. Styg. 428
amasina Stgr. SjTiantliedon 388
amasina Styr. Zyg. 30 ...
amasmus H.-Schdff. Hep. 435
amata Stgr. Cif. 121
Amafissa Walk. 354
amaura Stgr. Procris 8 . . .
ambigiia Hbn. Hyp. 352
amhigua Hbn. Hypopta 424
ambigna Stgr. Epicn. 167
ambigua Styr. Procris 7 . . .
Ambulicinae 231
ArabuUcinae 238
Ambulyx 243
amelia Feisth. Cel. 268
americana F. Malac. 151
Amicta Heyl. 356
amoena Oberth. Eueh. 446
anioena Stgr. Zyg. 30 ... .
Amorpha 242, 247. 261
Aluorpha Kirhy 245
Ampclophaga 249
ainpelophaga Bayle Procris 6
Ainpelophaga Brem. Grey 250
ampla Walk. Suana 178
ampla Walk. Pant. 125 . . .
ampliata Bull. Palimp. 328 .
Amplypterus 247
Am.^acta 89
amurensis Bang.-H. Paliuip.

327 .... .

amurensis Brem. Rhvparioid.

94 ". . . .

amurensis Griirib. Gluph. 295
amurensis .Jordan Aglia 224
amurensis Oberth. Sphinx 235J
amurensis Seits Phragm. 79 . _^16 b

51 k
21 d

1 c

Sh
54 e

1 h

le

8e, f

1 0

20 b
49 g

56 a

14 i
46 d

amurensis Stgr. Amorph. 246.
amurensis Stgr. Lith. 65
amuri Stgr. Diacr. 95
Amuria Auriv. 161
anachoreia Esp. Pyg. 314
anachoreta F. Pyg. 314 . . .
analis Feld. Megan. 234 . . .
anastomosis L. Pyg. 314 . .
anastomosis Pyg. 283
anceps Not. 299
anceps Goeze Not. 300
anceps Oberth. Org. 118 .
anceps Stgr. Procris 9
anchora Bull. Pterod. 207
ancUla L. Dys. 42 . . .
ancilla var. Esp. Dys. 41
ancipitalis H.-Schdff. Cel. 47
andereggii H.-Schdff. Phil. 59
ayidreas Oberth. Phal. 312
andrenaeformls Lasp. Synanthe-

don 383, 384

Andraca Walk. 190
andrewsi Wilem. Euruk. 362
angelica Bdv. Arct. 99 ...
angelicas Bdv. Zyg. 23
angelicae O. Zyg. 22 ....
angelus Tschetverikov D;u<. 112
angelicae Zyg. 442
anglica Bdv. Zyg. 23
anglica Oberth. Cose. 445
angulata Fioes. Cochl. 342
angulata JMoore Cel. 48 . . .
angulitera Schullz LJ^n. 127
angxtsta Stgr. Pel. 70 ... .
angustata Griuib. Malacos. 179
angustata Schultz Eudia 223
angustata Stgr. Palimps. 329
angusteUa H.-Schdff. Oreops. 360
angustesignata Spitl. Arct. 99
angustimedia Warr. Palimps.

329

aneita Bull. Syiit. 39
anicanella Brd. Fum. 368
anicanella Cluipm. Fum. 368
anna Moore Calig. 218
annellata Cfirist. Lac. 89 . .
annellata Zell. 383
annellata Z. Cham. 403 . . .
annularis Geoff r. Malac. 151
annulata Car. Zyg. 25
annulata Nyct. 102
anomala Soroc. 229
anopunctata Oberth. Alphaea 446
antaeus Cocj'tius 281
Antheraea 210
Antheraea Hbn. 215
anthraciformis Ramb. Cham. 413
Anthrocera 38

anthyllidis Bdv. Zyg. 22 . .
anihyllidis Zyg. 442
antica Walk. Gazal. 317
antica Walk. Eupr. 137
antica Walk. Lith. 66
Anticyra 282
Anticyra Walk. 315
antiochena Led. Synt. 39 . .
anti^chena Synt. 444
antiochena Stgr. Zyg. 27 . .
antiqua L. Org. 117 ....
antiqua Orgyia 76, 336
antiquoides Hbn. Org. 118
Anzabe 344
Apaida H.-Schdff. 56
Apantesis 80, 82
apenina Tur. Zyg. 30 ... .
aperta Leech Hyperth. 372
Apha Walk. 185
apicalLs Leech Thyat. 325 . .
apicalis Moore Agyll. 64
apicalis Walk. Eupr. 138
apicalis Walk. Ocin. 1916 . .
apiformis CI. Aegeiia 37 . .

PI.

fPl.

39 a

apiformis Aeger. 424

apiformis Rossi Phaleropt. 362

55 t

Apistosia Hbn. 63

Apistosia 64

Apona Walk. 186

47 g

approximans Bull. Org. 117

36 c

approximata Walk. Ceryx 41

47 f

appioximatula Apatz Drep. 198
aprica Btitl. Litho.s. 67

apsora Moore Gazalina 317

48 d

46 b

Apterona Mill. 363

22 b

Apierona 353

1 1

arabica Hamps. Creat. 90

32 f

aradraplia Walk. 47

9i

araratica Stgr. Zyg. 24 . . .
araraticus Teich. Coss. 419

5k

10 c

arborea Blocker Epicn. 167 .

27 b

11 i

arbusculae Frr. Eriog. 154
arbusculae Eriog. 148
arbusculae Pfaff Trich. 152

51 d

arconaria Mill. Somabrachys
336

archills Oberth. Pseudom. 276

48 f

18 c

Arctia Schrank 97
Arctic 83, 89

5 a

arctica ZeH Dicr. 288
arclica Schoy. C?l. 48
arctica Sparre-Schn. Zyg. 23
arcticus Bdv. Hep. 436
ArctUdae 43
Arctiidae 147, 349

10 g

Arctunae 92

Arctiinae 49

13 e

Aretinla Eichwald 91

24 c

Arctioblespis Feld 346

arctipennis Butl. Polypi. 330

49 i

arctocarpi Moore Lycl. 58

)

Arctornis Germ. 133

arctornis 109

arcuata Alph. Urod. 293 . .

49 a

56 b

arcuata Steph. Cer. 287

ardens Butl. Rhodon. 374 . .

50 f

ardua Mann Epichn. 366 . .

55 h

Areas Walk. 91

arenicola Stgr. Hole. 421 . .

53 d

15 i

Areolatae 111

argaeensis Rebel Dysp. 427

51 g

argentata Butl. Das. 113
argentata Leech Eupr. 138

argentatus Stgr. Cossul. 424 .

53 h

argentea Tutt Palimp. 327

argentea Walk. Him. 126 . .

21 d

argenteola Moore Drep. 202 .

30 f

argenteopicta Oberth. Paraps.

329

49 g
46 f

argentifera Walk. Spat. 304 .

52 d

argentilinearia Leech !Muu. 196

48 a

argent ina Schiff. Spat. 303 .

46 e

5 c

argentisparsa Hamps. Gaur. 326
ar?ina Hbn. 74
Arguda Moore 178

50 f

argus Koll. Arg. 74

13 1

argus Men. Smer. 245

ariadne Elic. Chion. 02 . . .

12 c

ariae Fr. Trich. 152

9d

ariae Hbn. Trich. 152 . . . .
ariana Gr.-Grsh. Zeuz. 429

24 f

7d

arideola Fixs. Lith 66

19 a

arideola Her. Lith. 67 . .

12 1

aries Piing. Coss. 420 ....

53 b

armena Ev. Zyg. 27 ....

7c

armena Heyl. Amicta 357

armena Stgr. Diloba 332 443

armena Stgr. Ocn. 77 ... .

14 c

Sg

armeniaca Bartel Cham. 409 .

501

50 e

armoricana Oberth. Dips. 391
armoricanus Oberth. Hep. 434

56 f

arnoldi Oberth. Not. 300
Aroa Walk. 120
Aroa 109

30 f

arracanensis Moore & tiult.

5] a

Bomb. 189

Puhl. 1. XT. 1913.

INDEX.

457

arragonensLs Sfgr. Clet. 78 . .
arragonensis Stgr. Zyg. 27
Arsenura 210

artaxidia Bull. Nudin. 56 . .
artemis Brem. Act. 211 . . .
artina Bull. Cer. 41
Artona Walk. 14
arundiuoola Guen. Lith. 67
arundinis Ilhn. Phraginatapo.

429
ascoldensLs Stgr. Hep. 435
(viella Esp. Cochl. 341
anella Schiff. Heterogenoa 340
asella Schiff. Heterogenea 342
asellana Hhn. Heterogenea 34^
asema Pilng. Dysp. 427 . . .
Asemanophorae 231
a-siatica Bang.-H. Oil. 204 . .
asiatica Stgr. Caneph. 356 . .
asiatica Stgr. Procris 8 . . .
ajiiaticiis Bull. 235
a.tilifonnis Rott. Synanthedon

385
askolda Ohcrth. Dicr. 288
askoldensis Oberih. Cosm. 164
askoldensis Oberih. Milt. 55
askoldeiisLS Oberih. Perg. 258
asoka ISIoore Zyg. 31 ... .
assiniilLs Brem. t(- Grey Phal.

312

assimilis Jord. 111. 15 ... .
assiniilis Moore Eiipt. 187
assimilis Brem. £■ Grey Phalera 2
astatiforniLs H.-Sehdff. Cham.

r?- 406

astragali Borkh. Zyg. 23
astragali Hbn. Zyg. 30
astragali Joann. Dips. 391
nstrea Arg. 74
Asura Walk. 58
Asuridia Hamps 54
athaiiiantliae E.'<p. Zyg. 24
atlantica Luc. Ocn. 76
atlantica Jaic. Sat. 221 . . .
atlantica Ramb. Lym. 129 . .
atlanticus Aust. Smer. 245
atlas L. AttacvLs 281
atomaria Walk. Eupr. 138 . .
atomosa Brem. Cel. 47 ... .
atra Esp. Oreops. 360
atra Err. Phalacropt. 363
atra L. Oreops. 360
atra L. Acanth. 354 ....
atra Litisi. Lym. 128
atratula Ei\ Lithosia 69 . .
atratus Buil. Pid. 11 . . . .
airibombycella Brd. Phalacropt.

363
atrinerva Griinb. Cosm. 164
atrinervLs Oberih. vSoniabrachvs

336

atriplaga Stgr. Loi^hoc. 294 .
atroabdomiiialLs Schult^ Arct. 99
atromaculata Galv. Rhyp. 93 .
atropos L. Acher. 232 . . .
alropus Sivaitis. Acher. 232
atrovittata Brem. Microph. 299
attenuata Schulz Proserpinus 252
Atychia Lair. 349
aucta Leech- Synt. 40
augustei Trimoul. Hipp. 258
aulica L. Hyphor. 95 ... .
aurata Blachicr Zyg. 31
atirantia Tiiii Zyg.
aurantiaca Hirschke Zyg. 24
aurantiaca Seit-z Arct. 98
aurantiaca Spul. Ocn. 78
aurantiaca Warr. Area 121
aurea Bull. Plateum. .364
aureola Hbn. Lith. 68
auricaudata Bartel Dips. 393
aurifhta Esp. Eup. 135

PI.
14 g

11 f
33 b

.50 a

52 i

48 d

55 a

Is

26 f

42 a
Sk

47 e
3e

82

51 h

6c

31 b

20 g
38 e

21 h
10 f

13 c
2c

26 g

50 d

46 c

14 h
36 b

45 f

17 e. f

auriflua Hbn.. Forth. 134
aurifera Rom. Cham. 403
auripennis Bull. Arct. 98
auripes Bull. .Tv. 124 . . . .
auripes Butt Orct. 205 . . .
aurita Sulz. Eudr. 60 ... .
Aurivillia T-ntt 155
aurivilli Lampa Synanthedon

384
aurivillii Pilng. Chondr. 150
aurocostata Oberth. Spil. 446
aurofasciaia Leech Ganr. 326
aurogrisea Moore Scop. 340
auroguttata Chalc. 428
auroguttala Poiij. Epipl. 278
aurolimbata Guen. Org. 117
aurora Bull. Lyni. 128 . .
aurorina Bull. That. 325
aurulenta Pouj. Art. 15 . .
austauti Sigr. Amorph. 245
austautioides Standfs. Am. 263
austera Schiff. Ochrost. 305
ausiralasiae Tuii Cel. 257
australis Latr. Styg. 428 . .
australls Oberth. Zyg. 442
autvimnalis Jaen. Gastr. 169
auxo L. Chalcosia 11 ... .
Aiizata 198
Aiizata Walk. 197
avellana Kirby Cochl. 341
avellanae F. Trich. 152
avia Hbn. Hyphor. 95
Asia Hbn. 331
Axiopoena Men. 96
azela Bull. Epipl. 279 . . .
azona Spul. Zyg. 30
azonos Led. Dipsosph. 395
azonos Led. Cham. 413 .. .
azuga Car. Hepial. 434

PI.

20 b
48 c
11 1

19 b

20 e
49 6

3c
39 a

48 i

->2d

B.

Bacotia Tutt 368

bactriana Ersch. S\^lt. 39 . .

baetica Ramb, Ocn. 76 . . .

baetica Ramb. Zyg. 29 . . .

bahri Hirschke Zyg. 24

bakeri Kirby Procris 7 . . .

balcanica H. Schdff. Lem. 182

balcanica Stgr. Procris 9

balcanicus Led. Coss. 419, 450

balearica Bdv. Zyg. 20 . . .

ballioni Chr. Lem. 182

banghaasi Seitz Lithosia 68 .

banghaasi Sigr. Ocn. 78 . . .

Barandra Moore 362

barbara Bartel Dips. 390

barbara H. Schdff. Zyg. 30 .

basalis Moore Staur. 290 . .

basalis Wilem. Palunps. 328.

basal Ls Selys Zyg. 21

basiatra Strand Eupr. 137

basiflava Oberih. Herpa 11

basiUmbata Bull. Spila. 85

basilinea Wilonan Not. 302

basinota Moore Lith. 65

basipuncta Tutt Las. 145

basLstriga Moore Not. 301 . .

basivitta Walk. Das. 115

hatatae Christ. He"se 233

bathseba Stgr. 159

batis L. Thyat. 323 ....

Batocnema R. lO J. 238

baui Standf. Albarr. 133

beata Car. Diaph. 92

beatrix Lym. 131

beckeri Guen. Lith. 67

bejarensis Chapm. HeterogjTiis 350

Bellia TxM 244

bellierella Brd. Oreops. 360

bellieri Eailki Arct. 99 ... IS c

9c

14 b

8b

1

4f

13 a

14 e

S 1
44 g

2d

49 a

49 e

PI.

bellieri Led. Ocn. 78 .... 16 a
boUis Hbn. Zyg. 27 .... 7 c
bellLssima Moore Chion. 62 . . 12 b
Bembecia Hbn. 381
Bembecia Hbn. 375, 376, 409
berberisae Moore Staur. 290 . 49 a
beresowskii Alpher. Haem. 248 40 b
berolinenusis Fuclis Khyp. 93
berolinensis Heyne Cosm. 164 26 f
berolinensLs Stgr. Zyg. 30 . . 8 g
Berutana R. & J. 250
berytta Sigr. Ocn. 78 ... . 14 e
betulifolia Esp. Epicn. 166
betulifolia O. Epicn. 167
betulina Z. Fum. 368 ... . 55 i
beyeri Linst. Macroth. 448
bhana Moore Das. 116
bhascara Moore Lym. 130
Bhima Moore \11
Bhima Moore 193
bhira Moore Tar. 177
biannxilata Bartel S>^lanth. 387
bibioniformis Esp. 409, 412
bibioniformLs Esp. Cham. 404 51 f
bicarinatus Walk. Aspidiotus 344
bicaudata Moore Epipl. 278
bicaudata Reiz. Trich. 152
bicincta Koll. .S>Tit. 38 . . . 9 b
bicincta Walk. Paranth. 380 . 50 k

bicingulata Stgr. 383

bicingulata Stgr. Synanth. 383 51 d

bicolor Walk. Parasa 346

bicolor Butl. Lei^cophl. 240

bicolor Esp. Palimps. 327

bicolor Oberth. Zyg. 28 . . . 7 k

bicolor Rdiz. Paras. 81

bicolor Spul. Hyphor. 95.

bicolor Walk. Pant. 125 .. . 20 b

bicolora F. Leucod. 304

bicolorella Bdv. Oreops. 360 . 55 d

bicoloria Schiff. Leucod. 304 . 46 f

bicuspis Borkh. Cer. 286 . . 44 b

bicuspis Bdv. Cer. 286

bicuspis Bdv. Cer. 281

bidens Leech Drep. 202 .. . 48 c

bidentata Leech Ner. 295

bidentatus Wileman Staur. 290

bleli Stgr. Call. 101

bienerti Stgr. Ce). 256 ... . 41 e

bieti Oberih. Agal. 13 ... . 3 b

bieti Oberth. Cali,t,. 218 ... 32 a

bieii OberiX Parum. 242

bifascia Griinb. Dendr. 172 . 28 c

bifascia Walk. Ochrost. 305

bifasciata Bntl. Spila 86 . . 15 e

bifasciata Cose. 73

bifasciata Pouj. Chion 62

bifasciata Ramb. Cose. 72 . . 13 h

bifasciata Spul. Thaum. 144

bifasciata Tu.it Malacos. 151

bifasciata Vill. Ochrost. 305

l)ifida Him. Cer. 287 .... 44 c

bifrons Walk. Spila 86

bifurca Dalailama Oberth. 181

bifin-ca Stgr. Dalail. 192 .. . 30 b

bigutta Walk. Eupr. 138

bilinea Schultz Cel. 255

bilmea Walk. Cania 344 ... 50 c

bilmeata Walk. Clanis 239 . 37 c

bilineatus Haw. Malac. 150

bilopa Oberth. Semid. 302 . . 45 d

l)imaculata Walk. Eupr. 138 . 21 h

bimaculaia Walk. Suana 178

binaghini Turati Diaph. 91

bmaria Hfn. Dreii. 200 ... 23 h, i

biocularis JSIoore Drep. 202
bipars Walk. Acanth. 355
liipartita Butl. Ner. 295 ... 45 b
bipuncta Borkh. Palimps. 327
bipuncta Clark Mimas 243
bipuncta Dup. Polypi. 329
bipuncta Hbn. Lith. 66 . . . 12 h

II

58

458

INDEX.

PI.
bipunciapex Eupr. 138
Vjipmuitappx Hamps. Eupr. 137 21 h
))ipvnirtata Seli/s Zyg. 23
liipiinctata Slyr. Oosc. 72
bil)>in(:tata Slijr. Dysp. 426 . 55 1
))ip\iiictigora Strand Evipr. 130
Birela Walk. 316
liiroi Rebel Oreoj).s. 359
bisecta Leech Spila. 85 ... 15 b
bLsepaiata Strand Num. 126 . 22 g
bithynica Stgr. Call. 101
bitorquata Men. Zvg. 27 . . 7 d
bivitta Walk: Chrys. 64 . . . 12 t
bivittata Butl. Milt. 55 . . . lid
bivittata Schultz Arct. 100
bivittata Spul. Euch. 80
blachicrl Ol>crih. Glan. 372 . 50 e
))lailiieri Ohcrth Zyg. 443
liiiotica liainb. Ocn. 76 . . . 14 b
l)i)hat.schi I'iinij. Coss. 420 . . 53 b
biihatschi J'ung. Dips. 395 . 50 i
bohatsc^hi Watjn. 7,yg. 30
boL«duvali Biign. Ther. 259 . 12 d
boisduvali Ersch. Calig. 217
IjoLsduvalii Bartel Cham. 404
boisduvalii Costa Zyg. 23 . . 5 i
bnmbycella Schiff. Psychid. 366 55 h
hombi/cella Schiff. Psychidea 300
Boiiibyces 3
Bombycidae 189
Sombycidae 209
bombvcina Oberih. Phalerod .

310" 47 c

liombvlans Bdv. Macroglossum

253" 40 f

bombyliformis C'r. Mtl. 379 . 51 a

boMbyliformis Esp. Haem. 248

bombyliformis L. Perg. 259

bombyliformis O. Haem. 248

liombyx Hbn. 189

buiiita Jord. Colig. 218

hordigalonsLs Mab. Lym. 127

borealLS Borkh. Cer. 286 ... 44 c

borealls Car. Eiiog. 154

borealis Styr. Phragm. 79 . . 10 1)

borkhau-ieni Bartel Amorph. 244

boinemanni Standf. 223

liorshomia Aust. 251

lidi'ussia Schaw. Paras. 81

Brachy(cra Feld. 187

bracteata Hamps. Drep. 202

brahma Lcf. Tar. 177

lirnhmaea 193

Brahinaea TF«/^. 227

Brahmaeidae 209

Brahinaoidae 227

bianicki Oberth. Urod. 293 . . 46 c

hremeri Kol. Lem. 182

bretaudiaui Oberth. Gon. 97 . 17 h

breveti Oberth. Trich. 79 . . 16 b

brevicornis Walk. Lacl. 122

brevimacula Alph. Litho.sia 69

brevis Leech Palimp. 328 . . 56 f

brevivenls Butl. Odon 170 . 27 f

brevivcnis Odou 149

biizae Esp. Zyg. 19 .... 4 c

brosiformis Hbn. Microsph. 414 52 f

liruandi Led. Phaleropt. 363 . 55 f

brunhilda Seit-z Arct. 99

Iiruniiea Bartel Jlimas 243 . 38 c

brunnea Caflisch Aegeria 377 50 m

brunnea-costipuncta Tutt Mlm. 243

brunnea Dziiirz. Zyg. 23

brunnea Dziurz. Zyg. 27

brnntiea Endr. 445

brunnoa Geest Proserpinus 252

brunnea (Iraes. Ptero^t. 309

brunnea Jlcydem. Endr. 60 . Ill

brunnea ]^eerh Paragn. 329 . 56 h

brunnea Oberth. Dopl. 162

brunnea Oberth. Spilos. 87

brunnea Spul. Arct. 99

brunnea Spul. Sphinx 236
brunnea Stgr. Callambulyx 244
brunnea Tutt Hipp. 258
brunnea Tutt Las. 157
brunnea Tutt Blalacos. 151
brunnea Tutt Sphinx 235
brunneobasalis Stgr. Haem. 248
brunnesoens Rebel Mar. 241
brunnescen? Schaw. Paras. 81 Hie
brunnesoens Schultz Arct. 99
brimnescens Schultz Cel. 255.
brunnescens Spul. Call. 102
brunneseens Stgr. Mimas 243
Bryophila 332

bryophilalis Stgr. Roes. 46 . 10 d
bucephala L. Phal. 312 ... 47 d
bucephala Phalera 281, 282

291, 310, 449
buoophalina Stgr. Phal. 312 . 47 d
Inicephaloides O. Phal. 312 . 47 d
bucharana Bang-H. Dvsp. 427 55 k
buddha Lef. Tar. 177 "
buddhlsta Piing. Phe. 298 . . 49 c
l)U(lensis Speyer Procris 8 . . 1 g
bufo F. Cochl. 341
hufo Led. Dendr. 171
bufo Led. Dendr. 173 ... . 28 f
bukovma Strand Org. 117
burckhardti JMory Cel. 270
bnrdigalensis Gerk. Las. 157
butleri Leech Lycl. 58

c.

Cabrerai Rebel Amicta 357 . 55 I>
cacummum Christ. Zyg. 26 . 6 k
cacuminuni Zyg. 443
Cadphises 441

caeca Oberth. Oberth. 190 . . 35 e
caeca Stgr. Act. 211
caeca Tutt Smer. 245
caecata Schultz Aglia 224
caecigona Kupido Peris. 220 . 32 b
caecilia Led. Clet. 78 ... . 14 g
oaecus Men. Smer. 244 ... 38 d
caeria Piing. Spilos. 88 . . . 17 a
caeruleocephala L. Diloba 332 49 1
caesarea Goeze Arctm. 91 . . 17 b
caestrum Hbn. Hypopta 424 . .53 g
caffer Esp. Zyg. 30
caja Arctia 97
caja L. Arct. 98
cajula Stgr. Arct. 98
ealabrica" Calb. Zyg. 23 . . . 5 i
calamaria Moore Lycl. 58
calamaria Moore Lith. 67
calamina Butl. Milt. 56 . . . 1] d
Calasynibolus 261
calberlae Heyl. Phaleropt. 363
oalberlae Ragu.'ta Poec. 153
calceolaria Butl. Oret. 205 . 22 i
calida Butl. Anther. 216
calida Butl. Oret. 205 ... . 22 i
caligans Turati Cose. 72
caligineus Butl Sphinx 236 . 36 d
caliginosa Schultz Arct'. 99
caUginosus Kirby Sphinx 236
('ali!;ula Moore 217
Caligula 210

caliophanes Palaemicra 433
Callambulvx R. <f J. 243
Callieilix Butl. 198
Callidula Hbn. 207
Callidulidae 207
Calliniorpha Latr. 101
Callimorpha 95
Callimorphinae 100
Callltoinis Butl. 41
callunae Palm. Las. 157 . . 25 b
(Mlrclla O. Sterrh. 362
Camadena Elw., Hamps. & Dudg.
373

PI.
cambysea Led. Zyg. 26 . . . 6 i
cambysea Zyg. 4
caraelina L. Lophopt.

306 46 g

cam.elina Loph. 307

campaniae Bang-H. Zyg. 22 . 5 c

campostris Graes. Arct. 90

carn])horae Sasake Phass. 438

caiupicola Ev. Hole. 422 . . 53 e

Camptoloma Feld. 75

Cainpylotes Westiv. 12

cana Druce Ar. 91

canalensis Chaptn. Heterogynis

349
cancellata Christ. Strigl. 373
candelariae Chanm. HeterogvnLs

350
Candida Butl. Cel. 48 ... . 10 g
Candida Butl. Uteth. 73
Candida Cr. Cose. 72 ... . 13 h
Candida H.-Schdff. Cose. 72
Candida Leech Lael. 122
Candida Stgr. Dicr. 288
Candida Stgr. Stilpn. 123
candidalis Stgr. Cel. 47
Cania Walk. 344
canidia Pier. 103
candidula Walk. Aloa 90
canensis Mill. Poec. 153
Caiiephora Hbn. 356
canesceus Grae^i. Pyg. 314
canigulensis Oberth. Cose. 445
(;aniola Hbn. Lithos. 67 . . . 12 k
capitalls Stgr. Procris 9 . . . 11
capitata Walk. Euch. 196 . . 23 f
caprea Prittw. Synt. 39
caprifolii Zell. Haem. 248
cap.sitana Chret. Somabraclivs

336 ' . 50 d

capucina Hbn. Odont. 305

capucina L. Lophopt. 306

Cara^ola Moore 124

carbon is Frr. Diaph. 92 . . . 17 c

Carcinopyga I'eld. 97

carelica Denso Am. 263

carmelita Esp. Odont. 305 . 46 g

carmelita Odont. 306

carna Esp. Hep. 435 .... 52 e

carnea Aust. Cel. 256

carnea Dziurz. Zyg. 442

carnea Pouj. Lycl. 57 ... . 11 g

carnea Spul. Zyg. 21

carnecolor Moore Lym. 131

carneolica Freyer Zyg. 27

carniolica Scop. Zyg. 30 . . . 8 d

carniolica Zyg. 444

carnipicta Bittl. Asura. 54 . . lid

carolae Is^ysela Cel. 266 . . . 43 b

caroli Janet Epic. 36 ... . iMi

carpenteri Butl. Brahm. 227

carpini Schiff. Eudia 222

carstanjeni Stgr. Mar. 241 . . 37 d

casanella Brd. Pachj-th. 356

caschniirensis Koll. Zyg. 31 . 8 k

cashmirensis Koll. Apon.

186 29 o

cashmirensis Moore Coss. 420

casigneta Koll. Spila. 85 . . 15 b

casigneta Spila. 86

I'asparii Prings Eud. 223

caspia Stgr. Synt. 39 ... . 9 d

cassinia Esp. Exaer. 291

casta Esp. Euchr. 80 ... . 10 o

casta Pall. Pum. 308 .... 55 i

casta Euch. 367

castanea R. cf- J. Acosmervx

251 " . 39 e

castanea Swinh. Diet. 218 . . 32 c
castaneae Hbn. Phrogmataec.

429 5 I h

castaneus Oberth. Limac. 341
casianoptera Moore Tar. 177

INDEX.

459

i.-a.sliliaiia S'ptd. Ti'icli. 152
i:a.stiUaiuis Obcrth. Hop. 435 .
castissima Ati.it. Cel. 256
castrensLs L. INIalacos. 151 . .
catalauniia Strir. Las. 158
eatapyrrha Butl. Jlacroglo.s.sum

253
catax L. Eriog. 154 ....
catenifer Seitz Psychostr. 278
catocaloides Leech Das. 116
Catopta Sf(jr. 425
caucasica Alph. Rhyp. 93
caucasica Heyl. ITypog. 116
oaucasina Men. Paras. 81 . .
caucasica Strjr.-Bfhel Zyg. 22 .
caucasica-flava Para<i. 82
oaucasicimi Cfr.-Grsh. Hypopta

424

raudata Brem. Elc. 14 . . .
(laudata Brem. <£• Orey Spheco-

dina 252

Cechenena R. <£■ J. 231
cedri Bruand Zyg. 20
ceiformis Sigr. Dips. 394
celformis Stffr. Dips. 393
Ceira Walk. 282. 31l>
Oelama Walk. 47
Celerio 257, 261
celerio L. Hipp. 258 ....
Celerio Oken 254
celidopa Meyr. Lycl. 58
celidopa = celipoda 445
celsa Walk. Euin-. 138
centaureae F i.sch.-W aid. Zyg. 22
(■entonalis Hbn. Cel. 47 . . .
centonalis Cel. 48
centralasiae Stgr. Celer. 254
centralasiae Schtiltz Peric. 96
centralasiae Stgr. Cel. 255 . .
centralis Oberth. Zyg. 442
centripiincta Clark Mimas 243
centrlpuncta Tritt Zyg. 442
cephalariae Rom. Eudia 222
cephiformis O. .Svnanthedon

384 ■

Cephonodcs 231, 235, 247, 24S
("ephonodes Hbn. 249
Ceratocampidae 193
Ceratocampinae 209
cerberiis Schnltz Aglia 224
cereola Hbn. Lithosia 69 . .
ceriaeforniis Luc. Cham. 398
ceriaeformis I^ed. 404
Ceridia 229
cer'isyi Smer. 244
cerridifolia Feld. Gastr. 168
certhia F. Brahm. 227 ...
Cenira Schrank 285
Ccriira 281

cervina Moore Evipr. 137 . .
cervina Moore vSuana 178
cervina Tutt Las. 158
cervina Tutt Malacos. 151
cervina Walk. Lael. 122
cervina-approximata Jlacr. 161
cervina-conjuncta 161
cervina-dissimil w 161
cervina-fasciata 161
cervina-fracta Malac.
cervina-obsoleta Macr.
cervina-separata 161
cervina-unicolor Malac. 151
cervina-unilinca Macr. 161
cervina-virgata 161
cervina- virgata Malac. 151
cervlni FaJl. Orodemnias 82
Ceryx Wallgr. 41
ceylonica Hamps. C;l. 48
Chaerocampinae 254
Chaerocampinae 231
Chalcidica 428.
chalcidiformis P. Mel. 370

151
161

ri.

54 1!
24 o

24 g
22 c

16 f

53 g
3 a

39 e

42 b

5d
10 f

41 c
38 c

51 d

13 b

50 k

27 e
35 c

16 g

chalcidifoimis Hbn. Cham. 400
chalcochlora Hamps. Procris 9
chalcocnemis Sti/r. Cham. 399
chalcocnemLs-infusa le Cerf

Cham. 399
Chalcosia Hbn. 11
Chalco.sia 11
Clialcosiiiiao 4
Chalcosiinac 35
Challa 355
€haliinae 364
Chalipeoten Strand 355
chalybea .4((rii'. Zyg. 21
chalybeatus Moore Phass. 438
Chamaesphecia Spul 397
Chaniaesphecia 391, 413
chaonia Hbn. Drym. 297 . .
Charagia 434

charlotta Dannenberg Smer. 263
charmetanti ^'^uill. Eupr. 138
Charon Bdv. Zyg. 22, 23
charon Closs Acher. 232
Chatamla 207

chav'ujnieri Pailla Ai'ct. 99
Chilena Walk. 163
chinensis Feld. Milt. 5(i
chinensis Feld. ProcrLs 7 . .
chinensis Or.-Grsh. Ocu. 78
chinensis Jord. Erasm. 12 . .
chinensis T^eech Art. 14
chinensis Leech Auz. 197 . .
chinensis Leech Eujit. 187
chinensis Leech Noss. 277
chinensis R. <£• /. Polvptychus

240
chinensis Stvinh. Dao. 116
Chionaeina H.-Schdff. 61
chionobasis Hamps. Poec. 49
chlamitulalis Hbyi. Cel. 48 . .
chlamydulalis Tr. Cel. 48
chloronota Stgr. ProcrLs 7 . .
chloros Hbn. ProcrLs 7 ...
Choerocampa Dup. 254
choka Strand Eupr. 136
Chondrosfega 335
Chondrostega 147
riioiirtrosteera Led. 149
chordigcra Feld. Gazal. 317
chr^tieni Oberth. Somabrachvs

337 " .

christophi Alph. Org. 117
christophi Graes. Cochl. 341 .
christophi Stgr. Brahm. 228 .
christophi Stgr. INlunas 243
christophi Stgr. Mir. 194 . .
christophi Stgr. Zyg. 25
chronnatica Sioinh. As. 59
Chromis 249

chrysanthemi Borkh. Zyg. 22
chrysidiformis Esp. Cham. 399
chryskliiormis 395
chrysocephala Hbn. Cose. 72
chrysocephala Nick. Procris 9
chrysolopha Koll. Gazalina317
chrysoneura Piing. Cham. 399
Ohrysorabdia Bull. 64
clirysorrhoea EuproctLs 110, 134
chrysorrhoea L. Eupr. 135
cicada Feld. Eter. 10
cicatricalis Tr. Cel. 47 . . .
cichorii Par. 82
Cifuiia Walk. 121
cilicoides Snell. 197
Cilix 195
Cilix Leech 204
cinculata Dziurz. Zyg. 19
cinera-scens H.-Schdff. Paid. 57
cinerascens Stgr. Smer. 245
cinerea Aiirir. Polypi. 330
cinerea ButL Not. 302
cinerea Grmib. Deudr. 172 . .
cinerea Pouj. lAth. 65

PI.

52 e

1 1

45 e
21 i

1 c

2g

48 a

lOf

1 d
1 d

50 d

50 a
35 b
38 d
35 d

o e
52 d

13 h
11

48 c, d
50 i

21 e
10 o

11 f

28 d

cinerea-dihita Gilhn. Amorph. 24(
cinereicolor Hamps. vSicc. .53 .
cinerella Dup. Pachyth. 356
cinereola Feld. Rhodon. 374
cinereola Hbn. lAth. 07
cinereola Z. Lith. 69 '
cinerina Esp. Pel. 70
cingalesa Walk. Sice. 52
cingulata (angeliae ) Dziurz. Zyg. 4
cingulata Burg. Zyg. 19
cingulata Dziurz. Zyg. 27
cingulata Dziurz. Zyg. 30
eingnlata P. 233
cingulata Hirschke Zyg. 23
cingulata Hirschke Zyg. 24
cingulata Xcd. Zyg. 26 . . .
cingulata Stgr. Microsph. 414
cingulata Stgr. Zyg. 25
cingulata Weber Synt. 39 . .
cingulata Zickert Zyg. 25
cingulatum Butl. Perg. 258
cinnamomea Griinl). Malacos.

179

cinnamomea Leech Spa.. 304

cinnan\omea Moore Aroa 121

circe Moore Acher. 232

circumdata Walk. Pant. 125

circuniscripta Butl. Dryni. 297

cirgisa Bartel Cham. 408 . .

ch'tana Luc. Procris 7 ...

Cispia 126

Citheronia 210

citrina Spul. Zyg. 19

citriua Wileman Gang. 294 .

citrina Spr. Zyg. 21

civica Him. Hyphor. 96

Clania Walk. 354

Clania 449

Clanidopsis R. & J. 242

Clanis Hbti. 239

Clara TuU Perg. 257

claia Tutt Zyg. 443

Clarina 250

clarki Tutt Ai'ct. 98

clathrata Christ. Dyp.p. 427 .

clathrata I^ed. Oen. 77

elathiata Pouj. Art. 11 . . .

Clelea Walk. 17

Cleosiris 207

Cletis Ramb. 78

cloelia Borkh. Sv-nt. 38 . . .

clotho Drury Iher. 259 . . .

Cneihocampa 143

Cnethodonta Stgr. 290

cocandica Ersch. Zyg. 31 . .

cocandina Ersch. Synt. 39

CocUlidion Hbn. Ml

codes Hbn.-Geyer Las. 159

Cocytius 229, 230

codeti Aust. Somabrachvs 336

codeti Oberth. Cochl. 34 i . .

codeti Oberth. Synanthedon 385

coelata Moore Pseudom. 276

coelestina Piing. Phragm. 79

Coelonia (fulvinotata) 231

coenosa Hbn. Latl. 122 . . .

coenosa Lael. 123

coespitis Paras. 82

cognata H.-Schdff. Procris 8 .

cognata Jord. Eriogyn. 221 .

cognata Moore Thyat. 323

cognata Walk. Spilos. 88

cohaerens Schultz 80

colchica H.-Schdff. Styg. 428

collaris F. Synt. 39

collaris Gr.-Grsh. Arct. 100

colligata Walk. Parum 242

coUitoides Butl. Agyll. 64 . .

colon Chri'it. Dysp. 426

colon Cose. 445

colon Hamps. Lael. 122

colon Moschl. Lith. 66

Pi.

11

42

6 h

48 h

ik

;d

50 d

50 a

51 e

16 c

19 i

1 f

31 a

49 e

460

INDEX.

colossa Bang. -II. Thauin. 144 .
colossiLS Bang.-H. I'eri?. 258 .
colossus Strfr. Coss. 420
colpiformis Sti)r. Cham. 40S .
colpiformis Chaniaep. 409
columbaris Hull Kpipl. 279 .
Comacla XValk. .52
comatus Leech Staiir. 290
comlnista Walk. Antic. 31.5 .
comitoUa Rrd. Fuiu. 367 . .
coinina Walk. Spila 86 . . .
comma Spil. 446
cominifera II 'or?-. Sar. 322 . .
coiutmuii macula Selys Zyg. 23
comparata fValk. F.xipr. 137
comparala M'alk. Pant. 125
complacens Walk. Mar. 241
coinplana L. Lltho.s. 66 . . .
complana Lithos. 67
complanaia Cost. Lith. 66
eomplanoideJi Puclis Lithosia 07
complanula Bdv. Lith. 66
complexa Tuft 223
cnmplicala Walk. 82
coiii|)!uta Ilbn. End) . 60
Comp.'iOfiena R. c(- J. 238, 243
concentiica Oberth. Pent. 292
conchifera Bull. Brahui. 228
conchiferala Moore Epipl. 279
concinna Warr. Polypi. 330 .
concolor Chr. Las. 160
concolor Griinby. Malacos. 151
concolor Oberlli. Zyg. 29 . .
concolor Styr. Das. 114 . . .
concolor Suana 147
concolor Walk. Suana 178 . .
concolor Walk. Lym. 131 . .
concreta SchuUz Peric. 96
concurrens Leech SjTit. 39 . .
concurrens Synt. 40
confamula Hbn. Dys. 41
conferla Schultz Call. 101
confinLs Gr.-Orsh. Org. 117
confinis SIgr. Haein. 248 . .
confluens Dziiirz. (zuleuna) Zyg. 441
confluens Dziiirz. Zyg. (sarp.) 20
confluens Dziurz. Zyg. (angel.) 22
confluens Dziurz. Zyg. (filip.) 23
confluens Dziurz. Zvg. (achill.)

27
cotifluens Dumoni Oen. 63

confhiens Oberth. Clet. 446

confluens Oberth. Zvg. (grasl.)
25 ■

confluens Oberth. Zvg. (('uv.)
26

confluens Oberth. Zyg. (hilar.) 28

confluens Rebel Arct. 98

confluens Renter Thyat. 323

confluens Rom. Arct. 99

confluens Schultz Aglia 224

confluerwi Schultz Hip. 103

confluens Seli/s Malacos. 151

confluens Seli/.t Zyg. 21

confluens Shuw. Pai'as. 81 . .

conflueiui Stgr. Zyg. 21

confluens Straud Zyg. 24, 443

confluens Tutt (nieliloti) Zyg.

confluens Zickert Zyg. 25

conforniLs Walk. Lithosia

confuci Moore Anth. 216

confusa Brem. Cif. 121

confusa Stgr. Zyg. 25 . .

confusalLs U.-Schdff. Cel

congorens Feld. Lycl. 58

conica Nyct. 102, 103

conjunota Call. Zyg. 19

conjuncta Dziurz. Zyg.

conjuncta Rebel Drf^p. 200

conjuncta Spul. Zyg. 443

conjuncta Stgr. I'aid. 57

conjuncta Tutt Achor. 232

ri.
23 d
42 b

52 c

48 i

47 e
55 1
15 d

12 i, k

48 h

56 c

8 b

19 e

29 c

20 f

9e

2:i c
40 c

Of

7i

69

47

10 f

13 c

(id

11

conjuncta Tutt Zyg. 23

conjuncta Walk. Nat. 343 . .

Conopia Hbn. 376

conopiforinLs Esp. Synanthedon
385

conscripta Warr. Habr. 323 .

consequa Leech Synt. 40 . .

conserta Crr.-Grsh. Zyg. 31

eonsimilis Leech 111. 15

consimilis R. & J. Kentr. 237 .

eonsimilis Warr. Sar. 321 . .

consobrina Germ. Zyg. 26 . .

consobrinu.'i Holcoc. 420

consobrinus Pi'mg. Hole. 421

cotisocia Neaera 335

consocia Walk. Parasa 339, 346

consorta Tempi. Amat. 354 .

conspersa Bull. Eupr. 136 . .

consiiicua Leech Thyat. 324 .

conspicua R. & J. Cel. 255 .
constancella Brd. P.syche 361

co)wtaiif! Stgr. Anth. 216
constantina Aur. Chondr. 150
constricta Bull. Sphinx 235
constricta Bull. Tinthia 413 .
contammata Butt. Spheo. 378
contaminei Bdv. Zyg. 20 . .
contaminei Zell. Zyg. 21
contamineoides Stgr. Zyg. 21
continua Schultz Eudia 222
continnatus Moore Creat. 91
contracta Walk. Scop. 340
contracta-cervina Tutt Las. 158
contracta-flava Tutt Las. 158
conlracta-rufa Tutt Las. 158
contracta Schultz Arct. 99
conversa Schultz Eudia 223
convexaria Walk. Acropt. 270
convolvuli Herse 418
convolvnli L. Herse 233 . .
Copismerinthus Grote 244
coquereli Cog. Bat. 326
coreana Ijcech Lithos. 06 . .
coreana Stgr. Eupr. 136
Corma Walk. 11
coionillae Esp. Zyg. 24 . . .
Corsica Chamaesph. 412
Corsica Bdv. Zyg. 24 . . .
Corsica Bdv. Org. 118 . . .
Corsica Ramb. Ocn. 76 . .
Corsica Stgr. Cliam.- 411 . .
corticalis Bull. Hupod. 299
corycia Stgr. Zyg. 19 . . .
Ooscinia Hbn. 71
cosrinia O. Cost 72
cosmitnnt. Swinh. Nat. 343
Cosniotriche Hbn. 163
Cosmotriche 165
Cossidae 417

cossoides Graes. Dysp. 427
Cossiiliuus Kirby 424
Cossus F. 418

co.ssvis L. Coss. 419 ....
costalLs IMoore Lithosia 69 .
costalis Stgr. Roes. 46 . .
costalis Z. Lith. 66
co.stata Nordm. Cel. 255
costata Ret. 17
costata Walk. Rhod. 10 . .
costimacula Leech Spila 86
costimacula Spul. Call. 102
costimacula Stgr. Cel. 48
(•ostii)un(ta Clark Munas 243
costii)uncta Leech Lithos. 67
cialjroniformis Lewin Sphec.
378

PI.
50 b

51 d

55 m

9e

36 e

49 f
6f

53 b

50 c
56 g
21 f
56 e
41 c
55 e

i2f

4h

50 b

30 a

12 h

6a

6d
19a
14 a
51 i
45 g

4d

53 c
13 d
lOe

41 d

2c
15 c

12 1
51 a

craltroniformis I^ewin Sphec. 378
cranibiforniis Rebel Nol. 44
Crambus 44

crassicornio Bartel Cham. 409 . 50 m
crassicornis Sfgr. Phalacropt. 363 55 f
crassicornis Stgr. Procris 9

crassiorella Bsd. Pum. 367
cra.ssLstriga R. <t" .1. Sphinx 230
cra.ssistrigaria Strand Drep. 199
crataegi X. Trich. 152, 447 .
crataegi Trich. 153
crathis R. & J. Acher. 233 .
Creatonotus Hhn. 90
Creatonoius 89

crenionae Stgr. Zyg. 27 .' . .
cremonae Zyg. 443
crenata Esp. Gluph. 295 . ^
crenosa Hbn. Gluph. 295
crenulella Brd. Apter. 363 . .
Cressonia Grote d- Rob. 209, 229
cretacea Bull. Epipl. 279
cretacea Stgr. Stilpn. 124
cretica Bdv. Ther. 259 . .
cribraria Clerck Arg. 74 . ,
cribraria L. Cose. 72 . . .
cribraria Cose. 445
cribrata Stgr. Lithosia 69 ,
cribrellum Esp. Cose. 72
cribrum X. Cose. 72
Cricula and.rei 210
Cricula trifenestrata 210
crimaea Bang.-H. Cel. 256
cristata Bull. Mar. 241 . .
cristata Butl. Nad. 310 . ,
cristata Nadata 283

PI.

35 i
42 f

24 e

36 a

46 d

55 g

48 i
22 d
42 c
13 i, 1
13 g

13 b

cristatula Hbn.
cristulalis Dup.
cri-stulalis Hbn.

Cel.
Cel.
Cel.

48
47
48

Haem. 248

42 e
47 b

10 f

40 (

23 b

12 a

10 b
40 h

51 e
56 k
23 i

3d

croatica Esp.
CrocalUs 310

crocea Schultz Hyphor. 90
crocea Leech Drep. 201 . . .
crocea Schultz 'Zyg. 442
croesi Moore & Hull. Bomb. 189
crogea Bign. !Milt. 55
cruciata Knoch Heterogenea 342
cruenta Leech Chion. 61 . . .
cruentata Mann Synanthedon

380, 387
crux F. Hep. 435
cuculatella L. Nol. 44 ...
oiculla Esp. Lophopt. 307
cucullina Schiff. Lophopt. 307
cuculus Stgr. Lophont. 300 40 d, 49 b
culiciforniLs L. Synanthedon

387

c\iloti Oberth. Eter. 441 . .
cnltraria /•'. Drep. 200 . .
cvineata Ttttt Zyg. 442
cuneonotata Leech Art. 15
cuprea Moore Nat. 343
cuprea Ramb. ProcrLs 8
cupreola Werner Aglia 224
CAirialis Esp. Hyphor. 90
curtvii Bdv. Haem. 248
curtula Esp. Pyg. 314
curtula L. Pyg. 314 . . .
curtuloides Ersch. I'yg. 314
curvata Tutt Las. 150
curvatula Borkh. Drep. 199
curvifa-scia Hamps. Lycl. .58
cus]iidata Rebel Cel. 255
cuvieri Bdv. Zyg. 26 . . .
cuvieri Zyg. 443
cyanea Leech Cneth. 291
cyanecula H.-Schdff. Phac.
cyanicornis Pouj. Clel. 17 .
ci/anicornis Clel. 17
cybele Leech Phac. 16 . .
Cybosia Hbn. 59
Cybosia 57

cyclopea Ragusa Synt. 38 .
oyclops Stgr. Art. 14 . . .
cygna Moore Stilpn. 124
Cymatophora 75
I'yinatophoridae 321
cymbicornis Butl. Stilp. 124
Cymbidae 75

16

47 f
47 f

23 h

Oh

45 a

3h

9 b

3d

20 b

INDEX.

461

PI.

cynarae Esp. Zyg. 22 ... .
cynarae Zyg. 142
cynihia Driiry Sam. 213
cynthia Drury Sam. 212
Cypa 242

cypariss'uie Hbn. Celerio 25(5
cyparissiae Schultz Celerio 255
oyssea Stall Syut. 39 ... .
cysseoides Bull. Synt. 39
c>-tlsi Hbn. Zyg. 22

9e

.f

czekanowskii 6'r.-CTrsc7i. Hyp. 103 IS li

I>.

dacioa Car. Zyg. 443

dacicus Car. Hep. 436

Daddia Tutt 244

daemon Christ. Zyg. 26 . . . 7 b

Dahira 249

dahli Geyer Gel. 255 .... 41 a

dahurica Bdv. Clet. 78 ... 14 f

dahurica Bdv. Zyg. 25 ... 6 d

dahurica Clet. 446

dahurica Dup. Zyg. 23

dahurica H.-Schdff. Zyg. 22

Dalailama Stgr. 192

dalbergiae Moore Das. 114 . 22 a

dalbergiae Moore Spila. 85 . 15 b

dalmatlna Gerh. Ga.str. 168

dahnatliia Gerh. Las. 158

dalmatina H.-Schdff. 21

damartis Jord. Loepa 214 . 32 d

dama.scena Bull. Leucophl. 240

Damata 283

Damata Walk. 285

Danainae 4

darwiniana Standfs. Am. 263

dasara Moore As. 59- .... lib

Dasaratha Moore 355

Dasorsyia Stgr. 120

Dasycliira Steph. Ill

Dasychira 126

datini Mob. Las. 160 ... . 26 b

daubl Niepelt Perg. 257

daubi Standfs. 223

daubi Standfs. Smer. 264

davidi Oberth. Agal. 13 ... 3 a

davidi Oberth. Akb. 238 .. . 37 b

davidi Oberth. Ner. 295 .. . 45 b

davidi Oberth. Oberth. 277 . 48 e

davidi Oberth. Rhodin. 213 . 34 d

davidi Pouj. Synt. 40

davidis Las. 447

davidis Oberth. Kentr. 237

davidis Stgr. Las. 160 ... 25 f

dealbata Schultz Arct. 98

debilis Stgr. Lithos. 66 ... 12 i

deoaeruleata Schultz Aglia 224

decemvena Hainps. Euriik. 362

decipie}is Kirby Zeuz. 429

decolor Schultz Aglia 224

decolor Thierre-M. Cosm. 448

decolorata-Gruppe 160

decolorata Las. 448

decolorata Kl. Las. 160 .. . 26 a

decora Led. Zyg. 25 .... 6 e

decorata Schultz Eudia 223

decurrens Walk. Lycl. 58

decussata Moore Milt. 56 . . lid

defasciata Schultz Eudia 223

defasciata Schultz Hypbor. 96

deflexa Schultz Eudia 223

degenerella Walk. Lith. 67 . 12 1

Deidamin 249

Oeilephila io.sp. 249

Deilinea pusaria L. 198

Deiopeia 73

dejeani Godi. Hyplior. 96 . . 17 f

dejeani Hyph. 95

dejeani Oberth. Agal. 13 . . . 3 a

dejeani Oberth. Art. 15

delavoiei Gaschet Dicr. 288 . 44 f, g

delavoiei Dicran. 282
delavoyi Oberth. Art. 15 . . .
deleta Aust. Am. 262
deleia Brahm. Ochrost. 305
delia Leech Drym. 297 . . .
Delias 277

delineata Walk. Milt. 56
delineata Walk. Pant. 125
Deltapteruni Hamps. 47
demacvilata Strand Phal. 312
dembovirskii Oberth. Not. 300
dembrowskii (= dembowskii)

Oberth. Pseudops. 5 . . . .
demLssa Led. Amicta 358
Deiidrolimus Germ. 171
Dendrolimus 448
denigrata Schultz 85
densoi Muschamp Cel. 267
densoi Standfs. Am. 263
dentata Stgr. Haem. 249 . .
dentatus Walk. Polypt. 240
dentatus Cr. Polyptychus 240
dentatus Oberth. Heterogenea

342

denticulata Oberth. Pyg. 313 .
denticulatus Hears. I'olypt. 240
depalpata Strand Cil. 204
deplana Esp. Lithos. 65 . . .
deplana Lith. 47
depressa Esp. Lith. 65 ■
depuncta Strand Arct. 123
depuncta Schultz Diaph. 91
derasa L. Habr. 322 ....
derasoides ButL Hbr. 323 49 d,
dercetis Gr.-Grsh. Styg. 428
Beroca 195
Deroca Walk. 203
deschangei Dep. Spila. 85 . .
deserta Bartel Euchr. SO
deserta Fisch.-Wald. Hypopta 42-;
deserta Stgr. Sjaianthedon 382
deserticola Bartel Cel. 255 . .
desgodinsi Oberth. Canip. 13 .
desmotes Turn. Cel. 48
desolata MiXll. Poec. 153
destituta Stgr. Cham. 398 . .
destituta Stgr. Lym. 129 . .
detrita Esp. Ocn. 131 ... .
detrita Esp. Ocn. 132
detrita Led. Psyche 361
detrita Walk. Chion. 62 . . .
deucalion Walk. 239
deundulata Strand Albarr. 133
dharina Moore Gang. 311
dharma Moore Lycl. 58 . . .
Diacrisia Hbn. 94
Diacrisia 84, 89
dialauipra Stgr. Epun. 74 . .
diana Oberth. Rhodin. 213 . .
diaphana Koll. Synt. 40
diaphana Stgr. Thyris 371 . .
diaphana Ev. Hyal. 103 . . .
diaphana Stgr. Zyg. 18 . . .
Diiiphora Steph. 91
Diaphora 89

dichotoma Leech Synt. 39 . .
dichotoina SjTit. 40
dichroma Hirschke Zyg. 30
Dicida 428
Dicranura Bdv. 285
Dicranura 281
dictaea Esp. Phe. 298
dictaeoidos Esp. Phe. 298 . .
dictyaria Swinh. Euch. 196
Dictvoploca Jord. 218
dido" Wagn. Arct. 98, 447 . .
dieckmanni Graes. Habr. 323
dieckmanni Graes. Metan. 161
difficilis Holcoc. 420
difficilis Stgr. Hole. 423 .. .
difficilis Tutt Pyg. 313
Digama Moore 71

PI.
3d

45 d

45 g
lb

43 b
42 f

49 k
56 d

12 g

49 d
55 m

15 a

51 c

42 c

2 h

50 i
21 a
21 c

12 a

11 g

13 i
34 c

50 e

18 h

4c

9e

45 f

18 d
49 d

53 t

digramnia Guer. Eupr. 138
digramma Meade-Waldo Macroth.

161
digramma Macroth. 448
dilatata Burg. Zyg. 24
dilatata Burg. Zyg. purp. 441
Diloba Bdv. 332
dilucida Spul. Nud. 52
diluta F. Polypi. 329 ... .
diluta Jord. Agal. 13 ... .
dilutior Schultz Org. 117
dimidiata Tengstr. 200
diminuta Tutt Cosm. 164
diniensis H.-Schdff. Zyg. 30 .
diniensis Oberth. Zyg. 30
dioctriiformis Bom. Dips. 389
Diplura Bamb. 162
Diplura 149, 448
Dipluriella 448
Dipsosphecia Spul. 389
dirce Leech Phac. 16 ....
directa Leech Lithosia 69
dLscinigra Moore Spila. 87
discinota Moore Eupr. 137
discistriga Moore Lycl. 58
discolor Warr. Palunp.' 327
disjuncla Moore Chris. 64
disjuncta Spider Zyg. 30
di^juncta Walk. Lael. 122
dlspar L. Lym. 127 ....
dispar Lymantria 110, 147, 283
dlspar Stgr. Dips. 389 . . .
difpar Walk. Pant. 125
disparilLs Stgr. Kum. 126 . .
disparma Miill. Lym. 127
disparoides Gash. Lym. 127
dLssimilis Brem. Phyll. 247
dissoluta Schultz Peric. 96
disstria Hbn. Malac. 151
distinctissima Walk. Geish. 36

diva Stgr. Eupr. 81

dives Bull. Oeon. 63

dives Oberth. Spat. 303 .. .

divisa Stgr. Zyg. 19 ....

divisa Walk. Spila. 87

dixeyi Tutt 223

Dixoa Hamps. 372

djreuma Oberth. Phac. 31

(= drjeuma)

dodonaea Err. Drym. 296
dodonaea Hbn. Drym. 296
dodonides Stgr. DrjTii. 296
doerriesi Graes. Spat. 303 . .
doerriesi Oberth. Spilos. 87
dognini Sonth. Loepa 214
dohertyi Elw. Chion. 62
Dolbina Stgr. 237
Dolbinopsis R. & J. 237
doleriformis H.-Schdff. Cluiin.

408

doleriformis 400
doleschalli BUM Zyg. 22
dolosa Bull. Dendr. 173
dolosa Stgr. Procris 8 . . . .
doniiduca Mg. Ai'ct. 99
domina Hbn. Call. 101
dominula L. Call. 101 ....
donna Costa Call. 101
donna Esp. Call. 101
dorsalLs Walk. Taz. 177 . . .
dorsata S]n\. 86
doryceraet'orniLs T^ed. Cham. 403
dorycnii Mill. Malac. 152

dorycnii O. Zyg. 23

dorycnii Zyg 24
doryliformis O. Cham. 397 . .
Draconipteris 209
drangianicus Gr.-Grsh. Hole. 422
drastichi Hirschke Zyg. 444
Drepana 204
Drepana Schrank 199
Urepauidae 195

PI.
21 h

49 h
3 b

8e

3f

56 a

20 d
52 a
20 c

39 b

16 d

46 t
4d

3i

45 d

45 e

46 o

50 1

1 i
ISe

30 o

51 g
5d

51 k.

462

INDEX.

ri.

PI.

Drepatiidae 371

Drepnninac IO.'j

Itrppaniniip lOfi

(lrjcimia((l|icuina)0(«;-</i.l'liac.31 3 i

(IroinofTarius h. Not. 299 46 a, 50 fl

dromedariiis Not. 300

dryas (= djiras) Walk. JMar. 241

Drynionia Hhn. 295

dryophaga Hhn. Pach. 171

dsidsilia Frr. Zyg. 28

dttbenskii Alph. Chion. Gl

dubernardi Oherth. Act. 211

dubia Tausch Org. 119 .. . 19 c

dubia S((jr. Zvg. 22 5 h,

du( alis Stgr. Haem. 249 .. . 40 d

Diidusa Walk. 284

dulcinea Butl. Act. 211

dulcis 74

dumeti L. Loin. 182

dMj)ii Lem. 181

dumi /.. I,ein. 182 30 a

Duomitiis Butl. 418

DiiomUits 421, 452

duiil.avis L. Palimp. 327 .. . 19 h

dii|)lpx Stgr. Synanthedon 38t)

duponcheliana Obcrlh. Zyg. 442

dupuyi Oberth. {carniol.) Zyg. 444

dupuyi Oberth. {faiista) Zyg. 444

diiskei Clr.-Grsh. FrocrLs 9

d\Tas Walk. Mar. 241 ... . 42 e

Dvsaiixes Hbn. 41

Djsodia Clem. 372

Dy.sodia 371

Dvspessa Hbn. 425

dystrepta Fi.^ch.-Wald. Zyg. 21 1 h

dziurzynskii Hirschke Zyg. 27

Eacles 210
Earias 44, 49
eboraca Prest. Zyg. 21
eboraci Tugw Spila. 85
eborea Esp. Cyl). 60
eborina Hbn. Cyb. 60
echephion Bdi'. liar. 241 . .
ecki Chrkt. Zyg. 24 ....
ecksteini Led. Aniicta 358 . .
ecksteini Psyche 358
edentata Schul/^ Eudia 223
editha Butl. Tinthia 413 . .
edwardsolla Tutt Fum. 367
ehiibergi Renter Zyg. 25
elamplformis H.-Schaeff. Cham.

401

elaralis Walk. Rhodon. 374
Elcvsnia Butl. 13
Elcysma 207

elegans Led. Synanthedon 386
olegans Pouj. Procris 7 . . .
elegans Rdlz, Paras. 81 . . .
clcHor Mail. Perg. 257
J'lli^iiia Hbn. 71
elLsabetha Walk. Kter. 10 . .
ello L. Ermny.s 231
elongala JVIetura 351
elongata Oberth. Allod. .303
elongatella Brd. Psychid. 366
elpenor L. Perg. 257 ....
elpogallii Casiek Perg. 268
elpotanica Detuio Perg. 268
emergens Walk. Chion. 61
emilia l^tgr. Dysp. 426 . . .
emiliae Standfs. Smer. 264.
emit1e)is Walk. Aloa 90
emittens Walk. Leucoph. 240
emma Bull. Sjnit. 39
empifoiinLs Esp. Cham. 405
empiformis Esp. 397, 406
Enda^ria Bdv. 425
endoplagia, Ifamps. Kupr. 138 .
Kndroiiiidiilao 103
Endromis O. 193

37 e

6 c

.55 1)

r,2 f

50 (1

1 d

16 e

2b

42 a

52 k

51 o, h

23 b

JCndroinis 193
Eiidrosa Hbn. 60
Endrosa 57

cphialtes L. Zyg. 23 ....
ephialles Zyg. 442
Epichnopteryginae 364
Epichnopteryx Hbn. 365
Epiciinelia Korb 332
Epiciinelia 321
Epicnaptera liamb. 160
Epicnaplera 148, 169
Epicopeia 444
Epicopeia Westw. 35
Epicnpeidae 35
Epicopiidac 444
Epicopiopsii 444
epilobii Bdv. Cel. 265
Epiinvdia SIgr. 74
Epiplema H.-Schciff. 278
Epiplcniinae 277
Epheuctis Meyr. 47
epphigella Ttdt Fum. 368 . .
equitalis Koll Call. 102 .. .
ora.saria Christ. Epipl. 278 . .
Erasinia Hope 12
Erastria 46

erebina Bull. Gui. 351
erebina Butl. Synt. 39
erebina Oberth. Oberth. 277
ereb}ts Meig. Zyg. 22
erebiis Th.-Mieg L>an. 127
ereb\is Stgr. Zyg. 19 ....
crtcta Leech Bhodon. 374
ereniita O. Lym. 128 ....
Eressa Walk. 445
erlcae Germ. Org. 118 . . . .
Erinnyis Hbn. 231
Eriogaster Germ. 153
Eringaster 149
Eriogyna .Jord. 221
erminea Esp. Dicr. 287 . . .
erminea Dicran. 282, 289
erminea Marsh. SpUos. 87
eronioides Moore Agal. 13
erotica Grasl. Heterogynis 349
er.schoffi Alph. JMicr. 84 . . .
er.schoffl Stgr. Zyg. 28 . . .
erubescen-s Butl. Milt. 55
erubescens Moore Spila. 86
erythrocephala Esp. Polyi:)!. 330
erythrosoma Hamps. Zyg. 30
erythrozona Koll. Spilos. 88 .
erythru.i Bdr. Zyg. 18
erj'thru.s Hbn. Zyg. 18 ...
esoalari Pouj. Zyg. 28
escorialensis Oberth. Zyg. 28 .
csmoralda Butl. Procris 7 . .
esperi Oberth. Zyg. 442
j e.s])eri Stgr. Ai'ct. 98 ....
Estigena Moore 169
estonica Huene Dicr. 288
csulae Bdv. Celerio 255
esulae Hufn. Celerio 255
Eterusia Hope 10
Eterusia 441

etrusca Verity Org. 118 . . .
Eucharia Hbn. 80
Euchnria 446
Euchera Hbn. 195
Euchera 196
Eueherinae Strand 195
euchromioides Walk. Pid. 11 .
Eudia .lord. 222
Eudia 209, 210
eugeni Mary Cel. 269
eugenia Stgr. Pterom. 308 . .
euglos.saeformis Luc. Cham. 398
Eugoa Walk. 51
eviphaes Denso Cel. 265 . . .
euphorbiae L. Cel. 255 . . .
euphorbiae Cel. 254
Euprepia 446

i,k

i)i) 1
18 g
48 k

48 e

4c

20 g
19 b

41 d

16 k
7 f

15 g

4a

7k
1 d

17 i

22 b

46 f
511

43 a
41 a

Euprepia O. sii
Euproclis Hbii. 135
Euptoroto Jflin. 186
Kuptcrote 187
Euptorolidac 185
Euiitrrotidac 209
Eunikultarus Hamps. 362
Eurukultarus 449
eurydice Butl. Cif. 121 ...
eurygonia Druce Pant. 125
eurj'tion Westw. Mel. 379 . . •
eiu-yzona Leech Synt. 40 . .
euschemoides Psaph. 207
Eusmerinthus Grote 244
Eutane 50

evane.scens Alph. Epipl. 278 .
everia Knoch Eriog. 154
evcrsmanni Eversm. Callanibii-

lyx 244
eversmanni Ecersm. Ias. 159
eversinanni-Oruppe 159
exacta Stgr. Dolliina 237 . .
Exaereta Hbn. 291
E.raereta 281

excellens Bull. Dendr. 173 . .
excelsa Stgr. Dendr. 173
excisa Bull. Epic. 36 ... .
exclamationls Koll. Lael. 122
exclamation'is I^ael. 123
excrescens Butt. Phass. 438 .
excurrens Walk. Lycl. 58
exigua Seitz Zyg. 29 ....
eximia Bhima 178
oximia Grilnb. Drym. 297 . .
exiniia Oberth. Bhiin. 177 . .
esornata Ei: Epipl. 278 . . .
exornataria H.-Schdff. Epi|)l. 278
expleta Stgr. Cham. 101
exsiliens Stgr. Zyg. 24 ...
extensa Schuitz Hvphor. 95
oxten.sa Tutt Acher. 232
extensa Walk. Oret. 204 . .
externofa.sciata 6rr«/rf). Dendr. 171
e.rfinctu Stgr. Mimas 243
extrema Tidt Cosm. 161
extrenia Bang-H. Thaum. 447
extrema Tutt Zyg. 442
exulans Hochenw. Zyg. 24 . .
exulans Zvg. 19
exusta Biitl. Olanid. 242 .. .
exusta Butl. Grelastocera 317 .
exusta Butl. Rhodon. 374 . .

F.

fabia Or. Eupt. 186 ....

fabia Eupter. 187

fabiolaria Oberth. Euch. 196 .

fagi L. Staur. 289

fagi Stanropus 283
fagifolia Both Gastr. 169
falcala. Walk. Das. 115
falcatae Bdv. Zyg. 23
falcatae Zyg. 443
falcataria L. Drep. 199 . . .
falcataria Drep. 201
falcipennLs Walk. Must. 190 .
falcula Schi/f. Drep. 199
fallax Jord. Calig. 217 . . .
fallax Stgr. Cham. 403
falloui Jourdheuil Ovodeinnias 82
famnla Frr. Dvs. 42
famula Godt. Dvs. 41
faroulti Oberth. Hole. 423 . .
faacelina L. Das. 112 . . . .
ffwcelina T>as. 113
fascialis Spul. Roes. 45
fasciana Slgr. Chondi-. 150
fasciata Butl. Paras. 53
fasciata Esp. Arct. 98 ...
fasciata Fcld. Pid. 11
fasciata iMmpa Sphinx 236
fasciata Leech Milt. 55 . . .

19(1

51 c
9g

18 i

3(i e

28 d, e

10 h
19 i

52 a,

0

Sa

45 d
29 d
48 i

6 c

22 i

6 c

37 e
46 h
50 f

29 f

23 f
14 g

23 g
29 e
31 d

52 i
19 f

17 i
lie

INDEX.

463

VI.
fasciata Moore Phe. 298 ... 49 a
fasciata Moore Psilop. 51 . . 11 b
fasciata Moore Thos. 343 . . 49 k
fasciata Rebel Lym. 127
fasciata Rebel Macroglossuin 253
iasciata Spul. Call. 63
fasciata Spul. Call. 101
fasciata Spul. Vt. 73 ... . 13 k
fasciata Tugw. Spila. 85
fasciata Tutt Eudia 223
fasciatella 3Ien. Deiulr. 173
jnsciatus Leech Pid. 1 1
fasciculella H.-Schdff. Psyche 361
fasciola Elw. Chion 62
fasciosa Moore Ampel. 250 . . 39 d
fauna Schr. Hep. 435

ifaiista L. Zvg. 29 8 b

faustina O. Zyg. 29 8 c

faiistula Stgr.-Rcb. Zyg. 28 . . 8 a

favonia Frr. Zyg. 20 ... . 4 g

favonia Zyg. 31

febretta -Bo i/er Amicta 358 . . 55 b

fedtschenko'i Gr.-Grsch. Call. 101

Feldenia Moore 198

feldeii Brem. Pterod. 207 . . 22 f

felicls Oberth. Act. 211 ... 34 a

felina Bull. Dicr. 288 .... 44 e

ielina Dicr. 289

felix Oberth. Zyg. 28 ... . 7 k

feininalLs Oriinb. Cosm. 164

feiuini-colorataiViep. Las. 157, 447

feniorata it/e». Paral. 175

fenella Neiom. Acanth. 354

fenestra Leech Drep. 202 . . 48 b

fenestra Moore Dysod. 372 . .

fenestraria Moore Macrauz. 197 23 f

fenestrata Gerh. Las. 157

fenestrata H.-Schdff. Synt. 40

fenestrata Ramme Synt. 444

fenestrella Sea p. Thyi'ls 371 . . 50 e

fenestrina Schiff. Thvris 371

fentoni Bull. Anther. 216 . . 34 h

fentoni Butl. Dendr. 173

Fentoma Bull. 191

fennsaeforniLs Led. Cham. 413 51 k

ferale Leech Paranth. 380 . . 51 b

feranigra Kirby Aglia 224

ferchaultella Sieph. Luff. 368

ferecaeca Oberth. Aglia 224

fereidun Gr.-Grsh. Coss. 419

fere-immaculata Oberth. Euch. 446

ferenigra Th.-Mieg, Aglia 224

ferghana Stgr. Micr. 84 . . . 16 k

ferrugiDca-approximafaTuti'Ma.cvoth. 161

ferruginea-conjuncta Tw/^jMacrotli. 161

ferrunginea-dissimilis Fry Tutt 161

ferruginea-fasciata (?i??H!. Amorph. 246

ferrunginea-fasciaia Tm^^ Macroth. 161

ferruginea-obsoleia Tutt Macroth. 161

ferruginea- separata Tutt Macroth. 161

ferruginea-iinilinea Tutt Macroth. 161

ferruginea-virgata T utt MsiCroth.. 161

ferrugmea Gillm. Amorph. 246

ferrugmea Stgr. Pyg. 315

flava Dziurz. Zyg. 441

flava Oberth. (rhai.) Zyg. 443

n».\' a, Oberth. Zyg. (anthyllidis) 22

flava Oberth. Zyg. (lonicerae) 31

flava Oberth. Zyg. (exulans) 24

flava Rom. Zyg. 27 .... 7 d

flava Oberth. Zyg. sarpedon 20

flava I^iesz. Zyg. (scabiosae) 19

flava Schultz Gastr. 169

flava Spul. Clet. 78

flava Stgr. Kh>Ti. 93

flava Stigniatophora Brem. & Grey 51

flava Tutt Las. 158

flaveola Esp. Zyg. 30 ... . 8 d

flaveola Leech Spila 86 . . . 15 d

flaveola Motsch. Dendr. 173

flaveola Oberth. Cel. 255

flaveola Raiub. Lith. 67

PI.
flaveola Schultz Eupr. 80
flaveola Spil. 446
flaveola Zick. Zyg. 19
flavescens Brem. iC Grey Phal. 312 47 c
flavescens Brem.dGrey Phal. 313
flavescens Griinh. Malac. 151 . 24 b
flavescens Heyl. Reb. 365 . . 55 g
flavescens Oberth. Erich. 446
flavescens Oberth. Eupr. 446
flavescens Rebel Eupr. 135
flavescens Schultz Phragm. 79
flavescens Spul. Poec. 153
flavescens Spul. Bhyp. 93
flavescens Thierre-M. Hip. 103
flavescens Tutt Acher. 232
flavescens Walk. Miiesa 344, 449 50 c
flavia Fucssl. Arct. 99 ... 18 b
flavicans Bdv. Phil. 59
flavicollis Jord. Act. 211
flavicollis Hamps. Sphec. 378
flavicollis Leech Aroa 121 . . 22 c
flavicollis Neub. Gn. 70
flavicornis Auriv. Palinips. 327
flavicornis L. Polyjol. 330 . . 49 h
flavida Brem. Bhyparioid. 94
flavida Butl. Thyat. 324 . . 56 e
flavida Leech Thyat. 324
flavidorsalis Stgr. Mhesa 344 49 k
flavilinea Leech Drep. 201 . . 48 b
flavimacula Moore Das. 116
flavimargo Leech- Thyat. 324 . 56 e
flavinafa Walk. Eupr. 137
flavmata Walk. Eupr. 137 . . 23 a
flavipalpata Stgr. Ocn. 132 . 21 b
flavipennis Paras. 81
flavistigmata Tutt Palhnp. 327
flaviventris Stgr. Synanthedon

384 ■ 51 d

flavoabdominalis Lorez Arct. 99
flavoabdoniinalis Schultz Lym. 128
flavociliata Led. Lith. 68 . . 12 1
flavociliella Mann Epichn. 365
flavocmgulata Spul. Synanthedon 387
flavocostata Spul. Arct. 99
flavolhnbata Stgr. Org. 117 . 19 b
flavomaculata Schultz Eudia 223
flavomargmaria Leech Oberth.

277 48 e

flavonigra Moore Porth. 134

llavonigropunctata Retz. Phil. 59

flavosiilpluu^ea Ersch. Stilpn. 124

flavosulphurea Gr.-Grsh. Eupr. 138

havovittata Moore Arg. 179 . 29 c

flexilineata Hamps. Melanogi. 47

flexilis Schultz Aglia 224

flesuosa Leech Milt. 55 ... lid

flexuosa Pouj. Cel. 48 ... 10 g

flina Esp. Hep. 435

flma H.-Schdff. Hep. 436 . . 54 h

floccosa CI. Trich. 152

floccosa Graes. Paras. 81

flora Swinh. Aloa 90

florens Walk. Gaur. 326 .. . 49 o

florescens Walk. Gaur. 326 . . 55 n

floricola Ober</i. Cham. 406 . . 51 h

floricola Oberth. 408

Fiorina Tutt 250

fluctuosa Hbn. Palimp. 327 . 49 h

fluviatilis Swinh. Axiop. 97

foeniformis H. Schdff. Cham.

400 50 k, 52 e

forficula Fiseh.-Wald. Cer. 286
formicaeformis Esp. Synanthedon

388 51 f

formosa H.-Schdff. Zyg. 28 . . 7 i
formosae Butl. S>nit. 39 . . . 9e
fortunata Roghf. Das. 113 . 19 g
fortunala Stgr. Bhyp. 93
fortunalus Moored- Huit. Bomb. 189
fortunei Orza S\Tit. 39 ... . 9 d
fortunel H.-Schdff. Phaud. 5
fortunei Synt. 41

PI.
foulquieri Oberth. Zyg. 443
fracta Tutt Malacos. 151
fractifasciata Leech Euch. 196 48 a
francisca F. Great. 91
franconica Esp. Malacos. 152 24 A
franconica Mill. Malac. 152
fraterna Butl. Perg. 257
fraterna Moore Cel. 48
fraterna Moore Eupt. 187 . . 30 d
fraterna Moore Habr. 323
fraterna Moore Nat. 343
fratertia Moore Pseudom. 276
fraxini Blen. Zyg. 27 ... . 7 e
frederici Kirby Aloa. 89
Frenatae 433

freyeri Nick. Phil. 59 ... . Hi?
freyeri Tutt Trich. 152
frigida Zett. Phe. 298 ... . 45 f
fringilla Bdv. Macroglossuin 253 40 e
fringsi Standfs. Smer. 262 . . 43 e
frugalis Leech Pydna 316
fruhstorferi Auriv. Lycl. 58
fuchsi Bartel Amorph. 246
fuchsianus Ev. Hyjiopta 424
ifuciformis L. Haem. 248 . . 40 b
fucHormis Poda Haem. 248
fuegei Bart. Not. 301
fugax Butl. Bhodin. 213 . . 34 c
fulgens Leech Heterogenea 342 50 a
fulgida Oberth. Call. 101 .. . 18 f
fuliginalis Steph. Nol. 44
fuliginosa L. Phragm. 79 . . 16 b
fidiginosa Lamb. Sphinx 236
fuliginosus Moore Agris 63 . . 12 d
fulgurifera Walk. Tars. 284
fuigurita Walk. Pyg. 314
fulminans Stgr. Arct. 99
fvilminella Mill. Oreops. 360 . 55 d
fidva Spuler Zyg. 24, 443
fulvesceiLS Schultz Sat. 220
fulvescens Spul. Hip. 103
fulvohirtu Alph. 446
fulvohirta Walk. Alph. 88 . . 15 h
fumata Moore Bar. 362
Fumea Steph. 367
Fumeinae 367
fumida Butl. Lym. 127
fumida Butl. Lym. 127
fumidisca Hamps. Lithosia 69 13 c
fumosa Butl. Boes. 45 ... 10 d
fumosa Endr. 60, 108
fumosa Oberth. Eupr. 446
fumosa Oberth. Somabrachys 337
funrosa Sandb. Phil. 59
junalis Don. Cochl. 341
funeralis Butl. Art. 14 . . . 3d
funeralis Bull. Schist. 208 . . 48 g
funerea Ev. Cose. 72 ... . 13 e
funkei Rob. Coss. 419
furcula Esp. Cer. 287
furcula Clerck Cer. 286 .. . 44 c
furia Gr.-Grsh. Phragmataec.

430
furva Kirby Acanth. 354
fusca Haw. Sterrh. 362
fusca Leech Clel. 17 .... 3 h
fusca Leech Lym. 128 ... . 20 c
fusca Rebel Drvm. 296
fusca Schultz Eudia 222
fuscata Motsch. Theoph. 190
fuscella Hbn. Phalacropt. 362
fuscescens Butl. Milt. 56
fuscescens Butl. Phal. 312
fuscescens Hamps. Paragn. 329
fuscicilia Hamps. Lith. 65
fuscicostalis Fixs. Miresa 344
fuscinula Dup. Cer. 286
fuscinula Steph. Cer. 287 . . 44 d
fusconebulosa Degeer Hep. 434 52 d
lu.scosignaia Tutt Herse 233
fuscula Stgr. Dysp. 426 . . . 52 k
fusiformis Walk. Ceryx 41

464

INDEX.

PI.
fiisiforinls Waik. Das. im
fiitura Fiek. Arct. 98

o.

galactina Hoev. Ar. 91 ... 17b

galbana Gillm. Perg. 2.58

galbaniis rutt Polypi. 330 . . .50 c

galerope Pung. Noor. 210 . . 32 a

<ialii Scliiff. Celerio 25(3

galiphorbiae Demo Cel. 266 . 13 a, e

g.alitanica Denso Cel. 266

gallica Bartel Cham. 399

gallicus Led. Hep. 431 . . . 54(1

f/allii Celerio 254

gallii RoH. Cel. 256 11 rt

(lamma Walk. Eupr. 137
gandolphei Oberth. Ocn. 76 . Mb
f/aneJia Lef. Tar. 177
aamjarldes 209, 294
Ciaiiearides Moore 311
Oii?i2aridopsis Griitii). 294

gangLs /.. Creat. 90 17 a

<;anisa Walk. 185

ganiia Tlbn. Hep. 436 ... . 54 f
gaunaia Guen. Micron. 276
ganssuensLS Gr.-Grsh. llaeiii.

248 40 b

gaussiiensis Gr.-Gnh. Synt. 3S
ganyiuedes H.-Schdff. Zyg. 28 7 h
ganymedes Zyg. 443
gaschkowitschi Brem. & Grey

Mar. 241 37 d

(Sastropacha O. 168
Gcuilropacha lil, 148, 149, 166,

170, 175
Oaiirena Walk. 326
(iazaliiia Walk. 317
gazolla Moore Chion. 62 . . . 12 c
geddcsi Paras. 82
Gelastocera Bull. 317, 440
gelUla Orodeinnias 82
gelida Walk. Chion. 62 . . . 12 o
goiuella Leech Gaur. 326 . . 56 a
gemina Walk. Pid. 11 ... 2 b
geminatus Say Smer. 244
genistae H.-Schaff. Zyg. 22 . 5 d
gcomelrica Paras. 82
geonielricum Moore Gur. 251
Geometridae 4

gerinana Fcld. Synt. 40 . . . 9 g
germanica Chapm. Fum. 367
gertrudis Dannenberg Smer. 263
geryon Hbn. Procris 9 ... Ik
geyeri Oiketicus 351
gianellii Oberth. Spil. 446
giesekingi Turati Cel. 264
gieseklngi Wagn. Zyg. 21
gigantea Bull. Lael. 122
gigantea Bull. Not. 302 .. . 46 b
gigantea Oberth. Agyll. 64 . . 12 e
gigantea Strand Albarr. 134 . 19 h, 4
giganiina Stgr. Ptorost. 300
gigantula Sl^ir. Roes. 45 . . 10 d
gigantiila Roes. 46
giganteuse Phassus 433
gilleti Andre Hip. 103
gillmeri Rebel Cel. 268 ... 43 b
gillyi Kysela Perg. 268 ... 43 c
gilveola Bdv. Lith. 67
gilveola O. lAth. 67
giraftina Hbn. Lophopt. 306
giraffina Loph. 307
Glanycus Walk. 372
glaphyra Ev. Micr. 83 ... . 16 i
glaphyrella Rebel Fum. 367
glaseri Siich. Arct. 98
glasunovi Gr.-Grsh. Kpicn. 167
glasunovi Gr.-Grsh. Zyg. 28
glauca Stgr. Micr. 83
glauca Stgr. Micr. 83
glaucata Scop. Oil. 204 ... 48 d

PI.

le, f

-,3g

33 e

19 a

40 I

3 f

'■> S

9 f
1 i

55 i

46 a

glaucopis Drury Pid. 11
globulariae Hbn. Procris 8
globulariae Hbn. ProcrLs 6
gloriosa Bull. Pterod. 207
gloriosiis Ersch. Hole. 42.3 .
Uliiphisia Bdv. 295
glvciihizae Hbn. Zyg. 21
gTioma Bull. Act. 211 .. ,
gnomn F. Phe. 298
(iiiophria Steph. 70
fionerda Moore 97
gonostigma P. Org. 117 . .
gontebautella Mill. Oreops. 360
gorgon Esp. Sphingon. 252
gorgoniades Hbn. Si^hmgon. 25S
Gorgopsis Hbn. 437
gracili.'i Bufl Andr. 190
gracilis Chri.'^t. Hole. 423 . .
gracilis Fuchs Zyg. 21
gracilis Speyer Apter. 363 . .
gracilis Sttjr. Phiss. 90
gracilis Walk. Art. 14 ...
gracinsa Westw. Paras. 346
gradli Schultz Eupr. 80
graduata Hamps. Synt. 40
graoca Jord. Procris 9 ...
graeca Dziurz. Zyg. 441
graeca Stgr. Synanthedon 386
graeca Stgr. Zyg. 30
graecella Mill. Psvchid. 367 .
GracUsia Grote 212
graeseri Schultz Peric. 96
graeseri Stgr. Not. 300 . . .
graminella Schiff. Caneph. 356
grammica L. Cose. 72
grammophora Feld. Sice. 52
grandiella Bdv. Pachyth. 356
grandis Las. 447
grandls Pfitzn. Hep. 434 . .
grandis Rogenhf. Ijas. 159 . .
graslinella Bdv. Phaleropt. 363
graslini Led. Zyg. 25 ... .
gratiosa Dele^s. Milt. 55
gratiosa Hbn. Arct. 98 ...
gratiosa Stgr. Micr. 83 ....
grentzenbergi Stgr. Cel. 255 .
grisea Brem. Pterost. 309 . .
grisea Bull. Eug. 51 ....
grisea Bull. Microph. 299
grisea Gillm. Amorph. 245
grisea Grilnb. Las. 160 ... 26 a
grisea Hamps. Dolbinopsis 237
grisea Oberth. Zyg. 443
grLsea Rebel ProserpiniLS 252
grisea Turati Drym. 297 . . 45 e
grisea Tutt Cel. 256
grLsea Tull Epicn. 167
grisea Tutt Herse 233
grisea Tutt Macroth. 161
griiea-apro.rimata TutI Macroth. 161
grisea-conjuncta Tutt Ma' roth. 161
grisea-dilluta Gillm. Amorph. 245
griseu-dlisimilis Tutt Macroth. 161
grlsea-disliyicfa Tutt Sphinx 236
grisea-fasciaia Tutt Macroth. Kil
grisea-mediopuncta Tutt Sphinx

236
grisea-obsoleta Tutt Macroth. 161
grisea-pallida Tutt Epic. 167
grisea-separata TutI Macroth. Kil
grisea-suffusa Tutt Epic. 167
grisea-transversa Tutt Ma roth.

236
grisea-unilinea Tutt Macroth. 161
gr'isea-virgata Tutt Ma roth. Kil
grisearia Jjeech Drep. 201
grlsearia Stgr. Drep. 202 . . 48 d
grisearipennLs Strand Drep. 201 48 c
griseata Leech Ijycl. 57 ... 11 g
grlseipennls Moore Eupt. 187
grlseofasciata Kysela Cel. 266
griseola Lith. 66, 67

54 b

25 f

55 f

6f

17 i

16 i

41b

47 a

11 1)

griseola Hbn. Lith. 65 . .
grlsescens Burg. Zyg. 441
grisescens Oberth. Gaur. .326
grlsescens Oberth. Zyg. 442
grisescens Rebel Dendr. 172
grisescens .Spul. Gastr. 169
grisescens Spul. Hip. 103
grisescens Stgr. Cneth. 290
grisescens Stgr. Lym. 129 .
groenlandica Das. 11
grossei Denso Cel. 270
grossi Hirschke Zyg. 30
grossiuanni RUM Zyg. 18
groiei Moore Calig. 218
grotei Moore Das. 115
grumi Stgr. Dasorg. 120
grummi Christ. Not. 302
grumnii Heyl. Amicta 358
grmieri Stgr. Clet. 79 . .
gruncri Stgr. Dips. 396 .
gruneriella Bdv. Epichn. 366
gschwandneri Kordesch Cel. 266
guadarraniensLs Stgr. Org. 117
guenei Oberth. Zyg. 443
guerini Kirby Chalc. 11
guillemot ii Trim. Las. 157
gilnneri Hirschke Zyg. 24
gurda Led. Zyg. 23
gurda Zyg. 31, 442
Gurelca Kirby 251
Gurelca 247

guriensis Emich Cham. 407 .
guttata Ersch. .Spila. 85
guttata Christ. Rhodon. 373 .
guttifera Walk. Chion 62 . .
guttifera Walk. Miresa 344

PI.
12 g, h

49 e

45 b
22 t

IS

22 a

49 c
55 1)
16 a
52 a

43 1)

52 c

50 f
12c

H.

haberhaueri Alph. Eupr. 81

haberhaueri Led. Zyg. 26 . . 6 i

haberhaueri Stgr. Cham. 405 . 51 k

Habrosyne 321

Habrosyne Hbn. 322

hades Rebel Perg. 257 ... . Esp. 27

hadina Bull. Lym. 127

hadjina Bang.-Haas Zyg. 22 . 5 c

hadjina Zyg. 442

haematina Koil. Zyg. 27

Haemorrliagia Grote 247

Haemorrhagia 231, 235, 248,

253
hainesi Epic. 35, 444
hamesi HoU. Epic. 35 ... . 10 a
halliciaca Schille Peric. 96
hamata Spul. Hyphor. 95
hamelensis P/liimer Call. 101
hamifera Jord. Procris 8 . . 1 h
hamifera Moore Rhodon. 374
hamma Hbn. Hep. 435
hampsoni Belh.-Bak. Psyche 362
haunvngtoni Hamps. Prep. 447
harnmthi Kordesch. Cel. 266 . 43 a
haroUli Oberth. Cose. 72 . . . 13 i
harpagula Esji. Drep. 200 . . 23 h
harpagula Hbn. Drep. 199
harti Moore Anther. 215
hazina Butl. Anther. 216
hebe A. 76, 06, 447
hebe L. Arct. 100

hebe Stgr. Zvg. 28 7 h

hecta L. Hep. 436 54 g

hector Butl. Synanthedon

383 .... " 51 d

hector .Jord. Procris 8 ... 1 h
hedemanni Christ. Thvat. 324 40 d
hedsi Fi.rs. Phass. 438
hedysari Hbn. Zyg. 30 . . . 8 e
heleniae Grosse Cel. 270
helicinella H.-Schati- Apter.

363 55 f

helicinella Ramb. Apter. 363

PiM. 1. Kl. 1912.

INDEX.

465

helicinoldes Heyl. Stichob. 364
helioscopiae Selys Col. 25.5
Heliosia 56

helix Claus Apter. 363
helix Sieb. Apter. 364
helveola O. TAihos. 65
helvola Hbn. lath. 65
Hemaris Dalm. 247
hemerobia Hbn. Nvul. 52
Hemerobixis 52
Hemeroplanes Hbn. 246
hemigena Grasl. Ocn. 77 . .
Hemileuca Walk. 209
hemlmelaena Seitz Psychostr. 278
henckei Stgr. Eriog. 155 . .
henleyi Roths. Paropta 425, 450
henrichoviensis .S'rftuW; Paras. 81
hepiali.ca Borkh. Dysp. 426
Hepialidae 433
hepialina Hbn. Dysp. 426
Hepialisciis Hamjix. 437
Hepialus F. 433
hera L. Call. 101
herciileana Eamb. Tliauiu. 144
Herdoiiia Walk. 372
heringi Hein. Epichii. 366
heringi Zell. Zyg. 19
hermelina Kirby Cer. 287
Herpa Walk. 10
herrichl Stgr. Ocn. 77 ... .
herrichiella Strand Reb. 365
herrichii Thyrlodopt. 352
Herse Oken 233
Herse 229, 230, 235
herzi Alph. Hypopta 421 . -
herzi Christ. 159
Heierocampa 281
heterogyna Humps. 123, 447 .
heterogyna Stgr. Inop. 16 . .
Heterogynldae 349
Heterog:ynis Bamb. 349
Heterogenea Knoch 342
hethlantica Stgr. Hep. 434
heydenrelchi Led. Procrls 9 .
heylaertsi Mill. Amicta 357
heynei Aiist. Marumba 241
heyiiei Bartel Haem. 248
hiberniea Tult Perg. 257
hlenipsal Oberth. Soinabrachy.s 337
hieracii Kirby Pachyth. 356
hieracii Thiinbg. Oreops. 360
hilarata Stgr. Paras. 346 . .
hilaris Car. Diaph. 92
hilaris Pourcr. Zeuz. 429
hilaris Westw. Paras. 346 . .

hilaris O. Zyg. 28

hilaris Zyg. 444
hilarula Stgr. Paras. 346
hilleri Standfs. Malaoos. 151
himachala Bull. Gur. 251
himala Bull. Epipl. 278
Himala Moore 126
himalayaaa Moore Acanth. 355
himalayana Moore Dicr. 289 .
Himantopterus Wesm. 4
Himera 310
Hiineropteryx Stgr. 310
himmighoffeni Stgr. Dips. 390
hippocastani Poda Zeuz. 429
hippocrepidis H.-Schdfi. Zyg. 24
hippocrepidis Hbn. Zyg. 23
hippocrepidis Steph. Zyg. 23
Hipocrita Hbn. 102
hipijoides Denso Cel. 270
hippophaes Esp. Cel. 256 . .
hippophaes Cel. 254
hippophorbiae Denso Cel. 267
Hippotion Hbn. 258
Hippotion 230

hirsutella Hbti. Sterrh. 362 .
hirsutella Schiff. Sciopt. 361
hiriella Brd. Oreops. 360

II

PI.

hirtella Ev Pachyt. 356

PI.

41 0

hispana Ramb. Heterogynis 34E
hissariensLs Cir.-Crrsh. Zyg. 24
Histia Hbn. 13
nistia 35

histrio Walk. Call. 102 ...

18g

hLstrionion.s Wcstw. Camp. 12

2g

histrimiicus Westw. Camp. 13

hnatecki Prey Orodemnias 82

16 g

hoekingi Moore Calig. 218

hockingi Moore Mah. 364 . .

55 b

14 d

hockingii Moore Paras. 346
hoegei Graes. Lophopt. 307

48 f

boegei Heudck. Gastr. 168

24 i

hofmanni Heyl. Epichn. 365

55 1

hoffmanni Zick. Zyg. 19
Holcocerus Stgr. 421
Holcocerus Stijr. 420
holli Oberth. Somabrachys 337
holochrea Hamps. Agyll. 64

liolosericevLS Stgr. Hole. 423 .

53 g

Homalomeria 109

homogena Seitz As. 59

23 <:

homora Jord. Aglia 225
Jionesia Prr. Clet. 78
Hopltocnema brachycera Loiver

229
hoplisiformis Mann Miorosph.

414

52 t

16 a

HopUtis Hbn. 292

Hoplitis 281

hospita .9cM//. Paras. 81 . . .

16 e

Imwqua Spilarctia 85

huguenini Oberth. Ocn. 76 . .

14 b

52 h

hiiguenini Stqr. Zyg. 26 . . .

6i

huinata Walk. Chion. 61 . .

12 a

humeralis Sivinh. Paras. 346

22 f:

humuli L. Hep. 434 ....

52 b, c

:5g

hungarica Tomala Oliam. 405
Hupodonta Bull. 298

51 h

huttoni Moore Neor. 219 . .

31 d

hyalina Dysauxes 42

liyalina Prr. Dys. 41 ....

9i

1 k

hyalina Koll. Agal. 13 ...

3 b

hyalina Leech Piar. 17 ...

3i

hyalina Moore Drep. 201 . .

48 b

Hyalina Bamb. 358

hyalina Stqr. 111. 15 ....

3f

hyalina Walk. Der. 203 . . .

48 p

hyalinata BxUl. Apba 186 . .

30 b

Hyalocoa Hamps. 103

50 c

hyas Walk. Gur. 251 ... .
Hyblaea Hamps. 44
Hvbocainpa Led. 292

40 g

50 c

hjdorida 0. 223

7i

hybridus Steph. Smer. 262
Hygrochroa 193

hylaeiformis Lasp. Bemb. 381

52 e

hylas L. Ceph. 249

40 d

hvnienopteriformis Bell. Dips.

'390

52 b

hyperantherae Moore Tar. 177

Hyperborea Gr.-Grsh. 103

49 c

hyperboreus Moschl. 436
Hyperthyris Leech 372
hyphinoi' Cr. Chalcid. 428
HypUoraia Hbn. 95

51 f

Hyphorma Hbn. 340
Hyphorma 344
Hyphorma 344
Hypogymna Hbn. 116
Hypoiamprus Hamps. 373
Hypopacha 143
Hypopta Hbn. 424

41 e

Hyposiccia Hamps. 53
Hypsa 71

43 d

Hypsinae 71
hypsoides El. 71
Hypsomadius Bull. 205

55 f

hyrcanus Christ. Co.ss. 419

hyrcana Skjr. Cliondr. 150

24 a

hyrtaca Cr. Tar. 177 ... .

29 a

!• PI.

iberica Guen. Las. 158
iberica Stgr. Zyg. 30 ... . 8 i
ichneumoniformis P. Dips. 392 51 £
Ichneurnonoptera Hamjis. 388
Ichthyura 313

icilia Stoll Eupr. 137 ... . 22 g
icterica Led. Zyg. 24 ... . 6 a
icterica Zyg. 443

icteropus H.-Schajf. Cham. 406 52 c
ictorojius Z. Cham. 398 ... 501
idaeoides Hamps. Leucodr. 198 48 a
idaeoides Loucodrepana 195, 276
idalialis Walk. Bliodon. 374
idiota Graes. Bhim. 178 . . . 29 d
idriensis Scop. Peric. 96
ienobu Holl. Amijel. 250
ignifera Korb Zyg. 27 ... 7 a
ignifera Zyg. 443
ignifhta Moore Tar. 177
ignita Walk. Dysod. 372 . . 50 e
ignobilis Walk. Entom. 352
ilicifolia Esp. Eijicn. 167
ilicifolia L. Ejiicn. 166 ... 27 b
ilicis Bamb. Trich. 153 ... 24 i
ilithya Bottcher Arct. 98
lUiberis Walk. 15
illotata Chr. Epipl. 279
illustris Bebel Dips. 392
illustris Schultz Arct. 99

Imaon Cr. Cer. 41 9 h

imbuta Hbn. Endr. 60 ... Ill
imitans Mab. Lilh. 66
immaculata Bartel Mimas 243
immaculata Puchs Rhyp. 93
immaculata Gillm. Hyphor. 95
immaculata Leech Agal. 13 . . 3 b
immarginata Niepelt Diacr. 94
imparilLs Bull. Spila. 87 . . . 15 f
impellucida Graes. Inop. 16 . 3 g
imperfecta 2'utt Acher. 232
impudica Christ. Cel. 47
impunctata Spul. Oen. 63
impura Mann Nol. 44 ... 10 c
inaequalis Bull. Spila. 86 . . 15 o
inaequalis Walk. Dysod. 372
Inareolatae 126
incarnata Auitt. Amorish. 245
incarnata Turati Zyg. 442
incendivim Oberth. Zyg. 442
incerta Walk. Sphinx 235
incerta Stgr. Procris 7 ... 1 o
incerta Walk. Lym. 130
incisa Prr. Ijac. 89
inclusa Walk. Das. 115
incompleta Tutt Cel. 256
incompleta Tult Gastr. 168
iaconclusa Walk. Der. 203
inconspicua Alph. Cel. 48.
inconspicua Leech Eupr. 138. 23 b
inconspicua Leech Feld. 198 . 48 a
increta Walk. Psilogr. 234 . . 36 b
indica Moore Habr. 323 ... 55 n
indica Walk. Hepialisc. 437
indica Walk. Varm. Ill . . . 22 a
indistincta Tult Perg. 258
inexacta Pixs. Dolbina 237
inexada Walk. Dolbina 237
inexpectata Stgr. ParasS. 346
infernal is Bebel Org. 117
infernalis Bull. Spila. 87 . . 15 t
infernalLs Schultz Hyphor. 96
infernalLs Westiv. Satasp. 249 40 e
infulgens Graes. Phal. 312 . . 47 d
infumatu Leech Milt. 55
infumata Peld. Lycl. 58 . . . 11 g
infumata Neusch. Eudia 223
infumata Spul. Ijas. 157
infumata Stgr. Cer. 286
infumatalis Spul. Cel. 47
infuscata IClug Somabrachys 336
infuscata Spul. Rhyp. 93

59

466

INDEX.

22

g

53 t

53 p
16 f

40 f

PI.
infuscata l^tgr. Dy.sp. 426
infuscata Stgr. Lithosia 68
innocua Bull. Oel. 48 ... . 10 g
innotata Ilampn. Drep. 202
iiinotata Warr. Polypi. 330 . 56 A
innoiafa Walk. Phragmataec. 12f)
1 710 Leach 31!)
Inope 17
I nope Sttjr. 16
inornata Walk. Miresa 344
inornata Walk. Amat. 354
hiquilinu.'! Harris Hipp. 258
iiifjuinata Led. Acanth. 355 . 55 a
inquinata Oherth. Cose. 445
inquinata Bamh. Cose. 72
iivicripia ButK Mill. 55
inscripla Monre 45
inseripta Walk. Milt. 55 . . . 11 <1
ithsignata Moore Maci-oc. 197
in-sipfiiata Schiilh Lym. 127
insignata Stgr. Phil. 59
insigniponiiis Strand T]\a,iim. 144
in.signis Butl. Hypsom. 205
in.signi.'i liutl. Mieroph. 299
insignbi Leech Pydna 316
insolita Walk. Iji'th. 67
insolUa Walk. Epipl. 279
in-wUtus Walk. Glan. 372
insporsa Stgr. Eriog. 154
insperpus ChrM. Hole. 422
instabilata Walk. Epipl. 279
insubrica Waekz. Call. 101, 447
insular^! Stgr. Hole. 422 . . .
insulaiaim Seiiz Paras. 81 . .
Integra Stcjih. Cor. 287
inle.nsa Bull. Eupr. 136
intfinsa Buil. Eupr. 136
intfinsa ButL Palyin. 329 . .
intensa Moore Tar. 177
intercalaris Ev. Arct. 98
interealaris Gr.-Grsch. Cer. 286
inierealaris Gr.-Orseh. Cer. 287
intercisa Dup. Ijac. 89
interfaunus IVeiimg. Cal. 262
interiorata Walk. Canipt. 75 .
intermedia Brem. Hahr. 323 .
intermedia Friv. Org. 118
intermedia Rebel Sel. 165
intermedia Sphinx 235
intermedia Sprtl. Cose. 72 . .
intermedia Standj.i. Spila. 85
intermedia Stgr. Ocn. 77 . . .
intermedia Teich Dicr. 288
intermedia Tatt Acher. 232
intermedia Ttitt Cosm. 164
intermedia r/<« (filipend.) Zyg. 442
intermedia Tut! Herse 233
intermedia Tutt Malacos. 1 51
intermedia Tutt Zyg. 21, 442
intermediella Brd. Fum. 368
interrogationis Men. Arct. 100
interrogationis Pouj. Chion. 62
interrupta Chri.it. Cer. 287
interrupta Gr.-Gr.tch. Org. 119
interrupta Uirschke Zyg. 19
interrupta L. Great. 91
interrupta Stgr. Zvg. 19 . . .
interrupta Tutt Pilypl. 330 . .
intimalis Moore H^TJal. 373
intractaius Coss. 420
intractatus Stgr. Hypopta 424
invaria Walk. Das. 115
in versa Car. Cosm. 164
inversa Diaph. 92
inversa Car Binph. 91 . . .
inveri!a Tutt Ani. 262
inversa Tutt Pyg. 313
invittata SchuUz Sat. 220

lone Butl. Spila. 85

iphiata Gn. Acropi. 276 . . .
iphimedia Esp. Synt. 38 . .
iranicus Aust. Coss. 423, 450

13 1
49 d

13 b

14 d

18 d
12 e
44 c

4b
56 c

17 c

15 b

22 f

9 h

PI.
Irene Butl. Diacr. 94
irene Denfio Perg. 269 ... 43 d
iris Strand Eym. 130 ... . 20 t
irpina Ziek. Zyg. 18
irregularis Oberth. Eu':-h. 446
irrorata Godt. Phil. 59
irrorata Moore Eupr. 139
irrorea Schiff. Phil. 59
irrorella CI. Phil. 59 .... Hi
irrorella. Philea Endr. 60
Lsabellae Graclls Gra. 212 . . 33 c
isahellina Walk. Phiss. 90
isolatella Strand Org. 119 . . 19 e
issyka Stgr. Mier. 84 .... 16 k
italica Caradja Zyg. 25 . . . 6 d
italica Dziurz. Zyg. 23 . . . oh
italica Dziurz. Zvg. 442
italic-a Standf.s. Call. 101
ilaliea Stgr.d Beh. Zyg. 21 . . 1 h
Ivola Swinh. 124

J.

iaeobaeae L. Hip. 103 ... ISh
jakxita Herz Dips. 396
jamaicensis Dru. Smer. 244
jankowskii Dichagyrii 295
jankowskii Oherth. Cif. 121 .
iankowskii Oherth. Mar. 241 .
jankowskii Oherth. Not. 300 .
jankowskii Oherth. Rhodin. 213
jankowskii Oherth. Spila. 86 .
jankowskii Bothsch. Synt. 444
janthina Bdv. Zyg. 25
japetus Gr.-Grsh. Proserpinus 252
japonibia Strand Drep. 200 .
japonibia Strand Lael. 122, 447

japoniea 203, 225, 258

japonica Butl. Brahm. 228

japoniea Butl. Hieti. 218 . .

japonica Griinh. Cer. 286 . .

japonica Griinh. Pent. 292 . .

jai>onica Heyl. Chan. 354

japonica Leech ,A.glia 224 . .

japonica T^eech Epicn. 166

japonica JjCech Lithosia 66

japonica Moore Drep. 201 . .

j.aponica Motsch. Lym. 127

japonica Orza Ther. 259 . . .

japonica Boths. Oxy. 239 . .

japonica Wileman Gluph. 295

japoniea Wileman Ochrost. 305

japonieus Leech Agi'Ls. 63

joannLsi le Cerf Cham. 399

joannlsi Taic. Hepiallsc. 437

jodu.ssa Esp. Hep. 436

jodwssa Hbn. Hep. 435

Johannes Stgr. Paropta 425 . 55 1

johni Dcnso Cel. 270

jona.si Albarr. 133

jonasi Butl. Albarr. 133 .. . 19 h, 3

jonasi Butl. Calig. 218 ... 32 b, d

jonasi Stgr. Calig. 217

jordana Stgr. Amicta 358 . . 55 c

jordana Stgr. Dysp. 427 ... 55 1

jordana Stgr. Thaum. 144 . . 23 e

jordani Oberth. Bhag. 259

jordani Oherth. Rhodops. 441

josephiria Aust. Org. 119 . . 19 c

josua Las. 448

josua Stgr. I^as. 160 ....

jucunda Meissner Zyg. 29 . . 8 c

judaea Bang-H. Thaum. 144 . 23 d

judaea Stgr. Org. 119 ... . 19 o

judicariae Calb. Zyg. 22

juglandis Hbn. Das. 114

jugurthina Griinh. Las. 159 . 25 e

jullieni Denso Cel. 270

iullieni Oberth. Phe. 298 .. . 49 c

juuceae Oherth. Zyg. 29 . . . 8 d

juncta Hafn. Dys. 445

19 d

37 e

46 a

34 d

15 c

23 h

^19i

?22e

35 c

32 c

44 c

45 b

35 a

12 h

30 f

20 d

42 b

37 b

PI.
juncta Tutt Thyat. 323
jtmctifera Walk. Aroa 121
junonia Shaw Sat. 220
jurassica Blaehier Zyg. 30
justiciae Moore Eupr. 139
juvenis Walk. Lael. 122

K.

kabylaria Bang-H. Dysp. 426 52 k
kahri L^ed. Oreops. 359 . . . ' 55 c
kangrana Strand Das. 115
karategini Gr.-Grsh. Zyg. 31
karawankensis Hiijn. Reb. 365 55 g
karelica Tengsir. Cel. 48
karghalica Moore Eupr. 138 . 21 i
karghalika Eupr. 134
kashgara Moore Ptil. 309
ka.shmu'ica Strand Eupr. 137
kashmii'ieiisls Boths. Dys. 445
katinka Westiv. Leopa 214
kausnlia Monre Das. 115
kavrigini Gr.-Grsh. Zyg. 28 . 7 f, g
Kentrochr iisalis 236
Kentrochrysalis Stgr. 237
Kerala Moore 75
kerelini Men. Axiop. 97
khasiana Bothsch. Ampel. 250
khenchelae Oherth. Somabrachvs

337 50 d

kiesenwelteri H.-Schaff. Zyg.26 (! h
kindergallii Gro.sse Cel. 270
kindermanni Frr. Hj^iopta 424
kindermanni Led. S>mt. 38
kindermanni !Micr. 78
kindermanni fjcd. Smer. 244 . 38 d
kindermanni Stgr. Micr. 84
kinder vateri Kysela Cel. 205 . 43 a
kirbyi Tutt Anther. 217
kirghisica 179

kirghisica Stgr. Malacos. 151 . 24 c
kiushiuetisis Boths. Macroglos-

sum 253
klugi Oherth. Somabrachys 336
knautiae Zcll. Haem. 248
koeehlini Puessh Celerio 257
kohLstana Gr.-Grsh. Zyg. 28
kolpakofskii Alph. Hyphor. 95
komarovi Christ. Lvm. 129 . 21 a
komarovi Christ. Reth. 251 . 39 b
konewkai Frr. Arct. 99 . . . 18 c
korbi Griinh. Macroth. 161 26 b

korbi Stgr. Albarr. 133 ... 21 d
kotschyi A'oZZ. Bernt. 250
kramlingeri Pernold Cel. 266
krieglwfji Papst Spilos. 87
krodeli Schultz Arct. 99
kroumira Ofccr^Ti. Somabrachys 337
kruegeri Bagusa Svnt. 38 . . 0 a
kuhlweini Hbn. Eiidr. 60 . . 11 k, 1
kiddjaensis Gracs. Sphingon. 252 40 g
kuldsehaensis Heyl. Reb. 365
kuluana Moore ]\iel. 379 . . 51 a
kungessana Alph. Paranth. 380
kuischumi Ersch. Hyphor. 95

L..

kdiradoriensis Pack. 436

laeertinaria L. Drep. 200 . . 23 h

lacertinaria Drep. 202

lacertula Schiff. Drep. 200

lacertula Stgr. Dysp. 426 . . 52 k

Lachaiin Moore 111.

lachesis F. Acher. 232 ... 36 a

lacreuzoi Oberth. Eter. 441 . . 56 i

lactea Hutt. Gem. 191

lactea Moore Eupr. 138

lacteata ButL Spila. 86

lacteola Bdv. Lith. 67.

lacticinia Cr. Nyct. 103 ... ISb

lactinea Cr. Lac. 89 .... 1 5 i

INDEX.

467

lactinea 90
Lacydes Walk. 89
ladakensLS Moore Lach. Ill
ladLslai Oberth. I^ophopt. 307 .
Laelia Steph. 121
laeta Cosiu. 163
laeta Hbn Zyg 26 ... .
laeta Hhn. Zysj. ?6 . . . .
laeta Westw. Paras. 346
laeta Walk. Cosni. 165 . . .
laeta Zvg. 2.5, 443
laetifica H.-Schdff. Zyg. 28 . .
laevis Bull. Fent. 291
laevis Butt. lAth. 69
lafitolei Tfe.-J/ie!/Cel.255 . . .
lahayei Oberth. Cham. 400 . .
lahayei Oberth. Zyg. 444:
lama Oberth. Staur. 290 .. .
lambessa Heyl. Amicta 358
Lambessa Stgr. 155
lanceolata JMilth. 56
lanceolata Jord. Phaud. 5 . .
lanceolata Walk. Das. 115
lane-siris Eriog. 148
lanestris L. Eriog. 154 ...
langi Standfs. Am. 263
I.ans^ia Moore 242
Langia 232

lanigera Butl. Cer. 286 . . .
lanipes Led. Cham. 409
Lapara 235
laphria Frr. Zyg. 25
laphria H.-Schdff. Zyg. 25
lapicidella Guen. Luff. 368
lapicidella Z. Luff. 368
lapidella Goeze Luff. 368
lai^idicola H.-Schdff. Lym. 129
lapponica Ban Endr. 193
lapponica Teich Pterost. 309
lapponica Fuchs Las. 157
lapponica Thunbg. Hyphor. 95
laranda Druce Corma 11 . .
largeteaui Metap. 277
Laria 123

laricis Schille Das. 112
laricis Tschtvr. 1 72
lasicera Hamps. Dips. 394
Lasiocampa Schrank 155
Lasiocampa 143, 149
Lasiocampidae 147
Lasiocampidae 193
lata Christ. Phil. 59
lata Tutt Cel. 256
latemarginata Schuliz Arct. 9!)
lathy ri Hbn. Das. Ill
lathyrus Walk. Cel. 256 . . .
latifascia Curt. Cer. 287
latifascia Curt. 287
latifascia Walk. Eupr. 137 . .
latifascia Walk. Paras. 346
latimedia Warr. Polyphl. 330
latina Tiirati Clet. 78 ... .
latipcnnis Butl. Pyg. 313
lativitta Wileman kot. 302
latomarginata Tutt Zyg. 442
latovirgata Tutt Las. 156
latreillei Godt. Ocn. 78 . . .
laudabilis Stgr. Hole. 423 . .
lavandulae Esp. Zyg. 25 . .
lavandulae Hbn. Zyg. 22
layardii Eumeta 354
leacrita Swinh. Stigmatoph. 51
Lebeda Walk. 174
lecerti Oberth. Cham. 399
lechenena R. & J. 260
ledereri Bartel Cham. 404
ledereri Mill. Ocn. 132 ...
ledereri Rghfr. Brahm. 227
ledereri Stgr. Styg. 428 ...
ledereri Stgr. <l' Rebel Zyg. 25 .
lederiella Brd. Psychid. 366
leechi Ehoes Noss. 277

PI.

19 a

46 h

5 6k

o 7 a

26 g

7g

41 c

51 1

48 g

] a.
21 h

44 b

23 e

41

21 f

56 U
14 g

14 e

53 g

6g

11 a

22 h

35 c

5.5 k

6c

leechi Jord. Pid. 11

leechi Kirby Org. 118
leechi Rotlisch. Synt. 445
leechi Stgr. Ner. 295 ....
Lemonia Hbn. 181
Lemonia 193
Lemoniidae 181
lemopicta Fourcr. Dys. 42
lenta Leech lyith 65
leniipes Esp. Eriog. 154
leoniae Standfs. Mim. 261 . .
leonis Stick. Phe. 298
leopardina Koll. Spila. 87 . .
leopardina Men. Rhyp. 93
lepida Cr. Paras. 346
leprieuri Oberth. Ocn. 77 . .
leprieuri Oberth. Ocn. 79
leptalina IloU. Eter. 10 . . .
lepus Retz Spilos. 87
leschenaulti Stgr. Oreops. 359
lethe Westw. Acher. 232
leucodera Stgr. AUod. 303 . .
Leucodonta Stgr. 304
Lcucodrepana Hamps. 198
Leucodrepanilla Strand 198
leucoides Strand Area 121
leucoma Leech Sjiit. 40 . . .
leucomelaena Z. Cham. 411 .
leucomelaena Chamaesph. 413
leucomelas O. Styg. 428
leucomelas Oberth. Cose. 445
leucomera Butl. Paras. 81
leuconotus Walk. Duom. 418 .
leucoparea Zerf. Cham. 403
Leucophlebia Westic. 239
leucopsiformis Esp. Cham. 409
leucoptera Alph. Spilos. 88
leucosoma Butl. Cer. 41 . . .
leucothorax Feld. Spila. 86
lewisi Butl. Perg. 257 ....
lewisii Btitl. Spila. 87 ... .
libanlcola Stgr. Lym. 129
libanotica Bang-H. Synt. 39
libyssa Piing. Cose. 72 . . .
lichen Oberth. Urod. 293
lichenicolor Oberth. Semid. 302
lichenigera Feld. Care. 97 . .
lida Moore Ocin. 19]
ligniperda F. Coss. 419
ligurica Weism . Eudia 223
ligustri i. Sphinx 235 . . .
ligustri S'. 258
lilacma Moore Drep. 203
lilacina Moore Lith. 65
Lilina Tutt 250
iiliputaria Strand Drep. 2(10
Limacodes Lair. 341
limacodes ff «//!. Cochl. 341 . 41
limacodes Cochlidion 339
Limacodes Latr. 341
Liniacodidae 339
TAmacodidae 351
limax Borkh. Cochl. 341
limbata Butl. Exipr. 139
limbifera Strand Pant. 125
lindia Moore Calig. 218 . . .
lineata 254
lineata F. Cel. 256
lineata Leech Leucodr. 199
lineata Leech Rond. 191
lineata Oberth. DrjTii. 296 . .
lineata Westw. Leucoph. 240 .

lineola F. Aloa 90

lineola Guen. Strigl. 373
lineosa Vill. Pach. 174 . . .
lineosa Walk. 260
lineolalis Ev. Roes. 46
linga Moore Milt. 55 ....
Liparidae 109, 147
Llthocharis Warr. 321
Lithosia F. 65
Lithosia 47, 63, 64, 70

PI.
2d

45 c

43 e

15 e
14 g

14 d

2a

55 e

46 b

9f
51 i

53 a

51k

9h

42 a
15 e

13 i

48 a
17 g

36 c

) k, 50a

32 b

48 b

45 d
37 c
17 a

28 f

11

PI.
Lithosiidae 351
Lithosiinae 49

Lithosiinae 49
litura Walk. Loel. 123
liturata Men. Orodemnias 82
liturata Walk. Spila. 87
lituratus Don. Duom. 418

livornica Esp. Cel. 257 ... 41 e
livornicoides Luc. Cel. 257

1-nigrum Mull. Arct. 123 . . 22 a
lobata Moore Rhodon. 374

lobulina Esp. Sel. 165 ... 27 a
lobulina Frr. Sel. 165
lobulina Selen. 448

locuples Walk. Cif. 121 .. . 19 d
locuples Schultz Eud. 224

Loepa Moore 214

Loepa 210

loesa Moore Thos. 343

loetus Stgr. Hep. 435 .... 52 d
j loewii minor Stgr. Cham. 402

loewii Z. Cham. 394

loewii Z. Cham. 402 .... 51 g

I loewii Z. Ocn. 77 14 c

I lola Westw. Salass. 214

I longespinata Aur. Chondr. 150 24 a

longipalpis Butl. Microl. 341 50 a

longipennis Moore Norraca 317 47 g $

longipennis Walk. Dam. 285 . 44 a

longipennis Walk. Nic. 100 . 18 d

longirostris Ham2)s. Pex. 49

longiventris Pouj. 46 Mim. . 10 e

lonicerae Schev. Zyg. 21 . . . 5 a
i lonicerae Zell. Haem. 248
lonicerae Zyg. 442

Lonomia 209

loochooana Stvinh. Oret. 205

Lophocosma Stgr. 294

Lophontosia Stgr. 306

Lophopteryx Steph. 306

Lophopteryx 281, 308, 449

Lophostethiw) 230, 238

lorquiniella Brd. Hyal. 358 . 55 d

loti Hiibn. Zyg. 25

loti Dipl. 149

loti O. Dipl. 162 26 d

loyselis Oberth. Zyg. 20 . . . 4 f, g

lubricipeda Hamps. Spilos. 87

lubricipeda L. Sijila. 84 . . . 15 a

lubricipeda Spil. 446

lucasi Trautm. Hyal. 359 . . 55 c

lucesceiis Butl. Lym. 131

luciani Denso Perg. 269 ... 43 o

lucibilis 56

lucidolina Pouj. Rhodon. 373

lucifer Gr.-Grsh. Hole. 423

luctifera Esp. Arctin. 91

luctifera Jord. Eriog>ai. 221 .31 n

luctifica Stgr. Thauni. 144
j luctuosa Hbn.-G. Diaph. 92 . 1 7 d

luctuosa Led. Synanthedon 386

liidicra Luc. Zyg. 19

ludovicae Piing. Cer. 287

Luffia Tutt 368

lugdulensis Mill. Zyg. 29

lugens Schultz Arct. 100

lugens Standf. Aglla 224

lugubris Bdv. Thyris 371

lugubris H.-Schdff. Diaph. 92

lugubris Oberth. Micr. 83

lugubris Stgr. Dips. 392

lunata Walk. Eupr. 137 .. . 21 g

luneburgensis Machl. Ai'ct. 98

lunigera Esp. Sel. 165 ... 27 a

lunigera Frr. Sel. 165

lunigera Esp. Selenephera 147

lunula Griinh. Drym. 297 . . 45 e

lunula Walk. Sam. 213

lunulata Butl. Das. 114

lunulata Brem. d:Grey Brahm. 227

lupulinus L. Hep. 436 ... 54 g

lurida Butl. Lithos. 65 ... 12 g

468

INDEX.

lurida Fixs. Rond. 191 ...
lurideola Lith. 67
lurideola Zinck. Lithos. 60 . .
lusca P. Tar. 177
lusitanica Spul. Arct. 9S
lusitanica Stgr. Call. 101
lutara Moore I^ycl. 57
lutarella L Lithosia 68 . . .
lutea Auel Lym. 128
luiea Euchar. 446
lidea F. Lith. 68
lutea Hufmjl. Spila. 84
hitea Oherth. ^Jlalacos. 152 . .
lutea-obsoleta Tutt Paras. 81
lutea Schultz p;u(;h. 80
lutea Stgr. Amicta 357 . . .
lutea Stgr. IMilt. 56
luteola Bdv. Zyg. 30
luteola Hbn. Lith. 65
luteola Hbn. Lith. 65
luteola Leech Herpa 11 ...
luteola Schiff. Lith. 68
luteotincta Schultz Peric. 96
lutesceus Cock. Perg. 258
lutescens Conk. Zyg. 21
lutescens Hew. Zyg. 442
lutescens Oherth. Cel. 255
lutescens Stgr. Call. 102 . .
lutescens Tutt Arch. 98
lutescens Tutt Cosm. 164
lutescens Tutt Epicn. 166
lutescens Tutt Eudia 223
lutescens Tutt Mimas 243
lutescens Tutt {purpuralis) Zyg.

441
lutescens Tutt Sphinx 235
lutescens Tutt Zyg. 18
lutescens Walk. Eupr. 138
luteus Gr.-Grsh. Hep. 434
lutosa Esp. Lith. 68
luxorii Godt. Spllos. 87
Lyclene Moore 57
lydia Stgr. Zyg. 27 . .

1yd iae Krulik. Poec. 153
Lyniantria Hbn. 126
I'umantria 81, 109
Lyiuantriidac 109
Lymantriidae 143, 349

91.

maacki liretu. Jlar. 241 . . .
maasseni Stgr. Marumba 241
niabillaiia Pouj. Epipl. 280 . .
mrglachanii 436
uuicilcntus 7i'r. Hep. 436 . .
Macrauzata liutl. 197
Macrolirochit gigas 64
Macroeilix Bull. 196
MacrocilLx Butl. 195
macrodonta Butl. Spat. :!0 1
macroglossoides Walk. (inv. 251
3Ia<Toglossuin Scop. 252
Macroglossmn 231, 247, 254
ujacromera Butl. Paras. 81
macromera Bull. Perg. 257
macro])tera Oberth. Kerala 75 .
Marrotliylaeia Kamb. 160
Macrothylacia 448
Macrurocampa 281
inactans Biitl. JlUt. 56
maculania Lang. Hyphor. 9t)
maculata Seiiz Cochl. 341.
maculata Muore Der. 203
maculata Pouj. Paras. 54 . .
maculata Stgr. Roes. 45 . . .
maculifera Kol. Malac. 151
maeuliferum Stgr. Aegeria 377
maculosa del. 446
maculosa Gem. Clet. 78 . . .
maculosa Roghfr. Las. 159
maerens Stgr. Art. 14 . . . .

PI.
30 c

12 i

13 a

24 e
55 b

2(1

18 f

7 a

37 e

48 i

;i f

13 i

11 c
10 d

14 f

3d

maggiella Chapm. Luff. 368
magiana Stgr. Zyg. 24 ...
magna Seitz Call. 101
magna Seitz Dysp. 427 . . .
magna Stgr. Zyg. 18 ....
magnella Brd. Amicta 358
magniferella Brd. Pachyth. 356
inagnifica Butl. Etcr. 10 . .
Mahasena Moore 364
maja Leech Macroc. 197 . . .
major Prey Zyg. 21 ....
major Fko/w Lym. 127
major O. 223
major Tuft Gastr. 168
major Tutt Herse 233
makropis Schultz Eudia 223
malaccana Walk. Nyssia 344
Malacosonia Hbn. ] 50
malatiana Stgr. Zyg. 28 . . .
malatina Bang-H. Zys. 21
malvinr^lia Mill. Hyal. 359 .
mamertina Zcll. Dips. 391
mann Kirby Zyg. 19
manastabal Oberth. Somabraehys

336
mandarina Butl. Haem. 248 .
mandarina Leech Apon. 186
mandarina Moore Spila. 85
mandarina Moore Theoph. 190
mandarinia Butl. Sjnit. 40
mandschuriana Oberth. Jlimer. 46
mandschm'ica Oherth. Brym. 297
mandschurica Stgr. Act. 211
mandschurica Stgr. Act. 211
manleyi Leech Drep. 201
manleyi Leech Drym. 296 .
manlia L,ed. Zyg. 26 . . .
mannerhoimi Chard. Zyg. 26
niannerheimii Z>up. Clet. 78
manni Alph. Micr. 83 . . .
manni H.-Schaff. Zyg. 23 .
manni Led. ProcrLs 9
mannii L^ed. Cham. 410 . .
manza Alph. Art. 14 . . .
tnappa Dom. Hep. 434
maracandica Seitz Diaph. 92
inarac.'indina Erseh. SjTit. 39
marcida Mann Lithosia 68
marcidiis Walk. Hepialisc. 437
mareima Oberth. Zyg. 29 . .
mardina Stgr. Ampel. 250
mardina Stgr. Lym. 129
margarita Hbn. Asia 331 . .
margarilanea Psilop. 445
margaritacea Walk. Psilop. 51
margaritaria Walk. Psilop. 51
inargiana Piing. Cham. 400 .
marginata Burg. Zyg. 441
marginrita Moore Aloa. 89
marginata Tutt Las. 156
marginata Walk. Lym 131
marglncnigrella Bdv. Epichn. 366
margiuepuncta Tuft Mimas 243
mnrginepunctalis Leech Rhodon.

374
inarita Schultz Call. 101
inarltima Oberth. Zyg. 23 . .
muritima Zyg. 21
marilimella Brd. Amicta 358
marmorata Kamb. Dysjj. 426
niarmoratus Aust. Hole. 423, 450
maroocana Oberth. Somabraehys

336
maroccana Stgr. Las. 159
Maraniba Moore 240
masariforniis O. Cham. 401
masoni Moore Synt. 40
massilialclla Brd. Oreops. 360
massi va Oberth. Somabraehys 336
masuriensis Butl. Gur. 251
matheri Vail. Sat. 221
matrona Hbn. Peric. 96

7 b

52 k
4 a

2 b

23 f
5 a

7h
4h
55c

40 a

8 b

36 h

rjd k

5h

35 e

9h

JOe

49 b

48 b

45 d

6h

7 a

14 g

16 i

5f

51 h

3r

17 d

9 c

13 b

51 g

matronalis Frr. Paras. 81 .
matromda L. Peric. 96 . .
maffhewi 436
matura Moore L\mi. 128
maura Eichtvald Axiop. 97 .
maura Oherth. Cel. 255
maiuetanica Xmc. Coss. 421
mauretanica Mab. Zyg. 30
mauretanica Sfr/r. Cel. 255
mauretanica Stgr. Zyg. 28 .
mauritanica Luc. Ocnog. 70
mauritanica Stgr. Las. 159
maurasia Piing. Cham. 412
maxima Leech Lith. 321
media Stgr. 223
media Walk. Paras. 346
medicagini-s Borkh. 158
inedieaginis Bdi\ Zyg. 22
medicagmbi Borkh. Las 158 .
medicaginls Hbn. Das. 112
medicaginis O. Zyg. 23
mediobscura Schultz Das. 1 13
mediodivisa Spul. Euchr. 80 .
mediofasciata Mayer Cel. 255
medionigra Spul. Call. 102
mediterranea Led. Oreojjs. 360
medusa Moore Achcr. 233
medusa Pall. Zyg. 23 ... .
medusa Zyg. 443

mcgala Asur. 55

niegala Hamps. Lycl. 58 . .
Mesalopygidae 335
Megalopygidae 339, 351
Meganoton Walk. 234
megillaeformis Hbti. Dips. 392
megiUaeformis Hbn. Dips. 393
vietaena Spul. Aglia 224
melaena Spul. Not. 301
melagona Borkh. Ochrost. 305
melaina Gross Aglia 224
melaleuca Jord. Clel. 17 . . .
melampyga Spul. Ut. 73
3Iolanaema Bull. 54
melanargia Bnil. Psychostr.

278

melania Stgr. Porth. 134 . .
melaniodes Strand Porth. 134
melanocephala Datm. Aegeria

377

melanocera Hamps. Synt. 445
BlelanograpWa Hamps. 46
melanomera Butl. Paras. 81
melanomos Nick. Endr. 60
melanopter.a Brahm Cose. 72
melauosoma Hamps. Spilos. XS
melanostigma Erseh. Spila 85
melanostigma Spil. 440
melas Christ. Par. 81
melasoma Stgr. Dips. 397
melasoma Stgr. Phalacropt . 3t)3
meliloti Esp. Zvg. 25 ... .
meliloti Hbn. Zvg. 30, 443
Nelittia Tl'aU-. 379
mellmiforoiis Lasp. Svnanthedon

385
melusine Oberth. Zyg. 444
mencia Moore Epic. 35 . . .
menciana Dicran. 289
menciana Moore Dicr. 288
menciana Moore Rond. 191 .
mencius Pap. 35
mendica CI. Diaph. 91 . . .
mendica Diaph. 92
mendiea Rossi Spilos. 87
mendnsa Das. 115
mendosa Hbn. Das. 115 . . .
menephron Cr. Psilogr. 234
menetriesi Ev. Coll. 102 .. .
menthastri Esp. Spilos. 87
vienthastri sangaica Spilos. 88
mentonella Mill. Epichn. 366
merldionalis Calb. Eudia 223

PI.

10 e

l'7f,g

20 e

17 g

41 b

8 a

.' 14 b

. 25 d

. 50 m

. 49 h

25 d

16 d

55 d
5k

Ug
llg

51 f

45 c
3 i

48 {
22 h

51 a

II k
13 f
15 g

0 d

10 a

30 c

17 b

22 d

18 t
15 f

INDEX.

469

PI.
meridionalis Hormuz. Gastr. 168
tneridionalis-lincata TnttGasir. 168
rneridionalis-ohsoleta Tuit 16S
ineridionalLs Seiiz Ocn. 76 . . 14 b
meridionalis Tuit Las. 1.58
mesiaefoi'iuLs H.-Schdff. Svnan-

thedon 382 .....".. . 52 a
mesiaejormis H.-Schafl. S^-nan-

thedon 383
mesogona Godl. Apaid. 50 . . 11 f
inesomella L. Cyb. 60 ... 11 k
messina Zyg. 442

mestralii Bugn. Synt. 38 . . 9 c
mesiraUi Bugn. Synt. 39
meiagonaria JVidk. 203
■metanaga Bull. Acosmeryx 251
Metanastna Hhn. 161
Meiaporia 277

nietelkana Led. Rhypavioid. 94 14 i
ineticuloduia Oberih. Uiop. 293 45 a
meiiculodina TJropvia 283
metis Ami. Am. 262 ... . 43 e
metzgeri Hirschke Zyg. 24
micans Brem. SGi'ey Stigmatoph.

50 11a

micans Peld. Lym. 131

mifans Freyer Procris 9 . . . Ik

inicans Stigmatophora 51, 72

micliaeHf Oherth. Marumba 241

Micrarctia Seitz 83

Micrarctia 446

Micraretiinae 71

microcephala Fcld. Ebei'. 10

Microleon Bull 340

Microiiia Guen. 276

Microniinae 275

Microphalera Bull. 299

micropha'ima Bull. Nol. 44

raicrophthalmica.S'c/t»Z<.:' Eudia 222

Micropterygidae 433

Microsphecia 375

Microsphecia Battel 414

milesiformis Tr. Haem. 248

milhauseri F. Hopl. 292 ... 45 a

milleiolii Esp. Zyg. 22

millie.rella Bdv. Hyal. 358

milliereUa Led. Psyche 361

millieii Heyl. Reb. 365

Miltochrista Hbn. 54

Miltochri.tla 51, 57

miltosa Cand. Zvg. 23

Mimas Hbn. 242

Mimas 261

Mimerastria Bull. 46

Miraozethes Warr. 196

Mimozethen 195

minax Hbn. Dicr. 288 . . . .44 e

mhia.K Hyphorma 345

ininax Walk. Hyph. 340 . . 50 b

minianiformls Frr. Cham. 398 51 1

miniata Forsl. Milt. 55 ... 11 d,

miniata Tull Zyg. 442

minicula Guen. Rhodon. 374

minima Hamp.^t. Phragmataec. 430

nununa Oberih. Cam)). 13 . . 2 f

minima Seilz Dysp. 427 ... 52 k

minoide.s Selys Zyg. 21 ... 4 i

7ninoides Zyg. 21

minor Bang-H. 7i\g. 30 . . . 8 i

minor Bull. Lech". 260 ... 42 d

minor Eversm. Procris 9

minor Fuclis Drop. 200

minor Moore Phragmataec. 430

minor Tutt Herse 233

minor Tutt Zyg. 443

minos Bdv. Zyg. IS

minos Fuensl. Zyg. 18

minuscula Bull. Clan. 354, 449

minuta Bang. H. Synt. 444

minuta Bull. Sice. 53 ... . 11 c

minuta Leech Ang. 197

minutalis Leech Cel. 48 . . . 10 g

niirabilior Oberth. Lophopt. 307
mirabilis Aust. Amorph. 245
mirabilis Bull. Sar. 322 . . .
mu'aoulosa Slgr Him. 310 . .
rniranda Moore Loepa 214
mu'anda Oberth. Cose. 72 .
Mircsa 345
Miresa Walk. 344
mirifica Oberih. Prep. 97 . .
Mirlna Slgr. 193
Mirina Slgr. 193
mirza Swinh. Paras. 346
milfordella Chapm. Fum. 367
mitisi Dziurz. Zyg. 26
mlocossewitsehi Rom. Hep. 436
mniszechii Feld. Brahm. 228
moddermanni Heyl. Kumeta 352
moderala Graes. Pyg. 315
modesla Datana 282
modesta P. Polypt. 240
modesla 82

luodesta Heyne Org. 117
modesta Krul. Dys. 42
modesta Kirby Das. 114 . .
modesta Leech Lycl. 58 . . .
modesta Slgr. Pyg. 315 . . .
modestus Stfjr. Coss. 420 . .
moellendorffii Pixs. Thyat. 325
inoerei Hamps. Not. 302
moerons Bull. Arctin. 91
moereus Oberih. Eter. 441 . .
moerens Slrand Diacr. 95
moesta Sidnh. Lym. 131
Moffalia Moore 369
Moffatiinae Slrand 369
mogadorensis Black. Synt. 444
mogadorensis Oberth. Somabra-

chys 337

nioUicula Butt. Spila 85
mollis Christ Hole. 422 .. .
mollis Gr.-Grsh. Procvis 8
mollis Walk. INIiresa 344
moltrcchti Oberih. Not. 30 . .
niolybdeola Guen. Ijith. 66
monacha Fourcr. Aret. 100
monaoha L. Lym. 128 . . .
monacha Lym. 110, 113, 129
monachalis Haw. Roes. 46
Monarda 209, 229
monataria Bull. Epipl. 279
monedulaeformis Bdv. Synan-

thedon 383
monetaria Oberih. Not. 301
mongoliana Bull. Rhag. 259 .
mongoliea Alph. Mici. 84 . .
niongolica Styr. & Rebel Zyg. 25
mongolicus Frsch. Coss. 419 .
monspeliensis Slgr. Cham. 404
montatui Dendrol. 172
monlana Heyl. Epichn. 366
montana Slgr. Dendr. 171 . .
montanella Heyl. Epichn. 366
montieola Gr.-Grsh. Dysp. 427
montis Leech Cham. 407 . .
montis Leech Evipr. 137 . .
moorei Hutt. Oein. 191
moorei Leech Lith. 67 ...
moorei Leech Stilpn. 124
moorei Tuit Anther. 217
moreaui le Cerf Cham. 402

mori L. Bomb. 1S9

morio L. Hypog. 116 . . . .
morio R. & J. Sphinx 236 .
moro>a Bull. Anther. 216 . .
morosina H.-Schdff. Lithos. 66
■morta Hbn. Acher. 232
mortoni TuU Act. 212
mortua Slgr. Diacr. 94
mota Swinh. Cer, 41
moupinensis Leech Chion. 62
moza Bull. Epipl. 279 . . .
mucosus Christ. Hole. 422

PI.

oo m
17 e

13 f

17 i

54 h

22 a
11 h
47 f
53 a
49 d

56 i

50 d
53 f

49 b

20 g

46 b
42 f
16 k

53 d

52 i;

28 a

51 i
23 a

12 1

35 c
19 a

36 d
34 a
12 i

48 i

PI.
muirheadi Feld. Synt. 40 . . 9 g
niub igutta Walk. Er. 445 9 h

amltiguttata Wallc. Spila. 87 15 I
multimaculala Schultz Peric. 96
multLstrigata Moore Zeuz. 429 52 g
nmndana L. Nud. 52 ... . lib
murina Aust. Cel. 256
muriua Hbn. Paid. 57 ... 11 f
murina Klug Amicta 357
murinella Dup. Psychid. 366
muriniis Moore Palp. 437
nms Gr.-Grsh. Hole. 422
mus SUjr. Sphing. 238 ... 37 a
m.usca Retz Haeni. 248
muscaeformis View. Cham. 411 51 i
niuscella Dup. Oreops. 360 •
museella P. Oreops. 360 . . 55 d
muscerda Hufn. Pel. 70 . . . 13 d
muscula Slgr. Drep. 202
muscula Slgr. Lithos. 66 . . 12 h
muscula Slgr. Nudarid. 57 . . 11 h
m.iisculalis Saalm. Cel. 48
museidaria Walk. Drep. 202 . 30 f
Mustilia Walk. 190
mutilata Slgr. Cham. 407
Myelobius 417
mylitla Anther. 210, 215
myopaeformis Borkh. Svnanthe-

don 385 ". . . . 51 e

myrmidonella Bdv. Epichn. 365
myrmosaeformis H.-Schdff. Mi-

erosph. 414 52 f

mjTsusalis Walk. Rhodon. 374 56 f

niysiniformis Bdv. 404

mysiniformLs i?aHi6. Cham. 411 51k

mysticala Maeroe. 196

mysticata Walk. Maeroe. 197 23 t

Nadasia Walk. 162

Nadata Walk. 311

naga Moore Acosmeryx 251 . 39 e

nana Stgr. Las. 159

tiana Warr. MLm. 196

naneola Ragu^a Lithosia 68

nararia Moore Nat. 343 ... 50 a

narcissus Cr. El. 71 .... 13 1

7iarcissus Eligm. 445

Natada Walk. 343

natara Moore lAth. 66

natlyi Aign. Hypog. 116

navigatorum Feld. Strig!. 373

uawai R. & J. I^ang. 242 . . 38 b

neaera H.-Schaff. 345

neapolitana Calb. Zyg. 19 . . 4 c

nebulosa Bull. Rhyparioid. 94 14 i

nebulosus Alph. Hep. 434 . . 52 g

negleeta Schultz Aret. 99

nehallenia Oberth. Spil. 446

nelcviuia Moore Noss. 277 . . 48 e

nelcynna Leech Noss. 277

nclcymna Slgr. Noss. 277

Nemacerola Hamps. 33)

Nemeophila 94

nemorosa Esp. Hep. 436

naogena, Piseh-Wald. Eriog. 154 24 i

neopalaearcticaS'tan(J/.?.Smer. 262 43 c

Neoris Moore 219

Neoris 210, 217

nepalensis TFaZA.-. Hepialise. 437 54 d.

Nephele 230

Nerice 281

Nerice Walk. 295

nerii L. Deil. 250 39 c

nervosa Peld. Gazalina 317

nervosa R. & J. Cel. 255

nesea Sibine 335

nessus Drury Ther. 258 ... 42 c

neustria L. Malac. 150 ... 24 b

neuslria Malac. 148

neutra Swinh. Nat. 343

470

INDEX.

PI.
nevadae Oberlh. Tlu-ri.s 371 . 50 p
nevadensLs Oherth. Cose 445
nevadensi.s Ratnh. Zyg. 19 . . 4 e
nevadensis Zyg. 20
Neivelskoja Gr.-Grsh. 425
nexa Schultz Call. 101
nguldoe OfteW/i. Callic. 198 . 23 g
nica Frr. Paid. 57
Mcaea Moore 100
nicaea Celer. 254

nica«a Prun. Oel. 256 .... 41 a
niceae Stgr. Zyg. 29 ... . 8d
Nichoisonia Tiitt 244
nickerli Rehel Phil. 59 ... . Hi
nigerrima Zick. Zyg. 19
nigra Batig-H. Thaiim. 144 . 23 o
nigra Dziurz. Zyg. 21 ... . 4 k
nigra Dziurz. Zyg. 25
nigra Dziurz. Zyg. 443
nigra Fr. Lyni. 328
nigra Hamps. Euridc. 362 . . 56 g

nigra Leech 111. 16 3g

nigra Dziurz. Zyg. 443
nigra Leech IMicr. 83
nigra Moore Lyni. 131 ... 20 f
nigra Spul. Call. 101
nigra Tiitt Heterogenoa 342
nigraplaga Wilem. Acanth. 35.') 5'J g
nigrata Dziurz. Zyg. 442
nigrans Bull. Brahm. 228
nigi'ata Dziurz. Zyg. 442
nigrata Schuliz Euch. SO
nigriscens Doiso Cel. 265
nigrescens R. & J. Cel. 255
nigrescen.s Stgr. Amicta 357 . 55 a
nigricans Curt. Pachyth. 356
nigric/i>is Kemp. Call. 102
nigricans iMrez. Arct. 99
nigricans Oberth. Zyg. 23
nigricans Oberth. Zyg. 442
nigricans Stgr. Oreops. 360 . 55 d
nigricauda Myi. S\ait. 414
nlgricaudella Brd. Pachj-th. 35()
nigricornLs Alph. Synt. 38
nigi'ico.sta Ijcech Oeon. 63 . . 12 f
nigrifrotis Moore Lith. 69
nigrigemnia Walk. Phac. 1(> . 3 g
nigrilinea Leech Staiir. 290
iiigrinus Jord. Hi.st. 13 ... 3 a
nigripars TI'a^A-. Lithosia 69
nlgripennata Stgr. Stilpn. 12
nigripes le Cerf Cham. 399
nigripodu Brem. Litho;;. 67 . 12 1
nigritula Stgr. Dy.sp. 427
nigrivona Jjcech Lycl. 58 . . 11 g
iiigroupicalis Schuttz Pcric. 96
nigrociliata Fuclis Stilpn. 123
nigrociliata ScJuiw. Paras. 81
nigrocincta Spr. Lithosia 68
nigrofasciata Groes. Polypi. 331
nigroliinbata Leech Pant. 125
niiirolueidella Bdv. Reb. 365
nigroniacularia /yecc^ Oberth. 277 48 f
nigriiniaciilataPWersThaum. 144
nigroramosa Christ. Drym. 296 49 d
nigrosignata Bandermann Eupr.

135
nigro.itj^ta Schultz Peric. 96
nihonica Battel Svnanthedon

388 ." 50 g

nilionica WHeman Fent. 292
nilgirica Hamps. Sice. 53
niloticus .Joann. Paropta 425
ningpoana Feld. Act. ?11 . . 33 b
ningpoana Feld. Phal. 312
niphona Bull. Zyg. 25 ... 6 e
niphonica Bull. Gorg. 437
niphonica Griinb. Staur. 298 . 44 g
niphonLs Bull. Eupr. 136 . . 21 e, f
niphonis P^uproct. 447
nltens Bull. Rhodon. 374 . . 56 f
nitida Hamps. Roes. 45 . . . 10 d

53 f

49 k

30 c

13 e

55 g

lid

If

11 h

53 f

4 c

52 g

21 d

PI.
nilidella Hbn. Pum. 368
nivalis Stgr. Da.s. 112
nivea Hamps. Tieucodi. 198 . 48 b
nivea Walk. Altha 343 . . . 50 a
niveiceps Walk. Nad. 31 1
n'veum Men. Spilos. 88 . . . 15 h
nivilinea Edema 295
nivosa Butl. Lith. 67
nobilLs Stgr. Hole. 423 . .
nohills Stgr. Phrix. 341 . .
nobilis Walk. Dud. 284
nobili-s Walk. Dud. 340
nobilis Walk. Leb. 174 . .
nootis Butl. Pel. 70 ... .
Noctuidae 75

nocturella Alph. Reb. 365 .
nocturnella Stgr. Psychid. 367
nogelli Zed. Ocn. 77 ...
Nola Leech 44
Ncjlidae 75
Nolinae 44
Nolinae 49
nora Stgr. Ocn. 132
nordlandiea Strand Odont. 306
Xorraea Moore 310
norvegica Schdyen Funi. 367
Xossa Kirby 277
notata Swinh. 316
not at a Zell. Proerls 8 . . . .
Nofodonta O. 299
NotodoHta O. 281, 298
Xotodontidae 281
nubifascia Walk. As. 59 . . .
nubifasciaria Butl. Epipl. 278
nubifer Led. Hep. 435 . . .
ntibigena TjCd. Zyg. 19 ...
nubila Stgr. Zeuz. 429 . . .
nubilata Tutt Pol>iil. 330
nubilosa Stgr. TVudin. 56

nuda 7=". Per 134

nuda Hbn Nud. 52

Xiularia Haw. 51

Nudaria 52

Xiidaridia Hamps. 57

nudella Dttp. Sterrh. 362

nudella O. Reb. 365 .... 55 g

N'lidina Stgr. 56

Xumeiies Walk. 126

nuniida Aust. Sat. 221

Nyceryx 247

nyctea Gr.-Grsh. Porth. liU

Nyctemera Hbn. 103

Nyctemera 102

N yclemeridac 277

Nyctemeriiiae 102

nycteris Kolt. Rhopalop.sycho 254 40 f

nyctiphancs Megan. 234

nycticans Men. Paras. 81 . . 16 o

nydia Spil. 85

nvuiphidiaria Oberth. Psychostr.

"278 ■. . . . 48 f

nymphidium Stiboges 278

o.

oberthueii Hcyl. Amicta 358

oberthiiri Leech Loepa 214

oberthuri I^eeeh lx)epa 214 . 23 d

oberthuri Luc. L>Tn. 130

oberthuri 0&CT//I. "Ai-ct. 98 . . 17 i

oberthuri Dziurz. Zyg. 442

oberthiiri Semp. Spila 86

oberthiiri Luc. chil. 448

Oberthiioria Stgr. 190

oberthuri Stgr. Not. 301 . . 46 b

oberthueri 7i'. <£,• J. Sphinx 236 36 d

oberthueri Stgr. Pseudojjs. 5 . lb

oberthueri Tutt Smer. 262 . 43 d

Oberthueria Leech 277

obfuscata Walk. Lym. 130 . 22 f

obliqua Walk. SpUa. 85

obliquata King Chil. 163 . . 26 e

56 e

28 c
24 d

11 c

38 c
45 h
26 d

PI.
obliquifascia Hamps. Alph. 88 17 a
obliquilinea Hanqjs. Oret. 204
obliquistrigalis Warr. Rhodon.

374
obliterata Esji. Ochrost. 305
obliterella Strand Org. 119
oblitescens Schultz Eudia 222
oblonga Pouj. Thyat. 324 . .
oblongomaculata Schultz Aglia

224
obscura Cock. Arct. 98
obscura F. Dys. 42
obscura Griinb. Dendr. 172
obscura Griinb. Malacos. 179 .
obscura Heudck. Gastr. 169
obscura Leech Sice. 53 . . .
obscura Lorez Arct. 99
obscura Oberth. Euch. 446
obscura Rebel Staur. 289
obscura Schultz Rhyp. 93
obsciu'a .Stgr. Dendr. 173
obscura Tutt Herse 233
obscura Tutt Paliuip. 327
obscura Tutt Sphinx 235
obscura Tutt Zvg. 18
obscura Tuft Zyg. 21
obscura ZeU. Proerls 9 . . .
obscura Zetf. Das. 112
obscurata Stgr. Das. 112
obscurior Sprd. Ocn. 76
obscurior Stgr Pvg. 315
obsoleta Clark Mimas 243 . .
obsoleta Grilnh. Not. 301 . .
obsoleta Klug Nadas. 162 . .
obsoleta Rtr. Cel. 48
obsoleta ScMiltz Lym. 128
obsoleta Stgr. Smer. 244
obsoleta Tutt Acher. 232
obsoleta Tutt P^udia 222
obsoleta Tutt Eudia 223
obsoleta jf'itrt Las. 157
obsoleta Tutt Malacos. 151
obsoleta Tutt Perg. 257
obsoleta Walk. Lym. 130
obsoleta-bcrolincnsis Tutt Cosm. 164
obsoleta-extrema Cosm. 164
obsoleta-flava Las. 158
obsoleta-lutescens Tutt Cosm. 164
ohsoleta-medlcaginis 7\'tt Las. 158
obsoleta-pofatoria Tutt Cosm. 16)
obsoleta-rufa Tutt Las. 158
dbtrita Stgr Pel. 70
obtui'ata le Cerf Cham. 399
obtiLsa H.-Schdfl. Pel. 70 . .
obtusa Walk. Oret. 204 .. .
octcidentalLs Joann. Cham. Ill
occidental i.1 TAntn. Ccr. 286
occidentalis Oberth. Zyg. 442
occitanica ^'ill. Zyg. 30 . . .
occitanica Zyg. 444
ocellata L. Smer. 245 ....
ochracea Brent. Nud arid. 57 .
ochracea ButL Oxy. 239 . .
ochracea Seitz. Cochl. 341
ochracea Hamps. Lycl. 58
ochracea Led. Stigmatophora 50
ocViracea Leech Herpa 11 . .
ochracea Leech 111. 16 ... .
ochracea- confluen,s Tutt Mai. 151
ochracea- jracta Mai. 151
ochracea-marginata Las. 157
ochracea-semimarginata Las. 157
ochracea- unicolor Tutt Mai. 151
ochracea-virgata Las. 157
ochraceofasciata Schultz Eudia 223
ochraceola Brem. Lith. 68
ochrea Hamps. Spilos. 87
ochrea .1/(7/. Dys. 445
ochreola Hbn. Lithos. 65
ochroleucana Stgr. Ear. 317
ochrolimbata Stgr. Org. 117 . 19 b
ochropoda Ever^m. Stilpn. 124 22 d

13 d
22 i

8i

38 d
lib
37 a

2d
3e

INDEX.

471

Ochrostigma Hhn. 304
ochsenheimeri Zell. Zyg. 23
ociferaria aid. Euch. 196, 470
Ociiiera Walk. 191
Ocneria Hhii. 131
Ocneria 109
Ocnerogyia Styr. 133
Ocnogyna Led. 76
ociof/ena Esp. Palimps. 327
odoqesima Bvtl. Palunps. 329
ocloge.9ima Hhn. Palimps. 327
oetomaciilata Brem. Art. 14 .
octopunctaia Bdv. Zeuz 429
odopunctata Mosdtl. Eter. 10
ocularis L. 322

ocularis L. Palimp. 327 . . .
ocypete Brcm. Pent. 291 . .
orypete Pent. 292
ijcys Hhn. Hipp. 2.58
Odonestis Germ. 170
Odoiitosia Hbn. 30.5
Odontosia 306
Odontosida 247
ortynoriformis H.-Sehaff. Ohani.

401
odyneripennis PFfl7A-. Bemb. 381
Oeceticinae 353
Oencius 417
oenone Butl. Synt. 40
oenotherae Schiff. Proserpinus 2
nenotheriodes Btlr. Proserpinus
Oeonistis Hhn. 63
oei'tzeni Led. Eupr. 80, 446 .
olbiana Oherth. Zyg. 442
oldenlandiae F. Ther. 259 . .
olga Oberth. Das. 112 ...
olga Stgr. Axia 331 ....
Oligographa 231
olivacea Oherth. Salass. 215
olivacea TuH Las. 157
olivacea-fasciata Cock. Las. 157
olivieri Bdv. Zyg. 28
olivicri Zyg. 443
onohrycMs Bdv. Zyg. 30
onobrycMs Schiff tO Den. Zyg. 30
ononidis Mill. Zyg. 28
opaca SchiiUz Peric. 96
opacclla H.-Schdff. Acanth. 354
opalescens Alph. Thyat. 325 .
operosa Skindfs. Smer. 262
ophioHifonnvi Hhn. Dips. 392
opulenia Arct. 99

or F. Paliiup. 327

orana Aitst. Procris 9 . . . •

orana Baker Proeris 7

orana Dup. Zyg. 30 ....

orana Stgr. Thaum. 144

orana Zyg. 444

oranaria Luc. Pseudost. 75

oranaria Luc. P.seud. 446

oranaria Strand Drep. 200 . .

orbata Gr.-Grsch. Smer. 244

orbicularis Moore Palimp. 328

orbiferata Walk. Macroc. 197 .

orciferaria Walk. Euch. 196

Oreopsvehe Spr. 359

Oreta Walk. 204

Orgyia O. 116

Orgyia 109. Ill, 120, 133, 186,

349
oribasu.i H.-Schdff. Zyg. 27
orientulis Butl. Herse 233
orientalis Fixs. Pyg. 314
orientalLs Hormuzalci Zyg. 21
orientalis Moore Ai'ct. 98, 447
orientalis Stgr. Org. 118
orientalis Walk. Ar. 91
orion H.-Schdff. Zyg. 19 . .
or ion Zyg. 20

ornata Leech Palimp. 327 . .
ornata Leech Thyat. 325 . .
ornata Oberth. Spat. 304 . .

PI.

■> g

3c

49 q
45 b

50 m

52
252

16 c

42 b
19g
56 h

34 d

49 f
1 i

8h

13 1

23 i

49 f
23 g
48 a

4d

49 g
55 n
46 f

ornata Stgr. Hyphor. 95 ...

orobi Hhn. Zyg. 21

Orodemnias Wallgr. 82
Oroncus Seits 82
orsilochus Cr. Megalopyge 335
oryssiformis H.-Schdff. Cham.

399

osacesalis Walk. Herd. 372
osiris Dalm. Hipp. 258
osmiaeformis H.-Schdff. Cham.

407

othello Blach. Malacos. 152
Othorene 209

ottonis R. ,(■ ./. Haem. 248 . .
otus Drury Pach. 174 ....
Ourapteryx 276
Oxvambulvx R. <fr ,7. 238
Ox'yambulyx 243, 249
oxybeliformLs H.-Schdff. Cham.

404

oxytropLs Bdv. Zyg. 25 . . .
oxyfropls Zyg. 444

PI.

17 e

4i

j2d
)0e

52 d

40 c

28 e,

51 g
6 f

P.

Pachyga.ttria Hbn. 155
Pachylia 230, 246
Pachypasa Walk. 173
Pachypasa 175
Pachythelia Wentw. 355
padella Chen. Hetorogynis 349
Paidia Hbn. 57
palaeartica Stgr. Ross. 277
Palaeomystis 280
palaestineiviis I^as. 44
palaestinensis Stgr. Las. 159 .
palaestrana Stgr. Chondr. 150
palariformis ied. Dips. 389 .
paleiferella Brd. Caneph. 356
palestinae Hanips. Hynt. 39
Paliinpsestis Hbn. 326
Palimp.'se.stis 321
palladia Fourcr. Cose. 72
pallens Hamps. Agyll. 64 . .
pallens Mill. Endr." 60 . . .
pallens Oherth. Zyg. 443
pallens 3Ioore Lith. 69
pallens Schullz Arct. 98
palleola mn. Lith. 67
palleola Lith. 68
palleolus Motsch. Drep. 202
palliatella Hamps. Lith. 67
pallida Aign. Clet. 78
pallida Brem. Milt. 55
pallida Brem. Blilt. 58
pallida Butl. Cose. 72 . .
pallida Butl. Rhodon. 374
pallida Butl. Pydna 316 .
pallida Griinb. Malacos. 1 79
pallida Gillm. Loph. 449
pallida Griinb. Not. 300 .
pallida Moore Lycl. 58
pallida Moore Lithosia 69
pallida Oherth. Zyg. 443
pallida Schullz Arct. 99
pallida Sphinx 235
pallida Spul. Gastr. 168
pallida Spul. Ut. 73 . .
pallida Stgr. Diacr. 94
pallida Thierre-M. Macroth. 448
pallida Tutt Amorph. 246
pallida Tutt Ccl. 256
pallida Tutt Epicn. 166
pallida Tutt Hipp. 258
pallida Tutt Macroth. 161
pallida Tutt Malacos. 151
pallida Tuft Mimas 243
pallida Tutt Perg. 257
pallida Tutt Smsr. 245
pallida Tutt Trich. 152
pallida Tutt Zyg. 443

48 e

26 a
24 a
51 f

12 f

n 1

lie

13 f
50 f
56 e
24 d

45 g

13 c

13

PI.
pallida Walk. Pvg. 315
pallida Walk. Sus. 342 ... 49 k
pallida Walk. Trab. 166
pallida- appro. timata Tutt Kvaovph.. 161
pallida- con junda Tutt Amorjjh. 161
pallida-dissimilia Tutt Amorph. 161
pallida-fasciuta Tult Amorph. 161
pallida-fasciata Gillm. Amorph.

246
pallida-obsoleta Tutt Amorph. 161
pallida-separata Tuft Amorph. 161
pallida-unilinea Tull Amorph. 161
pallida-virgata Tutt Amorph. 161
pallidata Stgr. Dysp. 426 . . 52 k
pallidior Oberth. Zyg. 442
pallidior Christ. Ocn. 77 . .
pallidior Hormuz. Spat. 303 .
paUutum Walk. Tar. 177
pallidiis Horm. Hep. 435
pallifrous Z. Lithosia 68 . .
palliolalis Hbn. Nol. 44
pallivitta Moore Miresa 344
palmata Moore Stigmatoph. 51
Palpi ter Hamps. 437
palpina L. Pterost. 308 . . .
palpina Pterostoma 281
palustris Holle Amorpha 246
pahistrLs Oherth. Zyg. 21
pamirica Strand Dasorg. 120 .
panlacroixi Oherth. Org. 117 .
panormitana Ti<ra/j Malacos. 152 23 e
Paiitana lT'«7/c 124
pantherina Hbn. Dysp. 426
papilio 35

papyratia Marsh. Spilos. 88
paradoxa Hbn. HeterogynLs 349
paradoxa Ramh. Heterogynis 349
paradoxus H.-Schdff. Paropta

425, 450 55 ni

Paragnorima Warr. 329
Paralebeda Auriv. 174
paralias Nick. Cel. 255 . . .
parallela Stgr. Malac. 151 . .
parallelangula Alph. Sjjic. 203
Paranthrene 414
Paranfhrene Hbn. 376
Paranthrene Hbn. 379
Paraona Moore 63
Parapsestis Warr. 329
Parasa Moore 345
Parasemia Hbn. 81
Parasemia 82, 94
Parasiccia Hamps. 53
parasita Hhn. Ocn. 77 ...
pardalina 71
pardalina Piing. Tancr. 75 . .

14c
46 o

13 a

11 I)

47 a

22 b
19 b

50 f

41 b
24 b

48 c

14 c

. . 6^4 b,
$16 a

pardalina Walk. Spila. 87
pardalis Walk. Est. 170 .. . 27 c
Paropta Stgr. 425
parthica Led. Dips. 390
Paruiii R. (f J. 242
parvigutta Christ. Dys. 42 . . 9 i
parvula Feld. Phragm. 80 . . 16 c
parvula Leech, Drep. 202 . . 48 d
pasca Leech S>Tit. 40 ... . 9 h
pastoralis Bull. Paras. 346 . 50 c
pafitrana Led. Chondr. 150 . 24 a
patrana Moore Drep. 202 . . 30 f
patrua Delias 277
pauciguttata Schullz Peric. 90
paucimacula Schullz Call. 101
paucimaculala Arct. 99
paacimacidata Oberth. CletLs 446
paucipunda Fuchs Spilos. 87
paucipuncta Strand I,ael. 122 19 i
pauli Stgr. Lem. 182 . . . . 30 b
pauli Mory Cel. 265
paupera Christ Procris 8
pauperata Leech Eupr. 138
pauperatus Walk. Hepialisc. 437
paveli Uhrieh Epichn. 366

472

INDEX.

pavescens Butt. 65
pavesoens Bull. Lith. 65
paxronia Eriogyn. 221
pavonia L. Eudia 222 . . .
pavonia major L. Sat. 220
pavonia media Esp. Eiulia 222
pavoniella Scop. Eudia 222
pef.hi Stgr. Cham. 402 ....
pechnianni TIartm. Mima.s 248
pectinata Sitjr. Bemb. 381 . .
peclinella Diip. Luff. 368
peotinella /•'. Psychid. 366 . .
peciinella Hhn. Reb. 365
))0(:tiiiicorni.s L. Chalcosia 11 .
Pclosia Hhn. 70
pcUiimda Kirhy 16
ponangae Moore Thyr. 17 . .
pennclla T>up. HeterogyiiLs 340
penyiella Hbn. Ileterogynis 340
peplidis Christ. Celerio 255
Iiopsiformis J^ed. Cham. 30S
pordita «f/r. ZvR. 28
perfiisca Ba^f. Call. 102
Perffcsa Wall: 257
I'erqcsa 261
Perye.ia 250
Perc/efsa 258
Perioallia Hhn. 96
Pcriqonia 246, 249
Perina Walk. 134
Perisomena Walk. 219
p<'iixanthia//a»np.s. Synt. 39.
pe.rixanthia Synt. 40
pcrlella P. Pel. 70
I>erluoidella Brd. Psychid. 366
]i('.rma,ffnn, But}. Drym. 297
pornix Leech Cham. 409 . . .
pei'noldi Jacobs Pevg. 268
pornoldiana Aust. Col. 269 . .
pernyi Auth. 210
pcrnyi Anth. 215
))ornyi Giier. Anther. 210 . .
perornata Moore Gon. 97 . .
))eirirorata Ilanips. Pai.is. 54
persa Die. Strand 428
pei'sica Koll. Synt. 39 ...
persieas Awtt. Hole. 423, 450
pershnilk Bail. Staur. 289 . .
persimilLs Leech Synt. 39
persona Hhn. Coll. 101 . . .
persona le Guill. Duom. 418
perspicua Datana 281
perspieua Datana 282
periindulans Swinh. 247
petiveri Bull. Brahm. 227
pctreola Ouen. Lith. 67
peti-i Alph. Cer. 287
petrosa 82

]ieucedani Esp. Zyg. 24 . . .
peucedani Zyg. 25
Pfixiiiola Hatnps. 49
pfluemeri Wac/i. Svnt. 38 . .
Phacusa Walk.' 16 "
Phacusa 17

phaea Harnps. Nol. 44 . . .
phaeae Hhn. Zyg. 30
phaedra Leech Chion. 62
phaeosoma Bull. Arct. 98
Phalacra Walk. 203
Phalacnao 3
Phalcropteryx Hbn. 362
Phal«ra Hbn. 311
Phalera 281, 282, 315
Phalera 447
Phalorodonta .SVj/r. 310
phantasma Niepelt Arct. 98
phantoma Dahn. Dior. 288 .
pharaonis Stffr. Paropta 425
phasma Butt Der. 203 . . .
phasma Leech Alph. 89 . . .
Phassus Walk. 437
Phauda ll'a;/c. 5

PI.
31 c

51 g

52 f
55 h

2e

3 1

Of

55 h

6 b

9 a

10 c

51 k
43 0

34 d
]7h

Of

44 g

ISe

44 f

48 c
15 i

PI.
Phaudinae 4

phegea L. Synt. 38 9 a

pliegca Sjnit. 41

phegea Synt. 445

phegeus Esp. Synt. 38 . . . 9 b

Pheosia Hbn. 297

T'heosia Hbn. 281, 298. 299

Phllanipelinae 249

Philampelinae 231

Philea Z. 50

riiilca 57

philenora Westw. Epic. 36

[ihileuphorliia Miltzell Cel. 266

l)hilippsi Bartel Call. 101, 447

philippsi Bartel Eriog. 154 . . 24 g

jihilippsi Slandfs. Am. 264 . .

fihilopalus Do>i~. Lam. 182 . 30 a

Phissania Moore 90

Phissama 89

phoebe Sieh. Not. 301 ... 15 h

l)hoenicea Stgr. Zyg. 27 . . . 7 d

l)hoenissa Eoghjr. Lym. 129

Pholus 230

Phrasmataecia Newm. 429

Phrasmafoliia Steph. 79

Phragmatobia S3

Phrixolepia Buil. 341

Phryxiis Hhn. 254

Phyllosphin^ia Swinh. 246

pia Piing. Lem. 182

Piarosoma Hamps. 17

picaria Zfcr/t P.sychostr. 278 . 48 f

piceipennit Bull. Marumba, 241

picteti Oherlh. Staur. 290 . . 48 g

Pida Walk. 125

Pidoriis Walk. 10

Pidorus 207

I>iedrasitae Chopin. HeterogynLs 340

Pieridae 4

pierreti Eamh. Ocn. 76 . . . 14 a

pigra Hufn. Pyg. 315 . . . . 56 d

pileata Hamps. Enruk. 362

pilose.llae Esp. Zyg. 18

pimplaoformis Oberih. Aegeria 377

pinaslrella Mill. Luff. 368

pinastri L. Sphinx 236 ... 36 d

pini L. Dendrol. 283, 448

l)ini L. Dendr. 171 28 a

piniarius Bupalus 373
pinivova. Fr. Thaum. 144 . . 21k
piperita Oberth. Eupr. 136 . 21 e
pipiziformis Led. Synanthedon

386
pipiziformis Led. Synanthedon

387 " 52 b

pira Druce Not. 302

pityocampa Schiff. Thaum. 144 21 k

placida Bull. Abraxas 277

jtlacida Friv. Phragm. 79 . . 16 c

plagiata IT^a^A:. Call. 102 . . 18 g

plagiata Walk. Tar. 177

plagifera Bull. Epipl 279 . . 48 i

plagifera Walk. Nvct. 103 . . IS h

plagifera Walk. Paral. 175 . . 30 e

plana Walk. Ar.ia 120 ... 22 d

plana Walk. Bomb. 180

plana Walk. Eupr. 137 .. . 21 g

planorhis Sieb. Apter. 363

ptanfaginis Paras. 82

plantaginis i. Paras. 81 . . . 16 d,

planfaginis Par. 88, 278

planus Walk. Smer. 215 ... 38 e

Plateunieta BnfL 364

Ijlebeja ObcrtJi. Allod. 303 . . 46 c

plumbea Bntl. Paraps. 329 . 5(i b

plambeola H.-Schaff. Lilh. 66

plumella H.-Schaff. Reb. 365

pluinella O. Epichn. 366

plumella Schiff. Epichn. 366

plumicauaa Moore Moff. 369

plumlfeia O. Oreops. 360 . . 55 d

plumigera Esp. Pti!. 309 . . 47 g

plumigerella Bdv. Sciopt. 361
plumisirea Heiv. Epichn. 366
plumistrella Hbn. Sciopt. 361
plumosa Bireta 283
plumosa Leech Pydna 310
plumosella Brd. Hyal. 358 .
pluripuneta Rebel Spilos. 88
plusiotis Oberth. Spat. 303 . .
plusiotis Stgr Spat. 303
pluto J^eech Pant. 125 •

pluto O. Zyg. 19

plutonia Schultz Thaum. 1 I I
Poeeilocampa Steph. 153
Poecilocampa. 154
Poecinola Hamps. 49
poenitens Slgr. Ocn. 132 . .
polaris Stgr. Synanthedon 388
polaris 384

polydora Bull. Epic. 36
pnlydora Westw. Epic. 35
polydorus Westw. Epic. 3()
polygalae Esp. Zyg. 19 . . .
polymita Sparrm. Synt. 40
Pol'yploca Hbn. 329'
Poiyploca 321
Polyptychus Hhn. 240
Poijjpfychns 229, 242
polysfacta Camadena Ehc. Hamps.

S Dndg. 373
polyzona Piing. Dii)s. 394 . .
pomona .'^tgr. Micr. 84
pomona Stgr. Ocn. 7S
pontbrillanlclla Bdv. Epichn.

366

pontiata On. Acropt. 276
pontica Anrii\ Lem. 182 . .
pontica Stgr. Dips. 397
pontica .Stgr. Pterost. 309
populeti Bien. Amorph. 246
populotorum Stgr. Amorph. 246
popuK Amorph. 244, 246
populi X. Amorph. 245
popuH L. Poec. 153
popvli Poecilocampa 148
popnlifolia Esp. Gastr. 1
populifolia Gastr. 175
popuUformis Standfs. Am
porcellus L. Perg. 257
porciis Reiz Perg. 257
porphyria Pai'. 242
Porthosia Steph. 134
postflavida Hamps. ]\Ucr
posiflavida. INIicr. 446
postfiisca Hamps. Agyll.
postica Moore Lycl. 58
postica Walk. Pseudoclanis 232
postica Walk. Eupr. 137
postica Walk. Gan. 185
potatoria X. Cosm. 164
poiatoria Cosm. 148. 165
potatoria Cosm. 447
poupillieri Bellier Amorph. 245
powelli Oberih. Clet.
powelli Oberth. Cose. 72
powelli Oberth. Hole. 423 . .
powelli Oberth. Somabrachys

337

powelli Oberth. Zyg. 444
powelli Oberth. Zyg. favonia

441
praecellens Slgr. Phaleropt. 363
praecipua. Walk. Lith. 67
praeclarus Piing. Hole. 422
praeuubila Schultz Cel. 255
prasina Moore Agyll. 64
pratti Elu\ Chion. 61 ... .
pratti Tjeech Camp. 13 ...
pratti Leech Phavida 5 ...
pratti Leech Synt. 40
Preparctla Hamps 97
pretiosa Moore INlilt. 56 . . .
pretiosa Stgr. Ocn. 78 ...

PI.

49 a
55 c

16 e

4 1)

21 c

1 b

50 h

55 g
29 f

39 a

.

38 e

24 f

69 .

27 c,

d

1. 263

42 a

. S3

19 a

64 .

12e

is 232

29 e
26 f

.52 h
50 d

56 f
53 o

12 c
2h
1 a

11 f
14 e

Pnbl. 1. XI. 19i2.

INDEX.

4t3

pretiosa SUjr. Ocii. 81
prima Sigr. IMalacos. 1 52
prima Tutt Pyg. 313
primigenuiii Stgr. Tar. 176
princeps Siqr. Paras. 346
princeps Walk. Eupr. 137
princi (= prinzi)H'irschkc Zyg. 24
principalis Koll. Call. 102 . .
prinzi Hirschke Zyg. 444
prisca Leech Org. 118
lirisca,' Stgr. & Rebel Org. 118
Prismosticta 186
privata Burgejf Zyg. 22
privaia Schidtz Aglia 224
processionea L. Thauiii. 143 .
Process! onary cat. 143
Procris 349
Procris F. 6
Procris 17

procumbens Snell. Thyr. 17
profuga Gdze Call. 101
proletaria Strand Das. 112
promelaena Hamps. Psilop. 51
pToserpioa, Pallas Proserpinus 252
proserpina Stgr. Care. 97 . .
Proserpintis 231
Proserpinus Hbn. 252
Protambulyx R. >(■ J. 238
Protoparce Burm. 230, 233, 235
provincialis Oberfh. Zyg. 442
proxima Led. Psychid. 366
-proxima Stgr. Chil. 163 .. .
proxima Tutt Cosm. 164
proximata Stgr. Cham. 402 .
Prozessionsraupen 143
pruni amasina Procris 7

pruni L. Odon. 170

pruni L. Odon. 148, 174
pruni Schiff Procris 7 . . . .
prunoides Stgr. Odon. 170
prycri Bull. Das. 113
pryeri Bull. Lophopt. 307
prveri Bull. Sam. 213. . . .
pryeri Bull. Tiiyat. 325 . . .
pryeri Leech Clan. 354
pryeri Leech Cneth. 290
Pryeria Moore 4
przewalskii Alph. Dicr. 288 .
przewalskii Alph. Spliec. 378
Psaphis 207, 441
pseudabietLs Bull. Das. 113 .
Pseudocanis 232
pseudoconvolvuli Schauf. Herse

233
pseud olutea Rothsch. Spil. 446
Pseudoinicronia Moore 276
Pseudopsyche Oberth. 5
Pseudosphinx 230, 247
Pseudosterrha Rebel 74
Pseudosterrha 445
Psilograrama R. & J. 234
Psilopepla Turn. 51
psyche Gr.-Grsh. Styg. 428
Psyche Schrank 361
Psychidao 351
Psychidae 349
Psychidea Ramb. 366
psychidiou Stgr. Styg. 428
psychma Oberth. 111. 15 . . .
Psychinae 354
Psyehostrophia Bull. 277
Pterodecta Bull. 207
Pterodonta Aust. 251
pterographa Pouj. Habr. 323
Pteroma Sigr. 308
Pterostoma Germ. 308
Pterostoina 281
Ptilophora Sieph. 309
pudens Luc. Ocn. 77 . 14 f (J,
pudena Oen. 79
pudibiinda Das. 114, 115, 289
pudibunda L. Das. 113 . . .

II

PI.

6b
18 g

22 c

21k

40 R
17 h

55 h
26 e

52 b

27 f
1 c

33 a
56 f

44 d
19 h

3e

55 n

16 a?
19 d

I'l
pudica Esp. Eupr. 80 ... . 10 d
pudica Eupr. 446
pudica Stgr. Das. 114
pudorina Esp. Pel. 70
pudorina Stgr. Cham. 404
pudorina Stgr. Chamaosph. 394
puella Bang-H. Alph. 446
puella Drury Chion. 61 . . . 12 a
puengeleri Bottcher Mier. 84
puengeleri H"yl. Chalip. 355
puigi Oberfh. Sjnianthedon 385
pulchella Hope Erasm. 12
pulchella Koll. Eter. 10

pulchella L. Vt. 73 13 k

pulchella Ut. 74
pulcherrima Moore Hupod. 299
pulcherrmia Stgr. ISIilt. 56
pulchra Bull Milt. 56
pulchra Schiff. Ut. 73
pulohra Tutt Zyg. 443
pulchrior Seitz Arct. 98
pulchripes Bull. Oret. 205 . . 22 i
pulla Esp. Epichn. 366 ... 55 g
pulla Epichn. 364, 367
pullella Bdv. Epichn. 366
pulliparvella Bdv. Epichn. 366
pulverea Leech Eupr. 133 . . 21 £
pulverosa Warr. Palimp. 327 56 b
pulverulenta Alph. Phragm. 79 16 c
pulverulentus Piing. Hole. 421
pulverulentus Piing. Hole. 422 53 e
pulvigera Stgr. Cer. 286
pumila Stgr. Dasorg. 120
punctarium Cr. Spilos. 87 . . 15 g
punctata Eliv. Lycl. 58
punctata O&fra. Cose. 72 . . 18 i
punctata Walk. 171
punctata Walk. Dendr. 173 . 28 d
punctata F. Dys. 41 ... . 9 i
punctatissima Pouj. Para=. 54
punctella Strand Eupr. 135 . 21 e
puctifera Strand Drep. 201
punetigera Butl. Polypi. 331 . 56 d
punctigera Frr. Cose. 72 . . 13 g
punetigera Leech Hypos. 53 . 11 e
punctigera Teich Eupr. 135
punctistriga Walk. Aloa 90
punciivenata Bull. Ther. 259
punctum O Zyg. 20 .... 4 g
purpuralis Bruyn. Zyg. 18 . 4 a
purpuralis Zyg. 442
purpurascens Tutt Gastr. 168
purpurascens Tutt Las. 157
purpurascens-basipuncta Tutt Las. 157
purpurasce7is-curvata Tutt Las. 157
purpurascens-latovirgata Las. 157
purpurascens-marginata Las. 157
purpiirascens-obsoleta Gastr. 168
purpurascens-semimarginata Las. 157

purpurata L. Rhyp. 93
purpurata Rhyp. 76
purpurea L. Rhyp. 93
purum Leech Spilos. 88 . . .
pusilla Dorm. La^. 447
pusilla Feld. Lym. 131
pusilla Moore Eupr. 137
pusilla Spr. Apter. 363
pustulata Miill. Hyphor. 95
pustulifera Ofecry^.' Cneth. 291
putridus Christ. Hole. 422 . .
Pydna Walk. 316
Pygaera 281
Pygaera O. 313
pygmaea Graes- Phragmataec.

430
pygmaea Reutcr Macroth. 161
pygma«ola Doubl. Lithosia 68
Pygopteryx Stgr. 315
pylotis Arg. 74

pyraliata Moore Rhodon. 374
Pyralidae 371
pyralidiformis Hbn. Thyris 371

14 h

15 g

48 g
53 b

PI.
Pyralidinae 321
pyrcnaella H.-Schdff. Oreops.

359 55 c

pyrenaicus Donz. Hep. 435 . 52 e
pyretorum Westtr. Eriogyn. 221 31 a
pyri Schiff. Sat. 220 .... 31 b
pyri S. 221
pyri Scop. Malacos. 151

pjTina L. Zeuz. 429 52 g

pyriniata Walk. Strigl. 373
Pyrosis 193

pyrrhochroma Walk. Aroa 121 19 i
pyrrhosiicta' Butl. Ma^vos\oss\xm.

2,53 40 f

pythia Hbn. Zyg. 19
pyxidifera Lagoa 335

Q.

quadra L. Oen. 63 12 d

quadra Oen. 66
quadra Oen. 50
quadrangularis Amicta 352
quadrangularis Christ. Amicta

357
quadrangularis Christ. Psycho

3,57
quadrangularis.Scfeu?/^ Aglia 224
quculrimandata Moore Art. 14
quadiimaculata Strand Forth.

134
quadrioculata Goeze Dys. 42
quadripunctaria Call. 101
quadripunctaria Poda Call. 101 18 f
quadripu>iclnta Cosiiaov. Spilos. 88

17 a

16 g
27 d.

25 a

38 a
45 o
lie

48 b

21 b

quadriramosa Koll Alph. 88
quenselii Paykull Orodemnias

82

quercifolia X. Gastr. 168 . .
quercifolia Gastr. 148, 169, 175
quereii Oberth. Spil. 446
quercina Selys 151
quercus Esp. Malae. 151
quercus F. Synt. 38
quercus-Group 156
quercus Las. 147
quercus Las. 447
quercu.s L. Las. 156 ....
ciuercus Schiff. Mar. 241 . .
querna P. Drym. 296 ....
quinquefasciata Hamps. Sice. 53
quinquelineata Leech Leueodr.

199

R.

raddei Christ. Oen. 132

raddei Stgr. Eupr. 136

radians Walk. Haem. 248 . . 40 a

radiata Arct. 99

radiata Krodel Call. 101

radiata Pag. Rhodon. 374

radiata Spul. Hyphor. 95

radiata Spul. Spilos. 88

radiella Curt. Epichn. 366

radota Homberg HjTaopta 424 53 g

raeschkei Standfs. Pyg. 313

raetzeri Schaw. Paras. 81

ragmata Chret. Somabrachys

337
ragonoti Gianelli Zyg. 30 . . 8 f
ragusaria Zickcrt Dys. 42
raiblensis Mann Psyehid. 367
rajah Bdv. Dysod. 372
rambm'i Kirby Heterogynis 349 50 f
ramburi Led. Zyg. 23 ... . 5 f
ramburi Mab. Org. 118
ramburii Chamaesph. 408
ramburii Stgr. Cham. 407 . . 52 e
ramburii Zyg. 441
Ramesa 342
lamosa P. Endr. 60 .... 11 1

60

474

INDEX.

rainosula filgr. Pel. 70 ... 13 e

ramitloKU Hainps. Pel. 70

rapha Hull. Epipl. 278

ratainao H.-Schdff. Las. l.'SO

rebeli Slandf. Drop. 190 .. . 23 h

reboli Haberh. Porth. 134

Rchelia Heyl. 36.5

fclusa F. Pvfi;. 315

reota Walk. Tar. 177

renurvata Leech Eupr. 138 . 23 c

recurvala Leech Riipr. 139

rediicta Schiilh Eurlia 223

reto\i.si Oberth. Psai)h. 141 . . 56 i

rogale lUitl. Paraiith. 380 . . 51 b

regal Ls Ijcech Call. 102

regia Sigr. Zeuz. 429 .... 52 g

regina Stgr. Diet. 218

icgius Stifr.^Y'hass. 438 ... 54 b

regula SvV/r.' Cham. 403 .. . 52 b

reibelliO?ifr/7i, nypopta425 . . .53 h

reLsleitnoi-i 'A'/y.scto Cel. 267

remicauda Bull. Tav.'^. 284

retnota Chalcosia 11

remntn Walk. Dendr. 171

roiiiota Walk. Dendr. 173

remota Walk. Chalcosia 12 . 2 e

renalLs Moere Palimp. 328 . . 49 i

repanda Ilbn. Tar. 175 ... 29 a

repanda Tav. 176

restiicta R. & J. Cel. 257

Uethcra R. .C- J. 251

relicella. Ncwni.'" Epichn. 366

roticulaii.'; Leech Chalcosia 12 2 e

reticulata Christ. Clet. 78

reticulata Clel. 444

roticulala. Moore Lithosia 69 . 13 c

reticulata I'iing. Phragmataec.

430 52 h

reticulata Walk. Strigl. 373

reliculatella Bdv. Fuui. 367 . 55 i

reticUa A'eu^m. Epichn. 366 . 55 h

Retina 17

retrojusra .loann. Norraca 317

rhadamanthus Zyg. 444

rhadaniantus Esp. Zyg. 20 . . 6 g

Rhadinopasa 238

Khagastis R. & J. 259

Rhatnnosa 342

Rhcginatophila Standfs. 308

rhingiaeforinis Hbn. Paranth

380 51 b

rhodina B.-Schdri. Milt. 56

Rhodiuia Slgr. 213

Rhndiiiia 210

Rhodogastria 89

Rhodoneura Guen. 373

rhodupe Cr. Ilist. 13

ihodophila ^Valk. Spila. 86 . 15 c

rhodophilalt'«?A-. Stigni.itoph. 51 11a

Rhodopsnna .lord. 10

Rhodopsona 441

rliodosoina Tur. Spila. 85 . . 15 b

Rhopalopsyche ButL 254

Rliopulopst/che 229

Rhyacophila 433

I'hynchioides Butl. .Si)hec. 378 50 ni

I'hijiicholaba 230

Rhyparia Ilbn. 93

Rlivparioides Butl. 93

rid ens /-'. Polvpl. 330

riftelen-sLs Fell. Phil. 59

rimicola Eriog. 148

rimicola Hbn. Eriog. 154

rippei'tii Bdv. Cose. 72

ripperlii Cose. 445

risi Standfs. 223

rivalis Leech Milt. 55

I'ivTilaris Min.. Eupr. 80 . . . 16 c

ri\ailaris Bdv. Perg. 257 ... 42 .i

i-obertsi ButL Cel. 255

roboricolella Bdv. Funi. 368

roboris Schrank Jjas. 157

49 i <J,

56 c ?
11 i, k

24f,g
13 h

6i

4 a

1 d

1 k

roborowskii Alph. Phragmataeo.

430 52 i

robiLsta Leech Spila. 86 . . . 15 c

robusta Gr.-Gmh. Haem. 248

roederi Slgr. Zyg. 25

roepkei Standfs. Aiu. 263

Roeselia Hbn. 45

rogdana Bdv. Zyg. 27

romanovi Bart. Dips. 392

romanovi Gr.-Grsh. Prep. 97 . 17 h

romanovi Leech. Caaiip. 12 . 2 h

romanovi Leech Sphec. 378 . 51 a

romanovi Standfs. Call. 101 . 18 e

romanovi Slgr. Ampel. 250

romeo Dup. Zyg. 19 ... . 4 e

Rondolia Moore 191

rondoui Oberth. Cose. 445

rondoui Siepi Dips. 391

ronin Pfitzn. Palp. 437 .. . 53 h

rasa Zyg. 443

rosacea Brem. Milt. 55 ... lie

rosacea Butl. Spila. 85

rosacea Newnh. Eudia 223

rosacea Pag. Rhodon. 374

rosacea Rebel Sphinx 235

rosacea, Rom. Zyg. 26 . . .

rosacea Schullz Odon. 170

rosacea Spul. Ocn. 76 . .

rosacea Stgr. Aniorph. 246

Rosama 304

rosaria Bull. Milt. 55 . . .

roscida Schiff. Endr. 60 . .

rosea Bartel Smer. 245

rosea Esp. Milt. 55

rosea Lorez Arct. 99

rosea Oberth. Euch. 446

rosea Oberth. Zyg. 442

rosearia Seitz Micr. 83 ... 16 i

roseipennis Paras. 81

roseipenni.1 Bull. Maruniba241

roseivenler Snell. Spilos. 87

roseiventris Bartel Dips. 393

Rosema 281

roseotincta Renter Amorph. 245

roseotincta Schullz Aglia 224

roseus Oberth. Phass. 438

roseus Walk. Gang. 311 .. . 29 c

rosma Slgr. Styg. 428

rosinae Korb Zyg. 28 ... . 7 t

rostagnoi Oberth. Spil 446

rossi Das. Ill

rossica Call. 100

rossica Kol. Call. 101 ... . 18 e

rothschildi Bartel Dips. 393 . 50 g

rothschildi Standfs. Am. 262

I'ostagnoi Oberth. Spil. 446

rotunda Han\ Comacl. 52

rotunda Moore Lael. 122

rotundata .lord. 111. 15 . . . 3 e

roiundata Walk. Loel. 122

rotnndella Brd. Psychid. 366

rouasli Alph. Psychid. 367

rouasti Heyl. Fum. 368

royi Elwes Salass. 215

roylei Moore Anther. 216

rubea F. Ocn. 132 21c

rubella Kysela Cel. 265
rubescens Burgeff Zyg. 21
rubescens Denso Cel. 267, 270
rubescens Garb. Cel. 255
rubescens Rihbe Epicn. 447
rubi L. Macroth. 160 ... . 26 c
rubi Macr. 147
rubicunda Schiff. Milt. 55
rubicunda Strand Stilpn. 123
rubicundulaWilem. Microleon 317
rubicvmdus Hbn. Zyg. IS . . 4 a
rubieundus Zyg. 19
rubida Feld. Arctiobl. 346
rubida I^eech Micr. 83
ridnda Walk. Lael. 122
ritbidum Leech Spilos. 88

PI.

39 d
2c

15 e
7 b

40 e

rubiginosaBrewi. & Grey Ampel

2.50

rubiginosa J^eech Rhod. 10
rubilinea MIoore Spila. 87
rubra Bang-H. Zyg. 26 .
rubra Dziurz. Zyg. 442
rubra Hamps. Haem. 249
rubra Hamps. Metan. 161
rubrescens Ribbe Epicn. 448
rubrescens Slgr. Dips. 389
rubrianata Bi(r3.(brizae) Zyg.441
rubrianataBwrj/. (cynarae)Zyg.442
rubrianata Dziurz. Zyg. 442
rtibricans Leech Lycl. 57
rvbricollis Gn. 63

rubricollLs X. Gn. 70 .... 13 e
rubricosa Moore Lycl. 58
rubricosta Moore Aloa 90
rubridorsa Moore Spila. 80
rubrior Fuchs Ocn. 132
rubrodorsalis Schullz Arct. 98
rubromarginata LeechY)ve\). 201 48 b
rubrozonata Pouj. Syai. 40
rueckbeili Graes. Eriog. 155
rueckbeili Piing. Arct. 100
rufa Gillm. Amorph. 246

rufa I^eeoh Milt. 56 12 c

rufa Tult Las. 158
rufa Tutt Macroth. 161
rufa Tutt Paras. 81
rufa-approximala Tutt Macr. 161
rufa-confluens Tutt Malac. 151
rufa-conjuncta Tutt Macr. 161
rufa-diluta Gilhn. Amorph. 246
rufa-dissimiliJi Tutt Macr. 161
rufa-fasciata Tutt Macr. 161
rufa-fracta Tutt Malac. 151
rufa-obsoleta Tutt Macr. 161
rufa-unicolor Tutt Malac. 151
rufa-virgata Tutt Malac. 151
rufa-separata Tutt Macr. 161
rufeola Ap. 56
rufeola Ramb. Apaid. 57
rufescens Brulle Rhyp. 93
rufescens Bull. 228
rufescens Selys Amorph. 246
rufescens Tutt Epicn. 166
rufescens-fracta Malac. 151
rufescens-unicolor Malac. 151
rufescens-virgata Malac. 151
rufibasalis Bartel Synanthedon

384
ruficoUis F. Polypi. 330 .. . 49 i
ruficornis Auriv. Drym. 297
rufimarginata Spul. Synanthe-
don 385
rufo-virgata Tutt Malacos. 151
rufulus Mot.ich. Drep. 202
rugosa Walk. Nat. 343
rupe^stris Ratnb. Org. 118 . .
rupicola Gr.-Grsh. Micr. 83
ruptaria Moore Epipl. 279
russica Griinb. Las. 157 . .
russula L. Diacr. 94
rustica F. 233

rustica Hbn. Diaph. 91 ...
rustica. Protop. 231
rutilans Griinb. Oberth. 190

saearum Dyspessa 423
sacarum Gr.-Grsh. Hole. 423 .
sacra Butl. Leucodr. 198 . .
sacharum Moore Phragmataec.

429
sacrosancta Piing. Lem. 182
saga Butl. Macroglossum 253 .
sagittata Rdtz. Endr. 60
sagittifera Moore Sice. 53 . .
sagittifera Moore Spila. 85
saharae Luc. Ooss. 421

11 F
II h

19 b
16 k

25 a

17c

53 g
48 b

40 f

11 c

INDEX.

475

PI.

k

20 a

21 c

50 g
40 g

15 f

47 c

11 e

Salassa Moore 214
salicicola Ei\ Dysp. 426 . . .
salicifolia Stgr. Gastr. 168
salicis 123

solids Hhn. Smer. 245
salicis Holle Am. 246
salicis Lenn. Cer. 286
salicis L. Stilpn. 123 ... .
snlicis Stilp. 110
salicolella Brd. Fum. 368
salmonea Denso Cel. 267
salnionea Oberih. Cel. 256
salo7>ionis Sigr. 159
saltensis Schoyen Cer. 287
samarita Sigr. Ocn. 132 . . .
Sainia Hhiu 212
.saiigaica Bartel Paranth. 380
sangaica Buil. Giir. 251 . . .
sangaioa Moore Cer. 286
.sangaica Moore Erasm. 12
sangaica Moore Lael. 122
sangaica Walk. Spilos. 87 . .
sangana Moore Phal. 313 . .
Sang:atissa Moore 187
sanguinal'is Moore Spila. 85
sanguinea Motsch. Chion 61
sanguinea Moore Milt. 55 . .
sanguinea Moore Milt. 58
sanguinolenta. F. Aloa 90
saniptri Streck. 235

sannio L. Diacr. 94 14 k

sapho Mill. Reb. 365 ,56 g

sapiens Stgr. Las. 159
sapiens Las. 446
fiaportae Bdv. Zyg. 18
sapphiruia Walk. Clel. 17.
saravaka BiiU. Lith. 66
sardanapahis Stgr. Lem.
sardoa Blah. Zyg. 30
sardoa Stgr. Cham. 412
.sardoa Stgr. Ocn. 76 ....
sareptana jBarfeZ Dips. 395 . .
sareptensls Stgr. <£■ Rebel Zyg.lS
sargania Biitl. Cer. 41
Sarona^a Moore 321
sarpedon Hbn. Zyg. 20 . . .
sarpedon H.-Schdjf. Zyg. 20
Sarrhotripa 44, 49
sartha Stgr. Arct. 100 . . . .
sartus Ersch. Stilpn. 124 . .
satunas BdiK Acher. 232
Sataspes Moore 249
Saf^pes 231, 235, 247, 248
saturata Walk. Lophopt. 307
Saturnia Schrank. 220
Saturnia 210, 222
Satuniiidae 209
saturnina Obcrth. Call. 102 . .
safyriniformis Hbn. 379
saundersi Walk. Haem. 248 .
saundersii Oiketious 351
sawanta Moore Das. 115
saxiolella Brd. Fuui. 367
scabiosa Butl. Drep. 201 . .
scabiosae Hbn. Zyg. 19
scabiosae Schev. Zyg. 19 . .
scabiosae Zell. Haem. 248
scabiosae Zyg. 20
scallula Giien. Bhodon. 374
schauffelbergeri Brem. S Grey

Oxy. 239 37 a

schaufussi Standfs. 223
schencki Stgr. Neor. 219
schenki Stgr. Neor. 219
scheveni Oberth. Zyg. 442
schidackia Butl. Epipl. 279
schiffermilleri Fuessl. Proserpinus

2.52
schiffermilleri Stgr. Sciopt. 361 55 e
ScMstomitra Butl. 207
schizoceriformis Kol. Cham. 405
Schisura 281

3 b
182 30 a

14 a

50 i

4b

4e

]8d
21 d

46 h

18 f

40 c

30 f
4d

32 a

48 i

PI.

schlumbergeri Statidfs. 223
schniidtii Cham. 401
schmidtiiformis Frr. Chamaesph.

401

schoenherri Bdv. Synt. 39
schulzi Stertz Las. 447
Sciapteron Stgr. 379
scincnla Hbn. Drep. 200
scmtillans Walk. Eujir. 130 . .
Scioptera Eamb. 361
scitaria Walk. Strigl. 373 . .

382

scopariae Mill. Las. 157
Scopelodes Wcstio. 340
Scopetodes 344, 345
scotica Tutt Palimp. 327
scotica Tutt Perg. 257
scotica Tutt Polypi. 330 . . .
scovitzii Mien. Zyg. 28 . . .
srorilzi Zyg. 442
scribae Ausf. Megan. 234
scribai Bartel Sphec. 379 . .
scripta Gosse 323
scripta Moore Roes. 45 . . .
scudderi Par. 82
seulda Kirby Acher. 232
scytharum Seitz Trich. 447
securLs Hhn. Das. 115 ....
sedi Dup. Zvg. 30

sedi F. Zyg." 26

segregata Blachier Zyg. 29
segregafus Butl. 171
segregatus Butl. Dendr. 172 .
seileri Stertz Las. 447
seileri Car. Diaph. 92
seitzi -BaM(/-i/.Hyphor. 95, 446
seitzi Grilnb. Las. 159 . . .
seitzi Piing. Cham. 400 . . . .
seitzi Strand Eupr. 189 . . .
selene Hbn. Act. 212
Selenephera Ramh. 165
Selenephera 447
seleniaca Fischer Org. 119
selonitica Esp. Das. Ill . . .
selenophora Stgr. Dasorg. 120
selmonsi Boitcher Mior. 84
sehcynii Par. 82
Scmanophorae 247
Semanophorae 231
semenowi Gr.-Gr. Dasorg. 120
semicayia Esp. Diaph. 92
semicingulata Oberth. Zyg. 442
Semidonta Stgr. 302
semiliyalina JK^oH. Tryp. 10 . .
seinilutescens Hewett Zyg. 442
semilutescens Higgs. Zyg. 443
semlmargmata Tutt I-as. 150
seminigra Spul. Synt. 444
semi-obsciira Th.-Mieg Lym. 127
semipavonaria Walk. Anz. 197
semicanas Stgr. Lac. 89
semisignata Spul. Ut. 73 . .
se)nisignata Cose. 445
senecionis Godt. Hip. 103
senecta Graes. Eriog. 154 . .
senescens Stgr. Zyg. 23 . . .
senex H6n Comacl. 52 . . .
senex Stgr. Acanth. 354
senilis Gr-Grsh. Dips. 393
separata Bang-H. Dys. 42 . .
separata Leech Num. 126
separata Schultz Diloba 332
separata Stgr. Zyg. 28 ...
sepium Bdv. Procris 7 . . .
sepium Spr. Bac. 368 ....
sera Wisk. Amicta 357 . . .
Serena Schultz Peric. 96
sergestus Weslw. Anther. 216
seriatopunctata MoUch. Spila. 85
serica Alph. Synaiithedon 388
sericea Aphendala 344
sericea Butl. Phrix. 341 . . .

21 h

50 [

51 c

56 c

7e

50 m

10 G

22 c

6k

28 b

56 g
25 e
511
21 g

19 e

2a

23 g
13 k

24 h

5e

11 b

9 i

7e

1 d

55 i

55 b

14 c
50 g

49 k

sericea Butl. Thos. 344
sericea Gregson Lithos. 66 .
sericea Leech Teld. 198 . ,
sericea Moore Car. 124
sericea Phrisolepia 344
sericea Walk. Cania 344
sericeus Gr.-Grsh. Hole. 423
sericeus Holcocerns 420
seriziati Oberth. Zyg. 21 . .
serrula Guen. Las. 159 . .
serrula I;as. 447
serva Hbn. Dys. 41
serva Walk. Lith. 65
servula Berce Dys. 42
Sesia F. 247, 249, 375, 381
sesia Hbn. Haem. 248
sesiaeformis Peld. Art. 14
Sesiidae 371
Sesiidae 375
Sesiinae 247
Sesiinae 231
sexmacula Dzhir~. (Iransalpina)

Zyg. 442
sexmaculata Burg. Zyg. 19
sexmacula Driurz. (wagn. ) Zyg.
sexmaculata Dziurz. Zyg. 22
sexmaculata Giant. Synt. 38
sexmaculata Oberth. Zyg. 442
sexnotatus Moore Palp. 437 .
sexpunctata Walk. Eter. 10 .
shadulla Moore Neor. 219
shahidula Moore Neor. 219
shakuhensis Heyl. Amicta 357
shamyl Christ. Phass. 438 . .
sibirica Alph. Hypopta 424
sibirica Heyne Arct. 99
sibirica Krul. Gastr. 168
sibirica Stgr. Cose. 72
sibiricus Tschtor. 171
sibiricus Tschtor. Dendr. 172
Sicda Walk. 52
sichei Piingeler Cel. 255 . . .
sicheliella Brd. Oreops. 360
sieiella Hbn. Psyche 361
sicrila Calb. Zyg. 25
sicula Esp. Drep. 200
sicula Hbn. Drep. 200
sicula Stgr. Las. 157 ....
sicula Stgr. Org. 118 ....
sicuUela Brd. Phaleropt. 363 .
siculoides Feld. Dysod. 372
sieboldi Orxa Haem. 248
sieboldi Re.utti Bpichn. 366 .
siepii Oberth. Zyg. 442
sieversi Alph. Art. 15 . .
sieversi Alphcr. Kentr. 237
sieversi Gr.-Grsh. Micr. 83
sieversi Men. Odont. 306
sieversi Stgr. Pyg. 314
sifanica Gr.-Grsh. Paras. 81
sigmata Bull. Phal. 313 .
signata 313

signata Borkh. Phil. 59
signata Walk. T^ithosia 69 . .
signata Walk. Ocin. 191
signata Z. Phil. 59
signatoria Christ. Ocn. 132
signifer Walk Phas^. 438 . .
signifera Walk. Ocin, 191 . .
sikkima Moore 214
sikkima Moore Cel. 48
sikkmiensls Elw. Chion. 61 . .
silesiaca Wocke Epichn. 366
^ilhetensis Walk. Ther. 259
silphella Mill. Oreops. 300 .
similis Fuessl. Porth. 134 . .
simillima Moore Drep. 203
Simla WpMw. Diet. 218 .. . .
simplex Leech Pant. 125
simplieior Butl. Rhyp. 94
simplificaria Strand Drep. 202
simplifascia Elw. As. 59

PI.

12 k
48 a

4 k
25 f

441

54 e
2a

54 a
52 h

41 0
55 d

25 c
22 b
55 f

55 h

3d
37 a
10 i

46 g

47 f
16 f
47 e

13d

21 b
52 a
35 f

12;

55 d
21c

35 a

476

INDEX.

shiiplonka Bdr. Clet. 78 . .
simiitatis Leech Kpic. 35
sinensis null. Maruinba 241
.sinensis Jord. J'hyll. 2-17
sinensis Leech Agyll. 64 . . .
sinensis Moore Arct. 123
sinensis Moore <(■ Hiitt. Bomb. 18!)
sinensis ^^)ore Lopbopt. 307
sinensis Noths. Synt. 445 . .
sinensis Walk. 111. 15 ....
.sinensisTFa?.',-. Act. 211 ....
sinensis Walk. bapl. 122
.sinensis Walk. Tadema 342
sinensis Walk. Tlios. 343 . .
sinensis Walk. Stigaiatoph. 50
sinioa Alph. Art. 15 ....
sinioa Moore Lyni. 127
siuica Moore Pant. 125
sinica Moore Paras. 310 . . .
sinica Moore I'ry. 4 ....
sinica Moore Ptevost. 309 . .
sinica Oherlh. Hoiini 11 . . .
sinica li & J. Ainorph. 2 10
sinica Stgr. Paras. 340
siuicaria Leech Epic. 30
sinicus B. it J. .'Sphinx 230
sinina Gr.-Grsch. Epicii. 100
sintenisi Slandfs. Synt. 39 .
sinuata Moore EuiJt. 187
sinuaia Moore Sice. 52
sinuata Warr. Ganr. 326
sireciforniis Esp. Aegc^ria 370
sirphiforniis Luc. Dips. 390
siva Lcj. Tur. 177
slivnoiinsis Rebel Clet. 78 .
Smprinthus Lntr. 244
Smerinthus 230, 231, 242, 243

258, 261
smirnowi CJirist. Zyg. 19
smirnoici /yg. 443
Snellen! Slgr. En]n'. 13()
sobrina Moore Lyiii. 130
socordis Prr. Ilep. 435,
sodalis Piinr/. Synantbedon 383
sogdiana Ersch. Zyg. 28
sohesti Capr. Stilpn. 123
solaiia Slgr. Procris 7 . . . .
solani Oken Acher. 232
solitaria Prr. Thauni. 143 . .
solitaria .SVyr Das. 114 . . .
Somabraehys Kirhy 335
Somabrachys 350
soninieri Hhn. Tars. 284 . .
sondaiccita (luen. Micron. 276
sophiae Favrc Zyg. 24
Sophias Zyg. 443
sordida Bull. Lithosia 09 . .
sordida Butt. Sice. 53
sordida Ersch. Chil. 103 . . .
sordida Hbn. Diaph. 02
sordida Hbn. Diaph. 92 . . .
sordida Wileman Fent. 282
sordida Walk. Pant. 125
sordidula Ploelz Rhodon. 374
sordidula Pat)ib. Lithosia 68 .
Sorocaba 229

soror Alph. Pseudoni. 276
sorer Leech Spila 86
soror Painb. Procris 8
sororcula Lith. 07
sororcula JJufn. Lithosia 08 .
sorrentina Stgr. Zyg. 23 . . .
sorrentini Zyg. 413
.ioutherlandi Holl. Pydna 310
spartii Hbn. Las. 157 ....
spartii-basipuncta Tult Las. 156
spartii-marginafa Tuit Las. 150
spariii-curvata Tult Las. 157
Spatalia Hhn. 303
Spalalia 281, 308
spectabilis Bull. Dendr. 172
speclabilis Hope 228

PI. PI.

14 f spectabilis Tausch Lac. 89 . 15 i

specularia Walk. Drep. 202 . 30 f
sperc-hius Men. Mar. 241 . . 38 a
Sphccia Hbn. 378

12 e Sphccia Hbn. 376
spbecifonnis Gerning Synantbe-

don 382 ........ . 51 c

Sphccodina 231
) 1' Sphecodoptera Haiiips. 378

3 c SpliPgodina Blanch. 252

33 b Sphinsicae 233

Sphintridae 229

spliingiformis Moore Dud. 284 44 a
50 c Spliinffoiiaepiopsis Wallgr. 251

Sphiiigotiaepiopsis 229

3 e Sphinarnlicae 2.36
Sphingulicae 231
Sphiiisriiliis Stgr. 238

)0 c Sphinx i. 235

1 a Sphin.x 230, 231, 244, 250

47 a, b Spica Swinh. 203
i d spicae Hiibn. Zyg. 25

spicae Slgr. Zve. 23

Spilarctia B(/H. 84

Spilarctia 83, 89

Spilosonia Steph. 87

Spilosoma 84, 89
9 d Spilosominae 84

spilo.'^onioidcs Walk. Spila. 87

spini Schiif. Eudia 222 . . .
6 a spinula Schiff. Oil. 204

si)ii'aeae Esp. Spliinx 235
51 f splendens Slgr. Procri=i 8 . .

splendida Oberlh. Nad. 311 .

16 a ■ splendida Uainb. Org. 119
splendida Slgr. Dips. 397
spuleri Fucht Synanthedon 384
squalida Stgr. Cel. 48 ... .

4 c squamosa Bull. Eupr. 130
stacyi Illotypia 433
standfussi Bartel Perg. 269 .

staudfussi Diaph. 91

standfussi H.-Schaff. Sterrhojit.

50 g 362 55 t

standfussi Jaen. Gastr. 169
standfussi Rob. Arct. 98
1 e standfussi Wisk. 323

statices L. Procj'is 6

23 c statices L. Procris 9 .... 1 i

19 f statices Procr. 17

stalicus Fourc. Procris 9
slaluiformis Prr. Dips. 392

48 h slaudingeri Alph. Phal. 312
stand ingeri Alph. Paraon 03 .
staudLngeri Ausl. Amorph. 245
staudingeri Aust. Zyg. 20 . .

13 d staudingeri Bnker Las. 160
staudingeri Pailla Cham. 405 .

26 e staudingeri Heyl. Chalip. 355

staudingeri Heyl. Beb. 365

17 c staudingeri Las. 147
staudingeri Leech Eupr. 136 .
staudingeri Leech Haem. 248
Stauropiis Germ. 289

13 a Stauropu.'i 2S\, 299

steifanelli Rostagno Eudia 223
stelidiforniis Prr. Cham. 406 .
stellat-arunii. Macroglossuni 253
stellalarum Macroglossuni 218
Slenolnba 295

13 b, c stentzii Prr. Zyg. 25

5 i Sterrhopteryx Hbn. 362
stertzi Piing. Coss. 420 .. . 53 b

stertzi Schultz Clet. 78
25 b stettiiiensLs //cci/i^ Psyche 361 55 e

Stichohasis Kirby 364
stigmata Moore Spila. 86 . . 15 d
Stigmatica Griinb. Hupod. 299 45 g
Stigmatica Spil. 446
Stiifinatophora Stgr. 50
Slilpiiofla Wcsiw. & Humph. 123
Slilpnotia 109, 123

Pl-

31 b, c

47 c

10 g

43 c
17c

12 d

39 b

4 t

20 b

50 1

55 a

21 f

40 d

51 i

40 f

53 a
5 b

31 c

47 g
55 n

36 e

stipata Alph. Clel. 17
slipularis SuinJi. Retli. 251
stiziformis H.-Schdff. Dips. 397
stoechadis Borkh. Zyg. 22 . .
slocchadi.<: Bdr. Zyg. 21, 23, 25
slolirzkai Moore Neor. 219
.sloliczkana Feld. Neor. 219
slomoxella Bdr. Oreops. 360
stomoxiformi^i Hbn. Synanthe-
don 387 " . . . . 51 c

siraminea Lech Eupr. 136 . 23 a
straininea Moore Pydna 310 .
siraminea Walk. IacI. 58
stramineata Warr. Thyat. 324
siramineola Doubl. Lith. 65
streckeri Stgr. Kentr. 237 . .
streckfussi Honr. Drym. 296
striata Brem. & Grey Milt. 56

striata /.. Cose. 72 13 f

striata Rolhsch. Cech. 200
striata Tult Zyg. 443
striatalis Swinh. Ilypol. 373, 450
siriatopunctata Oberth. Spilarc. 85
.stricta Tuti Cel. 250
slrigata Walk. Aloa 90
strigata Rebel Lem. 181
strigatula Feld. Rliodon 374 .
.strigatus Aust. Hole. 423, 450
strigipennis H.-Schoff. Lycl. 58
strigipennis Moore Pant. 125 .
strigipennis 3Ioore Strigl. 373
StritfUna Gnen. 373
strigosa P. Orod. 82
strigosa Moore Strigl. 373
strigula Schiff. Roes. 46 . . .
strigulalis Hbn. Roes. 46
strigulosa Hamps. Clet. 78 . .
sirigulosa Stgr. Roes. 45
strioliger Alph. Hole. 423 . .
stry.v Gr.-Grsh. Zeuz. 429
stupiduni Stgr. Tar. 176
Stygia Lair. 427
stygialis Schullz Arct. 99
stygianus Stich. Coss. 419 . .
slygiella Bdr. Styg. 428
Styx Bull. Epipl. 279 ... .
Styx Wcshv. Acher. 233
Suana Walk. 178
suaya Slgr. Pygopt. 315 . . .
suavis Slgr. Dysp. 427
subalpiua Agassis Las. 157
subalpina Call. Zyg. 19 . . .
subalpina Schaw. Paras. 81
subcaeca Strand Aglia 224
subcarnea TFo/fc. Spila 86 . .
subchlamidula Stgr. Cel. 48 .
subcmerea Moore Sice. 53
subcuryifera Walk. Sang. 187
subdiaphana Schultz Sat. 220
subdita Moore 134
subdolosa Slgr. Procris 8
suberifolia Dup. Epien. 167 .
suberifolia Epicii. 447
subfaseiata Klug Chondr. 1.50
subfervida Slgr. Dips. 397
suljflaya Gillm. Amorph. 246
subflava Brem. 135
subflayella 3Iill. Fum. 367
subfusca Schultz Lym. 128
subhyalina Schultz Eudia 222
subhyalina Strand Der. 203
submarginalis Schultc Lyjn. 127
subnigra Leech Apist. 64 . .
subnigra Mill. Phragni. 79
subnotata Walk. Belgoraea 343
subnotata Walk. Eupr. 139
subnubila Schultz Macroglossuni

2.53
subnubila 277
srdiochracea White Zyg. 24
subpallida Sphinx 235
subpurpurea Bull. Metan. 161

50 f

20 c

10 e

14 t
53 f

30 b

53 c
48 i

47 g

4e

15 d

29 e

27 c

24 a

12 1

26 c

INDEX.

477

PI.
subrosealis Leech HjTpol. 373 . 50 f
subsolana Stgr. Procris 8 . . If
substigmaria Hbn. Euch. 195 . 23 f
substrigosa Walk. Aroa 121 . 19 h
subti'Lstis Slf/r. Procris 8 . . lb
nubumbrata Lith. 05
subvaria Walk. Bhyparioid. 91 1 \ k
suelliis Sttjr. Perg. 258 ... 12 b
.suffusa Clark Mimas 243
•suffusa Coohl. 311

suffusa Leech Chalcosia 11 . 2e
suffusa Leech Litlios. 67 . . . 12 k
suffusa Moore Nat. 343
suffusa TuU Acher. 232
suffusa Tutt .A-inorph. 246
suffusa Tutt Cel. 255
suffusa Tutt Gastr. 16S
suffusa Tictt Herse 233
suffusa Tutt Perg. 258
suffusa Warr. Paliiup. 329 , 56 a
suffusa Walk. Oret. 204 .. . 23 i
suffusa Walk. Ther. 259
suffusa-ohsolcta Gast. 168
suffusa-typica Las. 158
suifuna Stgr. Ther. 259 ... 42 e
.sulphurea Auriv. Cosm. 165
sulphurea F. Cochl. 341
suli^hurea KoH. Trab. 166
svilphurescens Moore Eupr. 137 21 h
sumatrensis Pliauda 5
superans Butl. Dendr. 172 . . 28 b
superans Walk. Lym. 131
superba Alph. Art. 14 ... 3 c
superba Butl. Anz. 197 ... 23 g
superior Butl. Strigl. 373
suprema Oherth. Cham. 400
suriens Mill. Reb. 365
surientella Brd. Reb. 365 . . 55 g
Susanna Stc/r. Eupr. 138 ... 21 i
Siisiea Walk. 342

suspecta Stgr. Procris S . . . It
sutschana Stgr. Pel. 70
suftadra Moore Arct. 98
swinhoei Leech Synt. 40
syfanica Oherth. Chalcosia 12 2 f

syfanicum Oberlh. del. 17 . . 3 h
syltica Wern. Arct. 98
sylvina Fuessl. Trich. 152
sylvinus L. Hep. 435 .... 52 g
Synanthedoii Hbn. 381
Synanthedon Hbn. 376, 413
Synogdoa 109

syntomida Stgr. Dys. 42 . . . 9 h
Syntomidae 37
Syntomidae 4
Syntomis O. 38
syntomoides Bidl. Cer. 41
syra Gr.-Grsh. Cer. 287
syracusiae Zell. Zyg. 21 . . 4 k
syracusiae Zyg. 448
syriaca Led. Berut. 250 ... 39 e
syriaca Standfs. Albarr. 133 . 22 h
syriaca Zyg. 441
systrophaeformis Hbn. Dips. 392

T.

tabanella Brd. Oreops. 359
labaniformis Par. 390
tabaniformis Bolt Paranth. 380 51 b
tabanivicinella Brd. Oreops. 359 55 c
tabulella Guen. Bac. 368
taczanowskii Oberth. Stavir. 290
taeniata Fixs. Eug, 51 ... Ill)
Talaeporidae 351
talischensis Bartel Synanthedon

386
tamara Christ. Zyg. 26 . . . 7 b
taniiri Gr.-Grsh. Haem. 249
Tancrea PiXng. 75

tancrei Graes. Palimp. 327 . . 49 g
tancrei Pung. Dips. 394 ... 52 b

tancrei Piing. Dips. 375
tancrei Piing. Hole. 423 . . .
tancrei Stgr. Dolbina 237 . .
tancrei Stgr. Oroncus 83 . .
tantalus Ses. 247, 248
tapinus Piing. Coss. 420 . .
taprobanis Walk. Sice. 52 . .
taprobanis 53

taprobonus Moore Palp. 437
Taragama Moore 175
Taragama 174, 178
taraxaci Esp. Lem. 181 . . .
taraxacoides Bell. Malacos. 151
tarnierella Brd. Epichn. 365 .
Tarsolepis Butl. 284
Tarsolepis 283
tatarinovi Brem. & Grey Callam-

bulyx 244

tau L. Aglia 224

taurica Hamps. Synt. 39
taurica Rebel Dysp. 427
taurica Stgr. Zyg. 30, 442 . .
tedaldii Heyl. Amicta 357 . .
Temnora Walk. 249
tenebrata Strand Phal. 312
tenebricosa Stertz Phal. 449
tenebrioniformis Aeg. 377
tenebrioniformLs Esp. Aegeria

376

tenebrosa Walk. Das. 116 . .
tenella Spr. Sciopt. 361 . . .
tenera Stgr. Procris 8
tengyraeforniis H.-Schdtf. Dips.

396

tenuata Fuchs Las. 158
tenuella Seifz Ut. 73 ... .
tenuicornis Zell. Procris 7 . .

tenuis Butl. 111. 16

tenui'i Bull. Synanthedon 383 .
tenuis Hamps. Thyat. 325 . . .
tenuis lUiberis 16
tenuisigna Moore 60
tephroxantha Piing. Phe. 298
ierebelluni Hbn. Styg. 428
terebinthi Frr. Ocn. 131 . .
terebinthina Stgr. Ocn. 132
terebra F. Coss. 420 ....
terebynthi Frr. Ocn. 132
lerebynfhi Ocn. Lym. 129, 132.

133
teredo Bdv. Hypopta 424
teriolensis Speyer Zyg. 25 . .
teriolensis Stgr. Cham. 397
terminata 3Ioore Lycl. 58
terranea Rothsch. I^em. 181
terreni H.-Schriff. Las. 159
terrifica Schiff. Hopl. 292
territa Stgr. Phragmataec. 430
terrosa Graes. Palimp. 327
tesselata Moore Paras. 346
iessellata Vill. Eupr. 80
iestacea Butl. Scop. 340
testacea. Motsch. Malac. 150
testacea Walk. I>ael. 122 . .
testudinana Hbn. Cochl. 341
iestudinaria A. 77
testudinaria Fourcr. Hyphor.

96

testudo Schiff. Cochl. 341
testudinaroides Sov. HyT)hor.

96
ietragona Lith. 69
te.r.tor Moore & Hull. Bomb. 189
thallo L. Chalc. 11
Thamnoecha R. d: J. 231
Thamnosphecia Spuler 376
Thanatarctia Butl. 87
Thaumas Hbn. 254
Thaumetopoea Hbn. 75, 282
Thaunietopooa Hbn. 143
Thaumetopoeidae 143
thelebus F. Synt. 40

PI

53 f
36 e
16 h

53 a
11 b

30 a
55 g

38 b
35 a, b

8g
35 b

50 m
22 c
55 8

51 c

13 k

Id

3f

51 c

56 f

49 c

21 b

22 h
53 d

6e

54 h
49 h

20 a

17 f

thelebus Men. Synt. 40

Theophila Moore 190

Theophila Moore 193

theresiae Korb Epicini. 3;i2

Theretra Hbn. 258
Theretra Hbn. 230

thermesioides Snell. Strigl. 373

theryi Joann. Zyg. 443

thespis Ljcech Salass. 211 . .

thevestis Stgr. Zyg. 20 . . .

thibeta Westw. Oalig. 217 . .

thibetana Oberth. Chalcosia 12

thibetana Oberth. Piar 17 . .

thibetariaPoM/. Acropt. 276, 449

thibetaria Pouj. Leucodr. 199

thibetica Feld. Arct. 98

Thosea 344

Thosea Walk. 343

thrips Hbn. Hypopta 424 . .

thulea Dalm. Hyphor. 95

thxdensis Croth. Hep. 434

Thvatira Hbn. 323

Thyatira 321

thvellina Butl. Org. 120 ^ 22 b,

thymula 31 ill. Cel. 48 ...

thynniformls Zell. Svnanthedon
387

Thyrassia Butl. 17

Thyrgorina 89

Thyri'didae 371, 351

Thyris Lasp. 371

thyter Butl. Ut. 73

thyter Uteth. 445

tiberina Cr. Chalc. 11

tieti Bart. Not. 301

tigranula Piing. Roes. 46 . .

tigrina Vill. Arct. 98

tiliae L. Mimas 243 ....

tiliae Mimas 244

tiliae vera Mimas 243

tilioides Holle Munas 243

timesius Stall Polypt. 240

timon Hbn. Pyg. "313 ....

timon Pyg. 282, 283

timonides Brem. Pyg. 313 . .

timoniorum Brem. Pyg. 313

timur Gr.-Grsh. Aegeria 377

Tineidae 351

tineiformis Esp. Microsph. 414

Tinthia Walk. 413

tipuliformis CI. Svnanthedon
384

tisiphone L. Hipp. 258

titan Ses. 247

tithymali Bdv. Cel. 255 . . .

tityus L. Ha<'m. 248 ....

todara Spilarc. 8.5

ioddii Holl. Notod. 299

togatulalLs Hbti. Roes. 45 . .

togatulalis Roes. 44, 46

Tolype 143

torasan Holl. Parth. 135 . .

tofmentoria Goeze I^eucod. 304

Topomesoides Strand 133

torquata Leech Synt. 40

torrens Bull. Stigmatoph. 51 .

Tortricidae 417

iorva Hbn. Not. 301

totarubra Dziurz. Zyg. 443

totinigra Seitz Spila. 85

totirubra Seitz Zyg. 30 . . .

Trabala Walk. 165

trachitso Oberth. Not. 302 . .

transalpina Esp. Zyg. 23 . .

transnlpina O. Zyg. 23

transalpina Zyg. 442

transapennina Calb. Zyg. 19

transcarpathina Hornntz. Zyg.
22

transcaspica Gr.-Grsh. Phragma-
taec. 430

transcaspica Krul. Org. 119

PI.

.")6 (•

34 b
4f

34 a
2f
3i

48 f

53 h

$19c
10 g

45 h
10 d

38 c

47 f
47 f

52 f
51 d

41b
40 a

10 c
23 a

11 b

Sf

49 a
5g

478

INDEX.

52

243

transcaucasica SIgr. Dips. 397
transiens Krtdik. Cm: 286
transiens Sigr. Endr. 60 . . .
transiens Spid. Rhyp. 93
transiens SIgr. Org. 118 . . .
transiens SIgr. Zyg. 30
transiens Walk. PliLss. 90 . .
translnoida I'ouj. Phac. 10
Iratismoniana Arct. 99
Iransparens Tteh. Nud.
Iransvena Jord. 111. 16
transversa Eupr. 110
transversa Tuli Mimas
transversata Bollrher Micr. 84
transversata TT'rt/A:. Thos. 343 .
treinula 01. Phe. 298 ... .
Ircmula Hbn. Not. 300
trnnuilae Borkh. Amorph. 210
Ircmulae Fisch.-Wald. Amorph.

246
treuiulifolia Hbn. Epicn. 167
frepida Esp. Not. 300
triadnni Walk. Phaud. 5 . .
triangulalis Leech Roes. 40
triannulata Spul. Svnanthedon

387
triannuliformis Frr. Cham. 410
Triohinra Steph. 152
Trichiura 447
Trichoptera 433
Trichosonia Oherth. 79
Tridiosoma 119, 446
Iricitigulata Ctd. Synt. 444
tricmgulata Burgeff Zvg. 22
tricolor Bull. Chat 207
tricoliir Hope Eter. 10 ...
tricolor Led. Styg. 428 ...
tricolor Moore Glan. 372
tricolor Oherth. Zyg. 444
trifasciata Spul. Diaph. 92
trifoUi Dup. 158
trifolii Esp. Las. 158 . . . .
trifolii Esp. Zyg. 21 ....
irifolii Hbn. 159
trifolii Las. 147
trifolii Pan::. Las. 158
trifolii Zyg. 443
trifolii- Group 158
trifolium Alph. Sar. 322
trigona Leech Micr. 83 ...
trigonalis Voll. Ar. 91, 446
trigonellae Esp. Zyg. 24 . .
trigotephras Bdv. Org. 117
triguttata Walk. Chion. 62
trilineaia Roths. 239
trilineatus Moore Polyptychvis 240
trilituraia Walk. Eter. 10
trimacula i?sjj. Drym. 296
trimaculata Brem. Thyat. 324
trimaculata Esp. Zyg. 20 . .
trimaculata Strand Porth. 134
tripartita Alph. 88
tripartita Moore Thos. 343
iriparliia Walk. Milt. 55
iriptolemus Hiibn. Zyg. 25
tripunctata Scop. Dys. 42
tristi-s Bang-H. Dysp. 427
tristis Brem. Procris 7 ...
tristis Gr.-Grsh. Org. 117
tristis Oberth. Zyg. 27 ... .
tristis Settz INIicr. 83 ....
tristis Stffr. Allod. 303
tristis SIgr. Dips. 396 ....
tristLs Stgr. Pyg. 314
tritophus Esp. Not. 301 . . .
iritophus Schiff. Not. 301
trivittata Spcijer Zyg. 21
trivittata Tiiit Zyg! 23
Trochilium Scop. 375
troglodyta Graes. Pyg. 314
troglodytus Bdv. Macroglossum
253

PI

11 1

17a
3f

50 h
45 f

12 lj

1 a
10 d

il h

2 1)
55 1,

17 d

25 c,
41

16 i

0 a
19 b

45 f

49 e

4f

1 c

7d
10 k

52 d

46 a

47 f

27 c,
23 c

Ig

5c

10 g

PI.
tnichmena Eversm. Zyg. 28 . 7 g
iri/bakowi Alph. Spila. 86
Trypanophora Knll. 9
tsingtauica Bang-H. Hole. 421
tsingtauica Griinb. Gastr. 169
tsingtauica Strand Porth. 135
titbcrculalis Mann Gel. 47
turanica Ersch. Cham. 399
turanica Stgr. Cel. 47
turatii Bartel Procris 8 . . .
turatii Denso Cel. 265
turatii Oberth. Estigm. 447
turatii Standfs. Zyg. 22 . . .
turatii 'Stgr. Psyche 302 .. .
turatii Standfs. Am. 263
turbans Christ. Orodemnias 82
turcica Led. Org. 119
turc^mena Bartel DiiJS. 396 . 50 i
turcomanica Christ. Hvpopta

414 ' . . . .53 h

turcomanica HyiJopta 420

tiircosa Retz. Procris 9

turensis Ersch. Diaph. 92 . . 17 d

turihulellaFi(e^.<;Epichi).360 . 55 h

tiu'pis Bull. Oret. 205 205 . . 30 c

tutti Rcb. Zyg. 23

tychoona Bull. Apha 185 . . 29 e, t

typhiaelormis Borkh. Synanthedon

386
t yphiaef ormis Borkh. Svnanthe-
don 387 " . . . . 52 a

typica Sphinx 235
typica-virgata Tutt Spliinx 230

IJ.

ucodiuLs Chapni. Heterogynis

349
nlnii Bartel Mimas 243
ulmi Schiff. Exaer. 291 .. . 46 d
ulmifolia Hcucick. Gastr. lOS
uhniiolia-obsolela TullG&siT. 168
ulmivora Graes. Inop. 17 . . 3 h
ulula Borkh. Dysp. 426 .. . 52 k
ulula Dyspessa 428
umbratula Stgr. Drep. 20t)
umbrifera Hanips. As. 58 . . 11 h
umbrifera Stgr. Cham. 408 . 52 c
umbrina Moore Lael. 122 . . 20 a
umbripennis Strand Org. 119 19 e
umbrosa Bull. Lym. 127
umbrosa Leech Lophopt. 307
umbrosa Stgr. Hopl. 292 . . 45 a
umbrosa Wilem. Nem. 331
uncinula Borkh. Drep. 200 . . 23 i
uncula Hbn. Drep. 200
imcula Stgr. Heterogenea 342 49 k
undans W(dk. 171
undan.s Walk. Dendr. 173
undala Blanch. 186
undata Blanch. Eupt. 187
undata Klug Nadas. 102 . . 26 d
undatvis R. & J. Polyptychus

240 37 c

undosa Hbn. Palimps. 327
undosa Wilem. Palimp. 328 . 50 a
undulans Hamps. 325
undulata Brem. <fc Grey Brahm.

227
undulata Leech Milt. 55
undulata Stgr. Las. 159
undulella Fisch.-Ros. Epichn.

306 55 h

undulifer IValk. Phass. 438
undulifera Hamps. Drej). 202
undulosa Moore Clanis 239 . 37 b
imdulosa Walk. Bhim. 178
undulosa Walk. Lycl. 58
tinguicula Hbn. 200
unicolor Aign. Malac. 151
unicolor Hombeg Spila. 85
unicolor Hufn. Caneph. 356 . 55 a

PI.
40 g

7k

15 a

36 b

unicolor Leech Palimp. 327
unicolor Oberth. Dendr. 173
unicolor Oberth. Zyg. 28 . . .
unicolor Pachytelia 352
luiicolor Ragusa Cham. 398
unicolor Schultz Das. 112
unicolor Seitz Spila. 85 . . .
imicolor SIgr. Ocn. 132
unicolor Tutt Horse 233
unicolor Tutt Hipp. 258
unicolor Tidt Malacos. 151
miicolor TuH Perg. 257
unicolor Tutt Sphinx 236 . .
unicolor-brunnea Rebel Dendr.

172
unicolor-grisescens Cfrunb. Dendr.

172
unicolor-rufcscens Tult Epicn. 106
luiicolora Men. I^eucod. 304
unifascia Alph 446
unifascia Schultz Lym. 127
unifascia Walk. Alph. 80 . .
uniformis Hamps. Lael. 122
uniformis Oherth. Aglia 224
uniformis Oberth Not. 301
uniformis Stgr. Diacr. 94 . .
unilinea-lypica Las. 158
unimacula Moore Eupr. 138
imimaculata Auriv. Palimp. 327
iinipuncla Chionaema 61
unipuncta Leech Eupr. 138
uiiipuncta Lxech Lycl. 58 . .
unipuncta Strand Spilos. 87
unipunctuta Strand Spilos. 88
unipunctala Spul. Oen. 63
unita Hbn. Lith. 67 ....
unocingulata Bartel Svnanthe-
don 383 ■ . . . . 51 d

upiua Alph. Gluph. 295 ... 45 b
uralensLs BarM Synanthedon

380 52 b

uralensis Frr. ,Vmicta 358 . .
xiralensis Gr.-Grsh. Hep. 435
uralensLs Gr.-Grsh. Procris 9 .
uralensis Heyne Arct. 99
lU'alioa Seitz Coss. 419 ...
urania Piing. Oroncus 83 . . .
Uraniidac 275
Uraniidae 35

urbicola Stgr. Lyni. 129 . . .
uredo Frr. Hep. 435
urocera Bdv. Cer. 287
uroceriformis Tr. Dijjs. 391
uroceriformis\Tr. Dips. 393
Urodonta Stgr. 293
Uropyia Stgr. 293
Uropyia 281
ursiua Bull. .Scop. 340
Ursula Arct. 99
urticae Esp. Spilos. 88 . . .
usitata Butt. Thyris 371 . . .
ussuriensis Graes. Hole. 422
ussuriensis Piing.' Ochrost. 305
uttihensis Arct. 99
Utetheisa Hbn. 73

15 h

14

23 b
11 g

12

50 g

1 k

53 c
10 h

21 a

15 g
50 c

49 b

17 a

vacillans Walk. Phiss. 90 ,
vagesa Moore Lithosia 69
valentmi Bruand Zyg. 20
valesiella Mill. Oreops. 360
vallantini Oherth. Lem. 182
vanadis Dahn. Zvg. 24
vandalicia il/i». " Chondr. 149 24 a
vangeli Schultz Zyg. 444
vanhasselti Heyl. Cel. 48
varia Walk. AJph. 89
variabilis Brem. Hep. 434 ,
varians Stttndfs. Am. 263 .
varians Walk. Eupr. 137 . .
varians Stgr. Hep. 434

29 £

54 h
43 d
23 b

INDEX.

479

varians Walk. Ocin. 191 . . .
variegata All. Haem. 248
variegata Tult Acher. 232
variegata TuU Herse 233
varius Stgr. Hep. 434
Vaniiina Moore 111
Varnia 372

vataina Moore Oret. 204
vaucheri Blach. Las. 160
vaulogeri Stgr. Axia 331
vaulogeri Slgr. Hypopta 424 .
vautrini AuM. Perg. 257
vclata Walk. Ocin. 191
velitaris Hujn. Ochrost. 30.5 .
velleda Hbn. Hep. 434
velox Fixs. Synanth. 388 . .
velutina Koll. Nat. 343 .. .
velutina Koll. Nat. 339
velutina Oberth. Lophopt. 307
venata Bull. Melan. .54 . . .
venata Feld. Haeni. 248
veneta SUnidfs. Malacos. 151
venetensis Joann. Cham. 411
venosa Walk. Herpa 11
venosa Walk. Scop. 340 . . .
venosata Walk. Gazalina 317
venusta Schultz Zyg. 444
vetmsiuyn Walk. 177
verbasci Cerur. 283
verbasci .P. Oer. 285 ....
vermetensLs =vernetensis
vernetensis Oberth. Oosc. 445
vernetensis Oberth. Zyg. 20
vernetensis Zyg. 441
veronicae Borkh. Zyg. 24
versicolor L. Endr. 193
versicolora L. Endr.' 193 . .
versicoloria Hitjn. Endr. 193
vespelpenor Denso Cel. 267
vespertilio Cel. 254
vespertilio Esp. Cel. 256 . .
vespertilioides Bdv. Cel. 268 .
vespiformis Esp. Dips.' 392
vespiformLs L. Synanthedon

382, 385

vespipennLs H.-Schdff. Paraiith.

380
vespophaes Denso Cel. 267
vestalina Stgr. Oen. 132
vestalis Slgr. Reb. 365
vestigiata Bntl. Peld. 198
restiia Hbn. Paid. '^57
vesubiella IMill. Oreops. 359 .
vetulella Ramb. Amicta 358
vetusta Walk. Lith. 65
viadrina Stgr. I'syche 361 . .
vialis Moore Strigl. 373
vialis Oberth. Spil. 446
viburni Guen. 156
viburni Gw^n. Las. 158
vicarius Walk. Hole. 421 . .
vicarius Hole. 420
viciae Hbn. Zyg. 27 ....
viciae Schrank Zyg. 25
viciella Hbn. Pachyth. 356
viciella Schiff. P.sycbe 361 . .
vidhisara Walk. Phalacr. 203 .
vidisideae L. Trich. 152
\'\A\ia,^ Stgr. Dips. 395
viertli Car. Diaph. 92
vigei Oberth. Zyg. 442

PI.

30 f

52 h

45 c.

51 e

50 a

46 h
11 c

51 i
30 d

44 b
4f

35 d

41 e
43 b

;ie

55 e

53 d ?

7 c

o5 e
30 f

PI.
viguraea PiXng. 394
viguraea Piing. Dips. 394 . . 50 h
vikaria Walk. Lithos. 66
vilUca Arct. 93, 100

villica L. Arct. 99 18 c

villosella O. Pachyth. 356 . . 55 a
vinacea Moore Lym. 130

vinula X. Dicr. 288 44 f

vinula Dicr. 289

violacea Bittl. Drep. 203 . . 48 d

violacea Pi.vs. Thyat. 324 . . 49 e

vh'a Moore Drep. 201 .... 30 f

virescens Tutt Mima,s 243

virgata Tutt Acher. 232

virgata Tutt Epicn. 166

virgata Tutt Herse 233

virgata Tutt Las. 157

virgata Tutt Malacos. 151

virgata Tutt Perg. 257

virgata Tutt Sphmx 236

virgata-medicaginis Las. 158

viig'mea, Oberth. Das. 114 . . 19 f

vu'go Butl. Leucodr. 198 . . 48 b

virgo Hbn. Arct. 99

virguncula Apant. 82

viridescens Stanr. 289

viridescens Walk. Staur. 290

viridimixta Brevi. Urod. 293 . 46 c

vishnou Lef. Trab. 166 .. . 27 a

vishnou Trab. 148, 149

visum Hbn. Pant. 125

vitellina Bdv. Lith. 68

vitellina Bdv. Lithos. 67

vitellma Koll. Eupr. 137 . . 23 a

vitellma Tr. Lith. 67

vitis Freyer ProcrLs 6

vitis Okcn Perg. 257

vitreata H.-Schdff. Synt. 40

vitrella Hbn. Hyal. 358

vitrina Stgr. Zyg. 20 ... . 4 g

vitrinia H.-Schdff. Thyris 371

vittata Drym. 282

vittata Leech Agyll. 64 . . . 12 f

vittata Stgr. Drym. 296 .. . 45 f

vittipalpis Walk. Gang. 311

viverina Denso Cel. 255

v-nigra Hamps. Sice. 53 . . . lie

volkeri Trautm. Epichn. 366

volgensis Coss. 421

volgensis Bartel i. I. Coss. 419

volgensis Christ. Hole. 422 . 53 f

volgensis Moschl. Procris 8 . 1 h

volucris Walk. Bhopal. 254

vulgaris Borkh. Malacos. 151

vulnerans Lew. Doratifera 335,

440
vulpinaria L. Diacr. 94

w.

wagneri Denso Cel. 264

wagneri 3Iill. Zyg. 21 ... 4 h, i

wagneri Piing. Dips. 395 . . 50 h, i

wagneri Zyg. 442

walkeri Butl. Macroglo.ssum 253

walkeri Curt. Spilos. 87

walkeri Elw. Chion. 62

walkeri Peld. Sam. 123

walkingi Turati Cel. 270.

wallichii Oray 228

walteri Turati Cel. 264

wardii Eumeta 354
wassi Aign. Arct. 100
webbiana Rebel Pyg. 314
weileri Stgr. Zyg. 30
weismanni Standfs. Aglia 224
Weisniannia 375
VVcismaniiia Spul. 413
weissmanni Schultz Aglia 224
westwoodi Voll. Elc. 14 . . .
whitelyi Butl. Haem. 248
wiedemanni Men. Zyg. 30 . .
wiskotti Calb. Zyg. 30
wiskotti Stgr. Arct. 98
wladiwostockensis Strand Lym.

127

wockei Standfs. Hyal. 359 . .
wullschlegeli Oberth. Euch.

446
wullschlegeli Oberth. Zyg. 443
wutzdorffi Hirschke Zyg. 24

xanthoceros Hbn. Polypi. 330
xanthographa Germ. Zyg. 23
xanthoma Leech S. 41 ...
Xanthopan 229, 231
xanthoptera Oberth. Cose. 72
xanthoptera Oberth. Cose, 445
xanthorrhoea Koll. Porth. 134
xanthosticta Hamps. Dip^. 396
xenia Jord. Act. 211

PI.

3 a

8h

20 c
55 c

56 c

9g

23 a

y-albula Oberth. Mior. 83 . . 16 i
yamamai Guer. Anther. 216 . 34 b
yamamai Anth. 210, 215
yarka Oberth. Pseudops. 5 . . lb
yatonga Strand Das. 116
ypsiloidas Pag. Dysod. 372

Z.

zarudnyi Gr.-Grsh. Hole. 423

zatima Stall Spila. 85 ... . 15 a

zelleriella Bdv. Acanth. 355

zelleri Mn. Acanth. 355 . . . 55 a

zenzeroides Lang. 242

zeimattensis Prey Sciopt. .301

Zeuzera Latr. 428

Zeuzera 417

zickerti Hoffm. Zyg. 23

ziczac L. Not. 300 45 g

ziczac Walk. Milt. 55 ... . lid

zimmermanni Graes. Org. 117

zimmermanni Led. Cham. 399 52 d

zonata Butl. Dendr. 173

zonula Swinh. Rhodon. 374

zoraida Grasl. Ocn. 77 ... 14 d, e

zoroastres Gr.-Grsh. H>'popta424

zuleima Pier. Zyg. 19

zuleima Tijg. 441

Zygaeua P. 18

Zygaena 349, 441

Zygaeuidae 3

Zygaenidae 4, 35

Zygaeninae 4

Zygaenoprocris 6

zygophylli O. Cel. 256 ... 41 d

zygophylli Cel. 254

^M»

r '-M^

it^Mmy*rlTi

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