EIT Sd ee cee ee oe 2 Spa era Spas FEES a heen} SASS S Bates BN OL LES ete lente SEX : Se, 5 SES SSS oa : SS Secs < SaS° : : —— Sr SS Sos "2 aero > SE == — 2 = = ae : 5 on BESS Pe = Sr FSS ae as Ses Saas Bee a Senne = : G = : SST Der Seige Scop See ; Si aS SSE Gn oe Se GLI SS en me Reon SS SS SSS S Gift of AUGUST SCHMITT THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD AG SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION ‘OF THE HITHERTO KNOWN MACROLEPIDOPTERA IN COLLABORATION WITH WELL-KNOWN SPECIALISTS EDITED BY Dee SPALL BERT SEITZ. Proressor DIVISION I: FAUNA PALAEARCTICA VOL. 1—4 DIVISION Il: FAUNA EXOTICA VOL, 5—16 AO lEF s ALFRED KERNEN VERDAG SiUiti@ersn WO) ZS ak THE AMERICAN RHOPALOCERA Wii -203 PLATES TRAX The 9-f. phaeton Luc. is similar to the o%. The second form, 9-f. syndemis xor., has a broad bluish band on the hindwing; the discal spots of the upper surface of the forewing are bluish, the middle ones only indicated, those of the under surface are only represented by a few indistinct little spots; hindwing above with distally convex bluish crescents outside of the diseal band; diseal band of the underside reduced, con- sisting of small, black-edged red spots; tail long; one specimen, from ue in the Tring Museum. — coroebus Fldr. 7: the cell-spot a the upper surface of the forewing is absent, or it is more or less distinct but diffuse (ab. philocleon F/dr); the discal spot between the 3. radial and 1. ease usually more proximal than in phaeton, the ee spots smaller: on the hindwing the discal band broken up into spots; the 3. and 4. spots reduced; the dentition of the harpe more aes and the dorsal process longer than in phaeton The form of the ? similar to the o7 is 2-f. dione /’. a J.; in the second form, the 2-f. coroebus /7d., the markings of the upperside are bluish and the discal hand on the upperside of the hindwing is strongly widened posteriorly, also the discal spots of the hindwing beneath are reduced. East side of the Cordillera of Bogota: Northern Venezuela. — cleotas Gray (= lycortas Fidr). o%: discal band of the upper surface of the forewing more oblique than in the other subspecies ; ; a row of nebulous bluish grey spots between the cell and the submarginal spots: harpe terminating in a two- pronged fork, whose prongs are straight and approximately of equal length. In the 2 the middle vaginal lobe is short, the side one narrow and pointed. The two colour varieties are: ?-f. cleotas Gray, similar to the o7, and ¢-f. adaea Lv. d: /., in which both wings above have a discal and a postdiscal row of bluish patches. Brazil, from the province of Rio de Janeiro (Petropolis) to Rio Grande do Sul; according to Boisduval also in Uruguay, but the statement appears to us doubtful. P. aristeus. Cell-spot of the forewing very large, the discal spot between the 3. radial and 2. median very long, forming with the cell-spot a large pale yellow area. The 2 resembles the co’, or the markings of the upperside are bluish and the discal band of the hindwing is broad; both forms on the underside with large, more or less distinct pale yellow cell-patch. South America and Panama. — aristeus Cr. (o° = bari Olerth.). o: the cell-spot of the forewing rhombiform, the discal spot placed before the 1. radial long, the next extending almost to the submarginal row, the third small and indistinct; discal band of the hind- wing above only distinct posteriorly. Only one form of the 2 known (Cramur’s figure): forewing with long, indistinct grey-blue longitudinal streaks and hindwing with very broad bluish band. French and Dutch Guiana: one o in coll. Caarues Oserraie. ctesiades /?. @ J. Cell-patch of the forewing longish, nearly reaching to the base, two large, long discal spots, as well as a long triangular spot behind the 2. median and the cell; discal spots of the upper surface of the hindwing small, red. Upper Amazon. — desmias &. > J. Cell-spot shorter and narrower than in efesiades, a small spot in the apex of the cell, a second distally to it, two large discal spots and behind the base of the 2. median a spot which is smaller than in cfesiudes; hindwing as in bitias. Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil; one o7 in coll. F. Ducanz Gopmay. — bitias Godt. (= eurotas Fldr.; etesias Fldr.; lacordairei Borre) (13a). o%: cell-spot of the forewing more transverse than in the preceding subspecies; discal band of the hindwing never complete, only sericea or interrupted in the middle. 2 dichromatic: ?-f. bitias Godt. resembles the o7; 9-1. therapes /?. d@ J. is similar to the 9-f. aristeus, but the bluish streaks of the forewing are shorter and the band of the Cee is narrower, also the cell-spot of the under surface of the forewing is partly pale yellow. Common on the east side of the Andes of Ecuador and Peru; upper course of the Rio Negro; Bogota and Chiriqui; the last two localities appear to us doubtful. — vilcanotus F. d J. Cell-spot of the hindwing and costal spot of the hindwing brownish yellow. Vileanota, South Peru. coelebs k. d& J. Cell-spot of the forewing narrow, transverse, the discal spot between the {. and 2. median narrow, triangular, not reaching to the cell, the submarginal spots large, indistinct grey-blue spots between them and the cell; hindwing with broad pale yellow discal band, submarginal spots large, pale yellow. On the underside the cell-spot of the forewing smaller than in bitias and lenaeus. North-west Peru and Northern Central Peru (Tambillo, Chachapoyas), as well as South- west Ecuador. — lenaeus Douwbl. Cell-spot of the forewing transverse, not so oblique as in bifias, a discal spot before the 3. radial, the diseal spot behind the 1. median proximally narrowed and abbreviated; discal band of the hindwing complete, or narrowly interrupted. Rather common in South-East Peru and East Bolivia, the ¥ not known or at least not” described. nl P. judicaél Oberth. (13b). o': cell-spot of the forewing narrow, transverse and like the 4 spots brown-yellow; hindwing strongly dentate, tailed. Cell-spot of the under surface of the forewing large, brown-yellow, the submarginal spots small; discal band of the hindwing dirty white, orange-red distally. — Only one o in coll. Oserrnitr, from Huambas, Amazonas, North Peru. P. garamas. o7: both wings on the upperside with a pale yellow discal band and a row of sub- marginal spots; margin of the hindwing strongly dentate, with spatulate tail; discal band of the underside of the hindwing brownish orange distally . The 2 similar to the o7, or the yellow discal band is absent and the hindwing has very strongly curved, more or less reddish, discal crescents. Central America. — ab- derus Hopff. (12b). oc: forewing with 4 submarginal spots, often with indication of a fifth, the discal band of the hindwing enters the cell, the submarginal spots are absent; the orange-red teeth of the discal band of the hindwing beneath of equal breadth on both sides of the veins, shorter than in the following sub- V 5 syndemis. coroebus. philocleon, dione. cleotas. adaea. aristeus. ctestades. desmias. bitias. therapes. vilcanotus. coelebs. /enaeus. diseal judicaél. abderus. amerias. garamas. amisa. baroni. electryon. syedra. homerus. Jelskii. mercedes. warscewiczi. cacicus. zaddachi. 34 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. species. One form of the 2 similar to the o%. but the submarginal spots of the upper surface of the nae wing often indicated and the teeth of the distal band reatiahe yellow also above: 9-f. abderus Hopj. ; the second form, °-f. amerias f. d J. (12b), the forewing has besides the submarginal spots a row of brown-grey nebulous discal spots, the red crescents of the hindwing very large. Vera Cruz in East Mexico. — garamas Hbn. (% = asclepius Hbn.; cincinnatus Boisd.; concinnatus Gray). co: submarginal spots of the upper surface of the hindwing distinct; the yellow-red teeth of the discal band of the hind- wing beneath less long than in abderus, the part of each tooth placed before the vein shorter than that placed behind it. Forewing beneath without nebulous brown-grey discal spots. The 9-f. amisa Rh. d J. is similar to the co’, being distinguished in colour from -f. abderus chietly by the distinct submarginal spots of the upperside of the hindwing; $-f. garamas Hbn. is similar to the $-f. amerias, but the nebulous discal spots of the upper surface of the forewing are crescent-shaped, the discal crescents of the hindwing are shorter, the blue spots larger and the submarginal spots thinner than in 2-f. amerias. Both sexes larger than the East Mexican subspecies. West Mexico: Guadalajara, Cuernavaca, Oaxaca. — baroni fk. ¢ J. Forewing with 5 submarginal spots, the 5. spot much nearer to the margin than the 4.; submarginal spots of the hindwing indicated, the discal band entering the cell; on the under surface of the forewing the sub- marginal line interrupted at the 2. radial, the posterior part of the line being much nearer the margin than the broader anterior ete The dorsal prong of the fork of ae harpe much shorter than the ventral prong. Guerrero, 1 o in the Tring Museum. — electryon bates. : the cell-spot of the discal band of the fore- wing narrowed towards the costa; no submarginal spots on is upperside of the hindwing. Beneath the band of the forewing is strongly dentate on the dise and there are no nebulous spots present distally to this band; upper oe of the harpe curved downwards. The 2 not known. Guatemala and (?) Honduras. — syedra Godm. & Salv. Cell-spot of the forewing of equal width anteriorly and posteriorly; 5—7 submarginal spots on the forewing, the 3. the largest; discal band of the hindwing more strongly dentate than in electryon, large blue spots distally to it} no submarginal spots. Beneath the apical area of the forewing and the basal area of the hindwing pale brown (as in baroni), the yellow-red margin of the discal band of the hindwing more deeply coloured than in e/ectryon and broader between the veins. The ¢ similar to the o7; the Bees band of the upperside of the hindwing partly yellow-red distally. The upper prong of the harpe of the © reduced to a tooth, the ventral prong long. Costa Rica and Chiriqui. A large form. P. homerus F. (12a). Similar to the preceding species: the discal band of the forewing continued round the apex of the cell to the costal margin, the cell-spot sometimes isolated; discal band of the hind- wing beneath non-dentate, brown, its proximal margin yellowish white, large black spots proximally to the red “submarginal spots. — Larva on Thespesea, green above, brown beneath, marked similarly to that of seamander. Thoracic horn of the pupa short. The insect is apparently not rare at certain places in the interior of Jamaica, but is difficult to catch, as it flies at a considerable height above the ground. Accor- ding to Aaron occurs also in St. Domingo. P. warscewiczi. Abdomen woolly beneath, brownish yellow like the breast. Forewing without cell-spot, 2 almost parallel rows of spots between cell and margin; hindwing with discal band and sub- marginal spots, tailed. Beneath the apical area of the forewing and the hindwing are pale brown (all that is visible when the butterfly holds the wings closed together); cell of the forewing with white or yellow spot; hindwing with dentate discal band. The 2 not known to us. Ecuador to Bolivia; a mountain species. — jelskii Oberth. Discal spots of the forewing and discal band of the hindwing not sharply defined. Discal spots of the underside of the forewing large and brown, the marginal area much widened before the middle; the brown postdiseal spot between the 3. radial and 1. median larger than in the other forms, the sub- marginal spot between the 1. and 2. median orange in the middle. The two prongs of the harpe (o’) straight. the upper one much longer than the lower. South Ecuador, North and North-West Peru. — mercedes f?. & J. Discal spots of the forewing on the whole larger than in je/skii, the blue spots of the hindwing broader, the brown marginal area of the underside of the hindwing narrower before the middle, submarginal spot between the 1. and 2. median of the hindwing not orange beneath. The two prongs of the harpe (c’) straight, generally of equal length or the lower one somewhat shorter than the upper. East Peru: Huénuco and Junin. — warscewiczi Hopff. (= soratensis Godm. & Salv.) (12b). Discal spots of the forewing much smaller than the submarginal spots; discal band of the hindwing broken up into spots, often only indicated, on the under surface often entering the cell and like the submarginal spots brown. The upper prong of the harpe (c*) strongly curved. South-East Peru and Bolivia. P. cacicus. Forewing with interrupted discal band, a variable cell-spot, rarely absent, a row of bluish grey postdiscal spots and a row of yellowish white submarginal ones, the last or the last few of the submarginal spots more or less orange; on the hindwing a yellowish white median band, a postdiscal row of blue spots and a submarginal row of yellowish white ones. The 2 occurs in 3 forms. Venezuela, Colombia, Eeuador and East Peru. — cacicus Lue. (12c). o: the cell-spot of the forewing, if present, more or less transverse. The 3 forms of the @ are: 2-f. cacicus Luc., similar to the o7; 9-f. zaddachi Dewitz, discal band of the forewing not interrupted and like the large cell-spot brownish orange, hindwing without discal dud PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay. 35 band on the upper surface: 9-f. nais R. d& J. like 9-f. zaddachi, but the markings ot the forewing white. Mérida in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. — inca Ff. d J. The cell-spot of the forewing much more oblique than in the preceding subspecies, forming with the median vein an acute angle; discal band of the hindwing convex distally, posteriorly strongly narrowed; the tail narrow, non-spatulate. Chanchamayo. P. euterpinus Godm. & Salv. (12c). Tailless; markings of the upper surface yellowish red. The ¢ similar to the o7, somewhat paler and larger. — From West Colombia to North Peru. The butterfly is an enlarged copy of the Pierid genus Pereute. The insect is usually considered as nearly allied to cagreus, but according to the structure and markings it belongs to the homerus-group near to cacicus. The butterfly is still very rare in collections. C. Kite-Swallowtails. Antenna with more distinct club than in the Aristolochia- and Fluted-Papilios, scaled on the upperside, but the scales, like those of the tibiae and tarsi, easily fall off, the fine sensory hairs are distributed as in the Fluted-Papilios. The dorsal spines of the tarsi are separated from the ventral spines by a spineless, impressed interspace. The wings in most species are thinly scaled, the scales often modified to fine hairs: the blue or green bands of many species of the Eastern Hemisphere are only covered with fine hairs on the underside, the pigment lying in the membrane of the wing, in the American Kite-Papilios also the membrane of the wing is green at hae 2 the nase with the exception of the dark mimetic species. In a great number of these Papilios the 1. or 1. and 2. subcostals of the forewing are distally fused with the costa; the cell of the hindwing is au narrow and its anterior margin incurved between the subcostal and the ft. radial. The abdominal margin of the hindwing in the o is widened and usually bent over; in this fold lies a scent-organ, which is rarely absent; the scent-scales are sometimes Mees different in nearly allied species; but the organ also varies geographically. The apical margin of the 8. abdominal dorsal segment of the o7, which becomes visible after the removal of the genitalia, is smoothly scaled, the small scales standing erect; except in the Kite-Swallowtails this character is found in no American Papilio; the 10. dorsal segment of the oo’ of the American Kite-Papilios is likewise characteristic; this anal process is divided into three parts by two narrow incisions, only in P. celadon the process is simple in consequence of the absence of the two side parts. — Unfortunately the larva of only very few species is known. The 3. thoracic segment is swollen, as in the larvae of the Fluted-Papilios; the thoracic segments and the anal segment often bear dorsally short thorns, also traces of tubercles are usually found on the other segments; the pattern consists of small spots, transverse lines or short longitudinal streaks, eye-spots and oblique bands are wanting. — The pupa is shorter than in the other Papilios, the head and thorax are not at all or only weakly curved upwards, the thoracic horn is long and four-sided, the lateral carina forming the prolongation of the raised edge of the case of the hindwing; the abdomen has two dorsal carinae, which converge in front and behind: the anal segment is longer than broad. — The butterflies are in great part longwinged insects with triangular hindwing. The long-tailed forms with the wings spread out remind one of a paper kite. The Kite-Papilios are nimble fliers. Although the mimetic forms usually imitate the sluggish flight of their models (Aristolochia-Papilios, Pierids, Danaids ete.), yet they show great adroitness and speed when they take to flight in alarm. The o’o often congregate in great crowds in moist places, at the edge of rivers, lakes, puddles etc., where they drink with a quivering motion of the half opened wings; they also visit flowers. The Kite-Papilios are insects of the open, sunny part of the wooded districts, of the clearings in the forests and their edges. Naturally this refers more to the o’o” than to the 92; the latter, of many species at least, are only rarely taken by the collector, because they have different habits, remaining in the thickets and woods and not joining the crowds of o’o’ drinking at the water; the ¢? of many very common forms are not yet known at all. The Kite-Papilios do not extend so far north as the Fluted-Papilios. Lysithous-Group. The species of the /yth/sous-group are characterised by red basal spots on the under surface of the wings. Haase rightly recognised these forms, so similar in appearance to the Aristolochia-Papilios, as belonging to the Kite- Papilios; all other authors have erroneously classified them with the Aristolochia- and Fluted-Papilios. The bright- coloured larvae are striped longitudinally and bear a V-shaped saddle-spot before the middle; the thorax is spotted. The pupa is short; the abdomen elarged in the middle. The species are found from Mexico to Argentina. P. pausanius. A copy of Heliconius clytia L. According to Barrs the buttertly certainly has the sailg and circling flight of the Heliconians, yet is not, like the Heliconians, a species of the forest shades, bit is found on the muddy banks of rivers and lakes or flies round the tops of high trees. Wings above green-blue, with large pale yellow area on the forewing, hindwing short, often truncate. The scent-organ is wanting in the o%. The 2 resembles the o. From Costa Rica to Northern Brazil (Goyaz), — prasinus Rk. & J. Wings above strongly metallic; discal spots of the forewing longer than in the following form, the white submarginal spots of the hindwing very small, the anterior ones only indicated, the red basal spots of the underside smaller than in the remaining subspecies. Costa Rica. — cleombrotus Streck. from nais. inca. euterpinus. prasinus. cleombrotus. pausanias. microdamas. protodqmas. choridamas. xenardus. eridamas. phaon. ulopos. therodamas. metaphaon. pharax. clusoculis. pithonius. euryleon. haenschi. anatmus. hipparchus. 36 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. West Colombia and probably Panama; as in prasinus the forewing without pale apical area; costal area of the upperside of the forewing almost black, in prasinus almost as metallic green as the disc; underside of the hindwing without pale (yellow-green or reddish) streaks between the veins. — pausanias Hew. (= hermolaus Guen.) (12a). Apex of the forewing with large grey area; under surface of the hindwing between the veins with pale streaks, extending to the submarginal spots. Central Colombia to Bolivia, Orinoco, the Amazons and Goyaz. P. microdamas Burm. (12a). A yellowish band from the costal margin of the forewing to the anal angle of the hindwing; under surface without red basal spots on the forewing, with 4 spots on the hindwing. @ similar to the o. — Paraguay, Northern Argentina, Caraga in Brazil; a lowland species. P. protodamas Godt. (= hyperion Hin). Forewing with yellowish area consisting of 3 large patches, or with 1 or 2 rows of spots;.hindwing with yellowish grey-blue band; forewing beneath without. basal spots, hindwing with 3. The scent-organ of the o* wanting. Larva black, with grey and white, partly yellow stripes, the thorax dotted with white and yellow. Thoracic horn of the pupa rather thin. Two individual forms of the butterfly are known: in f. protodamas Godt. the forewing has two rows of spots, the upper ones of which are more or less merged together; in f. choridamas Boisd. (13b) the forewing has a very large cell-spot and two discal patches, also large. — The butterfly is entirely Brazilian; it is found from Minas Geraés to Rio Grande do Sul; but the f. choridamas does not appear to extend so far south, being only known to us from the provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraés. P. phaon Boisd. Similar to the preceding species: the spots on thorax and abdomen red, the posterior abdominal segments with red lateral spots. Very variable. Spots on the upper surface of the forewing bluish yellow-grey or purer white-yellow; discal band of the hindwing grey-blue, rarely red. Under surface without distinct cell-streaks, forewing without basal spots, hindwing with 3. Scent-scales present in the o7. Mexico to West Ecuador and Venezuela. The following forms have been described as species: ab. loc. xenarchus Hew., hindwing with broad red band; ab. loc. eridamas feak, the red band of the hindwing narrow, the spots composing it separated; these two forms only known from East and South Mexico; ab. phaon Boisd. (13b), forewing with submarginal spots, but without discal spots, the band of the hindwing just entering the apex of the cell; ab. ulopos Gray (= immarginatus Oberth ), forewing without spots or with only indications of them, band of the hindwing broad, entering more or less far into the cell; ab. therodamas /7/r., with discal and submarginal spots on the forewing and narrow, slanting band on the hindwing, separated from the cell; ab. metaphaon Butl. has on the hindwing a very large blue-green discal area, occupying a good part of the cell; in ab. pharax Godm. & Sale. the hindwing has a red anal spot and the discal band is remote from the cell. All these forms are connected with one another by transitions. P. euryleon. The spots of the breast and abdomen red, the posterior abdominal segments with red lateral spots. Forewing above with yellowish grey area before the hindmargin, hindwing with red discal area or band. Beneath the forewing without red basal spot, the hindwing with three, but the spot placed in the cell commonly only indicated or quite absent, the discal band smaller than above, pale red. ¢ similar to the o or different from it; in the latter case forewing with cell-spot and two discal bands, all white, recalling pausanius and protodamas f. choridamas. Scent-organ of the o usually present. Costa Rica to Ecuador. — clusoculis Bull. (13¢). Diseal area of the forewing white-grey; the red band of the hindwing broad, always entering the cell. @ similar to the o, the red band of the hindwing somewhat broader. Costa Rica; Chiriqui. — pithonius 2. @ Jo: forewing-with small or large grey spot; hind- wing with 3—5 red discal spots, the red submarginal spots of the under surface of the hindwing very small or only indicated. @ with large cell-spot on the forewing and 2 large discal spots. West Colombia and Cauca Valley. — euryleon Hew. (13¢). co: hindwing above mostly with 4 spots placed close to the cell and two small, less distinct spots before the abdominal margin; the discal spots on the underside pale red. 2: the cell-spot of the forewing narrowed anteriorly, the band of the hindwing entering the cell. Magdalena Valley, Cordillera of Bogota. — haenschi 2. dé: J. o7: area of the forewing lighter grey than in ewryleon, composed of two spots, the anterior spot projecting distally; hindwing with small cell-spot, which is rarely absent, and 3—5 spots placed close to the cell; beneath the forewing has a large white spot between the 1. and 2. median, a grey spot behind it; hindwing with 3 pale red spots, the 1. and 2. touching the cell, a 4. spot often indicated. @: the cell-patch of the forewing does not extend across the cell, band of the hindwing running from the {. radial to the abdominal margin, entering the cell, behind the cell proximally whitish, as in the 2 of the Aristolochia-Papilio P. iphidamas calogyna. co with scent-organ. In Western Ecuador. anatmus /’. @ J. o7: the grey area of the forewing extending from the hindmargin costad as far as the 2. median or beyond, often a grey streak in the cell; hindwing with 3 red_ spots, separated from the cell, often only the 3. spot distinct; beneath the forewing without white spot and the discal spots of the hindwing usually grey. 2 not known. Scent-organ absent in the o. East Ecuador. P. hipparchus Sgr. (13d). o: forewing with a row of grey submarginal spots; hindwing with pale reddish discal band, extending from the 1. radial to the abdominal margin. @ not known. Cauca Valley. Colombia. PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 37 P. harmodius. © and 2 different. The spots on head, thorax and coxae yellowish white. o*: fore- wing somewhat transparent apically, before the hindmargin a white area of variable extent, but never reaching to the 3. radial; hindwing with a band of red discal spots. Beneath the cell of both wings streaked with black, forewing with red costal basal spot, hindwing with 3 basal spots. In the 2 the hindwing similar to the o’, or the macular band white or yellow; the forewing either without spots, or with white cell-pateh and two large discal patches. Colombia to Bolivia; a species of the Andes, very common in the eastern valleys of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Larva not known. — isus Oberth. (= aristogiton Sfgr.). o': the white area of the forewing large, extending from the hindmargin to the 2. median or beyond; discal band composed of 6 or 7 white-centred spots. 2 not known. — Cauca Valley, Colombia. — halex fh. d J. Forewing as in the preceding subspecies; hindwing with 5 red discal spots. 2 on the forewing with white area from the 3. radial to the 2. median and a small cell-spot; hindwing with 5 pale red discal spots. Colombia; in Bogota-collections. — xeniades Hew. co: the white spot of the forewing very variable, always extending tSUS, halex. xeniades. to the hindmargin of the wing, usually excised at the costal side, always small on the underside; hindwing ° with 3—5 discal spots, which are red above, rarely whitish inthe middle, and beneath always reddish white with ved distal margin. 2: dichromatic: 9-f. androna &. & J. (13d) with quite small grey scaling in and behind the cell of the forewing and 5 red discal spots on the hindwing; the second form, ?-f. virginia Kirby, is very similar to the 2 of P. erlaces lacydes, forewing with large white cell-spot and two large discal patches, band of the hindwing white with faint red margins. Xeniades occurs in Ecuador and West Colombia. — imaus /. d: J. (14a). Not constantly different from the o of the following subspecies, forewing above mostly with white streak at the hindmargin, beneath the white spot is usually smaller than in harmodius Doubl. 2 as the 2-f. virginia, but the cell-spot narrowed anteriorly, the anterior discal spot reduced and the band of the hindwing yellow above, almost white beneath. Eastern slopes of the Andes of North and Central Peru. — harmodius Doub/. (13¢). o: forewing above and beneath always with large white spot, not quite reaching to the hindmargin. 2: the white cell-spot does not extend across the cell: three discal spots, the 1. small, the 2. as long as the 3.; hindwing with red discal spots, larger than m the o. South-east Peru (from Chanchamayo southwards) and Bolivia. The oo” common, of the 2 only { specimen known (in coll. CHAkLEs OpErRtHiiR). P. trapeza fh. d& J. (13c¢). Forewing narrower in the middle than in harmodius, the hindmargin shorter, a white spot at the hindmargin, not extending to the 2. median; hindwing triangular, sharply dentate, with 2 to 4 red spots from the hindmargin forwards, the posterior spot the largest. Beneath the white hindmarginal spot of the forewing is longer than in all the forms of harmodius. 2 unknown. — East Ecuador and North-East Peru. P. xynias Hew. (13¢). Forewing with large pale green area at the hindmargin: hindwing acutely dentate, with short, narrow tail and a few red discal spots posteriorly. Beneath the forewmg has a white, very faintly green hindmarginal spot, which is smaller than the spot on the upper surface. No scent-scales. 2 not known. — Eastern slopes of the Andes of Bolivia and Peru. P. ariarathes. Another widely distributed and very variable species, which has more spiny tibiae and a narrower cell in the hindwing than the allied species. Spots on head and breast yellowish grey. Forewing beneath with 2 red basal spots, the hindwing with 3. In the co’ the forewing usually with grey- white or yellowish band or area from the hindmargin forwards; hindwing with red discal spots, of which often only the one placed at the abdominal margin is distinct. 2 almost always with white discal spots on the forewing. Scent-scales of the oc’ present. Larva unknown. Colombia to Bolivia, distributed eastwards to Para and Goyaz. The butterfly is individually and geographically variable; the 9? resemble the 22 of Aristolochia-Papilios and adopt in the different districts their likewise variable dress. The forms all inter- grade, We differentiate 6 geographical forms, whether correctly must be ascertained by further ivestigations based on a larger material than we have seen. The butterfly according to Bates flies with great rapidity in sunny places near plantations; it is no rarity, but is not taken in great numbers. — ariarathes Lsp. (= acestes Boisd) (14a). o: forewing with large white spot from the hindmargin to the 2. median, almost as large beneath as above: on the hindwing 4 to 6 separated discal spots, placed separate from one another and from the cell. 2 with 5 or 6 red discal spots on the hindwing, three long, extending nearly or quite to the cell; in 9-f. ariarathes Esp. the forewing has 1 to 3 white discal spots and often a narrow cell- spot; in ?-f. eumelea 7’. & J. these white spots are only indicated. French and Dutch Guiana. — menes kh. & J. o: forewing with white band, extending from the hindmargin to the 1. or 2. median, the posterior spot often small or absent, the spot before the 2. median 4—6 mm. long, also always present beneath: hind- wing with 3 or 4 red spots midway between cell and margin. 2 with large discal spot from the 3. radial to the 1. median and a smaller one behind it, sometimes also with indication of spots before the 3. radial and in the cell; 5 or 6 discal spots on the hindwing, remote from the cell. British Guiana. — evagoras Gray (13d). o: forewing with narrow band, placed at the 3. radial about midway between cell and outer margin or nearer to the cell; beneath the band is replaced by 2 or 3 distinct spots; discal spot of the hindwing partly near to the cell, the band more curved than in the other forms. 2 with 3 white or yellowish androna. virginia. imaus. harmodius. trapeza. xXyntas. artarathes. eumelea. menes. evagoras. metagenes. gayi. anargus. cyamon. leuctra. ilus. brandius. belephantes. belesis. hephaestion. thymbraeus. aconophos. platydesma. harrisianus. Oedipus. lysithous. brevi- fasciatus. extendatus. rurik. pomponius. 38 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. discal spots and a rather large cell-spot on the forewing; the apical half or two-thirds of the cell of the hindwing red, as are also 6 large discal spots, abdomimal margin at least partly red. Venezuela. - metagenes f. ¢ J. o7: forewing usually with a band reaching from the hindmargin to beyond the 3 radial, merely indicated on the underside; hindwing with 4 or 5 spots placed separate from the cell. 2: forewing with the lone white discal band which is also peculiar to the Aristolochia-Papilios P. anchises thelios and P. aglaope, this band consists of two large spots with a smaller one placed before and behind them; hind- wing with 6 red spots, 3 of which are contiguous to the cell. Para. — gayi Lucas. © and $ very variable; 3 principal forms: f. anargus &. @ J. (13d), forewing without band or spots; f. cyamon Gray (= charoba Kirby) (13d), % with narrow band on the forewing, on the whole somewhat more distally placed than in the o’ of evagoras, 2 with narrow, indistinct band on the forewing, with cell-spot on the hindwing, the spots on the hindwing sometimes yellowish white; in f. gayi Luc. (= aristagoras Fldr.; arianus Staud.) the o has on the forewing a more or less square hindmarginal spot, whilst the 2 has 1 or 2 large discal spots, usually also a small third spot and often a cell-spot in addition. These different forms are not separated geograph- ically. Distributed from Colombia to Bolivia and the Amazon downwards to Mandos. — leuctra hk. & J. o: forewing with a pure white area, of almost even width, reaching from the hindmargin to the 1. median, above about 6 mm. broad and on the underside only a trifle narrower: hindwing with 6 long red discal spots, the 3 middle ones contiguous to the cell. Goyaz, Brazil. P. ilus /. (= hostilius Fidr.; guaco Stgr. (14a). oY: under surface without red basal spots on the forewing, with 4 red basal spots on the hindwing. Forewing with or without a patch in the extremity of the cell, with 2 or 3 white spots on the dise, the posterior one, placed behind the 3. median, the largest. North Venezuela, Northern Colombia, Panama; rare in collections. P. branchus Dowbl. Head and breast with red dots, a spot on the forecoxa white. Wings opaque ; forewing with or without white spots; hindwing with broad red discal band. Under surface without red basal spots on the forewing, with 4 such spots on the hindwing. Sexes similar. In the f. branchus Douwbl. (14b) the forewing has a variable white central area, which is absent from tf. belephantes Godm. & Salv. — Mexico to Costa Rica. P. belesis Bates (14b). Similar to the preceding species, hindwing with a band of 6 to 7 red spots, parallel to the margin, placed nearer to the margin than to the cell. Forewing in f. belesis Bates without white spot, in f. hephaestion /7/dr. with a spot between the 2. and 3. radial and sometimes the indication of a second spot behind the 3. radial. — Mexico to Nicaragua. P. thymbraeus. The small spots on head and breast grey-yellow, often slightly reddish. Upperside of the wings slightly but yet distinctly metallic blue or green; forewing without markings, but with white fringes; hindwing with a slender tail and 1 or 2 rows of spots between cell and margin. Under surface with ved costal basal spot on the forewing and 4 basal spots on the hindwing. Larva on Chirimoya: the thorax dotted with blue and yellow; striped with white and black from the 4. segment backwards, the white stripes with small blue and yellow spots, the sides blue, from the 5. segment dotted with yellow. Pupa green, as in the allied species, appearing constricted at the base of the abdomen. The butterfly thes in the open country the whole year through, and is rather common at a height of 500 to 1560 m. — thymbraeus Boisd. (14b) is distributed from East Mexico to Honduras. The hindwing in o and & has 2 rows of red spots. — In aconophos Gray the hindwing has only one row of red spots, the discal row is absent. Central and West Mexico. P. lysithous. A polychromatic species. The different individual forms with one exception were originally described as species and have been regarded as such until recently. The forms are connected with one another by intergradations; moreover, the specific identity of 3 of the varieties (pomponius, rurik, lysithous) has been proved by breeding. Underside of the forewing with 2 red basal spots, hindwing with 3; all the forms with a tail. Larva on Anona, resting by day on the upperside of a leaf at the middle vein, on the lower branches and root-shoots, near Petropolis all the year round, except in June and July (middle of the dry season); black with yellow longitudinal stripes and white-yellow saddle-spot. The pupa as in the allied species green with yellow lateral streak. Brazil and Eastern Paraguay. The principal forms, which do not everywhere occur together, are the following: f. platydesma fF. & J. (= harrisianus auct.) (14b), the white band of the forewing very broad, continued over the cell to the costal margin: f. harrisianus Swains. (= claudius Boisd.; athous Fldr.), the white band of the forewing broad posteriorly, strongly narrowed anteriorly, not entering the cell, the part from the lower angle of the cell to the costal margin narrow or absent, as in the preceding form the posterior submarginal spots of the hindwing large; f. oedipus /ldr. (= sebastianus Oberth.) (14a), forewing with double spot from the 1. median backwards, hindwing without white band, the 4 posterior submarginal spots large; f. lysithous Hén. (14a), band of the forewing narrow, often abbreviated (ab. brevifasciatus Weym.), hindwing with small submarginal spots, the discal band usually only extending to the 1. median, sometimes longer and more distal (ab. extendatus Weym.); f. rurik Hschsch. (= rurikia id. in tab., laius Boisd.), band of the forewing abbreviated, hindwing without white band, the 4 posterior submarginal spots rather large; f. pomponius Hop/ff:, band of the fore- PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jlorpan. 34 wing indicated, or like that of the hindwing entirely absent: f. eupatorion Luc., both wines without diseal band, forewmg with vellowish marginal band and the marginal spots of the hindwing enlareed (probably an aberration, only the type known, in col. Crarues Onerriivr). P. asius /. (= astyages Drury; manhius Perty) (14d). A rather common Brazilian buttertly, distributed from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul and westward into Eastern Paraguay. A broad band, narrowed towards the costa on the forewing, beginning at the costal margin of the forewing distally to the cell and ending before the abdominal margin of the hindwing: hindwing triangular, with long tail. On the underside the hindwing has 4 red basal spots, two of these placed at the costal margin, in addition a ved streak before the abdominal margin and 3 red spots near the anal angle. The 2 similar to the o’, very rare in collections. The larva not known to us. Marcellus-Group. In the marcellus-group there is on the underside of the hindwing a red line running from the costal marein to the anal angle, which at least at the costal margin is edged with black at both sides. The species have bands on the wings, and the triangular hindwing is tailed. The 1. subcostal of the forewing is free: in one species (bellerophon) it is entirely absent. P. marcellus Cr. (= ajax auect.) (14e). The common Asimina Swallowtail of North America. Antenna brown-vellow; tibiae and tarsi green; forewing with 8 greenish white bands, the green colour in the mem- brane; the red line of the hindwing beneath margined with white proximally. Scent-scales of the o7 lone. The larva with 6 fine black transverse lines on each segment, the lines usually partly contiguous. The frontal prominences of the pupa divergent, the thoracic horn vertical, the lateral carina continued to the cremaster, not interrupted. Foodplants: Asimina, especially A. triloba, also Ericaceae and Lauraceae. This species is one of the classical examples of seasonally variable butterflies. In the specimens which hibernate as pupa once or twice the hairs of the frons are long, whilst they are short in the butterflies emerging from non-hibernated pupae. The principal forms are: forma hib. marcellus Cr. (= walshi /diw.), the spring form with broad white bands, sometimes red discal spots appearing on the upper surface of the hindwing (ab. abboti Hadw.); forma hib. loc. floridensis Holl. is the spring form from Florida, which has broader black bands than marcedlus; forma hib. telamonides /’/dr. (14c) is the later spring form, which forms the transition to the summer form, forewing somewhat longer than in f. hib. marcedlus, the black bands broader, the fringes of the tail more extended white; forma aest. lecontei . d J. (= marcellus auct. non Cramer), large, the black bands broad. — P. marcel/us occurs from Southern Canada to Florida and Texas and west- ward into the prairie districts of the Mississippi Plain. Very common where pawpaw trees are found. The flight of the summer brood is more elegant than that of the spring specimens. The butterfly often travels northwards in considerable numbers, flying swiftly near the ground. Indeed in the northern districts where it occurs it is only an immigrant, not a permanent inhabitant. P. marcellinus Doub/. (= sinon F. non Poda) (14e). Forewing with pale green bands and a row of submarginal spots: hindwing with black submedian band extending to the black distal margin: the red line on the under surface of the hindwing broad, reaching to the brown margin. Scent-scales of the o% long. — Jamaica. P. celadon Lucas (= sinon Godt, non Poda) (14¢). Similar to the preceding species, but on the forewing the pale green discal band is continuous with the 3. and 4. pale green cell-bands, not with the 4. and 5.: the red line on the underside of the hindwing thin, shorter than in marecel/inus. The anal tergite of the o is not divided, as the lateral prongs are absent. — Cuba; perhaps also in Florida. P. zonaria bil, (= sinon F. non Poda) ({4c). The pale bands narrow; the 4. and 5. pale green cell-bands of the forewing continuous with the diseal band, narrow, separated from one another. — Haiti. P. philolaus Boisd. (14d). Antenna black: the 7. pale green band of the forewing only represented by a spot; hmdwing with 2 red spots posteriorly; on the under surface the red line of the hindwing edged with black at both sides, undulate anteriorly. Scent-scales of the o short, broad, irregular, produced in a number of filaments. The % in 2 forms: 2-f. philolaus Boisd. similar to the o7, the underside paler; 9-f. niger Himer (= nigrescens Kimer; felicis Fruhst.) (14d), the pale green bands of the membrane of the wings sealed with black, the wings therefore black with slight traces of the bands. — Larva not known. The butterfly common from Mexico to Nicaragua, in low situations, often resting in crowds on the sand at the edge of rivers. P. xanticles Bates (= plaesiolaus Stgr.) (16b). The pale bands yellow, the\ 7. band of the forewing continuous with the broad discal band, not as in philolaus replaced by a single spot. Two forms of the 9; the one similar to the o*, which doubtless exists, has not yet to our knowledge been discovered: the second form, 9-f. philenora Haase (= sheba Rk. d: J), is black, with the exception of the yellow submarginal and the red anal spots. Scent-scales of the o7 as in phi/olaus. — Panama and at the foot of the Santa Marta in North Colombia. P. oberthueri 2. & J. (14d). Similar to philo/aus, the pale bands broader, the white discal area at the 2. median about 11/2 times as broad as the black marginal area; hindwing narrower than in philolaus, eupatorton, Asus. marcellus. abboti. floridensis. telamonides. lecontet. marcellinus. celadon. zonaria. philolaus. niger. xanticles, philenora. oberthueri. arcesilaus. epidaus. tepicus. fenochionis. | bellerophon. fortis. neosilaus. eimeri. agesilaus. autosilaus. LO PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. the black median band only extending to the cell; the latter less pointed than in philolaus. The scent-scales of the @ longer. The 2 not known. — San Pedro Sula, Honduras (in coll. CHArnEs Osertniin). Our figure is too small. P. arcesilaus Lucas (= anaxilaus Fidr.) (14d). Antenna black. Forewing with 6 greenish bands and a row of submarginal spots, the 6. band short, separated from the discal area. Scent-scales of the o long. — North Venezuela and Colombia. P. epidaus. Antenna black: wings white, semitransparent, distally almost glassy. The 2. black band of the forewing extends to the hindmargin beyond the middle and the discocellular band is continued to the 2. median or to the posterior angle of the wing. Larva not known. Mexico to Honduras. — epidaus Dowb/. (15c). The 2. black band of the forewing not more than half as broad as the light inter- space between the 2. and 3. bands, generally narrower, the 5. band not extending far beyond the 2. median, not reaching to the marginal band; the posterior part of the median band, on the underside, thin or merely indicated. From Kast Mexico to Nicar agua, from whence specimens of this form have recently come. — tepicus ??. @ J. 1. and 2. bands of the forewing broader than in the preceding form, 5. band posteriorly joined to the marginal ee hindwing longer and the costal margin shorter than in the other forms. West Mexico: province of Jalisco. — fenochionis Godm. & Salv. 5. band of the forewing prolonged to the hinder angle, hindwing much more extended black than in the previous subspecies. South-Western Mexico: Oaxaca, Guerrero. P. bellerophon Da/m. (= coresilaus Godt., swainsonius Swains.) (15a). The only Papilio in which the 1. subcostal of the forewing is absent. Forewing semitransparent, with 4 black bands. @ similar to the o, with somewhat broader hindwing. Scent-organ of the o woolly..— Brazil: Minas Geraés, Parana, Santa Catarina, rather rare. Protesilaus-Group. The species of the following protesilaus- group with the exception of agesilaus are hard to differentiate without the assistance of their genitalia. The red line on the under surface of the hindwing is only edged with black at one side. These white, black-banded butterflies include some of the commonest Papilios of South America; but this applies only to the o7o7, the 9? on the contrary being very rare in collections. The o'o often rest in dense clusters on damp sand or mud, The larva of only one of the species (P. stenodesmus) is known with certainty; it is green, dorsally spotted with black and with transverse bands, sometimes the black markings are absent until a transverse line on the prothorax. The dorsal horn of the pupa is very long. The butterflies are tropical. P. agesilaus. Easy to recognise by the red line of the hindwing being edged with black distally. Distributed from Mexico to Bolivia and Goyaz in Brazil, not yet known from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, where, however, the insect certainly occurs. — fortis k. & J. from South-West Mexico: Guerrero, Atoyae, Oaxaca. The black bands broad, 1. and 2. bands of the forewing about */; as broad as the interspace, both continued to the hindmargin, or the 2. band at least extending beyond the 2. submedian; the white submarginal band not broader than the black postdiseal band, the latter not divided longitudinally by a pale line; abdominal margin of “the hindwing black, the two red anal spots surrounded with black. — neosilaus Hopf. The black bands narrower than in fortis, the 1. and 2. bands of the forewing at most half as broad as the white interspace, the transparent submarginal band broader than the black postdiseal band: abdominal margin of the hindwing partly white, the red anal spots anteriorly broadly edged with white, much less broadly surrounded with black than in jortis. East Mexico, Guatemala, British Eoncintag Honduras. — eimeri k. d@ J. The transparent submarginal band of the forewing between the 4. and 5. subcostal at most as broad as the black postdiscal band which is placed at its proximal side. West Colombia. upper Cauca Valley and Panama. — agesilaus Guér. (= conon Hew., septemlineatus Eimer) (15¢). Post- diseal band of the upperside of the forewing without light median line, narrower than the costal half of the transparent submarginal band; subbasal band of the upper surface of the hindwing only represented by a thin streak placed on the 2. median. Very variable in size. Central and East Colombia, North Venezuela. — autosilaus Bates. Postdiscal band of the forewing divided longitudinally by a pale streak, subbasal band of the hindwing present on the upperside. Orinoco, Guiana, the Amazon, Goyaz, the eastern slopes of the Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia, as well as Paraguay, not vet known from South-East Brazil: like the preceding subspecies very common. © P. glaucolaus. In order to differentiate this and the following species with certainty, it is necessary {0 compare specimens from the same districts, and at times to take the sexual organs into consideration. In glaucolaus the black postdiscal band of the forewing is widely separated from the lower angle of the cell, or the teeth of the hindwing are very obtuse and the posterior submarginal spots suffused with brown. Scent-seales of the co” as long as in protesilaus; the harpe has at the dorsal edge a very long tooth and the central and ventral processes are short, the latter not-reaching to the ventral edge of the ‘clasper. From Panama to Guiana, Upper Amazon, southwards to Matto Grosso, not yet known to us from South-East Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil proper and the Lower Amazon. Only oo in collections. A common species. glaucolaus. Larva not known. glaucolaus Bates (15a). Greenish, bands 1 and 2 of the forewing not extended beyond Publ. 6. VI. 08. PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. Aj the 2. submedian vein, the 6. band 2 to 3mm distant from the lower angle of the cell, not narrowed before the 2. radial, the transparent submarginal band at least twice as broad at the 5. subcostal as the black marginal band. Panama; Colombia, with the exception of the province of Cauca, perhaps also in North Venezuela. — melaenus /’. & J. The black bands broader than in the preceding form, the transparent submarginal interspace of the forewing usually only little or not at all broader at the 5. subcostal than the marginal band, in some specimens, however, much broader, in which case the interspace between bands 5 and 6 is narrowed correspondingly. West Colombia and upper Cauca Valley. — leucas /. &./. Wings only distinctly green towards the base; postdiseal band of the forewing narrowed near the lower angle of the cell and usually before the 2. radial. Hindwing more obtusely dentate than in protesilaus, the submarginal spots tinged with brown, 2. band of the forewing from the cell backwards narrower above than beneath, the side of the frons white. The harpe of /ewcas more obtuse than in g/aucolaus, the dorsal tooth narrower and the central process longer. Orinoco, Guiana, the Amazons, East Ecuador, East Peru and Matto Grosso; common. P. molops. The t. and 2. black band of the forewing broad and both or at least one of them extending to the hindmargin, the 4. band usually reaching quite across the cell. The denticulate, deflexed dorsal margin of the harpe rounded-dilated. 2 unknown. Tropical South America, widely distributed, but only singly among the white butterflies of this group. — molops f. ¢ J. Antenna brownish yellow: the black lateral stripe of the abdomen as broad as the yellow-white stripe placed at its dorsal side; 1. and 2, band of the forewing broad, the 1. not extending to the hindmargin, the other bands hkewise broad, the 6. especially is broader than in all the other forms of the profesi/aus-group, being at least as broad as the interspace between bands 5 and 6; this 6. band close to the lower angle of the cell. Dorsal margin of the harpe abruptly dilated. North-West Eeuador and West Colombia. — hetaerius 2. @ J. (15b). Easy to differentiate from the preceding form by the thinner black bands; it is so similar to the protesi/aus forms occurring together with /etwerius as to be easily mistaken for them, but is much smaller than the Colombian protesilaus and has a much less sharply dentate hindwing. Sides of the frons always white; 1. and 2. band of the forewing extending to the hindmargin, or the 2. band very little abbreviated; the white submarginal lunule between the 1. and 2. radial of the hindwing narrower than the corresponding marginal lunule; the interspace between the subbasal and median band on the under surface of the hindwing longer than in protesilaus. Harpe somewhat different from the harpe of molops, dorsal and ventral edges more denticulate, the ventral process longer and curved towards the ventral edge of the clasper. Guiana, Amazons, Colombia, Ecuador (except the western side), Peru and Bolivia. — megalurus 7’. ¢ J. Antenna black as in the Brazilian protesilvus; frons laterally white; the white subdorsal line of the abdomen thin: 1. and 2. band of the forewing extend to the hindmargin, 6. band separated from the angle of the cell; the black markings of the hindwing somewhat more developed than in /etucrius, the red anal spot longer; tail long and broad. Dorsal edge of the harpe less dilated than in the other forms of so/ops. Brazil: Leopoldina, but probably more widely distributed. P. protesilaus. Submarginal spots of the hindwing white, rarely slightly yellowish, hindwing more strongly dentate than in glawcolaus, the 1. and 2. band of the forewing on the whole shorter than in imolops. Frons sometimes entirely brown-black. The scent-scales very long and thin. The dorsal edge of the harpe deflexed, lying flat on the harpe, strongly dentate. Larva not known. Mexico to South Brazil. — penthe- silaus M/dr. Large; dorsal streak of the abdomen very narrow; 1. band of the forewing extending to the 2. submedian vein, 2. band a little beyond it: 4. band short, triangular, rarely reaching to the 2. cell-fold: 6. band separate from the angle of the cell, somewhat narrowed before the 2. radial, posteriorly almost always separated from the marginal band; red anal spot of the hindwing large, marginal teeth partly strongly projecting, fringes white except a the extremities of the veins. Apex of the harpe pointed, dorsal edge rounded. Mexico, the only form of this group which occurs so far north; it is found in Vera Cruz, Yucatan, Atoyac, Oaxaca ete., in wooded districts, and in the South intergrades completely with the next form. — macrosilaus Gray from Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras and Nicaragua. 1. and 2. bands of the forewing narrow, the 4. is absent or is only represented by a costal spot, the 6. somewhat angled at the 2. radial and narrowed costad, posteriorly connected with the marginal band; the latter less sharply defined and somewhat paler than in penthesilaus, transparent, submarginal band with hairy seales; red anal spot of the hindwing narrower than in penthesi/aus. Apex of the harpe truncate, central process shorter than in the Mexican form, spatulate, strongly dentate at the apex, ventral process not extending to the clasper, curved backwards. — leucones ??. ¢ J. Black dorsal line of the abdomen absent or thin; {f. band of the forewing thin, 2. extending to the hindmargin or nearly to it, the interspaces between 1. and 3. of equal breadth at the median vein; the white marginal and submarginal spots of the hindwing large, the margin only black at the extreme tips of the veins, but the fringes from the costa to the 2. radial partly black; red anal spot large. Harpe similar to that of macrosilwus, some of the teeth of the ventral edge enlarged, ventral process non-dentate, not extending to the lower edge of the clasper, the teeth of the spatulate central process more or less curved dorsal. Manauré, at the foot of the Santa Marta in North Colombia: probably this form inhabits the north coast of Colombia. — dariensis /. & J. Dorsal line of the abdomen Vi 6 melaenus. leucas. molops hetaerius. megalurus. penthesilaus. macrosiaus. leucones. dariensis. archestlaus. protesilaus. nigricornis. helios. orthosilaus. earis. stenodesmus. dolius. telesilaus. AQ PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay. broad, the margin of the hindwing between costa and 1. radial entirely or almost entirely black. The dilated part of the dorsal edge of the harpe distally with triangular tooth, ventral process denticulate from the base to the tip. Very similar to archesilaus, forewmg at the base broader green, the black bands somewhat thinner, band 1 not extending beyond the 2. submedian, band 4 rarely reaching to the 2. cell- fold; hindwing less strongly dentate than in archesi/aus, the subbasal band of the forewing beneath narrower. Wings of the 2 slightly yellowish, especially the anal region of the hindwing. Costa Rica, Panama and the islands off the West coast of Panama. — archesilaus F/dr. (= rubrocinctus Eimer partim) (15a). On the whole considerably larger than protesilaus, hindwing more strongly dentate, the apex of the cell of the hind- wing beneath more or less edged with red. Colombia, West Ecuador and North Venezuela. — protesilaus L. (15¢). Bands 1 and 2 of the hindwing usually extend beyond the 2. submedian, band 4 mostly goes beyond a middle of the cell and sometimes reaches to its hinder margin, the transparent submarginal band has t least in the costal third brownish scales; hindwing more strongly dentate than in g/aucolaus leucas. Frons in specimens from the Andes often entirely brownish black. Dorsal edge of the harpe dilated into a tooth, which is sometimes absent in specimens from the Andes. Orimoco, Guiana, the Amazon from Para upwards, and Eastern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. — nigricornis Sgr. (= leilus Siwains. partim). Antenna usually black; frons brownish black, not white at the sides. Dorsal edge of the harpe with large tooth. East Paraguay and Brazil. P. helios 2. & J. (15b). Antenna and frons brownish black as in nigricornis. Wings brownish; fore wing transparent; hindwing more sharply dentate than in nigricornis, the black postdiscal band straight, not interrupted posteriorly as in the protesilaus forms, the marginal and submarginal bands yellowish. Under surface more yellow than upper; the red line of the hindwing distally edged with white. Dorsal edge of the harpe not dilated into a large tooth, the apex of the harpe pointed, ventral process not dentieulate. — Brazil, only known to us from Parana. P. orthosilaus Weym. (16c). Antenna yellow-brown, not black. Frons yellowish white at the sides. Forewing transparent; hindwing strongly dentate, above also with a median band, the postdiscal band and the black margin merged together into a broad marginal band, the yellowish marginal and submarginal lunules smaller. — Paraguay and Goyaz in Brazil; rare, to our knowledge only 3 0707 at present known. P. earis 2. € J. (16a). Antenna dark yellowish brown. Frons yellowish at the sides. Wings slightly yellowish, beneath slightly reddish; bands narrow, 4. band of the forewing reduced to a small spot, 6. band close to the lower angle of the cell; the yellowish marginal and submarginal spots of the hindwing narrow, above and beneath smaller than in the name-typical protesilaus; hindwing beneath with long arrow-shaped patch before the abdominal margin, this patch reduced in protesi/aus. Dorsal margin of the harpe slightly widened, ventral process non-dentate, not extending to the lower edge of the clasper, central process short, broad, spatulate, strongly dentate. ? not known. — Eastern Ecuador, probably more widely distributed. P. stenodesmus 7. d: J. (15b). Antenna black. Frons laterally white. Forewing distally transparent, the bands thin, interspace oe band 1 and 2 half as wide again as that between bands 2 and 3; hind- wing longer than in protesilaus and ¢elesilaus, usually slightly yellowish, strongly dentate, median band of the under surface somewhat curved, placed nearer to the extremity of the cell than in profesi/aus and felesilaus. Dorsal edge of the harpe not dilated. For larva and pupa see p. 40. — Paraguay; Brazil, from Petropolis to Blumenau; a common species, usually mistaken for prolesilaus and telesilaus. P. telesilaus. Body and wings yellowish; antenna brownish yellow, frons white at the sides; sub- marginal and marginal spots of the hindwing yellow. Dorsal edge of the harpe slightly or not at all dilated; central process either simple or ventrally denticulate at the base. Scent-scales shorter and broader than in the other species of this group, with the exception of agesi/aus. Larva not known with certainty. Panama to South Brazil; the oo’ very common, often resting together with protesilaus, agesilaus, glaucolaus, ete., on damp sand or mud. — dolius #. ¢ J. Band 1 of the forewing not prolonged to the hindmargin; margin of the hindwing more extended white than in the next subspecies; subbasal band of the underside of the hindwing .not entering the basal cell. Dorsal edge of the harpe only very feebly dentate, scarcely at all dilated, central process not denticulate ventrally at the base. Panama and West coast of Colombia. — telesilaus F/dr. (16a). Band 1 of the forewing continued along the 3. submedian; subbasal band of the hindwing beneath entering the basal cell. Dorsal edge of the harpe dilated, denticulate, central process with dentate ridge ventrally at the base. Central Colombia to Guiana and Para, distributed southwards to Bolivia, Paraguay and Rio Grande do Sul. Thyastes-Group. In the species of the densely scaled thyastes-group the hindwing has on the under surface a red or brown- yellow band, which runs about parallel with the outer margin and begins at the costal margin beyond the middle. In all the species the 1. subcostal anastomoses with the costa, which does not occur in the ‘preceding groups. P. marchandi. Hindwing beneath with brown-yellow discal band. Markings of the upper surface yellow, both wings with yellow discal area and submarginal spots, the area of the forewing continued towards PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 43 the costa by several spots. Larva not known. Mexico to West Ecuador. — marchandi Boisd. (16b). The brownish yellow discal band of the hindwing beneath usually curved anteriorly. Discal area ot the upper surface of both wings deep dark yellow. Mexico to Honduras, in hilly country, in Guatemala common up to 2500 ft. — panamensis Oberth. The vellow colour on the whole paler than in the northern form, some- times pale yellow, the submarginal spots between the 2. radial and the 2. median of the hindwing larger, the discal area of the forewing more deeply idented at the veins. Costa Rica to West Ecuador. P. thyastes. Forewing with complete or interrupted yellow discal band and hindwing with large yellow discal area; underside of the hindwing with red discal line. Eeuador to Bolivia; Brazil. — thyastinus Oberth. The submarginal spots between the 2. and 3. radial of the forewing separated by a corresponding discal spot, discal band usually interrupted at the 3. radial, the 1. submarginal spot is absent or small. Eastern slopes of the Andes from North Ecuador to Central Peru, Upper Amazon. — zoros ft. @ J. Like the preceding; the 1. submarginal spot of the forewing sharply defined; the discal spot between 2. radial and 1. median usually truncate distally, the upper angle not rounded. South-East Peru and Bolivia. — thyastes Drury (= diaphorus Hbn.) (16b). Paler yellow than the Andes forms; discal band of the forewing not interrupted, or only very slightly, the submarginal spot between the 2. and 3. radials quite close to the discal spot or partly merged together with it; the black discal area of the hindwing not entering the cell. Southern Brazil, only known from Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul. P. dioxippus Hew. (16c). Wings on the upper surface with common green-yellow triangular area; marchandt. panamensis. thyastinus. Zoros. thyastes. dioxippus. forewing with vestiges of costal bands; hindwing with 2 red spots at the anal angle. — Very common in Bogoté-collections; Valleys of the Cauca, Magdalena and Meta Rivers, at moderate elevations. 2 not known. P. lacandones. The discal area of the forewing extends costad to the lower angle of the cell or beyond it. Guatemala to Bolivia. 2 not known. — lacandones Ba/es from Guatemala and Panama. Fore- wing with 4 thin submarginal spots, discal area extending anteriorly beyond the 2. radial. — diores 2. d J. (16b). Forewing broader, with 5 submarginal spots which are larger than in the preceding subspecies, discal band not extending beyond the 2. radial, the subapical spot of the cell much smaller than in /acandones. Eastern slopes of the Andes of Keuador, Peru and Bolivia. P. calliste. Bands and spots of the wings pale yellow or greenish yellow, similarly arranged as in dioxippus ; submarginal row of the forewing curved; hindwing with 2, rarely 3 red spots, and with 2 very large greenish yellow marginal spots from the 2. radial to the 1. median; underside of the hindwing with pale marginal band. 2 not known to us. Mexico to Costa Rica. — calliste Bates (= lorzae Boisd.) (16). The two outer cell-bands of the forewing clearly developed and the last but two more or less mdicated, the discal area emarginate at the cell before the 2. median. Western Mexico, Guatemala and British Honduras. — olbius 2. & J. Larger than the preceding form; also the outer cell-bands of the forewing suffused with black in the middle; diseal band broader, the black marginal area on both wings consequently narrower than in calliste; submarginal line of the forewing only vestigial from the 1. median backwards. Costa Rica. P. leucaspis. Frons entirely brownish black; abdomen yellowish beneath; the wings with common triangular green-yellow area; the brown marginal area with blackish lines parallel to the margin. 2 not known. Colombia to Bolivia; a very common species in the Andes. — lamis f. d J. The posterior cell-spots of the forewing large, very distinct also beneath. Colombia. — leucaspis Godf. (16c). The cell-spots of the fore- wing smaller, usually only indicated beneath, the two outer posterior cell-spots more widely separated from one another. Eastern slopes of the Andes, from Ecuador to Bolivia. Dolicaon-Group. The 7 following Papilios form the dolicaon-group. In these species no red or yellow band is present on the under surface of the hindwing, In some species only the 1. subcostal of the forewing is eonfluent distally with the costa, whilst in others the 2. subcostal also anastomoses with it. P. serville. Forewing with broad black cell-band, which runs obliquely from the costal margin to the marginal area, being united with the latter. In the forewing the 1. and 2. subcostal distally confluent with the costa, the 2. subcostal rarely free. 2 not known. North Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia. Common. — acritus FR. & J. The spots on head and breast small, also the yellowish lateral stripe of the abdomen reduced, these markings sometimes absent; cell of the hindwing usually without blackish streaks. North Venezuela, East and Central Colombia. — serville Godt. (= serville1 Boisd., boliviana Weeks) (16¢). The spots on breast and head always present, abdomen with 2 yellowish stripes on each side, of which the upper one is broad: cell-streaks of the forewing distinct, the subapical area of the cell always shaded with brown; the pale patches before the margin of the hindwing, on the under surface, more distinct than in acritus. West Colombia and Ecuador to Bolivia. P. columbus Ko//. (= hippodamus Fildr., burtoni Meak.) (16¢). Very nearly allied to serville; the narrow green costal band of the forewing more oblique than in serville, marginal area of the forewing beneath more purplish white, the blackish lines in it and the yellowish streak on the underside of the lacandones. diores. calliste. olbius. lamis. leucaspis. acritus. serville. columbus. fulva. orabilis. isodiaris. salvint. callias hebrus. deileon. tromes. dolicaon, iphitas, 44, PAPILIO; EURYADES. By Dr. K. Jorpan. abdominal fold of the hindwing less distinct than in serville; the black distal area of the hindwing sometimes touches the cell, but does not enter it. Specimens with yellowish instead of deep red anal spot are ab. iulva Oberth. 2 similar to the o. Cordillera of Bogoté to the West coast of Colombia, North-West Ecuador ; common; a in coll. H. J. Apams. P. orabilis. Club of the antenna black; the black median band of the forewing does not extend to the marginal area, hindwing with long red anal spot, which reaches to the 2. median. 2 not known. Guatemala to West Colombia. — orabilis Bi/r. The oblique discal band of the hindwing not marked above. Costa Rica, Panama and (doubtfully) Guatemala. — isocharis hk. € J. (17a). Median band of the forewing always extending to the 2. median; the black marginal area of the hindwing broader than in orabilis, with an oblique spur pointing forwards, which corresponds to the posterior part of the discal band of the under surface. West Colombia. P. salvini Butes (17b). The black bands very much reduced, a narrow band in the middle of the cell, not extending beyond the median vein: under surface glossy white; hindwing with black-brown discal band which runs almost straight from the costal margin to the red anal spot. 1. and 2. subcostals of the fore- wing distally confluent with the costa. 2 and larva not known. — Guatemala, British Honduras and (doubtfully) Yucatan; most of the specimens in collections come from the woods in Northern Vera Paz, Guatemala. P. callias &. & J. (= columbus Hew. non Wollar) (17a). The short cell-band of the forewing much “broader than in sw/vini, the discocellular band also short and broad, confluent with the marginal area at the lower angle of the cell; hindwing shorter than in the preceding species: the marginal tooth placed before the thin tail prolonged, thin. Hindwing beneath with black discal band, divided into two branches at the extremity of the cell; this band in the 2 more distal, placed quite near to the marginal area, with which it is almost confluent. — East Ecuador, Peru and the Amazons. P. dolicaon. Head and breast black, dotted with white. Black cell-band of the forewing oblique as in callias, but still broader than in that species, a macular band between the cell and apex of the wing. Hindwing rounded, with thin tail, beneath with forked discal band, the proximal branch of the fork running to the abdominal margin. The 1. subcostal anastomoses with the costa, 2. subcostal free as in callias. Larva not known. Colombia to Paraguay and South Brazil. — hebrus f&. & J. The white subapical area of the cell of the forewing narrowed costad; hindwing more strongly rounded than in the other subspecies. Under surface of both wings purplish: the discal area of the forewing divided into spots by broad black vein- streaks; hindwing yellowish. Colombia: Magdalena Valley and Cordillera of Bogota. — deileon F/dy. (17a). Marginal band of the hindwing beneath narrow below the {. radial, at the 2. ‘radial only {—2 mm broad, the peel branch of the discal band traversing the cell at the base of the 2. median, the greenish white apical spot of the cell much larger than the spot placed at its costal side. East Ecuador to Bolivia and Matto Grosso, and the Amazon downwards to Para; according to Feuprr also from “Bogota”, but his spe- cimens may be from the East side of the Cordillera of Bogoté or from North-East Ecuador. — tromes k. & J. Green-white subapical area of the cell of the forewing above very faintly shaded with black; marginal band of the hindwing broad, the green-white spots placed at the apex of the cell between the 1. and 3. radials small; marginal band of the underside of the forewing below the 1. radial only about 1 mm broad; the proximal branch of the discal band of the hindwing placed somewhat distally to the base of the 2. median, green-white apical spot of the cell at most as long as the spot placed before it between the 2. subcostal and the 1. radial. North Venezuela. — dolicaon Cr. Marginal band of the forewing beneath - at the 2. radial 3—5 mm broad in the o7, somewhat narrower in the 2; proximal edge of the marginal area of the hindwing above remote from the cell; proximal branch of the discal band of the hindwing beneath as in tromes distal to the base of the 2. median vein; the brownish yellow postdiscal spot between the 2. sub- costal and {. radial placed transversely to the veins. Orinoco; Guiana. — deicoon Fldr. The white sub- apical spots of the forewing large; the black marginal area of the hindwing narrower than in the other forms. Paraguay; Brazil, from Rio Grande do Sul to Goyaz. P. iphitas Hin. (= dolicaon Godt. non Cramer) (17a). Similar to dolicaon; yellow, the black marginal area of the forewing narrower posteriorly; the oblique discal band of the hindwing on the upperside present from the black marginal area at least to the 2. subcostal. 2 not known to us. — Brazil, in hilly country: “spiritu Santo, Organ Mountains in the province of Rio de Janeiro, and Pernambuco. 2. Genus: KEuryades Burm. Frons with short hairs. Tibiae naked, not woolly, furnished with a few bristles: tarsi short. Antenna with strong club and a row. of sensory grooves at eac ? side. Stalk of the subcostal fork of the forewing as long as the posterior branch (= 5. subcostal vein), 1. radial before the middle of the cell; basal cell of the hindwing large, 2. subcostal vein very distal, branc Me from the cell at about the same height as the 2. median, apex of the cell rounded, the lower angle obtuse. The bipartite claspers of the o not quite = BARONIA. By Dr. K. Jorpan. — PARNASSIUS. By H. Sricnun. closed together; the ¢ after copulation with so-called pouch. Larva on Aristolochia, and like the pupa, formed and coloured quite as in the Aristolochia-Papilios of the Papilio perrhebus group. Im these Arvistolochia- Papilios we find already a rudimentary pouch; in Luryades it is large, bilobate. — This genus is confined to the Rio Parana (with its tributaries), Argentina and Paraguay; 2 species, which are both sexually dimorphic. E. duponcheli Lue. (17b). Tailed. o velvety black, with a yellow band of large patches in the dupondieli. middle and on the hindwing also 2 rows of red spots, of which the submarginal row is only more or less indicated above. 2 yellow-brown, black distally and in the cell of the forewing, the macular band above only indicated by 2 subcostal patches, which are situated on the forewing; the red spots of the hindwing above vivid red; under surface for the most part grey-yellow. — From Buenos Aires northward, commonest in North-West Argentina. E. corethrus Boisd. (17b, c). Tailless. co? much paler than in dupouecheli, semitransparent; hind- corethrus. wing also above with a band of yellow spots outside the red discal spots. 2 likewise paler than in the preceding species, the margin more narrowly black, the very pale red submarginal spots of the hindwing large, the discal row on the contrary replaced by black spots, only the last always dotted with reddish grey, but often also the first and sometimes the next two as well. — Not quite so common as the pre- ceding species and not so widely distributed; more in the neighbourhood of the Rio Paranda and Rio Paraguay. 3. Genus: Baronia Sale. Antenna short, with broad club. Legs likewise very short, femora with long hairs, before the extremity with some stiff bristles, tibiae rough with bristles; 1. segment of the tarsus about '/; as long as the tibia; the spur of the foretibia reaching to “/1. Forewing rather narrow, 1. and 2. subcostals close together, the 1. confluent with the costa and partly also with the 2. subeostal, the 3. absent, the 4. and 5. rather long stalked; 1. radial arising from the cell; hindmargin of the cell almost straight, no median spur; hindwing rounded, with large basal cell, the {. subcostal, which closes it distally, very weak; precostal forked, 2. subcostal branching off much more distally from the cell than the 2. median. Scales of the wings rounded. — The only known species belongs in the neighbourhood of Parnassius. — Guerrero, West Mexico. B. brevicornis Salv. (17¢). Mr. O. T. Baron discovered this peculiar insect in the neighbourhood brevicornis. of the town of Chilpancingo, recently destroyed by an earthquake, where the butterflies were flying in June and July at a height of 4500 ft. He only took 5 specimens, which are in the collections of Gopman, Rornscuttp and the California Academy. Blackish brown, with pale yellow markings; all the spots of the hindwing beneath are silvery white as well as the apical and submarginal spots of the forewing. 2 somewhat larger than the o’, the light markings more extended. 4. Genus: Parnassius ii. For the general characters the reader is referred to the descriptions in Part I, Vol. I, p. 19 A special distinguishing feature of the genus is the absence of the hindmarginal vein in the hindwing and of the transverse vein present in the genus Papilio s, str. between median and submedian near the base of the forewing. A striking characteristic moreover is the pouch (Abdominaltasche, poche cornée) of the impregnated female, mentioned in Luryades, which besides is only found in a few of the allied genera, namely in Lurycus Boid., Luehdorfia Criig., also occurring in a single species of the genus Papilio (P. proneus Hbn.) (JORDAN) and in the whole family of Acraeidae. Exhaustive observations and investigations have been devoted to the nature of this appendage. It is not an organ of the body, but a product of the insect itself, and is produced during the copulation of the sexes in this way, that the o” ejects from a gland at the anal ex- tremity a secretion which hardens very quickly, and in the moment of ejection with the assistance of a special membranous organ (peraplast) assumes a definite form and is attached to the abdomen of the & (StesoLtp, THomson, Scupper). This product is therefore an independent creation of the organs of copula- tion, but its form appears to depend on the peculiar structure of these, and is therefore to be regarded as a valuable means of help in the differentiation of the species and in arranging them into natural groups. Concerning the purpose of this peculiar appendage nothing is known with certainty. One would suppose that it plays some part in oviposition, but this is contradicted by THomson’s observations in breeding [ar- nassius apollo L. in the Insectarium of the Zoological Gardens in London; he is of the opinion that the pouch is without any utility after copulation. The fact that 2? of Parnassivs species have been taken, in the pouch of which a loose egg was found, permits the supposition that the insect carries this with it until it has found a suitable place for laying. The Parnassius forms are inhabitants of the mountains in the Northern temperate zone, entirely wanting in the tropics, subtropics and the Southern temperate zone of America, even in those heights of the Cordillera which would suit their conditions of life. Their area of distribution is confined to a Western strip of North America. As Southern limit about 35° N. Lat. may be taken, in the East the principal chain thor. clodius. altaurus. claudianus. baldur. lusca. menetriesit. lorquini. gallatinus. smintheus. 46 PARNASSIUS. By H. Sricuen. of the Rocky Mountains forming the boundary line, whilst northwards they extend in Alaska as far as the polar circle; in the-mountains they ascend to about 4000 m (14000 English ft.). America possesses representatives of only two of the groups into which Parnassius can be naturally divided according to the abdominal pouch, of which P. thor, clodius and the allied forms are to be classified with the Palaearctic c/arius-group with whitish, elongated, vesicular pouch, whilst the smintheus forms belong to the apol/o-group, in which the pouch is small, dark brown, carinate beneath, and pointed like a leaf. P. eversmanni Men. (vol. I, 10g) is represented in Alaska by a form with narrowed bands, to which is to be applied the name of thor H. Edw., proposed for the 2. Ground-colour of the o” yellow as in the Asiatic form, markings of the wings agreeing rather closely with those of the ? of P. clodius, but the bands and spots narrower, and the discal band outside the cell somewhat further removed from it, less irregular and more sharply defined; the hindwing without submarginal crescents, only 2 indistinct patches near the disc, the basal and hindmarginal area blackish, at the usual places 2 ocelli filled in with red, the posterior one connected with a black anal spot by a narrow band-like shading. 2 whitish with broadened bands, the anal spot on the hindwing with two red dots, its connection with the posterior ocellus broader, near the outer margin a row of sharp black lunules. Only 3 specimens (1 7, 2 92) known: at the upper course of the Yucon River, June. P. clodius Mén. (17d) is very nearly allied to eversmanni. Ground-colour white, only in the 2 the short costal band placed outside the cell connected with the hindmarginal spot by an irregular dusty band, the glossy submarginal band of the forewing sharp but narrow, the o7 with small, the 2 with larger, crescent-shaped submarginal spots on the hindwing; on the latter the anal spot mostly centred with red. Coast district of Oregon and California, southwards to about San Francisco. The biology is still unknown. It is suspected that Viola is the food-plant, perhaps also Sedum and possibly Vaccinium or Rubus (dewberry) (Wricut). Is commonly (even in recent works) confused with the specifically different P. clarius Hversm. from Asia, or this name is applied to the mountain form of the species (see further below). — Ab. altaurus Dyar is an aberration from the name-typical form with yellowish instead of red anal spots. — In the Northern adjoining districts occurs a race, larger on the average, with much broadened marginal pattern on the forewing. Marginal and submarginal hands are merged into a broad stripe, through the middle of which runs only one row of small white crescents. This form has been introduced as claudianus Stich. (17¢). In the ? the black band-pattern is less intensive but broader, the connection of the costal spot and hindmarginal spot only shadowed as a narrow streak, on the hindwing very large marginal lunules, the anal spot without red dot. Washington Ter., Vancouver Island, types No. 27918 to 27921 in the Kel. Zool. Museum Berlin. There are transitions to the typical form. — baldur //. W. Edw. (17e) oceurs in the mountains to the East of the district of the principal form. This is distinguished by reduced and less sharp markings. In the co” the hindmarginal. spot is mostly absent on the forewing and the anal spot on the hindwing; the posterior ocellus is reduced as a rule; the 2 has no submarginal crescents on the hindwing, the anal spot is rarely centred with red; in both sexes the white dusting very thin, somewhat transparent. Sierra Nevada, about from the Emigrant to the Truckee Pass; also reported from the Wahsatch Mountains (Utah). Varies rather considerably, and forms on the one hand transitions to the coast form, on the other hand there occurs a further reduction of the pattern. Specimens with point-like, reduced posterior ocellus are not rare: ab. lusca Stich. (17e); or those in which the two ocelli only remain as vestiges: ab. menetriesii H. Kdw. ({7e). On the other hand ab. lorquini Oberth., in which the ocelli are entirely absent, occurs only sparingly. In the type of this form in addition all the black markings also are effaced except two narrow oblong spots in the middle and at the end of the cell of the forewing and some blackish dusting at the hindmargin of the hindwing. — A further race from Montana, gallatinus Sfich., is distinguished by the band-pattern of the o being in general weakly marked, while on the contrary there is a complete discal band outside the cell, as in the 2 of the typical form; hindwing without anal spot and with small ocelli; the 2 is more strongly marked, partly dusted over with black, the forewing with broader submarginal band, on the hindwing the submarginal lunulus and the anal spot strongly developed. Gallatin County (ELRoop). P. smintheus /oub/. is an American representative of the Asiatic P. phoebus EF. Ground-colour chalk-white, forewing with the pecuhar black spots of the apollo-group, in the typical form an incomplete submarginal band on the forewing, the costal spot faintly centred with red, the transparent border narrow at the outer margin, commonly only extending to the middle of the wing, interrupted by white marginal spots, the white fringes spotted with black at the extremities of the veins; hindwing with 2 small ocelli, filled in with red, hindmarginal spot as a rule weakly indicated. 2 as a rule somewhat larger, forewing with larger costal spots, filled in with red, strong hindmarginal spot and broader margin, hindwing with arger ocelli, 1—2 anal spots filled in with red and a row of submarginal crescent spots. Extraordinarily variable in size and markings, in the o the submarginal band of the forewing sometimes more strongly developed, the glassy border very variously developed, the white patches of the same sometimes more PARNASSIUS. By H. Sticuet. AT weakly, sometimes more strongly expressed, occasionally a stronger black spot in the hindmarginal area, the costal spots also quite black, more copiously dotted with red or white; on the hindwing the anal spot in individual instances more distinct and near the margin sometimes some blackish spots. In the 92, parti- culary those from high lying localities, more copious black marking and partial darkening of the white eround-colour are of no uncommon occurrence, also in both sexes individuals often oecur with yellowish instead of red ocelli, which are usually referred to behrii (see further below). But this name must be reserved for the Western race of the species. Specimens without red on the upper surface, in which even the ocelli of the hindwing are reduced to black spots, are usually called ab. sedakovii Mér. This however, an Asiatic form of P. phoebus FL and the name has been replaced by ab. mendica Stich. The egg is semispherical, somewhat depressed at the top, the upper surface thickly granulated, the colour ivory white with a faint greenish tint. Development variable, some eges yield the larvae in the same year, others hibernate. The young larva is nearly cylindrical, of black colour, the body covered with small hairy tubercles. When fullgrown it attains a length of 283—25 mm (0,9—1,! inch), the ground- colour is then black-brown, brown on the underside and the legs, the body covered with short stiff hairs 4 rows of yellow, sometimes white spots; it has a fork-shaped, eversible yellowish gland 1S, and marked with 4 in the neck; the head is broad, with impressed suture, of black colour. Pupa eylindrieal, stout, about 15 mm (0,6 inch) long, the upper surface finely granulated, of yellow-brown colour with greenish reflection. When the larva is about to pupate if draws a leaf or several leaves together into a sort of cocoon by some siiken threads, but pupae have also been found on the ground under pieces of wood without a trace of a cocoon. Duration of the pupal stage unknown. The time of flight of the buttertlies lasts from May to September, but appears to depend on the temperature and other climatic conditions and the principal time of emergence is the month of July (Courris). The oviposition seems to be irregular and regardless of place, and it is left for the newly-emerged larva to find its food-plant: it was observed that the eges were laid on the stalks of grass or other plants (Composites, Artemisia, ete.), or even on stems or on the ground itself, but always near to this. Various opinions have been advanced as to the food-plant; thus, among others, Brucr suspected it was Castelleia integra, and also suggested Saxifraga, later he assigned Sedum stenopetalum as the true food-plant; W. H. Epwanrps reared the larvae on Sedum ternatum, but they also accepted other species of Sedum. By night they live concealed in secure hiding-places on the ground, not coming out until the sun shines: they are commonly attacked by parasites (Tachinids). The imagos are common where they occur, but are difficult to catch, not only on account of the natural obstacles of the ground, but also on ececunt of their rapid and hich flieht. Newly emerged males emit, particularly at the time of copulation, a peculiar, pungent and disagreeable odour, which reminds one of mice (W. H. Epwarps, Wricut, Reaxirr, Fruasrorrer, ete.). Habitat of the typical race: the Roeky Mountains in Wyoming and Colorado. The species is very variable, but according to our experience with the European and Asiatic species the formation of races in certain restricted localities is to be assumed as in the highest degree probable. These races nevertheless intergrade with one another and in the region of flight of the one form are found individuals with characteristics of the others and vice versa, so that the characters assigned to the following forms are only to be taken in a very general sense. In doubtful cases the locality of the insect must settle the question. — As hermodur H. Edw. only a strongly darkened form of the o is usually described. The original is recorded from the Southern part of the distribution-area. o’o’ (17e) from that district for the most part differ in that the glossy border of the forewing is not interrupted by white spots at the margin, the submarginal band is only very weakly developed, and the costal spots are occasionally much reduced; 9? occur in a more or less darkened form. The name may be applied collectively to the Southern race. South Colorado, Northern New Mexico. — In sayii W. H. Edi. (17d) the o'o” are usually larger, with larger deep red ocelli, and otherwise approach the Asiatic intermedius Mén.; in the 9? as a rule a more copious sprinkling with black scales is noticeable, so that they agree in this with the 92 of the previous form; the costal spots of the forewing are large and quite filled in with red, the glossy border broad, only separated from the submarginal band by a row of luniform spots, the submarginal crescents of the hindwing especially strongly marked and merged together into a broad band. Montana, Judith Moun- tains. — From the Northern parts of the Rocky Mountains there is a smaller form described as nanus Newmoeg. The type-specimen of this resembles the ab. mendica; in the o the red colour is entirely absent on the upper surface of both wings, the greater part of the outer margin is glassy grey, on the hindwing only the hindmarginal area is blackish and in the dise there is a black spot instead of the ocellus. The ? is similar to that of hermodur, darkly dusted, with 2 costal spots filled in with red, hindwing with glassy grey border, the red ocelli with white pupils, all the black markings vivid. British Columbia and Montana. — In the West the species is represented by behrii W. // Edw. (17d); a rather large form, in which the usually has somewhat longer wings, the submarginal band is marked anteriorly by sharp black luniform spots, which become obsolete posteriorly, the anterior ones of the costal spots usually centred with red, the glossy border is confined to the anterior half, narrowed and so restricted by the white marginal spots that it only remains as a row of blackish wedge-shaped spots; ocelli of the hindwing small. The red- mendica, hermodur. Sayil. nNanus. behrii. niger. magnus. apricatus. 48 Alphabetical List of the American Papilionidae. yellow colouring of the ocelli and the development of small submarginal spots on the hindwing are given as special characteristics, but these features are not constant. The 9? as a rule have the costal spots on the forewing strongly filled in with red, a strongly marked submarginal band, the disc more or less dusted with black, on the hindwing the submarginal lunules are confluent as a sort of band and there are grey spots at the margin itself. In aspect on the whole like sayii-2 or a lighter hermodur-?. California (Sierra Nevada), Utah. Ab. niger Wright is an individual form of this local variety corresponding to the ab. mendica: this has on the forewing only two black cell-spots, an insignificant costal spot, traces of a sub- marginal band, the outer margin has no glossy border, both ocelli of the hindwing are reduced to black points. Summit, South California, 2600 m. — Another large form of the species is magnus Wright, which is only slightly different from dehrii in that the submarginal band of the forewing is almost complete but less sharply marked, and the glassy border is broader, brtendine to the hinder ante and less restricted by white marginal spots; hindwing in the type-specimen without anal and submarginal spots, the anterior ocellus very small, the posterior one also only moderately large, the latter a white pupil, the former entirely red; 2 with costal spots copiously filled in with red and red-dotted hindmarginal spot on the fore- wing, blackish shading in the disc, border broadly glassy grey; ocelli of the hindwing large, the posterior one with white pupil, submarginal band not extra strongly marked, but the margin itself glassy. Enderby, British Columbia. -— The most northerly representative of the species is apricatus Sfich. (17d); distinguished by the roundish shape of the wings and very strong black spotting; on the forewing the costal spots changed to a short band, in which there is an almost square red spot aitononiy: submarginal band sharply marhed, a large black spot in the hindmarginal area; on the hindwing the hindmarginal area broadly black, a small anal spot, the ocelli large and filled mn with deep red, in the posterior one some white dusting. ? similarly marked to the o7, somewhat dusted over with blackish, submarginal band of the forewing onl the glossy border broader and complete, hindwing with broader submarginal band and blackish glossy border. In general very similar to the Asiatic phoebus forms. Kadiak Island (Alaska). By older authors (Morris, Borspuvan) P. nomion Fisch. d. W. is recorded from the Rocky Mountains and California, according to more recent accounts (Dyar, Wricnt) the species occurs in Alaska. However, a more certain confirmation of these records is wanting, and there appears to be a confusion with a form of smintheus, especially as regards the records of earlier date. Alphabetical List with references to the original descriptions of the forms of the American Papilionidae. * sionifies that the form is also figured in the place cited. abboti Pap. Mundt Canad. Entomol. XV, p. 87. anaximenes Pap. Flidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 64. abderus Pap. Hopff. Neue Schmett. II, p. 1. * anchises Pap. lL. Mus. Ulr., p. 191. acauda Pap. Oberth. Et d’Ent. 1V, p. 98. anchisiades Pap. Esp. Ausl. Schmett., p. 53. * aconeples ne eee Seat dis! Br. OS op 6b. = andraemon Pap. Hbn. Samml. Exot. Schmett. Il, Taf. 98 acritus Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 735. androgeus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 24 * adaea Bap. i & - oe Zool. XII, p. 640. androna Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 668. * aeneas Pap. /. Mus. Ulr., p. 197. ze i antheas Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XII, p. 506. aeetiokies a ea ee W aa I, p. 352. antiquus Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 523. Eee eap roe - Dens a Pe ; TL apricatus Parn. Stich. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., Vol. 51, p. 87. * Bea eae Grae och Ss, Oe ae _ arbates Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV, p. 198. * PN Rd LA Ne) Oa Ona arcas Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV, p. 174. * albanus Pap. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. G. Wien XIV, p. 314. alexiares Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zt. XXVII, p. 31. aliasca Pap. Scudd. Proc. Bost. Nat. H. Soc. XII, p. 407. arcesilaus Pap. Luc. Rev. Zool., p. 131. * archesilaus Pap. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. G Wien XIV, p. 301. archidamas Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. I, p. 321. alopius Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Ins. Br. Mus. I, p 58. : eitaacds Parr. Dyar. Ballet U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 52, p. I. | archytas Pap. Hopff. Stet. At. XXVIL, Ig 28: alunata Pap. Skinn. & Aar. Canad. Entom. XXI, p. 196. ariarathes Pap. Esp. Ausl. Schmett., p. 57. * alyattes Pap Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 73. aristeus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV, p. 139. * rf amazonius Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 531. aristodemus Pap. Esp. Mag. Neu. Ausl. Ins.. p. 8. amerias Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 646. aristor Pap. Godt. Ene. Méth. IX, p. 60. americus Pap. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wien (Math.) I, p. 354. arizonensis Pap. Edw. _Papilio Ii, DB: 4. amisa Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 647. arriphus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lep. I, p. 393. ammoni Pap. Behrens. Canad. Entom. XIX, p. 199. ascanius Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 20. * amosis Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. III, p. 139. * ascolius Pap. Fldr. Verh. Ze es G. Wien XIV, p. 312. amphissus Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zt. XXVII, p. 27. asius Pap. F. Spec. Ins. II, ampliata Pi ap. Mén. Enum. Corp. anim. Mus. Petr. Lep. II, p. 99. astomis Pap. Esp. Ausl. Sonnets p. 248. * amulius Pap. Esp. Ausl. Schmett., p. 81. * autocles Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. NIM, p. 557. anargus Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 674. autosilaus Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 348, anatmus Pap. R.& J. Novit. Zool. XII, p. 666. * autumnus Pap. Stgr. Iris XI, p. 142. Publ. 5. XI. 09. bachus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien XIV, p baia Pap. R. & J, Novit. Zool. XII, p. 614. bairdi Pap. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. VI, p. 200. baldur Parn. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. V1, p. 12. bari Pap. Oberth. Et. VEnt. IV, p. 72. * baroni Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. NIII, p. 647. behrii Parn. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IL, p. 10. belemus Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 228. belephantes Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr. Am. II, p. 208. * belesis Pap. Bates. Ent. Mon. Mag I, p. 1. bellerophon Pap. Dalm. Ann. Entom. 1823, p. 37. belus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 23. * birchalli Pap. Hew. Trans. Entom. Soe. bitias Pap. Godt. Enc. 39 Méth. IX, p. 39. bogotanus Pap. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-bot. G. Wien XIV, p. 517. Lond. (3) I, p. 299 bolivar Pap. Hew. Trans. Entom. Soe. Lond. (2) I, p. 97. * bonhotei Pap. Sharpe. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 201. * branchus Pap. Douwbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XVII, brasiliensis Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. NII, p. 560. brevicauda Pap. Saund. Pack.’s guide Ins., p. 278. brevicornis Bar. Sa/v. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 331. brevifasciatus Pap. Weym. Stett. Ze. LV, p. 312. brises Pap. Rk. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 610. brissonius Pap. Hon. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 87. bunichus Pap. Hon. Sammie. Exot. Schmett. If, Taf. 103. * p. 373. burchellanus Pap. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 101. * cacicus Pap. Luc. Guér. Rev. Zool. (2) IV, p. 132. caiguanabus Pap. Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cub. I, p. 442. * callias Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 739. calicles Pap. Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) calliste Pap. Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 3. calogyna Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. NIL, p. 481. * calverleyi Pap. Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. II, p. 441. * canadensis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NUI, p. 586. capys Pap. Hon. Sammlg. Exot. Schmett. I. * catamelas Pap. R. & oh Nov. Zool. XII, p. 616. cauca Pap. Oberth., Et. dint. IV, p. 84. caudius Pap. Hon. Sean Ex.sochm,, I-* celadon Pap. Luc., Guér. Rev. Zool. (2) IV, p. 130. cephalus Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. II, p. 235. * chabrias Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) Lf, p. 23. * chalceus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 529. chamissonia Pap. Eschsci. Wotzeb. Reise HI, p. 203. * chiansiades Pap. Westw. childrenae Pap. Gray, Griff. An. Kingd. XV, p. 673. * chironis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 610. V, p. 361. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. XXX, p. 101. * chlorodamas ee Guen. Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéve 22, p. 369. * choridamas Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. I, p. 318. chrysomelus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NIII, p. 628. cinyras Pap. Mén. En. Corp. Mus. Petr. Lep. I. Suppl., p. 68. claudianus Parn. Stich. Wytsm. Gen. Insect. fase. 58, p. 15. clearchus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien XIV, p. 312. cleolas Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XUI, p. 621. cleombrotus Pap. Streak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil. 37, p. cleotas Pap. Gray, Griff. An. Kingd. XV, p. 673. * clodius Parn. Mén. Cat. Lép. Pét. I, p. 73. clusoculis Pap. Béi/r. Cist. Ent. 1, p. 85. cochabamba Pap. Weeks, Canad. Ent. 33, p. 265. coelebs Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 643. * coelus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p 289. coloro Pap. Wright, Butt. West. Coast, p. 86. * *# 175. columbus Pap. H. -Schiff. Cor. Zool. Min. Ver. Regensb. 16, p. 141. columbus Pap. Koll. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math. Cl. I, Da obla consus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIU, p. 499. copanae Pap. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. II, p. 141. corethrus Eury. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. 1, Be es a coroebus Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. crassus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 23. * cresphontes Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 106. * crispus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 525, ctesiades Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 642. curvifascia Pap. Skinn. Ent. News XIII, p. 183. cutorina Pap. Stgr. Iris XI, p. 139. cyamon Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 60. * * cymochles Pap. Db/. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 14, p. 416. daguanus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 625. damis Pap. R. & J. Novy. Zool. XUI, p. 456. damokrates Pap. Guen. Mem. Soc. Phys. Genéve dardanus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. IIL. 1, p. 10. dares Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. (3) V, p. 561. dariensis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 716. Vv 99 a4, p. 371: * Alphabetical List of the American Papilionidae. daunus Pap. Boisd. deileon Pap. Fidr. Spec. Verh. Gén. Lép. I, p. 342. zool.-bot. G. Wien 74, p. 300. devilliers Pap. Godt. Mém. Soe. Linn. Paris II, | diaphora Pap. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 63. diceros Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 48. * diodorus Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 27, _ Bd dione Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 639. diores Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. Xili, 731 dioxippus Pap. Hew. Ex. Butt. IL. dolicaon Pap. Cr. Pap. Ex. I, Tab. 17. * dolius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 724. dominicus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 519. * drucei Pap. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 434. * duponcheli Eury. Luc. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1839, p. 91. * dysmias Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XUI, p. 642. earis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 723. * ecbolius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIU, p. 500. echemon Pap. Hbn. Sammi. Ex. Schm. [. * eimeri Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 705. elatos Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XUI, p. 481. electryon Pap. Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 3 epenetus Pap. Hew. Exot. Butt. IL * epidaurus Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Lep. Rhop. Il, p. 224. * epidaus Pap. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn I, p. 15. * eracon Pap. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 248. ergeteles Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 52. * eridamas Pap. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Phil. 18, p. erithalion Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 295. erlaces Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 49. erostratus Pap. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. V, p. erythrus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p- ee Es etias Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 486. * eucharia Pap. R.& J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 456. * eumelea Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 672. eupatrion Pap. Luc. Cast. Voy. Am. Sud. Zool. TI. * eurysteus Pap. Moésdil. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien 32, p. eurybates Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 51. * euryleon Pap. Hew. [Exot. Butt. I. * O48, 36. * 304. eurymander Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 29. eurymedon Pap. Luc. Rev. Zool. (2) 4, p. 140. euterpinus Pap. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) H, p. 150. evagoras Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 61. * extendatus Pap. Weym. Stett. Zg. 55, p. 312. Ann. Mag. fenochionis Pap. Godm. & Salv. Nat. H. (4) II, p. 150. flavescens Pap. Oberth, Et. @Ent. IV, p. 79. flavida Pap. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 4, p. 115. fletcheri Pap. Kemp. Entom. News 11, p. 481. floridensis Pap. Holl. Butt. Book, p. 307. * foetterlei Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XUI, p. 487. * fortis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NIII, p. 704. fulva Pap. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 4, p. 74. Wytsm. Gen. Insect. fase. garamas Pap. Hon. Sammi. Ex. Schmett. II. * garcia Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 592. garleppi Pap. Stgr. ee V, p. 427. gayi Pap. Lue. Guér. Rev. Zool., p. 193. glaucolaus Pap. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 4. glaucus Pap. L. Syst. Nat. (Ed. X), p. 460. godmani Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 632. gratianus Pap. Hew. Exot. Butt.-IL. * grayi Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén, Lép. I, p. 363. gallatinus Parn. Stich. 58, p. 15. haenschi Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 665. * hahneli Pap. Stgr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 396. * halex Pap. R. & J, Nov. Zool. XII, p. 667. harmodius Pap. Dbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 18, p. 374. harrisianus Pap. Swains. Zool. Ill. Ill, Ent. IL. * Nov. Zool. NIII, p. 741. Mag. Ausl. Ins. I, p. 5. hedae Pap. Foett. Rev. Mus. Paul. V, p. 620. * helios Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 720. hellanichus Pap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4 hephaestion Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. hermodur Parn. Edw., one Lp hetaerius Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. saan NII, p. 711. hebrus Pap. A. & J. hectorides Pap. Esp. * G. Wien 14, p. 298. himeros Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 26. hipparchus Pap. Sfgr. Exot. Tagt. Io AO hippason Pap. Hon. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 87. hippomedon Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. Hl, p. 393. hollandi Pap. Edw. Butt. N. Amer. 24, p. 50. ‘ 50 homerus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. Ii. 1, p. 29. e homothoas Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 561. hyppason Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 46. * idaeus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. Ill. 1, p. 16. ilus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. HL 1, p. 17. . imaus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 668. * imerius Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 69. inca Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 653. indra Pap. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 6, p. 125. interruptus Pap. Stgr. Ivis V, p. 427. 7 iopas Pap. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 248. iphidamas Pap. F. Ent. Syst. If. 1, p. 17. iphitas Pap. Hon. Sammi. Exot. Schmett. II. * : isidorus Pap. Dbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 18, p. 375. isocharis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 738. isus Pap. Oberth. Et. (Ent. 4, p. 81. Nov. Zool. XIII, p- ees XIU, p. 527. 6, p. 113. * oe jamaicensis Pap. R.& J. } janira Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. jelskii Pap. Oberth. Et, VEnt. judicaél Pap. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 12, p. klagesi Pap. Ehrm. Entom. News XV, p. 215. lacandones Pap. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 4. lacydes Pap. Hew. Equat. Lep. 1, p. 1. lamarchei Pap. Stgr. Ivis V, p. 428. lamis Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 733. laodamas Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. III, p. 393. * latinus Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 72. lecontei Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 690. lenaeus Pap. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. 1, p. 16. * leontis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 599. lepidus Pap. Fldr. Wien. ent. Mon. V, p. 72. leptalea Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 620. * leucas Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 709. * leucaspis Pap. Godt. Enc. Meth. 9, p. 55. ‘leucones Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 715. leuctra Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 674. * linus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 456. * locris Pap. R. & J. Nov., Zool. XIII, p. 457. * lorquini Parn. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 14, p. 7. * lucayus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 521. lucianus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 518. * lycidas Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 25. * lycimenes Pap. Boisd. Cons. Lép. Guatem., p. 7. lycophron Pap. Hon. Samml. Exot. Schmett. IL * lysander Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 46. * lysimachus Pap. Honr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 32, p. 251. * lysithous Pap. Hon. Sammi. Exot. Schmett. Il. * machaonides Pap. Esp. Ausliind. Schmett., p. 191. * macrosilaus Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 34. madyes Pap. Db/. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 18, p. 375. magnus Parn. Wright. Butt. West Coast U. S., p. 80. * marcellinus Pap. Dbl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 8. marcellus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 4. * marchandi Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. 1, p. 350. marcius Pap. Hon. Sammi. Exot. Schmett. I. * megalurus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 712. * melaenus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 709. * melania Pap. Oberth. Et. (Ent. 4, p. 78. * melasina Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 542. melonius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 556. * mendica Parn. Stich., Wytsm. Gen. Insect. 58, p. 20. menes Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 672. * menetriesi Parn. Edw. Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 7, p. 164. mercedes Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 651. metagenes Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 673. metaphaon Pap. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1874, p. 434. microdamas Pap. Burm. Descr. Rép. Arg. V. Lép., p. 63. * mithras Pap. Grose -mith. Rhop. Ex. IIL. * molops Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 710. * montezuma Pap. Westw. Arc. Ent. I, p. 67. * morelius Pap. R. & J. Novy. Zool. XIII, p. 635. mycale Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. Il, p. 199. * mylotes Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 346. nais Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIU, p. 653. nanus Parn. Neumoeg. Entom. Amer. 6, p. 6L. nealces Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 558. neodamas Pap. Luc. Guér, Rev. Zool. (2) 4, p. 193. * Alphabetical List of the American Papilionidae. neophilus Pap. Hon. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 87. neosilaus Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 26. nephalion Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 37. niger Pap. Eimer, Artbild. Schmett., p. 214. niger Parn. Wright, Butt. West Coast U. 5., p. 79. * nigricornis Pap. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. I, p. 17. nitra Pap. Edw., Papilio III, p. 158. numa Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 289. nymphius Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 612. * oberthueri Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 696. * obsoleta Pap. Ehrm. Canad. Entom. 32, p. 348. oebalus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén, Lép. I, p. 360. oedippus Pap. Luc. Casteln. Voy. Amér. Sud, Lép., p. 197. oedipus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 299. olbius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 732. olivencius Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 345. orabilis Pap. Bi/r. Cist. Ent. I, p. 84. orbignyanus Pap. Lyc. Rev. Zool. (2) 4, p. 192. * orchamus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 300. oregonia Pap. Edw. Butt. N. Amer. II. * orellana Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) II, p. 23. * ornythion Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 354. orsua Pap. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (6) III, p. 358. orthosilaus Pap. Weym. Entom. Nachr. 25, p. 199. osyris Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 74. oviedo Pap. Gundl. Poey Rep. Nat. Cub. I, p. 279. * oxynius Pap. Hon. Saml. Exot. Schmett. HI. * pacificus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 612. * paeon Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 356. palamedes Pap. Drury. Ill. Ex. Ent. I, p. 36. * pallas Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 39. panamensis Pap. Obverth. Et. d’Ent. 4, p. 75. panthias Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 638. * panthonus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. Ill, p. 154. * paraensis Pap. Bates. Journ. Ent. I, p. 225. paralius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool, XIII, p. 474. * parianus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XUI, p. 502. parsodes Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, patros Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 43. * pausanias Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2), p. 22. pelaus Pap. F. Syst. Ent., p. 444. peleides Pap. Esp. Ausl. Schmett., p. 150. * penthesilaus Pap. Fidr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 801. pergamus Pap. Edw. Proc. Col. Ac. Sci. V, p. 423. perrhebus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 305. phaeton Pap. Luc. Casteln. Voy. Amér. Sud, Lép., p. 197. phalaecus Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 32. phalias Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 480. phanias Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 575, phaon Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 319. pharax Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. H, p. 211. * pharnaces Pap. Dbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 18, p. 374. philenor Pap. Z. Mant. Plant., p. 535. philetas Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 31. philocleon Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 313. philolaus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 256. phosphorus Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 342. photinus Pap. Dbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 14, p. 415. pilumnus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 340. piranthus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. III, p. 18. * pirithous Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 358. pisander Pap. Fidr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 295. pithonius Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 665. * pizarro Pap. Stgr. Exot. Tagf., p. 18. * platydesma Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 679. plinius Pap. Weym, Stiib. Reisen, Lep., p. 73. * polybius Pap. Swains. Zool. Ill. Ent. IL. * polycrates Pap. Hopff. Stett. Hg. 27, p. 24. polydamas Pap. Ll. Syst. Nat. (Ed. X), p. 460. polymetus Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 35. polystictus Pap. Bt/r. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 435. polyxenes Pap. F. Syst. Ent., p. 444. polyzelus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14. p. 293. pompeius Pap. F. Spec. Ins. I. App., p. 502. * pomponius Pap. Hopff. Stett. Ze. 27, p. 25. potone Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 508. prasinus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 658. procas Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. II, p. 203. * proneus Pap. Hon. Sami. Exot. Schmett., Zutr., p. 25. * protesilaus Pap. /. Syst. Nat. (Ed. X), p. 463. protodamas Pap..Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 40. * Alphabetical List of the ptilion Pap. R. & J. pyromelas Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIUI, p. 602. Nov. Zool. XIU, p. 456. quadratus Pap. Stgr. Iris Ill, p. 337. * Lep. Rhop. Illst. Suppl. II, p. 17. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 533. * Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, radiatus Pap. Streck. rhipidius Pap. R. & J. rhodostictus Pap. Btlr. & Druce. p. 364. rogeri Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Leép. I, p. 278. rosenbergi Pap. Druce. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (7) 12, rurik Pap. Eschsch. Kotzeb. Reise ILI, p. 202. rutulus Pap. Luc. Guér. Rev. Zool. (2) 4. p. 158. sadyattes Pap. Druce. Ent. Month. Mag. 11, p. 36. salvini Pap. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 4. sayii Parn. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. I, p. 78. scamander Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 365. serapis Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 298. serville Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9. Suppl., p. 809. sesostris Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. III, p. 34. * smintheus Parn. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. 4. * specularis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 457. spoliatus Pap. Stgr. Iris 11, p. 138. stabilis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NUIT, p. 542. steinbachi Pap. Rothsch., Entomol. 1905, p. 12 stenodesmus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. streckerianus Pap. Honr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 28, p. 395. * syedra Pap. Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. J. 1878, p. 271. syndemis Pap. Jord. Seitz, Macrol. 5, p. 33. 54 . Or 799 * (as. tailori Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 571. tarquinius Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén, Lép, I, p. 296. tasso Pap. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. I, p. 19. * telamonides Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14. p. 303. telesilaus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 301. temenes Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 63. teneates Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 482. tepicus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 700. texanus Pap. Ehrm. Canad. Entom. 32, p. 34 thelios Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. therapes Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p.- 643. theras Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 621. therodamas Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 299. thersites Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 1, p. 97. thoantiades Pap. Burm. Descr. Rép. Arg. V. Lép., p. 459. * thoas Pap. Z. Mant. Plant., p. 536. thor Parn. Edw. Papilio 1, p. 4. thrason Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14. p. 309. 8. 52. * | xeniades Pap. Hew. American Papilionidae. 5 thyamus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 523: thyastes Pap. Drury. Ill. Ex. Ins. III, p. 47. thyastinus Pap. Overth. Et. (Ent. 4, p. 75. thymbraeus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 302. timias Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p 50. tolmides Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. II, p. 229. * tolus Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. H, p. 228. torquatus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. H, p. 125. * trapeza Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XUI, p. 669. * trichopus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 479. triopas Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 33. troilus Pap. Z. Syst. Nat. (Ed. X), p. 459. tromes Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 742. tucumanus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NIL, p. 526. | turnus Pap. Z. Syst. Nat. (Ed. NID). p. 741. ulopos Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 69. varus Pap. Koll. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math. I, 354. * Pap. Exot. II, p. 32. * victorinus Pap. Dbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 14, p. 418. vilcanotus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NIIL, p. 643. vincentius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XUI, p. 517. * virginia Pap. Arb. Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1881, p. 3 vulneratus Pap. Btlr. Cist. Ent I, p. 85. vertumnus Pap. Cr. 52 warscewiczi Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 29. wasmuthi Pap. Weeks. Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. G., p: 82. xanthias Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. NIL, p. 464. * xanthopleura Pap. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (4) H, p. 140. xanticles Pap. Bates. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 241. xenarchus Pap. Hew. Exot. Butt. Il. * Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 561. Xenodamas Pap. Hbn. Saml. Exot. Schm. Il. * xynias Pap. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 12, p. 153. | yuracares Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NIII, p. 469. zacynthus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. HE 1, p. 15. zaddachi Pap. Dewitz, Mitt. Miinchen. Ent. Ver. I, p. 85. * zagreus Pap. Dbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 19, p. 174. zalates Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. IH, p. 255. * zelicaon Pap. Luc. Gueér. Rev. Zool. (2) 4, p. 136. zestos Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. 1, p. 47. zetes Pap. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. V, p. 36. * zeuxis Pap. Luc. Guér. Rev. Zool. (2) 4, p. 190. zonaria Pap. Btlr. Cat. Diurn. Lep. Deser. Fabr., p. 240. zoros Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 729. =a : : a= — _* 7 PIERIDAE. By J. Roper. ol vs 2. Family: Pieridae, Whites. In comparison with the other faunistic regions, America shows a great abundance of genera. Of the 40 odd genera of Pierids represented in this region 28 have no representatives in other regions, whilst of the 23 Palaearctic genera only 12, of the 14 Indo-Australian only 4 and of the 13 African genera also only 4 are not represented in other faunistic regions. The American Pierid-fauna has consequently quite a cha- racter of its own, so much the more as several of the endemic genera are very rich in species and the species for the most part show a great abundance of cs es Of the 28 American genera only one (Neophasia) is confined to North America (accepting the Tropic of Cancer as its southern boundary), and even this wears the garb of allied Palaearctic and Nearctic members of this family, whilst the remaining 27 genera are iadieenone to South America. Of these again 3 genera inhabit exclusively the high mountain ranges, 1 genus (Tutochila) is principally met with in the southernmost part of the continent and 2 genera (Sphaenogona and Enantia) are island-dwellers. North America is relatively poor in species of Pierids, since it only possesses about 50, the Palaearctic Region on the contrary showing about three times as many. The whole of the genera which are represented in North America, but yet are not peculiar to this region, occur also in the Palaearctic Region, with one exception (Nathalis). Although the great majority of the American species only belong to the medium-sized buttertlies, yet the genera Catopsilia, Amynthia and Gonepteryx show also spec ies which are not inferior in size to the largest forms of this family from other regions. Though there is no large number of species in America which equal in the beauty of the colour of the wings especially Oriental Pierids, the American Region is not wanting in strikingly beautiful forms. Whilst the other faunistic regions can only show a very small number of Pierid-species which pass as so-called mimics (species of Pareronia), tropical and subtropical America possesses a great abundance of them, as for example numerous species of the genera Dismorphia, Pereute and Archonias, which show so- called mimicry in both sexes, whilst in the genus Perrhybris only the 22 of some species exhibit this con- vergent development, the oc” of only a few species having on the underside indications of a resemblance to protected species of other families. Not only these, however, but also species of the genera Pieris, Tuto- chila, Dismorphia, Pereute, Hesperocharis, Appias, Teriaus, Catopsilia, Euchloé, Anthocharis ete., show stniking sexual dimorphism. Seasonal forms oceur in North America much as in the Palaearctic Region, in the tro- pical part of South America on the contrary they are practically non-existent on account of the want of sesonal changes. Sharply defined local forms could only be developed to a very small extent owing to the geographical conditions of the region; on the other hand the high mountain-ranges of South America show a fauna of their own, whilst the large steppe-district in the most southerly part has some forms in common with the south of North America as well as a few endemic ones. Most of the American Pierids are not rare, many are even very common, although in comparison with the richness in- species and individuals of some other families of Lepidoptera they are not so conspi- cuous as in the Palaearctic Region. Frequently large swarms of different species have been observed, even of such as are by no means of common occurrence. Thus among others at the beginning of October 1874 on the Bermuda Islands an immense swarm of Terias lisa was observed, thousands of which fell victims to the birds; these small butterflies flew further westward and had to travel about 600 miles to the next resting-place (Cape Hatteras). The larvae of some species of Pierids on account of their abundant occur- rence do serious damage to field and garden plants both in North and in tropical America; the north of the United States has a dangerous enemy to the pine-forests in Neophasia menapia, and Pieris rapae, which was introduced into North America about 1860, has increased to such an extent that it does even greater damage there than in its original habitat, the Palaearctic Region. In general the Pierids are of medium size, but some species are large butterflies. The main cha- racter of the pattern consists in white colouring with dark, blackish stripes and spots; yet there are also, particularly among the Exotics, a large number of species which in the size of the wings and the gorgeous- ness of the colours equal the most beautiful forms of other families of Lepidoptera. In these brightly coloured species the contrast between upper and under surface is very striking. Whilst a large part of the species have on the whole the characteristic marking of the family (white-black), there are among the tro- pical species also many with yellow, blue, red or black ground-colour on the upperside, and on the other hand some with white upper, but variegated under surface. Thus the South American Pereute-species, with their black ground-colour and red bands on the forewing both above and beneath, completely belie their Pierid nature, and Archonias critias and allied species resemble the species of the weneas-group of the South American Papilios. BA ; PIERIDAE. By J. Roser. Sexual dimorphism is well developed in many species from all the faunistic regions, seasonal dimor- phism naturally only in those species which inhabit districts with sharply marked seasonal changes. Antennae of varying lengths, e. g. in Leptidia rather short, in the South American genus Lepto- phobia on the contrary very long, the club clearly defined or gradually thickened. Forelegs normally deve- loped, therefore capable of use, with bifid claws. Proboseis well developed. The butterflies feed at flowers and moist places on the ground. Palpi well developed, but variable. Male secondary sexual characters (seent-organs) occur in the species of several genera, e. g. in Colias as a specially scaled spot on the hindwing, in Catopsilia as broad patches of thick scaling, in Appias (Tachyris) as a pencil on the underside of the ab- domen, in Dismorphia as large chalky spots of scales on the under surface of the forewing, from which the scent is given off by rubbing against the strongly widened anterior part of the hindwing. Other species (e.g. Pieris brassicae and its allies) possess feather-brush scales (Aurivillius), which are extended over the greater part of the wing and apparently are the cause of the suppression of the dark markings in the 070’, and other species again (e. g. Pieris buniae from South America) broad stripes of thick chalky scales along the veins. The Pierids — like most Rhopalocera — are sun-loving insects, but, in common with a few other butterflies (mostly Satyrids), nevertheless extend into the Arctic, Antaretic and Alpine regions, without losing anything in briliancy of colouring in comparison with allied genera from warmer districts. The high moun- tains of South America and the south-eastern boundary of the Palaearctic Region each even possess two genera quite peculiar to themselves, namely the former Phulia with about six species and Andina with one Colias-like species, and the latter Mesupia and Baltia, of which the last-named is very nearly allied to Phulia. The Pierids are as a rule moderate fliers, but some also fly unusually swiftly (Appias) and others so slowly that they can be caught with the hand when on the wing (Leweidia). They occur in one or more generations. The intellect is obviously very different in the various Pierids, for whilst for instance Pieris brassicae and the Colias-species are capable of very quickly recognising danger when pursued by the collector, this is much less to be observed in others (Pieris napi and rapae). The swarming and migration of the butterflies, already referred to, have been regarded as nuptial flights; Catopsilias and Pieris brassicae especially have been observed to form such swarms. The eggs are oblong, are laid in an upright position singly or in clusters, sometimes in large num- bers, on the underside of the leaves of the food-plant, and are of different colours. The larvae are cylindrical, mostly of green or greenish ground-colour with light longitudinal stripes and short hairs; none have yet been observed with spiny or such like processes. They do not possess the fork on the neck characteristic of the Papilionid larvae, which is said to afford the insects protection from their enemies by the emission of an unpleasant odour, neither has it been proved that — like many Papi- lionid larvae — they acquire poisonous or at least nauseous properties from their food; nevertheless they are not only unpalatable to birds, but is has also been observed that fowls which had been fed on these larvae died, evidently in consequence of a poison contained in their bodies. They live on various shrubs and herbaceous plants, such as Papilionaceae, Mimosas, Crucifers and Caparideae. The pupa is attached to plants ete., by its abdomen, in an upright or hanging position, and is held in this position by a girth. Some are of very singular form, such as the tube-shaped pupae of the species of Anthocharis; but in general the Pierid pupae show few differences. The Palaearctic Zegris eupheme — and probably not only the other Palaearctic species (7. faust), but also the North American Z. olympia — pupates in a rather thick cocoon, but still possesses a remnant of the girth. This characteristic (recalling the »Bombycids«) is much more pronounced in the Mexican Ewcheira socialis. The larvae of this species are gregarious and go out at night in a procession to feed. The common web hangs down from a bough, in the form of a pouch; the pupae are fastened in it head downwards (J. ALeMay). Some of the Pierids hibernate as pupae, some as larvae, and some — e. g. the Palaearctic Gonep- feryx-species — as butterflies. In the Palaeartic and Nearctic Regions the Pierids preponderate by their great number of indivi- duals, in the tropics they are more restricted. Some Pierids have a very extensive range, thus Pieris rapae and napi oceur in the whole Palaearctic and the Nearctie Regions, Belenois mesentina in the southern Palaearctic, Indian and African Regions. Although — as already mentioned — the larvae do not appear to absorb poison from their food- plants, the butterflies are very little pursued by the birds, and are therefore apparently unpalatable to them or at least not much appreciated. Several fossil Pierids have been found, which do not differ in size from the present-day species. or o NEOPHASIA; EUCHEIRA; TATOCHILA. By J. Roser. 1. Genus: Neophasia Behr. This genus is nearly allied to the Palaearctic Aporta Hbn. It differs principally in the direction of the precostal, which is not straight, but curved slightly inwards, the longer and slenderer palpi and the more distinctly clubbed antennae. The costal of the forewing only extends a little beyond the middle of the costal margin, the subcostal is four-branched with two branches before the closing nervure of the median cell, the third and faurth branches form a short fork and the third runs to the apex. The upper radial is comeident with the subcostal almost to one-half, hence the upper discocellular is wanting. The middle and lower discocellulars are about equal in length, the former is curved inwards, the latter is straight and closes the middle cell, joming the third median*) in an acute angle at its bend. The middle cell of the fore- as well as of the hindwing is rather narrow. The upper and middle discocellulars of the hindwing are about equal in length, and form together an almost straight line, the lower discocellular is longer, weaker, and meets the third median vein at the bend. Two purely North American species belong to this genus. N. menapia [/dr. (= tau Scudder, ninonia B.) ({8a) is white above and beneath, thinly scaled, therefore somewhat transparent, the forewing has black markings at the apex and the anterior part of the distal margin, with white subapical spots, the costal margin is broadly black to the apex of the cell, also the discocellulars, the rest of the costal margin narrowly black. Hindwing almost without markings. On the similarly marked under surface of the forewing the black markings are paler, the veins of the dirty- white hindwing are black, there is also a submarginal band of the same colour. The 2 has on the upperside paler black markings, some submarginal markings, and sometimes on the underside small red spots at the distal margin of the hindwing. — Egg flask-shaped, fluted at the sides. Full-grown larva about 25 mm. (1 inch) long, head cylindrical, abdomen terminating in two short tails, dark green with a broad white band at each side and a narrow white band on the back, abdominal legs black, thoracic legs greenish yellow. Pupa dark green, striped with white, similar to the Colias-pupae, but somewhat more slender. Larva on various conifers, sometimes so abundant as to cause considerable damage. In the north-west of the United States. N. terlooii Behr (= epyaxa Poling, Avchonias lyceas Skinner) ({8a) is very similar in pattern to menupia, but the black markings are more extended; the o’? has white, the 2? red-brown ground-colour. The larva lives in a common web on Arbutus. California. — princetonia Poling, from Illinois, is probably only a form of ferlooi. In the o both sides of the hindwing are sprinkled with pale red at the margin, the 2 is deeper red beneath than above, and the veins are more broadly edged with black than in the 2 of menapia. — From lack of material I have not been able to decide with cortainty whether this species belongs to this genus, but the agreement of the markings with menapia suggests a Neophasia. 2. Genus: EKueheira West. Although this genus differs essentially from the preceding in the neuration, yet it is closely allied to it in the life-history of the larva. The larvae live gregariously in a web, go out at night in a proces- sion to feed, and pupate in the web with the head downwards. The subcostal of the forewing is entirely free, hence the cell is closed by three discocellulars. The cell is very narrow and long. Only one species. E. socialis Westw. (18a), from Mexico, is a smoky grey butterfly with a white central macular band; the o has in addition more distinct white submarginal spots on the upper and under surface of both wings. 3. Genus: Vatoehila Bil. This genus is almost confined to the southern part of South America and is closely allied to the following genus, Pieris; it differs from this in the shorter middle discocellular and the almost straight lower discocellular of the forewing, but principally im the uniform character of the markings. The species of this genus appear to oceur only in one generation. The butterflies fly from November to April. T. volxemi Capr. (= achamantis Bery) (18a). Upper and under surface of the o white with a large black spot on the discocellulars of the forewing and slight blackish markings at the apex of the fore- wing above and beneath. o similar to the 2 of theodice Bl, but the marginal markings somewhat narrower, the submarginal markings on the contrary somewhat broader, also a black stripe in the cell of the hind- wing. — Argentina. *) What the author calls the ,third median“ is really the third radial, there being three radial and two median branches in the butterfly-wing. — Transl. menapta terloott. princetonia. socialis. volxemt. autodice. mercedis. theodice. gymnodice. argyrodice. microdice. macrodice. sterodice. arctodice. pyrrhomma. xanthodice. demodice. 56 TATOCHILA. By J. Résmr. T. autodice Hbn. (= demodice Stgr.) ({8b), from the most southerly part of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina, Uruguay, ‘Chile and Bolivia (83—4000 m), is differentiated from the following species chiefly by the yellowish red border of the eyes; markings and colouring are stronger on the underside. — The pupa, found by Dr. Srrrz in Buenos Aires, is somewhat smaller than the pupa of Pieris brassicae, yellowish, with a number of minute dark spots, the spiracles appear as larger dark spots and there are similar dots also on the dorsum, the wing-cases are white, with a large dark spot at the discocellulars of the forewing, larger dark spots at the distal margin and numerous minute dark spots on the rest of the wings, the cases of the legs, palpi and. eyes, at well as the thorax, are likewise dark (black-brown). The butterfly emerged on 22. February. The larva is apparently not yet known. T. mercedis Hschsch. (= polydice Bl, autodice Kirby, autodice Eli.) (18b), from Chile, differs trom autodice, in addition to the previously mentioned characteristics, in the purer white upper surface, the weakly marked under surface and the entire absence of the elliptical marking at the costal margin of the hindwing beneath. The 92 have a more or less developed streak-shaped black spot at the inner margin of the fore- wing above. T. theodice Bdv. (= blanchardii Btlr.) (18¢), from Patagonia, Peru and Chile, is cream-white above in the o7, light yellow in the 2, particularly on the hindwing; it is the most distinct species in the genus. — gymnodice Stgr., from Punta Arenas (Tierra del Fuego), is probably a local form. Ground-colour of the o7 pure white, the black markings somewhat narrower, underside of the hindwing without saffron-yellow stripes, only the basal part of the costal margin sulphur-yellow and a similarly coloured stripe at the apex. The 2 has likewise narrower, but sharper black markings, the arrow-like spots on both wings are sharper and are connected. — Larva: head grey and covered with very fine, short hairs, body grey, with broad yellow subdorsal lines and a lateral row of small orange-red spots, and with raised black dots, sparsely scattered over the whole body, each with a very short, fine hair, ventral legs and underside of the body dark greenish yellow with small black spots, thoracic legs black. Food-plant: “Tropeolum. Larva full-fed end of November (A. G. Burter). Flies from December to April. T. argyrodice Stgr. (18a) is only known in the female. This species is well characterised by the erey ground-colouring and the sharply defined tear-shaped yellow spots of the under surface. South coast of Tierra del Fuego (Uschuaia). = T. microdice B/. (— xanthodice Mab.), from Chile and Patagonia, is smaller and with less mark- ings, also beneath a paler colour than macrodice Sfgr. ({8c, d), from Bolivia. — sterodice Stgr., from the east coast of Tierra del Fuego, is differentiated from this latter by a complete absence of yellow markings on the under surface, it is also white, almost without markings on the upper surface of the o7, which is strongly glossy in the basal half. The 2 has not a trace of yellow on the upper surface, whilst the markings are similar to those of the 2 of microdice. — arctodice Sfgr. occurs in Colombia and Ecuador. This form is very strongly marked with black, especially in the female: the upper surface of the 22 is principally brown-black (with yellow spots). T. pyrrhomma spec. nov. (18d), from Peru (Huancabamba, 3000 m), may be regarded as a distinct species on account of several important differences. The eyes are broadly (more broadly than in autodice) edged with fiery red-yellow, the black stripe at the costal margin of the forewing above extends to the base, the black spot on the discocellulars is distinctly smaller, the black marginal and submarginal markings are less developed, the latter almost square, the upper surface of the hindwing entirely without markings and strongly yellowish on account of the yellow colour of the under surface shining through. On the under- side the veins are more broadly white, their margins more broadly grey-black than in microdice, the lower diseocellular of the hindwing without white spot, the grey-black stripe in the cell very narrow and forked distally, besides the very sharply defined and broader saffron-yellow stripe at the costal margin there is also a similar one between the submedian and the first median. The under surface of the forewing is white, the veins are very finely black, those in the apex sharply white and very narrowly edged with black, the black spot at the end of the cell is small, the sulphur-yellow colouring of the apex reaches to the second median, and submarginal markings are completely wanting on both wings. o' unknown. T. xanthodice Luc. (18d), from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, differs from microdice and argyrodice on the under surface chiefly in the saffron-yellow stripes betwen the veins of the hindwing, from mierodice also in the absence of the white spot on the discocellulars on the underside of the hindwing. On the under surface the apex of the forewing has saffron-yellow stripes and the anterior veins are sharply edged with black to the apex of the cell. ; _ T. demodice B/., from Chile, South Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, is distinguished from the following form by the absence of the arrow-spots on both wings. It must be noticed that according to Publ. 15. XII. 09. PIERIS. By J. Roper. ; 57 Brancnarv’s insufficient description the name demodice cannot be employed with certainty for this species. I have seen no specimens which agree with this description, which may be translated thus: ‘‘Wings of the above white, of the 2 yellow-blackish, in both sexes marginal spots, a row of arrow-spots and a black dis- coidal half-band; beneath the forewing yellowish at the apex, the hindwing entirely yellow, veins margined with black, gold-yellow lines — 20—21 lines.” — sagittata form. nor., spec. nor.? (18e), from Peru (Huanca- bamba, 3000 m.), differs from this supposed demodice by the markings of the hindwing (shown in the figure), and further by the presence of four black submarginal arrow-spots on the forewing beneath, as well as by the colouring and pattern of the underside of the hindwing. The latter has a hght yellow ground-colour, the veins themselves are very narrowly light, but edged with plac kish about as broadly as in orthodice, there is a similar stripe in the cell, which shows no small white spot on the discocellular, between all the veins are satfron-yellow stripes and at the distal margin four very pointed blackish arrow-spots: at the distal margin there is an almost uninterrupted fine black marginal line, such as occurs in no other species of this genus. Underside of the forewing white, the veins becoming more broadly black towards the margin, the discocel- lulars not broadly margined with black, four submarginal arrow-spots, apex of both wings light yellow. 2 unknown. T. stigmadice S/gr., from Bolivia (Cocapata, 3500 m.), differs from immacnluta here figured by the much broader black spot on the discocellular and by the presence of 4—5 triangular black submarginal spots on the forewing and 2—5 of such spots on the hindwing, as well as the saffron-yellow colouring of the hindwing. — In immaculata form. vor. (18e), from the province of Tucuman in Argentina, the sub- marginal markings are completely absent above and beneath; the under surface of the forewing is white with small yellow stripes in the apex, the veins are narrowly black, the black line on the discocellular is not widened: the hindwing is yellowish white, with bright yellow, sharply defined narrow. stripes between all the veins and at the costal margin, the veins themselves are very finely light, being narrowly edged with erey-black, a similar stripe, indistinetly forked at the diseal end, is placed in the cell, the discocellular is light like the ground-colour. 2 vellowish, veins rather broadly dark, with submarginal arrow-spots on the forewing and more distinct ones on the hindwing. T. orthodice HWeym. (18e), from the high mountains of Bolivia, has a white upper surface with the markings as shown in the figure. Under surface of the forewing white with yellowish apex, in which the white veins are dark-edged. Under surface of the hindwing sulphur-yellow, the veins broadly white, dark- edged, satfron-vellow stripes at the costal and hindmargins, as well as in the cell, which has likewise a black- ish stripe. 2 unknown. 4. Genus: Pieris Schrk. This genus, distributed over the whole world, is considered as the typical representative of the family. The subcostal of the forewing is four-branched with 2 branches before the apex of the cell, the third branch is very short and runs into the costal margin shortly before the apex, the cell is large, not over broad, and is closed by 2 discocellulars; the upper discocellular is wanting because the upper radial is coincident with the snbcostal for some distance. The precostal of the hindwing branches off from the costal almost at right angles and its pointed apex is curved distad. The costal margin of the forewing is smooth, the antennae have in general a distinct club and are mostly of medium length, very long in some species, the palpi inostly project beyond the head and are densely covered with stiff hairs in front, the end segment is as long as or longer than the middle segment, slender and pointed, the middle segment is but little shorter than the weakly curved basal segment. The larva is cylindrical, with very short hairs, and has light longitudinal stripes. Pupa moderately slender, with obtuse tip to the head and several small protuberances on the dorsum, sometimes with the wing-cases somewhat more produced. The species which belong here have probably all of them at least two broods, one of which in the temperate zones hibernates in the pupa. P. monuste /. (= hippomonuste [/bn., feronia Stph., phileta /., albusta Sepp) occurs in several forms from the south of North America (the Gulf states) to Argentina, also in the mountains of the west. The form from Surinam may be regarded as the nymotype of the species. — orseis Godf. (18e, f), from the southern states of Brazil, has the margin more broadly black with white apical spots, the 2 mostly with yellowish ground-colour, especially on the hindwing, on the latter also rather large pointed black marginal spots. cleomes /dr., from the south of North America, is somewhat smaller and less blackly marked, virginia Godt. (= 2 eubotea Godt.?) is the form from the Antilles. — Of evonina Pdv., from Cuba, 3 forms are described: evonina with greenish white colouring of the o7, marginal marking narrow, reddish, brown; underside at the apex of the forewing-pale and dirty ochre-yellow, hindwing of the same colour, without spots; valei Pde., upper surface white, marginal pattern narrow, black and dentate; under surface of the forewing brownish, of the hindwing whitish, faintly ochve-yellow; joppe Bdr., smaller than monuste, above dull white, marginal pattern dark brown, a black spot at the apex of the cell. — automate Buri., trom Argentina, has only small blackish markings at the apex and the distal margin of the forewing. — suasa (oa) V - sagittata stigmadice. immaculata. orthodice. monuste. orsels. — cleomes. virginia. evonina. valet. Joppe. automate. SUASQA. sevata. tiburtia. timotina. amphissa. sincera. buniae. ausia. rusella. digentia. sabella. pharetia. imperator. phaloé. diana. sublineata. amaryllis. Josepha. gervasia. Josephina. protasia. krugii. menacte. cruciferarum. rapae. novaneliae. 58 PIERIS. By J. Részr. Bdr., from Chile, Peru and Bolivia, has somewhat more black markings than autodice. Larva violet, with citron-yellow longitudinal bands, head, legs and underside greenish yellow. Pupa pale yellowish, with blackish dots, a small hump on the middle of the dorsum. Lives on Cleome pentaphylla and other allied plants and causes the same damage to agriculture and horticulture as brassicae and rapae in the Palaearctic Region. P. sevata //di. (18 f), from Colombia, Venezuela and Central America, is similar to monuste, but is distinguished from it by a broad layer of scent-scales along almost all the longitudinal veins of the forewing and also two veins of the hindwing. The under surface of the o7 is yellowish white, the apex of the fore- wing somewhat darker yellow, the costal margin of the hindwing narrowly edged with ochre-yellow. — In tiburtia /rvhst.. from Guatemala, the black apical spot has almost entirely disappeared and the black median spot is reduced, apex of the forewing beneath yellowish white, hindwig beneath with more vivid gloss, rose-coloured instead of yellowish, veins not suffused with black. — timotina Fra/st., from Peru, is larger, with broader and more extended black margin, which is deeply dentate, a large black median spot, under surface darker, median spot sharper and the veins more distinctly streaked with brown. — amphissa [rihs/., from Bolivia, is smaller than ¢ibitia, upperside yellowish white, entirely without markings, only the costal margin of the forewing lightly suffused with brown, without median spot, underside of the forewing white with yellowish apex and brown median spot, hindwing uniform pale yellowish white with orange-coloured basal spot. P. sincera Weym. (18f), from Ecuador (Guayaquil), is greenish white above with black apical and distal-marginal area on the forewing as well as very small black marginal markings on the hindwing. The underside is lighter and without markings except a yellow stripe at the costal margin of the hindwing. P. buniae Hbn. (= endeis (od?.) (19a) is the giant of the American species of Pieris. From this form, which occurs in the central provinces of Brazil, ausia Ddv., from the southern provinces, is distinguished by a somewhat more extensive development of the black markings, which in both sexes sometimes occur also in the middle and at the distal margin of the hindwing beneath; to ab. rusella Avawhst. belong 22 in which the black band of the forewing is wanting (Bahia, Espiritu Santo). ?-ab. digentia /ri/s?., from Bahia, is remarkable for the specially broad black band of the forewing. — sabella Fruis/. (= ausia Stgr.). from the Upper Amazon, has no markings at all on the under surface of the hindwing. — pharetia Frvhst., from Peru, is larger, the apical spot of the forewing beneath is effaced, the underside of the hindwing only with traces of a brown transverse band or without even these. — imperator Kirby, from the Upper Amazon, is the most darkly marked form; in it the 2 has also on the upperside of the hindwing abundant black markings and on the upperside of the forewing a curved black band occupying half the costal margin and the dis- cocellular. — phaloé Godt., from the Upper Amazon, is smaller and with less markings than jmperator. — diana F7/d., from Colombia, has the black apical and marginal markings diffuse. — sublineata Schaus (19a), from Peru, is distinguished chiefly by the strongly yellow colouring of the hindwing beneath. — All the forms of buniae have an even broader layer of scent-scales at the veins than sevata. P. amaryllis /. (19a), from Jamaica, differs from josepha by the ,café-au-lait* colouring. — josepha Godm. and Salv. (19a), from Mexico and Central America, also discovered by Herr L. Hartmann of Wiirz- burg in Texas, is undoubtedly nearly. allied to the preceding species, but must certainly be regarded as a separate species on account of the peculiar form of the o and the style of marking of the 2. On the under surface besides the black median spot of the forewing there are only quite small dark markings present in the middle of the wings. ab. gervasia /rwist. is a female form which has a white under surface with grey- yellow scales. — josephina Godt. is the form from San Domingo. — protasia Frwhst., from Honduras and Nicaragua, has a much smaller black median spot. — krugii Dew., from Porto Rico, is smaller, the distal margin of the forewing more incurved, the black spots almost completely effaced. . : P. menacte Pdr. (19b), from southern Brazil and Paraguay, is white above with dark scaling (some- times wanting) at the apex of the forewing. The 2 has much darker markings. The under surface is yellowish white with more or less blackish scaling (sometimes absent) along the veins of the hindwing. P. cruciferarum Bdv. (= easta Ky., marginalis Scwdd.) (18f), from California, is plain yellowish white above, beneath more strongly yellow, with ochre-yellow stripe and narrow black edging to the veins of the hindwing. P. rapae L. (19b) was introduced into Canada about 1860 and has since spread as far as Hudson's Bay and South Texas. The larvae cause great damage ev ery year. ab. novangliae Scwdd. is a sulphur-yellow form. — Larva light green, velvety, with a fine yellow longitudinal line on the back, paler laterally with a narrow yellow stripe in which the black spiracles are placed, venter yellow-green, head brownish yellow, 20—50 mm. long. Lives on cabbages, Reseda, cress, ete. Egg pear-shaped with longitudinal ridges and trans- verse folds, laid singly. Pupa yellow, greenish grey or brownish with 3 yellow stripes. PIERIS. By J. Roser. 59 P. napi L., although distributed over the whole of North America, is much rarer there than in the Palaearctic Region. The summer form napé differs from the spring form oleracea Harris by more abundant dark markings, especially on the under surface, whilst in the Palaearctic Region on the contrary the spring form has more maikings:*ab. virginiensis Adi. (19h) is distinguished from o/eracea in that the forewing has an indistinct dark apical spot on the upper surface and on the under surface of the hindwing there is very fine but broad dark scaling along the veins, but specimens also oceur in which the whole of the hindwing beneath is darkened except for the fine white veins: such specimens have also broad grey streaks at the veins at the apex of the forewing beneath; ab. pallida Sewdd. is purer white above and beneath, only the ? has a small black spot on the upperside of the forewing. — The alpine and northern form bryoniae Ochs., which oceurs in Alaska as well as in some parts of the Palaearctie Region, has in the 2 yellowish ground- colour on the upper surface and rather broad dark margins to the veins. This form is considerably lighter than the Palaearctic form of the same name. — acadia Lui. is a large form, which comes between pallida and bryoniae in colouring and pattern. — frigida Srudd., from Labrador, is a whiter form and hulda Edie. (19b), from Alaska, is similar to /rigida, but much smaller. — castoria Reahk. (= resedae Bir.), from Cali- forma, is a form without much marking. — Larva brownish green, lighter at the sides, with small white tubercles, black dots and a yellow lateral stripe, above which the black, red-yellow edged spiracles are placed, head grey-green; 29—30 mm. long, on the same plants as rapae. Pupa greenish yellow, with black spots and dots and yellowish margin to the wing-cases. Egg pear-shaped, likewise laid singly. P. protodice Bd. (19¢), distributed from Canada to Guatemala, has white ground-colour, a large median -spot divided with white and in the o slighter, in the 2 stronger pattern of marginal and submarginal spots on the forewing. The upper surface of the hindwing in the o7 is almost without markings, in the 2 with submarginal dentate markings as well as black marginal spots. The under surface has much paler markings in hoth sexes. — In the winter form, vernalis /di., the o7 is smaller and less marked than the o7 of proto- dice, the 2 on the contrary scarcely different from that of profodice. — Larva in the earlier stages unicolorous orange-yellow, head black, in the later stages the head light straw-colour, posterior half light purple, a gold- yellow spot on each side, the whole head sprinkled with black-brown, eyes purple, broadly edged with black. Body alternately glossy gold-yellow and dark greenish purple, sometimes with uniform, in other cases with unequally broad black band. The yellow colouring of the sides of the back and of the stigmatal band runs into the purple of the infrastigmatal band. Beneath dull light green with reddish tinge. On the whole body larger and smaller black spots, each of which bears a short black hair, also numerous small hairy tubercles (from specimens preserved in glycerine). Pupa light bluish green, slightly suffused with yellowish on the abdominal segments, a dull, broad yellowish lateral stripe on the abdomen, suprastigmatal ridges margined with yellow. Head with small, dispersed blackish spots, wing-cases with faint dark brown marks, veins marked with small, separated, distinct black spots, a black spot on the basal protuberance, segments of the antennae mostly marked in the same way. The spiracles are the same colour as the body. Larva on Brassica oleracea, Lepidium virginicum and other Crucifers. P. occidentalis Peak. (19¢), from the mountaimous regions of the west of the United States, has the dark markings more extended and less interrupted than profodice and the under surface, especially of the hindwing, is strongly marked with green. — occidentalis is regarded by Scupper as the third generation of protedice (only occuring in the west?). Thus it would seem that the carly stages do not differ. from those of protodice, P. sisymbrii Bir. (19¢), from the United States, is smaller than occidentalis, the black marginal mark- ings are more sharply defined and divided by the veins, which are light here, but sharply dark in the rest of the wings. The underside of the hindwing has black-green markings, broken up in a peculiar manner. The 2 is quite similar to the o%. — Ege long, narrow, conical, ground-surface and vertex flattened and depressed, with longitudinal ridges, the interspaces hollowed out and crossed by numerous stripes; colouring at first light yellow, shortly before emergence red. Full-grown larva about 22 mm. long, cylindrical, moder- ately narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly, ight yellow, with black stripes crosswise, each segment sometimes with a fold and in this case on the back small yellow protuberances of irregular size, each terminating in a small fine hair: on all the segments behind the 2. and inclusive of the 12. are 2 stripes. The larva varies very much. Time of development from the egg to the pupa in April — May 33 days, in May — June 30 days. Pupa cylindrical, narrow at the head, hollowed out at the sides, a short thick projection between the eyes, mesothorax projecting, rounded, slightly keeled in consequence of a depression as deep as the meso- thorax is high, which however is not uniformly rounded but rather angular, on each side of the dorsum and the anterior abdominal segments are small, angular, inconspicuous elevations, the anterior ones the most distinct; colouring dark brown, the whole upperside except the wing-cases irregularly covered with small protuberances (the pupa is figured by Epwanops, Butterflies of North America, hanging free). P. beckeri Adc. (19¢), from the United States, is similar to the ych/o’-species. Upper and under surface white, on the upperside of the forewing a large black median spot, divided with white, and smaller napt. oleracea. virginiensis. pallida, bryoniae. acadia. frigida. hulda. castoria. protodice. vernalis. occidentalis. sisymbrit, beckeri. venosa. itaticayae. aripa. balidia. elodia. elodina. eleusis. helena. pylotis. olympia. tovaria. sub- flavescens, maruga. gina, philoma. euthemia. penthica. 60 PIERIS. By J. Roper. and indistinct marginal and submarginal spots. Under surface with a large black median spot and two black submarginal spots, as well as greenish markings at the apex of the forewing and at the distal margin, in the middle and at the base of the hindwing, veins for the most part yellow. — Full-grown larva about 33 mm., colouring greenish white, strongly mottled or sprinkled with grey, and with a very distinct orange- coloured belt between the segments, each segment with 16—18 pitch-black tubercles, terminating in black bristles, head yellow. Pupa in general like that of protodice, but less angular; the frons ends in an obtuse projection, the head part is rounded, with uneven upper surface, the dorsal side of the thorax is dark grey- brown, the elevation above the wing-cases, which profodice possesses, is wanting in beckeri, the rest is grey, on the wing-cases and the back of the first two abdominal segments almost white; a light stigmatal stripe runs from the margin of the wings to the anal extremity, between thorax and abdomeu are 4 small spots dorsally. Duration of the pupal stage 15 days. Lives on Crucifers. The first generation flies in April, the second from the end of June for 3-4 weeks. No differences have been found between the butterflies of the two broods. P. venosa Scudd. (19), from California, is white on the upper surface with the veins scaled with black in the anterior part of the forewing and black dots atthe ends of the veins on the hindwing, as well as a black spot on the forewing between the 2. and 3. median veins, on the yellowish white under surface all the veins are rather broadly and very darkly margined, but the veins themselves light. P. itaticayae /oett. (19d), from Brazil, is white on the upperside with yellow stripes between the veins and black apical area on the forewing and small black marginal marking on the hindwing. The under surface of the forewing is white, yellow at the costal and distal margins, the hindwing is darker yellow and the veins with dark margins, P. aripa Biv. (19d), from Venezuela, has yellowish white upper surface, with black apical and distal-marginal marking, the under surface is somewhat lighter with a black median spot on the hindwing, at the apex of the forewing the black marking of the upper surface shows through. — balidia Bdr., from Mexico, is generally more yellow, especially on the underside of the hindwing. — elodia Bdv., from Mexico, is not essentielly different. It would be most correct to unite all the three forms. P. aripa occurs from Mexico to South Brazil, is nowhere rare and varies somewhat. The 32 have more yellowish ground-colour; probably balidia, which I only know from the figure, is an aipa- 2. — elodina Stgr. 7./., from Bolivia, is larger and on the under surface almost pure white. P. eleusis Luc. (19d), from Colombia and Venezuela, differs from elodia by its much more pointed forewing, broader apical and distal-marginal marking, and also by the black marking in the cell of the fore- wing above. The 2 has a yellowish upper surface to the hindwing and broader black marking in the cell of the hindwing. — helena /we., from Ecuador, has a narrower black margin, less black dusting at the costal margin and lighter, almost white, under surface. P. pylotis (o/t. (19d), from Brazil, is white above with broad black apical and distal-marginal mark- ing, and also a black median spot on the forewing, the hindwing has black spots at the distal margin, but is, however, not infrequently entirely white. The under surface is similar to the upper, but the distal margin ot the forewing is light grey, the hindwing has a black spot at the discocellular and an ochre-yellow one at the base. The 2 only differs by a yellowish tone on the hindwing beneath. P. olympia //dr. (19e), from Venezuela, Colombia and Peru, has white ground-colour with black distal-marginal area and a small black median spot on the forewing, the under surface is silver-white with black submarginal markings on the forewing and fine black veins on the hindwing. P. tovaria //dr. (19e), from Colombia and Venezuela, differs from olympia in the more normal distal-marginal area and the absence of the black median spot of the forewing. The ? has broader, but paler marginal markings and the hindwing is yellowish beneath. — subflavescens Kirby, from Ecuador, has the hindwing yellowish beneath and the apex of the forewing sulphur-yellow. — maruga Fruhs?., from Ecuador, is larger than foraria, with much broader black margins, the underside of the forewing darker in the cell and the stripes between the veins are sharper. — gina Fruhst., from Peru, is larger than maruga, forewing more pointed, the black distal margin essentially broader, more deeply indented proximally, the base of the wing with less black scales, beneath the black band on the forewing broader, P. philoma Hew. (19 e), from the high mountain ranges of Ecuador and Peru, is white above with very broad black margins and a white subapical spot on the forewing. The under surface of the hindwing and the apex of the forewing are ‘silver-white with sharp, thin black veins and stripes between the veins, the forewing has also the corresponding submarginal marking on the upper surface. P. euthemia /¥dr. (19e), from Colombia and Venezuela, is distinguished from philoma by much narrower black markings; the hindwing is white except for a narrow black margin. P. penthica (oll. (19e), from Colombia, is also similar to philoma, somewhat larger, with less black markings, the hindwing is blue in the posterior half, the under surface of the hindwing, in addition to the PIERTS. By J. Roser. 61 very fine, much less conspicuous black veins, has only traces of the black stripes between the veins at the distal margin, on the other hand a rather large black spot on the discocellular. — stamnata Lwe., from Venezuela, is somewhat smaller, but otherwise differs little from penthica. — messala Iruhst., from Peru, has the tore- wing more pointed, beneath the cell of the forewing is more broadly scaled with black and the subapical black transverse band is somewhat narrower. — basiliola /ru/st., from Bolivia, is smaller and lighter, the white subapical spot of the forewing broader, the black distal margin of the hindwing decidedly narrower and the anal area of the hindwing above almost without blue-grey scaling. P. subargentea Pi/r, (19e), from Peru, has the upper surface almost black, with white-yellowish markings. The under surface of the forewing is similar to the upper, only the apex is bluish instead of black. The underside of the hindwing is bluish with silvery sheen, the middle of the wing whitish, at the costal margin a yellow stripe and the veins and the stripes between them are narrowly black. — lia /ruhst., from Bolivia, is larger and is less extended black. P. caesia Lue., from Ecuador, is distinguished from tenuicornis Bile. wud Dice (194), from Central America, by narrower black distal margins and the almost complete absence of the sulphur-yellow sealing at the apex of the forewing beneath. The 2 is black-brown except for the white median and apical markings of the forewing and the yellowish middle of the hindwing, and has also a broad grey-brown submarginal band on the underside of the hindwing. — semicaesia ///r., from Colombia, is a small form with narrower, pale black-brown margins and impure blue on the under surface. phanokia /iuhs/. (= semicaesia //dr-.?), from Colombia, of which only 22 are known, is larger than caesia and has on both wings a much broader margin above and beneath. P. cinerea Hew. (19f), from Ecuador, has the upperside of the forewing white with the apical half black, in which a white apical spot is placed, the hindwing in the o7 is blue and in the black with vellow- white costal margin. The under surface is quite similar except that there are small sulphur-yellow spots at the apex of both wings, a stripe of the same colour at the costal margin and small ochre-yellow spots af the base of the hindwing. The 2 is paler coloured, the spots at the apices of the wings and stripe at the costal margin of the hindwing on the underside are white instead of yellow. — litana /rihs?., from Bolivia, is smaller, the black distal margin narrower, the under surface of the forewing purer white, that of the hind- wing paler yellow. —- menthe //op/f. is the slightly different form from Peru. P. mandela F/dr. (20a) is the oldest name for a species particularly rich in female forms. P. nen- dela is the form from Venezuela with moderately broad black apical marking, in which are one larger and several very small white subapical spots, and with very narrow black distal margin to the hindwing. The under surface of the hindwing is lighter than in the better known /ocusfa from Colombia. 2 more like the o& than the 92 of the other forms, distinguished from the o* by the broader black margin and the yellowish tint of the rest of the hindwing. — apicalis Bf/r., from the Upper Amazon, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador, is larger in both sexes, in the o the black apical margin more sharply angled proximally, the distal margin distinctly narrower posteriorly, the upper white subapical spot larger, the distal margin of the hindwing broader in the posterior half, the under surface lighter; the 2 is similar to the mandela- 2, the proximal part of the hindwing grey-brown to the end of the cell, the under surface of the forewing not sulphur-yellow at the base, the hindwing has more red colouring, the brown parts are more coffee-brown and the submarginal spots larger. — noctipennis Bi/r. and Druce (20a), from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, has in the o7 a somewhat broader black distal margin to both wings than mandela. The under surface of the hindwing is somewhat darker and the yellow marginal spots are sharper and deeper yellow. The 2 has the upper surface of the forewing more yellowish with black apical third in which a yellowish subapical spot is placed, the base is yellowish grey-brown, the hindwing is black-brown with two small yellow subapical spots. — locusta F/d/r. (20a), from Colombia, is scarcely different from noctipennis in the o7, the 2 on the other hand, has the distal third of the forewing and the whole of the hindwing a deep purple-brown colour; a small white subapical spot on the forewing is sometimes present. The white colour of the middle part of the forewing is tinged with red. The under surface of the hindwing is darker and the yellow submarginal spots are more indistinct. — rubecula Fruhst. (20b), from Peru, has in the o7 three distinct subapical white spots, the black apical and distal-marginal marking only reaches to the first median vein, the hindwing is more broadly margined with black and the under surface of the hindwing is very light, with much yellow marking and vermilion streaks at the base. The 2? has a black central longitudinal band from the cell to the distal margin of the forewing. — xanthomelas subsp. nov., from Eeuador (Coca), is in the female similar to rubecu/a, the hindwing has strongly yellowish ground-colour, which is also present on the basal part of the forewing, also the hind- “wing is much darker, the black central longitudinal band of the forewing is shorter and narrower, the under surface of the hindwing is much darker and the vermilion and yellow streaks are longer and stronger. — pallida subsp. nov., from Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz, 1000 m.), has a smaller black apical part to the forewing above, with its proximal edge rather straight, and broad, diffuse black distal margin to the hindwing. The under surface, particularly on the hindwing, is very light and only diffusely marked. — tithoreides Di/r. (20b), from Eeuador (Balzabamba), has in the o7 a broad black distal margin to both wings, the hindwing Stamnata,. messala. basiliola. subargentea. lia. caesia. tenuicornis semicaesia. phanoktia. cinerea. litana. menthe. mandela, apicalts. noctipennis. locusta. rebecula, xanthomelas. pallida. lithoreides. cocana. permagna. molione. viardl. /aogore. eleone. ochracea. doubledayi, luca. conica,. euremoides. smith. eucosma, pinara. oiantheia. 62 LEPTOPHOBIA. By J. Roser. has a vow of small white submarginal spots, under surface dark, yellow markings darkened, the red basal markings and yellow spots reduced. 2 with yellow longitudinal central band on fore- and hindwing, a white transverse median band and white submarginal spots on both wings. — cocana Fruh-t., from Eeuador, is only distinguished from rubecu/a on the upperside by*the narrower black distal margin of the hindwing. The under surface of the hindwing has white instead of reddish ground-colour, sharp dark marking and the yellow and red markings very much reduced. 2 unknown. — permagna Fyuhst., from Peru (Chanchamayo), is simi- lar to cocuna, the red basal spots on the underside of the hindwing are enlarged and the submarginal spots larger and whitish yellow. — molione /ruhst., from Paraguay, is the most southern subspecies and has the least markings of any; it is smaller than rubecuda and has a much narrower, lighter grey-black distal margin to the hindwing, which is proximally broken up into fine blue-grey scaling; the light grey under surface of the hindwing recalls ¢/ardi in the fine yellow stripes between the nervures. P. viardi Pde. (= habra Douwhl.) (20b), from Honduras, is white above in the co’, with black, white- spotted apical and distal-marginal markings and a large black median spot on the forewing, which however is sometimes wanting, and entirely white hindwing. Underside of the hindwing similar to mandela, but much lighter and the light yellow submarginal spots diverging from the margin from the middle of the distal margin towards the inner margin, markings of the forewing beneath as above, only much paler. 2 above and on the under surface of the forewing black-brown with vivid yellow bands and spots, under surface of the hindwing as in the o°, only darker. — laogore Godi., from Mexico and Guatemala, has lighter markings on the underside of the hindwing and has no sulphur-yellow markings there. 5. Genus: Leptophobia /i/. This genus cannot be maintained in the wide limits laid down by the author, but may be defined according to the characters observed in the genotype eleone D.-H., with which only a few of the 15 species included by Butler are congeneric. The principal characters of this genus consist in the formation of the precostal, which is curved proximally, and in the shortness of the middle discocellular, which is scarcely 1/5 as long as the weakly curved and less obliquely placed lower discocellular. The subcostal is four-branched with two branches before the apex of the cell, the upper radial is stalked with the subcostal almost to the half. The long antenna (reaching to */; of the margin of the forewing) is not characteristic for the Lepto- phobia-species, but occurs also in some species of Pieris. L. eleone /).-//. (= suadella Fldr.) (20¢), from Colombia and Venezuela, has the forewing pointed and the hindwing produced at the anal angle. The o7 is lemon-coloured above with broad black distal margin and narrowly black hindmargin on the forewing, somewhat more than the anterior half of the cell being also black. The ¢ is light yellow on the hindwing, almost white on the forewing, but marked like the o’, though 9? also occur with light ochre-yellow forewing and lemon-yellow hindwing: ab. ochracea form. ior. The under surface of the hindwing and the apex of the forewing are yellowish white, with a pearly gloss, the rest of the forewing light yellow, the hindwing has two small black spots on the discocellular and small black marginal spots. — In doubledayi Sfgr. i. /., from Bolivia, the tooth in the black distal margin is shorter and the under surface of the forewing deeper yellow. — luca Jiwh:t., from Bolivia and Eeuador, has a narrower black distal margin and no black border at the inner margin. — conica Mruhst., from Colombia, is an aberration of e/eone, in which the tooth in the black distal margin is prolonged. — euremoides is the name given by Fruusrorrer to that form which is only margined with black towards the apex and in which the cell is lightly scaled with black only at the costal margin. — The butterflies fly over fields and in thickets and are fond of being driven by the wind. L. smithi Avrby (20c), from Bolivia and Peru (3000 m.), has the wing-shape as in e/conc, is lemon- yellow above in the co’, light orange-yellow in the 2, the distal-marginal markings are much narrower and the cell is not coloured with black. The under surface is more greenish than in ¢/eove and the black marginal spots are wanting. L. eucosma [rsch. (20c), from Peru, is larger than smithi, has the same yellow upper surface with black apical marking on the forewing, the underside is much lighter and has small black dots on the veins at the distal margin of the hindwing. — This species is only known to me from the figure, consequently I cannot state positively whether it belongs in this genus. L. pinara ///r. (20¢), trom Colombia (and Peru?) (3000 m.), has the peculiar form apparent in the figure. Upper surface white with black apical and distal-marginal markings, black median spot on the tore- wing and slight traces of black colouring at the anal angle of the hindwing. Under surface white, on the discocellular of each wing a black spot, as well as small black marginal spots on the hindwing, the latter and the apex of the Seine glossy. — Oiantheia /ruhs/., from Peru, is smaller and has a narrower black distal margin on both wings, smaller median spot on the forewing and pure white apex to the forewing beneath. ITABALLIA. By J. Roper. 63 L. nephthis /op//. (20c), from the mountains of Peru (3000 m.) and Bolivia, does not differ mater- ially in shape from the Pieris-species. The upper surface is white, the forewing has rather broad black mark- ing at the apex and the distal margin, the anterior half of the cell being also black, and the hindwing has a narrow black margin. The under surface is white, on the hindwing somewhat glossy, the forewing has the marking as above, but somewhat reduced, the apex is light, the hindwing has a small black median spot as well as a few very small black marginal spots at the posterior part of the distal margin. — aymara Fraist. is an aberration with quite narrow black distal margin on the hindwing and interrupted subapical band on the forewing. L. erinna /op/f. (20d), from Peru, is likewise only known to me from the figure, hence I am not certain ot its generic position, The upper surface is slightly yellowish white with rather broad black mark- ings at the apex and the distal margin and large black median spots on the forewing, the hindwing with only very small black marginal markings. Underside similar, only with bluish instead of black apical and marginal markings on the forewing; hindwing with small black dots at the distal margin. The 2 is vellower above and beneath and has paler and somewhat more copious black markings at the distal margin of the forewing. : L. cinnia fruhs/, (20d), trom Ecuador, has white upper surface with rather broad black markings at the apex and the distal margin, a black median spot and black costal margin on the forewing and also an interrupted black marginal line on the hindwing. The under surface is white with a black median spot on the forewing and strongly silvery gloss on the whole of the hindwing and at the apex of the forewing. ¢ unknown. — falledra /ruhs?., from Colombia, has a broader black costal margin on the forewing, espe- cially in the distal part of the cell, and a broader black distal margin. 6. Genus: Ttaballia Kaye. The character of this genus consists in the formation of the precostal, which is not placed at right angles to the costal as in Pieris, but is strongly eurved and in its distal part runs almost parallel to the costal; otherwise if has no structural differences from Pieris. From Perrhybris, with whieh it was united until recently, if is distinguished by the four-branched subcostal. I. demophile L. (= molphea Cr.) (20e), occurring from Colombia to Paraguay, is white above in the o’, with black apex and black subapical half band, hindwing very narrowly margined with black, under surface of the forewing white, marked as above, but the subapical band reaching to the costal margin, hind- wing yellowish with very broad black-brown margin. 2 above and beneath yellowish, the subapical band broader and reaching the costal margin above also, costal and distal margins of the hindwing broadly grey- black. — calydonia Bde, from Central America and Venezuela, is somewhat smaller, less marked with black and the under surface of the hindwing without any dark markings. — amathonte (/. is a very dark (per- haps rainy seasonal) form of the 2 — charopus Iruhst., from Rio Waupes, is distinguished by a narrow black costal margin of the forewing and the lesser development of the subapical spots, distal margin of the hind- wing with moderately broad black scaling, veins suffused with black, beneath the subapical band of the fore- wing and the distal margin of the hindwing narrower. — niphates [ruhs/. has the black spots much narrowed, hindwing with quite narrow antemarginal line, under surtace of the forewing also less marked with black, hindwing diffusely margined with brown-blaeck. Para. — nimietes /vist., from Bahia, is distinguished from demophile by narrower and more sharply defined yellowish transverse bands on the forewing, under surface with longer subapical band. — huebneri rust, from Rio de Janeiro, is similar to amathonte. — niseias Frwhst., from Paraguay, is similar to calydonia: small, distal margin of the upper surface broader, markings otherwise as in elaropus, under surface similar to xiphates, but the black distal margin extending to the anal angle, hindwing with a rather broad, complete band of uniform width, which is sharply defined proximally. — minthe /ivhst., from Ecuador, is essentially smaller than charopus, the wings are more roundish, the upper surface of the forewing with extended black apical spot, the hindwing however more nar- rowly margined with black and in the anal angle with a narrow, densely sealed area, under surface of the hindwing pure white, the black distal margin narrower; 2 above with very broad white areas, the base of the cell yellowish with grey sealing, hindwing mostly white, the black distal margin deeply indented. — lucania Jiihst., from Peru, is approxinately as large as niscias, apical spots of the forewing narrower than in minthe, black scaling on the hindwing less extended; 2 with light ochre-yellow ground-colour, black distal margin of the hindwing less indented, very broad at the anal end, beneath the distal margin of both wings brown, the ground-colour suffused with ochre-yellow. — mustica [rivhet., from Bolivia, is very similar. to huebneri, but the white central area of the hindwing more extended beneath; 2 differing from /weunia in the pale and diffuse yellowish ground-colour, under surface of the forewing whitish, yellowish towards the margin, cell suffused with yellowish, distal border of the hindwing obsolescent and in the middle part much narrowed. I. pandosia Hew. (20d), trom Venezuela, is white above and beneath, with black margins and above with black base, on the under surface of the hindwing with small red-yellow spots in the dark distal margin. nephthis. aymara, erinna, cinnia. falledra. demophile. calydonia. amathonte,. charopus. niphates. nimtetes, huebneri. niselas. minthe. lucania, mustica pandosia, leptalina. sabata. ophelia. § ludovica. marana. pisonis. kicaha,. /ypera. paravicinit, pyrrha. digitata. pandora. eleidias. lucast. pamela. amazonica. incisa. malenka, ostrolenka, bogotana. glessaria. § 64 PERRHYARIS. By J. Riser. leptalina Boies (= pisonis Sfgr.) is the form from the Upper Amazon. — sabata lruhst., from Colombia, is smaller than pandosia, has a diffuse transverse band on the discocellular and more deeply incised black distal margin, the underside is yellowish, the white spots of the forewing are smaller and the black bands sharper. — Ophelia /rvhst., from Peru (October), shows a stronger development of the black markings, larger white spots on the under surface of the forewing and a more intensively red band on the underside of the hindwing. — ludovica /rwhst. is the dry-seasonal form of ophelia; it is decidedly smaller and has the sub- anal band on the hindwing narrower (February). I. marana Doub/. (20d), from Eeuador, is similar to pandosia, but has on the upperside broader black margins and on the underside of the forewing a black subapical band as well as a similar median band on the under surface of the hindwing, which in the basal part is divided by a red-yellow band; the 2, which is yellowish white above, stronger yellow beneath, has on the upper surface of the forewing a black sub- apical band and broader black margins. I. pisonis Hew. (20d), from Colombia and Peru, differs from kicaha feak., from Honduras, in that the black subapical band is complete above and beneath. Both forms have beneath at the margin of the forewing small white spots and at the distal margin of the hindwing a red-yellow macular band. 7. Genus: Perrbybris /bv. This genus differs from Pieris by the three-branched subcostal, there are no other sharp. structural differences, but it is well characterised by the Heliconine-like style of marking, strongly developed in the ao only beneath but in the 22 on both sides, which makes it probable that it belongs to another evoluti- onary stirps than the Pieris-species. Following the example of Kayr, we have removed the species with four- branched subcostal, which are also well differentiated from /errhybris in facies, especially by their slighter sexual dimorphism, and placed them with the preceding genus [taballia. P. lypera /vol/. (20e), from Colombia (and Central America?), is in the o white above with black apical part of the forewmg and broad black distal margin on the hindwing, under surface of the forewing like the upper, hindwing yellow with broad black margin, a similar longitudinal band in the anterior part, in which is placed a short red band starting from the inner margin, and a black stripe at the costal margin. ¢ black above and beneath, similarly marked on both sides, on the under surface of the hindwing as in the o7 a red half band. — paravicinii [rvist., from Ecuador (Balzabamba), has longer and narrower wings, a decidedly narrower black distal margin, on the underside of the forewing the cell is lighter, the apical spot somewhat smaller, on the underside of the hindwing the margin narrower in the posterior half, the subbasal band white and pointed, central area light yellow proximally, distally white instead of dark yellow. P. pyrrha /. (= iphigenia S /w/z) is distributed from Central America to South Brazil (Sao Paulo) and from the east coast to the Upper Amazon. The upper surface of the o’c7 presents the facies of a typical White, whilst the 22 are similar to the Heliconines. The so-called type-form pyrrha occurs in Surinam, from which digitata /ruwhst., from Espiritu Santo, is distinguished in the co’ by a narrower black distal margin and in the 2 by an uninterrupted yellow band on the forewing. — The o7o7 of pandora form. nov. (20e, f), from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, have a completely black hindwing except for a black marginal line, and reduced black markings on the forewing, the 22 a much broken, light yellow (commonly sulphur-yellow) band on the forewing. — eieidias //bn. is probably a seasonal form from Surinam, with entirely white hind- wing in the co and very narrow black median band on the hindwing in the 2 — lucasi Fruhst., from Ca- yenne, is a 2-form with very broad yellow band on the forewing, the ved median band on the hindwing being almost without dentition. — pamela (7. is a 2-form with strongly developed black markings on the hindwing. — amazonica /iuhst. (= pyrrha Stgr.), from the Upper Amazon, has in the o a narrow )lack margin on the hindwing and in the 2 a moderately dentate band, red above and yellow beneath, on the hindwing. — incisa /rvhst., from Bahia, has in the o a broader margin on the hindwing than «nazonica, in the 2 the much broken yellow band of the forewing is broadly margined with black near the base and the red band of the hindwing is produced into fine points. — malenka //ew., from Venezuela and Colombia, has in the co” the upper surface of the hindwing entirely white and the under surface with only a few pale markings, the 2 has narrower wings, two red-brown bands reaching almost to the margin and only small subapical spots, whilst ostrolenka S¢gr., from Chiriqui and Panama, is almost without markings beneath in the o’ and the 22 are much darker beneath than ma/enka-22. — bogotana Bi/r. (= Mylothris bogotana Bi/r.), from Santo Fe de Bogotd, is in the 2 similar to malenka; the yellow-brown median spots of the forewing and the somewhat shorter submedian longitudinal stripes are sulphur-yellow at the margins; above and well separated from them are two yellow, obliquely placed spots and above the cell three oblong spots of the same colour in the oblique subapical row instead of the quadripartite band in malenka. — glessaria Iruhst., from Eeuador (Napo and Coca), has in the o* above the marginal band deep black, but moderately broad, Publ. 3. XI 09. PEREUTE. By J. Roser. 65 on the under surface of the hindwing with very broad and deep black markings, the 2 is a beautiful red- brown on the proximal two-thirds of the forewing above, with small but deep black markings, the yellow band occupying all the distal part of the area between the first two median veins very broad and brightly coloured, the hindwing is dark red-brown with broad and prominent black markings. The underside of the forewing is marked like the upper, only with somewhat paler colour, the underside of the hindwing is almost entirely black-brown and has only three narrow brick-red longitudinal stripes and at the anterior part of the distal margin three large lighter spots (not flame-shaped). — flammula subsp. nov., from Peru (Chanchamayo), flammula. is a Jarge form, in the o* almost without any black at the distal margin of the hindwing, also beneath much less marked than g/esswia, but with a considerable amount of sulphur-yellow at the distal and inner mar- gins of the hindwing and some markings of the same tint also at the distal margin of the forewing. The @ has on the upperside but little red-brown colouring, strongly mixed with yellow, the four flame-shaped spots placed at the distal margin of the hindwing are lighter (yellower) than the proximal part and the black markings are much reduced, there is a conspicuous yellow spot at the base before the subcostal, the yellow band on the forewing is narrow and strongly dentate and the black markings are moderately developed. The under surface of the hindwing has a distinctive grey-yellow colour, the black markings at the distal margin are very pale in contrast to the rest of the black markings. — fruhstorferi form vov., from Panama, fruhstorferi. is a -form with almost entirely black forewing. -- carmenta Fru/st., from Peru, is probably the dry-seasonal Ca/menta. form of /lammula; it is considerably smaller and has fewer markings. — austriana /rwhst., from Bolivia, is austriana. marked like glessaria on the forewing, the hindwing has a very narrow black distal margin. 2 above with lighter and more vivid yellow bands and spots than carmenta, distal margin of the hindwing somewhat broader, under surface of the forewing with more yellow spots, the under surface of the hindwing yellower and the red median band more distinet. — The o’o" of this species, like most Pierids, are fond of moist places on the ground, the 9? of the forest. P. flava Oberth. (20f), from the provinces of Leopoldina, Espiritu Santo and Bahia, must be regarded flava. as a separate species. The o” is yellow above and beneath with black apex to the forewing, in which the tooth-shaped projection between the 2. and 3. median veins, which all the forms of pyriia possess, is want- ing, the 2 has on the forewing a band which is sharply defined at both sides and on the hindwing a median band which is likewise yellow but of a deeper tint. P. lorena Hew. (20f), from Ecuador and Colombia, is white in the male above and beneath with /orena, black bands, the under surface of the hindwing, in addition to the black markings of the upper surface which may be seen in the figure, has also a black median band extending from the base to the middle of the wing, which is divided longitudinally by a red stripe, and a black stripe at the costal margin. The very differently coloured and marked ? has the markings beneath much as above. — jumena Fruhst., from Ecua- jumena. dor, is distinguished by a much narrower white subapical band which has the black bordering much broader; on the under surface the red band is reduced and its black border broader. — luteifera //whst., from Peru /utecfera. (Chanchamayo), shows in the o7 the white subapical band running to a point posteriorly, so that a wedge- shaped instead of rectangular spot is formed, underside yellowish instead of white, underside of the hind- wing in the marginal and basal areas more extended yellowish. — peruncta Fruhst, from Bolivia (Yungas peruncta. de la Paz), has broader black bands and the white subapical transverse spot is more symmetrical and nar- rower, the under surface of the hindwing is more broadly margined with black than in /ufei/era and the subapical band much lighter red. 8. Genus: Pereute //-Schi/f. The species of this genus differ widely from the typical Pierids in facits; in the style of marking they have a distant resemblance to some Heliconines, but the form of the wings is quite different; among the Pierids they stand with -lrchonias completely isolated. In neuration they agree with Leodonta: the sub- costal is three-branched with one branch before the discocellular, the 2, and 3. branches form a moderately long fork, the precostal is weakly curved basad. The genus has its home about between 20° N. lat. and 30’ S. lat. P; atitodyca Bd. (21a), from the Brazilian province of Rio de Janeiro, is in the o7 black above, autodyca. scaled with grey at the apex and on the posterior part of the forewing as well as on the hindwing with the exception of the distal margin, in the middle of the forewing the red band of the under surface shows through indistinctly. The 2 is only sealed with grey on the basal part of both wings and bears on the middle of the forewing a broad brick-red transverse band, which is divided by the black veins. The dark under surface shows at the costal margin of the hindwing a large tear-shaped sulphur-yellow spot and at the base two red spots; in the o the red band of the forewing is narrowed in the anterior part, the o7 has further a white-red longitudinal band on the middle of the posterior part of the forewing. —- bardela /rudst., bardela. from Rio Grande do Sul, which according to the description is smaller, on the upperside darker and there- fore with less grey and rose-coloured scales, also on the underside of the forewing on the red transverse band towards the costa whitish instead of rose-colour, can scarcely be distinguished from antodyea according Vv 9 rosa, paula. swainsoni. phalera. cheops. charops. subvarians. columbica. cauca. peruvianus. meridana. praemeri- dana. leucodrosime. reducta. bellatrix. beryllina. /atona. unicolor. callinira,. musia. sabrina. numatia, 66 PEREUTE. By J. Rosen. to my material; on the other hand a 9-aberration from Rio Grande do Sul with the band more pale red deserves to be named separately as ab. rosa form. nov. — paula subsp. now, from the province of Sao Paulo, is in both sexes above more plentifully scaled with grey, also at the distal margin of the hindwing in both sexes are large spots of grey scales, the ground-colour of the 9? is not pure black, but black-brown, -and the under surface much lighter both in the ground-colour and in the colouring of the red band. P. swainsoni Grvy (21a), from Parana, Santa Catharina and Sao Paulo, differs from autodyca by its larger form, above by a more distinct transverse band on the forewing and by the difference in the grey scaling, which is confined to the inner margin of the forewing and the basal half of the hindwing, and further by a yellow spot at the costal margin of the hindwing. On the under surface of the oo the red median band present in the autodyca-c'o" is wanting on the posterior part of the wing. Both species fly together in Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo. — Fruustorrer has based the subsp. phalera (21 b) on speci- mens from Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catharina, but with the exception of the darker colouring of the under surface I have not been able to confirm the characters given by him. P. cheops Sfgr. (2b), from Chiriqui, has a bluish black upper surface with slight gloss, the o7 has a median band of yellow scales, a similar one in the anterior part of the cell and sparse yellow scales at the inner margin of the forewing and on the basal part of the hindwing. On the lighter (black-brown) under surface the yellow band of the forewing is much broader and more distinct, at the costal margin of the hindwing stands a yellow band and at the base are two red spots. The 2 has a broad red band and yellow costal margin on the upperside of the forewing. Both sexes have yellow antennae. P. charops Bao. (21 b), occurring from Mexico to Panama (Chiriqui), is distinguished from the other forms of this species by copious grey- -white (o’) or reddish (2) dusting at the distal margin of the forewing. The median band of the forewing is briliant yellow (c’) or red (2) beneath. Both sexes have on the under- side of the hindwing a long yellow stripe at the costal margin and a very small yellow stripe at the base. — subvarians Sfgr. 7. /., from Colombia, has in the o’ less grey dusting on tho upperside, and the median band of the underside is for the most part dull red instead of yellow. In the 2 the submarginal red dusting is absent from the upperside of the forewing. — columbica Fruhst., from Colombia, is distinguished by a general reduction of the grey dusting, which remains more distinct, however, in the middle cell; yellow spots are placed at the discocellular; median band of the forewing beneath yellow. This form appears to be only a o*-aberration of cauca subsp. nov., from the Cauca Valley in North Colombia. In this the grey dust- ing of the o7 is uniformly reduced everywhere, the median band is red instead of yellow for more than its basal half, and shows through on the upperside. The 92 have a very broad light red band on both sidés of the forewing. — peruvianus Sfgr. 7. /., from Peru, has a broad yellow median band on the upperside of the forewing and distinct grey scaling on the apical part and the inner margin of the forewing; the hindwing has but little grey scaling. The under surface of the forewing has a sharp, sulphur-yellow median band. ? unknown. — meridana Fruhst., from Northern Venezuela, has a strongly darkened upper surface without grey scales in and behind the middle cell and on the distal part of the hindwing, distal part of the median band on the underside of the forewing red. Amongst this form occurs ab. praemeridana /whs/., which has the band of the forewing beneath entirely yellow. — This species has white antennae. P. leucodrosime Jo//. (21c). With this species, from Colombia, begins the series of those species which have also in the o’ a red band on the upper surface of the forewing. Ground-colour black, proximal half of the hindwing and basal part of the inner margin of the forewing with blue-white scales, thorax and abdomen with white hairs. The red band of the forewing above ends at the subcostal and is not prolonged basad. The under surface is black-brown, the veins and the stripes between them are black, at the base of the hindwing there are two small red spots. Antennae white. Specimens with the red band much reduced are ab, reducta form. nov. — In bellatrix Fruwhst., from Peru, the red band of the forewing is lighter and is not narrowed towards the margin, on the other hand the blue-white scaling on the proximal part of the wing is reduced, under surface somewhat darker. — beryllina /iwhst., from Ecuador, has a narrower and deep red band on the forewing. — latona Bélr., from Venezuela, has on the upperside of the forewing only a red spot atthe end of the cell instead of the red band. Among this form oecur also specimens with entirely black forewing: ab. unicolor ab. nor. P. callinira Sigr. (21), from Peru, has black antennae. The upper surface as in lewcodrosime is scaled with blue-white, the band of the forewing is of uniform breadth and in the middle cell continued somewhat towards the base, the basal half of the costal margin is finely, but sharply yellow, on the under surface of the hindwing the red basal spots are absent. ab. musia Fruist., from North and Central Peru, is larger, the red band much narrowed at both ends and rounded off. — sabrina Fruwhst., from Colombia, has an essentially narrower red band on the forewing and more abundant blue scaling at the base, at the costal margin of the forewing the red band is tinged with yellowish. — numatia Fruhst., from Bolivia, is smaller and paler, the red band broader, above in the middle more copiously scaled with black. ; ARCHONIAS. By J. Roser. 67 P. callinice //dr. (21¢), from Venezuela, Colombia and South Peru, has likewise black antennae. callinice. The upper surface is black brown, the bluish sealing occupies the whole basal half of the hindwing but is completely wanting on the forewing. The light red median band of the forewing is only represented behind the discocellulars by a very small spot, is distally rounded and does not reach the distal margin. The under surface is as in calliniva, but much lighter. The butterfly flies on forest-paths and is fond of drinking at moist places on the ground. P. telthusa Hew. (21c), from Peru and Ecuador, differs much from the preceding species. Antennae fe/thusa. white. Upper surface black, with subapical yellowish macular band, small light submarginal spots, bluish white inner-marginal part of the forewing and blue-scaled basal part of the hindwing, which also shows small bluish marginal spots. The under surface is black, the forewing has the pattern of the upperside and the hindwing a small yellow stripe at the costal margin and also three red basal spots. — magna subsp. magna, nov., from the Lower Amazon (Obidos), is larger, the light area at the inner margin of the forewing is smaller and completely scaled with blue, the blue spots at the distal margin of the hindwing are larger, the under surface is darker and the yellow stripes at the costal margin of the hindwing very small. — boli- boliviana. viana subsp. nov., from Bolivia, has a broader and more strongly yellow subapical band on the forewing above and beneath. The light area at the inner margin of the forewing is larger on both surfaces and only scaled with blue at the margins, the blue spots at the distal margin of the hindwing are smaller, the under surface is somewhat lighter (more brown) and the yellow stripes at the costal margin of the hindwing longer and broader. 9. Genus: Avechonias bn. The characters of this genus are rather uncertain, the facies of the butterflies forms the best criterion for deciding as to their genus. The subcostal is four-branched, the 2. branch ea beyond the apex of the cell and the 3. and 4. branches form a short fork in the apex of the wing; yet this character is not constant even in one and the same species. It will be advisable to place in this genus only the tercas-like forms which mimic Papilio. A. tereas Godt. (= iulus Hbn., 2 = marcius Hbn.), The specimens from Rio de Janeiro and Espiritu ¢ereas. Santo may be regarded as the so-called typical form. It ean scarcely be separated from uniplaga Frihst., (21d), from Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo. This form is said to have only one white median spot on uniplaga. the forewing. which however among the material before me only oecurs in one specimen from Santa Catharina; the remaining eight specimens from Santa Catharina and Sio Paulo have three median spots, one of which is placed in the cell. The 2 has always somewhat more white marking on the forewing and more red, of a deeper colour, on the hindwing. — critias /dr. (21d), from Venezuela and Colombia, is very variable as critias. regards the white marking on the forewing, the red marking of the hindwing is more extended and of a deeper tone than in fereas. To ab. hades Fruhst. belong specimens with the forewing entirely black above hades and to ab. nigripennis Bil. entirely black specimens — approximata B¢/. is the form from Central America, ™8”pens. wae. te > : . . > . approximata. papilionides /ruhst., from Honduras, has somewhat modified white spots on the forewing and three a iloniied intensively carmine- red spots on the hindwing; beneath the spots on the wings are yellowish. — regillus yegiitus. Frukst., from Ecuador, is smaller than teres, the forewing has two white spots placed one under the other, the hindwing three small pale red, hee eed ones. — archidona Fruhst., from Ecuador (Balzabamba), archidona. has a completely black forewing or at least but little white marking, and on the hindwing above and beneath yellowish or white instead of red spots. — rosacea Bilr., from Eeuador (Quito) and Colombia, has light red ;osacea. spots on the upper surface of the hindwing. — “In Santa Catharina fereas begins to fly early in September as one of the first heralds of spring, and animates in well-watered valleys almost all the sweet-scented flowering shrubs with its quiet beauty and its delicately coloured garb‘! (PReusToRrEn). A. bellona Cr. (= @? eryeinia Cr., brassolis /, braselis Godt.), from Guiana, although regarded as a bellona separate species, is probably really another form of ¢ereas, which is extraordinarily modified in the wooded west. A. bellona is but little different from negrina F/dr., from the Rio Negro. The o is black above with negrina. large light yellow spots on the forewing and red streaks on the under surface of the hindwing, whilst in the 2 the upper surface of the hindwing is also for the most part red. cutila Mraist. (21d), from Ecuador, cutila. has large yellow spots on the forewing and three red streaks on the upper surface of the hindwing. — phaloreia. phaloreia Fruhst., from Peru, has black upper surface with small yellow spots on the forewing. — hyrnetho hyrnetho. Fruhst. (21d), from Bolivia, has more rounded wings than the preceding forms, the spots on the forewing are somewhat lighter yellow and a little larger, the upper surface of the hindwing is black, but the under surface has narrow red streaks, a yellow stripe at the costal margin and yellow marginal spots. In the ¢ the hindwing above is for the most part red. — sabrina Friuhst., from Argentina (?), has very intensive yel- sabrina. low spots on the forewing, of which the curved one in the cell is very large; the underside of the hindwing is similar to that of hyructho, the vellow marginal spots are very small. Baron G. von Piessen observed this species in large numbers and in both sexes in a thicket, so it may be assumed that the butterflies had emerged in this thicket; hence we may further conclude that the larva is gregarious. The butterthes are fond of settling on leaves. pharnakia. eurytele. albimaculata. lyceas. dismorphitis. dismorphina, nigrescens. theano. drusilla. hollandi. Janeira. poeyt. 68 CHARONIAS; APPIAS. By J. Roser. A. pharnakia Pywhst. (= archomiaoides Stgr. i. 1.) (21), from Peru, is very different from all the above mentioned Archoniaus-forms, and is probably a vets species. The upper surface is black-brown with yellow spots on the forewing as on the underside, the hindwing is entirely without markings; 2 in the middle part of the forewing above and beneath brick-red, 10. Genus: Charonias 26). For the reasons given under -!rchonias it is necessary to place the following species in a separate genus. In the neuration there is a slight difference in that the two discocellulars of the forewing are of equal length and the upper discocellular of the hindwing is considerably shorter than the other two. The palpi are somewhat longer and stronger than in Archonias. Above all the external appearance is important in determining the genus. Ch. eurytele Hew. (21e), from Ecuador and Colombia, is brown on the proximal part of the wing and black on the distal part, in the latter are placed yellow spots; specimens with white sputs may be des- eribed as ab. albimaculata ab. nov. The under surface is quite similar to the upper, but there are rather large white submarginal spots at the distal margin of the hindwing. — In lyceas Godm. and Salv, from Panama (Bugaba), there is only a streak-shaped spot of the brown colour of the forewing above present at the inner margin, the under surface of the forewing is entirely black. — dismorphitis /¢/r., from Chiriqui, has the forewing deep black with light yellow spots and the hindwing light brown. — dismorphina Stgr. i. 1, from Colombia, likewise has the forewing very dark all over, with larger deep yellow spots, the hind- wing being dark brown. — nigrescens Godm. and Salv., from Guatemala, is a still further darkened form. — The ¢? are only somewhat larger, otherwise not different. Ch. theano Pde. (2te), from Brazil (e. g. Sao Paulo) is black with whitish streak-shaped spots. The 2 instead of white marks has dark yellow ones in the proximal and sulphur-yellow in the distal part of the wings. The under surface is similarly, but more copiously marked, the hindwing is yellow with black veins and black distal margin in which white spots are placed. 11. Genus: Appias Hon. In the neuration this genus agrees entirely with /%eris, but the o’o° have a special characteristic, namely two stiff tufts of hair (secondary sexual organs) on the anal claspers at the underside of the ab- domen; the 9? are easily distinguished from those of Pieris by the peculiar colouring of the under surface, which is weaker-marked and has a slight pearly gloss. The genus is represented in India by numerous species, some of them beautifully coloured, and also in Africa by several species, but in America there is only one certainly distinct species, which until recently was classed with the genus Duptonoura. As the synonymous generic name Vuchyris, given by Wallace, indicates, the insects belonging to this genus are extraordinarily active. According to the observations of Dr. A. Serra the Appias (especially drusilla) are only equalled in swiftness of flight among the butterflies by the representatives of the Hesperid genus Spathi- lepia; in a few seconds they traverse long distances. They not only fly extremely fast but also manage to take up their nourishment from flowers in the greatest haste. Only in imbibing water from the damp ground, where these insects, particularly the males, sometimes settle in large crowds close together, do they allow themselves time, and engage in this activity for the moment as an amusement. A. drusilla Cr. (= ilaire Godt., margarita Hbn., albunea Dali.) (21f) is distributed from Southern Florida to South Brazil, and is common. The o7 is white above, with slight blackish apical marking on the forewing, sometimes entirely without marking, beneath yellowish white without marking, only with a small yellow stripe at the costal margin of the hindwing. The ? is white above on the forewing, on the hindwing yellowish, and has broad black margins, beneath white with a reddish sheen and very weakly developed markings similar to those on the upperside, as well as yellow dusting at the base of both wings, especially the forewing. The specimen figured by W. J. Honranp in his Buttertly Book on plate XX XV as ¢ is accor- ding to the shape of the wings a co with strongly yellowish upper surface and more strongly developed black marking at the apex and basal part of the forewing; this form deserves special mention as ab. hol- landi «bh. nov. — janeira Binningh., hitherto only observed in the Botanical Gardens at Rio de Janeiro, has also in the male yellow colouring at the base on the underside of the wings; vy. BOxnInGHAUsEN regarded it as a distinct species. — poeyi Bilr., from the Antilles, has in the c? no markings above and is somewhat more yellowish beneath; the 2 has more strongly yellow ground-colour and slighter marginal marking on the hindwing above, the underside is likewise more yellow than in drusil/a-9. CATHAEMIA: LEODONTA; CATASTICA. By J. Riser. 69 12. Genus: Cathaemina lJbi. The forms belonging here were until recently umted with J/esperocharis, but Raper. Grove erected the genus Cunizza for them. This name, however, must give way to the older one given by Hibyer. It is true that the only difference in the neuration is that in //esperocharis the upper discocellular of both wings is angled and has a short spur running into the cell, in Cathaemia on the contrary these veins are only slightly curyed and have no spurs, but the great difference in the style of marking and the shape of the wings confirms the generic independence of the two. C. hirlanda Stoll., probably from Surinam, is distinguished from the better known ninguida /iuhst. (= hirlanda Sigr.) (21 f), from Peru, by the broader black distal margin of both wines. — obnubila Pruhs?., from South Peru, has the hindwing almost black, so that only the cell and a few postmedian spots remain white. — fulvinota Bt/r., trom Rio de Janeiro, is completely white above except for the yellowish basal part. of the wings and the black costal margin of the forewing, the under surface is quite similar to that of hirlanda except that it has a red-yellow instead of a red marginal band on the hindwing. — praeclara Fruhst., from Espiritu Santo, is in the o of a beautiful light yellow on the upperside of the forewing, on the hindwing lemon-yellow with red band of the under surface showing through slightly, forewing with broad black distal margin, which at the 1. median vein is united with a black band starting from the costal margin, hindwing with narrow black margin, under surface similar to that of hilaula, the black apical spot not jomed to the subapical band, but separated from it by a yellow band. In the 2 the black margin of both wings is broader, — apicalis /rwhst., from Ecuador, is intermediate between winguila and obnnbile. helvia Latr. (21f), said to be from Mexico (?), of which only specimens from Colombia are before me, generally regarded as a separate species, is in my opinion also a hirlandu form, because | have specimens which unmistakably form a tran- sition. In this form the red marginal band of the hindwing beneath is wanting, yet most specimens have traces of it. The aberration which is suffused with light yellow on the upperside of the forewimg and on the underside of the forewing coloured with yellow over the whole surface is named by Frensrorrer ab. serda; transitional forms, however, also occur. 13. Genus: Lheodomta Dil. The species of this genus were formerly classed with Percu/e. Although the two genera show no essential difference in the neuration and in the organs, they are yet sharply separated by their external appearance. But another character which is doubtless worthy of note consists in the formation of the anal claspers of the oo’, which are much smaller in Leodoufa than in Pereule. So far seven forms have been described, which have all been regarded as separate species, but | have only been able to recognise in them two species, one of which forms local races. — The butterflies fly over foot-paths and are fond of drinking at moist places on the ground. L. dysoni Doull. (2Le), from Venezuela, is the form which has the most white markings on the upper surface, the hindwing is white with obsolete yellow spots at the base and broad black distal margin, which occupies about '/; of the surface of the wing, at the distal margin are placed larger white spots, the median band on the underside of the hindwing is white with one yellow streak in each marginal cell, and the rest of the hindwing beneath is lighter than in the other forms. — zenobina Hop/f. (21e), from Peru and Bolivia, has a broader black distal margin on the hindwing above and darker dist&l and basal parts on the hindwing beneath. — intermedia subsp. wor., from Northern Colombia (Cauca Valley), is smaller, the black distal margin of the hindwing is somewhat narrower than in