\ ‘ Vine , ‘ ' . ‘ ‘ fry ‘ > ‘ a : ‘ ce ews ‘ sd, Freer | oon . ' 4 3a seat weet ra get ap ee , i a ace an wos wo . ‘ 1 we oan 1 4 p> aah aa Oy ws a 5 oe ee : Peer : hee oan vee Woe d + nied “ ’ ‘ we wo we se awe eu ar sw woe . toa “ oy ; “ i) ct ney ‘ ” oA no La sana aie A anne A 7 } | ANA TaaAanAnntn Va A AanaAennhaannnaa mannan ARAARAAAR AAS f Ala Pp A are ALBAAAARAS > AERO RCROTY AA AAR AAS AR RAAA AAA Ral : i | LA al a { 5 VA [& _ a AY ‘\ mass ee anananaa “war Ree AN ANAAA RA APaPAe Ae IMAIA k Ew AA RAAAAAAT A A AA AAA VA F sp AAAAAARannn AAAARAAR AAAA a AA A AANA AAA) Q veveatonwannac Annan BEC ARARAABAPel? } OEE. : NAAAAAAA oc IECEA AU A ae | RAR AANANA saasaaniinhanannaapnnnnnantntitee ARAB AAAAAARAAAARAAAARRAAA ARE AV pir we a ‘ 2 ky? é - | 7 3 « soa ¢ t ; J = : Creuse ri : ’ es : f 5 = gy" pa % ¢ fa By: chy! pet re +¢ Tuomas Nutray For an account of the discovery of this portrait in a London bookshop see three pages ahead. } 1 \ Frontispiece to Vol. 2, Madrono. { MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOL. II 1930 - - 1934 EDITED FOR THE SOCIETY BY WILLIS LINN JEPSON ffes BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1934 My . | a zy OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY 1930.—President, DR. GEORGE J. PEIRCE; First Vice-President, PRO- FESSOR H. E. McMINN; Second Vice-President, DR. H. L. MASON; Treasurer, MISS ELSIE M. ZEILE; Secretary, MR. J. T. HOWELL; Program Committee, DR. W. L. JEPSON, DR. L. R. ABRAMS, DR. H. L. MASON, MR. J. T. HOWELL; En- dowment Committee, DR. W. L. JEPSON, MR. F. F. BARBOUR, MR. A. S. BLAKE. 1931.—Treasurer, DR. D. D. KECK. 1932.—Secretary, MISS ETHEL KATHERINE CRUM. 1933.-—Program Committee, DR. IRA L. WIGGINS, PROFESSOR H. E. McMINN, MISS ETHEL KATHERINE CRUM, MR. J. T. HOWELL. ; A PORTRAIT OF THOMAS NUTTALL While browsing in a bookshop in a little lane off Charing Cross Road, the great mart of second-hand books in London, I chanced to pick up in 1930 for six pence a portrait of Thomas Nuttall new to me. I submitted it to Mr. A. S. Skan, the librarian at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, but although he is a man difficult to stump on bibliographic matters, he could not indicate the origin of the Nuttall portrait, evidently cut from some printed book. It has always been my desire when writing a biography of a botanist to accompany it with a portrait. Such a portrait should, it seems to me, be of the man in his youth or in his prime—not when he is aged or en- feebled. This portrait represents Nuttall as a young man and is, I think, much to be preferred to the portrait so familiar to American botanists which shows him in extreme age.—THE EDITOR. JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY Contents - Somm NoTEs ON THE BRAZILIAN FLorA, Douglas Houghton Campbell 1 THE SANTA CRUZ ISLAND PINE, Herbert L. Mason . 8 PLANTAE OCCIDENTALES.—I, John Thomas Howell . | nee - NorTres AND NEws . hy Peta Wa MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes on the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi- cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; and to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be espe- cially welcome. | Publication Committee W. L. Jepson, University of California Berkeley, California GrorcE J. Peirce, Joun Tuomas Howe Lt, Stanford University California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, field- trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amongst the people of California. Onivers of the Society Bresient W2) oe Oh Ay OME a hoe Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford University. First Vice-President.................. US hen Ri OEM Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. Second Vice-President.............. Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, Berkeley. Mreasumer ic. 22 is op ie I Miss Elsie M. Zeile, 1001 Pine Street, San Francisco. Secretary.......2....,-.2.--.- Mr. J. T. Howell, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Annual Dinner Committee: Mr. H. L. Mason, Chairman, Mr. David R. Goddard, Miss Lucile Roush. : Program Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. Blake. The Annual Dues are .$2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, Cali- - fornia Botanical Society, Botany Building, University Campus, Berkeley, California. Back numbers of the Journal may be had from the Corresponding Secretary, Botany Building, Berkeley, California. Subscription price $3.00 per year. SOME NOTES ON THE BRAZILIAN FLORA DoucLas HoucHTton CAMPBELL In these days of easy and rapid travel, it is possible, with com- paratively little effort, to visit pretty much every part of the world; and even the ordinary summer vacation is long enough to reach what a generation ago would have seemed impossibly remote regions. Probably no country is so rich, botanically speaking, as Brazil, occupying as it does an area larger than the continental United States, and lying mostly within the tropics. It includes much the greatest expanse of equatorial territory of any country in the world; and this equatorial region, with the adjacent territory, supports the most ex- tensive forest on the globe. A large part of the thousands of species of woody plants, as well as an immense number of herbaceous species, are still undescribed. The exploration of the trackless jungles, often under water for months at a time, and exposed to attacks of hostile natives and deadly disease, is no doubt perilous, and only possible by well organized expe- ditions; but it is not at all necessary to expose one’s self to these risks in order to get a very satisfactory idea of the more salient features of the rich Brazilian flora. It is now possible to make the voyage to Brazil not only with comfort, but with all the conveniences of a modern ocean liner. Less than a fortnight will carry the traveler from New York to Rio de Janeiro, and as the seasons are reversed, we may escape the mid- summer heat of New York, and after a perfect trip through the blue tropical seas, arrive in Rio at the end of winter, when the weather is about as perfect as we can find anywhere. The beauty of the famous harbor of Rio cannot be exaggerated, and the city is one of the most attractive of world capitals. But what is of special interest to the botanist are the opportunities offered within the city for studying the native vegetation. The coastal region is very mountainous, and the highest peaks in Brazil are not very far from Rio. The seaward slopes receive a heavy rainfall, and support a dense forest of truly tropical character. Although Rio lies very near the Tropic of Capricorn, many species closely related to the Amazonian region are found. Within the city there are mountains over 2000 feet high on whose slopes are forest areas which are easily accessible and which afford a most satisfactory picture of the tropical jungle, the trees supporting huge lianas and loaded with epiphytes in great variety. Palms are a marked feature of these forests; ferns in bewildering vari- ety, Araceae, gingers, Begonias, and other showy herbaceous forms and shrubs make up the dense undergrowth covering the floor of the jungle. Rio was reached July 27, and I was surprised to find the air almost too cool after the voyage across the equator. The next day, with a chilly rain, was anything but tropical; but thereafter an unbroken suc- cession of warm sunny days left little ground for complaint. My first impression of the Brazilian forest was received a few days later when I took a popular motor trip over what was the most spec- ManproNno, vol. 2, pp. 1-16, Aug. 30, 1930. 2 MADRONO [Vol. 2 tacular drive that I have ever seen within a city. The road passed around the bases of two of the mountains rising within the city and reached an elevation of about 1000 feet with magnificent views over the city and the bay. In places it traversed magnificent forest, full of all manner of interesting things. Palms and tree-ferns in great variety were a feature of the vegetation, while the trees were draped with lianas among which climbing Araceae, Philodendron and others were conspicuous. Characteristic epiphytes, the bromeliads and orchids, as well as ferns, were in profusion. It was too early in the season to see these at their best, so except for a few bromeliads—probably species of Tillandsia whose scarlet-bracted spikes were conspicuous—none were seen in flower. An examination of the banks along the road showed great quantities of small ferns and liverworts, the latter being especially interesting. Southern Brazil is famous for showy-flowered trees and shrubs. An Erythrina with vermilion-scarlet flowers was common, but still more striking was a species of Tibouchina (Melastomaceae), a shrub or small tree covered: with big violet-purple blossoms. These hinted at what might be expected later in the season. Among the most character- istic smaller trees were several species of Cecropia with big palmate leaves somewhat suggesting Ricinus. Returning, the road followed the ocean shore for several miles. On the relatively bare and exposed hillsides, were many coarse bromeliads, some small columnar cacti, and Agave-like Fourcroyas. The botanical garden in Rio is one of the best, in some respects perhaps second only to the famous gardens at Buitenzorg. In a recent number of “Torreya”*, Mr. Norman Taylor has given an interesting account of the garden, with special attention to the economic plants. The gardens are most picturesquely placed at the foot of the Corcovado, the highest mountain in Rio, and the woods at the foot of the mountain immediately adjoin the gardens. The gardens were established more than a century ago, and therefore contain many magnificent specimens of trees, both native and exotic. Here may be seen full-grown speci- mens of many of the native forest trees, which give some hint of the amazing richness of the Brazilian forest. The collection of palms is probably second only to that at Buitenzorg and even the famous Java- nese garden can show nothing equal to the great avenue of Oreodoxa oleracea (Fig. 1) (usually confused with O. regia, a much inferior species). This most beautiful of all palms was introduced from the West Indies, and the original tree, planted in 1808, is still flourishing. The great central avenue is over 80 years old, and the tree is now extensively planted all over the city, of which it is a most beautiful and striking feature. Space forbids more than the briefest account of the trees. Of the native species, the largest number are Leguminosae—e. g. Erythrina, Pithecolobium, Cassia, Inga, Caesalpinia, etc-—each with many species and many with very showy flowers. Other characteristic families are Myrtaceae—Myrtus, Eugenia, etc.; Bombacaceae—Bombax, Ceiba *March-April, 1929. SOME NOTES ON THE BRAZILIAN FLORA 1930] & roerige 2 er GK GER io kee eee PEATE RC 1ro. racea), Botanical Garden, Rio de Jane Palm Avenue (Oreodoxa ole Fig. 1 4 MADRONO [Vol. 2 (Fig 2)—giants of the Brazilian forest; Jacaranda and Tecoma of the Bignoniaceae, with very showy flowers. There are also many Lauraceae, Anonaceae, Sapotaceae, Malpighiaceae. A very characteristic tree is the monkey-cup or “Sapucaya,” related to the Brazil-nut (Bertholletia). The globular woody capsules open by a circular lid and are very con- spicuous especially when the trees are bare of leaves as they are in winter. Of the Coniferae there were good specimens of the native Podocarpus Sellowi and Araucaria braziliana. Several cypresses, some from Mexico and western America, seemed to find congenial condi- tions, but none of the pines or firs was noted. I was interested to see Roupala heterophylla, one of the few South American Proteaceae, a family mainly confined to Australia and South Africa. Brazil probably surpasses all countries in the number of palms and these are well represented in the botanical garden. Cocos probably leads in number of species; others—e. g. Attalea, Scheelia, Maximili- ana, have enormous pinnate leaves; Euterpe, among the most graceful of palms; Mauritia, stately fan palm. Of the less conspicuous genera, Bactris and Geonoma are common as under-growths in the forest. The characteristic epiphytes are amply represented in the garden. Epiphytic ferns, bryophytes and lichens are abundant, the latter being especially common on the smooth trunks of some of the palms where the silvery-gray and pink discs are very conspicuous. Orchids are abundant, but only a few were in flower: and of the bromeliads, which are very numerous (both epiphytic and terrestrial species), the ma- jority were not in bloom. Besides the many species of Tillandsia, may be mentioned species of Bilbergia, Vriesia and Aechmea. Aechmea sphaerocephala, a large terrestrial species, looks somewhat like an Agave, and the big globular inflorescences have broad blood-red bracts and blue flowers. Cacti also appear as epiphytes, species of Phyllocac- tus and Rhipsalis, the latter being very abundant about Rio. The great masses of pendant smooth cylindrical branches bearing tiny whitish flowers are very different from any other cacti. Rhipsalis is especially interesting as it is the only genus of Cactaceae which occurs in the Old World. Rhipsalis cassytha is said to occur both in Brazil and West Africa and is also recorded from Ceylon and Madagascar. While to the botanist the rich collection of native plants will be of first interest, the splendid specimens of many exotics also offer a great attraction. Some, like the many gigantic specimens of the “Traveller’s Tree” (Ravenala), are much the finest I have ever seen, and there are splendid examples of many other denizens of the eastern tropics. One of these, a very handsome ginger (Phaeomeria magnifica), recalled happy collecting trips in the mountain forests of Java and Sumatra where it is common. Extensive collections of bamboos, screw-pines (Pandanus) and Old World palms, especially some very luxuriant rattans, were all reminiscent of the eastern tropics. I am much indebted to the courtesy of the Director of the Gardens, Dr. Pacheco Leao, in my studies at the garden, and also for photo- sraphs of the garden. I would also like to express my thanks to Miss Maria Bandeira of the herbarium for frequent assistance. The botanical attractions of Rio are by no means confined to the botanical garden. The city is adorned with numerous parks and gar- 1930] SOME NOTES ON THE BRAZILIAN FLORA 5 Fig. 2. Silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra), Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro. 6 MADRONO [Vol. 2 dens, both public and private, in which are growing many beautiful trees and shrubs, both native and exotic. Along the boulevards | noticed as a shade tree a small-leaved evergreen fig, probably Ficus Benjamina, a fine East Indian species. Orecdoxa oleracea was very common as an avenue tree, and many other palms were frequent. At the time of my visit, August, the most conspicuous objects in the gar- dens were huge bushes of Poinsettia in full bloom. The Brazilians are great flower lovers, and the flower market in Rio is one of the sights of the city. The flowers included roses, pinks, dahlias, and other familiar ones; and, early as it- was, I noted several orchids, one of which, a fine purple Cattleya, was evidently grown in quantity. An interesting trip was made from Rio to Petropolis, a summer resort in the mountains at an elevation of about 2500 feet. The railway runs for a considerable distance near the shore of the bay through a more or less open country before the steep climb up the mountains. Some of the lowland is swampy and a few mangroves were noted, but no dense mangrove formation. The handsome fern, Acrostichum aureum, so often associated with the mangrove formation, was common. Another wide-spread littoral species was Hibiscus tiliaceus, the “Hau” of Hawaii. Much of the open country was covered with dense scrub looking as if the land had been cleared of forest. Palms were abund- ant, especially species of Cocos and Acrocomia, as well as smaller species which could not be identified. A fine scarlet Erythrina was abundant and many small flowered Melastomaceae, white and blue Ipomoeas, purple and red Lantana, and Eupatorium. The ascent to Petropolis is very steep, and in places the mountain- sides are densely wooded. About Petropolis the forest presents a less tropical aspect than that in Rio. The development of lianas and epiphytes is much less marked and indicates a colder and dryer climate. This is also evident in the smaller number of palms, Araceae and Scitamineae. Tree-ferns were common and taller than those near Rio; the walls and banks also furnished some interesting hepatics. The most novel botanical feature was Araucaria braziliana, apparantly in- digenous. In the old tree all the branches die except those at the top which form an almost flat disc surmounting the bare trunk. In the gardens were unusually fine specimens of the Australasian A. excelsa and A. Cookii. Another very striking native tree was a large Erythrina which was a magnificent sight, as the leafless branches were solid masses of brilliant scarlet flowers. The gardens of Petropolis were very attractive. The climate, which is cooler than that of Rio, seems particularly suited to flowers of warm temperate climes, while palms of various kinds also thrive. Roses were abundant and beautiful, while huge bushes of Indian Azaleas were masses of superb flowers. Rhododendrons and Camellias of tree- like dimensions were seen, but were much less floriferous than the azaleas. A few peach trees were in flower, but did not look at all flour- ishing, and I believe never ripen satisfactorily. Bignonia venusta and Thunbergia grandiflora were the most conspicuous creepers, and Poin- settias were common but not equal to those in Rio. It is said that orchids and other flowers are grown commercially on a large scale in Petropolis for the Rio market. 1930] SOME NOTES ON THE BRAZILIAN FLORA 7 Sao Paulo, the second city of Brazil, is much less attractive than Rio from the tourist standpoint, being a big modern commercial city, the center of the great coffee industry; but it has certain very strong interests for the botanist. There is a fine scientific museum and a bio- logical institute with excellent botanical collections. A notable feature of the museum is a small botanical garden with a most interesting collection of native plants, looking like a bit of real jungle and the result of many years’ labor. This unique little forest shows well grown trees of various kinds, tree-ferns and palms, big lianas, numerous epiphytic orchids and bromeliads, and a large variety of herbaceous plants. Another part of the garden is devoted to plants of the open— cacti, Agaves, Fourcroya, Tibouchina, Salvia, various grasses, etc. There was also a small aquatic garden, where I recognized a familiar species of our eastern States, the pickerel weed, Pontederia cordata. My main reason for visiting Sao Paulo was to see the Biological Station of Alto da Serra, which is about an hour’s ride by train from Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo lies about 2500 feet above sea level on a plateau which descends abruptly to Santos, the port of Sao Paulo. The bio- logical station is at the edge of the plateau, and close to the railway between the two cities. An excellent account of the station was given by Dr. A. F. Blakeslee* about two years ago, and it was his paper that called my attention to this remarkably interesting place. Too much praise cannot be given to Professor F. C. Hoehne, mainly through whose efforts this magnificent sample of the virgin mountain forest has been preserved. It is to be hoped that means may be secured for ac- quiring a much larger area, and for extending the facilities for the accommodation of visiting scientists. I shall not soon forget the delight- ful day spent at the station under the guidance of Professor Hoehne. There is a very abrupt descent from the edge of the plateau, and the conformation is such that there is a very heavy rain-fall at the summit—about four meters annually. There is also much fog, so that there is developed a rain-forest of the most pronounced type with an amazingly luxuriant vegetation. It is hard to realize that it lies at the extreme verge of the tropics, as the aspect of the forest interior is almost that of an equatorial jungle, except that none of the trees are of great size and lianas are not conspicuous. Space forbids a detailed account of this truly wonderful forest, and only a few of the most notable features that impressed the writer can be mentioned. For a fuller account with a number of admirable photographs, the reader is referred to Dr. Blakeslee’s interesting paper. The heavy rainfall and constant humidity result in a profusion of epiphytic growths which surpasses anything which I can recall from the eastern tropics. The Bromeliaceae, a large number of which are epiphytes, comprise many species of Tillandsia, Vriesia, Nidularia, Bilbergia and others. Some were in flower, their red and yellow, or pink and blue inflorescences being very showy. Some 250 species of orchids have been collected including some very handsome ones. Several species were seen in flower, perhaps the most striking being * A Paradise for Plant-lovers, Scientific Monthly, July, 1927. 8 MADRONO [Vol. 2 Sophronitis coccinea, an epiphytic species with scarlet star-shaped flowers. This was quite common, and could not fail to attract the most unobservant. Of the terrestrial species, several specimens of the very showy Zygopetalum Mackayii were found in an open boggy place. Of the woody plants, species of Gaultheria, Gaylussacia, Psidium Fuchsia and Tibouchina were noted; herbaceous species included, Drosera villosa, Eriocaulon, and the very remarkable Utricularia reni- formis which grew in the water held between the leaf bases of a species of Vriesia. The basal portion of the Utricularia, lying in the water, shows the characteristic vesicles, but there are developed large orbicu- lar aerial leaves which look almost like small water-lily leaves. The flowers are said to be large and showy. In this same boggy area Sphag- num amoenum was seen, and a striking lichen, Cladonia pycnoclada. There was the usual profusion of epiphytic bryophytes and ferns, among the latter some small Hymenophyllaceae. Ophioglossum pal- matum has been collected here, but I was not fortunate enough. to find it. A very characteristic epiphytic fern was Blechnum scandens. Tree-ferns, species of Cyathea and Alsophila, were conspicuous in the undergrowth and occasional specimens of Marattia Kaulfussii were seen. In places along the paths the banks yielded an abundant harvest of interesting mosses and hepatics, as well as some showy lichens and fungi. Of the trees, the Leguminosae, so predominant in the dryer forests, were relatively few in number. Much more numerous were various Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae and Rutaceae. A few small specimens of Podocarpus Sellowii were the sole representatives of the Gymnosperms. Palms were mostly the smaller species, e. g., Bactris and Geonoma: but there were some beautiful groups of the exquisite “Jussara” (Euterpe edulis). No botanist visiting Brazil should fail to see the Biological Station at Alto da Serra. Stanford University, July, 1929. THE SANTA CRUZ ISLAND PINE HersBert L. Mason The pines of insular California have been little understood due largely to the inaccessability of some of their habitats. Because of the few collections and their wide dispersal throughout the herbaria of the world, the student of these plants has had in the past little material immediately at hand from which to obtain a correct concept of their range of variation and the limits of their distribution. There is little wonder then that many points of difference between two of these pines should have been overlooked for so long a time. In the early history of west American botanical collecting, Dr. Palmer collected a pine on Guadalupe Island, 200 miles off the coast of northern Baja California. This was sent to Dr. Engelmann who recognized it as a two needle form of the Monterey Pine. He called it Pinus insignis var. binata, with the cones of P. insignis but the leaves 1930] THE SANTA CRUZ ISLAND PINE 9 in pairs (1). As collections from the other islands came in, another pine was found which came to the hands of Lemmon. This came from Santa Cruz Island, 30 miles from the mainland of Alta Cali- fornia. His interpretation of Dr. Engelmann’s description led him to suppose that his plant was the same as Dr. Engelmann’s P. insignis var. binata. After adjusting the synonomy that existed in the nomen- clature of the Monterey Pine, Lemmon published the name P. radiata var. binata (Engelm.) Lemmon and included the Santa Cruz Island specimens in the geographic range of the variety (2, 3). Recently an opportunity was afforded the writer to visit the pine forests of Santa Cruz Island and to study in the field the habits and characters of the pines and to compare this material with specimens from the type locality of Palmer’s material. It was found that Dr. Engelmann’s description of P. insignis var. binata, though exceedingly brief, adequately described the specimens from Guadalupe Island but did not take care of the species with the smaller cone from Santa Cruz Island. This, it was found, in its aspect of growth and its manner of bearing cones, more closely resembled Pinus muricata Don than Pinus radiata Don, and it became evident that a new name was necessary to take care of this species. Recent studies in the Pleistocene paleobotany of California by Dr. R. W. Chaney and the writer have disclosed that this Santa Cruz Island pine has been distinct at least since early Pleistocene and is now a remnant of a past flora (4). Fossils have been found in the Pleisto- cene sediments along Willow Creek on Santa Cruz Island where the forest existed contemporaneously with the northern elephant on what is now Santa Cruz Island. In the asphalt deposits at Carpinteria on the mainland of California, other fossils of this species are found in asso- ciation with Pinus radiata Don and Pinus muricata Don. Evidence shows this forest to have sheltered the Dire Wolf (5). the last of the native North American horses and the giant condor, all of which are now extinct (5). Because this pine is clearly a relic of past times the name Pinus remorata is proposed for the species. Pinus remorata Mason, n. sp. (P. radiata var. binata Lemmon, in part, West American Cone-bearers 42, 1895.) Slender tree 10 to 20 m. high, maturing to a flat-topped crown; bark furrowed, trunk seldom over 2 to 3 dm. in diameter; foliage dark green, needles in fascicles of two, 2 mm. wide, 8 to 20 cm. long, resin ducts 6 to 12, large; sheath persistent, gray, 10 to 15 mm. long; cone ovate, almost sym- metrical, scarcely deflexed on the branches, borne in whorls of 1 to 7 and persistent for many years, 5 to 8 cm. long by 4 to 5 cm. wide, scales of ovulate catkins erect: umbos usually plane, cnly occasionally somewhat raised and rounded on one side of cone, each scale armed with a minute prickle, the prickle deciduous or sometimes persistent; seed black, somewhat ridged and muriculate, obliquely truncate above and with a rather stout wing. Santa Cruz Island, California: H. L. Mason no. 4096, type; R. W. Chaney, Oct. 14, 1928. Cedros Island, Baja California: Anthony in 1896, U. C. Herb. no. 118,960. 10 MADRONO AON The species as herein interpreted differs from Pinus radiata Don in that the needles are in fascicles of two instead of three. It has this character in common with P. radiata var. binata (Engelm.) Lemmon. However the needles are very much heavier than in either of these forms. There are also from 6 to 12 resin ducts to a leaf instead of the usual 2 in P. radiata. The cones are usually less than 8 cm. long instead of from 8 to 20 cm. They are almost symmetrical instead of strongly asymmetrical and stand almost at right angles to the branch instead of being closely reflexed. The umbos are plane or only slightly rounded instead of being strongly swollen. The tree however in its young stages, like young trees of P. muricata Don, resembles those of P. radiata very much. However the above points of difference clearly separate P. remorata from P. radiata. At the present time it is not asso- ciated with P. radiata but during the Pleistocene they grew together in the same forest. As pointed out above, the species resembles in its aspect Pinus muricata Don more closely than it does P. radiata Don. It may be readily distinguished however on the basis of the leaves being a darker green and larger. The scale-tips of the ovulate catkin are erect instead of reflexed. In mature cones the tips of the scales are plane or slightly rounded instead of being produced into a strongly recurved hook. The cones are almost at right angles to the branch and are not reflexed as in P. muricata. Ecologically these two species have been associated since early Pleistocene and have been clearly differentiated throughout this time. Associated with Pinus remorata on Santa Cruz Island is P. muricata Don, Quercus tomentella Engelm., Lyonothamnus floribundus Gray, Photinia arbutifolia Lindl., Vaccinium ovatum Pursh, Arctostaphylos insularis Greene, and Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper. It is of par- ticular interest to note that Photinia arbutifolia, Vaccinium ovatum, and Arctostaphylos columbiana are characteristically associated with Pinus muricata throughout its range. It would seem that this insular pine forest represents the typical pine forest of the coastal and insular region during Pleistocene time of what is now California. The major differences between this forest and the pine forests now remnant in discontinuous localities along the coast seem to be due to the invasion of more highly successful continental species. It is probable that P. remorata was not able to compete on the mainland so it disappeared. I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. R. W. Chaney of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and to Mr. F. F. Caire of Santa Cruz Island for their help in making this study possible. References (1) Engelmann, Bot. Cal. 2: 128, 1880. (2) Lemmon, Erythea 1: 224, 1893. (3) Lemmon, Handbook West American Cone-bearers, 42, 1895. (4) Chaney and Mason, Carnegie Inst. Pub. no. 415 (in press). (5S) Hoffman, Chaney and Mason, Miller, Stock, Science, new ser., 56? 155-1157, 1927. University of California, Berkeley. 1930] PLANTAE OCCIDENTALES 11 PLANTAE OCCIDENTALES.—I.* Joun Tuomas HoweE.i NoTEs ON CALOCHORTUS WEEDII VAR. VESTUS Purpy. In the hills on either side of the Santa Ana Canyon, Orange County, California, there grows a rather beautiful and unusual form of Calochortus weedii that has been identified as C. weedii var. vestus Purdy. Since this variety is known in the literature only from localities about one hundred miles to the northwest, the plant has been studied and the following notes have been written together with a description of the plant taken from the field records of the writer. Calochortus weedii var. vestus Purdy (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. 3, 2: 133, 1901) was described as a geographic form occurring in the vicinity of Santa Barbara but no specimen was cited as type and no station was named. As proposed in the type description, C. weedii var. vestus marked a transition in color, shape, and size of petals, as well as in geographic distribution, from C. weedi var. purpurascens Wats. (C. plummerae Greene) to C. weedii var. obispoensis Purdy (C. obis- poensis Lemmon). Compared with C. weedii var. purpurascens, var. vestus had petals “much more truncated and curiously fringed with brown hairs, while the color is reddish brown.” In the Flora of Calli- fornia (1: 298, 1922), Jepson identifies a collection made in the Ojai Valley, Ventura County by Olive Thacher (Herb. Jepson) as C. weedii var. vestus. Taking this collection as typical C. weedii var. vestus in the absence of further data, a comparison has shown that the plant from the Santa Ana Canyon region is the same. This occurrence of the variety in the area between the ranges of C. plummerae on the north and typical C. weedii on the south will perhaps further elucidate the relation of C. plummerae to C. weedii. It is probable that the variety is a genetic strain more closely related to C. plummerae and C. weedii than to C. obispoensis although more extended and detailed field studies on the many forms of these species are necessary before they can be satisfactorily treated in taxonomy. The following field notes on C. weedii var. vestus were taken from plants growing on sandstone outcrops in the southern Puente Hills, June 22, 1927 (J. T. Howell no. 2572) and on steep rocky slopes in Claymine Canyon, Santa Ana Mts., July 3, 1927 (J. T. Howell no. 2636) : Plants 1-3 ft. tall; basal leaf 1, nearly equalling to slightly exceed- ing the height of the plant; calyx yellow, tinted or finely mottled with purple, in the earlier flowers with a tuft of hairs at the base, in later flowers the hairs nearly or quite lacking; corolla-segments varying from nearly unmarked greenish-yellow to nearly solid purple, the intermediate color-forms with the upper margin of the petal purple passing by ever-thinning flecks and splashes of purple to yellowish base, the inner surface and erose margin of the corolla-segments con- spicuously long hairy, the hairs yellow with purple tips, arising from * All specimens cited in the following notes are deposited in the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences unless otherwise specified—J. T. Howe tt. i MADRONO [ Vol. 2 purple bases; gland-surface not hairy, the tips of the hairs around the gland approximate over it; gland forming a marked convexity on the outer surface. A YELLOW-FLOWERED SPECIES OF PurpusiA. The receipt of an ex- cellent flowering specimen of Purpusia from Mr. Frank W. Peirson collected in Arizona led to a study of the yellow-flowered form col- lected there on two earlier occasions by Miss Alice Eastwood and named by her in the herbarium, first as a variety of P. saxosa Bran- degee and later as a species. A comparison of these specimens with the type collection of P. saxosa (Sheep Mts., Nevada, Purpus in 1898; Herb. U. C.) showed the Arizona plant to be specifically distinct. Miss Eastwood has kindly permitted me to publish the description of the species at this time. Purpusia arizonica Eastwood, spec. nov. (P. saxosa var. flava Eastwood, in herb.) Stems 1-2 dm. tall, glandular-puberulent, arising from thickened caudex closely beset with old persistent leaf-bases; basal leaves odd-pinnate, glandular-hairy, 5-11 cm. long, with 3-5 pairs of leaflets; leaflets orbicular, 0.5-1 cm. long, palmately 5-10-lobed or -divided, the lobes oblong, obtuse, the lower leaflets petiolulate, the upper leaflets sessile; cauline leaves odd-pinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets, or simple and irregularly cleft or divided; stipules narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-8 mm. long, entire; inflorescence loosely cymose-paniculate, or racemose with solitary flowers in the axils of the lower cauline leaves; pedicels 1-3 cm. long; hypanthium campanu- late, 2-4 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at upper end, the length equalling the width; sepals 2-4 mm. long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate; petals 3-4 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, yellow; stamens 5, opposite the sepals; pis- tils 7; achenes 1 or 2, 2-2.5 mm. long, oblong-reniform, the sides longitudinally ribbed; receptacle 1.5 mm. long, one-half to nearly as long as the hypanthium, long-hairy, conical, obtuse. The following specimens, all from the Grand Canyon of the Colo- rado River, Arizona, have been examined and are in the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences: on the rim near Bright Angel, Eastwood no. 5662 (type, Herb. Cal. Acad. Sci. no. 75,599) ; edge of cliff at El Tovar, Eastwood no. 3778 (type of Purpusia saxosa var. flava Eastwood) ; growing along foot of cliff, Cliff Spring, 1 mile from Cape Royal, Peirson no. 7427. This species is established on excellent characters of the hypan- thium, achenes and receptacle. In P. saxosa the hypanthium is turbi- nate, the hypanthium-tube is constricted above the swollen, truncate base, and it is always longer than wide; in P. arizonica the hypanthium is truly campanulate, the tube is not constricted, the base is gradually rounded to the pedicel, and the length equals or is sometimes less than the width. The achenes of P. saxosa are smooth while in this species the sides of the achenes are longitudinally wrinkly-ribbed, the ribs con- verging on the inner angle. The remarkable, hairy receptacle which is so slender and long in P. saxosa, in P. arizonica is conic-columnar and shorter. In the former species the receptacle nearly equals or some- times even exceeds the hypanthium in length, while in the latter it varies 1930] PLANTAE OCCIDENTALES 13 from one-half to nearly as long as the hypanthium. And the yellow color of the petals in P. arizonica is an evident mark by which it can be readily distinguished from the white-flowered P. saxosa. From a consideration of these characters it appears that P. arizonica is the species nearer Potentilla than is P. saxosa. Purpusia, a genus evidently derived from the Potentilla plexus, differs from Potentilla in lacking bractlets on the hypanthium and in having a highly specialized receptacle. The characters of the corolla, hypanthium, and receptacle in Potentilla resemble more closely the yellow petals, the campanulate hypanthium, and the less elongated receptacle in P. arizonica than the characters of these same structures in P. saxosa. In the latter species, the white corolla, the turbinate hypanthium, and the elongated recep- tacle appear to be more highly modified and to indicate an evolutionary advance beyond P. arizonica. THe Fruit oF Dirca OCCIDENTALIS Gray. On the shaded, north- east slope of Grizzly Peak in the Berkeley Hills, California, Dirca occidentalis Gray was collected in fruit on June 15, 1930 (J. T. Howell no. 5302). A review of the literature relating to the plant disclosed the fact that the character of the mature fruit has hitherto been un- known. At maturity the fruit is a smooth-skinned, obliquely pear- shaped drupe with thin mesocarp and large, thin-shelled stone. In color it is a light yellowish-green. When it is ripe and while it is still green and moist, the fruit falls to the ground at the slightest touch, there drying and becoming light brown. At the time the collection was made some fruits still remained on the bushes but most of them had fallen and were in all stages of drying. OBSERVATIONS IN ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Those fortunate enough to ac- company the field excursion of the California Botanical Society to the Mt. St. Helena region, California, on March 23, 1930, were thrilled by a remarkable display of several species of Arctostaphylos at the height of bloom. The numerous shrubs laden with pink and white waxen flowers presented a truly glorious sight and in the presence of such a show it was difficult to refrain from remarking and believing that the manzanitas are surely to be counted among the loveliest of our native plants. On rocky slopes or in shallow soil overlaying the volcanic rocks of the region, five species were found growing together, A. manzanita Parry, A. stanfordiana Parry, A. elegans Jepson, A. canescens East- wood, and A. glandulosa Eastwood, while A. viscida Parry, a sixth species, was seen later in the day on the road to Middletown. Of all these species, A. elegans Jepson was by far the most inter- esting botanically, not only because it is one of the rarest of manza- nitas but because a description of flowering specimens has never been written. In the “Revision of California Species of the Genus Arcto- staphylos,” Jepson states that A. elegans “is still known only by the original collection” from Mt. Konocti, Lake County, in 1892 (Madrono 1: 80,—1922). However, the occurence of A. elegans on Mt. St. Helena has been known since September, 1918, when Alice Eastwood collected a suite of fruiting specimens (Eastwood nos. 7939, 7942, 7944, 7945, 7949, 7950). On May 9, 1923, on Mt. St. Helena, Miss 14 MADRONO ; [ Vol. 2, Eastwood collected the first flowering specimen (no. 11,764), as well as a specimen showing immature fruit (no. 11,760); and, in October, 1924, Mrs. B. R. Jackson made a collection of mature fruiting material on the mountain. No further collections were made until March, 1930, when two additional stations for A. elegans were found on the field excursion described above. One of these was in the Crater Country southeast of Mt. St. Helena, Napa County, where excellent flowering specimens were collected (J. T. Howell no. 4561), and the other was on the Adams Springs road, 4 miles northeast of Middletown, Lake County, where immature fruit was obtained (J. T. Howell no. 4567). In the flowering specimen the sepals were somewhat ciliate, the corolla was pale pink (not as deep as in A. stanfordiana), and the ovary was densely stipitate-glandular, the glands being red. The flower in shape, color, and aspect resembled the flower of A. manzanita rather than that of A. stanfordiana. On July 13, 1930, fruiting material from the plants in the Crater Country was obtained (J. T. Howell nos. 5354, 5359), and although the fruit was well formed the pulp was green and still moist. The surface of the fruits was glandular-viscid and dried corollas and stamens adhered in nearly every case. A second discovery on the earlier trip to the Crater Country was evidence of natural layering in four species, A. elegans, A. stanfordi- ana, A. manzanita, and A. viscida. In these species, branches which lie along the ground, root abundantly along the lower side where they are in contact with the ground. In several cases rejuvenation and in- creased girth was very decided in the stem above the layered part, in one the stem above the layered part having nearly two times the diam- eter of the stem below that part. In the erect forms, layering has only been reported in A. pungens H. B. K., a species closely related to the species named above (Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Cal., 747,—1925). Two PHaceLiAs NEW TO THE FLORA OF CALIFORNIA. PHACELIA PAUCIFLORA WarTs., Proc. Amer. Acad. 24: 61, 1889; Brand in Das Pflanzenreich IV. 251: 112,—1913. Heretofore known only from Lower California, this Phacelia has now been found in extreme south- ern California at the foot of the Mountain Spring Grade, San Diego County, where it was collected in April, 1922, by Mr. F. W. Peirson (Peirson no. 2862). Brand, loc. cit., accredits the plant to California —‘“Kalifornien: Berge an der Los Angeles Bai (nach Watson)”—but the Los Angeles Bay referred to is the type locality of the species and is in Lower California. The plants collected by Mr. Peirson agree with the descriptions by Watson and Brand in all but a few details. The plants of this collection are smaller and are more slender, the stems being not over 15 cm.. long, half as long as those described before. The sepals are not lanceolate as stated by Brand but are slender- oblanceolate and these definitely exceed the corolla by 1.5 to 2 mm. Of the 8 ovules found in each capsule probably only 4 seeds develop and mature. It has been pointed out by both Watson, loc. cit., and Brand, loc. cit., that this plant is very closely related to P. hispida Gray. Phacelia 1930] PLANTAE OCCIDENTALES 15 hispida is placed in section Euphacelia of the genus Phacelia, the sec- tion characterized by 4 ovules to each capsule. Phacelia pauciflora is definitely placed in the section Eutoca on the character of 8 ovules to each capsule. However it is believed that the close relation of P. pauci- flora to P. hispida as shown in characters of habit, foliage, and flower indicates that P. pauciflora is another species tending to break down the limits of these sections of Phacelia that are based solely on ovule number. PHACELIA IVESIANA TORR. VAR. GLANDULIFERA (PIPER) NELSON & MacpripeE, in Macbride, Contrib. Gray Herb. n. ser. no. 49: 40,—1917. (P. glandulifera Piper, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11: 472,—1906. P. ivesiana f. glandulifera (Piper) Brand, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 251: 126,—1913.) According to Macbride, loc. cit., this variety, which is distinguished from typical P. ivesiana by the glandular calyx and the longer corolla, is restricted to Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, while the typical form is found from Wyoming to California. The variety may now be reported from eastern California where it has been col- lected in the Panamint Range, J. T. Howell no. 4037. There the plants grow in shallow soil of a rocky slope near the summit of the ridge between Surprise and Hall cafions at an elevation of 8500 feet. This station lies just under the lower edge of the Boreal Zone or the Limber Pine Belt. The plant belongs perhaps to the desert Transition Zone, but in the Panamint Range this zone has but a wavering and uncertain existence, the Pifon Pine and Juniper Belt extending up to the lower edge of the Limber Pine Belt. It is of interest to note here that typical P. ivesiana, with non-glandular calyx and small corolla, was collected in the same region by Coville in the Lower Sonoran Zone (Larrea Belt) in Panamint Valley near the Hot Springs at an elevation of 1200 feet, a few miles westward from the place where the variety has been found. EUPATORIUM GLANDULOSUM H. B. K., ADVENTIVE. Most exotics in- troduced unbidden into our natural societies of native plants become at once vexing weeds without attraction. Eupatorium glandulosum H. B. K., which has become established at several stations in coastal central California and is not yet known in the floras of the region, is, on the cotnrary, a plant able to find a place in moist, brushy situations and to be equally attractive with its indigenous neighbors. At one station in a wet hollow on hills overlooking the Golden Gate from the north, this species simulates a native with its dense shrubby growth of three feet and its abundance of white bloom and green foliage (J. T. Howell no. 4293). Again, on the south slope of Strawberry Canyon, Berkeley Hills in a shaded thicket of Ribes glutinosum, Rubus parvi- florus, Rhus diversiloba, and Baccharis pilularis, the Eupatorium has been found, this time tall and slender in habit, half-supported by sur- rounding shrubs, and bearing its flower-clusters ten to twelve feet above the ground (J. T. Howell no. 4714). Big Sur, Monterey County, on the coastal slope of the Santa Lucia Range, is a third locality where this attractive Mexican species is adventive (Elsie Burnell in 1930). California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 16 MADRONO [Vol. 2 NOTES AND NEWS Dr. H. A. Spoehr has resigned his position as chairman of the Division of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington with headquarters at Stanford University, in order to join the Rockefeller Foundation as director of the natural science departments. He con- tinues his duties with the Carnegie Institution until September 1. At present, seven workers comprise the scientific staff at the Car- negie Laboratory on the Stanford University campus. Those engaged in researches on photosynthesis are Dr. H. A. Spoehr, Dr. James H. C. Smith, Dr. Harold Strain, and Harold W. Milner. The workers in experimental taxonomy are Dr. H. M. Hall, Dr. David D. Keck, and William M. Heusi. Among those who have recently been elected to membership in the Society are: Dr. D. H. Campbell, Stanford University; Miss M. E. Grinnell, Berkeley; Mrs. S. W. Hutchinson, Los Angeles; Mrs. M. Mc- Collum, Oakland; Miss Elsie Osgood, New Jersey; Mr. Eric Walther, San Francisco; Mr. Waldo E. Wood, Susanville. Volume I of “Madrono” was completed with the seventeenth issue which contained frontispiece, title page, and index. The volume is now available from the secretary of the Society at $5 per volume. A limited number of earlier issues, except number 6, are available at the cost of fifty cents each to members of the Society and others who wish to com- plete their sets. Dr. Elmer D. Merrill, who for the last six years was Dean of the College of Agriculture of the University of California, became Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden, Jan. 1, 1930. At Berkeley, the biological departments of the University of Cali- fornia now occupy the new Life Science Building, completed during the past spring. The entire Botany Department, including the herbar- ium and the department library, is now installed in the new building. “A Geographic and Taxonomic Study of the California Species of the Genus Ceanothus” by H. E. McMinn, which appeared in the fourth number of Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium, Stanford Univer- sity (June, 1930), is a synopsis of the genus as it occurs in California. The paper opens with a consideration of the origin and subsequent migration of the species and a discussion of criteria for limiting sec- tions and species. In “Some Undescribed Plants from the Pacific States” (loc. cit.) Elmer I. Applegate describes a new species of Mer- tensia and of Erythronium from Oregon and a’ new Erythronium, E. tuolumnense, from the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in Tuolumne County, California. We --- NUMBER 2 ‘ * "MADRONO- JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL ho SOCTEEY Contents Memoria Norte on Dr. Patrick B. KENNEDY, W. W. Mackie a - THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1930, John Thomas Howell | PLANTAR OCCIDENTALES.—II, John Thomas Howell . _ Two New CaLirorNia PLants, Herbert L. Mason . va _ NovTes AND NEWS f MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes on the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi- cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; and to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be espe- cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson, University of California Berkeley, California GeorceE J. PEIRCE, Joun Tuomas HoweEtt, | Stanford University California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, field- trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amongst the people of California. w Officers of the Society MGSO TAY i oe aN REN in eo Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford University. Furst \Vieb-F residents. cee Soe Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. | Second Vice-President.............. Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, Berkeley. Wweasurer cist Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford University. mecretary c.f Mr. J. T. Howell, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Annual Dinner Committee: Mr. H. L. Mason, Chairman, Prof. H. E. McMinn, Miss Lucile Roush. Program Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. Blake. The Annual Dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, Cali- fornia Botanical Society, Botany Building, University Campus, Berkeley, California. Back numbers of the Journal may be had from the Corresponding Secretary, Botany Building, Berkeley, California. Subscription price $2.50 per year. es MEMORIAL NOTE ON DR. P. B. KENNEDY Py MEMORIAL NOTE ON DR. PATRICK B. KENNEDY W. W. Mackie In the passing of Dr. P. B. Kennedy we have suffered the loss of a keen botanist and a genial companion and friend. His services as president of the California Botanical Society from 1915 to 1918 are gratefully remembered. Dr. Kennedy’s interests lay primarily in the field of botany but his application of botany to the service of agriculture makes it well nigh impossible to fill his place in agronomy. His keenest interest was the investigation of forage crops, especially the grasses and clovers. A new and extremely valuable work on native California clovers was left in almost completed manuscript form. When trials and irritations of the kind which follow us through life threatened to worry him, he would find solace and _ constructive interest in working with his grasses. The historic relations which exist between the progress of humanity and the economic resources of the family Gramineae appeared to catch his unflagging imagina- tion and interest and gave a depth to his vision which carried him through many trials. With all his work and heavy burdens he maintained a cheerful and happy personality. He worked hard and he played hard. No longer will his hearty companionate laugh cheer us over our dark days. We shall greatly miss him. THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1930 The annual dinner of the California Botanical. Society was held at the University of California, Berkeley, on Mar. 15, 1930. In the afternoon at 2:30 in Room 212 Wheeler Hall, a scientific program was presented as a symposium on “The Phylogeny of Flowering Plants”, and the speakers, representing several aspects of Systematic Botany, discussed contributions to phylogenetic matters from their particular fields. Prof. George J. Peirce, President of the Society and Professor of Botany, Stanford University, was chairman of the meeting. Mr. H. L. Mason, Department of Botany, University of California, told of evidences of descent from studies m Paleobotany, using as examples the researches in the fossil record of western North America. An outline of contributions to our understanding of plant relationship from the fields of Genetics and Ecology, and an account of his work in Experimental Taxonomy were given by Dr. H. M. Hall, Division of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Dr. D. H. Campbell, Professor-emeritus of Botany, Stanford University, discussed the origin and distribution of flowering plants. The pres- ent distribution of specialized groups of plants in the southern hemi- MaproNno, vol. 2, pp. 17-24. March 14, 1931. 18 MADRONO [ Vol. Pe sphere and their probable origin was outlined by Dr. W. A. Setchell, Professor of Botany, University of California. At 6:30 p. m. about seventy members of the Society and their friends met at dinner in the club rooms of the Stephens Union, Uni- versity of California. Dr. George J. Peirce, President of the Society, presided as toastmaster. During the dinner all paused and listened in reverent quiet to the words of memorial spoken by Dr. W. W. Mackie for Dr. P. B. Kennedy, past-President and ever-faithful mem- ber of the Society. Prof. H. E. McMinn, First Vice-President of the Society and Professor of Botany, Mills College, remarked on the use of native plants for crnamental growing and announced the distri- bution of a list of selected native plants suitable for culture. Dur- ing the dinner several enjoyable vocal and instrumental numbers were presented under the direction of Mr. W. W. Carruth, well known musician of the Society. On conclusion of the dinner the principal speaker of the evening, Dr. E. P. Meinecke, Principal Pathologist, Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A., was intro- duced and told of the injury being incurred by the redwood with the increase in tourist travel and the efforts of the Forest Service, both state and national, to prevent it. Thereafter the meeting adjourned and a short period was passed visiting with friends and speaking with Dr. Meinecke or Dr. Peirce. The proceedings of the day were arranged under the chairmanship of Mr. H. L. Mason.—JoHn THomas HoweELt. PLANTAE OCCIDENTALES.—II.* Joun THomas HOWELL A Maroon WALLFLOWER. In May just passed there was collected from grassy meadows of the southern Sierra Nevada at Glenville a beautiful and noteworthy form of Erysimum asperum DC. Taller than most forms of the species and distinguished by a large orange- yellow flower turning soon to rich tones of reddish-brown, the plant was noted at once as a marked variant within the file of our western wallflowers. And more recently, the pubescence, which is nearly scabrous to touch, has been found to be more finely stellate than the pubescence of any form yet known in E. asperum. Though the hairs on the stem of the plant are generally 2- or 3-parted, the hairs of the leaves, pedicels, sepals, petals and siliques are almost uni- formly 3- to 6-parted. This variant is here named and described. Erysimum asperum var. stellatum J. T. Howell, var. nov. Root biennial; stem 8.5 dm. tall, harshly pubescent with branched hairs; leaves repand-dentate, oblong-oblanceolate, narrowed below to a slender petiole or the uppermost nearly sessile, scaberulose, the hairs stellate-parted; flowers large, mostly over 1.5 cm. long; petals orange, soon becoming reddish-brown or maroon, markedly stellate-puberu- *All specimens cited herein are in the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences unless otherwise indicated.—J.T.H. 1931] PLANTAE OCCIDENTALES 19 lent on the claw and on the lower side of the blade just above the claw; siliques to 10 cm. long, quadrangular, ascending, very shortly beaked. Glenville, western foothills of the Greenhorn Range, Kern Co., J. T. Howell no. 5153 (Herb. Cal. Acad. Sci. no. 178506, type) ; Greenhorn Range, Kern Co., Weston no. 114; Big Sandy Creek. Fresno Co., McDonald in 1915 (approaching the usual Sierran foothill form of E. asperum in flower-color). Two LiItTLE-KNowN EupHorsiaAs. From the numerous collections of prostrate desert Euphorbias made by the writer in the past several years two have been found that are marked by unusual characters of structure and appearance so that it seems appropriate to describe their occurrence in these notes. The two collections are referred to species described by Millspaugh and though authentic material has not been available for comparison, the specimens so closely agree with the detailed original descriptions that the determinations are believed to be nearly if not quite correct. EUPHORBIA VALLIS-MORTAE (Mitusp.) J. T. Howell, comb. nov. (Chamaesyce vallis-mortae Millsp., Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 2: 403, 1916.) This inappropriately named species was described from a specimen collected on the Death Valley Expedition by Coville and Funston (no. 1008), not in Death Valley, but between Mojave and Keeler at an altitude of 750 meters. In the same region the speci- men on which these studies are founded was collected: mud hills | mile north of Ricardo, Red Rock Canyon region, Kern Co., J. T. Howell no. 4973. Millspaugh places this distinctive plant “near Chamaesyce tonsita Millsp.” (E. polycarpa hirtella Boiss.) but from that form and from the other prostrate Euphorbias of southern Cali- fornia E. vallis-mortae is readily distinguished by the velvety pube- scence, the larger leaves, and the bristly-margined, crenulate-denti- culate gland-appendages. In aspect and vesture it resembles E. leu- cophylla Benth. which is typical at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. oF EUPHORBIA PSEUDOSERPYLLIFOLIA Mruusp., Pitt. 2: S87 (1890). (Chamaesyce pseudoserpyllifolia Millsp., Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 2: 411, 1916). This plant closely resembles E. polyearpa in habit and it was believed to be just another variant of that species when it was found growing with E. polycarpa hirtella Boiss. in dry silty soil near Palm Wash, west side of the Colorado Desert, San Diego Co., California (J. T. Howell no. 3488). The plant, however, is more nearly related to E. ocellata D. & H. as is evident in the pezizoid, substipitate, red and yellow glands of the involucres. From that species FE. pseudoserpyllifolia is marked by the ovate-oblong, nearly symmetrical leaves; the red, turbinate involucres: the very short, sparsely comose-ciliate involucral lobes; and the “elongated, quad- rangular, pointed, very slightly rugose” seeds. From E. arenicola Parish, the Mojavan aspect of E. ocellata, E. pseudoserpyllifolia differs 20 MADRONO [Vol. 2 by the same characters which distinguish it from E. ocellata. The specimen cited above agrees with the description of the type speci- men collected in the valley of the Gila River, Arizona, by P. F. Mohr in 1873, except that in the Californian material the stipules are not hairy and the stigmas are clavate rather than capitate. EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPIA L. A widespread weed in eastern United States, this European plant has been collected and reported a pest in fields at Elk, Mendocino Co. (Myszka in 1930). The occurrence of this species has been reported in Oregon (Britton and Brown, Illu- strated Flora, ed. 2, 2: 473). LYTHRUM TRIBRACTEATUM SALZM. (L. bibracteatum Salzm., in Boiss., Fl. Orient. 2: 740). In the vicinity of Elmira, Solano Co., the beds of summer-dried rain-pools are enlivened with brightly flowered mats of this annual which is adventive from lands around the Mediterranean Sea (J. T. Howell no. 5208). While growing it is readily distinguished from the indigenous species of Lythrum in California by the foliose, prostrate stems and by the numerous small but attractive rose flowers. Technically it differs from our western species in the very short calyx-teeth and appendages and in the unequal insertion of the included stamens. The relatively con- spicuous foliaceous bracts subtending the flowers would place the Elmira plant as var. candollea Koehne (Das Pflanzenreich, IV. 216: 64, 1903). POGOGYNE IN SOUTHERN OREGON. One of the genera most typical of the Californian floral province is Pogogyne, the species of which so frequently empurple the summer-dried flats of vernal pools and low valley lands. In July, 1887, one of the species of this genus was collected in southern Oregon at Central Point, Jackson County, by Thomas Howell, admirable botanist of Portland, Oregon. Due to the late season in which the collection was made, all the corollas were withered and appeared shrivelled. It is probable that, because of this, the plant was determined and distributed by Howell as P. douglasii Benth. and the occurrence of that species in Oregon was reported in his “Flora of Northwest America” (551, 1903)iein recent studies in the genus Pogogyne the plant from southern Oregon is found to be P. zizyphoroides Benth., a species distinguished from P. douglasii by smaller corolla and by two fertile stamens instead of four. The two following collections have been examined: Cen- tral Point, Jackson Co., Howell no. 777 in 1887; road to Gold Hill, Sam’s Valley Desert, Jackson Co., Henderson nos. 12383 and 12400 in 1930. In California, P. zizyphoroides is not infrequent in clay soil of shallow depressions from the central San Joaquin Valley to the northern Sacramento Valley. Lactuca saLticnaA L. In central California the Willow Lettuce | has become a widely dispersed weed growing along roads and in. 1931] PLANTAE OCCIDENTALES 21 waste places. Originating in the Mediterranean region and in cen- tral western Europe, the plant thrives in its adopted home and blos- soms and fruits during the dry season. In habit this species is markedly different from all other lettuces growing in California, the stems being several from the base and bearing above a distinctly virgate inflorescence. The heads are glomerate-congested on very short axillary branchlets and these are arranged in a subspicate man- ner along the stems. The following Californian specimens indicate the wide distribution of this species: a common field weed, Kelsey- ville, Lake Co., Blankinship in 1928; 4 miles west of Rio Vista Junction, Solano Co., J. T. Howell no. 5535; Strawberry Canyon, Berkeley Hills, Alameda Co., J. T. Howell no. 5712; hills above Mill- brae, San Mateo Co., J. T. Howell no. 5711. GRINDELIA PROCERA GREENE, Manual of Bay Region Bot. 172 (1894). The identity of this species, first collected from “bottom lands of the lower San Joaquin, in places inundated in spring and early summer’, has been obscured for many years and authentic ma- terial in herbaria has been scant or none. ‘Tall and erect of habit and crowned by a broad panicle of numerous yellow-flowered heads, this Grindelia is one of the most attractive of our Californian species. The pale-barked stems which rise anew each season are several from the base of the plant and are generally unbranched for over half their length. The broadly sessile leaves are not so leathery as those of G. cuneifolia, nor are they so glutinous as those of G. camporum. The involucres are low and broad, and the short bracts are either erect or slightly squarrose near the tip. The rays are oblanceolate and vary in number from 33 to 44, about two times the number found in topotypical G. camporum. The small ribbed achenes are only about 2 mm. long and the obliquely toothed crown, so frequent in other Californian species, is nearly obsolete. Although G. procera reaches its highest development on the rich delta and bottom lands of the lower San Joaquin River, the species has been collected in excellent form in the sandy loam of the San Joaquin Valley near Modesto and in clay soil on the east slope of the Oakland Hills where it is perhaps a recent introduction. During the past winter plants of both G. procera and G. camporum were raised from seed in the clay soil of the Botanical Garden of the Uni- versity of California. Both species produced robust plants, G. pro- cera attaining a height of about 20 dm. The very different develop- mental stages exhibited by the two plants were especially striking. The seedling plant of G. camporum produced a many-leaved rosette that lasted until late spring, a terminal shoot and axillary branches then developing together. The seedling of G. procera produced few basal leaves, scarcely to be called a rosette, and at an early date sent upward a solitary terminal shoot, the basal branches not de- veloping until later. The following collections of G. procera are in the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences: Porterville, Tulare Co., Kelly 22, MADRONO [ Vol. iD, in 1921; near Modesto, Stanislaus Co., J. T. Howell 4351; 1 mile west of San Joaquin River Bridge near Tracy, San Joaquin Co., J. T. Howell 5550; low delta lands 1 mile west of Holt, San Joaquin Co., J. .T. Howell 5511; Oakland Hills near Oak Spring, Contra Costa Co., J. T. Howell 5486; Botanical Garden, University of California, J. T. Howell, May 27, 1930 (seedling), Sept. 21, 1930 (flowers), and Nov. 19, 1930 (fruit). A New CALirorniaAN GRINDELIA. Grindelia bracteosa J. T. Howell, spec. nov. Stems one to several from the crown of the stout perennial tap-root, 6 dm. tall, erect, glabrous, yellow to pale brown; basal leaves not known; cauline leaves 2-6 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. wide, lanceolate to oblong and broadly oblanceolate, sessile by broad slightly decurrent base, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, the teeth and acute apex mucronulate, the margin with numerous short scabrous hairs or some- times these scattered over the surface of the leaf, both surfaces with numerous punctate glands; heads paniculately arranged, solitary at ends of stems or branchlets, 1-2.5 cm. broad, 0.8-1.5 cm. high, fre- quently subtended by leafy bracts; involucral bracts very numerous in closely imbricated ranks, punctate glandular, attenuate into a closely recurved tip; flowers all disk-flowers or rarely 1 or few minute ray- flowers; ray-flowers when present scarcely equalling the disk, 6 mm. or less long, 3-toothed or entire at apex; disk-flowers 5-6 mm. long; pappus-awns 2-4, 4.5 mm. long; achenes 4-5.5 mm. long, obliquely toothed at the summit, the teeth irregular and disposed in two sets. Specimens examined: north side of Santa Ana Canyon, Orange County, at 600 feet, J. T. Howell no. 2786 (type, Cal. Acad. Herb. no. 171,694.) ; near Aliso Canyon, southern Puente Hills, San Bernardino County, E. R. Johnson, June 8, 1928. Occasional on open grassy hills and mesas in heavy clay soil, this plant occurs with such other summer-blooming perennials of similar habitat as Cucurbita foetidissima H. B. K., Asclepias eriocarpa Benth., and Malacothrix saxatilis T. & G., and such annuals as Trichostema lanceolatum Benth. and Stephanomeria virgata Benth. It appears to be most closely related to the maritime species, Grindelia robusta Nutt., from which it may be distinguished by the complete or nearly complete _ supression of the ray-corollas and the more numerous and closely imbricated involucral bracts. It differs from the other species of Grin- delia occurring in southern California, G. camporum Greene, in the discoid heads, the frequently leafy-bracted heads, and the size of leaves and involucres. Grindelia bracteosa is not a close relative of the eradi- ate species of Arizona and New Mexico, G. aphanactis Rydb. In that species the heads are smaller, the involucral bracts are fewer, and the achenes are shorter, turgid, and truncate, all of which characters set it distinctly apart from the present species. In a recent account of the flora of the Santa Ana Canyon region (Madrono 1: 247,—1929), G. bracteosa was listed as “Grindelia camporum var.” CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L. Sometimes cultivated for its attrac- 1931] TWO NEW CALIFORNIA PLANTS 23 tive saffron flowers and more especially for dyestuffs, this plant has been reported as a weed in fields at Bethany, San Joaquin Co., (Keithly in 1930). The plant is native to those parts of Asia and Africa bordering the Mediterranean Sea. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. TWO NEW CALIFORNIA PLANTS Hersert L. Mason Linanthus peirsoni Mason, n. sp. Annual; stems many from the base, sparingly branched, wiry and filiform; leaves very minute, 1-3 mm. long, opposite, entire or palmately 3-lobed; inflorescence some- what glomerate, the flowers sessile but appearing to be on slender pedicels because of the minuteness of the bracts; calyx deeply cleft, the lobes membranous-winged to the tip, ovate-lanceolate, sparsely ciliate within at the tip, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, not exceeding the tube of the corolla; corolla 10-15 mm. long, rose-purple, throat golden- yellow below with a dark purple spot at the base of each petal; petals broadly ovate, somewhat truncate at the tip, margins erose to obscurely denticulate; stamens inserted near the base of the throat, equal in length, one-third the length of the corolla, filaments glabrous, anthers oval; pistils twice as long as the calyx, capsule slightly exceeding the calyx. Southern San Diego County, California, to northern Lower Cali- fornia: on sandy terrain, 14 miles southeast of Tecate, Lower Califor- nia, Frank W. Peirson 5844 type. The above species is closely related to Linanthus dianthiflorus (Benth.) Greene, but is readily distinguished by the glabrous filaments and the very minute leaves as well as by the sessile flowers. UTRICULARIA GIBBA L. Material of this species has recently been found in marshes on the delta of the San Joaquin River, near Holt, San Joaquin County, and is an interesting addition to the California flora. The plants do not differ in any appreciable way from those so common east of the Mississippi River. This species differs from the other California species in that the leaf segments are very few and often root-like, the flowers are only about one-half as large as those of the other California species, and the fruiting pedicels are erect. Collections: Holt, San Joaquin County, H. L. Mason no. 5420 (Herb. H. L. Mason); Holt, San Joaquin County, J. T. Howell no. 4411 (Herb. Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; Bogg’s Lake, Mt. Hannah, el. 2500 ft., Lake County, J. W. Blankinship in 1928 (Herb. Cal. Acad. Sci.). University of California, Berkeley. NOTES AND NEWS Dr. Carl B. Wolf who was on the Botany Department staff at Stanford University last year became resident botanist at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Orange Co. on September 1, 1930. From 24 MADRONO ‘[Vol. 2 June, 1927, until March, 1929, the position was held by Mr. J. T. Howell who is now Assistant in Botany at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. “Contributions to Western Botany, Number 16” was issued by Marcus E. Jones at Claremont, California, on Feb. 17, 1930. It consists of fifty-three pages of field notes, descriptions of new plants, and botanical observations. On Sept. 3, 1930, number 17 of M. E. Jones’ “Contributions to Western Botany” (pp. 1-31) was published giving the results of his field work during the preceding half-year as well as biographical sketches of Dr. George Engelmann and C. C. Parry, and numerous plant notes. | Dr. Eileen W. Erlanson outlines the results of “Field Observa- tions on the Wild Roses of the Western United States” in “Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science and Letters,’ 11: 117—135,— 1930. Much of the study treats with Californian species. The following botanists from California attended the Fifth In- ternational Botanical Congress at Cambridge, England, in August, 1930: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. T. H. Goodspeed and Prof. E. B. Bab- cock from the University of California, Berkeley; Miss Alice East- wood, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Dr. D. H. Campbell, Stanford University; Dr. O. L. Sponsler, Dr. C. C. Epling and Dr. F. Murray Scott of the University of California at Los An- — geles; Dr. Herman Knoche and Dr. C. P. Smith, San Jose; Mr. Rimo Bacigalupi, Cambridge, Mass. Picea engelmannii Engelm. was found September 3, 1930, at 3500 ft. altitude on French Creek, tributary to Scott Valley, by B. C. Goldsmith of the United States Forest Service. Mr. Goldsmith re- ports a single small tree, twenty feet high with a trunk ten inches in diameter; but probably other trees will be found as intimated by the discoverer. This is the second known station for this spruce in California. (Cf. Madrofo 1: 116.) The Rountrees of Carmel, California, have issued an excellent, well printed list of “California Wild Flower Seeds”. The statement is made that no native plants or bulbs are offered for sale which are collected from native stands, an example in the way of conser- vation of the native flora which should be more widely followed than it is at present.—E.sir M. ZEILE. A “Moss Flora of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho” by George Neville Jones appeared in January (Research Studies of the State College of Washington 1: 113—192, 1930). The sys- tematic part is preceded by notes on habitats, zonal distribution and collectors in the region. a | Pais lt ~MADRONO ¥ JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY vg Contents THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA.—VII, Willis Linn Jepson FOUR AND FIVE-LEAVED CLUSTERS IN MONTEREY WINE, Merdunand, W.. Faasis: ie el ia GP -BiocRAPHICAL Notice oF Ipa May BLOCHMAN, Ethel K. Crum PRUDNUR ENTREES eri coks ye a OU ire Boe ata s Norges aND News September, 1931 CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY : The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, field- " trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flera amongst : the people of California. The Annual Dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, Cali- fornia Botanical Society, Botany Building, University Campus, Berkeley, California. Back numbers of the Journal may be had from the Corresponding Secretary, Botany Building, Berkeley, California. Subscription price $2.50 per year. Officers of the Society PRES ETIG er ANE MT re Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford University. Farst *Vice-Presid emt.cc.o2-222.2-o.ceccenesennvce dan onsen Professor H. E, McMinn, Mills College. Second Vice-President.............. Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, Berkeley. Freasurerss: 05s Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford University. Secrebary.t-c02s.. Mr. J. T. Howell, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Program Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. Mason, ~ ; Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. Blake. MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes on : the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi- cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; and to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be espe- cially welcome. Publication Committee © W. L. Jepson, Joun Tuomas Howe Lt, University of California California Academy of Berkeley, California Sciences, San Francisco Grorce J. Peirce, EtHet K. Crum, Stanford University University of California 1931] CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL EXPLORERS 25 THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA.—VII. Wits Linn JEPSON Joseph Cook Nevin About a half century ago J. C. Nevin discovered in the Tujunga Wash on the east side of the San Fernando Valley near Los Angeles a remarkable shrub. He sent material of it to Asa Gray who pub- lished it as new in the Synoptical Flora of North America (1°:69) under the name Berberis Nevinii. It is, doubtless, the rarest of all Californian shrubs as to number of individuals, and is today known from only two restricted stations, the one named above, the other being in the Arroyo Seco on the way to Devil’s Gate where it was found by Frank W. Peirson. Nevin spent his early life near Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where he was born January 6, 1835. Edu- cated to be a missionary, he was sent to China in 1859 where he re- mained for seventeen years, be- came a scholarly Chinese linguist and translated portions of the Bible into Chinese. These trans- lations are still in use. In 1878 he returned to the United States and took up his residence in Los Angeles. It is said that he turned to botany as a relief from the strain imposed by the intense study of the Chinese language. At any rate his activity attracted the attention of botanists and here in Los Angeles he was visited by Asa Gray and C. C. Parry. Among his botanical associates in Southern California were S. B. Parish, Daniel Cleveland and Anstruther David- son. With his fellow townsman, W. S. Lyon, discoverer of the re- markable Catalina Ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus Gray), he became fast friends and together they made an excursion to San Clemente Island on which they spent four days in April, 1885, the first time it had been visited by botanists. Lyon and his companion were much excited over their finds on this unexplored island in the sea and Lyon, in high elation with their discoveries, wrote to E. L. Greene, “Nevin and I hot from Clemente” (Botanical Letters of Other Days, 101, 140. ms.). One of their new plants was named by Asa (About 1912) JosEPpH Cook NEvVIN Maprono, vol. 2, pp. 25-32. Oct. 3, 1931. 26 MADRONO [Vol. 2 Gray as Eriophyllum Nevinii, the foliage of which, says Mrs. Blanche Trask,” who studied it on Santa Catalina Island at a later date, gleams like frost work on the cliff-sides. Another discovery on San Clemente was Gilia Nevinii Gray. From 1878 until his death on May 14, 1913, Dr. Nevin was a resi- dent of Los Angeles and continued to collect new and notable plants, mostly very narrow endemics. Near the Hot Springs at San Juan Capistrano he gathered in October, 1881, a peculiar crassulaceous plant which Sereno Watson named Cotyledon viscida (Proc. Am. Acad. 17:372), and in the Santa Clara River Valley at Newhall he fell in with another striking species, to be called Brickellia Nevinii by Gray. The language acquirements of Dr. Nevin should be noted. A eraduate of Jefferson College at Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1854 and of the Allegheny Seminary in 1858, he knew Hebrew, Greek. and Latin and possessed a fair reading knowledge of German, French and Spanish. He himself felt that if he had any strong natural apti- tude it was for mathematics. On account of his linquistic attainments Westminster College in western Pennsylvania conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws about 1895. It was in about this same year that he presented to that institution his library and his herbarium of about two thousand specimens. [For further details of his life see The United Presbyterian for July 24, 1913 and a biographical sketch by Fordyce Grinnell in the Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 12, pp. 42-43,—1913. The portrait in this issue of Madrofio was taken at his home in Los Angeles about 1912. | William Hillman Shockley On the northeastern borders of Inyo County and_ southeastern Mono County, California, lies a desert range known as the White Mountains. It is a typical Great Basin or desert range and hence much like the north and south ranges in Nevada topographically. The culminating point in the range, White Mountain Peak, is the third highest point in California, so that in spite of a distant appear- ance of barrenness and monotony, the White Mountains have great interest in their native vegetation. The first botanical explorer to collect in them was William Hillman Shockley, a mining engineer, one of whose hobbies was botany. He resided at Candelaria, Nevada, from 1880 to 1893, and during this time made a number of excursions into the high parts of the White Mountains, as well as making many other collecting trips in western Nevada. Duplicates of his speci- mens were sent to the Gray Herbarium and a number of new species described from them. He discovered near Candelaria a new Com- posite which Asa Gray published as Acamptopappus Shockleyi (Proc. * Erythea 7:139. 1931] CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL EXPLORERS 27 Am. Acad. 17:208). Sereno Watson named as new Lupinus Shockleyi (Proc. Am. Acad. 22:470), which Shockley collected at Soda Springs, Esmeralda County, and Ivesia Shockleyi (Potentilla Shockleyi) which he found at 13,000 feet, in the White Mountains. His collections, while not extremely extensive, were substantial and furnished many new facts regarding occur- rence and distribution of species in the region. His herbarium is now at Berkeley. W. H. Shockley was born at New Bedford, Massachusetts, September 18, 1855. He came of a sea-faring race, captains of whaling ships and the like, and traced back his ancestry to John Alden of the ship Mayflower. From such ancestors he may have obtained the lust of the Romany patteran, for, following his gradu- ation from the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology in 1875, he traveled over the earth in all con- tinents and many lands in his capacity as a mining engineer. One of his colleagues in the In- stitute of Mining Engineers, H. Foster Bain, writes of him as one Wittiam HILLMAN SHOCKLEY who, “while pioneering the West and carrying modern science down into the underground workings, found time to enjoy life and to think of other things than drills and stamp mills. Shockley was known to many of our members only as a persistent advocate of spelling reform; to others he stood as the explorer, familiar with all the odd corners of the world; to still others he was the careful accurate engineer; to those most fortunate he was known as the delightful companion familiar with the best in art, music and literature, a man with a rich mind well stocked by reading and wide experience, and as one of broad intelligent human interest.” In 1908 he married May Bradford, who testifies to his abiding interest in plants. “He was never separated from a botany press”, she writes, and adds, “before we were married, when I traveled, some kind gentleman was always quite anxious to help me with the single suit-case I carried, but on my first journey with Mr. Shockley, not only did I have to carry my own suit-case but also the botany “jigger’, for he always went equipped with his typewriter and four bags con- taining, among other things, dictionaries and books in Russian and Chinese, which he studied daily.” It is interesting to note that he 28 MADRONO [ Vol. Zz kept a diary in which he made daily entries for a period of about fifty years. The Shockleys went to Palo Alto to live in 1913, but later re- moved to Los Angeles where Mr. Shockley died May 26, 1925eetick, biographies in “Fneineering and Mining Journal”, Aug. 14, 1920, p. 313, and “Engineering and Mining Journal-Press”, vol. TH. p. 1024, June 20, 1925.] Charles Austin Stivers Probably. no two independent workers in botany would be likely to agree upon the specific limitations of any Californian species of Lupinus and their various forms with the exception of one species. That exception is Lupinus Stiversi, an an- nual of the higher foothills of the Sierra Nevada. With yellow banner and rose-pink wings it is a most beautiful species which is never mis- taken by even the novice, nor confused with any other member of the genus. It was discovered by Lieutenant Charles Austin Stivers, U. S. A., at Summit Meadow on the Mariposa trail to Yosemite in or about the year 1862, and was named in his honor by Dr. Albert Kellogg (Proc. Cal. Acad. 2:192,—1862). Of Lieu- tenant Stivers little is known. He held the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and was at one time especially interested in the study of the marine algae. His name is mentioned occasionally in the pages of early proceedings of the Cal. Acad. Sci. CHARLES AUSTIN STIVERS Lucia A. Summers For the first considerable plant collections made in San Luis Obispo County we are indebted to Lucia A. Summers. She was a native of Boston, Massachusetts, and married the Rev. R. W. Summers, an Episcopal clergyman, who was something of an ethnologist. They 1931] MONTEREY PINE 29 lived in Oregon and Washington and finally from 188] to 1898 in San Luis Obispo town, where Mr. Summers was rector of St. Stephens church. Here in this place they developed about their home a fine garden which was visited by many persons. Mrs. Summers collected the native plants of the region, especially around San Luis Obispo and Santa Margarita, and thus built up a local herbarium. Some interested person drew the attention of regent Phoebe Hearst of the University of California to the value of her herbarium, whereupon Mrs. Hearst purchased the collection and presented it to the Uni- versity of California Herbarium. The specimens have in consequence often been cited in publications. Mrs. Summers, aged fifty-nine years, died at Santa Cruz, Decem- ber 27, 1898, surviving her husband only six months. During the period of her residence in San Luis Obispo she taught botany to the young people, and both she and her husband are still remembered as talented and cultured. One of her pupils, Mrs. Georgiana Parks Ballard, a charming woman of Paso Robles, has carried on amongst the people the work of preserving in the county an interest in the native plants. For most of the facts concerning Mrs. Summers I am indebted to Miss Ramona Reed of San Luis Obispo. FOUR- AND FIVE-LEAVED CLUSTERS IN MONTEREY PINE FERDINAND W. HAAsis In the course of examinations in the fall of 1930 of the needles of a Monterey pine (Pinus radiata Don) standing on the grounds of the Coastal Laboratory at Carmel, California, it was observed that a few of the leaves were in fascicles of 4 instead of the customary 3 or rarer 2. Four such fascicles were noted, all situated near the end of the 1929 growth on the main stem about 2.5 m above the ground. None were observed on the 6 branches of the whorl at the base of this internode. Further observation disclosed the fact that 4-leaved fascicles were not uncommon on the trees in this vicinity, although they were not found on all of the trees examined. While 4-leaved fascicles were not seen on six somewhat smaller trees within a radius of 10 meters of the tree where the occurrence was first ob- served, yet altogether 9 different trees were noted with needles in 4’s, these trees being separated from one another by a maximum dis- tance of 46 meters. The occurrence of 4-leaved fascicles in these trees is not restricted to any one calendar year, having been observed on various indi- viduals on the growth of the years 1925, 1927, 1929, and 1930. Most of such clusters, however, were found on the 1929 internodes, with a considerable number on the 1925 growth in the case of the one tree where such old leaves were found persisting. In addition to these 4-leaved clusters, a few 5-leaved fascicles were also seen, mostly on the 1925 growth of the tree just mentioned. Although the greater number of the 4-leaved clusters were noted on the main stem, sometimes on vigorously growing trees, but at other times on overtopped trees, yet in a few cases they were observed also on lateral branches. Three-leaved clusters are apparently com- moner on the Coastal Laboratory grounds than 2-leaved and, indeed, from the observations made, it seems that 4-leaved clusters are more numerous here than 2-leaved. In the case of one 1.4-m tree needles were found in clusters of 3, of 4, and of 5, and in addition there were a few isolated long leaves of the primary type. The occurrence of 4-leaved or 5-leaved fascicles in Monterey pine is not mentioned as a possibility by Sudworth,’ Jepson, Sargent,’ or Abrams,’ although 4-leaved clusters are not unknown in other Amer- ican species of the genus, and are in some cases normal. Five-leaved clusters, also, have been reported for one or two pitch pine species. Sudworth, for example, mentions 4- and 5-needled clusters in Pinus ponderosa Laws., which usually has 3- or (according to Sargent) sometimes 2-needled clusters. It appears that the occurrence of 4- and 5-leaved fascicles has not been previously reported for Monterey pine. And furthermore, 4-leaved clusters seem to be relatively rare among the pines of the United States. From the fact. however, that such a condition has been observed in the case of another normally 3- and 2-needled pine it is not entirely surprising that it should be found in this species. Still, it is to be borne in mind that the range of P. ponderosa is far more extensive than that of P. radiata and greater variation would accordingly be expected in the former species. Carnegie Institute of Washington, September 4, 1931. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF IDA MAY BLOCHMAN EruHeL, Kk. Crum Ida May Twitchell was born April 11, 1854 at Bangor, Maine. She resided in Iowa from 1857 to 1880, and in 1878 graduated with high honors from the State College at Ames. In 1880 she removed to Santa Maria, California, where she taught first in the elementary schools, later, from 1896 to 1909 in the Santa Maria Union High School. Her marriage to Lazar EF. Blochman took place at Santa Maria in 1888. Mrs. Blochman’s death occurred August 1, 1931 at Berkeley of which she had been a resident since 1909. For botany, which was her favorite subject at college, Mrs. Bloch- man retained a keen and life-long interest. In 1893 she sent a series of articles on the native economic plants to Erythea which the youth- ful editor captioned under the title “California Herb Lore.” Another series on “The Wild Flowers of California” appeared in 1896 in “El *Sudworth, G. B. Forest trees of the Pacific Slope. U. S. Dept. of Agr. Forest Service. 1908. * Jepson, W. L. Silva of California. Memoirs of the Univ. of California, vol. 2, 1910; ibid. Manual of the flowering plants of California. Berkeley, Calif. 1923, 1925. * Sargent, C. S. Manual of the trees of North America. Boston, Mass. 1922. *Abrams, L. Illustrated flora of the Pacific States, vol. 1, 1923. 1931] IDA MAY BLOCHMAN 31 Barbareno” published at Santa Barbara. Her botanical collection of 600 numbers of native plants from northern Santa Barbara County was exhibited at the World’s Fair in Chicago in 1893 and is now the property of Northwestern University. She sent a number of piants from her region to Professor E. L. Greene of the University of Cali- fornia who named for her as new Senecio Blochmanae collected along the Santa Maria River (Erythea 1:7,—1893). For many years Mrs. Blochman was a member of the California Botanical Society. Her paper on “The Medicinal Uses of Native Plants by California In- dians,” a subject which claimed much of her interest during recent years, was read before the Society February 23, 1929. As head of the wild flower section of the College Woman’s Club of Berkeley, Mrs. Blochman for several years conducted weekly classes in botany and was in charge of the annual wild flower exhibit. In addition to her scientific interests Mrs. Blochman was closely associated with civic and educational affairs both in Santa Maria and, later, in Berkeley. She was for nineteen years president of the Berke- ley Charity Commission, and for eight years a member of the Berkeley Board of Education. With the intellectual alertness so ably devoted to community and scientific work, Mrs. Blochman combined versatility, sincerity and personal charm which will long be remembered by her many friends. OPEN LETTERS Cupressus macnabiana. The enclosed specimen was collected by Ranger W. Brokenshire in sec. 5, township 27 n., range 3 east, near the Mill Creek rim, eastern Tehama County. I believe it to be Cupressus macnabiana var. bakeri according to your description. We have several “islands” of McNab Cypress scattered throughout the forest but this specimen is from an area at least twenty miles from the nearest island.—C. S. Robin- son, Susanville, Dec. 8, 1930. Cupressus bakeri has more slender branchlets than in your speci- men of Cupressus from Mill Creek rim by W. Brokenshire. C. bakeri, too, has very small cones with slender reduced horns. The bark of C. bakeri is scaly or flaky and reveals a bright cherry-red under- bark. The bark in your specimen is roughly fissured and dark brown. The Mill Creek specimen is, I think, rather nearer Cupressus mac- nabiana of the Coast Ranges than it is to specimens of that species from other stations in the Sierra Nevada that I know. There has now been received your map, showing known locations of “islands” of Cupressus macnabiana in the Lassen Forest, namely, 1. West of Burney Spring 314 miles, at 5200 feet. 2. West of Tama- rack Peak 114 miles at 6200 feet. 3. Mill Creek rim at 2000 feet. 4, Near Magalia, 4000 feet. The above order of stations is from north to south.—W. L. Jepson. 32 MADRONO- [Vol. 2 NOTES AND NEWS Mrs. Ynes Mexia, a member of this Society, who for the past two years has been collecting Brazilian plants for distribution, is now en route up the Amazon River to the eastern Andes in Peru where she will continue her botanical explorations. Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Clemens called at the University of California herbarium in July. They were en route to Borneo, where under the auspices of the British Museum they will make an extensive collec- tion of the native flora. Dr. C. R. Ball, a Salix specialist, who has been in California since January, 1931, has discovered one willow species new to California, namely Salix nivalis on Mt. Dana. Dr. F. W. Pennell, Curator of Plants at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science, and Dr. E. T. Wherry of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, collected Scrophulariaceae and Polemoniaceae in Oregon during July. California, we understand, will be visited later with a similar purpose. Dr. P. A. Munz, Professor of Botany at Pomona College, Clare- mont, California, is absent on sabbatical leave. He will spend a con- siderable portion of time at Kew in research preparatory to a forth- coming publication. During Dr. Munz’s absence, Dr. Leo Hitchcock of the Missouri Botanical Garden will be in charge at Pomona. Mr. H. L. Mason, Associate in Botany at the University of Calli- fornia has returned from a four month’s voyage to Alaska with the United States Coast Guard vessel Northland. One objective of the trip, which was in the interests of palecbotany, was to secure fossils of Sequoia from the deposits at St. Lawrence Island; another, to estab- lish if possible, a connection between the Pleistocene and Pliocene floras of North America and Asia. The expedition made stops at Norton Sound, Point Barrows, St. Lawrence Island, Dutch Harbor, Unalaska, and at various other points along the Alaskan coast. Dr. W. A. Setchell, of the University of California, and Mrs. Setchell, were occupied from June 22 to July 4 in “willow hunting” in Alaska. They returned with about 270 numbers of Salix from the south coastal and McKinley Park regions, a collection which has extended notably the ranges of several Alaskan species. Mr. O. H. Seaholm, a member of this Society, died May 10. He lived at Fort Brage and took much pains to promote interest in the local flora in the schools at that place. He also discovered a few novelties in Mendocino County. “MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY Contents ‘BoLANDER’s RED MOUNTAIN AND EUREKA TRAIL, Carl Purdy BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF PATRICK BEVERIDGE KENNEDY, WV AAS EAI SPO DSO ire hati gm es cant es cae RECORDS OF PLANTS NEw TO CALIFORNIA, Doris Kildale Gillespie THB SAN LORENZO LAUREL, Frederick Alvin Meyer : A VARIANT OF THE Coast Live Oak, John Thomas Howell bn ‘THE ANNUAL DINNER FoR 1931, John Thomas Howell . NOTES AND NEWS 4 October, 1931 : Bsines Ne CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, field- trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amongst the people of California. The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, Car- negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrono, $2.50 per year. Volume 1, $5.00, may be had from the Secretary, Herbarium of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Single copies, if available $.50. General address, California Botanical Society, Room 3001, Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Officers of the Society IPRESIG@ OR ete ke se Sah ee ae I Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford University. First : Vice-President: .- 020... c2.00.1..0ee ciency Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. Second Vice-President.............. Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, Berkeley. A reasurer neo hide Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford University. Secretarye vise, Mr. J. T. Howell, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Program Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. J. T. Howell. ’ Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. Blake. MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes on the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi- cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; and to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be espe- cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson, Joun Tuomas Howe Lt, University of California California Academy of Berkeley, California Sciences, San Francisco Georce J. Peirce, Eruet K. Crum, Stanford University University of California See ey Sete: ee ve Meee eee, = ; j i ¥ J “ u ¥ 1931] BOLANDER’S RED MOUNTAIN 33 BOLANDER’S RED MOUNTAIN AND EUREKA TRAIL CARL Purpy Some years ago Mr. A. J. Johnson of Astoria, Oregon, a notable collector of trees and bulbs, while in southwestern Oregon came across what is now known as Lilium Bolanderi in flower and took fresh flowers of this lily to Dr. H. N. Bolander, then a very old man teaching botany in Bishop Scott’s Academy at Portland, Oregon. Dr. Bolander said immediately that it must be a new lily and that he had never seen it. On looking up the matter he found that it was undoubtedly the Lilium Bolanderi that Sereno Watson had described and had named after him as its discoverer. In Dr. Watson’s notes reference is made to material sent to him earlier by Dr. Bolander although the fresh material from which the description had been made was from Thomas Howell. Hearing of this from Mr. Johnson I was lead to correspond with Dr. Bolander and to hear from him exactly what route he had taken when going to “Red Mountain”. The letter has long since been lost but here are the facts. Dr. Bolander, leaving Weaverville, Trinity County, took trails through the mountains to the Hupa Valley in northern Humboldt County, California; thence along the regular trail to Arcata, going over what is known as Bald Mountain. The “Red Mountain” of his early notes should have been Red Hills and they are the red hills of the Hupa region. Dr. Bolander was never near Red Mountain in northern Mendocino County to which much of his material has been referred. A number of plants which he collected and which belong farther north can be found in certain swamps on Bald Mountain. The material which Dr. Bolander sent to Watson and which was confused with Mr. Howell’s material in naming Lilium Bolanderi was unquestionably Lilium Kelloggii which is found on the route that he took. When later I rediscovered that lily I named it after Dr. Kellogg as it was then too late to give Dr. Bolander credit. The Terraces, Ukiah, Dec, 5, 1930. Bolander’s Mendocino and Humboldt trips.—Bolander’s field book shows that, in June, 1867, he made a collecting trip from Cloverdale to Ukiah, Long Valley, mouth of the Mattole River in Humboldt County, thence down the coast to Noyo, Mendocino City and Ander- son Valley. On this trip, amongst many other stations he cites “Red Mt.,” “Humboldt Co.,” many times. He also uses the place names Bear Harbor; Shelter Cove; Elk Ridge; Big Flat (Humboldt Co.) ; Parker’s sta., Eureka trail; East Fork of Eel River at Wood’s ranch; Red Mts., Mattole district; and so on. No other betanist in California has anything like so detailed a knowledge of the distribution of the Californian species of Lilium as Mr. Purdy. His judgment, therefore, in any question of this kind Maprono, vol. 2, pp. 33-40. Oct. 31, 1931. 34 MADRONO [Vol. 2 is of an expert character and carries the greatest weight. It is cer- tain, however, that he would never have destroyed the Bolander !etter and we may hope that some day it will be turned up from his files. There was no one at that time, other than Mr. Purdy, forethoughtful enough to secure the direct evidence frcm Dr. Bolander himself. Bolander made other trips into Mendocino County in earlier vears but the one noted seems the more significant with reference to Red Mt.—W. L. JEPSON. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF PATRICK BEVERIDGE KENNEDY’ Witus Linn JEPSON Throughout his life Patrick Beveridge Kennedy followed the pro- fession of agronomist and it might well be said in his case that he came fittingly by his work since for three generations in the male line his ancestors had been given to matters horticultural. His great- erandfather, John Kennedy, was of a firm of London nurserymen and landscape-gardeners and the author of two volumes on horti- culture published in 1771. His grandfather, Lewis Kennedy, was a well known landscape architect in his day and a joint author of two volumes on the Tenancy of Land, while his father, George Penrose Kennedy, as an architect was the designer of many _ re- nowned places and grounds in Scotland. He himself was born at Mt. Vernon, near Glasgow, Scotland, June 17, 1874. His early schooling was had in Scotland and England but he later attended the Ontario Agricultural College in - Canada and took his bachelor’s Oren ee ee degree at the University of Toronto in 1894. In 1899 he secured his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Cornell University, where he was under the special tutelage of Professor W. W. Rowlee. For the academic year 1895-1896 he was assistant in chemistry at Ontario Agricultural College and went in 1899 as an assistant in the division of agrostology to the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1900 he was appointed Associate Professor of Botany and Entomology in the University of Nevada and in 1904, Professor of Botany, Horti- culture and Forestry in charge of the department. In 1913 he left "To the Botanical Society of America publications the writer has contributed a memorial paper on Dr. Kennedy, part of which is used here. 1931] PLANTS NEW TO CALIFORNIA 35 the University of Nevada to become Assistant Professor of Agronomy in the University of California at Berkeley, where he remained until his death on January 18, 1930, being successively promoted mean- while to the rank of Associate Professor and finally, full Professor. During his entire professional life every day duties involved him in practical problems relating to the farm and to the range. To the solution of these problems he brought not merely a good scien- tific training but a scientific attitude that was vigorous and search- ing. The results of many of these pieces of work appeared in the form of printed publications, usually consisting of only a few pages, but representing not less than sixty titles. During the rapid develop- ment of agricultural colleges provision has been made for subjects that are considered practical or fundamental, but often little or no support has been given to the subject of botany. And yet in an agri- cultural college, scmetimes in all divisions of it, botanical work arises daily, frequently in considerable amount. In consequence, Dr. Kennedy felt called upon to do a great amount of routine which was referred to him, the flow of which never stopped, but rather increased on account of the rapid expansion that was taking place in the in- stitutions with which he was connected. Perhaps we may say that he was, as it were, penalized for his botanical knowledge, that it was as the result of these conditions that his research projects were handi- capped for lack of time. About 1900 he had begun a broad piece of research upon the genus Trifolium. For a period of thirty years he gave to this project such free hours as could be spared and the problem was well in hand at the time of his sudden death. His ideals of research work were, however, so thoroughgoing that nothing less than complete relief from daily routine would, in all probability, have permitted its completion. In the activities of the California Botanical Society, especially in that part of at which had to do with the popular diffusion of botanical knowledge, Dr. Kennedy always took a leading part. In August, 1915, he was elected President of the Society and for two and one-half years faithfully and efficiently directed the Society’s life during a pericd when his services were of the first importance in the continuity of its work. Out of gratitude, the Society remembers and pavs homage to his goodwill, to his friendliness and geniality, and to his capacity for understanding his fellow men. Berkeley, November 16, 1930. RECORDS OF PLANTS NEW TO CALIFORNIA Doris KILDALE GILLESPIE During the past three years, while making a botanical survey of the Siskiyou Mountains and adjacent regions of northern California and southern Oregon, the writer has collected several species of west- ern plants apparently heretofore not credited to the flora of Cali- fornia. It is with the hope that such records will prove of interest to California botanists that these seven species are listed below. All the specimens cited may be found in the Dudley Herbarium of Stan- ford University. . 36 MADRONO [Vol. 2 ABIES LASIOCARPA (Hook.) Nutt. Collected in the Salmon Moun- tains at Hancock Lake, north side of the divide between the head of the North Fork of the Salmon River and the head of Hancock Creek, on the trail to Marble Mountain, Siskiyou County, growing in granite at the border of a glacial lake, elevation 7000 feet, Aug. 19, 1928. Associated with Picea breweriana S. Wats., Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Sarg., and Pinus monticola Dougl. Collectors Roxana S. Ferris and Doris K. Kildale (Kildale no. 6554). Although the Alpine Fir has been known from the southern Cascades in Oregon where it was col- lected at its southernmost station 10 miles south of Crater Lake by Elmer I. Applegate, the species has previously not been known from California. SAXIFRAGA BONGARDI Presl. Collected on the southeast spur of Preston Peak, Siskiyou County, California, growing in crevices in granite at an elevation of 6500 feet, July 20, 1929, by Doris K. Kil- dale (no. 8591). The next most southerly station for this plant is near the Oregon Caves, Josephine County, Oregon, where it was col- lected by Dr. Morton Peck of Williamette University. The species is common on the higher peaks of the Oregon Cascades. PINGUICULA vuLGARIS L. Collected on a wet serpentine cliff under a winter waterfall along Smith River, near Douglas Park, Del Norte County, April 21, 1929, by Doris K. Kildale (no. 7341). This species of old world distribution is common along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Washington, also being reported from Oregon by Thomas Howell. EURYPTERA HOWELLI (Wats.) C. & R. Discovered in the Siskiyou Mountains on the trail up the South Fork of Indian Creek between Happy Camp and Elk Lick, Siskiyou County, elevation 2400 feet, growing in open woods in rocky soil. Collected by Doris K. Kildale (no. 8640), July 20, 1929. Representing one of the many endemic plants of the Siskiyou Mountains, the species has been found before near Waldo and Wimer in Josephine and Jackson counties of Oregon. ANTENNARIA RACEMOSA Hook. Collected on the southeast spur of Preston Peak, Siskiyou County, California, growing in rock crevices at an elevation of 6500 feet, July 20, 1929, by Doris K. Kildale (no. 8988). Previously, the most southern station known was Grayback Mountain, Josephine County, Oregon, according to the collection of C. V. Piper. LyYcOPODIUM INUNDATUM L. Collected in sphagnum bog in swale at the southwest end of Big Lagoon, Humboldt County, elevation 20 feet, Feb. 3, 1929, by Doris K. Kildale (no. 6881). The plant forms dense mats and is often submerged. The nearest locality of the same species is in Coos County, Oregon. JUNCUS REGELIIT Buch. Collected at Raspberry Lake, head of the South Fork of Indian Creek, Siskiyou County, elevation 6000 feet, July 20, 1929, by Doris K. Kildale (no. 8705). Juncus regelii has been collected in the Cascade Mountains of northern Oregon, but has not been known any farther south. Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, April 7, 1931. 1931] THE SAN LORENZO LAUREL 37 THE SAN LORENZO LAUREL FREDERICK ALVIN MEYER For many years the great California Laurel (Umbellularia cali- fornica Nutt.) of the Russian River, near Cloverdale, has been the largest tree of its species on public record. There is a much greater laurel, however, heretofore unknown both to botanists and to the thousands of people who daily pass within half a mile of it. Its measurements indicate that the Cloverdale tree must take second place in regard to size. This laurel stands on the eastern outskirts of the village of San Lorenzo, Alameda County. The dimensions of this tree are interesting and impressive. The trunk, as often in other large trees of this species, has an enormous flare near the base. At the ground, the circumference of the trunk is exactly forty-nine feet. Four feet above the ground where the trunk is smallest, it measures twenty-eight feet and four inches in girth. Between four and eight feet from the ground the main stem gives way to five huge branches, the largest two of which each measure fourteen feet in circumference, making these limbs very nearly as large as the trunk of the Cloverdale Laurel. The San Lorenzo tree is seventy feet high, and eighty-five feet in crown diameter. The obvious disproportion between the dimensions of the trunk and of the crown find explanation in a disastrous event in the tree’s life which took place about thirty-five years ago. A huge limb, weakened, no doubt, by age and great weight, had broken from its place and crashed to the ground. The little lady who then owned the property, fearful that the weight and spread of the limbs would cause the tree to split apart, and, perhaps, crush her little frame house, sought to find a man who would remove some of the most menacing branches. As a result, but quite contrary to her intentions, all that remained of the great tree was an immense trunk, dividing into five huge branches that terminated abruptly about twenty feet from the ground. Because of this unfortunate event, the upper part of the tree’s present crown is formed entirely by very long and slender branches, none of which exceeds one foot in diameter; from their lower sides hang long, cord-like branchlets that sweep the ground in a circle about the trunk. Undoubtedly, the crown was for- merly much larger. At present, the tree is about seventy-five feet north of the bank of San Lorenzo Creek and about twice that distance from the main channel of that stream; but in time past, due to the stream’s shifting in flood season, the tree was much nearer the creek. The first white man who lived in that vicinity used to tell about passing along the road that followed the stream bank, and stopping to eat his lunch beneath the friendly branches of the great laurel. In the side of the trunk toward the stream, there was once a great cavity, large enough to admit several children or crouching adults within the tree. Its interior was charred, and old Spanish coins have been found outside, beneath the tree. It is a tale of the tree’s owner, who used the hollow 38 MADRONO [Vol. 2 for a playhouse when she was a child, that it was in former years a place where Indians met and gambled; and that they, perhaps, built fires there, causing its charred condition. As late as ten years ago, the entrance to the hollow was still large enough to admit a small person. At the present time the bark has so nearly covered the cavity that it is impossible for one to insert the hand, where once a man could enter. The reason that this great tree has been so long unknown to the general public lies in the fact that it stands in the grounds of a pri- vate residence (at 624 Lewelling Road, formerly called Main Street) and its trunk cannot be seen from the main road. The crown can be seen for a considerable distance; but there are other trees in the immediate vicinity, and the laurel attracts no attention until one has entered the yard in which it stands, and is in view of its great trunk. The house beneath the tree was built in 1864. Oakland, July 15, 1931 A VARIANT OF THE COAST LIVE OAK Joun Tuomas Howey An Otp NAME ReconsiDERED. In the late autumn of 1851 the members of the Sitgreaves exploring expedition to southwestern United States crossed the Salton Sink of the Colorado Desert on their route to San Diego and the Pacific, and, passing beyond San Felipe, ascended the western mountains. The summits of these, according to Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, surgeon and naturalist to the expedition, were covered with tall pines, and on the dividing ridge was found and collected a species of live-oak (Report of an Expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers, 40,——1853). Together with the other botanical collections, specimens of this oak passed to Dr. John Torrey for study and in his report on the botany of the expedition he de- scribed as new this tree from Santa Ysabel and named it Quercus oxyadenia (loc. cit., 172, pl. 17). And thus it was that that form of Q. agrifolia inhabiting the higher slopes and canyons of eastern San Diego Co. became known in botany; but ever since its first publication the name has never been used and it has long been rele- gated to synonymy under Q. agrifolia. Although Q. oxyadenia is probably too near Q. agrifolia to be tenable as a species, the Torrey oak has been noted on several oc- casions in the field as a well marked form deserving at least varietal recognition. The shape and size of leaves and acorns, which were the distinguishing characters according to Torrey, fall well within the specific bounds of variation in Q. agrifolia, but the dense and persistent pubescence which entirely covers the lower side of leaves, petioles, and branchlets is not found in any other form of that species. Because of the distinctive nature of this character and its variance from the normal type, the Torrey oak is here designated Q. agrifolia var. oxyadenia (Torr.) J. T. Howell, comb. nov. This variety is typically developed in the high valleys and canyon 1931] ANNUAL DINNER 39 bottoms of the mountains on the western edge of the Colorado Desert ranging from the San Jacinto Mts. in Riverside Co., California, south- ward through San Diego Co. to the mountains of northern Lower California. The pubescence which marks this variant is stellate in character (as is usual in the genus) and forms a felt-like covering on branchlets, petioles, and lower sides of leaves. This dense and uniform pubescence is remarkably persistent, for leaves three years old are frequently as densely hairy beneath as the lower surfaces of leaves of the current season. Along the western bounds of its dis- tribution intergrades are to be found between var. oxyadenia and the type of Q. agrifolia with glabrous or very sparsely stellate- pubescent leaves which is common in the lower hills and valleys of southern California. These intermediates are marked by noticeably stellate-pubescent leaves and branchlets but the hairs are neither so numerous nor so persistent as in var. oxyadenia. Thus on hillsides at the Henshaw Dam con the San Luis Rey River typical specimens of var. oxyadenia were collected (J. T. Howell no. 4844), in the canyon of the San Luis Rey 6 miles west of Henshaw Dam (J. T. Howell no. 4853) a specimen intermediate in character was collected, while at Pala Summit still further west the form of Q. agrifolia usual at low altitudes in southern California was seen. Other collec- tions are: “mountains between El Centro and San Diego”, E. A. Zemcuznikov in 1929; dry valley bottom, 12 miles south of Warner’s Hot Springs, San Diego Co., J. T. Howell no. 3264; common along washes, Vandeventer Flat, San Jacinto Mts., Riverside Co., Munz no. 9955 (Herb. Univ. Calif.) ; Santa Cruz Creek, Lower California, T. S. Brandegee in 1893 (at least as to branchlet just below the sheet- number 119133, Herb. Univ. Calif.) ; 15 to 20 miles east of Ensenada on road to Ojos Negros, Lower California, Wiggins and Gillespie no. 4053 (intergrade to Q. agrifolia, Herb. Calif. Acad. Sci.)’. THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1931 The annual dinner meeting of the California Botanical Society was held in the Rockefeller International House, University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, on the evening of March 7, 1931. Doctor George J. Peirce of Stanford University, President of the Society, presided as toastmaster. During the course of the dinner musical numbers were presented under the direction of Mr. W. W. Carruth. A notice of the life and work cf Dr. P. B. Kennedy, a former president of the Society, written by Dr. W. L. Jepson, was read in Dr. Jepson’s absence by Dr. Peirce. There was also read by Professor H. E. Mce- Minn an interesting excerpt from one of Mrs. Ynes Mexia’s letters written while botanizing in the tropical forests of Brazil. Following the dinner, Dr. Carlton R. Ball, gave the principal address of the evening on “Scme Interesting Facts about Willows.” In connection ‘Unless otherwise noted, the specimens cited are in the herbarium of the Califernia Academy of Sciences. 40 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 with his lecture he exhibited herbarium specimens of rare and inter- esting willows which grow in California. Doctor Ball is at the Uni- versity of California this year as Research Associate in a Survey of Agricultural Activities, Bureau of Public Administration, Department of Political Science. Mention of the proposed incorporation of the Society formed a feature of the programme and announcements made by Dr. Peirce were received with interest. He spoke on the advantages and the desirability of incorporation and named a committee to make the necessary arrangements for the change of the present Society to one having legal rights and legal coherency. The arrangements for the evening were made by the dinner com- mittee, Mr. H. L. Mason, chairman, Mr. H. E. McMinn, and Miss Lucile Roush. The floral decorations of budding Salix, fruiting Equisetum, and starry-flowered Veratrum provided by the committee were enhanced by the addition of some rare and beautiful types of Arctostaphylos and Ceanothus brought from the vicinity of Santa Rosa by Mr. Milo S. Baker—Joun THomas Howe Lt. NOTES AND NEWS Professor A. C. Noé of the Department of Palaeontology, Univer- sity of Chicago, lectured September 22 at the University of California on his investigations of the floras of the coal measures of Illinois. Under the title “Important Browse Plants” the United States De- partment of Agriculture has issued a paper (Misc. Publ. 101) by W. A. Dayten as valuable as it is interesting on browse shrubs and woody plants. It is illustrated by 45 figures, and contains 213 pages and a bibliography. The most recent issue of “Contributions from the Dudley Herba- rium” of Stanford University is a systematic paper of 170 pages by G. T. Benson on “The trees and shrubs of western Oregon”. Dr. LeRoy Abrams contributes a foreword on the fair promise of the young author who died April 16, 1928. On July 25 Miss Alice Eastwood, Curator of the Herbarium, Cali- fornia Academy cf Sciences, was struck by an automobile in San Francisco. She was badly bruised and a bone in her left knee was broken. The injuries are being auspiciously mended in a San Fran- cisco hospital. Undoubtedly Miss Eastwood’s courage and high spirits will aid in hastening complete recovery.—W. L. Mr. John Thomas Howell, Associate Curator of the California Academy of Sciences Herbarium, has returned from a collecting trip to Oregon, Washington and Vancouver Island, thence east to Cal- gary, in the company of Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Elliott of Stavenage, England. He collected over 1500 specimens of vascular plants, be- sides many mosses and liverworts. MEMBERSHIP IN THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The object of the Society is to promote the advancement of bo- tanical science in California. It holds meetings for the reading of papers and for discussion, it conducts field excursions and publishes a journal. The Society exists because there are a certain number of Californians who believe in its objectives and are desirous of con- tributing $2.00 per year, the membership fee, in support of its pro- gram. These loyal members continue to support the Society as an agency in behalf of botany in the West, without thought of any per- sonal benefits. All persons in California interested in botany are invited to join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these terms. No one should join who may be uncertain as to whether or ~ no he may get his money’s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage - and receives devotion from its membership. All officers do the work of the Society without pay. For membership blanks apply to the Secretary, Vola Thomas Howell, Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden ~ Gate Park, San Francisco, California. JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY is ON ai DESERT WASH, John Thomas Howell . . . . 47 So eS ek, PEs ACME Sy a7 ae . ». Last Page of Cover CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, field- trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amongst the people of California. The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, Car- negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrofo, $2.50 per year. Volume 1, $5.00, may be had from the Secretary, Herbarium of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Single copies, if available $.50. General address, California Botanical Society, Room 3001, Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Officers of the Society President (3 Se Sa oe eee Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford University. First Vice-Preside@mtca.5.:..-.2scseccddeseestecstssavess Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. Second Vice-President.............. Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, Berkeley. Treasurer: Phe Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford University. Secretary.cic.. cn ke. Mr. J. T. Howell, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Program Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. Blake. MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes on the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi- cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; and to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be espe- cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson, Joun Tuomas Howe Lt, University of California California Academy of Berkeley, California Sciences, San Francisco GrorcE J. PEmrce, EruHet K. Crum, Stanford University University of California 1931] ARBUTUS MENZIESII Al SOUTHWARD EXTENSION OF RANGE OF ARBUTUS MENZIESII Cart V. MEYER Arbutus Menziesii, which covers a geographical range from Bitish Columbia to southern California, where it is found locally, has been known for some time to occur in San Diego County. A record of two trees growing in a remote canon near Nellie on Palomar Moun- tain, with specimens from one of them, collected in the year 1905, is to be found in the University of California Herbarium at Berke- ley. An extension of the range of this species, now the southernmost known locality, not recorded hitherto, is to be noted in the occurrence of a great many madronos, several hundred in number, on Roderick Mountain some miles to the south and a shorter distance to the west of Palomar Mountain. Roderick Mountain, located twenty-seven miles from the coast. the highest of a group of rug gged mountains through which the cafion of the San Luis Rey River passes before emerging upon the valley floor near Rincon, rises to a height of 3800 feet. A long rather even northwest slope, with an extensive rock ledge rising several hundred feet in height on its west end, the base of the outcropping being on an average about 3000 feet in altitude, makes for a cooler, more humid spot, which is more favorable for this species than is usually found in southern California. The average seasonal rainfall of this area is probably around thirty inches; and it is not unlikely that summer fogs contribute toward making this a spot well adapted for our native Arbutus. On this slope growing at an altitude of 2000 to 3000 feet, are a number of clumps and patches of madronos. The largest of these are found near the base of the rock ledge mentioned, and in the larger ravines of the slope, smaller clumps of smaller trees being scattered in the chaparral. The madronos of this area are all stump sprouts, as far as I have observed; the region has evidently been burned over re- peatedly. A number of trees arise from each stump forming rounded clumps, the individual trees of which are slender in form. The trees I saw near at hand ranged from mere saplings to trees about thirty-five feet high, with trunks up to ten inches in diameter at the base; but I was unable to get to the more centrally located groups in which the trees may well be forty to fifty feet high, judging from afar, com- paring them with the trees seen near at hand. Indications are that much larger madrofios grew here at an earlier time, the size of some of the stumps sug ggesting a possible diameter of two feet. The re- mains of the previous generation of trees are to be found in Panes the trunks of these approximate those now standing. The slope on which the madronos grow is covered with a dense tall chaparral which is composed of species quite typical of this general region. California oaks (Quercus agrifolia) grow in close association with the madronos, being abundant in the ravines and Maprono, vol 2, pp. 41-48. Dec. 3, 1931. 42 MADRONO [Vol. 2 valleys of the slope. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), and western sycamore (Platanus racemosa) are found in the larger ravines. A single tree of Libocedrus decurrens was discovered growing in a ravine at an altitude of about 2000 feet. No other coniferous trees are to be found on Roderick Mountain, as far as I know; Bigcone Spruce (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) grows a mile or two farther east on rocky out-croppings on the same side of the river. My attention was called to the madronos of this locality by de- scriptions of “manzanita trees” said to be growing there by _per- sons well acquainted with the region. Three trips were taken to the locality. The first, on January 1, 1931, was fruitful in the discovery of a single madrofo (from which I took leaf specimens) and in catching sight of the larger groups of these trees growing high on the slope. Desirous of reaching these more extensive groups of larger trees | made a second trip on March 10. Although my objective was not attained, due to the density of the chaparral, | succeeded in reaching the patch of madronos growing high on the west end of the slope, and the uppermost in the ravine below it. It was gratifying to find the madronos blooming profusely at this time. In order to get a more general idea of the distribution of the madronos grow- ing here, a third trip was taken by climbing a hill to the north of Roderick Mountain, from which an unobstructed view may be had of the whole extent of the northwest slope. The clumps of madronos, although a half mile or more away, were easily distinguishable from the rest of the vegetation, which, incidentally, was remarkably green for midsummer, by now July 30. The madroanos in the more favor- ably located spots were in perfect condition at this time, but some of the trees in the drier locations showed evidence of drought. October 12, 1931. THE ROAD TO CIMA Mary BEAL There were four of us that started from Barstow on May 22, 1931, for a trip to Cima in the eastern Mohave Desert near the Providence Mountains, Miss A. L. Waterman, Mr. Irving Scott Jr., Mr. Herbert Manson and myself. It was a wonderful trip for scenery and a treat, even if we had not seen a flower. All of us were fascinated by the country and one of the delights was the surprise of it. We hadn't expected anything like it. About ten miles beyond Cronese Valley we came upon smoke trees—many of them, in a wash leading from the mountains into Soda Lake basin. They are full of buds and I saw a few flashes of violet, but only a few. We want very much to go down in a week or so to see them in bloom. On the long climb from Baker to Halloran Springs and on to the summit’ we found *Parosela spinosa Hel. (W.L.J.). “Yucca Grove station, about 2 miles easterly from Halloran Springs, where the road crosses the southerly extension of the Shadow Mountains (W.L.J.). 1981] ROAD TO CIMA 43 flowers, Stanleya pinnata, Mirabilis Froebelli (bright purple), Peta- lonyx, Hugelia, Chaenactis, Isomeris arborea in pod; and the creosote’ bushes were so green and large, in full bloom. In the joshua for- est beyond Halloran Springs we found beautiful plants of Baileya multiradiata, 18 inches high and over, with clear yellow blooms from an inch to an inch and three-quarters across. There were other lovely things of which I caught sight and intended to get as we returned but it was too late. We hadn't half time enough. On the other side of the summit and on the Cima road for a few miles we found good specimens of Psilostrophe, the first I had ever seen. Near there I found the pleniradiata variety of Baileya multiradiata, the species being our common one around Barstow. From the summit to Cima we met many new things: first of all we marveled at the joshua for- est, the largest’ we had ever found in the desert—at least 12 miles in length and several miles wide—I believe eight or ten miles in places, and I[ think it joins the forest that stretches from the summit to a few miles above Halloran Springs. The one thing most noticeable about it was the habit of growth, the trees did not spread out their branches and make bushy trees like Mr. Hemis’s “apple orchard” at Coolgardie,’ at least few of them did. Their branches are strongly ascending. It interested us much. We found a number of clumps of Cereus Mojavensis, one of 100 or more stems, in bloom. The only place I have found them before is at Ord Mountain between the camp and the spring. We also found grizzly bear cactus (Opuntia ursina) in bloom, no large clumps as at Ord, but a few scattered smaller ones. Then we found Mammilaria in bloom—not the fish-hook, but M. deserti and M. Alversonii. We saw a few Opuntia Mojavensis and many of cholla-like growth with longer joints, which seemed to fit in no exact species in the Manual. I found Leucelene ericoides in the forest, my first acquain- * Larrea tridentata var. glutinosa Jepson (W.L.J.). * Yucca brevifolia Engelm. (W.L.J.). ° The Joshua Forest about Cima.—This is a very remarkable forest and doubt- less the largest in California. The great desert valley which les between the southerly extension of the Shadow Mountains and the Ivanpah Mountains is filled from side to side with it. Thence it extends westerly over the ridge to Halloran Springs, easterly over the pass by Kessler Peak into the Ivanpah Val- ley about Cima. East of Yucca Grove station, one leaves the main road at Windmill road station on the broad valley floor and turns southerly. One now begins to get an increasingly impressive idea of the vastness of this yucca for- est as he goes on. The slope ascends almost imperceptibly until one attains a summit between two peaks, Kessler Peak on the left, a prominent point in Ivanpah Mountains, and Teutonia Peak to the right. On the downward slope, easterly, into the Ivanpah Valley, the yucca trees are denser than I have ever seen them elsewhere—as one looks through the forest along the slope the trunks finally close the view, filling completely the vista. Everywhere else I have been able to look quite through a yucca forest to a further background. In the Ivanpah Valley the forest extends for a long distance north and south. Its limits have not as yet been defined—W. L. Jepson. “A reference to the grove of very remarkable and large trees of this species on the Coolgardie yucca mesa in the Calico Mountains (W.L.J.). 44 MADRONO [ Vol. 7 tance with it, and a few orange mariposas (Calochortus Kennedyi), we so often see at Ord or around Hesperia, Oro Grande or Adelanto. I wanted more time there and | wanted to have time to go on beyond Cima on the road to Fenner, where we heard there were quantities of flowers only a few miles farther, but it was too late; we reached home quite late as it was. They had two to five inches of rain in that section a week or so ago, and it is reported full of bloom. That country is very interesting, high and rugged, with splendid mountain ranges all about. We all felt that we would like to explore it thor- oughly. We saw many yuccas—one of which was. still in bloom— Yucca baccata, and a few plants of Agave Utahensis, or what I took to be that, with barbed leaves, two individuals of which were in bloom near the summit road station, tall spikes of slender yellow flowers. We saw the loveliest color in bladder sage (Salazaria Mexi- cana) that I ever beheld—dquantities of it that were a mass of opales- cent jewels, a heavenly lavender and mauve, some more pink in hue, a rosy mauve, that fairly took one’s breath. Barstow, May 24, 1931. We made the Cima trip again and I located the whereabouts of Agave Utahensis on Clark Mountain and the barrel cactus, but had no time to verify the field naming. The smoke trees (Parosela spinosa) are just getting into their swing, some quite lovely with a violet-blue veiling over them, others with buds not yet opening, hardly showing color. Even the specimens show how generously they are blooming and what a sight they are. ) Leaving Cima, we went past the old Death Valley Mining Com- pany’s property and on through Cedar Canon of the Mid Hills, next the Providence Mountains. We intended to go across to Fenner but were told the Goffs road was better. It was a splendid ride and before we came to the forks, we found many interesting plants— verbena (blue), the big four o’clocks, a striking Pentstemon Palmeri over four feet high—five, I do believe, a dozen or more of the long graceful stalks of bloom, swaying gently in the breeze. In the canon we found apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa) and Tetradymnia comosa; such large Eriophyllum Wallacei, six inches and over across. On the hill we found Psilostrophe again, and again between Von- trigger and Goffs, and Baileya multiradiata and other flowers on the other side of Cima. The Krameria’ I found there grew erect instead of spreading out in a low thorny bush like other Krameria ! knew hitherto. The branches are more ascending without the sharp angles. The sample I collected has no fruit but the spines do not show conspicuously on the densely hairy ovary as they do almost at once in Krameria canescens growing around Barstow. I saw these erect ones only on the stretch between Vontrigger and Goffs, and all that I saw were of the ascending type of growth. Barstow, June 1, 1931. “Krameria glandulosa Rose & Painter (W.L.J.). 1931] WILDERNESS AREAS 45 WILDERNESS AREAS IN CALIFORNIA W. L. Jepson Every botanist in California must regret the rapid change in local floras or even extermination of various native plant areas in the Californian valleys and Coast Ranges which have had for so many years the greatest interest for field students in the west, and which were often sought out by scientific travelers from countries in Europe. The native vegetation of California, especially that of the valleys and foothills, has been greatly altered during the last sixty years and the process is still going on. The factors involved in driving out the native flora are mainly three: first, agriculture in all its forms, which is exceedingly destructive; second, industrialism, which involves very considerable areas and is usually more complete as to annihilation than agriculture; third, the introduction by man, mainly unconscious, of alien plants, chiefly from the Mediterranean region, which are replacing the native plants in a large scale way. Alien plants have, for example in the Sierra Nevada foothills, re- placed the native vegetation from 20 to 75 per cent of the ground cover in open country in many districts. I do not at the moment recall any native species which has been absolutely exterminated as a result of these various changes, but certain plants have been so depleted that even a botanist finds it difficult to discover a few individuals in places where once they were common. The entrance of the automobile on the scene of the social structure has, to be sure, enabled city populations to gather more or less recklessly great quantities of the native flowering plants, some of which are often found useless after a few hours. The role of the automobilist is, however, confined to areas bordering the highways and as a result of his activity conspicuous species may become rare or exterminated only locally. The gathering of native plants by commercial firms for use horticulturally also results in more or less depopulation of local areas. In a few cases, however, the gath- ering of native plants for sale probably results in their eventual in- crease. For instance, certain lily bulbs cannot be taken from the ground without scaling extensively. Each of the scales is a potential plant and becomes such after a few years. A few species having somewhat similar organs are likewise increased by the operations of the plough but, in general, the effects of cattle, sheep, cultiva- tion of the soil, alien immigrants and industrial sites are paramount in their adverse effect upon native plant societies. While the high mountain country has been less altered by the forces mentioned than other parts of the state, yet it is probable that in the long run the deteriorating changes caused by the factors of civilized life will reach everywhere. It is, therefore, with the greatest satisfaction that botanists will learn that the United States Forest Service has caused to be set aside in California sixteen pre- serves to be designated as primitive areas where “no permanent 46 MADRONO [Vol improvements of a recreational nature will be permitted” and only such roads and trails will be built as are necessary for fire pro- tection and administration. These sixteen tracts comprise 1,744,412 acres. The United States Forest Service in its policy of forest use in relation to recreation has always pursued a forward-looking and progressive policy—a policy worked out in the interests of the public at large, not merely for today but also with a wise foresight as to the decades ahead. A mighty landmark in Forest Service policy was made by William Greeley during the latter part of his tenure as Chief United States Forester when he refused a permit for the building of a scenic railway to the summit of Mount Hood in Oregon. These primitive tracts are, to be sure, not set aside especially for botanists and yet perhaps for no other class of our citizens will the areas mean so much scientifically. They will in effect be natural gardens where the native vegetation may go on undisturbed by the factors which are so destructive at lower altitudes, as in the Great Valley. These areas, the list of which is furnished by the Forest Service, are as follows: Acua Tipta, in’ San Diego County—-25,910 acres, in the Cleve- land National Forest, including part of the Agua Tibia range and peak of that name. From these mountains wonderful views can be obtained of the desert and ocean. Caripou Butte, in Lassen and Plumas counties—16,442 acres, in the Lassen National Forest. This is a region of volcanic buttes with many interesting lava formations. Elevations from 6,000 to 7.000 feet. CucaMONGA, in San Bernardino County—5,000 acres in the San Bernardino National Forest. A region varying from rolling benches to steep cliffs, immediately adjacent to intensively used recreational centers. Elevations from 5,000 to 9,000 feet. DESOLATION VALLEY, in Eldorado County—41,380 acres, in the Eldorado National Forest. Located in a high alpine country of granite peaks and skyline lakes, with elevations ranging from 6,500 to 10,120 feet. Dana-MinaretTs, in Mariposa, Madera and Mono counties—82,181 acres, in the Mono and Sierra national forests. A portion of the Minaret Range, including Mt. Dana, 13,050 feet, and Mt. Lyell, 13,090 feet, a region of perpetual snow, with gorges, mountain meadows, glaciers and glacial moraines, form the main features of this High Sierra country. EMIGRANT Basin, in Tuolumne County—98,044 acres, in the Stan- islaus National Forest; on one of the routes of the covered-wagon pioneers. An area of rugged granite peaks, the highest being Leavitt Peak, 11,575 feet. HicH Srerra, in Fresno, Tulare and Inyo counties—761,790 acres, in the Inyo, Sierra and Sequoia national forests. A region of per- petual snow with many mountain lakes; the headwaters of the Kings 1931] DESERT WASH 47 River and other streams. Typical High Sierra country with eleva- tions from 4,000 to 14,000 feet, and many peaks above 12,000 feet. Hoover, mostly in Mono County—20,540 acres, located in the Mono National Forest along the crest and east side of the High Sierra. Contains many mountain lakes, meadows and numerous peaks over 13,000 feet elevation. MarsitE Mountain, in Siskiyou County—237,527 acres, in the Klamath National Forest, so called because of the limestone forma- tion which resembles white marble. A high wilderness country with many lakes and streams. Mippte EexL-Yotia Botiy, mostly in Trinity County—143,366 acres, in the California and Trinity national forests. Located on the headwaters of the Trinity River and smaller streams. A country of virgin forests and rugged topography with several high peaks. SALMON-TRiInITY ALPs, in Trinity, Siskiyou and Shasta counties —196,420 acres, in the Klamath, Shasta and Trinity national for- ests. A region of granite peaks ranging from 7,000 to 8,000 feet, with remnants of former glaciers and showing the results of glacial action. Contains many alpine lakes and streams. SAN Gorconio, in San Bernardino County—20,000 acres, in the San Bernardino National Forest along the summit of the San Gorgonio Range. Elevations vary from 7,000 to 11,485 on San Gorgonio Peak, the highest mountain in southern California. Topography rough and broken and in some places precipitous. SAN JACINTO, in Riverside County—-23,291 acres, in the San Bernardino National Forest. A picturesque region surrounding San Jacinto Peak, 10,805 feet, from whose summit can be had a wide view of mountains and deserts. SoutH Warner, in Modoc County—70,682 acres, in the Modoc National Forest. Located on a high ridge, 15 miles long, overlook- ing the Nevada deserts. This ridge is a “fault” which resulted in the formation of the Warner Mountains. There are many glacial lakes and peaks over 9,000 feet. THousanD LAKE VALLEY, in Shasta County—16,335 acres, in the Lassen National Forest. A rugged timbered area surrounding McGee Peak, containing many lakes scattered in the pine and fir forest. VENTANA, in Monterey County—45,520 acres, in the Monterey Division of the Santa Barbara National Forest. A rough country with elevations from 1,200 to 4,800 feet on the headwaters of the Carmel and Big Sur rivers. FIELD NOTE ON A DESERT WASH JoHn THomas HOWELL A San FELIPE VIGNETTE. A collecting trip to the San Felipe Wash on the western borders of the Colorado Desert in November, 1927, disclosed still the destructive force and evident ravages of floods which swept through the region during the preceding winter. Canyon roads in the vicinity are marked now by rocky beds washed clean of earth and road-embankments are scarred by treacherous and deeply enawed gullies. Here and there on the broad sandy, gravelly flood- plain of the San Felipe, now dry after the rainless months of sum- mer and autumn, lie piles of broken and uprooted brush, collected and dropped by the torrent. Hundreds of individuals of Agave deserti are strewn along the wash, showing that somewhere above, the flood had ripped out a planting of this rare endemic. Many of the uprooted Agaves are withered and will probably die, but many have been left half buried in the sand and are growing where they have been dropped. But all the work of the flood is not destruction for gravel bars and sand banks have been built and where there were quiet back-waters flats of silt and fine sand have been deposited. In such a place on finely sifted soil, protected by shrubs of Chryso- thamnus paniculatus now covered with a mass of yellow bloom, a trio of interesting Euphorbias are growing together. All are annuals and all spread prostrate, much-branched stems over the ground, stems that are starred with delicately colored and variously shaped flower- like involucres. Can this one, appearing in richness of color like a magic carpet of the East, be an annual phase of E. polycarpa? So it would seem, related perhaps to E. cinerascens Engelm., a type with slightly pubescent herbage and very narrow gland-appendages. Here, scarcely a span distant, is E. setiloba, the fine stems copiously glandular, bearing myriad small involucres with gleaming-white, stellate gland-appendages. No artifact of man was ever contrived so amazingly. And, as if planning to imitate their nearly endless array of form and color, yet another species grows in the colony. It is E. pediculifera, a more elegant species than the others with pale grey-green herbage and broad white gland-appendages which fade to deep rose in age. From all about, the sparsely planted rocky walls of the desert canyon look down, seeming grim and un- ordered in contrast to the minute details of beauty on the alluvium below. The shrubs on those arid slopes, scraggly and dormant, exhibit from a distance, the monotony of a single species, but expe- rience has shown that at appropriate seasons such brush produces flowers of many orders and kinds. And there too, among disintegrat- ing rocks and in shallow soil-pockets grow many small plants, each in its own niche or cranny, each as fine and as inspiring as the fragile mats of Euphorbia. NOTES AND NEWS An extremely readable paper on “The vegetation of the Mohave and Colorado deserts of southern California” by the late S. B. Parish has been published in Ecology for July. 1930 (11:481-499, figs. 1-9). Mr. Carl Purdy is making cultural studies of all Pacific Coast Cotyledons and Sedums. He would be glad to receive living ma- terial of the native species for his garden at The Terraces, Ukiah, California. The object of the Society is to promote the advancement of bo- nical science in California. It holds meetings for the reading of | ees ie alice in its objectives and are desirous of con- emp $2.00 per year, the membership fee, in support of its pro- These loyal members continue to support the Society as an al benefits. All persons in California interested in botany are ited to join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these terms. No one should join who may be uncertain as to whether or no he may get his money’s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage nd receives devotion from its membership. All officers do the work of the Society without pay. For membership blanks apply to the Secretary, John Thomas Howell, Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park. San Francisco, California. RS MEETINGS AND FIELD TRIPS, DECEMBER, 1931, TO JUNE, 1932 Thursday, December 10, 1931, Room 2093, Life Sciences Buildin; Berkeley, at 8:00 p. m. Speaker, Mr. H. L. Mason, University o California, Collecting Plant Fossils on the Alaskan Coast. Thursday, January 21, 1932, Room 2093, Life Sciences Buildin Berkeley, at 8:00 p. m. Speaker, Dr. W. W. Robbins, Division o Botany, University Farm, Davis. Business Meeting: Election o Officers. . Saturday, February 27, 1932. Annual Dinner. International House, Piedmont Avenue and Bancroft Way, Berkeley, at 6:00 p. m. Special notices will be sent members. Sunday, March 20, 1932. Field Trip to Pt. Reyes. Members arrange own transportation. Cars will meet at Inverness Post Office, 10:00 a.m. Leader, Mr. John Thomas Howell. Sunday, April 24, 1932. Field Trip to Arroyo Mocho, Mt. Hamilton. Range. Members arrange own transportation. Cars will meet at the flagpole in the center of Livermore, 9:30 a. m. Leader, Mr. — H. L. Mason. 5 Saturday, Sunday and Monday, May 28, 29, 30, 1932. Field Tri to Santa Lucia Mts. Members arrange own transportation, bring- ing sleeping bags, food supplies and camp equipment for three days. Cars will leave King City Hotel, May 28, promptly at 1:0 p.m. Distance, Oakland or San Francisco to King City, 150 miles. Leader, Dr. D. D. Keck. NUMBER 6 JOURNAL OF THE ALIFORNIA BOTANICAL oe DOUIETY Contents GENETIC SERIES OF THE CALIFORNIA CLOSED-CONE PINES SUGGESTED BY THE FossiL REcorpD, Herbert L. Mason . . 49 ¥ CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, field- trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora enone the people of California. The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer. Car negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrono, $2.50 pe year. Volume I, $5.00, may be had from the Secretary, Herbarium of the Cali fornia Academy of Scierices, San Francisco. Single copies, if available, $.50 General address, California Batanical Society, Room 3001, Life Sciences Building University of California, Berkeley, Califoinia. Officers of the Society Presidents. cage te tae nT ya a ee Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford University. — First. Vice-President... case oo Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. — Second Vice-President.............. Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, Berkeley. _ Treacurerc iced Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford University. Decretaryay. Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, 3000 Life Sciences Building, a University of California, Berkeley. — Program Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. Blake. 4 ~ MADRONA JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes o the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; an to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life history or geographical ers ret of the native pian. will be espe cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson, University of California Berkeley, California Grorce J. PEIRcE, Erne. K. Crum, Stanford University University of California a 1932] CLOSED-CONE PINES 49 A PHYLOGENETIC SERIES OF THE CALIFORNIA CLOSED-CONE PINES SUGGESTED BY THE FOSSIL RECORD Herspert L. Mason During the course of extended studies in the fossil record, in an attempt to trace the origin and migration of the forest associations of California and to explain the highly endemic nature of the flora, many interesting things have been brought to light. Outstanding among these is an unusually long series of fossil cones of the species of closed- cone pines now inhabiting the coastal and insular regions of California. This series runs from the present through the Recent and Pleistocene, and well down toward the base of the Pliocene. Altogether over three hundred such cones have been taken, and in many instances they are accompanied by wood, fascicles of needles, staminate catkins, pollen . and seeds. In a group with a morphological structure pointing to close inter-relationship, such a series of plant remains from the fos: ! record ought to suggest something as to the nature of this relationship The term “closed-cone pine” is locally applied to those spe-ies of hard pines whose cones are persistent for long periods on the tree and frequently remain closed for several years after maturity. It is not uncommon to find the cones still persistent, only a few feet from the ground, on the trunk of a one hundred foot tree. Such cones may have been produced thirty-five or forty years before. Most frequently, how- ever, five to ten years would represent the average duration of the cones on the trees. There are at present four rather polymorphic species with two recognized varieties, which by no means give a proper concept of the variation within the group. In addition to these there are two marked forms, now presumably extinct, described from the fossil _ record. A discussion of these species, fossil and living, follows. Pinus Masont Dorf. Figure 4 The earliest record of these pines was taken from the lower Plio- cene where they occur in the Merced sandstones near San Francisco and in the Pico shales near Ventura, California. Another poorly pre- served cone was taken from the Pliocene Santa Clara lake beds on Coal Mine Ridge near Palo Alto’. This Pliocene material, though closely resembling the modern Pinus muricata Don, has been given the name Pinus Masoni by Dorf, and varies from the modern form in having the scales of one side of the cone consistently produced into a triangular attenuate beak. It falls within the range of the extremes of variation of the modern Pinus muricata, though by no means can it be said that this extreme of variation characterizes the modern species. What records are available to us indicate that Pinus Masoni was essen- tially of this type throughout its entire range during the Pliocene. It seems to have been a part of an insular forest growing during Plio- Maprono, vol. 2, pp. 49-56. Feb. 25, 1932. *Scott, F. M., Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 1927. *Dorf, Erling, Pliocene Floras of California. Carn. Inst. Wash. Pub. 412, 1930. 50 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 cene time on islands that extended from what is now central California to southern California. In the southern locality there was, in associa- tion with this species, another pine that has been called Pinus Pieperi by Dorf and has been referred to Pinus sabiniana of the modern floras. In the northern localities the pine is in association with Pseu- dotsuga which is well represented by cones and wood. In studies of the Pliocene floras of California no other traces of species of closed- cone pines were found. The record as we now know it suggests this form as ancestral to the modern closed-cone pines. PINUS LINGUIFORMIS Mason sp. nov. fos. Figure 5 Cone 10 cm. long by 5 cm. wide’, ovoid, attenuate, asymmetrical, apparently reflexed on the branch; scales on the outer side produced to a long flattened tongue-like beak 8 to 12 mm. long by 6 mm. wide, tipped by a stout prickle, of which our specimen shows only a por- tion remaining. Locality. “From a layer of black clay between 800 and 900 feet at the ‘Los Alamitos pump station’ of the Long Beach Water Works about one-half mile northeast of Signal Hill in Los Angeles County. The lavers of clay are thin (five to twenty inches), separated by thick layers of sand and fine gravel.”* Collection. Univ. Calif. Coll. Pal. Bot. no. 446. This cone was sent in by Mr. Catey, engineer for the Long Beach Waier Works. Superficially it resembles an attenuate form of the “Pinus Masoni-Pinus muricata” complex, but is more massive and has a much fewer number of produced scales per cone. This is char- acteristic of the smaller-coned species. The tongue-like character of these scales, also, is not found in the other species group. Probably the material from the La Brea asphalt beds, in part at least, may be referred to this species. Such disposition, however, needs confirmation by re-study of the specimens now deposited in the Los Angeles Mu- seum. The cone figured by Mason in “Fossil Records of Some West Ametican Conifers” (Plate 3, Fig. 1), is a little too massive to be referred to Pinus muricata and more probably should be referred to Pinus linguiformis. Pinus linguiformis clearly shows relationship to the Pliocene Pinus Masoni, but with respect to its attenuate habit and the reduction in the number of prolonged scales, as well as in the massiveness of these scales, it suggests a marked tendency toward the modern Pinus atten- uata Lemmon. *The specimen is very much flattened and the figures refer to the width of the fossil cone. Correction for this flattening gives the cone a diameter of only 32 mm. at its thickest point. It must be borne in mind also, that in the preservation of plant remains of this sort a marked shrinkage occurs. This shrinkage some- times amounts to as much as 25% in the drying of the specimen. These facts necessarily alter the concept of the species as it naturally grew. *Transmitted by letter of November 10, 1930, from Mr. Catey. a a 1932] CLOSED-CONE PINES 51 We know little as to the habitat of Pinus linguiformis unless, as has been suggested, it is specifically identical with material in the La Brea deposits. Here we have a small-leaved form of Quercus agrifolia, a thick-seeded form of Juniperus Californicus, Sambucus glauca, Celtis reticulata, Xanthium sp., and Juglans Californica. As suggested by this association the habitat was considerably drier than the present habitat of Pinus muricata but is not out of keeping with that of Pinus attenuata. Pinus MurIcaTA Don. Figure 3 Of all the coastal species of closed-cone pines, Pinus muricata is the most widespread and apparently the most successful. It runs through a great range of variation in morphological detail as well as in adapta- tion to habitat. The most extreme variation occurs in the cones, par- ticularly with regard to the shape of the processes on the scales, which ranges from slightly pyramidal to an elongate cylindro-conical struc- ture. Sometimes they are straight and sometimes recurved; usually they are tipped by a prickle. The more typical form of the cone scale of the modern species is a broad pyramidal, somewhat recurved umbo, tipped with a usually persistent prickle. The cones range from 3 to 8 cm. in length. A small “thimble-cone” form is found on Santa Cruz Island. The habitat range is equally impressive. The literature re- peatedly refers to Pinus muricata as a “swamp pine’. This is far from being the general truth. It is true that along the Sonoma and Mendo- cino county coasts there occur marshes and poorly drained areas in which Pinus muricata grows, but it likewise grows on the hill slopes and, in some cases, on hilltops where drainage is rapid. Much of the Inverness Ridge region is of this type. The largest and best developed trees here are on well-drained rotten Montara granite. Likewise at Monterey they grow on granitic soil that is well drained. The distribution of Pinus muricata is of particular interest. It occupies a narrow, highly discontinuous strip along the coast from the vicinity of Trinidad Head in Humboldt County to La Purissima Ridge in Santa Barbara County, thence southward in Insular California to Guadalupe and Cedrus islands, and again on the mainland of Baja California at Point San Quentin, where it has been described as Pinus muricata var. Anthonyi Lemmon, a form of rather doubtful taxonomic rank. During Pleistocene time Pinus muricata appears always to have been associated with Pinus radiata, and it seems evident from the nature of the fossil record that Pinus radiata was the dominant species of the two. Today we find them associated in only two very local spots, one on Huckleberry Hill at Monterey and the other near the northern boundary of San Luis Obispo County. The species has been found in the fossil record from Lower Pleis- tocene through the Recent. The cones at Carpinteria’, which number *Chaney and Mason, Science, n. ser., vol. 76, no. 1702, p. 156. 52 MADRONO [Vol. 2 over 50, fall well within the range of variation of the modern species but have a more pronounced development of the scales, as is indicated in the illustration in figure 3. At Millerton in Marin County, seven cones of Pinus muricata have been taken, all of which compare more favorably with the typical form of today as it grows on Inverness Ridge in Marin County. At Tom’s Point, near the entrance of Tomales Bay, three cones of this species have been taken which conform exactly with those from the contemporaneous Millerton beds. There seems no doubt that this large and variable species has been on the ascendency since Pliocene time, where it appears as Pinus Masoni. It then goes through a great variation during the Pleistocene and finally emerges during the Recent, as a highly plastic and successful species, which from all indications is on its way toward an even greater multiplicity of habitat forms. These, if given a chance by man, will probably before another geologic epoch greatly increase the numbers of closed-cone pines. PINUS REMORATA Mason’. Figure 1 The Santa Cruz Island pine is a very characteristic small-coned pine with the cones ovoid in shape and ranging from symmetrical to only slightly asymmetrical. Some of them show a slight swelling on the umbos. Most of them stand at right angles to the stem. The needles are in fascicles of two and are rather heavy. They contain from twelve to eighteen resin ducts. Today this pine is confined to some of the islands of Alta and Baja California. In the past we have records of its occurrence on Santa Cruz Island ‘ as well as in the asphalt deposits at Carpinteria on the adjacent mainland. In its morphology as well as its aspect this pine is clearly related to Pinus muricata, but certainly is a step toward the other insular endemic, Pinus radiata var. binata Engelm. of Guadalupe Island. It seems evident that Pinus remorata was differentiated prior to middle Pleistocene and has persisted on the islands. Apparently it is not a successful invader. The presence of remains of the northern elephant with the fossils in the Pleistocene has been used to indicate a continental connection of what are now islands to the mainland. In spite of the connection this pine, at least in view of present information, has not been able to migrate and to establish itself on the present continent. All of the fossils in hand are very symmetrical and do not range over 6 cm. in length. Pinus RADIATA Don. Figure 2 Pinus radiata, the Monterey Pine, is perhaps the most widely known of the closed-corie-pines. It is very variable in the shape of the cone and in the extent of development of the scales, a fact which has re- sulted in an extensive synonymy in botanical literature. In general, the species has three needles to a fascicle, although some trees will °*Mason, H. L., Madrono, vol. 2, p. 8, 1930. "Chaney and Mason, Carn. Inst. Wash. Pub. 415, 1930. MapRONO PiatTe | l. Pinus REMorRATA Mason. 2. P. raptataA Don. 3. P. muricaTtaA Don. 4 P. MASON! Dorf. 5. P. LincurrormMis Mason. See “Explanation of Plate,” p. 56. 1932] CLOSED-CONE PINES 53 show as high as thirty per cent of the needles in fascicles of two, and occasionally trees are found with needles in fascicles of four and five’. The umbos or the enlarged scales of the cone are usually rounded, sometimes somewhat angular or quadrate. The cone is usually broadly ovoid in form and asymmetrical in outline. Considerable variation in the size of the cone occurs also. In general, there is a marked aver- age increase in size observable as one moves southward in its range, although there is also much local variation. The species ranges discontinuously on the mainland of California from near Ano Nuevo Point on the San Mateo-Santa Cruz County line to the vicinity of Moro Rock in San Luis Obispo County. It occurs again in typical form on Guadalupe Island* two hundred miles off the coast of northern Baja California along with Pinus radiata var. binata Engelm. The latter is characterized by having a predominant number of needles in fascicles of two, as well as by having slightly smaller cones which tend to vary toward Pinus remorata Mason. The fossil records of Pinus radiata are particularly interesting be- cause of the former extension of range indicated and because of the evolutionary aspects of the foliage suggested. The southernmost record thus far taken is from the asphalt deposits at Carpinteria, where it is associated with Pinus muricata and Cupressus goveniana as well as with several species of Arctostaphylos and one of Ceanothus. The cones are large and well formed in a manner suggestive of those of the southern part of the modern range. In the habitat they outnumber the cones of Pinus muricata considerably, yet in the fascicles of needles that are so abundant in the deposit there is a marked preponderance of 2-needle fascicles. They outnumber the 3-needle fascicles about eight to one. Proceeding northward we find Pinus radiata again in a gravelly clay deposit at Mussel Rock south of San Francisco, where it is associated with Pseudotsuga, and again at Millerton and at Tom’s Point on Tomales Bay. The Millerton locality is of particular interest because it occurs on the edge of a forest of Pinus muricata and con- tains an overwhelming preponderance of fossil Pinus radiata. Here a series of over two hundred cones have been taken, of which only seven are Pinus muricata. Although the deposit at Tom’s Point is not so rich as that at Millerton, the preponderance of cones of Pinus radiata here also is well marked. No record has as yet been taken that can be cited definitely as Pinus radiata var. binata Engelm. However, the overwhelming prepon- derance of 2-needle fascicles in the Pleistocene deposit at Carpinteria would suggest that in the development of this species the 2-needle phase was, at that time, far more important than at present and possibly was ancestral to the 3-needle phase. *Haasis, ¥. W., Madrofo, vol. 2. p. 29, 1931. *The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Mr. J. T. Howell and to the California Academy of Sciences for the use of notes and material obtained on a recent trip to Guadalupe Island, where the occurrence of typical Pinus radiata Don in the living flora was definitely established. 54 MADRONO [ Vol. 2, PINUS ATTENUATA Lemmon. The knob cone pine is another relatively widespread species of the clesed-cone group. It occurs in discontinuous patches in the interior from the vicinity of McKenzie Pass in Oregon southward through both Coast Ranges, the Sierra Nevada, and the cross ranges of southern California to the hills back of Ensenada in Baja California. It is char- acterized by needles in fascicles of three and by long-attenuate cones with broad pyramidal umbos on the swollen scales. As compared with Pinus muricata only a few of the scales are elongated. The remaining scales on the swollen side are large and ridged but only slightly raised. Fossil records of this species are not common. There are a few cones from the Pleistocene portions of the auriferous gravels near You Bet in the Sierra Nevada foothills. These specimens are indistinguish- able from the modern species”. The elongate nature of the cone and the relatively few elongated scales, together with the more arid habitat, suggest a relationship to the fossil Pinus linguiformis Mason. DISCUSSION ’ From the point of view of age there is no doubt that, of the closed. cones so far known, Pinus Masoni Dorf is without question the oldest. This, of course, does not establish it as ancestral to all of the rest. The fossil record, though in this case abundant, is by no means complete. We can say that the record suggests that this species, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, is probably either ancestral or close to the ancestral type of the closed-cone pines. It is no long step from this to a pine of the type of Pinus linguiformis, and through it to the modern Pinus attenuata. The evidence seems to indicate that this change took place about the middle of the Pleistocene. Pinus Masoni probably gave rise also to Pinus muricata directly, as it seems to merge almost insensibly into it through the Carpinteria type to the Millerton type, and finally to the species as it exists today on the Pacific Coast of North America. Some time during the Lower Pleistocene Pinus remorata branched off from this line, and from it the 2-leaved, small- coned Pinus radiata var. binata. The Carpinteria deposits furnish us with the information that Pinus radiata was more characteristically a 2-needle pine during that time. The Millerton deposits likewise show a high percentage of 2-needle fascicles. Finally the modern species was left to us with the characteristic 3-needle clusters. Pinus muricata we can look upon as having a slow but early beginning. The species is perhaps still in the ascendency. It was less common during the Pleistocene than at present, particularly as to individuals. Pinus radiata belongs to the Pleistocene and apparently is fast disappearing. In its present distribution and abundance the species is but a shadow of what it used to be. Likewise Pinus radiata var. binata and Pinus re- morata probably have been saved to us purely through the protection Mason, H. L., Carn. Inst. Wash. Pub. 346, p. 139, Plate 2, Fig. 2, 1927. 1932] CLOSED-CONE PINES 55 of insular isolation, while Pinus attenuata seems to be of rather recent origin. It appears in middle Pleistocene, but not commonly, and be- comes more abundant in the Recent. Any hypothesis that is based upon the fossil record naturally rests upon fragmentary evidence. When new evidence is available changes must be made in our hypothesis to accommodate it. It seems, however, that in a region such as this, where Pleistocene deposits are relatively abundant and preservation is remarkably perfect, we now have most of the evidence that will bear upon the problem for this period. The evidence in hand suggests the relationships herein outlined. We need more material from the Pliocene and it seems that this will be forth- coming as that period is more completely studied. As the problem now stands we can say that Insular California, as it existed during the Pliocene, was the home of the closed-cone pines and that most of the differentiation that now characterizes that group took place during the Pleistocene. Berkeley, California. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I Fig. 1. Pinus remorata Mason. X24 Fossil cone from the Willow Creek formation of Santa Cruz Island. Pleistocene. Fig. 2. Pinus radiata Don. X24 Fossil cone from the Asphalt deposit near Carpin- teria, California. Pleistocene. Fig. 3. Pinus muricata Don. X24 Fossil cone from the Asphalt deposit near Carpin- teria, California. Pleistocene. Fig. 4. Pinus Masoni Dorf. X24 Fossil cone from the Merced sandstones 114 miles south of Fleishhacker Pool, San Francisco. Pliocene. Fig. 5. Pinus linguiformis sp. nov. fos. Mason. X24 Fossil cone from the Los Ala- mitos pump station of the Long Beach Water Works near Signal Hill, Los Angeles County. Pleistocene. NOTES AND NEWS Miss Harriet A. Walker, for many years an assistant in the Herbarium of the University of California and whose death was announced in this Journal for December, 1929, left property to the University of California valued at about $4,000. The Board of Regents of the University of California have decided to preserve this legacy intact and to use it as an endowment for books for the Botanical Library. The income will enable the Department of Botany each year to purchase very desirable sets and single volumes in addition to those provided from regular University funds, and it is believed that because of Miss Walker’s great interest in the Department this will more nearly meet her wishes than any other disposal that could be made of the legacy.—H. M. Hatt. Genetic researches upon the well-known Collinsia bicolor of our vernal flora are published in recent issues of the Zeitschrift ftir In- duktive und Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre (vol. 55, hefte 1-3). The author is the Norwegian botanist, Gunnar Hiorth. 56 MADRONO [Vol. 2 NOTES AND NEWS Mr. M. W. Talbot, who has for some ten years been engaged on weed control work in the United States Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington, has recently been transferred to the United States For-— est Experiment Station at Berkeley. In California, as “Senior Forest Ecologist”, he will have to do with the forage research connected with range lands. In the course of a botanical reconnaissance, having to do with woody plants, Dr. R. W. Chaney, Professor of Paleontology in the University of California, reached Trinidad, West Indies, Jan. 2, 1932. He writes from Trinidad: “Each of the islands in the British West Indies I have found to be a botanical gem, with new fossil plant lo- calities here and at Santa Lucia, both of critical interest.” Thence he goes to British Guiana, afterwards flying to Caracas, Venezuela. Dr. P. A. Munz, Professor of Botany in Pomona College, Clare- mont, returned early in January from Europe where he has been for a half-year engaged in research studies in systematic botany. He paid especial attention to Chilian and Argentinian Onagraceae, discover- ing interesting similarities to Californian species. He visited the her- baria at Edinburgh, London, Berlin, Prague, Geneva and Paris. Dr. J. H. Faull, Professor of Botany in Harvard University, visited California in September, 1931, in connection with his studies on fungi. Professor Geo. J. Peirce’s “Experimental Plant Physiology” is a recently issued text of 166 pages designed to enlighten “the curious as to the qualities and operations of living organisms.” The experi- ments do not involve highly elaborate apparatus, but only such simple instruments as will give accurate results. (Henry Holt & Co.) A new journal of botany issued by Miss Alice Eastwood and Mr. J. T. Howell of the California Academy of Sciences Herbarium is entitled “Leaflets of Western Botany”. The first number (January, 1932) contains an article on the cultivated Pittosporums in California by Miss Eastwood and an account of a new Baeria, B. Bakeri, from the Mendocino coast by Mr. Howell. A recent issue of the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (ser. 4, vol. 20, no. 5) contains an article by Miss Alice East- wood on “New Species of Plants from Western America”. These new species cover a wide range of families. In the same publication, nos. 3 and 4, are two articles by Mr. J. T. Howell, one on “The Genus Pogogyne’”, the other on “A Great Basin Species of Physocarpus”. Dr. W. S. Cooper of the University of Minnesota finds, on a visit to Glacier Bay, Alaska, that the Coast Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) both layer, though the Sitka Spruce (Picea Sitchensis) does so more abundantly and vigor- ously. He discusses the matter of layering in these species in the Botanical Gazette for June, 1931 (91:441-451). and for eee it conducts field excursions and She val. The Society exists because there are a certain number of ians who believe in its objectives and are desirous of con- 2.00. per year, the membership fee, in support of its pro- loyal members continue to support the Society as an 1nalf of botany in the West, without thought of any per- s. All persons in California interested in botany are a Dees ey = botanists and plant lovers on these CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL DINNER, 1932 The annual dinner of the California Botanical Society will be he in the banquet room of the International House, Piedmont Avenue Bancroft Way, Berkeley, on Saturday evening, February 27, at 6 o’cloc The President, Dr. George J. Peirce of Stanford University, act as toastmaster. Following the banquet there will be several fin minute age by returned travelers of the Society. The evening’s address will be given by Mr. Lloyd Austin, Direc 0 of the Institute of Forest Genetics at Placerville, California. Mr. Austi will discuss “Hereditary Variations in the Western Yellow Pine”. will also report on the general progress of the experiments carried o by his institution. All members and their guests are cordially invited to attend. Atten tion is called to the reduced dinner price to meet the needs of the De pression. So come and help make the occasion successful. Afternoon Session In the afternoon of February 27 from 2:00 to 5:00 p. m. a general session will be held in Room 2093 Life Sciences Building. At this time botanists will present professional papers which will be of special interest to those concerned with problems of botany, forestry or agriculture. All persons interested are cordially welcome. _ JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY April, 1932 CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investiga of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, fiel trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora among the people of California. The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to tne ei Ca negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrofio, $2.50 pe 7 year. Volume I, $5.00, may be had from the Secretary, Room 3000, Life Sciences Building, Wniversity af California, Berkeley, California. Single copies, if available, $.50. General address, California Botanical Society, Room 3000, Life Science Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. ; Officers of the Society Presidente che oi 0) Me may cro ante Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford Universit a PirstiViee- Presidents St. ag Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. — Second Vice-President.............. Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, Berkeley. Treasurer ne Du) rary, Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford Unive Secretary............ ..Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, 3000 Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley. Program Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr: H. L. Mason, os Mr. J. T. Howell. i Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. i S. Blake. N] 4 ~ MADRONO-> JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY — | The journal is issued quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1. _ The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, tc publish articles and notes on the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi- — cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; and to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the — habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be espe- — cially welcome. pe Publication Committee W. L. Jepson University of California Berke'ey, California GrorcrE J. PEIRCE, ETHEL K. Crum, 4] Stanford University . University of California — 1932] FLORA OF A DESERT RANGE 57 THE FLORA OF A DESERT RANGE, THE WHITE MOUNTAINS A meeting of the Society was held November 12, 1931, at 8:00 p. m. in Room 2093, Life Sciences Building, University of California. In the absence of Dr. Peirce, the President, Prof. H. E. McMinn, the First Vice-President, occupied the chair. Thirty members and guests were present. Mr. Victor Duran gave a very interesting lecture on the general aspect of the flora of the White Mountains of California and Nevada, where he has collected botanical specimens during several summers. This is one of the desert ranges of the Great Basin and is situated mostly in Inyo and Mono counties, California, extending partly into Mineral and Esmeralda counties, Nevada. The lower slopes, especially at the edge of Owens Valley and Deep Springs Valley, at elevations of 4000 to 5500 feet, are, said Mr. Duran, dry and exposed and bear a variety of desert shrubs, many of which are characteristic of the Lower Sonoran Zone. Yucca brevifolia occurs on the eastern slopes near Deep Springs Valley, but appears to be quite uncommon. The sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata, is the dominant shrub of the region, occurring throughout the range below timber line, except on the most exposed lower slopes. The pinon, Pinus cembroides var. monophylla, and the juniper, Juniperus Californica var. Utahensis, form an open woodland throughout the range between 6000 and 8500 feet elevation. Above the pifion-juniper belt, one frequently meets pine forests composed of Pinus flexilis and Pinus aristata, but more often the Transition Zone is characterized by a scattered growth of the desert mahogany, Cercocarpus ledifolius, or nearly pure stands of Artemisia tridentata. Pinus flexilis and Pinus aristata occur nearly always in company, forming forests on the sheltered slopes and in the canons. Sometimes appearing in the pinion belt these two pine species extend throughout the Boreal Zone to timber line, which occurs between 11,000 and 12,000 feet elevation. On account of the rolling nature of much of the higher country there is a fairly extensive arctic vegetation. Tri- folium monense, a species known only from this range, is one of the characteristic plants, and a valuable sheep feed. Several large meadows occur in the higher parts of the range and the aspen, Populus tremuloides, is plentiful in suitable parts of the Transition and Canadian zones. Populus trichocarpa, Betula fontinalis, and several species of willow are found along the lower courses of the stream.—E. K. C. WEED CONTROL IN CALIFORNIA The Society met on Thursday, January 21, 1932, in Room 2093, Life Sciences Building, University Campus, Berkeley. Dr. Geo. J. Peirce, the President, presided. About thirty-five members were pres- ent. The address of the evening, Weed Control in California, was given by Dr. W. W. Robbins, Professor of Botany at the University College of Agriculture at Davis. MaproNo, vol. 2, pp. 57-64. June 3, 1932. 58 MADRONO [Vol. 2 For the problems which confront California agriculture there is need, said Dr. Robbins, of plant physiologists who have a good train- ing in chemistry as a background. The financial loss to California agriculture by weeds is greater than by insects and plant pests com- bined. The necessity for control of weeds is justified by the economics of the situation. In the delta region I have seen, said Dr. Robbins, farming lands under weed control cultivated for $4.00 to $5.00 per acre, while equally valuable lands in the same neighborhood cost $40.00 to $50.00 per acre for cultivation. There is no question as to great losses. The presence of Puncture Vine (Tribulus terrestris) even causes lands to be abandoned. The railroads spend money in Puncture Vine control and the State Highway Commission spent $80,000.00 in 1931 on Puncture Vine eradication. Of the many weeds in California there are five or six which may be used to illustrate the discussion. Tribulus terrestris has actually brought about the abandonment of thousands of acres of valuable lands near Bakersfield. The barbed thorns of the fruits enable it to spread widely and rapidly in shipments of vegetables, fruit, cattle food and numerous other ways. A second weed of comparatively recent intro- duction is Hypericum perforatum. In 1930 it was estimated that this plant occupied one hundred thousand acres of grazing lands in northern California—from the northern Sierra foothills to Humboldt County. A third outstanding pest is Holcus halepensis (Johnson Grass). It is so serious a pest in the richest lands that sometimes farm leases can- not be renewed. At Modesto the Chinese have refused to re-lease cer- tain tracts, and if Chinese cannot make a living on the land who can? asked the speaker. A fourth introduction is Alhagi camelorum (Camel Thorn) of the Old World which spreads by deep-seated rootstocks from an initial infection and makes circular patches of the thorn. The California legislature regarded the threat of Camel Thorn so seriously as to appropriate $15,000.00 to eradicate it, but did not specify in what manner. About 800 acres are now infected. The herbage is browsed and the seed passes unharmed through the digestive tract of animals. A fifth weed is Cynara scolymus (Artichoke) which covers about 3000 acres near Benicia. A cup of Diesel oil put into the heads at flowering time kills the plant, so that a means of control has been found. A sixth plant, Lepidium Draba (Hoary Cress), notorious for its effective rootstocks, was first noticed in the Pajaro Valley about 1903. For control we need an accumulation of facts: 1. Life history studies of all pernicious weeds. 2. A development of chemical solu- tions for general use and of special toxic chemicals in relation to the physiology of each weed species. 3. A means of sterilizing soil so as to form a weed-free strip along irrigation canals. 4. A life-history study of water plants since these, such as tule and cat-tail, block irri- gation channels and yet they cannot be reached by sprays. 5. A means of control of lawn seed, especially Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda Grass) and Taraxacum vulgare (Common Dandelion), which cause so much expense under present methods. Lawn-owners, however, in the main want something simple. You come to the lawn and say “Boo”— and the weeds disappear. 1932] ANNUAL DINNER 59 “The weed problem is basically a botanical problem and it is necessary to approach it from the botanical standpoint” was a remark which summed up the speaker’s experience. A lively discussion fol- lowed the speaker’s paper. Mr. M. W. Talbot of the United States For- est Experiment Station agreed with the speaker in emphasizing the need of chemical training on the part of the investigator of weeds. Pro- fessor W. W. Mackie thought that grazing might control Camel Thorn, since on his Asiatic expedition it was the sole resource of the camels in his camel train. It was his belief that introduction was caused through the camel dung around the roots of the date palms brought into the Coachella Valley from the Old World. Professor W. L. Jepson pointed out the need of reports to the state authorities of the first pres- ence of alien weeds. It is not many years ago, as time goes, he said, that on their first appearance in California all of these weeds were reported by botanists as occurring at a single station and occupying only a limited area, sometimes only a few square yards. Such narrow infection could, at the beginning, have easily been smothered. In the case of new aliens immediate eradication, he urged, should be a policy for the future. Several other members took part in the discussion. Adjournment was at 9:30.—W. L. J. THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1932 The general session of the California Botanical Society met Febru- ary 27, 1932, in Room 2093, Life Sciences Building, University of Calli- fornia, at 2:00 p. m. Dr. George J. Peirce, President of the Society, occupied the chair until near the end of the session when he was re- lieved by Professor H. E. McMinn, the First Vice-President. The fol- lowing papers were read and discussed. SOME FACTS OF INTEREST EXTRACTED FROM A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VIOLA HyBrIDs. By Dr. Jens Clausen, Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington. CERTAIN PHASES OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS BY THE DERMATOPHYTE Funer. By Mr. David Goddard, Department of Botany, University of California. PALAEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE OF THE ORIGIN OF FLORISTIC DIFFEREN- TIATION IN THE CALIFORNIA FLORA. Mr. H. L. Mason, Department of Botany, University of California. Vegetation is in process of continuous change. Each species induces conditions in the environment that are unfavorable for the establishment of competitors, including those of its own kind. Climate also is constantly changing. The physiological limits of an organism restrict its activities to a relatively narrow range of environmental conditions. If the environment changes there are three courses open to the plant. It may adapt itself to the new condi- tions, it may migrate, or it may perish and become extinct. The physiological limits are not the same for all species. Some may have a wide range of tolerance for a given set of conditions and others a narrow range. In any given habitat some species may be near one extreme of their tolerance range and others may be near the other 60 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 extreme. It is evident, therefore, that any change in the environmental complex would exercise a selective influence on the specific content of the plant association. Some species would die out. Others would find conditions nearer their optimum and would tend to dominate the area. Still others would be brought nearer the extremes of their tolerance range and would be forced into a less conspicuous position. It seems therefore that the theory of physiological limits as developed by Liv- ingston and Shreve, and the theory of tolerance as postulated by Goode offer the mechanism of response that permits of changing floras. There exists in the Sierra Nevada a coniferous forest zonated ac- cording to climate. In its northern aspect it is strikingly like the red- wood forest of the Coast Ranges. It lacks Sequoia sempervirens, how- ever. One cannot escape the evidences of relationship. Tertiary records of western America are abundant in remains of species identical with or closely related to those now segregated into separate forest associa- tions. The Pliocene Santa Clara lake beds of the Santa Cruz Mountains are a striking example where there is found in association Sequoia Langsdorfii, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Pinus Lambertiana, Libocedrus de- currens, Arbutus, as well as several other genera and species which are common to both the redwood and Sierran forests. The two modern forests are in all probability climatic segregates from this Tertiary association. The closed-cone pine forests of the coast offer evidence of similar but much more recent segregation. Palaeontological evidence supports the conclusion that from the Pliocene through the Pleistocene the for- est was more continuous than at present, and was largely dominated by Pinus radiata. Today there is marked segregation into highly localized areas combined with a strong tendency toward local variations peculiar to each region. Climatic segregation likewise may account for relationships be- tween widely separated floras. The extensive Miocene forest contained genera and species whose modern equivalents are now discontinuous in such widely separated areas as the Mediterranean region, the Himalaya Mountains, eastern Asia, the Pacific coast of North America and south- eastern United States. It would seem therefore that floristic differentiation is the product of climatic segregation that our California forests owe their distinctive caste to this biogeographic process. SOME RECENT CONCLUSIONS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE PLANT- BoDY. By Dr. D. H. Campbell, Department of Botany, Stanford Uni- versity. Botanists, as a class, are extremely conservative regarding the principles dealing with plant morphology. Most of the text-books still retain the same ideas as to the homologies of the plant-body that have been current for a century or more. The generally accepted theory, for instance, that the various organs of the vascular plants can be re- ferred to one of three fundamental organs—stem, leaf, root—can hardly be maintained in view of the facts revealed by modern studies in comparative morphology derived from both fossil and living forms. The methods of the zoologist, dealing with highly individualized or- ganisms, are not applicable to the much less highly organized plants, 1932] ANNUAL DINNER 61 whose organs, e. g., leaves, are often temporary, and most of whose cells are much less specialized than those composing the tissues of most animals. The attempts to build up an elaborate system of skeletal structure in plants, based upon the theory of a primitive axis trav- ersed by a “protostele” from which all the more specialized types have been derived, is not borne out by developmental study of the tissues in the primitive ferns, where in some cases, e. g., Ophioglossum, there are no cauline steles. Recent important discoveries of early Devonian vascular plants, show that these had an undifferentiated plant body, with no special organs, such as leaves and roots. They did, however, bear extremely simple sporangia, showing marked resemblance to the sporogonia of certain liverworts. The simplest of these Devonian plants, the Rhyn- iacea, show a remarkable resemblance to the Anthocerotaceae, which the writer has long maintained, most nearly, among living plants, re- semble the ancestors of the first vascular plants. This theory has been ereatly strengthened, both by the discovery of the Rhyniaceae, and also that of some remarkable specimens of Anthoceros fusiformis, col- lected by Dr. G. J. Peirce in August, 1922, near Carmel. Some of these had sporophytes six inches long, and had evidently survived from the previous rainy season. These sporophytes had developed an unusual amount of chlorophyll-bearing tissue, a large central strand of con- ducting tissue, and a large foot, apparently capable of absorbing water without the intervention of the gametophyte, which showed evidences of disintegration. Except for the presence of a few tracheids in the axial stele, a cross-section of Rhynia is hardly distinguishable from that of these large Anthoceros sporophytes. The oldest organ of the vascular plants is the sporangium, and the pollen-sacs and ovules of the flowering plants are descended from the very primitive sporangia of some such simple Devonian plants as the Rhyniaceae, and through these from Anthoceros-like ancestors. The vascular plants are probably of polyphyletic origin—not all derived from a single ancestor—a sort of plant Adam. Among the early Devonian fossils are types which seem to anticipate each of the principal classes of existing Pteridophytes. BotanicaL Fretp Work In Lower Carirornia. By Dr. Ira L. Wig- gins, Department of Botany, Stanford University. Dr. Wiggins em- phasized the importance of secondary exploration of known areas. Although less spectacular than pioneering, and less likely to result in the discovery of new species, this later work is more critical and no less essential. There are gaps in the knowledge which need to be filled. Species must become more fully known, their habits observed, their ranges more accurately limited. After a brief survey of the history of botanical exploration in Lower California, Dr. Wiggins illustrated by a series of interesting slides many distinctive species as well as the major plant associations and general topography of the region. THe Annuay Dinner. The annual dinner of the Society, following the general afternoon session, was held in the evening at the Rocke- feller International House, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. 62 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 George J. Peirce, President of the Society, acted as toastmaster. By asking the recently returned travelers to report upon their adventures, Dr. Peirce revived an interesting old-time custom of the Society. Dr. Ira L. Wiggins responded with an account of his sojourn in Lower California. Mr. H. L. Mason told of paleobotanical discoveries in Alaska. Dr. Jens Clausen, with a rapid-fire narrative of his survey of European and American botanical laboratories and institutions of plant genetics, won by general consent of the audience both speed and long- distance records. Letters were read from absent members, from Dr. Rk. W. Chaney, who wrote from the Panama Canal zone, and from Pro- fessor W. T. Horne, who sent greetings from the Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside. The musical numbers presented under the direc- tion of Mr. W. W. Carruth were especially enjoyable. The principal address of the evening was given by Mr. Lloyd Aus- tin, Director of the Institute of Forest Genetics at Placerville, Cali- on For several years, he said, the Institute of Forest Genetics, for- merly the Eddy Tree Breeding Station, has made a study of hereditary variations in Pinus ponderosa, or Western Yellow Pine. The purpose of the investigation has been to obtain knowledge that will help the Institute in its efforts to develop superior new strains of rapid-growing timber trees. Pinus ponderosa is one of the most widely distributed of all pines, ranging from British Columbia to Mexico, and from the California Coast Ranges eastward to Nebraska. There are two forms that are suf- ficiently distinct to have been generally recognized by botanists and dendrologists as varieties of this species. The most widely distributed is the variety scopulorum, which occurs throughout the Rocky Moun- tains. The other is the variety Jeffreyi, considered by some to be suf- ficiently distinct to constitute a separate species. To test the inherent vigor of these three forms, we obtained seed from 60 counties in twelve western states and British Columbia. To make possible a comparison of individuals as well as of geographic strains, the collections were made entirely from individual trees, which are marked with permanent aluminum tags. There are 765 of these mother trees, grouped in 126 field plots. The seeds gathered from each tree were sown in four different plots in the nursery, and our results are based upon the average of the four plantings. More than 73,000 measurements of the seedlings were taken to determine their compara- tive rates of growth under uniform conditions and thereby to obtain a true index of the inherent vigor of the parent trees. The variety scopulorum was found to be uniformly weak in its hereditary constitution, with the one exception of the Arizona strain, which is fully as vigorous as many of the Pacific Coast forms. Through- out most of the Pacific Coast, Pinus ponderosa is of medium inherent vigor, although there are marked differences between different local strains. The most vigorous strain of all was found in El Dorado County, where three field plots earned an average vigor rating of 9, ratings be- ing from one to ten. The most interesting general tendency observed is that vigor seems to decrease definitely as elevation increases, at least in the Sierra Ne- vada. This is especially pronounced in El Dorado County, where the 1932] HARVEY MONROE HALL 63 most exhaustive tests have been made. All of the individual trees in this county that received a vigor rating of 10 are, with one exception, growing at elevations below 2,400 feet. All that received a rating of 9 are below 3,100 feet. All ratings of 4 are above 5,100 feet, and all ratings of 3 are above_6,300 feet. The trees of varying degrees of medium vigor are scattered over the central part of the county. From the viewpoint of reforestation, probably the most important of all vigorous trees revealed by the test, is one growing at an elevation of 3,700 feet, which received a vigor rating of 10. This one tree may prove to be the starting point of a new race that is both vigorous and hardy. Likewise of interest is a tree having a rating of 8 and grow- ing at an elevation of 4,700 feet, where winters are severe. In connec- tion with our progeny test experiment, marked differences have also been noted in the characteristics of cones, seeds and seed-wings of in- dividual trees of the same species growing side by side in the forest. The results have only recently become available and there has been little opportunity to ascertain the reasons for the conditions that exist. One of the simplest explanations is that the differences may be strictly a result of water supply, only the individuals that are inherently vigor- ous being able to survive the long dry season at the lower elevations. Temperature also may play a part. The speaker illustrated his very lucid presentation by pictures, charts and models, and demonstrated a successful method of recording graphically the results of experiments. Altogether the lecture proved most interesting and instructive to his auditors. Seventy-five members and guests were present at the banquet and evening lecture. DEATH OF DR. HARVEY MONROE HALL It is the custom of the Carnegie Institution of Washington to hold an annual conference in December for the purpose of discussing re- ports of investigators on its staff and considering plans for future work. Dr. H. M. Hall, Associate in the Division of Plant Biology, went to Washington from Stanford University for this meeting in mid-Decem- ber, 1931, and to deliver a lecture on “Environment versus Heredity”, in connection with the program of lectures. Shortly before this lecture was to have been delivered he was taken ill, and his condition became increasingly serious. Three operations for abdominal abscess were re- sorted to in succession in an effort to save his life but without avail. He continued to sink and died Mar. 11, 1932.—W. L. J. NOTES AND NEWS On Thursday, December 10, 1931, a meeting of the California Botanical Society was held in Room 2093, Life Sciences Building, Uni- versity of California. The paper of the evening was by Mr. H. L. Mason, Department of Botany, University of California, who gave an illustrated lecture upon “Collecting Plant Fossils on the Alaska Coast,” with an account of the early spring vegetation of Alaska, the discovery of fossil redwood on St. Lawrence Island, native life and customs in the far north and the encounter of the ship Northland with the Arctic 64 MADRONO [Vol. 2 ice-sheet. At the business session the following persons were nomi- nated as officers, for the year 1932: President, Professor G. J. Peirce, Stanford University. First Vice-President, Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. Second Vice-President, Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California. Treasurer, Dr. David D. Keck, Carnegie Institution. Sec- retary, Ethel K. Crum, University of California. These nominees were duly elected at the following (January, 1932) meeting. Forty-two per- sons were present. At Berkeley, on October 15, 1931, Mr. Cary Hill of the Forest Ex- periment Station, United States Forest Service, deliveed a lecture before the monthly evening meeting of the Society on the subject: Changing ecological factors in California forests. The President, Professor Geo. J. Peirce, presided. Thirty-two members were present. Dr. Jens Clausen, of the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural Col- lege, Copenhagen, Denmark, took up his duties at Stanford University as cytogeneticist on the staff of the Division of Plant Biology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on November 1, 1931. The following contributions from researches in the Onagraceae being conducted at Pomona College, Claremont, have been published recently: Revision of Oenothera-Taraxia and Oenothera-Eulobus, by P. A. Munz (Amer. Jour. Bot. 16: 246-257,—1929); Revision of Oenothera-Sapingia and Oenothera-Calylophis, by P. A. Munz (Amer. Jour. Bot. 16: 702-715,—-1929); Revision of the North American Species of Oenothera-Lavauxia and Oenothera-Megapterium, by P. A. Munz (Amer. Jour. Bot. 17: 358-370,—1930) ; A Study of the Genus Clarkia, with Special Reference to its Relationship to Godetia, by P. A. Munz and C. L. Hitchcock (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 56: 181-197,—1929) ;: Revision of the North American Species of Godetia, by C. L. Hitchcock (Bot. Gaz. 89: 321-361,—1930). The Carnegie Institution of Washington has issued a paper on the Pliocene floras of California by Erling Dorf (Publ. no. 412, pp. 1-108, 13 plates, 1930). It is an excellent piece of work based mainly on Coast Range fossil floras. Many new species of various genera, including Pinus, Pseudotsuga and Cercocarpus, are described. The leaf impressions of Sequoia from the Sonoma Petrified Forest are determined as S. Langsdorfii Heer; but are regarded as indistinguish- able from the modern S. sempervirens Endl. The same institution has also published a paper by R. W. Chaney and H. L. Mason on “A Pleistocene flora from Santa Cruz Island” (Publ. no. 415, pp. 1-24, 7 plates, 1930), which is equally interesting and valuable espe- cially on account of its treatment of coniferous material and com- parisons with the living coastal flora and distribution of arboreous types. hese. “Tepe Boies continue to support the aavan) as an 1 behalf of botany in the West, without thought of any per- Ye s. All persons in ‘California, interested in botany are Jd to join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these No one should join who may be uncertain as to whether or ay get his money’s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage es devotion from its membership. All officers do the work ty without pay. nembership blanks apply to the Secretary, Miss Ethel Kath- Room 3000, Life Sciences Building, a ne of Cali- eley, California. 4 val) ! , i te iG { 1 ; t A ih M4 f ve ay \ r Lif if ty ") TEA a Pi NGS ae NIM BS ¥ a: Yai ‘ ' ty . | JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY Contents ‘SAN JOSE DEL CABO—A BOTANICAL EXPEDITION meee LOWER CALIFORNIA, 1. Wiggins (ork oe ee “| eae PUA Pan trac CG VEO RCRA PALL Ea July, 1932 CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, fi trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amor the people of California. } The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, ( negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrono, $2.50 year. Volume I, $5.00, may be had from the Secretary, Room 3000, Life Scien Building, Universite of California, Berkeley, California. Single copies, if avail $.50. General address, California Botanical Society, Room 3000, Life Sci Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Officers of the Society j Program Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. ae Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. Blak MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The journal is issued quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1. The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes o the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of commun cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; and to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon th habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants bt be esp cially welcome. . Publication Committee W. L. Jepson University of California Berkeley, California Grorce J. Peirce, ‘ene Eruer K. Crum, Stanford University / University of Californ 1932] LOWER CALIFORNIA EXPEDITION 65 TIA JUANA TO SAN JOSE DEL CABO—A BOTANICAL EXPEDITION THROUGH LOWER CALIFORNIA Tra L. WigciIns On April 2, 1931, accompanied by Professor James McMurphy as assistant, mycologist, and camping companion extraordinary, I crossed the international boundary at Tia Juana to drive the length of Lower California, collect material for the Dudley Herbarium, and make a brief reconnaissance of the peninsular flora. Despite exaggerated re- ports concerning the impassability of the roads due to recent cloud- bursts we experienced comparatively little difficulty in negotiating the primitive roads and reaching San José del Cabo at the southern tip of the peninsula. A number of plants were too immature for herbarium specimens when we passed them on the southward journey and were noted for more detailed attention on the return trip. Unfortunately we lost nearly three weeks at San José del Cabo and a great many of the plants so noted had to be neglected on the return trip as the time remaining was very limited. Then, too, a number of them had already passed the flower- ing or fruiting stages we wished to secure. The latter was particularly true of some of the cacti. However, we obtained a fair representation of the plants in condition to collect at the time we visited the various localities. The vegetation of Lower California differs little from that of south- ern California over most of the first two hundred and twenty-five miles. South of the border there are a few species which do not reach the United States, and these give a slightly different aspect to the land- scape, the number of such species materially increasing as one travels south. A number of others that are rare in California become more abundant in Lower California. Among the latter is Bergerocactus emoryi, rare in California. A few small colonies of this interesting cactus are growing on Santa Catalina and San Clemente islands. Twenty yeas ago it was rare but still present in the vicinity of National City in San Diego County, but cactus enthusiasts have nearly, if not completely, wiped it out in that locality. Fifteen miles south of Tia Juana the con- trast is striking, for here it is present in abundance and for a distance of over two hundred miles one seldom loses sight of it on the coastal slopes and mesas. Machaerocereus gummosus, the “Pitahaya agria” of the Mexicans, is encountered along the coastal bluffs a short way north of Ensenada and is common in the coastal region from there south to the tip of the peninsula. Myrtilocactus cochal, the fruit of which is highly prized by the natives, is common from Cabo Colnett southward and occurs sparingly as far north as Ensenada. Aesculus parryi is a conspicuous shrub, during the spring, from a little ranch thirty miles north of Ensenada southward almost to the ruins of Mission San Fernando. The leaves are silvery-tomentose on the Manpro§o, vol. 2, pp. 65-72. July 1, 1932. 66 MADRONO [ Vol. 7 lower surface and brighten the grays and dull greens of the landscape with flashes of silver when light winds stir the foliage. A few miles south of the border Agave shawii becomes abundant, and numerous species of this genus are conspicuous over a great part of the peninsula. The young flower stalks of almost every species are used for food or in the manufacture of mescal. In this same region the scarlet flowers of Galvezia juncea add a touch of bright color and an enormous Dudleya, which may be D. pulverulenta, is conspicuous on the basaltic cliffs of the mesas and arroyos. Cneoridium dumosum and Simmondsia cali- fornica are much more plentiful than they are in San Diego County, and the flowers of Rhus integrifolia are a brighter deeper rose than they are north of the international boundary line. From Tia Juana to Rosario, a distance of 236 miles, the road is never more than a few miles from the coast, but at the latter village it swings eastward toward El Marmol, an onyx-mining town about two- thirds of the way across the peninsula. A short distance eastward on this road a change of marked degree begins to manifest itself in the flora. Adenostoma fasciculatum disappears from the hills as its south- ern limit is on the south flanks of the Sierra San Pedro Martir. Arctos- taphylos bicolor is seen only near the coast, Pachycereus pringlei no longer occurs as scattered specimens only, but forms extensive forests. Yucca valida, Viscainoa geniculata, and Idria columnaris put in their appearance and from the vicinity of El Marmol southward most of the peninsula is occupied by the Lower Sonoran flora. We paid particular attention to the southernmost extension of the range of a number of the species found in southern California, and found that the majority of them do not extend beyond the southern tip of the Sierra San Pedro Martir, and a considerable number seems to drop out before this point is reached. Ribes malvaceum was not seen south of Santo Tomas; Allium praecox and Dichelostemma capitatum were collected between Rosario and San Fernando but not seen south of that point. Muilla serotina was found near the mouth of San Antonio del Marr Canyon (Johnson’s Ranch), and Bloomeria crocea on the Santa Maria Plains twenty miles or so south of San Quintin. Quercus dumosa, Adenostoma fasciculatum, A. sparsifolium, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Arctostaphylos glauca, A. drupacea, Juniperus californica, and Pinus quadrifolia reach their southern limits at approximately the same point near the southern tip of the Sierra San Pedro Martir. Arctostaphylos bicolor disappears from the foothills of the mainland but reappears on Cedros Island, while Heteromeles arbutifolia is again present in the mountains of the Cape Region. In the higher mountains of the Sierra San Pedro Martir occur the southernmost known limits of Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, Pinus lamber- tiana, P. jeffreyi, P. contorta murrayana, Libocedrus decurrens, and Quercus chrysolepis. Populus tremuloides and Abies concolor reach the southernmost extension of their peninsular range here, but occur somewhat further south on the mainland of Mexico. Rhus laurina dis- appears near San Quintin, and R. integrifolia is plentiful to a point 1932] LOWER CALIFORNIA EXPEDITION 67 about half way between Rosario and San Fernando. R. laurina reap- pears in the Sierra San Francisquito, near La Paz. Fouquieria splendens gives way to F. peninsularis in the vicinity of Punta Prieta, and a yucca without flowers or fruit which appeared to be Y. mohavensis was seen intermingled with Y. valida some miles to the north of this place. For a distance of about thirty-five miles south of El Marmol Idria is ‘the most conspicuous tree of the low hills. Growing among huge granitic boulders carved into fantastic shapes by the action of wind and changing temperatures, it gives the entire area a weird aspect sugges- tive of primitive forests tenanted by monstrous saurians. The smooth bark varies from a light yellowish green to nearly white and is nearly two inches thick. The woody skeleton of the plant is a dictyostele with the perforations arranged rather closely in indefinite spirals. The woody cylinder is only two or three inches thick and surrounds a pith that may be a foot in diameter at the base of the larger trees. The pith is quite juicy and has a sweet taste accompanied by a decided bitter tang that becomes stronger as the pulp is chewed. During years of light rainfall and short feed thousands of the “Cirio” trees, as the Mexi- cans call them, are cut down, split open with a few blows of an axe, and left for the cattle to dig out the pith which they eat greedily. At Catavina, thirty miles south of El Marmol, are two canyons where two species of native palms occur. The tall, graceful stems of Washingtonia filifera gracilis and the shorter trunks of Glaucothea armata crowned with leaves a yard broad afford a pleasant change from the monotony of the Idria and Pachycereus forests of the neigh- boring hills. These palms also occur in a canyon some twelve miles south of Catavina. Travelers fill all available water containers at this canyon, for ordinarily there is no water between there and Punta Prieta, 89 miles south. We filled our canteens and water-can, but there was plenty of water at Laguna Seca Chapala, which is usually a flat plain five miles across without a drop of water in sight. Ordinarily one drives straight across it as rapidly as the condition of the “road” permits, for the tires sink into the ash-like silt and send up clouds of choking dust. But in Febru- ary a cloudburst had drenched the surrounding hills and turned the “dry” lake to a decidedly wet one several feet deep. We were forced to detour about five miles around the upper end of the lake over a jumble of jagged granite rocks varying in size from chunks as small as a man’s head to some as large as a good sized wash tub. Nearly three hours were consumed in negotiating that detour, for in a number of places some of the worst rocks had to be rolled out of the way. On the nearby hills the commoner shrubs are Covillea tridentata, Prosopis pubescens, Elaphrium microphyllum, Fouquieria splendens, several species of Lycium, and the ever present Pachycereus, Ferocactus, and Opuntia cholla. Splendid collecting was found on the desert hills and sand dunes about half way between Laguna Seca Chapala and Punta Prieta. Abro- a 68 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 nias filled the air with fragrance and covered acres with masses of deli- cate tinted blossoms. Yucca valida was conspicuous. Pachycereus was plentiful. Ephedra was in full bloom. Cenchrus palmeri made kneeling extremely painful and was literally a thorn in the flesh far too often, for in the excitement of collecting some fine specimen not previously seen it was very easy to forget the thorns and drop on one knee or in- cautiously place eager fingers on the vicious burs. A large number of herbaceous annuals kept us occupied for several hours, despite the fact that we had been told by a cactus collector, Mr. Howard E. Gates, that collecting would be poor south of Catavina. About a mile north of Punta Prieta we found our finest specimen of Pachycereus pringeli, a monarch fifty-five feet tall. At about the same place we encountered Fouquieria peninsularis. It has a deeper red corolla than has F. splen- dens, but the flowers make a poorer display because the panicles are much smaller than those of the northern species. Punta Prieta is an abandoned mining town and its population varies almost overnight from zero to fifteen or twenty people. Mexicans move into the deserted adobe houses where they stay while the men hunt antelope and deer in the neighboring Sierra de San Borjas, or prospect in that range and the Sierra Columbia toward the west. They seldom stay long for the water is so heavily impregnated with salt and alkali, to say nothing of other minerals, that we wouldn’t use it in the radiator of the Ford! There is little change in the flora from Punta Prieta southward almost to Calmalli. A few miles north of Calmalli the last struggling specimens of Idria reach their southern limit. Viscainoa is plentiful along some arroyos, and the “forest” of the desert plains is made up almost entirely of cactus. Pachycereus, Lophocereus, Lemaireocereus, Opuntia, Echinocereus, and Ferocactus compose a large part of the flora. Elaphrium grows among the cacti, and Acacia, Pithecolobium, and Prosopis line the arroyos. Ten miles south of Calmalli we saw our first specimen of Ibervillea sonorae, a peculiar cucurbit with a huge subterranean stem. Another ten miles south we collected Marsilea in abundance within ten feet of the base of a healthy specimen of Pachycereus pringlei! The margin of the dried up rain-pool had extended some yards past the cactus but apparently its feet had been soaking for such a short period that no ill effects resulted. Vernal pools do not last long in this region of rapid evaporation. At San Ignacio a small stream is fed by a fine spring a short dis- tance up the canyon above the town. Dates, grapes, bananas, a little sugar cane, and a few oranges are grown in the narrow valley, and all of the ground for which water is available is cultivated. The valley is a picturesque spot, for it is the first oasis south of Rosario, 328 miles to the north. The hills on both sides of the valley are dry and barren, supporting scanty growths of scrubby “chollas,” “cardons,” “palo fiero,” “mescal,” and “torote.” Two miles up the canyon the earth is as parched as the hills on either side of the valley, and a few miles down the canyon to the west the water again disappears leaving it a “dry and thirsty land.” 1932] LOWER CALIFORNIA EXPEDITION 69 The hills between San Ignacio and Santa Rosalia are of volcanic origin and the lava flows that coursed down the slopes of Las Tres Virgenes in 1784 are still hideously raw and rugged. A few torote trees (Elaphrium), two or three species of Agave, and a few spiny leguminous shrubs do a little toward softening the harshness of their profiles, but several centuries more must pass before these inhospitable rivers of rock take on the gray-green mantle of the adjacent, land which escaped the recent devastating heat of the Three Virgins. It is a hot, monotonous, desolate region, and in the immediate vicinity of Santa Rosalia is made more desolate by the fumes from the copper smelters. Forty-two miles south of Santa Rosalia, at Mulegé, Rhizophora mangle grows along the estero, sugar cane, corn and melons thrive in the rich valley soil, and date palms, banana trees, and coconut trees give the sleepy little town an exotic, tropical charm hardly equaled anywhere else on the peninsula. In September of this past summer extraordinary high tides coming at the same time that the water from a cloudburst in the mountains rushed down the narrow valley almost completely demolished over half of the village of Mulegé. The adobe buildings melted down almost as rapidly as wet sugar when half sub- merged by the high water. The mountains in this vicinity, though not high, are exceedingly rugged volcanic peaks and little is known of their flora. Lysiloma candida is a striking tree of the lower canyons, the smooth bark glistening as though white-washed, and many of the trees show the devastating effects of the tanbark harvesters who shipped hun- dreds of tons of the bark from Santa Rosalia a few years ago. From Mulegé the road leads one southward past the beautiful wa- ters of Bahia de la Concepcion, past Canipole where good water is ob- tainable, and over steep, rocky, narrow grades and across lava strewn plains to Comondu. A native fig, Ficus palmeri, is a conspicuous tree on the rocky walls of the narrow canyons, the flattened roots clinging to the naked rocks or dropping in stringy cascades thirty or forty feet over precipices in search of scanty moisture in tiny crevices below. The same crops, excepting the coconuts, are grown at Comondu as at Mulegé. The townsfolk were in the midst of manufacturing their an- nual supply of “panoche,” the dark brown native sugar, at the time of our arrival. Pithecolobium dulce is grown for a shade tree and for the fruit, and P. confine is common along the arroyos. The seeds of the latter species are ground after roasting and used as an adulterant in coffee or to impart a peculiar flavor to chocolate. According to the natives, the young pods are used to make ink by soaking them in water for a few days. The resulting dirty brown fluid is hardly comparable to our inks. P. confine is one of the many shrubs called “palo fiero” in Baja California. For the most part, the road from Comondu to La Paz skirts the monotonous Magdalena Plains, where the shrubs are mostly small, thorny, and scattered. Euphorbia misera, Pedilanthus macrocarpus, Yucca valida, Pachycormus discolor, Fouquieria peninsularis, several species of thorny leguminous shrubs and a number of cacti strike the 70 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 dominant note in the landscape. Gossypium harknessii occurs at a few points along the coast where arroyos carry water to the ocean during the rainy season. The creeping stems of the peculiar Machaerocereus eruca, or creeping evil cactus, cover extensive areas, and a few small composites add a touch of color to an otherwise drab expanse of dusty eray. In the vicinity of La Paz, and from there south to the tip of the peninsula, the country gives evidence of a heavier rainfall. The vegeta- tion is that of a tropical semi-desert area, and the vegetation is heavy only in the better watered valleys. From Ribera to San Jose del Cabo the summer rains bring up a thick growth in a surprisingly short time, according to the reports of others who have visited the area after the rains, but it was dry and rather uninteresting in May, the very end of the dry season. Throughout this region Tecoma stans is common along the washes and bears gorgeous masses of bright yellow flowers during April and May. Lysiloma candida is abundant, forming nearly pure stands in the mountain canyons. Operculina aurea, a yellow-flowered morning-glory, clambers over the shrubbery and vies with Tecoma stans in brightening the hillsides and arroyos. Pachycereus pecten- aboriginum, with its huge, burr-like fruits, is commoner than P. prin- glei, and Lemaireocereus thurberi is common. Pithecolobium dulce and Enterolobium cyclocarpus are used as shade trees about the towns, and the trunks of the latter are used for making their dugout canoes. Sugar cane, coconuts, dates, papayas, mangoes, melons, and bananas grow well. Frost is unknown in the lowlands and a variety of smaller crops are cultivated wherever water for irrigation is available. Sev- eral thousand acres in the vicinity of San José del Cabo, Riberia, and Eureka are planted to tomatoes annually and the crop shipped to the United States to supply the early market. In the Cape Region the cli- mate is said to be delightful during all parts of the year except during the rainy season which extends from late June to the early part of September. Excepting the Cape Region and the higher mountains of the north- ern part of the peninsula, Lower California is desert or semi-desert in character. Most of the shrubs are thorny, some have a very bitter taste or a disagreeable odor, and others combine two or more of these char- acters. Many of them, however, offset these objectionable features by the beauty or fragrance of their flowers, and some of them produce abundant food for man and beast. The peninsula boasts a considerable number of endemic genera and species, some of the former of which are Pachycormus, Viscainoa, Machaerocerus, Xylonagra, and Cleve- landia. The number of endemic species is much greater. Life zones from Arid Tropical to a scant representation of the Ca- nadian Zone occur on the peninsula, consequently the flora is very diverse and presents numerous fascinating problems in geographical distribution, zonal range of critical species, and the probable centers of origin of the various elements making up the total flora. The vast expanse to be covered makes it difficult to obtain a comprehensive view 1932] RAINFALL PREDICTIONS 71 of the flora and the environmental factors operative in the area. The fluctuations in climatic conditions from one year to another add to the difficulty of securing complete collections within a reasonable period of time. But with all of the discouraging features connected with a careful survey of such a large area, Baja California, with its diverse, problematical flora, holds a strong attraction for the field botanist. This trip, extending from April 2 to June 6, 1931, as well as three previous shorter trips into Lower California, was made possible by the interest and generosity of Mr. H. C. Dudley, of Duluth, Minnesota, and Mr. E. G. Dudley, of Exeter, California. Their aid is greatly ap- preciated and I wish to acknowledge my sincere thanks for their con- tinued interest. Thanks are also due and gladly given to the Mexican Consul General at San Francisco, the Mexican Consul at San Diego, and numerous Customs Officers at various towns in Baja California, for the many courtesies extended us and for numerous aids in securing necessary permits. Senor Arturo Canseco, a prominent merchant in San Jose del Cabo, earned our lasting gratitude during the time we stopped there. Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University. RAINFALL PREDICTIONS FOR CALIFORNIA, SEASON OF 1931-1932 In October, 1931, an announcement was made by Dr. Geo. F. Me- Ewen and Dr. A. F. Garton of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography that California would probably have a drier winter than normal this year. Their prediction was based on a study of records of Pacific Ocean temperatures which indicate that offshore water temperatures higher than average are followed by winters drier than average and conversely lower temperatures indicate wet winters. The offshore tem- peratures for 1931 have been markedly above average. This fact, in connection with the low point position of the 1931-32 season in the Bruckner precipitation cycle of 22 to 32 years, led to the belief that the season would be “dry.” Fortunately for California industrially and in other ways, precipi- tation records for the season on March 15, 1932, were above normal at all six stations south of San Francisco Bay whose records are com- monly circulated by the United States Weather Bureau and much above the lows of recent years at the four stations in California north of San Francisco Bay as published daily in the press by the Weather Bureau. On account of the great biological significance which attaches to precipitation records for California a study by H. B. Lynch, Consult- ing Engineer of the Metropolitan Water District, Los Angeles, pub- lished August, 1931, has interest for botanists. His paper, which is based on mission and other records as to weather, crops, droughts, floods, ice and snow, is entitled “Rainfall and stream run-off in South- ern California since 1769”. From the discussion in this paper one seems driven to the inference that we have not yet, at this time, reached the low point in our present series of drought years, which form only 72 MADRONO [Vol. 2 a part of a long-period deficiency cycle. The summary of his con- clusions are as follows: “1. There has been no material change in the mean climatic conditions of Southern California in the past 162 years. 2. There have been earlier fluctuations from average rainfall condi- tions, however, both excesses and deficiencies, of greater magnitude than any which have occurred in the past forty years. 3. The twenty- eight year period of rainfall deficiency which ended in 1810 was about as severe as has been the present one to date, and much more pro- tracted. 4. The period of rainfall surplus from 1810 to 1821 was more intense than anything in the past forty years. It seems to have been about as intense as was that between 1883 and 1893. 5. The period of rainfall deficiency which lasted from about 1822 to 1832 was more severe than has been any occurring since. 6. The period of rainfall deficiency which commenced in 1842 and lasted until 1883 was much longer than any other of which we have record. It was not so acute, however, as some others, both earlier and later. It was broken by a period of normal rainfall, but was without any period of excess rain- fall to balance the deficiency. 7. In comparison with several periods of rainfall shortage which have occurred in past years, the present rain- fall deficiency to date cannot be considered a major shortage. 8. For all practical purposes the useful water yield of the areas under con- sideration closely approximates the run-off from the principal streams of these areas, except in times of heavy floods. 9. The run-off from Southern California streams has in general shown fluctuations from the normal similar in character to those of the rainfall, but larger in relative percentage. 10. By reason of these fluctuations, the useful water yield has at various times been reduced from the average by considerably more than one-half for a period of ten years, and by thirty per cent for a period of twenty-eight years.”—W. L. JEPson. NOTES AND NEWS Mr. H. L. Mason delivered a lecture at the California Academy of Sciences on the evening of November 4, 1931, at San Francisco on “The history and migration of the Monterey pine forests.” The annual year book of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History for 1931, recently issued, contains a report of the Blakesley — Botanic Garden and other general data, as well as several good illus- trations. Dr. Geo. J. Peirce of Stanford University was elected President of the Botanical Society of America at the December, 1931, meeting in New Orleans. “Vegetative changes and grazing use on Douglas Fir cut-over land” by Douglas C. Ingram, is a United States Forest Service publication. — This paper is of interest to botanists. It discusses especially the changes in species and groups under the influence of grazing (Jour. Agr. Res. vol. 43, no. 5, 1931). on California. It oll Heaiaes for the reading of or discussion, it conducts field excursions and publishes » Society exists because there are a certain number of .00 per year, the membership fee, in support of its pro- e loyal members continue to support the Society as an half of botany in the West, without thought of any per- All persons in California interested in botany are this company of botanists and plant lovers on these > should ta who ee be uncertain as to” vey or I m = blanks 2 apely to the Secretary, Miss Ethel Kath- i i ul NUMBER 9 _ JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY A a si uaullae | ma on ra Roni TO SAN FRANCISCO, Roxana S. Ferris . . 73 CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigs of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, f trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora ; the people of California. | The annual dues are $2.00 which should be La to the Treasure negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrono, $2 year. Volume it $5.00, may be had from the Secretary, Room 3000, Life he $.50. General address, California Botanical Society, Room 3000, Life Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. 4 Officers of the Society Presidente oy Ee an ieee Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford Univers First Vice-President.............-....-...------ee0e-o- Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills | Second Vice-President.............. Mr. H. L. ee cp eacane of Seinen: Be Secretary............ Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, 3000 Life Sciences Building, — University of California, B Program Committee: a W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. Mason é Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The journal is issued quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1, and Octok The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of comm cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flor to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon th habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants eae e cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jerson University of California Berkeley, California GeorceE J. PEIRCE, Erne. K. Crum, Stanford University University of Cal 1932] GENUS KRAMERIA 73 NOTE ON THE GENUS KRAMERIA IN CALIFORNIA Wituts Linn JEPSON It has been known for long that the genus Krameria is represented in California by two desert species, K. parvifolia Benth. and K. Grayi Rose & Painter (K. canescens Gray.). These two species parallel each other closely, the differences being essentially complementary. While the features of unlikeness as usually indicated in texts are few and re- late to the number of bracts on the pedicels (a somewhat variable character) and the distribution of the barbs on the spines, there are, aside from these points, other valuable differentiae. In Krameria parvifolia the sepals are ascending, with the result that the flower pre- sents an aspect different from that of Krameria Grayi. In the latter species the sepals are somewhat reflexed or recurving, or at least spreading, the lateral pair curving backwards and upwards in such a way as to approximate the backward-curving upper pair, while the lower sepal is descending. In the two species the pairs of glands on the lower side of the flower occupy the same position and are similar in size but unlike in detail. In Krameria parvifolia the gland con- sists of a series of laterally united cylindric processes which may be likened to a sort of flattened Roman fascis. In Krameria Grayi the gland is circular, flattened, all over regularly papillose and very shortly stalked on the under side. In both species the glands are purple. In their leading characters the two species are very similar in every way and make a well-marked and closely distinctive aggre- gate. This fact has interest in connection with the geographic range. Krameria Grayi occurs in both the Colorado and Mohave deserts and ranges east to New Mexico and south to old Mexico and Lower Cali- . fornia. Krameria parvifolia has the same distribution unless it be less widely distributed in old Mexico. In a more recent period another species, Krameria glandulosa Rose & Painter, based typically on specimens from El Paso, Texas, has been recognized as growing in the California deserts. By J. F. Macbride this was reduced to varietal rank under Krameria parvifolia in 1918 (Contrib. Gray Herb. 56:52). In the eastern Mohave Desert several new stations for K. glandulosa have lately been reported by Miss Mary Beal, a plant lover dwelling in the midst of the desert. If the habit of the shrub is markedly distinctive as pointed out by Miss Beal, this feature in connection with the flower characters may justify the retention in specific rank of K. glandulosa. The peduncles and outer sepals are stipitate-glandular and the ovary glands are crimson. THE VISIT OF THE RURIK TO SAN FRANCISCO A publication from the Stanford University Press by August C. Mahr is entitled: The Visit of the “Rurik” to San Francisco in 1816. Though written for historians this book of Dr. Mahr will prove very interesting to botanists, too, particularly those of the San Francisco _ MaproXo, vol. 2, pp. 73-80. Oct. 27, 1932. Bay region. All the historical documents concerning the visit of the “Rurik” under Captain Kotzebue to San Francisco Bay are given in translation and in the original and to make it more complete, the various reports of the scientific material collected about San Francisco during the vessel’s stay are included. The plant collections were made by Chamisso and Eschscholtz, scientific explorer and surgeon respec- tively, of the expedition. The fact that some of the source books in which these reports appear are not readily accessible in the west makes the book much more usable. An attempt has been made to check the plant lists with Dr. Jepson’s Manual that the determinations of more than a century ago might be more understandable. Several contempo- rary illustrations are reproduced, including the plate of Eschscholtzia Califernica Cham.—Roxana S. FERRIS. FIELD WORK ON ERYTHRONIUM Mr. Elmer [. Applegate has outlined a schedule for field work in 1932 to be undertaken in connection with his taxonomic study of the genus Erythronium. The members of this genus are variously called adder’s tongue, dog’s-tooth violets and fawn lilies and their study has been Mr. Applegate’s hobby for some thirty-five years. This spring he expects to make trips into the foothills of Lake County and then along the Sierra Nevada as far north as the coastal ranges of southern Oregon. This summer he projects a journey to the habitats of Ery- thronium in Utah and Colorado. By the end of the present collecting season Mr. Applegate expects to have gone over the entire range of the genus in North America, for in preceding seasons he has followed . equally extensive programs of exploration. In 1931 Mr. Applegate col- lected through Oregon, Washington, Idaho and British Columbia, and in 1930 he visited Idaho, western Montana and northwestern Wyoming. —Davip D. Keck, Mar. 17, 1932. OPEN LETTERS The Hanna Oak’ This tree of Quercus agrifolia, which stands four miles west of Gil- roy, was measured May 20, 1923, and again in January, 1932. At five feet above the ground the trunk circumference in 1923 was 27 feet, 6 inches, at eight feet it was 30 feet, 9 inches. At exactly the same heights the respective circumferences in 1932 were 28 feet, 1 inch and 31 feet, 3 inches. The trunk has therefore grown about a half foot during a period of “dry” years with one infestation of caterpillars that denuded the tree of all its foliage-—W. J. Hanna, Gilroy, Feb. 7, 1932. Quercus lobata in Round Valley, Mendocino County The Henley Oak which is located on the ranch of the Round Valley Land Co., 3 miles south of Covelo, was measured by the then manager of the ranch, J. B. Bellatti, in 1925, 28 years after Dr. W. L. Jepson "A name given to this individual of Quercus agrifolia by W. L. Jepson. Cf. Madrono, vol. 1, p. 226. 1932] OPEN LETTERS 75 measured it. Mr. Bellatti’s figures are as follows: height, 1751 ft.; greatest spread, 120 ft.; circumference at ground, 41 ft.; diameter at ground, 13 ft. 8 inches; circumference four feet above ground, 27 ft., 3 inches; height to first fork, 17! ft—EpitH V. A. MurpHey, Jan. 8. 1930. Ferns in the Santa Cruz Mountains A few days ago I mailed you a very interesting form of Cystopteris fragilis. This location was two miles west of Saratoga near a long bridge. The elevation was between five and six hundred feet. On a ledge of rocks in the same location [| found a form that I take to be Woodsia scopulina. Is it not out of its usual habitat?—R. J. SmitTu. Adiantum pedatum at a high altitude station In the summer of 1931 while camped at Reflection Lake on East Creek on the south fork of King’s River, I chanced into a station for Adiantum pedatum at an elevation of approximately 10,300 feet. This colony of ferns was found on the west slope of the mountain at a point about due west of the outlet of Reflection Lake, about 150 feet above the elevation of the lake. The plants were growing in a large crevice that had water dripping down it, the only shelter from the direct sun rays being the rocks that overhung the crevice. The growth was very vigor- ous and the plants looked extremely healthy. | think this discovery wil! establish a new altitude record for this fern.——-R. WHALLEY, San Fran- cisco, Oct. 2, 1931. Sequoia gigantea in the County of Sussex, England Since I saw you [at Gravetye] my good man Markham, the gardener, has been looking around and has found a very nice place to make a wood of your big tree. I am perhaps one of the few that group things and plant in the forest way, whereas in so many places here the work is done in dots. Well, the end of this was, we found a very nice piece of ground and had it put in order and then couldn’t find the plants. Our nurseries here, and in France, too, I find, do not treat it as a forest thing at all, but make a fetish of it and charge accordingly, and do not increase it after the manner in which your ordinary trees are sold by the nurseries. The curious thing is that the Sequoia [gigantea] is abso- lutely as hardy here as the oak tree and grows beautifully. If in your nurseries they take a different view as to propagating, | might be glad to hear of it, and suppose that it would not be very difficult, assuming that we can get the plants, to ship them over here-—W. RoBinson. Gravetye Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex, England, January 9, 1931. A stock of seedlings of Sequoia gigantea was shipped to Mr. Rob- inson from a California nursery in April. The big tree of California has been grown in England as a specimen tree in parks and gardens for now near eighty years, but this may possibly be the first time in that country that a plantation or little forest of it has been established. —=\WWe ORs Torreya Californica in Santa Cruz County There is a California nutmeg tree growing on Scott Creek, Santa Cruz County, which is 6 feet, 4 inches in diameter at 5 feet from the ground; it is 6 feet in diameter at 8 feet from the ground. Do you know of any larger tree of this species? There is also a tree one half mile farther up the creek which is 4 feet, 4 inches in diameter at 314 feet above the ground.—C. A. REED, October 4, 1932. Torreya Californica in the North Coast Ranges I have seen the California nutmeg on the mountain [of St. Helena] and in the hills west of Knights Valley (but it is not common), and also on Sulphur Creek between the little and big geysers in the region of Geyser Peak. There is a fair sized tree growing at Carl Purdy’s “Terraces” east of Ukiah. It is in the open and is comparable to a fir, for it is straight and perhaps thirty-five feet high. In August of 1923 I rode from Cedar Camp on Goat Mountain to Upper Lake in one day, leading a mule, and crossed the upper valley of Twin Valleys along the telephone line and followed the crest of the Bartlett Mountain ridge toward Elk Mountain and came out on a road that runs from Upper Lake Valley to Pasmore Springs. Following this road toward Upper Lake I traveled level for about a quarter of a mile on the north side of a ridge, and here (along the roadside) I saw what at that time were the largest nutmeg trees I had ever seen. However, they are not so large as the tree I saw at Purdy’s Terraces last year, being rather thin, not so tall, and standing in a forest on poorer ground. Had I had time this last fall or earlier in the winter I would have liked to go and get specimens of a shrub of which I have heard, just for the pleasure of experimenting in a horticultural way. Lake County friends from that Long Valley east of Clear Lake told me that the Indians there go in the fall to the Bear Valley Mountains and bring back a dried fruit similar to a date, except that it is only about half as big and is kind of grainy or mealy in texture. This fruit, they say, grows on a shrub or bush, and the Indians call it “munz’.— Davin S. Homes, Knights Valley, Sonoma Co., Mar. 1, 1928. NOTES AND NEWS Dr. James William Toumey died May 6, 1932. He was professor of botany at the University of Arizona from 1892 to 1898, later going to the Yale Forest School where he has been professor of silviculture since 1910. He was a man of high character and an excellent scientist. The name of the Eddy Tree Breeding Station at Placerville, Calli- fornia, has been changed to the Institute of Forest Genetics. Mr. Lloyd Austin is the director. Mr. Theodore Payne of Los Angeles, an old-time cultivator of native annuals, has recently issued a new edition of his “California Wild Flower Seeds”. 1932] NOTES AND NEWS Li During the ten-year period from 1922 to 1931 there were reported 34,407 forest fires in California. Of these tobacco smokers caused 10,133 according to the United States Forest Service, lightning 6,195, incendiaries 4,574, campers 2,321, railroads 1,415, lumbering 1,038, while 3,748 fires are classified as miscellaneous. The Templeton Crocker Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, which left California on March 10, 1932, put in at San Diego August 23 on its return voyage, reaching San Francisco, the home port, on Septem- ber 1. The expedition was a highly successful one. The botanist was John Thomas Howell, Assistant Curator in the Herbarium, Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. The goat grass, Aegilops triuncialis L., has in recent years become established as a serious pest in the grazing foothill lands of Eldorado, Sacramento and Calaveras counties. Observations of it and collections have been made by Fred P. Cronemiller, now Supervisor of the Modoc National Forest. It has also been found sparingly in San Joaquin and Stanislaus counties. L. S. Smith, Grazing Examiner, Tahoe National Forest, has also collected this species in Eldorado County. It is a native of Europe and by most European grass authorities is referred to the genus Triticum (wheat) as T. triunciale Rasp. Dr. Albert Schneider, formerly professor of botany in the Col-’ lege of Pharmacy of the University of California, died in Portland, Oregon, in 1928. “A Revision of the Genus Menodora” by J. A. Steyermark and “A Monographic Study of the Genus Lycium of the Western Hemisphere” by C. L. Hitchcock appear in the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, vol. 19 (1932). In Lycium 45 species are recognized and illustrated by 13 plates. Mrs. Ynes Mexia, a member of this Society, returned to California on March 21, 1932, from a collecting trip which extended across South America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Leaving San Fran- cisco on October 16, 1929, Mrs. Mexia went to Vicosa, Brazil, which she made her headquarters for over a year. Diamantina, the classic collecting ground of Martius, was next visited, then Belen at the mouth of the Amazon River. Traveling by boat up the Amazon she arrived at Iquitos, Peru. From this point she made a side trip by canoe through the gorge of the Amazon, remaining for several months among the native tribes of the region of Pongo de Manseriche. From Iquitos over the Andes the journey was made by airplane, automobile and railroad to Lima, Peru. From Lima Mrs. Mexia traveled by boat to Balboa where she embarked for home. The collection comprises about 60,000 specimens, including about 3,000 numbers. On June 1 before the California Academy of Seienecs Mire. Nema eave a lecture entitled: Up the Amazon and Over the Andes. This fesiune ell he repeated on October 19, as the first of the fall series of public lectures spon- sored by the Academy. Between June 9 and July 15, 1932, Dr. W. A. Setchell of the De- partment of Botany, University of California, and Mrs. Setchell, collected in Alaska 350 numbers of Salix, representing about 24 species and 15 varieties. The route traversed extended from Ketchikan north to Fort Yukon, southwest to Holy Cross and south to Seward. Con- siderable collecting was done in the general regions of Fairbanks and McKinley National Park. According to Section 384a of the Penal Code of California it is against the law to cut or destroy any native tree, shrub or fern along state and county highways or on any private land without the written permit of the owner. In addition to this a number of counties, espe- cially in Southern California, have special ordinances protecting va- rious species of native herbs. Mt. Diablo, the most striking landmark of the central Great Valley, is being acquired by the California State Park Commission as a state park under a plan of purchase. The mountain has been visited by botanists for about seventy years and is interesting on account of its isolation, its varied vegetation and a few rare endemics which inhabit its summit. It is a matter of congratulation, that the present mem- bers of the Park Commission are disposed to preserve the mountain _in its present natural state as near as circumstances will permit. On July 21, 1932, while collecting plants on San Miguel Island, Mr. Ralph Hoffman, Director of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, fell from a cliff and was killed. It is said that he used his trowel in climbing and apparently the trowel broke, causing his fall. The Santa Barbara Museum has prospered under his administration and the loss to the city is very great. One of his activities centered around the herbarium which he planned should represent adequately and fully the native plants of the Santa Barbara region. In the genus Eriogonum he took an especial interest and had collected in the back country a considerable number of new and interesting forms in the last four years. Harvard University conferred in 1931 on Rimo Bacigalupi, a mem- ber of this Society, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Baci- ealupi’s thesis is entitled: A monograph of the genus Perezia, section Acourtia [Contrib. Gray Herb. no. 97]. An excellent annotated list of cacti and other succulents culti- vated in the Santa Barbara region has been issued under the auspices of the Community Arts Association of Santa Barbara. The list has been compiled by Ralph Hoffmann, E. O. Orpet, Eric Walther and James West, and edited by Pearl Chase. It forms a book of 107 pages which is well arranged, admirably printed and finely illustrated. In California, Santa Barbara has always taken the lead in the in- troduction, culture and study of ornamental exotics, and it is inter- esting to observe that fine traditions are being upheld and strengthened. (929 Paseo Carillo, Santa Barbara. $1.00.) 1932] NOTES AND NEWS ig “The forest that fire made,” by S. W. Greene, discusses the role of ' fire in the Southern states, especially Mississippi (American Forests, vol. 37, pp. 583-584, 618). Dr. David D. Keck of the Carnegie Institution has published the first part of his “Studies in Pentstemon” under the title. A systematic treatment of the section Saccanthera. It is illustrated by eighteen fig- ures and will be followed, doubtless, by other parts equally intensive (Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. vol. 16, no. 11, Feb., 1932). A biography of Samuel Bonsall Parish by W. L. Jepson has been issued by the University of California Press (Univ. Cal. Publ. vol. 16. no. 12). The publication carries a portrait, bibliography and also a list of Mr. Parish’s botanical journeys. The area of magnificent sugar pines (Pinus Lambertiana) along the Big Oak Flat road to Yosemite in the neighborhood of Carl Inn was originally a part of Yosemite Park but has since been excluded, and this forest, now in private possession, will be logged. This situation is feelingly described in a well-printed and beautifully illustrated pam- phlet entitled “The doomed Yosemite Sugar Pines,” which is being circulated from New York City by the “Emergency Conservation Com- mittee.” The Committee solicits donations “however small” for its campaign to save these trees. It is noteworthy, however, that the ap- peal is made without any names as sponsors whatsoever. The history of fire in the Redwood belt and the use of fire in logging operations is profitably discussed by Emanuel Fritz in a paper “The Role of Fire in the Redwood Region” (Univ. Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cire. 323). A copy may be had from the College of Agriculture, Berkeley. The annual exhibition in mid-December, 1931, of the Division of Plant Biology of the Carnegie Institution at Washington, was_pre- sented by Mr. W. M. Heusi of the Stanford laboratory. Mr. Heusi later repeated the exhibit at the American Association meetings in New Orleans. Living Zauschneria plants were used to illustrate how far environmental conditions on the one hand and heredity on the other controlled the character of their leaves. Dr. John Belling, now at the University of California, also exhibited at Washington for the Division gabon Biology with models of chromomeres of Lilium.—Davin D. ECK. Lester Rountree’s “California Wild Flower Seeds” list no. 7 is cir- culated as “the world’s largest collection of wild flower seeds.” The publication states that the company will neither personally collect nor handle for commercial sale native California plants dug from wild stands. (Carmel, California. ) 80 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 Among lately received reprints from the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden are two of special interest to California botanists. A Monograph of the Genus Sidalcea by Eva M. Fling Roush (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 117-244,—1931) treats the history, morphology, relationships, and taxonomy of the genus. Twenty species are recog- nied, fifteen of which occur in California. A Revision of the Genus Frasera by Hamilton H. Card (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 245-282,— 1931) is a brief treatment on similar lines of a group usually re- garded as a section of the genus Swertia. As here interpreted it com- prises twelve species, seven of which are represented in California. A Monograph of Cymopterus including a Critical Study of Related Genera by Mildred E. Mathias (Studies in the Umbelliferae III, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17: 213-476,—-1930) is a comprehensive account of twelve of the genera of a closely related group. California repre- sentatives include Cymopterus, Phellopteris, Aulospermum, Pteryxia and the endemic Podistera. Notes on the Distribution of Some Rocky Mountain Species by George J. Goodman (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 283-286,— 1931) is a record of the occurrence in the Uintah Moun- tains, Utah, of several species not previously listed for that region. —E. K. Crum. Death Valley: The Facts, by W. A. Chalfant, is a careful account: of a highly interesting region. It is, as the author insists, based upon facts rather than fancy, and should do much to dissipate cur- rent misconceptions. In addition to the chapter on plant life, those treating climatology, geography, geology, and the problems of ‘desert travel will prove especially interesting to botanists. The book covers the subject thoroughly, adequately and interestingly. So compre- hensive a manual for the desert is an achievement. Through an ingenious investigation of the seed contents and the plant remains in adobe bricks which were taken from missions and other historic buildings of the early Southwest, Professor Geo. Hendry, College of Agriculture, University of California, has prepared a list of findings, and has also listed certain alien weeds, fifteen in number, be- lieved to have been introduced into California in the mission period (1769-1824) and other alien weeds, sixteen in number, thought to be- long to the post-mission period, 1824 and after. On account of having been found in the oldest walls. Rumex crispus, Erodium cicutarium and Sonchus asper, are regarded as of earlier introduction. (“The adobe brick as a historical source.” Agricultural History, vol. 5, pp. 110-127.) An important addition to our knowledge of the native pond- weeds, by Dr. M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium, appears under the title “The linear-leaved North American species of Potamogeton, section Axillares”. The paper is accompanied by forty plates (Mem. Am. Acad. vol. 17, part 1) pp. I-13: Jnly, 19325 ny, ; 4 ject of the Society is to promote the advancement of bo- ce in California. It holds meetings for the reading of — m. These loyal members continue to support the Society as an y in behalf of botany in the West, without thought of any per- benefits. All persons in California interested in botany are join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these - one should join who may be uncertain as to whether or e may get his money’s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage membership blanks apply to the Secretary, Miss Ethel Kath- um, Room 3000, Life Sciences Building, University of Cali- Berkeley, California. ~~ _ JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL Ly) SOCIETY: e., *F te! ae fears CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY | The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and inv of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectur trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora @ the people of California. “en scape nda rae rake Botanical eae, oe 20bb, tif Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Officers of the Society Prrecith erat! 27500 80s ee ra al Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford Univ First Vice-President..............-..-20-sscceeeceeeee-- Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills Second Vice-President............ Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, B Treasurer...............-.-.. ....Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford Univ Secretary..........Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, 3000 Life Sciences Building, University of California, 7 rk “MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY | The journal is issued quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of commun cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flor to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes uy habits, life history or geographical distribution of the- native plete will b cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson University of California . Berkeley, California Oye Grorce J. Pemce, Eruet K. Crum, _ Stanford University University of Califor 1933] PARENTHETICAL CITATION 81 ON PARENTHETICAL CITATION J. C. NELsSon The only recognition of the parenthetical citation afforded by the International Code is found in Art. 43, which reads: “When, in a genus a name is applied to a group when it retains the same rank, or to a group which becomes of higher rank than before, the change is equivalent to the creation of a new group, and the author who has effected the change is the one to be quoted. The original author can be cited only in parentheses. Examples.—Cheiranthus tristis L. when moved into the genus Maitthiola becomes Matthiola tristis RK. Br., or Matthiola tristis (L.) R. Br.—Medicago polymorpha L. var. orbicularis L. when raised to the rank of a species becomes Medicago orbicularis All.. or Medicago orbicularis (L.) All.” The use of the parenthetical citation, while not expressly enjoined, is thus implicitly recognized by the International Code. Even had the Code been entirely silent in the matter, the usage would be justified under Art. 5, which provides that “in the absence of rule, or wherever the consequences of rules are doubtful, established custom becomes law.” [t is evident that in the first example cited above, to write Matthiola tristis L. would be to state what is not true, since Linnaeus did not establish the genus Maithiola, and very likely would not have recog- nized it; but to write Maitthiola tristis R. B. would convey the im- pression that Brown was the first to describe and publish the species. There seems no other course than to use the parenthetical citation, un- wieldy as this may become. Gray (Structural Botany, ed. 6, 354, 1879) criticises this practice as “an endeavor to mix synonymy and nomenclature’, and in the early editions of his Manual never used more than a single citation. He would have written Maitthiola tristis R. Br., and allowed Linnaeus’ connection with the name to appear only in works which set forth the complete synonymy. But it is mani- festly inaccurate to give the impression by writing Matthiola tristis R. Br. that this species is on the same footing as Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., as if the one as well as the other was originally proposed by Brown. Since by the citation of even a single author after the scientific name we to that extent “mix synonymy and nomenclature’, and since a mere binomial unsupported by the name of any author may lead to serious confusion and misunderstanding as to the precise applica- tion of the name, the practice suggested by Art. 43 of the Code has been almost universally adopted, and may be considered to have acquired the legal force of established custom authorized in Art. 5. Reduced to more definite form, the rules of practice would be about as follows: I. Names of higher rank. Names of orders, families, tribes, subtribes, &c. do not require the name of the author. Maprono, vol. 2, pp. 81-88. Jan. 1, 1933. 82 MADRONO [Vol. 2 If. Names of Genera. a. In formal catalogues, manuals and floras, the name of a genus, — when it occurs in its proper place in the family to which it belongs, and followed by an enumeration of the species which it includes, should be followed by the name of the author. Examples: Cercis L.., Crotonopsis Michx., Breweria R. Br., Sclerolepis Cass. b. Pre-Linnaean names taken up by Linnaeus or other authors in or after the year 1753 should be followed by the name of the original author in brackets. Examples: Anethum [Tourn.]. L. Sher- ardia | Dill.|.. L. Oldenlandia [Plumier]. L. Linaria [Tourn.] Hill. Taraxacum [Haller] Ludwig. c. Genera originally proposed as subgenera, and then raised to generic rank, should be followed by the name of the original author — in parentheses. Examples: Amphiachyris (DC.) Nutt. Succisa (Rupp.) Neck. Aplectrum (Nutt.) Torr. Uf. Names of Subgenera. a. Rules I] a and II b are equally applicable to names of subgenera, or to Latin plurals applied to the sections of a genus. Examples: Euphacelia Gray. FEugerardia Benth. Oxyacanthae Loud. (sec. of Crataegus). b. Names originally published as generic, but which have been reduced, to subgeneric rank, should be followed by the names of both authors. Examples: Amygdalus [Tourn.] L., when reduced to a sec- tion of Prunus, becomes Amygdalus (L.) Benth. & Hook. Kneiffia Spach, when made a section of Oenothera, becomes Kneiffia (Spach) Endl. Biotia DC. as a subgenera of Aster becomes Biotia (DC.) Torr. & Gray. IV. Names of Species. a. A single citation after the specific name indicates the original author, even though the description may have been corrected or amended by later writers. Examples: Humulus Lupulus L. Aristo- lochia macrophylla Lam. Rumex venosus Pursh. Drosera Anglica Huds. Parnassia parviflora DC. : b. Whenever a species has been transferred to another genus, the name of the original author is written in parentheses before the name of the author making the transfer; but no matter how many transfers have been made, the number of citations after any given binomial is not to exceed two. Example: Hieracium runcinatus James, 1823, when transferred to Crepidium, was written Crepidium runct- natum (James) Nutt. 1841. Its proper place appearing to be in Crepis, a second transfer was made, Nuttall’s name being dropped, but that of James still retained, and we have Crepis runcinata (James) Torr. & Gray, 1843. No matter how many times the species has been transferred, the name of the original author is a constant factor throughout all changes in synonymy. Since Apargia boreale was first published by Bongard in 1832, the name of Bongard must appear in each subsequent trans- fer, viz: Leontodon boreale (Bong.) DC. 1838. Apargidium boreale (Bong.) Torr. & Gray, 1843. Microseris borealis (Bong.) Sch. Bip. 1866. Scorzonella borealis (Bong.) Greene, 1887. Since Scorzonella 1933] CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL EXPLORERS 83 now apears to be too feebly separable from Microseris, the binomial goes back to the form Microseris borealis (Bong.) Sch. Bip. c. When a variety has been raised to specific rank, and the original varietal name has been retained for the new species, as is generally the custom (though not obligatory—v. Art. 47 of the Code), the name of the original author of the variety is written in parentheses. Ex- amples: Dodecatheon integrifolium Michx. var. vulgare Hook., when raised to a species, becomes Dodecatheon vulgare (Hook.) Piper. Phlox caespitosa Nutt. var. condensata Gray, when raised to specific rank, becomes Phlox condensata (Gray) E. Nels. But Festuca ovina L. var. ingrata Hack., since the varietal name was not retained for the species, becomes simply Festuca idahoensis Elmer, according to Art. 47 cited above. V. Names of Varieties (and Subspecies) . a. When a variety of one species is transferred to another species without losing its rank as a variety, the name of the original author is retained in parentheses. Example: Lysimachia stricta Aijt. var. ovata Rand & Redfield, when transferred to L. terrestris, becomes Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. var. ovata (Rand & Redfield) Fernald. Dodecatheon Hendersonii Gray var. leptophyllum Suks. becomes Dode- catheon conjugens Greene var. leptophyllum (Suks.) Piper. b. When a species is reduced to a variety, if the specific name is retained for the variety, the original author of the species is indi- cated in parentheses. Examples: Mentha borealis Michx., when re- duced to a variety of M. canadensis, becomes Mentha canadensis L. var. borealis (Michx.) Piper. Polygonum incanum Schmidt becomes Polygonum lapathifolium L. var. incanum (Schmidt) Koch. But Elymus mollis Trin. becomes Elymus arenarius L. var. villosus E. Mey. under Art. 47 of the Code as above. VI. Names of Sub-varieties and Formae. The same rules as laid down in IV and V, are applicable to names of sub-varieties, formae, &c., wherever these are recognized. Salem, Oregon, 1922. THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA.—VHI Wits Linn Jepson William G. W. Harford Born at Rochester, New York on December 30, 1825 and educated in the public schools of his native town, William G. W. Harford came to California in 1853 and, as in the case of a number of California pioneers fell under the influence of Dr. Albert Kellogg and became a convert to natural science. [From a very early day he was connected directly with the work of the California Academy of Sciences, an asso- ciation which continued with one or two interruptions until his death. While Harford was primarily a conchologist, his interest in the native plants was strong and continually strengthened by his association with Dr. Kellogg. In 1868 and 1869 these two men distributed large and valuable sets of California and Oregon plants to various of the im- portant herbaria. 84 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 The Academy records, due to the great earthquake of 1906, are imperfect, but we know that Mr. Harford was Curator of Conchology in the years 1867, 1868, 1874 and 1875 and that he was Director of the Museum from 1876 to 1886. During the early years of the Academy everyone served without pay, but at a later time Harford received the first political upheaval in the Academy, largely engineered by Mrs. Mary K. Cima, by which Professor George Davidson, Su- perintendent of “the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, was displaced as President by Dr. H. W. Harkness, Harford was one of those who lost his position. The next four years he spent as an assistant to J. J. Rivers, Curator of the Museum at the University of California. From a very early day he made his home in the city of Alameda and at his old time home, 1174 Regent street, he died on, March 1, 1911. Of Harford’s collecting expedi- tions little is now known. He will be long remembered as the friend W. G. W. Harrorp and protector of the gentle Kel- loge, especially in Kellogg’s later years. Even more shy and unobtrusive than Kellogg, he was like him in simplicity of manner, in love of the beautiful, in his deeply religious nature. In 1886 Greene and Parry dedicated to him the genus Har- fordia, endemic in Lower California, a genus which includes two species of plants of the Eriogoneae that had previously been referred to Plerostegia. Thomas Bridges In the southern Sierra Nevada one finds a handsome Pentstemon on rocky outcrops which was named Pentstemon Bridgesii by Asa Gray after Thomas Bridges who collected it in “gold days’. Probably he was the first to collect it. A common and widely, distributed species, it is a feature of the Yosemite region; it flourishes on the Kaweah River watershed; between Huntington Lake and Florence Lake, in seams of the rocky slopes running down to the South Fork San Joa- quin River, it hangs its clusters of scarlet flowers over the glaring white granite ledges, the most brilliant flashes of color in evidence in August. “Bridges was an English collector, who made a collection of plants in California between 1856 and 1865. After Bridges’ death what re- mained of his California collection was donated by his widow to the Smithsonian Institution and was distributed under the direction of the a small salary. At the time of — 1933] CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL EXPLORERS 85 United States National Herbarium. On account of the fact that his plants are frequently cited and that a few are the types of new species, it would be desirable to have a record of his collecting places in Cali- fornia. In the Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh (8:434-435,—1866) is a notice of his work in California and _ brief reference to his collections in the “Mariposa mountains” (meaning Mariposa County) and the “Coast Range”. In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London are two papers which have to do with two communications made by Bridges to the society. One of these is a “List of Birds collected by Mr. Thomas Bridges ... . in the Valley of San Jose” (25: 125-126,—1857). The other is a paper by Bridges, “Notes on California Birds” (26:1-3,—1858), which shows that as a collector he had been in Yosemite Valley, the Santa Cruz Mountains, the Trinity Mountains, the Scott Mountains of Trinity County, Trinity Valley, and at Mt. Shasta. This is apparently all that has been known save for his journey to Silver Mountain. One of the very early emigrant train routes over the Sierra Nevada surmounted the chain by a wagon trail along the East Fork Carson River to Ebbetts Pass, thence through Hermit Val- ley, descending to the Sacramento Valley on the west slope by way of the Calaveras Big Trees. A few miles off this emigrant trail on the east slope silver mines were discovered about 1860, resulting a little later in a characteristic mining excitement and the settlement of the mining town of Silver Mountain. Many travelers in early day California, as well as miners, took in Silver Mountain during the sixties. It was then one of the places to visit, so thither went Bridges in 1863. On the trail he was met by W. H. Brewer of the California Geological Survey, who records in his journal (Up and Down Cali- fornia, 432,—1930) his delight in meeting another botanist. In the Sir William Hooker Correspondence at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. there are preserved the letters written by Bridges to Sir William. One of these letters contains considerable in- formation relating to Bridges’ field movements in California and is therefore here presented in full. The footnotes to the letter in each case are inserted by the writer of this article. San Francisco, May 5, 1858. Sir W. J. Hooker Royal Gardens. Kew. My Dear Sir William: By the last mail enclosed in Mr. Cuming’s letter I received your kind note written to him dated Feb. 26th. I now bee leave to answer your question—to know if it was my intention to remain in California. Permit me to say in reply that I am so delighted with the climate and interested in the Natural History of the country that I have neither in- tention nor desire to leave it and so long as [ remain here I shall con- tinue to collect specimens of Plants, Seeds, Birds, Quadrupeds and in fact any subjects of Natural History as time and opportunities will permit me to do so. I can scarcely describe to you how pleasing and 86 MADRONO [Vol. 2 gratifying it has been to me to learn that in my collections you have found some new and rare plants—I was partially under the impres- sion that from the labours of Douglas, Hartweg, Jeffrey, Lobb’ and other travelers from Europe with the many United States Exploring Expeditions that little or nothing remained to be discovered and only eleanings were left for those of the present day.—Although it is neces- sary to take into consideration that since the Gold discovery many new and extensive fields are open to the traveler where in former times no one could penetrate with safety from the Indians and other causes.—. | am now firmly persuaded that on the summit of the Sierra Nevada there is a fine field for the Botanist in whatever degree of latitude he may direct his attention. This I know from experience as I found a ereat difference in the plants which I gathered last year in the Mari- posa County from those which I collected on Scott’s and Trinity Moun- tains near Yreka towards the borders of Oregon although they were situated about the same elevation viz. from 4-5000 ft. I figure to mvself that you must have experienced pleasure when you saw the specimens of the Darlingtonia Californica, Fremontia Californica, Lilium Umquaense? and the singular Sarcodes sanguinea. The later possesses a most extraordinary tuber which I found at the depth of 18 inches from the surface of the soil_—Unfortunately it will not keep so I have doubts if it will ever be cultivated. I found it common under the shade of those magnificent trees Picea grandis’ and P. amabilis near the summit of the Sierra Nevada in Mariposa County. The noble white Lily which I have numbered 270 and which I suppose is Lilium Umquaense’ is also a charming plant well worthy of a place with L. lancifolium—it has a most delightful perfume and it will be perfectly hardy, growing high up the slopes of the Sierra Nevada in the Pine forests. Seventy fine bulbs of this plant I lost with many others in that ill-fated steamer the Central America. This summer I hope to be able to replace them. Cupressus Lawsoniana must also have called your attention.—Whilst speaking of this fine tree allow me to ask if there is not great affinity in the cone with Sequoia sempervirens only on a minor scale—the bark of Cupressus Lawsoniana differs from every other California cypress—probably it may be a connecting link be- tween Sequoia and Cupressus. Now I am aware that you are in possession of my collections | hope you will preserve the nos. and [ will shortly forward you a copy of the Catalogue which I made out when I divided the specimens’. In it you will find the locality of each plant and I now regret that I did not forward it when I sent the collections. It is similar to the lists of my Chilian Herbarium. Please let me know if you intend to publish the species which may prove new and also in what work.—In the Li- brary of the N. H. Academy’ of California I find a copy of the Botany of Captn. Beechey’s Voyage which has given me much information ‘Abies concolor Lindl. & Gord. “Abies magnifica Murr. *Lilium Washing- tonianum Kell. “This catalogue appears never to have been sent. *Natural History Academy. that is California Academy of Sciences. 1933] CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL EXPLORERS 87 on the plants of this country and a friend here also possesses Hartweg’s plants’. In the Library are also found many of the works of Dr. Torrey of the U. States——Thus gradually I am becoming acquainted with the Flora of California. A few days since I returned from a month’s excursion in the moun- tains along the coast, Santa Clara County 50 miles south of San Fran- cisco—During .... I have made additions to my herbarium but birds and quadrupeds called most my attention.—By this mail I have for- warded to Mr. Cuming a very interesting collection. Nevertheless I never omit making specimens of Plants when I find any that I did not procure last season. I am in hopes that during the summer [ shall be able to collect from two to three hundred species which I did not possess previously. The Oaks which are very numerous in variety in California have claimed my attention and I have now specimens of several species with the male flowers, although few species are cele- brated for timber. They are deserving of a place in Parks and Ar- boretums on account of the beauty of their growth and foliage. I should feel much pleasure in complying with any suggestions which you could give me relative to the Botany of this charming coun- try and I should at all times take an interest in fulfilling your in- structions. Hoping to have the pleasure of hearing from you. I remain Sir William Your Obedt Sernt Thomas Bridges Address Care of W. Lane Booker Esqr. H. B. M. Consul San Francisco—California‘ Thomas Bridges was born at Lilly, Herts, England, on May 22, 1807. For about twenty years he traveled in South America as a col- lector-naturalist, especially in Bolivia, Peru and Chile. (See Hooker’s Journal of Botany 1:177-178). In November, 1856, Bridges came to California and collected on the coast for about eight years. Soon after his arrival in San Francisco he lived in a house on Eleventh street between Market and Mission streets. The material used in this build- ing had all of it been brought from China and the house was there- fore called the Chinese House. Later he lived in Oakland. In April, 1865, he sailed for Nicaragua on a collecting expedition, and took passage on the return trip up the coast in the fall, but died at sea November 9, 1865. The captain of the ship, Captain Blethen, was a friend of Bridges and in consequence his body was brought home to California and buried in Lone Mountain Cemetery, San Francisco. *Bentham’s Plantae Hartwegianae. ‘This letter (Hooker Correspondence, vol, 64, no. 17) was copied by the writer in 1905. Through the good offices of the late William Botting Hemsley, Keeper of the Herbarium, permission to print it was obtained from the then Director, Sir William Thiselton-Dyer. Since that time, I have visited the Royal Botanic Gardens in several different years and here desire to record my obligations for many cour- tesies to the Director, Sir Arthur Hill, and also to the Keeper of the Herbarium. Mr. A. D. Cotton, to the Deputy Keeper, Dr. T. A. Sprague, to the Librarian, Mr. A. S. Skan, and to others of the staff who have assisted me in many ways. 88 MADRONO [Vol. 2 According to the testimony of his friend, Robert E. C. Stearns, at that time associated with him in the California Academy of Sciences, Bridges was extremely modest and unassuming in relation to his travels. He had further an unusually sensitive nature as evidenced by an expe- rience on the Amazon River in South America. While in search of the Victoria regia, which he introduced into England, he saw a very rare monkey that the London Zoological Society was anxious to secure. He shot the female in a tree. She held a young one in her arms and hugged it to her as she fell. It was impossible for Bridges to erase this incident from his mind and he felt, he said, as if he had mur- dered a human being. In January, 1847, he was married in Bristol, England.’ After his marriage he returned to Chile and in 1851 explored Robinson Crusoe’s island of Juan Fernandez. While in Chile he suffered severely in a financial way from a flood that destroyed his botanical garden near Valparaiso, and shortly afterwards returned to England, stopping in Panama on the way. Coming to California in 1856, he ranged along the coast as far north as British Columbia but made San Fran- cisco his home. One of the most interesting and distinctive of our | ferns, Pellaea Bridgesii, which he discovered, was named for him by Sir William Hooker, as was Silene Bridgesii by Rohrbach. In addi- tion the elegant Brodiaea Bridgesii, was dedicated to him by Sereno Watson, while Watson also first described Lupinus formosus var. Bridgesii. A California paper on his death said of him: “He was a noble-hearted Englishman, without guile or malice, and left a crowd of friends in California.” A photograph of him was placed by Dr. Stearns in the archives of the Smithsonian Institution. [See Britten, J., and Boulger, G. S., Bibliographical Index of British and Irish Botanists, 22 (1893). Hooker’s London Journal of Botany, 4:571-577,—1845, a letter from Cochabama, Bolivia, Apr. 3, 1845. Seeman’s Journal of Botany, 4:64 (1866). Dall, W. H., Memorial Sketch of Thomas Bridges, F. L. S., F. Z. S. (Proc. Cal. Acad. 3:236- 237,—1866), Loudon, Gardeners Magazine, 7:95; 16:116 (1840); it is here said that Bridges had other sources of income than the money derived from the sale of his plants. Merrill, E. D., Philippine Journal of Science, 30:163 (a reference to Bridges). Greene; H. A., in Jepson Correspondence, 24:241 (ms.). Stearns, R. E. C., in Jepson Field Book, 19:38-41 (ms.). Jepson, W. L., Notes on the Bridges letters in the Hooker Correspondence (Jepson Field Book, 15:8-21, ms.) ; the Hooker Correspondence contains eighteen letters of Bridges from Chile, mostly written at Valparaiso. A paper by Bridges, Coniferes de Californie, I have never been able to see or trace to its place of publication. ] ‘According to W. H. Dall (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 3:236) he was married to Miss Mary Benson, a niece of Hugh Cuming; according to Britten and Boulger (Bibliog. Index Brit. & Irish Botanists, 22) to a daughter of Hugh Cuming. Hugh Cuming is celebrated as a natural history collector in the Philippines; he was also in Chile (cf. Merrill, E. D., Philippine Jour. Sci. vol. 30, no. 2). ; BERSHIP IN THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY he object of the Society is to promote the advancement of bo- ace in California. It holds meetings for the reading of for discussion, it conducts field excursions and publishes ; The Society exists because there are a certain number of uti ae 2 $2. 00 per year, the membership fee, in support of its pro- These loyal members continue to support the Society as an behalf of botany in the West, without thought of any per- efits. All persons in California interested in botany are join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these one should join who may be uncertain as to whether or y get his money’s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage es devotion from its membership. All officers do the work membership blanks apply to the Secretary, Miss Ethel Kath- n, Room 3000, Life Sciences Building, University of Cali- ie California. BRP OUNG CRO, NAVE 11 ee iy 8, \ & yi ih ; f nal . y | _ JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL ge SOCIETY 90 92 v1 : NGS IN TREES, Richard M. H feauaiih ‘ Dinner FOR HCE See ap veo ea e e ° e ile} (Jt) LIENS AT 7 QUINCY, David Dz. Keck Sa Uae ae e e e e ry ° e e e e e e 95 we : M P \ W ) ms Shit i a . LS mn 4 { sh uy { eA a toda | CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY of California plants, to ait Memon concerning fh, and by fest. field | trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amongs the people of California. i The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of ee $2. 50 | Building, University af California, Berkeley, California. Single copies, if avian $.50. General address, California Botanical Society, Room 3000, Life Scienc Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Officers of the Society Presid erat. 0803 Gi OU a a ae Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford Univ First Vice-President.2 030000 Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills Colles Treasurers hua oe Dr. D. D. Keck Gua Laboratory, Stanford Universit ty. Secretary............ Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, 3000 Life Sciences Building, ? University of California, Berkel Program Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. BI ; MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The journal is issued iat ent on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1 The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium cf commu: cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; a to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be e cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jerson University of California Berkeley, California Grorce J. Pemce, ee ETHEL K. Crum, : Stanford University _ University of Californi: 1933] NEW SPECIES OF CEANOTHUS 89 TWO NEW SPECIES OF CEANOTHUS FROM CALIFORNIA H. E. McMinn Ceanothus serrulatus n. sp. Low prostrate evergreen shrub, thickly matting the ground; branches grayish or reddish, often root- ing; leaves predominantly alternate, sometimes opposite near the ends of the younger branchlets, thin but firm, narrowly to Boy “ellipti- cal, rounded or obtuse at apex, tapering to rounded at base, '% to %4 inch long, 14 to 2 inch wide, prominently veined beneath, fh one main vein and often with 2 sublateral veins from the base, pale green and ultimately glabrous above, paler and densely mieoccon calle flocculent-canescent beneath, especially on the veinlets, finely serrate except near the base; petioles about 1 inch long; stipules small, early deciduous; stomata in sunken pits on the lower surfaces of the leaves; flower-clusters short racemose, cylindrical, or subglobose, 1, to | inch long, terminating short leafy lateral branchlets; flowers white, rarely pale blue; fruit not known. Type in the Dudley Herbarium, collected in a shallow draw bhe- tween Emerald Bay and Cascade Lake, El Dorado County, California, H. E. McMinn 1734, May 30, 1926. Other collections: H. L. Mason 3316, May 30, 1926, from same locality. This species is known only from the type locality where it occurs with Ceanothus prostratus Bentham, Ceanothus velutinus Douglas, and Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg. The prostrate habit and the pres- ence of sunken stomatal pits on the underside of the leaves relate it to C. prostratus Bentham, but the predominantly alternate, thinner and finely serrate leaves, the small early deciduous stipules, alternate branching, and short racemose clusters of white flowers easily separate it from that species. This is the only species of Ceanothus belonging to the Euceanothus section of the genus that has been found to have sunken stomatal pits on the under surfaces of the leaves. It may have arisen as a hybrid between C. prostratus Bentham and one of the other two alternate-leaved species found in the same locality. Ceanothus Ferrisae n. sp. Erect evergreen shrub, 3 to 6 feet high. with long stiff divergent branches and numerous short decussate lateral branchlets; leaves opposite, orbicular to broadly elliptical, abruptly tapering to rounded at base, 1 to 114 inches long, 14 to 34 inch wide. with one vein from the base, dark green and glabrous above, paler and microscopically canescent beneath, regularly to irregularly short toothed or some leaves almost entire, the margins slightly revolute between the short teeth; petioles about 14 inch long; stipules per- sistent, thick, and corky; stomata ia sunken pits on the underside of Ins leaves: flowers white, in umbels 1% to | inch long; capsules globose, ss to 7s inch in diameter, with 3 eee or sub- eal horns, without intermediate crests. Type in the Dudley Herbarium, collected above Coyote Creek, Madrone Springs road, Mt. Hamilton Range, Santa Clara County, Maprono, vol. 2, pp. 89-96. Apr. 26, 1933. 30 MADRONO [Vol. 2 California, LeRoy Abrams 6626, August 13, 1917. Other collections: LeRoy Abrams 6627, 6628, from same locality. Roxana Ferris 832, May 17, 1918, from hillslope above first bridge on Cochran road 214 miles east of Madrone station, Santa Clara County. H. E. Me- Minn 1873, December 21, 1928, and 1887a—z, January, 1929, from same location as Ferris 832, and 2649, August 29, 1931, from hill- slope about 1% mile southeast of the above location. All collections seen have been made from the Coyote River region east of Madrone station in the Mt. Hamilton Range. A few plants of C. cuneatus Nuttall were found associated with one colony of this new species, but apparentiy they do not occur commonly together. This species is related to C. cuneatus Nuttall but differs from the typical form of that species in its larger, more elliptical, and variously toothed leaves. The regularly and finely toothed leaves of some speci- mens resemble the leaves of C. rigidus var. grandifolius Torrey, but the flowers are white instead of blue as in that variety. In the Santa Cruz Mountains there is a form of C. cuneatus Nuttall with large leaves which is closely related to this species, but all the leaves are entire in contrast to the toothed leaves of C. Ferrisae. In 1928 a set of 60 transplants was collected and set out in the trial garden at Mills College. An examination of the plants in Janu- ary, 1933, showed the same characteristic variation in leaf margins as exhibited by plants in their native habitat. In the Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium of Stanford Uni- versity, vol. I, number 4, 1930, I referred to this plant as a variation of C. cuneatus Nuttall. Department of Botany, Mills College. DUPLICATE CARVINGS IN TREES Ricuarp M. HotmMaAn Land surveyors are familiar with the use of trees as monuments to mark a corner of a survey, or, what is more common, as “bearing” or “witness” trees which serve to aid in determining the position of a corner in case the monument which originally marked the corner has been destroyed or removed. A tree which is to serve such pur- pose is first blazed so as to expose a flat surface of young wood just beneath the cambium and in the wood thus exposed there are carved the characters which identify this particular tree. In time these carv- ings and the whole area from which the bark was removed become completely covered with new bark which grows inward from the margins of the wound. The cambium layer within this new bark gives rise, during the succeeding years, to new layers of wood which cover the original inscriptions, so that in time the characters cut by the sur- veyor may be buried deep within the trunk of the tree. After many te) — 1933 ] DUPLICATE CARVINGS IN TREES Fig. 1. Sections of the wood and bark of Umbellularia Californica showing the preserved carvings and inscriptions. 92 MADRONO [ Vol. os years the bark of such a tree may still show the form of the blaze, but the inscription can only be revealed by cutting away the overlying layers of bark and wood. Of still greater interest than such trees with their inscriptions hidden within the trunk are those in which carvings still visible on the surface of the bark are duplicated deep in the wood. These are found mostly in trees which have thin, smocth bark, relatively free from ridges and having little tendency to scale off at the surface. In such trees characters cut directly into the bark, but penetrating through the cambium into the young wood, are “split,” after the wounds have been healed over, by the new cambium into two portions, one in the bark and the cther in the wood. In Fig. la are shown the buried inscriptions (the letters A and B) revealed when a short length of the trunk of a California laurel was heing chopped into firewood, and Fig. 1b shows the inscription upon the bark which corresponds to the buried letter B in the wood. The wood section itself shows the twenty-eight annual rings of wood and the bark which have been formed since the carvings were made. The young wood exposed when the carvings were made soon died and be- came discolored. Subsequently this wood was completely covered with bark including a new layer of cambium. Following this com- plete closure of the wound, the new cambium produced the annual layers of wood (which buried the inscription within the tree) and the new bark. | In Fig. le are shown similar duplicate carvings of peace pipes and tomahawks cut in a branch of the same tree by some youth 23 years before the tree was felled. These carvings in the bark have been some- what distorted from their original form, which is shown in the wood, as the result of the growth in circumference of the branch, which was of relatively small diameter at the time the carvings were made. It is not only carvings or other injuries made by man which are thus preserved in duplicate in the wood and bark of trees. Many thin, smooth barked trees show similar records of injuries due to sap- suckers, and wounds due to lightning sometimes leave their record both in the bark and buried within the wood of the tree. University of California, Berkeley, California. THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1933 The California Botanical Society met for the annual dinner at the International House, 2299 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, on Saturday evening, February 25, at 6:00 p. m. Dr. George J. Peirce, the president, acted as toastmaster. He first called upon Dr. W. L. Jepson, whom he happily styled “Father of the California Botanical Society.” Dr. Jepson discussed briefly the effect of the record low temperatures of last December upon certain native and introduced species. Mr. J. T. Howell, next called upon, gave a resumé of the impressions received from the Galapagos Islands and way points, by the botanist of the 1933 ] PLANT ALIENS AT QUINCY 93 recent Templeton Crocker Expedition. Dr. H. L. Mason in the ca- pacity of “Keeper of the Plant Morgue” spoke briefly of his interest in the future of the University of California Herbarium. The lecture of the evening was given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the subject being “Features of Growth in Monterey Pine.” Dr. MacDougal demonstrated the dendrograph, by means of which he has been enabled to keep accurate record of the activity of the cambium of this tree over a period of years. The Monterey pine, he pointed out, lives a hand-to-mouth existence, storing starch for a very limited time only. The cambium sheath has no periodicity, does not become fatigued, and continues its activity whenever temperature conditions are favorable. Activity ceases at 8 degrees Centigrade. Having seen the evidence, his hearers are likely to remember that each of the more than three million needles of an average tree of this species produces during the three vears of iis active life the equivalent of the wood contained in three toothpicks. The efficiency of the cambium of this pine allows a rapid, almost phenomenal growth whenever conditions are favorable. The speaker’s stimulating subject and informal manner invited discussion, and there were several anecdotes of the prowess of this California conifer. In New Zealand where there are extensive plantations, a mature crop of timber may be harvested three times during the century. Eighty-two members and guests attended the dinner which was planned by Dr. and Mrs. H. L. Mason.—E. K. Crum. PLANT ALIENS AT QUINCY Davin D. Krecx Man, in his migrations over the earth, has carried his civilization with him. He delights in the possession of familiar objects whose pres- ence serves as a reminder of that civilization he has relinquished in order to pluck an existence from untried and virgin soils. By his very nature, the pioneer must possess a fortitude, stoicism and disre- gard for the personal comforts of life which are qualities most of us lack. Yet, in the heart of every man there lingers at least some trace of sentiment which, in the pioneer, causes him to carry strange objects into the wilderness. This is often accomplished with great difficulty and the cherished belongings may be peculiarly ill-fitted to their new surroundings. Everyone recalls those bright flowers that surrounded his child- hood home and enjoys the sentiment bound up with them. So it is not strange that garden flowers have been among the prominent objects to migrate with first settlers to new frontiers, regardless of the fact that the flora of the new region may far surpass ‘that which was left behind. Other cultivated plants of even more importance to the pio- neer are those useful as food for man and beast. These have been very freely carried about the globe. In addition, certain plants of traditional, but perhaps more or less fanciful medicinal value are frequently introduced to new localities by colonists. The tansy, Tanacetum vulgare, of the following list may owe its wide distribu- tion to an ancient belief that its cond were effective agents in ridding the intestinal tract of parasites. Of course, too, there are the in- evitable weeds which follow rapidly in the footsteps of civilization and mark the disturbances in the native vegetation. The writer, in company with Dr. and Mrs. Jens Clausen of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, spent over three days early in July, 1932, at Quincy. This little town is the county seat of Plumas County and is located in American Valley on the west flank of the northern Sierra Nevada at 3500 feet elevation. Quincy lies at the edge of the very extensive meadow of American Valley through which flows Spanish Creek, a tributary of the Feather River. Our first survey of the flora at Quincy impressed us with the exceptionally large number of European or cosmopolitan plants growing there. Dr. Claus sen, comparing the scene with his native Denmark, commented that he could easily suppose he were in a northern European meadow in which there were a few California weeds. Consultation with Jep- son’s Manual showed us that many of these species were specifically indicated to occur at Quincy. Inquiries addressed to a few residents of Quincy disclosed the fact that American Valley had been largely settled by Swiss and German families. One resident, Mr. Schneider, told us that his mother had brought a hanging basket of Lysimachia nummularia across the plains from Kansas in a covered wagon. This member of the Primulaceae is particularly adapted for use in hanging baskets because of its beau- tiful trailing stems closely beset with large yellow bowl- shaped flowers. It was our informant’s s impression that this hanging basket Lysimachia was the ancestor of the very numerous colonies of this species that now spot the meadow of American Valley and which, we were told, have spread to some extent, at least, into the surrounding woods. The origin of the first human colonists seems to offer ample ex- planation of the fact that, of the plants we collected, those which are not native to the region are all common species in Middle Europe. We did not detect any plant immigrants from the eastern United States or from the Mediterranean region. Incidentally, we paid very little © attention to the Monocotyledons and probably there are at least some Mediterranean grasses at Quincy. Possibly the following four species have not been previously catalogued as members of the California flora: LysIMACHIA NUMMULARIA L. is very thoroughly established, as stated above. There is a sheet at the University of California Her- barium collected by Mrs. Norman D. Kelley “near Quincy” in 1914. No other material seen from California. TANACETUM VULGARE L. (Chrysanthemum tanacetum Karsch)_ is also well established at Quincy and, in addition to the author’s collec- tion, was collected there in 1912 by H. M. Hall, who observed it was “common in, waste places all through American Valley.” Appar- | 1933 ] NOTES AND NEWS 95 ently this species has become naturalized also in Humboldt County along the road between Fortuna and Fernbridge (Kildale 2250, Dud- ley Herbarium). Seemingly very rarely naturalized in western North America. CHRYSANTHEMUM PARTHENIUM (L.) Bernh. is sparingly estab- lished north of Spanish Creek, near Quincy, well away from human habitations. Additional locations were found in the University of California Herbarium: Diablo Canyon, San Luis Obispo County; north side of Mt. Shasta; Alta Loma Ranch, Howell Mountain, Napa County. It is often quite impossible to judge from herbarium labels - whether such plants, frequently cultivated, have really become natu- ralized at a given locality. MyosoTIs VERSICOLOR (Pers.) Smith has become established in the meadow of American Valley but only one colony of this species was observed. This Myosotis is apparently quite thoroughly naturalized in northern Oregon west of the Cascades as well as in the eastern United States and it should be expected in California. It has been collected at Eureka (Tracy 827, University of California Herbarium, fide Bracelin). RANUNCULUS REPENS L. we found well established in the meadow at Quincy and are not aware that it has been previously reported from the Sierra Nevada. We also collected the following well-established European intro- ductions at Quincy: Dactylis glomerata L. Myosotis scorpioides L. Polygonum persicaria L. 'Nepeta cataria L. Polygonum convolvulus L. Taraxacum vulgare L. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Sisymbrium sophia L. Anthemis cotula L. Lepidium perfoliatum L. Centaurea cyanus L. Trifolium pratense L. Cirsium arvense Scop. Trifolium hybridum L. Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. Trifolium repens L. (observed only). The writer is indebted to Mrs. H. P. Bracelin for looking up dis- tributions in the Herbarium of the University of California. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Division of Plant Biology. Stanford University, California. NOTES AND NEWS Reprints have been received of “A Study of the Genus Podaxis” by Elizabeth Eaton Morse. This interesting and previously little known fungus has been the subject of an extended study carried on at the University of California. The most ample collections were obtained from the Colorado Desert. Twelve excellent plates accompany the text. (Mycologia 25:1-33, pls. 1-12.—1933). "Hall 9385, not collected by us. 96 MADRONO | [Vol. 2 The first of the series of local meetings planned by the California Botanical Society was held in Davis and Sacramento April 1-2, 1933. The party met at Davis at 12:30 p. m. April 1, and in the afternoon viewed some of the projects in applied botany now being carried on at the University of California farm. This was followed by a session at the Horticultural Building of the University of California at Davis where papers relating to the agricultural and horticultural aspects of botanical science were presented. At 6:30 p. m. the party met at the Gold Rush Restaurant at Sacramento. Dinner was followed by a lecture, “The Nutritive Value of Native Plants in Relation to the Live-stock Industry”, by Prof. G. H. Hart of the College of Agri- culture. Fifty-seven members and guests were present at the banquet. On the following morning under the tutelage of Mr. Ashley Braun the State Capitol Grounds were visited and proved especially interesting botanically. The Society has reason to be gratified with the success of this first attempt to enlist in its activities students and lovers of plants in other parts of the state. Thanks are due to Dr. W. L. Howard, Dr. G. H. Hart, Mr. Ashley Braun, Dr. H. A. Borthwick, Dr. H. F. Copeland and others who successfully executed plans for the Sacra- mento-Davis meeting. On April 12, 1933, the California Botanical Society makes note of the twentieth anniversary of its founding. The first meeting was held in the Oakland Public Museum at 4:00 p. m. on April 12, 1913. With Dr. W. F. Bade in the chair a temporary organization was effected. On April 26 of the same year the Society was regularly organized with Dr. W. L. Jepson as first president. This twentieth anniversary year finds the names of 15 charter members on its mem- bership roll: Dr. W. F. Bade, Mrs. Viola Baird, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. Anson S. Blake, Mrs. Anson S. Blake, Mr. W. W. Carruth, Mrs. Edwin R. Dimond, Prof. W. T. Horne, Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. Dunean McDuffie, Miss Amy Rinehart. Dr. W. A. Setchell, Mr. J. B. Smith, Mrs. I. R. Smith, Miss Olive Thacher. During the year 1932 the So- ciety lost two charter members by death: Dr. Harvey M. Hall and Miss Anna Head. For the support of these and all other loyal mem- bers the Society is deeply appreciative. The first report of the Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden at Anaheim, issued in 1931, contains a brief history of the founding by Mrs. Susannah Bixby Bryant, a list of the garden plantings with the horticultural practice by B. D. Stark, the nurseryman, and a list of plants indigenous to the ranch by Dr. C. B. Wolf, curator of the herbarium. The Garden site contains about 200 acres. The head- quarters building is now completed and houses the herbarium and library. Dr. F. H. Billings contributes a paper on “Microsporogenesis in Phoradendron” to the Annals of Botany for October, 1932. These careful studies were based on material of California species. The author is Professor of Botany in the University of Redlands. nd ie ee it conducts field excursions and aie hes mal. The Society exists because there are a certain number of rnians who believe in its objectives and are desirous of con- sonal Aone All persons in California aieronted in botany are ‘to join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these s. No one should join who may be uncertain as to whether or 1e may get his money’s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage receives devotion from its membership. All officers do the work mD idive va" f f: A 4 ? 1 - e038 “y) eh + ae AS Sen tc he 2 d® SPF ie % Re ; } ; i i rn ? Ki ¥ \ < NUMBER 12 JOURNAL OF THE “CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY - Hise CHOY PB RRS EE Ms Dovatas IN ; CALIFORNIA, Willis Linn Jepson .. Re Oe Gee S on THE ‘INTRODUCED FLORA OF CALIFORNIA, Ira L. Wiggins . 100 Pa Rene ue a ae mean uaa er le UR Un Oe Se wen ery wo teosy ey ech nae: AGS July, 1933 CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigat of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, fi trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amon the people of California. The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrono, $2.50 year. Volume I, $5.00, may be had from the Secretary, Room 3000, Life Scienc Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Single copies, if availabl $.50. General address, California Botanical Society, Room 3000, Life Seiena Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Officers of the Society Presi@entis.d she ee Re oe ee Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford Universit First Vice-President..............-2..--.--.-c-scsce-ese00--- Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills Coll Second Vice-President.............. Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, Berke Treasupere: [koa es Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford Univers: Secretary............ Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, 3000 Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkel Program Committee: Dr. W. L. vet: Dr. L. R. Abrams, Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. Blak MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The journal is issued quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1. The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes o the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi- _ cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; and to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon th habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be on cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson University of California Berkeley, California Grorce J. PEIRCE, ETHEL K. Crum, Stanford University University of Californi 1933] DOUGLAS IN CALIFORNIA oF DAVID DOUGLAS IN CALIFORNIA Wiis Linn Jerson David Douglas, the botanical explorer for the London Horticul- tural Society, armived in California at Monterey on December 22, 1&3 by sea from the Columbia River where he had been since October 11. the date of his arrival from England on his second journey in that region. Douglas remained in California until August, 1832, when he sailed for the Hawaiian Islands, thence taking a schooner to Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River in October.’ He was the first botanical collector in California in residence for any extended period and during this time he traveled through the Coast Ranges from Mon- terey north to the Mission San Francisco de Solano (Sonoma) and south to the Mission of Santa Barbara. He was not only the first traveler to collect the extensively rich and varied spring flora of the Coast Ranges, nearly all the species of which were new to botanical science, but also the first to leave some written description of it. Hun- dreds of new species, our most familiar plants, were based on the Douglas collections, study of which is not exhausted even at this day. It would be a very great advantage in view of the taxonomic interest of the Douglas plants if the localities of collection were known. No information is, however, available for these specimens save the desig- nation “California”. Douglas, it is true, kept a field journal and num- bered his specimens. The numbers are attached to the specimens in the Kew Herbarium, for example, but his journal was lost at the time of the shipwreck in the Fraser River,—a most disastrous loss. While most of his field work was plainly done in the Coast Range valleys, vet on account of the fact that he collected certain plants it would seem an inevitable inference that he penetrated eastward as far as the inner Coast Range. For example he collected Thelypodium flavescens Hook., which develops abundant colonies in the inner range but has never been found near Monterey. At Kew one of the collections of Thelypo- dium flavescens made by Douglas carries on the sheet a waif of another species, an extremely tiny plant of Streptanthus hispidus Gray, which, it is not likely, would have been gathered anywhere but in the inner South Coast Range country where it is a restricted endemic. It has been suggested that Douglas visited Mt. Diablo, but the form of Calochortus pulchellus which he obtained might have been collected ’ the Sonoma region. In a few rare cases the indication “Monterey” r “San Francisco” appears with an original description, but in no case on the original label. At the most, little is definitely known of the detailed movements of Douglas in California. His stay here was, however, so productive and so important botanically that every item ‘of information is inter- esting. For this reason there is here reproduced a transcript of an unpublished letter written by Douglas to William Edward Hartnell Bancroft, H. H., History of California, vol. 3, p. 403. Maprofo, vol. 2, pp. 97-104, July 1, 1933. 98 MADRONO [Vol. 2 at Monterey. The original, preserved in the Bancroft Library (Vallejo Documents, vol. 31, p. 49), is in places not readily decipherable but nevertheless gives an excellent idea of the roster of Douglas’ friends in California. To/ William Edward Hartnell Esq. Monterey Noviembre 11, 1833 Fav. of A. B. Thompson At my tent on the Hill of Yerba Buena’ Novm 11, leé33% My dear Sir: Do inform Dna Teresa that she has at this moment a very humble servant in Saint Francisco who exceedingly regrets not having the pleasure of laying before her, in person, his kindest regards. He re- quests her to believe that the multitude of kindnesses she bestowed on him when under her roof, the recollection of which is not destroyed by the distance of time and place over which he has passed since he left Monterey, on the contrary, this remembrance of which is to him eratifying. I have heard of the death of poor John Noriega of so much prom- ise—Such is the wish of Providence and ought to tend to admonish us to submit with cheerfulness to His dispensations. That which is dearest to us is often that which is soonest taken away from us, and it is well it should so be. I felicitate Dna Angustias’ on the changing of her name. May the number of her days be equalled only by the abundance of com- fort spiritual and temporal she may enjoy through life and that all may conduce to her happiness. Salute her spouse in my name and tell him I give him joy. When you see or write to St. Barbara fail not to present my Comp. to Dn Jose Noriega and his amiable wife. —Also to friend Robinson. T can hardly express how pleased I should have been even only with a few hours conversation with you. I do not despair of that “The Hill of Yerba Buena” was probably Telegraph Hill, then known as Loma Alta, which name was sometimes applied to the Cove of Yerba Buena. Douglas arrived in the “Dryad”, the “Columbia Vessel” of the text, which came in for water, supplies, and to refit. Chief Factor Finlayson was on board. Apparently while in port Douglas set up a tent ashore for his observations and collection ac- tivities. The landing was at Clark’s Point, about Broadway and Battery Streets, and presumably his tent was not far distant. There was no settlement at Yerba Buena at this time. William Heath Davis in “Sixty Years in California” (pp. 10-11) gives a description of it in 1833. The letter was sent by the hand of A. B. Thompson, then supercargo of the “Loriot”, for many years a resident of Santa Barbara——Anson S. BLAKE. “Dona Angustias was the daughter of Don Jose Noriega, and “friend Robin- son” was the man she married, Alfred Robinson, author of Life in California and for many years agent of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company in San Francisco. It is the account of this wedding that is given in Dana’s Two Years Before the Mast as occurring in Santa Barbara.—ANSON S. BLAKE. 1933 ] DOUGLAS IN CALIFORNIA Jo gratification at no distant period—though not God willing before I see the “Land 0’ Cakes”. The Columbia vessel bound for the Sandwich Islands dropped in here a few days since for water and fresh provisions which after a tempestuous passage of 2] days has landed here nearly a wreck. The Governor of the Columbia, Mr. Finlayson, is on board. I was anxious to visit Monterey that you might have had this gentleman’s acquain- tance. he will be there in Oct. 1834 and will have a letter or letters for you. As to sel/ I have little to tell you of——at least little that would in any wise interest you—for it is difficult to separate self and to be agreeable. | have been in the Snowy Mountains as high as the 60° over a dreary unhospitable country, where I suffered extreme hard- ship—from hunger, indeed nearly utter starvation. Intense cold in the mountains then scorching weathering heat—and to compleat my misfortunes [ lost the whole of ie collection at a dreadful cataract of a river’ nearly as large as the Columbia in the mountains. The only articles saved were mv Instruments and astronomical Journal not even a morsel of food of any kind, bedding ete. When I tell vou that I was an hour and 40 minutes in the water in the rapids myself and after escaping had 300 miles over a barbarous country without food or shelter you will form an idea of my condition, | am thankful to God that no lives were lost though some from exhaustion suffered greatly while cthers could not endure the privation of the want of food. It is probable I may make a short stay at Oyhee’ for the purpose of examining the vulcano & Botanizing, surveying, &c. If you have time to spare to inform me on the following points you will confer on me a mark of your respect. Ist Your own health—family— 2nd Increase of tamily. Names of the or little strangers—Condition of farm. State of vineyard &c. Address to the care of the British Consul. If you ever should see or write to any of my old friends, the Fathers I entreat you to mention me to them—particularly Padre Nar- cisso’ and Padre Pedro Cabot. —In the meantime as you will certainly see the Rev. P. Short’ I ask you to give him my respects. I have been only once at the Mission where I had the pleasure of meeting Gen. Figoroa*’. I am glad to have seen this gentleman for he appears much eposed to cherish industry, to stand by the virtuous and to do justlv. I am also glad to hear him express himself so kindly towards you and the old gent. at Sta. Barbara. Give my best complements to Dna Concepcion Arguello’—Captain “Frazer River, British Columbia. °Old spelling for Hawaii. *Narcisso Duran. "Patrick Short, an Irishman and an exile from Henolulu; cf. H. H. Bancroft. History of California, vol. 5, p. 719. *Governor Figueroa, the name mis-spelled by Douglas. *Heroine of California’s most famous romance: cf. Sir George Simpson, An Overland Journey Round the World During the Years 1841 and 1842, American Ce part 1, p. 206 (1847). See also Bret Harte’s Poem, Dona Concepcion de rguello. 100 MADRONO [Vol. 2 Zamorano, Dna Luisa, Mr. Spence--Captain Cooper—and on no ac- count to forget Dn. Estevan Monras and all to whom I have the dis- tinguished honor of being known to. I pray you accept of my best wishes for your health happiness and prosperity, and believe me unalterably Your attached servant and friend D. Douglas NOTES ON THE INTRODUCED FLORA OF CALIFORNTA Ira L. Wiccrns Two plants not previously known from the state have been col- lected recently in San Diego County by Mr. L. W. Nuttall and Mr. W. V. Shear, County Agricultural Inspector, respectively. The pres- ence of a species of Vicia not included in western botanical litera- ture came to my attention in the summer of 1930 while teaching at the Humboldt State Teachers College at Arcata, and Mr. Nuttall’s collection of Lepidium draba L. extends the previously known range of that species in California. This note is offered in order to estab- lish a definite record of the occurrence of these species in the locali- ties listed here. KYLLINGA BREVIFOLIA Rottb. was collected in San Diego, on May 28, and again on July 21, 1932 by Mr. Nuttall. He sent the speci- mens to me for identification since the species was not listed in the literature available to him. In sending the second collection, after the smaller collection of the earlier date had been identified, he enclosed the following note: “Kyllinga brevifolia grows on the east side of a house on Arch Street. There is a small steep bank between the house and the pavement and a narrow strip of grass between pave- ment and curb; the plant is found in both places. The grass has been, and is now cut very short, but the little plants —2 inches high— bravely bloom. The sod is very dense, but apparently they are deter- mined to conquer and finally take possession.” The genus Kyllinga contains about two hundred species, most of them confined to tropical regions, but two species in addition to the one listed above also occur in the southeastern part of the United States. This sedge is a perennial plant with solitary oblong-ovoid spikes 5-8 mm. long subtended by three involucral bracts, two of them spreading, the third erect and giving the spike the appearance of being lateral instead of terminal. The keels of the spikelets are ser- rulate-ciliate. The leaves are narrowly linear and egrass-like, usually a little shorter than the scape. The plant spreads by horizontal rhi- zomes, and exceedingly numerous fibrous roots form a dense sod just below the surface of the soil. Victa vILLosa Roth. is a well established escape in numerous lo- calities from the Santa Cruz Peninsula northward into Washington. It is so abundant in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay that it competes 1933] INTRODUCED FLORA TO successfully with the native and introduced grasses on open hillsides and inner sand dunes. Specimens collected as early as 1900 are in the Dudley Herbarium, and for the most part the original labels bear the name Vicia cracca L. These specimens differ markedly from Vicia cracca in having spreading instead of closely appressed hairs on stems, peduncles and “leaves, longer, narrower and more pubescent calyx- lobes, and slightly larger flowers than the latter, and in being annual or biennial instead of perennial. Fig. 1. Centaurea I[berica Trevir. A, upper leaf. B, Achene with paleaceous pappus bristles. C, basal leaf. D, flowering head. A.D x 1; B x 5; C x 1/6. There are sheets of Vicia villosa in the Dudley Herbarium from Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, Mendocino, and Humboldt counties, Cal1- fornia; Deschutes, Douglas, Hood River, and Wasco counties, Ore- gon; King and Whitman counties, Washington; Blaine and Latah counties, Idaho; and one sheet each from Montana and Indiana. We have no specimens of Vicia cracca from the coastal region of California. Mrs. Roxana S. Ferris detected this species in the Vicia cracea cover several years ago and segregated the specimens belonging to the two species. CENTAUREA IBERICA Trevir. was collected near Ramona, San Diego County, by Mr. Shear, and sent to us for identification. He realized at the time that the plant was similar to Centaurea calcitrapa L. but saw that it differed from that species in size and general appearance. Centaurea Iberica is a native of Spain, and, together with a variety, is reported from a number of Mediterranean localities, Armenia, and the region between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea in southwestern Russia. Although this species is somewhat similar to Centaurea calcitrapa, it is improbable that the two species are confused in any herbaria of the country for they are distinctly separated by several obvious 102 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 characters. The upper leaves of Centaurea Iberica are elliptic to oblong, 10-18 mm. long, and entire, while those of Centaurea calci- trapa are pinnately divided into linear or lanceolate lobes about 5 mm. wide, or sometimes undivided but linear and less than 5 mm. wide, and always serrulate. Only the lower leaves of the former species are serrulate. The heads of Centaurea Iberica are broader, the spines heavier, the achenes slightly longer than those of the com- moner species and are white to sordid instead of brown. Centaurea calcitrapa achenes are destitute of any pappus, while those of Cen- taurea [berica have a pappus of 40-50 narrow, finely serrulate pa- leaceous bristles arranged in about three series. The accompanying fieures indicate the distinctive characters of this thistle. LEPIDIUM DRABA L. was collected several months ago by Mr. Nut- tall “—along the Tia Juana River a little way north of the border,” where it had become well established. This weed had been reported from Los Angeles, Huntington Beach, and Chino, in southern Cali- fornia, and is not uncommon from the vicinity of San Luis Obispo northward, but this is the first record, so far as I am aware, for San Diego County. Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University. IN MEMORIAM Dr. Alice Scouvert, a former member of this Society, died in Brussels, Beleium, on November 17, 1932. While in California she took a lively interest in the native plants. On the Society’s field ex- cursions, unconsciously on her part, she put to shame many members who insisted on using vernacular names by indicating to them how quickly she obtained a clue to the relationship of plants strange to her when favored with the Latin binomial. Her training at the Uni- versity of Brussels was in botany and the allied sciences. Mrs. D. O. (Clara Adele) Hunt of St. Helena, a former member, died on April N 1932. For forty years she studied the natural his- tory of the native plants of Napa Valley and cultivated many in her garden. For nearly as long a period her botanical activity found expression in arranging enibinons and meetings in order to interest the people of her valley in the flowering vegetation. She was a rela- tive of Alphonse Wood, whose “Class Book of Botany” was a familiar text in the eastern United States two generations ago. Dr. Harvey Monroe Hall, a charter member of the Society, died March 11, 1932. He had long been connected with the University of Galifounia: and in later years en the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington. He was an able botanist who had done a notable amount of work, and his sudden passing was a shock to his friends. Miss Anna Head, also a charter member, well-known in California as a pioneer in education for girls, died December 24, 1932. She was the founder of the Anna Head School in Berkeley and its principal from 1880 to 1909, and during that time did much to stimulate the 1933] NOTES AND NEWS 103 interest of students in botany and gardening. Since her retirement in 1909, she had been living in Berkeley. At the annual dinner of the Society on February 25, 1933, the president, Dr. George J. Peirce, after speaking words of memorial for each of these Frembers, naked the membership to rise and remain standing in silence for a few moments in tribute to their memory.— Ww. L. J. NOTES AND NEWS At the Atlantic City meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, December 28-30, 1932, Section G (Botanical Sciences) held a memorial program celebrating the centenary of the birth of Julius von Sachs (1832-1897). On this occasion, a paper by Dr. D. H. Campbell, of Stanford University, on the Sachs text-book and its influence on botany in America, was read by Dr. G. J. Peirce of Stanford. At the Ann Arbor meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, in November, 1932, Dr. D. H. Campbell of Stanford University read a paper on “Some problems of the Hawaiian flora.” Wilhelm N. Suksdorf, pioneer field botanist of the Pacific North- west, was struck and killed by a train near his home in Bingen, Wash- ington, on October 3, 1932. Probably most Pacific Coast botanists who have been engaged in field studies within the state of Wash- ington within the last fifty-five years, have had occasion to make the acquaintance of this most affable, enthusiastic and able German botanist. It became more essential in recent years for students of that flora to seek out Mr. Suksdorf for information regarding exact dis- tribution and other matters pertaining to numerous species bearing Mr. Suksdorf’s name or named by him. One could always expect most courteous responses to queries, and Mr. Suksdorf gave freely of his ime to accompany botanists to the more obscure localities in his neighborhood. At the time of his death, Mr. Suksdorf was doubtless the senior field botanist of the Pacific Coast, being the last survivor of that list of botanical collectors cited in the Botany of California. According to a note in the journal Science, Mr. Sukdorf’s herbarium and library have been willed to the State College of Washington.— DED. KECK. “Plants of the Rocky Mountain National Park” by Ruth E. Ash- ton is a publication of the National Park Service designed for the use of tourists. It contains 157 pages with 115 illustrations which are almost wholly photographic. In the American Journal of Botany for October, 1931, Edna L. Johnson in a paper “On the alleged stimulating action of X-rays upon plants” reports that in the case of tomato, sunberry, sunflower and vetch seedlings no increased growth of the experimental plants over the controls was evidenced by measurements of height and green and dry weight determinations. 104 - MADRONO [Vol. 2 The California Botanical Society met December 15, 1932, at 8:00 p. m. in Room 2093, Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. George J. Peirce, the president, occupied the chair. The business meeting was followed by a lecture on the Templeton Crocker Expedition to the Galapagos Islands by Mr. J. T. Howell of the California Academy of Sciences, botanist of the expedition. Mr. Howell gave an account of his impressions and experiences in this fascinating region. The slides which accompanied the lecture assisted the audience materially in forming an accurate idea of the topography, the major plant formations, and some of the more con- spicuous of the species native to the islands. Mr. Howell’s remarks upon the endemic cacti were especially instructive. After the lecture Dr. H. L. Mason led an open discussion upon endemism. Dr. Mason pointed out that a consideration of distribution in time as well as in space is important to an understanding of present ranges. He em- phasized the relation of the area now occupied by a given species to that of the flora of which it is a part and to the distribution and migrations of this flora during past geological eras. This viewpoint called forth spirited comment, leading parts being taken by Dr. L. R. Abrams, Dr. A. W. Herre, Dr. David Keck, Mr. J. T. Howell and Dr. David Goddard —E. K. Crum. A meeting of the Society was held on January 12, 1933, in Room ~ 2093, Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. George J. Peirce, the president, occupied the chair. At the busi- ness meeting the present staff of officers was reelected: President, Dr. George J. Peirce; first vice-president, Mr. H. E. McMinn; second vice- president, Dr. H. L. Mason; treasurer, Dr. David D. Keck; secretary, Miss E. Crum. The speaker of the evening, Mr. C. J. Kraebel of the California Experiment Station, U. 5. Forest Service, discussed “Erosion Control in Forestry.” Mr. Kraebel gave an account of the various methods of control and of the plant species utilized in this work. The slides illustrated areas menaced by destructive erosion, and the effectiveness of the means adopted for control.—E. K. Crum. The native bulbs and plants grown by Carl Purdy in his garden at “The Terraces” are listed in his two catalogues for 1933. One of these contains three well-executed colored plates of California lilies, erythroniums and calochorti. These catalogues may be had by address- ing him at Ukiah. The California Academy of Sciences received a number of guests in the new Simson African Hall on April 4, 1933 at 8:15 p. m. in honor of the eightieth anniversary of its founding. The unfinished eroups of African wild life were on exhibition in the niches which they will permanently occupy. Dr. C. E. Grunsky, President and Director of the Academy, gave a resumé of the history, endowments and present needs of the institution. Mr. William H. Crocker, Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees, welcomed the guests and spoke briefly of his interest in the Academy. A social hour followed during which the new East Wing was open for inspection. Refreshments were served by the staff—Mrs. H. P. BrRAcELIN. he object of the Society is to promote the advancement of bo- 1 Bee in California. It holds meetings for the reading of 1 Whee loyal members continue to support the cecean as an in behalf of botany in the West, without thought of any per- | benefits. All persons in California interested in botany are ed to join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these may get his money’s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage receives devotion from its membership. All officers do the work of the Society without pay. NUMBER 13 JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY z PY LY FT * . A 2 Eh « 5 wate 1} Feast yy Wis. Se NAL ww October, 1933 * CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The _purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and nvestigat trips, bxiitinons and riclidatsents to deepen interest in the native fl the people of California. The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the "Tebabk negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrofo, $ year. Volume I, tee a, may 13 had kaa the wes, Room 4004, pat Building, University of Cali tostnie fonder Hee i Officers of the Society Presidents ee 8 Ni ie, a eee a Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford U First Vice-President........ LPM soe NN Me TSN NEE Professor H. E. McMinn, Mi Second Vice-President.................. Dr. H. L. Mason, University of California, ‘Treasurer. 50 0 Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford U Secretary............. Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, 4004 Life Sciences Building, University of California, wages Committee: Dr. Ira L. Wiggins, Mr. H. E. McMinn, Miss E. Cru Mr. J. T. Howell. Baca Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. _ Ble : MADRONO ‘ JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY — The journal is issued quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1, and Octo The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of cc cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; | to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon native plants, their habits, biology, special physiology or morphology, li Lis ‘or geographical distribution, will be especially welcome from all Paci 1 botanists. Publication Committee — W. L. Jerson University of California Berkeley, California Grorce J. PEIRCE, ETHEL K. Crunt, Re, Stanford University University of Calif 1933] A. NEW SERICOCARPUS 105 A NEW SERICOCARPUS FROM OREGON L. F. HENDERSON SERICOCARPUS SIPEI Henderson, sp. nov. Planta attenuata, alta, foliis ovatis, acutis, scabris, 2-3 policaribus; capitulis racemoso- cymosis, numquam corymbosis. Pappus primo albus, tardius fuscus, floris longtitudine; achenia tenuora (macra), oblanceolata vel obovata. Ceteris S. oregonensi congruit. Perennial from a short crown-like rootstock; stem nearly upright, tapering all the way, 90-120 cm. high, glabrous to slightly puberulent; leaves alternate, soft and thin, nearly entire, glandular beneath, some- what scabrous, especially the margins, ovate-oblong, acute, sessile, on lower one-half of stem 7-9 cm. long, gradually smaller above; heads in a nearly columnar-compound cyme, though in the smaller plants this is a simple or racemose cyme; each head columnar in early anthesis, becoming later campanulate, slightly scabrous to glabrous, 10 mm. long; bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, in many series, with green appressed or recurving tips, white-coriaceous below; receptacle alveolate, flat or nearly so; flowers all rayless; pappus at first white, becoming later dun-colored, slightly flattened and enlarged at apex, closely ciliate, equaling the corolla; corolla yellow of varying degrees, otherwise just as in S. oregonensis, narrowly funnel-form, lobes nar- rowly lanceolate; stigmas narrowly oblong-lanceolate; achenes ap- pressed silky, obovate-cuneate, to oblanceolate cuneate, flattened, trans- verse section narrowly elliptic, 3 mm. long by 1 mm. wide. This plant is certainly near Sericocarpus oregonensis Nuttall, but has, to the writer, good specific characters. Nuttall, in his “Description of New Species and Genera of Plants in the natural Order of the Com- positae”’, 1840, p. 302, describes S. oregonensis as follows: “Leaves lanceolate-oblong, entire and, as well as the involucrum, glandular be- neath, above scabrous; stem smooth, corymb compound, inner scales of the involucrum acute; rays longer than the pappus.. . Stem attenuated. Pappus distinctly scabrous, the inner row obviously clavellate .. . The discal florets are exerted beyond the pap pus. Stigmas filiform, acute, nearly smooth, glandular . . . the pappus is unusually long and silky- white.” Our plant differs radically in size and shape of leaves as well as their texture, in shape of cyme (“corymb” of Nuttall), in length and color of pappus, in color of flower (light yellow), in uniform absence of rays, and in wider, flatter achenes. This plant was discovered by Professor Frank P. Sipe of the Bo- tanical Department of the University of Oregon, about 10 miles from Eugene, Oregon, on rather stony hillsides, in open woods of Pseudo- tsuga, Arbutus and Castanopsis. Thus it is quite localized. At a later date Professor Sipe and the writer found it again in several localities, always in small areas. I have taken pleasure in naming this unique plant for its discoverer, an indefatigable collector and ecologist. The type is my No. 15,708. University of Oregon, Eugene, September, 1933. MaproNo, vol. 2, pp. 96-103. Oct. 21, 1933. 106 MADRONO [Vol. 2 A NOTE ON THE GENUS LYSICHITUM Mary L. BowERMAN Our Pacific Coast skunk cabbage has been known for many years as Lysichitum camtschatcense. This species was first described from Asia. Linnaeus, in the first edition of his Species Plantarum’, named it Dracontium camtchatcense. He recorded it only from Siberia although it was first recognized by him as Dracontium foliis lanc- eolatis in the dissertation Plantae Rariores Camtschatcenses. In 1857 Schott tranferred it to a new monotypic genus, Lysichitum. Recently Hultén and St. John have studied the Asiatic and Cali- fornian plants and have found that the two are specifically distinct. Since all synonyms refer to the Asiatic plant, they have described the Pacific Coast form as a new species, Lysichitum americanum’. The true Lysichitum camtschatcense is characterized as follows: a white, instead of a pale lemon-yellow, spathe; odorless flowers; a smaller spadix on the average; smaller perianth segments, 2-3 mm. in length as compared with 3-4 mm., with their upper part fleshy rather than distinctly membranous; the stamens more protruded, and the anthers considerably smaller, 0.6-0.8 mm. as compared with 0.9-2 mm. The above-mentioned paper was called to my attention by Mr. W. T. Stearn, of Cambridge, England. In conversation he said that he had studied these two forms and, independently, had come to the conclusion that they are specifically distinct. In the Gardeners’ Chronicle’ he reviews the article by Hultén and St. John and adds some further points of interest. In material examined by him, he notes that the perianth segments of the American species are more in- clined outward than those of the Asiatic species so that each flower is more conical, and the whole spadix is warty by comparison with the more even spadix of the latter. This difference can be observed in the photographs published by Hultén and St. John. Other differences have been noted by J. W. Besant, Keeper of the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, Dublin. Speaking of the Asiatic form, as known in British gardens, he says’, “this white-spathed plant might be a distinct species as not only are the spathes broader in proportion to their length, but the leaves differ from those of the yellow-spathed plant, which has enormous, deep green leaves, whereas in the white- flowered variety they are shorter, blunter and almost glaucous green, especially when young”. He further notes that the seeds of the white- spathed plants are slow to germinate which is in striking contrast to "1753, p. 968. "1750, p. 29. *Eric Hultén and Harold St. John, The American Species of Lysichitum, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, Band 25, Hafte 4, pp. 453-464 (1931). “Vol. 91, pp. 477-478 (June 25, 1932). oe by Stearn (1. c.) from The Gardeners’ Chronicle, vol. 85, p. 441 (June 15, 1929). 1933] PINUS FLEXILIS 107 the behavior of the yellow one. The latter is reported by Stearn as germinating self-sown around the parent clumps at Kew and at Glas- nevin. Even when growing under the same conditions, Lysichitum camtschatcense begins to grow and flower a month later than Lysichi- tum americanum. The odor of the plants is a matter of interest. Hultén describes the Kamchatka plant as odorless (from memory, according to Stearn). The white-spathed plant at Kew likewise has no scent. Upon com- paring fresh material from Glasnevin and from Captain Simpson- Hayward’s garden, Stearn found both yellow and white equally redolent, “the odour of the white plant being sweeter and more pleasant than the skunk-like reek of the yellow”. This is surprising if, as believed, the Glasnevin plant is a clone from the Kew plant. Our skunk cabbage grows in swampy woods or in cut-over wood- lands, and the same can be said of the Asiatic species. In Kamchatka it usually occurs in Alnus hirsuta swamps; only occasionally was it observed, by Hultén, in a cut-over Betula forest. Lysichitum camschatcense is found from the Kamchatka penin- sula southwards along the Kurile islands and Sachalin to the Hok- kaido (Yeso) and Japan proper (Honschu), and on the Asiatic main- land in Primorskaya, near the mouth of the Amur river. Lysichitum americanum occurs in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Montana and California. The observations of these several authors clearly indicate that the Asiatic and American species have been confused through similarity of habit and through difficulty of preservation. Both morphological and physiological characteristics afford evidence of the distinctness of these plants. The facts of geographic distribution are also in accord; one species, Lysichitum camtschatcense, is strictly Asiatic, the other, Lychitum americanum, is limited to the Pacific Coast of North America. University of California, Berkeley, Sept. 21, 1933. PINUS FLEXILIS IN THE UPPER KERN RIVER WATERSHED Rimo BAcIGALUPI While on the annual summer “High Trip” with the Sierra Club, the writer came upon a somewhat extensive colony of Pinus flexilis along the lower reaches of Whitney Creek about one and a half miles below Lower Crabtree Meadow. So far as ascertainable, this species has not heretofore been authentically reported from the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. G. B. Sudworth, in his “Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope”, reports it as occurring “along south side of South Fork of Kings River, at 10,500 to 12,000 feet.” In the summer of 1928 and again during that of 1932, the writer attempted to verify this record of its occurrence on the Kings River watershed. The regions visited, all within or about the altitudinal range cited by Sud- 108 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 worth, are as follows: eastern slopes of Avalanche Peak, north and east slopes of Sphinx Crest, headwaters of Sphinx Creek, portions of the watershed of East Creek, base of East Vidette, slopes about Cen- ter Basin and Foresters’ Pass. Pinus Balfouriana. Pinus monticola and Pinus albicaulis were frequently encountered, while search for Pinus flexilis met with no success. It is not unlikely that Sudworth obtained his data from a forest ranger who might easily have mistaken either Pinus monticola or Pinus albicaulis for Pinus flexilis. The colony of Pinus flexilis seen on Whitney Creek is composed of young, slender, healthy individuals perhaps twenty-five to thirty feet tall. Associated species of Pinus, of about the same vigor and height, are Pinus Balfouriana and Pinus monticola. This young and vigorous forest grows on the shady south slope of Whitney Creek, at an eleva- tion of 9800 feet, just below the point where the canyon becomes steep and narrow as it begins to cut its way through the wall of the Kern River Canyon. Below this point, Pinus flexilis occurs at in- tervals on both sides of the gorge, but here it is a gnarled and stunted tree. The last trees were seen, associated with Pinus ponderosa var. Jeffreyi, at the mouth of Whitney Canyon, at an elevation of about 8000 feet, hardly 100 feet up on the wall of the Kern River Canyon. Mature cones, as well as branch-tips with young cones still at- tached, were collected. The specimens are deposited in the Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University (Bacigalupi, no. 2225). Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, January 20, 1933. THE MONTEREY CYPRESS GROVE OF POINT LOBOS Of all relict plant endemics along the Californian coast, Cupressus macrocarpa is one of the most interesting and significant in relation to the geological history of the Californian shore line. As is well known it occurs in only two small clusters on the ocean headlands at either side of the Carmel River mouth. It is with a sense of humilia- tion for California that the botanist observed the cutting up of the Point Cypress grove into building lots. On the other hand it is regarded as doubly fortunate that the remaining Point Lobos grove, still in its natural state, has been purchased in part by the State Park Commission for the state system of parks in California. This important objective has, however, not been fully realized and the state has called upon the Point Lobos Association to raise an addi- tional sum of nearly fifty thousand dollars. The President of the Association is Mrs. Caroline Phelps Stokes Hunter, the Treasurer is Mr. William H. Crocker. Any sum, however small, may be sent to the Secretary of the Point Lobos Association, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco and will be acknowledged.—W. L. JEPson. » 1933] OPEN LETTERS 109 OPEN LETTERS Yampah and Filaree I find on page 220’ of my copy of J. C. Fremont’s Narrative of “Explorations and Adventures in Kansas, Nebraska, Oregon and Cali- fornia” the following reference to Anethum graveolens: “At this place I became first acquainted with the yampah (Anethum graveolens), which I found our Snake woman engaged in digging in the low tim- bered bottom of the creek. Among the Indians in the Rocky Moun- tains, and more particularly among the Shoshone or Snake Indians, in whose territory it is very abundant, this is considered the best among the roots used for food.” Anethum graveolens is described as locally naturalized from Europe in Southern California according to Jepson’s Manual. Is it not possible that it could have been distributed from the region where Fremont saw it rather than from Europe? In the same book I find on page 414 a reference to Erodium cicutarium on the American River where Fremont says he found In- dian women gathering the leaves of that plant in baskets. They told him they cooked and ate the leaves. Can you give me any date at which this plant was introduced from the Mediterranean region? Did the agent which introduced the plant into the hills of California show the Indians how to use it or did they discover this for themselves after the plant became so widespread and common?—Mrs. W. EcBERT SCHENK, Carmen del Cerrito, Mohave Desert, October 20, 1931. Although Capt. John C. Fremont was a first rate observer of and took a marked interest in the native plants, he was in realitv not a critical botanist, and he often called the new things he met in the west by the names of such similar things as he knew in the gardens at home. Anethum graveolens of Linnaeus, or dill, is a European plant long cultivated in the eastern United States. Fremont’s “Anethum graveo- lens” is Carum Gairdneri, a plant indigenous in a vast area stretching from South Dakota and British Columbia to Colorado and southern California. As to the second query: it has been generally supposed that the filaree (Erodium cicutarium) and the bur clover (Medicago hispida), both distinctly Mediterranean species, were unconsciously introduced into California by the Spanish missionaries, since they brought with them household goods, seeds for planting crops and above all bands of sheep, the great disseminators of certain kinds of seed. No one in California made any record of such things as weeds in those days. The period of introduction of the conspicuous European black mustard (Brassica nigra) is likewise very uncertain, although legends say that the Spanish missionaries brought it. In any event there are no definite scientific records of this mustard until rather recent decades. Even *J. C. Fremont, A report of the exploring expedition to Oregon and North Cali- fornia in the years 1843-44. Official edition, p. 124. * J. C. Fremont, l.c., p. 243. 110 MADRONO [Vol. 2 the botanists of the California Geological Survey (1861-1870) are largely silent on these matters of alien weeds. Of course it is pos- sible, though not so probable, that the filaree was introduced by some Spanish voyager at an earlier date than the Mission settlements. A decisive conclusion doubtless, is not now possible. As to the use of the filaree by the native tribes, these tribesmen knew better the plants that grew about them, from the standpoint of their tribal needs in food, medicine, implements, fibre and folk rituals, than any white man has ever known them. It is certain that the Indian would have no difficulty in making use of filaree on his own initiative. It is not likely that any white man could ever instruct a tribesman regarding the economic native plants from the standpoint of the tribesman’s daily necessities. In his own special field the Indian was an expert.— W. L. Jepson. Artificial Vegetative Propagation of Redwood My method for vegetative propagation of redwood (Sequoia sem- pervirens) is as follows. Cut away all suckers not well covered by soil. On the remaining suckers cut a wide notch about three-fourths through at the point of contact with parent root or bole. Pack with damp soil and stake. If the notch is too narrow it will heal over and not produce roots. Keep well watered and in a year’s time there will be roots. But it is well to wait two or three years before the final cut from the parent bole. Then select suckers having the individual root system well started. Dig a hole wide and deep enough not to injure the terminals of the sucker’s roots and with a saw cut away your plant. Wrap roots in wet burlap or some substitute at once. Suckers from one to two and one-half feet high are preferable. Plant them in good soil liberally mixed with humus. I recommend that they be planted in five gallon cans with holes punctured in bottom. It is advisable to keep them in a protected spot in partial shade and continuously damp. In this way they can be kept in cans until they are six or eight feet high. When planting in permanent place remove cans by cutting away with shears and keep well watered until firmly established. Use stakes with the crooked or leaning plants.—H. A. GREENE, Monterey, California. NOTES AND NEWS The California Botanical Society held a meeting on March 16, 1933 at 8:00 p. m. in Room 460, Physiology Building, Stanford Uni- versity, Palo Alto. Dr. George J. Peirce, the president, occupied the chair. The first speaker, Mr. S. B. Show, Regional Forester of the United States Forest Service, discussed “Problems in Forestry as Applied Botany”. Mr. Show pointed out some of the complexities of the problem confronting the manager of the state’s most extensive farming operations. He must protect his millions of acres from at- tacks of insects and fungi, from overgrazing, fire and erosion. He must consider the conflicting interests of various groups of forest- 1933] NOTES AND NEWS et users. Especially in harvesting the timber crop for commercial use care must be taken to preserve the aesthetic value of the forest for vacationists and nature lovers. This discussion was followed by a lecture on “The Greatest Forest in the World” by Ynes Mexia. In the course of her botanical collecting Mrs. Mexia navigated the Amazon by steamer, canoe and raft. Her graphic account of the great rain- forest of South America, which is only to be traversed by water ways, was illustrated by excellent views taken en route. Sixty-one members and guests attended the meeting, the first to be held at Stanford.— E. K. Crum. The Western Society of Naturalists held its Fifth Winter Meeting at the Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California, December 20-22, 1932. A feature of particular interest to botanists as well as zoologists was the “Symposium on Methods in Taxonomy” that oc- cupied the first two sessions of the meeting. Seven members of the California Botanical Society were among the fourteen speakers. The topics in this symposium in most cases were presented both from the botanical and zoological points of view. Topics and speakers in- cluded: 1. Introduction: fundamentals, aims, and methods.—LeRoy Abrams and E. B. Babcock. 2. Comparative morphology as the basis of taxonomy: value and limitations—C. C. Epling and G. F. Ferris. 3. Geographical distribution as an aid in taxonomy.—J. T. Howell and A. H. Miller. 4. Paleontological problems and methods in taxo- nomy.—H. L. Mason and L. H. Miller. 5. Cytology as an aid in taxonomy.—C. D. Darlington. 6. Genetics as an aid in taxonomy.— Jens Clausen and F. B. Sumner. 7. Experimental taxonomy: sta- bility and modifiability of plant forms.—David D. Keck. 8. The problem of racial differentiation and its bearing on taxonomy.—Th. Dobzhansky. 9. Plant relationships suggested by the morphology and apparent atopic similarity of pollens from the Order Chenopodiales. —H. E. McMinn.—D. D. Keck. John Wynne Gillespie, one of the professional botanists of the Pacific Coast, a young man of great promise, died September 13, 1932. He received the Ph. D. degree from Stanford University in 1930 for a dissertation entitled “The Sympetalae of Fiji.” Dr. Gil- lespie had traveled to the Fiji Islands as a Fellow of the Bishop Mu- seum and published several critical papers on that flora. He spent a year at the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University as a National Research Fellow, studying historical material from the Fiji flora, and during the summer of 1932 pursued these studies further at the Kew Herbarium. Shortly before his death, Dr. Gillespie had been ap- pointed Professor of Botany at the Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe. He was well known in California where he had done con- siderable field work in collaboration with his wife, Doris Kildale Gillespie. Mrs. Gillespie, a collector of plants from little known por- tions of northwestern California, and a contributor to this journal, has taken over the teaching position at Tempe.—D. D. Keck. 112 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 Professor LeRoy Abrams, curator of the Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University, sailed from San Francisco for Italy, via the Panama Canal, early in March, 1933. He plans to study in various European botanical centers until September. Dr. Abrams chose to visit southern Europe first and travel northward with the spring, thus permitting a perspection of the European flora at the most favorable season. On Dr. Abrams’ itinerary are several of the largest European herbaria at which he proposes to study types and other critical speci- mens from the Pacific Coast to facilitate the preparation of the re- maining volumes of his “Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States.”— D. D. Keck. Dr. Tra L. Wiggins, of the Dudley Herbarium of Stanford Univer- sity, left in the latter part of February, 1933, for Tucson, Arizona, to join Dr. Forrest Shreve, of the Desert Laboratory, Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington, on a trip of botanical exploration into north- western Mexico. This is the third of a series of cooperative trips arranged between the staffs of the Desert Laboratory and the Dudley Herbarium to make phytogeographic studies in this region, most in- teresting botanically. Dr. Wiggins is on his second trip to this area with Dr. Shreve, Dr. L. R. Abrams having represented the Dudley Herbarium on the first excursion—D. D, Keck. The Sixth International Congress of Genetics, held at Cornell Uni- versity in August, 1932, gave opportunity for two prominent Euro- pean botanists to visit California botanical institutions. Dr. ©, Winge, cyto-geneticist from the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College, Copenhagen, and Dr. C. D. Darlington, cytologist from John Innes Horticultural Institution, London, visited this state during the fall. Dr. Winge accompanied Dr. J. Clausen and Mr. W. M. Heusi, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, on a seed-collecting trip into the mountains of northern California. Dr. Darlington has established a winter residence at the California Institute of Technology, where he is continuing his cytological studies——D. D. Keck. Dr. W. W. Robbins, head of the Division of Botany at the Davis Branch of the College of Agriculture of the University of California, is spending six months in Europe where he is continuing his investi- gations on sugar beets, weeds and seeds. All Californians will welcome the addition of valuable lands to the western boundary of Yosemite National Park. The latest such addition comprises approximately 8,785 acres along the scenic Wa- wona Highway and will bring that road entirely within the limits of the park for the first time. Previously, the road ran for some dis- tance between the Mariposa Grove and Yosemite Valley outside of the park boundaries. President Hoover signed a proclamation on August 13, 1932, authorizing the addition. It is particularly sig- nificant to botanists as a measure that will afford protection to addi- tional highly scenic pine forests—D. D. Kecx. @ a oy Aion: it conducts field excursions and ene urnal. The Society exists because there are a certain number of ians who believe in its objectives and are desirous of con- ing $2.00 per year, the membership fee, in support of its pro- These loyal members continue to support the Society as an in behalf of botany in the West, without thought of any per- benefits. All persons in California interested in botany are ‘0 join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these No one should join who may be uncertain as to whether or ay get his money’s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage receives devotion from its membership. All officers do the work 1e Society without pay. hie BOTANICAL FIELD PRESSES ~ Collecting Presses, 11x16 inches, stoutly eae ¢ oak pas with woven fabric straps and — metal handles. $1.50. ek ven JIM DAVIS » Dealer in Field and Sporting Supplies _ 2226 TELEGRAPH AVENUE © Berkeley, California a NUMBER 14 JOURNAL OF THE ‘CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY Contents SERVATION OF NATIVE PLANTS AND SENATE BILL NUMBER _ Sixty-rour, F. F. Barbour . January, 1934 * CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lect trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flor the people of California. The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treas -negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrofo, year. Volume I, $5. 00, may be had oo the Secretary, Room 4004, Life $.50. General pddree: California Hencd Society, Room 3000, Life ‘Ss Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Officers of the Society Presidents 6) cre a esas Dr. George J. Peirce, Sialted Uni First Vice:-Presidentii a Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills Second Vice-President.................. Dr. H. L. Mason, University of California, ‘Lreasurpe. feet Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford Unix ieciiae! Ay Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, 4004 Life Sciences Building, University of California, B ae pean Committee: Dr. Ira L. Wiggins, Mr. H. E. McMinn, Miss E. Crum. es Mr. J. T. Howell. Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. A. S. Blak MADRONO | JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY __ The journal is issued quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and n the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of commu cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native fl to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes w native plants, their habits, biology, special physiology or morphology, life or geographical distribution, will be especially welcome from all Pacific botanists. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson University of California Berkeley, California : Grorce J. PEmRce, Ernet K. Crum, Stanford University University of C 1934] ERIOPHYLLUM AND MONOLOPIA 113 ERIOPHYLLUM AND MONOLOPIA LINCOLN CONSTANCE In undertaking a critical study of the genus Eriophyllum, one of the first problems encountered is that of finding characters to distin- suish this group clearly from the closely related genus Monolopia. Most of the species of the two genera are not apt to be confused, but the smaller forms, lacking the characteristic tooth on the ligules, be- longing to Gray’s (1) section Pseudobahia of Monolopia—which Ryd- berg (5) raised to generic status—and Eriophyllum ambiguum Gray, show a remarkable intergrading of characters, which makes them ex- tremely difficult to place with confidence. The members of Pseudo- bahia have been treated differently by successive taxonomists, and they and Eriophyllum ambiguum have been transposed from one genus to the other until the synonymy has become quite confusing. The questionable species and the characters most frequently used in differentiating them are as follows: 1. MonotoprA minor De Candolle, Prodr. 6: 74. 1837, Eriophyl- lum minus (DC.) Rydberg, N. Am. Fl. 34: 86. 1915. Leaves mostly pinnately 3-5 parted, the divisions linear; involucral bracts distinct to the base or somewhat united, in 2 series; receptacle naked, sharply conical; disk-corollas glabrous; achenes of both ray- and disk-florets distinctly flattened, glabrous; epappose. An obscure plant, collected somewhere in California by Douglas, and not reported since. 2. MONOLOPIA BAHIAEFOLIA Bentham, Plantae Hartwegianae. 317. 1849. Eriophyllum bahiaefolium (Benth.) Greene, Fl. Franc. 446. 1897. Pseudobahia bahiaefolia (Benth.) Rydberg, N. Am. FI. 34: 83. HOLS. Leaves entire or somewhat 3-lobed; involucral bracts distinct to the base or somewhat united, in 1 series; receptacle naked; sharply con- ical; disk-corollas glabrous, except for a ring of villous hairs at the junction of the tube and throat; achenes of both ray- and disk-florets distinctly flattened, hairy; epappose. This is apparently also a rare plant, from the Sierra Nevada foothills, and adjacent plains, and few specimens are to be found in the herbaria studied. 3. MONOLOPIA HEERMANNI Durand, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2 ser. 3: 93. 1855. Monolopia bahiaefolia Benth. var. pinnatifida, Gray, Botany of the Geol. Surv.. of Cal. 1: 383. 1876. Eriophyllum Heer- mannit (Dur.) Greene, Fl. Franc. 444. 1897. Pseudobahia Heermannii (Dur.) Rydberg, N. Am. FI. 34: 83. 1915. Leaves pinnately parted, the lobes again lobed or divided; involu- cral bracts distinct to the base or somewhat united, in 1] series; recep- tacle naked, sharply conical; disk-corollas glabrous, except for a ring of villous hairs at the junction of the tube and throat; achenes of both ray-and disk-florets distinctly flattened, pubescent; epappose. This is also from the Sierra Nevada foothills, and is apparently more common than the last, since it is well represented in the herbaria. It may very MaproNo, vol. 2, pp. 104-111. Jan. 1, 1934. possibly be a variety of the last, as Gray (1) regarded it, differing from it only in the greater division of the leaves, and agreeing with it in the peculiar localized hairiness of the corollas. 4. ERIOPHYLLUM AMBIGUUM, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 26. 1883 Bahia Wallacet Gray, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 7: 145. 1859. Lasthenia (Monolopia) ambigua Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 547. 1865. Bahia ambigua Gray, Botany of the Geol. Surv. of Cal. 1:382. 1876. Bahia parviflora Hall, in herbarium. 1907. Eriophyllum paleaceum Brandegee, Bot. Gaz. 27:450. 1899. Eriophyllum Parishii Hall, in herbarium. 1907. Leaves entire or few-toothed; involucral bracts distinct to the base or somewhat united, in | series; receptacle naked or paleaceous at the summit, sharply conical; disk-corollas glandular-hispid on the tube; achenes of both ray- and disk-florets quadrangular, at least the disk achenes not at all flattened, hirsute to glabrous; pappus of about 8 paleae or wanting. This is an exceedingly variable species of the desert region of Southern California; from the extremes of its varia- tion several species have been described. From this brief resumé of characters, it may be seen that the pubes- cence of corollas and achenes, and the degree of union of the involucral bracts are not constant. In the opinion of the writer, the two genera should be separated on the basis of the conformation of the achenes, correlated with the constant absence of the pappus in some of the above, and its variable appearance in the last. The first three agree with the other species of Monolopia in having distinctly flattened achenes, and in being uniformly epappose. The last has the quad- rangular achenes of Eriophyllum, and the occasional absence of pap- pus does not separate it from the genus, since this may occur in other species of Eriophyllum. Gray (1) set forth these ideas a number of years ago, but they have not been heeded by subsequent systematists, else much needless con- fusion might have been avoided. He (1) placed the first three in Monolopia, the third as a variety of the second, and finally settled upon Eriophyllum for the last, where it has remained ever since. Greene (2) transposed Monolopia bahiaefolia and M. Heermannii to Eriophyllum, placing them close to E. ambiguum, but left Monolopia minor in the other genus. Hall (3) retains “Eriophyllum Heermannii” and does not discuss Monolopia minor nor M. bahiaefolia. M. bahiae- folia and the very closely related M. Heermannii are separated by Jepson (4), who retains the former in Monolopia and the latter in Eriophyllum. Rydberg sets up the genus Pseudobahia to include M. bahiaefolia and M. Heermannii, but inconsistently designates M. minor as “Eriophyllum minus”. The treatment afforded these species by Gray seems, in the opinion of the writer, to be most clearly in line with their natural affinities. REFERENCES (1) Gray, Asa. Botany of the Geological Survey of California. 1: 382-383. 1876. 1934] CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL EXPLORERS 115 (2) Greene, E. L. Flora Franciscana. 440, 445-446. 1897. (3) Hall, H. M. University of California Publications: Botany. 3: 182-184. 1907. (4) Jepson, W. L. Manual of the Flowering Plants of California. lel, 1117. 1925, (5) Rydberg, P. A. North American Flora. 34: 83, 86. 1915. University of California, Berkeley, June, 1933. THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA—IX. Witus Linn JEPSON Charles Frederick Sonne The birth place of Charles F. Sonne is said to have been on the island of Bon, a possession of Denmark. The date of his birth was July 2, 1845. When a young man he emigrated to the United States and worked in a grocery store in Boston, soon thereafter going to Denver. From this place in the early days he drove across the deserts a herd of cattle to Virginia City in Nevada. In 1876 he removed to Truckee where he was em- ployed as a bookkeeper by the Truckee Lumber Company. It was more especially during the period of this employment that he collected with much zeal the native plants of the region of the Truckee River watershed and made large numbers of dried specimens. He numbered his specimens carefully and faithfully recorded on the labels the validating facts of locality, date and habitat. His specimens were well prepared and the mounted sheets are re- markable for their clear and handsome lettering and general neatness. Out of the results of his long-continued field work in this region grew a list of the plants which he had collected in Placer, Nevada and Sierra counties in California and Washoe County in Nevada, especially between the years 1878 and 1892. This manuscript is done in his usual methodical and scholarly manner. It reflects, doubtless, the thoroughness of the college education which he had received in Denmark in his youth. Dedicating to him the Boraginaceous genus Sonnea, E. L. Greene in 1889 said that he “gives promise of becoming as intelligent a botanist as he has been a diligent collector and field observor in that region of country to which these plants belong” (cf. Pittonia 1:22). Lomatium Sonnei was also named for him by Coulter and Rose and Cicuta Sonnei by Greene. About 1900 he went to San Francisco to live and there died May 11, 1913. His body was taken to Truckee for burial and now lies amongst the mountains where he botanized for so many years. Nancy Jane Davis In the northern Sierra Nevada one of the more unusual and peculiar shrubs is Leucothoe Davisiae. This name was published by Asa Gray in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, volume 7, page 400, in 1867. It was based on a manuscript name by John Torrey and the specific description rested on material collected near Eureka in Nevada County by Miss N. J. Davis, the dis- coverer. During this entire period since 1867, it does not appear to have been known in California whether Miss Davis were a_ local botanist or a chance traveler. At any rate this was a collector concern- ing whom the writer never had the faintest clue. One evening in August, 1926, a small group of botanists, engaged in cheerful talk, were seated on a garden lawn above Lake Cayuga in the state of New York. One of them, Professor J. H. Faull, then of the Toronto University, very incidentally and very casually to other matters, spoke the name Nancy Davis. The writer of this article had never before heard the name, but some impulse caused him to make one query after another and it soon developed that Nancy Davis of Birmingham, Pennsylvania, and Miss N. J. Davis, the discoverer of the rare shrub, Leucothoe Davisiae of California, were one and the same. Through the interest of Dr. and Mrs. J. H. Faull were obtained the printed memorials of Miss Davis from which are derived the fol- lowing facts as to her life. Nancy Jane Davis was born in the Kishacoquillas Valley near Lewiston, Pennsylvania, on December 20, 1833. She died at Birming- ham, Pennsylvania, on June 18, 1921. At that place she had been in 1853 one of the founders of the Birmingham School and for over sixty years its principal. On the sixtieth anniversary of the school, Mount Holyoke College, of which she was an early graduate, honored her with the degree of Doctor of Humane Letters. In 1863 she came to California by way of Panama and made in the district of Nevada County, says Dr. Gray, “a fine and beautifully prepared collection of plants”. She visited California again in 1893 and yet again in 1915. The name of Miss Davis is enshrined in many a memorial at or hard by Birmingham School. It is pleasant to make more definitely known the name of another plant lover, noble in mind and generous in purpose, who belongs to the roster of Californian field botanists. Her plants, it is to be said, went mainly to Asa Gray, and towards Cambridge she bent her steps for several summers in order to carry on botanical work. Amongst other things she also collected a sub- alpine Polygonum in northern California which was named for her as Polygonum Davisiae by W. H. Brewer in 1872 (Proc. Am. Acad. 8:399). [In Memorium. Nancy Jane Davis, A. M., L. H. D. Three Por- traits. Birmingham School. 1921. Davis Memorial Fund and Alum- nae Notes. 1925. ] 1934] CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL EXPLORERS i? John Boardman Trask On February 8, 1849, a company of argonauts under the leadership of John Woodhouse Audubon, son of the great ornithologist, Audubon, left New York City for New Orleans. The party traversed the plains, mountains and deserts from Texas by way of northern Mexico to San Diego where it arrived on November 4, 1849, proceeding) thence to the placer diggings in the Sierra Nevada. One of the members of this company was John B. Trask. The gold rush brought many remarkable men to California but few in that early day more outstanding as a scientist than Trask. His interests were very wide and the soundness of his training in funda- mental subjects while an undergraduate at Yale College enabled him to achieve notice or distinction in several lines. He was a physician and surgeon, a chemist, a mineralogist, a seismologist, a geologist, a paleontologist and to no small extent a botanist. The first medical journal in California was founded and edited by John B. Trask, M. D., and David Wooster, M. D. Dr. Trask’s connection with it continued through the years 1858 and 1859. As the first State Geologist of California, two of his reports on the geology of California may be found in Assembly Document no. 9 (1854) and in Senate Document no. 14 (1855). These and other reports contain much matter on the soils of various regions of California, as well as some references to the spontaneous vegetation. Dr. Trask was the first to bring to the notice of botanists the peculiar Lavatera assurgentiflora of Anacapa Island which was de- scribed as new by Dr. Albert Kellogg (Proc. Cal. Acad. 1:14,—1854). Wherever his investigations took him about California he was likely to collect some plant of interest to his chief botanical friend. Kellogg writes that in a very early day Dr. Trask studied the native medicinal plants of western America and made known or discovered the virtues of such species as yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum) for rheuma- tism, damiana (Turnera aphrodisiaca of Lower California) for nerve aberrations, Grindelia robusta for poison oak dermatitis, canchulagua (Erythraea) as an anti-febrile, manzanita leaves (native Arctosta- phylos species) as an anti-lithic, as well as other indigenous plants. He was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1824 and died at San Francisco July 3, 1879. His latter years were almost exclusively de- voted to the practice of medicine in which, says Kellogg, he was pro- fessionally skilled and remarkable for originality and independent thought. With Kellogg and a few others, Trask was one of the founders of the California Academy of Sciences in 1853. -At a meeting of the Academy on July 21, 1879, it was the gentle Kellogg that delivered his eulogy. [Remarks of Dr. A. Kelloge on the late Doctor John B. Trask before the California Academy of Sciences, July 21, 1879. pp. 1-8. Audubon’s Western Travels, pp. 1-249. 1906. A biographical sketch of Doctor John B. Trask, first state geologist of California, by An- thony W. Vogdes (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 1:27-30,—1907). This contains a bibliography of his geological papers and a good portrait; the biographical matter appears to be mainly or wholly de- 118 MADRONO [Vol. 2 rived from Kellogg’s paper. Many of Trask’s scientific papers were published in volumes | to 3 of the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. | CONSERVATION OF NATIVE PLANTS AND SENATE BILL NUMBER SIXTY-FOUR F. F. BarBour Botanists, students and others interested in the native flora of Calli- fornia, should study carefully the text of the above bill passed by the last California legislature. It is a well-intentioned effort to protect our native shrubs and plants, but is so drastic in its terms as to interfere seriously with the usual requirements of the botany courses of the Universities, and with the practices of scientific collection. It reads in part: “Every person who within the State of California, wil- fully . .. cuts... or removes any native tree or shrub, or fern, or herb or bulb or cactus or flower, or any portion of any native tree, or shrub or fern or herb or bulb or cactus or flower, growing upon state or county highway rights of way, ... shall be guilty of a mis- demeanor and upon conviction hereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than two hundred dollars or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than six months or by both such fine and imprison- ment...” It also provides that: “Every person who for commercial purposes wilfully cuts or removes any native tree, etc.,” as in the above para- eraph, is subject to the same fine or imprisonment. This expression “commercial purposes” might easily be made to apply to picking of flowers for the purpose of making sketches or photographs for in- clusion in any manual of botany, or other book, or pictures to be sold. There is no doubt in the mind of the writer but that certain of our native shrubs and flowers, such as Escholtzia, Brodiaea, Photinia, and some others, should be protected by an absolute prohibition for a period of years or by a very short open season and a rigid limitation of quantity taken, as is done in the case of wild game. It is suggested that a system of licenses as for fishing and hunting, limiting the num- ber picked, could be used to regulate the present practice. The writer heartily believes in conservation, and has repeatedly urged it before schools, clubs and other groups, but he believes that the present law is too drastic and that it interferes seriously with legitimate scientific and educational work. NOTES AND NEWS A twelve-page leaflet recently issued by the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Anaheim, gives a list of the councillors of the garden, the board of trustees and the garden staff. There is also a brief illustrated account of the activities of the garden. Dr. Irma E. Webber presents a brief paper on the fossil woods of Last Change Gulch near Red Rock Canton in Kern County. Four species are described as new; one Pinus Kelloggii, in honor of Miss 1934] NOTES AND NEWS a) Louise Kellogg, should in terms of Latin grammar be Pinus Kelloggiae. The discussion of ecological conditions is a valuable one. (Carnegie Institution, Publ. 412, pp. 113-134.) Dr. G. J. Peirce, Professor of Botany and Plant Physiology in Stanford University, retired from active duty on August 31, 1933. He is succeeded by Dr. L. R. Blinks, formerly of the Rockefeller Institute, who comes as Associate Professor of Botany to carry on the work in plant physiology. Dr. Blinks expects to spend the spring quarter at the Hopkins Marine Station where he will offer work in the physiology of algae. Dr. L. R. Abrams succeeds Dr. Peirce as chairman of the Department of Botany at Stanford. Dr. W. S. Cooper, Professor of Botany at the University of Min- nesota, and a student assistant, visited in August the important dune areas from the vicinity of Rosario, Baja California, northward to southern Washington. Professor Cooper’s pictures from Baja Calli- fornia show extraordinarily large and symmetrical dunes, the finest of them being about two miles inland from the sea.—-I. L. W. A “Flora Hawaiensis” has been issued by the author, Otto Degener. It is a bit novel in its physical make-up, since the 332 pages and 106 plates are issued in loose-leaf form, though well bound. A paper on the “Pleistocene flora from the asphalt deposits at Carpinteria, California,” by Ralph W. Chaney and Herbert L. Mason has been published by the Carnegie Institution. This fossil flora, as described, comprises 25 species, a majority of which are found today as living species in the Monterey pine forest 200 miles to the north. A paper on the Lower California buckeye, Aesculus Parryi, by Ira L. Wiggins, appeared in the American Journal of Botany for May, 1932. The American Journal of Botany for October, 1932, contains a paper by Flora Murray Scott on the anatomy of Fouquieria splendens, the peculiar ocotillo or candle bush of the Colorado desert. Kichornia crassipes has been reported from a pond near Centreville, Fresno County, by C. Condit, in July, 1933. Since this species is so serious a menace, botanists would do well to report its occurrence In any navigable stream or tributary of such to the California Depart- ment of Agriculture, Sacramento, or to the California Botanical Society at Berkeley. Miss Fidella G. Woodcock, Curator of the Herbarium at the San Diego Natural History Museum, died April 24, 1933. Miss Woodcock had previously been Curator at the Pacific Grove Museum many years ago. | gee Mr. Victor Duran of the University of California collected again in the Owens Valley. region and also in the San Gabriel Mountains during the summer of 1933. Professor A. S. Colby, Department of Horticulture, University of | Illinois, Urbana, wishes to secure some one native “species of Cali- fornia gooseberry with a deciduous calyx’. It would seem that such a condition does not occur for any species except possibly as an abnormality or a mutant. During the year 1933 the following new members were added to the roll of the California Botanical Society: Mr. Elmer I. Applegate, Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, Dr. Priscilla Avery, Depart- ment of Botany, University of California, Dr. Frederic E. Clements, Mission Canon, Santa Barbara, Mr. Lincoln Constance, Department of Botany, University of California, Dr. Herbert F. Copeland, Sacra- mento Junior College, Sacramento, Miss Mary L. Courtright, Lark- spur, Mr. Joseph Ewan, Department of Botany, University of Cali- fornia, Mr. W. I. Follett, Piedmont, Prof. E. S. Fritz, Department of Forestry, University of California, Mr. Wilfrid T. Frost, Berkeley, Miss Alice Handschiegl, Mills College, Mr. L. H. Henderson, Curator of the Herbarium, University of Oregon, Mr. William Heusi, Carnegie Institution Laboratory, Stanford University, Dr. R. M. Holman, De- partment of Botany, University of California, Miss Annie S. Miller, Piedmont, Miss Docia I. Patchett, Santa Rosa, Mr. Clarence Quick, Department of Botany, University of California, Miss Emily Smith, San Jose Teachers’ College, Mr. Palmer Stockwell, Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, Miss Ethel Walker, Berkeley—E. K. Crum. Miss Elizabeth H. Smith, Plant Pathologist in the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Berkeley, died August 21, 1933. She was killed by a motorist in the streets of Berkeley. Dr. Anstruther Davidson of Los Angeles died April 3, 1932. He was also killed by a motorist, though he did not die immediately after being struck. Several years ago Dr. N. L. Gardner of the University of Cali- fornia, when engaged in an act of courtesy in the Berkeley streets, was severely injured by a motorist, but happily recovered. From general observation of the habits of motorists and holding in view the number of persons killed by them, it seems fair to suppose that a substantial majority of motorists are indifferent to life and limb until after the event. In the first six months of this year, 1036 persons were killed in California and 20,046 injured during the same period. Something over 29,000 persons were killed in the United States in 1932 and over 900,000 were injured. Plant lovers are fundamentally pedestrians and we feel impelled to urge upon our fellow botanists such precautions for safety as would be needful in another age, euphemistically called “savage”, where life was daily in danger from carnivorous animals or some similar menace. Miss Smith had been connected with the University of California since 1905 and was for long — a member of this Society and one of its officers, Dr. Davidson was the senior of Southern California botanists and in his intimate circle at Los Angeles was much beloved. A biography. of him will appear later in this journal. The serious injury of Miss Alice Eastwood by a motorist was noticed in the October, 1931, issue of Madrono. MBERSHIP IN THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY object of the Society is to promote the advancement of bo- science in California. It holds meetings for the reading of and for discussion, it conducts field excursions and publishes ae The Society exists because there are a certain number of ie $2. 00 per year, the membership fen in support of its pro- These loyal members continue to support the Society as an y in behalf of botany in the West, without thought of any per- benefits. All persons in California interested in botany are ed to join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these No one should join who may be uncertain as to whether or may get his money’s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage eceives devotion from its membership. All officers do the work Society without pay. ‘or membership blanks apply to the Secretary, Miss Ethel Kath- Crum, Room 4004, Life Sciences ae, University of Cali- ) Berkeley, California. co Bibs with woven hone subne ee | metal handles. $1.50. = = | JIM DAVIS 4 Dealer in Field and Sporting Supplies — : 2226 TELEGRAPH AVENUE Berkeley, California — NUMBER 15 JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL A SOCIETY tan Yt A by ad Contents » THe DwarF GAULTHERIAS IN CALIFORNIA, LeRoy Abrams 'ERATOLOGY IN WILLOWS, Carleton R. Ball. . . . \NSTRUTHER DAVIDSON: AN APPRECIATION, Joseph Ewan April, 1934 CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lect _ trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora the people of California. pie. The annual dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasuee negie Laboratory, Stanford University. Subscription price of Madrono, $2.50 year. Volume I, $5.00, may be had from the Secretary, Room 4004, Life Scie Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Single copies, if ila $.50. General address, California Botanical Society, Room 3000, Life Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. Officers of the Society Presidents cae Ue heal ra age Dr. George J. Peirce, Stanford 7 First Vice-President( 5. a Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills | Second Vice-President.................. Dr. H. L. Mason, University of California, Preasurer Su Bee) Dr. D. D. Keck, Carnegie Laboratory, Stanford U Secretary.............. Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, 4004 Life Sciences Building. University of California, Be Program Committee: Dr. Ira L. Wiggins, Mr. H. E. McMinn, Miss E. Crun Endowment Committee: Dr. W. L. Jepson, Mr. F. F. Barbour, Mr. AL s. MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The journal is issued quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1, and Octo. The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of co cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native to previde a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes native plants, their habits, biology, special physiology or morphology, life or geographical distribution, will be especially welcome from all Pa botanists. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson University of California Berkeley, California | Grorce J. PEIRceE, ETHEL K. Cr Stanford University University of ( 1934] DWARF GAULTHERIAS IN CALIFORNIA 121 THE DWARF GAULTHERIAS IN CALIFORNIA LeRoy ABRAMS The two dwarf Gaultherias, Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. and Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray, of the Northwest are rare in Cali- fornia, being locally distributed in Humboldt and Del Norte counties in the northwestern part of the state and in a few localities in the High Sierra. They have been collected only rarely, so it is not surprising that the presence of both species within our state boundaries has been overlooked, or that the two species have been confused. In order to help clear up the record on these two interesting dwarf shrubs the following diagnostic characters and distribution notes are offered: Both species are readily separated from the common salal, Gaultheria shallon Pursh, not only by their low dwarf habit and smaller leaves but by well marked floral differences. Their flowers are campanulate and solitary in the upper axils on short bracted peduncles, and the filaments are glabrous. Whereas in the salal the flowers are urceolate and arranged in elongated, many-flowered, terminal or sub- terminal racemes, and the filaments are hairy. Calyx glabrous; leaves oval, about 10 mm. long or the larger often 15 mm. long, entire or obscurely serrulate................ G. humifusa Calyx pubescent; leaves ovate or subcordate, 20-40 cm. long, distinctly SELF ELV = An Re cee ee ee G. ovatifolia GAULTHERIA HUMIFUSA (Graham) Rydb. Alpine Spicy Wintergreen. Vaccinium humifusum Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 11:193. 1831. Gaultheria myrsinites Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:35. 1834. Gaultheria humi- fusa Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1:300. 1900. Low shrub with creeping stems, the branches mostly less than 10 cm. high, slender, glabrous or puberulent. Leaves oval to round-oval, or rarely ovate-oval, the larger rarely over 15 mm. long, obtuse at apex, obtuse or rounded at base, entire or obscurely serrulate; petioles very short; flowers solitary in the leaf axils, on short bracted peduncles; calyx 2.5 to 3 mm. long, and nearly as broad, toothed to near the middle, glabrous; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes; fruiting calyx enlarged forming a fleshy berry-like fruit, 5-7 mm. in diameter, scarlet, and spicy-flavored. Grows on moist mossy slopes or on the edges of wet meadows, mainly in the Hudsonian Zone, near timberline. The general geo- graphical range is from British Columbia and Alberta to Colorado and California. In California the species has been collected only twice to my knowledge: once by Mrs. M. Strong Clemens in the Granite Basin, Kings River region, July 1910, and again by Peirson, No. 2530, in “MaproNno, vol. 2, pp. 121-128. Apr. 1, 1934. [The date line for the issue of Oct., 1933, page 105, should read: vol. 2, pp. 105-112. Oct. 21, 1933. The date line for the issue of Jan., 1934, p. 113, should read: vol. 2, pp. 113-120. Jan. 1, 1934. ] 122 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 Grouse Meadows, LeConte Cafion, Aug. 13, 1921. Both of these sta- tions are in the southern Sierra Nevada. GAULTHERIA OVATIFOLIA A. Gray. Oregon Spicy Wintergreen. Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 84. 1883. Low shrub with procumbent stems and erect or ascending branches, seldom over 15 cm. high, the branchlets, petioles and calyx pubescent with loosely spreading hairs. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, the larger 20-25 mm. long, acute at apex, abruptly rounded or subcordate at base, distinctly serrulate; flowers solitary in the leaf axils, on short bracted peduncles; calyx 3 mm. high, the lobes exceeding the tube, acute; corolla campanulate, 3.5 mm. long, white; berry globose 4-5 mm. in diameter, scarlet, spicy-flavored. This species inhabits the coniferous forests of the Humid Transition and Canadian Life zones. The general geographical distribution ex- tends from British Columbia to northern Idaho and southward on the Pacific Slope to the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon and north- ern California. The following collections from California have been examined: head of Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, Chesnut & Drew, Aug. 6, 1888; Horse Mountain, Humboldt County. J. P. Tracy 7670; Bartlett Trail to Preston Peak, Del Norte County, Dudley, July 6, 1899; Bear Wallows, 2 miles north of Sanger Peak, alt. 4500 feet, Kildale 8790; Klamath Range, near Preston Peak, Jepson 2878. A frag- mentary specimen with only a few immature leaves, collected by C. B. Bradley at Scales Diggins, near Poverty Flat, Sierra County, seems referable to this species; but the material is too incomplete to make a definite determination. TERATOLOGY IN WILLOWS CARLETON R. BALL The willows, in common with other plants, afford numerous in- stances of abnormal or teratological morphology. This may be shown by stems, leaves, aments, or flowers. Brief mention of a few may interest both professional and amateur botanists to observe others. Diamonpd Wittows. The term is applied to stems in which the scars left by the atrophy of branchlets do not become overgrown by new tissue but remain and increase in size with the enlargement of the stem. In the more perfect specimens the resulting diamond-shaped depressions are regularly arranged on the stem according to the normal phyllotaxy. Some species of the American section Cordatae, especially Salix lutea of the Rocky Mountains and westward, are known to exhibit this phenomenon. In 1931 Professor W. A. Setchell of the University of California discovered that Salix alaxensis, the widely distributed tree willow of Alaska, also forms the diamond scars. He has pre- sented to the writer a most beautiful cane made from a stem obtained among the Indians at Gulkana, and has given to the Department of Botany a small log section from a larger trunk. 1934] TERATOLOGY IN WILLOWS 123 LEAF VENATION. In Salix leaves the midvein normally is un- branched, but occasionally divided midveins are observed. More note- worthy and more difficult of explanation are occasional extra veins which seem to bear no regular relation to the midvein or the primaries but to cut across both at varying angles. These usually are visible only on the under surface of the leaf. They have been noted in a few species, especially Salix subcoerulea of the westerr United States. BRANCHING AMENTS. These occur but rarely. The branch usually arises from the basal third of the rachis. These should not be con- fused with multiple aments. Several species of the longleaf or sandbar _ willows, section Longifoliae, commonly produce from 2 to 4 aments at the end of a single peduncle or leafy shoot. Although crowded closely together, these aments are separate and distinct. HERMAPHRODITE WILLows. Willows normally are dioecious but plants with aments containing flowers of both sexes are not uncommon. Sometimes the flowers are perfect, that is, having stamens and a pistil in the same flower. More frequently the flowers are unisexual but those of the two sexes are intermingled. In such cases staminate flowers usually predominate in the proximal or lower part of the ament and pistillate flowers in the distal or outer portion. Very commonly, and perhaps as a result of inter-specific hybridization, the flowers of both sexes will be monstrously deformed in a variety of ways and degrees. There is an extensive literature on willow hermaphroditism. PrRoLonceD AMENT Racuis. A rare and noteworthy teratological expression has just been brought to notice by Joseph P. Tracy, the veteran botanist of Eureka, Humboldt County, California. On a speci- men of the newly described S. Scouleriana var. coetanea Ball collected by him on South Fork Mountain in Trinity County, California, in July, 1933, two pistillate aments show a prolongation of the ament rachis into a leaf-bearing branchlet. In one ament the process has just begun, a single rudimentary leaf appearing at the apex of the rachis among the terminal capsules. In the other the rachis has elong- ated into a branchlet about 1 cm. long and bearing one nearly orbicular leaf about 5 mm. long and four nearly normal but just expanding, narrowly obovate leaves from 1 to 1.3 cm. long. Their margins are rather closely sinuous-serrulate, a character not uncommon in the species but relatively absent in similar leaves of normal branchlets on this specimen. The branchlet bearing these leaves is somewhat swollen at its union with the tip of the rachis but it shows no sign of a joint or abscission layer such as occurs at the junction of seasonal shoots and the older stem. It is densely white pubescent like the rachis rather than thinly so like the normal branchlets. Its small leaves also are slightly more pubescent than those of similar size on normal branchlets. There is a slight possibility that the swelling represents an insect attack which stimulated vegetative growth without brachyism and consequent gall formation, but this seems hardly likely, especially as galls have never been observed by the writer at the tips of aments or indeed on aments at all. University of California, Berkeley, December 4, 1933. 124 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON: AN APPRECIATION JoseEPpH Ewan “He is a man full of interest—not ‘shelved,’ nor cynical, nor disap- pointed with life, but a trifle melancholy and above all full of sifted wisdom.” This is my recorded appraisal upon returning home from my last visit with Dr. Davidson just two months before his death on April 3rd, 1932. “He sat in his easy rocker — the old cherry-wood sort, with sta- tionary base—and_ between draughts on his made-as- needed cigarettes, foiled rather carelessly and twisted in the manner of taffy wrap- pers, he told of other days and California botany. His terse phrases concerning Hasse, Greata, Parish and others were flavored with personal understanding and accented with measured strokes of his goatee. His face is slender and sharp- featured, but set with eyes full of brightness.” Anstruther Davidson was born at Watten, Scotland, on February 19, 1860, being the son of George and Ann (Macadam) Davidson. He eraduated in medicine from the University of Glasgow with the degrees of M(edicinae) B(accalau- reus) and C(hirurgiae) M(agister) at the age of twenty-one. Six years later he obtained his M.D. (1887). He emigrated to America two years later and in the same year began the practice of medicine in Los An- geles which was carried on practically continuously until his death. A dermatologist in the medical field, he was at one time assistant pro- fessor of that subject at the University of Southern California. He was a fellow of the American Medical Association. His skill in his chosen field was the basis of the regular visits made to the Good Samaritan Hospital of Los Angeles, when no longer in active practice, as consulting dermatologist, a schedule continued up to his last brief illness. During the preceding January Dr. Davidson was struck by an automobile and thrown forward to the pavement, suffering internal injuries, doubtless of a more serious nature than early realized, which were the almost certain cause of his death some three months later at the age of seventy-two. ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON 1934] ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON 125 In the fields of systematic botany and entomology Anstruther David- son will certainly be permanently remembered for the early studies he carried out in these subjects in Southern California. | His entomol- ogical papers cannot be considered here but reference to the author index of Essig’s Insects of Western North America will attest to his contributions in that field. He was a corresponding member of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. Davidson’s botanical activities were carried out principally through the Southern California Academy of Sciences and through the medium of its Bulletin. He served as the second president of the society, from 1892 to 1894, being re-elected for a second term. He was among the founders of the society and served as treasurer, as a member of the board of directors and of the publication board. In short he was an active associate for forty-one years. As the leader of the Academy’s Botanical Section meetings he will be long remembered by those who enjoyed the discussions centering about plant materials brought in by members and interested persons. New or rare plants were brought to light in this way: Fremontodendron mexicanum, for example, was brought to a meeting by Theodore Payne and Dr. Davidson recognized its distinctness. Of the acceptance of Davidson’s published botanical studies there will be certain disagreement, particularly as to the “fineness of species,” but there can never be doubt as to his sincerity. He had well founded ideas in mind when proposing new taxonomic units and a close study of the Southern California flora bears out in most instances the value of his proposals, though too strongly accented at times. It was in the genera Mentzelia, Allium, and Lupinus that he made the greater num- ber of proposals. His close study of the weed population about Los Angeles correlated splendidly with that of Parish about San Bernardino lo give an exceptionally complete account of the immigrant element in the flora of the region. On the basis of a rather extended stay at Clifton, Greenlee County, Arizona, he published the only account of the flora of Arizona that has yet appeared, being an attempt to give synoptically but completely a list of the plants of a relatively small area. His most extensive work, done in collaboration with George L. Mox- ley, was the “Flora of Southern California” published in 1923. Un- fortunately this book was moved into print too hastily to eradicate the many errors that appear, chiefly in the citation of the authors of bino- mials, but it serves, nevertheless, as a stimulus to the more ambitious explorers of the Southern California flora. By its citation of definite localities for lesser known species, a new station for a plant is at once recognizable, and in this way it has distinctly energized the study of our native plants. ° Dr. Davidson’s herbarium was donated before his death to the Los Angeles (County) Museum of Art, History and Science. He was a member of the board of governors of the museum for twenty-two years. It is a highly interesting herbarium, for although he did not attempt to exchange widely, there are many sheets of considerable value, ac- quired by exchange from contemporary California collectors. His 126 MADRONO [ Vol. 2 own collections were rather widely but thinly distributed; there being material at the University of California, at the Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University, the United States National Herbarium and certain selected items at the Gray Herbarium. Many botanists have commemorated Davidson in the naming of his California or Arizona collections. Thus Greene has named an Eriogo- num and Lotus for him; Abrams, an Acrolasia (Mentzelia) and Calo- chortus; Parish, a little-known Collinsia; and Robinson, the endemic Malvastrum of the San Fernando Valley region. In his profession Anstruther Davidson was preéminent, and in his scientific contributions, of pioneering importance in a manifestly little-harrowed field of study. Thus he remains in California’s progress. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANICAL WRITINGS OF ANSTRUTHER DAVIDSON. 1892. Berkeley, California _ NUMBER 16 JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY se aa aor wee E. opie on the underside. Otherwise, in both species the position of the ving bark is not constant in relation to sun-exposure. ‘The nature of the condition at first suggested a parasite, pos- sibly a fungus or bacterium, but microscopic examination of he tissues has revealed no organized parasite. ~The position of the interposed tissue or callous-like growth invariably at the outer limit of last year’s growth of wood may indicate {iat the initiating injury occurred after the cessation of growth in the fall and before the resumption of growth in the 152 MADRONO [Vol. 2 spring. The over-arching wood represents the growth of the present year, produced by the active cambium simultaneously - with the growth of the callous. The surface of the pustule shows no evidence of external mechanical injury, although it is very possible that extremely small insect punctures would escape detection. The very local occurrence of the condition would, however, seem to argue against the possibility of insect injury. The presence of the pronounced line or break below the callous growth may be significant. The line or break appears to increase along the margin of the annual ring of wood slightly in advance of the callous. Any given break, once established at the margin of a wood layer, continues only along that mar- gin. The process might thus be likened somewhat to checking, toward which the wood shows a pronounced tendency. Thus the separation of the layers of wood may serve as a secondary in- jury-stimulus to the further production of callous. These suggestions are offered merely as interesting possibil- ities in the etiology of this peculiar condition. The writer is not prepared to undertake a detailed pathological study now. In the present connection, it is perhaps sufficient to emphasize that the peculiar ribbon-like development of the stems, well-known in Arctostaphylos myrtifolia, is clearly a pathological condition, manifest in its characteristic form only in later life. Its occur- rence in many, but not all, individuals of the species, as well as its occasional occurrence in Arctostaphylos viscida, render un- tenable its use as a reliable systematic character. University of California, Berkeley, July, 1934. MARCUS EUGENE JONES Caught in one of the numerous traffic accidents which prevail upon the public roadways of California, Marcus E. Jones was killed at San Bernardino on June 8, 1934, at the age of eighty- two. Born at Jefferson, Ashtabula County, Ohio, on April 25, 1852, his family moved during his late childhood to a farm in Iowa, where he later took a bachelor’s and a master’s degree at Iowa (Grinnell) College. The greater portion of his adult life he lived at Salt Lake City and had employment at a kind of mine inspec- tion, a work which took him on many journeys over the Great Basin region and more or less throughout the Pacific portion of the United States. While on these travels he assiduously col- lected the native seed plants ‘‘on the side” and built up a large herbarium, doubtless the most valuable that has ever been made for the Great Basin. At the same time he acquired a field knowl- edge of the flora which enabled him to recognize and publish many species from western America, of which many have been well sustained. His ‘‘Contributions to Western Botany” com- prise eighteen papers; the larger number of which with much 1934] | MARCUS E. JONES 153 industry he set in type and printed himself. His “Monograph of the North American Species of Astragalus” (1923) he con- sidered to be his opus magnum. For this he also set the type and printed the sheets. It would have been natural and fitting that his herbarium should remain with some institution at or near Salt Lake City. However, the prescient enterprise of Professor P. A. Munz brought about its purchase for Pomona College and it has thus, at Claremont, been added to the botanical assets of California. For several years prior to his death Mr. Jones was the Honorary Curator of the Pomona College Herbarium. The herbarium of Jones was of great interest and furnished convincing evidence of his zeal as a collector. It contained spec- imens gathered by him in Iowa in 1870, in California in 1934. In all the intervening years, for the amazing period of sixty-four years, he kept unremittingly on, botanizing ‘Ghroushout the West and down into Mexico. Hardy and resourceful in body, untiring, fitted to live on any food and sleep in any place, quite insensitive to the trials and difficulties which wear down most men of feel- ing and refinement, he was admirably fitted for his task and be- trayed, as the years ran on, no sign of senility. But for the fatal accident that ended his life, he would undoubtedly have con- tinued aggressively active for many many years. In one of his autobiographic sketches Jones claims when in college to have had thorough training in Latin and Greek, and one would not wish to dispute it. Still anyone who has studied the beautiful language of Caesar and Virgil has thereby acquired a kind of power to produce lucid, expressive and forceful Eng- lish not often to be had in any other way. This training im- plied by the Latin discipline is not obvious in Jones’ writings. Botanists are often annoyed to find the content of his words dubious, or to find various descriptions defiant of meaning or sense. This is due, however, not to lack of Latin, but to a dis- orderly habit of mind which even Latin could not cure. A not inconsiderable portion of his life Jones gave to per- sonal attacks on various botanists. Here, interestingly enough, there is no doubt as to his meaning. Although these attacks were prolonged over so long a period no botanist answered his assaults, and this silence, never broken, seemed to exasperate him with the result that he became more savage as the years deep- ened. It would seem, we think, a strange way to spend a life- time, but it is clear that he thoroughly enjoyed these one-sided battles. Ludicrous situations sometimes developed. A promi- nent Californian botanist, wishing to protect himself from criti- cism by Jones, laid a garland of flattery before him. Although extremely susceptible to such form of address, Jones overlooked the offering and flayed this man impartially. The expression of consternation on the face of this botanist as he read the next 154 : MADRONO [Vol. 2 issue of Jones’ Contributions may be recorded by way of persi- flage. Intermixed with all this diatribe one finds traces of sar- donic humor that enliven the pages a bit; a definition of syste- matic botany as something which is done as far away as possible from the field where the living plants are found and with as little knowledge of them as _ possible. Botanical history is full of eulogy of botanists with a sprink- ling here and there of detraction. There is no objection to eulogy and doubtless detraction does not matter. That which matters in systematic botany is something utterly impersonal and has to do only with the plant and the records concerning it. At one time, long ago, botanists were well content to describe a new species from the ‘‘Northwest Coast’’ or from “California.” Nowadays there is not only demanded an exact station, but also the essential facts regarding the edaphic conditions, associated species, climate and altitude. In this respect Jones’ specimens are often deficient. His plants usually carry locality labels but the place name may be hopelessly obscure or be a duplicated place name. This man has in California one or two strong admirers. One or both can perform a real service to western botany and do for Jones’ records what jhe could not do for them himself, that is supply certain essential facts which will enable his stations to be defined. At this time a running itinerary would furnish the necessary clues. This is a plain duty. Caecilius Plinius Se- cundus has described well the stigma which attaches to a man who basks in the favor of another when living and yet refuses to do aught for him when he is dead. This canon of Roman manhood applies still to men of honor and sensibility. Let the one who has exalted Jones in life, turn not full away from him now that he is dead.—W. L. Jepson. CRITICAL NOTES ON ERIOPHYLLUM Lae.—II | Lincotn CoNnsTANCE The Achenes of Trichophyllum multiflorum Nuttall Nuttall erected the genus Trichophyllum (1) upon Actinella Janata Pursh (2), and it was not until 1883 that the relation of this genus to Eriophyllum Lag. and Bahia Lag. was fully appre- ciated. During the period that the first genus was still consid- ered valid, Hooker added to it Trichophyllum integrifolium (3), from specimens obtained by Douglas, and Nuttall described Trichophylum multiflorum (4), which was based upon Wyeth’s collections. : , De Candolle (5) merged Trichophylum and Eriophyllum with Bahia, and in 1876 (6) Gray reduced Bahia multiflora to synonymy with Bahia integrifolia, under the latter name. Seven 1934] CRITICAL NOTES ON ERIOPHYLLUM 155 years later (7), he transferred this to Eriophyllum, where it con- stituted a part of Eriophyllum caespitosum var. integrifolium, a distinguishing character of which was that the achenes were “glabrous, rarely somewhat glandular-atomiferous near the sum- mit’? (8). Contrasted with this was Eriophyllum gracile Gray (7), synonymous with Bahia gracilis Hook. & Arn. (9) from Tolmie 69, “Snake County,’ with glandular achenes. Rydberg revived Nuttall’s species as Eriophyllum multiflorum (10), attributing to it glabrous achenes (11). Piper (12) took over this name for the common form of the Walla Walla Plateau, reduced to synonymy Bahia gracilis H. & A. (Eriophyllum gracile Gray), and described the achenes as glandular. Several botanists of the Northwest have followed him in this interpre- tation. These diverse treatments may be summarized as follows: A. Gray: (a) Achenes “glabrous, rarely somewhat glandu- lar-atomiferous near the summit’; Eriophyllum caespitosum Douglas var. integrifolium (Hook.) Gray (T'richophyllum integ- rifolium Hook.; T'richophyllum multifiorum Nutt.; Bahia integri- folia DC.; Bahia multiflora Nutt.). (b) Achenes glandular: Eriophyllum gracile (H. & A.) Gray (Bahia gracilis H. & A.). B. Pieper: Achenes glandular: Eriophyllum multiflorum (Nutt. ) Rydb. (Trichophyllum multiflorum Nutt.; Bahia gracilis H. & A.; Eriophyllum gracile Gray). C. Rypsere: (a) Achenes glabrous: Eriophyllum multiflorum (Nutt.) Rydb. (TLrichophyllum multiforum Nutt.). (b) Achenes “hispidulous, but rarely conspicuously glandular’: Eriophyllum integrifolium (Hook.) Greene (Trichophyllum integrifolium Hook.; Bahia integrifolia DC.; Eriophyllum caespitosum var. integrifolium Gray). (ce) Achenes “decidedly glandular-granuliferous ” Eriophyllum gracilis (H. & A.) Gray (Bahia gracilis H. & A.). The crux of the matter, then, is in the question: are the achenes of Wyeth’s specimen glabrous, as asserted by Gray and by Rydberg, or are they glandular, as asserted by Piper? The writer had the opportunity to compare the type specimens of Trichophyllum integrifolium Hook., and Bahia gracilis H. & A. (loaned from Kew), with a photograph and achenes of the type of Trichophyllum multiflorum Nutt., obtained through the kind- ness of Dr. F. W. Pennell, from the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia. The achenes of Bahia gracilis were found to be glandular-muriculate. Those of Trichophyllum integrifolium and Trichophyllum multiflorum were alike in being, not glabrous, as Gray reported, but uniformly thinly hairy, with spreading, hyaline, clavate-lanceolate, non-glandu- lar hairs. If the distinction between glandular and _ non-glandular achenes is to be maintained, since all the other characters are quite similar in the three specimens, then Nuttall’s species must 156 MADRONO [Vol. 2 be considered synonymous with Trichophyllum integrifolium Hook., not with Bahia gracilis H. & A. The writer does not believe that this distinction in achene surface is of sufficient constancy or importance for separating any of the three, and proposes to place them together under Eriophyllum lanatum var. integrifolium (Hook.) Smiley (18). Gia GenN. Aim: Pl 66> FESS. (2) Fl. Am. Sept. 560. 1814. (3) Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 316. 1833. (4) Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Journ. 7: 35. 18384. (5) Prodr. 5: 656. 1836. (6) Bot. Cal. 1: 381. 1876. (7) Am: Acad. Proc: 19: 26. 1883: (8) Syn. Fl. 1°: 331. 1886. (9) Bot. Beechey Voy. 353. 1840. (10) N. Y. Bot. Gard. Mem. 1: 422. 1900. (TI) ON. Am. Fl: 34:92 “1915: (12) U.S: Nat. Herb. Contre 19:°5832" 1906: (13) Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 9: 378. 1921. University of California, Berkeley, December, 1933. THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA.—XI Wiis Linn JEPSON George W. Dunn George W. Dunn was born in Seneca County, New York, on May 18, 1814. He taught a school of seventy-five pupils when he was sixteen. In 1850, when he was thirty-seven, the mining excitement of gold days drew him to California. For several years he worked in the placer mines, but lost all his money. From this moment he determined that he would try no further to make money and so turned collector for the rest of his life. From about 1860 until the time of his death in 1905, he gave his entire time to collecting a great variety of natural history ob- jects, but especially plants and beetles. In the course of this work he traveled widely over California and made twelve trips into Lower California. He was with E. L. Greene on the expe- dition to Guadalupe and Cedros islands in 1885. An extremely well known collector in early days, he was perhaps the most remarkable physically of any such in Cali- fornia. When scarcely more than a lad it was my chance to meet him for a few minutes. He was then seventy-seven, straight, powerfully built, full six feet tall, his head crowned by a dense thatch of gray-white hair. When eighty-eight he still climbed pine trees near one hundred feet high for cones, and at that time told me that he slept over night on the ground any- where at will. He was the discoverer of many new species; amongst others he first made known Quercus Palmeri Engelmann from Lower California. This oak was named Quercus Dunnii by Albert Kellogg but Kellogg’s publication was a little late and so failed in 1934] REBECCA MERRITT AUSTIN 157 priority. Mr. Carl Purdy, in a revisional paper, named Calo- chortus Dunnii in his honor in 1901, based on material collected by him at Julian, San Diego County. For many years San Diego was his home and he here maintained near the heart of the city a curious naturalist’s den piled to the ceilings with plant and animal materials of all kinds. Dunn was one of the contributors to Zoe. Ac- cordingly, we note an article, “Tiger Beetles of California,” appearing in volume two of that journal, along with an- other, “Coleoptera and Mol- lusca of the Ocean Beach at San Francisco.” Long asso- ciated with the California Academy of Sciences, he was elected a resident member on March 16, 1874. The year ee 1892 finds him a resident of San Francisco again where he was a member of the California Zoological Club of that city. REBECCA MERRITT AUSTIN During the entire period of a long life of botanical field work in northeastern California, Mrs. Austin invariably distributed her material under the name R. M. Austin and her letters and articles were so signed so far as known to me. Her full mar- ried name was Rebecca Merritt Austin. The name as given in my biography of her on page 130 preceding is an error and was derived from an old letter not written by her. As time passes it is evident that many species collected by Mrs. Austin in Butte, Plumas, Lassen and Modoc counties have been found only once in that region or only once in California. Recently I noted that the rather conspicuous Lysimachia thyrsi- flora L. collected by her at Big Meadows in Plumas County sixty years ago or so has never been found since. Likewise Boykinia ranunculifolia is still known from California only from her collections. Other rarities found by her which need re-col- lecting are Utricularia intermedia Hayne and U. minor L.— NVesls J. 158 MADRONO [Vol. 2 TWO MORE SIERRAN PLANTS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Louis C. WHEELER Several species of plants are known to occur in the high mountains of southern California which normally occur in the Sierra Nevada and northward. To those already recorded may be added: Glyceria pauciflora Presl, previously reported as far south as the central Sierra Nevada, was collected along a shady stream about 2 miles east of Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Aug. 22, 1932, at 7800 feet elevation, Wheeler 1245. Unfortunately only two sheets were collected; one is in my herbarium and the other forwarded to Dr. A. S. Hitchcock, who made the determination. Sambucus racemosa L., previously reported as far south as Placer County in the Sierra Nevada, occurs as several shrubs 1 to 1.5 meters tall at Dollar Lake, 9250 feet, San Bernardino Mts., and was collected Aug. 22, 1932, Wheeler 1217. These were growing on a sunny talus slope, probably with available underground water. The shiny red berries drew my attention to the shrubs. Fortunately several sheets were collected; in ad- dition to my herbarium, specimens have been deposited in the California Academy of Sciences Herbarium and other principal California herbaria. La Verne, August, 1934. OPEN LETTERS When does the Redwood bear seeds? Some years ago in one of our meetings the Society debated the age of redwoods when bearing seed for the first time but had no definite data to work upon. In November, 19238, I procured material for cuttings of Sequoia sempervirens from Redwood Peak and in the fall of 1924 planted them out in city park at Piedmont. Last year one tree fruited and the same, together with 4 or 5 others, is fruiting this year. In the summer of 1925 I happened to be at the Armstrong Grove and under the tree dedicated to Col. Armstrong picked up a few seeds. These I © planted the same fall (1925) and I find several trees in cone already, earlier than I ever expected.—F. Hein, Piedmont, July 19, 1934, Pinus insignis and Pinus radiata No one seems to have differentiated between the two Monte- rey pines until recent years, yet there are several differences between the two trees. Pinus insignis, the two-needled Monte- rey pine, was found on the famous Huckleberry Hill of the 1934] OPEN LETTERS 159 Monterey Peninsula in February 1932. This tree has mostly two needles in the fascicle while Pinus radiata has needles in threes. Pinus insignis grows only in the sheltered hollows free from the strong ocean breezes and only in park shape. The boughs spread gracefully and are always in whorls. It is to be noted that this tree has a light growth of foliage, enabling one to easily see the trunk, limbs, and twigs. In common English the tree looks a trifle bald-headed, whereas Pinus radiata is so well supplied with needles that the woody parts are hidden be- hind its dark green foliage. The wood of the two pines is decidedly different. Pinus insignis wood is dry and brittle; the tips of the branches often snapping off with the wind. Pinus radiata, on the other hand, is plentifully supplied with resin and will endure the strong westerlies with little casualties. Many of the radiata specimens are decidedly weather-beaten and whipped nearly to the ground. Others form timber belts throughout this region. Its timber is used for telephone poles and wharf piling with good results. Pinus insignis is of very little use commercially unless possibly homenuell, Pinus insignis is not more than fifty feet in height and about two and a half feet in diameter breast high. Pinus radiata, in contrast, grows to a greater size, as when near an underground stream or lagoon it reaches one hundred and twenty-five feet, sometimes measuring four feet in diameter. Pinus radiata may have several main trunks, while insignis has typically only one or it may branch at about twenty feet. As to the root systems of these two trees: several have been taken out by the roots and of these many are known to have had enormous tap roots. Is this characteristic of Pinus radiata? I should believe not al- though I’ve not checked one of the uprooted trees since distin- guishing between the two Monterey pines. Therefore, I’m un- able to state which of the two trees have the tap roots. The Pinus radiata cone is marked with definite diamond- shaped scars on each scale, while that of insignis is larger, with- out the scars on the scale tips, which are more rounded. The pollen grains of the two pines differ in that those of Pinus in- signis under oil immersion are larger, the air sacs are closer together with the living portion inflated considerably, giving the pollen grain a barrel shape. The pollen grain of radiata is smaller, the air sacs farther apart and the body with nearly straight sides, hence more nearly cylindrical in shape.—Lorin R. Topp, Pacific Grove, Apr. 12, 1934. There are two Monterey pines, here referred to as Pinus radiata and Pinus insignis. These need not necessarily be con- sidered distinct species taxonomically but they are marked races with good differences and distinctive hereditary characters.— We ks. J). 160 MADRONO | [Vol. 2 THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1984 Eighty-five persons attended the annual dinner of the Cali- fornia Botanical Society which was held in the Banquet Room of the International House, Piedmont Avenue and Bancroft Way, Berkeley, at 6: 00 p.m. on Saturday, March 8, 1934. The presi- dent, Dr. Peirce, acted as toastmaster. After the banquet Dr. Chauncey D. Leake of the University of California Medical School, San Francisco, gave an illustrated lecture on the “‘De- velopment into Rational Therapy of Empirically Used Plant Products.” Dr. Leake traced historically the progress of ther- apy along two lines: the isolation or synthesis of the active chemical principle of the drug plant, and secondly, the stan- dardization of the product for medicinal use where the isolation or synthesis is not yet accomplished. Mr. W. W. Carruth of Mills College and one of his students offered the evening’s music. —E,. Crum. THE SPRING FIELD TRIP The society's spring field trip was taken to the Big Basin in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Saturday, April 14, 1934. After a picnic lunch near the council ring in the basin several field ex- cursions were made by small parties to nearby areas. Ceanothi were in full bloom. The party returned to Palo Alto, the place of departure, for dinner at the Stanford Students’ Union. At 8: 00 o'clock a meeting was held in Room 460, Physiology Build- ing, Stanford University, when Dr. Peirce occupied the chair, introducing Dr. L. L. Burlingame, Professor of Biology at the university. Dr. Burlingame spoke on “The Significance of Plant Hybrids,” treating the subject from the historical viewpoint— EK. Crum. NOTES AND NEWS The genus Panicum is very moderately represented in Cali- fornia but anyone devoted to the grasses will read with both interest and profit a paper on “‘Realignments in the Genus Pani- cum” by Dr. M. L. Fernald of Harvard University. Many things, heretofore hidden or secluded, are made known and have a sig- nificance outside the genus that is being discussed. (Rhodora 36: 63-87,—19384). Dr. A. S. Foster, from the Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University at Norman, became Assistant Professor of Bot- any at the University of California this fall. He is a specialist in the fields of plant anatomy and morphogenesis. An abridgement of the International Rules of Botanical No- menclature adopted by the Fifth International Botanical Con- gress, Cambridge, 1930, has been prepared chiefly by A. B. 1934] NOTES AND NEWS 161 Rendle and appears as a twenty-nine page supplement to the Journal of Botany, volume 72, number 858, June 1934. The complete report in French, English, and German is in prepa- ration. Dr. Douglas H. Campbell, emeritus professor of botany at Stanford University, went to Costa Rica in March to obtain critical material of liverworts. From there he went to Wash- ington, D. C., to attend meetings of the National Academy of Sciences.-—D. D. Krcx. Botanical advances in all fields were delineated at the ninety- fourth meeting of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science held in Berkeley, June 18 to 23. Two symposia, the origin and development of the north Pacific floras and the absorption and accumulation of mineral elements by plant cells, were among the full program of meetings. Dr. Gote Turesson, Botanical Institute, University of Lund, spoke on “Ecotypic Constitution and Geographic Distribution.’”—E. Crum. Following the Berkeley meetings of the Association the Divi- sion of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, held a conference at Stanford for the discussion of various aspects of its program in experimental taxonomy. At the June 25 and 26 sessions 36 sci- entists were in attendance. The problems in the Madinae, Zauschneria and the general transplant program were consid- ered. Following these sessions a smaller group visited the transplant stations of the Institution in the Sierra Nevada, returning by way of the Institute of Forest Genetics at Placer- ville. Dr. Go6te Turesson was brought to the conference and his ecotype theory was introduced to the western botanists there. Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, Department of Genetics, Carnegie Institu- tion, and Dr. S. F. Blake, Bureau of Plant Industry, among others attended the conference from the eastern seaboard.— D.D. Keck. Recent taxonomic papers originating at Pomona College are: “Revision of the Heuchera rubescens Group (Saxifraga- ceae) for the United States” by Margaret G. Stewart (Bull. S. Calif. Acad. 83: 42—-49,—1934) and “A Revisional Study of the Species Erigeron foliosus Nutt.” by Gladys Compton (op. cit. 33: 50-54,—1934). The Sixth International Botanical Congress will convene at Amsterdam from September 9 to 14, 1935. Professor Dr. F. A. F. C. Went (Utrecht) has been chosen president by the execu- tive committee; Vice-President, Prof. Dr. J. C. Schoute (Gronin- gen); Treasurer, Dr. W. C. de Leeuw (Bilthoven) and Dr. M. J. Sirks (Wageningen), Secretary (Science 75: 306). 162 MADRONO [Vor. 2 Of interest to the student of the walnut and the California orchardist is a well-illustrated Technical Bulletin 387, entitled “Pollination and Blooming Habits of the Persian Walnut in Cali- fornia” by Milo N. Wood, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. The Annual Report of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, issued July 1934, announces Miss Lucile Duff as assis- tant in botany at the museum. The museum herbarium now con- tains 17,601 sheets, largely resulting from the efforts of the late Ralph Hoffmann. “More Fern Notes from California’ by Joseph Ewan, De- partment of Botany, University of California, appeared in Amer. ~ Fern Jour. 24: 1-9,—19384. Dr. Lincoln Constance, who took over a position at Wash- ington State College, Pullman, this fall, being also in charge of the herbarium there, published “A Preliminary Revision of the Perennial Species of Eriophyllum” this summer (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 409-413). -A biography of Harvey Monroe Hall by Professor E. B. Bab- cock, carrying a portrait and list of his published writings, has been issued by the University of California Press (Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 17: 355-368). Continuing “Studies in the Boraginaceae,” Dr. I. M. Johnston, Research Associate, Arnold Arboretum, has published a revi- sional paper on Plagiobothrys (sect. Allocarya) and sundry notes on western borages (Contrib. Arn. Arboretum 3: 1—102,— 1982). Professor P. A. Munz, Department of Botany, Pomona College, made a summer field trip of six weeks across Utah, Idaho, Colorado and New Mexico in search of fruiting material of the Onagra group of Oenothera in continuation of his taxo- nomic studies of the evening primroses.—D. D. Keck. Two papers on west American willows by Dr. Carleton R. Ball, University of California, that have appeared recently are: “Two New Varieties of Salix scouleriana Barratt” (Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 73—78,—1934) and “New or Little Known West American Willows” (Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 17: 899-434,—19384). The eight plates illustrating the latter paper are of the highest quality.— J. Ewan. An admirably illustrated periodical unfamiliar to many Cali- fornia plant growers is the British ““New Flora and Silva.” The July number carries an article, ““The Native Flora of the Califor- nia Redwood Forests,” by Lester Rowntree.—J. Ewan. ae . soy eae 1934] INDEX 163 INDEX A - Blochman, Ida May, biography of, Abies lasiocarpa, 36 30 Abrams, L. R., Dwarf Gaultherias Bolander, Mendocino and Humboldt in California, 121 trips, 33 Acamptopappus shockleyi, 26 Red Mountain and Eureka Acrostichum aureum, 6 Trail, 33 Actinella lanata, 134 Adams, J. E., Some observations on two species of Arctostaphylos, 147 Adiantum pedatum, station, 75 Aechmea sphaerocephala, 4 Aesculus parryi, 65 Alhagi camelorum, 58 Anethum graveolens, 109 Antennaria racemosa, 36 Araucaria braziliana, 4, 6 Arbutus menziesii, southward exten- sion of range, 41 Arctostaphylos canescens, 13 columbiana, 10 elegans, 13 glandulosa, 13 iInsutaris,, LO manzanita, 13 myrtifolia, 147 — observations on two species, 147 stanfordiana, 13 viscida, 13 Asclepias eriocarpa, 22 Austin, Rachel Merritt, biography of, 130 Rebecca Merritt, correction, 157 high altitude B Bacigalupi, R., Pinus flexilis in the Upper Kern River watershed, 107 Bahia ambigua, 114 gracilis, 155 integrifolia, 154 multiflora, 154 parviflora, 114 wallacei, 114 Ball, C. R., Teratology in Willows, 122 Barbour, F. F., Conservation of native plants and Senate Bill Number 64, 118 Beal, M., Road to Cima, 42 Benson, L., Ranunculus hydrocha- roides group in California, 129 Bignonia venusta, 6 Blake, A. S., Yerba Buena Hill, 98 Blechnum scandens, 8 Botanical explorers of California, 25, 83, 115, 130 Bowerman, M. L., A note on the genus Lysichitum, 106 Brassica nigra, 109 Brazilian flora, some notes on, 1 Brickellia nevinii, 26 Bridges, Thomas, biography of, 84 California, botanical explorers of, 25, 88, 115, 130 two new plants, 23 rainfall predictions for season 1931-32, 71 records of plants new to, 35 weed control in, 57 wilderness areas in, 45 California Botanical Society annual dinner for 1930, 17; for 1931, 39; for 1932, 59; for 1933, 92; for 1934, 160 In Memoriam, 102 Notes and News, 16, 23, 32, 40, 48, 55, 63, 72, 76, 95, 103, 110, 118, 128, 136 report of field: trip, Calochortus plummerae, 11 weedii var. obispoensis, 11 var. purpurascens, 11 var. vestus, 11 Campbell, D. H., Some notes on the Brazilian flora, 1 Carthamnus tinctorius, 22 Carvings in trees, 90 Ceanothus ferrisae, 89 serrulatus, 89 two new species, 89 Ceiba pentandra, 5 Centaurea iberica, 101 Cephalanthera austinae, 132 Chrysanthemum parthenium, 95 Cladonia pycnoclada, 8 Conservation of native plants, 118 Constance, L., Eriophyllum and Monolopia, 113; Critical notes on Eriophyllum, 134, 154 Copeland, H. F., Structure of the flower of Newberrya, 137 Cotyledon viscida, 26 Crum, E. K., Biographical notice of Ida May Blochman, 30; 164 MADRONO Flora of a desert range, the White Mountains, 57 Cucurbita foetidissima, 22 Cupressus bakeri, 31 macnabiana, 31 macrocarpa, 108 Cynara scolymus, 58 Cypress, Monterey, grove, 108 Point Lobos D Darlingtonia californica, 131 Davidson, Anstruther, biography of, 124 Davis, Nancy Jane, biography of, 116 Direa occidentalis, 13 Douglas, David, in California, 97 Drosera villosa, 8 Dunn, George W., biography of, 156 E Eriophyllum ambiguum, 113, 114 arachnoideum, 135 bahiafolium, 113 caespitosum, status of, 134, var. integrifolium, 155 critical notes on, 134 gracile, 155 heermannii, 113 lanatum, 134, 135 minus, 113 nevinii, 26 paleaceum, 114 parishii, 114 study of, 113 Erodium cicutarium, 109 Erysimum asperum, 18 var. stellatum, 18 Erythronium, field work on, 74 Eupatorium, 6 glandulosum, 15 Euphorbia helioscopia, 20 pseudoserpyllifolia, 19 vallis-mortae, 19 Euryptera howellii, 36 Euterpe edulis, 8 Ewan, J., Anstruther Davidson: an appreciation, 124 F Fallugia paradoxa, 44 Ferns in the Santa Cruz Mountains, 75 Ferris, R. S., Visit of the Rurik to San Francisco, 73 Ficus benjamina, 6 Filaree, 109 Fremontodendron mexicanum, 125 [Vol. 2 G Gaultheria, 8 dwarf, California, 121 humifusa, 121 myrsinites, 121 ovatifolia, 121 Gillespie, D. K., Records of plants new to California, 35 Glyceria pauciflora, 157 Greene, H. A., Artificial vegetative propagation of redwood, 110 Grindelia aphanactis, 22 bracteosa, 22 camporum, 21, 22 procera, 21 robusta, 22 Haasis, F. W., Four- and five-leaved clusters in Monterey pine, 29 Hall, Harvey Monroe, death of, 63 Hanna, W. J., Hanna Oak, 74 Harford, William G. W., biography of, 83 Hein, F., When does the Redwood bear seeds?, 158 Hemitomes, 137 Henderson, L. F., A new Serico- carpus from Oregon, 105 Hibiscus tiliaceus, 6 Holcus halepensis, 58 Holman, R. M., Duplicate carvings in trees, 90 Holmes, D. S., Torreya californica in North Coast Ranges, 76 Howell, J. T., Plantae occidentales, 11, 18; A variant of the Coast Live Oak, 38; Field note on a desert wash, 47 Hypericum perforatum, 58 J Jared, Lorenzo Dow, biography of, 133 Jepson, W. L., Botanical explorers of ‘California, 255 (S3sq los 130; Cupressus macnabiana, 31; Bolander’s Mendocino and Humboldt trips, 33; Wilderness areas in Cali- fornia, 45; Weed-control in California, 57; Death of Dr. Harvey Monroe Hall, 63; Rainfall predictions for Cali- fornia, season of 1981-32, 71; Note on _ the~ genus Krameria in California, 73; David Douglas in California, 97; Monterey Cypress grove of Point Lobos, 108; A por- 1934] trait of Thomas Nuttall, fron- tispiece; Marcus E. Jones, 152 Jones, Marcus E., biography of, 152 Joshua forest, 43 Juglans californica var. hindsii, 135 hindsii, 135 Juncus regelii, 36 K Keck, D. D., Field work on Ery- thronium, 74; Plant aliens at Quincy, 93 Kennedy, P. B., biography of, 345 memorial note on, 17 Krameria, note on, 73 Kylinga brevifolia, 100 L Lactuca saligna, 20 Lasthenia ambigua, 114 Laurel, California, 37 San Lorenzo, 37 Lavatera assurgentiflora, 117 Lepidium draba, 58, 100, 102 jaredii, 133 Leucothoe davisiae, 116 Lilium bolanderi, 33 kelloggii, 33 Linanthus dianthiflorus, 23 peirsoni, 23 Lower California, botanical expedi- tion through, 65 Lupinus stiversi, 28 Lycopodium inundatum, 36 Lyonothamnus floribundus, 10, 25 Lysichitum americanum, 106 camtschatcense, 106 Lysimachia nummularia, 94 Lythrum tribracteatum, 20 M McMinn, H. E., Two new species of ceanothus from California, 89 Mackie, W. W., Memorial note on Dr. Patrick B. Kennedy, 17 Malacothrix saxatilis, 22 Marattia kaulfussia, 8 Mason, H. L., Santa Cruz Island Pine, 8; Two new California plants, 23; A_ phylogenetic series of the California closed-cone pines suggested by the fossil record, 49 Medicago hispida, 109 Meyer, C. V., Southward extension of range of Arbutus men- ziesill, 41 Meyer, F. A., San Lorenzo Laurel, 37 Monolopia bahiafolia, 113 heermannii, 113 minor, 113 INDEX 165 Monotropa glabra, 140 Murphey, E. V. A., Quercus lobata in Round Valley, Mendocino Co., 74 Myosotis versicolor, 95 N Navarretia jaredii, 133 Nelson, J. C., On parenthetical cita- tion, 81 Nevin, Joseph Cook, biography of, 25 Newberrya congesta, 137 spicata, 137 structure of flower, 137 Nuttall, Thomas, portrait of, fron- tispiece O Oak, Coast Live, variant of, 38 Hanna, 74 Ophioglossum palmatum, 8 Opuntia ursina, 43 Oreodoxa oleracea, 3 regia, 2 P Parenthetical citation, 81 Pentstemon bridgesii, 84 Peucedanum jaredii, 133 Phacelia ivesiana var. glandulifera, 15 pauciflora, 14 Phaeomeria magnifica, 4 Photinia arbutifolia, 10 Picea breweriana, 36 Pine, Knob-cone, 135 Monterey, four- and five-leaved clusters in, 29 Santa Cruz Island, 8 Pinguicula vulgaris, 36 Pinus attenuata, 54, 135 flexilis, in Upper Kern River watershed, 107 insignis, 8 var. binata, 8 linguiformis, 50 masoni, 49 monticola, 36 muricata, 9, 51 radiata, 9, 29, 52 var. binata, 9 remorata, 9, 52 Plant aliens at Quincy, 93 Plantae occidentales, 11, 18 Podocarpus sellowii, 4, 8 Pogogyne, 20 douglasii, 20 zizyphoroides, 20 Polygonum davisiae, 116 Pontederia cordata, 7 166 MADRONO Potentilla shockleyi, 27 Presnall, C., Knob-cone Pine, 135 Pseudobahia bahiafolia, 113 heermannii, 113 Purdy, C., Bolander’s Red Mountain and Eureka Trail, 33 Purpusia arizonica, 12 saxosa, 12 Q Quercus agrifolia, 38, 74 var. oxyadenia, 38 lobata, in Round Valley, 74 tomentella, 10 Poy Ranunculus cusickii, 129 gormani, 129 hydrocharoides, 129 populago, 129 repens, 95 reptans var. gormani, 129 terrestris, 129 Redwood, artificial vegetative prop- agation, 110 time of seed-bearing, 158 Reed, C. A., Torreya californica in ‘ Santa Cruz Co., 76 Rhipsalis cassytha, 4 Road to Cima, 42 Robinson, W., Sequoia gigantea in the county of Sussex, Eng- land, 75 Roupala heterophylla, 4 S Salix alaxensis, 122 lutea, 122 scouleriana var. coetanea, 123 Sambucus racemosa, 157 San Felipe Wash, 47 Santa Cruz Island Pine, 8 Sarcodes sanguinea, 132 Saxifraga bongardi, 36 Schenk, W. E., Yampah and Filaree, 109 Senecio blochmanae, 31 Sequoia gigantea in England, 75 sempervirens, 110 Sericccarpus, new, from Oregon, 105 sipei, 105 Shockley, William Hillman, biogra- phy of, 26 Smith, R. J., Ferns in the Santa Cruz Mountains, 75 Sonne, Charles Frederick, biography of, 115 Sonnea, 115 Sophoronitis coccinea, 8 [Vol. 2 Southern California, Sierran plants in, 158 Sphagnum amoenum, 8 Stephanomeria virgata, 22 Stivers, Charles Austin, biography of, 28 Summers, Lucia A., biography of, 28 T Tanacetum vulgare, 94 Thunbergia grandiflora, 6 Todd, L. R., Pinus insignis and Pinus radiata, 158 Torreya californica, in Santa Cruz Co., 76; in North Coast Ranges, 76 Trask, John Boardman, biography Ot. BET Tribulus terrestris, 58 Trichophyllum integrifolium, 154 multiflorum, achenes of, 155 Trichostema lanceolatum, 22 Troy, E. P. E., Juglans hindsii, 135 Tsuga mertensiana, 36 U Umbellularia californica, 37 Utricularia gibba, 23 reniformis, 8 Vv Vaccinium humifusum, 121 ovatum, 10 Vicia villosa, 100 Visit of the Rurik to San Francisco, 73 WwW Wallflower, 18 Walnut, California Black, 135 Whalley, R., Adiantum pedatum at a high altitude station, 75 Wheeler, L. C., Two more Sierran plants in Southern California, 158 White Mountains, flora of, 57 Wiggins, I. L., Tiajuana to San. Jose del Cabo—a_ botanical expedition through Lower California, 65; Notes on in- troduced flora of California, 100 Willows, teratology in, 122 Y Yampah, 109 Yerba Buena Hill, 98 Z Zygopetalum mackayi, 8 MEMBERSHIP IN THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The object of the Society is to promote the advancement of botanical science in California. It holds meetings for the read- ing of papers and for discussion, it conducts field excursions and publishes a journal. The Society exists because there are a certain number of Californians who believe in its objectives and are desirous of contributing $2.00 per year, the membership fee, in support of its program. These loyal members continue to support the Society as an agency in behalf of botany in the West, without thought of any personal benefits. All persons in Cali- fornia interested in botany are invited to join this company of botanists and plant lovers on these terms. No one should join who may be uncertain as to whether or no he may get his money s worth. The Society is in its pioneer stage and receives devotion from its membership. All officers do the work of the Society without pay. For membership blanks apply to the Secretary, Miss Ethel Katherine Crum, Room 4004, Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California. ie ‘ nein Uy yt WAAIAAIAAAAAAA ZA AA FY |) | tt ae AAPPyY % ARRAN AA AAAIAYY | AARRARARAAAAA aan z = aS —~ 2 Eocrrccaanaaa aARRARREAAAA AN, Ann AAAAA A; APAAAAA ia aN) RAAAA AN as Abaanscadean.. Anan NAAN ‘ paaaannaaneene RAR BAREAEEEEE nae an 5 nanan Ag AWAVNAAAIANA AAAAA Scorer AAR’ >) y ) »Y) PPP IW >> Wp)» > )») > DW yp) 2D > _JD))) Dy > DW» 3 > 333 yy» J >») BD | Dp DD »)> J ») ¥ 55 ) »?> WD)» YY? 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