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Dr. JOHANN FRIEDERICH ESCHSCHOLTZ

Portrait furnished through the kindness of Dr. Nicolas N. Maximow, Pro-
fessor of Plant Physiology in the Institute of Applied Botany, Leningrad, Union
of Socialized Soviet Republics, and Dr. Tatiana A. Maximow, Professor of Botany,
Institute of Applied Botany, Leningrad. See p. 253 for a note on the visit of
Eschscholtz to California.

Frontispiece to Vol. 1, Madrono.

MADRONO 7

JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA
BOTANICAL SOCIETY

VOL. I
1916 - - 1929

EDITED FOR THE SOCIETY
BY

WILLIS LINN JEPSON

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
1929

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY

1913.—President, Dr. W. L. Jepson; First Vice-President, Mr. Guy Situ;
Second Vice-President, Dr. W. F. Bape; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. D.
W. pe VEER.

1916.—President, Dr. P. B. KENNEDY; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Bruce WALKER.
1919.—Treasurer, Miss A. E. EHLERs.

1922.—President, Dr. W. L. Jepson; First Vice-President, Dr. L. R. Asrams;
Second Vice-President, Dr. W. C. BLaspALe; Secretary, Proressor H.
E. McMinn; Treasurer, Mrs. Linpa G. Dopp.

1922.—Assistant Secretary, Mrs. ADELINE FREDERICK.

1929.—President, Dr. W. L. Jepson; First Vice-President, Proressor W. W.
Mackie; Second Vice-President, Mr. H. L. Mason; Treasurer, Miss
Eusie M. ZEILE.

1928.—Publication Committee, Dr. W. L. Jepson, Dr. Geo. J. Permrce, Mr. J.
T. Howe t.

Saf

ta Illustrated ‘Magiaue: the Natural Howe 3
ofthe native and exotic plants
: of California eo ‘
ae ce ~ Issued.at irregular intervals i e a
“Single c copies may be had by addressing Secretary-Treasurer lis, =, eet ane ; .
Soi Price of this issue is 50 cents acopy - ee S ss : x, Z e a =
: 5 a 3 KR = ee % fishes | . ; . % : =e = & ie
OFFICERS FOR 1913-1916. :
| Sees - PRESIDENT Pe a Se Cae
Dr. W. L. JEPSON, 1913-1915, | é =e Dr. P.B. Kennepy, 1916
_ VICE-PRESIDENTS _ | Fe
Mr. Guy SMITH é AS DRS WP Bap
_ SECRETARY-TREASURER - 2 -
Mrs. D. W. DE VEER sh
1426 Oak Street, Oakland Se eee
_ ~.. CORRESPONDING SECRETARY __ .
Miss RowENA BEANS, 1913 Mrs. E. T. Parsons, 1914”
Miss Amy RINEHART, 1915 ©. : ‘Pror. C. B. BRADLEY, 1916-

Present hoaahuatior of the Society:
OAKLAND PUBLIC MUSEUM ae,
Through the generosity of the Board of Directors of the Oakland Free Libraty a as

MEMBERSHIP ~° |<) pete geo
Agtive: <2 5. ples Seay pee gE a Se oe we 9 Cp 3 SB eg
Sustaining — 2p eee ee ee
Life 5.)> eee 5 i Ie ees eee ASS pote cae eh Se
COMMITTEES, 1915-1916 ee
Auditing: 8. H. Hopron, Mrs. CaLvert Meapg, Miss Mary A. Darey. ee ay
Conservation: Gro. B. FuRNIsS, MIss HENRIETTA piegtia |S Mrs. M. & endee ae
DON. . Sed Toe
Herbariwm: Mrs. NorMAn D. KELLEY, Mrs. Jamus B. SMITH, MBs. ‘Dupuy Sie
BarrD, Miss M. Aice KiNG, Miss Harriet A. WALKER. a vee

Membership: JAMES B. SMITH, Mrs. Norman D. KELLEY, Miss- A. Bavor
WALKER, Miss ROWENA BEANS.

Program: The Council ex-officio aaiowed by a Field Committee: 1, Sreoe
SmitH, W. W. CARRUTH, WALLACE C. Von HELMS, Miss Eraun Aver, Miss
A. GERTRUDE ANTHONY, Pror. C. B. aoe Mrs. JAMES B. Surrx, Miss
M. ALicE Kinc, W. S. Rick. a son hy ot

Publication: Dr. W. L. J EPSON, Miss ROWENA Brass, Mus. D. W.. DE ye VEER.

aa
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California Botanical Society

Ti. purpose of the Society is to promote investigation
of the life history, habits, classification and floristic
distribution of Californian and other plants.

It plans to diffuse knowledge concerning them in a
way calculated to develop and strengthen interest in
botanical science in California. The Society holds meet-
ings for lectures and discussions, arranges field meet-
ings and indoor demonstrations, makes collections and
publishes a journal. It takes an active interest in the con-
servation of the native life of California and cooperates
with other organizations in preventing threatened

destruction of remarkable individual

plants or plant societies in

California.

Madrono, Vol. 1. 1-31. May, 1916.

2 MADRONO [ Vou. 1,

FOUNDING OF THE SOCIETY

HE first meeting was held at the Oakland Public Museum on
Ai April 12, 1913, at 4 o’clock, to consider the advisability and
possibility of forming a Botanical Society for California.

Dr. W. F. Badé was chosen as temporary chairman and Mrs.
D. W. de Veer as temporary secretary. The meeting having been
ealled at the instance of Dr. W. L. Jepson, he was asked by the
chair to state his views.

A botanical society, said Dr. Jepson, ought to have two aims—
the promotion of botanical research, and the diffusion of accurate
botanical knowledge, in an accessible form, amongst the people.
Botany should not be the property of a small cult or a select few,
but it should be a science with a broad outlook in its relation to other
sciences and to the humanities. It should play its due part in the
progress of civilization in California.

With any such end in view, botanical science, for its proper de-
velopment, must have the support of the people of California, and
with such support accorded, the people of California are entitled
to have at their command the best results of recent botany in a
form suited to their needs.

The speaker felt that a society cevaeeeed of both professional and -

amateur botanists would best serve the interests of the State. The
interchange of ideas in such a society by people of diverse interests
would be valuable. Our station on the most traveled, round-the-
world route, would enable us to entertain many traveling botanists
and secure the benefit of their experience.

Dr. Badé expressed the belief that inasmuch as the field for
botanical research in California is unique and quite wonderful,
there should be a large organization, and that from the nature of the
field, it would be found advisable to have various sections to investi-
vate various places of the plant life of the State.

A temporary organization was thereupon effected. The follow-
ing provisional officers were elected: President, Dr. W. L. Jepson;
First Vice-President, Guy Smith; Second Vice-President, Dr. W. F.
Bade; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. D. W. de Veer; Corresponding
Secretary, Miss Mary W. Tyrrell, and a meeting called for April
26th, in order that a larger number of persons might participate in
the organization.

The following persons were present at the ane meeting: Dr. W.
L. Jepson, Dr. W. F. Badé, Mr. Charles 8. Greene, Mr. C. P. Wil-
comb, Miss Mary W. Tyrrell, Miss A. Gertrude Anthony, Miss
Henrietta Burroughs, Miss Ethel C. Ayer, Miss Mary A. Darby,
Miss Rowena Beans, Mrs. Calvert Meade, Mrs. Edward A. Kluegel,
Mrs. D. W. de Veer, Mr. V. L. Minehart, Mr. Guy Smith, Miss Inez
Deming, Mrs. J. G. Lemmon.

1916. | JEPSON : REGENERATION IN MANZANITA 3

REGENERATION IN MANZANITA.

WILLIS L. JEPSON.

In the Oakland Hills there may be found two manzanitas that are
species of Arctostaphylos growing in localized areas. Arctostaphylos
andersonu Gray grows on the main ridge a mile south of the summit
of the Snake Road which leads into the headwater basin of San
Leandro Creek. Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. grows on the
same ridge on yellow shale, and also abundantly on Moraga Ridge
on the same formation. A number of years ago while making field
studies of these shrubs, my attention was directed to the rather
striking fact that individuals of Arctostaphylos andersonii had been
killed outright by fire, and that Arctostaphylos glandulosa was
stump-sprouting abundantly from heavy root-crowns. No root-crown
or tabular development at base of the stem could be found in the
former species, nor even any attempts at root sprouting at all, while
in the ease of the latter species the root-crowns became very heavy,
olobose, or turnip-shaped, or even eventually forming broad tabular
areas of irregular shape at the surface of the ground. Since then
many further observations have been made upon the species of this
genus in various parts of the state to determine if reaction to fire
ran parallel with the specific limitations.

Arctostaphylos andersonu is a larger shrub, eight to twelve feet
high. One individual within a few feet of the bridle-path along the
eastern brow of the Oakland Hills, and about half-mile south of
Snake Road summit, is sixteen feet high, with a trunk circumference
of three feet nine inches, at six inches above the ground. As said
above, this species is killed by fire. Trunks decapitated four feet
high failed to regenerate. This species may be recognized by its
- densely set leaves, which are heart-shaped at base, and by its very
close flower-clusters. (Pl. I.)

Arctostaphylos glandulosa. This is a rather low-growing species
of the immediate coast region, occurring in formations of consider-
able extent on slopes of yellow shale. It is perhaps the most remark-
able species in California in the matter of its behavior under re-
_ peated fire devastation. After the stems are fire-killed, young plants
begin to form a root-crown which becomes turnip-shaped or globose
(Fig. 1) and hes immediately at or below the surface of the ground.
As the plants increase in age and fires continue to run, as character-
istically in chaparral, the root-crowns increase in size (Pl. II, A)
and give rise to many stems. While at first small, root-crowns often
become two to five, or indeed ten to thirteen, feet broad.

The very large ones form irregular circles or crescent-shaped
areas, and are truly remarkable structures. (Fig. 2) Such crowns
can be studied to advantage upon the southeastern slopes of Mt.
Tamalpais or in the Oakland Hills just south of the low wagon pass

MADRONO

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ANDERSONII

1916. JEPSON : REGENERATION IN MANZANITA 5

at the headwaters of Kohler Creek, and along the summit of Moraga
Ridge, where the species is associated with Knob-cone pine in a
characteristic habitat. The vitality of the species must be normally
very great. After the Mt. Tamalpais chaparral fire of early July,
1913, sprouts began to appear within four weeks, and in two months
made an abundant showing. Two of my students, Wieslander and
Herbert, counted forty-eight sprouts in a square inch from the
erown of an individual of this species occurring on Mt. Tamalpais
in the area subject to the fires just mentioned.

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Arctostaphylos vestita. This species occurs on the Monterey
Peninsula in company with the Monterey pine, and on the mesa
east of Del Monte in the chaparral. It exhibits habits exactly similar
to Arctostaphylos glandulosa and forms heavy root-crowns. These
Monterey shrubs do not seem to be specifically, although they may
be varietally, different from the shrubs of Mt. Tamalpais, which are
taken as Arctostaphylos glandulosa.

Arctostaphylos tomentosa. This species is well developed along
the Washington and Oregon coasts, and extends southward in typ1-
cal form to the Mendocino coast. Within the limits of this range it is
well characterized by the long, somewhat scattered bristles of its
branchlets, in addition to a fine tomentum, which is rather close
and dense. It also occurs in Marin County, especially about Point
Reyes, and in the Santa Cruz Mountains, but within this portion of
its distribution—that is at its southern limits—it becomes difficult
to distinguish from Arctostaphylos glandulosa. There is however a
fundamental difference between the typical forms that, so far as
observed, is invariable—namely, as to their reaction to fire. Arcto-
staphylos tomentosa on the Mendocino coast is quite killed by fire,

~

MADRONO

A.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLANDULOSA

—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS NUMMULARIA

B

1916. | JEPSON : REGENERATION IN MANZANITA 7

and, so far as observed, reproduces entirely by seed. Mr. W. C.
Mathews, one of my students, who has also observed it on the coast
region of Mendocino, has given me the results of identical observa-
tions on this species. Arctostaphylos glandulosa, on the other hand,
as noted above, flourishes under fire, and establishes heavy sub-
hypogeous platforms from which sprouts freely rise after fire.

Arctostaphylos nummularva is another coast species. (Fig. 3.)
It is very erect, with the branchlets crowded with small round
leaves. While locally abundant, and even gregarious (Fig. 4), it is
in general a rather rare species, and my observation of its behavior
on Mt. Tamalpais shows it to be killed outright by fire. (Pl. II, B.)
One of my former students, Miss C. M. Hoak, makes a similar ob-
servation for the Mendocino White Plains. It may be that the re-
stricted occurrence of this species is due to its inability to respond
vegetatively from the root after chaparral fires, a fact which may
perhaps be connected with the character of its root-system, which is
spread out near the surface of the ground like an inverted umbrella.
In any event, the roots lie so near the surface of the ground that
they must suffer directly from the heat of chaparral fires (Fig. 5.)

Arctostaphylos stanfordiana is a species of the Mt. St. Helena
range. It is remarkable for its deep-green glabrous leaves, and
clean, trim habit, and is susceptible of field recognition in this way
by those who notice manzanitas. This species, according to the avail-
able evidence, does not reproduce vegetatively. This testimony I
had first from Mr. Carl Purdy, who lives in its region, and Miss

8 ; MADRONO [ Vo. 1,

Hoak, on her own initiative has confirmed this observation, although
further field notes on this species are desired. I have seen it many
times in the field, but never where the fire evidence was very clear.

Fig. 3.

Arctostaphylos patula is the common species of the main conifer-
ous belt in the Sierra Nevada from the south to the north, and west
to Mt. Shasta and Trinity Summit. It is a shrub four to six feet
high, and is remarkable for its rather dark but lively green and
shining foliage. Under fire killing of its crown, or even apparently
in advance of such killing, this species forms a turnip-shaped or
globose root-crown that continues to increase in thickness and per-
sistently sprouts under the successive conflagrations that run
through the chaparral. Winter snowfall is heavy in this region. Its
branches in consequence often lie along the ground, at least as to
their lower part, and so take root. Spreading of the species in a
given area may occur only in this way—that is, by the rooting of
ascending or horizontally spreading branches.

1916. | ; JEPSON : REGENERATION IN MANZANITA i)

Just here I may revert for a moment to Arctostaphylos stan-
-fordiana. In the character of its branchlets, and in its inflorescence,
this species is so similar to Arctostaphylos patula that the two can
scarcely, it would seem, be held as distinct, or in any event it is
plain that they lack sufficient differentia. Their difference in be-
havior under fire, however, helps to make good this lack of tech-
nical distinction. j

Arctostaphylos manzaimta, as to regeneration, is one of the
vaguest of the earlier published species with which we have to
deal. As to its reaction to fire, a definite report is not yet ready.

Arctostaphylos viscida grows in the Sierra Nevada foothills.
The southern form of it has very viscid berries, and is known as
Arctostaphylos mariposa. Without for the moment going into the
matter of the exact status of A. mariposa, one may safely say that
this white manzanita of the Sierra foothills is in hue the most
sharply defined manzanita in California. Its foliage is very glau-
cous, or even quite silvery, and presents a most striking yet most
pleasing contrast to the deep-red bark. My experience is that this
species is killed under fire, an observation which has ample con-
firmation from the experience of settlers in the southern Sierra
Nevada in clearing land of chaparral. In an area where, as the say-
ing is, ‘‘everything sprouts,’’ they have noticed that this white
manzanita does not do so. Mr. Ralph Hopping, Insect-control Expert
of the United States Forest Service, also confirms the non-sprouting
of Arctostaphylos viscida, or in any event its southern form.

To fix the limit of species of Arctostaphylos in California has
always been difficult, and those who have studied the genus as it
occurs with us have recorded widely divergent judgments as to the
number of species that are to be recognized. The discrimination of
proposed species, however, by all authors, rested upon differences
of pubescence, glandulosity and habit. The character of the nutlets
and their degree of separation or coalescence has also been used,

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but is, on the whole, so variable that only shght importance ean be
attached to it, except in one or two species.

Search for technical characters for the separation of species
has been carried on by the writer, but has been to a large degree
unsatisfactory in results. Experience, both in field and in her-
barium, determines that habit, general aspect, and hue must be
taken as of first importance in segregation, although pubescence
and glandulosity would have practical value in the construction of
diagnoses. Now, if the Californian species be segregated on this
basis, one obtains about twenty species. These species, I may say,
fall into five or six fairly natural groups, the species in each group
being very closely related. In successive attempts to determine the
most satisfactory criteria for separating the species within each
sroup, all possible information regarding the life history was
sought. As a result, it was found that within the limits of a group
the differential mortality of two species very closely related is
markedly decisive. As this cleavage is largely between closely related
species rather than between groups, the difference in reaction to fire
is highly interesting, and is also, evidently, of taxonomic value. In
other words, the working conception of species above outlined
seems to be unexpectedly fortified by their habits in relation to fire
—that is, of root-crown sprouting or of failure to do so.

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1916. | JEPSON : REGENERATION IN MANZANITA 11

While the number of observations that have been made are not
sufficiently large or geographically extensive to warrant final con-
clusions, the results so far are interesting, and are here put on
record to draw out criticism and to stimulate further observations.
One set of observations in a given locality, however faithful and
accurate, cannot be regarded as entirely sufficient, because in other
genera of the chaparral stump-sprouting varies within a species.
This variation may be related to the age, vitality, soil situation of the
individual, or to some other cause, such as variation in the mutilat-
ing or destroying agent, fire or the axe. An excellent example of
- such variation may be had from Ceanothus sorediatus. Ceanothus
is a favorable genus for comparison in the matter of stump-sprout-
ing, as many of its species are typical chaparral shrubs, In the Oak-
land Hills Ceanothus sorediatus (Jim brush) has been observed
to stump-sprout freely; on Mt. Tamalpais we have found it killed
outright by fire. While this difference in behavior in a single species
has thus far not been observed in any species of manzanita, ampler
records based on a wider range of observations, are desired.

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MADRONO

1916. | PHY TOGEOGRAPHIC EXCURSION IN CALIFORNIA 13

THE INTERNATIONAL PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC EXCURSION
IN CALIFORNIA.

The first International Phytogeographic Excursion was conducted
through the British Isles by the British Vegetation Committee in
August, 1911. It was so successful that arrangements were made by
Professor Cowles of Chicago for a similar excursion in the United
States, in order to observe the more important vegetation areas
in general, and to visit special localities under the leadership of
American botanists whose studies have given such localities a clas-
sical interest.

After spending several weeks in the eastern United States, the

Rocky Mountains, Washington, and Oregon, the party arrived in
California on September 6th. It consisted of the following mem-
bers: Dr. H. Brockmann-Jerosch, Zurich; Frau Dr. Brockmann-
Jerosch, Zurich;-Dr. Geo. E. Nichols, Yale University; Dr. Ove
Paulsen, Copenhagen; Dr. Eduard Rubel, Zurich; Professor Carl
Schroter, Zurich; Professor C. von Tubeuf, University of Munich;
Dr. T. J. Stomps, Amsterdam; Mr. A. G. Tansley, University of
Cambridge, England; Mrs. A. G. Tansley, Cambridge; Professor
Adolf Engler, Royal Botanic Garden, Berlin; Professor H. C.
Cowles, University of Chicago; Dr. A. Dachnowski, Columbus; Mr.
Geo. D. Fuller, University of Chicago; Professor F. E. Clements,
University of Minnesota; Mrs. F. EH. Clements, University of Min-
nesota.
The party arrived in Oakland on the morning of September 7th,
and immediately left for the Yosemite Valley and the Big Trees,
under the leadership of Professor W. L. Jepson and Professor H.
M. Hall of the University of California. The characteristic foothill
flora of the Sierra Nevada was observed from the train windows.
After a three-hour stop in Yosemite, the party went directly on to
the Mariposa Big Tree Grove. An entire day was spent in the Upper
and Lower groves examining the most magnificent examples of
Sequoia gigantea and studying the vegetative carpet and shrubs of
the forest floor. Thence the party proceeded to Glacier Point above
Yosemite, with several stops on the way to inspect the Red Fir
forest and the associated species. The herbaceous species of the
granite were studied to advantage on the top of Sentinel Dome, and
the chaparral of high altitudes, at 7,000 to 8,500 feet, came in for
attention.

The party made the return trip through the entire length of
Yosemite Valley by the way of Vernal and Nevada falls and re-
turned to San Francisco. Local excursions were made to Mt.Tamal-
pais under the leadership of Miss Alice Eastwood, and to Stanford
University under the leadership of Professor D. H. Campbell. At
Redwood City the party observed a salt marsh and its vegetation

14 MADRONO [ Vor tS

under the leadership of Professor J. G. Pierce of Stanford Uni-
versity. The party next proceeded to Monterey, in order to ex-
amine the remarkable tree island of the Monterey Peninsula, under
the leadership of Professor L. R. Abrams of Stanford University,
and of the chaparral under the guidance of Dr. W. 8. Cooper. For
studies of the marine algae of the Monterey coast, parties were led
by Professor W. A. Setchell of the University of California. From
Monterey the excursion proceeded to Arizona, stopping off at
Mecea, in the Colorado Desert of California, for examination of the
desert flora, on a trip along the borders of the Salton Sea under the ©
direction of Dr. D. T. MacDougal of the Carnegie Desert Labora-
tory, and Mr. S. B. Parish of San Bernardino.

W. L. JEPSON.

DINNER TO THE INTERNATIONAL PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC EXCURSION.

The members of the Phytogeographic Excursion were entertained
at dinner by the California Botanical Society at the Hotel Oakland
on the evening of Friday, September 12th, 1913. Professor Jepson,
President of the Society, presided.

THE PRESIDENT: Members of the Botanical Society and hon-
ored guests: We are met here at dinner to greet fraternally the
members of the Second International Phytogeographic Excursion
and give them a welcome to California. Just now the party is fresh
from the scenes of the Yosemite and Mariposa Big Trees, laden with
botanical spoils, and covered impartially with the dust of the San
Joaquin. We Californians, who have had the great privilege of
traveling with them, have had a delightful experience. These visi-
tors to Californa have been most appreciative of what we have had
to show. They have stepped blithely from dome to dome about
Yosemite, happily content that there was no danger, as amongst
the sharp-pointed Alps at home, of slivering a mountain peak in
one’s foot. Without mar or accident, all has gone well. The great
quest in the Sierras was, to be sure, the Big Trees. We knew in
advance that they would desire to have cones of Sequoia gigantea.
As it 1s inconvenient to pick from the tops of the trees, we arranged
the matter with Mr. Zeus, a Greek citizen, and coworker with Mr.
Franklin and Mr. Farraday, to strike gently the top of one of the
trees with his bolt. So the party found on the ground about the
Indiana tree branchlets and cones neatly arranged for their in-
spection—and collection. One of the party regretted that the
azaleas along the Merced were not in flower. This was an oversight
which we lament, as we should have had them properly etherized.
But in any event the party was extremely appreciative of our
humble efforts in their behalf.

1916. | PHY TOGEOGRAPHIC EXCURSION IN CALIFORNIA 15

This is the first party of botanists to come to California as an
organized excursion. Thirty-six years ago a small party, consisting
of the botanists Sir Joseph Hooker and Asa Gray, and a geologist,
Director Hayden of the Geological Survey, visited California, and
were entertained by the California Academy of Sciences. Their
coming was an event long remembered by California botanists.
Since that time many new schools of morphology, of physiology,
and other branches of botany have come into prominence, schools
which in the main deal exclusively with the plant or plant parts
under control—in the laboratory, the greenhouse, or under the com-
pound microscope. But now there arises a school of botanists, the
plant ecologists, who are leading us back to the fields and woods,
‘taking with them the experience of all other schools, and in addition
making important use of the observations of the old-time natural-
ists. California is a glorious field for such work, and we welcome
them here to help us appreciate our own flora, and to help Cali-
fornians to an appreciation of it. In this weleome I ask my col-
league, Professor Setchell, to join me.

Professor Setchell spoke a few words of cordial welcome to the
visiting botanists, both those of foreign countries and of our own,
who had journeyed so far and seen so many wonderful things. He
bade them welcome on behalf of the botanical department of the
University of California, and on his own behalf, and wished them
the greatest success in their further studies in this state and in
adjacent states, and expressed the hope that the remainder of their
journey might be even more pleasant than its preceding stages.

THE PRESIDENT: ‘‘ We have in our company tonight a zoologist
who has made for himself a celebrated name in geographical prob-
lems in America, and whose distributional work with both plants
and animals is known everywhere. I take, pleasure in introducing
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, long time Chief of the United States Geo-
logical Survey.’’

Dr. Merriam echoed the expressions of welcome already made,
and spoke of the special interest that California has for the natural-
ist from the great diversity of conditions of soil and climate within
comparatively small areas.

THE PRESIDENT: “‘It is always pleasant to botanists to know that
those who sit in the seats of the mighty are friendly to their cause.
Most people imagine that the present Acting President of the Uni-
versity of California is most celebrated for his achievements in the
Philippines, but there are those of us who know that his claims to
fame belong elsewhere. In his earlier youth he completed a piece of
work on ‘‘The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians.’’ It is for
this that we botanists claim him. I take great pleasure in introduc-
ing Dr. David P. Barrows.’’

Dr. Barrows: ‘‘Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The
work on botany mentioned by the Chairman, I had almost forgotten

16 MADRONO [ Vou. 1,

as a botanical subject, because that feature was only incidental to
the study of ethnology in which I was engaged for the ten years
from 1890 to 1900. But my interest in botany was aroused by the
study, and was strengthened by my observations of the botanical
gardens at Buitenzorg, Java, which are probably the most famous
in the world, the only rival being the Kew Gardens in London. The
plants in this garden are of a wonderful variety, possible because
of the tropical climate and abundant moisture. The gardens stand
without peer in the studied care with which they are laid out and
kept, and in the wonderful luxuriance of growth and the vivid color-
ing of the flowers. Everything from all the world seems to thrive.
Recalling the splendor of these gardens, I have often asked myself
why could not the botanical public of California establish even
such gardens at our own University; for there we have ample
space in the rolling hills beyond the campus, which could be laid
out in most picturesque effects.

‘‘The climate of California lends itself to the cultigen of
floras of many types because of its mildness; and the variation
from the moisture of winter months to the dryness of the summer
season gives suitable conditions for plants of a great difference of
habit. The soil of the Berkeley Hills is also variable, and would
therefore accommodate many species. The fact that the University
Hills are higher than the surrounding country would add greatly
to the facility of building up gardens, and to the charm that would
invest them when completed. If we had such a place at our Uni-
versity it would be a powerful factor, as added to the natural
attractions of the state, in enlisting the interest of botanists and
flower lovers in the Pacific Coast and in California.’’

THE PRESIDENT: ‘‘The organizer of the International Phyto-
geographic Excursion im America is one of our country’s most
famous ecologists. He belongs to the ‘Middle West,’ but he has
learned since reaching California that he is from the ‘ East.’ IT will
now call upon Dr. Cowles, Professor of Plant Ecology in the Uni-
versity of Chicago.’’

‘‘Mr. President: It has been a delightful pleasure to us to
journey through this region, and enjoy the wonderful vegetation
and the hospitality of California. Once, many years ago, I came to
this Golden State and luxuriated in golden days. I have happy
memories of that time. Now that I am come back to it I find your
dust of the San Joaquin as sweet as the peaches of Sonoma, the hot
air of the foothills as intoxicating as if wafted from Araby the
Blest. Our work has been successful far beyond our expectations.
We are deeply indebted to you for your aid, and I thank you on
behalf of the whole party.’’

THE PRESIDENT: ‘‘The great quest of the plant geographers to
California was undoubtedly the Big Trees. One of the European
botanists said to me: ‘I have looked forward all my life to seeing

1916. | PHY TOGEOGRAPHIC EXCURSION IN CALIFORNIA 17

these great trees. I shall make one journey to them; shall see them
only once.’ We shall now hear with very great interest from Pro-
fessor Tubeuf of the University of Munich.’’

‘*Tadies and Gentlemen: The uniqueness of this occasion has im-
pressed me more and more during the course of this dinner. No-
where on our long journey have we been received with such mag-
nificent, not to say prineely, hospitality. And the ladies here, fair
as your skies, rosy as your wine—nowhere else have ladies and
wine added so memorable a feature to American hospitality. The
Hebrews have a proverb to the effect that one ought ‘not to muzzle
the ox that treadeth out the corn.’ You follow it to the letter. You
even insist that he shall open his mouth, whatever be the result.

‘“You will, I hope, not take it amiss that I speak in my native
tongue. In German I am on firm ground. In English I am liable to
get stuck in a swamp of words. Among your accomplishments you
doubtless reckon this also, that you have a botanist’s familiarity
with flowers of speech—even German ones. I am speaking for my
colleagues as well as for myself when I say that we are intensely
interested in the extremely diversified flora of California.

‘When a lad I read in the geographies of your high mountains,
wonderful trees, and fields of glorious bloom. It was the dream of
my youth to see this paradise. Now in the evening of life I come,
with my colleagues. We are not disappointed, we are astonished ;
what we find is finer than any dream. Your ancient trees seen in all
their living splendor are far beyond what any picture can convey.
And as we stood looking up at one of the giant Sequoias a creature
flew about nearby. Everything you had shown us was on such a
grand scale, I said, ‘this must be a California butterfly.’ It alighted ;
and behold, it was no butterfly but a bird, a hummingbird. How
most remarkable, at the same moment, to see the smallest of birds
and the greatest of trees!

‘‘And not less interesting than your flora is the freedom, the
abandon, the largeness, the youth, of your Western life. It is ex-
tremely gratifying to find amid this absorbing material develop-
ment of your civilization that interest in scientific pursuits to which
this dinner, this Society, and this splendid occasion testify. It is
truly American—may I say Californian?—that town and gown
unite in cherishing and promoting this interest in the wonderful
world of plants. Let me assure you that this will remain a memor-
able occasion with us all, and we hope the California Botanical
Society will live to the age and dignity of your mighty Sequoias.”’

THE PRESIDENT: ‘‘We have here in California no botanical
garden which may be truly called such; nor have we any great
arboretum, although we have the finest of all natural coniferous
woodlands in the world. As we have just returned from the Sequoia
gigantea groves, it is fitting that the foremost of living botanists
should say a word in regard to the greatest of all trees. I now have

18 MADRONO [ Vou. 1,

the especial honor of presenting to you Dr. Adolf Engler, Professor
of Botany and Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Berlin.’’

‘‘Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the California Botan-
ical Society: My English is limited, and I find it difficult to express
appreciation of your courtesy to us. But for my friends and myself
I thank you for the welcome conveyed in this table spread with
choice food and rare wine, in the beautiful flowers all about us, and
most of all in the presence of the charming ladies of your charming
State.

‘‘We have seen wonderful things in California and are well
repaid for the arduous days of our journey. We have just arrived
from the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees.
The Yosemite is truly wonderful. But what can I say of the Big
Trees? The impression made upon my mind by the Sequoia gigantea
will never die within me. The fine trees in the Mariposa Grove ex-
eited the loftiest feelings. I bared my head before them. I walked
around them. I placed my hand reverently on their trunks, for they
are the great wonders of the plant kingdom.

‘*And now we come to your cities and are met on all sides by
the growth of your civilization. But it seems that you have no great
botanic garden in California, and this is noticeable because there
are few more favorable places in the world than this for a great
botanic garden. It would be a task of pure joy to bring plants and
trees from all parts of California that your own people, as well as
travelers, might observe and study your flora in a compact view.
Moreover, you would wish to bring desirable plants from the limits
of the earth and teach the strangers to thrive in their new home.
It is a magnificent project and you Americans could carry it along
magnificently.

‘‘But I hear it said you have no money. Ah, that is no worthy
answer ! And how ean that be? I see on every side the signs of great
wealth. You have money for what you call skyscrapers—money for
palaces and cities. It would be a disgrace to say you had no money
for botanical science, for one of the important things to the state
must be a botanic garden. As you know, nearly every important
city in Europe has its botanic garden. I make a plea to you who are
so greatly favored by nature to add to what nature has done, and
to build for yourselves and for the whole world a treasure spot,
which shall have living, growing plants from all California and
from the far corners of the earth. I desire to see a great botanic
garden in California because a great botanic garden is very near
my heart. Such a collection as I picture would enrich the whole
botanical world and would be forever an honor to you its builders.”’

After the dinner the party adjourned to the ballroom of the
hotel where an illustrated lecture on the flora of the Alps was given
by Professor Schroter.

1916. | GOODSPEED: TRILLIUM SESSILE 19

PISTILLODY OF THE PERIANTH IN TRILLIUM SESSILE.

T. H. GOODSPEED.

During the latter part of March, 1914, a considerable collection
of the familiar Trilliwm sessile, var. giganteum H. & A., was found
at the lower end of a small heavily shaded canyon in the Oakland
Hills. Approximately sixty plants were in flower and an equal num-
ber of plants bore no flowers, or flowers exceedingly rudimentary in
character. The mature flowers, with one exception, were all of them
normally developed, and varied in color from a light violet to deep
garnet. One plant, which in no way stood out from the rest by reason
of any unusual vegetative development, at once attracted attention
because of the abnormal flower which it bore. In this flower both co-
rolla and calyx were green and fleshy; the color and texture of the
six perianth segments being that which is ordinarily characteristic
of the calyx of Trillium. These six similar segments were arranged in
two whorls of three parts each. The outer whorl, representing the
calyx, was characteristic in shape and size, while the inner whorl,
representing modified petals, corresponded in shape to the calyx seg-
ments, but were somewhat shorter. They also exhibited a peculiar
eurling-in of their lower margins to form slender tubes, which ex-
tended for a distance of from 4 to 11 mm. up from their point of
attachment on the receptacle. When the curled edges were rolled
back the interior of the tubes that they formed were found to con-
tain a number of small greenish-white bodies attached near the
margins. The number was variable on the two curled edges of the
same segment, and one modified petal bore only three, which were
along one edge only. )

The color and general appearance of these protuberances on
the margins of the calyx-like petals suggested that they repre-
sented ovules. This supposition was to a certain extent confirmed by
the fact that the flower contained only a minute rudimentary pistil,
within which no structures resembling ovules were found. It is
almost the rule that Trillium sessile, var. gigantewm in the San
Francisco Bay region produces no seed, or very little seed, but in the
normal open flowers the ovary will uniformly show maturing ovules
or unmistakable traces of them. (Fig. 6.)

The attached photograph was made two days after the abnormal
flower had been collected, and in consequence the flower parts are
somewhat withered. Three of the ovule-like bodies are discernible
along the folded-back margin of one of the modified petals. By
reason of their greenish-white color, they stood out very strikingly
in the flower against the dark-green background. As can be seen, the
stamens, normally pollen-bearing apparently, are present. The
stamens were in no way abnormal.

20 MADRONO [ Vou. 1,

The drawings represent in both cases sections of material im-
bedded in paraffin and cut 15 microns thick. (Fig. 7a.)

Fig 6. Teratological flower of T. sessile, var. giganteum H. &
A. Three ovules can be seen, at the head of the arrow, borne
along the margin of a modified petal.

In the upper drawing is shown a portion of the cross-section of
a normally produced ovary of Trillium, to show the appearance and
structure of the ovules. (Fig. 7b.)

The lower drawing represents a cross-section of one of the
modified petals found in the abnormal flower shown in the photo-
eraph and described above. This lower drawing is partially recon-
struction, since no two ovules on opposite edges of the same modi-
fied petal gave exactly similar views in any one section. In both
drawings only cell outlines are shown, since the tissue of the ab-
normal flower was not prepared for sectioning until some days
after its collection, and the contents of the cells had, to some extent,
degenerated.

As shown in these drawings, the similarity between the struc-
tures borne normally within the ovary attached to the placenta and
those present along the margins of perianth segments is striking.
There seems to be no room for doubt that we are dealing here with
a case of pistillody in which the perianth segments of the flower
are concerned; that is to say, three segments of the six-parted
perianth bear ovules, and thus function in a sense as pistils or bet-
ter as carpels. It is evident that if these three modified petals were
first folded to bring their ovule-bearing margins together and thru all
three united along these double edges, a three-celled or three-car-
pelled structure would be produced that would correspond exactly to

1916. | GOODSPEED: TRILLIUM SESSILE PAI

the normal three-celled ovary of Trilliwm. Such pistillody of the
perianth is an abnormality of much less common occurrence than a
similar modification of the stamens. Masters,’ however, describes and
illustrates a case of pistillody of the perianth in Tulipa gesneriana

(a) Cross-section through a normally produced and matured
ovary of Trillium sessile, var. gigantewm H. & A. The see-
tion is taken across the top of the ovary, and the ovules are
seen attached to the placental surfaces, which have here
grown together to form a seemingly axial placenta. Dia-
grammatic.

(b) Cross-section through one of the modified petals of the
teratological flower of T. sessile, var. gigantewm. Ovules
are here found attached, free, along the margins of a peri-
anth segment.

that strikingly resembles the conditions present in this abnormal
flower of Trillium. It is to be noted that the ovule-bearing perianth
segments of this Trillium showed no evidences of any such further
modification of their margins to form stigmatic or stylar surfaces,

oe} MADRONO . | Vous

as in the ease of Crocus nudiflorus mentioned by Masters,” and quite
often the rule in eases of pistillody of the stamens.

The occurrence of floral and vegetative abnormalities in both
Eastern and Western species of the genus T'rilluwm is frequently
mentioned in the literature on the subject. The most complete de-
scription and illustration of such abnormalities is that of Britcher,®
in the case of the Eastern 7’. grandiflorum, which the Californian

T. ovatum, with its peduneulate flowers, resembles. Appended is a

partial list of references to the literature dealing with teratology
in the genus T'rilliwm which may be of interest, as indicating the
range of its possible floral and vegetative abnormalities.

This brief note on pistillody in Trillium sessile, var. giganteum,
is presented both for the sake of putting upon record this somewhat
unusual floral abnormality, and also in the hope that it may eall the
attention of the members of the California Botanical Society to
what may be a new, and to what cannot fail to be an interesting, ob-
jective on their botanical expeditions. There is distinct scientific
value in a thorough knowledge and catalogue of cases of teratology
exhibited by the California flora, and such knowledge must be accu-
mulated concurrently with the extension of systematic studies
throughout the native flora. The California Botanical Society might
entertain the suggestion that a secondary aim of their expeditions
be the collection of all significant floral and vegetative abnormalities
for the herbarium, while this journal might establish a section de-
voted to the recording of the most interesting cases of teratology.

REFERENCE TO THE LITERATURE.

Davis, C. A., Botanical Gazette; vol. 24, p. 187.

Eastwoop, A., Erythea; vol. 4, p. 71.

Forrste, A. F., Botanical Gazette; vol. 16, pp. 163, 164; vol. 19, p. 460.
JAMES, J. F., Botanical Gazette; vol. 9, p. 113.

OwEN, M. L., Botanical Gazette; vol. 19, pp. 337, 338.

RimBACH, A., Botanical Gazette; vol. 33, pp. 410-420.

SMITH, E. T., Botanical Gazette; vol. 4, pp. 180-181.

1 Masters, M. T., “Vegetable Teratology,’ London, 1869.
Ops Cit, pa oz:

_ Britcher, H. W., “Variation in Trillium grandiflorum,”’ Maine Agric. Expt.
Stat., Bull. 86, Nov., 1902. -

oom

1916. ] CALENDAR OF MEETINGS 23

CALENDAR OF MEETINGS.

April 26, 1913.—Meeting to perfect permanent organization. (I) A
draft of the constitution and by-laws was discussed and re-
ferred to a committee for further study. The following officers,
provisionally elected at the first meeting, were ratified, with
the exception of Miss Tyrrell who resigned, Miss Beans being
elected to fill the vacancy: President, Dr. W. L. Jepson; First
Vice-President, Mr. Guy Smith; Second Vice-President, Dr.
W. F. Bade; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. D. W. de Veer; Corre-
sponding Secretary, Miss Rowena Beans. (II) Brief talk by Dr.
Jepson on ‘The Chaparral of California. ’’

September 12, 1913.—Regular meeting at Hotel Oakland. Lecture
by Prof. Dr. Carl Schroter of Zurich, Switzerland, on ‘‘The
Flora of the Alps.’’ Illustrated by stereopticon views.

October 14, 1913.—Business meeting. Reports of all Committees,
and informal discussion of plans for the year.

November 8, 1913 Regular meeting. Talk on ‘‘The Wild Flowers
of California,’’ by Mrs. C. E. Cunningham, of Antioch. Dis-
play of water-color paintings of several hundred species of
native plants.

December 13, 1913.—Regular meeting. Lecture by Dr. E. P. Mein-
ecke, Forest Pathologist of the United States Bureau of For-
estry, on ‘‘Forest Trees and their Diseases.’’ Illustrated by
stereopticon views.

March 21, 1914.—Special meeting. Report of Nominating Commit-
tee. Discussion on methods of care and preservation of her-
barium specimens and recording of field observations.

April 18, 1914—Annual meeting at California Academy of Sci-
ences, San Francisco. Election of Officers. Lecture by Mr. Carl
Purdy of Ukiah, on ‘‘Bulbous Plants.’’ Illustrated by speci-

_ mens.

September 26, 1914.—Regular meeting. Lecture by Mr. C. B. Brad-
ley on ‘‘Observations Concerning the Life and Habits of Se-
quola gigantea.’’

October 3, 1914.—Special meeting. Lecture by Dr. W. L. Jepson on
‘*Manzanitas.’’ Illustrated by stereopticon views.

October 10, 1914.—Regular meeting. Lecture by Dr. H. M. Hall on
‘*Plant Eeology.’’ Illustrated by stereopticon views, and speci-
mens from the exhibition of ecological formations then in
progress.

24 MADRONO [ Wetens

November 14, 1914.—Regular meeting. Lecture by Dr. P. B. Ken-
nedy on ‘‘Observations on Certain of the Native Clovers.’’
Illustrated by herbarium specimens and drawings.

December 12, 1914.—Annual dinner at Hotel Carlton, Berkeley.
Talk by Mr. 8. B. Parish of San Bernardino, on ‘‘ Reminis-
eences of Early Days and Early Botanists of California.’’

January 16, 1915.—Regular meeting. Lecture by Miss A. M. Lute,
Seed Expert of the United States Department of Agriculture,
on ‘‘Taxonomic Values in Seeds.’’ Illustrated by stereopticon
views.

REPORT OF FIELD TRIPS.

May 10, 1913.—lLeader, Mr. Guy Smith. Locality, San Leandro
Hills and the Lake Chabot district. The trip was meant as one
of general observation.

Brodiaea congesta (Ookow) was found in abundance in full
flower in a field of half-grown grain. The bulbs are too deep-
seated to be disturbed by the plow, and, their season of growth
coming after the seeding of the grain, they are benefited
rather than injured by cultivation.

Papaver heterophyllum (Wind Poppy) and Calochortus
albus (White Globe-Tulip) were found on a rocky hillside. In
one canyon Mimulus langsdorfiix, var. grandis (Monkey-flower) ,
orew in profusion.

May 31, 1913 —WLeader, Dr. W. L. Jepson. Locality, Leona Heights,
Oakland. Especial attention was paid to the condition of plants
under extreme drought, which was then in its third season,
causing summer flowers to exhibit all evidences of hardship

' in prolonging their existence.
Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamisal) served as a text for
a discussion of habits of the shrubs which inhabit dry hillsides.

January 10, 1914.—Leader, Dr. W. L. Jepson. Locality, Telegraph
Canyon, Berkeley. The object of the trip was the study of
seedlings. The characteristic growth of several species was
observed. Lupinus densiflorus (White or yellow Lupine) proved
the most interesting in its habit of protecting the young
plumule inside the swollen upper stem until sufficient develop-
ment is made to withstand the frosts that threaten in December
and early in January, when the plants are beginning to grow.,

February 14, 1914.—Leader, Mr. Frank B. Kellogg. Loeality, the
sand-dunes south of the Cliff House in San Francisco. Mr.
Kellogg explained the special characteristics of dune-binding
plants, their extremely well-developed underground parts, both
roots and subterranean stems, and their habitual low and

1916. | REPORT OF FIELD TRIPS D5

tufted or spreading growth. It was demonstrated how terminal
erowth is prevented on shrubs and trees exposed to much wind,
while lateral twigs develop more fully, producing the one-sided
effect seen in the woody plants on coasts or hills facing the sea.

The species observed most closely were Ammophila arenaria
(Beach Grass or Arram Grass), Elymus arenarius (Sea Lyme
Grass), Lupinus arboreus (Tree Lupine), Abronia latifolia
(Yellow Sand Verbena), and Cupressus macrocarpus (Mon-
terey cypress).

February 28, 1914.—Leader, Miss Harriet Walker. Locality, Land’s
End, San Francisco. An observation of the permanent growth
that can be found on the seaward cliffs was made. The grasses
Ammophila (Beach-Grass) and Klymus (Wild Rye) and a
sturdy Equisetum (Horsetail Rush) bind the shifting sand,
and Salix lasiolepis (Arroyo Willow) is fixed on the banks. At
this date Fragaria chilensis (Sand Strawberry), Sancula
arctopoides (Snake Root) and Dentaria wtegrifolia (Muilk-
maids) were in full bloom; while belated blossoms of last
year’s Grindelia (Gum Plant) and Enrophyllum staechadi-
folium (lizard Tail) were to be seen.

March 14, 1914.—Leader, Mrs. Guy Smith. San Bruno Hills were
visited for the study of Iris longipetala. Hundreds of acres are
covered with this species.

March 28, 1914.—Leader, Mr. L. 8S. Smith. Locality, Mt. Tamalpais.
Two characteristic associations were observed, the chaparral
and the redwood floor. In the former two or three species of
Ceanothus (Mountain Lilac) and Arctostaphylos were found in
blossom; while along the trails and open spots many lliaceous
plants and annuals were in flower. On the redwood slopes Van-
couveria and Oxalis oregona were found.

EXHIBITS.

AUTUMN EXHIBIT OF NATIVE FLOWERING PLANTS.

From October 13 to 17, 1913, the Society held an exhibit of
flowering plants at the Oakland Public Museum. A committee, of
which Mr. Guy Smith of San Leandro acted as chairman, made a
collection of about 300 species—219 in flower, and others in fruit.
Most of them were taken from the Bay region, but some were sent
from Plumas, El Dorado and Amador counties, the Yosemite, and
the desert of San Bernardino County.

(Calendar of meetings, field trips and exhibits to be continued. )

26 MADRONO Wore

FIELD OBSERVATIONS.

NEw STATION REPORTED FOR BELLARDIA TRIXAGO (Lousewort ).—
In April, 1914, this plant was flowering in abundance on a small
plot of land in East Oakland, where the soil had been disturbed a
few years ago by deep cutting of street grades. It was called to the
attention of the Botanical Society through specimens collected by
school girls. The plant was not observed elsewhere in the vicinity.
—D. W. de Veer.

UTILIzATION OF A NEw Host By APHYLLON UNIFLORUM (Can-

cer-root).—In April while watering some Sedum spathulsfolium
that had been transplanted to my garden, I found some dark-blue
flowers growing among them. Examination of the pale leafless
plants showed them to be Aphyllon uniflorum (Fig. 11), parasitic
upon the roots of the Sedum. After this observation I went to the
cliff on the side of Twin Peaks, from where the Sedum had been pro-
eured. There I found the Aphyllon associated only with Sedum, both
on the top of the cliff and on the shaded side. In this connection I
might add that only a few weeks before I had found Aphyllon tube-
rosum growing on Manzanita roots on Mount Tamalpais.—M. Alice
King. :

Pig. 11.
a. Aphyllon uniflorum b. Sedum spathulifolium
c. Corolla and stamens
d. Pistil
e. Capsule

WHITE OENOTHERA OVATA (Sun-cups).—On April 8, 1914, six
plants of Oenothera ovata bearing white flowers were found on the

1916. ] FIELD OBSERVATIONS DAE

top of the ridge above Moraga Valley, near Redwood Canyon. They
were not very close to other plants of the.same species bearing
yellow flowers.—Harriet P. Kelley.

THE SOUTHERNMOST KNOWN STATION FOR VIBURNUM ELLIPTI-
cum.—This plant grows near Sonoma, in the first little canyon to
the left when one has passed El Cerrito Ranch, along the road going
north between Buena Vista and Sonoma town. It is found two miles
higher up along the same road, and has also been found near Sebas-
topol. In flower it is a very beautiful bush, entirely covered with
waxy white flowers in umbels, reminding one very much of the
Laurestinus, the common evergreen shrub of the gardens. Viburnum
ellupticum is ten to twelve feet high, with the bark dark on the old
stems and light brown on the young branches. These are opposite,
and so are the elliptic leaves, which are dentate, or sometimes entire,
and deciduous. The fruit is about two lines long and flattish. I have
not seen any ripe fruit. My neighbor says it is reddish or brown.
This species is flowering in May.—R. Kuhn.

Fistp Nores From Sonoma County.—Fruits of Viburnum
ellipticum I have not yet found. My neighbor said that possibly
some animal had eaten them. In any event, my attention was called
to the forays of ground-squirrels. They collected the seed-pods of
Viola pedunculata (Yellow Violet), for I found heaps of pods near
the hole in the meadow at El Cerrito Ranch, and they must have
collected the pods of Calochortus luteus (Yellow Mariposa Lily),
also. Last year I found Malus rwvularis (Oregon Crab-apple) along
the creek on the road to the Petrified Forest, not far from the
Forest, on the Santa Rosa side of the moutains. To-day (May 29,
1914) I found in the mountains near Bismarck Knob a beautiful
plant of Antirrhinuwm virga (Snapdragon). Another find of inter-
est I may add: Bellardia trizago (Lousewort) grows very profusely
along the roads and even in the fields between Sonoma and Napa,
mostly east of the boundary-line between Sonoma and Napa
- counties.—R. Kuhn.

PHELLOPTERUS LITTORALIS SCHMIDT.—In a package of Umbelli-
ferae from the North Coast Ranges I find Phellopterus littoralis,
which is to be recorded as an addition to the flora of California.
This species was collected by Mr. Davy, formerly Assistant Botanist
of the College of Agriculture, University of California, at Eureka
and again at Crescent City. It is a plant of sea-beaches, growing in
sandy places on small dunes. The leaves lie prostrate, and in time
become. more or less covered by wind-driven sand. The umbel.
which is about two and one-half inches broad, rests on the sand, is
hemispherical in shape, and very compact. The body of the fruit is
dorsally flattened, but the five broad wings of each mericarp give
to the fruit a subglobobe outline. This species has long been known
on the Oregon and Washington Coast, whence it ranges northward
and westward to the Asiatic Coast.—W. L. Jepson.

28

v

MADRONO

[ Vou. 1,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Aden, Miss Lina J.

* Aldrich, Miss Elsie E.
Alexander, Miss Anna P.
*Allen, Mrs. L. W.

* Anderson, Miss Christine A.
*Anthony, Miss A. Gertrude
*Atsatt, Miss Sarah R.
*Ayer, Miss Edith

*Ayer, Miss Ethel C.
Babeock, Prof. E. B.
*Badé, Dr. William Frederic
Bailey, Mrs. E. H.
*Baird, Mrs. Viola

Baker, Miss Mignon
“Barbour. Vir kh
*Barbours srs, i. iE.
Barrows, Miss Jeannette
Beach, Mrs. Ranson FE.
*Beans, Miss Frances L.
*Beans, Miss Rowena
*Beans, Mrs. T. Ellard
*Beaver, Miss Kate E.
*Berkefeld, Mrs. Joanna W.
Berry, Miss Jessie V.
Bishop, Mr. Tyndall
Bissell, Mr. W. A.

*Bilair, Mags Ef. EH.

*Blake, Mrs. Chas.

*Blake, Mr. Anson

“Blake, Mrs. Anson
“Blaney, Mr. Chas. D.
*Blaney, Mrs. Isabel W.
Blasdale, Prof. Walter C.
*Bogan, Mrs. Phebe M.
Blochman, Mrs. Ida M.
*Bogle, Mrs. S. S.

*Boone, Mrs. Mary A.
*Brackenridge, Mrs. Harriet
*Bradley, Prof. Cornelius B.
Brayton, Mr. John G.
*Brower, Mrs. Marcus T.
*Brown, Miss Annie Florence
“Browne, Miss Florence
*Buckingham, Mrs. E. P.
*Burnham, Dr. Clark
*Burnham, Mrs. Clark
*Burnham, Mr. Stewart H.
“Burroughs, Miss Henrietta
“Burroughs, Miss Olive
Burton, Miss Helen

*Card, Dr; i. FE.

*Carruth, Mr. C. W.
*Carruth, Mr. Wm. W.
*Carson, Miss Helen E.
*Chalmers, Mrs. K. H.

*Clarke, Miss Emma L.
*Clough, Miss Cora I.
Cloys, Miss Willa C.
Cole, Miss Kate E.
*Coleman, Mr. S. E.
*Collier, Miss A. Blanche
Crawford, Miss Doris J.
*Crosby, Mr. G. S.
*Culver, Miss S. B.
+*Cunningham, Mrs. Cornelia E.
*Darby, Miss Mary A.
*Davis, Dr. Frederick B.
*Deming, Miss Inez
*Deming, Mrs. S. W.
Detrick, Mr. Edington
Detrick, Mrs. Edington
*Dexter, Mrs. Mattie J.
*Dimond, Mrs. Edwin R.
*Du Bois, Miss Blanche
*Dunean, Mrs. E. H.
Dutton, Mr. Harry A.
*Dyer, Mrs. Grace 8S.
*Dyer, Miss Susie L.
*Elliot, Mr. G. H.
Farrell, Miss Margaret
*Fauntleroy, Miss Sophie H.
Ferguson, Miss Elizabeth Van E.
*Finch, Mrs. W. I.
Findley, Miss Nell
*Fraser, Mrs. L. K.
*Frederick, Mrs. Adeline
*Freeman, Mr. Allen G.
*Freeman, Mrs. Allen G.
*Frenzel, Dr. F. Herbert
*Furniss, Mr. Geo. B.
*Garber, Miss Lida J.
*Gayley, Mrs. Chas. Mills
*Gayley, Miss Mary
*George, Miss Alicia
*Giamboni, Miss Camilla J.
Gilkey, Miss Helen M.
*Gilkey, Mr. Howard E.
*Gill, Miss Elizabeth
Goethe, Mr. C. M.
Goldrick, Mr. Harry C.
Goldrick, Mrs. Harry C.
*Goodman, Mr. Harvey P.
*Goodman, Mrs. Harvey P.
*Goodspeed, Dr. T. H.
*Goodwin, Mrs. Elena Robinson
*Gould, Mrs. Frances B.
*Gould, Mr. Wilson S.
Grant, Mrs. Adele Lewis
Gray, Miss Anna S.
*Gray, Ma. JD:

1916. ]

*Greene, Mr. Chas. 8.
Gregg, Prof. John William
*Grey, Mrs. R. H.
*Grubb, Miss Florence C.
Hagen, Mrs. Henry W.
*Hall, Dr. H..M.
*Hammerly, Miss Lena
*Hartman, Miss M. Amelia
*Hathaway, Mrs. E. V.
*Head, Miss Anna,
*Henion, Mrs. H. S.
*Hildreth, Mrs. Ellen B.
Hill, Miss Cora J.
*Hirsch, Miss Edith
*Hoag, Miss A. S.
*Hobron, Mr. S. H.
*Hobron, Mrs. S. H.

*von Helms, Mr. Wallace C.

*von Hoffman, Mrs. C.
*Hollingsworth, Mr. W. T.
*Hone, Miss Daisy S.
*Hopping, Mr. Ralph
Horne, Miss Genevieve
Horne, Prof. William T.
*Hoyt, Mrs. Jessie D.
*Hunt, Mrs. D. O.
Husted, Miss Edith
*Hutchinson, Miss M. L.
*Tmrie, Mr. John A.
Ingalls, Mrs. Carrie C.
Jacobs, Dr. F. O.
Jaques, Miss Helen A.

* Jepson, Dr. W. L.
*Jewell, Mrs. Lillian D.
*Jones, Mrs. H. Z.
*Jump, Mrs. Robert L.

*Keeler, Miss Marguerite N.

*Keep, Miss Rosalind A.
*Keeley, Mrs. Harriet P.
*Kellogg, Frank B.
Kellogg, Miss Ruth
*Kelton, Miss Marie
Kennedy, Miss Eveline
Kennedy, Dr. P. B.
eke, Mrs. HE. H.
*King, Miss M. Alice
*Kluegel, Mrs. Edward

Kreischer, Miss Mildred A.

*Kuhn, Miss R.

Lambert, Mrs. W. J.
*Leach, Mr. F. A., Jr.
Leech, Mrs. Claude

*Leet, Miss Cynthia P.
*Linnane, Miss Sue
*Livermore, Horatio P.
*Livermore, Miss Edith
*Livermore, Miss Elizabeth
*Livingston, Miss Malsie

kOe OK Kk KOK

%
*
*
*
*
*
%
*
%
%

x
*
*

*

*

*
%
*
%
*
*
*
%
*
*

*

*

*

*

x%

*

x*

*
*

¥

LIST OF MEMBERS

Lute, Miss Anna Maude
Macdougal, Prof. D. F.
Magee, Mrs. Frederick E.
Magee, Mr. John
Maguire, Miss M. C.
Maurer, Mrs. Oscar
McDuffie, Mr. Duncan
McDuffie, Mrs. Jean Howard
McFeely, Miss Susan M.
Meade, Mrs. Calvert
Menzies, Mr. R. H.

*Michael, Dr. L.

Miller, Mrs. Fred

Miller, Miss M. Annie
Minehart, V. L.

Moss, Dr. J. Mora

Noble, Prof. Chas A.
Ogden, Miss Etta L.
O’Rourke, Miss Claire N.
Paroni, Miss C. A.
Parsons, Mrs. E. T.
Peake, Mr. Frederick R.
Pearson, Miss Mary 8.
Peebles, Miss Edith Austin
Perrine, Mr. W. G.
Prager, Mr. Osear A.
Raye, Mir cR Mi.

Ray, Mr. Mark Hawley

+*Rattan, Prof. Volney T.

Reed, Mr. Frazier Orvis
Reed, Miss Rhoda Ramona
Rhodes, Miss Victoria
Rice, Mr. W. S.

Richards, Mrs. John E.
Richards, Mr. W. W.
Richards, Mrs. W. W.
Rinehart, Miss Amy
Rinehart, Miss Amy H.
Roberts, Miss Elizabeth M.
Robertson, Mr. A. M.
Robinson, Miss Lucy M.

Robinson, Miss Ruth
Rush, Miss Bertha M.

Rush, Miss Lora C.
Salbach, Mr. Carl Edward
Salbach, Mrs. Carl

*Sanford, Mr. J. A.

Seannavino, Mrs. J. A.
Schafhirt, Dr. J. B.
Schall, Miss Carrie F.
Schlesinger, Mrs. A. C.
Schneider, Miss Emma V.
Seully, Mrs. Marie E.
Sellander, Miss Amelia
Setchell, Dr. W. A.
Severence, Mr. James S.

+*Sheldon, Miss Helen G.

Sheldon, Mrs. M. C.

29

30

*Smith, Miss Cora B.
*Smith, Miss Elizabeth H.
*Smith, Mr. Guy
*Smith, Mrs. Guy
*Smith, Mr. James B.
*Smith, Mrs. James B.
*Smith, Mrs. Luella G.
*Smuith, Mr, i. S;
*Smith, Mrs. Sidney V.
Smith, Mr. Sidney V.
*Snook, Judge C. E.
*Snook, Miss Helen
“Stevens, Mr. Ralph T.
Stirring, Mrs. Kate Jared
*Stuart, Dr. Mary V.
Stuchell, Rev. John E.
*Sullivan, Miss M. A.
*Sutherland, Miss M. C.
*Swasey, Miss Alice J.
*Taber, Miss Cornelia
*Thacher, Mr. Edward

*Thacher, Miss Olive Day

*Charter Members.
+ Deceased.

MADRONO

Thompson, Dr. George C.
*Tobin, Mrs. Joseph S.
*Tyrrell, Miss Mary W.
*Van Sant, Mrs. R. H.

*de Veer, Mrs. D. W.
*Vickery, Mr. W. K.

Walker, Mr. Alfred L.
*Walker, Miss A. Bruce
*Walker, Miss Harriet A. 7
*Walker, Miss Laura E.
*Walliser, Mrs. Carl

Wattles, Mrs. W. S.

Webb, Mrs. G. S.
*Webster, Mrs. M. K.
*Weed, Mr. Benjamin

Weinberger, Miss Hannah H.

7 Wileomb, Mar Cx-Ee

*Wilder, Miss Henrietta M.

Wilson, Miss Anna
*Woodworth, Mr. Frederick A.
*Yates, Mr. Harry S.

Yoakum, Rev. G. D.

The California Botanical Society wishes to acknowledge with thanks
the generosity of the Oakland Public Museum, in allowing the use
of its lecture room for the regular meetings of the Society.

fins

Pia!

‘SOCIETY

ni

| tise oF 1

nie

EN SAE ae
Nt ote Sate

[Issued Aprit 13, 1917] _

Se furnish a. medium of communication =aldtia to measures; in beh ulf 0:
gis ervation of the native flora ; and to prpyie a record of the ae

Society, eee
‘Mrs. D. W. pe VEER, Sécretary- Preasurer,

1426 Oak Street, Oakland, California. oe
Mavkeect for publication should be sent to —_ ee 2 : = aS

hoy W. Li. JEPSON, University of Calton as se
Berkeley, California, = ne

‘CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY = a hae
Present headquarters of the Society _

eo Oakland Public Museum ee
Through the generosity of the Board of Directors of the a ee :
Oa Eerie ee a ae
GERIGERS FOR 1915-1916
President 5 ts ee ge
First Vice-President = 6 ws es
Second Vice-President. . 2 2s

Seoretary-Treasurer ~ . . . 0
Corresponding Secretary . . 4 . ee

=
f

| eee

THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS’

Dr. C. SCHROTER

Professor in the National Technical School, Zurich, Switzerland.

Tk

The extensive range of the European Alps forms an arch covering a
distance of 750 miles from Genoa to Vienna. It comprises a series
of folds of geologically recent formation; it dates from the begin-
ning of the Tertiary period. The Swiss Alps occupy almost the cen-
ter of the arch. The divisions of the Swiss Alps in horizontal re-
gions are determined, first, by the geological nature of the soil, and,
secondly, by the climate. If we glance at a geological map of the Al-
pine range showing a few outlines, we perceive a center of primitive
siliceous rocks, the Central Alps. This center is bordered on the
south and on the north by a fringe of calcareous sediments, first of
Mesozoic, then, toward its margin, of Tertiary age. The Prealps are
therefore formed principally by calcareous soils, nourishing a cal-
eiphilous vegetation ; the Central Alps consist of siliceous rocks, oc-
-eupied by a lmestone-avoiding flora.

In addition to this geological difference between Central Alps
and Prealps, we have a climatical one in this sense, that the Prealps
show a more oceanic climate with mitigated extremes, the Central
Alps are more continental with pronounced extremes. This accounts
for the fact that the two trees of continental character, the Larch
(Larix decidua Mill.)” and the Stone or Arolla Pine (Pinus cembra
L.), are confined to the Central Alps.

A third difference between Prealps and Central Alps is account-
ed for by the difference in altitude of the upper limit of the growth
of trees and of the under limit of eternal snow. It is a general law
that in great mountain masses all limits are found at a higher level
than in isolated chains. (This is clearly indicated by the picture
showing the situation of the snow-line in the different parts of Swit-
zerland. All the points with identical altitude are joined by a black
line, called an isochion.) In the region of the northern Prealps the
snow-line hes at 8,000 feet, and toward the Central Alps it rises
higher and higher; in the Engadine Alps it is situated at 9,300 to
9,600 feet, in the great masses of the Pennine Alps (Monterosa)
even at 10,000 feet. Similar differences show the upper limit of tree-
growth, and in general all the limits of plant life.

From this fact, combined with the warm summer and historical
causes, originates the great variety of the flora of the Wallis and the
Engadine; if you want to spend your holidays in the countries rich-
est in alpine flowers, you are to go to Zermatt or to Pontresina.

‘Lecture delivered before the Society, Sept. 12, 1913.
*Nomenclature after Schinz and Keller, Flora der Schweiz, 3 ed. 1909.

By) MADRONO ee iio

These are the regional subdivisions of the Alps; in wandering
from the Prealps to the Central Alps, we meet first limestone plants,
oceanic ones and low limits, then in the Central Alps limestone-
avoiding plants, continental ones and high limits. But still more
pronounced than these regional differences is the change in vegeta-
tion as we ascend toward the mountains from the lowlands. Switzer-
land, although a small country, contains within its boundaries all
the vegetations of Europe from the mild Mediterranean region to
Spitzbergen and Lappony! We are able to wander through an ex-
tent of thirty degrees of latitude in the course of one day, in climb-
ing, for instance, from Siders in the hot valley of Wallis (1,450 ft.)
up to the Gornergrat near Zermatt (10,000 ft.). The change in veg-
etation is extremely gradual, but nevertheless we can divide it into
four well-defined zones, or belts.

The first, comprising the Lowlands, extends to the upper limit
of the vineyard; above 1,500 or 2,000 feet the grape will not ripen;
only in Wallis, in the masses of the Pennine Alps, the vineyards.
reach up to 4,000 feet.

Then follows the light-green belt of the deciduous forests, the do-
main of deciduous trees, the mountain belt, or beech belt, surround-
ing like a garland the foot of the Alps, reaching to about 4,500 to
5,000 feet above the sea.

And now we enter the dark-green coniferous belt, the subalpine
belt, where the Spruce (Picea excelsa Link), the Larch, and the
Arolla Pine form dense woods, reaching upward to the upper limit
of tree-growth. Here already alpine conditions of life begin to rule.
At 6,000 to 9,000 feet lies the tree lhmit.

Above this belt begins the true alpine (the treeless) belt, the
kingdom of pastures and meadows, of rock, screes, snow and ice.
But the plant hfe has conquered the whole belt and climbs to the
highest peaks wherever a place exists free of snow.

The extreme altitude at which a flowering plant has been found
in Switzerland is 14,250 feet above the sea-level ; it is the glacial but-
tercup (Ranunculus glacialis L.), which ascends to this altitude in
the Finsteraarhorn in the Bernese Oberland. Eight species* of flow-
ering plants exist above 13,200 feet, more than three hundred in the
whole snow-belt above the under limit of perennial snow.

Still more resistant than the higher plants are the cryptogams,
especially the lichens; over one hundred kinds of these plants are
found above 11,300 feet, and six different kinds* cover the top of

‘Ranunculus glacialis L.; Achillea atrata L.; Androsace alpina (U.) Lam.;
Saxifraga aspera lL. var. bryoides L.; Sax. moschata Wulfen; Sax. muscoides
All.; Sax. biflora All.; and Gentiana brachyphylla Vill.

*Toninia conglomerata (Ach.) Zahlbr.; Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.)
DC.; Pamelia spec.; Umbilicaria spec.; Lecanora concolor Ram. var. angustata
(Arn.) Nyl., with the parasitical lichen Buellia leptoleptis Bagl. & Car.

1917.] THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS 33

the highest Swiss mountain, the Monte Rosa, at 15,217 feet. There is
indeed no real upward limit of vegetation in the Alps.

A short excursion through some characteristic parts of the coun-
try will show us the principal steps in the change of the vegetation.
We begin in the lake region at the southern foot of the Alps, where
we find the mildest climate in Switzerland. At the shores of the
lakes of Locarno, Lugano, and Como, the Italian cypress (Cupres-
sus sempervirens L.) brings us a greeting from the Mediterranean
eountries (Fig. 12).

Then we enter the beech forests, and admire the mighty crown
of this dominant tree (Fagus sylvatica L.) of the mountain belt; the
eroup shown in Figure 13 grows near Flims in the Oberland of
Grisons, and is renowned for its luxuriant growth.

From the top of the Piz Mundaun in the same Oberland of
Grisons we cast a glance at the slopes of the valley of the Upper-
Rhine, where the coniferous belt (Picea exrcelsa Link) is seen in its
whole extension, surrounded at its foot by woods of oak, and trans-
erading upward into the alpine belt (Fig. 14). This dark-green
oirdle, formerly continuous without any doubt, has been partly de-
stroyed by human action, and shows now many interruptions filled
with corn-fields, meadows, and pastures—that is, various culture
and semiculture formations.

The Seotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with its flattened crown
is the tree of our very poorest soils, where it adorns rocky or sandy
slopes, as is shown in our picture taken near the Campodials in the
Grisons (Fig. 15).

In the Central Alps, especially in the Upper Engadine and Wal-
lis, the Spruce is upwardly replaced by a tree of the continental
climate, the Larch (Larix decidua Miller), forming open woods with
so slight a shade as to allow the occurrence of a good pasture under
the trees. Thus those larchwoods form an ideal solving of one of the
most intricate economical problems of the Alps, the cause of an end-
less conflict between forester and alpine farmer. And at last we ad-
mire in the Central Alps, for instance at Zermatt or Engadine, an-
other continental tree, the Arolla Pine, the Siberian Cedar, the king
of the alpine trees (Pinus cembra L.), which forms often the tim-
ber-line (Fig. 16).

And now we reach the limit of tree-growth, this most important
biological line, which separates the Arctic region and the alpine
belt from milder climates. It is not a line; it is a girdle where the
tree struggles for its life (Kampfzone, struggle belt). First we leave
behind us the continuous wood (Forest-limit), then the isolated pi-
oneers of trees (Tree-limit), and*finally the stunted forms of trees
(Cripple-limit).

In and above this belt of struggling tree-life les the belt of al-
pine shrubs; the Alpenrose (Rhododendron), the green Alder (Al-
nus viridis (Chaix) Lam.), and the dwarf Pine (Pinus montana

[ Vora

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1917. ] THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALP

YY
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Fig. 15. The Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris L.), near the Campodials, Grisons.
Photo Hager.

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1917.] THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS 39

Mill. var. prostrata Tubeuf) are the dominant elements. We force
through these thickets, and now we stand on the free alpine pasture
covered with thousands and thousands of bright-colored flowers.
‘‘Nothing in the world equals this splendid spectacle,’’ says Dr.
Christ; ‘‘we hesitate to advance fearing to crush under our feet.
these delicate beings.’’ In ascending we see by degrees the continu-
ous sward dissolving into isolated green patches. They begin to min-
gle with white patches of perennial snow, the outposts of the snow-
belt, and finally we enter the dominion of eternal snow, the recent
olacial period.’

h

Il.

Previous to the study of the typical plants of the alpine belt, we
will take a brief view of its climate. Its principal features are the
following ones: 3

The shade temperature falls lower and lower as we ascend, but
this loss of warmth is more than compensated by the enormous in-
erease of the effects of sunshine. We see this difference in the clear-
est manner in comparing a thermometer in the shade with a ther-
mometer in the sun. Frankland has made such experiments with the
following results: He found at Witby in England (66 feet above
the sea), 91° Fahrenheit in the shade, 100° Fahrenheit in the sun,
a difference of 9°. At Pontresina, 6,000 feet above sea-level, the sun-
thermometer showed already 31.5° Fahrenheit more than the shade-
thermometer, and finally at the Diavolezu, at 10,000 feet above the
sea, the thermometer showed 43° in the shade, 139.1° in the sun,
thus a difference of 96° Fahrenheit. Dr. Riibel found at the Bernina
hospice, 8,000 feet above the sea, a still greater difference of 111.6°
Fahrenheit, 12.2° in the shade, 122.9° in the sun. Saussure found on
Mont Blane even a difference of 162° Fahrenheit !

This plenty of ight and warmth that the alpine sun spreads to
the alpine plants is the key to understand their flourishing growth.
But there is one great drawback, the shortness of the period of
vegetation. The period shortens nine days for every 333 feet of as-
cending. In the alpine belt it has a decreasing duration of from five
months to only three weeks; in this short lapse of time high alpine
plants must perform all their biological duties.

On the other hand, this shortness of the vegetation time is a little
compensated by another important difference between lowland cli-

*Lately, I. Braun, Die Vegetation der Schneestufe in den Rhatische-lepon-
tische Alpen, Ein Bild des Pflanzenlebens an seinen ausseresen Grenzen (‘‘ Neue
Denkschriften der Schweiz. Naturf. Ges. Band XLVIII. Basel, 1913’’), has in
an excellent paper proposed the following division of the snow-belt of the Swiss
Alps:

Pionirraseu (isolated patches of mats) ,—up to 150 m. above the snow-line.
Area of Dicotyledons (mostly cushion plants),—up to 550 m. above the
snow-line.

Belt of Thallophytes,—from the last Phanerogams to the highest peaks.

40 MADRONO [Vou.1, |

mate and alpine climate, namely, the temperature of the air at the
time of the melting of snow. This temperature increases with the
altitude. Hence it comes that the alpine flora finds a warm air im-
mediately after the melting of snow. So we understand the fact that
close to the edges of snow-fields we find the bright colors of alpine
spring flowers.

Very important for the growth of alpine plants is the fact that
the alpine vegetation begins late in the year, in June or July, when
the days are long and the nights are short. Now, you know that it
is especially in warm nights that plants grow and shoot their stems,
whereas the light of the day favors the production of organic ma-
terial by means of the energy of the sun-rays. Thus our alpine
plants are able to assimilate copiously during the long warm days
with their strong insulation; but in the short and often very cool
nights they cannot prolongate their stems; hence the dwarf habit
of alpine plants; it is a direct effect of climatic favors.

But we must be aware of the fact that there exists another
dwarfness, a hereditary one, not directly produced by alpine fac-
tors, but favored by natural selection. The dwarf Pine (Krumbholz,
Pinus montana Mill. var. prostrata Tubeuf), for instance, remains
dwarf even in the lowlands! It is clear that a dwarf habit is very
useful to alpine plants in many respects: against the mechanical
effects of the thick layer of snow; as a means of protecting the plant
against frost and the winter dryness, being covered by snow; and as.
a means to take advantage of the warmth of the soil.

The mountains are well known as rain and snow eatchers; the
layer of snow is thick and lasts a long time. How enormous quan-
tities of snow may accumulate at places is shown in a picture taken
by Dr. Rubel at the Berninapass, where the stage is driving between
snow walls 9 to 12 feet high.

III.

But enough of this preparation: let us now enter the living alpine
world and become acquainted with its principal types. We begin
with the alpine thicket and its most popular shrub, the Alpenrose,
the queen of the alpine flora, which garbs in radiant purple entire
slopes. We have two kinds of Rhododendron in our Alps; the two
are evergreen shrubs with leathery leaves. The brown one (Rhodo-
dendron ferruginum lL.) has leaves which are brown underneath
through glandular seales; the hairy one (Rh. hirsutum L.) has very
few brown scales, and the edges of its leaves are fringed with long
hairs. If the two grow side by side, regularly there arises a natural
hybrid: if a busy bee transposes some pollen from stamina of a
hairy specimen to stigma of a brown one, there ripens a seed out of
which grows an intermediate being which shows a mixture of the
characters of both parents. Our alpine roses are old Tertiary pure

1917.] THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS 41

alpine types restricted to the Alpine range and the Carpathian
Mountains; they are near relations of the great Rhododendrons of
the Himalaya. They ascend to 7,000 feet; it is very probable that
their upper limit is an indication of the former upper limit of trees.

Also the green Alder (Alnus viridis (Chaix) Lam.) covers the
slopes immediately under and above the actual tree-line with its
bright green, helping to fasten slipping ground.

Fig. 17. The Dwarf Pine (Pinus montana Mill. var. prostrata Tu-
beuf) covering a grassy slope near Davos; about 2,000 meters above

the sea. Photo Wiinsche.

The dwarf Pine (Pinus montana Mill. var. prostrata Tubeutf)
(Fig. 17) ranks especially as a pioneer on calcareous slopes; the
black masses assaulting the fortresses of moving rubbles in the dolo-
mites of the lower Engadine consist of dwarf pines. With its long
flexible twigs, this bush is marvelously adapted to retard avalanches
and to protect the soil. These larger shrubs of the shrub-belt are sub-
stituted in higher altitudes by stunted little dwarfs, which spread
over the ground with horizontal twigs, all in one level like a mat.

A near relation of the Rhododendrons is the trailing Azalea
(Loiseleuria procumbens (li.) Desv.), which forms a thick carpet
on the ground and opens its beautiful little rose-flowers in the be-
ginning of the alpine spring. It has a wide distribution ; it is a domi-
nant type in the circumpolar tundra, lives in the Altai, the Pyre-
nees, the Alps, Carpathian and Balkan mountains. But notwith-
standing this wide spreading it has no varieties and is the only spe-

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MADRONO

42

1917. ] _ THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS 43

cies of its genus; a classical example of a primeval but nevertheless
still vigorous type with great power of expansion.

All these alpine shrubs show a very slow growth of the stem; the
annual layers are often very narrow; 0.07 mm. in the case of the
Azalea, so that a stem 55 years old has a diameter of only 7 to 8
mm. The comparison of the alpine rate of growth with the tropical
erowth is striking: in comparing a cross-section of a tropical Acacia
6 years old with the stem of our Azalea 55 years old, the growth in
the Alps is seen to be 615 times slower than in the tropics.

The last link in the chain of more and more reduced dwarf shrubs
is the dwarf Willow (Salix herbacea L.), called by Linnaeus ‘‘the
smallest of all trees.’’ It thrives in our Alps in a belt from 6,000 up
to 11,000 feet above sea-level; it can reach the age of 40 years, but
the whole stem and the branches are completely hidden in the
eround (Fig. 18); only the tops of the twigs come above the soil,
bearing two little leaves and a delicate catkin, male or female. This
mat-forming tree is the strongest expression of the adaptation of a
tree to high alpine conditions.

Fig. 19. ‘‘The Smallest Tree of the World’’—Dwarf Willow (Salix herbacea
L.). A pure association seen from above. The ground is completely covered
with the short twigs of the plant, bearing two rounded leaves and a little eat-
kin. The rest of the tree is hidden in the ground. ‘‘Snow Valley’’ at Pasture
Di Lagalb, near Bernina hospice, at 2,400 meters above the sea.

Photo von Ostrom.

44 MADRONO | [Vor. 1,

It likes the so-called ‘‘snow-flushes,’’ little depressions always
saturate with snow-water, where it often forms pure carpets of sev-
eral square feet (Fig. 19). It belongs historically to the ‘‘ Glacial
Migrants,’’ plants which have reached their present distribution
under glacial conditions. It is widely distributed also in Arctic re-
gions.

Leaving these representations of woody plants, we turn now to
the herbaceous species. There we find first a group of large plants
forming on humus and manured soil of herbaceous thicket (‘‘ Hoeh-
staudenflur,’’ or tall herb growth). They form often a typical asso-
ciation of chalet-plants or leger-plants, forming a luxuriant garden
round the alpine huts. Only azote-loving plants not touched by eat-
tle can live in this over-manured soil, and so we find on this fertile
soil a vegetation of absolute weeds, a great drawback in the economi-
eal feature of our Alps. Experiments on the Furstenalp near Chur
in the Grisons have shown that it is possible to convert these thick-
ets of weeds into splendid artificial meadows, and so hundreds and
hundreds of acres of the best alpine soil can be added to the eculti-

vated alpine land.

Now we tread on the continucus vegetation of the alpine pas-
tures and meadows. The floristic composition, the plant association
of this sward, depends essentially on its treatment by the alpine
farmer. The master factor is here the manuring, which favors cer-
tain plants and discourages others; in a secondary manner work as a
selecting factor the scythe and the pasturing of cattle. The flora of
the meadow belt of cur Alps is only to be understood as an effect
of those artificial factors which since centuries ago operated with
the same force as climate and soil.

The richest flora is to be found on those steep grassy slopes
where the cattle do not have to go and where only occasionally the
herder exercises his dangerous work of cutting his ‘* Wildheu.”’
These slopes of wild hay are the El Dorado for the botanist.

Next to these come in floristical variety the non-manured but
regularly cut meadow, where often upward to 8,000 feet a luxuriant
vegetation enraptures the botanist. Far more uniform in their veg-
etation are the manured meadows of the valleys, and the most trivial
flora show in open pastures, where the tramping, pasturing, and
manuring cattle exercise a triple trivializing influence. Also the soil
of meadow and pasture is different: the first is smooth, the latter
covered by hundreds of little depressions caused by the feet of the
eattle.

We wander through the pastures in springtime; the snow begins
to melt and at the edges of the snow-fields the life begins to rise.
With flower-buds ready to open, the Soldanelles wait for the first
breath of spring, when they pierce the thin covering of snow, aided
by the sun, which, permeating the snow, warms the lttle brown
flower-stalks. And next they open triumphantly their delicate flower-

1917. ] THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS 45

bells above the white grave, one of the most touching spectacles of
the victory of life over death. In their thick leathery leaves those
typical alpine spring plants have stored up a rich reserve of food
in the form of thickened cellwalls, containing a soluble modification
of the cellulose. All the four species of the Alps (Soldanella mon-
tana Mikan; 8S. alpina L.; S. pusilla Baumgartner; S. minima
Hoppe) are endemic, are autochthones of our mountains. The honey
secreted in the base of the flower is protected from rain and from
unbidden guests by the hanging position of the flower and by little
seales projecting from the corolla.

Another plant of the melting snow is the spring Anemone ( Ane-
mone vernalis L.), which charms us by the long silky golden hairs
covering the flower and its stalks, forming a good protection against

Fig. 20.—Spring Anemone (Anemone vernalis L.) on Mt. Pilatus near Luzern.
Photo Arnberg.

dangerous loss of water, checking transpiration (Fig. 20). We must
not forget that the cold soil saturated with snow-water is ‘‘physio-
logically dry,’’ because the roots cannot fully perform their duty
to pump the water. So we understand the curious fact, that a plant
rowing in wet soil has adaptations against drought.

The spring Saffron (Crocus albiflorus Kit.) follows with the
snow of its flowers directly after the snow of the winter; also this
plant shows means to check transpiration (Fig. 21).

46 MADRONO : [Vot. 1,

Fig. 21. Spring Saffron (Crocus albiflorus Kit.) ; blooming in profusion pro-
duces the effect of a flower-snow after the melting of the winter snow. Rigi-
Kaltbad, 1,300 meters above the sea. Photo Gnaz.

In the alpine summer the deep blue flowers of the common bell
Gentian direct themselves toward the sun. There are two represen-
tative species, the one (Gentiana Kochiana Perr. & Song.) on sili-
ceous, the other (Gentiana Clusw Perr. & Song.) on ealeareous soil
(Fig. 22). The flowers belong to the revolver type: they have five
different honey-holes in the ground of the corolla, each of which is
to be sucked apart by the pollinating insect. And these honey ecavi-
ties are illuminated from outside by the light which penetrates
through windows; the botanists call this a window-flower! _

The delicate short-leaved Gentian (Gentiana brachyphulla Vill.)
has flowers which can only be pollinated by butterflies, the long and
very narrow tube of the corolla excluding other insects. This cate-
gory of flowers, the butterfly-flower, is very frequent in the alpine
belt, owing to the relative frequency of the butterflies in the Alps.
If you have once the chance to view the meadows of Upper Enga-
dine in June, as the period of the richest flora, you will be aston-
ished at the innumerable mass of butterflies visiting the flowers.

On the much used pastures grow often our three best forage
herbs: the alpine Plantain (Plantago alpina L.), the Spingel (Ji-

1917.] THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS 47

gusticum mutelli-
no. (lop Oxrantz )
and the _ alpine
meadow-grass (Poa
aloina .). The
Spingel is an au-
tochthon element,
from its aromatic
qualities much
sought by cattle.
It has a_well-de-
veloped, much
branched rhizome
with long subter-
ranean creepers, so
that one plant may
cover some square
feet. These creep-
ers are covered
with sleeping buds,
forming quite a
lot of reserves for
replacing lost aeri-
al shoots eaten by
the - cattle. This
faculty of repro-
duction is very
useful to pasture
plants.

The third plant

Fig. 22. Common Bell Gentian (Gentiana Kochiana Te a anaSs, the al
Perr. & Song.), Fluela-Schwarzhorn, Grisons, 2,600 Pine meadow :
meters above the sea. Photo Guyer. grass; it is often

what is_ falsely
ealled ‘‘viviparous.’’ Instead of producing flowers and fruits, the
spikelets grow directly out in a little plant, in bulbils, which, after
dropping off the mother plant, take root directly, and so form a very
sure and abundant means of vegetative propagation. It is a very im-
portant fact that the cattle do not touch the panicles full of young
bulbils, though these would seem to be an excellent food; but in or-
der to be able to bear the weight of all the bulbils, the stalk is so
fibrous that the cattle do not like it. We see here a very instructive
example of the fact that a certain structure caused directly by a
mechanical stimulus becomes useful indirectly in quite another di-
rection. Our meadow-grass is a very widely distributed cireumpolar
element, that lives also on the Ural, the Himalaya, and the Rocky
mountains.

48 MADRONO [Vot. 1,

On sunny dry calcareous slopes we meet the most popular of al-
pine meadow plants, the ‘‘Edelweiss’’ (Leontopodium alpinum
Cass.). The attractions of this plant, caused by its pure white color,
the ‘‘noble white,’’ and by its extremely local distribution often on
steep slopes, cause more accidents than the difficult ascensions of icy

Fig. 25. Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum Cass,), Valley of Zerv-
reila, Grisons.

peaks (ig. 23). It is not an autochthon alpine plant, but properly
an inhabitant of Asiatic steppes. It is a typical ‘‘xerophyte,’’ pro-
tected against drought by its thick woolly covering of air-filled and
therefore snow-white hairs. The so-called flower at the end of the
stalk has a very intricate composition; it consists of several distinct
flower heads, each with hundreds of individual flowers. These are
four kinds: hermaphrodite, male, female, and honey flowers. These
four different flower forms are distributed in various manners
among the flower heads. The pseudoflower is rendered still more con-
spicuous by a beautiful white star consisting of broadened ordinary
leaves, which surround the cluster of heads as an apparatus for ad-
vertisement for the insects. The white color serves here therefore for
the purpose of the pollination; but its primary nature is in connec-
tion with the réle of the hair-covering as a means of protecting the
plant, with the result that a certain useful structure has become
useful afterward in quite another direction.

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THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS 49

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At the marshy margin of alpine lakes and ponds thrives, espe-
cially on siliceous ground, a grasslike plant of arctic origin, the
cotton-grass of Scheuchzer (Eriphorum Scheuchzert Hoppe). You
see it here fringing with snowy fruiting heads the shallow water of
httle depressions between the roches moutonnées near Bernina hos-
pice. The white color is also here the effect of the air-filled hairs;
they accompany the fruit and serve as a flying apparatus, helping
the distribution by the wind. They have nothing to do with trans-
piration nor advertisement, the air is here exclusively as a means
for diminishing the weight.

We have now made the acquaintance of some of the principal
types of meadows and pastures. We leave them to study the flora of
rubbles and rocks.

The moving slopes of rubbles, the screes, have quite peculiar
conditions of life for their inhabitants. The stones menace continu-
ally their shoots and the soil is distributed in little heaps on sepa-
rate stones; therefore we find special adaptation in the scree-plant.

The round - leaved
Penny Cress (Vhlaspi
rotundifolium (Mr)
Gaudin) (Fig. 24) is
one ot the most constant
inhabitants of moving
débris; never do we find
it on the pasture. The
special method of avoid-
ine the dangers of its
habitat consists in
spreading with long flex-
ible creepers through
the gaps between the
loose stones, here and
there sending out root-
lets where it finds a lit-
tle sediment of detritus.
With isolated aerial
shoots it emerges from
the rubbles to unfold its
roundish leaves and its
violet flowers. The plant
is an endemic product
of our Alps. In similar
manner the bluebell of
Mt. Cenis (Campanula
cemsia lL.) penetrates
with. long shoots the

Fig. 25. White Alpine Poppy (Papaver al-
pinum L. var. Sendtneri Kerner), in lime-
. stone screes at the Pilatus near Luzern, 1,900
narrow gaps in the rub- meters above the sea. Photo Guyer.

ble slopes.

1917.] THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS D1

The beautiful alpine Poppy (Papaver alpinum L. var. Sendtnerr
Kerner ) follows another system of resisting the menacing soil move-
ments of its habitat, opposing itself with big clusters of crowded
roots against the moving stones (Fig. 25). It is a rare inhabitant
exclusively of calcareous débris. It is a delicious spectacle to see hun-
dreds and hundreds of little islands between the bare stones gar-
nished with their delicate white flowers.

One of the saxifrages, the genus so rich in alpine species, the pur-
ple Saxifrage (Saxtfraga oppositifolia L.), is widely Arctic-Altai
element of the alpine flora, using the two modes of growth, creepers
and compact clusters. It has wandered once in the glacial time with
the increasing glaciers to the foreland of the Alps; and after the
glacial epoch, as the glaciers retreated to their present state, it has
subsisted in isolated colonies upon the gravel along the shore of the
Lake of Constance, as a typical glacial relic.

Another kind of alpine débris, a resting flat stony soil, saturated
with snow, is inhabited by some high alpine plants, the Gentian
(Gentiana bavarica L.) (Fig. 26) and the glacial Buttercup (Ra-
nunculus glacialis L.). The buttercup is a circumpolar arctic ele-
ment; it forms often true gardens of white and rose flowers in ab-
solutely glacial conditions, up to 14,250 feet, the absolute upper lim-
it of flowering plants in Switzerland (Fig. 26). It is a noticeable
fact that this most resistant plant shows no visible adaptation to the
extreme conditions of its glacial stations; it has a smooth somewhat
fleshy stem, glabrous leaves, forms no cushions: we have here one of
those instructive cases where the power of resistance hes in the con-
stitution of the living substance, is purely physiological, and shows
no morphological expression. Similar stations upon wet sand in the
high alpine belt are adorned with the rose cushions of Androsace
alpina (L.) Lam.

The last ecological group of the alpine plants are the rock-
plants, the inhabitants of bare rocks. We ean here distinguish, after
the mode of fixing itself upon the rock, two sub-groups: Lower
(eryptogamic) plants, lichens and algae, are clinging directly to the
bare rocks, perforating its surface with their stone-dissolving cells,
aiding erosion, preparing the soil for higher plants. The other
eroup, including mosses, ferns, and flowering plants, is confined to
the sediments of detritus in fissures or upon little bands of rock
(chomophytes).

One of the most exclusive of our alpine rock-plants is the rock-
Potentilla (Potentilla caulescens L.), which thrives only in the fis-
sures of vertical rock-walls, penetrating deeply the rock and form-
ing in the fissures often quite a texture of entangled rootlets. It has
no adaptation at all against drought; it is a typical mesophyte, and
therefore a proof of the fact that rock stations are not necessarily
dry ones; the rock on the contrary is often quite a reservoir of water.
Also the yellow Primula (Primula auricula Li.) is confined to eal-
careous rocks.

~

MADRONO

52

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1917. ] THE FLORA OF THE SWISS ALPS

A very typical group of rock-plants are the cushion-plants,
forming thick hemispherical cushions, covered with short-stalked
and closely adhering flowers. Their twigs radiate from a center;
they are thickly covered with little closely-set leaves, which remain
withering on the stem, filling the whole interior of the cushion with
decaying material, forming a sort of spongy mine of humus. The
living leaves form a continuous covering over the compact interior,
and are hairy or leathery. The whole structure of these cushions is
to be understood as a manifold protection against drought and in-
tense wind: transpiration is checked by the hairy or leathery struc-
ture of the leaf, by the low growth near the soil, where the wind is
less intense, and by the compact structure of the interior. The
spongy mass of humus forming the interior with its thousand and
thousand eapillary cavities works as a sponge retaining the water;
it holds the soil underneath in a damp state and prevents high tem-
perature.

We find the cushion form in many plants of seemingly very dif-
ferent stations. On the stormy treeless shores of the sub-antarctic
islands, especially Kerguelen, grow cushions of some meters in di-
ameter (Bolax gumifera (lLam.) Spreng.); on the wet but cold
peat-moors of the Andes, as well as in the dry hot sands of the Sa-
hara, we find cushions; on crests and summits; so especially the
Swiss Androsace (Androsace helvetica L.) exclusively found in the
ealeareous Alps, an autochthon product of them and much more
characteristic of our Alps than the Edelweiss.

On the whole earth we find 338 species of cushion-plants in 34
different families. That is a classical example of convergence of the
fact that plants from the most different families adopt very similar
habits through the influence of similar conditions. Indeed, if we
compare the different stations cited above, they are all, for plant
hfe, to be characterized as dry, as menacing the plant with drought.
Their soil can well contain much water, be physically wet; but this
water is only with difficulty available for the plant (retained by hu-
mus or because the soil is cold). The soils are physiologically dry
(peat moors, cold alpine soils), or the stations are exposed to con-
stant loss of water by intense wind; so on the wind deserts of the
sub-antarctic islands and on the exposed summits of the Alps. Here
in the Alps especially the winter with its dry air and frozen soil be-
comes a danger so much the more as many of our alpine cushions.
especially the Swiss Androsace, prefer the most exposed positions
where the snow is constantly blown away.

I come to the end; I wish finally to recall to you that we have
convinced ourselves that the total features and entire household of
alpine plants is a most faithful expression of alpine conditions of
hfe. The principal characteristics of the alpine flora, the dwarfy
growth, are of a double nature; on one hand they are direct effects
of climate by means of plentiful light and the cold nights, on the

54 MADRONO [Vot. 1,

other hand the dwarfy growth is indirectly favored as a protection
against snow and wind, and as a means of better utilization of the
warmth of the soil and the greater dampness of the atmosphere near
the soil. The anatomical structure of the leaf shows many relations
to a greater assimilatory power in connection with the intense light.
The leaf is thicker, has well-developed palisade cells, many breath-
ing pores, abundance of chlorophyll, many intercellular spaces; in
short, it is a typical sun-leaf. The temporarily great power of evap-
oration of the air and the intense wind cause manifold zerophytic
adaptations; an extreme one is the cushion habit.

The short period of vegetation stands in relation to the rareness

of annual plants, because they have difficulty to ripen from seed
tc seed in the short summer. It causes also the great percentage of
evergreens, which in spring are at once ready to assimilate. It favors
early flowering; it causes the small annual layers of woody plants.
We understand the brightness, the dominance of the flowers in com-
parison with the green body of the plant in considering the factors
which reduce the vegetative organs have no reducing effect on the
flowers. Also the intense light and the selecting influence of the pol-
linating insects play here a certain role.

So we gain by the study of the alpine flora an insight in the nar-
row connections between the living nature and the surrounding fac-
tors. He who has an open eye for these fascinating studies will have
a double enjoyment in rambling through the lofty scenery of the
mountains.

|
|

Or
Or

1917.] NATIVE WALNUTS OF CALIFORNIA

THE NATIVE WALNUTS OF CALIFORNIA

WILLIS LINN JEPSON

A good many years ago, while looking over the interesting maps
which accompany Sargent’s Report upon the Forest Trees of the
United States for the Tenth Census, I was much struck by the band
of color extending from the Pacific Ocean to the borders of the San

b

Fig. 27. The leaf marked a belongs to Juglans Californica, or the South-
ern California Walnut, which grows on dry hillsides. The leaflets are
rather obtuse and often crowded, as shown in the figure. The leaf marked
b, with the leaflets more pointed and less crowded, is typical of Juglans
Hindsii, the Central California Walnut, which commonly grows along
streams, and always in deep rich moist valley or bench soil. Juglans Cali-
fornica is distributed from Santa Barbara County to Orange County and
east to the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains. Juglans Hindsii is
known to occur on Walnut Creek, the lower Sacramento River, near Mt.
Atlas in Napa County, and in Gordon Valley west of the Vaca Mountains.
Drawing by Dr. Helen M. Gilkey. About % natural size.

56 MADRONO [Vot. 1,

Joaquin Valley and from San Francisco Bay and its arms south to
Orange County, which indicated the distribution of our native wal-
nut (Juglans Californica). At that time I knew only two stations in
the north for native walnuts, one at Walnut Creek near Mt. Diablo,
the other in the lower Sacramento River delta about Walnut Grove,
this latter beyond the limits of the colored area on the map referred
to above. No locality between Mt. Diablo and the northern bounda-
ries of Santa Barbara County was known to me, nor has subsequent
exploration or inquiry revealed any station to bridge the lone gap
between the northern and the southern localities for our native wal-
nuts.

In 1901 Mrs. Ida M. Blochman sent from Santa Maria a collec-
tion of fruits of the native walnut. I was much struck by the very
small size of the nuts (they were only about 5 inch in diameter) as
compared with the nuts borne by the trees about Walnut Creek,
which are over an inch in diameter. These and other differences led
the writer to publish the northern tree as a variety (var. Hindsi1)
of the southern California species. As is frequently the case after
pubheation, information flowed in more rapidly, and seemed to in-
dicate that the northern tree should be regarded as a distinet spe-
cies. This continued accession of knowledge sometimes discounted
this view, sometimes fortified it. Meanwhile Professor Ralph E.
Smith, of the Division of Plant Pathology, University of California,
had been cultivating both the northern and southern forms in con-
nection with his horticultural work on walnuts, and found striking
differences in behavior of the seedlings and young trees. The two
were planted in rows side by side: the southern form branches low,
oiving the young tree a pyramidal effect ; the northern form is erect,
spindling, not having strong branches or scarcely any. These differ-
ences forecast the marked differences in habit between the two
forms: the southern form is, strictly speaking, a shrub, gigantic, or
even elephantine, but still a shrub in its architecture, with many
spreading stems from the base; the northern form is of forest-tree
type, even in the open, with erect trunk ten to forty feet high, and
bearing a symmetrical and not necessarily very broad crown. These
differences thus seem inherent and not ecological. Professor Smith
also found in his cultural plots at Whittier that the southern seed-
lings were healthy and vigorous, while the northern ones took the
‘‘vellows’’ badly; the southern form produced and held its leaves
for a period of 3 to 4 months longer during the year than the north-
ern form.

These and other considerations (see Figs. 27 and 28) seemed to
require the specific separation of the northern form, and the writer
gave to Professor Smith the name Juglans Hindsu Jepson, which he
published in connection with his walnut work in 1909. Such evi-
dence as has more recently appeared supports the view then taken.
The citation of the two species are therefore as follows:

1917.] THE NATIVE WALNUTS OF CALIFORNIA a7

1. JUGLANS CALiFoRNICA Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10:349 (1875), as
to the Southern California plants. Dr. Watson had only South-
ern California material before him and the southern walnut is
in consequence taken as the type of his species.

2. JUGLANS HINpsiI. Jepson, in Smith, Univ. Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bull. 203 :27 (1909). J. calhformca Wats. var. Hindsu Jepson
in Bull. 8S. Cal. Acad. Sei. 7:23 (1908). This species was so
named in memory of Richard Brinsley Hinds, botanist of the
British exploring ship ‘‘Sulphur,’’ who first discovered it on
the banks of the Sacramento River in 1837.

Fig. 28. This illustration shows the relative size of the
nuts of the two California species of walnuts. Note at a
the small walnuts of the Southern California Walnut,
Juglans Californica, with their longitudinal channels. The
nuts marked b show the smoother-surfaced nuts of Juglans
Hindsu of Central Califernia. In both the husks have
been removed. For the photograph the writer is indebted
to the courtesy of Professor E. B. Babcock. Nearly na-
tural size.

58 MADRONO | [Vou. 1, _

CALENDAR OF MEETINGS

March 20, 1915.—A business meeting for nomination of officers was
held at the home of Dr. W. F. Badé. After the business was
transacted, Dr. Badé gave an informal talk on his observations
of bird and plant life in the Sierras, illustrating by stereopti-
con views.

April 10, 1915.—Annual meeting at Oakland Public Museum. Elece-
tion of officers. Lecture by Prof. William T. Horne—Subject,
‘‘Prevention of Cruelty to Trees.’’ Prof. Horne told how the
dissemination and practical appheation of knowledge regarding
the trees of our streets, parks, and orchards might prevent a
large part of the disease to which they are subject, and of the
retarded growth, malformation, and death which results from
disease.

May 15, 1915.—Regular meeting at Oakland Public Museum. Round-
table discussion of methods of procedure in collecting and pre-
paring herbarium material, illustrated by specimens from the
eurrent exhibit by the Society. Discussion of plans for develop-
ment of the Botanical Society Herbarium.

REPORT OF FIELD TRIPS

April 11, 1914.—The party went by train to Felton, in the Santa
Cruz Mountains, Dr. T. H. Goodspeed being the leader, with the
special object of studying Trillium sessile. The floor under de-
ciduous trees covering a flat along the river was rich in the
number and variety of the individuals of this species. Some
seedlings of the first season, plants of two seasons, and those ot
three or more were studied for their distinguishing character-
isties.

April 25, 1914.—The field party on this date was taken over the
private grounds of the leader, Mr. Duncan McDuffie, on the
Tunnel Road, Berkeley, where a study was made of certain
native shrubs growing naturally or that had been transplanted
along the arroyo running through the grounds and of liliaceous
plants which were being tried under cultivation.

May 3, 1914.—The leader, Mr. C. W. Carruth, led the trip to Mor-
aga Ridge, near Pinehurst. Along the summit of the ridge grows
the Knobeone Pine (Pinus tuberculata), the only locality for
it in the San Francisco Bay region. The rocky ridge furnishes
this species a characteristic habitat.

May 9, 1914—The trip to Telegraph Cajion, Berkeley, was under
the guidance of Dr. Badé, who called special attention to char-

1917.] REPORT OF FIELD TRIPS a9

acteristic structural features of common plants that were
adapted to their normal environment, and to the relation be-
tween the same common species and the insects that visited
them.

. Wallace C. Von Helms as leader, the field
party walked through the San Leandro Hills to Lake Chabot.
Associations of plants normal on rocky, rather open hillsides
and in the creek beds, were observed. On the hills Papaver
heterophyllum and some species of Linanthus were found. In
the flats Platanus racemosa (Sycamore) and some species of
Salix (Willow) received more attention.

May 30, 1914.—Inclement weather forced the members of the party
which had braved its threats to confine their observations chief-
ly to the garden of Miss Alice King, in San Francisco, where
they were told something of Miss King’ s efforts and success in
erowing native plants for seed.

June 13, 1914.—The trip to Bay Farm Island was under the leader-
ship of Mr. John A. Imrie. This locality is remarkable for its
interesting halophytes, and observations were made of Salicor-
ma ambigua, Suaeda Californca, various Atriplex species,
Cuscuta salina (Marsh Dodder), and other plants of the salt
marsh association.

October 4, 1914.—The trip to Twin Peaks, San Francisco, was un-
der the leadership of Miss Alice King.

October 17, 1914.—The walk to Bay Farm Island was made, with
Mrs. D. W. de Veer as leader, for the study of the plants of the
salt marsh, the rich flora of which is most highly developed at
this time.

October 31, 1914.—The condition of the native shrubs at the end of
the dry season was the special object of the field trip to Straw-
berry Canon, University campus, Berkeley. Mrs. Harriet P.
Kelley was the leader.

November 7, 1914.—Mr. L.. Seymour Smith led the trip to Angel
Island.

November 14, 1914.—Miss Harriet Walker led the party about the
University campus, Berkeley, for observation of plants and
shrubs flowering in November.

December 5, 1914.—The trip to Baker’s Beach and Fort Point, led
by Mrs. James B. Smith, was devoted to a study of beach plants.

Feb. 6, 1915.—The field trip to phe phced Canon was led by Mrs.
Harriet Kelley.

March 6, 1915.—The field trip to Telegraph Cafton in the Berkeley
Hills was led by Mrs. Adele Lewis Grant. Trilliwm sessile re-

60 MADRONO [Vot. 1,

al

ceived special attention, and demonstration was made of the
proper method of selecting and preparing material for herbari-
um specimens.

March 13, 1915.—The Oso Berry (Osmaronia cerasiformis Greene)
was the special object of field study on the trip to Redwood
Peak, led by Miss Sarah Atsatt.

March 21, 1915.—Field study of fungi in Sutro Forest, led by Miss
Alice King.

March 28, 1915.—Field study of grasses and eclovers on the sand
dunes.near the ocean at San Francisco. Leader, Prof. P.B. Ken-
nedy.

EXHIBITS

May 23, 1914.—Conferenee on field work and exhibit of material il-
lustrating loeal associations. Round-table talks gave the experi-
ences of various members. Mr. Robert P. Brandt related some
interesting observations of T'rilliwm sessile in different stands
adjacent to the Bay region. Miss M. Alice Kine spoke of the
great variety of native flowers still to be found within the limits
of San Francisco, illustrating with many specimens. Miss Har-
riet Walker discussed thistles, both native and introduced spe-
cies. Several other speakers added their notes regarding field
observations.

October 9 and 10, 1914.—Demonstrations of ecological areas. EKigh
characteristic plant associations were represented, namely, Salt
Marsh, Sand Dune, Beach, Redwood Forest Floor, Open Field
of interior valleys, Desert, Chaparral, and Dry Open Hul. This
exhibition was open to the general publi, and the plants were
arranged to illustrate as well as possible their habit and appear-
ance in nature, and to convey the demonstration that plants are
dependent upon and adapted to surrounding conditions.

LIST OF NEW MEMBERS

Atkinson, Miss Florence Edith Lillick, Mr. Ira 8.

Bettys, Mrs. Julia A. McCoy, Miss Florence L.
Branch, Miss Edna O. Moffitt, Mr. J. K.
Cassiday, Miss M. B. Moffitt, Mrs. J. K.

Culp, Mrs. S. V. Mott, Miss Susie W.
Dahl, Miss Adele Mott, Miss Katherine
Earl, Mrs. A. C. Mott, Miss Nellie
Gericke, Prof. W. F. Olney, Mr. Warren, Jr.
Gilmore, Prof. John W. Olney, Mrs. Warren, Jr.
Harford, Miss Crystal Pope, Prof. Willis T.
Heath, Mr. Eugene Schofield de Reygades, Miss Ynes Mexia
Hubbard, Miss M. Ellen Rice, Mrs. Bertha M.
Hunt, Miss Isabel Samuels, Mr. Frederick S.
Johnson, Miss Selma Sellander, Miss May
King, Mr. Frank B. Shreeve, Miss Minnie

Knickerbocker, Mrs. M. A. Thompson, Mr. C. H.

1917.] GROUND BUR-NUT AT BAKERSFIELD 61

GROUND BUR-NUT AT BAKERSFIELD

JNO. G. BRAYTON

There is one plant true to its name,—Tribulus terrestris,—for it is
the terror of the earth. Ground Bur-nut it is also called. The history
of the plant locally seems to be that the first specimens were brought
here from Arizona in sheep or cattle cars about 1905. It grew along
the Santa Fe railroad track first, but being adapted by nature to
traveling it soon spread far over the county, following ways of trav-
el for the most part.

The foliage is rich green and appears more so since it grows in
the dry summer. The fruit is a pointed nutlet, having five pairs of
thorns, which are just long enough to pierce a bicycle or auto tire.
In fact I met it first on my bicyele and shall not forget it soon. In
one case an auto tire had five punctures from a single brush with
this simple-minded industrious plant. Since it grows right in the
dust of the road where there does not seem to be a particle of moist-
ure, you can readily understand how it is so hardy and spreads so
rapidly. Perhaps you have already met with my little friend, or you
surely will soon on the State highway; or if not, I will send a speci-
men when a good one appears.

[This plant belongs to the Caltrops Family (ZyGoPHYLLACEAE)
and is often called Puncture Weed. It is evidently traveling steadily,
since it has been reported in the last four vears from a number of
widely separated stations in the State. It is a native of Europe,
thoroughly aggressive, and is evidently destined to become a trouble-
some weed.

According to its original meaning, fribulus is a sort of instrument
resting on three of its iron prongs, a fourth projecting upward.
These devices were thrown on the ground and designed to impede
the enemy’s cavalry. The word has naturally been transferred to
thorny or spiny fruits through the idea of resemblance.—W. L. J. |

e

TAXONOMIC NOTES ON CALIFORNIAN PLants.—The yellow Star
Tulip of the Yellow Pine belt of the Sierra foothills has long been
known as Calochortus Benthamu Baker (1874).It was, however, first
published, with a figure, by Lindley in 1849 (Jour. Lond. Hort. Soe.
_ 4:81) under the name Cyclobothra monophylla. This specific name is
not distinctive nowadays, but under the rules of nomenclature the
name must nevertheless be Calochortus monophyllus Jepson, n.
comb.

The plant so long known as Brodiaea grandiflora Smith (1811)
is in similar case, having been first published as Hookera coronaria
Salisbury (1806). The correct name, then, is Brodiaea coronaria
Jepson, n. comb.

62 MADRONO

Some plants of the genus Chorizanthe collected at Monterey have ~ ~

been brought to my attention. These have been called Chorizanthe
pungens Benth. var. nivea Curran, a disposition which the writer
accepted in the Flora of California (p. 392). It is now my judg-
ment that this type of thing represents a distinct specifie unit and
should be designated as Chorizanthe mvea Jepson, n. comb.

The somewhat capituliform clusters are borne in dichotomous
eymes on rather short branches in C. mvea, whereas in typical C.
pungens the heads are racemosely scattered along elongated branch-
es. The calyx of C. nivea is white with yellow tips; the calyx of C.
pungens is white without yellow markings. The alternate involucral
lobes of C. nivea have showy white borders; those of C. pungens are
narrow, dull-colored and inconspicuous. C. nivea is erect or sub-
erect in growth; C. pungens is trailing. Doubtless other points of
difference may appear when these plants are better known.

The above names are published at this time on account of the
returning of herbarium specimens of the species under the revised
names. _W. L. JEPSON.

ALLOTROPA VIRGATA T. & G., near Lake Tahoe.—Grows similar to
Sarcodes sanguinea, pushing its way up through decomposed bark,
needles and soil, late in July, and during the first two weeks in Au-
cust, but differing from the Snow Plant in its root formation. The |
specimens which I am sending taper down until they join thread-
like roots. In a radius of fifty feet, beneath a couple of firs (Abies
concolor Lindl. & Gord.) I counted twenty-four stalks. The thread-
like roots appeared to have formed a network underground and the
flower stalks appear to spring from these. :

I have found specimens only on northern exposures, beneath fir
at an elevation of 6,700 feet, or thereabout. This year (1916) is the
third summer this particular colony has made its appearance. The
largest group has eight flower stalks ranging from four to fifteen
inches in height. In their natural state the coloring of these plants
is exquisite. They are for all the world like a bit of old-fashioned
jewelry, garnets and pearls. The stalk striped garnet and white, the
bracts white with occasional faint edge of garnet. The petals are
white, the filaments white, the anthers garnet, the ovary garnet, the
style white, the stigma garnet. The garnet anthers and stigma being .
surrounded by the white petals have the appearance of a setting for -
an old-fashioned ring of garnets and pearls. This species is more ~
deheate and far more beautiful than the Snow Plant.—ADELE DAHL.

Printed by TAyLor & Taytor, San Francisco

63

ey

‘B.Bradl

ius

Q

The’ purpose of aa J ournal is, rene to publish nom-beeline
and notes on the natural history of the native and exotic plant
fornia; to furnish a medium of communication relating.
behalf of the preservation of the native flora, and to. cae

lating to ths Society, a ditreee

Miss A. BRUCE pons Sconctanj Teauiees,
367 Alcatraz Avenue, Oakland, California. ;

oD,

Manuscript for publication should be sent to

Dr. W. L, JEPSON, University of California, as hy
; Berkeley, California.

CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY

: Present headquarters of the Society pee
Oakland Public Museum Cte Seed ak
Through the generosity of the Board of Directors of the ae: Cae ea
Oakland Free Library ; : Fa
E E Si eer
OFFICERS FOR 1916-1917 Len eh AS a
Presegend Gh ol ee Mag Bina ot Rw oes Dr. P. B. Kees te
First Vice-President. ..° 8 a Mr. Guy ee
Second Vice-President . . . . . . Dr. WituiaM F, Bape —
Secretary-Treasurer . . . 1 wee Mrs.D.W.DE VEER
Corresponding Secretary . . . 1. 4 Pror. C. B. BRADLEY wee

OFFICERS FOR 1917-1918

President 2.5 2005 S53 eg fa
First Vice-President . ©. 2g wa tn _S.
Second Vice-President . . . «>... ~~ MRs. INEZ Ray SMITH

Secretary-Treasurer . . 1. . . ‘~ . Miss A. Bruce WALK aes
Corresponding Secretary... . . Pror. C. B. BR

Second Corresponding Secretary . . ee ? es MER ON C. )
MEMBERSHIP _ 2

Active eR ECR Ta
Sustaiming. 7) 7 ocr 5 oe
0S area, Naber

THE TWIST OF WOOD-FIBER IN THE TAMRAC PINE

CORNELIUS B. BRADLEY

During my college days in Ohio I once heard a back-woodsman hold-
ing forth on the ‘‘twist’’ of the grain of the ‘‘ Northfield Oak’’ of
Summit County. Its fibers, he affirmed, ‘‘always went round and
round the trunk with the sun,’’ and he was sure that the sun’s daily
movement across the sky caused the twist and determined its direc-
tion. I doubted the assertion that the twist in this species was in-
variably a left-hand twist, but I was perfectly sure that the sun’s
movement did not determine its direction. If it did, then all exoge-
nous trees in our north temperate zone should have the same twist—
which notoriously they do not. The questions thus started made a
deep impression upon me, especially when I found out later that our
masters in botany had no answers to them—and so far as I can
learn they still have none.

A summer vacation in the eighties, spent in the neighborhood of
a lumber-camp, showed me that my doubt as to the constancy of di-
rection of the twist’ in any given species of tree was well founded.
Both right-hand and left-hand twist occurred in every sort of tim-
ber cut there. In any given species, one direction was generally
more common than the other, but it did not then occur to me to as-
certain the ratios more definitely.

Three years ago, however, as I came down the Tioga road from
the Meadows, there were stretches of forest where hundreds of tam-
rac pines (Pinus contorta var. murrayana) had been killed by the
borers, and were standing by the roadside stripped of their bark as
if awaiting physical examination. I at once recognized my oppor-
tunity and, pencil in hand, tallied the twist of some two hundred
and fifty of them. Eighty per cent showed the right-hand twist. A
few days later, in the remote and isolated Jack Main canon, I made
a similar tally which showed about seventy per cent of the left-hand
twist. These observations seem to indicate that the direction of twist
is a heritable quality, fairly well maintained along definite lines of
descent, though somewhat interfered with by variation or by ming-
ling with the opposite strain.

In the interval between these observations I had spent a day in
eamp at Porcupine Flat. There I looked up the leaf-arrangement of
the tamrac pine, and worked out the direction of its fundamental
leaf-spiral in a considerable number of trees about camp. I found
here again the same variation between right and left-hand spirals
that I had noted in observation of the twist of wood-fiber, and with
a like preponderance of the one over the other.

This suggested, of course, a real connection of some sort between

_ the two phenomena. If at the time I had recognized the full signifi-

eance of the suggestion, I should at once have put the matter to the

64 MADRONO [Vou.1, am

test of crucial experiment. I should have ascertained the direction
both of leaf-spiral and of fiber-twist in the same trees, stripping off
the bark to make sure of the latter. If in a sufficient number of cases
the two should be found to be either uniformly coincident or uni-
formly reversed, we should infer some causal relation, direct or in-
direct, between the two phenomena. On the other hand, if coinci-
dence and opposition were found to be not uniform, we should infer
either that these two phenomena are either wholly unrelated, or that
some other cause or causes interfere to modify or obscure whatever
relation might exist between them. My opportunity for making this
experiment was thus lost; but I trust that some one else may find
the problem sufficiently interesting to carry it through—and to re-
port the results.

Meantime it may be well to examine a little into the nature of
the leaf-arrangement of this pine, and consider what possibilities it
affords for a causal relation between it and the twist of wood-fiber.
The accompanying diagram (Fig. 28) is an enlarged representation

Fig. 28. Diagram of the Leaf-Arrangement of the Tamrac Pine

of the surface of a short section of the terminal shoot of a young
tamrac pine in early spring, before it has attained its full length
and has consolidated its wood-fiber. The outer layer has been cut
open along a vertical line—which appears here at both the right-
hand and the left-hand margins of the figure—has been stripped
off and spread out flat. The numbered points are the positions of the
leaf-clusters. The primary, or fundamental, leaf-spiral is the line
which passes through all these points in order. It appears in the
diagram as a series of transverse lines rising at a low angle toward
the right. If the margins of the figure were rolled backward so as to
meet again as they do on the stem, these lines would form the con-
tinuous spiral just described. Along this spiral the leaf-stations are

1918. ] THE TWIST OF WOOD-FIBER IN THE TAMRAC PINE 65

spaced equally at an interval such that only after making eight
complete turns around the stem, and passing twenty-one stations,
do we come to a station, No. 22, which stands directly above No. 1
and begins a second cycle exactly like the first. This particular ar-
rangement is therefore called a right-hand 8, arrangement. The
corresponding left-hand arrangement would be exactly the same,
save that right and left would everywhere change places, as they
would were we to look at the reflection of this diagram in a mirror.

Now the general facts regarding the growth of wood-fiber are
well understood, and may be summarized as follows:—The leaves
develop one after another in ascending ordér according to their
positions on the fundamental spiral. From the base of each, at a cer-
tain stage of development, bundles of wood-fibers begin to form,
and these extend downward along the axis, interlacing with similar
bundles from other leaves, till finally they form together a continu-
ous shell of wood just within the layer of bark. Presumably the
growth might be directly downward were there no obstacles in the
way. But obstacles there are, as a glance at the diagram will show.
Every leaf-base is such an obstacle standing more or less in the way
of growth from above. For, if we choose as a starting point one of
the upper leaf-bases in the diagram—say No. 23—we see that the
space below it is free no farther than to No. 15. The left-hand mar-
gin of the bundle of wood-fibers from No. 23 is sure to encounter
the right shoulder of No. 15, where doubtless some of its fibers will
lose themselves in effecting the junction; and from this point on the
bundle from No. 15, already established, forms a fixed barrier to any
further spread of the bundle from No. 23 in that direction. But the
fibers from No. 23 are still in process of formation, and are free to
develop along the line of least resistance. The growth from No. 23
therefore we may think of as crowded over to the right until its
edge touches the edge of the bundle from No. 18. Confined then be-
tween these two barriers, its general direction may be taken to be
the line between No. 23 and No. 10—at which latter point its sep-
arate identity may be considered as coming to an end.

But what happens in the ease of No. 23 is repeated in the ease of
every other station in the whole scheme. The exact repetition of the
quineuncial pattern gives to every station in the diagram the very
same position with regard to its neighbors, the same fixed obstacles,
and the same open fairway. The whole sheet of wood-fiber, made up
of the bundles from each lJeaf-base, must have the same inclination
that they all have separately. Though the actual growth from each
station is downward, yet since the development as a whole is up-
ward, we shall avoid confusion by naming the direction of the slant
here shown as if its lines really grew upward. We call it therefore a
left-hand twist.

The hypothesis here is that a definite pattern of leaf-arrange-
ment may cause a definite deflection in the line of growth of wood-

66 7 MADRONO [Von.1, —

fibers by the series of physical obstacles which it places in their path-
way. If the hypothesis be true, and be correctly applied to the econdi-
tions actually present in the tamrae pine, a right-hand leaf-spiral,
as shown in the diagram, should give a left-hand fiber-twist; and
conversely, a left-hand leaf-spiral should give a right-hand fiber-
twist. This discussion therefore adds a second question for the pros-
pective explorer in this field, namely: Are these hypothetical re-
sults borne out by the results of actual observation? An affirmative
answer here, following an affirmative answer to the first question,
would be an important step toward confirming the theory here sug-
gested. ;
If the line of experiment here suggested does not at once consign
this theory to the limbo where all its predecessors have gone, there
is still left an enormous field of investigation to be eovered before
what may be established for this particular tree or for this particu-
lar leaf-pattern can be applied to exogenous tree-growth in general.*
Science, as well Art, is long indeed—and Life alas is short for either!

FIELD NOTES ON ERICACEAE OF THE TAHOE REGION

VIOLA B. BAIRD

The field covered by these notes I have explored quite thoroughly
during five consecutive summers. It includes both banks of the ©
Truckee River from Lake Tahoe to Bear Creek, the valleys of Bear
Creek and Squaw Creek, with the uplands between the sources of
these two streams and Five Lakes Creek. The altitude ranges be-
tween 6100 feet at the mouth of Squaw Creek to 7540 feet at the
Five Lakes. Within this area is a great variety of situations and
conditions: alpine meadows, swamps, barren cliffs, and forests of
fir and pine. It is hoped that these notes may prove to be some slight
contribution to the genera! knowledge of these interesting and love-
ly plants.

1. Pyrola asarifolia. In colonies, where a streamlet flows through
a growth of willows or alders. It has a large round basal leaf, and
flowers which in odor and appearance resemble those of the lily-of-
the-valley, save that the corolla is tipped with rose. In bloom from
middle to late July. Found on both sides of the Truckee River from
the Lake to Deer Park station.

1Since the above was placed in the editor’s hands, my attention has been
called to a note in the American Breeder’s Magazine, vol. 1, p. 262, to the effect
that experiments with seedlings of Pinus ponderosa show “a decided twist of
fibers from the time of germination,’’ that is, before there could be any physical
obstacles to determine its direction. And I also had recalled the remarkable
cabling of the great roots of Sequoia gigantea, where the same thing would b
true. .

—1918.] FIELD NOTES ON ERICACEAE OF THE TAHOE REGION 67

2. Pyrola secunda. A small plant forming colonies in situations
not unlike those of No. 1, but a little more in the open. Corolla
ereenish-white, blooming in July: Found on the trail between the
Lake and the Ramparts, and along the upper course of Squaw
Creek.

3. Pyrola minor. In moist places. Plant smaller throughout than
P. secunda; corolla greenish-white. In bud August 5th. Found in one
place only, on the shores of the Five Lakes.

4. Pyrola picta. Dry woods. Easily known by its dark-green
basal leaves with white veins. Flower-stalk about six inches high.
Flowers pale, sometimes tinged with red, blooming in early August.
In woods about the Tavern, and on the trail as far as Deer Park
station.

5. Pyrola pallida. Often found growing with P. picta, and like
it in appearance, save that it is pale throughout, and its leaves lack
the white veining. It blooms late in July.

6. Chimaphila wmbellata. Here and there in dry woods, often
associated with Nos. 4 and 5. A beautiful plant about five inches
high. Corolla pale pink, waxy, and very fragrant. Late July.

7. Chimaphila menziesir. In dry woods, forming colonies. A bit
larger than C. umbellata, with which it is often associated. Corolla
deep pink, waxy, and not fragrant. Blooms in early August. There
is a fine bed of it on the trail between the Ramparts and Lake Tahoe.

8. Sarcodes sanguinea, Snow-plant. A saprophyte with thick
fleshy stem, bright red throughout. Found in great abundance dur-
ing the first half of July on the trail from the Lake to Deer Park
and on the ridge above.

9. Pterospora andromeda. Pine Drops. A saprophyte with naked
reddish-brown stalk, rising from one to four feet high among low
underbrush. In late July. Here and there between the Lake and Mat
Green’s.

10. Pleuricospora fimbriolata. In dry woods. Has a thick stem
about six inches high, bearing a dense cluster of flowers. A sapro-
phyte; whitish throughout. Two specimens only were found bloom-
ing in July on the ridge above the trail between Deer Park and the
Lake.

11. Kalmia polifola var. microphylla. Pale American Laurel.
In swampy ground. A shrub about six inches high, poisonous to eat-
tle. Corolla lavender, very attractive. In bloom on the north side of
Squaw Meadow early in July.

12. Ledum glandulosum. Labrador Tea. In moist or swampy
eround. A shrub about four feet high, with showy clusters of white

68 MADRONO [vou.1,, 4

flowers blooming on the north side of Squaw Meadow late in July,
and on the shores of the Five Lakes in August.

13. Bryanthus brewert. American Heather. On exposed rocky
slopes at high altitudes. A low spreading shrub with needle-like
leaves and dark rose-colored corolla. The beauty of a slope of it in
full bloom is like nothing else that I know. In bloom on the shores
of the Five Lakes late in July.

14. Arctostaphylos nevadensis. Dwarf Mazanita. At high alti-
tudes on level ground. A low creeping shrub forming extensive mats,
and blossoming as soon as the snow leaves the ground. Flowers pale
pink, in clusters. Abundant about the Five Lakes.

CALENDAR OF MEETINGS

September 18, 1915.—Regular meeting at the Oakland Public Mu-
seum. Dr. Jepson being absent for the year, Prof. P. B. Ken-
nedy was elected president. Miss M. Alice King described her
success in growing native plants in her home garden. Mr. Guy
Smith discussed the need of an education extending beyond
books to all the factors which make up the environment of the
child, and the culture to be secured by the study of plant-life.

October 16, 1915——The speakers were as follows: Prof. R. W.
Stevens, ‘‘The Possibilities in the use of Berry-bearing Plants
in Gardens and Parks’’; Mr. W. S. Gould, ‘‘Growing Native
Shrubs in the Oakland Parks’’; Miss May Sellender, ‘‘ How
Berries and Berry-bearing Plants may be used in House Deco-
ration.’’

November 20, 1915.—Prof. Walter Mulford gave an illustrated lec-
ture on ‘‘City and County Forests for California,’’ showing
the excellent results secured by a careful system of forest-pro-
duction carried on by cities and counties elsewhere, especially
in Switzerland.

January 22, 1916.—Professor Kennedy spoke of the great impor-
tance and advantage to agriculture of a life-history herbarium
of all our common plants, both indigenous and introduced, in
order that they may be easily recognized in all their stages of
erowth. After discussion it was decided to ask the members of
the Society to co-operate in building up such a herbarium.
There followed an illustrated lecture by the president on the
Kew Gardens and their vicinity. |

March 11, 1916.—Prof. H. M. Hall gave a talk, illustrated by maps
and herbarium specimens, on ‘‘Plant Life in the South Coast
Ranges.’’

1918.] CALENDAR OF MEETINGS 69

April 18, 1916.—Annual meeting, dinner, and election of officers, at
Hotel Claremont, Berkeley. The officers elected were: Presi-
dent, Prof. P. B. Kennedy; 1st vice-president, Mr. Guy Smith;
2d vice-president, Dr. Wm. F. Badé; secretary-treasurer, Mrs.
D. W. de Veer; corresponding secretary, Prof. C. B. Bradley.

May 13, 1916.—Uecture by Prof. John W. Gilmore on ‘‘Floral and
Agricultural Practices in China.’’

June 17, 1916.—The lecturer announced for the evening being un-
able to keep his appointment, Prof. J. W. Gilmore generously
gave another talk on ‘* Agricultural Conditions in China.’’

September 9, 1916.—Illustrated lecture by Dr. R. Ruggles Gates, of
the University of London, on ‘‘The Origin of Species by Muta-
tion,’’ with special reference to the genus Oenothera.

November 11, 1916.—Reports by members of observations made dur-
ing their summer trips.

December 17, 1916.—Meeting at the home of Mrs. Harriet P. Kelley.
Topic: ‘‘The Flora of the Tahoe Region,’’ illustrated by her-
barium specimens, and discussion by various members.

January 13, 1917.—Topic: ‘‘ Conservation of Native Plants of the
Bay Region.

March 10, 1917.—Talks by Mr. W. S. Gould on surviving specimens
of Quercus agrifolia from the groves which once covered the
site of Oakland; by Mr. C. W. Carruth on experiments in seed-
ing and planting native plants in new stations; by Prof. W. S.
Blasdale on Primroses, their types and variations; and by Mr.
Guy Smith on the value of the study of plant-life in the educa-
tion of very young children.

April 14, 1917 —Annual meeting, dinner, and election of officers, at
Hotel Carlton, Berkeley. The officers elected were: President,
Prof. P. B. Kennedy; vice-president, Mr. E. S. Heath; secre-
tary-treasurer, Miss A. Bruce Walker; 1st corresponding sec-
retary, Prof. C. B. Bradley ; 2d corresponding secretary, Mr. C.
W. Carruth. After the dinner there were speeches by Prof. C.
B. Bradley, making a plea for appreciation and protection of
our wild gardens, now in danger of annihilation; by Prof. H.
M. Hall, outlining a line of research which the Society might
undertake as to economic and commercial uses of native plants;
and by Mr. E. S. Heath on ‘‘ Enthusiasm. ’’

70 MADRONO

REPORT OF FIELD TRIPS

April 4, 1915.—Thousand Oaks. Leader, Miss Walker. The field
flowers of April, and especially Calochortus.

April 11, 1915.—Lomita Park, San Mateo Co. Leader, Mrs. J. B.
Smith. The plants of that marshy district, especially FPloerkea
douglasii and Ranunculus orthorhyncus. Field preparation of
herbarium specimens.

April 17, 1915—Miss Garber’s private grounds, Claremont Park,
Berkeley. Leader, Miss Garber. The plants and shrubs under
cultivation.

April 24, 1915.—Ingleside. Leader, Mrs. Inez R. Smith.

May 2, 1915.—Point Bonita. Leader, Mr. John A. Imrie. Ce
tive study of beach and marsh formations.

May 22, 1915—A small area in the Oakland hills near Dimond
Cafion. Leader, Mr. C. W. Carruth. Study of Delphinvum nudi- —
caule (Red Larkspur).

May 30, 1915.—Lomita Park. Leader, Miss M. Alice King. Plants of
the seaward hills.

June 5, 1915.—Colma Canon. Leader, Mrs. Inez R. Smith.

October 2, 1915—Bay Farm Island. Leader, Mr. W. W. Carruth.
Plants of the Salt Marsh formation.

November 6, 1915—Beach at Fort Point. Leader, Prof. Setchell.
Study of sea plants.

EXHIBITS

May 14-15, 1915.—Special exhibit of Leguminosae. Plants in season
were shown in fresh bloom; those not in season were shown in
herbarium specimens. All the genera native to California were
represented, some of them in a goodly number of species. In
addition, herbarium exhibits of several ecological formations
were made by individual members.

October 16-17, 1915.—Exhibit of berries and berry-bearing shrubs.
Separate sections were given to the native and the exotic spe-
cies, and to scientific and artistic methods of arrangement and
grouping. The exhibit proved to be one of the most attractive
and popular that the Society- had undertaken.

Printed by Taylor & Taylor, San Francisco

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MADRONO

JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SC

history or geographic distribution of the native plants will be especi
- Back Numbers of the Journal may be had from the Assistant S c

Mrs. ADELINE FREDERICK,
1636 Woolsey St., Berkeley, Calif.

Manuscript for publication should be sent to
Dr. W. L. JEPsoN,
2712 Benvenue Ave., Berkeley, Calif.

Dues of members are $2.00 per year.

Mrs. Linpa G. Dopp, Treasurer,
2636 Hillegass Ave., Berkeley, Calif.

ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1914

HE annual dinner of the California Botanical Society for 1914
| was held December 12 at the Hotel Carlton in Berkeley. Dr.
W. L. Jepson presided as toastmaster and introduced Mr.
S. B. Parish of San Bernardino, as guest of honor. A hearty welcome
accorded the guest by the toastmaster was joined in by Dr. H. M.
Hall and Miss Rosalind Keep. Mr. Parish responded as follows:
I confess, Dr. Jepson, to a feeling of surprise this evening when
I look upon this goodly company that is before me, to see that
there are so many botanists here in central California. I did not
suppose there were. The most that I am accustomed to, when
botanists gather together, is two or three, and to see so many is an
agreeable surprise to me, and it must be very agreeable to you to
know that there are so many interested in the subject. It must be
very stimulating to you in your studies, and in your investigations
of nature. It brings to my mind very prominently the last time I was
in Berkeley. That was a generation ago, I am sorry to say—thirty
odd years—and Berkeley at that time was not a botanical center
by any means. I remember coming over from San Francisco in
company with Dr. Parry, who was then staying there, to call upon
the only working botanist in Berkeley. I suppose there was some-
body up at the University, tho I do not know. But the only working
botanist was the Rev. E. L. Greene, afterwards Professor of Botany
in the University, but who was at that time rector of a little wooden
church. It was a very small and plain structure—I do not remember
where it was situated'—and I came over and attended the morning
service and afterwards went with the rector to his home and we
talked about plants the rest of the evening. That seemed to be the
extent of botanical activity in Berkeley at that time. What activity
there was on the coast of California at that time centered in San
Francisco at the old Academy of Sciences, which then occupied a
church at the top of the hill,? and the botanical department was
located in the gallery of this old church. There were perhaps three
or four persons in the Academy who were more or less interested in
botany. Dr. H. W. Harkness, who was interested in fungi but who
has left no impression on my mind, was one. Dr. Hans Behr, who
was the best educated botanist of all, but whose interest in botany
at that time had all turned to spiders. He cared not very much for
plants, but was very much interested in spiders. The third botanist
and the one who was working the most was Dr. Albert Kellogg, and
I remember him very distinctly when one would go to the church

1St. Mark’s Church, Bancroft Way.
2 California Street.

Mapbrono, vol. 1, p. 71-86, Sept. 30, 1922.

q2

MADRONO

SAMUEL BONSAL PARISH

[Vo. 1,

1922.] ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1914 73

and climb to the gallery. At one end you would see Dr. Kellogg in
his shirt sleeves and his old red flannel waistcoat, making drawings
of twigs. He would lay the twigs down on the table, and over them
he placed a sheet of glass, and over that a piece of transfer paper,
and very slowly, very deliberately, and very patiently he would
trace out the drawings of these plants. I do not know how many he
had. He must have had a great many, and most of them were
destroyed at the time of the great earthquake I suppose. How was
that, Dr. Jepson? [Dr. Jepson: Yes, they were all destroyed.] Then
there was Mr. Harford who worked with Dr. Kellogg more or less.
The herbarium which they had was not very extensive, and more
or less the work of Kellogg and Harford. However, they had the
best collection of books and the best collection of plants on the
coast, and it was very interesting for anyone who cared for plants
to go up there and see what there was. That was the botanical
center then. One goes to the universities now. I believe that the
Department of Botany in the University of California is dissatis-
fied by not having a building of its own, but it seems to me the men
are very finely conditioned. They have a fine collection of plants
and plenty of books. I can find almost any book there I chance
to need. Then there are visiting botanists working there much of
the time. Anyway there is this that they have in common with
the old days—the kindly generous spirit which they show to
visitors, throwing open their herbarium and their library and
assisting them in every way that they can— the same spirit that
was in that little gallery over at San Francisco.

Now I said it was very encouraging, most encouraging to you
ladies and gentlemen, to have the spirit of numbers. It is all very well
to talk about holding communion with nature alone, but it seems
to me that is not the case to which the old proverb refers—that two
are company and three are none. It seems to me a matter of great
importance—this spirit of numbers— and that is one of the dis-
advantages in living away from a botanical center. I have been per-
haps more fortunate in the place in which I reside than I might
have been had I resided elsewhere. I live at a place which is really
a very interesting natural botanical center. We are within a couple
of hours of the seashore and within a short distance of the desert
and we have, immediately overhanging the San Bernardino valley,
mountains 12,000 feet high. Thus we have all kinds of vegetation
and thereby this region attracts botanists, and so I have had the
pleasure of seeing there a great many botanists who have come to
visit my region; first, perhaps, Dr. Asa Gray, a botanist of America
whose work is at the foundation of all systematic botany in this
country. Dr. Gray made two visits to California as you are all
probably aware. The time I saw him was at the second visit and he
was then some sixty-five or seventy years old, and was not feeling
very well. His great trouble was that he was unable to climb these
mountains, 12,000 feet high, at the time of his visit because they

74 MADRONO [Vo. 1,

were covered with snow, and he regretted that he was there early
in the season.

Another botanist that I recall, with others, is Dr. Engelmann.
It seems to me that he was a model for the unprofessional botanist.
Dr. Engelmann was a physician in a very large and extensive prac-
tise. Yet he found time to take up several of the most difficult
families of plants and those which required the closest study, and
to make himself an undisputed authority with regard to them. His
work still remains, at least at the foundation of whatever is being
done with these plants at the present time.

There were a great many others and I perhaps may mention just
one or two more. I should like to speak to you about Mr. Pringle,
who occupies as a collector as permanent a position as Dr. Gray
did as a systematic botanist. Mr. Pringle collected very extensively
in California and other parts of the United States; he then confined
his attention to the flora of Mexico and for twenty-five years spent
his summers collecting in different parts of that country, collecting
altogether in Mexico one-half million of plants. And when you
think of the amount of labor involved in that you will say that he
was persistent and—well, persistent I guess is about the best word—
that he was persistent. He made fifty sets of every plant and dis-
tributed them to the principal herbaria of the world. Now, a man
that will keep at that for twenty-five years certainly deserves the
name of a great collector. I shall tell you just a little about his
life and give certain incidents which illustrate the spirit of the
man, the persistence and determination of the man. Pringle was
born, I suppose that is the way they come,—he was born a real
true Presbyterian. When he came to the years of discretion he met
a young lady of Quaker faith and became a very strong Quaker
with all the peace loving propensities of Quakers and a disposition
which perhaps leads them into the most severe combats that any-
one can meet. They are bound to obtain peace under any condi-
tions. Unfortunately, soon after he became converted by this young
lady, it was time for the Civil War, and he was drafted for a soldier.
By the payment of three hundred dollars he could have remained
at home, but principle was too much for that and he refused to pay
this fee for a substitute. He was sent to the recruit camp, absolutely
refused to carry a gun and defied the United States and its power
and authority. All the gentle measures which military men are
accustomed to use in such cases they freely used. I think you would
be interested if you could read some extracts from his diary on that
account. It seems to me to carry you back about five hundred years
to things that occurred in England at that time. However, when
they found that they could do nothing else with Mr. Pringle they
decided to detail him. as a nurse. That created a momentary hesi-
tation, but conscience was too strong and he determined that he
would not go to war even to that extent. He could not be made to
do anything so far away in spirit from the ways of peace. Well,how

1922] NEW SPECIES OF CYPRESS 75

do you suppose it all came out? It came out that President Lincoln
heard of it and gave Mr. Pringle a furlough with orders to report
whenever he was called and of course he was never called upon.
Mr. Pringle overcame the United States government and I doubt if
there is another botanist that could do it. That persistence and
courage led him perhaps all through his life. He went back and mar-
ried the young lady and I wish I might say they lived happily ever
afterward, but it ended in a divorce.

Well, I might go on and tell you about many other botanists, but
I think I have told about enough and I thank you very much. It is
a very great pleasure to both Mrs. Parish and myself to be with you
this evening.

PeNEWoSPEECIES OF CYPRESS

WILLIS LINN JEPSON

Cupressus Forbesii Jepson n. sp. Slender tree 15 to 20 ft. high;
bark very smooth, shining, red-brown or even dark cherry red;
branchlets squarish; foliage bright green; dorsal pits of leaves
minute or commonly wanting; cones globose, 34 to 1 1-5 in. long;
seed red-brown.

This cypress was discovered Dec. 30, 1907, in Cedar Canon
between E] Nido and Dulzura, San Diego County, by my former
student, Mr. C. N. Forbes, later Assistant in Botany, Bishop
Museum, Honolulu. I take pleasure in naming it in his memory.
The same thing, apparently, has also been found on Mt. Tecate
and near Pala by Mr. S. B. Parish but I have not seen his specimens.

NOTES AND NEWS

Professor J. H. Patton, of the University of Melbourne, visited the
University of California in September. He voiced surprise at the
size and growth of the Blue Gums (Eucalyptus globulus) in the
-Hilgard Grove on the University campus and remarked: ‘‘We have
none as tall in our own state of Victoria. There must be something
very mild about your winters and something equable about your
whole year that gives such growth. We grow your Monterey Cypress
as a lawn tree for its pyramidal shape and also as a hedge for clip-
ping. Lawson Cypress we also grow as well as Monterey Pine.
Monterey Pine does well and we use its wood for making cheap
packing cases.”

From Professor Patton it was learned that Baron Ferdinand von
Mueller’s collection is utterly neglected. It is housed in its original
herbarium building about ten miles from the University of Mel-
bourne, the fine library still with it. This establishment, for such
it once was, does not belong to the University and does not belong
to the Botanic Garden, just outside of which it stands.—w. L. J.

76 MADRONO [Vov. 1,

The Cornell Botanical Expedition, after a trans-continental trip
from Ithaca, New York, arrived in California over Mt. Shasta in
September. The party consisted of nine persons traveling in three
machines. Three thousand specimens were collected and almost as
many species. Dr. K. M. Wiegand headed the expedition. A portion
of the party under the guidance of Dr. W. L. Jepson made a trip
to the great redwood groves of the South Fork Eel River, studying
especially the stand on the Bull Creek flats where are the tallest
of the Earth’s trees.

Dr. Olof Arrhenius visited the University of California in August.
During a discussion of the outlook for botany he said: ‘‘I am sur-
prised at the little time you in American universities have for re-
search. It is too bad that botany is not regarded in America as a
practical science. I notice that public opinion has so much to do
with what is given in the University. But what does public opinion
know about the needs of the sciences of Physics, Chemistry and
Botany? We have disadvantages at home—but public opinion does
not control the universities. The universities should be inde-
pendent—for scholarship and research.’’—w. L. J.

REVISION OF THE CALIFORNIA SPECIES OF THE
GENUS ARCTOSTAPHYLOS

WILLI!1s LINN JEPSON

Hooker and Arnott in the Botany of Beechey’s Voyage (1832)
record only two manzanitas from California, the two being recorded
as unnamed varieties of Arctostaphylos tomentosa. In the Botany
of California (1876) Gray described eight species of Arctostaphylos
exclusive of Comarostaphylis. In the Synoptical Flora (1878), Gray
has for California eleven species and one variety. In the North
American Flora (1914), under the generic name Uva-ursi, Abrams
recognizes as Californian, twenty-two species but no varieties. In
the treatment here presented twenty-three species and eight var-
ieties are recognized, but certain species reduced in the North
American Flora are retained as valid.

The segregation of Californian Arctostaphyli into recognizable
and satisfactory units presents difficulties. Leaves, flowers and
fruits are very uniform in the genus and largely without strongly
marked or distinctive morphological characters. The various species
as here evaluated differ most obviously in habit and in what may
be termed vegetative characters—in stature, in pubescence or
glandulosity or lack of these, and also in hue of foliage. These
characteristics or adaptations on the whole seem to be specific
and rather decisive, and the main types as one sees them in the field,
particularly in the Sierra Nevada, usually represent recognizable
units which are commonly very distinctive in appearance. The
extensive formations of the white Arctostaphylos viscida give a

1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIA ARCTOSTAPHYLI Ti

cast to the scenery which is very different from the tone of the green
colonies of Arctostaphylos patula, whilst both, forming impenetra-
ble thickets, have nothing habitally in common with the rough
mat of Arctostaphylos nevadensis over which one may walk. Each
of the various units in the Sierra Nevada, moreover, is restricted to
a certain zone or topographic area, capable of being rather definitely
defined in terms of climate and altitude, that is to say they are
habital units fairly in harmony with the physical factors. In the
Coast Ranges the segregation of Arctostaphylos units presents a
more embarrassing complex, since changes in soil and climate are
more local and more multiplied and involved.

The evaluation of the species in this paper rests upon a basis
different from that hitherto employed in this genus. Important
weight is given to the character of the pubescence on the peduncles
and pedicels of the inflorescence and on the foliage, to the glandu-
losity or the lack of it, to the hue of the foliage, and to the nutlets.
Altho commonly thought of as unstable or ecological the pubescence
and its character give in this genus useful and often dependable
differentiae, as well as the glandular character or its absence. While
the definition of species on the basis of such minute characters is
scarcely ever satisfactory the species in this case have, in a most in-
teresting way, been stabilized by support derived from neglected
but yet striking facts of their life history. In other words, the species
as segregated by the characters above indicated, are further fortified
by the facts of their biological reaction to fire and this character,
it is to be emphasized, does not cut across the characters described
above and used as initial differentiae, but parallels them closely.
Certain species are killed completely by chaparral fires and depend
exclusively upon seed for regeneration in their area. Other species
crown-sprout after fire and develop in various ways heavy root
crowns or broad tabular structures at the surface of the ground.
In small groups of closely related species, groups so close that the
component units have been defined only by critical reference to
the minute characters of pubescence and glandulosity—the units
of such groups will nevertheless show the strongest difference in
their reaction to destructively high temperatures in a chaparral
fire and display decisive cleavages which parallel the somewhat
obscure structural differences.

1. A. GLAucaA Lindl. The characters of recognition for this
species are its glaucous foliage, large viscid berries and globose
stones, the last being a very striking mark. While the large solid
smooth stones are very characteristic, small almost spindle-shaped
stones acute at each end may sometimes be found on the same shrub
with fruits containing large globose stones. Again an entire shrub
may bear only the former type of stone. This state appears in some
cases at least to be connected with under-nutrition.

Arctostaphylos glauca is common in Southern California and is
not infrequent in the inner South Coast Ranges. It has sometimes

fd

78 MADRONO [Vov. 1,

been reported from the North Coast Ranges, but thus far only on
the basis of mistaken determination.

In the lower part of Mill Creek Cafion, San Bernardino Mts., I
measured in 1913 an individual 22 feet high with its short trunk 1
foot 1 inch in diameter. In September, 1920, I measured the large
individual which stands on the trail up the ridge backbone from
Donner Cafion to Cold Spring below the saddle of Mt. Diablo.
It is 18 feet high, 24 feet broad across the crown, the trunk 21 inches
in diameter at 4 inches above the ground. This is a remarkable
tree.

Locs.—Las Trampas Ridge, Contra Costa Co., Jepson 6853;
Donner Canon, Mt. Diablo, Jepson 7592 (this and the next two
have glandular-pubescent pedicels); Cedar Mt., Mt. Hamilton
Range, Jepson 6219; Peachey Cafion, San Luis Obispo Co., Barber
a3; Santa Inez Mts. (acc. Abrams in N. Am. FI. 29:101); Arroyo
Seco, near Los Angeles, Braunton 790; San Antonio Cafion, Clare-
mont, C. F. Baker 4013; Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mts., Jepson
5587 (pedicels viscid-glandular); Indian Cafion, Collins Valley,
Jepson 8857; Warner Ranch, Jepson 8527; Cuyamaca Mts., Palmer;
San Diego, Mary F. Spencer.

Var. EREMICOLA Jepson n. var. Leaves purple-veined; berry
elliptic—Pinon Well Mts., n. Colorado Desert, Jepson 6004.

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub. t. 1791
(1836), type from Cal., Douglas; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed 2,
314 (1911). Var. EREMICOLA Jepson.

2. <A. viscipA Parry. This species forms a broad band in the
Sierra Nevada foothills from Shasta Co. to Tulare Co., but with
a break in the band between the Stanislaus and Kings rivers,
which is occupied by the closely allied A. mariposa Dudley. This
interruption in the distribution can now only be stated broadly and
its exact limits and the nature of it will eventually be more definitely
defined. This species is however the most characteristic and wide-
spread member of the genus in the Sierra foothills and is now re- —
ported from the inner North Coast Ranges. Its deep-red small
berries are either viscid or not viscid in a given locality and indeed
viscid and non-viscid berries may sometimes be found on a single
shrub. It forms extensive exclusive or nearly exclusive colonies, the
individuals of which are often densely massed.

Locs.—Sierra Nevada: North Fork Tule River (berry viscid),
Jepson 4702, 4720; Middle Tule River, Jepson 4861 (berry viscid) ;
Mokelumne Hill, Blazsdell; Shingle Sprs., F. B. Herbert; Rough and
Ready, Nevada Co., Jepson; Oroville, comm. A. EH. Wieslander;
Cow Creek Mts., Shasta Co., Baker & Nutting. Coast Ranges: Oro
Fino, Siskiyou Co., Butler 659, 693; Klamathon, Siskiyou Co.,
Copeland 3519 (berry not viscid); Dunsmuir, Jepson; Delta, Jep-
son 6178 (berry not viscid); Greasewood Hills, w. Tehama Co.,
Jepson; Red Mt., n. Mendocino Co., Eastwood; Lake Co., K.
Brandegee (berry viscid); Knoxville Ridge, Jepson 9047; Moore

1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIA ARCTOSTAPHYLI 79

Creek, Howell Mt. (berry viscid), Jepson 6826, 6840; Chiles Mill,
Chiles Creek, Jepson 9067.

Ref.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS VISCIDA Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:492
(1887), type loc. Ione, Amador Co., Parry (Mar. 9, 1887).

3. A. MARIPOSA Dudley is very closely related to A. viscida.
It is distinguishable from that species by its glandular-hairy branch-
lets, peduncles and ovary but the differentiae are sometimes difficult
to apply. Both are white-foliaged manzanitas of the same size and
method of branching. A. mariposa may not be eventually sustainable
as a species. Its inflorescence is, however, remarkably glandular—
so glandular that it is noticeable that the flowers stick to the cloth-
ing of travelers passing through the chaparral.

Locs.—Columbia, A. L. Grant 627; Yankee Hill, Jepson 6450;
Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 7695; Big Creek, Big Oak Flat
road, Jepson 8341; Mariposa, Congdon; El Portal, Jepson 5671;
Tehipite Valley, Hall & Chandler 491.

Var. BIVISUM Jepson n. var. Leaves dark green, 11% to 2% in.
long; branchlets, glandular-hairy and somewhat dusky; berries
whitish with a somewhat transparent or lucent quality.— Yosemite
Park: near Wawona, Jepson 5658; Hetch-Hetchy, Jepson 3452
(type).

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS MARIPOSA Dudley; Eastw., Sierra Club
Publ. 27:52 (1902), type loc. ‘‘Millwood and King’s River Cafion,”’
Eastwood.

4. A. PATULA Greene grows at higher altitudes than any of the
preceding species. It inhabits the Yellow Pine belt in all the higher
ranges of California and also spots the cafion tali with low dark
green dots on a white granite ground. It is commonly the only
species in its area or the only erect species. It is remarkable for its
bright green glabrous leaves reminiscent of A. stanfordiana. Its
berries are medium sized, glabrous, and usually though not always
very hard when mature. The root develops into a globose or carrot-
shaped structure which crown-sprouts after fire or mutilation. It
_does not form a broad root-crown structure like A. glandulosa.

The branches are often weighted down by winter snow and these
at their depressed bases often root by adventitious rootlets. In-
deed after fire this species spreads in circles in this way.

A. patula has the widest range of any Californian species and is
most abundant in individuals. It is remarkably uniform in habit
and in technical characters throughout its range.

Locs.—Sierra Nevada: McCloud, Jepson 5743; Upper Fall River
Valley, Jepson 5775; Susanville, Jepson; Johnstown, L. S. Smith;
Taylorsville, Plumas Co., Jepson 8017; Plumas Co., Platt; Brush
Creek, Butte Co., Kate Conger; Sierraville, Jepson; Mt. Tallac,
Jepson 8132; American River, Kennedy 158; Bald Mt., near Sonora,
A. L. Grant 667; Strawberry, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 22;
Glacier Pt., Yosemite, Jepson 5659; Patterson Mt., Fresno Co.,
A. E. Wieslander; Millwood, Jepson 2778; Wawona (towards

80 : MADRONO | [Vot. 1,

Mariposa Grove), Jepson 5645, 5653; Whitney Creek, Jepson 1100;
Garfield Forest, South Fork Kaweah, Jepson 4664; Kern Lake,
Jepson; Lloyd Mdws., Kern River, Jepson 4891 ; Cottonwood Creek,
Inyo Co., Jepson. North Coast Ranges: Shasta Retreat, Butler
640; Dunsmuir, Jepson 6163; Weed, Butler 657; Sisson, Jepson
5787; Edgewood, Kishing; Trinity Summit, Jepson 2062; South
Yollo Bolly, Jepson; Mt. Hull, Hall 9567. Southern California:
North Baldy, Pezrson 143; divide betw. Bear Valley and Santa Ana
Canon, Parish 19288; Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mts., Jepson
5589; Mt. San Jacinto, Hall 2419. Glenbrook, Douglas Co., Nev.,
C. F. Baker 1001; Ash Cafion, Ormsby Co., Nev., C. F. Baker 979
(branchlets slightly canescent). Var. INCARNATA Jepson n. var.
Corolla pink, its lobes erect.—Sacramento River Cafion (Dunsmuir,
Harriet P. Kelley, type.)

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PATULA Greene, Pitt. 2:171 (1891), type
spms. from central Sierra Nevada (Calaveras Co. to Fresno Co.);
Merriam, N. Am. Fauna, 16:157 (1899). A pungens var. platy-
phylla Gray, Syn. FI. 2:28 (1878), type from Cal.

5. A. STANFORDIANA Parry is related to A. patula Greene on
the one hand and to A. manzanita Parry on the other. Its root-
system is rather superficial like that of A. manzanita, and it does
not form heavy or globose root-crowns as does A. patula. It is
distinguishable from A. manzanita by its smaller size, more erect
habit, glabrous leaves and usually glabrous rachis and by the re-
moter bractlets of the raceme. It favors the mountain summits and
higher ridges of the central North Coast Ranges, and thus com-
monly grows at higher altitudés than A. manzanita, though not
found beyond the horizontal range of that species. It is remarkable
for its clean trim habit. The leaves are just alike on both sides.
The small berries are very irregular in shape, as if without definite
form, or typical only in deformation. A few individuals of it have
recently been discovered on Mt. Diablo, about half-way up the
south slope.

Locs.—Mt. Diablo, Jepson 9653; Moore Creek, Howell Mt.,
Jepson 6827; La Jota Plateau, Howell Mt., Jepson; Mt. St. Helena,
Jepson; Scotts Valley, Lake Co., Tracy 1698; Mendocino Range,
sw. of Ukiah, Jepson 7629; Bartlett Mt., Eastwood; Red Mt., n.
Mendocino Co., Eastwood; Round Valley, Westermann; Red Rock,
ne. of Round Valley, Mendocino Co., Jepson.

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS STANFORDIANA Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad.
2 :493 (1887), type loc. Napa Range near Calistoga, Parry; Jepson,
Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 371 (1901), Univ. Cal. Mag. 2:102 (1896).

6. A. ELEGANS Jepson, though collected three decades since, is
still known only by the original collection. It is not related to A.
manzanita but is near A. stanfordiana in character of foliage and
branchlets.

Ref.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ELEGANS Jepson, Erythea 1:15 (1893),
type loc. obsidian slopes southerly from Mt. Konocti (Uncle Sam

1922.) REVISION OF CALIFORNIA ARCTOSTAPHYLI 81

Mt.), Lake Co., Jepson. The note in Erythea, 3:178, was an in-
advertence.

7. A. PUNGENS H. B. K. This species is not uncommon on the
plateau of Mexico at 7000 to 8000 feet. It ranges northward through
Arizona into California, at constantly decreasing altitudes as it
moves northward, though keeping to the tops of the mountains.
With us it appears to be rather rare, but its range is in harmony with
the geographic distribution of plants entering California from the
southward.

It is to be pointed out that material from California referred to
A. pungens is with difficulty differentiated from A. manzanita. A.
manzanita, however, occupies a distinct geographical area; and it
is retained as a species because it represents a different phase from
A. pungens in our manzanita series.

The following specimens from California can be cited as ex-
amples: Onstatts Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Hall; Pecacho Peak, s.
Benito Co., Hall 9947. The plants of Marin Co. (which grow along
the high ridges of the Mt. Tamalpais region and which have been
known as A. montana Eastw.) agree well in pubescence, leaves and
other characters with the Southern California specimens just cited
and I hold them to be conspecific. Some of them show well, tho not
in the extreme form, the characteristically short and abrupt but
very sharp point to the leaf apex (Rock Spr., Jos. Saunders; Mt.
Tamalpais, Jepson 4761; Bill Williams trail, Jepson 9504); in other
specimens this structure is less marked (Lagunitas, Chestnut &
Drew; near Cypress Grove, Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 6806), just as in
some of the specimens from Mexico.

Fine examples of this Marin Co. form as it occurs on Mt. Tamal-
pais may be seen along Bill Williams trail between the Mountain
Theater and West Peak. One individual is fairly typical and is
noteworthy for its size and remarkable for its habit of growth. This
individual is quite erect, 61% feet high, and with an open crown re--
calling A. manzanita. After having attained its height maturity, it
then, under some stimulus, threw out elongated lateral stems from
the trunk base. These strong stems are very long, very densely
branched in the top, and form or complete a low broad crown to
the shrub, gently sloping to the ground from the center. The
shrub as thus amplified is 24 feet in diameter and very thick and
smooth, except in the center occupied by the original or first erect
growth.

Although out of harmony with the general distribution in Cali-
fornia, a specimen from Big Silver Creek, E] Dorado Co. (Kennedy
228), is included here with some doubt.

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS H. B. K. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 3: 278 (1819), type loc. mt. slopes near Mexico City. A. mon-
tana Eastw. Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, Bot. 1:83 (1897), type loc.
trail betw. Eldridge grade and Larsens, Mt. Tamalpais, Eastwood;
Ie. 12127 (1898).

82 MADRONO [Vov. 1,

8. .A. MANZANITA Parry is the largest species of the genus,
though the trunk of A. glauca may sometimes become as massive.
In the Napa Range A. manzanita forms interesting pigmy forests
8 to 14 feet high on the lower western slopes of Howell Mt. Some-
times it is massed in closed stands, appearing as smooth as a meadow
floor when seen from above. In more open situations the individuals
become 13 to 22 feet high. In Lyons Valley on the westerly slope
of Howell Mt. measurements of three especially large individuals
were secured: a. Near Stingy Stile, Eden trail to Adam and Eve,
height 15 ft.; trunk 4 ft. high before branching into 4 arms; trunk
diameter at 3 ft. above ground, 1 ft. 2 in. b. Shoulder of hill to right
of trail, 35 yards easterly from Stingy Stile, height 18 ft.; trunk 2
ft. high before branching into 5 arms; trunk diameter at 1% ft.
above ground, 1 ft. 2 in. c. On the little ridge to west of Lyons
Valley, tree by path, height 22 ft.; trunk 1 ft. 8 in. before branch-
ing into 2 arms; smallest trunk diameter (at ground) 11% in.

Arctostaphylos manzanita is killed outright under chaparral
fires. One sees the dead bodies of these arborescent shrubs, 8 to
15 feet high, standing like white skeletons in the fire-burns of
chaparral areas, for they soon lose their red-brown bark and reveal
the white sapwood beneath. While shallow-rooted, they are not as
shallow-rooted as A. stanfordiana, the bodies of which are over-
thrown in the first winter storms. A. manzanita on the other hand
may stand for some years, but finally the roots decay and a touch
will send an individual crashing to the ground.

Arctostaphylos manzanita, therefore, reproduces exclusively by
seed. It is an aggressive species. At the present time, in the centers
of its greatest development, it is invading new areas or recovering
old ones. Along the Napa Range and in Mendocino Co. considerable
slopes on the lower hills were cleared thirty to forty years ago for
cultivation or grazing. Within ten or fifteen years much of this
land has been permitted to revert to primitive conditions. Seedlings
of this species appear in large numbers in these neglected fields
or old vineyards, as they do also on burns. Such seedlings represent
a cumulative crop of seeds—perhaps ten to forty years— and in-
dicate the long persistent vitality of the seeds.

Along the lower slopes bordering the valleys of central Men-
docino Co., about Ukiah Valley, and particularly from Long Valley
to Cummings, Arctostaphylos manzanita is abundant. It occurs
mostly below the open stand of Quercus kelloggii and Pinus
ponderosa, covering the bases of low hills which border the narrow
valleys and colonizing the opens and flats. From Cummings one
may follow it westward to the headwaters of the South Fork Eel
River in western Mendocino Co. where it occurs near Piercey sta.
In the inner Coast Range it is less frequent or rare, but is found on
Mt. Diablo; summit of the Vaca Mts.; and near Jerusalem Valley,
Wilbur Sprs., and Indian Valley—all in eastern Lake Co. In the
Sierra Nevada foothills it occurs from Tehama Co. south to Tuo-

1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIA ARCTOSTAPHYLI 83

lumne Co. Definite stations in the Sierra Nevada are now for the
first time indicated.

The binomial Arctostaphylos manzanita has been made to do
duty over too wide a range; indeed it has been applied to other
species in all parts of California. It is, however, one of the most
definite of our manzanitas and is as yet known only from the foot-
hills of the North Coast Ranges towards the interior and the
Sierra foothills from Tuolumne Co. northward. It also occurs
locally on Mt. Diablo.

Locs.—Coast Ranges: cafion at head of Sycamore Creek, Mt.
Diablo, Jepson 9660, 9736; Gates Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson 2331;
Howell Mt. foothills, Jepson; Mt. St. Helena, Jepson 7669; Jeru-
salem Valley, se. of Lower Lake, Jepson; Wilbur Sprs. and Indian
Valley, ne. Lake Co., Jepson; Hough Sprs., Jepson 9005; Blue
Lakes grade to Ukiah, Jepson; Elk Mt., n. Lake Co., Tracy 2352;
Willow Creek, Trinity River, Tracy 3449; Asa Bean Ridge, ne.
Mendocino Co., Jepson; Greasewood Hills, w. Tehama Co., Jepson.
Sierra Nevada foothills, 500 to 3500 feet (in association with
Quercus douglasii): Los Molinos, Harriet P. Kelley; Shingle Sprs., El
Dorado Co., F. B. Herbert; Amador Co., Hansen; Gwin Mine, Cala-
veras Co., Jepson 1796; Copperopolis, Davy 1363; Columbia,
— Jepson 6397.

Var. APICULATA Jepson n. var. Berry with a short conical apicu-
lation.—Head of Weldon Cafion, Vaca Mts., Jepson 7198 (type).

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS MANZANITA Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad.
2:491 (1887), type loc. Napa Range near Calistoga, Parry; Jepson,
FI. W. Mid. Cal. 371 (1901).

9. A. pastillosa Jepson n. sp. In the higher foothills of the
Sierra Nevada a manzanita occurs in a belt between that of A.
viscida below and A. patula above. It is a vigorous shrub and has
large berries which in shape and often in hue suggest the loaves of
bread seen in bake-shops in Italy. It ranges from Placer Co. to
Tulare Co. The formal diagnosis appears below.

Locs.—Cold Spr., North Fork Tule River, Jepson 4704; Straw-
berry, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 888; Cold Spr., Tuolumne Co.,
Jepson 6456 (type); Bald Mt. near Sonora, A. L. Grant 666, 553;
Yankee Hill near Columbia, A. L. Grant 598; Shingle Sprs., F. B.
Herbert.

A. MEUKKA Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31:101 (1918),
type loc. ridge between North Fork American and Bear Rivers above
Colfax, Merriam. The life history of this species is too insufficiently
described to be placed with certainty in this series as here arranged.
The specific name, borrowed from the Miwok tribe, seems bar-
barous. Dr. Johnson once said, however, that no language is bar-
barous to the person to whom it is native. Dr. Merriam has cul-
tivated Indian lore and tribal habits so long that meukka to him is
probably as pleasing as the lucent phrases of the Ars Poetica to the
ear of Horace.

84 MADRONO | [Vov. 1,

10. A. NEVADENSIS Gray is a low species, analogous to Ceano-
thus prostratus Benth. in the Rhamnaceae, though not as complete-
ly prostrate, but growing like it on the floors of the open pine woods.
Its main stems, prostrate and rooting, are 4 to 2 feet long and bear
ascending or erect branchlets 3 to 4 inches high or up to 6 or 9
inches high. It occurs in the high North Coast Ranges and in the
Sierra Nevada but is rare south of Mariposa Co.

Locs.—Sierra Nevada: Summit, Nevada Co., Jepson; Tahoe,
Katharine Chandler; Mt. Tallac, Jepson 8136; Bierstadt Peak, Davy
3181; McClure Fork, Merced River, Jepson 3223; Glacier Pt.,
Jepson 5678; Bald Mt., Fresno Co., Hall & Chandler 414; Mt.
Moses, Purpus 1369. North Coast Ranges: Hull Mt., W. W.
Mackie; Soldiers Ridge, ne. Mendocino Co., Jepson; South Fork
Mt., Humboldt Co., Chestnut & Drew; Trinity Summit, Jepson
2047; Marble Mt., Chandler 1598; Mt. Shasta, Jepson.

Ref.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS NEVADENSIS Gray, Syn. FI. 2:27 (1878),
type loc. Sierra Nevada, 8,000 to 10,000 ft.

11. A. HOOKERI Don is a small coast species, that is very
weakly represented, Occurring from San Francisco Co. to San Luis
Obispo Co. It was the first species of this genus to be described
from California, at least with California definitely indicated as the
place of origin. The type specimens were collected by Lay & Collie
at Monterey and are now in the National Herbarium, British
Museum. They seem to me representative of the natural type.

Locs.—San Francisco, Kellogg; Pajaro Hills, Chandler 430;
Carmel, Jepson 2615, 2616.

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPYLOS HOOKERI Don, Gen. Syst. 3:386 (1832),
type loc. Monterey, Lay & Collie. A. franciscana Eastw. Bull. Torr.
Club, 32:201 (1905), type loc. Laurel Hill, San Francisco, Eastwood.

12. A. UvVA-uURSI Spreng. is a boreal species which extends south
along the Pacific Coast and occurs in California along the north
coast, growing in the sand-dunes of Mendocino and Humboldt
Counties.

Locs.—Gaulala, Brandt; Fort Bragg, W. C. Mathews; Samoa,
Humboldt Co., Davy 6184.

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI Spreng. Syst. 2:287 (1825).
Arbutus uva-urst L. Sp. Pl. 395 (1753), type locs. n. Europe and
Canada.

Var. COACTILIS Fern. and McBr. Rhod. 16:212 (1914),
type loc. Brunswick, Me., Chamberlain; this variety is attributed
to California but the characters seem too indefinite as applied to
our north coast specimens.

13. A. puMILA Nutt. is a local species on the sand-dunes and
mesas of Monterey Bay. It has much the habit of A. nevadensis,
that is, it is low, about 4 to 8 inches high, and forms rough mats a
few feet across. |

Locs.—Monterey, Jepson 5702; Del Monte Heights, F. G.
Woodcock; Seaside, F. G. Woodcock.

1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIA ARCTOSTAPHYLI 85

Ref.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUMILA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
ser. 2, 8:266 (1843), type loc. Monterey, Nuttall.

14. A. NUMMULARIA Gray is a dwarf of the flat “pine barrens’”’
of the Mendocino coast, and is associated with dwarf states of
Pinus muricata and Cupressus pygmaea. This species does not, I
think, crown-sprout, but after fires seedlings appear abundantly
on its area. Mr. Carl Purdy tells me that these seedlings flower the
second year.

Locs.—Fort Bragg, Jepson, W. C. Mathews; Mendocino City,
Bolander 4749; Albion, Davy & Blasdale 6068.

The plant of Amador Co., described by Parry as A. myrtifolia,
does not seem specifically distinct and it is here disposed as var.
MYRTIFOLIA Jepson n. comb.

Locs.—Ione, K. Brandegee; betw. Ione and Buena Vista, Cong-
don.

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS NUMMULARIA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
7:366 (1868), type loc. Mendocino plains, Bolander. Var. MyRTI-
FOLIA Jepson. A. myrtifolia Parry, Pitt. 1:35:(1887), type loc. ridges
e. of Ione, Parry.

15. A. sensitiva Jepson n. sp.is a medium-sized erect shrub 344
to 5 feet high. It grows on Mt. Tamalpais, and has passed hitherto
under the name A. nummularia. The true A. nummularia Gray of
the Mendocino coast is a low or almost mat-like plant. Arctosta-
phylos sensitiva is very shallow-rooted and is one of the most re-
markable of all species of the chaparral in its relation to fire. The
individuals are completely killed in chaparral fires and do not crown-
sprout. In very intense fires the shrub may be completely consumed ;
in fires of less intensity or governed by suddenly changing air-
currents a shrub may be killed by the high temperature generated
in its vicinity without any evidence associated with destruction
by fire. Such shrubs, retaining all their leaves, but with the foliage
brown and dead, stand on the margin of fire-swept bands in the
chaparral, as if suddenly electrocuted without any visible sign of
injury to the plant as a whole. The shallowness of the root-system
increases measurably the chances of its mortality in running fires.
It tends to colonize exclusively small areas on Mt. Tamalpais.
After fires it reappears promptly on “‘burns,”’ and fruits at the age
of five or six years. It thus adapts itself to short fire-intervals and
is a true fire-type shrub.

Locs.—Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson (type), Herbert & Wieslander;
betw. Butano and Little Butano creeks, Santa Cruz Mts., Dudley.

Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS SENSITIVA Jepson. A. nummularia
Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 370 (1901), not of Gray.

16. A.CANESCENS Eastw. This species, here regarded as valid,
is reduced in the latest revision of this genus (N. Am. FI. 29:97,—
1914) to A. tomentosa Lindl. A. tomentosa is a species of the Wash-
ington and Oregon coasts which ranges into California along the
north coast. A. canescens inhabits the summits of the middle Coast

—6886 MADRONO [VoL. 1,

Ranges and never comes down to the immediate vicinity of the
coast as does A. tomentosa. The latter has characters which dis-
tinguish it from A. canescens aside from the differences between the
two as to reaction to fire.

A. tomentosa is a medium-sized dark green shrub; it has a
shallow root-system and its large single trunk is not enlarged at the
ground. It is killed outright by fire. A. canescens is a rather low
whitish shrub with numerous small rigid stems which arise from
an enlarged woody base or platform just at or below the surface
of the ground. It is highly resistant to fire and’ crown-sprouts
vigorously after a chaparral fire. While it has a very large woody
base, the stems which arise from this base are néver, so far as ob-
served, over 1 or 2 inches in diameter. Further details of differences
between these two species are given in the organized diagnoses
below.

Locs.—Iaqua Buttes, Tracy 4906; near Castle Peak, ne.
Mendocino Co., Jepson; Red Mt., n. Mendocino Co., Eastwood;
Blue Lakes grade to Ukiah, Jepson; Cobb Mt., Jepson; Mt. St.
Helena, Jepson; Howell Mt., Jepson; w. of St. Helena; Hood’s Peak
Range, Jepson; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 6803; Loma Prieta (acc.
Eastwood); Santa Lucia Peak, Jepson 4744, 4745 (glabrate form);
Mt. Wilson, Pezrson 141.

Ref.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS CANESCENS Eastw. Proc. Cal. Acad.
ser. 3, 1:84 (1897), type loc. Mt. Tamalpais, Eastwood.

17. A. GLANDULOSA Eastw. is another species which has been
reduced to A. tomentosa Dougl. in the latest revision of this genus.
(N. Am. Fl. 29: 97—1914). It is a low shrub which crown-sprouts
under fire, the root-crown expanding horizontally as a result of
repeated fires and forming broad woody platforms from which arise
the very rigid erect stems. Its reaction to fire is very remarkable.
Ona Mt. Tamalpais burn my student, Mr. W. C. Mathews, counted
47 sprouts on a root-crown in one square inch. It forms colonies of
a kind entirely different from A. tomentosa and with an entirely
different life-history. It also roots freely from decumbent branches.

Locs.—Red Mt., Mendocino Co., acc. Eastwood; Ft. Bragg,
W. C. Mathews; Mendocino Range near Ukiah, Jepson 7640; Twin
Sisters Peak, Napa Range, Jepson 2391; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson
5719, 5720; Berkeley, Harriet P. Kelley; Moraga Ridge, Jepson
5717; Oakland Hills, Jepson 7440 (berries a little glaucous); Las
Trampas Ridge, Contra Costa Co., Jepson; Sycamore Cafion (head),
Santa Inez Mts., Jepson; Echo Mt., San Gabriel Mts., Pezrson 142.

This species is variable and three varieties are here included under
it, namely—Var. VESTITA Jepson n. comb. (A. vestita Eastw.), a
shrub of the south coast with leaves densely tomentulose beneath:
Ben Lomond, K. Brandegee; Monterey, Jepson 2991, 4004; San
Simeon, K. Brandegee. Var. CRASSIFOLIA Jepson n. var. Leaves
elliptic, thick, 8 to 12 lines long—Del Mar, Jepson 1606a (type).

(Cont. p. 88)

_ JANUARY- MAY, 1922 rene

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. s- Walk from Sausalito. Leader, ‘Miss Amy Rinehart.

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i meeting in 212 Wheeler Hall, University

1 Pacts Cathe in 212 wi bones Hall, ata eee
p.! tn ee officers, ee W. L. Jepson will give a feceure:

ao gas than hee 8 kes
“ Mott 24 avai: t,
nines on latest railway schedules.

Id be prosaic i Oa lunch and cup on all field trips.

ts afr oy

c an. 22, . Dore’ His) Take 8: 15 Sausalien boats nee San Pencied

Ma: mt to 30. Asati! ie oe Tepe anes Sie to ae the ape
ie circular send name to ai Adeline Frederick, 1636 Woolsey Street, cae

SEPTEMBER, 1922 to JANUARY, 1923

Ka

Sunday, Sept. 17. Ingleside for study of beach eed Meet at entrance of ‘
upper waiting room, San Francisco hae building, 9:30 a. m. Leader, Miss a
Edna Finley.

Sunday, Oct. 1. Twin Peaks, San Francisco. Meet at upper waiting room nf
entrance, San Francisco ferry building, 9:30 a.m. Leader, Dr. E. F. Card.

Sunday, Oct. 15. Fort Point. Leave Fort Mason, foot of Van Ness Ave. on
U.S. S. Slocum, 9 a. m. From San Francisco ferry take Union St. cars.
Leader Miss Amy Rinehart.

Sunday, Oct 29. Bay Farm Island for study of Halophytes. Meet at Lincoln a
Park station, Alameda, 1:30 p. m. Leader Miss Crocker. “f

Thursday, Nov. 9. 8 p.m. Regular meeting in 212 Wheeler Hall, Users 4
campus. Professor F. T. Bioletti will give a talk on ‘“‘Botanical Reminiscences.”

Sunday, Nov. 12. Hayward Cafion. Meet at 13th and Broadway, Oakland, at, 4
8:30 a.m. Take Hayward car to end of line. Leader, Miss Alsop.

Sunday, Nov. 26. Rockridge, Oakland, for study of fungi. Meet at end of
Rockridge car line, 9 a.m. Leader, Mr. Alfred Walker.

Sunday, Dec. 10. Tiburon and Belvedere. Take 1:45 p. m. Tiburon boat from _
San Francisco ferry. Leader, Dr. Ruth Allen. Those wishing to remain late
will provide supper. :

Sunday, Jan. 7. Redwood Peak, for study of fungi. Meet at 13th and Broad-
way, Oakland, 8:30 a. m. Leader, Mr. Harold Parks.

Members are privileged to invite guests to meetings and field trips.

Lunch and cups should be provided on all day trips.
Verify train and boat schedules by latest timetables.

BRUCE BROUGH, PRINTER: SAN FRANCISCO : )

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTI

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ON LIBRARIES

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