Tenison-Woods Malaysian land and freshwater Mollusca Division of Mollusks Sectional Library MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCAY % \ uc Mi 1 By rue Rey. J. E: Tentson-Woons, F.G.S., F.L.S., Hon. Men. bd] Roy. As. Soc. (Straits Brancn). ‘al’ (PLATES XXVII.-XXX.). DEFINITION OF THE ReEGIoN.—The species included in the following list are those indigenous to the Malay Peninsula in the states south of Keddah and the Indian Archipelago, exclusive of New Guinea. With the exception of the arbitrary line dividing the Malay Peninsula, the limits of this region form a province in natural history in the molluscan sub-kingdom. The reason for excluding New Guinea is that its fauna seems to belong more to the Pacific and Australian regions. The Philippine Islands are not included, because they form of themselves a peculiar province with very marked features, entitling them to separate considera- tion. The physical geography of the Malaysian region is another reason for considering its pulmonate mollusca separately. The region consists of an immense number of islands of varying sizes, from mere barren granite rocks to continental islands like Sumatra and Borneo. All those that are of any size are densely clothed with vegetation. The climate is very hot, moist, and varies but little. Granite is the prevailing rock, with overlying paleozoic strata and a few outliers of Devonian limestone. There are also in Borneo and Sumatra rather extensive developments of carbon- aceous sandstone and a few patches of tertiary limestone. The south-east portion of the region is made up exclusively of modern volcanic rocks. It is known that climate, vegetation, and soil have all powerful influences in the development of the land mollusca, which live on decayed leaves and vegetation, flourishing best amid moisture and 1004 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, heat. All these conditions are found pre-eminently in the region T have specified, and perhaps in no country of the world are they more favourably united for the development of terrestrial mollusea. Soil also has a remarkable influence. Some species prefer granite formations; but the predilection of land mollusca for limestone rocks is very striking. In the Malay Peninsula there is quite a number of small isolated limestone outliers in the form of hills and table-lands, mostly of a precipitous character. These are all distinguished by an abundance of genera and species of land- shells. The restricted habitat of some is most remarkable, and each patch of limestone seems to have its own species. It has been remarked by various naturalists how few means of dispersal the land-shells have, and thus it is that we find each ‘island with its own fauna, no matter how small it is. Some of these species are peculiar and exceptional types. It must be admitted, how- ever, that some types are very wide-spread, such for instance, as the forms of which Helix citrina L., and Bulimus perversus L., are the types. It is highly probable that we have in the Malay Peninsula and its islands the remains of a very ancient continent. None of the younger formations have any place except in Sumatra and Borneo. At any rate there are no rocks which would justify the supposition that the region has been completely submerged within modern geological times. For these reasons, therefore, we have in the molluscan sub-kingdom a fauna of great antiquity. The circumstances also favour the restriction of species, because the land is so broken up into islands. Thus specific peculiarities become propagated and restricted. It may be said, in keeping with this, that though the species or varieties of the region are very numerous, yet the types are comparatively few. I take here the opportunity of noting that though I give a list of all the species enumerated by various authors known to me, I am very far from endorsing their views as to the value of the specific distinctions in any case. Probably the number of species, and even the genera, will admit of extensive reduction hereafter. In BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1005 looking through a large collection with every gradation of shape and colour between one species and another, one cannot help being struck with the slender evidence on which some species rest. One is inclined to say that the species are comparatively few, but the variations are great in extent and endless in number. Nevertheless, there are certain peculiar genera which stamp a character on the region, besides certain abnormal species. The facies of the region is Indian. All traces of African influences have disappeared. There is no Achatina, few Pupas, whilst Cyclostoma is beginning to take a subordinate place. Amongst the Cyclophoridz we find peculiar though wide-spread types ; and amongst the Helicidee unmistakable uniformity. The individuals have all marked characters, so that a small amount of experience suffices to enable us to tell at a glance whether any individual shell is a member of the Malayan fauna. There are in the region we are dealing with about 380 known species or varieties of land-shells divisible into the following genera :—Streptaxis, Ennea, Vitrina, Helicarion, Nanina, Trocho- nanina, Hyalinia, Trochomorpha, Patula, Helix, Cochlostyla, Bulimus, Bulimina, Stenogyra, Rhodina, Glessula, Pupa, Hypse- lostoma, Clausilia, Cyclotus, Opisthoporus, Pterocyclos, Spiraculum, Cyclophorus, Leptopoma, Alyceus, Diplommatina, Opisthostoma, Pupina, Megalomastoma, Hybocystis, Georissa. Of these the dominant genera are Vanina, Helix, Cyclophorus, Bulimus, and Clausilia. And this is the case in the Indian fauna. There is in fact the strongest resemblance between the relative proportion of certain genera in the two provinces; the difference being the complete disappearnce from the Malayan Peninsula of Achatina and some other African genera. The large predominance of forms of Helix resembles India almost to the very number of species. The peculiar form of Vitrina distinguished as Vanina, but with slender claims to a generic position, is a feature shared by Ceylon, and to some extent by the Philippine Islands. Manina is a thin, depressed, umbilicated shell, with a keel at the periphery, highly polished and with a tendency to bi-partite colouring. 1006 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Some of the peculiar genera of this region have extraordinary organs which are not seen elsewhere. Thus Opisthoporus is a depressed shell furnished with a little open tube behind the mouth. Pterocyclos has an almost similar tube formed by a notch in the peristome at its junction with the superior whorl, an arrangement which is slightly modified in an allied genus named Spiraculum. Alyceus has the last whorl swollen, constricted and strongly twisted near the mouth. All these species have peculiar opercula composed of a calcareous spiral series of concentric plates. In the family Pupinine there are the strongest modifications of the last whorl which becomes twisted and constricted in the most erratic manner. In Opisthostoma it is elevated vertically in the air like an elephant’s trunk. In Hybocystis we have a very peculiar torm of land-shell, of which a full description is given at the end of the list. It isan approach to Megalomastoma, and may be said to be confined to Burmah and the Malay Peninsula. As the limits of the region here dealt with are so little explored, no such things as sub-provinces can be made, unless it be in the way of considering each island a sub-province in itself. It is obvious to any one who considers the size and extent of any of the islands, that only a very small portion of them can have been well explored for their molluscan fauna. The total number of known species or varieties, amounting as it does to scarcely 400, can only be considered as an instalment of the actual census. The large island of Borneo alone might be expected to furnish such a number, when we remember how the climate, soil, and vegetation of this region favour the development of the molluscan fauna. Yet the species of Borneo can scarcely be said to be known at all. In dealing with the genera and species of the various authors, it has already been stated that the specific or generic value in any individual case is a matter for which the authors themselves are alone responsible. Yet it must be borne in mind that the diffi- culty of dealing with some of the larger genera renders sub-division of some kind absolutely necessary. Thus in the immense genus BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1007 Helix it is no use to catalogue species without adopting sectiona] divisions, which has been done in the present list. It must be admitted that they are not easy to identify, as the features are so feeble, and there is so little to go upon. Still the sections may be of some assistance, and they are meant to have no higher value in classification. With the genera it is different, and except in such a case as Nanina the divisions are well marked, and can hardly be mistaken one for another. In the smaller genera the features are very pronounced, that is genera small in point of numbers, not of size. T believe it may further be said that all the species of the genera Trochomorpha, Bulimus, Cyclotus, Cyclophorus and Alyceus, though perhaps not well distinguished from one another, are referable to a type which has certain well-defined geographical limits. With a little experience a species of Cyclophorus, for instance from the Malayan Peninsula, could be easily recognized as belonging to the region; but it would require a prolonged familiarity to distinguish between the characteristic types of the various islands, as for instance Java and Sumatra. The Bornean shells are easily recognized, though there are strong resemblances to the types of the Philippine Islands. Amongst the shells enumerated there is no foreign element. No molluscan animals, as far as it is known, have been introduced from foreign regions, and become naturalized in the region now described ; but the large introduction of European and Chinese plants will alter this state of things before long, if it has not done so already. The following list has been taken from various sources. No special study has ever been made of the land mollusca of the Malayan Archipelago. But owing to the labours of Pfeiffer and Albers, the task of compiling this list has been very much facilitated. 'The whole references in the case of every species have not been given. As far as possible the references are made to three or four of the most easily accessible works, where more than one author has given a description. The work of Pfeiffer 64 1008 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, (“Monographia Heliceorum Viventium,” 8 vols.), is taken as the standard, but corrected according to his most recent determina- tions of species before his decease as contained in ‘“‘ Nomenclator Heliceorum Viventium.” These works with his ‘ Monographia Pneumonopomorum Viventium,” may be said to contain nearly all that has been done in this department of natural science. Al that one requires in addition are the essays of Nevill, Benson, De Morgan, von Mollendorff and Hungerford, and these are princi- pally contained in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Calcutta branch. To facilitate reference, a catalogue of works, mentioning species quoted in the list, is given. It is not by any means intended as an exhaustive bibliography of the subject, but it is hoped that no author is omitted who has described any Malayan land shell. It may be necessary to add that I have not been able to verify the references of every species, which of course would impose a vast amount of labour, and enormously increase the time required for the preparation of the catalogue. But in a great many instances, perhaps the majority, I have consulted the original authors espe- cially in the case of the older conchologists. It should be mentioned that Pfeiffer’s nomenclature of the families has been adopted, following also his orthography. LAND MOLLUSCA. Family STREPTAXID. 1. StrepTaxis, Gray, 1837, Loudon’s Magazine, n.s. I. p. 484. Shell oval or oblong, in the young state sub-hemispherical, deeply umbilicate, irregular and oblique from the lower whorls which rapidly increase in size, receding from the axis of the upper. Near the close of the penultimate whorl the umbilicus is compressed by a return to the original axis. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1009 Animal heliciform and like the genus Anostoma. Mr. Gray established this genus for species manifesting a twist in the axis, or an irregular deviation in the disposition of the whorls, causing an unsymmetrical spiral. He divides them into many groups amongst which he includes a species of Pupa. STREPTAXIS CONOIDEUS, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 329. Keddah State, Malay Peninsula. S. PLUSSENSIS, De Morgan, Le Naturaliste, VII. 1885, No. 9, p. 68; von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 299. Mt. Chekel, River Plus, Perak, Malay Peninsula, S. MicHavl (ENNEA), Crosse and Fischer, Jour. Conch. 1863, pl. 10, fig. 4, p. 357. Pulo Condor, Gulf of Siam, between east side of Malay Penin- sula and Cambodia. S. BULBULUS (ENNEA), Morelet, Jour. Conch. 1863, pl. 10, fig. 3. Pulo Condor. 2. ENNEA, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. II. p. 171. Shell slightly rimate, sub-cylindrical; apex obtuse, smooth, shining, hyaline; whorls flattened, the last narrow, sulcated ex- ternally in the middle, lamellate within, with a strong plait parallel to the columella; aperture sub-circular ; parietal lamella extending inwards and situated close to the right margin ;_peri- stome expanded, the right margin flexuous, thickened in the middle, ENNEA PERAKENSIS, Godwin-Austen and Nevill, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 735, pl. 59, fig. 2; von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. lic. p. 300. Bukit Pondok, Gapis Pass, Perak. (N.B.—This is one of the places referred to where Bukit Pondok is spelled Buket Pondong). 1010 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, E. HUNGERFORDIANA, von Mdll. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, 1.c. p. 301. Bukit Pondok, Perak. Family VITRINEA. 3. Virrina, Draparnaud, 1801. Tabl. pp. 33, 98. Shell dextral, depressed or sub-globose, very thin, pellucid, with a very large last whorl ; no umbilicus, columella spiral ; aperture large, oblique semi-lunar, without teeth ; peristome thin, acute, not continuous. Animal long, like a slug, and too large for the shell, tail very short ; mantle reflected over the shell-margin with posterior right lobe ; radula 100 rows of 75; marginal teeth with a single long curved apex. VITRINA NUCLEOLA, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XL. pl. 4, fig. 12; Pfr. Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 28, No. 45. Penang ; Prince of Wales Island ; Straits of Malacca. 4. HELICARION, Férussac, (1821), Tabl. Syst. des Animaux Mol- lusques, p. XX XJ. and Voy. de Freycinet. Shell heliciform, round oval, thin, fragile, covered with a very thin periostraca, spire short, whorls few, the last much enlarged, oblong triangular ; peristome simple, acute. Animal like Vitrina, but the foot is truncate at its posterior extremity, with a caudal gland like Arion. HELICARION PERMOLLIS, Stol. (as Vitrina) Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLII. pl. 1, fig. 11. = Vitrina permollis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VILE. -p. 10: Penang. H. BorNEENSIS (VitRiNA), Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 793; Nov. Conch. I. pl. 28, figs. 10-12. Borneo. BY THE REV, J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1011 A specimen of this shell was seen by me in the collection ‘at Government House, Labuan, but no locality noted. H. 1pm (Virrina), Pfr. Mon. Hel. TV. p. 793; Nov. Conch. I. pl. 28, figs. 13-15. Jelebes. “One of Pfeiffer’s figures shows a narrow orange-brown band, which is not mentioned in the description.” Tryon, Man. Conch, I. p. 178. Collected in Celebes by Ida Pfeiffer, the celebrated female traveller. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 325. H, CELEBENSIS (ViTrina), Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 325 ; Nov. Conch. I. p. 101, No. 172, pl. 28, figs. 16-18. Also collected in Celebes by Madame Ida Pfeiffer ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 793, where the author doubts whether the species should not be referred to the genus Helix. H. SUTURALIS, von Martens (HELIcARION), Ostas. Zool. IT. ISG ip. Ss aple dae, 2); pl. 5, fig. 9, a, b; ¢2 Pir. Mon! Hel. V. p. 17 (Vitrina). Island of Buru, Moluccas. Sub-globose, very plainly striate at the suture ; yellowish-green, with an opaque white zone. H. LINEOLATUS, von Mart. op. cit. p. 184, pl. 12, fig. 4; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V.p. 17, No. 56. Java; Sumatra. H. sERICEUS, von Mart. op. cit. p. 185, pl. 12, fig. 1; (Vitrina), Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 18. Island of Timor. H. ALBELLUS, von Mart. op. cit. p. 186.= Helix wonosariensis, Mousson, in coll. Vitrina albella, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 18. Eastern Java, Wonosari. I collected a specimen on the lower slopes of Mount Tengger. 1012 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Family VITRINOIDEA. 5. Nanna, Gray, 1834; Pfr. Sym. I. p. 5, No. 3. Shell heliciform, perforated, dextral or sinistral, somewhat depressed, thin, polished, particularly below ; periphery round or keeled, inner lip short, reflected, often covering the umbilicus ; outer lip simple or scarcely reflected. Animal with two mantle-lobes covering part of front of shell ;. foot long, narrow, truncate behind, with a pore like a slit, some- times with a projection like a horn ; mantle-lobes with power to expand and retract laterally. Over 500 species ; tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia, and Oceanica. N. viripis, Quoy and Gaimard, (as Vetrina), Voy. Astrol. IT. p. 138, pl. 11, figs. 16-18; Lamarck, Deshayes edit. VIT. p. 730, No. 7; H. Beck, Index IT. p. 4;= Helix viridis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 82. Island of Celebes in the mountains near Menado, is the refer- ence given by Q. and G. This part of Celebes, it will be remem- bered, is the only active volcanic portion. N. tow, Issel, = Hyalina (?) lowi, Issel, Moll. Born. p. 38, pl. 5, figs. 16-18 ;= Helix lowi (Hyalina?), Pfr. Mon. Hel. VIT. p. 523. Sarawak, Borneo. N. versa, Issel, (Macrochlamys), Moll. Born. p. 36, pl. 5, figs. 1-4=Heliaw (Nanina) tersa, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 525= Nanina tensa, Pfr. Nomencl. Hel. p. 37, No. 222a. Borneo, N. pertucips, Issel, (Hyalina?), Moll. Born. p. 39, pl. 5, figs. 20-23 = Helix perlucida, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 526. Bintulu, Sarawak, Borneo. N. macpouca.ul, Issel, Moll. Born. p. 37, pl. 5, figs. 9-12= Helix macdougalli, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 526. Sarawak, Borneo. BY THE REV. J. E, TENISON-WOODS. 1 03 N, patmicona, Stol.= Microcystis palmicola, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLII. 1873, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 10= Helix palmicola, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 100. Penang ; in cocoa-nut trees. N. casTANEA, Miller, = Helix castanea, Mull. Hist. Verm. IT. p- 67, No. 262 ; Chemnitz, IX. pt. 1. p. 135, pl. 131, figs. 1177- 78,=Nanina castanea, Beck, Index p. 4= Helix castanea, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 44. Sumatra. N. vitettus, Shuttleworth, in Cuming’s list = Chemnitz, 2nd edit. Helix, No. 957, pl. 145, fig. 14 =H. vitellus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. TIT. p. 44, where it is thought possibly to be a variety of H. citrina, L. so commonly distributed throughout the Archipelago. This specimen was found in Amboyna by Cuming. Celebes. N. NEMORENSIS, Mill. Hist. Verm. IT. in Index and quoted under the same name by Chemnitz, 2nd edit. Helix, No. 183, pl. 35, figs. 9-11 = Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. pr. 232, as Helicella= Helix nemoralis, Mull. op. cit. IT. p. 62, No. 257= H. cretacea, Born, Mus. p. 376, pl. 16, figs. 1-2; Chemnitz, IX. pt. IT. p. 119, pl. 129, figs. 1146-47 ; newvardii, De Haan in Menke’s Synopsis = Vanina nemorensis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 59 ; also Beck, Index, p. 4.=Helix nemorensis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 46. Moluccas and New Ireland. This shell was once to be found in all the old Museums in Europe. N. Brotil, Bonnet, = Helix brotiz, Bonnet, Rev. et Mag. Zool. XVI. 1864, p. 67, pl. 5, fig. 1; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 466. Pfr. doubts whether this specimen is really distinct from H. nemorensis, and whether it is really indigenous to Borneo. N. BIMAENSIS, Mousson, Moll. Java, p. 111, pl. 21, fig, l= Hemiplecta bimaénsis, Albers, Heliceen, p. 60 = Helix bimaénsis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 45=Nanina limaénsis, Adams, Genera, Moll. II. p. 223. In jungles, Bimah ; Sumbawa. 10] 4 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, N. OVIVITELLUS, Reeve, = Helia ovivitellws, Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 1425, pl. 202; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 22. Amboyna. N. watata, Mouss. Moll. Java, p. 112, pl. 21, fig. 2 = Hemzplecta halata, Albers, Heliceen, p. 60 = Helix halata, Pfr. in Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix, No. 929, pl. 142, figs. 9-10 ; (Vanina), Pfr. Mon. Hel- III. p. 45. Dompo, Java. N. rarecuttata, Mouss. Moll. Java p. 112, pl. 21, fig. 3= Helix rareguttata, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. p. 46. Bimah ; Sumbawa. N. sparsa, Mouss. Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 155, pl. 6, fig. 4 = Helix sparsa (Nanina), Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 348. Island of Bali. N. corres, Pfr. = Helix coffea, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p- 111 = Nanina (Xesta) coffea, Pfr. Versuch. p. 119 = Helix coffea, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IY. p. 23. Moluccas and Island of Lombok. N. crespicnyl, Higgins,= WV. decrespignii (Xesta), Higgins, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 179, pl. 14, fig. 4 = WV. decrepignyt (Xesta ), Paetel, Catal. p. 84= Helix crespignyi, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 80. Island of Labuan. N. trocuus, Mill. = Helix trochus, Mill. Verm. II. p. 79, No. 275; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix, No. 127, pl. 21, figs. 13-14= Trochus hortensis, Chemn. IX. pt. IT. p. 52, pl. 122, figs. 1055-56 = Manina trochus, Beck, Index p. 4= WN. circwmdata, von Martens = var. Helix sulphurea, Reeve = H. circumpicta, Mousson = H. colorata, Mousson = Nanina ( Hemiplecta) circumpicta, Paetel, Catal. p. 84 = Helix trochus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 46; IIL p. 46; VII. p. 80. Also, Zeitschritt fiir Malak. 1851, and Chemn. Ed. Nov. Helix I. p- 160, pl. 146, figs. 3-5. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1015 An imperforate trochiform conical shell with an obtuse vertex ; white with a broad red band, which is wanting inside, about an inch high and 10 lines in diameter. This shell is said in one place to come from Macassar, and in another from the East Indies; but it is evidently a common widespread species, well- known to many earlier conchologists. N. crparis, Lamarck, = Helix cidaris, Lamarck, Hist. d. animaux, 43, p. 77; Deshayes’ edit. p. 45= H. cidaris, Delessert, Rec. de Coq. pl. 26, fig. 11 ;=Manina rapa, Beck, Index, p. 3 ;= Helix cidaris, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 45. Timor. N. @uutTinosa, Metcalfe, = Helvx glutinosa, Metcalfe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 54. Borneo. N. cirrina, L. = Helix citrina, L. Syst. Nat. 10th edit. p. 771 ; 12th edit. No. 679, p. 1245. This widely distributed and well-known shell has been described by all the ancient conchologists as far back as Lister, and, strange to say, for a species which varies a good deal, has not many synonyms. It is an umbilicate shell, orbicularly convex, with an obtuse spire ; yellowish with a brown band, or with a white band or two, or a purple band joined to a white one ; with varieties in which the band is red, yellow, white, blackish, and even yellowish- green. This band of colour seems to divide the shell into an upper and lower portion. There are excellent figures of the animal in the “ Voyage de |’ Astrolabe,” pl. 11, figs. 1-4. It is very common through the islands of the whole Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. N. coacunara, Pfr.= Helix coagulata, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 32; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 41. Amboyna. N. tuctuosa, Beck, Index, p. 3 = Helix citrina, var. of Miiller, ‘Chemn. and Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 53. 1016 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, This is a common shell like the last, and is subject to similar variations in colouring, which divide into three principal forms. Var. A: chestnut above, white below, divided at the periphery by a broad white band ; umbilicus, chestnut brown. This variety is figured by Chemn. (Helix, fig. 1174). Var. B: greyish above with a brownish median (Chemn. fig. 1175). Var. C: white with a blackish-brown band. Regarded by some as quite distinct from NV. citrina. Moluccas, Malay Peninsula, &c. N. FuLVvizoNA, Mousson, in coll.; von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 201= Heha fulvizona, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 96. This is a most variable shell with regard to its colouring. Ten different varieties are enumerated by Pfr., the type approaching somewhat to Helix citrina, L. Celebes. N. PARCIPILA, von Martens, in Monat. Akademie Berlin, 18th April, 1864, p. 264 ; (Xesta) Ostas. Zool. II. p. 192, pl. 9, fig. 1 = Helix parcipila, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 119. Adenare Islands, Moluccas. N. IGNESCENS, Pfr. = Helix ignescens, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. l= Vanina ignescens, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 406 ; (Xesta/ von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 192, pl. 9, fig. 2 = Helix ignescens, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 98. Batchian Island, Moluccas. N. MONOZONALIS, Lamarck,= 1. monozalis, Pfr. Nomen. Hel. p. 40, No. 582 = Helix monozonalis, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. 1st edit. IV. p. 66, Desh. edit. p. 29 = Heliw unizonalis, Desh. Encycel. Meth. pl. 462, fig. 6 = Helicelia unizonalis, Fér. pr. 241, Hist. pl. 91, fig. 4 = Nanina monozonalis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 59 = Zonites uwnizonalis, Swainson, Malac. p. 331 = Helix monozonalis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 72. Swainson regards this shell as a mere variety of JV. citrina. Amboyna. BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1017 N. OBLIQUATA, Reeve,= Helix obliquata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 74, sp. 384 =H. cetrima, var. Chemn. 2nd edit. pl. 24, figs. 1-2 ; = Nanina teysmanni, Mousson, in coll. = N. obliquata, von Mart. Ostas. Zool. Il. p. 235 = Helix obliquata, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. Pena: Sumatra ; Borneo. ? N. NANINOIDES, Benson, = Helix naninoides, Benson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1X. 1842, p. 486; Phil. Tcon. IT. 9, p. 2, pl. 6, fig. 3; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix, No. 158, pl. 25, figs. 7-8; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 70. This species varies in having distinct concentric striz or being without them. Colour brownish or nearly white ; periphery more or less distinctly keeled. Singapore ; Chusan. N. umprimarra, Leguillou,= Aelia umbilicaria, Leguillou, Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 137; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix, No, 63, pl. 11, figs. 14-15; Pfr. Mon. Hel. [. p. 64, V. p. 123. Differs from the following in being a more solid shell, opaque, and smoother. Sumatra ; Banka; Java. N. peserazil, Homb. et Jacy. = Helix desgrazii, Homb. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. V. p. 12, pl. 5, figs. 4-6; Pfr. Mon. Hei. IV. p, 42. Sumatra. N. savanica, Lamarck, = Helix javanica, Lamarck, 1st edit. p. 76; 2nd edit. p. 45; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix, No. 62, pl. 11, figs, 12-13 = Helicella javanensis, Fér. pr. 234; Hist. pl. 92, fig. 2 = Nanina javanensis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 59 = NV. javana, Beck, Index, p. 4 — Helix javanica, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 64. Very close to Vanina naninoides. Java. 1018 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, N. inputa, Pfr. = Helia induta, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 128; Mon. Hel. I. p. 79 = Nanina induta, Gray =X. bataviana [junior (?)], von Martens. Java. N. convotuta, Deshayes, = Helix convoluta, Deshayes, Fer. Hist. I. p. 401. No. 255 bis, pl. 87, fig. 2; Pfr. Mon. Hel. ITT. p. 48 = Nanina convoluta, Gray. Sumatra. N. curreri, H. Adams, = Macrochlamys cutteri, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 794, pl. 48, fig. 21 — Hehka cutters, (Macrochlamys), Pir. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 80. Busan, near Sarawak, Borneo. N. avReEA, von Martens, = WV. (Orobia) aurea, v. Mart. Mon- atsber. Berl. Ak. Ap. 18th, 1864, p. 266 ; Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 243, pl. 12, fig. 12; Pfr..Mon. Hel. V. p. 67. Kepahiang, Sumatra. N. consun, Pfr. = Helia consul, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 289; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix, No. 1395, pl. 198 = Vanina (Xesta) consul, Pfr. Vers. p 120 = Helix consul, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 44. Sarawak, Borneo. N. CINNAMOMEA, Valenc. = Helix cinnamomea, Valence. Museum, Paris; Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 442, pl. 83 (?) = Nanina cinnamomea, Albers, Heliceen; Gray, Catal. Pulmon. p. 93; H. and A. Adams, Gen. IIL. p. 22 = Xesta cimnamomea, Pfr. Vers. p. 120 = Helix cinnamomea, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 54, III. p. 62, LV. p. 42. Penang. N. sucunpA, Pfr. = Helix jucunda, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 524; Novit. Conch. p. 307, No. 419, pl. 74, figs. 13-14 = Nanina jucunda (Macrochlamys), von Martens, Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 240, pl. 12, fig. 7 = Helix jucunda, Pir. Mon. Hel. V. p. 101. Collected in the island of Labuan by Sir Hugh Low. BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1019 N. FULVO-CARNEA, von Martens, in Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 18th April, 1864, p. 266 (Orobia) — Macrochlamys fulvo-carnea, v. Mart. Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 242, pl. 12, fig. 8 = Helix fulvo-carnea, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 101. Menado, Celebes. N. MALACCANA, Pfr. = Helix malaccana, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1854, p. 147; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix No. 1373, pl. 195 = Nanina malaccana (Xesta), Pir. Vers. p. 120 = Helix malaccana, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 45. Keddah, Malay Peninsula. N. aauasa, Pfr. = Helix aglaja, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 289 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix No. 1396, pl. 199 = Nanina aglaja (Xesta), Pir. Vers. p. 120 = Helix aglaja, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 46. Sarawak, Borneo. N. STEPHOIDES, Stol. = Macrochlamys stephoides, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLIT. 1873, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 9 = Helix stephoides (Macrochlamys), Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 109. Penang Hill. N. inrans, Pfr. = Helix infans, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 290; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix No. 1417, pl. 201; (Microcystis ) Pfr. Vers. p. 123; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 51. Labuan and Sarawak, Borneo. It also occurs in Java, where it was named Helix adnata by Mousson. N. CuAIRVILLEA, Fer. — Helix clairvillea (Helicella), Feév. pr. 243, Hist. pl. 91, fig. 1 = Nanina clairvillea, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 59; Beck, Index, p. 3 = Helix clairvillea, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 43. Amboyna. N. WAANDERSIANA, Zollinger; Mousson, Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 154, pl. 6, fig. 1 = Helix waandersiana (Nanina), Ptr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 345. Island of Bali. 1020 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, N. BALIENSIS, Mousson, Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 155. pl. 6, fig. 6 = Helix baliensis (Nanina), Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 345, Diambrana, Bali. N. 1nquinaTa, v.d. Busch,— Helia inquinata, v.d. Busch, in Phil. Icon. I. 1, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 4; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 169, pl. 31, figs. 5-6; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 46. Java. N. sEMISCULPTA, von Martens, Malak. Bl. XX. 1872, p. 167 ; Pfr. Novit. Conch. IV. p. 123, No. 826, pl. 128, fig. 6 = Helix semisculpta (Nanina), Pfr. Mon. Hel, VII. p. 87. Celebes. N. cincta, Lea, = Helix cincta, Lea, Obs. I. p. 168, pl. 19, fig. 68 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 54. In the figure the columellar margin of the peristome appears thickened and dilated ; = Nanina steursvi, Shuttlew.—= WV. conért- stata, Mousson. Java. N. HUMPHREYSIANA, Lea, = Helix humphreysiana, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. VII, p. 463, pl. 12, fig. 16 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 168, pl. 31, figs. 3-4; Fér. Hist. XXXIV. pl. 2, fig. 7; von Martens, Ostas. pl. 10, fig. 4. This shell seems somewhat widely distributed, since it is recorded from Pondicherry, Singapore, and Sumatra. It is an orbiculately conical shell, convex below, rugulosely granular, yellowish brown with a chestnut band at the periphery ; spire somewhat elevated and acute, whorls six to seven, aperture oblique, simple acute, diam. maj. 53, min. 47, alt. 33 mill. Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 43. N. corrosa, Mousson, Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 156 = Helix corrosa (Nanina), Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 348. Java. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1021 WN. Nopinis, Pfr. = Helix nobilis, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1849, p. 127; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 771, pl. 125, figs. 1-2; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. p. 69. Borneo ; var. in Philippines. N. ara@uta, Pfr. = Heitx arguta, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 327; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 61. Tengger Hills, Java (written Teuga Hills in Pfr.). N. HERKLOTSIANA, Dohrn, Malak. Bl. VI. 1859, p. 206 = Helix herklotsiana, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 121. Java. N. BATAVIANA, v.d. Busch, — Helix bataviana, v.d. B. in Phil. Icon. I. 1, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 3 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 58, pl. 11, figs. 1-3; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 77. | Java. N. SOULEYETIANA, Pfr. = Helix souleyetiana, Pfr. in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 950, pl. 144, figs. 16-17 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 74. (N.B.—The reference is erroneously given as 73 in Pfr. Nomen. Hel. Viv.). Borneo. N. pDonovani, Pfr. = Helix donovani, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 26 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 967, pl. 147, figs. 8-9 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. ITI. p. 75. Borneo. N. CENTRALIS, Mouss.. Moll. Java, p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 1=WJ. ( Hemiplecta) centralis, Albers, Heliceen, p. 60 = Helia centralis (Nanina), Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 78. Java. N. M£NADENSIS, Mousson, Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 157 = Helix menadensis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 345. Menado, Celebes. 1022 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, N. RIEDELII, von Martens, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 18th April, 1864, p. 264; Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 213, pl. 8, fig. 5 = Helix riedeliz, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 131 = H. securiformis, Mousson, not Deshayes = Cochlostyla riedelit, Paetel. Menado, Celebes. N. cymatium, Benson, — Helix cymatium, Benson, MS ; Pfr. Novit. Conch. [. p. 58, No. 95, pl. 17, figs. 1-2 —Nanina cyma- tium (Hemiplecta), Pfr. Vers. p. 121 = Helia cymatiwm, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 109. Lancavi Island, Straits of Malacca ; Penang and Perak, Malay Peninsula. N. CHEVALIERII, Souleyet,—= Helix chevalieri, Soul. in Revue Zool. 1842, p. 101; Voy. Bonite II. p. 504, Atlas, pl. 28, figs. 24- 26; Pfr. Mon. Hel. c p- 120= Nanina chevalierti, Albers, Heliceen. Theonly locality given in the “Voyage de la Bonite” is Peninsula of Malacca. N. SCHUMACHERIANA (HeEtrx), Pfr. Helix densa, Adams and Reeve, Voy. of Samarang, Moll. p. 62, pl. 16, fig. 8; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 954, pl. 145, figs. 5-7 = H. schumacheriana, Pfr. Zeitschr. fr. Malak. 1850, p. 70 = H. densa, Pfr. Mon. Hel. TK. os): Philippines ; Borneo. N. CELEBENSIS, Pfr.— Helix celebensis, Pfr. Jour. Conch. X. 1862, p. 229, pl. 10, fig. 8; Sowerby, Jour. Conch. XV. 1867, p- 111 (Char. emend.); Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 71. Rhwo (Rhio ?) Island, Celebes. N. virENs, von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 237 =? Helix tumens, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. p. 43; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 477 (also cited for H. cidaride) = Nanina virens, von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 237 = Helrx virens, Pir. Mon. Hel. V. p. 73. . Sumatra. BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1023 N. wauuacet, Pfr.—Helix wallacet, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 20, pl. 40, fig. 5; Chemn. pl. 164, figs. 13-15; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 96 = Nanina wallacer, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 406 = WV. (Xesta) wallacet, von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 202, var. Pfr. Novit. Conch. IV. pl. 128, fig. 5. Macassar ; Celebes. N. RAPA, (HELIX), Miller, Verm. II. p. 67, No. 261 ; Chemn. TX. pt. IT. p. 134, pl. 131, fig. 1176; Pfr. Zeitschr. Malak. 1844, p- 178 ; Mon. Hel. I. p. 62 = Helix cidaris, Lamarck. Amboyna. N. BoRNEENSIS, Pfr.— Helia: borneensis, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 127; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 196, fig. 1379; Pfr. Mon. Eifel. TEE: p. 70. Borneo. N. rucara, von Martens, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 18th July, 1864, p. 528; Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 229, pl. 10, fig. 3 = Helix cidaris, Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 43 (not Lamarck) ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 86, sp. 464 = Hemiplecta cidaris, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 406 = Helix clairvillea, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix pl. 206. sp. 1454 (not Fér). = Nanina cidaris, Gray, Catal. Pulmonif. p. 114. Celebes and Timor. N. SUMATRENSIS, Mouss. MSS.; von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 237 = Helix swmatrensis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 77. Sumatra. N. peaseana, Pfr. Helix peaseana, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p- 603 ; Mon. Hel. V. p. 77 = Hemiplecta peaseana, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 406 = Nanina rareguttata, var.? von Martens, Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 206. Timor and Buru. N. martini, Pfr.= Helix martini, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p: 149; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix No. 1356, pl. 193; Pfr. (Caracolus), Vers. p. 141 = Manina amphidroma, yon Martens, 65 1024 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Ostas. Zool. pl. 11, figs. 2-5 (Normal and sinistral shells) — Nanina producta, Mousson = Ariophanta martini, Semper = Helix martini, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 300. Padang, Sumatra. N. BROOKEI, Adams and Reeve, = Helix brookei, Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, Moll. p. 60, pl. 15, fig. 4; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 870, pl. 135, figs. 1-2; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 52 = H. gigas, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 81. In the mountains of Borneo. N. nuGontis, Pfr. = Helix hugonis, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 523; Novit. Conch. p. 304, No. 415, pl. 74, figs. 1-3; Mon. Hel. V. p. 81=Z. sinistra, Bonnet, Rev. Zool. 1864, p. 67, pl. 5, fig. 2== Manina hugonis, von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 220. Collected in the island of Labuan by Sir Hugh Low. N. REGALIS, Benson, = Helix regalis, Annals Mag. Nat. Hist. 1850, p. 215; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 915, pl. 141, figs. 5-6, var. 7-8 = H. vittata, Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, Moll. p. 60, pl. 15. fig. 7. Sarawak and Balambangan. N. LINDSTEDTI, Pfr. = Helix lindstedti, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 387 ; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 31. Malacca. N. JANuS, Chemn. = Helix janus, Chemn. XI. p. 307, pl. 213. figs. 3016-17; 2nd edit. Helix No. 59, pl. 11, figs. 4-6; Pfr Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 87; Mon. Hel. I. p. 77 = Helicella bifrons, Fér. p. 233== Helix mackenziana, Soul. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 347 = H. balesteriana, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. VII. p. 460, pl. 12, fig. 10 = Ariophanta janus, Beck, Index, p. 5. Mount Ophir, near Malacca. N. RuMPHII, v.d. Busch, = Helix rumphii, v. d. Busch, Phil. Icon. I. 1, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 2; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 60, BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1025 pl. 11, figs. 7-9; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 76; (Nanina ?) Symb. II. p. 20. Island of Java. N. chypPeus, Mouss. Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 156 = Helix clypeus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 344. Mount Semeru, Java. N. nasuta, Metcalfe, — Helix nasuta, Metcalfe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. p. 203. Borneo. N. (ARIOPHANTA) INTERRUPTA, G. Nevill, Hand-list Moll. Ind. Mus. 1878, p. 20 (a.sp. 2). Kuala Kangsa, Perak, Malay Peninsula. N. (Ruysora) sp.? von Modllendorff, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, LV. 1886, p. 301. A large greenish-brown shell, with dark brown band at periphery, and broader band at umbilicus; periphery obtusely angular; spire of six whorls, coarsely sculptured. Near WV. pluto, Pfr. from Cambodia. Perak, Malay Peninsula. N. (EvPLECTA) BIJUGA,Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, X LIT. 1873, p. 14, pl. 1, figs. 4-7, pl. 2, figs. 16-18 (Rotwla) = Helix bijuga, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. 1876, p. 105 = Nanina bijuga, G. Nevill, Handl. Moll. Ind. Mus. 1878, p. 31; (Rotula), Crosse, Jour. Conch. XXVII. 1879, p. 336. Bukit Pondok ; Penang ; Malay Peninsula. N. (Macrocutamys) sp. 2 and a species of Microcystis were found at Bukit Pondok by Dr. Hungerford. N. (Microcysrina) TOWNSENDIANA, Godwin-Austen and G, Nevill, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 736, pl. 49, fig. 1. Bukit Pondok. N. (KALrmELLA) PERAKENSIS, G. Nevill and Godwin-Austen, Land and Freshw. Moll. Ind. I. 1882, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 7. Bukit Pondok, Perak. 1026 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, N, (SITALA) CARINIFERA, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, XLIT. 1873, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 8; Godwin-Austen, Land and Freshw. Moll. Ind. II. 1882, p. 35. Penang. 6. TROCHONANINA, Mousson, 1869. Jour. Conch, 1869, p. 330. The author states that certain Helices should be separated from the genus Zrochomorpha, Albers (Heliceen, p. 60), under the name of Zrochonanina, distinguished by an upper surface more or less sculptured, base polished with a callosity at the insertion of the columella. TROCHONANINA LYCHNIA, Benson, = Helix lychnia, Benson, Ann. and Magaz. Nat. Hist. 2nd series, X. 1852 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. TIT. p. 626 = 7 lycheria, Pfr. Nomen. Hel. Viv. p. 57, No. 113. Island of Singapore. T. TROPIDOPHORA, Adams and Reeve, — Helix tais, Hombron et Jacquinot, Voy. Pole Sud, Atl. Livr. 22, pl. 7, figs. 42-45 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 782, pl. 125, figs, 32-33 = H. thas, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 68 = H. tropidophora, Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, Moll. p. 59, pl. 14, fig. 14 = H. tais, Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 37. Islands of Marquesas ; Borneo. T. conrcorDEs, Metc. — Helix conicoides, Metc. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1851; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 1020, pl. 153, figs. 20-21 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 37. Borneo. T. JENYNSI, Pfr. = Helix jenynsi, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 131; Phil. Icon. II. 11, p. 86, pl. 7, fig. 8; Pfr: Mon.. Hel. Tp. eit Java; New Hebrides. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1027 7. Hyatrnta, Fér. 1819, Prodromus, p. 40 = Aplostoma, Moquin- Tandon, 1855. Shell depressed or conical, more or less longitudinally, but not spirally striate ; semi-transparent smooth and shining ; umbilicus large, rarely small or none; epiphragm none, rudimentary or vitreous. Flagellum none or short, thick and steadied by a ter- minal muscle ; mucous vesicles represente by a glandular layer. 50 sp. Mostly Europe and North America. HYALINIA AMBOINENSIS, von Martens, Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th Ap. 1864, p. 266; Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 244, pl. 12, fig. 11; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 141. Buru; Amboyna; Banda-Nera. 8. TrocHomorpHaA, Albers, 1850, Heliceen, p. 116. Section of Helix = Geotrochus, van Hasselt. Shell sub-perforate, spire depressed conical; last whorl carinated at the periphery ; columella very short, vertical ; lip simple. 19 sp. Mauritius ; India; East Indies. TROCHOMORPHA conus, Phillippi,= Helix conus, Philippi, coll. Etre symp, Lp. 39; Phil. Icon. I. 1, p: TY, -pl. 4, fig. 6; Chemn: 2nd edit. Helix No. 216, pl. 28, figs. 6-7; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 35. Java. T. (2) anautata, Issel, Moll. Born. 1874, p. 42, pl. 5, fig. 5-8 = Helix angulata, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 528. Sarawak, Borneo. T. ceroconus, Pfr.— Helix ceroconus, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 523; von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 257 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 84. Labuan. 1028 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, T. LEUCOPHLOEA, von Martens,— Helix leucophloea (Fruticola) von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 269, pl. 12, fig. 14; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 85. North Celebes. T. conutus, von Martens, = Helix conulus, von Martens, Mon- atsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 523 (not H. conula, Pease, 1861) ; (Fruticola), Ostas. Zool. II. p. 269, pl. 13, fig. 15; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 333. Kepahiang, Sumatra. T. ayssertana, Pfr.— Helix gysseriana, Pfr. Malak. Bl. XII. 1865, p. 122; Novit. Conch. Fasc. XXIII. p. 270, No. 381, pl. 67, figs. 3-5; Mon. Hel. V. p. 333. Moluccas. T. TERNATANA, Le Guillou,= Helix ternatana, Le Guill. Revue Zool. 1842, p. 1838 = H. batchianensis, Pfr. Malak. Bl. 1860, p. 235 = Trochomorpha batchianensis, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 407 = 7. ternatana (Nigritella) v. Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 246, pl. 13, fig. 1 = Helia ternatana, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 254. Moluccas. T. CARINIFERA, Stol. — Sitala carinifera, Sto!. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, XLIT. 1873, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 8 = Helix carinifera, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 103. Penang Hill. T. micuta (Zonires), Mouss.= Zonites micula, Mouss. Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 158 = Helix micula (Zonites), Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 343. Bali Island, Java. T. TRICOLOR, von Martens, Malak. Bl. X. 1863, p. 134 : (Videna), Ostas. Zool. TI. p. 252, pl. 13, fig. 3 = Helix tricolor, Pir. Mon. Helo Vaap. 181. Island of Buru, Moluccas. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1029 T. BicoLor, von Martens, Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th Ap. 1864, p. 267 ; (Videna), Ostas. Zool. II. p. 252, pl. 13, fig. 2 — Helix bicolor, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 182. Sumatra ; Borneo. T. ZOLLINGERI, Pfr. = Helix zollingert, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851; Chemn. 2nd. edit. Helix No. 939, pl. 143, figs. 21-22 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. p. 113. Java. T. CANTORIANA, Benson,— Helix cantoriana, Benson, in Ann. and Magaz. Nat. Hist. 3rd series, VII. 1861, p.85; Pfr. Mon. Kfel; V. p. 186. Sang-sang, near Penang. T. PLANORBIS, Less.== Helix planorbis, Less. Voy. de la Coq. p. 312, pl. 13, fig. 4 = H. marginata, Mill. (teste Beck) = H. planorbis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 122. New Guinea; Java; Borneo. T. GORONTALENSIS, von Martens, = 7’ sp. von Martens, Malak. Bl. XX. 1875, p. 168 = 7. gorontalensis, v. Martens in Pfr. Novit. Conch. IV. p. 124, No. 827, pl. 128, fig. 7 = Helix gorontalensis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 208. Gorontalo, Celebes. T. TIMORENSIS (VIDENA), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 248. pl. 13; fig. 6 — Helin temorensis, Pir. Mon. Hel. V. p. 187. Island of Timor. T. LARDEA, von Mart.—= Helix zollingert, Mouss. Coll. (not Pfr.) = Trochomorpha lardea, von Mart. Menatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th April, 1864, p. 267; (Videna), Ostas. Zool. If. p. 251, pl. 13, figs. 5-6 = Helix lardea, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p, 255. Ceram, Moluccas. 1030 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Family HELICIDA. 9. Patuta, Held, 1837. Isis, p. 916 ; Albers, Heliceen, p. 64 = Lyryomphala, Beck, 1837 = Delomphalus, Agassiz, 1837 = Huryomphala, Herrmansen, 1846 — Discus, H. and A. Adams (Genera II. p. 116) = Pitys, Harper Pease, 1871. Shell perspectively umbilicate, discoid or turbinate, depressed, rugose or striate ; whorls gradually enlarging; aperture round, toothless ; lip acute ; jaws smooth or slightly striate, with a more or less marked median protuberance. About 327 species, with a world-wide distribution. PATULA QUADRISPIRA, von Mart. Helix quadrispora, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th April, 1864, p. 267= Patula quadris- pira (Rhytida), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. I. p. 259, pl. 13, fig. 9 = Helix quadrispira, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 157. Ceram, Moluccas. P. opscuraTa, Adams and Reeve, Helix obscurata, Ad. and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, Moll. p. 59, pl. 14, fig. 18, (not Porro) = H. arthurti, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 16; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 940, pl. 143, figs. 23-25; Pfr. Mon. Hel. ITI. p. 102. Borneo. P. LuTEA, von Mart. = Helix lutea, von Mart. Mouatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th April, 1864, p. 268 = Patula lutea (Macrocy- cloides), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 260, pl. 12, fig. 16 = Helix lutea, Pir. Mon. Hel. V. p. 167. Buru, Moluccas. 10. Heurx, Linneeus. Shell of variable form, smooth, rugose, striate, ribbed or tuber- culate, sometimes pilose ; orbicular-convex, planorboid, trochiform, sub-turriculated, or short bulimiform (monstrosities sinistral, or with the whorls more or less uncoiled) ; aperture oblique, oval, BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1031 or semilunar, with or without interior teeth on the margin or parietal wall; lip simple or thickened internally or reflected ; umbilicus covered to widely open. Animal capable of complete retraction within the shell ; the jaw finely striate, or ribbed, sulcate, or plicate. Radula :—central teeth tricuspid, laterals bicuspid or tricuspid, with an obsolete internal cusp; marginals usually wider than high, short, with two or three small cusps. Distribution : — world-wide; about 3,400 species known. Pfeiffer, Albers, Beck, Swainson, Férussac, Tryon, H. and A. Adams, and others have proposed a great number of groups in which it is generally found that similar ones have a similar geographical distribution. Unfortunately there has been a lamentable want of consent amongst these and other authors as to the grouping, and there is no accepted system which is followed by the generality of conchologists ; it would seem in fact as if each one had his own. In this list the system of Pfeiffer is followed, who makes 86 sections and 67 sub-sections. Section 22, Hygromia. Sub-section 1, Fruticola. HELIX MILIACEA, von Mart.—= H. miliwm, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 524 (not Morse, 1859) = H. milicea, (Fruticola), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 268, pl. 12, fig. 15; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 68. Amboyna. H. corypropita, Mouss.= H. cryptopila, Pfr. Novit. Conch. TV. p- 40, No. 711, pl. 117, figs. 10-12 = H. helicinoides, var. von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 270; Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 6; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. p, 162, V. p. 259 (not Hom. et Jacq.) = H. cryptopila, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 391. Island of Rakata ; Java. H. gveretti (Fruticonta), H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 207, pl. 23, fig. 11; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 401. Sarawak, Borneo. 1032 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, H. menpax, von Martens, Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 524; (Fruticola), Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 272, pl. 13, fig. 14 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 350. Atapupu, Timor. H. crassuta, Philippi, Icon. 1, 7. p. 152, pl. 5, fig. 3; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 198. Java. Sub-section 2, Monacha. H. putviscutum (Frucricoza ?), Issel, Moll. Born. 1874, p. 48, pl. 5, figs. 24-27 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VIT. p. 524. Borneo. Section 29, Plectotropis. H. winteriaAna, Pfr. Symb. IT. p. 41 ; Philippi, Icon. 2, p. 23, pl. 2, fig. 7; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 605, pl. 95, figs. 1-2 ; Pfr. Mon, Hel. I. p. 202. Java. H. nurront, Pfr. Symb. II. p. 82.= Hf orbicula, Hutton, Jour. As. Soc. VII, p. 217 = ZH. huttoni, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 202. Himalayas ; Java (?). H. suMATRANA, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 523; (Plectotropis), Ostas. Zool. II. p. 266, pl. 13, fig. 13; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 409. Wonosari, Java. H. squamutosa, Mouss. MSS ; (Plectotropis ), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 266; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 409. Island of Madura, near Java. Section 45, Hemicycla. Swb-section 3, Coelatura. H. smrpiex, Lamarck, 42, p. 77, Desh, edit. p. 45 ; (Helicogena), Fér, pr. add. 48 bis Hist. pl. 25 B. fig. 6; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 20. Amboyna. BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1033: Section 62, Cepolis. H. porceLLana, Grateloup, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, XI. p- 410, pl. 1, figs. 5-6 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 346. Lombok, near Java. Section 65, Phania. H. prrostoma (Heuictcona), Fér. pr. 139, Hist. pl. 15, fig. 3-4 ; Pfr. Symb. III. p. 73; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 401, pl. 67, figs. 4-5 = Carocolla pyrostoma, Gray, Ann of Phil. ns. IX. p. 412 = Helix pyrostoma, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 295. Island of Gilolo. Section 68, Obba. Sub-section Genuine. H. MAMMILLA (HELICELLA), Fér. pr. add. p. 67, Hist. pl. 25, figs. 1-2; Quoy and Gaim. Astrol. II. p. 93, pl. 7, figs. 3-5 (c. anim.)) ; Lamarck, Desh. edit. 163, p. 105 = Obba mammilla, Beck, Index, p. 30 = Helix mammilla, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p, 318. Celebes. H. papiyya, Miill. Verm. II. p. 100, No. 298 ; (Melicogena), Fér. pr. 438, Hist. pl. 25 B. fig. 5; Lamarck, 79, p. 87, Desh. edit. p. 65 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 124, pl. 21, figs. 8-9 — Trochus papilla, Chemn. IX. p. 51, pl. 122, figs. 1053-54 = Obba papilla, Beck, Index, p. 30 —Helia papilla, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p- 318. Celebes. Sub-section 2, Janira. H. campanuta, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 65; var. Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 694, pl. 111, figs. 13-14; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 321. Indian Archipelago. Sub-section 3, Philina. H. Loxorropis, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 82; Chemn 2nd edit. Helix No. 871, pl. 135, figs. 3-4; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 226. Island of Gilolo. 1034 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, H. torquini, Pfr. Malak. Bl. XIT. 1865, p. 122 ; Novit. Conch. Fasc. 23, p. 273, No, 385, pl. 67, figs. 14-15; Mon. Hel. V. p. 345. Moluceas. ; H. quoyi, Deshayes,— H. wndulata, Quoy and Gaim. Astrol. IT. p- 91, pl. 7, figs. 1-2 = H. quoyi, Desh. Lamarck, Desh. ed. 162, p. 105; Fér. Hist. pl. 73 B. fig. 4; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 373, IIT. p. 238; IV. p. 286; Chemn. new edit. III. p. 358; (Ampelita) Pfr. Vers. p. 137 = Vallonia undulata, Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. 72, fig. 3. Celebes. H. aracta, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 386, pl. 37, fig. 5 ; von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 306, pl. 16, fig. 1 = Planispira atacta, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 409 = Helix atacta, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 376. Ternate ; Gilolo. H. erotica, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 114 ; (Obba), Vers. p30,5 Mon. Hel: TV. p. 291. Celebes. H. atrorusca, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 22, pl. 3, fig. 3 ; Novit. Conch. p. 164, No. 261, pl. 45, figs. 1-3; (Planispira), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 299 = Planispira atro-fusca, Wallace, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 409 = Helix atro-fusca, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 382. Island of Batchian. H. tatizons, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 524 = Planispira latizona, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 409 = Helix latizona, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 394. Ceram Island, Moluccas. H. BICONVEXA, von Martens, Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 526; Ostas. Zool. II. p. 317, pl. 16, fig. 13; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 404. Island of Tavalli, Moluccas. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1035. H. sororcuta (OBBA), von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 294, pl. 17, fig. 4; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 405. Celebes. H. KoBeitiANA, Pfr. Malak. Bl. XVIII. 1871, p. 124; Novit. Conch. IV. p. 73, No. 760, pl. 121, figs. 12-13; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 456. Ceram. Section 69, Trachia. H. manayana, O. von Mollendorff, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, LV. p. 303. Perak, Malay Peninsula. H. PENANGENSIS, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLII. 1873, p. 24, pease. Loebtr Mon. Hel. Vil. p. 399. Penang. Section 72, Planispira. H. EXCEPTIUNCULA, Fér. pr. 176, Hist. pl. 70, fig. 1, pl. 73A, fig. 1; Pfr. Symb. III. p. 75; Mon. Hel. I. p. 311; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 453, pl. 76, figs. 1-3 =Planispira excepti- uncula, Beck, Index, p. 29. Moluccas, H. pueyne, Pfr. Nomen. Hel. p. 182, No. 2530 = H. excepti- uncula var. Fér. Hist. pl. 73A. fig. 1 = H. phryne, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 386, pl. 37, fig. 7 = Planispira phryne, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 409 = Helix phryne, Ptr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 311. Ternate ; Gilolo. H. FLaviputa, von Mart. = H. flaveola, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 525 (not Kryn, 1837) = ZH. flavi- dula, von Mart. Giinth. Zool. Jahresber. 1864; (Planispira) Ostas. Zool. II. p. 302, pl. 14, fig. 4; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 378. Maros, Celebes. H. quaprirasciata, Le Guill. Revue Zoologique, 1842, p. 141; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 381. Ternate ; Halmahera, 1036 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, H. enpoprycua, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th Ap. 1864, p. 268 ; (Planispira), Ostas. Zool. II. p. 301, pl. 14, fig. 2 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 883. Ternate ; Batjan (? Batchian). H. zonauis (Heuicetta), Fér. pr. 175, Hist. pl. 70, fig. 3; Pfr. Symb. II. p. 42; Mon. Hel. I. p. 380; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 24, p. 50, pl. 6, figs. 14-15 = H. zonaria, Chemn. IX. Pt. 2, p. 140, pl. 132, fig. 1188 = Planispira zonalis, Beck, Index, p. 30. Gilolo. H. (Dorcasta) compra, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 414, pl. 21, fig. 8; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 380. Batchian. H. xurrti, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847 ; Mon. Hel. I. p. 386. Ceram. H. zonaria, L. Syst. Nat. 12th edit. p. 1245, No. 681; (Helicella), Fér. pr. 177, Hist. pl. 71, figs. 6-10, pl. 73, figs. 3-10 ; Lamarck, 37, p. 75, Desh. edit. p. 44; Fer. Voy. de Freycin, Zool. p. 469, pl. 67, figs. 14-15; Quoy and Gaim. Astrol. IT. p. 104, pl 8, fig. 14; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 569, pl. 14, figs. 11-12, pl. 90, figs. 13-18 = Planispira xzonaria, Beck, Index, p. 30 = Pusiodon zonaria, Swains. Malac. p. 330: Knorr, Vergniig. V. p. 33, pl. 21, fig. 41; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 386. Amboyna ; Ceram; Buru. H. Fascrotata, Lesson (?), Voy. Coq. Zool. ITI. 1, p. 311 (%); (Planispira), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 314; Pfr. Mon. Hel V. p. 505. Moluccas. H. coitus, Mouss. in coll. Pfr. Novit. Conch. IV. Fasc. 39, p- 36, No. 708, pl. 117, figs. 1-3—= H. zonaria, var. von Mart. Ostas. Zool. Moll. p. 312 = H. collis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 444 Amboyna. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1037 H. coruper, Beck,—Planispira coluber, Beck, Index, p. 30 = Helix coluber, Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 23, p. 49, pl. 6, figs. 8-9 — H. zonaria, Chemn. IX. Pt. 2, p. 140, pl. 132, fig. 1189 ; var. Fér, Hist. pl. 73, figs. 1-2; Knorr, Vergniig. V. p. 33, pl. 21, fig. 3 = H. coluber, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 386. Gilolo. H. mersisprra, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 525; (Planispira), Ostas. Zool. II. p. 303, pl. 14, fig. 8 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 388. Island of Moti, Moluccas. H. aurita, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th April, 1864, p. 269 ; (Chloritis), Ostas. Zool. II. p. 316, pl. 16, fig. 12 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 389. Moti Island, Moluccas. H. eurtata, Le Guill. Revue Zool. 1842, p. 141; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 388. Ceram. H. zepra, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 83 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 875, pl. 135, figs. 16-18 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 499, pl. 92 =H. zonaria, var. Fer. Hist. pl. 73, fig. 5? = H. zebra, Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 246. Ceram ; Goram. H. expansa, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 22; Novit. Conch. p- 165, No. 262, pl. 45, figs. 4-6; (Chloritis), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 286, pl. 14, fig. 3 = H. anozona, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th Ap. 1864, p. 269 = Planispira expansa, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 409 = Helix expansa, Pfr. Mon. Hel. WV. pi oot. Batchian. H. marearitus, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1850, p. 83 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 876, pl. 135, figs. 19-21; Pfr. Mon. Hel IIT. p. 246. Moluccas. 1038 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, H. emprecutiana, Mouss. in coll.; Pfr. Novit. Conch. IV. p. 39, No. 710, pl. 117, figs. 7-9; Mon. Hel. VII. p. 446 (erro- neously marked p. 746 in Nomen. Hel.) Moluccas. Section 73, Chloritis. H. zopiaca, Fér. (Hexicenya) pr. 184, Hist. pl. 75, fig. 2 ; Pfr, Sym. III. p. 78 = H. zodiacus, Wood, Suppl. pl. 7, fig. 52 —=Ampelita zodiaca, Beck, Index, p. 30 = Helix zodiaca, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 373. Celebes. H. tupa, Albers, Malak. Bl. 1854, p. 214; Pfr. Novit. Conch. I. p. 25, No. 41, pl. 7, figs. 1-3 ; (Ampelita), Pfr. Vers. p. 1287; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 288. Celebes. H. sutsutus, Mouss. = H. bulbus, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 113, pl. 21, fig. 5 = H. bulbulus, Mouss. MSS. ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. peel. Maros, Celebes. H. uneunina, L. Syst. ed. 10, p. 772, ed. 12, p. 1245; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I, p. 383. Ceram. ; H. uncuicunastra, von Martens, Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 524; (Chloritis), Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 281, pl. 14, fig. 1; var. pilosa, von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 282; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 386. Amboyna and Buru. H. ceraMmeEnsis, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 192; (Chloritis ), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 283 = Semicornu ceramense,, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 410 = Helia ceramensis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 386. Ceram. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1039 H. uneuicuna, (HeLicEtia), Fer. pr. 191, Hist. pl. 76, figs. 3-4; Lamarck, Desh. edit. 151, p. 99; Desh. in Fér. Hist. p. 12; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 38, pl. 8, figs. 10-11 — H. ungulina, Chemn. IX. P. 2, p. 81, pl. 125, figs. 1098-99 — Chloritis unguicula, Beck, Index, p. 29 = Helix unguicula, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 384. Amboyna. H. Fiexuosa, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 112 ; (Planispira), Pfr. Vers. p. 1386; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 292. Borneo. H. martensi, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 193 ; (Chloritis ), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 279 ; = Planispira martensi, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 409 ;—= Helix martensi, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 389. Ceram. H. uneuicuLina, von Mart. Malak. Bl. X. 1863, p. 135; (Chloritis) Ostas. Zool. II. p. 278, pl. 14, fig. 5; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p- 390. Buru. H. srompHata, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 272 ; (Chlortis) ‘von Martens, Ostas. Zool. II. p. 279 = Semicornu biomphalum, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 410 = Helix biomphala, Pfr. Mon, Hel. V. p. 391. Ceram. H. QuaprivoLvus, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 16th Jan. 1865, p. 53; (Chloritis), Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 288, pl. 14, fig. 6; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 392. Borneo. Section 77, Dorcasia. H. araitiacna, (HeticoceEna), Fer. pr. 38, Hist. pl. 26, figs. 1-2; Lamarck, 53, p. 80, Dh. edit. p 50; Fér. Voy. Freycin. Zool. p- 468, pl. 67, figs. 6-7 ; Chemn. 2nd. edit. Helix No, 326, pl. 58, 66 1040 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, figs. 4-5 = Galaxias argillacea, Beck, Index, p. 42 = Helix argil- lacea, var. Fér. pl. 26, fig. 3; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 320. Timor; Rawak ; Flores. H. TRANSVERSALIS, Mouss. Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 158) pl. 6, fig. 5; Pfr. Mon. Hel IV. p. 350. Bali. Section 78, Cameana. H. Traini, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 107, pl. 32, fig. 4 ; (Camaena), Vers, p. 138; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 256. Palawan Passage, near Borneo. H. crermanus, Reeve,=H. orientalis, Ad. and Reeve, Voy, Samarang, Moll. p. 61, pl. 16, fig. 4 (not Gray) = H. germanus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 385, pl. 74; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 925, pl. 142, figs. 1-2; Pfr. Mon. Hel. II]. p. 222. Borneo (?) Japan. H, pantawanica, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 107, pl. 32, fig. 7; (Camaena), Pfr. Vers. p. 138; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 261. Palawan Passage, near Borneo. H. conporiana, Crosse and Fisch. Jour. Conch. XI. 1863, prodlepl. 14, fic tl; Ptr Mon. Hel. V. p. 377. Pulo Condor, Cochin-China. Section 80, Geotrochus. Sub-section 1, Geotrochi genwint. H. PERAKENSIS, Crosse, Jour. de Conch. X XVII. 1879, p. 199, pl. 8, fig. 4 (Geotrochus). This is a small regularly conical shell, 10 millimetres in diameter and 11 high. Dr. Hungerford has some doubts about its being a Geotrochus, a group which has not yet been observed in the Indian region. The figure gives the idea rather of Satsuma (or Fruticotrochus, Kol.), which group is widely spread BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1041 in China, and might very well range into the Malay Peninsula, hitherto so little explored. Von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 303. Perak. H. swetrennaMi, De Morgan, Le Naturaliste, VII. 1885, p. 68; O. von Méllendorff, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p- 304, who says the species may be a TZrochomorpha or a Plectotropis. He makes the same observation with regard to the three following species :— H. tui1eroti, De Morgan, l.c. Gunong-Chura, north of Ipoli, Kinta Valley. H. warpournt, De Morgan, l.c. Valley of the Kinta, between Lahat and Ipoli. H. LAHATENSIS, De Morgan, l.c. Same locality. H. antigua, Ad. and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, Moll. p. 61, pl. 16, fig. 1; Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 402, pl. 77; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 949, pl. 144, figs. 14-15; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. pe 172. Unsang, Borneo. Sub-section 2, Perforate. H. rucuroes, Pfr. Malak. Bl. 1854, p. 57; Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 1346, pl. 192; Pfr. Novit. Conch. I. p. 2, No. 3, pl. 1, figs. 7-8; (Geotrochus), Pfr. Vers. p. 145 = Acavus euchroés (Geotrochus), H. and A. Adams, Gen. II. p. 196 = Helix euchroés, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 256. Indian Archipelago. H. wenta, Pfr.— H. pileus, Pir. Mon. Hel. I. p. 324; var. Chemn. new edit. Helix I. p. 157, pl. 40, fig. 5 = H. lenta, Pfr. Malak. Bl. 1854, p. 57; (Geotrochus), Pfr. Vers. p. 145; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 257 = Acavus lentus (Geotrochus), H. and A. Adams, Gen. II. p. 196. Moluccas. 1042 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, H. stursiana, Shuttlew. Bern, Mittheil. 1852, Aug. p. 200; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p.. 179. Amboyna. H. priteowus, Fér. Hist. pl. 63 A. figs. 1-2 (not Pfr. Mon. H. I. p. 324); Pfr. Malak. Bl. VII. 1860, p. 64; von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 321, pl. 17, figs. 8-9 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 326. Batchian. H. zoax, Pfr. Malak. Bl. XII. 1865, p. 121; Novit. Conch. Fasc. 23, p. 274, No. 386, pl. 67, figs. 16-17 = H. pileolus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 324. Moluccas. H. supvirreA, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 148; Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 1361, pl. 194 ; Pfr. Novit. Conch. I. p. 8, No. 13, pl. 3, figs. 8-9 ; (Geotrochus) Pfr. Vers. p. 145. Moluccas. H. ruyncuostoma, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 6; Novit. Conch. p. 166, No. 264, pl. 45, figs. 9-11; Mon. Hel. V. p. 328. Batchian. H. wanceonata, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 386, pl. 37, fig. 6 ; von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 320, pl. 17, fig. 7 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 328 = Papuina lanceolata, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 411. Gilolo ; Moti. H. nopirera, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 4 ; Novit. Conch. p. 166, No. 263, pl. 45, figs. 7-8 = Papuina nodifera, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 411 = Helix nodifera, Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 328. Batchian. H. virrea, Fér. (Hevicicona), pr. 145, Hist. pl. 64, fig. 4; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 459, pl. 76, figs. 18-19; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 326. Ternate ; Moti; Batchian. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1043 H. atputa, Le Guill. Revue Zool. 1842, p. 139; Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 328. Ternate. Sub-section 3, Pseudopartula. H. (BuLimus) GALERICULUM, Mouss. (Pfr. Nomenclator Hel. p. 197, No. 83) = Bulimus galericulum, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 34, pl. 3, fg. 5; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. p. 302. Pardana, Java. Section 85, Corasia. H. extensa, Mill. Verm. Il. p. 60, No. 254 (not Fer.) ; Gmel. Syst. p. 3631, No. 59; Lamarck, Hist. VI. p. 70, No. 18, Desh. edit. VIII. p. 37; Desh. in Feér. Hist. I. p. 246, No. 313, pl. 96, figs. 5-7; Chemn. 2nd edit. Helix No. 1090, pl. 160, figs. 6-7; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 192 = HLurycratera extensa, Beck, Ind. p. 46, No. 9. Amboyna ; Goram. H. tevcopaTHaima, Pfr. Malak. Bl. XVII. 1870, p. 93; Novit. Conch. IV. p. 10, No. 681, pl. 111, figs. 8-9 = Cochlostyla (Corasia) leucophthalma, Paetel, Catal. 1873, p. 97; = Helix leucophthalma, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 355, Celebes. H. wats, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853; Mon. Hel. III. p. 647. Island of Tukan Bessi. 11. Cocutostyza, Fér. Prodromus, p. 47, Sub-genus of Helix. Shell not umbilicated, oval, conical, ventricose, somewhat like a Bulimus with rather obtuse apex. Aperture large, ovate ; colu- mella straight or slightly curved; peristome reflected. About 214 species, generally characteristic of the Philippines and Indian Archipelago, some in India, others in Cochin China, while a few extend into the Pacific as far as Fiji and New Caledonia. (?) 1044 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATFR MOLLUSCA, CocuLostyLA THOMsONI, Pfr. Nomen. Hel. p. 205, No. 2116 = Helix thomsoni, Pfr. Malak. Bl. XVIII. 1871, p. 120; Novit. Conch. IV. p. 70, No. 756, pl. 121, figs. 1-2 = Cochlostyla thomson (Corasia), Paetel, Catal. 1873, p. 97 = Helix thomsoni, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VII. p. 308. Tsland of Tukan Bessi. C. inpus1aTa, Pfr. Nomencl. Hel. p. 205, No. 2489 = Hehax indusiata, Pfr. Malak. Bl. XVIII. 1871, p. 121; Novit. Conch. IV. p. 71, No. 757, p. 121, figs. 3-4; Mon. Hel. VII. p. 355. Tukan Bessi. C. rustica, Mouss.— Bulimus vrusticus, Mouss. Jav. Moll. 115, pl. 22, fig. 1; Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 574, pl. 78; Pir: Mon. Hel. III. p. 296 = Cochlostyla rustica, Pfr. Nomen. Hel. p- 208, No. 17. Java. C. TRAILLI, Pfr. = Bulimus trailli, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 106, pl. 32, fig. 6; (Amphidromus), Pfr. Vers. p. 146; Mon. Hel NV: sp. 362. Borneo. C. PALAWANENSIS, Pfr. = Bulimus palawanensis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 372. Palawan. C. tiprosa, Pfr. = Bulimus librosus, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 388 ; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 375. Palawan. 12. Buximus, Scopoli, Deliciz Flore et Faun Insubrice. (Lombardy) Vol. I. p. 67. Shell oval, oblong, or turriculate, solid, sub-perforate or imper- forate ; whorls few ; ultimate ventricose wide ; aperture longitu- dinal ; columella broad, rarely plicate; peristome thickened, reflected ; margins usually joined by a callus. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1045. Animal similar to the animal of Helix, with a simple jaw.* Radula similar also to Helix. Between 300 and 400 species, mostly South American. + *Tt cannot be questioned that Scopoli rather than Adanson should be given as the authority for this genus, although the author of the work referred to in the text says distinctly, ‘‘ Proprium itaque ex his constituo, et duce celeberrimo Adansonio Bulimos voco, ut eo facilius adnoscantuyr. Solam testam nec animal inhabitans vidi, quod diversum esse a Limace affirmat Adansonius.” p. 67. Cf. Histoire Naturelle du Sénégal (Paris, 1757), where M. Adanson writes the name Bulin. The Latin (?)name on pl. 1 looks very much like Bulimus in consequence of the strokes of the ‘‘n” and ‘‘u” being con- fused. A brief account of this curious work may be useful. It is divided into two parts ; the first of 190 pages is devoted to the ‘‘ Voyage au Sénégal ;” the second part is a “‘ Histoire des Coquillages,” consisting of :— 1. Préface, 28 pp. ; 2. Définitions des parties des coquillages, 32 pp. (a most useful series of observations well deserving of study) ; 3. Table des rapports ou des combinaisons autrement appellés systémes ou arrangements méthodiques, 26 pp.; 4. Table chronologique des auteurs, 4 pp.; 5. Division générale, 4 pp.; 6. Coquillages (including index), 275 pp. ; 7. Plates, 19 pp. At p. 5 of the Coquillages is a full description which extends to three pages of Le Bulin or Bulinus, from which only the first sentence need be cited, as it shows the author is dealing with a fresh-water shell. ‘* Je donne le nom de Bulin 4 un petit coquillage d’ eau douce, qui vit communément sur la lentille de marais et sur le lemma, dans les marais et les étangs de Podor.”” Therefore Scopoli’s genus, spelled differently, is justly regarded as new. + It is a curious feature in the Philippine and some of the Malay species that the varieties of pattern, which constitute their chief ornament, reside only inthe epidermis. The colours of the shell rarely describe any sort of configuration ; they are mostly blended into a uniform tint, over which a fanciful pattern is produced by the epidermis forming a double porous membrane in some places, and a single one only in others, developed, moreover, with the same continuous regularity as the textile marking of a Volute or Cone. This phenomenon is easily detected by immersing the shell in water, when the light portion or upper porous layer of epidermis becomes saturated, and the ground color of the shell is seen through it; as the moisture evaporates, the epidermis resumes its light appearance. Sir David Brewster, in reply to a letter from Mr. Broderip on this subject, says: ‘‘It appears to me, from very careful observations, that the epidermis consists of two layers, and that it is only the upper layer which is porous wherever the pattern is white. These white or porous portions of the 1046 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Section Amphidromus. Buutimus toricatus, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 293; (Amphidromus) Pfr. Vers. p. 147; Mon, Hel. IV. p. 372. Java. B. PERVERSUS, L.= Helix perversa, L. Syst. Nat. 12th edit. Species, No. 136. Sub-umbilicate, ovate, oblong, often sinistral, colour various, but generally uniformly light green, lemon yellow, or white ; or marked variously with spots or bands, such as a deep brown oblique streak, white with red spot, red lip, white lip, variously spotted with a bluish throat. This well-known and widely-spread shell which is found all through the Archipelago (Borneo ?), Malay Peninsula, Moluccas and Burmah, was known to the early conchologists, twelve authorities being quoted by Linneeus for this species and B, dextra, which is evidently a variety. It is unnecessary to reproduce the authorities which occupy nearly two pages of Pfeiffer’s Mon. Hel. (Vol. III. p. 308). It is very common about Malacca, and on wet days especially may be gathered off the leaves of the trees where it is with difficulty distinguished on account of the similarity of its colour. Without quoting authorities, it may be mentioned that it has been known by the following names :—Bulimus, Helix, Limax, Orthostylus, perversa, dextra, sinistra, atricallosa, interrupta, aurea, citrina, sultana, javanica, macassariensis. B, LeucoxartTHus, von Mart. = B. leucoxanthus, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 526 (Reeve, Bul. f. 187 b: dextra.) ; Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 348, pl. 20, figs. 11-12 (sinistr.) ; Pir. Mon.) Hel: VI. p. 18. Java. epidermis differ from the other parts of the upper layer only in having been deprived of, or in never having possessed, the element which gives trans- parency to the membrane ; in the same manner as hydrophanous opal has become white, from the expulsion of its water of crystallization.” Reeve, Conch. Icon, Bulimus, BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1047 B. poLymMorpuus (CocHostyLa), Tapp. Canefri = Cochlostyla polymorpha, Tapp. Canefri, Malac. del viaggio della fregata Magenta, 1874, p. 82, pl. 2, figs. 4 a-b. = Bulimus polymorphus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VIII. p. 23. M. H. Crosse (Jour. Conch. 1874, p. 320) regards this species as only a variety of B. (Amphidromus) comes, Pfr. of Cambodia. Singapore. B. MELANoMMA, Pfr.— Helix lammea, Chemn. IX. p. 94, fig. 927 = Bulimus inversus, Kiist. pl. 6, fig. 3 (ex Chemn.) — B. citrinus, var. Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 31, fig. 187a= Bb. elongatus, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Moll. pl. 8, figs. 3-4 (‘) — B. melanomma. Pfr. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1852, p. 95 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Bul. No. 179, pl. 39, figs. 28-29; Pfr. Mon. Hel. 1II. p. 310. Singapore ; Borneo. SD >) . B. uinstepti, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 388; Mon. Hel. DViap. 004: Malacca. B. munbus, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1853, p.57; Mon. Hel. III. p. 651 ; Chemn, 2nd edit. Bul. p. 373, pl. 70, figs. 21-22. Singapore. B. BATAVLE (PartULA), Grateloup,= Partula batavie, Grat. Act. Bord. XT. p. 425, pl. 2, fig. 12 = Bulimus batavie, Pfr. Mon. Hel. II. p. 40. Java. B. nversus, Miill.—= B. inversus, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 107; Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 132; (Amphidromus) Albers, Helic. p. 138; (Helix) Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 318. This has been as long known as Bulimus perversus, and has had the same synonyms applied to it. Malacca ; Singapore ; Siam. 1048 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, B. winTER!, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 135; Chemn. 2nd edit. Bul. No. 177, pl. 40, figs. 3-4; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. p. 319. Java. B. TEYSMANNI, Mouss. MSS. ; Pfr. Novit. Conch, IV. p. 32, No. 704, pl. 116, figs. 2-3; Mon. Hel. VIII. p. 40=— B. winters, von Mart. Ostas. IT. p. 353. Moluccas. B. HEERIANUS, Mouss. MSS.; Pfr. Novit. Conch. IV. p. 31, No. 703, pl. 116, fig. 4 = B. wintert var. von Mart. Ostas. Moll. pl. 20, fig. 10 (2) == B. heertanus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VIIT. p. 40. Moluccas. B. panaceus, v. d. Busch, in litt.; Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 28, pl. 3, fig. 1; Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 136; Mon. Hel. III. p. 320; Chemn. 2nd edit. Bul. No. 178, pl. 40, fig. 6; (Amphidromus), Alb. Helic. p. 138 = B. perversus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. Lapsed. Java. B. purus, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 29, pl. 3, fig. 2; Pfr. Novit. Conch. IV. p. 33, No. 705, pl. 116, fig. 6 = B. palaceus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIL. p. 320= B. winteri, von Mart. Ostas. Moll. p. 354, ex parte = B. purus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VIII. p. 41. Java. B. emactatus (AmpPHIDROMUS), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 347, pl. 20, fig. 7; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 25. Java; Bali. B. appressus, Mouss. in coll.; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 26, No. 213b. (ex v. Mart.) ; (Amphidromus) von Mart. Ostas. Moll. p. 353; Pfr. Novit. Conch. IV. p. 34, No. 706, pl. 116, figs. 4-5 ; Mon. Hel. VITT. p. 42. Jaya. B. tavus, Mill. = Helix leva, Mill. Verm. IT. p. 95, No. 293 ; Chemn. IX. P. I, p. 103, pl. 111, figs. 940-49; Gmel. p. 3644, BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1048 No. 100; Dillw. Deser. Cat. If. p. 935, No. 112 ; (Cochlogena) Fér. pr. 416= WH. perversa, Gmel. p. 3643 (e fig. Kamm.) = Bulimus levus, Brug. Enc. Méth. I. p. 317, No. 31; Quoy et Gaim. Astrol. II. p. 120, pl. 10, fig. 4; Lamarck, Desh. edit. 80, p. 260 ; Kiister, p. 15, pl. 9, figs. 7-16=Orthostylus levus, Beck, Ind. p. 50, No. 15; Kimmerer, p. 125, pl. 10, fig. 3=B. levus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. IT. p. 39. Timor. B. suspectus, von Mart. Monatsher. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 526; Ostas. Zool. II. p. 362, pl. 21, fig. 8; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 27. Kupang, Timor. B. suMATRANUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 526; Ostas, Zool. II. p. 366, pl. 21, fig. 6; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 27. Sumatra. B. stnistRALIs, Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 603, pl. 81; Chemn. 2nd edit. Bul. No. 181, pl. 41, figs. 11-13=B. laevus, var. Desh. in Fér. Hist. pl. 161, figs. 11, 1418=B. sinistralis, Pfr. Mon. Wel. ILL. p. 321, Celebes ; Timor. B. contrarius, Miiller,= Helix contrarius, Mill. Verm. II. p. 95, No. 292 (Swamm. pl. 7, No. 11); Gmel. Syst. p. 3644, No. 99; Fer. Voy. Freyc. p. 474, pl. 67, figs. 8-9=H. tterrupta sinistrorsa, Chemn. IX. p. 10], figs. 938-939 = Bulimus contrarwus, Pie Mons Hel lisp: 327. Macassar ; Timor; Java. B. Porcentanus, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 4; (Amphidromus), Alb. Helic, p. 139; Chemn. 2nd edit. Bul. No. 182, pl. 41, figs. 14-15; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 328. Java. B. avast, Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 73, pl. 13; Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, Moll. p. 58, pl. 15, fig. 1; Chemn. 2nd 1050 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, edit. Bul. No. 105, pl. 31, figs. 11-12; Pfr. Nomen. Hel. p. 214, No. 300. Borneo. Family BULIMINIDA. 13. Buumia, Ehren. Symb. Phys. Oken Isis, 1833, p. 734, sub-genus, Chilodontzis. Shell solid, rimate, oblong conical, or fusiformly cylindrical ; apex obtuse, horny, last whorl shorter than spire ; aperture small, oblique, oval; peristome straight, labiate within, simple or dentate ; lip rather expanded, columella reflexed and spread. Animal similar to ulimus, jaw arcuate and finely striate lengthwise ; radula like Helix. About 350 species, which are divided into about a dozen sub-genera, of which four only belong to America or about an eighth of the species; the rest are in Europe and western Asia, with a few extending into the Indian Archipelago, belonging as far as known to the sub-genus Hna. BULIMINA LORRAINI, Pfr. = Bulimus lorraint, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 332; Mon Hel. IV. p. 468. Penang. B. sprtozona, von Mart.=ulimus (Rhachis) spilozonus, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 527; Ostas. Zool. II. p. 368, pl. 21, fig..13; Pfr. Mon. Hel, VI. p. 112. Celebes ; Timor. B. GREGARIA, Ad. and Reeve,=Bulimus yregarius, Ad. and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, Moll. p. 58, pl. 14, fig. 4 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 612, pl. 83 (aliquantulum auct.); Pfr. Mon. Hel. ITI. p-. 3ol. Borneo ; Japan. B. GLANDULA, Mouss.= Bulimus glandulus, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 34, pl. 4, fig. 3; Pfr. Mon. Hel. III. p. 353, Java. BY THE REY. J, E. TENISON-WOODS. 1051 B. APERTA, von Mart. = Pupa aperta, von Mart. Malak. Bl. X. 1863, p. 180=Buliminus apertus (Napaeus), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. IT. 370, pl. 22, fig. 6 = Bulimus apertus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p- 61. Timor. 14. Srenocyra, Shuttleworth, Diagnosis Noy. Moll. No. 6, p. lor. Shell elongate, turriculate ; whorls numerous ; apex obtuse or truncate; aperture oval, small; columella thin, straight; peristome simple, sharp. Animal like Achatina. Jaw finely plicate or ribbed ; radula with median tooth, very small; laterals tricuspid with a rather long central cusp ; marginals short, tricuspid. About 250 species, of world-wide distribution. The species of the Malayan region belong to the section Opeas, in which the shell is small, thin, subu- late, covered with small ribs. STENOGYRA GRACILIS, Hutton, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. ILL. p. 84= Bulimus gracilis, Hutton, l.c.=B. indicus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. II. p. 157 ; Chemn. pl. 21, figs. 18-19 = B. aper, Mouss. = Spirawis gracilis, Blanford, Contrib. Ind. Malac.= Bulimus cereus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Achatina, pl. 17, fig. 81. Java; Bukit Pondok, Perak. S. (SUBULINA) TCHEHELENSIS, De Morgan, Le Naturaliste, 1885, p. 69 = S. (Opeas) terebralis (?), Theobald (? n.sp.), G. Nevill, Handl. Moll. Ind. Mus. 1878, p. 166; O. F. von Mollendorff, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. p. 304. This is a fine subulate shell, more than an inch long with 10 or 12 whorls. Mount Chehel, near the River Plus and Bukit Pondok, Perak. S. arotisPIRA (OpEAs), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 374, pl. 22, fig. 10 = Bulimus arctispirus, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 102. Java. 1052 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, S. DENSESPIRATA, Mouss. = Lulimus densespiratus, Mouss. Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 159; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 497. Buitenzorg, Java. S. acutissima, Mouss.=Bulimus acutissimus, Mouss. Jour. Conch. VI. 1857, p. 159; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. p. 453. Buitenzorg, Java. S. LAXISPIRA, von Mart. Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 373, pl. 22, fig. 14 = Bulimus laxispirus, Pir. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 92. Sumatra. S. HOCHSTETTERI, Zelebor, — Bulimus hochstetteri, Zeleb. Reise der Freg. “‘ Novara ;” Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 107. Java. S. ACHATINACEA, Pfr. Bulimus achatinaceus, Pfr. Symb. III. p. 82; Mon. Hel. II. p. 156. Java; Borneo. 15. Ruopina, De Morgan, Le Naturaliste, 1885, p. 68. Shell cylindraceous, striate ; whorls numerous, last much larger ; aperture triangular ; columella reflected, very prominent ; peri- stome continuous. M. de. Morgan has founded this new genus for a curious shell like Stenogyra. He thinks it is related to Rhodea by the absence of keel and the cornet-like aperture. RHODINA PERAKENSIS, De Morgan, L.c. Shell cylindrical, fragile, horny, yellow, with 10 regularly in- creasing whorls very regularly and distinctly striate, the suture linear and well marked; the aperture triangular, oblique ; peristome thin, not reflected. Long. 25, diam. of last whorl 44, long. of aperture 5, lat. 3 mill. Limestone rocks of Gunong Tcheura, near Ipoli, Kinta Valley, under dead leaves. BY THE REV, J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1053 Family CIONELLIDA. 16. GuessuLa, Albers, Helic. p. 194. Shell ovate, oblong; thin translucent; spire pyramidal; apex obtuse ; whorls numerous, last inflated ; columella short, arcuate, abruptly truncate. Fifty-nine species in India, Malayan region, and West Africa. GLESSULA WALLACEI, Pfr.—Achatina wallacet (Electra), Pfr. Malak. Bl. 1855, p. 168; Novit. Conch. I. p. 82, No. 140, pl. 22, figs. 9-10; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 606. Sarawak, Borneo, G. SUMATRANA, von Mart.— Achatina sumatrana, von Mart. Ostas. Zool. Il. pl. 22, fig. 5 = Cvonella sumatrana, von Mart. Monats. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 527 = Achatina sumatrana, Pir, Mon. Hel, VI. -p: 225. Sumatra. G, sAvANiIca, Reeve,= Achatina javanica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. No. 79, pl. 17; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IIT. p. 493. Java. Family PUPIDA. 17. Pura, Lamarck, Syst. Anim. s. Vert. lst edit. p. 88. Shell usually very small, cylindrical or oval oblong ; umbilicus slight or a mere slit, striate, plicate or ribbed, brown or horn- colour ; columella plaited or sub-dentate ; lip reflected, dentate or plaited within ; peristome joined usually by a callosity. Animal with a short foot, pointed behind, lower tentacles short ; jaw smooth or finely striated, often with a superior appendage like Succinea. Radula resembling Helix ; the central and lateral teeth similar, tricuspid ; marginals very short and denticulated. 1054 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, PupPA ASCENDENS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 528; (Anostomella), Ostas. Zool. II. p. 386, pl. 22, fig. 23; Pir: Mon; el. VI. p. 297. Amboyna. P. orcELLA (Pupisoma), Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLII. 1873, pa od, plo, ng. 2: Pfr. Mon. Hels VIII. p: 358. Penang. P. moreteti, A. D. Brown, Jour. Conch. XVIII. 1870, p. 393 = Vertigo morelett, Issel, Moll. Born. p. 52=Pupa moreleti, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VIII. p. 391. Labuan. P. matayana, Issel,—= Vertigo malayanus, Issel, Moll. Born. 1874, p. 53, pl. 5, figs. 30-32 = Pupa malayana (Vertigo), Pfr. Mon. Hel. VIII. p. 404. Borneo. P. pALMIRA (SCOPELOPHILA), Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLII. 1873, p. 32; Pfr. Mon, Hel. VIII. p. 409. Penang. 18. Hypsetostoma, Benson. Ann. and Magaz. Nat. Hist. 1856, Feb. p. 130, also, Ap. p. 342; H. and A. Adams, Gen. IT. p. 640.— Tanystoma, Benson, le. Shell convolute, conical, perforate, last whorl free, opening upwards, protracted ; aperture trumpet-like and dentate ; peristome horizontal, expanded. Three species collected in Burmah. HYPsELOSTOMA BENSONIANUM, W. Blanford, Contr. Ind. Mal. IV. 1863, p. 8 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. 1868, p. 437; Conch. Indica, pl. 8, fig. 2; von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 306. Perak. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1055 19. Crausitia, Draparnaud, Hist. Nat. d. Moll. terrest. et fluv. pp: 24, 29, 68. Shell fusiform, usually sinistral ; aperture elliptical or pyriform with a posterior sinus contracted by lamelle closed when adult by a moveable shelly plate (Clausilium); peristome continuous, reflected. Animal with a short obtuse foot ; upper tentacles short, lower small ; lung and reproductive orifices on the left side; jaw finely grooved. Radula like Helix, but both rows very numerous, sometimes as many as 120 x 50. About 700 species, of world-wide distribution. The peculiarity of the genus is the Clausilium, which is developed in the adult state. The animal secretes an elastic calcareous filament attached to the columella, round which it makes a half turn. At the free end is a spoon-shaped lamina, smaller than the aperture, but fitting it. Its elasticity enables the animal to push it on one side when walking, and to use it as a door when within the shell, securing it against intrusion. CLAUSILIA MOLUCCENSIS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. Apr. 1864, p. 270; (Phaedusa), Ostas. Zool. II. p. 381, pl. 22, fig. 19; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 412. Halmahera ; Ternate. CL. PENANGENSIS (PHaxEDUSA), Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. PUI S spans 2igspl ones, 4-6; Pir. Mon. itels VIM. p. 465. Penang Hill. CL. SUMATRANA, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. April, 1864, p. 270 ; (Phaedusa), Ostas. Zool. II. p. 379, pl. 22, fig. 17 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 410. Sumatra. CL. HELDU, Kiist. p. 27, pl. 2, figs. 29-31=Cl. javana, Pfr. Mon. Hel. II. p. 405. Java. 67 1056 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Cu. gavana, Pfr. Symb. I. p. 49; Kiist. p. 26, pl. 1, figs. 26-28 = Cl. heldi, Kiist. p. 27, pl. 2, figs. 29-31 = Cl. javana, Pfr. Mon. Hel. II. p. 405. Java. Cx. corticina, v. d. Busch, MSS.; Pfr. Symb. II. p. 60; Kiist. p. 26, pl. 2, figs. 24-25; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IT. p. 404. Java. CL. BORNEENSIS, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 296 ; (Phaedusa), Pir. Vers. p. 181 ; Mon. Hel. IV. p. 736. Borneo. CL. guNGHUHNI, Phil. in Kiist. Mon. p. 23, pl. 2, figs. 5-7 ; Pir. Mon. Hel. II. p. 405. Java. Ci. corneA, Phil. in Kiist. Mon. p. 22, pl. 2, figs. 1-4; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IT. p. 405. Java. CL. EXCURRENS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 18th July, 1864, p. 527; Ostas. Zool. II. p. 384, pl. 22, fig. 16; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 480. Kepahiang, Sumatra. CL. FinicostaTA (PHAEDUSA), Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLII. 1873, p. 28, pl. 3, figs. 7-8; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VIII. p. 471. Penang Hill. CL. OBESA (PHAEDUSA), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 380 (not Pfr.) = Ci. obesa, Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 411. Indian Archipelago. CL. ORIENTALIS, v.d. Busch, MSS.; Pfr. Symb. II. p. 60; Kiist. p. 25, pl. 2, figs. 17-19; Pfr. Mon. Hel. IT. p. 414. Java. CL. sCHWANERI, Herklots, Mus. Lugd. Bat. ; (Phaedusa), von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 382; Pfr. Mon. Hel. VI. p. 468. Borneo. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1057 Ci. (PSEUDONENIA) FILIcosTaTa, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLII. 1873, p. 28, pl. 3, figs. 7-8; var. tenwicosta, G. Nevill, Handl. Moll. Ind. Mus. 1878, p. 183; H. Crosse, Jour. Conch. XXVIT. 1879, p. 337; O. F. von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 306. Bukit Pondok, Perak. “The few badly preserved specimens which Dr. Hungerford found seem to justify Nevill’s classification of the Perak form as a variety of the Penang Cl, filicostata.” O. F. von Mill. Le. Family SUCCINEIDEA. The shells of this family are thin, horny, oval, oblong ; spire only slightly developed, mouth very wide, oval ; columella simple not truncate, peristome with a thin edge. 20. Succinga, Draparnaud, Tableau Moll. pp. 32, 55. Shell imperforate, thin, ovate or oblong ; spire small; aperture p S > 5p > ap large, obliquely oval ; columella and peristome simple, acute. Animal large, tentacles short and thick, foot broad ; lingual teeth like Helix. Inhabits damp places, but rarely enters the water. SUCCINEA BORNEENSIS, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851; Mon. Hel. ULE jp. 2A: Borneo. S. TAYLORI, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851; Mon. Hel. III. p. 10. Singapore. S. suBpruGATA, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851; Mon. Hel. III. p. 10. Borneo. S. oBEsA, von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 387, pl. 22, fig. 21; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 463. East Java. 1058 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, S. eracizis, Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1841, II. p. 31; Pfr. Mon. Hel. II. p. 518. Java (?). S. minuta, Mouss. Zolling. in Peterm. Geog. Mittheil. 1864, H. VIII. p. 303 (Nomen) ; Mart. Ostas. Zool. IT. p. 388; Pfr. Mon. Hel. V. p. 464. Bali. Family CYCLOPHORID. The Cyclophoride have heliciform shells with a circular opening, and covered with a thick periostraca ; operculum cal- careous or horny, spiral with numerous whorls. Animal with long, slender, pointed tentacles, foot broadly expanded, not grooved. 21. CycLotus, Guilding. Conchological Papers, by L. Guilding. See Swainson, ‘Shells and Shell-fish,” pp. 182 and 336. Shell nearly discoid ; pillar none; spire scarcely raised; lip thickened ; widely umbilicate; operculum shelly ; whorls numerous with raised margins. 44 species, mostly tropical. CycLOTUS HUNGERFORDIANUS, O. von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 306. Bukit Pondok, Perak. C. (2) piscorpEus, Sowerby = Cyclostoma discoideum, Sow. Thes. N. 60, p. 111, pl. 25, figs. 87-88 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Cycl. No. 153, p. 144, pl. 20, figs. 1-3 ; Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 50, pl. 20, fig. 10 = Aperostoma discoideum, Pfr. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 104 = Cyclotus discoideus, Gray, Catal. Cycloph. p. 8, No. 11; Pfr. Consp. No. 36; Mon. Pneumon. Viv. p. 36. Malang, Java. ©. opALInus, Mouss.= Cyclostoma opalinum, Mouss. Jay. Moll. p. 51, pl. 5, fig. 12 Cyclotus opalinus, Pfr. Consp. No. 37; Mon. Pneumon. p. 36. Malang, Java. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1059 C. cornnicuLUM, Mouss.= Cyclostoma corniculum, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 51, pl. 5, fig. 11 = Cyelotus corniculum, Pfr. Consp. No. 40; Mon. Pneumon. p. 38. Pardana, Java. C. TAYLORIANUS, Pfr. Cyclostoma taylorianum, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p.7; Chemn. 2nd edit. Cycl. No. 285, pl. 38, figs. 27-29, pl. 43, figs. 1-3 — Cyclotus taylorianum, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 40. Sarawak, Borneo. C. ROSTELLATUS, Pfr. Cyclostoma rostellatum, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 8; Chemn. 2nd edit. Cycl. No. 286, pl. 38, figs. 30-34 = Cyclotus rostellatus, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 40. Singapore. C. tinpstept1, Pfr. Cyclostoma lindstedti (Cyclotus), Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 391 = Cyclotus lindstedti, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. I. p. 24. Mount Ophir, Malacca. C. PTYCHORAPHE, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Feb. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. II. p. 15. Borneo, C.(?) PARVULUS, von Mart. Malak. Bl. X. 1863, p. 85; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. II. p. 17. Ternate ; Tidore. C. RETICULATUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Feb. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 17. Timor; Flores ; Adenare and Solor. C. succinctus, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Feb. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 17. Timor. C. LIRATULUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Feb. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. II. p. 27. Moluccas. 1060 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, C. BICARINATUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Feb. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 27. Ceram. C. CARINULATUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl, Ak. 25 Feb. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. II. p. 28. Buru. C. PRUINOSUS, von Mart. Malak. Bl. X. 1863, p. 83; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 34. Animal black. Common in the islands of Molucca, Ternate, Tidore, and Moti. C. BATCHIANENSIS, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 28, pl. 3, fig. 1; Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. II. p. 35; Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 46, pl. 8. Batchian. C. LATISTRIGUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Feb. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 35. Borneo. C. Frasciatus, von Mart., Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Feb. 1864 ; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 35. Celebes. C. FULMINULATUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 16 Jan: 1865, p. 21; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. III. p. 27 = Cyelotus politus, von Mart. Malak. Bl. XI. 1864, p. 141 (not Sowerby). Celebes. C. LONGIPILUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 16 Jan. 1865, p- 51; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IIL. p. 28. Maros, Celebes. C. AMBOINENSIS (CycLostoma), Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IIL. p. 32; von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 121, pl. 2, figs. 4-5 = Cyclostoma amboinense, Pfr. 1852, = (1) Cyclophorus amboinensis» Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 82, No. 49 — Cyclophorus marmoratus, Fér. Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 68 (Martens). Amboyna; Ceram; Buru. BY THE REV. J, E. TENISON-WOODS. 1061 22. OpistHoporus, Benson. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 8; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Viv. Suppl. LIT. p. 41; Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 8; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Viv. Suppl. I. p. 25, IL. p. 36. Shell depressed, orbicular, largely umbilicate ; aperture double, with the external parts spread out; suture behind the opening and furnished with a little open tube; operculum calcareous, circular, rather thick, concave at both sides, multispiral, double ; the internal side covered with a horny periostraca, the external calcareous and rough ; columella margin concave. OpisTHOPoRUS soLuTUS, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLI. 1872, p. 266, pl. 10, figs. 8-10; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. ITI. 1876, p. 44; G. Nevill, Handl. Moll. Ind. Mus. 1878, p. 263; H. Crosse, Jour. Conch. XX VII. 1879, p. 337. Bukit Pondok ; Penang. O. PENANGENSIS, Stol. I.c. 1872, p. 265, pl. 10, fig. 7; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IIL 1876, p. 43; G. Nevill, Handl, 1878, p. 263; H. Crosse, Jour. Conch. XX VIT. 1879, p. 338. Bukit Pondok ; Penang. O. gavanus, Pfr. Malak. Bl. VII. 1860, p. 215, pl. 3, figs. 8-10; Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. 1865, p. 37. Nungnang, Java. O. suMATRANUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Feb. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. II. 1865, p. 37. Sumatra. (?!) O. spINIFERUS (CycLostomA), Morelet, = Cyclostoma spint- ferum, Morelet, Jour. Conch. [X. 1861, p. 177 = Opisthoporus spiniferus, von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 113; Pfr. Mon. Pneu- mon. Suppl. ITI. p. 41. Borneo, O. pERTUSUS (CycLostoma), Morelet ; Issel, Moll. Born. p. 75 ; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. III. p. 43=Cyclostoma pertusum, Morelet, Jour. Conch. [X. 1861, p. 177. Borneo. 1062 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 23. Prerocycios, Benson. Jour. Roy. As. Soc. I. 1832 and V. 1836 ; Zoological Journ, V. No. 20, p. 462. Shell sub-discoid, largely umbilicate; aperture circular, the external layer overlapping the inner and dilated posteriorly with a distinct groove at the suture ; operculum thick, composed of several spiral calcareous layers externally concave and horny within. A small genus characteristic of the Indian region. Prerocycios aupersi, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 151 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Cyclostoma, p. 197, pl. 28, figs. 1-5; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 45. Perak ; Kinta Valley (!), Selama (1). Pr. Brevis (Liruus), Martyn, = Litwus brevis, Martyn, Fig. of non-described shells, pl. 28¢; Ed. Chenu (Bibl. Conch. IT.) p. 21, pl. 8, fig. 2=TZurbo petiverianus, Wood, Suppl. pl. 6. fig. 2 = Cyclostoma petiverianum, Gray in Wood’s Suppl. p. 36 = Cyclos_ toma breve, Pfr. in Chemn. 2nd edit. No. 180, p. 166, pl. 24, figs, 1-2 = Myxostoma petiverianum, Trosch. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 44 = Pterocyclos brevis, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p- 9; Consp. No. 46; Mon. Pneumon. p. 42. India ; Pulo Condor. Pr. pLANORBULUS, Lamarck, = Cornu venatorium, Chemn, Cab. IX. p. 104, pl. 127, figs, 1132-33 (?) = Cyclostoma planorbula, Lamarck, Encyclop. Méth. pl. 461, fig. 3 = Cyclotus planorbulus, Swains. Malacol. p. 336 = Pterocyclos planorbulus, Pfr. Censp. No. 47; Mon. Pneumon. p. 43. Java (1); Borneo (?). Pr. TENUILABIATUS, Metc.; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 45 = Cyclostoma tenuilabiatum, Metc. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851. Borneo. Pr. BLANDI, Benson, Ann. and Magaz. VIII. 1851, Aug. pl. 5, fig. 1; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p, 49. Pulo Susson. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1063 Pr. (?) SPIRACELLUM, A. Ad. and Reeve; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 50 = Cyclostoma spiracellum, A. Ad. and Reeve, Voy. Samar. Moll. p. 56, pl. 14, fig. 1; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 50. Borneo. Pr. LABUANENSIS, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863; Mon, Pneumon. Suppl. II. p. 41. Labuan. Pr. Ltowianus, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863; Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. II. p. 41. Labuan. Pr. SUMATRANUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Feb. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 42. Sumatra. Pr. BATCHIANENSIS, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 6, pl. 2; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 43. Batchian. Pr. (?) EUDAEDALEUS, Crosse, Jour. Conch. XVII, 1869, p. 187; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. III. p. 51. Borneo. 24. SprracuLum, Pearson, 1833, Jour. R. As. Soc. II. p. 391; H. and A. Adams, Genera, p. 278. Shell depressed, sub-discoid, with a thick periostraca, which is sometimes covered with small hairs; aperture circular ; at the last whorl a sutural tube formed by the union of the outer layer of the shell over the channel on the penultimate whorl. By most authors this is regarded as a sub-genus of Pterocyclos. SPIRACULUM (?) REGELSPERGERI, de Morgan, Le Naturaliste, VII. 1885, No. 9, p. 69 (Cyclophorus) ; O. von Mollendorff, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 308. The last-named author says (l.c.) that the species is decidedly not a Cyclophorus but a Pterocyclos, which might be related to 1064 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Pt. albersi, Pfr., on account of the curious canaliculated suture. He adds: “De Morgan’s mention of a tube, and of the fine membranaceous lamelle of the operculum to render its fitting more hermetic, suggest a Spiraculum or Rhiostoma ;* but against the inclusion in the latter genus, it may be mentioned that the last whorl is not free.” Environs of Lahat and Pappan ; Kinta Valley ; Larut. I collected three specimens, one on the road between Lahat and Goping, one at the mouth of the Diepang River, and one at Pappan, all in Perak. S. Krnranum, De Morgan, lc. 1885, p. 69 =Cyclophorus kintanum, De Morgan, l.c.=Spiraculum kintanum, O. v. Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. p. 308. Kinta Valley. 25. CycLtopHorus, Montfort, Conch. Syst. IT. p. 290. Shell globose, turbinate or depressed and discoid, well umbili- cated ; peristome entire, thick, double, and reflected ; periostraca thick ; operculum horny, orbicular, thin, multispiral. A large genus, which formerly included nearly 200 species, but has now been sub-divided into several genera. Even after this Pfeiffer enumerated about 250 species. They are principally tropica! and Indian, but some of the species are particularly characteristic of the Malayan region. CYCLOPHORUS CONFLUENS, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 140; Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 69, pl. 15; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. II. p. 60. Borneo. *It should be noted that in Chenu’s ‘‘ Manuel de Conchyliologie” the genus is always written Registoma, possibly Van Hasselt’s genus, the etymology of which is pyy7 and ordéua, but the derivation of Rhiostoma is from €ov, a promontory. BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1065: C. BANKANUS, von Mart. Ostas. Zool. II. p. 135; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. ITI. p. 101. Banka Island. C. maLayaNnus, Benson,— Cyclostoma malayanum, Bens. Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd series, X. p. 269 = Cyclostoma volvulus (trochiforme, Lamarck), Souley. Voy. Bonite, Moll. pl. 30, figs. 18-21 = Cyelotus (?) trochiformis, M. E. Gray, Fig. Moll. Anim. pl. 303, fig. 11 (ex Souley.) = Cyclophorus malayanus, Pfr. Malak. Bl. 1854, p. 82; Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. [. p. 42. Malayan Peninsula. C. DEBEAUXI, Crosse, Jour. Conch. XII, 1864, p. 42; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 62. Singapore. C. Tusa, Sow. = Cyclostoma tuba, Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1343, p- 83 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. Cycl. No. 183, p. 169, pl. 23, figs. 10-11 ; Souley. Voy. Bonite, Moll. pl. 30, figs. 25-27 = Cyclophorus tuba, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 107; Consp. No. 68; Mon. Pneumon. p. 57; Gray, Catal. Cycloph. p. 16, No. 3. Mount Ophir, Malacca. C. PFEIFFERI, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 11, pl. 3; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 64. Pulo-Penang. C. BORNEENSIS, Metc.—=Cyclostoma borneense, Metc. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851; Chemn. 2nd edit. Cycloph. No. 384, pl. 47, figs. 1-3 = Cyclophorus borneensis, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 63. Borneo. C. pERDIx, Brod. and Sow. =: Cyclostoma perdix, Brod. and Sow. Zool. Jour. V. p. 50 = Cyclostoma variegatum, Val. Mus. Paris = Cyclostoma aglae, Sow. test. Mouss, Jav. Moll. p. 54 = Cyclophorus perdix, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 107; Mon, Pneumon. p. 63. Java. C. zouuinceri, Mouss. = Cyclostoma zollingert, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 55, pl. 7, fig. 2 = Cyclophorus zollingeri, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 64. Java. 1066 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, C. CANTORI, Bens. = Cyclostoma cantort, Bens. Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist. 2nd ser, VIII. p. 168; Chemn. new edit. p. 383, pl. 50, figs. 4-8 = Cyclophorus cantort, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 65 ; Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. I. p. 49; Gray, Cat. Phan. p. 44; H. and A. Adams, Genera I]. p. 279. Penang. C. exturus, Mouss. = Cyclostoma eximium, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 53, pl. 7, fig. 1; Chemn. 2nd edit. No. 227, pl. 33, figs. 1-2 = Cyclophorus eximius, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 69. Java. C. BELULUS, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 16 Jan. 1865, p- 52; Issel, Moll. Born. p. 69; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IIT. p. 106. West Borneo. C. ocuLus CAPRI, Wood, = Helix oculus capri, Wood, Ind. pl. 32, fig. 7 = Cyclostoma oculus capri, Gray, Mus. Brit. ; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 184, fig. 11 ; Sow. Thes. No. 73, p. 115, pl. 25, fig. 96 ; Chemn. 2nd edit. No. 18, p. 26, pl. 3, figs. 5-6; Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 52, pl. 6, fig. 2 = Cyclostoma raffles, Brod. and Sow. Zool. Journ. V. p. 50 = Cyclostoma indicum, Phil. Abbild. I. 5, p- 103, pl. 1, fig. 2— Cyclophorus oculus capri, Gray, Catal. Cycloph. p. 20, No 23; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 87. Java; Sumatra. C. SEMISULCATUS, Sow. = Cyclostoma semisulcatum, Sow. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1843, p. 62; Chemn. 2nd edit. No. 81, p. 86, pl. 11, figs. 1-2 — Cyclophorus semisulcatus, Gray, Catal. Cycloph. p. 20, No. 24; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p. 88. Malacca. C. CHARPENTIERI, Mouss.= Cyclostoma charpentieri, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 56, pl. 6, fig. 3; Mérch, Catal. Conch. p. 8 (sharpentiert), pl. 1, fig. 6 = Cyclostoma involvuius, var.? Chemn. 2nd edit. p. 30, pl. 8, figs. 10-12 = Cyclophorus sharpentiert, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. p 89. Java. BY THE REY. J. FE. TENISON-WOODS. 1067 C. ranntatus, Pfr. = Cyclostoma taeniatum (Cyclophorus), Ptr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 301 = Cyclophorus taeniatus, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. I. p. 59. Sumatra. C. TENEBRICOsUS, Adams and Reeve, = Cyclostoma tenebricosum, Ad. and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, Moll. p. 57, pl. 14, fig. 6 = Leptopoma tenebricosum, Pir. Consp. No. 171 ; Mon. Pneumon. p. 117 = Cyclophorus tenebricosus, Ad. Genera, p. 280 ; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. I. p. 76, IT. p. 69. Borneo. C. BeLLus, von Mart. Malak. Bl. XX. 1872, p.1 Novit. Conch. IV. p. 126, No. 830, pl. 128, fig. 1 Pneumon. Suppl. IIT. p. 113. Celebes. C. meTcaLFEI, Issel, Moll. Born. 1874, p. 69, pl. 6, figs. 4-6; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. III. p. 113. Sarawak, Borneo. DO); Pte: 0; Mon. C. TROCHOIDES (LAGOCHEILUS), Stol. = Lagochetlus trochoides Stol. Journ. As. Soc. XLI. 1872, p. 273, pl. 10, fig. 15 ;=Cyelo- phorus trochoides, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. ITT. p. 123. Penang. C. sTRIOLATUS (LAGOCHEILUS) Stol. = Lagocheilus striolatus, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLI. 1872, p. 271, pl. 10, fig. 16 = Cyelo- phorus striolatus, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IIT. p. 123. Penang. C. REGELSPERGERI, De Morgan, Le Nat. VII. 1885, No. 9, p. 69 =Spiraculum regelspergeri, von Millendoff, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 308. Environs of Lahat and Pappan, the Valley of the Kinta River, Perak. C. xintanumM, De Morgan, lc. 1885, p. 69=Spiraculum kintanum, von Mollendorff, 1.c. Kinta Valley, Perak. 1068 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, C. pexpansus, Pfr. (2) var. von Mollendorff, l.c. p. 309; G. Nevill, Handl. 1878, p. 269. Bukit Pondok. C. tow1, de Morgan, l.c. 1885, p. 69; von Mollendorff, lc. p- 309. Kinta Valley ; Patani. C. (Lagocuitus ?) TOWNSENDI, Crosse, Jour. Conch. XXVII. 1879, pp. 200, 339, pl. 8, f. 3=Lagocheilus, nu.sp. G. Nevill, Handl. 1878, p. 282=Cyclophorus baylei, De Morgan, l.c. 1885, p. 69 = Lagochilus townsendi, von Méllendorff, l.c. p. 309. 26. Lepropoma, Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 47. A Cyclophorus with a thin operculum. LEPTOPOMA ASPIRANS, Benson, von Mollendorff, l.c. p. 309. Bukit Pondok. 27. Atycamus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Shell conical or depressed, very deep sutures, last whorl much swollen, constricted and twisted near the opening, which is round ; peristome double, the outer plate reflected; operculum thin, circular, calcareous, with numerous whorls. ALYCHUS GIBBOSULUS, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLI. 1872, p. 268, pl. 10, fig. 14; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. ITI. p. 58. Penang. A. PERAKENSIS, Crosse, Jour. Conch. XX VII. 1879, pp. 206, 339, pl. 12. fig.7; von Mollendorff, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886. Bukit Pondok. Crosse compares this with A. jagort, Mart., from Java. It is, however, well distinguished from this latter by its large size, bright yellow colour, the smaller number of its whorls, and its spiral sculpture (von Mollendorff). A. DIPLOCHILUS, von Mollendorff, l.c. p. 310. Bukit Pondok. BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1069 A. OLIGOPLEURIS, von Moll. l.c. p. 310. Bukit Pondok. A. Micropiscus, von Moll. Le. p. 311. The peculiar distortion of the last whorl, which first descends after the constriction, and is again deflected towards the aperture, separates this minute species from all forms known (von Mdl- lendorff). Bukit Pondok. A. PARVULUS, von MOll. lc. Another minute form, still smaller than the last to which it appears somewhat related. It differs, however, in the constriction being nearer the aperture, almost regular last whorl, the broad outer and very prominent inner peristome (von Moll.). Bukit Pondok. A. mMicroconus, von Moll. Le. By the conical shape, the regular last whorl and the reticulate sculpture this small species is very well distinguished from all Indian Alyce. Bukit Pondok. A. JOUSSEAUMEI, De Morgan, Le Nat. VII. 1885, No. 9, p. 70; von Moll. Le. p. 312. Limestone hills of the valley of the Kinta, summit of Mt. Lano. A. CHAPERI, De Morgan, l.c. p. 70, probably =A. gibbosulus, Stol. Zta von Moll. Penang ; Bukit Pondok. Family DIPLOMMATINACEA, Benson. (Including the genera Paxillus, Palaina, Arinia and Diplommatina). 28. Diptommatina, Benson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849, Sept. p. 193. Shell sub-oval, with the slightest trace of an umbilical slit ; peristome interrupted expanded ; operculum thin, between testa- ceous and horny, with a projecting thin claw. 1070 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Shells belonging to the Indian region amounting to about 30 species, but some of uncertain position, which extend to New Zealand, Lord Howe’s Island and Australia. The family may be said to be represented partly in southern Asia and its islands. Animal with long and filiform tentacles, with sessile eyes on the posterior base ; foot short. The name of the genus refers to two lobes on each tentacle at the base behind, on each of which there is an eye. The species abound in masses of decayed vegetable matter, or under stones in damp situations, and beneath trees on the shady sides of mountains. I found a good many on a dead tree which had been felled in the clearing of a coffee plantation. At daybreak in the morning I generally found one or two walking about. This was probably D. mirabilis. The genus Paxillus is founded on a smooth reversed species from Borneo. DIPLOMMATINA ConcINNA, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 13, pl. 3, fig. 22; Issel, Moll, Born. p. 77; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. ITT. p. 74. Borneo. D. canaLicuLaTa, von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LY. 1886, p. 312. Bukit Pondok. D. NEVILLI, Crosse, Jour. Conch. XX VIT. 1879, pp. 203, 339, pl. 8, fig. 2 (Palaina) ; von MOll. l.c. p. 313. Bukit Pondok. D. crossEANA, Godwin-Aust. and G. Nev. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 738, pl. 60, figs. 3, 3a. Bukit Pondok. D. mrrasiLis, Godwin-Aust. and G. Nev. lc. p. 739, pl. 60, figs. 4a, 46; von Moll. Le. p. 313. Bukit Pondok. D. suPERBA, Godwin-Aust. and G. Ney, l.c. p. 739, pl. 60, tigs. 5, 5a (Palaina). Bukit Pondok. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1071 29. OpistHostomA, Crosse and Nevill, Jour. de Conch. XXVIIT. S79, pp: 197, 205, 339. Shell with the upper whorls obliquely deflected ; last whorl constricted, thin, inflated, finally sinistrally ascending close to the upper whorls ; aperture reversed, almost vertical, rounded ; peristome continuous and duplicated ; operculum normal. Habitat the same as the last genus. Scarcely a dozen species. OPISTHOSTOMA PAULUCCIM, Crosse and Nevill, Jour. de Conch. XXVII, 1879, pp. 197, 205, 339, pl. 8, fig. 1; Godwin-Aust. and G. Nev. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 738, pl. 9, figs. 2, 2a, 26; von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 313. Bukit Pondok. O. PERAKENSE, Godwin-Aust. and G. Nev. Le. p. 738, pl. 60, fies, Ile, 16; von Moll. lc. p. 313. Bukit Pondok. O. crEsPIGNY! (PLEcTostoma), H. Adams (Coll. 1.) = Plectostoma De Crespignii, H. Adams, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. XV. p. 177 (Pfr. Mon Hel. V. p. 437)=Opisthostoma decrepigny?, Paetel, Catal. p. 119 = O. crespignyi, Pfr, Mon. Pneumon., Suppl. ITT. p. 68. Labuan, Borneo. Family PUPININA, Pfr. 30. Pupina, Vignard, Ann. Sc. Nat. Vol. XVIII. 1829, p. 440. Shell sub-cylindric like Pupa, thin, transparent, smooth, very shining ; mouth not quite round ; the columella margin with a deep notch anteriorly and a tooth posteriorly ; peristome simple ; operculum in all the family orbicular, thin, horny, with numerous gradually increasing whorls from a central nucleus. Purina arvata, Bens.; von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 314. Perak. 68 1072 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, P. aARULA, Bens. ; von Moll. l.c. Bukit Pondok. P. auREOLA, Stol. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLI. 1872, p. 267, pl. 10, figs. 11-12; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. III. p. 148. Penang. P. pFEIFFERI, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 416, pl, 21, figs. 11-12—P. pfeifferiana, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p- 275=P. pfeifferi, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. III. p. 149. Island of Batchian. P. sUNGHUHNI (RuEGIstomaA), Herklots=Rhegistoma janghuhni, Herk. Mus. Lugdun= Pupina junghuhni, Pir. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IID-p. 151. Java. P. AMBOINENSIS (CALLIA), von Mart.=Callia amboinensis, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 16 Jan. 1865, p. 53=Pupina ambot- nensis, Pir. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IIT. p. 154. Amboyna. P. vescor, Morelet, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1862, p. 479 ; Crosse and Fisch. Jour. Conch. XI. p. 372; Pfr. Mon, Pneumon. Suppl. IT. p. 94. Pulo Condor. P. superBA, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 118; Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. I. p. 94. Sumatra. 31. Mecatomastoma, Guilding ; Swainson, Malacology, pp. 186 and 336. Shell cylindrical resembling Pupa, but has a horny operculum ; spire not thickened ; teeth or fold on the pillar none. MuGALOMASTOMA ANOSTOMA, Bens. Pfr. Malak. Bl. 1854, p. 89 =H. sectilabrum, Pir. Mon. Pneumon., p. 133 ; Chemn. new edit. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1073 p. 377, pl. 47, figs, 11-12; Gray, Cat. Phan. p. 93= anostoma, Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. I. p. 85. Labuan, Borneo. M. vereri, Morelet = Cyclostoma lefer’, Morelet, Jour. Conch. IX. 1861, p. 176 =Megalomastoma lefert, von Mart. Ostas. Zool. il. p. 154; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IIT. p. 138. Borneo. M. ports, Issel, Moll. Born. 1874, pl. 67, pl. 6, figs. 18-19 , Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. IIT. p. 138. Sarawak, Borneo. M. (CoprocHiLus) sEcTILABRUM, Gould; von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 314. Perak ; Larut ; Penang. 32. Hysocystis, Benson, 1859, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. IV. p. 90. This remarkable and exceedingly interesting genus, which forms one of the peculiar features of the terrestrial molluscan fauna of the Malay Peninsula, deserves the fullest details in this list. Fortunately its history as a species bas been well marked out by M. P. Fischer in the “Journal de Conchyliologie’(X XV. 3rd series, 1885, p.- 180), an epitome of whose researches will now be given. The genus was proposed by Benson in 1859 for a Burmese shell which had been hitherto described as a species of MJegaloma- stoma, and in its young stages as a species of Otopoma. Some years before Dr. Gould, the American naturalist, had described the same shell, for which he had proposed the generic name of Pollicaria ; but as the genus was insufficiently defined, and included species of different genera, Benson’s genus has been preferred as complying with every condition of necessary exact- ness. The shell is ovoid and pupiform, but deviating from its axis in the last whorls in the manner of certain species of Streptaxis. The ante-penultimate whorl is much developed and flattened in 1074 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, front above the mouth, which is sub-circular and angular anteriorly in young specimens, which also present a_ little canaliculate prolongation, which is obliterated little by little as the animal is developed, leaving when completely closed only the appearance of a triangular area traversed longitudinally by a linear scar, and leaving in that state a rounded double peristome. Internal lip relatively less thick, deeper coloured, and more shining ; external reflected, but not always perfectly united with the inner. Operculum testaceous, somewhat thick, with a central nucleus, and composed of two plates ; external face multispiral, slightly concave in the middle; internal face few whorls, also slightly concave in the middle ; margin with a feeble keel. The foot is not divided as in the Cyclostomide, where there are two longitudinal parts independent of each other for crawling The animal is long, with a very thin mantle, whose anterior border is simple and not papillose ; head and muzzle short, thick, the latter grooved transversely on its upper face ; buccal orifice,. when open, oval, and showing the extremity of the radula, but when the mouth is closed it is a simple slit ; tentacles short, thick, transversely striate, slightly constricted at the base, of a uniform reddish color ; eyes at the external base well pigmented and placed on short, obtuse, and slightly convex peduncles ; foot thick, fleshy, wide, short, oval, obtuse, truncate in front, round behind. There is a large pedal sinus in front, but no trace of that longitudinal division which is common in the family of Cyclostomide, but the foot is rather that of the family of Cyclophoride. The upper part of the foot carries the operculum, the adherence of which is circular, with an umbilicated non- central projection, which corresponds to the nucleus of the internal face, so that half the organ is free, like the genus Cyclophorus. The sexes are distinct, the females being a little larger in size. The mouth has two mandibular plates, brown, chitinous, and solid, visible to the naked eye, but when magnified displaying a facetted structure roughly hexagonal or rounded. This may possibly be some arrangement connected with the eyes of the animal, or a facetted eye-structure like that which exists BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1075 in the head of insects. All the Cyclophoridz have similar organs. The radula has the following formula (2, 1, 1, 2)x66. It is long, a little curved at the end, but relatively shorter than amongst the most of the Cyclophoride. The teeth are in oblique rows from the median line to the outer margin. The central teeth are a little oblong, slightly constricted in the centre like an hour-glass, and widely and roundly notched at the base. There is a central wide, short, obtuse cusp, with the rudiment of a lateral one. The first lateral teeth are larger, oblique, elongate, with a narrow base, curving over outwardly on the summit in a direction opposite to the other teeth. The free edge is bicuspid, the outer short, wide, obtuse, the inner small and short. The two marginal teeth are bicuspid, the internal cusp more feeble than the external, which is triangular. M. Fischer, in the “ Manuel de Conchyliologie,” p. 71, gives his reasons for classing Hybocystis between Pupina and Cataulus, but he admits that it differs from the majority of Cyclophoride by its bicuspid marginal and lateral teeth, and the obtuse cusps of the median tooth. These characters united to those of the shell and of the operculum determine the genus. In the posi- tion of Hybocystis Dr. Pfeiffer takes a different view, and places it in the great family of Cyclostomacee, in the sub-family Cyclotea. Stoliczka (Jour. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 150) agrees with M. Fischer. The following is the explanation of the figures given in the plate :— Fig. 1. Animal of Hybocystis elephas, De Morgan, from a female specimen preserved in alcohol. The head and foot are shown in front—M, edge of mantle; T, tentacles; E, eye; F, sole of foot. Fig. 2. Male specimen of the same; head and foot shown in front— M, mantle ; T, tentacles; E, eye; F, foot; V, verge. Fig. 3. Same male specimen shown in profile from the right side—T, tentacle ; B, buccal orifice ; F, foot; V, verge. 1076 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Fig. 4. Radula of do.-—A, central tooth ; B, lateral tooth ; C, first marginal tooth ; D, second marginal tooth. Fig. 54. Portion of one of the mandibular plates (very much enlarged). Fig. 58. Details of do., on a much larger scale. Figures 1, 2, 3 are magnified two diameters. Hysocystis ELEPHAS, De Morgan, Le Nat. VII. 1885, No. 9, 70; von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 314. Perak. H. soussEAuME!, De Morgan, l.c. p. 70; von Moll. le. p. 315. ~ p- Valley of the Plus river. Family HY DROCENID. 39. GEORISSA, Blanford, 1864. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd series, XITI. 1864, p. 463 ; ibid. 4th series, III. 1869, p. 173. Type Hydrocena pyxis, Benson. Shell resembling that of Hydrocena, imperforated, small, conical, amber or reddish-coloured, spirally sulcated or striated. Animal furnished with hemispherical lobes in the place of tenta- cles ; eyes normal ; foot short, rotund. Operculum semi-oval, no spiral structure as in Helicina ; excentrically striated, testaceous, transparent. GEORISSA MONTEROSATIANA, Godwin-Austen and G. Nevill, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 739, pl. 59, fig. 6; von Moll. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 1886, p. 316. Bukit Pondok. G. semMIscuLPTA, Godwin-Austen and G. Nevill, Le. p. 740, pl. 59, fig. 3, 3a; von Moll. lc. p. 316. Bukit Pondok. BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1077 FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Sub-order OPISOPHTHALMA. Family TRUNCATELLIDA. These animals have a distinct bilobed muzzle with flat sub- triangular tentacles, and a sub-spiral horny opercuium. 1. TRUNCATELLA, Risso, Hist. Nat. de Europe, IV. p. 121. Shell solid, cylindrical in its young state, truncated in the adult ; whorls rounded; mouth oval; peristome complete, reflected ; operculum horny, thin, with a lateral nucleus. Animal furnished with a retractile bifid muzzle proboscis-shaped. There are abont 15 species, tropical or sub-tropical, found in salt and fresh water. TRUNCATELLA VALIDA, Pfr. Mon. Auric. p. 184; Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846, p 182, No. 1; Kiist. Mon. p. 11, No. 7, pl. 2, Hoare LO, 21.20. Philippines, Baclayon, Capul, New Caledonia, and Malay Peninsula. Tr. MARGINATA, Kiist. Mon. p. 12, No. 8, pl. 2, figs. 24-26 ; Pfr. Mon. Auric. p. 186. Labuan, Borneo; Malacca. Tr. auRANTIA, Gould, Exp. Sh. 1846, p. 39, Ed. 1851, pl. 8, fig. 125 ; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. I. p. 6. Mangsi Island, Borneo. TR. SCALAROIDES, von Mart. Monatsber. Berl. Ak. 25 Febr. 1864; Pfr. Mon. Pneumon. Suppl. II. p. 7. Amboyna. 1078 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Family MELANACE &. 2. MetaniaA, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Animaux s. Vertebres. Shell more or less turreted, generally wrinkled or nodulous, mostly covered with a black or olive epidermis ; spire elongated, generally more or less eroded towards the apex ; columella smooth, arched ; aperture ovate, entire, sometimes attenuately channelled at the base ; lip simple. Animal: disk short and slight; head proboscis-shaped, sub- conical, truncated, with the tentacles distant and subulate, having the eyes on the outer side and sometimes at the base, sometimes more advanced ; mantle fringed ; operculum horny. Univalve shells chiefly inhabiting the tropical rivers of India, the Indian Archipelago and tropical North America. About 160 species have been described, but these are capable of great reduction. MeELAniaA FOEDA, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1850; Brot, Mater. IIT. p. 33, pl. 3, fig.4; Brot, Melanidze, Conchylien Cabinet Tsp.tbil. Java. M. aNGULIFERA, Brot, Mater. III. p. 32, pl. 2, fig. 9; Melanidee, Conch. Cab. I. p. 51. Java. M. parva, Lea, Pachychilus parvum, Lea, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856 = Melania crassilabrum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 221 = Paludomus cyanostomus, Morelet, Jour. Conch. 1864, p. 288 = Melania parva, Brot, Melan. (Conch. Cab, I.) p. 55. Sarawak, Borneo; Siam ; New Caledonia, (?) M. suxtcospira, Mouss. Jav. Moll, pl. 9, fig. 3; Brot, Melan. p. 56 = Sulcospira typica, Trésch. Gebiss der Schnecken. Java. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1079 M. perFEcTA, Mouss. Jav. Moll. pl. 22, fig. 5; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 84 = Melanoides perfecta, H. and A. Ad. Gen.= Melania perfecta, Brot, Melan. p. 79. Amboyna; Maros, Celebes. M. wattacet, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 66; Brot, Melan. p- 80 = Wf. constricta, Mouss. MSS. Celebes ; Macassar. M. varraBitis, Benson, Jour. As. Soc. Calcutta, 1835 ; Hanley and Theobald, Conch. Ind. pl. 109, figs. 2-6 = Melanatria varia- bilis, Gray, Guide Syst. distrib. Welania herculea, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 4 a. &. = Melanoides herculea, H. and A. Ad. Gen.= Melania variabilis, Brot, Melan. p. 85. Java; Burmah. M. suMATRENSIS, Brot, Melan. p. 87. Sumatra, Java. M. episcopatis, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; (?) Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 12; Brot, Melan. p. 97. Malacca. M. inFracostata, Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 65, pl. 10, fig. 3 (not Reeve) ; Brot, Melan. p. 98 = UL. episcopalis, Lea, var. Brot, Catal. of Rec. Mel. p. 280, No. 80. Java. M. BROOKEI, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 207 = UU. episcopalis, Lea, Catal. Rec. Melan.— I. pontifcalis, v. d. Busch, Zeitschrift f. Malak. 1853, p. 178 = UM. brooke’, Brot, Melan. p. 99. Borneo. M. acrestis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 140 = M. coarctata, Lam. var. Brot, Mater. IL p. 42 = I. agrestis, Brot, Melan. p- 101. Borneo. M. crrcumsrriatTa, Mete. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p.73; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 205 = Melanoides cireumstriata, H. and A. Ad. Gen. Melania circumstriata, Brot, Melan, p. 101. Borneo. 1080 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, M. cLAVAEFORMIS, Brot, Melan. p. 103. Borneo. M. Torquata, v. d. Busch, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 1, fig. 18 ; Mouss. Jav. Moll. pl. 12, fig. 2; Brot, Melan. p. 110 = 1, terebra, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 59; Hanley and Theobald, Conch. Ind. pl. 71, figs. 8-9. Java; Bengal. M. sooLooEnsis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 31; Brot, Melan. p. 105. Sulu. M. ZOLLINGERI, Brot, Mater. IT. pl. 2, fig. 4, p. 42; Melan. Pe abe Java. M. crenutata, (Desh.) var. TIROURI (Fér.); Desh. in Lam. An. s. V. No. 18; Chenu, Man. Conch. fig. 1986 ; H. and A. Adams, Gen.; Brot, Melan. p. 114. Celebes. M. cRENULATA (Desh.) var. porcaTa, Jonas, Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1844, p. 50; Phil. Abbildg. pl. 4, fig. 19; Mousson, Moll. Jav, pl. 11, fig. 4; Brot, Melan. p. 114. Java. M. SEMICANCELLATA, v. d. Busch, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 3, fig. 2; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 376; Brot, Melan. p. 118 = mM. levis, (Gray) Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 40 (not Gray) = IL. phlebotomum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig, 105. Java. M. opesuLa, Brot, Melan. p. 121. Java. M. acuxteus, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philad. V. pl. 19, fig. 72; Hanley, Conch. Mise. fig. 33 = UM. latronum, Tarnier, MSS.= I. subulata, Sow. Man. Conch. 313 = M. aculeus, Brot, Melan. p. 122. Java. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 108k M. uniFormiIs, Q. and G. Voy. Astrol. pl. 56, figs. 30-35 ; Desh. in Lam. An. s. V. No. 26; H. and A. Ad. Gen. ; Brot, Melan. p. 124—I. fulgida, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 24—= M. baculus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 130. Menado, Celebes ; Philippines. M. anturacina, v. d. Busch, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 3, fig. 3 ; Brot, Melan. p. 127. Java (2). .M TEREBRIFORMIS, Brot, Mater. I. p. 51; Melan. p. 144 = M. terebra, v. d. Busch, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 1, fig. 17 ; Reeve, Conch., Icon. fig, 46. Java. M. Turris, Brot, Mater. ITI. p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 11; Melan. p. 146. Borreo. M. acicuLa, Brot, Mater. III. p. 39, pl. 3, figs. 8-9 ; Melan. p. 154. Labuan, Borneo. M. semiorNATA, Brot, Rev. Zool. 1860, pl. 16, fig. 5; Melan. pa LOO. Java. M. arcre-cava, Mouss. Jour. Conch. 1857, p. 161; Brot, Melan. p. 165 = I. arcticava, Mouss. in Reeve, Conch. Icon. Ho. fil. Bajumatil, Java. M. mouuccensis, Q. and G. Voy. Astrol. pl. 56, figs. 22-25 ; Desh. in Lam. An. s. V. No. 24; Brot, Mater. ILI. p. 44, pl. 3, fig. 3 (not Reeve, Conch. Icon.) ; Melan. p. 166 = Juga moluccensis, (Q. and G.) H. and A. Ad. Gen. Amboyna ; Halmaheira. _M. monite, Mouss. Jour. Conch. 1857, p. 162; Brot, Melan. pe Lis. Java (?); Moluccas. 1082 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, M. ornata, v. d. Busch, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 1, figs. 15-16; Brot. Melan. p. 173. Java. M. TrisTIs, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 121 ; Brot, Melan, p. 175. Java. M. FuLGuraNs, Hinds, Ann. Mag. N. H. XIV. p. 9; Reeve, Conch.Icon. fig. 55 ; Chenu, Man. Conch. fig. 1993; H. and A. Ad. Gen. ; Brot, Melan. p. 183. Moluccas ; New Ireland ; Formosa. M. LABUANENSIS, Brot, Mater. III. p. 41; Melan. p. 184. Labuan, Borneo. M. PAPUENSIS, Q. and G. Voy. Astrol. pl. 56, figs. 45-47 ; Desh. in Lam. An. s. V. No. 27; Brot, Mater. III. p. 45; Melan. p. 186. Moluccas (?). M. DISTINGUENDA, Brot, Melan. p. 190 = J. pyramus (Bens.) Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 51 (not Bens. nor. v. d. Busch). Borneo. M. amasitis, v. d. Busch, in Reeve, Conch Icon. fig. 223 — M, pulchra, v.d. Busch, Malak. Blit. 1858, p. 35 = IL. amabilis, Brot, Melan. p. 192. Celebes. M. sussuTURALIS, Metc. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 73; Brot, Melan. p. 197 = M. metcalfei, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 212. Borneo. M. pissuncra, Brot, Melan. p. 198. Borneo. M. INHONEsTA, v. d. Busch, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 4, fig. 5; (?) Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 226 ; (!) Mousson, Jav. Moll. p.71; Brot, Melan, p. 206 = M. ovalana, Mouss. Jour. Conch. 1870, p. 208. Java ; Ovalau. M. crepipinaTa, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 120; Brot, Melan. p. 238. Java; Borneo. BY THE REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1083 M. savanica, v.d. Busch, MSS. (Philippi states that this is a MS. name of van den Busch) ; Brot, Catal. Rec. Mel. No. 200 ; Melan. p. 246 = I. coarctata (Lam.) Phil. Abbildg. pl. 4, fig. 20 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 22. Java. M. rupercutata, Mill. Verm. Ter. No, 378; Chemn. IX. p. 189 ; Phil. Abbildg. pl. 1, fig. 19 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, fig. 87 ;= Melanoides tuberculata (Miill.), H. and A. Ad. Gen.— Melania fasciolata, Lam. An. s. V. No, 16 = M. suturalis, Phil. Abbildg. p. 4, fig. 17 = M. tuberculata, Brot, Melan. p. 247. Siam ; Java; Malta; Madagascar; India; Ceylon, &c. M. cyninpracea, Mouss, Jav. Moll. pl. 11, fig. 9; Brot, Melan. p. 252 = Melanoides eylindracea (Mouss.), H. & A. Ad. Gen. Java, M. rontinatis, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 5, fig. 7; Brot, Melan. p. 253. Pulo-Pinang. M. matayana, Issel, Moll. Born. p. 100; Brot, Melan. p. 253 — M. tuberculata, Miill. var. malayana, Issel, 1.c. Sarawak, Tangiou-Datou, Borneo. M. parreyssil, Brot, Melan. p. 254. Java (?). M. unirasciata, Mouss. Jav. Moll. pl. 11, fig. 8; Brot, Melan. p. 262 = Melanoides unifasciata (Mouss.), H. and A. Ad. Gen. Malang, Java. M. scasra, Mill. in Hanl. Theob. Conch. Ind. pl. 73, figs. 1-4 ; Brot, Melan. p. 266 = Buccinum seabrum, Mill. Verm. p. 136, No. 329 == Helix scabra, Chemn. Conch. pl. 136, figs. 1259-60 — Melania spinulosa, Lam. An. s. V. No. 12; Q. and G. Voy. Astrol. pl. 56, figs. 12-14; Mouss. Jav. Moll. pl. 11, figs. 11, 12 = Plotia scabra (Lam.), H. and A. Ad. Gen.; Chenu, Man. Conch. fig. 1943. Java; India; Ceylon; New Guinea, Xe. 1084 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA M. cranum, v. d. Busch, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 1, fig. 7; Mouss. Jav. Moll. pl. 12, fig. 3; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 219; Brot, Melan. p. 270 — M. serabella (Phil.), Mouss. Jav. Moll. pl. 12, fig. 2 = Plotia granum (v. d. B.), H. and A. Ad. Gen. Java. M. myurvus, Brot, Rev. Zool. 1860, pl. 16, fig. 3; Melan. pi 2ik Java; Borneo (?). M. acantruica, Lea, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1850; Hanley, Conch. Mise. fig. 8; Brot, Melan. p. 278 = M. spinulosa (Lam.) Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 156 a-b (not Lam.) = Zara acanthica (Lea), H. and A, Ad. Gen. Manila; Negros ; Moluccas. M. rupicostis, Mouss. Brot, Melan. p. 280. Amboyna. M. prapema, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 174 ; Brot, Melan. p. 293 = Tiara diadema, H. and A. Ad. Gen. Philippines ; Amboyna. M. cyseue, Gould, Proc. Bost. S.N.H. 1847: Mouss. Jour. Conch. 1865, p. 199, 1870, p. 214 = Tiara cybele (Gould), H. and A. Adams, Gen. = Z. crenularis (Desh.) H. and A. Ad. op. ¢. = Melania cybele, Brot, Melan. p. 294. Sumatra ; Fijis; Philippines. M. serosa, Swainson, Quart. Jour. Sci. 1824; Gray, Zool. Jour. I. pl. 8, figs. 6-8 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 186 ; Brot, Melan. . p. 297 = Buccinum aculeatum, Lister, Hist. s, syn, meth. Conch. pl. 1055, fig. 8 = Helix amarula, var. Chemn. IX. pl. 134, figs. 1220-21. Amboyna. M. ortenrauis, A. Adams (Plotea), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 99; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 181; Brot, Melan. p. 300— Tiara orientalis (Ad.) H. and A. Ad. Gen. = Melania hippocastanum, Brot, Rev. Zool. 1860, pl. 16, fig. 1. New Caledonia ; Eastern Archipelago. BY THE REY. J. £. TENISON-WOODS. 1085 M. WINTERI, v. d. Busch, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 1, figs. 1-2; Mouss. Jav. Moll. pl. 12, fig. 1; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 157 ; Brot, Melan. p. 301 = Plotea wintert (v. d. B.) H. and A. Ad. Gen. ; ‘Chenu, Man. Conch. fig. 1945. Java. M. HeERKLOTZI, Petit, Jour. Conch. 1853, pl. 7, fig. 10 ; Brot, Melan. p. 303 = I. dura, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 187 — UU. -strobilus, Reeve, op. ¢. fig. 214 = Plotea herklotz: (Petit), H. and A. Ad. Gen. Java. M. rupis, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 172; Brot, Melan. p, 305; Mater. II. pl. 1, fig. 7 = M. miero- stoma, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Hanl. Conch. Mise. fig. 58 = Tarebia microstoma (Lea), H. and A. Ad. Gen. Batchian, Moluccas. M. semicostata, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 4, fig. 12; Brot, Melan. p. 308 = Sermyla semicostata (Phil.), H. and A. Ad. Gen. = Melania riquettc (Gratel.) Mouss. Jav. Moll. p. 76. Samarang, Java. M. armittata, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Brot, Mater. II. pl. 1, fig. 12 ; Melan. p. 309 — Zarebia armillata (Lea), H. and A. Ad. Gen. Java (?) ; India, M. cELEBENSIS, Q. and G. Voy. Astrol. pl. 56, figs. 26-29 ; Desh. in Lam. An. s. V. No. 25; Brot, Mater. II. pl. 1, fig 13 ; = Tarebia celebensis (Q. and G.) H. and A. Ad. Gen. ; Chenu, Man. Conch. fig. 2014 = Vibex celebensis (Q. and G.) Gray, Guide Syst. Dist. = Melania celebensis, Brot, Melan. p. 317. Menado, Celebes ; Arrow Island. M. cCRENIFERA, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 169 ; Brot, Melan. p. 323 = Tarebia crenifera (Lea), H. and A, Ad. Gen. Java, 1086 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, M. eranospira, Mouss. Jour. Conch. 1857, p. 161 ; Brot, Mater. II. pl. 1, fig. 10; Melan. p. 324. Bali. M. corres, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 2, fig. 4; Brot, Melan. p 326 = Tarebia coffea, (Phil.) H. and A. Ad. Gen. Java (1). M. AsPERULA, Brot, Mater. IT. pl. 1, tig. 11; Melan. p. 327 — M. semigranosa (v. d. B.) Mouss, Jav. Moll, p. 74. Java. M. wirata, Benson, Glean. of Sc. 1830, II.; Jour. As. Soe. Beng. 1836, V. 782 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 170 = M lineata (Gray), Hanl. Theob. Conch. Ind. pl. 71, fig. 7; Phil. Abbildg. pl. 3, fig. 7; Mouss. Jav. Moll, pl. 10, fig. 6 = A. semigranosa, v. d. Basch, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 1, fig. 13; Reeve, Conch. [con. fig. 1, 67 = M. flavida, Mouss. Jav. Moll. pl. 10, fig. 5 = Tarebva lineata, H. and A. Ad. Gen.= T. flavida (Dunker), H. and A. Ad. Gen.= Melania lirata, Brot, Melan. p. 329. Java; Bengal, &e. M. riquettu, Gratel. Mém. plus. esp. Moll. pl. 3, fig 28 ; (?) Hanl. and Theob. Conch. Ind. pl. 71, fig. 10; Brot, Melan. p. 333 = M. harpula, Dunker, Phil. Abbildg. pl. 3, fig. 6 = Tarebia riquettii (Gratel.), H. and A. Ad. Gen. Rec. Moll. = Sermyla harpula (Dkr.), H. and A. Ad. op. cit. Philippines ; Java (?). 3. CiavicER, Haldemann, Silliman’s Journal, 1842. Sheil turreted, solid, with a series of longitudinal keels or nodules ; aperture attenuated at the base, sub-canaliculate ; right margin sinuous towards the base, produced in an arcuate manner, furnished with three short and deep parallel plates ; operculum few-whorled, sinistral, with a sub-marginal basal nucleus. CLAVIGER HIPPOCASTANUM, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 188 ; Brot, Melan. p. 360. Borneo. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 1087 4, Faunus, Montfort, Conch. Syst. IT. p. 427. Shell subulate, with an attenuated spire, whorls numerous, smooth, covered with a blackish periostraca ; mouth notched in front, columella lip rather thick, with posterior callosity ; outer lip spreading with a posterior sinus.’ (Chenu, who figures the common species here described, only admits it as a sub-genus of Pirena). A tropical form with halt a dozen species at most, belonging to tropical Asia, the Philippines, and Western Polynesia. Faunus cantori, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 2; Brot, Melan. p- 414 = Pirena cantori, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig 2, China. Penang. F. ater, L. = Strombus ater, L. Syst. Nat. XII. p. 1213; Chemn. pl. 135, fig. 1227 = Nerita atra, Mill. Verm. No. 375 = Cerr- thium fluviatile, Féruss. Syst. Conch. p. 69 = Pirena atra (L.) Mouss. Jav. Moll. pl. 10, fig. 1; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 5 = ~ Faunus ater (L.) H. and A, Ad. Gen.; Gray, Guide Syst. Dist. ; Chenu, Man. Conch. fig. 2080; Brot, Melan. p. 410 = Pirena terebralis, Lam. An. s. V. No. 1; Q. and G. Voy. Astrol. pl. 56 = Pirena picta, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 3 (stat. juv.) Moluccas; New Guinea; New Ireland; Java; Ceylon; Am- boyna, We. 5. Painoporamis, Layard, Ann. and Magaz. Nat. Hist. 1855, p. 138. Operculum with the apex superior, paucispiral ; nucleus swb- basal, dextral. PHILOPOTAMIS OLIVACEUS, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 5; Brot, Gatt. Palud. p. 16. 6. PaLupomus, Swainson, Treatise on Malacology, p. 540. Shell thick, sub-globose or conical, solid, imperforate, smooth or tubercular, covered with an olivaceous epidermis ; spire shorter than the aperture, often eroded; aperture ovate; inner lip convex, thickened ; outer lip acute, the margin slightly reflexed ; operculum annular, nucleus sub-central. 69 1088 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Animal with the mantle margin fringed. Most of the species from India and Ceylon. Patupomus IsseLI, Brot, Gatt. Palud. p. 31—P. erassus, (v. d. B.), Issel, Moll. Born. p. 95. Sarawak, Borneo. P. srott, Issel, Moll. Born. p. 92; Brot, Gatt. Palud. p. 32. Sarawak, Borneo. P. tureus, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 585; Brot, Gatt. Palud. p. 46 = P. morelett, Issel, Moll. Born. p. 93. Sarawak, Borneo. Note.—The Bivalves are reserved for another paper. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATES XXVII-XXX. Fig. 1.—Hybocystis elephas. Animal(?). See p. 1073. Fig. 2.— S aH » (do). Seep. 1074. Fig. 3.— x BB 5 Profile view. Fig. 4.— 5 »» Radula. See p. 1075. Fig. 5a.— “0 » Portion of one of the mandibular plates, very much enlarged. Fig. 56.— nb », The same, much more highly magnified. (The above drawings are those of M. Fischer from the “‘ Journal de Conchyliologie, xxv., 1885, p. 179.) Figs. 6-7.—Shell of Bulimus perversus, L. Figs. 8-9.—Shell of Hybocystis elephas, De Morgan. Figs. 10-11.—Operculum of ,, us an Fig. 12.—Bulimus sp. (?) (Borneo) Fig. 13.—Cyclophorus sp. Thaiping, Perak. Fig. 14.—Helix algira, L. Fig. 15. —Alyceus gibbus, Férussac. Fig. 16.—Pirena terebralis, Lamarck. Fig. 17.—Helix citrina, L. Fig. 18.—Cyclophorus sp. Pulo-Pankore, Perak. Fig. 19.—WMelania episcopalis, Lea. Fig. 20.—Nanina brookei, Adams & Reeve. Fig. 21.— ,, sumatrensis, Mousson. Fig. 22.— ,, mendaiensis, Semper. Fig. 23.— ,, Augonis, Pfeiffer. BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.L.S. 1089 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MALAYAN LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. Adams, H. and A. The Genera of Recent Mollusca arranged acecording to their Organization. 2 vols. and 1 vol. plates. London, 1858. Adanson, M. Histoire Naturelle du Sénégal. Paris, 1757. Albers, J. Chr. Die Heliceen nach natiirlicher Verwandtschaft systematisch geordnet. Leipsic, 1860. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London, 3 series. 2 vols. annually. Austen, H. H. Godwin. Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India, 1882. and G. Nevill. Shells from Perak and the Nicobar Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, pp. 734-740 (9 sp.) Beck, H. Index Molluscorum praesentis aevi Musei Principis Christiani Frederici. Hanover, 1837 (two parts only were published). Benson, W. H. Gleanings of Science. In Ann. and Magaz. Natural History. [X. 1842. In Jour. Asiatic Society of Bengal, V. 1836, and VII. 1838. Blainville, D. de. Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, XX XIT. 1824. Art. Mollusques. Blanford, W. T. and H. F. Contributions to Indian Malacology, 12 parts. Calcutta, 1860 to 1870 (10 plates). Born, I. von. Testacea Musei Caes. Vindobon. dispos. et descr. Vindob. 1780, (Vienna). Brot, A. Catalogue of Recent Species of the Family Melanide. New York, 1868. Die Gattung Paludomus. Niirnberg, 1861. Die Melaniaceen (Melanide) in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Niirnberg, 1874. Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. 1090 MALAYSIAN LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Bruguitre, J.G. Encyclopédie Méthodique. Vers. 2 vols. Paris, 1789-92. Canefri, C. Tapparone. Zoologia del viaggio intorno al globo della regia fregata Magenta durante gli anni, 1865-1868. Malacologia, 1874 (Jour. Conch. 1874, p. 319). Chemnitz. Systemat. Conchylien-Cabinet. 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